Patent Publication Number: US-10308689-B2

Title: Dengue virus (DV) polypeptide sequences, T cell epitopes and methods and uses thereof

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/719,227 filed Dec. 18, 2012, which is a continuation in part of International Application No. PCT/US2011/041889, filed Jun. 24, 2011, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/391,882, filed Oct. 11, 2010, and U.S. Provisional-Application No. 61/358,142, filed Jun. 24, 2010, and this application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/024,943 filed Jul. 15, 2014, all of which applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     This invention received government support under National Institutes of Health grants AI060989, AI077099, U54 AI057157 and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN272200900042C. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Sep. 29, 2015, is named LIAI0440555.txt and is 149,389 bytes in size. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Dengue virus (DENV, DV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family, which also includes West Nile Virus (WNV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). The four serotypes of DENV (DENV1-4) share approximately 65-75% homology at the amino acid level (Fu, et al.  Virology  188:953 (1992)). Infections with DENV can be asymptomatic, or cause disease ranging from dengue fever (DF) to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (WHO,  Dengue: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control  (2009)). DF is a self-limiting illness with symptoms that include fever, headache, myalgia, retro-orbital pain, nausea, and vomiting. DHF and DSS are characterized by increased vascular permeability, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic manifestations, and in the case of DSS, shock, which can be fatal. The incidence of DENV infections has increased 30-fold in the past 50 years (WHO,  Dengue: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control  (2009)). DF and DHF/DSS are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and therefore a DENV vaccine is a global public health priority. However, vaccine development has been challenging, as a vaccine should protect against all four DENV serotypes (Whitehead, et al.  Nat Rev Microbiol  5:518 (2007)). 
     Severe dengue disease (DHF/DSS) most often occurs in individuals experiencing a secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype, suggesting the immune response contributes to the pathogenesis (Sangkawibha, et al.  Am J Epidemiol  120:653 (1984); Guzman, et al.  Am J Epidemiol  152:793 (1997)). One hypothesis is that serotype cross-reactive antibodies enhance infection of FcγR +  cells during a secondary infection resulting in higher viral loads and more severe disease via a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Morens, et al.  Clin Infect Dis  19:500 (1994); Halstead,  Adv Virus Res  60:421 (2003)). Recent studies have demonstrated DENV-specific antibody can enhance disease in mice (Zellweger, et al.  Cell Host Microbe  7:128 (2010); Balsitis, et al.  PLoS Pathog  6:e1000790 (2010)). It has also been proposed that serotype cross-reactive memory T cells may respond sub-optimally during secondary infection and contribute to the pathogenesis (Mathew, et al.  Immunol Rev  225:300 (2008)). Accordingly, studies have shown serotype cross-reactive T cells can exhibit an altered phenotype in terms of cytokine production and degranulation (Mangada, et al.  J Immunol  175:2676 (2005); Mongkolsapaya, et al.  Nat Med  9:921 (2003); Mongkolsapaya, et al.  J Immunol  176:3821 (2006)). However, another study found the breadth and magnitude of the T cell response during secondary DENV infection was not significantly associated with disease severity (Simmons, et al.  J Virol  79:5665 (2005)). Although many studies have investigated the role of T cells in DENV pathogenesis, few studies have examined the contribution of T cells to protection against DENV. Consequently, the role of T cells in protection versus pathogenesis during DENV infections is presently unknown. This is primarily due to the lack of an adequate animal model, as mice are resistant to infection with this human pathogen (Yauch, et al.  Antiviral Res  80:87 (2008)). A mouse-passaged DENV2 strain, S221, does not replicate to detectable levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, but does replicate in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). Using S221 and IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, a protective role for CD8 +  T cells in the response to primary DENV2 infection was reported (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). 
     CD4 +  T cells can contribute to the host response to pathogens in a variety of ways. They produce cytokines and can mediate cytotoxicity. They also help B cell responses by inducing immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), and help prime the CD8 +  T cell response. CD4 +  T cells can help the CD8 +  T cell response indirectly by activating APCs, for example via CD40L/CD40 (Bevan,  Nat Rev Immunol  4:595 (2004)). CD40L on CD4 +  T cells is important in activating B cells as well (Elgueta, et al.  Immunol Rev  229:152 (2009)). CD4 +  T cells can also induce chemokine production that attracts CD8 +  T cells to sites of infection (Nakanishi, et al.  Nature  462:510 (2009)). However, the requirement for CD4 +  T cell help for antibody and CD8 +  T cell responses is not absolute, and may be specific to the pathogen and/or experimental system. For instance, it has been shown that CSR can occur in the absence of CD4 +  T cells (Stavnezer, et al.  Annu Rev Immunol  26:261 (2008)), and the primary CD8 +  T cell response is CD4-independent under inflammatory conditions (Bevan,  Nat Rev Immunol  4:595 (2004)). 
     Numerous studies have investigated the phenotype of DENV serotype cross-reactive T cells, which have been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of secondary heterologous infections, yet the actual contribution of T cells during DENV infection is unknown. 
     This suspected dual role of T cells in protection and pathogenesis is difficult to study in humans, since in most donor cohorts the time point and in case of secondary infections the sequence of infection is unknown, and does not allow direct correlations with T cell responses. A mouse model, which allows investigation of adaptive immune responses restricted by human histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to DENV infection, would shed light on the role of T cells in protection and/or pathogenesis. Mice transgenic for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are widely used to study T cell responses restricted by human MHC molecules and studies in other viral systems have shown the valuable impact of HLA transgenic mice in epitope identification (Kotturi, et al.  Immunome Res  6:4 (2010); Kotturi, et al.  Immunome Res  5:3 (2009); Pasquetto, et al.  J Immunol  175:5504 (2005)). It has been reported that mice lacking the IFNR-α/β support a productive DENV infection and allow the study of T cell responses after DENV infection (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  185:5405 (2010); Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009); Shresta, et al.  J Virol  78:2701 (2004)). To cover a wide range of HLA phenotypes, IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were backcrossed with HLA, A*0201, A*0101, A*1101, B*0701 and DRB1*0101 transgenic mice and the T cell response against infection with DENV was determined. 
     SUMMARY 
     As disclosed herein, the contribution of CD4 +  T cells to the host response to primary DENV2 infection using IFN-α/βR −/−  mice is defined. Infection with DENV2 resulted in CD4 +  T cell expansion and activation. The DENV-specific CD4 +  T cells expressed intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and could mediate in vivo cytotoxicity (e.g., kill peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo). Surprisingly, depletion of CD4 +  T cells before DENV infection had no effect on viral loads, and CD4 +  T cells were not required for the induction of the DENV2-specific antibody or CD8 +  T cell responses. Candidate MHC class II (I-A b )-binding peptides from the entire proteome of DENV2, which is approximately 3390 amino acids and encodes three structural (core (C), envelope (E), and membrane (M)), and seven non-structural (NS) (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5) proteins, were identified. Numerous additional CD4 +  T cell and CD8 +  T cell epitopes from the structural and non-structural (NS) proteins are also disclosed herein (e.g., Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11 14 &amp;15). Immunization with T cell epitopes, such as CD8 +  or CD4 +  T cell epitopes, before DENV infection resulted in significantly lower viral loads. While CD4 +  T cells do not appear to be required for controlling primary DENV infection, immunization contributes to viral clearance. 
     By way of example, 42 epitopes derived from 9 of the 10 DENV proteins were identified. 80% of the epitopes identified were able to elicit a T cell response in human donors, previously exposed to DENV. The mouse model described herein also reflected response patterns observed in humans. These findings indicate that inducing anti-DENV CD4 +  T and/or CD8+ T cell responses by immunization/vaccination will be an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment for DENV infection and/or pathology. 
     By way of a further example, HLA class I binding predicted epitopes for 16 HLA A and 11 HLA B alleles for all four DENV serotypes were tested in ex vivo IFNγ ELISPOT assays in HLA-matched PBMC of 250 blood donors from Sri Lanka where DENV is hyper-epidemic. This proteome-wide screen h identified a total of 408 epitopes across all 10 DENV proteins. Clustering epitopes that share more than 80% sequence homology resulted in the definition of 267 antigenic regions, with the 25 most immunodominant regions accounting for 50% of the total response observed. 
     In accordance with the invention, there are provided peptides, methods and uses, in which the peptides include or consist of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) structural or non-structural (NS) polypeptide sequence, and the peptide elicits, stimulates, induces, promotes, increases, or enhances an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response or an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell response. In one embodiment, a peptide includes or consists of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) structural core (C), membrane (M) or envelope (E) polypeptide sequence, for example, based upon or derived from a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. In another embodiment, a peptide includes or consists of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence, for example, based upon or derived from a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. 
     In particular aspects, a peptide includes or consists of a sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 or 15, or a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof. Exemplary modifications include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative, non-conservative, or conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions. 
     In certain embodiments, a peptide elicits an anti-DV response. In particular aspects, an anti-DV response includes a CD8 +  T cell response and/or a CD4 +  T cell response. Such responses can be ascertained, for example, by increased IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 production by CD8 +  T cells in the presence of the peptide; and/or increased CD4 +  T cell production of IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2, or CD40L in the presence of the peptide, or killing of peptide-pulsed target cells. 
     The invention also provides compositions including the peptides (e.g., T cell epitopes), such as pharmaceutical compositions. Compostions can include one or more peptides selected from Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15, or a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof, as well as optionally adjuvants. 
     Peptides, and subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof (e.g., T cell epitopes) can be used for stimulating, inducing, promoting, increasing, or enhancing an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in a subject. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of a peptide sufficient to stimulate, induce, promote, increase, or enhance an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in the subject, and/or provide the subject with protection against a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or one or more physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases or symptoms caused by or associated with DV infection or pathology. 
     Peptides, and subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof (e.g., T cell epitopes) can also be used for treating a subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of a peptide sufficient to treat the subject for the Dengue virus (DV) infection. 
     Exemplary responses, in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo, elicited by T cell epitopes include, stimulating, inducing, promoting, increasing, or enhancing an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response or an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell response. In particular aspects, CD8 +  T cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 in response to T cell epitope, and/or CD4 +  T cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2 or CD40L, or kill peptide-pulsed target cells in response to a T cell epitope. Accordingly, peptides, and subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof (e.g., T cell epitopes) can also be used for inducing, increasing, promoting or stimulating anti-Dengue virus (DV) activity of CD8 +  T cells or CD4+ T cells in a subject. 
     In various embodiments, multiple peptides, for example, multiple Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitopes are employed in the methods and uses of the invention. In particular aspects, the Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope includes or consists of one or more sequences set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15, or a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a peptide comprising or consisting of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) structural or non-structural (NS) polypeptide sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Tables 11, 14 &amp; 15, or a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof, where the peptide elicits, stimulates, induces, promotes, increases, or enhances an anti-DV CD8+ T cell response or an anti-DV CD4+ T cell response. In certain embodiments a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprises the peptide. In certain embodiments the peptide comprises or consists of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) structural core (C), membrane (M) or envelope (E) polypeptide sequence. In certain embodiments the structural core (C), membrane (M) or envelope (E) polypeptide sequence is identical to or derived from a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. In certain aspects the peptide comprises or consists of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence. In some aspects the peptide comprises or consists of a subsequence, portion, or an amino acid modification of Dengue virus (DV) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments the NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence is identical to or derived from a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. In some embodiments said amino acid modification is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 conservative, non-conservative, or conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions. In certain embodiments the peptide is isolated or purified. In certain aspects the anti-DV CD8+ T cell response comprises increased IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 production by CD8+ T cells in the presence of the peptide. In certain aspects the CD4+ T cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2, or CD40L in the presence of the peptide, or kill peptide-pulsed target cells. 
     In some embodiment, a composition comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or more peptides selected from Tables 11, 14 &amp; 15 or a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof. In certain aspects the composition comprises a pharmaceutical composition and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or adjuvant, optionally sterile. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated as a vaccine, that is optionally sterile. The composition can be a powder, for example in freeze-dried form, optionally sterile. In certain embodiments the composition is adapted to be re-dissolved before use, for example in an aqueous optionally sterile solution, for example a solution having a pH in the range of 4 to 8 or a pH of 6 to 8. In some embodiments the composition comprises saline, optionally sterile, and optionally further comprising a pH controlling or buffering agent, a wetting agent, a dispersant, a thickener or a preservative or anti-microbial agent. 
     In some embodiments presented herein is a kit comprising a compartment and instructions, where the compartment comprises one or more of the compositions described herein and where the instructions are for use in eliciting, stimulating, inducing, promoting, increasing or enhancing an anti-DV CD8+ T cell response or an anti-DV CD4+ T cell response. 
     In some embodiments presented herein is a method of stimulating, inducing, promoting, increasing, or enhancing an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in a subject, comprising administering to a subject an amount of a peptide or composition described herein that is sufficient to stimulate, induce, promote, increase, or enhance an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in the subject. In certain aspects the immune response provides the subject with protection against a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or one or more physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases or symptoms caused by or associated with DV infection or pathology. 
     In some embodiments presented herein is a method of a method of treating a subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection, comprising administering to a subject a peptide or composition described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection. In certain embodiments, the Dengue virus comprises a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. In some aspects a peptide comprises or consists of a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope. In some aspects a T cell epitope described herein elicits, stimulates, induces, promotes, increases, or enhances an anti-DV CD8+ T cell response or an anti-DV CD4+ T cell response. In some embodiments a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope is a structural or non-structural (NS) T cell epitope. In some embodiments a Dengue virus T cell epitope comprises or consists of a subsequence or portion of Dengue virus C, M or E protein. In certain embodiments a Dengue virus T cell epitope comprises or consists of a subsequence or portion of NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 protein. In some embodiments a Dengue virus (DV) infection is acute. In certain embodiments a subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments a subject is a human. In certain aspects a method described herein reduces one or more adverse physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases, symptoms or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In certain aspects a method described herein improves one or more adverse physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases, symptoms or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In certain aspects a method described herein reduces or inhibits susceptibility to Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In some embodiments of a method described herein the Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope is administered prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following exposure to or infection of the subject with Dengue virus (DV). In certain aspects of the method, a plurality of Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitopes are administered prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following exposure to or infection of the subject with Dengue virus (DV). A Dengue virus can comprise a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. In some embodiments the method reduces one or more adverse physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases, symptoms or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In some embodiments the method improves one or more adverse physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases, symptoms or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In some embodiments the method reduces or inhibits susceptibility to Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In some embodiments the Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope is administered prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following exposure to or infection of the subject with Dengue virus (DV). In certain embodiments a plurality of Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitopes are administered prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following exposure to or infection of the subject with Dengue virus (DV). 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  show that DENV2 infection results in CD4 +  T cell activation and expansion in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice.  FIG. 1A ) The numbers of splenic CD4 +  T cells in naïve IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (n=6) and IFN-α/βR −/−  mice infected with 10 10  genomic equivalents (GE) of DENV2 (n=11) are shown. *** p&lt;0.001 for naïve versus infected mice.  FIG. 1B ) The percentage of CD62L lo CD44 hi  cells (gated on CD4 +  cells) is shown for naïve (n=4) and IFN-α/βR −/−  mice infected with 10 10  GE of DENV2 (n=8). ** p&lt;0.01 for naïve versus infected mice.  FIG. 1C ) Blood lymphocytes were obtained from IFN-α/βR −/−  mice on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2. The percentage of CD44 hi CD62L lo  cells (gated on CD4 +  T cells)±SEM (n=6) is shown.  FIG. 1D ) The percentage and number of splenic Foxp3 +  cells (gated on CD4 +  cells) are shown for naïve (n=4) and infected IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (n=4). 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  show the identification of DENV2-derived epitopes recognized by CD4 +  T cells.  FIG. 2A ) Splenocytes were obtained from IFN-α/βR −/−  mice 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2 and re-stimulated in vitro with DENV2-derived 15-mer peptides predicted to bind I-A b . Cells were then stained for surface CD4 and intracellular IFN-γ and analyzed by flow cytometry. The 4 positive peptides identified are shown. In the dot plots, the percentage of CD4 +  T cells producing IFN-γ is indicated. The responses of individual mice as well as the mean and SEM are also shown (n=7-11). The response of unstimulated cells was subtracted from the response to each DENV2 peptide, and the net percentage and number of splenic CD4 +  T cells producing IFN-γ are indicated.  FIG. 2B , Splenocytes were obtained from wild-type C57BL/6 mice 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2 and stimulated and stained as in A (n=6). 
         FIG. 3  shows that DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells are polyfunctional. Splenocytes were obtained from IFN-α/βR −/−  mice 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2 and stimulated in vitro with individual peptides. Cells were then stained for surface CD4, and intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The response of unstimulated cells was subtracted from the response to each DENV2 peptide, and the net percentages of the CD4 +  T cells that are expressing at least one molecule are indicated. The mean and SEM of 3 mice is shown. 
         FIG. 4  shows that depletion of CD4 +  T cells prior to DENV2 infection does not affect viral RNA levels. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were depleted of CD4 +  or CD8 +  cells, or both, by administration of GK1.5 or 2.43 Ab, respectively, (or given an isotype control Ab) 2 days before and 1 day after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2. Mice were sacrificed 5 days later, and DENV2 RNA levels in the serum, spleen, small intestine, brain, and kidney were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Data are expressed as DENV2 copies per ml of sera, or DENV2 units normalized to 18S rRNA levels for the organs. Each symbol represents one mouse, the bar represents the geometric mean, and the dashed line is the limit of detection. * p&lt;0.05, ** p&lt;0.01, and *** p&lt;0.001 for viral RNA levels comparing T cell-depleted mice with control mice. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C  show that CD4 +  T cells are not required for the anti-DENV2 antibody response. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (control or CD4-depleted) were infected with 10 10  GE of DENV2. Fig. A) IgM and IgG titers in the sera at day 7 were measured by ELISA (n=5 control and 6 CD4-depleted mice). Data are combined from two independent experiments. Fig. B) Neutralizing activity of sera from naïve (n=4) and control (n=6) or CD4-depleted mice (n=6) obtained 7 days after infection was determined by measuring the ability of the sera to reduce DENV2 infection of C6/36 cells. Fig. C) The percentage of germinal center B cells (GL7 + Fas + , gated on B220 +  cells) in the spleen 7 days after infection is shown. The plots are representative of 5 control and 5 CD4-depleted mice. 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  show that CD4 +  T cells are not required for the primary DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell response. Fig. A) Splenocytes were obtained from IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (control or CD4-depleted) 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2, and stimulated in vitro with immunodominant DENV2-derived H-2 b -restricted CD8 +  T cell epitopes. Cells were then stained for CD8 and IFN-γ and analyzed by flow cytometry, and the number of CD8 +  T cells producing IFN-γ is shown. Results are expressed as the mean±SEM of 4 mice per group. ** p&lt;0.01. Fig. B) Splenocytes were obtained as in A and stimulated with NS4B 99-107  in the presence of an anti-CD107 Ab, and then stained for CD8, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2. The response of unstimulated cells was subtracted from the response to each DENV2 peptide, and the net percentages of the CD8 +  T cells that are expressing at least one molecule are indicated. The mean and SEM of 3 mice is shown. Fig. C) CD8 +  T cell-mediated killing. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (control or CD4-depleted) infected 7 days previously with 10 10  GE of DENV2 were injected i.v. with CFSE-labeled target cells pulsed with a pool of DENV2-derived immunodominant H-2 b -restricted peptides (C 51-59 , NS2A 8-15 , NS4B 99-107 , and NS5 237-245 ) at the indicated concentrations (n=3-6 mice per group). After 4 h, splenocytes were harvested, analyzed by flow cytometry, and the percentage killing was calculated. 
         FIG. 7  shows cytotoxicity mediated by DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells. In vivo killing of DENV2-derived I-A b -restricted peptide-pulsed cells. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (control, CD4-depleted, or CD8-depleted) infected 7 days previously with 10 10  GE of DENV2 were injected i.v. with CFSE-labeled target cells pulsed with the three epitopes that contain only CD4 +  T cell epitopes (NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , and NS3 237-51 ) (n=6 control, 3 CD4-depleted, and 3 CD8-depleted mice). After 16 h, splenocytes were harvested, analyzed by flow cytometry, and the percentage killing was calculated. 
         FIG. 8  shows that peptide immunization with CD4 +  T cell epitopes results in enhanced DENV2 clearance. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were immunized s.c. with 50 μg each of the three DENV peptides that contain only CD4 +  T cell epitopes (NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , NS3 237-51 ) in CFA, or mock-immunized with DMSO in CFA. Mice were boosted 11 days later with peptide in IFA, then challenged with 10 11  GE of DENV2 13 days later, and sacrificed 4 days after infection. Separate groups of peptide-immunized mice were depleted of CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cells prior to infection. DENV2 RNA levels in the tissues were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and are expressed as DENV2 units normalized to 18S rRNA. Each symbol represents one mouse and the bar represents the geometric mean. * p&lt;0.05, ** p&lt;0.01. 
         FIG. 9A-9D  show identification of DENV-derived epitopes recognized by CD8 +  T cells. DENV specific epitope identification was performed in four different HLA transgenic mouse strains ( FIG. 9A ) A*0201; ( FIG. 9B ) A *1101; ( FIG. 9C ) A*0101; ( FIG. 9D ) B*0702. For all strains tested, IFNγ ELISPOT was performed using splenic T cells isolated from HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (black bars) and HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR +/+  mice (white bars). Mice were infected i.v. retro-orbitally with 1×10 10  GE of DENV2 (S221) in 100 μl PBS. Seven days post-infection, CD8 +  T cells were purified and tested against a panel of S221 predicted peptides. The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells of two independent experiments. Error bars represent SEM. Responses against peptides were considered positive if the stimulation index (SI) exceeded double the mean negative control wells (effector cells plus APCs without peptide) and net spots were above the threshold of 20 SFCs/10 6  CD8 +  T cells in two independent experiments. Asterisks indicate peptides, which were able to elicit a significant IFNγ response in each individual experiment, according to the criteria described above. 
         FIG. 10  shows identification of DENV-derived epitopes recognized by CD4 +  T cells. IFNγ ELISPOT was performed using CD4 +  T cells isolated from DRB1*0101 transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  (black bars) and IFN-α/βR +/+  (white bars) mice. Mice were infected i.v. retro-orbitally with 1×10 10  GE of DENV2 (S221) in 100 μl PBS. Seven days postinfection, CD4 +  T cells were purified and tested against a panel of S221 predicted peptides. The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  CD4 +  T cells of two independent experiments. Error bars represent SEM. Responses against peptides were considered positive if the stimulation index (SI) exceeded double the mean negative control wells (effector cells plus APCs without peptide) and net spots were above the threshold of 20 SFCs/10 6  CD4 +  T cells in two individual experiments. Asterisks indicate peptides, which were able to elicit a significant IFNγ response, according to the criteria described above. 
         FIGS. 11A-11B  show the determination of optimal epitope studies. To determine the dominant epitope, HLA-transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were infected with 1×10 10  GE of DENV2 (S221) and spleens harvested 7 days post infection. CD8 +  T cells were purified and incubated for 24 hours with ascending concentrations of nested peptides.  FIG. 11A ) shows pairs of peptides where the 9-mer and the 10mer were able to elicit a significant T cell response;  FIG. 11B ) shows the 3 B*0702 restricted peptides which did show an IC 50 &gt;1000 nM in the respective binding assay. Peptides were retested in parallel with their corresponding 8-, 10- and 11-mers. The peptides, which were able to elicit stronger IFNγ responses at various concentrations, were then considered the dominant epitope. 
         FIGS. 12A-12B  show MHC-restriction of identified epitopes. HLA A*0201 ( FIG. 12A ) and HLA A*1101 ( FIG. 12B ) transfected 0.221 cells, as well as the non-transfected cell line as a control, were used as antigen presenting cells in titration experiments to determine MHC restriction. Purified CD8 +  T cells from DENV2 (S221) infected HLA A*A0201 and HLA A*110 IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were incubated with increasing concentrations of peptides and tested for IFNγ production in an ELISPOT assay. Representative graphs of CD8 +  T cell responses are shown, when incubated with HLA transfected cell lines (A and B; black lines) and non-transfected cell lines (A and B, grey lines) are shown. The dotted line indicates the 25 net SFCs/10 6  cells threshold used to define positivity. 
         FIGS. 13A-13F  show antigenicity of identified epitopes in human donors. Epitopes (1 μg/ml individual peptide for 7 days) identified in the HLA-transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were validated by their capacity to stimulate PBMC (2×10 6  PBMC/ml) from human donors and then tested in an IFNγ ELISPOT assay.  FIGS. 13A-E ) show IFNγ responses/10 6  PBMC after stimulation with A*0101, A*0201, A*1101, B*0702 and DRB1*0101 restricted peptides, respectively. Donors, seropositive for DENV, were grouped in HLA matched and non-HLA matched cohorts, as shown in panels 1 and 2 of each figure. All epitopes identified were further tested in DENV seronegative individuals. The average IFNγ responses elicited by PBMC from DENV seropositive non-HLA matched and DENV seronegative donors plus 3 times the standard deviation (SD) was set as a threshold for positivity, as indicated by the dashed line.  FIG. 13F ) shows the mean IFNγ response/10 6  T cells from HLA transgenic mice (black bars) and HLA matched donors (white bars) grouped by HLA restriction of the epitopes tested. 
         FIG. 14  shows subproteinlocation of identified epitopes from Table 2. All identified epitopes were grouped according to the DENV subprotein they are derived from. Black bars show the total IFNγ response all epitopes of a certain protein could elicit. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the number of epitopes that have been detected for this protein. 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  show HLA coverage and serological characteristics of the study population. ( FIG. 15A ) HLA allele coverage in the Sri Lankan cohort is shown. Bars represent the relative number of donors where the donor specific HLA alleles have been exactly matched (black bars) or matched within the same supertype (white bars) with one of the 27 alleles selected for our study. The black line represents the cumulative number of donors where at least 1 allele has been matched exactly. ( FIG. 15B ) The relative number of donors with neutralizing antibodies against one, two, three or all four serotypes is shown. Donors have experienced either primary (white bars) or secondary infection (black bars). ( FIG. 15C ) Summary of all donors experiencing primary infection (n=55). Neutralization titers against donors infected with DENV1 (n=14), DENV2 (n=18), DENV3 (n=20) or DENV4 (n=3) are shown. 
         FIGS. 16A-16B  show immunodominant regions of the dengue virus polyprotein. ( FIG. 16A ) The genomic position of DENV encoded proteins ((capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM/M), envelope (E), NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5) and the total observed response magnitude for every amino acid along the proteome is shown (black bars). The data are expressed as total number of IFNγ SFC/10 6  PBMC. The heat map indicates the number of donors that showed a positive cytokine response to peptides within these regions. ( FIG. 16B ) Identified antigenic regions were plotted as a function of the percentage of the total response. Lines indicate the number of regions needed to account for 25, 75 and 90% of the total response, respectively. 
         FIGS. 17A-17D  show differences between serotype specific responses. ( FIG. 17A ) Magnitude of serotype specific and conserved T cell responses. Total of responses observed against serotype specific regions (black bars) or regions being conserved/homologous (white bars) are shown. Conserved regions are defined as sequences found in two or more serotypes, also allowing one residue substitutions to account for potential cross-reactivity of highly homologous sequences. The data are expressed as total number of IFNγ SFC/10 6  PBMC. Responses magnitudes (as SFC/10 6  PBMC values) directed against conserved regions ( FIG. 17B ), specific for DENV2 ( FIG. 17C ) or DENV3 ( FIG. 17D ) were plotted as a function of the genomic position in the DENV polyprotein. 
         FIGS. 18A-18H  show deciphering antigenic sin. Responses form donors either exhibiting responses against DENV2 ( FIG. 18A ) or DENV3 ( FIG. 18B ) specific epitopes are compiled. All responses observed in these donors were then plotted dependent on their origin from serotype specific (white bars) or conserved regions (black bars). Representative donors were incubated with donor-specific peptide pools [1 μg/ml] originated either from regions serotype specific for DENV3 (white circles) or regions conserved between two or more serotypes (black circles) for 6 hours in the presence of BFA. Cells were then stained with mAB against surface markers CD3, CD8, CD45RA, CD27, and mAB against intracellular C107a, IFNγ, TNFα and IL2. Magnitude of response ( FIG. 18C ), and phenotype of responding cell ( FIG. 18D ) of the individual donors (n=7) based on gating of the IFNγ producing cells is shown. The average CD45RA, CCR7, CD27 and CD107a expression for all responding cells is shown in panel ( FIG. 18E ). Multifunctional responses are shown for individual donors ( FIG. 18F ) and as average of all donors studied ( FIG. 18G , n=6). Avidity of responding T cells was determined by incubating PBMC with ascending concentrations of peptide pools [0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1; and 10 μg/ml]. The peptide concentration, which was necessary to induce 50% of the maximum responses (EC50) was calculated and compared between normalized samples ( FIG. 18H ). 
         FIGS. 19A-19C  show HLA linked T cell responses. ( FIG. 19A ) Differential frequency and magnitude of HLA restricted responses. Frequency (black bars) and the magnitude (white bars) of T cell responses (as total SFC/10 6  PBMC values) sorted according to their restriction element is shown. ( FIG. 19B ) Association of HLA restricted T cell responses with disease susceptibility. A meta-analysis of all data associating HLA allele with disease susceptibility available in the literature was performed. For each of the studies, all investigated alleles were ranked according to their association with disease (dengue fever [DF], dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] and dengue shock syndrome [DSS]). A calculated percentile ranking across all studies for the 18 alleles detected in significant frequencies in our own cohort was performed and correlated the rankings with T cell responses. Disease susceptibility was correlated with the average magnitudes of HLA restricted responses (left panel), with the frequency and the magnitude of T cell responses per donor (middle panel) and with the magnitude per epitope as well as breath of (right panel) One-tailed Spearman test was then used to calculate correlations using Prism Graph Pad Software, Inc (La Jolla, Calif.). ( FIG. 19C ) Multi-functionality of HLA restricted responses. Representative donors were stimulated with HLA restricted donor-specific peptide pools. [1 μg/ml] for 6 hours in the presence of BFA. Cells were then stained with mAB against surface markers CD3, CD8 and mAB against intracellular IFNγ, TNFα and IL2. Pie charts represent cytokine profiles of individual donors. The relative number of cells producing one (dark grey areas), two (light grey areas) or three (white areas) of the measured cytokines are shown. Percentages in the pie charts represent the number of cells, which produce 2 or more cytokines. Numbers under the pie charts represent the T cell responses (as IFNγ SFC/106 PBMC) of this specific donor/allele combination in the ELISPOT assay. Responses hierarchy was IFNγ&gt;TNFα&gt;IL2 in all experiments (n=4). 
         FIGS. 20A-20D  show a correlation between T cell and antibody responses. ( FIG. 20A ) DENV specific IgG titers of all donors investigated in this study are shown. Results are grouped according to the immune status of the donor (dengue negative, primary or secondary infection). Donors with history of dengue infection have additionally been grouped into responding donors (R) with non-responding donors (NR) referring to a detectable T cell response in the IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Serum sample from 80 donors were investigated and total dengue specific IgG titers ( FIG. 20B ), enhancement titers ( FIG. 20C ) and neutralization titers ( FIG. 20D ) were measured. These parameters were then compared to T cell responses observed in these specific donors. Data were analyzed using Prism Graph Pad Software, Inc (La Jolla, Calif.). 
         FIGS. 21A-21E  show DENV 3 specific epitope identification in an HLA transgenic mouse model. DENV specific epitope identification was performed in five different HLA transgenic mouse strains: A*0101 ( FIG. 21A ); A*0201 ( FIG. 21B ); B*0702 ( FIG. 21C ); B*4001 ( FIG. 21D ) and DRB1*0101 ( FIG. 21E ). For all strains tested, IFNγ ELISPOT was performed using spleenic T cells isolated from HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice (black bars). Mice were infected retro-orbitally with 1×1010 GE of DENV3. For all MHC class I mouse strains peptides were tested in pools of 10 peptides and subsequently deconvoluted if the pool was positive in two independent experiments. Shown are peptides from pools, which have been identified positive (5 A*0101 pools ( FIG. 21A ); 7 A*0201 pools ( FIG. 21B ); 7 B*0702 pools ( FIG. 21C ); 4 B*4001 pools ( FIG. 21D )). MHC class II peptides were tested individually ( FIG. 21E ) Seven days post-infection, CD8+ ( FIG. 21A-D ) or CD4+ ( FIG. 21E ) T cells were purified and tested against a panel of DENV3 predicted peptides. The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  T cells of two independent experiments. Error bars represent SEM. Responses against peptides were considered positive if the stimulation index (SI) exceeded double the mean negative control wells (T cells plus APCs without peptide) and net spots were above the threshold of 20 SFCs/10 6  T cells in two independent experiments. Asterisks indicate peptides, which were able to elicit a significant IFNγ response in each individual experiment, according to the criteria described above. 
         FIGS. 22A-22C  show further characterization of DENV3 epitopes. ( FIG. 22A ) To determine the optimal epitope CD8+ T cells were purified 7 days post infection and incubated for 24 hours with ascending concentrations of nested peptides. The peptides, which were able to elicit stronger IFNγ responses at various concentrations, were then considered the optimal epitope. Cell lines expressing either the A*0201 ( FIG. 22B ) or the B*4001 ( FIG. 22C ) but no murine MHC molecule were used as APCs to establish HLA restriction as described in Materials and Methods. Purified CD8+ T cells from DENV3 infected mice were incubated with ascending concentrations of peptides and tested for IFNγ production in an ELISPOT assay. Representative graphs of CD8+ T cell responses, when incubated with HLA expressing cell lines ( FIG. 22B  and  FIG. 22C ; black lines) and control cell lines ( FIG. 22B  and  FIG. 22C , grey lines) are shown. 
         FIGS. 23A-23B  show differential pattern of immunogenicity after infection with DENV3 as compared to DENV2. All identified DENV3 ( FIG. 23A ) and DENV2 ( FIG. 23B ) specific epitopes were grouped according to the protein of provenance. IFNγ responses of individual epitopes derived from the three structural (capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM/M), envelope (E)) and seven non-structural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5) proteins are shown. Numbers below the protein indicate the relative (% of total) response against the corresponding protein. Numbers in the upper right corner of the boxes represent the relative responses either targeted against structural proteins (left box) or non-structural proteins (right box). 
         FIG. 24  shows threshold for cross-reactive epitope recognition. A panel of 137 peptides corresponding to naturally occurring DENV variants of a set of B*0702 epitopes, with various degrees of sequence homology to the DENV3 strain D3S5CX, was synthesized and tested for T cell reactivity after infection of B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice with D3S5CX. The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  CD8+ T cells of two independent experiments. Responses against peptides were considered positive if the stimulation index (SI) exceeded double the mean negative control wells (T cells plus APCs without peptide) and net spots were above the threshold of 20 SFCs/10 6  CD8+ T cells in two independent experiments. 
         FIGS. 25A-25C  show an effect of Heterologous infection on the T cell repertoire. Groups of B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice were infected with DENV3 as described in Materials and Methods. For primary infection experiments the mice were sacrificed 7 days post infection and splenic CD8+ were tested against a panel of previous identified epitopes in IFNγ ELISPOT assays ( FIG. 25A , white bars). For secondary infection experiments mice were infected with DENV2 28 days after primary DENV3 infection. 7 days post secondary infection mice were sacrificed and splenic CD8+ T cells were used in mouse IFNγ ELISPOT assays ( FIG. 25A , black bars). The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  CD8+ T cells of two independent experiments. ( FIG. 25B ) Groups of B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice were infected with DENV2 as described in Materials and Methods. 28 days after primary DENV2 infection mice were either infection with DENV2 ( FIG. 25B , white bars) or DENV3 ( FIG. 25B , black bars). 7 days post secondary infection mice were sacrificed and splenic CD8+ T cells were used in mouse IFNγ ELISPOT assays. The data are expressed as mean number of SFC/10 6  CD8+ T cells of two independent experiments. ( FIG. 25C ) All responses measured after primary or secondary infection (average SFC/10 6  CD8+ T cells in two independent experiments) were added up and the relative responses against DENV3 specific (dark grey pie), DENV2 specific (light grey pie) or conserved epitopes (black pie) after primary (left chart) or secondary (right charts) infection are shown. 
         FIGS. 26A-26D  show protein location of epitopes varies as a function of the DENV serotype. Shown are responses detected in study participants vaccinated with DENV1 ( FIG. 26A ), DENV2 ( FIG. 26B ), DENV3 ( FIG. 26C ) or DENV4 ( FIG. 26D ) live attenuated monovalent dengue vaccine. Responses are expressed as the number of IFNγ secreting cells per 10 6  PBMC and considered positive if the magnitude of response to the test peptide is significantly different as compared with a negative control peptide (p&lt;0.05, Student&#39;s t-test) and the stimulation index (S.I.=ratio test SFCs/control SFCs) is greater than 2.0. 
         FIGS. 27A-27E  show the immune response induced by tetravalent vaccination is targeted against highly conserved proteins and displays a multifunctional effector memory phenotype. ( FIG. 27A ) Shown are responses detected in study participants vaccinated with tetravalent attenuated dengue vaccine (TV003). Responses are expressed as the number of IFNγ secreting cells per 10 6  PBMC. ( FIG. 27B ) Analysis of conservancy of epitopes identified. Relative responses have been analyzed as function of the serotype (DENV1 white, DENV2 light grey, DENV3 grey and DENV4 dark grey) they are derived. The relative response by epitopes derived from regions conserved between serotype is shown in black. ( FIGS. 27C-D ) Phenotype and cytokine profile of responding cells. PBMC from tetravalent vaccinees (n=4) have been incubated with HLA matched epitope pools and assayed for the production of IFNγ and TNFα as described in Materials and Methods. Each sample has been stained additionally with antibodies against CD45RA and CCR7 to determine the proportion of cells in the following subsets: CCR7−CD45RA− (TEM; effector memory T cells), CCR7+CD45RA− (TCM; central memory T cells), CCR7+CD45RA+ (TN; naïve T cells), and CCR7−CD45RA+ (TEMRA; effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA). Shown is the relative distribution of T cell subsets within the IFNγ positive cells ( FIG. 27C ) and the relative distribution of cells positive for one of the cytokines ( FIG. 27D , IFNγ black circles; TNFα black triangles) or double positive for both cytokines ( FIG. 27D , black triangles). ( FIG. 27E ) Representative example of co-expression of IFNγ and the marker for cytotoxicity CD107a after stimulation with HLA-matched epitope pools. 
         FIGS. 28A-28C  shows epitopes induced by DLAV are highly conserved in field isolates of DENV and recognized by donors exposed to natural infection with DENV. ( FIG. 28A ) Conservancy of epitopes identified within field isolates of DENV. 162 DENV1, 171 DENV2, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Protein database. The relative conservancy within the sequences of the respective serotypes for all epitopes identified after monovalent (left panel) or tetravalent vaccination (middle panel) is shown. The right panel shows all epitope reactivity to either the monovalent or tetravalent vaccination. ( FIG. 28B ) Phenotype and ( FIG. 28C ) cytokine profile of T cell responses in donors exposed to natural secondary infection with DENV epitopes. PBMC samples (n=4) have been incubated with HLA matched vaccine-specific epitope pools and assayed for the production of IFNγ and TNFα as described in Materials and Methods. Each sample has been stained additionally with antibodies against CD45RA and CCR7 to determine the proportion of cells in the following subsets: CCR7−CD45RA− (TEM; effector memory T cells), CCR7+CD45RA− (TCM; central memory T cells), CCR7+CD45RA+ (TN; naïve T cells), and CCR7−CD45RA+ (TEMRA; effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA). Responses have been detected in 3 out of 4 donors tested. Shown is the relative distribution of T cell subsets within the IFNγ positive cells ( FIG. 28B ) and the relative distribution of cells positive for one of the cytokines ( FIG. 28C , IFNγ black circles; TNFα black triangles) or double positive for both cytokines ( FIG. 28C , black triangles). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention is based at least in part on Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions, and amino acid modifications of DV peptides, subsequences and portions. Invention Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof, including T cell epitopes that elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance, or activate an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell and/or an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response in vitro or in vivo, are useful in vaccination and immunization (e.g., prophylactic), as well as treatment uses and methods. For example, an invention Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof, can be used to immunize or vaccinate a subject, or to treat a subject having or at risk of having Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof include T cell epitopes. A T cell epitope can elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance, or activate an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell and/or an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response in vitro (e.g., in solution, in solid phase, in tissue culture) or in vivo. Such anti-DV CD4 +  T cell and/or an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell responses can be detected using various assays disclosed herein or known to the skilled artisan. For example, an anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response can include one or more of increased IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 production by CD8 +  T cells in the presence of the peptide; and an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell response can include one or more of increased IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2, or CD40L production by CD4 +  T cells in the presence of the peptide, or CD4 +  T cell killing of peptide-pulsed target cells. 
     Exemplary T cell epitopes can include or consist of a subsequence, a portion or modification of Dengue virus (DV) structural Core, Membrane or Envelope polypeptide sequence, or a subsequence or portion of a Dengue virus (DV) non-structural (NS) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence. Specific non-limiting examples of Dengue virus (DV) structural protein and non-structural (NS) protein subsequences, portions and modifications include or consist of a sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), as well as subsequences and portions, and amino acid modifications of sequences set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163). 
     Additional Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequences and portions thereof can be based upon or derived from DENV serotypes, such as DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotypes. For example, a subsequence or portion of a Dengue virus (DV) structural polypeptide such as a core (C), membrane (M) or envelope (E) polypeptide, or a non-structural (NS) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide, can be a sequence having 75% or more (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity to all or a region of a structural or non-structural (NS) Dengue virus (DV) serotype, such as a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype (e.g., a peptide listed in any of Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163)). 
     Thus, in accordance with the invention, there are also provided Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof that exhibit sequence identity to a reference Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion, or modification thereof (e.g., as set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163)). In one embodiment, an Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof includes or consists of a sequence at least 60% or more (e.g., 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, etc.) identical to a reference Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof (e.g., a subsequence, portion or modification of any peptide listed in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163)). 
     In another embodiment, Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof include or consist of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof set forth as any peptide listed in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), wherein the Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof has one or more modifications, such as an amino acid addition to, deletion of, or substitution of any amino acid residue in any peptide listed in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID Nos: 11-1163). In particular aspects, a modified sequence is at least 80% or more, e.g., 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 95-100% identical, to Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof set forth any peptide listed in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), or has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, 50-100, or more, additions to, deletions of, or substitutions. 
     T cell epitopes typically are short amino acid sequences, e.g. about five to 15 amino acids in length (or 5-10 amino acids in length). Linear or contiguous T cell epitopes include a continuous amino acid sequence, such as a 5 to 15 amino acid sequence, which can elicit an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell or anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response in vitro or in vivo. 
     A non-limiting example of a subsequence or portion of a Dengue virus (DV) polypeptide sequence includes or consists of a subsequence or portion of Dengue virus (DV) structural Core, Membrane or Envelope polypeptide sequence. A non-limiting example of a subsequence or portion of a Dengue virus (DV) polypeptide sequence includes or consists of a subsequence or portion of Dengue virus (DV) non-structural (NS) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence. 
     A non-limiting Core sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 210) 
               
