Patent Publication Number: US-2023142899-A1

Title: Thin-film deposition method and system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/276,335 filed Nov. 5, 2021 titled THIN-FILM DEPOSITION METHOD AND SYSTEM, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems suitable for the formation of devices. More particularly, the disclosure relates to methods for depositing material on a surface of a substrate, to systems for depositing the material, and to structures including the deposited material. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     During the formation of devices, such as semiconductor devices, it is often desirable to form patterned features on a surface of a substrate. Further, it may be desirable to conformally and uniformly deposit a material overlying the patterned features. 
     Techniques to deposit various material layers can employ relatively high temperatures (e.g., temperatures higher than 600° C.). For many applications, it may be desirable to deposit a material at a lower temperature. 
     Plasma-enhanced deposition techniques, such as plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition or the like, can be used to deposit a material at lower substrate temperatures. However, use of plasmas to deposit materials can result in other challenges, such as increased non-uniformity of the deposited material and blister and/or void formation within the deposited material. For example, a thickness and/or composition non-uniformity of a plasma-deposited material may be relatively high, compared to the material deposited at a higher temperature—without the aid of a plasma or other excitation source. Additionally or alternatively, a (e.g., thickness or composition) conformality of plasma-deposited material can be relatively low, compared to the material deposited using non-plasma-assisted processes. 
     One of the reasons for the relatively high non-uniformity of plasma-deposited material can be attributed to RF power used to form a plasma. When the RF power is too high or too low, the film uniformity can decrease. For example, too low of RF power can cause incomplete reactions on a substrate surface and too high of RF power causes higher electric field at edge of the substrate. In both cases, non-uniform chemical reactions between a gas and a substrate can occur, especially at an edge region of a substrate. 
     Further, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , when a gap between electrodes used to form a plasma, e.g., a showerhead and a susceptor on which a substrate is loaded, becomes narrower, an electric field at edge of the wafer generally becomes higher. That is, a relatively narrow gap generally results in higher electric field between electrodes and this becomes increasingly problematic as the applied RF power to the electrodes is increased.  FIG.  1    illustrates an electric field in relation to a radial position on a substrate, as measured from a center of the substrate, for a gap distance of 6 mm ( 102 ), 7.5 mm ( 104 ), 9 mm ( 106 ), and 12 mm ( 108 ). 
     The high electric fields can cause blisters and other defects in deposited material layers.  FIG.  2    illustrates a deposited material film  202  that includes blisters  204  and a void  206  that can result during plasma-enhanced deposition of material layers. Blisters  204  and/or void  206  may be caused by hydrogen gas or other residual reactant and/or byproduct gas derived from precursors and/or reactants used to form the deposited material. Blisters may cause voids and/or become defective portions of a device, such as a PRAM (phase-change random access memory), a VNAND (vertical NAND (e.g., flash memory)) device, or the like. 
     Accordingly, improved plasma-assisted deposition methods and systems are desired. Further, methods and systems for forming deposited material with relatively low non-uniformity are desired. 
     Any discussion, including discussion of problems and solutions, set forth in this section has been included in this disclosure solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present disclosure. Such discussion should not be taken as an admission that any or all of the information was known at the time the invention was made or otherwise constitutes prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for depositing a film using plasma-assisted processes. Examples of the disclosure further relate to methods and systems for conformally and/or uniformly depositing the film. While the ways in which various embodiments of the present disclosure address drawbacks of prior methods and systems are discussed in more detail below, in general, embodiments of the disclosure provide improved methods that include a plurality of plasma conditions to improve (i.e., decrease) non-uniformity and/or reduce blisters and voids within a film and/or increase conformality of deposited material. 
     In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, a method of forming a film on a substrate is provided. The method can be used to form conformal material overlying a gap on a surface of a substrate and/or uniform material overlying a surface of the substrate. In accordance with various examples, the method includes loading a substrate within a reaction chamber of a reactor, providing a first gas within the reaction chamber for a first gas pulse period, providing a second gas within the reaction chamber, using a first plasma condition, forming first activated species using the second gas to thereby form a layer of deposited material, using a second plasma condition, forming second activated species using the second gas to thereby form a treated layer, and using a third plasma condition, forming activated species using a third gas to thereby form a surface-modified layer. In accordance with various examples of these embodiments, the first plasma condition and the second plasma condition differ. In accordance with further examples, the first plasma condition is carried out at a first plasma power, the second plasma condition is carried out at a second plasma power, and the second plasma power is greater than the first plasma power. In accordance with further examples, the third plasma condition is carried out at a third plasma power, and the third plasma power is less than the second plasma power and/or the third plasma power is greater than the first plasma power. In accordance with