Patent Publication Number: US-2013252823-A1

Title: cDNA SYNTHESIS USING NON-RANDOM PRIMERS

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2008/081206, filed on Oct. 24, 2008, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/983,085, filed on Oct. 26, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods of selectively amplifying target nucleic acid molecules and oligonucleotides useful for priming the amplification of target nucleic acid molecules. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Gene expression analysis often involves amplification of starting nucleic acid molecules. Amplification of nucleic acid molecules may be accomplished by reverse transcription (RT), in vitro transcription (IVT), or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), either individually or in combination. The starting nucleic acid molecules may be mRNA molecules, which are amplified by first synthesizing complementary cDNA molecules, then synthesizing second cDNA molecules that are complementary to the first cDNA molecules, thereby producing double stranded cDNA molecules. The synthesis of first strand cDNA is typically accomplished using a reverse transcriptase and the synthesis of second strand cDNA is typically accomplished using a DNA polymerase. The double stranded cDNA molecules may be used to make complementary RNA molecules using an RNA polymerase, resulting in amplification of the original starting mRNA molecules. The RNA polymerase requires a promoter sequence to direct initiation of RNA synthesis. Complementary RNA molecules may, for example, be used as a template to make additional complementary DNA molecules. Alternatively, the double stranded cDNA molecules may be amplified, for example, by PCR and the amplified PCR products may be used as sequencing templates or in microarray analysis. 
     Amplification of nucleic acid molecules requires the use of oligonucleotide primers that specifically hybridize to one or more target nucleic acid molecules in the starting material. Each oligonucleotide primer may include a promoter sequence that is located 5′ to the hybridizing portion of the oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the target nucleic acid molecule(s). If the hybridizing portion of an oligonucleotide is too short, then the oligonucleotide does not stably hybridize to a target nucleic acid molecule and priming and subsequent amplification does not occur. Also, if the hybridizing portion of an oligonucleotide is too short, then the oligonucleotide does not specifically hybridize to one or a small number of target nucleic acid molecules, but nonspecifically hybridizes to numerous target nucleic acid molecules. 
     Amplification of a complex mixture of different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules) typically requires the use of a population of numerous oligonucleotides having different nucleic acid sequences. The cost of the oligonucleotides increases with the length of the oligonucleotides. In order to control costs, it is preferable to make oligonucleotide primers that are no longer than the minimum length required to ensure specific hybridization of an oligonucleotide to a target sequence. 
     It is often undesirable to amplify highly expressed RNAs (e.g., ribosomal RNAs). For example, in gene expression experiments that analyze expression of genes in blood cells, amplification of numerous copies of abundant globin mRNAs, or ribosomal RNAs, may obscure subtle changes in the levels of rare mRNAs. Thus, there is a need for populations of oligonucleotide primers that selectively amplify desired nucleic acid molecules within a population of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., oligonucleotide primers that selectively amplify all mRNAs that are expressed in a cell except for the most highly expressed RNAs). In order to reduce the cost of synthesizing the population of oligonucleotides, the hybridizing portion of each oligonucleotide should be no longer than necessary to ensure specific hybridization to a desired target sequence under defined conditions. 
     SUMMARY 
     This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a larger non-target population of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., all RNA molecules expressed in a cell type except for the most highly expressed RNA species). The methods of this aspect of the invention each include the steps of (a) providing a population of single-stranded primer extension products synthesized from a population of RNA template molecules in a sample isolated from a mammalian subject using reverse transcriptase enzyme and a first population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotide primers comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the population of RNA template molecules comprises a target population of nucleic acid molecules and a non-target population of nucleic acid molecules; (b) synthesizing double stranded cDNA from the population of single-stranded primer extension products according to step (a) using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide in the second population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion consists of one of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides and a defined sequence located 5′ to the hybridizing portion wherein the hybridizing portion is selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides that do not hybridize under the defined conditions to the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules in the synthesized single-stranded cDNA. In some embodiments, each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotide comprises a random hybridizing portion and a defined sequence located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a larger non-target population of nucleic acid molecules. The methods of this aspect of the invention comprise the steps of (a) synthesizing single-stranded cDNA from a sample comprising total RNA isolated from a mammalian subject using reverse transcriptase enzyme and a first population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide within the first population of oligonucleotide primers comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749; and (b) synthesizing double stranded cDNA from the single-stranded cDNA synthesized according to step (a) using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide within the second population of oligonucleotide primers comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for transcriptome profiling. The methods of this aspect of the invention comprise (a) synthesizing a population of single-stranded primer extension products from a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a population of RNA template molecules in a sample isolated from a subject using reverse transcriptase enzyme and a first population of oligonucleotide primers comprising a hybridizing portion and a first PCR primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion; (b) synthesizing double stranded cDNA from the population of single-stranded primer extension products generated according to step (a) using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotide primers comprising a hybridizing portion and a second PCR primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion; and (c) PCR amplifying the double stranded cDNA generated according to step (b) using a first PCR primer that binds to the first PCR primer binding site and a second PCR primer that binds to the second PCR primer binding site, wherein the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules consists essentially of ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA of the same species as the mammalian subject. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749. These oligonucleotides can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis of first strand cDNA molecules complementary to RNA molecules isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the synthesis of first strand cDNA molecules complementary to ribosomal RNA (18S,28S) or mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (12S,16S) molecules. In some embodiments, each oligonucleotide in the population of oligonucleotides further comprises a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion: In one embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a transcriptional promoter, which may be used as a primer binding site in PCR amplification, or for in vitro transcription. In another embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a primer binding site that is not a transcriptional promoter. For example, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein a transcriptional promoter, such as the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In further embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein the defined sequence portion comprises at least one primer binding site that is useful for priming a PCR synthesis reaction and that does not include an RNA polymerase promoter sequence. A representative example of a defined sequence portion for use in such embodiments is provided as 5′TCCGATCTCT3′ (SEQ ID NO:1499), which is preferably located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. These oligonucleotides can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis of second strand cDNA molecules complementary to first strand cDNA molecules synthesized from RNA isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the synthesis of second strand cDNA molecules complementary to first strand cDNA reverse transcribed from ribosomal RNA (18S,28S) or mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (12S,16S) molecules. In some embodiments, each oligonucleotide in the population of oligonucleotides further comprises a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. In one embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a transcriptional promoter, which may be used as a primer binding site in PCR amplification or for in vitro transcription. In another embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a primer binding site that is not a transcriptional promoter. For example, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein a transcriptional promoter, such as the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In further embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein the defined sequence portion comprises at least one primer binding site that is useful for priming a PCR synthesis reaction and that does not include an RNA polymerase promoter sequence. A representative example of a defined sequence portion for use in such embodiments is provided as 5′TCCGATCTGA3′ (SEQ ID NO:1500), which is preferably located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a reagent for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules in a larger population of non-target nucleic acid molecules. In one embodiment, the reagent comprises at least 10% of the oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In another embodiment, the reagent comprises at least 10% of the oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules. The kit of this aspect of the invention comprises a reagent comprising a first population of oligonucleotides for first strand cDNA synthesis, wherein each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a second population of oligonucleotides for second strand cDNA synthesis, wherein each oligonucleotide in the second population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a population of selectively amplified nucleic acid molecules comprising a representation of a transcriptome of a mammalian subject comprising a 5′ defined sequence, a population of amplified sequences corresponding to a nucleic acid expressed in the mammalian subject, a 3′ defined sequence wherein the population of amplified sequences is characterized by having the following properties with reference to the particular mammalian species: (a) having greater than 75% polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated transcripts and having less than 10% ribosomal RNA. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of generating a cDNA library representative of the transcriptome profile contained in a sample of interest. The methods of this aspect of the invention comprise (a) synthesizing a population of single-stranded primer extension products from a target population of nucleic acid molecules within total RNA Obtained from a subject of interest using reverse transcriptase enzyme and a first population of oligonucleotide primers comprising a hybridizing portion consisting of 6 to 9 nucleotides, a first PCR primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, and a spacer portion consisting of from 2 to 10 nucleotides located between the hybridizing region and the PCR primer binding site, wherein the hybridizing portion is selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of from 6 to 9 nucleotides that hybridize under defined conditions to non-redundant target population of nucleic acid molecules and do not hybridize under defined conditions to the non-target redundant population of nucleic acid molecules in the sample; and (b) synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from the population of single-stranded primer extension products generated according to step (a) using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotide primers comprising a hybridizing portion consisting of from 6 to 9 nucleotides, a second PCR primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, and a spacer portion consisting of from 2 to 10 nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the PCR primer binding region, to generate a cDNA library representative of the transcriptome profile of the subject of interest. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules. The kit according to this aspect of the invention comprises (i) a first reagent comprising a first population of oligonucleotides for first strand cDNA synthesis, wherein each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion, a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, and a spacer region consisting of 6 random nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the defined sequence portion, wherein the hybridizing region is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749; and (ii) a second reagent comprising a second population of oligonucleotides for second strand cDNA synthesis, wherein each oligonucleotide in the second population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion, a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, and a spacer region consisting of 6 random nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the defined sequence portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of generating a population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of total RNA from a subject of interest. The method according to this aspect of the invention comprises (a) providing a first population of oligonucleotide primers, each primer comprising a hybridizing portion consisting of 6 to 9 nucleotides, and a first primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion; (b) synthesizing a population of single-stranded primer extension products from the total RNA of a subject of interest using reverse transcriptase enzyme and the first population of oligonucleotide primers of step (a); (c) synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from the population of single-stranded primer extension products generated according to step (b); (d) sequencing a portion of the double-stranded cDNA products generated according to step (c) and identifying the subset of primers containing hybridizing regions that primed cDNA synthesis from unwanted redundant RNA sequences that are present at a frequency greater than a threshold level of from 0.5% to 2% of the total sequences analyzed; and (e) modifying the first population of oligonucleotide primers to exclude the subset of primers identified in step (d) to generate a second population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from the sample of interest. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  shows the number of exact matches for random 6-mers (N6) oligonucleotides on nucleotide sequences in the human RefSeq transcript database as described in Example 1; 
         FIG. 1B  shows the number of exact matches for Not-So-Random (NSR) 6-mer oligonucleotides on nucleotide sequences in the human RefSeq transcript database as described in Example 1; 
         FIG. 1C  shows a representative embodiment of the methods of the invention for synthesizing a preparation of selectively amplified cDNA molecules using a mixture of random primers for first strand cDNA synthesis and a mixture of anti-NSR-6 mer oligonucleotides for second strand cDNA synthesis, as described in Example 2; 
         FIG. 1D  shows a representative embodiment of the methods of the invention for synthesizing a preparation of selectively amplified aDNA molecules using a mixture of NSR6-mer oligonucleotides for first strand cDNA synthesis and a mixture of anti-NSR6-mer oligonucleotides for second strand cDNA synthesis, followed by PCR amplification, as described in Example 2 and Example 4; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of whole transcriptome analysis of a subject comprising selectively amplifying nucleic acid molecules from RNA isolated from the subject followed by sequence analysis or microarray analysis of the amplified nucleic acid molecules as described in Example 4 and Example 5; 
         FIG. 3A  is a histogram plot on a logarithmic scale showing the relative abundance of 18S, 28S, 12S and 16S (normalized to gene and N8) in a population of first strand cDNA molecules synthesized using various NSR-6 pools as compared to first strand cDNA generated using random primers (N8=100%) as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 3B  graphically illustrates the relative levels of abundance of cytoplasmic rRNA (18S or 28S) in cDNA amplified using random primers (N7) in both first strand and second strand synthesis (N7&gt;N7=100% 18S, 100% 28S) as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by random primers (N7) in the second strand (NSR&gt;N7=3.0% 18S, 3.4% 28S), and as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by anti-NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) in the second strand (NSR&gt;anti NSR=0.1% 18S, 0.5% 28S) as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 3C  graphically illustrates the relative levels of abundance of mitochondrial rRNA (12S or 16S) in cDNA amplified using random primers (N7) in both first strand and second strand synthesis (N7&gt;N7=100% 12S, or 16S) as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by random primers (N7) in the second strand (NSR&gt;N7=27% 12S, 20.4% 16S), and as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by anti NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) in the second strand (NSR&gt;anti NSR=8.2% 12S, 3.5% 16S) as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 4A  is a histogram plot showing the gene specific polyA content of representative gene transcripts in cDNA synthesized using various NSR primers during first strand synthesis as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 4B  is a histogram plot showing the relative abundance level of representative non polyadenylated RNA transcripts in cDNA amplified from Jurkat 1 and Jurkat 2 total RNA using various NSR primers during first strand cDNA synthesis as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 5  graphically illustrates the log ratio of Jurkat/K562 mRNA expression data measured in cDNA generated using NSR-6 mers (x-axis) versus the log ratio of Jurkat/K562 mRNA expression data measured in cDNA generated using random primers (N8), as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 6A  graphically illustrates the proportion of rRNA to mRNA in total RNA typically obtained after polyA purification, demonstrating that even after 95% removal of rRNA from total RNA, the remaining RNA consists of a mixture of about 50% rRNA and 50% mRNA as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 6B  graphically illustrates the proportion of rRNA to mRNA in a cDNA sample prepared using NSR primers during first strand cDNA synthesis and anti-NSR primers during second strand cDNA synthesis. As shown, in contrast to polyA purification, the use of NSR primers and anti-NSR primers to generate cDNA from total RNA is effective to remove 99.9% rRNA, resulting in a cDNA population enriched for greater than 95% mRNA as described in Example 3; 
         FIG. 7A  graphically illustrates the detection and positional distribution of polyA+ RefSeq mRNA in NSR-primed (dotted line) or expressed sequence tag (EST) (solid line) cDNAs across long transcripts (&gt;4 kb), illustrating the combined read frequencies for 5,790 transcripts shown at each base position starting from the 5′ termini, as described in Example 7; 
         FIG. 7B  graphically illustrates the detection and positional distribution of polyA+ RefSeq mRNA in NSR-primed (dotted line) or expressed sequence tag (EST) (solid line) cDNAs across long transcripts (&gt;4 kb), illustrating the combined read frequencies for 5,790 transcripts shown at each base position starting from the 3′ termini, as described in Example 7; 
         FIG. 8  graphically illustrates the enrichment of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) encoded by the Chromosome 15 Prader-Willi neurological disease locus in NSR-primed cDNA generated from RNA isolated from whole brain relative to NSR-primed cDNA generated from RNA isolated from the Universal Human Reference (UHR) cell line, as described in Example 7; 
         FIG. 9  shows an alignment of a population of 1203 NSR 6-mer primers to the known  R. palustris  non-ribosomal genome sequence that was segregated into 100 nucleotide blocks, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 10A  graphically illustrates the density of the sequencing reads obtained from the NSRv1-primed cDNA library plotted as a function of sequence position in the  R. palustris  16S RNA, wherein the x-axis is the coordinate of each base within the rRNA sequence and the y-axis is the density of the first base within sequencing reads that map to rRNA sequences, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 10B  graphically illustrates the density of the sequencing reads obtained from the NSRv1-primed cDNA library plotted as a function of sequence position in the  R. palustris  23S RNA, wherein the x-axis is the coordinate of each base within the rRNA sequence and the y-axis is the density of the first base within sequencing reads that map to rRNA sequences, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 11A  graphically illustrates the frequency with which a given NSRv1 hexamer is found in  R. palustris  16S aligning sequencing reads, wherein the logarithmic y-axis shows the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer was found in all 16S aligning sequencing reads and the x-axis represents individual NSR hexamers rank-ordered in terms of their priming densities found for priming 16S cDNA, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 11B  graphically illustrates the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer is found in  R. palustris  23S aligning sequencing reads, wherein the logarithmic y-axis shows the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer was found in 23S aligning sequencing reads and the x-axis represents individual NSR hexamers rank-ordered in terms of their priming densities found for priming 23S cDNA, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 12  graphically illustrates the mRNA priming density per 100 nt of the  R. palustris  genome sequence for the original computationally designed 1203  R. palustris  NSRv1 primer pool after elimination (cut) of the top ranked 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 primers identified that bind to rRNA, as described in Example 8; 
         FIG. 13  graphically illustrates the empirical identification of hexamers that prime redundant RNAs by plotting the cumulative fraction of all rRNA sequencing reads in human cDNA libraries that were primed by rank-ordered hexamer NSR primer pools, wherein the fraction of all rRNA sequencing reads is shown on the y-axis, and the number of rRNA priming sites rank ordered by sequence read frequency is shown on the x-axis, as described in Example 9; 
         FIG. 14A  graphically illustrates the percentage of total RNA (including informative RNA and redundant RNA (in this case rRNA)) is shown on the y-axis and the percent removal of redundant RNA is shown on the x-axis. The solid lines represent informative RNA and the dashed lines represent rRNA. The boxed region on the right side of the graph indicates the range of enrichment (from 95% to 99%) for computationally selected NSR-primed cDNA libraries as described in Example 9; 
         FIG. 14B  graphically illustrates the percentage of total RNA (including informative RNA and redundant RNA (in this case rRNA)) is shown on the y-axis and the percent removal of redundant RNA is shown on the x-axis. The solid lines represent informative RNA and the dashed lines represent rRNA. The boxed region on the right side of the graph indicates the range of enrichment (from 75% to 78%) for an NSR-primed cDNA library, wherein the NSR primers are generated by synthesis of a random hexamer oligo population and one round of enrichment by sequence refinement, as described in Example 9; 
         FIG. 14C  graphically illustrates the percentage of total RNA (including informative RNA and redundant RNA (in this case rRNA)) is shown on the y-axis and the percent removal of redundant RNA is shown on the x-axis. The solid lines represent informative RNA and the dashed lines represent rRNA. The boxed region on the right side of the graph indicates the range of enrichment (from 89% to 95%) for an NSR-primed cDNA library, wherein the NSR primers are generated by synthesis of a random hexamer oligo population and two rounds of enrichment by sequence refinement, as described in Example 9; 
         FIG. 15A  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from mRNA-seq cDNA generated as described in Wang et al., for the genomic coordinates across human MAP1B mRNA (x-axis), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 15B  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR7 for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 priming the second strand synthesis, for the genomic coordinates across human MAP1B mRNA (x-axis), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 16  shows the nucleotide base composition upstream and downstream of the NSR hexamer priming site from cDNA primed with a priming oligo library with a single-random nucleotide (N=1) upstream of the priming hexamer (referred to as “NSR7”). The data was compiled from 3,844,155 sequencing reads that aligned to expressed genes in the Universal Reference sample (UHR) (Agilent, Palo Alto, Calif.). The base compositions of positions −1 through −4 closely match the base sequence of the NSR primer binding tail, suggesting that the tail sequence influences the location of RNA priming events, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 17  shows the nucleotide base composition upstream and downstream of the NSR hexamer priming site from cDNA primed with a priming oligo library containing 6 random nucleotides (N=6) upstream of the priming hexamer (referred to as “NSR12”). The data was compiled from 2,718,981 sequencing reads that aligned to expressed genes in the Universal Reference sample (UHR) (Agilent, Palo Alto, Calif.). The base compositions of positions −1 through −4 are less biased toward the NSR primer binding tail than was observed for the NSR7 primed library, suggesting that the 6 random nucleotides serve to randomize the location of RNA priming into first strand DNA, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 18A  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from mRNA-seq cDNA generated as described in Wang et al., for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 18B  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR7 (N=1) for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 priming the second strand synthesis, for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads, as described in Example 10; 
         FIG. 18C  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR12 (N=6) for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 priming the second strand synthesis (using #1 reaction conditions: 40° C. amplification with 1 mM dNTP), for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads, as described in Example 10; and 
         FIG. 19  graphically illustrates that cDNA libraries generated using NSR12 (spacer N=6) generates more even exon coverage than cDNA libraries generated using NSR7 primers (spacer N=1), wherein the sequencing read frequency on the y-axis is plotted against the ranking of the non-redundant 34 nt read sequences shown on the x-axis, as described in Example 10. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Unless specifically defined herein, all terms used herein have the same meaning as they would to one skilled in the art of the present invention. Practitioners are particularly directed to Sambrook et al.,  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,  2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainsview, N.Y.; and Ausubel et al.,  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology  (Supplement 47), John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 1999, for definitions and terms of the art. 
     The use of Not-So-Random (“NSR”) 6-mer primers for first strand cDNA synthesis is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/589,322, filed Oct. 27, 2006, incorporated herein by reference. In a particular embodiment, the NSR-6mers described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/589,322 comprise populations of oligonucleotides that hybridize to all mRNA molecules expressed in blood cells but that do not hybridize to globin mRNA (HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBG1 and HBG2) or to nuclear ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S rRNA). In the present application, a different population of NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) is provided that includes oligonucleotides that hybridize to all mRNA molecules expressed in mammalian cells, including globin mRNA, but that do not hybridize to nuclear ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S rRNA) and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S mt-rRNA). The present application further provides a second population of anti-NSR oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) for use during second strand cDNA synthesis. The anti-NSR oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) are selected to hybridize to all first strand cDNA molecules reverse transcribed from RNA templates expressed in mammalian cells, including globin mRNA, but that do not hybridize to first strand cDNA molecules transcribed from nuclear ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S rRNA) and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S mt-rRNA). As described in Examples 1-4, the use of a first round of selective amplification using NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) during first strand synthesis followed by a second round of selective amplification using anti-NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) during second strand synthesis results in a population of double stranded cDNA that represents substantially all of the polyA RNA and non-polyA RNA expressed in the cell, with a very low level (less than 10%) of nucleic acid molecules representing unwanted nuclear ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the invention also provides methods which analyze the products of the amplification methods of the invention, such as sequencing and gene expression profiling (e.g., microarray analysis). 
     The present application also describes the use of NSR-primed cDNA transcriptome libraries to address the need for comparative expression analysis of diverse bacterial isolates, such as  Rhodopsuedomonas palustris , as described in Example 8. 
     The application further describes various methods for generating a population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of total RNA from a subject of interest, as described in Example 9. 
     The application also describes methods of generating NSR-primed cDNA transcriptome libraries using NSR primers comprising a spacer region consisting of from 2 to 20 nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the primer region, in order to mitigate jackpot priming events, as described in Example 10. 
     In accordance with the foregoing, in one aspect, the present invention provides methods for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a larger non-target population of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., all RNA molecules expressed in a cell type except for the most highly expressed RNA species). The methods of this aspect of the invention each include the steps of (a) synthesizing single-stranded cDNA from RNA in a sample isolated from a mammalian subject using reverse transcriptase enzyme and a first population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotide primers comprises a hybridizing portion and a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the RNA comprises a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a larger non-target population of nucleic acid molecules; and (b) synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from the single-stranded cDNA synthesized according to step (a) using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotide primers, wherein each oligonucleotide in the second population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion consists of one of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides and a defined sequence located 5′ to the hybridizing portion wherein the hybridizing portion is selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides that do not hybridize under the defined conditions to the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules in the synthesized single-stranded cDNA. 
     The second population of oligonucleotides may also include a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. In one embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a transcriptional promoter that can also be used as a primer binding site. Therefore, in certain embodiments of this aspect of the invention, each oligonucleotide of the second population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion that consists of 6 nucleotides or 7 nucleotides or 8 nucleotides and a transcriptional promoter portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. In another embodiment, the defined sequence portion of the second population of oligonucleotides includes a second primer binding site for use in a PCR amplification reaction and that may optionally include a transcriptional promoter. By way of example, the populations of anti-NSR oligonucleotides provided by the present invention are useful in the practice of the methods of this aspect of the invention. 
     For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, a population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498), that each has a length of 6 nucleotides, was identified that can be used as primers to prime the second strand synthesis of all, or substantially all, first strand cDNA molecules synthesized from a target population of RNA molecules from mammalian cells but that do not prime the second strand synthesis of first strand cDNA reverse transcribed from non-target ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or mitochondrial rRNA (mt-rRNA) from mammalian cells. The identified second population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) is referred to as anti-Not-So-Random (anti-NSR) primers. Thus, this population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) can be used to prime the second strand synthesis of a population of first strand nucleic acid molecules (e.g., cDNAs) that are representative of a starting population of mRNA molecules isolated from mammalian cells but do not prime second strand synthesis of cDNA molecules that correspond to rRNA or mt-rRNAs. 
     In other embodiments, each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion consists of one of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides and a defined sequence located 5′ to the hybridizing portion wherein the hybridizing portion is selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides that do not hybridize under the defined conditions to the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules in a sample comprising RNA from a mammalian subject. 
     The first population of oligonucleotides may also include a defined sequence portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. In one embodiment, the defined sequence portion comprises a transcriptional promoter that can also be used as a first primer binding site. Therefore, in certain embodiments of this aspect of the invention, each oligonucleotide of the first population of oligonucleotides comprises a hybridizing portion that consists of 6 nucleotides or 7 nucleotides or 8 nucleotides and a transcriptional promoter portion located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. In another embodiment, the defined sequence portion of the first population of oligonucleotides includes a first primer binding site for use in a PCR amplification reaction and that may optionally include a transcriptional promoter. By way of example, the populations of NSR oligonucleotides provided by the present invention are useful in the practice of the methods of this aspect of the invention. 
     For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, a first population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) wherein each has a length of 6 nucleotides, was identified that can be used as primers to prime the first strand synthesis of all, or substantially all, mRNA molecules from mammalian cells, but that do not prime the amplification of non-target ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or mitochondrial rRNA (mt-rRNA) from mammalian cells. The identified first population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) is referred to as Not-So-Random (NSR) primers. Thus, this population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) can be used to prime the first strand synthesis of a population of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., cDNAs) that are representative of a starting population of mRNA molecules isolated from mammalian cells but do not prime first strand synthesis of cDNA molecules that correspond to rRNA or mt-rRNAs. 
     The present invention also provides a first population of oligonucleotides for ‘priming first strand cDNA synthesis, wherein a defined sequence, such as the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) or a first primer binding site (SEQ ID NO:1499), is located 5’ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Thus, each oligonucleotide may include a hybridizing portion (selected from SEQ ID NOS:1-749) that hybridizes to target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., mRNAs), and a defined sequence, such as a promoter sequence or first primer binding site, is located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. The defined sequence portion may be incorporated into DNA molecules amplified using the oligonucleotides (that include the T7 promoter) as primers, and can thereafter promote transcription from the DNA molecules. 
     Alternatively, the defined sequence portion, such as the transcriptional promoter or first primer binding site, may be covalently attached to the cDNA molecule, for example, by DNA ligase enzyme. 
     Useful transcription promoter sequences include the T7 promoter (5′AATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA3′ (SEQ ID NO:1508)), the SP6 promoter (5′ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAGNG3′ (SEQ ID NO:1509)), and the T3 promoter (5′AATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAGA3′ (SEQ ID NO:1510)). 
     The target nucleic acid population can include, for example, all mRNAs expressed in a cell or tissue except for a selected group of non-target mRNAs such as, for example, the most abundantly expressed mRNAs. A non-target abundantly expressed mRNA typically constitutes at least 0.1% of all the mRNA expressed in the cell or tissue (and may constitute, for example, more than 50% or more than 60% or more than 70% of all the mRNA expressed in the cell or tissue). An example of an abundantly expressed non-target mRNA is ribosomal rRNA or mitochondrial rRNA in mammalian cells. Other examples of abundantly expressed non-target RNA that one could selectively eliminate using the methods of the invention include, for example, globin mRNA (from blood cells) or chloroplast rRNA (from plant cells). 
     The methods of the invention are useful for transcriptome profiling of total RNA in a biological cell sample in which it is desirable to reduce the presence of a group of RNAs (that do not hybridize to the NSR and/or anti-NSR primers) from an amplified sample, such as, for example, highly expressed RNAs (e.g., ribosomal RNAs). In some embodiments, the methods of the invention may be used to reduce the amount of a group of nucleic acid molecules that do not hybridize to the NSR primers and/or anti-NSR primers in amplified nucleic acid derived from an RNA sample by at least 2 fold up to 1000 fold, such as at least 10 fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 500 fold or greater, in comparison to the amount of amplified nucleic acid molecules that do hybridize to the NSR and/or anti-NSR primers. 
     Populations of oligonucleotides used to practice the method of this aspect of the invention are selected from within a larger population of oligonucleotides, wherein the first population of oligonucleotides is selected based on its ability to hybridize under defined conditions to a target RNA population, but not hybridize under the defined conditions to a non-target RNA population and the first population of oligonucleotides comprises all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, or 8 nucleotides. 
     The second population of oligonucleotides is selected based on its ability to hybridize under defined conditions to a target first strand cDNA population, but not hybridize under the defined conditions to a non-target first strand cDNA population and the second population of oligonucleotides comprises all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, or 8 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the second population of oligonucleotides may be generated by synthesizing the reverse complement of the sequence of the first population of oligonucleotides. 
     Composition of First Population of Oligonucleotides. 
     In some embodiments, the first population of oligonucleotides includes all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides or 7 nucleotides or 8 nucleotides. The first population of oligonucleotides may include only all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides or all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 7 nucleotides or all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 8 nucleotides. Optionally, the first population of oligonucleotides may include other oligonucleotides in addition to all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides or all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 7 nucleotides or all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 8 nucleotides. Typically, each member of the first population of oligonucleotides is no more than 30 nucleotides long. 
     Sequences of First Population of Oligonucleotides. 
     There are 4,096 possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides, 16,384 possible oligonucleotides having a length of 7 nucleotides, and 65,536 possible oligonucleotides having a length of 8 nucleotides. The sequences of the oligonucleotides that constitute the population of oligonucleotides can readily be generated by a computer program such as Microsoft Word®. 
     Selection of Subpopulation of First Oligonucleotides. 
     The subpopulation of first oligonucleotides is selected from the population of oligonucleotides based on the ability of the members of the subpopulation of first oligonucleotides to hybridize under defined conditions to a population of target nucleic acids, but not hybridize under the same defined conditions to a non-target population. A sample of amplified product includes target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA or DNA molecules) that are to be amplified (e.g., using reverse transcription) and also includes non-target nucleic acid molecules that are not to be amplified. The subpopulation of first oligonucleotides is made up of oligonucleotides that each hybridize under defined conditions to target sequences distributed throughout the population of the nucleic acid molecules that are to be amplified, but that do not hybridize under the same defined conditions to most (or any) of the non-target nucleic acid molecules that are not to be amplified. The subpopulation of first oligonucleotides hybridizes under defined conditions to target nucleic acid sequences other than those that have been intentionally avoided (non-target sequences). 
     For example, the cell sample may include a population of all mRNA molecules expressed in mammalian cells including many ribosomal RNA molecules (e.g., 5S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNAs) and mitochondrial rRNA molecules (e.g., 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs). It is typically undesirable to amplify the ribosomal RNAs. For example, in gene expression experiments that analyze expression of genes in cells, amplification of numerous copies of abundant ribosomal RNAs may obscure subtle changes in the levels of less abundant mRNAs. Consequently, in the practice of the present invention, a subpopulation of first oligonucleotides is selected that does not hybridize under defined conditions to most (or any) non-target ribosomal RNAs, but that does hybridize under the same defined conditions to most (preferably all) of the other target mRNA molecules expressed in the cells. 
     In another example, the cell sample may include a population of all mRNA molecules expressed in a bacterial cell, including unwanted redundant sequences such as ribosomal RNA molecules (e.g., 16S and 23S rRNA). 
     In another example, the cell sample may include a population of all mRNA molecules expressed in a plant cell, including unwanted redundant sequences such as chloroplast ribosomal RNA and other ribosomal RNA molecules. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of the invention, in order to select a subpopulation of first oligonucleotides that hybridizes under defined conditions to a target nucleic acid population but does not hybridize under the defined conditions to a non-target nucleic acid population, it is necessary to know the complete or substantially complete nucleic acid sequences of the member(s) of the non-target nucleic acid population. Thus, for example, it is necessary to know the nucleic acid sequences of the 5S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNAs (or a representative member of each of the foregoing classes of ribosomal RNA) and the nucleic acid sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal mitochondrial RNAs. The sequences for the ribosomal RNAs for the mammalian species from which the cell sample is obtained can be found in a publicly accessible database. For example, the NCBI GenBank identifiers are provided in TABLE 1 for human 12S, 16S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNA, as accessed on Sep. 5, 2007. 
     A suitable software program is then used to compare the sequences of all of the oligonucleotides in the population of first oligonucleotides (e.g., the population of all possible 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotides) to the sequences of the ribosomal RNAs to determine which of the oligonucleotides will hybridize to any portion of the ribosomal RNAs under defined hybridization conditions. Only the oligonucleotides that do not hybridize to any portion of the ribosomal RNAs under defined hybridization conditions are selected. Perl script may easily be written that permits comparison of nucleic acid sequences and identification of sequences that hybridize to each other under defined hybridization conditions. 
     Thus, for example, as described more fully in Example 1, the subpopulation of all possible 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotides that were not exactly complementary to any portion of any ribosomal RNA sequence was identified. In general, the subpopulation of oligonucleotides (that hybridizes under defined conditions to a target nucleic acid population but does not hybridize under the defined conditions to a non-target nucleic acid population) must contain enough different oligonucleotide sequences to hybridize to all or substantially all nucleic acid molecules in the RNA sample. Example 1 herein shows that the population of oligonucleotides having the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749 hybridizes to all or substantially all nucleic acid sequences within a population of gene transcripts stored in the publicly accessible database called RefSeq. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of the invention, it is not necessary to have prior knowledge of the sequences of the most abundant redundant transcripts present in the total RNA of the subject of interest (i.e., greater than 0.5%, greater than 1.0% or greater than 2.0% of the total transcripts analyzed), because in some embodiments, the methods comprise the use of a starting population of primers comprising random hybridizing regions, followed by one or more rounds of enrichment of the primer population comprising synthesizing a population of single-stranded primer extension products from the total RNA of a subject of interest using reverse transcriptase enzyme and the first population of oligonucleotide primers of step; synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from the population of synthesized single-stranded primer extension products; sequencing a portion of the double-stranded cDNA products; and identifying the subset of primers containing hybridizing regions that primed cDNA synthesis from unwanted redundant RNA sequences that are present at a frequency greater than a threshold level of from greater than 0.5% to greater than 2% of the total sequences analyzed; and modifying the first population of oligonucleotide primers to exclude the subset of identified primers to generate a second enriched population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from the sample of interest. 
     Alternatively, the subset of primers containing hybridizing regions that prime cDNA synthesis from unwanted redundant RNA sequences may be excluded by rank-ordering the primer sequences in the first population of oligonucleotide primers based on the priming density of each primer for one or more rRNA sequences, for example as described in Example 8, and modifying the first population of oligonucleotide primers to exclude the top ranked primers, (e.g., removing the top ranked 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or more primers) to generate a second enriched population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from the sample of interest. 
     Additional Defined Nucleic Acid Sequence Portions. 
     The selected subpopulation of first oligonucleotides (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:1-749) can be used to prime the reverse transcription of a target population of RNA molecules to generate first strand cDNA. Alternatively, a population of first oligonucleotides can be used as primers wherein each oligonucleotide includes the sequence of one member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides, and also includes an additional defined nucleic acid sequence. The additional defined nucleic acid sequence is typically located 5′ to the sequence of the member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides. Typically, the population of oligonucleotides includes the sequences of all members of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides (e.g., the population of oligonucleotides can include all of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749). 
     The additional defined nucleic acid sequence is selected so that it does not affect the hybridization specificity of the oligonucleotide to a complementary target sequence. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1D , each first oligonucleotide can include a transcriptional promoter sequence or first primer binding site (PBS#1) located 5′ to the sequence of the member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides. The promoter sequence may be incorporated into the amplified nucleic acid molecules which can, therefore, be used as templates for the synthesis of RNA. Any RNA polymerase promoter sequence can be included in the defined sequence portion of the population of oligonucleotides. Representative examples include the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), the SP6 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1509), and the T3 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1510). 