               
                 MNNQRKKARNTPFNMLKRERNRVSTVQQLTKRFSLGMLQGRGPLKLFMA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LVAFLRFLTIPPTAGILKRWGTIKKSKAINVLRGFRKEIGRMLNILNRR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RRTAGMIIMLIPTVMA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting Membrane sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 211) 
               
               
                 FHLTTRNGEPHMIVSRQEKGKSLLFKTGDGVNMCTLMAMDLGELCEDTI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TYKCPLLRQNEPEDIDCWCNSTSTWVTYGTCTTTGEHRREKRSVALVPH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VGMGLETRTETWMSSEGAWKHAQRIETWILRHPGFTIMAAILAYTIGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HFQRALIFILLTAVAPSMT. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting Envelope sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 212) 
               
               
                 MRCIGISNRDFVEGVSGGSWVDIVLEHGSCVTTMAKNKPTLDFELIKTE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AKQSATLRKYCIEAKLTNTTTESRCPTQGEPSLNEEQDKRFVCKHSMVD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RGWGNGCGLFGKGGIVTCAMFTCKKNMKGKVVQPENLEYTIVITPHSGE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EHAVGNDTGKHGKEIKITPQSSITEAELTGYGTVTMECSPRTGLDFNEM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VLLQMENKAWLVHRQWFLDLPLPWLPGADTQGSNWIQKETLVTFKNPHA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KKQDVVVLGSQEGAMHTALTGATEIQMSSGNLLFTGHLKCRLRMDKLQL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KGMSYSMCTGKFKVVKEIAETQHGTIVIRVQYEGDGSPCKIPFEIMDLE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KRHVLGRLITVNPIVTEKDSPVNIEAEPPFGDSYIIIGVEPGQLKLNWF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KKGSSIGQMLETTMRGAKRMAILGDTAWDFGSLGGVFTSIGKALHQVFG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AIYGAAFSGVSWTMKILIGVIITWIGMNSRSTSLSVSLVLVGVVTLYLG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VMVQA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS1 sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 213) 
               
               
                 ADSGCVVSWKNKELKCGSGIFITDNVHTWTEQYKFQPESPSKLASAIQK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AHEEGICGIRSVTRLENLMWKQITPELNHILSENEVKLTIMTGDIKGIM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QAGKRSLRPQPTELKYSWKTWGKAKMLSTESHNQTFLIDGPETAECPNT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NRAWNSLEVEDYGFGVFTTNIWLKLREKQDVFCDSKLMSAAIKDNRAVH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ADMGYWIESALNDTWKIEKASFIEVKSCHWPKSHTLWSNEVLESEMIIP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KNFAGPVSQHNYRPGYHTQTAGPWHLGKLEMDFDFCEGTTVVVTEDCGN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RGPSLRTTTASGKLITEWCCRSCTLPPLRYRGEDGCWYGMEIRPLKEKE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ENLVNSLVTA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS2A sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 214) 
               
               
                 GHGQIDNFSLGVLGMALFLEEMLRTRVGTKHAILLVAVSFVTLITGNMS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FRDLGRVMVMVGATMTDDIGMGVTYLALLAAFKVRPTFAAGLLLRKLTS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KELMMTTIGIVLLSQSTIPETILELTDALALGMMVLKMVRKMEKYQLAV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TIMAILCVPNAVILQNAWKVSCTILAVVSVSPLFLTSSQQKADWIPLAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TIKGLNPTAIFLTTLSRTNKKR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS2B sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 215) 
               
               
                 SWPLNEAIMAVGMVSILASSLLKNDIPMTGPLVAGGLLTVCYVLTGRSA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DLELERAADVKWEDQAEISGSSPILSITISEDGSMSIKNEEEEQTLTIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IRTGLLVISGLFPVSLPITAAAWYLWEVKKQR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS3 sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 216) 
               