further examples, the second plasma condition increases a hardness and/or decreases a wet etch rate of the layer of deposited material. In other words, the second plasma may densify the deposited material. The third plasma condition can create film-forming promotion sites on the treated layer—e.g., for subsequent cycles of the method and/or for deposition of a subsequent layer of material. In accordance with yet further examples, the first gas comprises a silicon-containing precursor, such as, for example, a silane, an amine, and/or a silicon-containing precursor comprising a halogen. In accordance with further examples, the second gas comprises a nitrogen-containing reactant, such as, for example, one or more of N 2 , NH 3 , N 2 O and NO 2 , in any combination. In accordance with additional examples, the third gas comprises a hydrogen-containing reactant, such as, for example, Hz, or the like. The method can be used to form, for example, a layer or film comprising silicon nitride. The steps of using the first plasma condition, using the second plasma condition, and using the third plasma condition can be repeated to form the film. 
     In accordance with additional embodiments of the disclosure, a structure includes a substrate and a film as described herein. 
     In accordance with further examples of the disclosure, a system is provided. The system can be configured to perform a method as described herein and/or to form a structure as described herein. The system can include a reactor, comprising a reaction chamber and an electrode, and a controller configured to provide a first plasma power to the electrode during a deposition step, provide a second plasma power during a treatment step, and provide a third plasma power during a surface modification step. 
     These and other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of certain embodiments having reference to the attached figures; the invention not necessarily being limited to any particular embodiment(s) disclosed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       A more complete understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a relationship between gap distance, radial position, and an electric field. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a film including a blister and a void. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a method in accordance with examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a timing sequence in accordance with examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a relationship between thickness non-uniformity and plasma power. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a relationship between plasma power during various steps and thickness non-uniformity.  FIG.  6    further illustrates possible reaction models. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an effect of hydrogen-containing gas to a film growth rate and step coverage of films in accordance with examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates conformal wet etch of films deposited using the method illustrated in  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a system in accordance with at least one embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     It will be appreciated that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Although certain embodiments and examples are disclosed below, it will be understood by those in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described below. 
     The present disclosure generally relates to methods of forming a film on a substrate, structures formed using the methods, and systems that can be used to perform the methods and/or form the films. As described in more detail below, methods described herein can be used to form films with relatively low non-uniformity, that are relatively conformal, and that exhibit relatively uniform wet etch rates—even on sidewalls of gaps. Exemplary methods can be used to form films and structures suitable for forming electronic devices, such as PRAM, VNAND, and/or other structures and/or devices. For example, methods described herein can be used for gap fill process for DRAM or VNAND devices, liner process for TSV (through silicon via) applications, and encapsulation layer process for PRAM devices. Unless otherwise noted, examples of the disclosure are not necessarily limited to such applications. 
     In this disclosure, gas may include material that is a gas at normal temperature and pressure, a vaporized solid and/or a vaporized liquid, and may be constituted by a single gas or a mixture of gases, depending on the context. A gas other than the process gas, e.g., a gas introduced without passing through a gas distribution assembly, such as a showerhead, other gas distribution device, or the like, may be used for, e.g., sealing the reaction space, and may include a seal gas, such as a rare or other inert gas. The term inert gas refers to a gas that does not take part in a chemical reaction to an appreciable extent, a gas that can excite a precursor when plasma power is applied, a gas that may be used to treat (e.g., densify) a material, and/or a gas that can provide desired surface termination. When used to excite a precursor, an inert gas can be considered a reactant. In some cases, the terms precursor and reactant can be used interchangeably. 
     As used herein, the term substrate can refer to any underlying material or materials that may be used to form, or upon which, a device, a circuit, or a film may be formed. A substrate can include a bulk material, such as silicon (e.g., single-crystal silicon), other Group IV materials, such as germanium, or compound semiconductor materials, such as GaAs, and can include one or more layers overlying or underlying the bulk material. Further, the substrate can include various structures, such as recesses, vias, lines, and the like formed within or on at least a portion of a layer of the substrate. 
     In this disclosure, a recess between adjacent protruding structures and any other recess pattern may be referred to as a “gap.” That is, a gap may refer to any recess pattern, including a hole/via, region between lines, and the like. A gap can have, in some embodiments, a width of about 20 nm to about 100 nm, and typically about 30 nm to about 50 nm. When a trench has a length that is substantially the same as its width, it can be referred to as a hole or a via. Holes or vias typically have a width of about 20 nm to about 100 nm. In some embodiments, a trench has a depth of about 30 nm to about 100 nm, and typically of about 40 nm to about 60 nm. In some embodiments, a gap has an aspect ratio of about 2 to about 10, and typically of about 2 to about 5. The dimensions of the gap may vary depending on process conditions, film composition, intended application, and the like. 
