Patent Publication Number: US-11663253-B2

Title: Leveraging concepts with information retrieval techniques and knowledge bases

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/636,571 filed Dec. 11, 2009, entitled LEVERAGING CONCEPTS WITH INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES AND KNOWLEDGE BASES and issuing Nov. 26, 2019 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/122,203, filed Dec. 12, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Providing a response that is relevant to a user&#39;s search phrase can be challenging. Part of the reason for this is that people don&#39;t always express ideas in the same way or desire the same depth of detail in a response. For instance, a person with significant experience in finance will likely express a search phrase directed to learning about interest rates differently than someone with little or no finance experience, and will likely desire a response with a different level of detail as well. 
     Traditional information retrieval techniques, which typically search and retrieve/identify voluminous amounts of information, are not optimal for providing users with appropriate and relevant responses. This is because these techniques typically rely on vocabulary term matching when searching through documents to retrieve/identify for a response. As such, relevant documents that do not have matching vocabulary words and/or phrases are often not retrieved while documents that are not relevant to the user, but that have matching vocabulary words and/or phrases, are. 
     Furthermore, knowledge bases that are specifically designed to get users appropriate and relevant responses typically require a great deal of human effort with respect to their maintenance and improvement. As such, tools facilitating this maintenance and improvement can be of great value. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Various embodiments leverage techniques for breaking down critical ideas from an inputted phrase into concepts in order to provide a response that is more relevant to the inputted phrase. In this regard, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with information retrieval searching to provide more relevant and concise documents in response to an inputted phrase. In addition, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with respect to assessing information (e.g., documents) available in a knowledge base and building appropriate pre-defined responses to an inputted phrase. 
     In one or more embodiments, an inputted phrase is received and concepts and/or concept patterns are attributed to the phrase such that a document set can be searched to find those documents associated with the attributed concepts and/or concept patterns. One or more of these identified documents can then be provided in a response. In at least some embodiments, individual concepts are composed of (1) Vocab Terms that include a grouping of unambiguous synonyms and misspellings, (2) Helper Terms of words that have no unambiguous synonyms and/or (3) Building Blocks of lists of vocabulary terms, lists of helper terms and/or lists of concepts. 
     In one or more embodiments, concepts are attributed to the documents of a knowledge base. The documents are then indexed based on the concepts and the resulting index is used as a tool to assess the breadth and depth of information available in the knowledge base and to build and/or modify certain pre-defined responses to certain types of inputted phrases. For example, in at least some embodiments, one or more knowledge base units composed of one or more patterns are built and/or modified based at least in part by assessing/analyzing the index. When one or more of these knowledge base unit&#39;s patterns matches a pattern found in an inputted phrase, that knowledge base unit triggers a response that can include, among other things, one or more of the knowledge base documents. 
    
    
     