               
                 AGVLWDVPSPPPVGKAELEDGAYRIKQKGILGYSQIGAGVYKEGTFHTM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WHVTRGAVLMHKGKRIEPSWADVKKDLISYGGGWKLEGEWKEGEEVQVL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ALEPGKNPRAVQTKPGLFKTNAGTIGAVSLDFSPGTSGSPIIDKKGKVV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GLYGNGVVTRSGAYVSAIAQTEKSIEDNPEIEDDIFRKRKLTIMDLHPG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGKTKRYLPAIVREAIKRGLRTLILAPTRVVAAEMEEALRGLPIRYQTP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AIRAEHTGREIVDLMCHATFTMRLLSPVRVPNYNLIIMDEAHFTDPASI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AARGYISTRVEMGEAAGIFMTATPPGSRDPFPQSNAPIMDEEREIPERS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WSSGHEWVTDFKGKTVWFVPSIKAGNDIAACLRKNGKKVIQLSRKTFDS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EYVKTRTNDWDFVVTTDISEMGANFKAERVIDPRRCMKPVILTDGEERV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ILAGPMPVTHSSAAQRRGRIGRNPKNENDQYIYMGEPLENDEDCAHWKE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AKMLLDNINTPEGIIPSMFEPEREKVDAIDGEYRLRGEARKTFVDLMRR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GDLPVWLAYRVAAEGINYADRRWCFDGIKNNQILEENVEVEIWTKEGER 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KKLKPRWLDARIYSDPLALKEFKEFAAGRK. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS4A sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 217) 
               
               
                 SLTLSLITEMGRLPTFMTQKARDALDNLAVLHTAEAGGRAYNHALSELP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ETLETLLLLTLLATVTGGIFLFLMSGRGIGKMTLGMCCIITASILLWYA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QIQPHWIAASIILEFFLIVLLIPEPEKQRTPQDNQLTYVVIAILTVVAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TMA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS4B sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 218) 
               
               
                 NEMGFLEKTKKDLGLGSITTQQPESNILDIDLRPASAWTLYAVATTFVT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PMLRHSIENSSVNVSLTAIANQATVLMGLGKGWPLSKMDIGVPLLAIGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YSQVNPITLTAALFLLVAHYAIIGPGLQAKATREAQKRAAAGIMKNPTV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DGITVIDLDPIPYDPKFEKQLGQVMLLVLCVTQVLMMRTTWALCEALTL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGPISTLWEGNPGRFWNTTIAVSMANIFRGSYLAGAGLLFSIMKNTTN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TRR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A non-limiting non-structural NS5 sequence from which a subsequence, portion or modification can be based upon is a sequence set forth as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 219) 
               