     As used herein, the term cyclic or cyclical deposition may refer to the sequential introduction of precursors/reactants into a reaction chamber to deposit a layer over a substrate and includes processing techniques such as atomic layer deposition (e.g., plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition) and the like. 
     As used herein, the term atomic layer deposition (ALD) may refer to a vapor deposition process in which deposition cycles, typically a plurality of consecutive deposition cycles, are conducted in a process chamber. Generally, during each cycle, a precursor is chemisorbed to a deposition surface (e.g., a substrate surface that can include a previously deposited material from a previous ALD cycle or other material), forming about a monolayer or sub-monolayer of material that does not readily react with additional precursor (i.e., a self-limiting reaction). A reactant may subsequently or concurrently be introduced into the process chamber for use in converting the chemisorbed precursor to the desired material on the deposition surface. The reactant can be capable of further reaction with the precursor (e.g., when activated using a plasma). Further, purging steps can also be utilized during and/or between cycles to remove excess precursor from the process chamber and/or remove excess reactant and/or reaction byproducts from the process chamber. The term atomic layer deposition, as used herein, is also meant to include processes designated by related terms, such as chemical vapor atomic layer deposition, atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), gas source MBE, or organometallic MBE, and chemical beam epitaxy when performed with pulses of precursor(s)/reactive gas(es), and purge (e.g., inert) gas(es). 
     In some embodiments, film refers to a layer extending in a direction perpendicular to a thickness direction to cover an entire target or concerned surface, or simply a layer covering a target or concerned surface. In some embodiments, layer refers to a structure having a certain thickness formed on a surface or a synonym of film or a non-film structure. A layer can be continuous or noncontinuous. A film or layer may be constituted by a discrete single film or layer having certain characteristics or multiple films or layers, and a boundary between adjacent films or layers may or may not be clear and may or may not be established based on physical, chemical, and/or any other characteristics, formation processes or sequences, and/or functions or purposes of the adjacent films or layers. The terms film and layer can be used interchangeably. 
     In this disclosure, continuously can refer to one or more of without breaking a vacuum, without interruption as a timeline, without any material intervening step, without changing treatment conditions, immediately thereafter, as a next step, or without an intervening discrete physical or chemical structure or layer between two structures or layers in some embodiments. For example, a reactant and/or an inert or noble gas can be supplied continuously during two or more steps and/or cycles of a method. 
     As used herein, the term purge may refer to a procedure in which an inert or substantially inert gas (i.e., a gas that does not take part in a chemical reaction to an appreciable extent) is provided to a reaction chamber between pulses of other (e.g., reactant or precursor) gases. For example, a purge may be provided between a step of providing a precursor to a reaction chamber and a step of providing plasma power. For example, in the case of temporal purges, a purge step can be used, e.g., in the temporal sequence of providing a precursor to a reaction chamber, ceasing the flow of the precursor, and providing a purge gas to the reaction chamber, wherein the substrate on which a layer is deposited may not move. In the case of spatial purges, a purge step can take the form of moving a substrate from a first location to which a first precursor is supplied, through a purge gas curtain, to a second location to which a treatment gas is supplied. 
     As used herein, silicon nitride refers to a material that includes silicon and nitrogen. Silicon nitride can be represented by the formula Si 3 N 4 . In some cases, the silicon nitride may not include stoichiometric silicon nitride. In some cases, the silicon nitride can include other elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, or the like. 
     In some cases, a conformal layer exhibits a step coverage equal to or greater than 50%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 100%, or greater than 110%, or greater than 150%, or between 50% and 150% or between 80% and 100% in/on structures having aspect ratios (height/width) of more than about 2, more than about 5, more than about 10, more than about 25, more than about 50, more than about 100, or between about 10 and 100, or about 2 and 10, or about 5 and 25. It shall be understood that the term “step coverage” refers to a thickness of a layer on a distal surface of a recess, divided by the thickness of that layer on a proximal surface of the recess, and is expressed as a percentage. It shall also be understood that a distal portion of the gap feature refers to a portion of the gap feature that is relatively far removed from a substrate&#39;s surface, and that the proximal portion of a gap feature refers to a part of the gap feature which is closer to the substrate&#39;s surface compared to the distal/lower/deeper portion of the gap feature. 
     As used herein, the term overlap can mean coinciding with respect to time and within a reaction chamber. For example, with regard to gas pulse periods or steps, such as precursor pulse periods and a step of providing a reactant, two or more gas pulse periods and/or steps can overlap when gases from the respective pulse periods or steps are within the reaction chamber or provided to the reaction chamber for a period of time. 