       FIGURES 
       The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like features. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates one embodiment of an environment in which concepts and/or concept patterns can be utilized in information retrieval searching. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates one embodiment of a method associated with information retrieval searching. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates one embodiment of an environment in which an index of knowledge base documents based on concepts can be used. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates one embodiment of a method associated with building and/or modifying knowledge base units. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates one embodiment of a computing device which can be used in one embodiment of a system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments leverage techniques for breaking down critical ideas from an inputted phrase into concepts in order to provide a response that is more relevant to the inputted phrase. In this regard, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with information retrieval searching to provide more relevant and concise documents in response to an inputted phrase. In addition, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with respect to assessing information (e.g., documents) available in a knowledge base and building appropriate pre-defined responses to an inputted phrase. 
     In one or more embodiments, an inputted phrase is received and concepts and/or concept patterns are attributed to the phrase such that a document set can be searched to find those documents associated with the attributed concepts and/or concept patterns. One or more of these identified documents can then be provided in a response. In at least some embodiments, individual concepts are composed of (1) Vocab terms that include a grouping of unambiguous synonyms and misspellings, (2) Helper Terms of words that have no unambiguous synonyms and/or (3) Building Blocks of lists of vocabulary terms, lists of helper terms and/or lists of concepts. 
     In one or more embodiments, concepts are attributed to the documents of a knowledge base. The documents are then indexed based on the concepts and the resulting index is used as a tool to assess the breadth and depth of information available in the knowledge base and to build and/or modify certain pre-defined responses to certain types of inputted phrases. For example, in at least some embodiments, one or more knowledge base units composed of one or more patterns are built and/or modified based at least in part by assessing/analyzing the index. When one or more of these knowledge base unit&#39;s patterns matches a pattern found in an inputted phrase, that knowledge base unit triggers a response that can include, among other things, one or more of the knowledge base documents. 
     Multiple and varied embodiments are described below. Generally, any of the functions described with reference to the figures can be implemented using software, firmware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry), manual processing or any combination thereof. 
     Documents 
     It is to be noted that the term “document” as used herein can refer to any suitable type of information in any suitable form. By way of example and not limitation, a document can be all or part of a web page, data file, computer code or other piece of information. In addition, providing one or more documents can include providing all or part of one or more documents themselves and/or providing data associated with the one or more documents such as, for instance, a description of or link to the one or more documents. For example, in the context of a document that is a web page, providing the web page can include, without limitation, displaying all or part of the web page&#39;s content via a web browser and/or providing a link/reference to all or part of the web page&#39;s content. 
     Concepts 
     Concepts and Information Retrieval 
     As noted above, traditional information retrieval techniques typically rely on vocabulary term matching when searching through documents to identify documents for a response. Specifically, these information retrieval techniques typically sort through large numbers of documents to identify those documents having vocabulary words and/or phrases found in a phrase(s) inputted by a user. As a result, documents that are potentially valuable to the user, and relevant to their input, but that do not happen to have matching vocabulary words and/or phrases are often not returned/retrieved in a response. Conversely, documents that are not of value to the user, but that happen to have matching vocabulary words and/or phrases, are often returned/retrieved. 
     As a simple example of this, consider a user who is interested in learning more about saving money in a bank and thus inputs the following phrase (expressed as a question) into a dialog/search field associated with an information retrieval engine:
         Input: What is the current rate of interest offered at banks?       

     Using conventional vocabulary term matching techniques, a relevant document may not be identified and returned/retrieved in a response if it contains and/or is indexed with vocabulary terms that are different from those in the inputted phrase. For example, consider a web page for a fictional Acme Credit Union which explains the advantages of a money market account but contains and/or is indexed with vocabulary terms that are not found in the inputted phrase, such as “money market account,” “deposit account” and “savings account” for instance. Using typical vocabulary term matching techniques, this relevant document will likely not be identified or returned/retrieved. 
     Similarly, using typical vocabulary term matching techniques, a data record that is not relevant (i.e., not be associated with the same or similar ideas) to the user&#39;s inputted phrase might nevertheless still be identified and returned/retrieved in a response. As an example, again, consider the following inputted phrase:
         Input: What is the current rate of interest offered at banks?       

     A data record that is not relevant, such as a web page advertising legal services associated with filing for bankruptcy, but that contains and/or is indexed with vocabulary terms found in the inputted phrase (e.g., “interest offered”, “rate” and “bank”) will likely be returned/retrieved in a response. 
     To return/retrieve more relevant documents in a response, in at least some implementations an information retrieval engine can employ techniques associated with leveraging concepts. For purposes of this discussion, a concept can be thought of as a breakdown of critical ideas. With respect to an inputted phrase, an idea or ideas—and thus one or more concepts—can be attributed to the input when the input is received. With respect to documents available to the information retrieval engine for responding to an inputted phrase, a critical idea or ideas—and thus one or more concepts—can also be attributed to individual documents. The information retrieval engine can then index the documents (i.e., build an index or indexes) based on their respective concept(s) such that the information retrieval engine is able to respond relatively quickly to the inputted phrase by querying the index and returning/retrieving any documents with one or more concepts matching those attributed to the phrase. 
     As an example, consider once again the following user input:
         Input: What is the current rate of interest offered at banks?
 
Here, certain critical ideas, such as those associated with types of deposit accounts for instance, can be broken down into the concept account types and attributed to this inputted phrase and to a document which does not have any vocabulary terms matching the phrase. As but one example of such a document, consider the fictional Acme Credit Union&#39;s web page described above which explains the advantages of a new money market account and is thus relevant to this input. Despite not containing and/or being indexed with any vocabulary terms matching those in the input, this web page might nevertheless have the concept account types attributed to it. As such, by virtue of being indexed by this attributed concept, this web page can be included by the information retrieval engine in a response.
       