     In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, as shown in  FIG. 1C , each oligonucleotide in the first population of oligonucleotides comprises a random hybridizing portion and a defined sequence located 5′ to the hybridizing portion. As shown in  FIG. 1C , each first oligonucleotide can include a defined sequence comprising a primer binding site located 5′ to the random hybridizing portion. The primer binding site is incorporated into the amplified nucleic acids, which can then be used as a PCR primer binding site for the generation of double-stranded amplified DNA products from the cDNA. The primer binding site may be a portion of a transcriptional promoter sequence. 
     Sequences of Second Population of Oligonucleotides. 
     The selection process for the second population of oligonucleotides is similar to the process described above for the selection of the first population of oligonucleotides with the difference being that the hybridizing portion consisting of 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, or 8 nucleotides is selected to hybridize to the first strand cDNA reverse transcribed from the target RNA under defined conditions, and not hybridize to the first strand cDNA reverse transcribed from the non-target RNA under defined conditions. The second population of oligonucleotides can be selected using the methods described above, for example, using the publicly available sequences for ribosomal RNA. The second population of oligonucleotides can also be generated as the reverse-complement of the first population of oligonucleotides (anti-NSR). 
     Thus, for example, as described more fully in Example 1, the second population was selected based on all possible 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotides that were not exactly complementary to any portion of any ribosomal RNA sequence was identified. Example 1 herein shows that the population of oligonucleotides having the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749 hybridizes to all or substantially all nucleic acid sequences within a population of gene transcripts stored in the publicly accessible database called RefSeq. A second population SEQ ID NOS:750-1498 (anti-NSR) was then generated that was the reverse complement of the first population of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749, NSR). 
     Additional Defined Nucleic Acid Sequence Portions. 
     The selected subpopulation of second oligonucleotides (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) can be used to prime the second strand cDNA synthesis of a target population of first strand cDNA molecules. Alternatively, a population of second oligonucleotides can be used as primers wherein each oligonucleotide includes the sequence of one member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides and also includes an additional defined nucleic acid sequence. The additional defined nucleic acid sequence is typically located 5′ to the sequence of the member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides. Typically, the population of oligonucleotides includes the sequences of all members of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides (e.g., the population of oligonucleotides can include all of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498). 
     The additional defined nucleic acid sequence is selected so that it does not affect the hybridization specificity of the oligonucleotide to a complementary target sequence. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1D , each first oligonucleotide can include a transcriptional promoter sequence or second primer binding site (PBS#2) located 5′ to the sequence of the member of the selected subpopulation of oligonucleotides. The promoter sequence may be incorporated into the amplified nucleic acid molecules that can, therefore, be used as templates for the synthesis of RNA. Any RNA polymerase promoter sequence can be included in the defined sequence portion of the population of oligonucleotides. Representative examples include the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), the SP6 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1509), and the T3 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1510). 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a population of first oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide of the population includes (a) a sequence of a 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotide that is a member of a subpopulation of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749), wherein the subpopulation of oligonucleotides hybridizes to all or substantially all RNAs expressed in mammalian cells, but does not hybridize to ribosomal RNAs; and (b) a primer binding site (PBS#1) sequence (SEQ ID NO:1499) located 5′ to the sequence of the 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes all of the 6 nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In another embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the 6 nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. 
     Optionally, a spacer portion is located between the defined sequence portion and the hybridizing portion in the first population of oligonucleotides. The spacer portion is typically from 1 to 20 nucleotides long (e.g., from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 6, from 1 to 6 such as from 4 to 6 nucleotides long) and can include any combination of random nucleotides (N=A, C, T, or G). The spacer portion can, for example, be composed of a random selection of nucleotides. All or part of the spacer portion may or may not hybridize to the same target nucleic acid sequence as the hybridizing portion. If all or part of the spacer portion hybridizes to the same target nucleic acid sequence as the hybridizing portion, then the effect is to enhance the efficiency of cDNA synthesis primed by the oligonucleotide that includes the hybridizing portion and the hybridizing spacer portion. In some embodiments, the spacer region can be composed of a random selection of a subset of four nucleotides (i.e., N=A, C or T; or N═C, T or G; or N=A, T or G; or N=A, G or C). In some embodiments, the population of first oligonucleotides further comprises a spacer region consisting of from 1 to 10 random nucleotides (A, C, T, or G) located between the primer binding site and the hybridizing portion. In another embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes all of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749 wherein each nucleotide sequence further comprises at least one spacer nucleotide at the 5′ end. In another embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes all of the six nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749, wherein each nucleotide sequence further comprises at least six spacer nucleotides at the 5′ end. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a population of second oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide of the population includes (a) a sequence of a 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotide that is a member of a subpopulation of oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498), wherein the subpopulation of oligonucleotides hybridizes to all or substantially all first strand cDNAs reverse transcribed from RNAs expressed in mammalian cells but does not hybridize to first strand cDNAs reverse transcribed from ribosomal RNAs; and (b) a primer binding site (PBS#2) sequence (SEQ ID NO:1500) located 5′ to the sequence of the 6 nucleic acid oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes all of the 6 nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In another embodiment, the population of first oligonucleotides includes at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the 6 nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     Optionally, a spacer portion is located between the defined sequence portion and the hybridizing portion in the second population of oligonucleotides. The spacer portion is typically from 1 to 20 nucleotides long (e.g., from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 6, from 1 to 6 such as from 4 to 6 nucleotides long) and can include any combination of random nucleotides (N=A, C, T, or G). The spacer portion can, for example, be composed of a random selection of nucleotides. All or part of the spacer portion may or may not hybridize to the same target nucleic acid sequence as the hybridizing portion. If all or part of the spacer portion hybridizes to the same target nucleic acid sequence as the hybridizing portion, then the effect is to enhance the efficiency of cDNA synthesis primed by the oligonucleotide that includes the hybridizing portion and the hybridizing spacer portion. In some embodiments, the spacer region can be composed of a random selection of a subset of four nucleotides (i.e., N=A, C or T; or N=C, T or G; or N=A, T or G; or N=A, G or C). In some embodiments, the population of first oligonucleotides further comprises a spacer region consisting of from 1 to 10 random nucleotides (A, C, T, or G) located between the primer binding site and the hybridizing portion. In another embodiment, the population of second oligonucleotides includes all of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498, wherein each nucleotide sequence further comprises at least one spacer nucleotide at the 5′ end. In another embodiment, the population of second oligonucleotides includes all of the six nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498, wherein each nucleotide sequence further comprises at least six spacer nucleotides at the 5′ end. 
     In some embodiments, the defined sequence portion of the first population of oligonucleotides and the defined sequence portion of the second population of oligonucleotides each consists of a length ranging from at least 10 nucleotides up to 30 nucleotides, such as from 10 to 12 nucleotides, from 10 to 14 nucleotides, from 10 to 16 nucleotides, from 10 to 18 nucleotides, and from 10 to 20 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the defined sequence portion of each of the first and second population of oligonucleotides consists of 10 nucleotides, wherein the defined sequence portion comprises a PCR primer binding site, and wherein at least 8 consecutive nucleotides in the PCR binding site in each member of the first population of oligonucleotides have an identical sequence with at least 8 nucleotides in the PCR binding site in each member of the second population of oligonucleotides. In a further embodiment, the defined sequence portion of each of the first and second population of oligonucleotides consists of 10 nucleotides, wherein the defined sequence portion comprises a PCR primer binding site, and wherein at least 8 consecutive nucleotides in the PCR binding site in each member of the first population of oligonucleotides have an identical sequence with at least 8 nucleotides in the PCR binding site in each member of the second population of oligonucleotides, and wherein the remaining two nucleotides at the 3′ end of the defined sequence portion in the first population of oligonucleotides are different (e.g., C, T) from the two nucleotides at the 3′ end of the defined sequence portion in the second population of oligonucleotides (e.g., G, A), thereby allowing for the identification of the transcript strand (sense or antisense) after sequence analysis prior to alignment of the sequence reads. 
     In a further embodiment, hybrid RNA/DNA oligonucleotides are provided wherein the defined sequence portion of the first population of oligonucleotides comprises an RNA portion and a DNA portion, wherein the RNA portion is 5′ with respect to the DNA portion. In one embodiment, the 5′ RNA portion of the hybrid primer consists of at least 11 RNA nucleotide defined sequence portions and the 3′ DNA portion of the hybrid primer consists of at least three DNA nucleotides. In a specific embodiment, the hybrid RNA/DNA oligonucleotides comprise SEQ ID NO:1558 covalently attached to the 5′ end of the NSR primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749). The cDNA generated using the hybrid RNA/DNA oligonucleotides may be used as a template for generating single-stranded amplified DNA using the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,251, hereby incorporated by reference, as further described in Example 6. 
     For example, a first population of oligonucleotides for first strand cDNA synthesis comprising a hybrid RNA/DNA defined sequence portion (SEQ ID NO:1558) and a hybridizing portion (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) forms the basis for replication of the target nucleic acid molecules in template RNA. The first population of oligonucleotides comprising the hybrid RNA/DNA primer portion hybridize to the target RNA in the RNA templates and the hybrid RNA/DNA primer is extended by an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to form a first primer extension product (first strand cDNA). After cleavage of the template RNA, a second strand cDNA is formed in a complex with the first primer extension product. In accordance with this embodiment, the double-stranded complex of first and second primer extension products is composed of an RNA/DNA hybrid at one end due to the presence of the hybrid primer in the first primer extension product. The double-stranded complex is then used to generate single-stranded DNA amplification products with an agent such as an enzyme which cleaves RNA from the RNA/DNA hybrid (such as RNAseH) which cleaves the RNA sequence from the hybrid, leaving a sequence on the second primer extension product available for binding by another hybrid primer, which may or may not be the same as the first hybrid primer. Another first primer extension product is produced by a highly processive DNA polymerase, such as phi29, which displaces the previously bound cleaved first primer extension product, resulting in displaced cleaved first primer extension product. 
     In an alternative embodiment, a double-stranded complex for single-stranded DNA amplification is generated by modifying a double-stranded cDNA product (all DNA), generated using either random primers or NSR and anti-NSR primers, or a combination thereof. The double-stranded cDNA product is denatured, and an RNA/DNA hybrid primer is annealed to a pre-determined primer sequence at the 3′ end portion of the second strand cDNA. The DNA portion of the hybrid primer is then extended using reverse transcriptase to form a double-stranded complex with an RNA hybrid portion. The double-stranded complex is then used as a template for single-stranded DNA amplification by first treating with RNAseH to remove the RNA portion of the complex, adding the RNA/DNA hybrid primer, and adding a highly processive DNA polymerase, such as phi29 to generate single-stranded DNA amplification products. 
     Hybridization Conditions. 
     In the practice of the present invention, a population of first oligonucleotides is selected from a population of oligonucleotides based on the ability of the members of the population of oligonucleotides to hybridize under defined conditions to a target nucleic acid population, but not hybridize under the same defined conditions to a non-target nucleic acid population. The defined hybridization conditions permit the first oligonucleotides to specifically hybridize to all nucleic acid molecules that are present in the sample except for ribosomal RNAs. Typically, hybridization conditions are no more than 25° C. to 30° C. (for example, 10° C.) below the melting temperature (Tm) of the native duplex. Tm for nucleic acid molecules greater than about 100 bases can be calculated by the formula T m =81.5+0.41% (G+C)— log(Na + ), wherein (G+C) is the guanosine and cytosine content of the nucleic acid molecule. For oligonucleotide molecules less than 100 bases in length, exemplary hybridization conditions are 5° C. to 10° C. below Tm. On average, the Tm of a short oligonucleotide duplex is reduced by approximately (500/oligonucleotide length)° C. In some embodiments of the present invention, the hybridization temperature is in the range of from 40° C. to 50° C. The appropriate hybridization conditions may also be identified empirically without undue experimentation. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the first population of oligonucleotides hybridizes to a target population of nucleic acid molecules at a temperature of about 40° C. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the second population of oligonucleotides hybridizes to a target population of nucleic acid molecules in a population of single-stranded primer extension products at a temperature of about 37° C. 
     Amplification Conditions. 
     In the practice of the present invention, the amplification of the first subpopulation of a target nucleic acid population occurs under defined amplification conditions. Hybridization conditions can be chosen as described, supra. Typically, the defined amplification conditions include first strand cDNA synthesis using a reverse transcriptase enzyme. The reverse transcription reaction is performed in the presence of defined concentrations of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs). In some embodiments, the dNTP concentration is in a range from about 1000 to about 2000 microMolar in order to enrich the amplified product for target genes, as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/589,322, filed Oct. 27, 2006, incorporated herein by reference. 
     Composition and Synthesis of Oligonucleotides. 
     An oligonucleotide primer useful in the practice of the present invention can be DNA, RNA, PNA, chimeric mixtures, or derivatives or modified versions thereof, as long as it is still capable of priming the desired reaction. The oligonucleotide primer can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone and may include other appending groups or labels, so long as it is still capable of priming the desired amplification reaction. 
     For example, an oligonucleotide primer may comprise at least one modified base moiety that is selected from the group including but not limited to 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, and 2,6-diaminopurine. 
     Again by way of example, an oligonucleotide primer can include at least one modified sugar moiety selected from the group including, but not limited to, arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose. 
     By way of further example, an oligonucleotide primer can include at least one modified phosphate backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, and a formacetal or analog thereof. 
     An oligonucleotide primer for use in the methods of the present invention may be derived by cleavage of a larger nucleic acid fragment using non-specific nucleic acid cleaving chemicals or enzymes, or site-specific restriction endonucleases, or by synthesis by standard methods known in the art, for example, by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.) and standard phosphoramidite chemistry. As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. ( Nucl. Acids Res.  16:3209-3221, 1988) and methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  85:7448-7451, 1988). 
     Once the desired oligonucleotide is synthesized, it is cleaved from the solid support on which it was synthesized and treated by methods known in the art to remove any protecting groups present. The oligonucleotide may then be purified by any method known in the art, including extraction and gel purification. The concentration and purity of the oligonucleotide may be determined by examining an oligonucleotide that has been separated on an acrylamide gel or by measuring the optical density at 260 nm in a spectrophotometer. 
     The methods of this aspect of the invention can be used, for example, to selectively amplify coding regions of mRNAs, introns, alternatively spliced forms of a gene, and non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. These oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) can be used, for example, to prime the first strand synthesis of cDNA molecules complementary to RNA molecules isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the first strand synthesis of cDNA molecules complementary to ribosomal RNA molecules. Indeed, these oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis of cDNA using any population of RNA molecules as templates, without amplifying a significant amount of ribosomal RNAs or mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs. For example, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion, such as a transcriptional promoter such as the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), or a primer binding site (PBS#1) (SEQ ID NO:1499) is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the primer binding site SEQ ID NO:1499, and a random spacer nucleotide (A, C, T, or G) is located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides includes at least 10% (such as 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. These oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) can be used, for example, to prime the second strand synthesis of single-stranded primer extension products complementary to RNA molecules isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the second strand synthesis of cDNA molecules complementary to ribosomal RNA molecules. Indeed, these oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis second strand cDNA using any population of single stranded primer extension molecules as templates, without amplifying a significant amount of single-stranded primer extension molecules that are complementary to ribosomal RNAs or mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs. For example, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion, such as a transcriptional promoter such as the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), or a primer binding site (PBS#2) (SEQ ID NO:1500) is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the present invention provides populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the primer binding site (PBS#2) SEQ ID NO:1500 and a random spacer nucleotide (A, C, T, or G) is located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides includes at least 10% (such as 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a reagent for selectively synthesizing single-stranded primer extension products (first strand cDNA) from a population of RNA template molecules. The reagent can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis of first strand cDNA molecules complementary to target RNA template molecules in a sample isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the synthesis of first strand cDNA molecules complementary to ribosomal RNA molecules. The reagent of the present invention comprises a population of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising a population of oligonucleotides that includes at least 10% (such as 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides is selected to hybridize to substantially all nucleic acid molecules that are present in a sample except for ribosomal RNAs and mitochondrial rRNAs. In other embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides is selected to hybridize to a subset of nucleic acid molecules that are present in a sample, wherein the subset of nucleic acid molecules does not include ribosomal RNAs. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a reagent for selectively synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from a population of single-stranded primer extension products (first strand cDNA). The reagent can be used, for example, to prime the synthesis of second strand cDNA molecules that are complementary to target RNA template molecules in a sample isolated from a mammalian subject without priming the synthesis of second-strand cDNA molecules complementary to ribosomal RNA molecules. The reagent in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be used to prime the synthesis of first strand cDNA generated using random primers, or may be used to prime the synthesis of first strand cDNA generated using NSR primers, such as SEQ ID NO:1-749, in order to provide an additional step of selectivity of target molecules. The reagent according to this aspect of the present invention comprises a population of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising a population of oligonucleotides that includes at least 10% (such as 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides is selected to hybridize to substantially all first strand cDNA molecules that are present in a sample except for first strand cDNA synthesized from ribosomal RNAs and mitochondrial rRNAs. In other embodiments, the population of oligonucleotides is selected to hybridize to a subset of first strand cDNA molecules that are present in a sample, wherein the subset of first strand cDNA molecules does not include cDNA molecules synthesized from ribosomal RNAs. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent that comprises a population of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion comprising a transcriptional promoter such as the T7 promoter is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Thus in some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent that comprises a population of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion comprising a primer binding site (e.g., PBS#1) is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the primer binding site (PBS#1) (SEQ ID NO:1499) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent the further comprises a spacer region of at least one random nucleotide located between the primer binding site and a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS:1-749. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent that comprises a population of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion comprising a transcriptional promoter such as the T7 promoter is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent that comprises a population of oligonucleotides wherein a defined sequence portion comprising a primer binding site (e.g., PBS#2) is located 5′ to a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent comprising populations of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of the primer binding site (PBS#2) (SEQ ID NO:1500) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reagent that further comprises a spacer region of at least one random nucleotide located between the primer binding site and a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     The reagents of the present invention can be provided as an aqueous solution or an aqueous solution with the water removed or a lyophilized solid. 
     In a further embodiment, the reagent of the present invention may include one or more of the following components for the production of double-stranded cDNA: a reverse transcriptase, a DNA polymerase, a DNA ligase, an RNase H enzyme, a Tris buffer, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a reducing agent, deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), [beta]-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+), and a ribonuclease inhibitor. For example, the reagent may include components optimized for first strand cDNA synthesis, such as a reverse transcriptase with reduced RNase H activity and increased thermal stability (e.g., SuperScript™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Invitrogen), and a final concentration of dNTPs in the range of from 50 to 5000 microMolar or, more preferably, in the range of from 1000 to 2000 microMolar. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides kits for selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a population of RNA template molecules in a sample obtained from a mammalian subject. In some embodiments, the kits comprise (a) a first reagent that comprises a first population of oligonucleotide primers wherein a defined sequence portion such as a primer binding site (PBS#1) is located 5′ to a hybridizing portion consisting of 6 nucleotides selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides that do not hybridize under defined conditions to the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules in the population of RNA template molecules, wherein the non-target population of nucleic acid molecules consists essentially of the most abundant nucleic acid molecules in the population of RNA template molecules; (b) a second reagent that comprises a second population of oligonucleotide primers wherein a defined sequence portion such as a primer binding site (PBS#2), is located 5′ to a hybridizing portion consisting of 6 nucleotides selected from the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of the hybridizing portions of the first population of oligonucleotide primers; and (c) a first PCR primer that binds to the first defined sequence portion of the first population of oligonucleotides and a second PCR primer that binds to the second defined sequence portion of the second population of oligonucleotides. 
     In some embodiments, the first reagent comprises a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the first reagent further comprises a spacer region consisting of 6 random nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the defined sequence portion. In some embodiments, the second reagent comprises a member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:750-1498. In some embodiments, the second reagent further comprises a spacer region consisting of 6 random nucleotides located between the hybridizing portion and the defined sequence portion. 
     Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides kits containing a first reagent comprising a first population of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of a first primer binding site (PBS#1) (SEQ ID NO:1499) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. In some embodiments, the present invention provides kits containing a second reagent comprising a second population of oligonucleotides wherein each oligonucleotide consists of a second primer binding site (PBS#2) (SEQ ID NO:1500) located 5′ to a different member of the population of oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. In some embodiments, the invention provides kits containing a first PCR primer comprising at least 10 consecutive nucleotides that hybridize to the defined sequence portion in the first oligonucleotide population, and optionally comprises an additional sequence tail that does not hybridize to the first oligonucleotide population and a second PCR primer comprising at least 10 consecutive nucleotides that hybridize to the defined sequence portion in the second oligonucleotide population, and optionally comprises an additional sequence tail that does not hybridize to the second oligonucleotide population. In one embodiment, the first PCR primer consists of SEQ ID NO:1501, and the second PCR primer consists of SEQ ID NO:1502. The kits according to this embodiment are useful for producing amplified PCR products from cDNA generated using the Not-So-Random primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) and the anti-NSR (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) primers of the invention. 
     The kits of the invention may be designed to detect any target nucleic acid population, for example, all RNAs expressed in a cell or tissue except for the most abundantly expressed RNAs, in accordance with the methods described herein. Nonlimiting examples of exemplary oligonucleotide primers include SEQ ID NOS:1-749. Nonlimiting examples of primer binding regions are set forth as SEQ ID NOS:1499 and 1500. 
     The spacer portion may include any combination of nucleotides, including nucleotides that hybridize to the target RNA. 
     In certain embodiments, the kit comprises a reagent comprising oligonucleotide primers with hybridizing portions of 6, 7, or 8 nucleotides. 
     In certain embodiments, the kit comprises a reagent comprising a population of oligonucleotide primers that may be used to detect a plurality of mammalian mRNA targets. 
     In certain embodiments, the kit comprises oligonucleotides that hybridize in the temperature range of from 40° C. to 50° C. 
     In another embodiment, the kit comprises a subpopulation of oligonucleotides that do not detect rRNA or mitochondrial rRNA. Exemplary oligonucleotides for use in accordance with this embodiment of the kit are provided in SEQ ID NOS:1-749 and SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In some embodiments, the kits comprises a reagent comprising a population of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-749. 
     In some embodiments, the kits comprise a reagent comprising a population of oligonucleotides comprising at least 10% (such as at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the six nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:750-1498. 
     In certain embodiments, the kit includes oligonucleotides wherein the transcription promoter comprises the T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1508), the SP6 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1509), or the T3 promoter (SEQ ID NO:1510). 
     In another embodiment, the kit may comprise oligonucleotides with a spacer portion of from 1 to 12 nucleotides that comprises any combination of nucleotides. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the kit may further comprise one or more of the following components for the production of cDNA: a reverse transcriptase enzyme a DNA polymerase enzyme, a DNA ligase enzyme, an RNase H enzyme, a Tris buffer, a potassium salt (e.g., potassium chloride), a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride), an ammonium salt (e.g., ammonium sulfate), a reducing agent (e.g., dithiothreitol), deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), [beta]-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+), and a ribonuclease inhibitor. For example, the kit may include components optimized for first strand cDNA synthesis, such as a reverse transcriptase with reduced RNase H activity and increased thermal stability (e.g., SuperScript™ III Reverse Transcriptase, Invitrogen), and a dNTP stock solution to provide a final concentration of dNTPs in the range of from 50 to 5000 microMolar or, more preferably, in the range of from 1000 to 2000 microMolar. 
     In various embodiments, the kit may include a detection reagent such as SYBR green dye or BEBO dye that preferentially or exclusively binds to double-stranded DNA during a PCR amplification step. In other embodiments, the kit may include a forward and/or reverse primer that includes a fluorophore and quencher to measure the amount of the PCR amplification products. 
     A kit of the invention can also provide reagents for in vitro transcription of the amplified cDNAs. For example, in some embodiments the kit may further include one or more of the following components: a RNA polymerase enzyme, an IPPase (Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase) enzyme, a transcription buffer, a Tris buffer, a sodium salt (e.g., sodium chloride), a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride), spermidine, a reducing agent (e.g., dithiothreitol), nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP), and amino-allyl-UTP. 
     In another embodiment, the kit may include reagents for labeling the in vitro transcription products with Cy3 or Cy5 dye for use in hybridizing the labeled cDNA samples to microarrays. 
     In another embodiment, the kit may include reagents for labeling the double-stranded PCR products. For example, the kit may include reagents for incorporating a modified base, such as amino-allyl dUTP, during PCR which can later be chemically coupled to amine-reactive Cy dyes. In another example, the kit may include reagents for direct chemical linkage of Cy dyes to guanine residues for labeling PCR products. 
     In another embodiment, the kit may include one or more of the following reagents for sequencing the double-stranded PCR products: Taq DNA Polymerase, T4 Polynucleotide kinase, Exonuclease I ( E. coli ), sequencing primers, dNTPs, termination (deaza) mixes (mix G, mix A, mix T, mix C), DTT solution, and sequencing buffers. 
     The kit optionally includes instructions for using the kit in the selective amplification of mRNA targets. The kit can also be optionally provided with instructions for in vitro transcription of the amplified cDNA molecules and with instructions for labeling and hybridizing the in vitro transcription products to microarrays. The kit can also be provided with instructions for labeling and/or sequencing. The kit can also be provided with instructions for cloning the PCR products into an expression vector to generate an expression library representative of the transcriptome of the sample at the time the sample was taken. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules to generate selectively amplified cDNA molecules. The method according to this aspect of the invention comprises (a) providing a first population of oligonucleotides, wherein each oligonucleotide comprises a hybridizing portion and first PCR primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, (b) annealing the first population of oligonucleotides to a sample comprising RNA templates isolated from a mammalian subject; (c) synthesizing cDNA from the RNA using a reverse transcriptase enzyme; (d) synthesizing double-stranded cDNA using a DNA polymerase and a second population of oligonucleotides, wherein each oligonucleotide comprises a hybridizing portion and a second PCR binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:750-1498; and (e) purifying the double-stranded cDNA molecules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises PCR amplifying the double-stranded cDNA molecules.  FIG. 1C  shows a representative embodiment of the methods according to this aspect of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 1C , in one embodiment of the method, the first primer mixture comprises a first PCR primer binding site (PBS#1) located 5′ to a hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion comprises a population of random 9mers. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides methods of selectively amplifying a target population of nucleic acid molecules to generate selectively amplified aDNA molecules.  FIG. 1D  shows a representative embodiment of the methods according to this aspect of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 1D , the first primer mixture comprises a first PCR primer binding site (PBS#1) located 5′ to the hybridizing portion, wherein the hybridizing portion is a member of the population of oligonucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS:1-749. The method further comprises PCR amplifying the double-stranded cDNA using thermostable DNA polymerase, a first PCR primer that binds to the first PCR primer binding site and a second PCR primer that binds to the second PCR primer binding site to generate amplified double-stranded DNA (aDNA). As shown in  FIG. 1D , in some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of sequencing at least a portion of the aDNA. 
     The methods and reagents described herein are useful in the practice of this aspect of the invention. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, any DNA-dependent DNA polymerase may be utilized to synthesize second-strand DNA molecules from the first strand cDNA. For example, the Klenow fragment of DNA Polymerase I can be utilized to synthesize the second strand DNA molecules. The synthesis of second strand DNA molecules is primed using a second population of oligonucleotides comprising a hybridizing portion consisting of from 6 to 9 nucleotides and further comprising a defined sequence portion 5′ to the hybridizing portion. 
     The defined sequence portion may include any suitable sequence, provided that the sequence differs from the defined sequence contained in the first population of oligonucleotides. Depending on the choice of primer sequence, these defined sequence portions can be used, for example, to selectively direct DNA-dependent RNA synthesis from the second DNA molecule and/or to amplify the double-stranded cDNA template via DNA-dependent DNA synthesis. 
     Purification of Double-Stranded DNA Molecules. 
     Synthesis of the second DNA molecules yields a population of double-stranded DNA molecules wherein the first DNA Molecules are hybridized to the second DNA molecules, as shown in  FIG. 1D . Typically, the double-stranded DNA molecules are purified to remove substantially all nucleic acid molecules shorter than 50 base pairs, including all or substantially all (i.e., typically more than 99%) of the second primers. Preferably, the purification method selectively purifies DNA molecules that are substantially double-stranded, and removes substantially all unpaired, single-stranded nucleic acid molecules such as single-stranded primers. Purification can be achieved by any art-recognized means, such as by elution through a size-fractionation column. The purified second DNA molecules can then, for example, be precipitated and redissolved in a suitable buffer for the next step of the methods of this aspect of the invention. 
     Amplification of the Double-Stranded DNA Molecules. 
     In the practice of the methods of this aspect of the invention, the double-stranded DNA molecules are utilized as templates that are enzymatically amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Any suitable primers can be used to prime the polymerase chain reaction. Typically, two primers are used—one primer hybridizes to the defined portion of the first primer sequence (or to the complement thereof), and the other primer hybridizes to the defined portion of the second primer sequence (or to the complement thereof). 
     PCR Amplification Conditions. 
     In general, the greater the number of amplification cycles during the polymerase chain reaction, the greater the amount of amplified DNA that is obtained. On the other hand, too many amplification cycles may result in randomly-biased amplification of the double-stranded DNA. Thus, in some embodiments, a desirable number of amplification cycles is between 5 and 40 amplification cycles, such as from 5 to 35, such as from 10 to 30 amplification cycles. 
     With regard to temperature conditions, typically a cycle comprises a melting temperature such as 95° C., an annealing temperature that varies from about 40° C. to 70° C., and an elongation temperature that is typically about 72° C. With regard to the annealing temperature, in some embodiments the annealing temperature is from about 55° C. to 65° C., more preferably about 60° C. 
     In one embodiment, amplification conditions for use in this aspect of the invention comprise 10 cycles of (95° C., 30 sec; 60° C., 30 sec; 72° C., 60 sec) then 20 cycles of (95° C., 30 sec; 60° C., 30 sec, 72° C., 60 sec (+10 sec added to the elongation step with each cycle)). 
     With regard to PCR reaction components for use in the methods of this aspect of the invention, dNTPs are typically present in the reaction in a range from 50 μl to 2000 μM dNTPs and, more preferably, from 800 to 1000 μM. MgCl 2  is typically present in the reaction in a range from 0.25 mM to 10 mM, and more preferably about 4 mM. The forward and reverse PCR primers are typically present in the reaction from about 50 nM to 2000 nM, and more preferably present at a concentration of about 1000 nM. 
     DNA Labeling. 
     Optionally, the amplified DNA molecules can be labeled with a dye molecule to facilitate use as a probe in a hybridization experiment, such as a probe used to screen a DNA chip. Any suitable dye molecules can be utilized, such as fluorophores and chemiluminesces. An exemplary method for attaching the dye molecules to the amplified DNA molecules is provided in Example 5. 
     The methods according this aspect of the invention may be used, for example, for transcriptome profiling in a biological sample containing total RNA. In some embodiments, the amplified aDNA generated from cDNA using NSR priming in the first strand cDNA and anti-NSR priming in the second-strand synthesis produced in accordance with the methods of this aspect of the invention is labeled for use in gene expression experiments, thereby providing a hybridization based reagent that typically produces a lower level of background than amplified RNA generated from NSR-primed cDNA. 
     In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the defined sequence portion of the first and/or second primer binding regions further includes one or more restriction enzyme sites, thereby generating a population of amplified double-stranded DNA products having one or more restriction enzyme sites flanking the amplified portions. These amplified products may be used directly for sequence analysis or may be released by digestion with restriction enzymes and subcloned into any desired vector, such as an expression vector for further analysis. Sequence analysis of the PCR products may be carried out using any DNA sequencing method, such as, for example, the dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger, dye-terminator sequencing methods, or a high throughput sequencing method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,656 (Solexa), hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a population of selectively amplified nucleic acid molecules comprising a representation of a target population of nucleic acid molecules within a population of RNA template molecules is a sample isolated from a mammalian subject, each amplified nucleic acid molecule comprising: a 5′ defined sequence portion flanking a member of the population of amplified nucleic acid sequences, and a 3′ defined sequence, wherein the population of selectively amplified sequences comprises amplified nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a target RNA molecule expressed in the mammalian subject, and is characterized by having the following properties with reference to the particular mammalian species: (a) having greater than 75% poly-adenylated and non-polyadenylated transcripts and having less than 10% ribosomal RNA (e.g., rRNA (18S or 28S) and mt-RNA). 
     The populations of selectively amplified nucleic acid molecules in accordance with this aspect of the invention can be generated using the methods of the invention described herein. The population of selectively amplified nucleic acid molecules may be cloned into an expression vector to generate a library. Alternatively, the population of selectively amplified nucleic acid molecules may be immobilized on a substrate to make a microarray of the amplification products. The microarray may comprise at least one amplification product immobilized on a solid or semi-solid substrate fabricated from a material selected from the group consisting of paper, glass, ceramic, plastic, polystyrene, polypropylene, nylon, polyacrylamide, nitrocellulose, silicon, metal, and optical fiber. An amplification product may be immobilized on the solid or semi-solid substrate in a two-dimensional configuration or a three-dimensional configuration comprising pins, rods, fibers, tapes, threads, beads, particles, microtiter wells, capillaries and cylinders. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method of generating a population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of total RNA from a subject of interest. The method according to this aspect of the invention comprises (a) providing a first population of oligonucleotide primers, each primer comprising a hybridizing portion consisting of 6 to 9 nucleotides, and a first primer binding site located 5′ to the hybridizing portion; (b) synthesizing a population of single-stranded primer extension products from the total RNA of a subject of interest using reverse transcriptase enzyme and the first population of oligonucleotide primers of step (a); (c) synthesizing double-stranded cDNA from the population of single-stranded primer extension products generated according to step (b); (d) sequencing a portion of the double-stranded cDNA products generated according to step (c) and identifying the subset of primers containing hybridizing regions that primed cDNA synthesis from unwanted redundant RNA sequences that are present at a frequency greater than a threshold level of from 0.5% to 2% of the total sequences analyzed; and (e) modifying the first population of oligonucleotide primers to exclude the subset of primers identified in step (d) to generate a second population of oligonucleotide primers for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from the subject of interest. 
     In some embodiments, the first population of hybridizing portions is selected from all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides, or 9 nucleotides (i.e., a random library), which is enriched by selective removal of the primers that bind to the unwanted redundant transcripts through one or more rounds of cDNA synthesis, sequence analysis, identification of the subset of primers that contain hybridizing regions that prime the unwanted redundant transcripts, and modification of the first population of primers to generate an enriched second population of hybridizing portions. This process can be repeated multiple times to generate twice-enriched, or more highly enriched, primer populations for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from a subject of interest, as described in Example 9. 
     In other embodiments, the first population of hybridizing portions (6 to 9 nucleotides) is computationally selected by computing all possible oligonucleotides having a length of 6 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides, or 9 nucleotides (i.e., a random library), and then comparing the reverse complement of each hybridizing portion to the sequences of the unwanted redundant transcripts (i.e., ribosomal RNA) that are expected to be present in the total RNA of the subject of interest and eliminating hybridizing portions having perfect matches to any of the unwanted redundant sequences. In some embodiments, this computationally selected starting population may be further enriched by modifying the first population of primers, either selective removal of the subset of primers, to generate a second enriched population of primers, or by oligo synthesis of a second population of primers that excludes the primers that bind to the unwanted redundant transcripts from the population of primers. This selection process can be carried out with one or more rounds of cDNA synthesis, sequence analysis, identification of the subset of primers that contain hybridizing regions that prime the unwanted redundant transcripts, and modification of the first population of primers to generate an enriched second population, or enriched third population, etc, of hybridizing portions for transcriptome profiling of the total RNA from a subject of interest. Various representative non-limiting methods of enrichment according to this aspect of the method of the invention are described in Examples 8 and 9, and shown in  FIGS. 9-14 . 
     The following examples merely illustrate the best mode now contemplated for practicing the invention, but should not be construed to limit the invention. 
     Example 1 
     This Example describes the selection of a first population (Not-So-Random, “NSR”) of 749 6-mer oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) that hybridizes to all or substantially all RNA molecules expressed in mammalian cells but that does not hybridize to nuclear ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S rRNA) or mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (12S and 16S mt-rRNA). A second population of anti-NSR oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) was also generated that is the reverse complement of the NSR oligos. The NSR oligo population may be used to prime first strand cDNA synthesis, and the anti-NSR oligo population may be used to prime second strand cDNA synthesis. 
     Rationale: 
     Random 6-mers (N6) can anneal at every nucleotide position on a transcript sequence from the RefSeq database (represented as “nucleotide sequence”), as shown in  FIG. 1A . After subtracting out the 6-mers whose reverse complements are a perfect match to nuclear ribosomal RNAs (18S and 28S rRNA) and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S mt-rRNA), the remaining NSR oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) show a perfect match to every 4 to 5 nucleotides on nucleic acid sequences within the RefSeq database (represented as “nucleotide sequence”), as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
     Methods: 
     All 4,096 possible 6-mer oligonucleotides were computed, wherein each nucleotide was A, T (or U), C, or G. The reverse complement of each 6-mer oligonucleotide was compared to the nucleotide sequences of 18S and 28S rRNAs, and to the nucleotide sequences of 12S and 16S mitochondrial rRNAs, as shown below in TABLE 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RIBOSOMAL RNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NCBI Reference Sequence 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transcript Identifier, 
                   