               
                 GTGNIGETLGEKWKSRLNALGKSEFQIYKKSGIQEVDRTLAKEGIKRGE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TDHHAVSRGSAKLRWFVERNMVTPEGKVVDLGCGRGGWSYYCGGLKNVR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EVKGLTKGGPGHEEPIPMSTYGWNLVRLQSGVDVFFTPPEKCDTLLCDI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GESSPNPTVEAGRTLRVLNLVENWLNNNTQFCIKVLNPYMPSVIEKMEA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LQRKYGGALVRNPLSRNSTHEMYVVVSNASGNIVSSVNMISRMLINRFT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MRHKKATYEPDVDLGSGTRNIGIESEIPNLDIIGKRIEKIKQEHETSWH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YDQDHPYKTWAYHGSYETKQTGSASSMVNGVVRLLTKPWDVVPMVTQMA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTDTTPFGQQRVFKEKVDTRTQEPKEGTKKLMKITAEWLWKELGKKKTP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RMCTREEFTRKVRSNAALGAIFTDENKWKSAREAVEDSRFWELVDKERN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LHLEGKCETCVYNMMGKREKKLGEFGKAKGSRAIWYMWLGARFLEFEAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GFLNEDHWFSRENSLSGVEGEGLHKLGYILRDVSKKEGGAMYADDTAGW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DTRITLEDLKNEEMVTNHMEGEHKKLAEAIFKLTYQNKVVRVQRPTPRG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TVMDIISRRDQRGSGQVGTYGLNTFTNMEAQLIRQMEGEGVFKSIQHLT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VTEEIAVQNWLARVGRERLSRMAISGDDCVVKPLDDRFASALTALNDMG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KVRKDIQQWEPSRGWNDWTQVPFCSHHFHELIMKDGRVLVVPCRNQDEL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IGRARISQGAGWSLRETACLGKSYAQMWSLMYFHRRDLRLAANAICSAV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PSHWVPTSRTTWSIHAKHEWMTAEDMLTVWNRVWIQENPWMEDKTPVES 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WEEIPYLGKREDQWCGSLIGLTSRATWAKNIQTAINQVRSLIGNEEYTD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YMPSMKRFRREEEEAGVLW. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As disclosed herein, Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof of the invention include those having at least partial sequence identity to one or more exemplary Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions or modifications thereof (e.g., sequences set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163)). The percent identity of such sequences can be as little as 60%, or can be greater (e.g., 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, etc.). The percent identity can extend over the entire sequence length or a portion of the sequence. In particular aspects, the length of the sequence sharing the percent identity is 2, 3, 4, 5 or more contiguous amino acids, e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc. contiguous amino acids. In additional particular aspects, the length of the sequence sharing the percent identity is 20 or more contiguous amino acids, e.g., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, etc. contiguous amino acids. In further particular aspects, the length of the sequence sharing the percent identity is 35 or more contiguous amino acids, e.g., 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, etc., contiguous amino acids. In yet further particular aspects, the length of the sequence sharing the percent identity is 50 or more contiguous amino acids, e.g., 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, 75-80, 80-85, 85-90, 90-95, 95-100, 100-110, etc. contiguous amino acids. 
     The term “identity” and grammatical variations thereof, mean that two or more referenced entities are the same. Thus, where two Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof are identical, they have the same amino acid sequence. The identity can be over a defined area (region or domain) of the sequence. “Areas, regions or domains” of homology or identity mean that a portion of two or more referenced entities share homology or are the same. 
     The extent of identity between two sequences can be ascertained using a computer program and mathematical algorithm known in the art. Such algorithms that calculate percent sequence identity (homology) generally account for sequence gaps and mismatches over the comparison region or area. For example, a BLAST (e.g., BLAST 2.0) search algorithm (see, e.g., Altschul et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  215:403 (1990), publicly available through NCBI) has exemplary search parameters as follows: Mismatch −2; gap open 5; gap extension 2. For polypeptide sequence comparisons, a BLASTP algorithm is typically used in combination with a scoring matrix, such as PAM100, PAM 250, BLOSUM 62 or BLOSUM 50. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) and SSEARCH sequence comparison programs are also used to quantitate the extent of identity (Pearson et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85:2444 (1988); Pearson,  Methods Mol Biol.  132:185 (2000); and Smith et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  147:195 (1981)). Programs for quantitating protein structural similarity using Delaunay-based topological mapping have also been developed (Bostick et al.,  Biochem Biophys Res Commun.  304:320 (2003)). 
     In accordance with the invention, modified and variant forms of Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions there are provided. Such forms, referred to as “modifications” or “variants” and grammatical variations thereof, mean a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof that deviates from a reference sequence. For example, certain sequences set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163) are considered a modification or variant of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof. Such modifications may have greater or less activity or function than a reference Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof, such as ability to elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance or activate a CD4+ or a CD8+ T cell response. Thus, Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof include sequences having substantially the same, greater or less relative activity or function as a T cell epitope than a reference T cell epitope (e.g., any of the sequences in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15), for example, an ability to elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance or activate an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell or anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response in vitro or in vivo. 
     Non-limiting examples of modifications include one or more amino acid substitutions (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, 50-100, or more residues), additions and insertions (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, 50-100, or more residues) and deletions (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, 50-100) of a reference Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof. In particular embodiments, a modified or variant sequence retains at least part of a function or an activity of unmodified sequence, which can have less than, approximately the same, or greater, but at least a part of, a function or activity of a reference sequence, for example, the ability to elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance or activate an anti-DV CD4 +  T cell or anti-DV CD8 +  T cell response in vitro or in vivo. Such CD4 +  T cell and CD8 +  T cell responses elicited include, for example, among others, induced, increased, enhanced, stimulate or activate expression or production of a cytokine (e.g., IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2 or CD40L), release of a cytotoxin (perforin or granulysin), or apoptosis of a target (e.g., DV infected) cell. 
     Specific non-limiting examples of substitutions include conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions. A “conservative substitution” is the replacement of one amino acid by a biologically, chemically or structurally similar residue. Biologically similar means that the substitution does not destroy a biological activity. Structurally similar means that the amino acids have side chains with similar length, such as alanine, glycine and serine, or a similar size. Chemical similarity means that the residues have the same charge or are both hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Particular examples include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue, such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another, or the substitution of one polar residue for another, such as the substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic for aspartic acids, or glutamine for asparagine, serine for threonine, and the like. 
     An addition can be the covalent or non-covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the sequence. Specific examples of additions include glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, formylation, ubiquitination, and derivatization by protecting/blocking groups and any of numerous chemical modifications. Additional specific non-limiting examples of an addition is one or more additional amino acid residues. Accordingly, DV sequences including T cell epitopes, subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof can be a part of or contained within a larger molecule, such as another peptide sequence, such as a fusion or chimera with a different DV sequence, or a non-DV peptide sequence. In particular embodiments, an addition is a fusion (chimeric) sequence, an amino acid sequence having one or more molecules not normally present in a reference native (wild type) sequence covalently attached to the sequence. 
     The term “chimeric” and grammatical variations thereof, when used in reference to a sequence, means that the sequence contains one or more portions that are derived from, obtained or isolated from, or based upon other physical or chemical entities. For example, a chimera of two or more different proteins may have one part a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification, and a second part of the chimera may be from a different Dengue virus (DV) peptide sequence, or a non-Dengue virus (DV) sequence. 
     Another particular example of a modified sequence having an amino acid addition is one in which a second heterologous sequence, i.e., heterologous functional domain is attached (covalent or non-covalent binding) that confers a distinct or complementary function. Heterologous functional domains are not restricted to amino acid residues. Thus, a heterologous functional domain can consist of any of a variety of different types of small or large functional moieties. Such moieties include nucleic acid, peptide, carbohydrate, lipid or small organic compounds, such as a drug (e.g., an antiviral), a metal (gold, silver), and radioisotope. For example, a tag such as T7 or polyhistidine can be attached in order to facilitate purification or detection of a T cell epitope. Thus, in other embodiments the invention provides Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof and a heterologous domain, wherein the heterologous functional domain confers a distinct function, on the Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof. Such constructs containing Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof and a heterologous domain are also referred to as chimeras. 
     Linkers, such as amino acid or peptidomimetic sequences may be inserted between the sequence and the addition (e.g., heterologous functional domain) so that the two entities maintain, at least in part, a distinct function or activity. Linkers may have one or more properties that include a flexible conformation, an inability to form an ordered secondary structure or a hydrophobic or charged character which could promote or interact with either domain. Amino acids typically found in flexible protein regions include Gly, Asn and Ser. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, may also be used in the linker sequence. The length of the linker sequence may vary without significantly affecting a function or activity of the fusion protein (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,329). Linkers further include chemical moieties and conjugating agents, such as sulfo-succinimidyl derivatives (sulfo-SMCC, sulfo-SMPB), disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) and disuccinimidyl tartrate (DST). 
     Further non-limiting examples of additions are detectable labels. Thus, in another embodiment, the invention provides Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof that are detectably labeled. Specific examples of detectable labels include fluorophores, chromophores, radioactive isotopes (e.g., S 35 , P 32 , I 125 ), electron-dense reagents, enzymes, ligands and receptors. Enzymes are typically detected by their activity. For example, horseradish peroxidase is usually detected by its ability to convert a substrate such as 3,3-′,5,5-′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue pigment, which can be quantified. 
     Another non-limiting example of an addition is an insertion of an amino acid within any Dengue virus (DV) sequence, subsequence, portions or modification thereof (e.g., any sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163)). In particular embodiments, an insertion is of one or more amino acid residues inserted into a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence portion or modification thereof, such as any sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15. 
     Modified and variant Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof also include one or more D-amino acids substituted for L-amino acids (and mixtures thereof), structural and functional analogues, for example, peptidomimetics having synthetic or non-natural amino acids or amino acid analogues and derivatized forms. Modifications include cyclic structures such as an end-to-end amide bond between the amino and carboxy-terminus of the molecule or intra- or inter-molecular disulfide bond. Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof may be modified in vitro or in vivo, e.g., post-translationally modified to include, for example, sugar residues, phosphate groups, ubiquitin, fatty acids, lipids, etc. 
     Specific non-limiting examples of substitutions include at least one amino acid deletion from full length Dengue virus (DV) peptide sequence. In particular embodiments, a peptide subsequence or portion is from about 5 to 300 amino acids in length, provided that said subsequence or portion is at least one amino acid less in length than the full-length Dengue virus (DV) structural sequence or the non-structural (NS) sequence. In additional particular embodiments, a peptide subsequence or portion is from about 2 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 150, 150 to 200, or 200 to 300 amino acids in length, provided that said subsequence or portion is at least one amino acid less in length than the full-length Dengue virus (DV) structural sequence or non-structural (NS) sequence. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof including modified forms can be produced by any of a variety of standard protein purification or recombinant expression techniques. For example, a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof can be produced by standard peptide synthesis techniques, such as solid-phase synthesis. A portion of the protein may contain an amino acid sequence such as a T7 tag or polyhistidine sequence to facilitate purification of expressed or synthesized protein. The protein may be expressed in a cell and purified. The protein may be expressed as a part of a larger protein (e.g., a fusion or chimera) by recombinant methods. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof including modified forms can be made using recombinant DNA technology via cell expression or in vitro translation. Polypeptide sequences including modified forms can also be produced by chemical synthesis using methods known in the art, for example, an automated peptide synthesis apparatus (see, e.g., Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). 
     The invention provides isolated and/or purified Dengue virus (DV) peptides, including or consisting of a subsequence, portion or modification of a structural core (C), membrane (M) or envelope (E) polypeptide sequence, or a non-structural (NS) NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5 polypeptide sequence. In particular embodiments, an isolated and/or purified subsequence, portion or modification of the Dengue virus (DV) polypeptide sequence includes a T cell epitope, e.g., as set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163). 
     The term “isolated,” when used as a modifier of a composition (e.g., Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof, nucleic acids encoding same, etc.), means that the compositions are made by the hand of man or are separated, completely or at least in part, from their naturally occurring in vivo environment. Generally, isolated compositions are substantially free of one or more materials with which they normally associate with in nature, for example, one or more protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate, cell membrane. The term “isolated” does not exclude alternative physical forms of the composition, such as fusions/chimeras, multimers/oligomers, modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, lipidation) or derivatized forms, or forms expressed in host cells produced by the hand of man. 
     An “isolated” composition (e.g., Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof) can also be “substantially pure” or “purified” when free of most or all of the materials with which it typically associates with in nature. Thus, an isolated Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof, that also is substantially pure or purified does not include polypeptides or polynucleotides present among millions of other sequences, such as peptides of an peptide library or nucleic acids in a genomic or cDNA library, for example. 
     A “substantially pure” or “purified” composition can be combined with one or more other molecules. Thus, “substantially pure” or “purified” does not exclude combinations of compositions, such as combinations of Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof (e.g., multiple, T cell epitopes), and other antigens, agents, drugs or therapies. 
     The invention also provides nucleic acids encoding Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof. Such nucleic acid sequences encode a sequence at least 60% or more (e.g., 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, etc.) identical to a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof. In an additional embodiment, a nucleic acid encodes a sequence having a modification, such as one or more amino acid additions (insertions), deletions or substitutions of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequences or portion thereof, such as any sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163). 
     The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” and the like refer to at least two or more ribo- or deoxy-ribonucleic acid base pairs (nucleotides) that are linked through a phosphoester bond or equivalent. Nucleic acids include polynucleotides and polynucleotides. Nucleic acids include single, double or triplex, circular or linear, molecules. Exemplary nucleic acids include but are not limited to: RNA, DNA, cDNA, genomic nucleic acid, naturally occurring and non naturally occurring nucleic acid, e.g., synthetic nucleic acid. 
     Nucleic acids can be of various lengths. Nucleic acid lengths typically range from about 20 nucleotides to 20 Kb, or any numerical value or range within or encompassing such lengths, 10 nucleotides to 10 Kb, 1 to 5 Kb or less, 1000 to about 500 nucleotides or less in length. Nucleic acids can also be shorter, for example, 100 to about 500 nucleotides, or from about 12 to 25, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 250, or about 250 to 500 nucleotides in length, or any numerical value or range or value within or encompassing such lengths. In particular aspects, a nucleic acid sequence has a length from about 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000, nucleotides, or any numerical value or range within or encompassing such lengths. Shorter polynucleotides are commonly referred to as “oligonucleotides” or “probes” of single- or double-stranded DNA. However, there is no upper limit to the length of such oligonucleotides. 
     Nucleic acid sequences further include nucleotide and nucleoside substitutions, additions and deletions, as well as derivatized forms and fusion/chimeric sequences (e.g., encoding recombinant polypeptide). For example, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, nucleic acids include sequences and subsequences degenerate with respect to nucleic acids that encode Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof, as well as variants and modifications thereof (e.g., substitutions, additions, insertions and deletions). 
     Nucleic acids can be produced using various standard cloning and chemical synthesis techniques. Techniques include, but are not limited to nucleic acid amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with genomic DNA or cDNA targets using primers (e.g., a degenerate primer mixture) capable of annealing to the encoding sequence. Nucleic acids can also be produced by chemical synthesis (e.g., solid phase phosphoramidite synthesis) or transcription from a gene. The sequences produced can then be translated in vitro, or cloned into a plasmid and propagated and then expressed in a cell (e.g., a host cell such as eukaryote or mammalian cell, yeast or bacteria, in an animal or in a plant). 
     Nucleic acid may be inserted into a nucleic acid construct in which expression of the nucleic acid is influenced or regulated by an “expression control element.” An “expression control element” refers to a nucleic acid sequence element that regulates or influences expression of a nucleic acid sequence to which it is operatively linked. Expression control elements include, as appropriate, promoters, enhancers, transcription terminators, gene silencers, a start codon (e.g., ATG) in front of a protein-encoding gene, etc. 
     An expression control element operatively linked to a nucleic acid sequence controls transcription and, as appropriate, translation of the nucleic acid sequence. Expression control elements include elements that activate transcription constitutively, that are inducible (i.e., require an external signal for activation), or derepressible (i.e., require a signal to turn transcription off; when the signal is no longer present, transcription is activated or “derepressed”), or specific for cell-types or tissues (i.e., tissue-specific control elements). 
     Nucleic acid may be inserted into a plasmid for propagation into a host cell and for subsequent genetic manipulation. A plasmid is a nucleic acid that can be propagated in a host cell, plasmids may optionally contain expression control elements in order to drive expression of the nucleic acid encoding Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof in the host cell. A vector is used herein synonymously with a plasmid and may also include an expression control element for expression in a host cell (e.g., expression vector). Plasmids and vectors generally contain at least an origin of replication for propagation in a cell and a promoter. Plasmids and vectors are therefore useful for genetic manipulation and expression of Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences and portions thereof. Accordingly, vectors that include nucleic acids encoding or complementary to Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof, are provided. 
     In accordance with the invention, there are provided transformed and host cells that are transformed with a nucleic acid that encodes and/or express Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof. Transformed and host cells include but are not limited to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as bacteria, fungi (yeast), plant, insect, and animal (e.g., mammalian, including primate and human, CHO cells and hybridomas) cells. For example, bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage nucleic acid, plasmid nucleic acid or cosmid nucleic acid expression vectors; yeast transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid); insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); and animal cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., retroviruses, adenovirus, vaccinia virus), or transformed animal cell systems engineered for stable expression. The cells may be a primary cell isolate, cell culture (e.g., passaged, established or immortalized cell line), or part of a plurality of cells, or a tissue or organ ex vivo or in a subject (in vivo). 
     The term “transformed” or “transfected” when used in reference to a cell (e.g., a host cell) or organism, means a genetic change in a cell following incorporation of an exogenous molecule, for example, a protein or nucleic acid (e.g., a transgene) into the cell. Thus, a “transfected” or “transformed” cell is a cell into which, or a progeny thereof in which an exogenous molecule has been introduced by the hand of man, for example, by recombinant DNA techniques. 
     The nucleic acid or protein can be stably or transiently transfected or transformed (expressed) in the host cell and progeny thereof. The cell(s) can be propagated and the introduced protein expressed, or nucleic acid transcribed. A progeny of a transfected or transformed cell may not be identical to the parent cell, since there may be mutations that occur during replication. 
     Introduction of Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof, and nucleic acid into target cells (e.g., host cells) can also be carried out by methods known in the art such as osmotic shock (e.g., calcium phosphate), electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, etc. Introduction of nucleic acid and polypeptide in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo can also be accomplished using other techniques. For example, a polymeric substance, such as polyesters, polyamine acids, hydrogel, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene-vinylacetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, protamine sulfate, or lactide/glycolide copolymers, polylactide/glycolide copolymers, or ethylenevinylacetate copolymers. A nucleic acid can be entrapped in microcapsules prepared by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, by the use of hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules, or poly (methylmethacrolate) microcapsules, respectively, or in a colloid system. Colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nano-capsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems, including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. 
     Liposomes for introducing various compositions into cells are known in the art and include, for example, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, lipofectin and DOTAP (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,844,904, 5,000,959, 4,863,740, and 4,975,282; and GIBCO-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). Piperazine based amphilic cationic lipids useful for gene therapy also are known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,397). Cationic lipid systems also are known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,127). Polymeric substances, microcapsules and colloidal dispersion systems such as liposomes are collectively referred to herein as “vesicles.” Accordingly, viral and non-viral vector means delivery into cells are included. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof can be employed in various methods and uses. Such methods and uses include contact or administration of one or more peptides set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), or contact or administration of a subsequence, portion or a modification of one or more peptides set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), in vitro and in vivo. 
     In accordance with the invention, methods of stimulating, inducing, promoting, increasing, or enhancing an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in a subject are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope sufficient to stimulate, induce, promote, increase, or enhance an immune response against Dengue virus (DV) in the subject. Such immune response methods can in turn be used to provide a subject with protection against a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or one or more physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases or symptoms caused by or associated with DV infection or pathology. 
     In accordance with the invention, treatment methods are provided that include therapeutic (following Dengue virus (DV) infection) and prophylactic (prior to Dengue virus (DV) exposure, infection or pathology) methods. For example, therapeutic and prophylactic methods of treating a subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection include treatment of a subject having or at risk of having a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, treating a subject with a Dengue virus (DV) infection, and methods of protecting a subject from a Dengue virus (DV) infection (e.g., provide the subject with protection against Dengue virus (DV) infection), to decrease or reduce the probability of a Dengue virus (DV) infection in a subject, to decrease or reduce susceptibility of a subject to a Dengue virus (DV) infection, or to inhibit or prevent a Dengue virus (DV) infection in a subject, and to decrease, reduce, inhibit or suppress transmission of the Dengue virus (DV) from a host (e.g., a mosquito) to a subject. 
     Such methods include administering Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof to therapeutically or prophylactically treat (vaccinate or immunize) a subject having or at risk of having a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. Accordingly, methods can treat the Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or provide the subject with protection from infection (e.g., prophylactic protection). 
     In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof sufficient to treat the subject for the Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In another embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope sufficient to provide the subject with protection against the Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or one or more physiological conditions, disorders, illness, diseases or symptoms caused by or associated with the virus infection or pathology. In a further embodiment, a method includes administering a subject an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope sufficient to treat the subject for the Dengue virus (DV) infection. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof include T cell epitopes. In one embodiment, a method includes administering an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof (e.g., a T cell epitope) to a subject in need thereof, sufficient to provide the subject with protection against Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. In another embodiment, a method includes administering an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof (e.g., a T cell epitope) to a subject in need thereof sufficient to treat, vaccinate or immunize the subject against the Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. 
     In accordance with the invention, methods of inducing, increasing, promoting or stimulating anti-Dengue virus (DV) activity of CD8 +  T cells or CD4 +  T cells in a subject are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) T cell epitope sufficient to induce, increase, promote or stimulate anti-Dengue virus (DV) activity of CD8 +  T cells or CD4 +  T cells in the subject. 
     In methods of the invention, any appropriate Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof can be administered. Non-limiting examples include Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof of a DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 or DENV4 serotype. Additional non-limiting examples include a Dengue virus structural protein (e.g., C, M or E) or non-structural (NS) protein (e.g., NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5) T cell epitope, such as a subsequence, portion or modification of a sequence in such structural and non-structural (NS) proteins. Particular non-limiting examples include a peptide sequence set forth in Tables 1-4, 8, 10, 11, 14 &amp;15 (SEQ ID NOs: 11-1163), a subsequence thereof or a modification thereof. 
     In particular methods embodiments, one or more disorders, diseases, physiological conditions, pathologies and symptoms associated with or caused by a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology will respond to treatment. In particular methods embodiments, treatment methods reduce, decrease, suppress, limit, control or inhibit Dengue virus (DV) numbers or titer; reduce, decrease, suppress, limit, control or inhibit pathogen proliferation or replication; reduce, decrease, suppress, limit, control or inhibit the amount of a pathogen protein; or reduce, decrease, suppress, limit, control or inhibit the amount of a Dengue virus (DV) nucleic acid. In additional particular methods embodiments, treatment methods include an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof sufficient to increase, induce, enhance, augment, promote or stimulate an immune response against a Dengue virus (DV); increase, induce, enhance, augment, promote or stimulate Dengue virus (DV) clearance or removal; or decrease, reduce, inhibit, suppress, prevent, control, or limit transmission of Dengue virus (DV) to a subject (e.g., transmission from a host, such as a mosquito, to a subject). In further particular methods embodiments, treatment methods include an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof sufficient to protect a subject from a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or reduce, decrease, limit, control or inhibit susceptibility to Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. 
     Methods of the invention include treatment methods, which result in any therapeutic or beneficial effect. In various methods embodiments, Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or pathogenesis is reduced, decreased, inhibited, limited, delayed or prevented, or a method decreases, reduces, inhibits, suppresses, prevents, controls or limits one or more adverse (e.g., physical) symptoms, disorders, illnesses, diseases or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology (e.g., fever, rash, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle or joint pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite). In additional various particular embodiments, treatment methods include reducing, decreasing, inhibiting, delaying or preventing onset, progression, frequency, duration, severity, probability or susceptibility of one or more adverse symptoms, disorders, illnesses, diseases or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology (e.g., fever, rash, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle or joint pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite). In further various particular embodiments, treatment methods include improving, accelerating, facilitating, enhancing, augmenting, or hastening recovery of a subject from a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathogenesis, or one or more adverse symptoms, disorders, illnesses, diseases or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology (e.g., fever, rash, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle or joint pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite). In yet additional various embodiments, treatment methods include stabilizing infection, proliferation, replication, pathogenesis, or an adverse symptom, disorder, illness, disease or complication caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology, or decreasing, reducing, inhibiting, suppressing, limiting or controlling transmission of Dengue virus (DV) from a host (e.g., mosquito) to an uninfected subject. 
     A therapeutic or beneficial effect of treatment is therefore any objective or subjective measurable or detectable improvement or benefit provided to a particular subject. A therapeutic or beneficial effect can but need not be complete ablation of all or any particular adverse symptom, disorder, illness, disease or complication caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology (e.g., fever, rash, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle or joint pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite). Thus, a satisfactory clinical endpoint is achieved when there is an incremental improvement or a partial reduction in an adverse symptom, disorder, illness, disease or complication caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, proliferation or replication, or pathology, or an inhibition, decrease, reduction, suppression, prevention, limit or control of worsening or progression of one or more adverse symptoms, disorders, illnesses, diseases or complications caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection, Dengue virus (DV) numbers, titers, proliferation or replication, Dengue virus (DV) protein or nucleic acid, or Dengue virus (DV) pathology, over a short or long duration (hours, days, weeks, months, etc.). 
     A therapeutic or beneficial effect also includes reducing or eliminating the need, dosage frequency or amount of a second active such as another drug or other agent (e.g., anti-viral) used for treating a subject having or at risk of having a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. For example, reducing an amount of an adjunct therapy, for example, a reduction or decrease of a treatment for a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or a vaccination or immunization protocol is considered a beneficial effect. In addition, reducing or decreasing an amount of a Dengue virus (DV) antigen used for vaccination or immunization of a subject to provide protection to the subject is considered a beneficial effect. 
     Adverse symptoms and complications associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection and pathology include, for example, e.g., fever, rash, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle or joint pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, etc. Other symptoms of Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathogenesis are known to one of skill in the art and treatment thereof in accordance with the invention is provided. Thus, the aforementioned symptoms and complications are treatable in accordance with the invention. 
     Methods and compositions of the invention also include increasing, stimulating, promoting, enhancing, inducing or augmenting an anti-DENV CD4 +  and/or CD8 +  T cell responses in a subject, such as a subject with or at risk of a Dengue virus infection or pathology. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof sufficient to increase, stimulate, promote, enhance, augment or induce anti-DENV CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cell response in the subject. In another embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof and administering a Dengue virus (DV) antigen, live or attenuated Dengue virus (DV), or a nucleic acid encoding all or a portion (e.g., a T cell epitope) of any protein or proteinaceous Dengue virus (DV) antigen sufficient to increase, stimulate, promote, enhance, augment or induce anti-Dengue virus (DV) CD4 +  T cell or CD8 +  T cell response in the subject. 
     Methods of the invention additionally include, among other things, increasing production of a Th1 cytokine (e.g., IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, etc.) or other signaling molecule (e.g., CD40L) in vitro or in vivo. In one embodiment, a method includes administering to a subject in need thereof an amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof sufficient to increase production of a Th1 cytokine in the subject (e.g., IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, etc.) or other signaling molecule (e.g., CD40L). 
     Methods and compositions of the invention include administration of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof to a subject prior to contact, exposure or infection by a Dengue virus, administration prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or after a subject has been contacted by, exposed to or infected with a Dengue virus (DV), and administration prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or after Dengue virus (DV) pathology or development of one or more adverse symptoms. Methods, compositions and uses of the invention also include administration of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof to a subject prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof or adverse symptom, disorder, illness or disease caused by or associated with a Dengue virus (DV) infection, or pathology. A subject infected with a Dengue virus (DV) may have an infection over a period of 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-100 hours, days, months, or years. 
     Invention compositions (e.g., Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof, including T cell epitopes) and uses and methods can be combined with any compound, agent, drug, treatment or other therapeutic regimen or protocol having a desired therapeutic, beneficial, additive, synergistic or complementary activity or effect. Exemplary combination compositions and treatments include multiple T cell epitopes as set for the herein, second actives, such as anti-Dengue virus (DV) compounds, agents and drugs, as well as agents that assist, promote, stimulate or enhance efficacy. Such anti-Dengue virus (DV) drugs, agents, treatments and therapies can be administered or performed prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following any other method of the invention, for example, a therapeutic method of treating a subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or a method of prophylactic treatment of a subject for a Dengue virus (DV) infection. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof can be administered as a combination composition, or administered separately, such as concurrently or in series or sequentially (prior to or following) administering a second active, to a subject. The invention therefore provides combinations in which a method or use of the invention is used in a combination with any compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, remedy or composition, such as an anti-viral (e.g., Dengue virus (DV)) or immune stimulating, enhancing or augmenting protocol, or pathogen vaccination or immunization (e.g., prophylaxis) set forth herein or known in the art. The compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, remedy or composition can be administered or performed prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following administration of one or more Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions or modifications thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding all or a portion (e.g., a T cell epitope) of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof, to a subject. Specific non-limiting examples of combination embodiments therefore include the foregoing or other compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, remedy or composition. 
     An exemplary combination is a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof (e.g., a CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cell epitope) and a different Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof (e.g., a different T cell epitope) such as a T cell epitope, antigen (e.g., Dengue virus (DV) extract), or live or attenuated Dengue virus (DV) (e.g., inactivated Dengue virus (DV)). Such Dengue virus (DV) antigens and T cell epitopes set forth herein or known to one skilled in the art include a Dengue virus (DV) antigen that increases, stimulates, enhances, promotes, augments or induces a proinflammatory or adaptive immune response, numbers or activation of an immune cell (e.g., T cell, natural killer T (NKT) cell, dendritic cell (DC), B cell, macrophage, neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, CD4 +  or a CD8 +  cell, B220 +  cell, CD14 + , CD11b +  or CD11c +  cells), an anti-Dengue virus (DV) CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cell response, production of a Th1 cytokine, a T cell mediated immune response, etc. 
     Combination methods and use embodiments include, for example, second actives such as anti-pathogen drugs, such as protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, virus fusion inhibitors and virus entry inhibitors, antibodies to pathogen proteins, live or attenuated pathogen, or a nucleic acid encoding all or a portion (e.g., an epitope) of any protein or proteinaceous pathogen antigen, immune stimulating agents, etc., and include contact with, administration in vitro or in vivo, with another compound, agent, treatment or therapeutic regimen appropriate for pathogen infection, vaccination or immunization 
     Methods of the invention also include, among other things, methods that result in a reduced need or use of another compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, or remedy. For example, for a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, vaccination or immunization, a method of the invention has a therapeutic benefit if in a given subject a less frequent or reduced dose or elimination of an anti-Dengue virus (DV) treatment results. Thus, in accordance with the invention, methods of reducing need or use of a treatment or therapy for a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or vaccination or immunization, are provided. 
     In invention methods in which there is a desired outcome, such as a therapeutic or prophylactic method that provides a benefit from treatment, vaccination or immunization Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof can be administered in a sufficient or effective amount. As used herein, a “sufficient amount” or “effective amount” or an “amount sufficient” or an “amount effective” refers to an amount that provides, in single (e.g., primary) or multiple (e.g., booster) doses, alone or in combination with one or more other compounds, treatments, therapeutic regimens or agents (e.g., a drug), a long term or a short term detectable or measurable improvement in a given subject or any objective or subjective benefit to a given subject of any degree or for any time period or duration (e.g., for minutes, hours, days, months, years, or cured). 
     An amount sufficient or an amount effective can but need not be provided in a single administration and can but need not be achieved by Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof alone, in a combination composition or method that includes a second active. In addition, an amount sufficient or an amount effective need not be sufficient or effective if given in single or multiple doses without a second or additional administration or dosage, since additional doses, amounts or duration above and beyond such doses, or additional antigens, compounds, drugs, agents, treatment or therapeutic regimens may be included in order to provide a given subject with a detectable or measurable improvement or benefit to the subject. For example, to increase, enhance, improve or optimize immunization and/or vaccination, after an initial or primary administration of one or more Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions or modifications thereof to a subject, the subject can be administered one or more additional “boosters” of one or more Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions or modifications thereof. Such subsequent “booster” administrations can be of the same or a different formulation, dose or concentration, route, etc. 