     Components of Concepts 
     As noted above, a concept can be thought of as a breakdown of critical ideas. In at least some implementations, a concept is manifest as being composed of patterns of one or more Vocabs, Helper Terms and/or Building Blocks which are described individually below. In addition, some concepts can also be composed of one or more Wild Cards. Wild Cards are also described below. 
     Vocabs 
     A Vocab is a grouping of unambiguous synonyms and misspellings. The name of a particular grouping of synonyms is known as a Vocab Term. Vocab Terms usually end with the suffix “vocab.” Consider the following examples:
         AccountVocab
           Account   Accounts   Accounts   Account&#39;s   
           PriceVocab
           Price   Prices   Prise   Prises   Cost   Costs   Cost&#39;s   
           BankVocab
           Bank   Banks   Bank&#39;s   Lender   Lenders   Credit union   Credit Unions   
               

     In the example of PriceVocab, the word “cost” is included because for this example, a user defining these Vocab Terms wants the vocabulary terms/words “price” and “cost” to be synonymous. Similarly, the user wants the vocabulary terms/words “bank,” “lender” and “credit union” to be synonymous. 
     Helper Terms 
     A Helper Term is a word that does not have unambiguous synonyms but nevertheless functions almost the same way as a Vocab. Helper Terms mostly consist of conjunctions. Consider the following examples:
         and   is   for   the       

     Building Blocks 
     A Building Block is a list of either Vocab/Helper Terms or a list of concepts that may be useful when categorized together. As an example, consider the following: 
     Anatomy (Vocab Building Block):
         armvocab   legvocab   headvocab   shouldervocab   feetvocab       

     Now that these Vocab Terms are bundled together, they can be used in a Concept pattern. Here is an example use of a Vocab Building Block:
         surgeryvocab AND Anatomy (Building Block)   brokenvocab AND myvocab AND Anatomy (Building Block)       

     In this example, because the Anatomy Building Block contained five Vocab Terms, it turned what would have been ten patterns into two. Also notice that Vocab Terms, which include all the synonyms and misspellings, are also included in this example. As another example, consider the following:
         Types of Accounts (concept Building Block)
           Savings Accounts   Checking Accounts   Money Market Accounts   Investment Accounts   Mortgage Accounts   
               

     This Building Block would then be used to reduce the number of concept patterns necessary. 
     Wild Cards 
     Wild Cards function as placeholders within Concepts for any random word or words. 
     Creating Concepts 
     Concepts can be created or built through any suitable means and this can be performed manually, automatically or by any combination thereof. As noted above, a concept is usually made up of patterns of Vocabs, Helper Terms, and Building Blocks (and occasionally Wild Cards) listed within the concept. For example, the above concept Building Block types of accounts might be all or part of pattern making up the concept account types. 
     As another example, here are patterns that might make up a savings account concept:
         savingsvocab AND accountvocab   accountvocab AND for AND savingsvocab   interestvocab AND bearingvocab AND accountvocab
 
Notice that the word “for” is a Helper Term and does not end with the suffix “vocab.” In concepts, two things that are important are order and proximity, both of which are optional when creating any given pattern.
       

     If an order is selected for a pattern of a concept, the pattern will specify a particular order (i.e., ordering) with respect to two or more of the pattern&#39;s Vocab, Helper Terms, and/or Building Blocks. For example, in such situations, a pattern of a concept specifying the order “savings account” would be different from the pattern of a concept “account savings.” Similarly, if a proximity is selected for a pattern of a concept, the pattern will specify the proximity of two or more of the pattern&#39;s Vocab, Helper Terms, and/or Building Blocks. In such situations, a pattern of a concept specifying that the terms “savings” and “account” are to be positioned next to one another would be different from the pattern of a concept with the phrase “savings in my account.” 
     Note that for most input patterns, it is advantageous to have both an order and a proximity selected. In the above example, “Savings Account” has a very different meaning than “Account Savings” and “Savings in my Account.” Concepts also have their own associated test questions for the purposes of testing. 
     Examples of Savings Account test questions might include:
         Do you have savings accounts at your bank?   What&#39;s a savings account?   Do you have any interest bearing accounts       