               
               
                 Gene Symbol 
                 accessed Sep. 5, 2007 
                 Nucleotide Coordinates 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12S 
                 GenBank Ref # bJ01415.2 
                 nt648-1601 
               
               
                 16S 
                 GenBank Ref # bJ01415.2 
                 nt1671-3229 
               
               
                 18S 
                 GenBank Ref # bU13369.1 
                 nt3657-5527 
               
               
                 28S 
                 GenBank Ref # bU13369.1 
                 nt7935-12969 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reverse-complement 6-mer oligonucleotides having perfect matches to any of the human nuclear rRNA transcript sequences shown in TABLE 1, (which totaled 2,781) were eliminated. The reverse complements of 749 6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) did not perfectly match any portion of the rRNA transcripts. Matches to mitochondrial rRNA were also eliminated (566), leaving a total of 749 oligo 6-mers (4096(all 6mers)-2782(matches to euk-rRNAs)-566(matches to mito-rRNA))=749 total. 
     The 749 6-mer oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) that do not have a perfect match to any portion of the rRNA genes and mt-rRNA genes are referred to as “Not-So-Random” (“NSR”) primers. Thus the population of 749 6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) is capable of amplifying all transcripts except 18S, 28S, and mitochondrial rRNA (12S and 16S). 
     The population of NSR oligos (SEQ ID NO:1-749) may be used to prime first strand cDNA synthesis, as described in Example 2, which may then be followed by second strand synthesis using either random primers, or anti-NSR primers. 
     As further described in Example 2, a population of anti-NSR oligos (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) may be used to prime second strand cDNA synthesis. As shown in  FIG. 1C , first strand cDNA synthesis may be carried out using random primers, followed by second strand cDNA synthesis using anti-NSR primers. Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 1D , first strand cDNA synthesis may be carried out using NSR primers, followed by second strand cDNA synthesis using anti-NSR primers. 
     Applications to Other Types of RNA Samples. 
     For gene profiling of mammalian cells other than human (e.g., rat, mouse), a similar approach may be carried out by subtracting out ribosomal nuclear rRNA of the genes corresponding to 18S and 28S, as well as subtracting out ribosomal mitochondrial rRNA of the genes corresponding to 12S and 16S from the respective mammalian species. 
     Gene profiling of plant cells may also be carried out by generating a population of Not-So-Random (NSR) primers that exclude chloroplast ribosomal RNA. 
     Example 2 
     This Example shows that amplification of total RNA using NSR primers and anti-NSR primers selectively reduces priming of unwanted, non-target ribosomal sequences. 
     Methods: 
     To construct new primer libraries, primers were synthesized individually as follows: 
     A first population of NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) and a second population of anti-NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) were generated as described in Example 1. 
     NSR for First Strand cDNA Synthesis. 
     In some embodiments, the first primer set of NSR primers for use in first strand cDNA synthesis (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) further comprises the following 5′ primer binding sequence:
         PBS#1: 5′ TCCGATCTCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:1499) covalently attached at the 5′ end (otherwise referred to as “tailed”),
 
resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
   5′ PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499)+NSR-6mer (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) 3′       

     In another embodiment, a population of oligonucleotides was generated wherein each NSR-6mer optionally included at least one spacer nucleotide (N) (where each N=A, G, C, or T) where (N) was located between the 5′ PBS#1 and the NSR-6mer. The spacer region may comprise from one nucleotide up to ten or more nucleotides (N=1 to 10), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499)+(N 1-10 )+NSR-6mer (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) 3′       

     Anti-NSR for Second Strand cDNA Synthesis. 
     In some embodiments, the population of anti-NSR-6mer primers for use in second strand cDNA synthesis (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) further comprises the following 5′ primer binding sequence:
         PBS#2: 5′TCCGATCTGA 3′(SEQ ID NO:1500) covalently attached at the 5′ end of the anti-NSR-6mer primers (otherwise referred to as “tailed”),
 
resulting in the following configuration:
   5′ PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500)+anti-NSR-6mer (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) 3′       

     In another embodiment, a population of oligonucleotides was generated wherein each anti-NSR-6mer optionally included at least one spacer nucleotide (N) (where each N=A, G, C, or T) where (N) was located between the 5′ PBS#2 and the anti-NSR-6mer. 
     The spacer region may comprise from one nucleotide up to ten or more nucleotides (N=1 to 10), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500)+(N 1-10 )+anti-NSR-6mer (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) 3′       

     Forward and Reverse Primers (for PCR Amplification). 
     The following forward and reverse primers were synthesized to amplify double-stranded cDNA generated using NSR-6mers tailed with PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499) and anti-NSR-6mers tailed with PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500). 
     NSR_F_SEQprimer 1: 5′ N (10) TCCGATCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1501), where each N=G, A, C, or T.
         NSR_R_SEQprimer 1: 5′ N (10) TCCGATCTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1502), where each N=G, A, C, or T.       