     In this disclosure, any two numbers of a variable can constitute a workable range of the variable, and any ranges indicated may include or exclude the endpoints. Additionally, any values of variables indicated (regardless of whether they are indicated with “about” or not) may refer to precise values or approximate values and include equivalents, and may refer to average, median, representative, majority, or the like, in some embodiments. Further, in this disclosure, the terms “including,” “constituted by” and “having” can refer independently to “typically or broadly comprising,” “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” or “consisting of” in some embodiments. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, any defined meanings of terms do not necessarily exclude ordinary and customary meanings of the terms. 
     Referring again to the figures,  FIG.  3    illustrates a method  300  of forming a film on a substrate in accordance with examples of the disclosure. Method  300  can be used to form the conformal films overlying a gap on a surface of a substrate and/or to form films with relatively low non-uniformity across a surface of a substrate. 
     As illustrated, method  300  includes the steps of loading a substrate within a reaction chamber of a reactor (step  302 ), providing a first gas within the reaction chamber (step  304 ), providing a second gas within the reaction chamber (step  306 ), using a first plasma condition, forming first activated species using the second gas (step  308 ), using a second plasma condition, forming second activated species using the second gas (step  310 ), and forming a surface-modified layer (step  312 ).  FIG.  4    illustrates a timing sequence  400  suitable for use with method  300 . 
     During step  302 , the substrate comprising the gap is provided within a reaction chamber of a reactor of a reactor system. In accordance with examples of the disclosure, the reaction chamber can form part of a cyclical deposition reactor, such as a cyclical chemical vapor deposition reactor, and particularly a plasma-enhanced CVD reactor. Various steps of method  300  can be performed within a single reaction chamber or can be performed in multiple reaction chambers, such as reaction chambers of a cluster tool or a process module. In more detail, the substrate may be loaded onto a susceptor within the reactor. The susceptor may be mounted on a heating block to supply a heat energy to the substrate. Lift pins may be provided through through-holes formed in the heating block and the susceptor to accept the substrate. The substrate may include a complex structure formed thereon. For instance, the substrate may include a gap structure or 3D structure for VNAND device application. Exemplary substrates and structures are described in more detail below in connection with  FIG.  7   . 
     During step  302 , the substrate can be brought to a desired temperature and pressure for steps  304 - 312 . By way of examples, a temperature (e.g., of a substrate or a substrate support) within a reaction chamber can be less than 550° C., less than 500° C., less than 450° C., and/or between about 50° C. and about 550° C. or about 100° C. and about 500° C. A pressure within the reaction chamber can be about 2 to about 40 Torr or about 10 to about 30 Torr. 
     During step  304 , a first gas is provided within the reaction chamber for a first gas pulse period. The first gas can form a chemisorbed layer on the substrate. In accordance with examples of the disclosure, the first gas is or comprises a precursor, such as a silicon-containing gas. In this case, a silicon-containing layer may be formed on the substrate. 
     Exemplary silicon-containing gases or precursors suitable for use during step  304  include silanes, halogen compounds including silicon and a halogen (e.g., a halogenated (e.g., including one or more of F, Cl, Br, or I) silane), and amines, including silicon and amine functional groups. Particular examples of silicon-containing precursors suitable for use with method  300  include at least one of TSA, (SiH 3 ) 3 N; DSO, (SiH 3 ) 2 ; DSMA, (SiH 3 ) 2 NMe; DSEA, (SiH 3 ) 2 NEt; DSIPA, (SiH 3 ) 2 N(iPr); DSTBA, (SiH 3 ) 2 N(tBu); DEAS, SiH 3 NEt 2 ; DTBAS, SiH 3 N(tBu) 2 ; BDEAS, SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 ; BDMAS, SiH 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 ; BTBAS, SiH 2 (NHtBu) 2 ; BITS, SiH 2 (NHSiMe 3 ) 2 ; TEOS, Si(OEt) 4 ; SiCl 4 ; HCD, Si 2 Cl 6 ; DCS, SiH 2 Cl 2 ; 3DMAS, SiH(N(Me) 2 ) 3 ; BEMAS, SiH 2 [N(Et)(Me)] 2 ; AHEAD, Si 2 (NHEt) 6 ; TEAS, Si(NHEt) 4 ; Si 3 H 8 ; SiHI 3 ; and SiH 2 I 2  or any combination thereof, wherein Me represents a methyl group, Et represents an ethyl group, iPr represents an isopropyl group, and tBu represents a tert-butyl group. 
     A flowrate of the carrier gas of the precursor can be between about 500 and about 2000 sccm or between about 1000 and about 1500 sccm. The precursor vapor may be carried by the carrier gas to the substrate positioned on the reaction space of the reactor. For example, the precursor may be stored in a bubbling-type source vessel with inlet tube and outlet tube through which the carrier gas is provided to the source vessel and provided from the source vessel to the reaction space with the precursor vapor carried thereon. A duration of step  304  can be between about 0.5 and about 3 seconds or between about 0.5 and about 1.2 seconds. The first gas can include a (e.g., silicon-containing) precursor and optionally a carrier gas, such as nitrogen (N 2 ), argon (Ar), or the like. The carrier can also be used as a purge gas. As illustrated in  FIG.  4   , in some cases, the first gas includes a precursor, a carrier and/or purge gas, and a reactant. 
     During step  306 , a second gas is provided within the reaction chamber. The second gas can include one or more of a carrier, purge, or inert gas and a reactant. By way of examples, the second gas can include a carrier gas that is used during step  304  and a (e.g., nitrogen-containing) reactant. 
     Exemplary nitrogen-containing reactants include one or more of N 2 , NH 3 , N 2 O and NO 2 , alone or in any combination. In some cases, the nitrogen-containing gas comprises the same compound as the carrier, purge, or inert gas. 