     Information Retrieval Search 
       FIG.  1    illustrates one embodiment of an environment  100  in which concepts and/or concept patterns can be utilized with information retrieval searching to provide more relevant and concise documents in response to a user&#39;s input. It is to be appreciated that the environment  100  is but one example of a suitable environment. Therefore, the environment  100  is not intended to suggest any limitation in the scope of the described subject matter. Furthermore, the environment  100  should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated therein. 
     The computing environment  100  includes, in this example, a user  102  inputs information and/or receives response information via one or more applications  104 . While the inputted information can be in any suitable form. Here, the information is in the form of one or more phrases consisting of any number of terms associated with one or more ideas, as discussed above. As such, and as described in more detail below, one or more concepts and/or concept patterns can be attributed to the inputted phrase(s). The received response information can also be in any suitable form such as, without limitation, one or more documents provided as a response to the inputted information. The user can input the phrase(s) by any suitable means such as, without limitation, electronically via a keyboard, microphone or other input apparatus such that it can be received by the one or more applications  104 . For example, the user might input a phrase by typing on a keyboard communicatively linked with one or more computing devices which include one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media. The one or more computer-readable media might in turn include an operating system and one or more applications, including the one or more applications  104 , which are both executable by the processor(s). 
     The one or more applications  104  can include any suitable type of application(s) capable of providing, as part of its functionality, a user interface for (1) receiving the inputted phrase(s) from the user and/or presenting the response information to the user and (2) receiving information from and/or sending information to an information retrieval component  106 . The term “component” as used herein can refer to software, hardware, firmware or a combination thereof and can reflect an actual physical grouping and allocation and/or correspond to a conceptual allocation of different tasks. Furthermore, a component can be located at a single location (e.g., as implemented by multiple processing/computing devices) or multiple locations (e.g., as implemented by multiple processing/computing devices). 
     In this example, the one or more applications  104  and the information retrieval component  106  are communicatively linked such that each can send information to and/or receive information from one another. In at least some embodiments, the one or more applications  104  and the information retrieval component  106  are communicatively linked via one or more networks such as, without limitation: the Internet, one or more local area networks (LANs), one or more wide area networks (WANs) or any combination thereof. 
     In accordance with at least some embodiments, the information retrieval component  106  utilizes the services of an information retrieval engine  108  (IRE) to process documents in a document set  110  and perform searches on these documents in an efficient manner. In this regard, the IRE  108  is configured to perform a search based on the phrase(s) inputted by the user  102  and identify (i.e., find) and/or retrieve one or more documents which make up a response to the inputted phrase(s). 
     As will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art, to allow the IRE  108  to search in an efficient manner, the information retrieval component  106  can create and/or maintain a representation of the document set  110  that organizes (e.g., lists) the individual document&#39;s content according to certain types of content. Here, document set is organized according to at least two types of content: concepts and vocabulary terms. In at least some embodiments, such as the one described and illustrated here, the information retrieval component  106  accomplishes this by utilizing the IRE  108  to create, maintain and use a representation of the document set  110  in the form of one or more indexes, depicted here as index table(s)  112 . Put another way, individual documents of the document set  110  are effectively indexed, based on their concepts and on their vocabulary terms, by the IRE  108  as the index table(s)  112 . Individual records in the index table(s) 112 point to, and thus correspond with, the individual documents in document set  110 . As such, the IRE  108  can then expeditiously query the index table(s)  112  rather than actually having to sort through the documents in the document set  110 . 
     Note that here, the document set  110  and the index table(s)  112  are depicted as including both concepts and actual vocabulary terms. In fact, as noted above, the index table(s)  112  has organized the individual documents in the document set  110  based on concepts and vocabulary terms. In this regard, individual documents making up the document set  110  can have data or metadata that not only includes vocabulary terms, but also one or more concepts and/or concept patterns that have been attributed to them. These individual documents can thus be associated with a corresponding record in the index table(s)  112 . As such, the IRE  108  can perform an information retrieval search of the document set  110  based on vocabulary terms and/or concepts (and/or concept patterns) by querying the index table(s)  112  to identify one or more appropriate documents with respect to the phrase inputted by the user  102 . Specifically, the IRE  108  can query the index table(s)  112  (and thus effectively search the document set  110 ) to identify (1) one or more documents containing at least one vocabulary term found in the inputted phrase and/or (2) to identify one or more documents associated with at least one concept (and/or concept pattern) attributed to the inputted phrase. 
     Once the IRE  108  has queried the index table(s)  112  and identified the appropriate document(s), the information retrieval component  106  can provide the user  102  with a response that includes the appropriate document(s). In this regard, and as explained in detail above, the term “document” as used herein can refer to any suitable type of information in any suitable form. For example, here the appropriate document(s) might include a web page which displays information, links to another document and/or solicits the user  102  for additional information. Furthermore, providing can include providing all or part of one or more documents themselves and/or providing data associated with the one or more documents. For example, here providing might be accomplished at least in part by retrieving all or part of the web page, and/or data associated with the web page, and sending/presenting it to the user via the one or more applications  104 . 