     In the embodiment described above, the 5′ most region of the forward primer (SEQ ID NO:1501) and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:1502) each include a 10mer sequence of (N) nucleotides. In another embodiment, the 5′-most region of the forward primer (SEQ ID NO:1501) and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:1502) each include more than 10 (N) nucleotides, such as at least 20 (N) nucleotides, at least 30 (N) nucleotides, or at least 40 (N) nucleotides to facilitate DNA sequencing of the amplified PCR products. 
     Control Primers. 
     The following primers were used to amplify the control reactions amplified with random primer pools: 
     The following primer binding sites were added to random primers: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1506) 
               
               
                   
                 Y4F: 5′ CCACTCCATTTGTTCGTGTG 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1507) 
               
               
                   
                 Y4R: 5′ CCGAACTACCCACTTGCATT 3′ 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following primer binding sites with random primers (N=7 or N=9), or NSR primers: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Y4R-N7 (1st strand cDNA): 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1503) 
               
               
                   
                 5′ CCGAACTACCCACTTGCATTNNNNNNN 3′ 
               
               
                   
                 [where N = A, G, C, or T] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Y4R-NSR (1st strand cDNA): 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1504) 
               
               
                   
                 5′ CCGAACTACCCACTTGCATTN 3′ 
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             covalently attached to NSR primers that include the core set of 6-mer NSR oligos with no perfect match to globin (alpha or beta), no perfect match to rRNA (18S,28S). 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Y4F-N9 (2nd strand cDNA synthesis): 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1505) 
               
               
                   
                 5′ CCACTCCATTTGTTCGTGTGNNNNNNNNN 3′ 
               
               
                   
                 [where N = A, G, C, or T] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1506) 
               
               
                   
                 Y4F 5′ CCACTCCATTTGTTCGTGTG 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1507) 
               
               
                   
                 Y4R 5′ CCGAACTACCCACTTGCATT 3′ 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Other Optional Primer Pool Configurations. 
     Additional primers that could be used as primer binding sites covalently attached to the NSR pool in order to add transcriptional promoters to the amplified cDNA product: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1508) 
               
               
                   
                 T7: 5′ AATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1509) 
               
               
                   
                 SP6: 5′ ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAGNG 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1510) 
               
               
                   
                 T3: 5′AATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAGA 3′ 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Primer Pool Configurations Used to Amplify RNA. 
     Primers were synthesized individually as described above and pooled in the following configuration, then the primer pools were used to generate libraries of amplified nucleic acids from total RNA as described below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PRIMER POOL CONFIGURATIONS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Pool Components 
                   
                   
                   
                 5′ Primer 
               
               
                   
                 (includes all 
                 Number of 
                   
                   
                 Binding 
               
               
                   
                 expressed RNA 
                 individual 
                   
                   
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
                 except for 
                 sequences 
                   
                   
                 (covalently 
               
               
                 Reference ID 
                 those listed) 
                 in Pool 
                 Description of Pool 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 attached) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#1 pool 
                 NSR-6mers- 
                 510 
                 core set of 6-mer NSR 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 PBS#1 
               
               
                   
                 (R, M, G) 
                   
                 oligos with no perfect 
                 1-510, with a 
                 (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 match to rRNA (18S, 
                 spacer (N = A, G, 
                 NO: 1499) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 28S), mt-RNA (12S, 
                 C, or T) located 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16S) or globin (alpha 
                 between PBS#1 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 or beta) 
                 and NSR-6mer 
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#2 pool 
                 NSR-6mers- 
                 403 
                 core set of 6-mer NSR 
                 control set, 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                 (G, R) 
                   
                 oligos with perfect 
                 (sequences not 
                 NO: 1499 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 match to mt-rRNA, but 
                 provided) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 not globin or rRNA 
                   
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#3 pool 
                 NSR-6mers- 
                 239 
                 core set of 6-mer NSR 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 PBS#1 
               
               
                   
                 (M, R) 
                   
                 oligos with perfect 
                 511-749 with a 
                 (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 match to globins, but 
                 spacer (N = A, G, 
                 NO: 1499) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 not mt-rRNA or rRNA 
                 C, or T) located 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between PBS#1 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and NSR-6mer 
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#4 pool 
                 NSR-6mers- 
                 163 
                 core set of 6-mer NSR 
                 control set, 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                 (R) 
                   
                 oligos with perfect 
                 (sequences not 
                 NO: 1499 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 match to mt-rRNA and 
                 shown) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 globin, but not to 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 rRNA 
                   
                   
               
               
                 sa-antiNSR#5 
                 anti-NSR-6mers- 
                 510 
                 core set of 6-mer NSR 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 PBS#2 
               
               
                 pool 
                 (R, M, G) 
                   
                 oligos with no perfect 
                 750-1259 with a 
                 (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 match to rRNA (18S, 
                 spacer (N = A, G, 
                 NO: 1500) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 28S), mt-RNA (12S, 
                 C, or T) located 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16S) or globin (alpha 
                 between PBS#2 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 or beta); 
                 and 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 anti-NSR-6mer 
                   
               
               
                 sa-antiNSR#6 
                 anti-NSR-6mers- 
                 403 
                 core set of 6-mer 
                 control set, 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 pool 
                 (G, R) 
                   
                 anti-NSR oligos with 
                 (sequences not 
                 NO: 1500 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 perfect match to 
                 shown) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mt-rRNA, but not 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 globin or rRNA 
                   
                   
               
               
                 sa-antiNSR#7 
                 anti-NSR-6mers- 
                 239 
                 core set of 6-mer anti-  
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 PBS#2 
               
               
                 pool 
                 (M, R) 
                   
                 NSR oligos with 
                 1260-1499 with 
                 (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 perfect match to 
                 a spacer (N = A, 
                 NO: 1500) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 globins, but not 
                 G, C, or T) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mt-rRNA or rRNA 
                 located between 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PBS#2 and 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 anti-NSR-6mer 
                   
               
               
                 sa-antiNSR#8 
                 anti-NSR-6mers- 
                 163 
                 core set of 6-mer 
                 control set, 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 pool 
                 (R) 
                   
                 anti-NSR oligos with 
                 (sequences not 
                 NO: 1500 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 perfect match to 
                 shown) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mt-rRNA and globin, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 but not to rRNA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PM = perfect match at 3′-most 6 nt of primer 
               
               
                 R = rRNA (18S or 28S) 
               
               
                 M = mt-rRNA (12S or 16S) 
               
               
                 G = globin (HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBG1, HBG2) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PRIMER SETS FOR USE IN RNA AMPLIFICATION EXPERIMENT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Reference ID 
                 Process 
                 Amount (μL) 
                 Description 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#1 pool 
                 1st strand cDNA 
                 510 μL total 
                 510 μL of saNSR#1 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 
               
               
                   
                 synthesis 
                   
                 pool only 
                 1-510, with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 spacer (N = A, G, C, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 or T) located 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between PBS#1 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NSR-6mer 
               
               
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 1st strand cDNA  
                 913 μL total 
                 510 μL of saNSR#1 
                 control set 
               
               
                 saNSR#2 pool 
                 synthesis 
                   
                 pool combined with 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 403 μL of saNSR#2 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
                   
               
               
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 1st strand cDNA 
                 749 μL total 
                 510 μL of saNSR#1 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 
               
               
                 saNSR#3 pool 
                 synthesis 
                   
                 pool combined with 
                 1-749, with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 239 μL of NSR#3 pool 
                 spacer (N = A, G, C, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 or T) located 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between PBS#1 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NSR-6mer 
               
               
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 1st strand cDNA 
                 673 μL total 
                 510 μL of saNSR#1 
                 control set 
               
               
                 saNSR#4 pool 
                 synthesis 
                   
                 pool combined with 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 163 μL of saNSR#4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
                   
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 
                 2nd strand 
                 510 μL total 
                 510 μL, of sa-antiNSR#5  
                 SEQ ID NOS: 
               
               
                 pool 
                 cDNA synthesis 
                   
                 pool only 
                 750-1259 with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 spacer (N = A, G, C, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 or T) located 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between PBS#2 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 anti-NSR-6mer 
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 
                 2nd strand 
                 913 μL total 
                 510 μL of 
                 control set 
               
               
                 pool + 
                 cDNA synthesis 
                   
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool 
                   
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#6 
                   
                   
                 combined with 403 μL  
                   
               
               
                 pool 
                   
                   
                 of sa-anti-NSR#6 pool 
                   
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 
                 2nd strand 
                 749 μL total 
                 510 μL of 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 
               
               
                 pool + 
                 cDNA synthesis 
                   
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool 
                 750-1499 with a 
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#7 
                   
                   
                 combined with 239 μL  
                 spacer (N = A, G, C, 
               
               
                 pool 
                   
                   
                 of sa-anti-NSR#7 pool 
                 or T) located 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between PBS#2 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 anti-NSR-6mer 
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 
                 2nd strand 
                 673 μL total 
                 510 μL of 
                 control set 
               
               
                 pool + 
                 cDNA synthesis 
                   
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool 
                   
               
               
                 sa-anti-NSR#8 
                   
                   
                 combined with 163 μL  
                   
               
               
                 pool 
                   
                   
                 of sa-anti-NSR#8 pool 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     cDNA Synthesis and PCR Amplification. 
     The protocol involved a three-step amplification approach as follows: (1) first strand cDNA was generated from RNA using reverse transcription that was primed with NSR primers comprising a first primer binding site (PBS#1) to generate NSR primed first strand cDNA; (2) second strand cDNA synthesis was primed with anti-NSR primers comprising a second primer binding site (PBS#2); and (3) the synthesized cDNA was PCR amplified using forward and reverse primers that bind to the first and second primer binding sites to generate amplified DNA (aDNA). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PRIMERS USED FOR FIRST AND SECOND STRAND SYNTHESIS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1st Strand Primer Pool 
                   
                 RNA Template 
                   
               
               
                 Reaction 
                 (+Reverse Transcriptase) 
                 2nd Strand Primer Pool 
                 (1 μL of 1 μg/uL 
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 100 μM 
                 (+Klenow) 
                 Total RNA) 
                 Method 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 saNSR#1 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                  2 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#2 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#6 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#3 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#7 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#4 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#8 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                  6 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                  7 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                  8 
                 N8 
                 None 
                 Jurkat-1 
                 RT 
               
               
                  9 
                 saNSR#1 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 10 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#2 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#6 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#3 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#7 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#4 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#8 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 14 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 15 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 16 
                 N8 
                 None 
                 Jurkat-2 
                 RT 
               
               
                 17 
                 saNSR#1 pool 
                 sa-antiNSR#5 pool 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 18 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#2 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#6 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#3 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#7 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 saNSR#1 pool + 
                 sa-anti-NSR#5 pool + 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                   
                 saNSR#4 pool 
                 sa-anti-NSR#8 pool 
                   
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 22 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 23 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 K562 
                 RT-PCR 
               
               
                 24 
                 N8 
                 None 
                 K562 
                 RT 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reaction Conditions: 
     Total RNA was obtained from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, Tex.), for the cell lines Jurkat (T lymphocyte, ATCC No. TIB-152) and K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia, ATCC No. CCL-243). 
     First Strand Reverse Transcription: 
     First strand reverse transcription was carried out as follows: 
     Combine:
         1 μl of 1 μg/μl Jurkat total RNA template (obtained from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, Tex.)).   2 μl of 100 μM stock NSR primer pool (as described in Table 2)   7 μl H 2 O to a final volume of 10 μl.       

     Mixed and incubated at 70° C. for 5 minutes, snap chilled on ice. 
     Added 10 μl of RT cocktail (prepared on ice) containing:
         4 μl 5× First Strand Buffer (250 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.3, 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl 2 )   1.6 μl 25 mM dNTP (high) or 1.0 μl 10 mM dNTP (low)   1 μl H 2 O   1 μl 0.1 M DTT   1 μl RNAse OUT (Invitrogen)   1 μl MMLV reverse transcriptase (200 units/p 1) (SuperScript III™ (SSIII), Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.)       

     The sample was mixed, incubated at 23° C. for 10 minutes, transferred to a 40° C. pre-warmed thermal cycler (to provide a “hot start”), and the sample was then incubated at 40° C. for 30 minutes, 70° C. for 15 minutes, and chilled to 4° C. 
     1 μl of RNAse H (1-4 units/μl) was then added and the sample was incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes, then heated to 95° C. for 5 minutes, and snap-chilled at 4° C. 
     Second Strand Synthesis: 
     A second strand synthesis cocktail was prepared as follows:
         10 μl 10× Klenow Buffer   4 μl anti-NSR Primer (100 μM)   5.0 μl 10 mM dNTPs   56.7 μl H 2 O   0.33 μl Klenow enzyme (5 U/μl)       

     80 μl of the second strand synthesis cocktail was added to the 20 μl first strand template reaction mixture, mixed and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes, then snap-chilled at 4° C. 
     cDNA Purification: 
     The resulting double-stranded cDNA was purified using Spin Cartridges obtained from Ambion (Message Amp™ II aRNA Amplification Kit, Ambion Cat #AM 1751) and buffers supplied in the kit according to the manufacturer&#39;s directions. A total volume of 30 μl was eluted from the column, of which 20 μl was used for follow-on PCR. 
     PCR Amplification: 
     The following mixture was added to 1 μl of purified cDNA template (diluted 1:5):
         10 μl 5× Roche Expand Plus PCR Buffer   2.5 μl 10 mM dNTPS   2.5 μl Forward PCR Primer (10 μM stock) (SEQ ID NO:1501)   2.5 μl Reverse PCR Primer (10 μM stock) (SEQ ID NO:1502)   0.5 μl Tag DNA polymerase enzyme   27 μl H 2 O   4 μl 25 mM MgCl 2          

     PCR Amplification Conditions: 
     PCR Program #1: 
     94° C. for 2 minutes 
     94° C. for 10 seconds 
     8 cycles of:
         60° C. for 10 sec   72° C. for 60 sec   72° C. for 60 sec       

     94° C. for 15 sec 
     17 cycles of:
         60° C. for 30 sec   72° C. for 60 sec+10 sec/cycle       

     72° C. for 5 minutes to polish and chilled at 4° C. 
     PCR Program #2: 
     94° C. for 2 minutes 
     94° C. for 10 seconds 
     2 cycles of:
         40° C. for 10 sec   72° C. for 60 sec   72° C. for 60 sec   94° C. for 10 seconds       

     8 cycles of:
         60° C. for 30 sec   72° C. for 60 sec   72° C. for 60 sec   94° C. for 15 sec       

     15 cycles of:
         60° C. for 30 sec   72° C. for 60 sec+10 sec/cycle       

     72° C. for 5 minutes to polish and chilled at 4° C. 
     Results of cDNA Synthesis: 
     The results were analyzed in terms of (1) measuring amplified DNA “aDNA” yield; (2) evaluation of an aliquot of the aDNA on an agarose gel to confirm that the population of species in the cDNA was equally represented; and (3) measuring the level of amplification of selected reporter genes by qPCR (as described in Example 3). 
     The PCR products were analyzed on 2% agarose gels. A DNA smear between 100-1000 bp was observed for both control reactions and test conditions using the PCR amplification program #2, indicating successful cDNA synthesis of a plurality of RNA species and PCR amplification. With PCR amplification program #1, the control reactions were successful as determined by the presence of a DNA smear in the 100-1000 bp range; however, none of the test conditions amplified into a DNA smear. Instead, a low molecular weight fragment was observed that likely resulted from primer dimers (unpurified PCR product). Therefore, these results indicate that low temperature annealing (40° C.) is important for PCR amplification with short (10 nt) amplification tails. 
     It was also determined that high dNTP concentration (25 mM) during first strand cDNA synthesis increased specificity of the cDNA product as compared to low dNTP concentration (10 mM) dNTP (data not shown). 
     It was further determined that RNAse H treatment reduced the amount of contamination from amplified rRNA if the NSR primer pool was used only for first strand cDNA synthesis followed by random primed second strand synthesis. However, when NSR primers were used to prime the first strand synthesis, followed by the use of anti-NSR primers to prime the second strand synthesis, then RNAse treatment was not found to affect specificity of the resulting cDNA product. Although not important for increasing specificity, RNAse may be added to second strand cDNA synthesis using anti-NSR primers to improve efficiency of the reaction by making the cDNA more available as a template during the Klenow reaction. 
     In summary, it was found that the use of anti-NSR primers during second strand synthesis provided several unexpected advantages for selective amplification of target nucleic acid molecules. For example, it was unexpectedly found that the magnitude of rRNA depletion during second strand synthesis using anti-NSR primers was nearly identical to the magnitude of rRNA depletion observed using NSR primers during reverse transcription. In addition, it was an unexpected result that priming specificity during second strand synthesis was achieved under standard reaction conditions using Klenow enzyme. These results indicate that short oligonucleotides can be used to specifically prime DNA synthesis using a variety of polymerases and nucleic acid templates, however, the reaction conditions that dictate priming specificity may be enzyme-specific. 
     Example 3 
     This Example shows that the 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end) for first strand cDNA synthesis followed by the 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) (that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end) prime the amplification of a substantial fraction of the transcriptome present in a sample containing total RNA. 
     Methods: 
     Following PCR amplification as described in Example 2, each PCR reaction was purified using the Qiagen MinElute spin column. The column was washed with 80% ethanol and eluted with 204 of elution buffer. The yield was quantitated with UVNIS spectrometer using the NanoDrop instrument. Samples were then diluted and characterized by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the following assays: 
     Duplicate measurements of 2 IA of cDNA were made in 10 μl final reaction volumes by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a 384-well optical PCR plate using a 7900 HT PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). qPCR was performed using ABI TaqMan® assays using the probes shown below in TABLE 5 and TABLE 6 using the manufacturer&#39;s recommended conditions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 REPORTER GENE ASSAYS FOR JURKAT CELLS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Target 
                 ABI Assay probe 
                 Forward Primer 
                 Reverse Primer 
                 FAM reporter primer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 STMN1 
                 Hs01027516_g1 
                 Not Relevant (NR) 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 stathmin 1/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 oncoprotein 18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PPIA 
                 Hs99999904_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 peptidylprolyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 isomerase A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (cyclophilin A) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EIF3S3 
                 Hs00186779_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 eukaryotic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 translation  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 initiation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 factor 3, subunit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 gamma, 40 kDa 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NUCB2 
                 Hs00172851_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 nucleobindin 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SRP14 
                 Hs01923965_u1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 signal recognition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 particle 14 kDa 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (homologous Alu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 RNA binding 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 protein) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TRIM63 
                 Hs00761590 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DBN1 
                 Hs00365623 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CDCA7 
                 Hs00230589_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 Hs99999905 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Actin (ACTB) 
                 Hs99999903 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18s rRNA 
                 Hs99999901_s1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R28S_3-ANY 
                 custom 
                 GGTTCGCCCCGAGAGA 
                 GGACGCCGCCGGAA 
                 CCGCGACGCTTTCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1511) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1512) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1513) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28S.4-JUN 
                 custom 
                 GTAGCCAAATGCCTCGT 
                 CAGTGGGAATCTCGTTC 
                 ATGCGCGTCACTAATTA  
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATC 
                 ATCCATT  
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1516) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1514) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1515) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28S-7-ANY 
                 custom 
                 CCGAAACGATCTCAACC 
                 GCTCCACGCCAGCGA  
                 CCGGGCTTCTTACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATTCTCA 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1518) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1519) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1517) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28S-8-ANY 
                 custom 
                 GCGGGTGGTAAACTCCA 
                 CCCTTACGGTACTTGTT 
                 TCGTGCCGGTATTTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTAAG 
                 GACTATCG 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1522) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1520) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1521) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18S-1-ANY 
                 custom 
                 GGTGACCACGGGTGACG 
                 GGATGTGGTAGCCGTTT 
                 TCCCTCTCCGGAATCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1523) 
                 CTCA 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1525) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1524) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16S-1-ANY 
                 custom 
                 ACCAAGCATAATATAGC 
                 TGGCTCTCCTTGCAAAG 
                 CCTTCTGCATAATGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGGACTAACC 
                 TTATTTCT 
                 TAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1526) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1527) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1528) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12S-1-ANY 
                 custom 
                 GACAAGCATCAAGCACG 
                 CTAAAGGTTAATCACTG 
                 CAATGCAGCTCAAAACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CA 
                 CTGTTTCCC 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1531) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1529) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1530) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12S-2-ANY 
                 custom 
                 GTCGAAGGTGGATTTAG 
                 TGTACGCGCTTCAGGGC 
                 CCTGTTCAACTAAGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGTAAAC 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1533) 
                 TCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1532) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1534) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hs16S-2 
                 custom 
                 AAGCGTTCAAGCTCAAC 
                 GGTCCAATTGGGTATGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACC 
                 GGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1535) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1536) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hs16S-3 
                 custom 
                 GCATAAGCCTGCGTCAG 
                 GGTTGATTGTAGATATT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATT 
                 TGTGGGC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1537) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1538) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsHST1_H2AH 
                 custom 
                 TACCTGACCGCTGAGAT 
                 AGCTTGTTGAGCTCCTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCT 
                 GTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1539) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1540) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_7SK 
                 custom 
                 GACATCTGTCACCCCAT 
                 CTCCTCTATCGGGGATG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGA 
                 GTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1541) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1542) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_7SL1 
                 custom 
                 GGAGTTCTGGGCTGTAG 
                 GTTTTGACCTGCTCCGT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGC 
                 TTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1543) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1544) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_BC200 
                 custom 
                 GCTAAGAGGCGGGAGGA 
                 GGTTG T TGCTTTGAGGG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAG 
                 AAG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1545) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1546) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_HY1 
                 custom 
                 GCTGGTCCGAAGGTAGT 
                 ATGCCAGGAGAGTGGAA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAG 
                 ACT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1547) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1548) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_HY3 
                 custom 
                 TCCGAGTGCAGTGGTGT 
                 GTGGGAGTGGAGAAGGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTA 
                 ACA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1549) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1550) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_HY4 
                 custom 
                 GGTCCGATGGTAGTGGG 
                 AAAAAGCCAGTCAAATT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTA 
                 TAGCA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1551) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1552) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_U4B1 
                 custom 
                 TGGCAGTATCGTAGCCA 
                 CTGTCAAAAATTGCCAA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATG 
                 TGC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1553) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1554) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 hsNC_U6A 
                 custom 
                 CGCTTCGGCAGCACATA 
                 AAAATATGGAACGCTTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAC 
                 ACGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1555) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1556) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 REPORTER GENE PROBES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 REPORTER 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Assay Name 
                 FAM 
                 SYBR 
                 1/df 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NUCB2 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 18s (Hs99999901_s1) 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 18S-1 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 18S-4 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 28S-3 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 28S-4 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 28S-7 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 28S-8 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 12S-1 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 12S-2 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 16S-1 
                 + 
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hs16S-2 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hs16S-3 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hsHST1_H2AHfwd 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_7SKfwd 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_7SL1fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 NUCB2 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 PPIA 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 SRP14 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 STMN1 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 TRIM63 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 ACTB 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 CDCA7 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 DBN1 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 EIF3S3 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 GAPDH 
                 + 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_BC200fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_HY1fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_HY3fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_HY4fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_U4B1fwd 
                   
                 + 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 hsNC_U6Afwd 
                   
                 + 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Following qPCR, the results table was exported to Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.) and quantitative analysis for samples was regressed from the raw data (abundance=10RCt-5)/−3.41). 
     Results: 
       FIG. 3A  is a histogram plot on a logarithmic scale showing the relative abundance of 18S, 28S, 12S and 16S (normalized to gene and N8) for first strand cDNA synthesis generated using various NSR pools as shown in TABLE 4 as compared to unamplified cDNA generated using random primers (N8=100%). As shown in  FIG. 3A , the cDNA generated using the primer pool with NSR#1+NSR#3 (NSR-6mers that do not hybridize to mt-rRNA or rRNA) for first strand cDNA synthesis and the primer pool anti-NSR#5 and anti-NSR#7 for second strand synthesis showed a substantial reduction in abundance of rRNA (0.086% 18S; 0.673% 28S) and a reduced abundance of mt-rRNA (1.807% 12S; and 8.512% 16S) as compared to cDNA generated with random 8-mers. 
       FIG. 3B  graphically illustrates the relative levels of abundance of nuclear ribosomal RNA (18S or 28S) in control cDNA amplified using random primers (N7) in both first strand and second strand synthesis (N7&gt;N7=100% 18S, 100% 28S) as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by random primers (N7) in the second strand (NSR-6mer&gt;N7=3.0% 18S, 3.4% 28S), and as compared to cDNA amplified using NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) in the first strand followed by anti-NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) in the second strand (NSR-6mer&gt;anti-NSR-6mer=0.1% 18S, 0.5% 28S). The results in  FIG. 3C  show a similar trend when measuring mitochondrial rRNA, with N7&gt;N7=100% 12S, or 16S; NSR-6mer&gt;N7=27% 12S, 20.4% 16S; and NSR-6mer&gt;anti-NSR-6mer=8.2% 12S, 3.5% 16S. 
     In order to determine if the PCR amplified aDNA generated from the cDNA synthesized using the various NSR and anti-NSR pools preserved the target gene expression profiles present in the corresponding cDNA, quantitative PCR analysis was conducted with nine randomly chosen TaqMan reagents, detecting the following genes: PPIA, SRP14, STMN1, TRIM63, ACTB, DBN1, EIFS3, GAPDH, and NUCB2. As shown in TABLE 7 and  FIG. 4A , measurable signal was measured for the nine genes assayed in both NSR and anti-NSR primed cDNA and aDNA generated therefrom (as determined from 10 μl cDNA template input). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QUANTITATIVE PCR ANALYSIS 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1st strand Primer 
                 2nd strand 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample 
                   