     A flowrate of the carrier, purge, or inert gas can be between about 500 and about 2000 sccm or between about 1000 and about 1500 sccm. A flowrate of the reactant can be between about 1000 and about 10000 sccm or between about 3000 and about 8000 sccm. The second gas can be provided continuously through one or more (e.g., each) step of a cycle and/or through one or more deposition cycles. 
     During step  308 , using a first plasma condition, a first activated species are formed using the second gas to thereby form a layer of deposited material. The first activated species can react with the chemisorbed layer formed during step  304 . For instance, the second gas may be nitrogen-containing gas and the first activated species may react with a chemisorbed layer comprising silicon to form a layer of deposited silicon nitride. 
     The first plasma condition may be set to form a relatively low electric field at an edge region of the substrate, so that a film thickness uniformity may be improved over the substrate—compared to conventional techniques. For example, the first plasma condition can exhibit a reduced electric field at an edge of a substrate relative to an electric field formed at the edge using the second plasma condition. 
     During step  310 , using a second plasma condition, a second activated species using the second gas is formed to thereby form a treated layer on the substrate. The second activated species are formed using the same (second) gas used to form the first activated species. However, the first plasma condition and the second plasma condition differ. For example, the first plasma power and/or electrode spacing can differ. In more detail, the intensity of the second plasma may be higher than the intensity of the first plasma. 
     Step  310  can be carried out to control a film quality. In this step, the second plasma condition may be set to improve a film quality, such as a wet etch rate, and may vary depending on the desired film qualities. Exemplary plasma power values and times are provided below in Table 3. 
     During step  312 , using a third plasma condition, activated species using a third gas are formed to thereby form a surface-modified layer. During this step, a third gas may be provided to form film-forming promoting sites on the film formed during step  310 . For instance, the third gas may comprise a hydrogen-containing reactant. More specifically, the third gas may be or include hydrogen (H 2 ). In some cases, the third gas includes the carrier, purge, or inert gas and the nitrogen reactant as described above, in addition to the hydrogen-containing reactant. 
     The third plasma condition may be set to uniformly form film-promoting sites over the substrate. The third plasma condition (e.g., power) in this step may be different from the first plasma condition (e.g., power) and/or the second plasma condition (e.g., power). In more detail, the intensity of the third plasma may be lower than the second plasma and higher than the first plasma. The film-forming promoting sites may contribute to promoting the formation of the layer at the next cycle step and/or another layer. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , steps  304 - 312  can represent a cycle and can be repeated a number of times to form a film having desired properties and thickness. 
     Timing sequence  400 , illustrated in  FIG.  4   , illustrates an exemplary sequence for method  300 . Sequence  400  includes a deposition step  402 , a treatment step  404 , an activation step  406 , and a purge  408 . 
     Deposition step  402  includes periods t 1 , t 2 , and t 3 . In the illustrated example, during period t 1 , the first gas and the second gas are provided to the reaction chamber. During period t 2 , the flow of the precursor is stopped, and the second gas continues to flow, which allows the reaction chamber to be purged. During period t 3 , while the second gas continues to flow, a plasma power is applied across one or more electrodes to form first activated species using the second gas to thereby form a layer of deposited material. 
     As noted above, high plasma power may increase an electric field in the edge region of a substrate and deleteriously affect a film uniformity. Therefore, an intensity of the first plasma power provided in this step may be set to not increase an electric field in the edge region of a substrate, but enough to promote uniform chemical reaction over the substrate. For instance, the RF power may be lower than 800 W and higher than 100 W (e.g., for a 300 mm-sized substrate in diameter). The first plasma power provided in this step also may prevent or mitigate formation of blisters caused by residual hydrogen from a first gas (e.g., silicon precursor) or hydrogen gas provided in step t 5  when the unit process flow of  FIG.  4    cyclically repeats. 
     Treatment step  404  includes period t 4 . During t 4 , a second plasma condition is provided to form second activated species using the second gas to thereby form a treated layer. As noted above, the first plasma condition and the second plasma condition can differ. Specifically, as illustrated, the first plasma condition can be carried out at a first plasma power, and the second plasma condition can be carried out at a second plasma power. 
     In this step, the second plasma condition (e.g., power) may control a film quality, e.g., a film wet etch rate. For instance, the second plasma power may be greater than the first plasma power and the film wet etch rate may be lowered. That is, the film may be hardened or densified. In one embodiment, the second plasma power may be lower than 1,500 W and higher than 600 W. Even though the second plasma power is relatively high in this step, a film formation step, e.g. silicon nitride film formation step, is already completed by the first plasma power in step t 3 ; thus, a film thickness uniformity may not be affected by the second plasma power. In this step t 4 , the reactant may be continuously provided and activated by the second plasma power. But the activated reactant supplied in this step t 4  may not contribute to the film formation as the film formation is already carried out in step t 3  and a surface reaction may no longer continue in step t 4 . In one embodiment, nitrogen (N 2 ) as a reactant is continuously provided in step t 4  and activated nitrogen contributes to a silicon nitride film densification, increase of Si—N bonds, and removal of hydrogen (which the silicon precursor may contain) from the film. In more detail, nitrogen ions, such as N +  and N 2+  activated by the second plasma power, can break the Si—Si bond, increase a number of Si—N bonds and result in silicon nitride film densification. The nitrogen radicals and ions. such as N +  and N 2+ , also react with N—H bonds and Si—H bonds formed on the surface, remove hydrogen (—H) from the bonding structures and form Si—N bonding structures, increasing Si—N bonding structures. However, in another embodiment, the activated reactant supplied in this step may contribute to additional formation of a film as it may contain nitrogen elements. 