     Information Retrieval Search 
       FIG.  2    illustrates one embodiment of a method associated with information retrieval searching. The order in which the method is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described method blocks can be combined in any order to implement the method, or an alternate method. In addition, the method can be implemented in connection with any suitable hardware, software, firmware or combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, the method can be implemented in connection with a suitable environment such as the environment  100  ( FIG.  1   ) above. It is to be appreciated and understood, however, that aspects of the described method can be implemented in an environment other than the environment  100  without deviating from the course and scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     In one embodiment, the environment receives  200  an inputted phrase. As noted above, this inputted phrase can be input by a user such as the user  102  above. Furthermore, as also noted above, this inputted phrase can consist of one or more terms that are associated with one or more ideas. As such, the environment attributes  202  one or more concepts and/or concept patterns to the phrases. This can be accomplished in any suitable fashion. 
     The environment searches  204  a document set, such as the document set  110  in the environment  100  ( FIG.  1   ) for instance, to identify one or more appropriate documents having at least one concept attributed to the phrase. Searching can be accomplished in any suitable way. For example, as described above, an information retrieval component can utilize an information retrieval engine (e.g., the IRE  108 ) to query an index to identify the appropriate document(s). 
     With respect to attributing concepts, an individual document can have one or more concepts and/or concept patterns attributed to it any suitable way. For example, one or more intelligent software applications called “agents” or “spiders” might be configured and employed to automatically scour/search through the content of the document to recognize and attribute one or more concepts to the document. Alternatively or additionally, one or more users might manually perform this task. 
     Recall that by virtue of the fact that a concept consists of one or more patterns of Vocabs, Helper Terms and/or Building Blocks, concepts (and/or concept patterns) attributed to the inputted phrase may specify an order and/or proximity of two or more of the Vocabs, Helper Terms and/or Building Blocks. As such, documents associated with these concepts and/or concept patterns specifying an order and/or proximity can be identified as appropriate documents and returned during this search. 
     The environment searches  206  the document set to identify one or more documents with vocabulary terms found in the phrase. This can be accomplished in any suitable way. For example, the information retrieval component  106  can utilize the IRE  108  ( FIG.  1   ) to query an index table. Identifying documents with vocabulary terms matching those in the inputted phrase can be useful with respect to organizing and/or narrowing the number of documents ultimately provided in a response. For example, the relevance of the identified appropriate documents can be ranked with respect to each other based at least in part on the number of matching vocabulary terms, if any, each has. This ranking can then be used to organize how the appropriate documents are provided in the response (e.g., ordered from most to least relevant) and/or to determine which appropriate documents should be removed from the response (e.g., remove any documents with less than a defined number of vocabulary term matches). 
     Continuing, the environment provides  208  some or all of the appropriate documents in response. This can be accomplished in any suitable way such as, for example, by the information retrieval component providing information to the user via a user interface of an application. 
     Knowledge Base Principles and Knowledge Base Units 
     Knowledge bases provide a way in which a suite of intelligent applications, referred herein as ActiveAgent, can provide users with specific pre-defined responses. ActiveAgent can take the form of a virtual expert or agent that understands phrases inputted by a user and provides a respond to the user. Knowledge bases can cover the entire scope of information that ActiveAgent uses, along with all of its capabilities. In at least some embodiments, knowledge base files themselves are written in a programming language known as FPML (Functional Presence Markup Language), a language similar to XML. This includes master FPML files, optional FPML files, and lex files. For additional information on FPML, the reader is referred to U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,565,368 and 7,603,705, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     KB Units 
     To provide the user with specific pre-defined responses, in at least some embodiments knowledge base units are utilized. Knowledge base units are composed of concepts and Helper Terms arranged into input patterns. In other words, knowledge base units are composed of one or more patterns, each pattern consisting of one or more concepts and Helper Terms. When a pattern of a knowledge base unit matches an input pattern found in a phrase(s) inputted by a user, the knowledge base unit is triggered to activate a response which can include, among other things, one or more documents. As such, knowledge base units are an effective way in which responses can be customized for one or more types of phrase(s) inputted by a user. 
     Concepts and/or concept patterns can be utilized with respect to assessing the knowledge base and building knowledge base units. For example, in at least some embodiments, concepts and/or concept patterns are attributed the documents in the knowledge base. An index of these documents based on these concepts is then created, maintained and used as a tool to assess the breadth and depth of information available in the knowledge base and to determine whether knowledge base units need to be created, modified or even removed. 
     Knowledge Base Assessment/Response Building 