                 Pool (+Reverse 
                 Primer Pool 
                 Input Adjusted Abundance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ID 
                 ng/μl 
                 Transcriptase) 
                 (+Klenow) 
                 RNA 
                 NUCB2 1   
                 18S 3   
                 18S-1 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 76.5 
                 saNSR.1 pool 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 11.4 
                 52.9 
                 195.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 2 
                 73.1 
                 saNSR.1pool + 2 pool 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 5.0 
                 55.9 
                 238.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 3 
                 72.8 
                 saNSR.1pool + 3pool 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 17.6 
                 29.2 
                 125.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 4 
                 78.2 
                 saNSR.1pool + 4pool 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 12.6 
                 55.3 
                 155.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 5 
                 77.1 
                 saNSR.1 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 11.5 
                 51.0 
                 183.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 6 
                 46.2 
                 saNSR.1 + 2 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 7.4 
                 34.7 
                 180.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 7 
                 45.2 
                 saNSR.1 + 3 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 20.9 
                 30.6 
                 107.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 8 
                 81.7 
                 saNSR.1 + 4 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 9.7 
                 71.9 
                 182.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 9 
                 72.5 
                 saNSR.1 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 K562 
                 0.6 
                 36.2 
                 143.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 10 
                 69.1 
                 saNSR.1 + 2 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5 
                 K562 
                 0.3 
                 46.5 
                 139.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 11 
                 73.5 
                 saNSR.1 + 3 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 K562 
                 1.1 
                 24.1 
                 108.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 12 
                 75.9 
                 saNSR.1 + 4 
                 sa.anti-NSR#5pool + 
                 K562 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sa.anti-NSR#8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pool 
               
               
                 13 
                 43.6 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 6.7 
                 126.1 
                 1830.6 
               
               
                 14 
                 59.0 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 7.0 
                 562.9 
                 5317.4 
               
               
                 15 
                 47.5 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 7.7 
                 253.5 
                 2669.7 
               
               
                 16 
                 59.0 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 7.1 
                 286.6 
                 2948.3 
               
               
                 17 
                 50.2 
                 Y4R-NSR 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 K562 
                 0.4 
                 139.2 
                 1939.0 
               
               
                 18 
                 54.1 
                 Y4-N7 
                 Y4F-N9 
                 K562 
                 0.5 
                 517.5 
                 4292.3 
               
               
                 19 
                 44.8 
                 N8 
                 None- RT only, 
                 Jurkat 1 
                 0.4 
                 648.0 
                 3626.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no second strand 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 synthesis 
               
               
                 20 
                 46.5 
                 N8 
                 None- RT only, 
                 Jurkat 2 
                 0.4 
                 758.9 
                 4521.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no second strand 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 synthesis 
               
               
                 21 
                 44.6 
                 N8 
                 None- RT only, 
                 K562 
                 0.0 
                 734.6 
                 3460.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no second strand 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 synthesis 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Input Adjusted Abundance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ID 
                 28S-3 2   
                 28S-4 2   
                 28S-7 2   
                 28S-8 2   
                 12S-1 2   
                 12S-2 2   
                 16S-1 2   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 349.1 
                 800.8 
                 989.2 
                 612.5 
                 798.8 
                 216.0 
                 108.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 335.5 
                 616.0 
                 1066.5 
                 715.2 
                 1478.0 
                 3671.0 
                 863.7 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 169.3 
                 551.5 
                 964.3 
                 1310.5 
                 312.9 
                 159.0 
                 80.5 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 272.9 
                 538.2 
                 964.1 
                 610.4 
                 639.8 
                 1041.1 
                 787.1 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 331.2 
                 922.5 
                 1228.1 
                 609.5 
                 1210.9 
                 221.1 
                 126.6 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 405.1 
                 364.3 
                 1560.1 
                 410.9 
                 1799.2 
                 4385.0 
                 1007.9 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 234.1 
                 378.8 
                 1581.6 
                 771.5 
                 310.6 
                 276.1 
                 142.5 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 249.9 
                 820.5 
                 1059.7 
                 886.2 
                 933.7 
                 1192.8 
                 1075.4 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 219.3 
                 769.3 
                 930.1 
                 545.8 
                 1275.9 
                 152.3 
                 279.2 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 146.6 
                 492.9 
                 691.6 
                 602.0 
                 1562.6 
                 3291.7 
                 889.2 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 138.1 
                 586.9 
                 914.5 
                 1480.4 
                 481.7 
                 150.1 
                 224.2 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 3675.6 
                 874.0 
                 5637.9 
                 904.2 
                 293.6 
                 1437.9 
                 1644.5 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 19201.8 
                 2489.9 
                 23678.1 
                 2463.8 
                 355.5 
                 1243.7 
                 1751.5 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 6898.6 
                 1716.2 
                 7254.4 
                 1396.9 
                 457.5 
                 2184.7 
                 3482.8 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 11437.4 
                 1977.7 
                 18794.7 
                 1857.7 
                 282.7 
                 1119.2 
                 1528.5 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 3940.1 
                 939.7 
                 4801.4 
                 614.6 
                 420.6 
                 1423.4 
                 3997.5 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 14486.7 
                 1673.4 
                 15459.0 
                 1590.5 
                 285.6 
                 849.2 
                 1870.3 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 341.3 
                 1778.6 
                 7321.5 
                 1183.5 
                 299.8 
                 323.8 
                 95.4 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 513.6 
                 2302.5 
                 9776.5 
                 1396.9 
                 321.6 
                 327.5 
                 104.3 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 496.4 
                 2191.6 
                 8023.3 
                 1344.0 
                 286.5 
                 298.8 
                 139.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 = FAM 10 
               
               
                   
                   2 = FAM1000 
               
               
                   
                   3 = Hs99999901 
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 4A  graphically illustrates the gene-specific polyA content of cDNA amplified using various NSR primers during first strand synthesis and anti-NSR primers or random primers during second strand synthesis as determined using a set of representative gene-specific assays for PPIA, SRP14, STMN1, TRIM63, ACTB, DBN1, EIF3S3, GAPDH, and NUCB2. 
     Relative abundance of the polyA content shown in  FIG. 4A  was calculated by first combining the input adjusted raw abundance values of individual rRNA assays by transcript. The collapsed rRNA transcript abundance values were normalized to NUCB2 gene levels measured within each sample preparation such that gene content was equal to 1.0. The rRNA/gene ratios calculated for amplified samples were then normalized to that obtained for the unamplified control (N8) such that N8 was equal to 100 for each rRNA transcript. Therefore, the N8 was used as the standard value for the abundance level of each gene. 
     With regard to the figure legend for  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B , with reference to TABLE 2 and TABLE 3, saNSR.1 refers to cDNA amplified using NSR#1 primer pool in the first strand synthesis and anti-NSR#5 primer pool in the second strand synthesis (i.e., depleted for rRNA, mt-rRNA and globin in first and second strand synthesis). saNSR.1+2 refers to cDNA amplified using NSR#1+#2 primer pools in the first strand synthesis and anti-NSR#5+#6 primer pools in the second strand synthesis (i.e., depleted for rRNA and globin, but not depleted for mt-rRNA in both first and second strand synthesis). saNSR.1+3 refers to cDNA amplified using NSR#1-F#3 primer pools in the first strand synthesis and anti-NSR #5+#7 primer pools in the second strand synthesis (i.e., depleted for rRNA and mt-rRNA, but not depleted for globin in both first and second strand synthesis). saNSR.1+4 refers to cDNA amplified using NSR#1+#4 primer pools in the first strand synthesis and anti-NSR#5-F#8 primer pools in the second strand synthesis (i.e., depleted for rRNA, but not depleted for mt-rRNA and globin in both first and second strand synthesis). Y4R-NSR refers to cDNA amplified using NSR primers including the core set of 6-mer NSR oligos with no perfect match to globin (alpha or beta), no perfect match to rRNA (18S,28S) for first strand synthesis, and random 9-mer primers for the second strand synthesis (i.e., depleted for globin and rRNA, but not depleted for mt-rRNA in the first strand synthesis, but not depleted for any sequences in the second strand synthesis). Y4-N7 refers to cDNA amplified using random 7-mer primers during first and second strand synthesis. Finally, N8 refers to first strand synthesis using random 8mers (no second strand synthesis). 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , the NSR priming for first strand synthesis amplified gene-specific transcripts at least as efficiently as random primers, with the exception of the gene TRIM63. 
       FIG. 4B  graphically illustrates the relative abundance level of non-polyadenylated RNA transcripts in cDNA amplified from Jurkat-1 and Jurkat-2 total RNA using various NSR primers during first strand cDNA synthesis. As shown in  FIG. 4B , gene specific content in the cDNA amplified using NSR and anti-NSR primers is enriched as the rRNA and mt-rRNA content is decreased. This demonstrates that NSR-dependent rRNA depletion is not a general effect, but rather is specific to the transcripts targeted for removal. These results also demonstrate that both polyA minus and polyA plus transcripts are reproducibly amplified using NSR-PCR. 
       FIG. 5  graphically illustrates the log ratio of Jurkat/K562 mRNA expression data measured in cDNA generated using the primer pool NSR#1-1-#3 (x-axis) versus the log ratio of Jurkat/K562 mRNA expression data measured in cDNA generated using the random primer pool N8 (no amplification). This result shows that the relative abundance of messenger RNA in different samples is preserved through NSR priming and PCR amplification. 
       FIG. 6A  graphically illustrates the proportion of rRNA to mRNA in total 
     RNA that is typically obtained after polyA purification using conventional methods. As shown in  FIG. 6A , prior to polyA purification, total RNA isolated from a mammalian cell includes approximately 98% rRNA and approximately 2% mRNA and other (non-polyA RNA). As shown, even after 95% removal of rRNA from total RNA using polyA purification, the remaining RNA consists of a mixture of about 50% rRNA and 50% mRNA. 
       FIG. 6B  graphically illustrates the proportion of rRNA to mRNA in a cDNA sample prepared using NSR primers during first strand cDNA synthesis and anti-NSR primers during second strand cDNA synthesis. As shown in  FIG. 6B  the use of NSR primers and anti-NSR primers to generate cDNA from total RNA is effective to remove 99.9% rRNA (including nuclear and mitochondrial rRNA), resulting in a cDNA population enriched for greater than 95% mRNA. This is a very significant result for several reasons. First, the use of polyA purification or strategies that rely on primer binding to the polyA tail of mRNA exclude non-polyA containing RNA molecules such as, for example, miRNA and other molecules of interest, and therefore exclude nucleic acid molecules that contribute to the richness of the transcriptome. In contrast, the methods of the present invention that include the use of NSR primers and anti-NSR primers during cDNA synthesis do not require polyA selection and therefore preserve the richness of the transcriptome. Second, the use of NSR and anti-NSR primers during cDNA synthesis is effective to generate cDNA with removal of 99.9% rRNA, resulting in cDNA with less than 10% rRNA contamination, as shown in  FIG. 6B . This is in contrast to polyA purified mRNA and cDNA synthesis using random primers that only removes 98% rRNA, resulting in cDNA with approximately 50% mRNA and 50% rRNA contamination, as shown in  FIG. 6A . 
     Conclusion: 
     These results demonstrate that the NSR #1+#3 primer pool (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) and anti-NSR primer pool (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) work remarkably well for first strand and second strand cDNA synthesis, respectively, resulting in a double-stranded cDNA product that is substantially enriched for target genes (including poly-adenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA) with a low level (less than 10%) of unwanted rRNA and mt-rRNA. 
     Example 4 
     This Example shows that the use of the 749 NSR-6mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) (each has a spacer N and the PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499) covalently attached at the 5′ end) for first strand cDNA synthesis and the use of the 749 anti-NSR-6mers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) (that each have a spacer N and the PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500) covalently attached at the 5′ end) prime the amplification of a substantial fraction of the transcriptome (both polyA+ and polyA-) and do not prime unwanted non-target sequences present in total RNA, as determined by sequence analysis of the amplified cDNA. 
     Methods: 
     cDNA was generated using 749 NSR-6mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) (each has a spacer N and the PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499) covalently attached at the 5′ end) for first strand cDNA synthesis and the use of the 749 anti-NSR-6mers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) (each has a spacer N and the PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500) covalently attached at the 5′ end), with the various primer pools shown in TABLE 8, using the methods described in Example 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PROTOCOLS USED TO SELECTIVELY AMPLIFY cDNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Protocol 
                   
                 Second Strand 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Reference  
                 First Strand cDNA 
                 cDNA Synthesis 
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                 Number 
                 Primers 
                 Primers 
                 Comments 
                 of Exp 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NSR-V1 
                 NSR primers (no 
                 N7 random 
                 Reaction conditions: RT run 
                 n = 170 
               
               
                   
                 perfect match to 
                   
                 with Y4 primer tails (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                 rRNA, no globin, + 
                   
                 NO: 1504) high dNTP 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mt rRNA) 
                   
                 (25 mM), 2 hrs at 40° C., 30 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 min RNAsH treatment and a 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 95° C. denaturation step 
                   
               
               
                 NSR-V2 
                 NSR primers (no 
                 N7 random 
                 Reaction conditions: primers 
                 n = 130 
               
               
                   
                 perfect match to 
                   
                 and conditions the same as 
                   
               
               
                   
                 rRNA, no globin, + 
                   
                 above for NSR-V1 except 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mt rRNA) 
                   
                 RNAse treatment for 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 minutes and 95° C. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 denaturation step was 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 eliminated 
                   
               
               
                 NSR-V3 
                 NSR primers (no 
                 N7 random 
                 Reaction conditions: primers 
                 n = 187 
               
               
                   
                 perfect match to 
                   
                 and conditions the same as 
                   
               
               
                   
                 rRNA, no globin, + 
                   
                 above for NSR-V2 except 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mt rRNA) 
                   
                 RNAse treatment was 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 eliminated 
                   
               
               
                 NSR-V4 
                 NSR primers (no 
                 anti-NSR 
                 Reaction conditions: primers 
                 n = 187 
               
               
                   
                 perfect match to 
                 (SEQ ID 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1501) were used; 
                   
               
               
                   
                 rRNA, no mt- 
                 NOS: 750-1499) 
                 reaction conditions as 
                   
               
               
                   
                 RNA + globin) 
                   
                 described in Example 2. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NOS: 1-749) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NSR-V5 
                 NSR (no perfect 
                 anti-NSR 
                 Reaction conditions: primers 
                 n = 187 
               
               
                   
                 match to rRNA, no 
                 (SEQ ID 
                 and conditions—same as 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mt-RNA + globin) 
                 NOS: 750-1499) 
                 NSR-V4 with additional 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
                 cleanup step between 1st and 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NOS: 1-749) 
                   
                 2nd strand synthesis 
                   
               
               
                 N7 
                 N7 Random 
                 N7 Random 
                 Reaction Conditions: same 
                 n = 171 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions as NSR-V5 with 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 random N7 primers 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The cDNA products were PCR amplified and column purified as described in Example 2. The column-purified PCR products were then cloned into TOPO vectors using the pCR-XL TOPO kit (Invitrogen). The TOPO ligation reaction was carried out with 1 μl PCR product, 4 μl water and 1 μl of vector. Chemically competent TOP 10 One Shot cells (Invitrogen) were transformed and plated onto LB+Kan (50 μg/mL) and grown overnight at 37° C. Colonies were screened for inserts using PCR amplification. It was determined by 2% agarose gel analysis that all clones had inserts of at least 100 bp (data not shown). 
     The clones were then used as templates for DNA sequence analysis. Resulting sequences were run against a public database for determining homology to rRNA species and the genome. 
     Results: 
     TABLE 9 provides the results of sequence analysis of the PCR products generated from cDNA synthesized using the various primer pools shown in TABLE 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RESULTS OF DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF aDNA GENERATED 
               
               
                 FROM SELECTIVELY AMPLIFIED cDNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 rRNA 
                 mt-RNA 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Primers Used 
                 (% of Total) 
                 (% of Total) 
                 Gene-Specific 
                   
               
               
                 for cDNA 
                 (18S or 28S 
                 (12S or 16S 
                 RNA 1   
                 Other 2   
               
               
                 Synthesis 
                 rRNA) 
                 rRNA) 
                 (% of Total) 
                 (% of Total) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 N7 
                 77.2 
                 8.2 
                 13.5 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 NSR-V1 
                 44.7 
                 19.4 
                 28.8 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 NSR-V2 
                 17.0 
                 20.0 
                 51.0 
                 12.0 
               
               
                 NSR-V3 
                 2.0 
                 17.0 
                 64.0 
                 17.0 
               
               
                 NSR-V4 
                 10.7 
                 5.3 
                 67.4 
                 16.6 
               
               
                 NSR-V5 
                 3.7 
                 3.2 
                 78.6 
                 14.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 = determined to overlap with any known gene or mRNA including exon, intron, and UTR regions as determined by sequence alignment with public databases. 
               
               
                   2 = determined to overlap with repeat elements or alignment to intergenic regions as determined by sequence alignment with public databases. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Conclusion: 
     These results demonstrate that aDNA (PCR products) amplified from double-stranded cDNA templates generated using the NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:1-749), and anti-NSR6-mers (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) as described in Example 2, preserved the enrichment of target genes relative to nuclear ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA. 
     Example 5 
     This Example describes methods that are useful to label the aDNA (PCR products) for subsequent use in gene expression monitoring applications. 
     1. Direct Chemical Coupling of Fluorescent Label to the PCR Product. 
     Cy3 and Cy5 direct label kits were obtained from Mirus (Madison, Wis., kit MIR Product Numbers 3625 and 3725). 
     10 μg of PCR product. (aDNA), obtained as described in Example 2, was incubated with labeling reagent as described by the manufacturer. The labeling reagents covalently attach Cy3 or Cy5 to the nucleic acid sample, which can then be used in almost any molecular biology application, such as gene expression monitoring. The labeled aDNA was then purified, and its fluorescence was measured relative to the starting label. 
     Results: 
     Four aDNA samples were labeled as described above and fluorescence was measured. A range of 0.9 to 1.5% of retained label was observed across the four labeled aDNA samples (otherwise referred to as a labeling efficiency of 0.9 to 1.5%). These results fall within the 1% to 3% labeling efficiency typically observed for aaUTP labeled, in vitro translated, amplified RNA. 
     2. Incorporation of Aminoallyl Modified dUTP (aadUTP) During PCR with an aDNA Template Using One Primer (Forward or Reverse) to Yield α-Labeled, Single-Stranded aDNA. 
     Methods: 
     1 μg of the aDNA PCR product, generated using the NSR and anti-NSR primer pool as described in Example 2, is added to a PCR reaction mix as follows:
         100 to 1000 μM aadUTP+dCTP+cATP+dGTP+dUTP (the optimal balance of aadUTP to dUTP may be empirically determined using routine experimentation)   4 mM MgCl 2      400-1000 nM of only the forward or reverse primer, but not both.       

     PCR Reaction: 
     5 to 20 cycles of PCR (94° C. 30 seconds, 60° C. 30 seconds, 72° C. 30 seconds), during which time only one strand of the double-stranded PCR template is synthesized. Each cycle of PCR is expected to produce one copy of the α-labeled, single-stranded aDNA. This PCR product is then purified and a Cy3 or Cy5 label is incorporated by standard chemical coupling. 
     3. Incorporation of Aminoallyl Modified dUTP (aadUTP) During PCR with an aDNA Template Using Forward and Reverse Primers to Yield α-Labeled, Double-Stranded aDNA. 
     Methods: 
     1 μg of the aDNA PCR product generated using the NSR7 primer pool as described in Example 11 is added to a PCR reaction mix as follows:
         100 to 1000 μM aadUTP+dCTP+cATP+dGTP+dUTP (the optimal balance of aadUTP to dUTP may be empirically determined using routine experimentation)   4 mM MgCl 2      400-1000 nM of the forward and reverse primer (e.g., Forward: SEQ ID NO:1501; or Reverse: SEQ ID NO:1502)       

     PCR Reaction: 
     5 to 20 cycles of PCR (94° C. 30 seconds, 60° C. 30 seconds, 72° C. 30 seconds), during which time both strands of the double-stranded PCR template are synthesized. The double-stranded, α-labeled aDNA PCR product is then purified and a Cy3 or Cy5 label is incorporated by standard chemical coupling. 
     Example 6 
     This Example describes the use of a hybrid RNA/DNA primer covalently linked to NSR-6mers to generate amplified nucleic acid templates useful for generating single-stranded DNA molecules for gene expression analysis. 
     Rationale: 
     In one embodiment of the selective amplification methods of the invention, the defined sequence portion (e.g., PBS#1) of a first oligonucleotide population for first strand cDNA synthesis, and/or the defined sequence portion (e.g., PBS#2) of a second oligonucleotide population for second strand cDNA synthesis comprises an RNA portion to generate an amplified nucleic acid template suitable for generating multiple copies of DNA products using strand displacement, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,251, hereby incorporated by reference. A hybrid NSR primer (PBS#1(RNA/DNA)/NSR) may be used to synthesize first strand cDNA, thereby generating products suitable for use as templates for synthesis of single-stranded DNA having a sequence complementary to template RNA. Alternatively, an RNA/DNA hybrid primer tail may be added after second strand synthesis, as described in more detail below. 
     One advantage provided by this method is the ability to generate a plurality of single-stranded amplification products of the original cDNA sequence, and not the amplification of the product of the amplification itself. 
     Methods: 
     1. RNA:DNA Hybrid NSR for First Strand cDNA Synthesis: 
     In some embodiments, the population of NSR primers for use in first strand cDNA synthesis (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) may further comprise a 5′ primer binding sequence (RNA), such as hybrid PBS#1:
         Hybrid PBS#1(RNA) 5′ GACGGAUGCGGUCU 3′ (SEQ ID NO:1557) covalently attached at the 5′ end of the NSR primers.       

     Resulting in a population of RNA:DNA hybrid oligonucleotides having an RNA defined sequence portion located 5′ to the DNA hybridizing portion with the following configuration:
         5′ hybrid PBS#1(RNA) (SEQ ID NO:1557)+NSR6-mer (DNA) (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) 3′       

     In another embodiment, a population of oligonucleotides may be generated wherein each NSR6-mer optionally includes at least one DNA spacer nucleotide (N) (where each N=A, G, C, or T) where (N) is located between the 5′ hybrid PBS#1 (RNA) and the NSR6-mer (DNA). The spacer region may comprise from one nucleotide up to ten or more nucleotides (N=1 to 10), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ Hybrid PBS#1(RNA) (SEQ ID NO:1557)+(N 1-10 ) (DNA)+NSR6-mer (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) (DNA)3′       