     An amount sufficient or an amount effective need not be therapeutically or prophylactically effective in each and every subject treated, nor a majority of subjects treated in a given group or population. An amount sufficient or an amount effective means sufficiency or effectiveness in a particular subject, not a group of subjects or the general population. As is typical for such methods, different subjects will exhibit varied responses to treatment. 
     The term “subject” refers to an animal, typically a mammalian animal (mammal), such as a non human primate (apes, gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, macaques), a domestic animal (dogs and cats), a farm animal (poultry such as chickens and ducks, horses, cows, goats, sheep, pigs), experimental animal (mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig) and humans. Subjects include animal disease models, for example, mouse and other animal models of pathogen (e.g., DV) infection known in the art. 
     Subjects appropriate for treatment include those having or at risk of having Dengue virus infection or pathology. Target subjects therefore include subjects that have been exposed to or contacted with Dengue virus (DV), or that have an ongoing infection or have developed one or more adverse symptoms caused by or associated with Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, regardless of the type, timing or degree of onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration of the symptoms. 
     Target subjects also include those at risk of Dengue virus (DV) exposure, contact, infection or pathology or at risk of having or developing a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. The invention methods are therefore applicable to treating a subject who is at risk of Dengue virus (DV) exposure, contact, infection or pathology, but has not yet been exposed to or contacted with Dengue virus (DV). Prophylactic methods are therefore included. Target subjects for prophylaxis can be at increased risk (probability or susceptibility) of exposure, contact, infection or pathology, as set forth herein. Such subjects are considered in need of treatment due to being at risk. 
     Target subjects for prophylaxis need not be at increased risk but may be from the general population in which it is desired to vaccinate or immunize a subject against a Dengue virus (DV) infection, for example. Such a subject that is desired to be vaccinated or immunized against a Dengue virus (DV) can be administered Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof. In another non-limiting example, a subject that is not specifically at risk of exposure to or contact with a Dengue virus (DV), but nevertheless desires protect against infection or pathology, can be administered a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof. Such subjects are also considered in need of treatment. 
     At risk subjects appropriate for treatment also include subjects exposed to environments in which subjects are at risk of a Dengue virus (DV) infection due to mosquitos. Subjects appropriate for treatment therefore include human subjects exposed to mosquitos, or travelling to geographical regions or countries in which Dengue virus (DV) is know to infect subjects due, for example, an individual who risks exposure due to the presence of DENV in a particular geographical region or country or population, or transmission from mosquitos present in the region or country. At risk subjects appropriate for treatment also include subjects where the risk of Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology is increased due to changes in infectivity or the type of region of Dengue virus (DV) carrying mosquitos. Such subjects are also considered in need of treatment due to such a risk. 
     “Prophylaxis” and grammatical variations thereof mean a method in which contact, administration or in vivo delivery to a subject is prior to contact with or exposure to or infection. In certain situations it may not be known that a subject has been contacted with or exposed to Dengue virus (DV), but administration or in vivo delivery to a subject can be performed prior to infection or manifestation of pathology (or an associated adverse symptom, condition, complication, etc. caused by or associated with a Dengue virus (DV)). For example, a subject can be immunized or vaccinated with a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof. In such case, a method can eliminate, prevent, inhibit, suppress, limit, decrease or reduce the probability of or susceptibility towards a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, or an adverse symptom, condition or complication associated with or caused by or associated with a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. 
     Treatment of an infection can be at any time during the infection. Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence or portion thereof can be administered as a combination (e.g., with a second active), or separately concurrently or in sequence (sequentially) in accordance with the methods as a single or multiple dose e.g., one or more times hourly, daily, weekly, monthly or annually or between about 1 to 10 weeks, or for as long as appropriate, for example, to achieve a reduction in the onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration of one or more symptoms or complications associated with or caused by Dengue virus (DV) infection, pathology, or an adverse symptom, condition or complication associated with or caused by a Dengue virus (DV). Thus, a method can be practiced one or more times (e.g., 1-10, 1-5 or 1-3 times) an hour, day, week, month, or year. The skilled artisan will know when it is appropriate to delay or discontinue administration. A non-limiting dosage schedule is 1-7 times per week, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20 or more weeks, and any numerical value or range or value within such ranges. 
     Methods of the invention may be practiced by any mode of administration or delivery, or by any route, systemic, regional and local administration or delivery. Exemplary administration and delivery routes include intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intrarterial, intramuscular, parenteral, subcutaneous, intra-pleural, topical, dermal, intradermal, transdermal, transmucosal, intra-cranial, intra-spinal, rectal, oral (alimentary), mucosal, inhalation, respiration, intranasal, intubation, intrapulmonary, intrapulmonary instillation, buccal, sublingual, intravascular, intrathecal, intracavity, iontophoretic, intraocular, ophthalmic, optical, intraglandular, intraorgan, or intralymphatic. 
     Doses can be based upon current existing protocols, empirically determined, using animal disease models or optionally in human clinical trials. Initial study doses can be based upon animal studies set forth herein, for a mouse, which weighs about 30 grams, and the amount of Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof administered that is determined to be effective. Exemplary non-limiting amounts (doses) are in a range of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, and any numerical value or range or value within such ranges. Greater or lesser amounts (doses) can be administered, for example, 0.01-500 mg/kg, and any numerical value or range or value within such ranges. The dose can be adjusted according to the mass of a subject, and will generally be in a range from about 1-10 ug/kg, 10-25 ug/kg, 25-50 ug/kg, 50-100 ug/kg, 100-500 ug/kg, 500-1,000 ug/kg, 1-5 mg/kg, 5-10 mg/kg, 10-20 mg/kg, 20-50 mg/kg, 50-100 mg/kg, 100-250 mg/kg, 250-500 mg/kg, or more, two, three, four, or more times per hour, day, week, month or annually. A typical range will be from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, 0-25 mg/kg, or 1.0-10 mg/kg, or any numerical value or range or value within such ranges. 
     Doses can vary and depend upon whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic, whether a subject has been previously exposed to, infected with our suffered from Dengue virus (DV), the onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration probability of or susceptibility of the symptom, condition, pathology or complication, or vaccination or immunization to which treatment is directed, the clinical endpoint desired, previous or simultaneous treatments, the general health, age, gender, race or immunological competency of the subject and other factors that will be appreciated by the skilled artisan. The skilled artisan will appreciate the factors that may influence the dosage and timing required to provide an amount sufficient for providing a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit. 
     Typically, for therapeutic treatment, Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof will be administered as soon as practical, typically within 1-2, 2-4, 4-12, 12-24 or 24-72 hours after a subject is exposed to or contacted with a Dengue virus (DV), or within 1-2, 2-4, 4-12, 12-24 or 24-48 hours after onset or development of one or more adverse symptoms, conditions, pathologies, complications, etc., associated with or caused by a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology. For prophylactic treatment in connection with vaccination or immunization, Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof can be administered for a duration of 0-4 weeks, e.g., 2-3 weeks, prior to exposure to, contact or infection with Dengue virus (DV), or at least within 1-2, 2-4, 4-12, 12-24, 24-48 or 48-72 hours prior to exposure to, contact or infection with Dengue virus (DV). For an acute infection, Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification thereof is administered at any appropriate time. 
     The dose amount, number, frequency or duration may be proportionally increased or reduced, as indicated by the status of the subject. For example, whether the subject has a pathogen infection, whether the subject has been exposed to, contacted or infected with pathogen or is merely at risk of pathogen contact, exposure or infection, whether the subject is a candidate for or will be vaccinated or immunized. The dose amount, number, frequency or duration may be proportionally increased or reduced, as indicated by any adverse side effects, complications or other risk factors of the treatment or therapy. 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof can be incorporated into compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Such pharmaceutical compositions are useful for, among other things, administration to a subject in vivo or ex vivo. 
     As used herein the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” and “physiologically acceptable” mean a biologically acceptable formulation, gaseous, liquid or solid, or mixture thereof, which is suitable for one or more routes of administration, in vivo delivery or contact. Such formulations include solvents (aqueous or non-aqueous), solutions (aqueous or non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water or water-in-oil), suspensions, syrups, elixirs, dispersion and suspension media, coatings, isotonic and absorption promoting or delaying agents, compatible with pharmaceutical administration or in vivo contact or delivery. Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, solutions and suspensions may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include tablets (coated or uncoated), capsules (hard or soft), microbeads, powder, granules and crystals. Supplementary active compounds (e.g., preservatives, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents) can also be incorporated into the compositions. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated to be compatible with a particular route of administration. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions include carriers, diluents, or excipients suitable for administration by various routes. Exemplary routes of administration for contact or in vivo delivery which a composition can optionally be formulated include inhalation, respiration, intranasal, intubation, intrapulmonary instillation, oral, buccal, intrapulmonary, intradermal, topical, dermal, parenteral, sublingual, subcutaneous, intravascular, intrathecal, intraarticular, intracavity, transdermal, iontophoretic, intraocular, opthalmic, optical, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular, intraglandular, intraorgan, or intralymphatic. 
     Formulations suitable for parenteral administration comprise aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the active compound, which preparations are typically sterile and can be isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Non-limiting illustrative examples include water, saline, dextrose, fructose, ethanol, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils. 
     To increase an immune response, immunization or vaccination, Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof can be coupled to another protein such as ovalbumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), thyroglobulin or a toxin such as tetanus or cholera toxin. Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions and modifications thereof can also be mixed with adjuvants. 
     Adjuvants include, for example: Oil (mineral or organic) emulsion adjuvants such as Freund&#39;s complete (CFA) and incomplete adjuvant (IFA) (WO 95/17210; WO 98/56414; WO 99/12565; WO 99/11241; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,109); metal and metallic salts, such as aluminum and aluminum salts, such as aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide, alum (hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate); bacterially derived compounds, such as Monophosphoryl lipid A and derivatives thereof (e.g., 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A, aka 3D-MPL or d3-MPL, to indicate that position 3 of the reducing end glucosamine is de-O-acylated, 3D-MPL consisting of the tri and tetra acyl congeners), and enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS); plant derived saponins and derivatives thereof, for example Quil A (isolated from the Quilaja Saponaria Molina tree, see, e.g., “Saponin adjuvants”, Archiv. fur die gesamte Virusforschung, Vol. 44, Springer Verlag, Berlin, p 243-254; U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540), and fragments of Quil A which retain adjuvant activity without associated toxicity, for example QS7 and QS21 (also known as QA7 and QA21), as described in WO96/33739, for example; surfactants such as, soya lecithin and oleic acid; sorbitan esters such as sorbitan trioleate; and polyvinylpyrrolidone; oligonucleotides such as CpG (WO 96/02555, and WO 98/16247), polyriboA and polyriboU; block copolymers; and immunostimulatory cytokines such as GM-CSF and IL-1, and Muramyl tripeptide (MTP). Additional examples of adjuvants are described, for example, in “Vaccine Design—the subunit and adjuvant approach” (Edited by Powell, M. F. and Newman, M. J.; 1995,  Pharmaceutical Biotechnology  (Plenum Press, New York and London, ISBN 0-306-44867-X) entitled “Compendium of vaccine adjuvants and excipients” by Powell, M. F. and Newman M. 
     Cosolvents may be added to a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion or modification composition or formulation. Non-limiting examples of cosolvents contain hydroxyl groups or other polar groups, for example, alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, glycol ether; glycerol; polyoxyethylene alcohols and polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters. Non-limiting examples of cosolvents contain hydroxyl groups or other polar groups, for example, alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, glycol ether; glycerol; polyoxyethylene alcohols and polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters. 
     Supplementary compounds (e.g., preservatives, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents including biocides and biostats such as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents) can also be incorporated into the compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions may therefore include preservatives, anti-oxidants and antimicrobial agents. 
     Preservatives can be used to inhibit microbial growth or increase stability of ingredients thereby prolonging the shelf life of the pharmaceutical formulation. Suitable preservatives are known in the art and include, for example, EDTA, EGTA, benzalkonium chloride or benzoic acid or benzoates, such as sodium benzoate. Antioxidants include, for example, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, tocopherols, and similar vitamins or provitamins. 
     An antimicrobial agent or compound directly or indirectly inhibits, reduces, delays, halts, eliminates, arrests, suppresses or prevents contamination by or growth, infectivity, replication, proliferation, reproduction, of a pathogenic or non-pathogenic microbial organism. Classes of antimicrobials include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitics. Antimicrobials include agents and compounds that kill or destroy (-cidal) or inhibit (-static) contamination by or growth, infectivity, replication, proliferation, reproduction of the microbial organism. 
     Exemplary antibacterials (antibiotics) include penicillins (e.g., penicillin G, ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin), cephalosporins (e.g., cefadroxil, ceforanid, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone), tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline, chlortetracycline, minocycline, and tetracycline), aminoglycosides (e g, amikacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin and tobramycin), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and norfloxacin), and other antibiotics including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cycloserine, isoniazid, rifampin, vancomycin, aztreonam, clavulanic acid, imipenem, polymyxin, bacitracin, amphotericin and nystatin. 
     Particular non-limiting classes of anti-virals include reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; thymidine kinase inhibitors; sugar or glycoprotein synthesis inhibitors; structural protein synthesis inhibitors; nucleoside analogues; and viral maturation inhibitors. Specific non-limiting examples of anti-virals include nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (d4T), larnivudine (3TC), didanosine (DDI), zalcitabine (ddC), abacavir, acyclovir, penciclovir, ribavirin, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, 1,-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3 carboxamide, 9-&gt;2-hydroxy-ethoxy methylguanine, adamantanamine, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, trifluorothymidine, interferon and adenine arabinoside. 
     Pharmaceutical formulations and delivery systems appropriate for the compositions and methods of the invention are known in the art (see, e.g.,  Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy  (2003) 20 th  ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.;  Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences  (1990) 18 th  ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.;  The Merck Index  (1996) 12 th  ed., Merck Publishing Group, Whitehouse, N.J.;  Pharmaceutical Principles of Solid Dosage Forms  (1993), Technonic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa.; Ansel ad Soklosa,  Pharmaceutical Calculations  (2001) 11 th  ed., Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.; and Poznansky et al.,  Drug Delivery Systems  (1980), R. L. Juliano, ed., Oxford, N.Y., pp. 253-315). 
     Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof, along with any adjunct agent, compound drug, composition, whether active or inactive, etc., can be packaged in unit dosage form (capsules, tablets, troches, cachets, lozenges) for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. A “unit dosage form” as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient optionally in association with a pharmaceutical carrier (excipient, diluent, vehicle or filling agent) which, when administered in one or more doses, is calculated to produce a desired effect (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic effect). Unit dosage forms also include, for example, ampules and vials, which may include a composition in a freeze-dried or lyophilized state; a sterile liquid carrier, for example, can be added prior to administration or delivery in vivo. Unit dosage forms additionally include, for example, ampules and vials with liquid compositions disposed therein. Individual unit dosage forms can be included in multi-dose kits or containers. Pharmaceutical formulations can be packaged in single or multiple unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. 
     The invention provides kits that include Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof, optionally with a second active, and pharmaceutical formulations thereof, packaged into suitable packaging material. A kit typically includes a label or packaging insert including a description of the components or instructions for use in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo, of the components therein. A kit can contain a collection of such components, e.g., Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion, or modification thereof, and optionally a second active, such as another compound, agent, drug or composition. 
     The term “packaging material” refers to a physical structure housing the components of the kit. The packaging material can maintain the components sterilely, and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, vials, tubes, etc.). 
     Kits of the invention can include labels or inserts. Labels or inserts include “printed matter,” e.g., paper or cardboard, or separate or affixed to a component, a kit or packing material (e.g., a box), or attached to an ampule, tube or vial containing a kit component. Labels or inserts can additionally include a computer readable medium, such as a disk (e.g., hard disk, flash memory), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards. 
     Labels or inserts can include identifying information of one or more components therein, dose amounts, does frequency or timing, clinical pharmacology of the active ingredient(s) including mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Labels or inserts can include information identifying manufacturer information, lot numbers, manufacturer location and date. 
     Labels or inserts can include information on a condition, disorder or disease (e.g., viral infection, vaccination or immunization) for which a kit component may be used. Labels or inserts can include instructions for the clinician or subject for using one or more of the kit components in a method, or treatment protocol or therapeutic regimen. Instructions can include dosage amounts, frequency or duration, and instructions for practicing any of the methods, treatment protocols or prophylactic or therapeutic regimes described herein. Exemplary instructions include, instructions for treating a Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, and instructions for providing a subject with protection against Dengue virus (DV) infection or pathology, e.g., immune response stimulating, vaccination or immunization. 
     Labels or inserts can include information on any benefit that a component may provide, such as a prophylactic or therapeutic benefit. Labels or inserts can include information on potential adverse side effects, complications or reactions, such as warnings to the subject or clinician regarding situations where it would not be appropriate to use a particular composition. Adverse side effects or complications could also occur when the subject has, will be or is currently taking one or more other medications that may be incompatible with the composition, or the subject has, will be or is currently undergoing another treatment protocol or therapeutic regimen which would be incompatible with the composition and, therefore, instructions could include information regarding such incompatibilities. 
     Methods of the invention also include, among other things, methods of diagnosing DV infection in a subject, and DV exposure of a subject. In open embodiment, a method includes contacting cells from a subject to one or more DV T cell epitopes; and determining if the T cell epitope elicits a response (e.g., anti-DV response) from the contacted cells. A response identifies the cells as having been exposed to the T cell epitope, thereby diagnosing the subject from which the cells were obtained as having a DV infection or as having been exposed to DV. Exemplary cells include CD8 +  T cells and/or CD4+ T cells. Exemplary responses include inducing, increasing, promoting or stimulating an anti-Dengue virus (DV) activity of CD8 +  T cells or CD4+ T cells; and/or increased or stimulated IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 production by CD8 +  T cells in the presence of the T cell epitope; and/or increased or stimulated IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2, or CD40L in the presence of the T cell epitope, or killing T cell epitope-pulsed target cells. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described herein. 
     All applications, publications, patents and other references, GenBank citations and ATCC citations cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the specification, including definitions, will control. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion, or modification thereof,” or a “Dengue virus (DV)” includes a plurality of Dengue virus (DV) peptides, subsequences, portions, and modifications thereof, such as CD4 +  and/or CD8 +  T cell epitopes, or serotypes of Dengue virus (DV), and reference to an “activity or function” can include reference to one or more activities or functions of a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion, or modification thereof, including function as a T cell epitopes, an ability to elicit, stimulate, induce, promote, increase, enhance or activate a measurable or detectable anti-DV CD4+ T cell response or anti-DV CD8+ T cell response, and so forth. 
     As used herein, numerical values are often presented in a range format throughout this document. The use of a range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the use of a range expressly includes all possible subranges, all individual numerical values within that range, and all numerical values or numerical ranges include integers within such ranges and fractions of the values or the integers within ranges unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. This construction applies regardless of the breadth of the range and in all contexts throughout this patent document. Thus, to illustrate, reference to a range of 90-100% includes 91-99%, 92-98%, 93-95%, 91-98%, 91-97%, 91-96%, 91-95%, 91-94%, 91-93%, and so forth. Reference to a range of 90-100%, includes 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 95%, 97%, etc., as well as 91.1%, 91.2%, 91.3%, 91.4%, 91.5%, etc., 92.1%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 92.4%, 92.5%, etc., and so forth. Reference to a range of 1-5 fold therefore includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, fold, etc., as well as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, fold, etc., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, fold, etc., and so forth. Further, for example, reference to a series of ranges of 2-72 hours, 2-48 hours, 4-24 hours, 4-18 hours and 6-12 hours, includes ranges of 2-6 hours, 2, 12 hours, 2-18 hours, 2-24 hours, etc., and 4-27 hours, 4-48 hours, 4-6 hours, etc. 
     As also used herein a series of range formats are used throughout this document. The use of a series of ranges includes combinations of the upper and lower ranges to provide a range. Accordingly, a series of ranges include ranges which combine the values of the boundaries of different ranges within the series. This construction applies regardless of the breadth of the range and in all contexts throughout this patent document. Thus, for example, reference to a series of ranges such as 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-150, and 150-171, includes ranges such as 5-20, 5-30, 5-40, 5-50, 5-75, 5-100, 5-150, 5-171, and 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-75, 10-100, 10-150, 10-171, and 20-40, 20-50, 20-75, 20-100, 20-150, 20-171, and so forth. 
     The invention is generally disclosed herein using affirmative language to describe the numerous embodiments and aspects. The invention also specifically includes embodiments in which particular subject matter is excluded, in full or in part, such as substances or materials, method steps and conditions, protocols, procedures, assays or analysis. For example, in certain embodiments or aspects of the invention, antibodies or other materials and method steps are excluded. In certain embodiments and aspects of the invention, for example, a Dengue virus (DV) peptide, subsequence, portion, or modification thereof, is excluded. Thus, even though the invention is generally not expressed herein in terms of what is not included, embodiments and aspects that expressly exclude compositions (e.g., antibodies or pathogen antigens) or method steps are nevertheless disclosed and included in the invention. 
     A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the scope of invention described in the claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     This example includes a description of various materials and methods. 
     Mice and Infections 
     C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory and subsequently bred. IFN-α/βR −/−  mice on the C57BL/6 background were obtained from Dr. Wayne Yokoyama (Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.) via Dr. Carl Ware. HLA-A*0201/Kb, A*1101/Kb, A*0101, B*0702 and DRB1*0101 transgenic mice were bred at LIAI as previously described (Kotturi et al.,  Immunome Res  6:4 (2010); Pasquetto et al.,  J Immunol  175:5504 (2005); Alexander et al.,  J Immunol  159:4753 (1997); Alexander et al.,  Hum Immunol  64:211 (2003)). All transgenic mouse strains were subsequently backcrossed with the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice at the animal facility at LIAI.B6.SJL mice were purchased from Taconic. Mice were used between 5 and 10 weeks of age. 
     Mice were infected intravenously (i.v.) in the lateral tail vein or retro-orbitally (r.o.) with 200 μl of the DENV2 strain, S221, in 5% FBS/PBS. Blood was obtained from anesthetized mice by r.o. puncture. For experiments with transgenic mice, mice were infected i.v.r.o. with 10 10  genomic equivalents (GE) of S221 in 100 uL PBS. On day 7 post-infection, mice were sacrificed and splenic CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively, were used in mouse IFNγ ELISPOT assays. All mouse experiments were approved by the Animal Care Committee. 
     Cell Culture and Viral Stocks 
     The hybridoma clones SFR3, GK1.5, and 2.43, which produce rat anti-human HLA-DR5, anti-mouse CD4, and anti-mouse CD8 IgG2b Ab, respectively, were from the American Type Culture Collection, and were grown in Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin, HEPES, GlutaMAX, and 2-ME (all from Invitrogen) at 37° C., 5% CO 2 . C6/36, an  A. albopictus  mosquito cell line, was cultured in Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gemini Bio-Products), penicillin, streptomycin, and HEPES at 28° C. in the absence of CO 2 . 5221, a plaque-purified DENV2 strain, was derived from the clinical isolate, PL046 (Lin et al.,  J Virol  72:9729 (1998)), as described previously (Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). Viral stocks were amplified in C6/36 cells and purified over a sucrose gradient as previously described (Prestwood et al.,  J Virol  82:8411 (2008)). Infectious doses were determined based on GE, which were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. There are approximately 5×10 4  GE/PFU for S221, based on plaque assay on baby hamster kidney cells. 
     Bioinfonnatic Analyses 
     Candidate epitopes were identified using a consensus approach (Wang et al.,  PLoS Comput Biol  4:e1000048 (2008)). Briefly, all 15-mer peptides that are encoded in the DENV2 PL046 polyprotein were predicted for binding to H-2 I-A″. Two independent algorithms (Zhang et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  36:W513 (2008)) were used to rank the peptides by predicted binding affinity. The median of the two ranks was used to select the top 73 out of 3383 peptides, corresponding to the top 2% of all peptides. 
     For human MHC class I binding predictions all 9 and 10mer peptides were predicted for their binding affinity to their respective alleles. Binding predictions were performed using the command-line version of the consensus prediction tool available on the IEDB web site (Zhang et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  36:W513 (2008)). Peptides were selected if they are in the top 1% of binders in a given strain. For human MHC class II binding predictions all 15mer peptides were predicted for their binding affinity to the DRB1*0101 allele. As with class I, binding predictions were performed using the command-line version of the consensus prediction tool available on the IEDB web site. The top 2% of predicted binders were then selected for synthesis. All peptides evaluated in this study were derived from the DENV2 virus strain S221, which was also used as infectious agent in this study, as described above. For the conservancy analysis, full-length DENV polyprotein sequences were retrieved for each serotype from the NCBI Protein database using the following query: txid11053 AND polyprotein AND 3000:5000[slen]. The number of isolates from any one country was limited to 10 to eliminate geographical bias. Sequences were considered “unique” if they varied by at least 1 amino acid from all other sequences. In summary, 171 DENV2, 162 DENV1, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences from the NCBI protein database were investigated for conservancy of the identified epitopes within the respective serotypes. 
     Selection of DENV Sequences for Human HLAs 
     Full-length DENV polyprotein sequences were retrieved for each serotype from the NCBI Protein database using the following query: txid11053 AND polyprotein AND 3000:5000 (44). Table 7 shows the DENV sequences that were retrieved for DENV3 as an example. In summary 162 DENV1, 171 DENV2, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences have been retrieved. Sequences were considered “unique” if they varied by at least 1 amino acid from all other sequences. The number of isolates from any one country was limited to 10 to avoid geographical bias. Polyproteins were broken down into all possible 9, 10mer sequences for binding predictions as described below. 
     MHC Class I Binding Predictions and Peptide Selection 
     All 9 and 10mer peptides were predicted for their binding affinity to 27 MHC class I alleles (Table 8). Binding predictions were performed using the command-line version of the consensus prediction tool available on the Immune Epitope Data Base (IEDB), web site (www.iedb.org, (45)). For each allele and length combination, peptides from each included polyprotein were selected if they are in the top 1% of binders in a given strain and they exist in at least 30% of the isolates for that serotype. If the same peptide is selected from two or more serotypes, then it was placed in the “conserved” group. If two or more peptides at the same position in the alignment (i.e. completely overlapping) are selected from one serotype, the peptide that is more common is designated the representative and the less-common peptides were placed in the “variant” group. This resulted in a set of 8,088 peptides to be synthesized. Table 8 summarizes the peptide groups resulting from this selection. 
     Peptide Synthesis 
     Peptides utilized in initial screening studies were synthesized as crude material by A and A Labs. A total of 73 15-mer peptides were ordered and synthesized twice in different (alphabetical vs. predicted IC 50 ) order. Positive peptides were re-synthesized by A and A Labs and purified to &gt;90% homogeneity by reverse-phase HPLC. Purity of these peptides was determined using mass spectrometry. The HPLC-purified peptides were used for all subsequent experiments. 
     All peptides using human MHC class I or II sequences were synthesized by Mimotopes (Victoria, Australia). A total of 8088 9-mer and 10-mer peptides were identified by MHC class I predictions and synthesized as crude material. Peptides were combined into pools of 10 individual peptides, according to their predicted HLA restriction. 
     Flow Cytometric Analyses 
     For surface staining of germinal center B cells, splenocytes were stained with anti-B220-Alexa Fluor 647 (Biolegend), anti-CD4-PerCP (BD Biosciences), GL7-FITC (BD Biosciences), anti-IgD-eFluor 450 (eBioscience), and anti-Fas-PE (BD Biosciences). For intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of CD4 +  T cells, 2×10 6  splenocytes were plated in 96-well U-bottom plates and stimulated with individual DENV2 peptides (3 μg/ml) for 2 h (hours). Brefeldin A (GolgiPlug, BD Biosciences) was then added and cells were incubated for another 5 h (hours). Cells were washed, incubated with supernatant from 2.4G2-producing hybridoma cells, and labeled with anti-CD4-eFluor 450 (eBioscience) and anti-CD8α-PerCP-eFluor 710 (eBioscience) or PE-Cy7 (BD Biosciences). The cells were then fixed and permeabilized using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit, and stained with various combinations of anti-IFN-γ-APC (eBioscience), anti-TNF-PE-Cy7 (BD Biosciences), anti-IL-2-Alexa Fluor 488 (BD Biosciences) or -PE (Biolegend), and anti-CD40L-PE (eBioscience). Foxp3 staining was done using the mouse regulatory T cell staining kit from eBioscience. The criteria for positivity in CD4 +  T cell epitope identification were: 2× the percentage of IFN-γ produced by stimulated cells compared with unstimulated cells, positive in two independent crude peptide orders, and positive when ordered as HPLC-purified (&gt;90% pure). For CD8 +  T cell ICS, splenocytes (2×10 6 ) were stimulated in 96-well U-bottom plates for 5 h (hours) in the presence of 1 μg/ml H-2 b -restricted epitopes identified previously: M 60-67 , NS2A 8-15 , and NS4B 99-107  (Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). Anti-CD107a-FITC (BD Biosciences) was added to the wells during the stimulation. Cells were then stained as described for CD4 +  T cell ICS. Samples were read on an LSR II (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FloJo software (Tree Star). 
     Immunohistochemistry 
     Tissues were embedded in O.C.T. compound (Sakura). Sections (6 μm) were cut and stored at −80° C. Frozen sections were thawed and fixed for 10 minutes in acetone at 25° C., followed by 8 minutes in 1% paraformaldehyde (EMS) in 100 mM dibasic sodium phosphate containing 60 mM lysine and 7 mM sodium periodate pH 7.4 at 4° C. Sections were blocked first using the Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit (Vector Labs) followed by 5% normal goat serum (Invitrogen) and 1% BSA (Sigma) in PBS. Sections were stained overnight with anti-F4/80-biotin (clone BM8, Biolegend), anti-CD4-PE (clone RM4-5, eBioscience), anti-CD8β-Alexa Fluor 647 (clone YTS156.7.7, Biolegend), and anti-B220-FITC (clone RA3-6B2, BD Pharmingen). Sections were then washed and stained with streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 750 and rabbit anti-FITC-Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen). Images were recorded using a Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope, processed using Leica Microsystems software, stitched together using Adobe Illustrator, and adjusted using ImageJ. 
     T Cell Depletions 
     Hybridoma supernatants were clarified by centrifugation, dialyzed against PBS, sterile-filtered, and quantified by BCA Protein Assay Reagent (Thermo Scientific). IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were injected i.p. with 250 μg of SFR3, or GK1.5, or 2.43 in PBS (250 μl total volume) 3 days and 1 day before or 1 day before and 1 day after infection, which resulted in depletion of 90% of CD8 +  cells and ≥97% of CD4 +  cells. In  FIG. 4 , one CD4-depleted mouse received GK1.5 only on day 1, which still resulted in ≥97% depletion. 
     DENV2-Specific Antibody ELISA 
     Serum was harvested from control and CD4-depleted IFN-α/βR −/−  mice 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2, or naïve mice. EIA/RIA 96-well plates (Costar) were coated with DENV2 (10 9  GE per well) in 50 μl 0.1M NaHCO 3 . The virus was UV-inactivated and plates left overnight at 4° C. The plates were then washed to remove unbound virus using 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 (Sigma) in PBS. After blocking with Blocker Casein Blocking Buffer (Thermo Scientific) for 1 h at room temperature, 1:3 serial dilutions of serum in a total volume of 100 μl were added to the wells. After 1.5 h, wells were washed and bound antibody was detected using HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG Fc portion or HRP-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgMμ chain (Jackson Immunoresearch) and TMB (eBioscience). 
     Antibody-Virus Neutralization Assay 
     Serum was heat-inactivated at 56° C. for 30 min. Three-fold serial dilutions of serum were then incubated with 5×10 8  GE of DENV2 for 1 h at room temperature in a total volume of 100 μl PBS. Next, approximately 6×10 5  C6/36 cells per well of a 24-well plate were infected with 100 μl of the virus-antibody mix for one hour at 28° C. Cells were washed twice with 500 μl of PBS, and then incubated at 28° C. in 500 μl L-15 Medium containing 5% FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin for 24 h. For each antibody dilution, the percentage of infected cells was determined by flow cytometry as previously described (Lambeth et al.,  J Clin Microbiol  43:3267 (2005)) using 2H2-biotin (IgG2a anti-prM/M, DENV1-4 reactive) and streptavidin-APC (Biolegend). The percentage of infected cells was normalized to 100% (infection without serum). 
     CD8 In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assay 
     IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (recipients) were infected with 10 10  GE of DENV2. Some mice were depleted of CD4 +  T cells before infection. Splenocytes (targets) were harvested from donor B6.SJL congenic mice (CD45.1) 7 days later. RBC were lysed, and the target cells were pulsed with varying concentrations of a pool of 4 H-2 b -restricted DENV2 peptides (M 60-67 , NS2A 8-15 , NS4B 99-107 , NS5 237 -245) or DMSO for 1 h at 37° C. The cells were then washed and labeled with CFSE (Invitrogen) in PBS/0.1% BSA for 10 min at 37° C. Cells were labeled with 1 μM CFSE (CFSE high ) or 100 nM CFSE (CFSE low ) or left unlabeled. After washing, the cell populations were mixed and 5×10 6  cells from each population were injected i.v. into naïve or infected recipient mice. After 4 h, the mice were sacrificed and splenocytes stained with anti-CD45.1-APC (eBioscience) and analyzed by flow cytometry, gating on CD45.1 +  cells. The percentage killing was calculated as follows: 100−((percentage DENV peptide-pulsed in infected mice/percentage DMSO-pulsed in infected mice)/(percentage DENV peptide-pulsed in naïve mice/percentage DMSO-pulsed in naïve mice)×100). 
     CD4 In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assay 
     IFN-α/βR −/−  mice (recipients) were infected with 10 10  GE of DENV2. Some mice were depleted of CD4 +  or CD8 +  cells before infection. Splenocytes (targets) were harvested from donor B6.SJL congenic mice (CD45.1) 7 days later. RBC were lysed and the target cells were pulsed with 1.7 μg (approximately 1 μM) each of NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , and NS3 237-251  (or DMSO) for 1 h at 37° C. The cells were then washed and labeled with CFSE in PBS/0.1% BSA for 10 min at 37° C. DENV2 peptide-pulsed cells were labeled with 1 μM CFSE (CFSE high ) and DMSO-pulsed cells with 100 nM CFSE (CFSE low ). After washing, the two cell populations were mixed and 5×10 6  cells from each population were injected i.v. into naïve or infected recipient mice. After 16 h, the mice were sacrificed and splenocytes stained and the percentage killing calculated as described for the CD8 in vivo cytotoxicity assay. 
     Quantitation of DENV Burden in Mice 
     Mice were euthanized by isoflurane inhalation and blood was collected via cardiac puncture. Serum was separated from whole blood by centrifugation in serum separator tubes (Starsted) Small intestines were put into PBS, flushed, filleted, chopped into small pieces, and put into RNAlater (Qiagen). Other organs were immediately placed into RNAlater and all organs were subsequently homogenized for 3 min in 1 ml tissue lysis buffer (Qiagen Buffer RLT) using a Mini-Beadbeater-8 (BioSpec Products) or QiagenTissueLyser Immediately after homogenization, all tissues were centrifuged (5 min, 4° C., 16,000×g) to pellet debris, and RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). Serum RNA was isolated using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). After elution, viral RNA was stored at −80° C. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed according to a published protocol (Houng et al.,  J Virol Methods  86:1-11 (2000)), except a MyiQ Single-Color Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) with One-Step qRT-PCR Kit (Quanta BioSciences) were used. The DENV2 standard curve was generated with serial dilutions of a known concentration of DENV2 genomic RNA which was in vitro transcribed (MAXlscriptKit, Ambion) from a plasmid containing the cDNA template of S221 3′UTR. After transcription, DNA was digested with DNase I, and RNA was purified using the RNeasy Mini Kit and quantified by spectrophotometry. To control for RNA quality and quantity when measuring DENV in tissues, the level of 18S rRNA was measured using 18S primers described previously (Lacher, et al.,  Cancer Res  66:1648 (2006)) in parallel real-time RT-PCR reactions. A relative 18S standard curve was made from total splenic RNA. 
     Peptide Immunizations 
     IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were immunized s.c. with 50 μg each of NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , and NS3 237-251  emulsified in CFA (Difco). After 11 days, mice were boosted with 50 μg peptide emulsified in IFA (Difco). Mock-immunized mice received PBS/DMSO emulsified in CFA or IFA. Mice were infected 13 days after the boost with 10 11  GE of DENV2 (some mice were depleted of CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cells 3 days and 1 day before infection). Four days later, the mice were sacrificed and tissues harvested, RNA isolated, and DENV2 RNA levels measured as described above. For Example 7, mice were immunized instead with 50 μg each of C 51-59 , NS2A 8-15 , NS4B 99-107 , and NS5 237-245  as described in Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009). 
     MHC Peptide-Binding and Restriction Assays 