       FIG.  3    illustrates one embodiment of an environment  300  in which an index of knowledge base documents based on concepts can be used as a tool to assess the breadth and depth of information available in a knowledge base and to build and/or modify knowledge base units, and thus responses. It is to be appreciated that the environment  300  is but one example of a suitable environment. Therefore, the environment  300  is not intended to suggest any limitation in the scope of the described subject matter. Furthermore, the environment  300  should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated therein. 
     In one embodiment, the computing environment  300  comprises, in this example, a knowledge base  302  (KB). As noted above, in at least some embodiments, the files of the KB  302  are written in a FPML. The KB  302  is composed of, among other things, one or more KB units  304  and a KB document set  306 . For the purposes of this discussion, the KB document set  306  can be thought of as a set of data. For instance, the KB document set  306  can be a collection of web pages, data records and/or other information associated with a particular enterprise. 
     As described above, individual elements of the KB units  304  are composed of one or more patterns. Each pattern in turn consists of one or more concepts and Helper Terms such that when the pattern matches an input pattern in an inputted phrase, the pattern associated with the KB unit  304  is triggered to activate a response. In this regard, note here that individual documents in the KB document set  306  are associated with both vocabulary terms and concepts. While all of the documents in the document set  306  are illustrated here as being associated with both vocabulary terms and concepts, it is to be appreciated and understood that the KB  302  also may comprise one or more other documents which may or may not be associated with vocabulary terms and concepts. 
     Continuing, with respect to vocabulary terms, typically when a document is created it includes or is otherwise associated with one or more vocabulary terms. However, vocabulary terms can also be attributed to, or disassociated from, a document at any time. With respect to concepts, these can be associated to, or disassociated from, a document at any time as well. Furthermore, this can be accomplished in any suitable way, as will be described in more detail below. 
     By virtue of individual documents in the document set  306  being associated with concepts, a representation of the document set  306  can be created that organizes the document&#39;s content according to the content type of concept. This can be accomplished in any suitable way. For example, in at least some embodiments an information retrieval engine, such as the IRE  108  ( FIG.  1   ) above for instance, can be utilized to create and maintain a representation in the form of one or more index tables, here depicted as one or more index tables  308 . In this regard, the one or more index tables  308  provides an index by which the documents of the document set  306  are organized. Put another way, individual documents of the document set  306  are effectively indexed, based on their concepts, as the one or more index tables  308 . As such, individual records in the one or more index tables  308  point to, and thus correspond with, individual documents in the document set  306 . 
     As will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art, the one or more index tables  308  can be used as a tool to assess the breadth and depth of information available in the document set  306 , and thus available in the KB  302 . For instance, based on which documents are or are not associated with a particular concept and/or concept pattern, the breadth or amount of information available with respect to a particular concept becomes more apparent and observable. In addition, the depth or level of detail of this information also becomes more apparent and observable. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the one or more index tables  308  can be used as a tool to build and/or modify the individual KB units  304 , and thus certain pre-defined responses. Further discussion of this is provided below. 
     Building and/or Modifying KB Units 
       FIG.  4    illustrates one embodiment of a method associated with building knowledge base units. The order in which the method is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described method blocks can be combined in any order to implement the method, or an alternate method. In addition, the method can be implemented in connection with any suitable hardware, software, firmware or combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, the method can be implemented in connection with a suitable environment such as the environment  300  ( FIG.  3   ) above. It is to be appreciated and understood, however, that aspects of the described method can be implemented in an environment other than the environment  300  without deviating from the course and scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     In one embodiment, an environment, such as the environment  300 , attributes  400  one or more concepts to documents of a knowledge base. As noted above, this can be accomplished in any suitable way. For example, one or more intelligent software applications called “agents” or “spiders” might be configured and employed to automatically scour/search through the contents of the documents to recognize and attribute one or more concepts to one or more of the documents. Alternatively or additionally, one or more users might manually perform this task. 
     The environment indexes  402  the documents based on the concept(s). This can be accomplished in any suitable way. For instance, as described above, in at least some embodiments, an information retrieval engine can be utilized to build and maintain a representation in the form of one or more indexes (e.g., the index tables  308  described with reference to  FIG.  3   ). 
     The environment builds and/or modifies  404  one or more knowledge base units based at least in part on the indexing. In at least some embodiments, this can be accomplished by utilizing the indexed information to determine which knowledge base units exist, or should exist, for each concept that is indexed. Specifically, an indexed concept can be examined and assessed with respect to which document(s) it is associated with. This allows for documents which should be, but are not, associated with the concept to easily be identified. For example, web page related to mortgage interest rates (e.g., comparing and discussing 10-year, 15-year and 30-year mortgage interest rates) might not be associated with a concept (such as the concept account types discussed above) that will result in it being included in a response to a certain type of question, such as the example inputted phrase:
         Input: What is the current rate of interest offered at banks?       