     The process of preparing the first strand cDNA is carried out essentially as described in Example 2, with the substitution of the hybrid PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1557) (RNA) for the PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499) (DNA), with the use of an RNAseH—reverse transcriptase and without the addition of RNAseH prior to second strand cDNA synthesis, to generate a double-stranded substrate for amplification of single-stranded DNA products. 
     The substrate for single-stranded amplification preferably consists of a double-stranded template with the first strand consisting of an RNA/DNA hybrid molecule and the second strand consisting of all DNA. In order to construct this double-stranded template, second strand synthesis is carried out using an RNAseH-reverse transcriptase. Alternatively, the second strand synthesis may be carried out using Klenow followed by a polished step with RNAseH— reverse transcriptase, since Klenow will not use RNA as a template. 
     Second strand cDNA synthesis may be carried out using either random primers, or using anti-NSR primers. The use of the RNA hybrid/NSR primer population during first strand cDNA synthesis results in the incorporation of a unique sequence of the RNA portion of the hybrid primer into the synthesized single-stranded cDNA product. 
     Single-stranded DNA amplification products that are identical to the target RNA sequence may then be generated from the double-stranded template described above by denaturing and RNAseH treating the denatured substrate to remove the RNA portion of the substrate, and adding a hybrid RNA/DNA single-stranded amplification primer, e.g., 5′  GACGGAUGCGG TGT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:1558), where the 5′ portion of the primer consists of at least eleven RNA nucleotides (underlined) that hybridize to a predetermined sequence on the first strand cDNA and the 3′ portion consists of at least three DNA nucleotides to the substrate in the presence of a highly processive strand displacing DNA polymerase, such as, for example, phi29. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the substrate for single-stranded DNA amplification may be prepared by preparing first strand cDNA synthesis using DNA primers (e.g., NSR or random primers), followed by second strand synthesis with Klenow also using DNA primers (e.g., anti-NSR or random primers). The double-stranded DNA template is then modified to produce a substrate for single-stranded DNA amplification by denaturing and annealing an RNA/DNA hybrid oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the second strand cDNA and extending the hybrid RNA/DNA oligonucleotide with Reverse Transcriptase, to generate a double-stranded template with one strand consisting of an RNA/DNA hybrid molecule and the other strand consisting of all DNA. 
     Single-stranded DNA amplification products that are complementary to the target RNA sequence may then be generated from the double-stranded substrate by denaturing and RNAseH treating the denatured substrate to remove the RNA portion of the substrate. A hybrid RNA/DNA single-stranded amplification primer is then annealed to the second strand, wherein the 5′ portion of the hybrid primer consists of at least eleven RNA nucleotides that hybridize to a pre-determined sequence on the second strand cDNA, and the 3′ portion of the hybrid primer consists of at least three DNA nucleotides. A highly processive strand displacing DNA polymerase, such as, for example, phi29, is then used to generate single-stranded DNA products. 
     Example 7 
     This Example describes the robust detection of poly A+ and poly A− transcripts in cDNA amplified from total RNA using NSR primers. 
     Rationale: 
     The whole transcriptome, that is, the entire collection of RNA molecules present within cells and tissues at a given instant in time, carries a rich signature of the biological status of the sample at the moment the RNA was collected. However, the biochemical reality of total RNA is that an overwhelming majority of it codes for structural subunits of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes, which provide relatively little information on cellular activity. Consequently, molecular techniques that enrich for more informative low copy transcripts have been developed for large-scale transcriptional studies, such as the exploitation of 3′ polyadenylation sequences as an affinity tag for non-ribosomal RNA. Targeted sequencing of polyA+ RNA transcripts has provided a rich foundation of cDNA fragments that form the basis of current gene models (see, e.g., Hsu, F., et al.,  Bioinformatics  22:1036-1046 (2006)). Priming of cDNA synthesis from polyA sequences has also been used for the most commonly practiced, genome-wide RNA profiling methods. 
     Although these methods have been very successful for analysis of messenger RNA expression, methods that strictly focus on polyA+ transcripts present an incomplete view of global transcriptional activity. PolyA priming often fails to capture information distal to 3′ polyA sites, such as alternative splicing events and alternative transcriptional start sites. Conventional methods also fail to monitor expression of non-poly-adenylated transcripts including those that encode protein subunits of histone deacetylase and many non-coding RNAs. Although alternative methods have been developed to specifically target many of these RNA sub-populations (Johnson, J. M., et al.,  Science  302:2141-2144 (2003); Shiraki, T., et al.,  PNAS  100:15776-15781 (2003); Vitali, P., et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.  31:6543-6551 (2003)), only a few studies have attempted to monitor all transcriptional events in parallel. The most comprehensive analysis of whole transcriptome content has been carried out using genome tiling arrays (Cheng, J., et al.,  Science  308:1149-1154 (2005); Kapranov, P., et al.,  Science  316:1484-1488 (2007)). However, the complexity of these experiments and the need for subsequent validation by complementary methods has limited the use of tiling arrays for routine whole transcriptome profiling applications. Recent advances in DNA sequencing present an opportunity for new approaches to expression analysis, allowing both the quantitative assessment of RNA abundance and experimentally-verified transcript discovery on a single platform (Mortazavi, A., et al.,  Nat. Methods  5:621-628 (2008)). Therefore, there is a need for a method that provides an unbiased survey of both known and novel transcripts that can utilize high-throughput profiling of numerous samples. 
     Methods: 
     Overview: 
     In accordance with the foregoing, the inventors have developed a sample preparation procedure that relies on the “not-so-random” (“NSR”) priming libraries in which all hexamers with perfect matches to ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences have been removed. For NSR selective priming to be useful as a whole transcriptome profiling technology, it must faithfully detect non-ribosomal RNA transcripts. To test the performance of NSR-priming, a whole transcriptome cDNA library was constructed. Antisense NSR hexamers (“NSR” primers) were synthesized to prime first strand synthesis, with a universal tail sequence to facilitate PCR amplification and downstream sequencing using the Illumina 1G Genome Analyzer. A second set of tailed NSR hexamers complementary to the first set of NSR primers (“anti-NSR” primers) was generated to prime second strand synthesis. The unique tail sequences used for first and second strand NSR primers enabled the preservation of strand orientation during amplification and sequencing. For this study, all sequencing reads were oriented in a 3′ to 5′ direction with respect to the template RNA, although opposite strand reads can be easily generated by modifying the universal PCR amplification primers. 
     To evaluate whole transcriptome content in NSR-primed libraries, a survey was conducted of NSR-primed cDNA libraries generated from the RNA isolated from whole brain and RNA isolated from the Universal Human Reference (UHR) cell line (Stratagene) by sequencing, as described below. 
     Oligonucleotides Used to Generate Libraries: 
     A first population of NSR-6mer primers 5′ (SEQ ID NO:1499) covalently attached to each of (SEQ ID NOS:1-749) was used for amplification of the first strand and a second population of anti-NSR-6mer primers (SEQ ID NO:1500) covalently attached to each of (SEQ ID NOS:750-1498) for use in second strand cDNA synthesis, as described in Example 1. Oligos were desalted and resuspended in water at 100 μM before pooling. 
     A collection of random hexamers were also synthesized with the tail sequences SEQ ID NO:1499 and SEQ ID NO:1500 for generation of control libraries. 
     Library Generation: 
     Overview: 
     NSR-priming selectively captures the non-ribosomal RNA fraction including poly A+ and poly A− transcripts. Two rounds of NSR priming selectivity were applied during library construction. First, NSR oligonucleotides (antisense) initiate reverse transcription at not-so-random template sites. Following ribonuclease treatment to remove the RNA template, anti-NSR oligonucleotides (sense) anneal to single-stranded cDNA at not-so-random template sites and direct Klenow-mediated second strand synthesis. PCR amplification with asymmetric forward and reverse primers preserves strand orientation and adds terminal sites for downstream end sequencing. Antisense tag sequencing is then carried out from the 3′ end of cDNA fragments using a portion of the forward amplification primer. Pairwise alignments are then used to map the reverse complements of tag sequences to the human genome. 
     Methods: 
     Total RNA from whole brain was obtained from the FirstChoice® Human Total RNA Survey Panel (Ambion, Inc.). Universal Human Reference (UHR) cell line RNA was purchased from Stratagene Corp. Total RNA was converted into cDNA using Superscript™ III reverse transcription kit (Invitrogen Corp). Second-strand synthesis was carried out with 3′-5′ exo-Klenow Fragment (New England Biolabs Inc.). DNA was amplified using Expand High FidelityPLUS PCR System (Roche Diagnostics Corp.). 
     For NSR primed cDNA synthesis, 2 μl of 100 μM NSR primer mix (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus SEQ ID NOS:1-749) was combined with 1 μl template RNA and 7 μl of water in a PCR-strip-cap tube (Genesee Scientific Corp.). The primer-template mix was heated at 65° C. for 5 minutes and snap-chilled on ice before adding 10 μl of high dNTP reverse transcriptase master mix (3 μl of water, 4 μl of 5× buffer, 1 μL of 100 mM DTT, 1 μl of 40 mM dNTPs and 1.0 μl of SuperScript™ III enzyme). The 20 μl reverse transcriptase reaction was incubated at 45° C. for 30 minutes, 70° C. for 15 minutes and cooled to 4° C. RNA template was removed by adding 1 μl of RNAseH (Invitrogen Corp.) and incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes, 75° C. for 15 minutes and cooled to 4° C. DNA was subsequently purified using the QIAquick® PCR purification kit and eluted from spin columns with 30 μl elution buffer (Qiagen, Inc. USA). 
     For second strand synthesis, 25 μl of purified cDNA was added to 65 μl Klenow master mix (46 μl of water, 10 μl of 10×NEBuffer 2, 5 μl of 10 mM dNTPs, 4 μl of 5 units/μL exo-Klenow Fragment, New England Biolabs, Inc.) and 10 μL of 100 μM anti-NSR primer mix (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus SEQ ID NOS:750-1498). The 100 μl reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes and cooled to 4° C. DNA was purified using QIAquick spin columns and eluted with 30 μl elution buffer (Qiagen, Inc. USA). For PCR amplification, 25 μL of purified second strand synthesis reaction was combined with 75 μL of PCR master mix (19 μl of water, 20 μl of 5× Buffer 2, 10 μl of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 5 μl of 10 mM dNTPs, 10 μl of 10 μM forward primer, 10 μL of 10 μM reverse primer, 1 μL of ExpandPLUS enzyme, Roche Diagnostics Corp.). 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 Forward PCR primer: 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1559) 
               
               
                 (5′ATGATACGGCGACCACCGACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATCTCT3′) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Reverse PCR primer: 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1560) 
               
               
                 (5′CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGCTCTTCCGATCTGA3′) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Samples were denatured for 2 minutes at 94° C. and followed by 2 cycles of 94° C. for 10 seconds, 40° C. for 2 minutes, 72° C. for 1 minute, 8 cycles of 94° C. for 10 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 1 minute, 15 cycles of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 1 minute with an additional 10 seconds added at each cycle; and 72° C. for 5 minutes to polish ends before cooling to 4° C. Double-stranded DNA was purified using QIAquick spin columns. 
     A control library was generated using the same methods with the use of random primers, except for the concentration of dNTPs was 0.5 mM (rather than 2.0 mM) in the final reverse transcription reaction. The random primed control library was amplified using the PCR primers SEQ ID NO:1559 and SEQ. ID NO:1560. 
     Quantitative PCR: 
     Individual rRNA and mRNA transcripts were quantified by qPCR using TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). qPCR Assays were carried out using the reagents shown below in TABLE 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PRIMERS FOR QPCR ASSAY 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAM 
               
               
                   
                 ABI Assay 
                 Forward 
                 Reverse 
                 reporter 
               
               
                 Target 
                 Probe 
                 Primer 
                 Primer 
                 primer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PPIA 
                 Hs99999904_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 peptidylprolyl  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 isomerase A  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (cyclophilin A) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 STMN1 
                 Hs01027516_g1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 stathmin 1/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 oncoprotein 18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 EIF3S3 
                 Hs00186779_m1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 eukaryotic  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 translation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 initiation factor  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3, subunit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 gamma, 40 kDa 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 18s rRNA 
                 Hs99999901_s1 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 12S rRNA 
                 custom 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 1532 
                 NO: 1533 
                 NO: 1534 
               
               
                 16S rRNA 
                 custom 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 1526 
                 NO: 1527 
                 NO: 1528 
               
               
                 28S rRNA 
                 custom 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 1511 
                 NO: 1512 
                 NO: 1513 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Triplicate measurements of diluted library DNA were made for each assay in 10 μl final reaction volumes in a 384-well optical PCR plate using a 7900 HT PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems). Following PCR, the results table was exported to Excel (Microsoft Corp.), standard curves were generated, and quantitative analysis for samples was regressed from the raw data. Abundance levels were then normalized to input cDNA mass. 
     Results of qPCR Analysis: 
     Comparison of cDNA libraries generated from whole brain total RNA using either NSR-priming or a nonselective priming control of random sequence, tailed heptamers revealed a significant depletion of rRNA and a concomitant enrichment of target mRNA in NSR-primed libraries. Specifically, a &gt;95% reduction was observed in the abundance of all four of the rRNA transcripts included in the computational filter used for NSR primer design (data not shown). 
     Sequence and Read Classification: 
     In order to obtain a detailed view of rRNA depletion in NSR primed libraries, tag sequences were generated as 36 nucleotide antisense reads from NSR-primed (2.6 million) and random-primed (3.8 million) cDNA libraries using the Illumina 1G Genome Analyzer (Illumina, Inc.). To characterize sequence tags, the dinucleotide barcode (CT) at the 5′ end of each read was removed and the reverse complement of bases 2-34 was aligned to several sequence databases using the ELAND mapping program, which allows up to 2 mismatches per 32 nt alignment (Illumina, Inc.). 
     To generate expression profiles of RefSeq mRNA and non-coding RNA transcripts, each tag sequence was permitted to align to multiple transcripts. Read counts were then converted to expression values by calculating frequency per 1000 nucleotides from transcript length. A sample normalization factor (nf) was applied to adjust for the total number of reads generated from each library. This was derived from the total number of non-ribosomal RNA reads mapping to the genome for each library (brain 1:17.7 million reads, 1.0 nf; brain 2:19.3 million reads, 1.087 nf; UHR:17.6 million reads, 0.995 nf). 
     For global classification, sequencing reads were first aligned to the non-coding RNA and repeat databases with alignments to multiple reference sequences permitted. The remaining tag sequences were then mapped to the March 2006 hg18 assembly of the human genome sequence (http:genome.ucsd.edu/). Reads mapping to single genomic sites were classified into mRNA, intron and intergenic categories using coordinates defined by UCSC Known Genes (http://genome.ucsc.edu). Sequences that mapped to multiple genomic sequences that did not include repeats or non-coding RNAs made up the “other” category. Ribosomal RNA sequences were obtained from RepeatMasker (http://www.repeatmasker.org/) and GenBank (NC — 001807). Non-coding RNA sequences were collected from Sanger RFAM (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Rfam/), Sanger miRBASE (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk), snoRNABase (http://www-snorna.biotoul.fr) and RepeatMasker. Repetitive elements were obtained from RepeatMasker. 
     Results: More than 54 million high quality 32-nucleotide tag sequence reads that aligned to non-rRNA genomic regions were obtained from two independently prepared whole brain libraries and a single UHR library. Seventy-seven percent of these reads mapped to single genomic sites. Among 22,785 model transcripts in the RefSeq mRNA database (Pruitt K. D. et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.  33:D501-504 (2005)), over 87% were represented by 10 or more sequence tag reads in at least some of the samples queried, and 69% were represented by 10 or more reads in all three libraries. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RESULTS OF ALIGNMENT OF 32 NUCLEOTIDE TAG 
               
               
                 SEQUENCE READS FROM NSR-PRIMED (2.6 MILLION) AND 
               
               
                 RANDOM-PRIMED (3.8 MILLION) LIBRARIES. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NSR Primed Library 
                 Random- 
               
               
                 Target 
                 (1st and 2nd strand NSR) 
                 primed library 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 large subunit rRNA 
                 10.3% 
                 47.2% 
               
               
                 (includes 5S, 5.8S and 28S 
                   
                   
               
               
                 rRNA transcripts) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 small subunit rRNA 
                  0.8% 
                 18.0% 
               
               
                 (includes 18S rRNA transcript) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 mitochondrial rRNA 
                  2.2% 
                 12.6% 
               
               
                 (includes 12S and 16S rRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 non-ribosomal RNA 
                 86.7% 
                 22.2% 
               
               
                 (includes all other sequences that 
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped to one or more genomic 
                   
                   
               
               
                 sites) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown above in TABLE 11, only 13% of sequence tags from NSR-primed libraries mapped to the human genome corresponded to ribosomal RNA, whereas 78% of random-primed cDNA matched rRNA sequences. These results demonstrate that NSR-priming resulted in a nearly complete depletion of small subunit 18S rRNA and a dramatic reduction in mitochondrial rRNA transcripts. Although the reduction of large subunit rRNA abundance was less efficient than other rRNA transcripts, relatively modest depletion of 28S RNA can have a large impact on final library composition, owing to its high initial molar concentration and transcript length. In addition, over 86% of NSR-primed sequences mapped to non-rRNA genomic regions compared to 22% of random-primed cDNA. Only 5% of all sequence reads from either library did not map to any genomic sequence, indicating that the library construction process generated very little template-independent artifacts. Similar results were observed from NSR-primed and random-primed libraries generated from UHR total RNA, isolated from a diverse mixture of cell lines (data not shown). 
     In order to detect polyA+ RefSeq mRNA in NSR-primed libraries, quantitative analysis of sequencing alignments within RefSeq transcripts was used to produce sequence-based digital expression profiles. Excellent reproducibility of NSR-primed cDNA amplification was observed between two separate NSR libraries prepared from the same whole brain total RNA, with a log 10 ratio of transcripts represented by at least 10 NSR tag sequences in replicate #1 versus replicate #2 with a correlation coefficient of r=0.997 for n=17,526. 
     To assess the accuracy of mRNA profiles obtained from NSR libraries, a comparison was made between the NSR-primed brain profile and the UHR expression profile to the “gold-standard” TaqMan® qPCR profile created for the MicroArray Quality Control Study (MAQC Consortium) (Shi L. et al.,  Nat. Biotechnol.  24:1151-1161 (2006)), 
     Correlation of gene expression profiles obtained by NSR tag sequencing and TaqMan® quantitative PCR was also assessed. The log 10 ratios of transcript levels in brain and UHR obtained by NSR tag sequencing were plotted against TaqMan® measurements obtained from the MAQC Consortium with a correlation coefficient of r=0.930 for n=609. 
     Detection of poly A+ Ref Seq mRNA in NSR-primed libraries was carried out as follows. The positional distribution of NSR tag sequences was examined across transcript lengths.  FIG. 7A  shows the combined read frequencies for 5,790 transcripts shown at each base position starting from the 5′ termini, with NSR (dotted line) or EST (solid line) cDNAs across long transcripts (&gt;4 kb).  FIG. 7B  shows the combined read frequencies for 5,790 transcripts shown at each base position starting from the 3′ termini, with NSR (dotted line) or EST (solid line) cDNAs across long transcripts (&gt;4 kb). Data shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  were normalized to the maximal value within each dataset. As shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B , NSR-primed cDNA fragments show full-length coverage of large transcripts with higher representation of internal sites than conventional ESTs. This is an important feature of whole transcriptome profiling because the technology preferably captures alternative splicing information. The sequencing coverage exhibited a modest deficit at the extreme 5′ ends of known transcripts owing to the fact that all of the sequencing reads were generated from the −3′ ends of cDNA fragments. This effect may be alleviated if sequencing is directed at both ends of NSR cDNA products. Taken together, these results demonstrate the robustness of NSR-based selective priming as a technology for whole transcriptome expression profiling. 
     Another requirement of whole transcriptome profiling is that it must effectively capture poly A− transcripts. The representation of poly A− non-coding RNAs in NSR-primed cDNA was determined as follows. Sequence tags from NSR-primed libraries were aligned to a comprehensive database of known poly A− non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences. Transcripts representing diverse functional classes were widely detected with a substantial fraction of small nucleolar RNAs (“snoRNAs”) (286/665) and small nuclear RNAs (“snRNAs”) (7/19) present at 5 or more copies in at least one sample. Interestingly, only a small portion of miRNA hairpins and tRNA species were observable at detectable levels. As shown below in TABLE 12, individual transcripts were observed over a broad range of expression levels with members of the snRNA and snoRNA families among the most highly abundant. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RANK-ORDERED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NON-CODING  
               
               
                 (ncRNA) TRANSCRIPTS REPRESENTED BY AT LEAST  
               
               
                 TWO NSR TAG SEQUENCES IN WHOLE BRAIN 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Log 10 
                 Brain Expression Rank 
               
               
                 ncRNA Transcript/Type 
                 Expression Level  
                 (out of a total of 200) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 HBII-52 (brain-specific  
                 6.5 
                  1st 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 HBII-85 (brain-specific  
                 6 
                  2nd 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 U2 (snRNA) 
                 5.8 
                  3rd 
               
               
                 U1 (snRNA) 
                 5.3 
                  5th 
               
               
                 U3 (snRNA) 
                 5 
                  8th 
               
               
                 U4 (snRNA) 
                 4.8 
                 10th 
               
               
                 U13 (snRNA) 
                 3.7 
                 28th 
               
               
                 U6 (snRNA) 
                 3.5 
                 33rd 
               
               
                 HBII-436 (brain-specific  
                 3.4 
                 40th 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 HBII-437 (brain-specific  
                 3.1 
                 60th 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 HBII-438A (brain-specific  
                 2.8 
                 85th 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 HBII-13 (brain-specific  
                 2.7 
                 90th 
               
               
                 C/D box snoRNA) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 U5 (snRNA) 
                 2.3 
                 105th  
               
               
                 U8 (snRNA) 
                 2 
                 140th  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown below in TABLE 13, the NSR-primed libraries containing poly A− transcripts included members of the snRNA and snoRNA families, as well as RNAs corresponding to other well-known transcripts such as 7SK, 7SL and members of the small cajal body-specific RNA family. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 REPRESENTATION OF MAJOR NON-CODING (ncRNA)  
               
               
                 CLASSES IN NSR PRIMED LIBRARY GENERATED  
               
               
                 FROM WHOLE BRAIN TOTAL RNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 polyA-Transcript in NSR  
                   
               
               
                   
                 primed library 
                 % of library 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 snoRNA 
                 60.4%  
               
               
                   
                 snRNA 
                 22.1%  
               
               
                   
                 7SL 
                 13.8%  
               
               
                   
                 7SK 
                 4.7% 
               
               
                   
                 scRNA 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                   
                 miRNA 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                   
                 tRNA 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Many transcripts were found to be enriched in the NSR primed library generated from the whole brain total RNA, as compared to the NSR primed library generated from UHR, including the cluster of C/D box snoRNAs located in the q11 region of chromosome 15 that has been implicated in the Prader-Willi neurological syndrome (Cavaile, J., et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  276:26374-26383 (2001); Cavaile, J., et al.,  PNAS  97:14311-14316 (2000)).  FIG. 8  graphically illustrates the enrichment of snoRNAs encoded by the Chromosome 15 Prader-Willi neurological disease locus in whole brain NSR primed library relative to the UHR NSR primed library. 
     It is interesting to note that a significant proportion of known ncRNA transcripts detected in this study were less than 100 nucleotides in length and were predicted to have extensive secondary structure, thereby also demonstrating that NSR-priming is capable of capturing templates considered problematic to capture using conventional methods. 
     Global Overview of Transcriptional Activity: 
     The collection of whole transcriptome cDNA sequences generated using NSR priming may be assembled into a global expression map for whole brain and UHR. In order to assemble such a global expression map, all non-ribosomal RNA tag sequences were assigned to one of six non-overlapping categories based on current genome annotations as shown in TABLE 14 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CLASSIFICATION OF WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME EXPRESSION 
               
               
                 IN NSR-PRIMED cDNA TAGS MAPPING TO NON-RIBOSOMAL  
               
               
                 RNA GENOMIC REGIONS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NSR-primed whole  
                 NSR-primed UHR 
               
               
                 Category 
                 Brain library 
                 library 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 mRNA 
                 46% 
                 35% 
               
               
                 intron 
                 19% 
                 30% 
               
               
                 intergenic 
                 12% 
                 13% 
               
               
                 ncRNA 
                  4% 
                  1% 
               
               
                 repeats 
                  3% 
                  6% 
               
               
                 other 
                 16% 
                 15% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The mRNA, intron and intergenic categories shown above in TABLE 14 were defined by the genomic coordinates of UCSC Known Genes and include only cDNAs that map to unique locations. Sequencing tag reads overlapping any part of a coding exon or UTR were considered mRNA. Sequencing tag reads mapping to multiple genomic sites were binned into the ncRNA, repeats or other categories. 
     As shown above in TABLE 14, it was determined that tissue and cell line RNA populations exhibited similar overall expression patterns. For example, 65% of tag sequences occurred within the boundaries of known protein-coding genes, whereas only 12-13% of tag sequences mapped to intergenic regions, which is considerably lower than previously reported (Cheng, J., et al.,  Science  308:1149-1154 (2005)). The fraction of cDNAs corresponding to pseudogenes and other redundant sequences, such as motifs shared within gene families (the “other” category in TABLE 14), was also similar in both samples. However, the representation of some categories was notably different in whole brain and UHR. Although intronic expression was substantial in both RNA populations, transcriptional activity in introns was 60% higher in UHR than in whole brain. Expression of repetitive elements was also higher in UHR than in whole brain. In contrast, the cumulative abundance of known ncRNAs was 4-fold higher in brain than UHR. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, these results may reflect general differences in splicing activity between cell lines and tissues. Alternatively, these findings may indicate that transcription is generally more pervasive in cell lines and may be a result of relaxed regulatory constraints. 
     In order to assess the number of unique transcription sites ascribed to unannotated regions, overlapping NSR tag sequences were assembled into contiguous transcription units. Multiple sequencing reads mapping to single genomic sites were collapsed into single transcripts when at least one nucleotide overlapped on either strand. Overall, over 2.5 million transcriptionally active regions were identified that were not covered by current transcript models. Of these, only 21% were supported by sequences in public EST databases (Benson, D. A., et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  32:D23-26 (2004)). Unannotated transcription sites averaged 36.9 nucleotides in length and ranged from 32 to 1003 bp, with nearly 5% exceeding 100 bp. Many of the transcriptional elements identified here may represent novel non-coding RNAs. They may also be previously unidentified segments of known genes including alternatively spliced exons and extensions of untranslated regions. 
     Next, the strand specificity of NSR priming was examined by aligning sequence tags to functional elements of known protein-coding genes. Over 99% of cDNA sequences mapping to protein-coding exons were oriented in the sense orientation, demonstrating the discrimination power of this method for monitoring strand-specific expression. This discrimination power allowed us to determine the orientation of novel transcripts and to assess the prevalence of antisense transcription among the functional elements of known genes. As shown below in TABLE 15, antisense transcription was detected at particularly high levels in 5′ UTRs and introns, constituting about 20% of transcription events in those regions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY RATIO OF NSR TAG SEQUENCES 
               
               
                 ORIENTED IN THE SENSE OR ANTISENSE DIRECTION FOR  
               
               
                 SEQUENCING READS OBTAINED FROM NSR PRIMED  
               
               
                 WHOLE BRAIN AND UHR LIBRARIES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Element of Known 
                 Relative frequency ratio  
                 Relative frequency ratio  
               