     Activation step  406  includes period t 5 . During period t 5 , hydrogen-containing gas may be provided and activated by a third plasma power. The dissociated hydrogen gas may form hydrogen-terminated sites on the film and may act as film-forming promoting sites or bonding sites for a precursor (e.g., silicon-containing), which is provided at the next cycle and reduce inactive sites on the substrate. Thus, this step may contribute to improving a film growth rate and a step coverage on a complex structure, such as a gap or 3D structure (e.g., having an aspect ratio as noted herein) formed on a substrate. In this step, a purge gas may be provided and activated together with the third gas. But activated purge gas may destroy the hydrogen terminated sites, so the intensity of plasma power provided in this step may be set to be low, but enough to form and keep hydrogen terminated sites. More specifically, the intensity of plasma power may be lower than the second plasma power, but (and/or) higher than the first plasma power. The hydrogen-containing gas may be at least one of H 2 , H atom, and NH 3  or a combination thereof. The second gas can be continuously provided during period t 5  and can contribute to stabilization of process pressure during a process. 
     Purge  408  includes period t 6 . During period t 6 , residual gas may be purged from the reaction chamber by a purge gas, such as Ar or N 2  (e.g., the second gas). The periods t 1  to t 6  may be repeated (m cycles) until the desired film thickness is achieved. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates film thickness uniformity according to the intensity of plasma power in period t 3  and period t 4  of  FIG.  4   . Specifically, in  FIG.  5   , the silicon nitride film thickness uniformity is better (non-uniformity percent is lower) when the first plasma power is relatively low and the second plasma power is relatively high, compared to other plasma power levels. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an effect of plasma power applied during period t 3  and plasma power applied during period t 5  of  FIG.  4   . Plasma power is illustrated as RF power, but could be other frequencies as noted herein. As shown in  FIG.  6   , when the first plasma power is relatively low, a film (e.g., silicon nitride) is less damaged by nitrogen ion bombardment and thus less hydrogen elements are thought to penetrate into the film during period t 5 , and therefore blisters are not generated and more hydrogen-terminated sites may be formed and preserved. But when the plasma power is relatively high, a silicon nitride film is increasingly damaged by nitrogen ion bombardment and it is thought that more hydrogen elements penetrate into the film during period t 5  and thus blisters are generated and less hydrogen-terminated sites may be formed. Thus, low intensity of first plasma power can have an effect of preventing blisters from being generated during method  300  and contribute to forming and preserving more hydrogen-terminated sites. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates structures  702  and  704  and illustrates an effect of hydrogen-containing gas to a film growth rate and a step coverage. Structures  702  and  704  each include a substrate  706 , features  708 ,  710 , and a gap  712  formed therebetween. Structure  702  includes a conformally formed silicon nitride layer  714  overlying features  708 ,  710 , and gap  712 . Structure  704  includes layer  716 , which has been treated using a hydrogen-containing gas as described herein. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , when a hydrogen gas (H 2 ) is provided, a film growth rate is improved by about two times from 0.24 Å/min to 0.43 Å/min and a step coverage is also improved from 93% to 113% on patterned structures  702 ,  704 , respectively. Thus,  FIG.  7    demonstrates that a hydrogen-containing gas provides film-forming promotion sites to the surface of silicon nitride films and contributes to increase of a film growth rate and improvement of step coverage property on a patterned structure. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates structures  802  and  804  and illustrates a wet etch rate uniformity. Structures  802  and  804  each include a substrate  806 , features  808 ,  810 , and a gap  812  formed therebetween. Structure  802  includes a conformally formed silicon nitride film  814  overlying features  808 ,  810 , and gap  812 . Structure  804  includes layer  816 , which has been etched using a dilute hydrofluoric acid (200:1 water:HF) for 30 seconds. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  8   , silicon nitride film  814  is conformally and uniformly formed on the patterned structure from the top to the bottom side of gap  812 . A wet etch rate of the silicon nitride film from the side-top portion to the side-bottom portion is also uniform, e.g., 9.05 Å/min vs. 11.65 Å/min. The wet etch rate of the silicon nitride film in the side-bottom portion is particularly improved to 11.65 Å/min from 92.0 Å/min of the conventional process in which silicon nitride film is formed only by single RF power step. 
     Table 1 below shows a RF power and RF frequency condition of each plasma step of  FIG.  4    according to one embodiment. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RF power and RF frequency conditions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 First plasma 
                 Second plasma 
                 Third plasma 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t3) 
                 condition (t4) 
                 condition (t5) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 RF power 
                 low 
                 high 
                 middle 
               