     MHC purification and quantitative assays to measure the binding affinity of peptides to purified A*0201, A*0101, A*1101, B*0702 and DRB1*0101 molecules were performed as described elsewhere (Sidney et al.,  Immunome Res  4:2 (2008); Sidney et al.,  Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter  18:Unit 18 13 (2001)). Briefly, after a 2-day incubation, binding of the radiolabeled peptide to the corresponding MHC molecule was determined by capturing MHC/peptide complexes on Greiner Lumitrac 600 microplates (Greiner Bio-One, Monroe, N.C.) coated with either the W6/32 (HLA class I specific) or L243 (HLA DR specific) monoclonal antibodies. Bound cpm were then measured using the Topcountmicroscintillation counter (Packard Instrument, Meriden, Conn.). The concentration of peptide yielding 50% inhibition of the binding of the radiolabeled probe peptide (IC 50 ) was then calculated. 
     The tumor cell line 721.221 (Shimizu et al.,  J Immunol  142:3320 (1989), which lacks expression of HLA-A, -B and C class I genes, was transfected with the HLA-A*0201/Kb or HLA*1101 chimeric genes, and was used as APC in the restriction assays. The non-transfected cell line was used as a negative control. 
     Human Blood Samples 
     250 peripheral blood samples were obtained from healthy adult blood donors from the National Blood Center, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka in an anonymous fashion. The institutional review boards of both the La Jolla Institute for and Genetech approved all protocols described in this study and donors gave written informed consent. Donors were of both sexes and between 18 and 60 years of age. Samples have been collected over a time course of 19 month between February 2010 and August 2011. PBMC were purified by density gradient centrifugation (Ficoll-Paque Premium, GE Healthcare Biosciences, Kowloon, Hong Kong) re-suspended in fetal bovine serum (Gemini Bio-products, Sacramento, Calif.) containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, and cryo-preserved in liquid nitrogen. 23 of the 250 blood samples obtained from the National Blood Center had to be excluded from the study due to poor viability of cells after shipment to LIAI as determined by trypan blue exclusion. For the remaining 227 samples DENV seropositivity was determined by dengue IgG ELISA as previously described (26). Flow cytometry-based neutralization assays were performed for further characterization of seropositve donors, as previously described (46). 
     Genomic DNA isolated from PBMC of the study subjects by standard techniques (QIAmp Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) was used for HLA typing. High resolution Luminex-based typing for HLA Class I was utilized according the manufacturer&#39;s protocol (Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotides (SSO) typing; One Lambda, Canoga Park, Calif.). Where needed, PCR based methods were used to provide high resolution sub-typing. (Sequence-Specific Primer (SSP) typing; One Lambda, Canoga Park, Calif.). 
     IFNγ ELISPOT Assay 
     For all murine studies, splenic CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cells were isolated by magnetic bead positive selection (MiltenyiBiotec, BergischGladbach, Germany) 7 days after infection. 2×10 5  T cells were stimulated with 1×10 5  uninfected splenocytes as APCs and 10 μg/ml of individual DENV peptides in 96-well flat-bottom plates (Immobilon-P; Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) coated with anti-IFNγ mAb (clone AN18; Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden). Each peptide was evaluated in triplicate. Following a 20-h incubation at 37° C., the wells were washed with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 and then incubated with biotinylated IFNγ mAb (clone R4-6A2; Mabtech) for 2 h. The spots were developed using Vectastain ABC peroxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif.) and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and counted by computer-assisted image analysis (KS-ELISPOT reader, Zeiss, Munich, Germany). Responses against peptides were considered positive if the net spot-forming cells (SFC) per 10 6  were ≥20, a stimulation index of ≥2, and p&lt;0.05 in a t test comparing replicates with those from the negative control. 
     To evaluate the antigenicity of the epitopes in humans, 2×10 6  PBMC/ml were stimulated in the presence of 1 μg/ml individual peptide for 7 days. Cells were cultured at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , and recombinant IL2 (10 U/mL, eBiosciences, San Diego, Calif.) was added 3 days after antigenic stimulation. After one week, PBMC were harvested and tested at a concentration of 1×10 5 /well in an IFNγ ELISPOT assay, as described above. The mAb 1-D1K and mAb 7-B6-1 (Mabtech) were used as coating and biotinylated secondary Ab, respectively. To be considered positive, IFNγ responses needed to exceed the threshold set as the mean responses of HLA non-matched and DENV seronegative donors plus 3 times the standard deviation. 
     Ex Vivo IFNγ ELISPOT Assay 
     96-well multiScreen plates (Immobilon-P; Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) were coated with anti-IFNγ mab (clone 1-DIK; [5 μg/ml]: Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden) at 4° C. overnight. 2×10 5  PBMC were then incubated in triplicates with 0.1 ml complete RPMI 1640 in the presence of HLA-matched peptide pools [2 μg/ml]. Following a 20 h incubation at 37° C., the cells were washed with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 and then incubated with biotinylated IFNγ mAb (mAb 7-B6-1 Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden) for 2 h. The spots were developed using Vectastain ABC peroxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif.) and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and counted by computer-assisted image analysis (KS-ELISPOT reader, Zeiss, Munich, Germany). Responses were expressed as the number of IFNγ secreting cells per 10 6  PBMC and were considered positive if the net spot-forming cells (SFC) per 10 6  were ≥20, had a stimulation index of ≥2, and a p&lt;0.05 in a t test comparing replicates with those from the negative control. Positive pools were subsequently deconvoluted and a peptide was considered positive according to the criteria described above. 
     Flow Cytometry and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) 
     The following monoclonal antibodies from eBioscience (eBioscience, San Diego, Calif.) were used in this study: anti-CD8a PerCP-Cy5.5 (clone RPA-T8), anti-CD3 efluor 450 (clone UCHT1), anti-CD107a FITC (clone ebioH4A3), anti-CD45RA PE-CY7 (clone H100), anti-CD27 PE (clone 0323), anti-CD197 (CCR7) APC efluor 780 (clone 3D12), anti-IFNγ APC (clone 4SB3), anti-IL 2 PE (clone MQ1-17H12), anti-TNFα (clone MAD 110). 
     PBMC were cultured in the presence of peptide pools [10 μg/ml] and GolgiPlug containing brefeldin A [1 μg/ml] (BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.) in 0.2 ml complete RPMI medium for 6 h. To determine the avidity of DENV specific T cells, PBMC were incubated with descending concentrations of peptide pools (10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 μg/ml] and the half maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) was calculated. Cells stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) or media alone were used as positive and negative control respectively. After incubation, cells were washed and stained with directly conjugated anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD8 mAb, anti-CD27 mAb, anti-CD45RA mAb and anti-CCR7 mAb for 30 minutes on ice, fixed with 1% of paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and were kept at 4° C. over night. Cells were washed, incubated in Cytofix/cytoperm solution (BD Biosciences) for 20 minutes on ice, washed with Perm/Wash (BD Biosciences) and then stained for IL 2, IFNγ, TNFα and CD107a with directly conjugated Abs for 30 minutes on ice. Samples were acquired on a LSR II flow cytometer (BD Immunocytometry Systems), and analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, San Carlos, Calif.). 
     Statistical Analyses 
     Data were analyzed with Prism software version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired t-test with Welch&#39;s correction. 
     Example 2 
     This example includes data demonstrating CD4 +  T cell activation and expansion following DENV2 infection. 
     DENV2 (10 10  GE of S221) infection of IFN-α/βR −/−  mice results in an acute infection, with viral replication peaking between 2 and 4 days after infection (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). At this time the mice show signs of disease including hunched posture and ruffled fur, and the virus is subsequently cleared from the serum by day 6. To determine the role of CD4 +  T cells during the course of this primary DENV2 infection, the expansion of CD4 +  T cells in the spleens of IFN-α/βR −/−  mice 7 days after infection with DENV2 was examined, and a 2-fold increase in CD4 +  T cell numbers was observed ( FIG. 1A ). The cells were activated, as measured by CD44 upregulation and CD62L downregulation on splenic CD4 +  T cells ( FIG. 1B ) and on circulating blood CD4 +  T cells, with the peak on day 7 after infection ( FIG. 1C ). To study the CD4 +  T cell response in the spleen in more detail, immunohistochemistry on spleen sections obtained from naïve mice and mice 3, 5, and 7 days after DENV2 infection was performed. Sections were stained for CD4, CD8, B220 to highlight B cell follicles, and F4/80 to show red pulp macrophages. As expected, in naïve mice, CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells were dispersed throughout the spleen, but preferentially in T cell areas, also known as the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS). By day 3 after DENV2 infection, most of the CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells had migrated to the PALS, with very few T cells observed in the red pulp. At day 5, the CD4 +  cells were still concentrated in the PALS, at the border between the T cell area and B cell follicles, and also in the B cell follicles. At day 7 after infection, the spleen had increased in size dramatically, and CD4 +  T cells were found primarily in the PALS and B cell follicles. The localization of CD8 +  T cells differed from the CD4 +  T cells mainly in that at day 5 after infection, many of the CD8 +  T cells had left the T cell area and were found distributed throughout the red pulp and marginal zone (MZ). By day 7, the CD8 +  T cells were observed in the PALS, MZ, and also the red pulp. These images illustrate the kinetics of the adaptive immune response to DENV2 in the spleen, and show CD4 +  T cells in close proximity to both CD8 +  T cells and B cells after DENV2 infection. 
     Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4 +  T cells that are characterized by the expression of the transcription factor, Foxp3 (Josefowicz, et al.  Immunity  30:616 (2009)), and have been found to facilitate the early host response to HSV-2 (Lund, et al.  Science  320:1220 (2008)) and help control WNV infection (Lanteri, et al.  J Clin Invest  119:3266 (2009)). To determine if DENV2 infection resulted in an expansion of Tregs, the number of CD4 + Foxp3 +  cells in the spleen 7 days after infection was determined. There was a decrease in the percentage of Tregs among total CD4 +  cells, and no change in the number of Tregs, demonstrating that DENV2 infection does not lead to an expansion of Tregs in the spleen ( FIG. 1D ). 
     Example 3 
     This example includes data for the identification of DENV2 CD4 +  T cell epitopes and phenotype of DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells. 
     In order to study the DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cell response, the identity of MHC class II (I-A b )-restricted CD4 +  T cell epitopes using a bioinformatics prediction method previously reported to map the CD4 +  T cell response to mouse cytomegalovirus (Arens, et al.  J Immunol  180:6472 (2008)) was employed. Briefly, the proteome of DENV2 was screened and 73 15-mer peptides predicted to bind I-A b  were identified. The peptides were tested by IFN-γ ICS using splenocytes from DENV2-infected IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. Positive peptides (2× background) were then re-ordered as HPLC-purified (&gt;90%) and re-tested. Four positive peptides were identified: NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , NS3 237-251 , and NS4B 96-110  ( FIG. 2A  and Table 1). Similar to the DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell response (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)), the epitopes identified in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were also recognized by CD4 +  T cells from DENV2-infected wild-type mice ( FIG. 2B ), and the magnitude of the CD4 +  T cell response was higher in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice compared with wild-type mice, likely due to increased viral replication. Notably, NS3 200-214  has been identified as a human HLA-DR15-restricted CD4 +  T cell epitope (Simmons, et al.  J Virol  79:5665 (2005); Zeng, et al.  J Virol  70:3108 (1996)). It was also of interest that NS4B 96-110  contains a CD8 +  T cell epitope (NS4B 99-107 ) that was identified as the immunodominant epitope in both wild-type and IFN-α/βR −/−  C57BL/6 mice infected with DENV2 (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). 
     Multicolor flow cytometry was performed to study the phenotype of DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells. These cells produced IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2 ( FIG. 3 ). No intracellular IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, or IL-10 were detected. The DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells also expressed CD40L, suggesting they are capable of activating CD40-expressing cells, which include DCs and B cells. The four DENV2-derived CD4 +  T cell epitopes induced responses that differed in magnitude, but were similar in terms of phenotype. The most polyfunctional cells (those expressing IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L) also expressed the highest levels of the cytokines and CD40L. These results demonstrate that DENV2 infection elicits a virus-specific Th1 CD4 +  T cell response in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DENV2-derived CD4 +  T cell epitopes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Epitope 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS2B 108-122   
                 GLFPVSLPITAAAWY (SEQ ID NO: 220) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS3 198-212   
                 GKTKRYLPAIVREAI (SEQ ID NO: 221) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS3 237-51   
                 GLPIRYQTPAIRAEH (SEQ ID NO: 222) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS4B 96-110   
                 IGCYSQVNPITLTAA (SEQ ID NO: 223) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     This example includes a description of studies of the effects of CD4 +  and/or CD8 +  T cell depletions on DENV2 viral RNA levels, and data showing that CD4 +  T cells are not required for the anti-DENV2 antibody response, and are also not necessary for the primary DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell response. 
     To determine how CD4 +  T cells contribute to controlling DENV2 infection, CD4 +  T cells, CD8 +  T cells, or both were depleted from IFN-α/βR −/−  mice and DENV2 RNA levels 5 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2 was measured. No difference in viral RNA levels between control undepleted mice and CD4-depleted mice in the serum, kidney, small intestine, spleen, or brain was observed ( FIG. 4 ). CD8-depleted mice had significantly higher viral loads than control mice. Depletion of both CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells resulted in viral RNA levels that were significantly higher than those in control mice in all tissues examined, and equivalent to the viral RNA levels in CD8-depleted mice. These data show that CD4 +  T cells are not required to control primary DENV2 infection in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, and confirm an important role for CD8 +  T cells in viral clearance. 
     Although CD4 +  T cells were not required for controlling DENV2 infection, the contribution to the anti-DENV immune response, for example by helping the B cell and/or CD8 +  T cell responses, was investigated. CSR, the process by which the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is switched so the B cell expresses a new isotype of Ab, can be induced when CD40L-expressing CD4 +  T cells engage CD40 on B cells (Stavnezer, et al.  Annu Rev Immunol  26:261 (2008)). However, CSR can also occur in the absence of CD4 +  T cell help. To determine whether the anti-DENV2 antibody response depends on CD4 +  T cells, DENV2-specific IgM and IgG titers in the sera of control and CD4-depleted mice was measured 7 days after infection with 10 10  GE of DENV2. As expected, there was no difference in IgM titers at day 7 between control and CD4-depleted mice ( FIG. 5A ). There was also no difference in IgG titers between control and CD4-depleted mice. To measure the functionality of these DENV2-specific antibody, a flow cytometry-based neutralization assay was performed, in which C6/36 mosquito cells were infected with DENV2 in the presence of heat-inactivated sera obtained from control and CD4-depleted mice 7 days after infection. The sera from control and CD4-depleted mice could neutralize DENV2 equally well ( FIG. 5B ). As reported previously (Zellweger, et al.  Cell Host Microbe  7:128 (2010)), naïve serum was able to prevent DENV infection of C6/36 cells, although not as efficiently as DENV-immune serum. The presence of germinal center (GC) B cells, as the GC reaction is generally thought to be CD4 +  T cell-dependent (Allen, et al.  Immunity  27:190 (2007)), was also evaluated. As expected, GC B cells were absent in the CD4-depleted mice ( FIG. 5C ). Based on the lack of GC B cells in the DENV2-infected CD4-depleted mice, the early anti-DENV2 antibody response is CD4- and GC-independent. 
     Next, the role of CD4 +  T cells in helping the CD8 +  T cell response was assessed by examining the DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell response in control and CD4-depleted DENV2-infected mice. The numbers of splenic CD8 +  T cells were equivalent in control and CD4-depleted mice. IFN-γ ICS was performed using DENV2-derived H-2 b -restricted immunodominant peptides identified (M 60-67 , NS2A 8-15 , and NS4B 99-107 ) (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). Somewhat surprisingly, there was an increase in the number of DENV2-specific IFN-γ + CD8 +  T cells in CD4-depleted mice compared with control mice ( FIG. 6A ). To further characterize the phenotype of the CD8 +  T cells generated in the absence of CD4 +  T cells, expression of TNF, IL-2, and CD107a (a marker for degranulation) in cells stimulated with NS4B 99-107  was examined ( FIG. 6B ). As also shown in  FIG. 6A , the magnitude of the CD8 +  T cell response was larger in the CD4-depleted mice, but the cytokine and CD107a expression profiles were comparable. Similar results were observed when cells were stimulated with M 60-67  or NS2A 8-15 . Next, the functionality of the DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cells using an in vivo cytotoxicity assay, in which splenocytes were pulsed with a pool of 4 H-2 b -restricted immunodominant peptides and CFSE-labeled before injection into control or CD4-depleted DENV2-infected mice, was examined. CD8 +  T cell-mediated-cytotoxicity was very efficient; almost 100% killing was observed at peptide concentrations of 500 ng/ml ( FIG. 6C ). Therefore, the peptide concentrations were titrated down, and no difference in killing was observed between control and CD4-depleted mice at any concentration tested. These data reveal that the primary anti-DENV2 CD8 +  T cell response, in terms of expansion, cytokine production, degranulation, and cytotoxicity, does not depend on CD4 +  T cell help. 
     Example 5 
     This example is a description of studies of in vivo killing of I-A b -restricted peptide-pulsed target cells in DENV2-infected mice, and data showing that vaccination with DENV2 CD4 +  T cell epitopes controls viral load. 
     Although the absence of CD4 +  T cells had no effect on viral RNA levels on day 5 after infection, it was possible that CD4 +  T cells could still be contributing to the anti-DENV2 host response by killing infected cells. In vivo cytotoxicity assay was performed using splenocytes pulsed with the three peptides that contain only CD4 +  T cell epitopes (NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , and NS3 237-251 ) and not NS4B 96-110  to measure only CD4 + , not CD8 +  T cell-mediated killing. Approximately 30% killing of target cells was observed ( FIG. 7 ). No cytolytic activity was observed when CD4 +  T cells were depleted, whereas depletion of CD8 +  T cells had no effect on killing, demonstrating that the cytotoxicity was CD4 +  T cell-mediated. Thus, DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells exhibit in vivo cytolytic activity, although this effector function does not appear to significantly contribute to controlling primary DENV2 infection. 
     Having found that DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells can kill target cells, immunization with CD4 +  T cell epitopes was assessed for control of DENV2 infection. Mice were immunized with NS2B 108-122 , NS3 198-212 , and NS3 237-251  before DENV2 infection, and CD4 +  T cell responses by ICS and viral RNA levels 4 days after infection measured. Peptide immunization resulted in enhanced CD4 +  T cell cytokine responses, and significantly lower viral loads in the kidney and spleen ( FIG. 8 ). The protective effect was mediated by CD4 +  T cells, as CD4-depletion before infection abrogated the protective effect. Similarly, CD8-depletion resulted in no protection, demonstrating that protection after CD4 +  T cell peptide immunization requires both CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells. These data suggest that CD4 +  T cells elicited by immunization protect by helping the CD8 +  T cell response. Thus, although CD4 +  T cells are not required for the primary CD8 +  T cell or antibody response, and the absence of CD4 +  T cells had no effect on viral RNA levels, vaccination with CD4 +  T cell epitopes can reduce viral loads. 
     Example 6 
     This example includes a discussion of the data and a summary of the implications. 
     The data reveal that CD8 +  T cells play an important protective role in the response to primary DENV2 infection, whereas CD4 +  T cells do not. CD4 +  T cells expanded, were activated, and were located near CD8 +  T cells and B cells in the spleen after DENV2 infection, yet they did not seem to affect the induction of the DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell or antibody responses. In fact, CD4 +  T cell depletion had no effect on viral clearance. However, the data demonstrate that vaccination with CD4 +  T cell epitopes prior to DENV infection can provide significant protection, demonstrating that T cell peptide vaccination is a strategy for DENV immunization without the risk of ADE. 
     The DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells recognized epitopes from the NS2B, NS3, and NS4B proteins, and displayed a Th1 phenotype. CD4 +  T cell epitopes have been identified in mice infected with other flaviviruses, including YFV, for which an I-A b -restricted peptide from the E protein was identified (van der Most, et al.  Virology  296:117 (2002)), and WNV, for which six epitopes from the E and NS3 proteins were identified (Brien, et al.  J Immunol  181:8568 (2008)). DENV-derived epitopes recognized by human CD4 +  T cells have been identified, primarily from NS proteins, including the highly conserved NS3 (Mathew, et al.  Immunol Rev  225:300 (2008)). One study identified numerous epitopes from the NS3 200-324  region, and alignment of consensus sequences for DENV1-4 revealed that this region is more conserved (78%) than NS3 as a whole (68%) (Simmons, et al.  J Virol  79:5665 (2005)), suggesting that the region contains good candidates for a DENV T cell epitope-based vaccine. Interestingly, one of the NS3-derived epitopes identified herein is also a human CD4 +  T cell epitope, which may bind human HLAs promiscuously, making it a good vaccine candidate. Another finding was that one of the CD4 +  T cell epitopes identified in this study contained the most immunodominant of the CD8 +  T cell epitopes identified previously. Overlapping epitopes have also been found in LCMV (Homann, et al.  Virology  363:113 (2007); Mothe, et al.  J Immunol  179:1058-1067 (2007); Dow, et al.  J Virol  82:11734 (2008)). The significance of overlapping epitopes is unknown, but is likely related to homology between MHC class I and MHC class II, and may be associated with proteasomal processing. Overlapping epitopes may turn out to be common once the complete CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cell responses to other pathogens are mapped. 
     CD4 +  T cells are classically defined as helper cells, as they help B cell and CD8 +  T cell responses. However, inflammatory stimuli can override the need for CD4 +  T cell help, and therefore, the responses to many acute infections are CD4-independent (Bevan,  Nat Rev Immunol  4:595 (2004)). DENV2 replicates to high levels in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, the mice appear hunched and ruffled at the time of peak viremia, and they have intestinal inflammation, suggesting that there is a significant inflammatory response to DENV2. Accordingly, CD4 +  T cells did not play a critical role in the immune response to primary DENV2 infection. The contribution of CD4 +  T cells has been examined during infections with other flaviviruses. The reports suggest that the contribution of CD4 +  T cells to protection against flavivirus infection varies depending on the virus and experimental system (Brien, et al.  J Immunol  181:8568 (2008); Murali-Krishna, et al.  J Gen Virol  77 (Pt 4):705 (1996); Sitati, et al.  J Virol.  80:12060 (2006)). 
     Antibody responses can be T cell-dependent or T cell-independent. In particular, the formation of GCs is thought to be CD4 +  T cell-dependent, and is where high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells are generated and where CSR can occur (Stavnezer, et al.  Annu Rev Immunol  26:261 (2008); Allen, et al.  Immunity  27:190 (2007); Fagarasan et al.  Science  290:89 (2000)). T-independent antibody responses to viruses have been demonstrated for vesicular stomatitis virus (Freer, et al.  J Virol  68:3650 (1994)), rotavirus (Franco, et al.  Virology  238:169 (1997)), and polyomavirus (Szomolanyi-Tsuda, et al.  Virology  280:160 (2001)). In addition, EBV (via LMP1) can induce CD40-independent CSR (He, et al.  J Immunol  171:5215 (2003)), and mice deficient for CD40 or CD4 +  T cells are able to mount an influenza-specific IgG response that is protective (Lee, et al.  J Immunol  175:5827 (2005)). 
     The data herein demonstrate that the DENV2-specific IgG response at day 7 is CD4-independent. The lack of GC B cells in CD4-depleted mice shows that CD4-depletions have a functional effect, and indicate anti-DENV IgG is being produced by extrafollicular B cells. It is possible that the absence of CD4 +  T cells would have an effect on DENV2-specific antibody titers and/or neutralizing activity at later time points, however, the goal of this study was to determine how CD4 +  T cells contribute to clearance of primary DENV2 infection, and the early anti-DENV2 antibody response is CD4-independent. 
     Like pathogen-specific antibody responses, primary CD8 +  T cell responses to many acute infections are also CD4-independent. CD4-independent CD8 +  T cell responses have been demonstrated for  Listeria monocytogenes  (Sun, et al.  Science  300:339 (2003); Shedlock, et al.  J Immunol  170:2053 (2003)), LCMV (Ahmed, et al.  J Virol  62:2102 (1988)), and influenza (Belz, et al.  J Virol  76:12388 (2002)). Recently a mechanism for how DCs can activate CD8 +  T cells in the absence of CD4 +  T cell help has been described (Johnson, et al.  Immunity  30:218 (2009)). In accordance with the studies herein, the primary CD8 +  T cell response to DENV2 did not depend on CD4 +  T cells. In fact, an enhanced DENV2-specific CD8 +  T cell response in CD4-deficient mice compared with control mice at day 7 was observed, which has also been reported for influenza-(Belz, et al.  J Virol  76:12388 (2002)) and WNV— (Sitati, et al.  J Virol.  80:12060 (2006)) specific CD8 +  T cell responses. This could be due to the depletion of Tregs, or an increased availability of cytokines (e.g. IL-2) in mice lacking CD4 +  T cells. This enhanced CD8 +  T cell response may explain why CD4-depleted mice have no differences in viral titers despite the fact that DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells demonstrate in vivo cytotoxicity. 
     Although CD4 +  T cells did not play an important role in helping antibody or CD8 +  T cell responses, DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cells could kill peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. CD4 +  T cells specific for other pathogens, including HIV (Norris, et al.  J Virol  78:8844 (2004)) and influenza (Taylor, et al.  Immunol Lett  46:67 (1995)) demonstrate in vitro cytotoxicity. In vivo cytotoxicity assays have been used to show CD4 +  T cell-mediated killing following infection with LCMV (Jellison, et al.  J Immunol  174:614 (2005)) and WNV (Brien, et al.  J Immunol  181:8568 (2008)). DENV-specific cytolytic human CD4 +  T cell clones (Gagnon, et al.  J Virol  70:141 (1996); Kurane, et al.  J Exp Med  170:763 (1989)) and a mouse (H-2 d ) CD4 +  T cell clone (Rothman, et al.  J Virol  70:6540 (1996)) have been reported. Whether CD4 +  T cells actually kill infected cells during DENV infection remains to be determined, but is possible, as MHC class II-expressing macrophages are targets of DENV infection (Zellweger, et al.  Cell Host Microbe  7:128 (2010)). Based on the fact that CD4-depletion did not have a significant effect on viral clearance, it is unlikely that CD4 +  T cell-mediated killing plays a major role in the anti-DENV2 response in this model. 
     A caveat to using the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice is that type I IFNs are known to help T cell and B cell responses through their actions on DCs, and can act directly on T cells (Iwasaki, et al.  Nat Immunol  5:987 (2004)). Type I IFNs were found to contribute to the expansion of CD4 +  T cells following infection with LCMV, but not  Listeria monocytogenes  (Havenar-Daughton, et al.  J Immunol  176:3315 (2006)). Type I IFNs can induce the development of Th1 IFN-γ responses in human CD4 +  T cells, but cannot substitute for IL-12 in promoting Th1 responses in mouse CD4 +  T cells (Rogge, et al.  J Immunol  161:6567 (1998)). Following  Listeria  infection, IL-12 synergized with type I IFN to induce IFN-γ production by CD4 +  T cells (Way, et al.  J Immunol  178:4498 (2007)). Although DENV does not replicate to detectable levels in wild-type mice, examining the CD4 +  T cell response in these mice revealed that the same epitopes were recognized as in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, but the magnitude of the epitope-specific response was greater in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. This suggests that the high levels of viral replication in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice are sufficient to drive a DENV2-specific CD4 +  IFN-γ response. The results demonstrate a DENV2-specific CD4 +  T cell response, including Th1-type cytokine production and cytotoxicity, in the absence of IFN-α/PR signaling; however, this response is not required for clearance of infection. It is possible that CD4 +  T cells contribute to protection during DENV infection of hosts with intact IFN responses. 
     The results herein demonstrate that immunization with CD4 +  T epitopes is also protective. These results have significant implications for DENV vaccine development, since designing a vaccine is challenging, as, ideally, a vaccine needs to protect against all four serotypes. DENV vaccine candidates in development, some of which are in phase II trials, focus on eliciting an antibody response. The challenge is to induce and maintain a robust neutralizing antibody response against all four serotypes, as it is becoming increasingly clear that non-neutralizing antibodies (or sub-neutralizing quantities of antibodies) can actually worsen dengue disease (Zellweger, et al.  Cell Host Microbe  7:128 (2010); Balsitis, et al.  PLoS Pathog  6:e1000790 (2010)). An alternative approach would be a peptide vaccine that induces cell-mediated immunity, including both CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cell responses, which, although not able to prevent infection, would reduce viral loads and disease severity, and would eliminate the risk of ADE. Such a vaccine should target highly conserved regions of the proteome, for example NS3, NS4B, and/or NS5, and ideally include epitopes conserved across all four serotypes. A vaccine containing only peptides from these particular NS proteins would also preclude the induction of any antibody against epitopes on the virion, which could enhance infection, or antibody against NS1, which could potentially contribute to pathogenesis (Lin, et al.  Viral Immunol  19:127 (2006)). Peptide vaccination was given along with CFA, which is commonly used in mice to induce Th1 responses (Billiau, et al.  J Leukoc Biol  70:849 (2001)), which was the type of response observed after natural DENV infection. CFA is not a vaccine adjuvant approved for human use, and thus, any peptide vaccine developed against DENV will be formulated with an adjuvant that is approved for human use. 
     Although the results herein indicate that CD4 +  T cells do not make a significant contribution to controlling primary DENV2 infection, the characterization of the primary CD4 +  T cell response and epitope identification allows the determination of the role of CD4 +  T cells during secondary homologous and heterologous infections. CD4 +  T cells are often dispensable for the primary CD8 +  T cell response to infection, but have been shown to be required for the maintenance of memory CD8 +  T cell responses after acute infection (Sun, et al.  Nat Immunol  5:927 (2004)). Finally, the data herein support a DENV vaccine strategy that induces CD4 +  T cell, in addition to CD8 +  T cell, responses. 
     Example 7 
     This example includes a description of additional studies showing that vaccination with DENV CD8 +  T cell epitopes controls viral load. 
     Since depleting CD8 +  T cells resulted in increased viral loads and DENV-specific CD8 +  T cells demonstrated in vivo cytotoxic activity, studies were performed to determine whether enhancing the anti-DENV CD8 +  T cell response through peptide immunization would contribute to protection against a subsequent DENV challenge. Specifically, the effect of peptide vaccination on viremia was determined by immunizing IFN-α/βR −/−  mice with DENV-2 derived H-2 b  peptides prior to infection with S221. Mice were immunized with four dominant DENV epitopes (C 51-59 , NS2A 8-15 , NS4B 99-107 , and NS5 237-245 ) (Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)) in an attempt to induce a multispecific T cell response, which is desirable to prevent possible viral escape through mutation (Welsh et al.,  Nat Rev Microbiol  5:555 (2007)). At day 4 after infection, viremia in the serum was measured by real-time RT-PCR, as described above. The peptide-immunization resulted in enhanced control of DENV infection, with 350-fold lower serum DENV RNA levels in peptide-immunized mice than mock-immunized mice (Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). To confirm that the protection was mediated by CD8 +  T cells, CD8 +  T cells were depleted from a group of peptide-immunized mice prior to infection, and it was found that this abrogated the protective effect (Yauch et al.,  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). Thus, the data demonstrate that a preexisting DENV-specific CD8 +  T cell response induced by peptide vaccination enhances viral clearance. 
     Most dengue infections are asymptomatic or classified as DF, whereas DHF/DSS accounts for a small percentage of dengue cases, indicating that in most infections the host immune response is protective. These data indicate that CD8 +  T cells contribute to protection during primary infection by reducing viral load and that CD8 +  T cells are an important component to a protective immune response. 
     This study shows that immunization with four dominant epitopes prior to infection resulted in enhanced DENV clearance, and this protection was mediated by CD8 +  T cells. These results indicate that vaccination with T cell epitopes can reduce viremia. 
     Results from the Examples described herein reveal a critical role for CD8 +  T cells in the immune response to an important human pathogen, and provide a rationale for the inclusion of CD8 +  T cell epitopes in DENV vaccines. Furthermore, identification of the CD8 +  T cell epitopes recognized during DENV infection in combination with the disclosed mouse model can provide the foundation for elucidating the protective versus pathogenic role of CD8 +  T cells during secondary infections. 
     Example 8 
     This example is a description of a novel system to identify DENV specific HLA*0201 epitopes. 
     Mouse-passaged DENV is able to replicate to significant levels in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. HLA*0201 transgenic and IFN-α/βR −/−  mice strains were backcrossed to study DENV-specific HLA restricted T cell responses. These mice were then infected with mouse adapted DENV2 strain S221, and purified splenic T cells were used to study the anti-DENV CD8 +  T cell responses. 
     A panel of 116 predicted A*0201 binding peptides were generated using bioinformatics (Moutaftsi, et al.  Nat Biotechnol  24:817 (2006)). Predicted HLA A*0201 binding peptides were combined into pools of 10 individual peptides and tested in an IFNγ ELISPOT assay using CD8 +  T cells from HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  and IFN-α/βR +/+ , S221 infected mice, respectively. Positive pools were deconvoluted and the individual peptides were tested in two independent experiments. Using this approach, a single peptide in the HLA*A0201 IFN-α/βR +/+  mice was identified (NS5 3058 -3066,  FIG. 9A , white bars) whereas screening in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice lead to identification of ten additional epitopes. ( FIG. 9A , black bars.) These results demonstrate that the HLA A transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  has a stronger and broader T cell response. 
     Example 9 
     This example describes population coverage by additional HLA transgenic mice IFN-α/βR−/− strains. 
     To address whether similar observations could be made by assessing responses in other HLA-transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  and IFN-α/βR +/+  mice, IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were backcrossed with HLA A*0101, A*1101, and B*0702 transgenic mice. These alleles were chosen as representatives of three additional HLA class I supertypes (A1, A3 and B7, respectively). 
     Screening in HLA A*0101 and A*1101 transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice revealed 9 HLA A*0101 restricted ( FIG. 9B , black bars), and 16 A*1101 restricted epitopes ( FIG. 9C , black bars), respectively. In case of the HLA A*0101 transgenic wildtype mice, no epitope could be detected, whereas the HLA A*1101 transgenic mice showed an overlap of 5 epitopes with the corresponding IFN-α/βR −/−  strain (M 111-120 , NS3 1608-1617 , NS4B 2287-2296 , NS4B 2315-2323  and NS5 3112-3121 ). Two of these epitopes were able to elicit a stronger response in the HLA A*1101 IFN-α/βR +/+  mice compared to the IFN-α/βR −/−  strain (M 111-120  and NS4B 2287-2296 ) All other responses observed were stronger in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. 
     To extend the observations to mice transgenic for an HLA B allele HLA B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  and IFN-α/βR +/+  mice were infected and epitope recognition was compared between the two strains. 15 B*0702 restricted epitopes in the IFN-α/βR −/−  strain ( FIG. 9D , black bars) were identified. 1 of these has also been detected in the corresponding IFN-α/βR +/+  mice (NS4B 2280-2289 ;  FIG. 9D , white bars). Similar to the other HLA transgenic mouse strains, the responses observed in the HLA B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were not only broader but also more than ten-fold higher in magnitude. The one epitope recognized in the IFN-α/βR +/+  strain elicited an IFNγ response of 50 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells compared to an average of 857 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. 
     Example 10 
     This example describes Dengue virus specific T cell responses in an MHC class II transgenic mouse model. 
     To determine if the observations made in the case of MHC class I transgenic mice were also applicable to MHC class II molecules, the antigenicity of HLA DRB1*0101 DENV predicted binding peptides in HLA DRB1*0101, IFN-α/βR −/−  and IFN-α/βR +/+  mice, respectively, was determined. Using the same study conditions described above for the MHC class I transgenic mice, HLA DRB1*0101, IFN-α/βR −/−  and IFN-α/βR +/+  mice were infected with DENV2 (S221), and CD4 +  T cells were isolated 7 days post infection. A panel of 12 predicted S221 specific peptides was then analyzed for IFNγ production by ELISPOT. Five epitopes in the DRB1*0101, IFN-α/βR −/−  mice were identified from these assays which could elicit a significant IFNγ response in two independent experiments ( FIG. 10 ; black bars). As seen above in the MHC class I transgenic mice, only one peptide could be detected in the corresponding DRB1*0101, IFN-α/βR +/+  mice (NS2A 1199-1213 ;  FIG. 10 , white bars). This identified epitope in the IFN-α/βR +/+  did not represent a novel epitope as it was also observed in the corresponding IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. Similarly to the MHC class I transgenic mice all observed responses were stronger in the IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. 
     In summary, a total of 55 epitopes were identified in the HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, whereas the same screen in HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR +/+  mice only revealed 8 epitopes. All of these 8 epitopes have also been detected in the HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. The broader repertoire seen in IFN-α/βR −/−  mice as well as the stronger and more robust IFNγ responses, suggest that HLA transgenic mice, backcrossed with IFN-α/βR −/−  mice are a more suitable model to study T cell responses to DENV infection than HLA transgenic wildtype mice. 
     Example 11 
     This example is a description of mapping optimal epitopes with respect to peptide length, and further characterization of the identified epitopes. 
     For all HLA alleles tested in this study, class I 9- and 10-mer peptide predictions were performed using the consensus prediction tool as described in greater detail in Example 1. Within the 50 MHC class I restricted epitopes identified, 9 pairs of nested epitopes were identified, where the 9-mer as well as the 10-mer peptide was able to elicit an immune response. To determine which specific peptide within each nested epitope pair was the optimal epitope, peptide titration assays were employed ( FIG. 11A ). For one epitope (NS4A 2205-2213 ), both the 9- and the 10-mer displayed similar kinetics upon peptide titration ( FIG. 11A ). Since the 9-mer was able to elicit slightly higher responses in all conditions tested, the 9-mer version of this epitope was used for further studies. In all other cases an optimal epitope length peptide could be unequivocally identified. 
     Similarly, for two of the identified B*0702 restricted epitopes (NS4B 2296-2305  and NS5 2646-2655 ) which showed low binding affinity (IC 50 &gt;1000 nM) 8-, and 9-mers carrying alternative dominant B7 motifs were synthesized and tested them for T cell recognition and binding affinity. In one case the corresponding 8-mer (NS4B 2296-2304 ) showed dominant IFNγ responses as well as higher binding affinity compared to the 9-mer. In the other case, the 10mer originally identified (NS5 2646-2655 ) was able to elicit higher responses than the newly synthesized 8- and 9-mer. In both cases the optimal epitope length could be identified and was considered further in the study, as shown in  FIG. 11B . 
     Of all five HLA transgenic mouse strains analyzed, two strains, namely the A*0201 and the A*1101 transgenic strains, co-expressed murine MHC molecules together with the respective HLA molecule. Thus it was necessary to address that the observed responses were restricted by the human HLA class I molecule and not by murine Class I. Accordingly, purified T cells q were studied for their capacity to recognize the specific epitopes when pulsed on antigen presenting cells expressing only human HLA class and not any murine class I molecule. For this purpose, the tumor cell line 721.221 was utilized, which is negative for expression of any human or murine Class I molecule, and was transfected with either HLA A*0201 or HLA*1101. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12A , all ten HLA*A0201 restricted epitopes were recognized when presented by APC exclusively expressing HLA*A0201 molecules. Nine out of thirteen of the HLA*A1101 restricted epitopes identified did stimulate a CD8 +  T cell response when presented exclusively on HLA*1101 molecules ( FIG. 12B ). When the four remaining epitopes were tested in non-HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice as described above, all elicited a significant T cell response. Furthermore, one of the epitopes has already been described to be recognized by T cells from DENV2 infected Balb/c mice (E 633-642  (Roehrig, et al.  J Virol  66:3385 (1992))). These epitopes (M 111-120 , E 274-282 , E 633-642 , NS4B 2287-2296 ) are therefore considered solely mouse MHC restricted, and were excluded from further study. Among those epitopes were also the two epitopes which elicited a stronger response in the HLA A*1101 IFN-α/βR +/+  mice compared to the IFN-α/βR −/−  strain (M 111-120  and NS4B 2287-2296 ). 
     To further confirm the MHC restriction of the identified epitopes, MHC-binding capacity to their predicted allelic molecule was measured using purified HLA molecules in an in vitro binding assay. The results of these assays are also shown in Table 2. 32 of the 42 tested peptides (67%) bound the corresponding predicted allele with high affinity as indicated by an IC 50 &lt;50 nM. 16 out of these even showed an IC 50 &lt;10 nM and can therefore be considered as very strong binders. Of the remaining peptides, 7 (17%) were able to bind the predicted allele with intermediate affinities as indicated by IC 50 &lt;150 nM. Only three of the identified epitopes (7%) bound with low affinity, showing an IC 50 &gt;500 nM. A summary of all epitopes identified, after conclusion of the studies and elimination of redundancies, is shown in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 224-265). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Identified DENV2 derived epitopes in HLA-transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                   
                 T cell 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NOs: 
                   