               
                 genes 
                 of Sense Reads 
                 of Antisense Reads 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′ UTR 
                 0.80 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 coding exon 
                 0.99 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 3′ UTR 
                 0.95 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 intron 
                 0.80 
                 0.20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sequencing categories shown above in TABLE 15 were defined by the genomic coordinates of non-coding and coding regions of UCSC known genes. 
     It is interesting to note that other groups have also documented widespread antisense expression in humans and several model organisms (Katayama, S., et al.,  Science  309:1564-1566 (2005); Ge, X., et al.,  Bioinformatics  22:2475-2479 (2006); Zhang, Y., et al.,  Nucleic Acid Res  34:3465-3475 (2006)). The complex patterns of sense and antisense expression observed in many genes suggest that at least some of the intronic and UTR transcriptional events have functional significance. 
     Discussion: 
     As demonstrated in this Example, the application of ultra-high throughput sequencing to NSR-primed cDNA libraries allows for the unbiased interrogation of global transcriptional content that surpasses the scope of information produced by conventional methods. Transcript discovery by sequencing provides information with a level of specificity that cannot be achieved with genomic tiling arrays, which are prone to adverse cross-hybridization effects that necessitate significant data processing and subsequent experimental validation (see, e.g., Royce, T. E., et al.,  Trends Genet.  21:466-475 (2005)). However, the depth of sampling needed to obtain sufficient coverage of rare transcripts in highly complex whole transcriptome libraries limits the capacity of sequencing to rapidly survey large numbers of tissues. In contrast, expression profiling microarrays facilitate the quantitative analysis of transcript levels in many samples, provided there is quality sequence information to direct probe selection. 
     NSR selective priming provides several advantages over conventional methods. For example, NSR selective priming provides a direct link between informative sequencing and high throughput array experiments. The sequence information obtained using NSR selective primed cDNA libraries allows for the identification of unannotated transcriptional features. The functional characterization of the unannotated transcriptional features identified using the NSR-primed libraries will shed light on a wide range of biological processes and disease states. 
     The information obtained from high-throughput sequencing may used to inform the design of whole transcriptome arrays for hybridization with NSR-primed cDNA. For example, custom designed whole transcriptome profiling arrays may be used to assess the expression patterns of novel features in relation to one another and in the context of known transcripts. Large scale profiling studies may also be used to implicate individual transcripts in human pathological states and expand the repertoire of biomarkers available for clinical studies (see, e.g., van&#39;t Veer, L. J., et al.,  Nature  415:530-536 (2002)). In addition, the integration of whole transcriptome expression profiling data with genetic linkage analysis may be used to reveal biological activities that are modulated by novel transcriptional elements. 
     Variations of the tag sequencing method described in this example may be utilized for whole transcriptome analysis in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, paired-end sequencing is utilized for whole transcriptome analysis. Paired-end sequencing provides a direct physical link between the 5′ and 3′ termini of individual cDNA fragments (Ng, P., et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  34 e84 (2006); and Campbell, P. J., et al.,  Nat Genet.  40:722-729 (2008)). Therefore, pair-end sequencing allows spliced exons from distal sites to be unambiguously assigned to a single transcript without any additional information. Once whole transcript structures are defined, large-scale computational analysis can be applied to determine whether these genes represent protein-coding or non-coding RNA entities (Frith, M. C., et al.,  RNA Biol.  3:40-48 (2006)). 
     As described above, NSR priming is an elementary form of cDNA subtraction with the advantage that it can be simply and reproducibly applied to a wide variety of samples. NSR primer pools may be designed to avoid any population of confounding, hyper-abundant transcripts. For example, an NSR primer pool may be designed to avoid the mRNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits of globin proteins, which constitute up to 70% of whole blood total RNA mass, and can adversely affect both the sensitivity and accuracy of blood profiling experiments (see Li, L., et al.,  Physiol. Genomics  32:190-197 (2008)). NSR primer pools may also be designed to reduce rRNA content in other organisms, allowing cross-species comparisons of whole transcriptome expression patterns. This approach may be utilized for routine expression profiling experiments in prokaryotic species, where polyA selection of RNA sub-populations is not useful. 
     In summary, analysis of over 54 million 32-nucleotide tag sequences demonstrated that NSR-priming in the first and second strand cDNA synthesis produces cDNA libraries with broad representation of known poly A+ and poly A− transcripts and dramatically reduced rRNA content when compared to conventional random-priming. The sequencing of NSR-primed libraries provides a global overview of transcription which includes evidence of widespread antisense expression and transcription from previously unannotated genomic sequences. Thus, the simplicity and flexibility of NSR priming technology makes it an ideal companion for ultra-high-throughput sequencing in transcriptome research across a wide range of experimental settings. 
     Example 8 
     This Example describes methods of designing and enriching populations of NSR primers for generating transcriptome libraries that minimizes the representation of unwanted redundant RNA sequences while maintaining representative transcript diversity. 
     Rationale: 
     The information content of a transcriptome library can be measured in units of n thousand biologically informative sequencing reads per 1 million sequencing reads generated. The greater the value of n, the greater the information content of the transcriptome library. As described herein, the not-so-random (NSR) priming technology enriches the proportion of biologically informative transcriptome sequences created from total RNA (i.e., increases the value of n for a transcriptome library) by selectively decreasing the representation of unwanted, redundant sequences, such as ribosomal RNA. This translates directly into cost savings, because less sequencing reads are required to extract useful information from the transcriptome library with a higher n value. 
       Rhodopsuedomonas palustris  ( R. palustris ) is a phototropic, free-living bacteria capable of producing hydrogen from sunlight as a byproduct of nitrogen fixation. Many different isolates of this bacteria have been collected. The complete genome sequence of one isolate of  R. palustris  has been reported by Larimer, F. W., et al.,  Nature    
     Biotechnology 22(1):55-61 (2004), hereby incorporated herein by reference. The genome of this reference isolate of  R. palustris  is 5 Mb, with 65% GC content, and 5000 genes identified. Draft sequences of the genomes of a few additional isolates of  R. palustris  have revealed that as little as 70% of the genome sequences share sequence similarity, while the remaining 20% to 30% of the genome sequences appear to be unique segments that may be derived from diverse bacterial species that contributed to the rich biodiversity of  R. palustris  by lateral genetic transfer. This high degree of genetic diversity is common in bacterial species, and it makes comparative expression analysis between bacterial isolates very technically challenging. 
     Microarrays are not suitable for comparative expression analysis between bacterial isolates with high sequence diversity because a custom array would need to be made for each isolate since every isolate possesses a unique sequence configuration. Moreover, strain-to-strain comparisons of microarray generated expression data would not be meaningful because the divergent probe sequences that would be required to bind to orthologous genes are known to have intrinsic differences in binding performance. This Example describes the use of NSR-primed cDNA transcriptome libraries to address the need for comparative expression analysis of diverse bacterial isolates such as  R. palustris . This Example further describes the comparison of a purely computational design approach, to a combination of computational design approach followed by enrichment by empirical sequence refinement, to the generation of a population of NSR primers for use in priming a not-so-random transcriptome library for sequencing or other types of gene expression analysis. 
     Methods: 
     1. Computational Design of a not-so-random primer population for generating a transcriptome library from  R. palustris  total RNA 
     Rationale: 
     In this aspect of the method, a first population (not-so-random, “NSR”) of 1203 6-mer oligonucleotides that hybridizes to all or substantially all RNA molecules expressed in  R. palustris  but that does not hybridize to  R. palustris  ribosomal RNA (16S and 23S rRNA) was generated by computational design. A second population of anti-NSR oligonucleotides was also generated that is the reverse complement of the first population of 1203 NSR oligos. The first population of NSR oligos may be used to prime first strand cDNA synthesis from total RNA isolated from  R. palustris , and the second population of anti-NSR oligos may be used to prime second strand cDNA synthesis. 
     Preparation of NSR Primer Populations 
     All 4,096 possible 6-mer oligonucleotides (hexamers) were computed, wherein each nucleotide was A, T (or U), C, or G, as described in Example 1. The reverse complement of each 6-mer oligonucleotide was compared to the nucleotide sequences of  R. palustris  ribosomal RNA (16S and 23S rRNA). The ribosomal RNA 23S, 16S and 5S sequences were as reported by Larimer, F. W., et al.,  Nature Biotechnology  22(1):55-61 (2004), and are described below in TABLE 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   R. Palustris  RIBOSOMAL RNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   R. Palustris 
                 
                   
                 NCBI Reference Sequence 
               
               
                 Strain 
                   
                 Transcript Identifier, accessed 
               
               
                 Identifier 
                 Gene symbol 
                 Jul. 6, 2009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGA009 
                 23S 
                 2692573 
               
               
                 CGA009 
                 23S 
                 2691127 
               
               
                 CGA009 
                 16S 
                 2690040 
               
               
                 CGA009 
                 16S 
                 2690886 
               
               
                 CGA009 
                  5S 
                 2691969 
               
               
                 CGA009 
                  5S 
                 2691117 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                 23S  
                 4362030 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                 23S 
                 4358856 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                 16S 
                 4362033 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                 16S 
                 4358853 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                  5S 
                 4362029 
               
               
                 BisA53 
                  5S 
                 4358857 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                 23S 
                 6412606 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                 23S 
                 6412836 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                 16S 
                 6412609 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                 16S 
                 6412839 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                  5S 
                 6412605 
               
               
                 TIE-1 
                  5S 
                 6412835 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                 23S 
                 3971699 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                 23S 
                 3973815 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                 16S 
                 3971702 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                 16S 
                 3973812 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                  5S 
                 3971698 
               
               
                 BisB18 
                  5S 
                 3973816 
               
               
                 HaA2 
                 23S 
                 3912052 
               
               
                 HaA2 
                 16S 
                 3912055 
               
               
                 HaA2 
                  5S 
                 3912051 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                 23S 
                 4024609 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                 23S 
                 4020808 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                 16S 
                 4024612 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                 16S 
                 4020811 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                  5S 
                 4024608 
               
               
                 BisB5 
                  5S 
                 4020807 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The reverse-complement 6-mer oligonucleotides having perfect matches to any of the  R. palustris  rRNAs (23S,16S or 5S rRNAs), as shown above in TABLE 16, were eliminated, leaving a total of 1203 oligo 6-mers. The 1203 6-mer oligonucleotides that do not have a perfect match to any portion of the rRNA genes from  R. palustris  are referred to as “not-so-random” (“NSR”) primers. Thus, the population of 1203 6-mers is capable of priming first strand cDNA synthesis from all transcripts except rRNA from total RNA isolated from  R. palustris.    
       FIG. 9  shows an alignment of this set of 1203 NSR primers to the known  R. palustris  non-ribosomal genome sequence that was segregated into 100 nucleotide blocks. The number of NSR hexamer primer sites per 100 nucleotide block is shown on the x-axis and the number of transcripts is shown on the y-axis. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the average priming density of this set of NSR primers is predicted to be 25 priming sites per 100 nt, with a distribution of 20 to 30 sites per 100 nucleotide block. 
     As described in Examples 1 and 2, the first primer set of NSR primers for use in first strand cDNA synthesis further comprises the following 5′ primer binding sequence: 
     PBS#1: 5′ TCCGATCTCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:1499) covalently attached at the 5′ end (otherwise referred to as “tailed”), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499)+NSR-timers ( R. palustris ) 3′       

     In another embodiment, a population of oligonucleotides was generated wherein each NSR-6mer optionally included at least one spacer nucleotide (N) (where each N=A, G, C, or T) where (N) was located between the 5′ PBS#1 and the NSR-6mer. The spacer region may comprise from one nucleotide up to ten or up to twenty or more nucleotides (N=1 to 20), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499)+(N 1-20 )+NSR-6mers ( R. palustris ) 3′       

     Anti-NSR Primers for Second Strand cDNA Synthesis. 
     A second population of anti-NSR hexamer primers (1203 total) was generated by synthesizing the reverse complement of the 6-mer sequences of the first population of NSR oligonucleotides, which was used for second-strand cDNA synthesis, as described in Examples 2 and 3 herein. In some embodiments, the population of anti-NSR-6mer primers for use in second strand cDNA synthesis further comprises the following 5′ primer binding sequence:
         PBS#2: 5′TCCGATCTGA 3′(SEQ ID NO:1500) covalently attached at the 5′ end of the anti-NSR-6mer primers (otherwise referred to as “tailed”), resulting in the following configuration:   5′ PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500)+anti-NSR-6mers ( R. palustris ) 3′       

     In another embodiment, a population of oligonucleotides was generated wherein each anti-NSR-6mer optionally included at least one spacer nucleotide (N) (where each N=A, G, C, or T) where (N) was located between the 5′ PBS#2 and the anti-NSR-6mer. 
     The spacer region may comprise from one nucleotide up to ten, or up to twenty or more nucleotides (N=1 to 20), resulting in a population of oligonucleotides having the following configuration:
         5′ PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500)+(N 1-20 )+anti-NSR-6mers ( R. palustris ) 3′       

     Forward and Reverse Primers (for PCR Amplification). 
     The following forward and reverse primers were synthesized to amplify double-stranded cDNA generated using NSR-6mers tailed with PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499) and anti-NSR-6mers tailed with PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500). 
     NSR_F_SEQprimer 1: 5′ N (10) TCCGATCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1501), where each N=G, A, C, or T. 
     NSR_R_SEQprimer 1: 5′ N (10) TCCGATCTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1502), where each N=G, A, C, or T. 
     In the embodiment described above, the 5′ most region of the forward primer (SEQ ID NO:1501) and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:1502) each include a 10mer sequence of (N) nucleotides. In another embodiment, the 5′-most region of the forward primer (SEQ ID NO:1501) and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:1502) each include more than 10 (N) nucleotides, such as at least 20 (N) nucleotides, at least 30 (N) nucleotides, or at least 40 (N) nucleotides to facilitate DNA sequencing of the amplified PCR products. 
     cDNA Synthesis 
     The computationally derived NSR 6-mer oligonucleotide population described above was synthesized, pooled and used to prime first strand cDNA synthesis from total RNA collected from the  R. palustris  genome reference strain using the general methods described in Example 3. 
     Briefly described, a cDNA library was generated using the computationally designed 1203 NSR 6-mers (that each had PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=1 spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end) for first strand cDNA synthesis with reverse transcriptase, RNAseH treatment. Second strand synthesis was then carried out with the 1203 anti-NSR 6-mers (that each had PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=1 spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end and Klenow enzyme, in accordance with the methods described in Example 3. The cDNA was purified and PCR amplified using the forward and reverse PCR amplification primers (SEQ ID NO:1501 and 1502) using the methods generally described in Example 3. This NSR-primed cDNA library generated using the computationally designed NSR primers for first and second strand synthesis as described above was designated “NSRversion 1” or “NSRv1.” 
     A non-selective control cDNA library was generated from total RNA collected from the  R. palustris  genome reference strain CGA009 by first-strand cDNA synthesis with tailed random hexamers wherein the tails comprised 10 nt sequences matching those of the Illumina forward strand sequencing primers. A second set of tailed random hexamers was used to prime second strand cDNA, wherein this second set of hexamers had tails identical to the first 10 bases of the Illumina reverse strand sequencing library primer. PCR amplification was carried out with full length sequencing adaptors (Illumina Genomic DNA sample preparation kit) with 3 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 40° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute, followed by 17 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute, to generate a double-stranded cDNA library that had inserts of approximately 200 bp. The resulting random primed cDNA library was sequenced on the Illumina Genome Analyzer. 
     Sequence Analysis of NSRv1-primed cDNA library of  R. palustris    
     As summarized below in TABLE 17, sequencing of the NSR-primed cDNA library (NSRv1) on an Illumina GA2 sequencing instrument and subsequent informatic analysis by sequence alignment (e.g., BLAST analysis), revealed 66,189 informative reads that uniquely aligned to the non-ribosomal portion of the reference  R. palustris  genome per 1,000,000 total sequencing reads. In contrast, sequencing of a random hexamer primed (non-selective priming control) cDNA library generated from  R. palustris  yielded only 14,692 informative reads per 1,000,000 total sequencing reads. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQUENCING RESULTS FOR CDNA LIBRARIES GENERATED 
               
               
                 FROM  R. PALUSTRIS   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 RNA-Sequence Results 
                 NSRv1- 
               
               
                   
                 (non-selective control) 
                 Sequence Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Starting Sample 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 depleted 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Total RNA 
                 RNA* 
                 Total RNA 
                 Total RNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Primers used for  
               
               
                   
                 cDNA synthesis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 random 
                 NSRv1 
               
               
                   
                 random 
                 random 
                 hexamers 
                 (computationally 
               
               
                   
                 hexamers 
                 hexamers 
                 (control) 
                 derived) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 total number of  
                 3,810 
                 4,739 
                 2,801 
                 4,049 
               
               
                 genes detected 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 unique hits per  
                 22,068 
                 81,616 
                 14,692 
                 66,198 
               
               
                 million total reads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 % of total reads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 unmapped genes 
                 28.8% 
                 44.2% 
                  5.6% 
                 13.5% 
               
               
                 mapped genes 
                 71.2% 
                 55.8% 
                 94.4% 
                 86.5% 
               
               
                 unique 
                  2.2% 
                  8.2% 
                  1.5% 
                  6.6% 
               
               
                 tRNA 
                   
                   
                 0.26% 
                 0.92% 
               
               
                 rRNA 
                 69.0% 
                 47.6% 
                 81.9% 
                 62.7% 
               
               
                 5S 
                   
                   
                  1.0% 
                  0.5% 
               
               
                 16S 
                   
                   
                 31.2% 
                 36.3% 
               
               
                 23S 
                   
                   
                 49.7% 
                 25.9% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *rRNA-depleted RNA was prepared by Microbexpress mRNA enrichment kit, (LifeTechnologies, Foster City, CA) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown above in TABLE 17, the NSR-primed cDNA library from  R. palustris  generated using NSRv1 primers designed by computational subtraction was a significant improvement over a random primed library with respect to the number of informative sequencing reads per million reads. However, the proportion of informative reads per million (66,189 informative reads per 1 million reads generated) was lower than the level desired for sequence analysis, which is preferably in the range of &gt;125,000 informative reads per million. 
     As further shown in TABLE 17, a high level of rRNA sequence contamination remained in the NSRv1-primed library. Whereas sequencing reads from cDNA libraries primed with completely random hexamers yielded 81.9% that mapped to the rRNA genes, the computationally derived NSRv1-primed library generated a modest improvement to 62.7% of sequencing reads from rRNA. 
     2. Enrichment of the Computationally Designed NSRv1Primer Set 
     In order to determine whether specific primers in the set of NSRv1 primers used to generate the NSRv1-primed cDNA library were responsible for spurious priming of the rRNAs into cDNA, all the sequencing reads that aligned to rRNA were mapped with respect to their position within the  R. palustris  rRNA sequences.  FIG. 10A  (16S rRNA) and  FIG. 10B  (23S rRNA) shows the frequency or “density” of the sequencing reads plotted as a function of sequence position. The x-axis is the coordinate of each base within the rRNA sequence. The y-axis is the density of the first base within sequencing reads that map to rRNA sequences. Surprisingly, it was determined that the contaminating rRNA reads were not the result of a broad spectrum of mis-priming events, but rather the vast majority of rRNA mis-priming events occurred within a few specific sites within the overall rRNA sequences. As shown in  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B , sequencing reads that generated the unwanted rRNA background priming mapped to very specific sequences within either the 16S or the 23S rRNA sequences, respectively. Moreover, the vast majority of these rRNA reads were initiated by a few hundred NSR primer sequences. As shown in  FIG. 10A , less than 100 binding sites accounted for 95% of all priming events in the 16S rRNA transcript. As shown in  FIG. 10B , only 128 binding sites accounted for 90% of all priming events in the 23S rRNA transcript. 
     These data indicate that certain specific sequences within these rRNAs are vulnerable to priming by a small subset of specific primers within the computationally derived NSRv1 hexamer primer set. It was unexpected and striking that most sequencing reads arising from the unwanted background representing rRNA initiated from very specific regions of the rRNAs. In order to test whether these mis-priming NSRv1 hexamers were a small subset of the overall NSR library, the frequencies in which these specific NSRv1 hexamer sequences occurred with rRNA aligning sequencing reads was determined.  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  show the ranking of NSR primer sequences that prime rRNA cDNA synthesis in  R. palustris  rRNA 16S and 23S ribosomal sequences, respectively.  FIG. 11A  graphically illustrates the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer is found in  R. palustris  16S aligning sequencing reads. The logarithmic y-axis shows the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer was found in all 16S aligning sequencing reads. The x-axis represents individual NSR hexamers rank-ordered in terms of their priming densities found for priming 16S cDNA. The overall percentage of sequencing reads tagged by the most promiscuous 100 hexamers is shown on the plot (accounting for 76% of reads for 16S cDNA), as well as the percentages for the top ranked 200 (accounting for 85% of reads for 16S cDNA), the top ranked 300 (accounting for 88% of reads for 16S cDNA), the top ranked 400 (accounting for 90% of reads for 16S cDNA), and the top ranked 500 (accounting for 91% of reads for 16S cDNA). 
       FIG. 11B  graphically illustrates the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer is found in  R. palustris  23S aligning sequencing reads. The logarithmic y-axis shows the frequency with which a given NSR hexamer was found in 23S aligning sequencing reads. The x-axis represents individual NSR hexamers rank-ordered in terms of their priming densities found for priming 23S cDNA. The overall percentage of sequencing reads tagged by the most promiscuous 100 hexamers is shown on the plot (accounting for 67% of reads for 23S cDNA), as well as the percentages for the top ranked 200 (accounting for 76% of reads for 23S cDNA), the top ranked 300 (accounting for 81% of reads for 23S cDNA), the top ranked 400 (accounting for 84% of reads for 23S cDNA), and the top ranked 500 (accounting for 86% of reads for 23S cDNA). 
     At least two striking observations emerged from this analysis. First, removal of the top ranked 300 hexamers that prime 16S cDNA synthesis from the computationally derived 1203 hexamer pool (NSRv1) is predicted to remove 88% of the spurious 16S sequencing reads. Similarly, removal of the top ranked 300 hexamers that prime 23S cDNA synthesis from the computationally derived 1203 hexamer pool (NSRv1) is predicted to remove 81% of the spurious 23S sequencing reads. 
     Second, the most promiscuous 16S priming NSR hexamers show very extensive sequence overlap with the most promiscuous 23S priming hexamers. In fact, the collection of the 300 top ranked 16S hits plus the 300 top ranked 23S hits is a total of only 349 unique hexamer sequences. It was further determined that of the 349 combined hexamer sequences that accounted for &gt;80% of the promiscuous hexamer priming events (both 16S and 23S), 71 hexamer sequences were not supposed to be present in the computationally derived synthesized NSR library (note: These 71 hexamer sequences had been filtered out computationally and they were not present in the oligonucleotide order sent to the manufacturer). Therefore, the 300 top ranked hit filter identified 278 promiscuous oligos that bound to 16S and 23S that were not previously identified and removed computationally. These 278 oligos were manually removed from the 1203  R. palustris  NSR primer collection, resulting in the enriched “cut300 NSR primer pool,” which contained a total of 925 oligonucleotides. 
       FIG. 12  graphically illustrates the mRNA priming density per 100 nt of the  R. palustris  genome sequence for the original computationally designed 1203  R. palustris  NSRv1 primer pool after elimination (cut) of the top ranked 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 6-mer primers identified that bind to rRNA. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the “cut300” NSR primer pool has the best balance of low rRNA binding and high sequence complexity with regard to binding to the  R. palustris  genome sequence. The 925 oligonucleotide hexamer collection (cut300 NSRv1 primer pool) was shown by alignment to prime each 100 nucleotide region of the  R. palustris  genome with an average priming density of 15 sites and a distribution of 5 to 20 sites per 100 nucleotide region for &gt;99% of all possible  R. palustris  100-mers. Therefore, the theoretical priming density for the cut300 NSRv1 primer pool is approximately the same as that predicted for the human NSR pool described in Example 1, with one binding site for every 5 to 10 nucleotides, with a median of one binding site for every 7 nucleotides. 
     3. cDNA Synthesis with the Computationally Designed and Enriched “cut300” NSRv1 library 
     As described above, an enriched NSRv1 cut300 population of oligos was generated by manually removing the 278 NSR primers that were identified that bound to rRNA sequences from the original 1203 computationally designed NSR oligo population, resulting in a total of 925 different NSR oligos. An anti-NSRv1cut300 population of oligos was also generated by removing the 278 anti-NSR primers corresponding to the 278 NSR primers from the pool of 1203 primers, resulting in a total of 925 different anti-NSR oligos. It is noted that although this Example describes the manual removal of the 278 oligos based on their known position in a positionally addressable array, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the desired oligo population could also be re-synthesized. 
     The resulting “cut300” NSRv1 library was used to prime cDNA synthesis from total RNA obtained from the  R. palustris  reference strain, as described above, and the cDNA library was sequenced and analyzed. As summarized below in TABLES 18 and 19, the sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA library primed with the enriched (NSRcut300) version of the computationally designed NSRv1 primer population nearly tripled the number of informative sequencing reads from 66,198 to 183,222 per million total reads while the proportion of rRNA aligning reads was decreased to 424,171 reads per million. This demonstrates that while the computational filter is useful to remove all the hexamer sequences with perfect matches to unwanted rRNA sequences, there are still hexamers remaining in the library that prime rRNA synthesis. Therefore, the enrichment process is useful to identify and remove these residual primer sequences. 
     In summary, this Example demonstrates that enrichment via empirical refinement of computationally designed NSR primers results in a three-fold increase in informative library content and a three-fold decrease in the cost of sequencing to access that informative content. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 COMPARISON OF SEQUENCE RESULTS FROM cDNA 
               
               
                 LIBRARIES GENERATED WITH THE COMPUTATIONAL NSR PRIMER SET 
               
               
                 (NSRv1) Or With The Enriched NSRv1 (cut 300, 400, 500) NSR Primer Sets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NSRv1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (computationally 
                 NSRv1cut300  
                 NSRv1cut400 
                 NSRv1cut500 
               
               
                   
                 derived) 
                 (enriched) 
                 (enriched) 
                 (enriched) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 total number of 
                 4,049 
                 4,129 
                 3,712 
                 3,616 
               
               
                 genes detected 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 number of unique 
                 66,198 
                 183,222 
                 164,229 
                 188,018 
               
               
                 hits per million 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 total reads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 % of total reads 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 unmapped genes 
                 13.5% 
                 15.1% 
                 14.9% 
                 13.8% 
               
               
                 mapped genes 
                 86.5% 
                 84.9% 
                 85.1% 
                 86.2% 
               
               
                 unique 
                  6.6% 
                 18.3% 
                 16.4% 
                 18.8% 
               
               
                 tRNA 
                 0.92% 
                 0.44% 
                 0.49% 
                 0.50% 
               
               
                 rRNA 
                 62.7% 
                 42.8% 
                 46.5% 
                 44.3% 
               
               
                  5S 
                  0.5% 
                  0.4% 
                  0.3% 
                  0.1% 
               
               
                 16S 
                 36.3% 
                 25.7% 
                 28.8% 
                 16.5% 
               
               
                 23S 
                 25.9% 
                 16.7% 
                 17.3% 
                 27.6% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 COMPARISON OF SEQUENCE RESULTS FROM 
               
               
                 TRANSCRIPTOME LIBRARIES OF  R. palustris  GENERATED  
               
               
                 USING VARIOUS NSR PRIMER POOLS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Computationally 
               
               
                   
                 Random 
                 Computationally 
                 designed and 
               
               
                   
                 hexamer 
                 designed 
                 enriched 
               
               
                   