               
                 RF frequency 
                 high 
                 high 
                 high 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In first plasma condition of Table 1, low plasma power with high RF frequency may be provided to a reaction chamber to reduce an electric field at an edge region of the substrate for uniform film thickness over the substrate. 
     In second plasma condition, high plasma power with high RF frequency may be provided. High plasma power with high RF frequency may increase the density of ion density, increase a number of Si—N bonds and improve a film quality, e.g., lower and/or more uniform wet etch rate. In another embodiment, plasma power with dual (e.g., RF) frequency of high and low frequency may be provided to provide more ions to the bottom portion of the patterned structure; thus, a uniform film quality may be achieved even in complex patterned structures. In another embodiment, the plasma power may be provided in pulses (e.g., at a duty ratio of about 10% to about 90%) to provide more ions to the bottom portion of the patterned structure. 
     In the third plasma condition, middle plasma power with high RF frequency and activated hydrogen may be provided to form hydrogen-terminated sites uniformly on, for example, a deposited silicon nitride film from the top to the bottom portion of a patterned structure. High plasma power may increase ion density, but damage the film and hydrogen-terminated sites. Thus, middle-level plasma power may be provided to preserve hydrogen-terminated sites in the third plasma step. In Table 1, the plasma power frequency may be 13.56 MHz, or may be 27.12 MHz, or may be 60 MHz. 
     Table 2 provides a comparison of film properties according to the disclosure and a conventional method. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 A comparison of film properties according to 
               