                 responses 
               
               
                   
                 224-265 in order 
                   
                 [SFC] 
                 frequency in 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Epitope 
                 of appearance). 
                 Restriction 
                 mouse 
                 human 
                 humans 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 451-459   
                 ITEAELTGY 
                 A*0101 
                 327 
                 67 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS1 1090-1099   
                 RSCTLPPLRY 
                   
                 228 
                 104 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS2A 1192-1200   
                 MTDDIGMGV 
                   
                 430 
                 163 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS2A 1251-1259   
                 LTDALALGM 
                   
                 465 
                 143 
                 40% (2 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS4B 2399-2407   
                 VIDLDPIPY 
                   
                 153 
                 92 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 3375-3383   
                 YTDYMPSMK 
                   
                 495 
                 143 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 631-639   
                 RLITVNPIV 
                 A*0201 
                 265 
                 393 
                 43% (3 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS2B 1355-1363   
                 IMAVGMVSI 
                   
                 503 
                 417 
                 43% (3 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS2B 1383-1391   
                 GLLTVCYVL 
                   
                 519 
                 434 
                 57% (4 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS2B 1450-1459   
                 LLVISGLFPV 
                   
                 361 
                 588 
                 43% (3 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS3 1465-1473   
                 AAAWYLWEV 
                   
                 207 
                 495 
                 57% (4 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS3 1681-1689   
                 YLPAIVREA 
                   
                 299 
                 401 
                 71% (5 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS3 2013-2022   
                 DLMRRGDLPV 
                   
                 417 
                 312 
                 71% (5 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS4A 2140-2148   
                 ALSELPETL 
                   
                 384 
                 297 
                 14% (1 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS4A 2205-2213   
                 IILEFFLIV 
                   
                 336 
                 301 
                 28% (2 out of 7) 
               
               
                 NS5 3058-3066   
                 KLAEAIFKL 
                   
                 353 
                 597 
                 43% (3 out of 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1509-1517   
                 SQIGAGVYK 
                 A*1101 
                 436 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1608-1617   
                 GTSGSPIIDK 
                   
                 1003 
                 880 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1863-1871   
                 KTFDSEYVK 
                   
                 208 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS4A 2074-2083   
                 RIYSDPLALK 
                   
                 148 
                 3087 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS4B 2315-2323   
                 ATVLMGLGK 
                   
                 712 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 2608-2616   
                 STYGWNLVR 
                   
                 1030 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 3079-3087   
                 TVMDIISRR 
                   
                 105 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 3112-3121   
                 RQMEGEGVFK 
                   
                 284 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 3283-3291   
                 RTTWSIHAK 
                   
                 358 
                 800 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2A 1212-1221   
                 RPTFAAGLLL 
                 B*0702 
                 400 
                 335 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1682-1690   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                   
                 1293 
                 207 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1700-1709   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                   
                 1064 
                 1426 
                 40% (2 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1753-1761   
                 VPNYNLIIM 
                   
                 509 
                 410 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1808-1817   
                 APIMDEEREI 
                   
                 364 
                 232 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 1978-1987   
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                   
                 194 
                 1825 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS3 2070-2078   
                 KPRWLDARI 
                   
                 1853 
                 1633 
                 40% (2 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS4B 2280-2289   
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                   
                 1539 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS4B 2296-2304   
                 TPMLRHSI 
                   
                 1013 
                 460 
                 20% (1 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 2646-2655   
                 SPNPTVEAGR 
                   
                 994 
                 0 
                  0% (0 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 2885-2894   
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                   
                 811 
                 1341 
                 60% (3 out of 5) 
               
               
                 NS5 3077-3085   
                 RPTPRGTVM 
                   
                 487 
                 390 
                 40% (2 out of 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 53-67   
                 AFLRFLTIPPTAGIL 
                 DRB1*0101 
                 77 
                 314 
                 75% (3 out of 4) 
               
               
                 NS2A 1199-1213   
                 GVTYLALLAAFKVRP 
                   
                 764 
                 249 
                 75% (3 out of 4) 
               
               
                 NS2B 1356-1370   
                 MAVGMVSILASSLLK 
                   
                 65 
                 279 
                 75% (3 out of 4) 
               
               
                 NS3 1742-1756   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                   
                 448 
                 336 
                 75% (3 out of 4) 
               
               
                 NS5 2966-2980   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                   
                 851 
                 729 
                 75% (3 out of 4) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HLA 
                 Conservancy within serotypes 
                   
               
               