                 NSR 
                 NSRv1 
                 NSR primer pool 
               
               
                   
                 primer pool 
                 primer pool 
                 (“NSRv1cut300”) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Biologically  
                 14,692 
                 66,198 
                 183,222 
               
               
                 informative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 hits per  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 million total reads 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16S + 23S rRNA  
                 809,104 
                 621,735 
                 424,171 
               
               
                 hits per 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 million total reads 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ratio of  
                 1:55 
                 1:9 
                 1:2 
               
               
                 informative reads  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 to rRNA reads 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Therefore, it is demonstrated that the use of computational NSR primer design to remove oligos that have a perfect match to rRNA sequences, followed by an initial round of cDNA synthesis, sequence analysis and enrichment of the NSR primer pool by selectively removing oligos that bind to redundant sequences, such as rRNA at high frequency (e.g., greater than 2% of the total sequencing reads), is useful for generating a cDNA library in which the proportion of informative reads (n) is in the desired range of &gt;125,000 informative reads per million. 
     It is known that genetically diverse  R. palustris  strain isolates share a high degree of sequence identity within their ribosomal rRNA sequences. In fact, rRNA sequence similarity is used to define species boundaries in bacteria. The majority of total RNA in bacteria is ribosomal RNA. Therefore, a single NSR primer population designed to selectively exclude primer sequences that hybridize to bacterial ribosomal RNA, generated as described herein, would be a useful reagent for generating transcriptome libraries for sequence-based expression analysis across a broad range of bacterial species isolates. 
     Example 9 
     This Example describes the generation of an NSR primer pool by starting with a random hexamer library followed by one or more successive rounds of enrichment by sequence analysis and empirical refinement. 
     Rationale: 
     In some situations, it may be desirable to start with a population of random hexamer primers, which may be synthesized in a positionally addressable array, followed by one or more successive rounds of enrichment to select for primers that selectively prime informative transcripts from total RNA obtained from a sample of interest, while not priming redundant non-informative transcripts that are present at a high frequency (i.e., greater than 2%), such as rRNA sequences. The first round of enrichment is carried out by generating a pool of primers including all 4,096 possible 6-mer oligonucleotides (hexamers), wherein each nucleotide was A, T (or U), C, or G, as described in Example 1. cDNA synthesis is then carried out with this random primer population on total RNA isolated from a sample of interest. A representative number of sequencing reads (such as at least one million or more) are then carried out from this cDNA library, and the hexamer primers that bind to redundant sequences in the subject genome are identified and removed from the primer pool (e.g., as described in Example 8), thus completing the first round of enrichment. This process of enrichment may be repeated two or more times until the resulting enriched NSR primer set is selected for optimal characteristics of high informative content and low priming of unwanted redundant sequences. 
     The above approach eliminates the initial computational primer selection process, which may be advantageous in certain contexts, because computationally selected primers that do not actually contribute significantly to the redundant RNA background reads would not be removed, thereby likely resulting in a greater diversity of primers that could bind to informative target sequences. 
     This method of random primer generation followed by successive rounds of enrichment is expected to be especially useful in the context of gene profiling of complex target samples containing multiple unwanted redundant target transcripts. For example, the above NSR priming approach would be expected to be useful to obtain a transcriptome library of human blood infected with a parasite, such as malaria. In this case, a computational approach would involve selectively removing hexamer sequences with a perfect match to human globin mRNAs, human cytoplasmic rRNAs, human mitochondrial rRNAs, and malarial parasite rRNAs, thereby selectively removing a large number of hexamer sequences and reducing the total starting hexamer population down to a lower number, which would likely reduce the informational content of the resulting cDNA library. 
     Methods: 
     As proof of the principle that the empirical approach to constructing and enriching NSR primer pools is feasible, an analysis was carried out to compare the cumulative fraction of all rRNA reads in human libraries that are primed by rank-ordered hexamers.  FIG. 13  graphically illustrates the empirical identification of hexamers that prime redundant RNAs by plotting the cumulative fraction of all rRNA sequencing reads in human cDNA libraries that were primed by rank-ordered hexamer NSR primer pools. The fraction of all rRNA sequencing reads is shown on the y-axis, and the number of rRNA priming sites rank ordered by sequencing read frequency is shown on the x-axis. 
     For the “N7 Hs pool” represented by the “▴” symbol, a pool of random hexamer primers was used to generate cDNA from total RNA obtained from a human sample. 
     For the “NSR Hs pool” represented by the “” symbol, a computationally selected hexamer NSR library was generated in which 100% of the hexamer primer sequences with identical matches to human ribosomal RNA have already been eliminated, was used to generate cDNA from total RNA obtained from a human sample. 
     For the “NSR Hs colon” represented by the “♦” symbol, the computationally selected hexamer NSR library (in which &gt;90% of the primer sequences with identical matches to human ribosomal RNA have already been eliminated), was used to generate cDNA from total RNA obtained from a human colon tissue sample. 
     For the “NSR Hs sk muscle” represented by the “⋄” symbol, the computationally selected hexamer NSR library (in which &gt;90% of the primer sequences with identical matches to human ribosomal RNA have already been eliminated), was used to generate cDNA from total RNA obtained from a human skeletal muscle tissue sample. 
     For the “NSR Mm lung” data represented by the “▪” symbol, the computationally selected hexamer NSR library (in which &gt;90% of the primer sequences with identical matches to human ribosomal RNA have already been eliminated), was used to generate cDNA from total RNA obtained from a mouse sample. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , empirical refinement achieved by removal of a few additional primers (50 to 60) of the computationally derived NSR library would be predicted to result in the removal of as much as 90% of the rRNA sequencing reads. As described in Example 8, while the computational filter is useful to remove all the hexamer sequences with perfect matches to unwanted rRNA sequences, there are still hexamers remaining in the library that prime rRNA synthesis. Therefore, the enrichment/refinement process is useful to identify and remove these residual primer sequences from the library. However, this refinement has not typically been performed for computationally derived human NSR libraries, because the computational selection alone is typically sufficient to generate a cDNA library that is highly enriched for informative RNAs, as described in Example 3 and illustrated in  FIG. 6B . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 13 , for the random-primed hexamer library (N7), the vast majority of reads (&gt;85%) from cDNA generated from total human RNA are derived from rRNAs. This analysis suggests that 100 hexamer sequences are responsible for priming 60% of the rRNA, and their removal could form the basis of the first round of empirical iteration of library enrichment. 
     It is further noted that the computationally selected NSR library that was selected based on identification and elimination of human rRNA sequences would be expected to be effective for use in generating cDNA from mouse total RNA, as shown in  FIG. 13 , “NSR Mm Lung.” This is likely due to the fact that mouse and human ribosomal RNA are highly conserved, with 96.4 sequence identity and with &gt;99% identity in regions that were shown to be vulnerable to hexamer priming (data not shown). 
     Another modeling study was carried out using the data obtained from the preceding examples, which compared the predicted amount of informative content of cDNA generated using NSR hexamer primer populations that were generated by either (1) computational selection (as shown in  FIG. 14A ); (2) random hexamers followed by one round of enrichment by sequence refinement, (as shown in  FIG. 14B ); or (3) random hexamers followed by two rounds of enrichment by sequence refinement (as shown in  FIG. 14C ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14A ,  14 B, and  14 C, the percentage of total RNA (including informative RNA and redundant RNA (in this case rRNA)) is shown on the y-axis and the percent removal of rRNA is shown on the x-axis. The solid lines represent informative RNA, and the dashed lines represent rRNA. Total RNA corresponds to the extreme left hand side of each plot where ˜95% of the RNA is redundant rRNA and ˜5% of the RNA is informative RNA. In ideal sequencing libraries, &gt;95% of the redundant RNA is eliminated, and therefore the majority of the reads are derived from informative RNAs. 
     As shown in  FIG. 14A , computationally selected NSR libraries most often result in libraries with a high proportion of informative reads per million that are suitable for sequencing. The range of enrichment of informative reads is shown in the boxed region at the right side of the graph, typically in the range of from 95% to 99%. As described in Example 3, for mammalian subjects such as human and mouse, the enrichment is typically at the higher side of the range, such as 98% or higher. 
     As noted above in Example 8, the use of computationally selected NSR primer pools for generating transcriptome libraries from bacterial species that are highly divergent and GC rich, such as  R. palustris , typically results in enrichment of informative reads at the lower end of the range shown in the boxed region of  FIG. 14A , such as about 95%, and are preferably further enriched by one or more rounds of sequence refinement of the NSR primers. 
     The predicted effect of one or more rounds of enrichment of the NSR primers is shown in  FIGS. 14B and 14C . As shown in  FIG. 14B , random hexamer primers are used to prime total human RNA and the several hundred hexamers that are most highly represented in redundant RNA reads are removed. Such a first round of enrichment of the NSR primers would be predicted to yield a hexamer NSR library in which 75% of the redundant RNA is eliminated, as shown in  FIG. 14B . Although this first round of enrichment of NSR primers may not provide the level of informative content desired for sequencing purposes, redundant priming hexamers could be identified and removed from the NSR primer population to generate a second round of enrichment of the NSR primers. It is likely that the twice enriched NSR primer set would lack many of the computationally selected NSR hexamers, and its performance would begin to approach that of a computationally selected NSR library as shown in  FIG. 14C  (with a range of from 88% to 95%). 
     Therefore, this prophetic example provides the results of computer modeling that predicts that an enriched NSR library can be generated using this iterative process of generating a first population of random hexamers, priming total RNA from a sample of interest to generate a cDNA library, sequencing a sufficient number of samples from the cDNA library to identify the primer sequences that prime the unwanted redundant sequences at the highest frequency, eliminating these primers from the first population of random primers to generate a second population of once enriched NSR primers, and optionally repeating the process one or more times to generate a third population (twice enriched), NSR primer population. 
     In summary, the use of a computationally selected NSR primer population is typically adequate to generate cDNA libraries from mammalian total RNA for cost-effective sequence based profiling, because generally greater than half of the sequencing reads are non-redundant and non-ribosomal. However, in cases where residual priming of redundant RNAs remains problematic, such as total RNA obtained from the  R. palustris  reference strain, as described in Example 8, it is preferable to enrich the computationally derived NSR primer population through the use of one or more rounds of empirical sequence refinement to eliminate the subset of primers that tends to prime redundant RNA in a restricted set of locations to generate a set of enriched NSR primers. Alternatively, in some applications, such as in the context of analyzing complex samples with multiple types of redundant unwanted RNAs (e.g., human blood infected with malaria), a starting population of random hexamers may be subjected to multiple rounds of enrichment through the use of empirical sequence refinement, in order to preserve the highest level of informative content while selectively removing primer sequences that prime the redundant RNAs. 
     Example 10 
     This Example describes methods for mitigating jackpot priming events in order to achieve more uniform transcript coverage in cDNA synthesized using NSR primer pools. 
     Methods: 
     1. Determination of the Uniformity of Coverage Across a Target Genomic Region of Interest in an NSR-Primed cDNA Library 
     In order to measure the uniformity of coverage of across a target region of interest for an NSR-primed cDNA library, a comparison of the sequencing read frequency of each genomic coordinate in the representative human MAP1B mRNA was made between a cDNA library generated from whole brain using standard methods of random priming polyA selected mRNA (“mRNA-seq”), as described in Wang, E. T., et al., Nature 456:470-476 (2008) as compared to a cDNA library generated using the 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=1 spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end) for first strand cDNA synthesis followed by second strand synthesis with the 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:750-1498) (that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=1 spacer) covalently attached at the 5′ end, as described in Example 3. 
     In brief, as described in Wang et al., the “mRNA-Seq” cDNA was prepared by preparing total RNA from tissue samples from human whole brain. Poly-T capture beads were used to isolate mRNA from 10 μg of the total RNA. First-strand cDNA was generated using random hexamer-primed reverse transcription, and subsequently used to generate second-strand cDNA using RNAse H and DNA polymerase. Sequencing adaptors were ligated using the Illumina Genomic DNA sample preparation kit. Fragments approximately 200 bp long were isolated by gel electrophoresis, amplified by 16 cycles of PCR, and sequenced on the Illumina Genome Analyzer. 
       FIG. 15A  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from mRNA-seq cDNA generated as described in Wang et al., for the genomic coordinates across human MAP1B mRNA (x-axis), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads. As shown in  FIG. 15A , the highest frequency of sequencing reads from mRNA-seq cDNA was 185 reads for a few distinct loci. 
       FIG. 15B  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR7 for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 riming the second strand synthesis, for the genomic coordinates across human MAP1B mRNA (x-axis), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads. As shown in  FIG. 15B , the highest frequency of sequencing reads from the NSR7 cDNA was 1572 and several distinct regions within the MAP1B transcript showed a similar high frequency of reads that initiated within specific sequence locations. The non-uniform clustering of reads, referred to as “jackpot” priming events, occurred at a much higher frequency in NSR7 primed libraries in comparison to the mRNA-seq cDNA. 
     2. Measuring the Effect of the Common 5′ Sequencing Primer Sequence Covalently Attached to Each NSR7 Primer in the Set of NSR7 Primers on Jackpot Priming Events. 
     An analysis was carried out to determine if the common 5′ primer sequence PBS#1 (5′TCCGATCTCT3′: SEQ ID NO:1499) plus N=1 spacer (otherwise referred to as 5′ primer tail) that was covalently attached to the 5′ end of the NSR primers for first stand cDNA synthesis, was responsible for the jackpot priming events, as follows. If the common tail sequence (5′TCCGATCTCT3′: SEQ ID NO:1499) plus N=1 spacer participates in jackpot priming, then a related sequence should be found within the reference human genome just upstream of the 5′ end of the sequencing read. Since the majority of reads in an NSR7 primed cDNA library are derived from these jackpot events, a bulk analysis of the nucleotide base composition found upstream of a large collection of NSR7 reads would be expected to resemble the primer tail sequence if the hypothesis that the tail participates in priming is true. Therefore, the frequency of the occurrence of “A”, “G”, “C” or “T” just upstream of each NSR7 priming location was determined at each position immediately 5′ of a large collection of NSR7 reads that aligned uniquely to the human genome.  FIG. 16  shows the aggregate results of 3,844,155 sequencing reads that aligned uniquely to the human genome. 
     It would be expected that at any given genomic location, each nucleotide (A, G, C or T) would be expected to be present at an approximately equal frequency (i.e., a frequency from about 20% to about 30%). As shown in  FIG. 16 , this approximately equal frequency of A, G, C and T nucleotides was observed for genomic positions −10 to −6. However, it was unexpectedly observed that for genomic positions −5 to −1, the frequency of each nucleotide that was present was skewed in favor of the nucleotide that was known to be present in the common 5′ primer region (5′TCCGATCTCT3′: SEQ ID NO:1499) of the NSR7 primers. For example, as shown in  FIG. 16 , for position −1, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 70% “T”. For position −2, the primer sequence is “C” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 65% “C”. For position −3, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 55% “T”. For position −4, the primer sequence is “C” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 50% “C”. Finally, for position −5, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 40% “T”. In contrast, for position −6, the primer sequence is “A” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 25%. 
     Therefore, it appears that the −1 to −5 nucleotides of the common primer sequence located immediately upstream of the spacer (N=1) and NSR primer 6-mer sequence is causing a jackpot priming effect by hybridizing to discrete locations within the target genomic locus and thereby causing a higher rate of specific priming events as compared to mRNA-seq cDNA. 
     3. Measuring the Effect of Longer Spacer Regions on the Frequency of Jackpot Priming Events 
     An experiment was carried out to determine if the addition of a longer spacer region (N2 to N6) in between the NSR primer region and the sequencing primer region would reduce or eliminate the observed jackpot priming events, and thereby be useful for generating cDNA libraries with more uniform representation. 
     A series of experiments was carried out with spacers having random sequences ranging in size from N=2 up to N=6 nucleotides, in which N=A, G, C or T were randomly included in the primer sets. In particular, 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=2-6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end) were used for first strand cDNA synthesis followed by second strand synthesis with the 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:750-1498) that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=2-6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end, using the methods as described in Example 3. 
     It was determined that NSR primers with a spacer region of N=6 nucleotides (i.e., 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end)), referred to as “NSR12” was best for first strand synthesis, and anti-NSR primers with a spacer region of N=6 nucleotides (i.e., 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:750-1498) that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end), were the best for second strand synthesis. In summary, the use of the spacer region N=6 was determined to the best for generating uniform cDNA transcriptome library for sequencing on the Illumina sequencing platform (data not shown). It is believed that NSR primers with longer spacer regions may also be used in this method (i.e., N=7 up to N=20), to generate uniform cDNA libraries, however, the use of such long spacer regions was not desirable for use in the high throughput sequencing platform described in this Example, because the sequencing read length is 34 nucleotides, starting at the first nucleotide after the sequencing primer. Therefore, the longer the spacer region present in the primer region of the NSR primers, the less sequence information would be generated per sequencing read. 
     A cDNA library generated using 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end), referred to as “NSR12” for first strand synthesis, and anti-NSR primers with a spacer region of N=6 nucleotides (i.e., 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:750-1498) (that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end), for second strand synthesis, using the methods described in Example 3, was used to generate cDNA by varying the temperature from 40° C. to 55° C. and the dNTP concentration from 0.5 mM to 3.0 mM during the reverse transcription reaction. 
     The cDNA samples generated as described above were then PCR amplified using the methods generally described in Example 3, and the PCR reactions were run on agarose gels to determine the best conditions by assessing the amount of smearing which was indicative of good transcript representation (data not shown). The best reaction conditions based on agarose gel analysis were determined to be the following: 
     1. 40° C. amplification with 1 mM dNTP 
     2. 40° C. amplification with 2 mM dNTP 
     3. 45° C. amplification with 1 mM dNTP 
     4. 45° C. amplification with 2 mM dNTP 
     5. 50° C. amplification with 1 mM dNTP 
     6. 50° C. amplification with 2 mM dNTP 
     7. 55° C. amplification with 0.5 mM dNTP 
     4. Assessing Uniformity of Coverage in the cDNA Libraries by Sequence Analysis 
     A 50,000 bp region (3:83,090-83,140,000) of mouse Chromosome 3 locus was used to assess the uniformity of coverage in cDNA libraries made either by the standard method (mRNA-seq), NSR7 (spacer N=1), or NSR12 cDNA libraries made under the 7 reaction conditions described above. The results are shown in TABLE 20 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FREQUENCY OF SEQUENCING READS ACROSS MOUSE 
               
               
                 CHROMOSOME 3 LOCUS* 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Maximum Read 
                 Frequency of 
                 Frequency of 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency 
                 rRNA reads 
                 unique reads 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 mRNA Ref-Seq (control) 
                 485 
                 Not Reported 
                 Not Reported 
               
               
                 NSR7 
                 2089 
                 22% 
                   
               
               
                 NSR12 
                 839 
                 24% 
                 62% 
               
               
                 40° C., 1 mM dNTP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NSR12 40° C., 2 mM dNTP 
                 1115 
                 22% 
                 65% 
               
               
                 NSR12 45° C., 1 mM dNTP 
                 1228 
                 24% 
                 62% 
               
               
                 NSR12 45° C., 2 mM dNTP 
                 1522 
                 22% 
                 62% 
               
               
                 NSR12 50° C., 1 mM dNTP 
                 1105 
                 25% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 NSR12 50° C., 2 mM dNTP 
                 1379 
                 19% 
                 61% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *mouse chromosome 3:83, 090-83, 140,000 (50,000 bp) 
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 The 13% to 20% of sequencing reads not shown in TABLE 20 did not align uniquely within the reference human genome and therefore their site of origin could not be determined. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown above in TABLE 20, the cDNA libraries generated using NSR12 had dramatically lower maximum read frequencies (839 to 1379) than the maximum read frequencies from the libraries generated using NSR7 (2089), indicating that the presence of the spacer region N=6 mitigates jackpot priming events and generates cDNA libraries having more uniform transcript coverage. As further shown in TABLE 20 above, the use of the spacer region N=6 does not affect the ability of the NSR primers to selectively prime the unique regions while avoiding priming the unwanted ribosomal RNA. 
     More importantly, the total number of sequencing reads aligning to a given transcript region was basically unchanged, meaning that the priming sites for reads was more evenly distributed across the transcripts.  FIG. 18A  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from mRNA-seq cDNA generated as described in Wang et al., for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads. As shown in  FIG. 18A , the highest frequency of sequencing reads from mRNA-seq cDNA was 485 for a few distinct loci. 
       FIG. 18B  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR7 (N=1) for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 priming the second strand synthesis, for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads. As shown in  FIG. 18B , the highest frequency of sequencing reads from NSR7 primed cDNA was 2089, and several distinct regions within the Fgg transcript showed a similar high frequency of reads that initiated within specific sequence locations. 
       FIG. 18C  graphically illustrates the frequency of 34 nt sequencing reads (y-axis) from cDNA generated using NSR12 (N=6) for priming first strand synthesis and anti-NSR7 priming the second strand synthesis (using #1 reaction conditions: 40° C. amplification with 1 mM dNTP), for the genomic coordinates across murine Fgg mRNA (x-axis) (contained on mouse chromosome 3:83,090-83,140,000), where the squares along the x-axis represent exons and the dots above the x-axis represent individual sequencing reads. As shown in  FIG. 18C , the highest frequency of sequencing reads from NSR12 primed cDNA was 839, with a much more even distribution of reads across the entire transcript as compared to the results shown in  FIG. 18B  for sequencing reads from NSR7 primed cDNA. 
     These results demonstrate that NSR12 primed cDNA mitigates jackpot priming events, which decreases the maximum read spike because the reads are more evenly distributed across the entire transcript. This is an important advantage for generating transcriptome libraries where the goal is to define transcript structures and to identify alternative splicing because more uniform coverage implies that less sequencing is required to completely saturate a given transcript region of interest, or a given transcript model, with sequencing reads. 
     5. Measuring the Mitigation of Jackpot Priming Events by the N6 Spacer Sequence 
     Similar to the analysis of the NSR7 primed transcript reads shown in  FIG. 16 , the base composition of the nucleotides just upstream of the NSR priming sites was analyzed for sequencing reads primed with NSR12 (spacer N=6). The results are shown in  FIG. 17 . The frequency of the occurrence of “A”, “G”, “C” or “T” at the highest frequency priming locations was determined at each position immediately 5′ of the sequenced read using the methods described above (i.e., designing reverse primers and direct sequencing of the genomic region), for 2,718,981 uniquely aligning sequencing reads derived from NSR12 primed cDNA. As shown in  FIG. 17 , the addition of N=6 spacer region to the NSR primer (NSR12) dramatically reduces the jackpot priming effect shown in  FIG. 16  with NSR7. For example, as shown in  FIG. 17 , for NSR12, at position-1, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 42% “T”. For position −2, the primer sequence is “C” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 35% “C”. For position −3, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 40% “T”. For position −4, the primer sequence is “C” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 30% “C”. Finally, for position −5, the primer sequence is “T” and the corresponding genomic locus has a frequency of about 35% “T”. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the addition of N=6 spacer reduces the jackpot priming effect observed with the nucleotides −1 to −5 of the primer binding site 5′ of the NSR7 primers. 
     It is important to note that the addition of the N=6 spacer random nucleotides immediately 5′ to the NSR hexamer sequence in the NSR primers (i.e., N is located in the middle of the primer oligonucleotides and not at the extreme 3′ end of the oligonucleotides) does not appear to result in hybridization of the NSR12 primers to the unwanted rRNA sequences that were selected against when generating the NSR hexamer population. This is likely because DNA polymerases (such as reverse transcriptases or Klenow) add bases to the 3′ end of annealed DNA strands. If the extreme 3′ end is not annealed, then extension rarely occurs. Therefore, as long as the 3′ end of the NSR primer (which contains the NSR hexamer sequence) does not anneal to the unwanted rRNA sequences, then it appears that priming to unwanted rRNA does not occur. 
     6. Assessing Uniformity of Coverage of Expressed Genes in an NSR12 Primed cDNA Library by Sequence Analysis 
     The 100 most highly expressed genes in mouse liver were used to assess the uniformity of coverage in cDNA libraries made by the standard method (mRNA-seq), NSR7 (spacer N=1), or NSR12 cDNA libraries made under the 7 conditions described above. The same number of aligned reads were randomly selected to these 100 genes from every sample, and the reads were sorted with respect to each exonic base in these 100 genes to determine the uniformity of coverage. 
       FIG. 19  graphically illustrates that cDNA libraries generated using NSR12 (spacer N=6) generates more even exon coverage than cDNA libraries generated using NSR7 primers (spacer N=1), wherein the sequencing read frequency on the y-axis is plotted against the ranking of the non-redundant 34 nt read sequences, shown on the x-axis. As shown in  FIG. 19 , on the far right, the most uniform coverage is present in the control RNA-seq cDNA. The NSR7-primed cDNA library (spacer N=1) has the least uniform coverage, on the far left. The NSR12-primed cDNA libraries (L1, L6 and L7) are shown in between the NSR7-primed library and the RNA-seq cDNA, with the LI showing the most uniform coverage of the NSR12-primed libraries. As described above, the L1 cDNA library was generated with NSR12 using 749 NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:1-749) (that each have PBS#1 (SEQ ID NO:1499 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end), referred to as “NSR12” for first strand synthesis, and anti-NSR primers with a spacer region of N=6 nucleotides (i.e., 749 anti-NSR 6-mers (SEQ ID NO:750-1498) (that each have PBS#2 (SEQ ID NO:1500 plus N=6 spacers) covalently attached at the 5′ end), for second strand synthesis, using the methods described in Example 3, to generate cDNA with a reverse transcriptase reaction carried out at 40° C. at a dNTP concentration of 1 mM. 
     In summary, this Example demonstrates that the use of a spacer region (N2 to N6) positioned between the common primer region at the 5′ end of the NSR primers and the hexamer NSR region, such as NSR12, mitigates jackpot priming events and generates cDNA libraries having more uniform transcript coverage. 
     While illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.