               
                 the disclosure and the conventional method 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                   
                 Wet etch rate 
               
               
                 Method 
                 uniformity (%) 
                 Step coverage 
                 on side wall 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 This disclosure 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 (three RF steps) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Conventional 
                 Low RF 
                 Good 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
               
               
                 method 
                 power 
               
               
                 (single RF 
                 plasma 
               
               
                 step) 
                 High RF 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
                 power 
               
               
                   
                 plasma 
               
               
                   
                 N 2 /H 2   
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Poor 
               
               
                   
                 plasma 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 2, a process according to the disclosure results in films with good film properties, including film thickness uniformity, step coverage and wet etch rate on side wall of patterned structure at the same time. In contrast, the conventional methods, which use a single RF power step, do not achieve good film properties in film thickness uniformity, step coverage and wet etch rate on side wall of patterned structure at the same time. Thus, the methods described herein include a technical advantage of achieving good film properties in film thickness uniformity, step coverage and wet etch rate on side wall of patterned structure at the same time. 
     Table 3 provides exemplary process conditions and ranges of an embodiment according to the disclosure—e.g., suitable for use with method  300  in  FIG.  3    and/or timing sequence  400  in  FIG.  4   . The conditions of Table 3 can be used to form silicon nitride films. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary conditions of an embodiment 
               
               
                 according to the disclosure 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Temperature (° C.) 
                 50 to 550° C. (preferably 100 to 500° C.) 
               
               
                 Process pressure (Torr) 
                 2 to 40 Torr (preferably 10 to 30 Torr) 
               
               
                 Electrode gap (mm) 
                 5 to 20 mm (preferably 7 to 15 mm) 
               
               
                 First gas (silicon-containing 
                 Silane or halogen element-containing 
               
               
                 precursor) 
                 silicon source or other silicon-containing 
               
               
                   
                 precursor 
               
               
                 Reactant 
                 N 2  or other nitrogen-containing reactant 
               
               
                 Film-forming promotion gas 
                 H 2  or other hydrogen-containing reactant 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Gas flow 
                 N 2  (precursor 
                 500 to 2,000 (preferably 1,000 to 1,500) 
               
               
                 rate 
                 carrier/purge gas) 
               
               
                 (sccm) 
                 N 2  (reactant) 
                 1,000 to 10,000 (preferably 3,000 to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8,000) 
               
               
                   
                 H 2   
                 1 to 30 (preferably 2 to 20) 
               
               
                 Process 
                 Precursor 
                 0.05 to 3.0 (preferably 0.5 to 1.2) 
               
               
                 time per 
                 feeding step 
               
               
                 step (sec) 
                 Precursor 
                 0.2 to 5.0 (preferably 0.5 to 1.2) 
               
               
                   
                 purge step 
               
               
                   
                 First plasma 
                 0.2 to 5.0 (preferably 0.5 to 2.0) 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t3) 
               
               
                   
                 Second plasma 
                 3.0 to 20.0 (preferably 8.0 to 15.0) 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t4) 
               
               
                   
                 Third plasma 
                 0.2 to 5.0 (preferably 0.5 to 2.0) 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t5) 
               
               
                   
                 Plasma purge 
                 0.0 to 1.0 (preferably 0.1 to 0.8) 
               
               
                   
                 (t6) 
               
               
                 Plasma 
                 First plasma 
                 RF power: 100 to 800 W 
               
               
                 power and 
                 condition (t3) 
                 (preferably 300 to 600 W) 
               
               
                 frequency 
                   
                 RF frequency: 13.56 MHz 
               
               
                   
                 Second plasma 
                 RF power: 600 to 1,500 W 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t4) 
                 (preferably 800 to 1,200 W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RF frequency: 13.56 MHz 
               
               
                   
                 Third plasma 
                 RF power: 300 to 1,000 W 
               
               
                   
                 condition (t5) 
                 (preferably 500 to 800 W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RF frequency: 13.56 MHz 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  9    is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus or system  900  for implementing a process in accordance with the disclosure. In  FIG.  9   , a substrate  4  may be disposed on a substrate support  3  within a reactor  1 . A gas supply unit  2  is configured to supply a gas to the substrate  4 . The substrate support  3  may comprise a heating block supplying a heat energy to the substrate  4 . The gas supply unit  2  may be a showerhead. 
     The process gas is exhausted through an exhaust unit  8 , which may be an exhaust pump. The gas supply unit  2  can be or include an electrode that is connected to a plasma (e.g., RF) power supply unit. The RF power supply unit may comprise: a matching network  5 , a high frequency RF power generator  6 , and/or a low frequency RF power generator  7 . The RF power may be provided to the reactor and the intensity of RF power according to the disclosure may be controlled by step by programmable control unit, such as a controller  10 , which can be or include a computer. 
     The example embodiments of the disclosure described above do not limit the scope of the invention, since these embodiments are merely examples of the embodiments of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosure, in addition to those shown and described herein, such as alternative useful combinations of the elements described, may become apparent to those skilled in the art from the description. Such modifications and embodiments are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.