     As such, if it is determined that the web page should be included in a response to this type of question, appropriate action can be taken. For example, a knowledge base unit can be created or modified such that it will be triggered by the above response (or another response having an input pattern matching the knowledge base unit&#39;s pattern). In addition, this document might be associated with the concept and/or other additional concepts. 
     Furthermore, examining and assessing an indexed concept allows for documents which are, but should not be, associated with the concept to be easily identified. To use the example above, if it is determined that the web page above related to mortgage interest rates should not be included in a response to the type of question above (e.g., the web page&#39;s information is too detailed (deep) or is otherwise not desirable), appropriate action can also be taken. For example, the appropriate knowledge base unit can be modified or removed such that it will not be triggered by the above response (or another response having an input pattern matching the knowledge base unit&#39;s pattern). 
       FIG.  5    illustrates one embodiment of a computing device  500  which can be used in one embodiment of a system to implement the various described embodiments. The computing device  500  can be, for example, one or more of the computing devices described above regarding  FIG.  1    or any other suitably configured computing device. For the sake of clarity, the computing device  500  is illustrated and described here in the context of a single computing device. However, it is to be appreciated and understood that any number of suitably configured computing devices can be used to implement a described embodiment. For example, in at least some implementations, multiple communicatively linked computing devices are used. One or more of these devices can be communicatively linked in any suitable way such as via one or more networks. One or more networks can include, without limitation: the Internet, one or more local area networks (LANs), one or more wide area networks (WANs) or any combination thereof. 
     In this example, the computing device  500  comprises one or more processors or processing units  502 , one or more memory and/or storage component(s)  504  and one or more input/output (I/O) devices  506 . Additionally, the computing device  500  comprises a bus  508  that allows the various components and devices to communicate with one another. The bus  508  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The bus  508  may comprise wired and/or wireless buses. 
     The memory and/or storage component(s)  504  represent one or more computer-readable media. The component(s)  504  may comprise volatile media (e.g., random access memory (RAM)) and/or nonvolatile media (e.g., read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, optical disks, magnetic disks and the like). The component(s)  504  may comprise fixed media (e.g., RAM, ROM, a fixed hard drive, etc.) as well as removable media (e.g., a Flash memory drive, a removable hard drive, an optical disk and the like). 
     The one or more I/O devices  506  allow a user to enter commands and information to the computing device  500 , and also allow information to be presented to the user and/or other components or devices. Examples of input devices include a keyboard, a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a microphone, a scanner and the like. Examples of output devices include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector, speakers, a printer, a network card, and the like). 
     Techniques may be described herein in the general context of software or program modules or components. Software can include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. An implementation of these modules or components and techniques may be stored on and/or transmitted across some form of computer-readable media. In this regard, computer-readable media can be any available medium or media useable to store information and accessible by a computing device. 
     Various embodiments are described which leverage techniques for breaking down critical ideas from an inputted phrase into concepts in order to provide a response that is more relevant to the inputted phrase. In this regard, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with information retrieval searching to provide more relevant and concise documents in response to an inputted phrase. In addition, concepts and/or concept patterns are utilized with respect to assessing information (e.g., documents) available in a knowledge base and building appropriate pre-defined responses to an inputted phrase. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.