                   
                 binding 
                 [%] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Epitope 
                 [IC 50 ] 
                 DENV2 
                 DENV1 
                 DENV3 
                 DENV4 
                 References 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 E 451-459   
                 25 
                 85 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS1 1090-1099   
                 5.9 
                 100 
                 0 
                 100 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2A 1192-1200   
                 19 
                 84 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2A 1251-1259   
                 129 
                 91 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS4B 2399-2407   
                 17 
                 53 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3375-3383   
                 37 
                 98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 E 631-639   
                 2.8 
                 98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2B 1355-1363   
                 1.9 
                 92 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2B 1383-1391   
                 6.0 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2B 1450-1459   
                 26 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1465-1473   
                 0.39 
                 92 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1681-1689   
                 18 
                 99 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [76 1 ] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 2013-2022   
                 6.3 
                 92 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS4A 2140-2148   
                 61 
                 99 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [77 2 ] 
               
               
                   
                 NS4A 2205-2213   
                 18 
                 99 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3058-3066   
                 2.2 
                 95 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [77] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1509-1517   
                 33 
                 98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1608-1617   
                 12 
                 30 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [78 3 ] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1863-1871   
                 140 
                 75 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS4A 2074-2083   
                 51 
                 89 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS4B 2315-2323   
                 16 
                 98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 2608-2616   
                 22 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3079-3087   
                 71 
                 91 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3112-3121   
                 118 
                 43 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3283-3291   
                 83 
                 65 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NS2A 1212-1221   
                 4.8 
                 92 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1682-1690   
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 98 
                 96 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1700-1709   
                 4.6 
                 99 
                 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1753-1761   
                 43 
                 100 
                 0 
                 89 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1808-1817   
                 572 
                 77 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1978-1987   
                 589 
                 99 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 2070-2078   
                 6.8 
                 91 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS4B 2280-2289   
                 7.4 
                 100 
                 37 
                 0 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 NS4B 2296-2304   
                 1.1 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 2646-2655   
                 1332 
                 54 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 2885-2894   
                 13 
                 89 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 3077-3085   
                 1.5 
                 97 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 C 53-67   
                 9.7 
                 99 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 [79 4 ] 
               
               
                   
                 NS2A 1199-1213   
                 10 
                 91 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS2B 1356-1370   
                 34 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 NS3 1742-1756   
                 1.5 
                 70 
                 100 
                 99 
                 0 
                 [76] 
               
               
                   
                 NS5 2966-2980   
                 17 
                 100 
                 99 
                 0 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 [76] Simmons et al., J Virol 79: 5665 (2005) 
               
               
                   
                   2 [77] Appanna et al., Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 969 (2007) 
               
               
                   
                   3 [78] Mongkolsapaya et al., 7 Immunol 176: 3821 
               
               
                   
                   4 [79] Wen et al., Virus Res 132: 42 (2008) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 12 
     This example includes a description of validation studies of the identified epitopes in human DENV seropositive donors. 
     To validate the epitopes identified in the HLA-transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice, the capacity of these epitopes to stimulate PBMC from human donors, previously exposed to DENV, was analyzed. Since the IFNγ response to these peptides was not detectable ex vivo, HLA-matched PBMC were re-stimulated for 7 days in presence of the respective peptides and IL2. As a control PBMC from donors which neither expressed the exact HLA-molecule nor one from the same supertype, as well as PBMC from DENV seronegative donors were re-stimulated. The average IFNγ response from these donors plus 3 times the standard deviation (SD) was set as a threshold of positivity. 
       FIGS. 13A-13D  (HLA A*0101, A*0201, A*1101, and B*0702) show the capacity of the identified epitopes to stimulate PBMC from the various donor categories. Each of the A*0101 and A*0201 epitopes was detected at least once in an HLA matched donor, although the magnitude as well as the frequency of responses was higher for the A*0201 restricted epitopes ( FIGS. 13A-13B  and Table 2). Out of the 9 A*1101 restricted epitopes, 3 have been detected once in HLA matched donors. These three epitopes though have been able to stimulate a robust IFNγ response, as indicated by net SFCs&gt;800 ( FIG. 13C ). In case of the B*0702 restricted epitopes, 10 out of the 12 have been detected in one or more HLA matched donors as shown in  FIG. 13D  and Table 1. No significant responses could be detected in non-HLA matched donors studied, as shown for A1, A2, A3 and B7 molecules. In contrast, all four restricted DRB1*0101 epitopes have been detected in 3 out of 4 HLA matched donors tested and were also able to elicit significant IFNγ responses in non-HLA matched donors. This is in accordance with recent reports, demonstrating a high degree of repertoire sharing across MHC class II molecules (Greenbaum, et al.  Immunogenetics  63:325 (2011)). Overall, responses to 34 of the 42 epitopes were detected in at least one donor, which corresponds to an overlap of 81% between the murine and human system. In addition to the experimental approach, an IEDB query was performed with the epitopes identified in the mouse model. Here, 13 of the 42 epitopes previously described to elicit an IFNγ in DENV seropositive individuals were identified, as indicated in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 224-265). The 30% overlap with known epitopes contributes to the validation of our mouse model and shows on the other hand that 70% of the epitopes identified are novel, contributing to an extended knowledge of T cell mediated responses to DENV. 
     Example 13 
     This example includes studies showing dominance of B7 responses. 
     A notable observation here was that out of all HLA transgenic mouse strains tested the strongest CD8 +  T cell responses could be detected in the B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR −/−  mice. Four B*0702 restricted epitopes were able to elicit an IFNγ response above a thousand SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells. On average B*0702 epitopes were able to elicit an IFNγ response of 857 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells, compared to an average of 350, 365, and 476 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells for the HLA A*0101, A*0201 and A*1101 restricted epitopes, respectively ( FIG. 13F , black bars). Most interestingly, the exact same response pattern could be observed testing PBMC from HLA matched donors, previously exposed to DENV ( FIG. 13F , white bars). As seen in mice, B*0702 restricted epitopes were able to elicit the strongest IFNγ responses, reaching an average of 688 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells, followed by an average of 530, 423 and 119 SFC/10 6  CD8 +  T cells for HLA*1101, A*0202 and A*0101 restricted epitopes, respectively. The fact that the mouse model described herein reflects response patterns observed in humans makes it an especially suitable model to identify and study epitopes of human relevance to DENV infection. 
     Example 14 
     This example includes a description of studies showing the subprotein location of identified epitopes, and the conservancy of identified epitopes within the DENV2 serotype. 
     The identified epitopes are derived from 9 of the 10 DENV proteins, with the membrane protein being the only protein, no epitope could be detected ( FIG. 14 ). The majority of epitopes are derived from the seven nonstructural proteins. 39 out of 42 of the identified epitopes (93%) originate from the nonstructural proteins, accounting for 97% of the total IFNγ response observed. Within the nonstructural proteins, however, NS3 and NS5 alone account for 67% of the total response, representing a total number of 23 epitopes detected from these two proteins. NS5 is furthermore the only subprotein where at least one derived epitope has been identified in all five HLA transgenic mouse strains. These results are consistent with the immunodominance of NS3, but also identify NS5 as a major target of T cell responses. 
     Cross-reactivity of T cells is a well-described phenomenon in DENV infection (Mathew, et al.  Immunol Rev  225:300 (2008))). To circumvent this issue, T cell reactivity was exclusively tested to S221 derived peptides, which was also used as infectious agent in this study. However, to asses the relevance for infections with other DENV2 strains, conservancy of these epitopes within the DENV2 serotype was analyzed. 171 full-length DENV2 polyprotein sequences from the NCBI Protein database were analyzed for conservancy. Of the epitopes identified, 30 out of the 42 epitopes were conserved in &gt;90% of all DENV2 strains; 8 epitopes were even conserved in all 171 strains analyzed. Of the remaining 12 epitopes, 6 were conserved in &gt;75% of all strains analyzed and the other half was found in the 30-65% range. This accounts for an average conservancy of 92% for the epitopes identified, which is significantly higher than the average conservancy of non-epitopes (73%; p&lt;0.001). 
     To determine if the epitopes identified were also conserved in serotypes, other than DENV2, 162 DENV1, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences from the NCBI protein database were studied for conservancy. In contrast to a high degree of conservancy within the DENV2 serotype, 35 out of the 42 epitopes did not occur in any of the 384 DENV-1, 3 and 4 sequences tested and only 7 epitopes had sequence homologues in one or more of the other serotypes. Interestingly, most of the epitopes which show conservancy across serotypes have been identified in the B*0702 transgenic mice. 4 of the identified B*0702 restricted epitopes (NS3 1682-1690 , NS3 1700-1709 , NS3 1753-1761 , NS4B 2280-2892 ) were additionally conserved in 89-100% of sequences derived from serotypes other than DENV2. The same has been observed for two DRB1*0101 restricted epitopes which were conserved across serotypes (NS3 1742-1756 , NS5 2966-2980 ). Here, the epitopes were conserved in &gt;99% of polyprotein sequences of two serotypes other than DENV2. Finally, one of the A*0101 restricted epitopes (NS1 1090-1099 ) is also conserved in 100% of DENV3 sequences. All results from this analysis are shown in Tables 2 and 3. 
     The DENV2 epitopes identified in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 224-265) were analyzed for their respective homologues in DENV1, DENV3 and DENV4. 162 DENV1, 171 DENV2, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences from the NCBI Protein database were analyzed for conservancy. Table 3 shows the sequences of the epitopes identified after infection with DENV2 (bold letters). “Counts” indicate the number of strains in which the epitope is conserved within the respective serotype. Listed for each epitope are variants of the epitope in the DENV1, 3 and 4 serotypes and their respective counts. Epitopes are sorted according to their appearance in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 224-265). These sequences help determine the cross-reactivity patterns of the identified epitopes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Conservancy and Variants of Epitopes Identified - CD8 Epitopes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
                   
                   
                 Sequence (SEQ 
               
               
                   
                 NOs: 266-300) 
                   
                   
                   
                 ID NOs: 301-763) 
               
               
                   
                 in order of 
                   
                   
                   
                 in order of 
               
               
                 Epitope 
                 appearance 
                 Serotype 
                 Counts 
                 Epitope 
                 appearance 
                 Serotype 
                 Counts 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E 451-459   
                 ITEAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 146 
                 NS2B 1383-1391   
                 LLVISGLFPV 
                 DENV2 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 STEIQLTDY 
                 DENV1 
                 5 
                   
                 LLAISGVYPL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TTEIQLTDY 
                 DENV1 
                 37 
                   
                 LLAVSGMYPL 
                 DENV1 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 TSEIQLIDY 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 LLAVSGVYPL 
                 DENV1 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 TSEIQLTDY 
                 DENV1 
                 119 
                   
                 LLVISGVYPM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 IAEAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 3 
                   
                 LLAVSGVYPI 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 IAEAELTDY 
                 DENV2 
                 6 
                   
                 LLAASGVYPM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ITDAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 LLAISGVYPM 
                 DENV1 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 STEAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 LLAVSGVYPM 
                 DENV1 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 TTEAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 10 
                   
                 LLVVSGLFPV 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ISEAELTDY 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 LLVISGLFPA 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ITEAELTGY 
                 DENV2 
                 146 
                   
                 LLVISGLFPI 
                 DENV2 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 TVEAVLLEY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 LLVISGVFPV 
                 DENV2 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 TVEAVLPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 40 
                   
                 LLVISGLFPV 
                 DENV2 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 TVEAILPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 44 
                   
                 LLIVSGIFPC 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TAEAILPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 4 
                   
                 LLIVSGIFPY 
                 DENV3 
                 151 
               
               
                   
                 THEALLPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 LLIVSGVFPY 
                 DENV3 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 ITEAILPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
                   
                 LITVSGLYPL 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 TTEVILPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                 NS3 1465-1473   
                 AAAWYLWEV 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 TTEAILPEY 
                 DENV3 
                 75 
                   
                 LFVWCFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SVEVELPDY 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
                   
                 LFLWYFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SVEVKLPDY 
                 DENV4 
                 51 
                   
                 LFVWHFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 6 
               
               
                 NS1 1090-1099   
                 RSCTLPPLRY 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 FFVWYFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RSCTLPPLRF 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
                   
                 PFVWYFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RSCTLPPLRY 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 LFVWYFWQK 
                 DENV1 
                 152 
               
               
                   
                 RSCTLPPLRY 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 AAAWYLWET 
                 DENV2 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 RSCTMPPLRF 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 AAAWYLWEA 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                 NS2A 1192-1200   
                 MTDDIGMGV 
                 DENV2 
                 143 
                   
                 AAAWYLWEV 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 ASDRMGMGM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 LLVWHAWQK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ASDMMGMGT 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
                   
                 MLVWHTWQK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ASDKMGMGT 
                 DENV1 
                 24 
                   
                 LLVWHTWQK 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 ASDNMGMGT 
                 DENV1 
                 11 
                   
                 MALWYIWQV 
                 DENV4 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 VSDRMGMGT 
                 DENV1 
                 6 
                   
                 MTLWYMWQV 
                 DENV4 
                 42 
               
               
                   
                 ASDRMGMGT 
                 DENV1 
                 118 
                   
                 MALWYMWQV 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 MADDIGMGV 
                 DENV2 
                 12 
                 NS3 1681-1689   
                 YLPAIVREA 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 MTDEMGMGV 
                 DENV2 
                 14 
                   
                 YLPAIIREA 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ITDDIGMGV 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 YLPAIVREA 
                 DENV1 
                 158 
               
               
                   
                 MTDDIGMGV 
                 DENV2 
                 143 
                   
                 YLPAMVREA 
                 DENV1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 ASDRTGMGV 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 SLPAIVREA 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 ASDKMGMGV 
                 DENV3 
                 4 
                   
                 YLPAIVREA 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 ATDRMGMGV 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 YLPTIVREA 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 ASDRMGMGV 
                 DENV3 
                 163 
                   
                 YLPAVVREA 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                 NS2A 1251-1259   
                 LTDALALGM 
                 DENV2 
                 156 
                   
                 YLPAIVREA 
                 DENV3 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                 LGDGLAIGI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 YLPAIIREA 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 LGDGFAMGI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 ILPSIVREA 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 LGDGLAMGI 
                 DENV1 
                 160 
                 NS3 2013-2022   
                 DLMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 LTDAIALGI 
                 DENV2 
                 13 
                   
                 DLLRRGDLPV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 LTDAWALGM 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
               
               
                   
                 LTDALALGI 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 DLMKRGDLPV 
                 DENV2 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 LTDALALGM 
                 DENV2 
                 156 
                   
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 MANGVALGL 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                   
                 DLMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 MANGIALGL 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
                   
                 ELMRRGHLPV 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 LISGISLGL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 FIDGLSLGL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 ELMKRGDLPV 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 LIDGISLGL 
                 DENV4 
                 45 
                   
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 DENV4 
                 51 
               
               
                   
                 LIDGIALGL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                 NS4A 2140-2148   
                 ALSELPETL 
                 DENV2 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 FIDGISLGL 
                 DENV4 
                 5 
                   
                 ALEELPDTI 
                 DENV1 
                 5 
               
               
                 NS4B 2399-2407   
                 VIDLDPIPY 
                 DENV2 
                 90 
                   
                 AVEELPDTI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TIDLDPVVY 
                 DENV1 
                 6 
                   
                 AMEELPDTI 
                 DENV1 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 AIDLDPVVY 
                 DENV1 
                 156 
                   
                 ALSELAETL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VIDLEPIPY 
                 DENV2 
                 81 
                   
                 ALGELPETL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VIDLDPIPY 
                 DENV2 
                 90 
                   
                 ALSELPETL 
                 DENV2 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 TIDLDSVIF 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 AVEELPETM 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 TIDLDPVIY 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
                   
                 ALNELTESL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TIALDPVIY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 ALNELPESL 
                 DENV4 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                 VIDLEPISY 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                 NS4A 2205-2213   
                 IILEFFLIV 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
               
               
                 NS5 3375-3383   
                 YTDYMPSMK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                   
                 IILKFFLMV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YSDYMTSMK 
                 DENV1 
                 8 
                   
                 IILEFLLMV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YLDYMASMK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 IMLEFFLMV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YIDYMTSMK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 IILEFFLMV 
                 DENV1 
                 159 
               
               
                   
                 YLDFMTSMK 
                 DENV1 
                 6 
                   
                 IILEFFLMV 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YLDYMTSMK 
                 DENV1 
                 143 
                   
                 IILEFFLIV 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 YLDYMISMK 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
                   
                 IILEFFMMV 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YIDYMPSMK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 IVLEFFMMV 
                 DENV3 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 YMDYMPSMK 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 IILEFFLMV 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 YTDYMPSMK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                 NS5 3058-3066   
                 KLAEAIFKL 
                 DENV2 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 FLDYMPSMK 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 LLAKAIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 YADYMPVMK 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 QLAKSIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YMDYMPVMK 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 LLATSVFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YVDYMPAMK 
                 DENV4 
                 5 
                   
                 LLAKSIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                 YVDYMPVMR 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
                   
                 LLATAIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 YVDYMPVMK 
                 DENV4 
                 44 
                   
                 LLATSIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 117 
               
               
                 E 631-639   
                 RLITVNPIV 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                   
                 LLASSIFKL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RVITANPIV 
                 DENV1 
                 7 
                   
                 KLAEAIFRL 
                 DENV2 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 RLVTANPIV 
                 DENV1 
                 11 
                   
                 RLAEAIFKL 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 RLITANPIV 
                 DENV1 
                 144 
                   
                 KLAEAVFKL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RLITVNPVV 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 KLAEAIFKL 
                 DENV2 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 RLITVNPII 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 QLASAIFKL 
                 DENV3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 RLITVNPIV 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                   
                 LLANAIFKL 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RLTTVNPIV 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 RLANAIFKL 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 RLITANPIV 
                 DENV3 
                 11 
                   
                 QLANAIFKL 
                 DENV3 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 RLITANPVV 
                 DENV3 
                 158 
                   
                 TLAKAIFKL 
                 DENV4 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 RVISATPLA 
                 DENV4 
                 11 
                   
                 ILAKAIFKL 
                 DENV4 
                 44 
               
               
                   
                 RVISSTPLA 
                 DENV4 
                 15 
                 NS3 1509-1517   
                 SQIGAGVYK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 RIISSTPLA 
                 DENV4 
                 9 
                   
                 SQVGVGVFQ 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 RVISSTPFA 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 SQIGAGVYR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RIISSTPFA 
                 DENV4 
                 16 
                   
                 SQIGTGVYK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RIISSIPFA 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 SQIGVGVYK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                 NS2B 1355-1363   
                 IMAVGMVSI 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
                   
                 SQIGAGVYK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 IMAVGVVSI 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
                   
                 TQVGVGIQK 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 VMAVGIVSI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 TQVGVGVHK 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 IMAIGIVSI 
                 DENV1 
                 64 
                   
                 TQVGVGVQK 
                 DENV3 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 IMAVGIVSI 
                 DENV1 
                 95 
                   
                 TQVGVGIHI 
                 DENV4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 VMAVGMVSI 
                 DENV2 
                 14 
                   
                 TQVGVGIHT 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 IMAVGMVSI 
                 DENV2 
                 157 
                   
                 TQVGVGIHM 
                 DENV4 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 VMAIGLVSI 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
                   
                 TQVGVGVHV 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VMAVGLVSI 
                 DENV3 
                 166 
                 NS3 1608-1617   
                 GTSGSPIIDK 
                 DENV2 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 MMAVGLVSL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 GTSGSPIVSR 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 IMAVGLVSL 
                 DENV4 
                 52 
                   
                 GTSGSPIVNR 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
               
               
                 NS2B 1383-1391   
                 GLLTVCYVL 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 GTSGSPIIDK 
                 DENV2 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 GMLITCYVI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 GTSGSPIADK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GMLIACYVI 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
                   
                 GTSGSPIVDR 
                 DENV2 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 GPLTVCYVL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 GTSGSPIVDK 
                 DENV2 
                 46 
               
               
                   
                 GLLTVCYVL 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 GTSGSPIINK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GMLIACYVI 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                   
                 GTSGSPIINR 
                 DENV3 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 GLLIACYVI 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
                   
                 GSSGSPIINR 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GLLLAAYMM 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 GTSGSPIVNR 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GLLLAAYVM 
                 DENV4 
                 52 
                   
                 GTSGSPIINK 
                 DENV4 
                 13 
               
               
                 NS4A 2074-2083   
                 RIYSDPLALK 
                 DENV2 
                 153 
                   
                 GTSGSPIINR 
                 DENV4 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 RTYSDPQALR 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                 NS3 1863-1871   
                 KTFDSEYVK 
                 DENV2 
                 129 
               
               
                   
                 RTYSDPLALR 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
                   
                 KTFDTEYQK 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 RTYSDPLALK 
                 DENV2 
                 13 
                   
                 KTFDTEYTK 
                 DENV2 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 RIYSDPLTLK 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 KTFDTEYIK 
                 DENV2 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 KIYSDPLALK 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
                   
                 KTFDFEYIK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RIYSEPRALK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 KTFDSEYIK 
                 DENV2 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                 RIYSDPLALK 
                 DENV2 
                 153 
                   
                 KTFDSEYAK 
                 DENV2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 RTYSDPLAPK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 KTFDSEYVK 
                 DENV2 
                 129 
               
               
                   
                 RTYSDPLALK 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
                   
                 KTFDTEYQR 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RIYSDPLALK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 KTFNTEYQK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RVYADPMALQ 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 KTFDTEYQK 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 RVYADPMALK 
                 DENV4 
                 52 
                   
                 KTFDTEYPK 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                 NS4B 2315-2323   
                 ATVLMGLGK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                 NS3 2070-2078   
                 KPRWLDARI 
                 DENV2 
                 155 
               
               
                   
                 AAILMGLDK 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
                   
                 RPRWLDART 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 ATVLMGLGK 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                   
                 KPRWLDART 
                 DENV2 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 ATVLMGLGR 
                 DENV2 
                 3 
                   
                 KPRWLDAKI 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 AVVLMGLNK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 KPRWLDPRI 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 AVVLMGLDK 
                 DENV3 
                 168 
                   
                 KPRWLDARI 
                 DENV2 
                 155 
               
               
                   
                 AAVLMGLGK 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 RPRWLDART 
                 DENV3 
                 168 
               
               
                 NS5 2608-2616   
                 STYGWNLVR 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 RPRWLDARI 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 AAYGWNLVK 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 RPRWLDARV 
                 DENV4 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 ATYGWNLVK 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
                   
                 RPKWLDARV 
                 DENV4 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                 STYGWNLVR 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                 NS4B 2280-2289   
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 STYGWNLVK 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
                   
                 HPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV1 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                 STYGWNVVK 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV1 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 STYGWNIVK 
                 DENV3 
                 165 
                   
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 ATYGWNLVK 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 HPASAWILYA 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                 NS5 3079-3087   
                 TVMDIISRR 
                 DENV2 
                 155 
                   
                 HPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV3 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 TVMDIISRR 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 TVMDVISRR 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
                 NS4B 2296-2303   
                 TPMLRHSI 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 TVLDIISRR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 TPMLRHTI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TVMDIISRK 
                 DENV2 
                 15 
                   
                 TPMMRHTI 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
               
               
                   
                 TVMDIISRR 
                 DENV2 
                 155 
                   
                 TPMLRHSI 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 TVMDIISRK 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 TPMLRHTI 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 AVMDIISRK 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 TPMLRHTI 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                 NS5 3112-3291   
                 RQMEGEGVFK 
                 DENV2 
                 74 
                 NS5 2646-2655   
                 SPNPTVEAGR 
                 DENV2 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEEIFS 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 SPNPTIEEGR 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEGIVS 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 SPSPTVEAGR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEGIFF 
                 DENV1 
                 5 
                   
                 SPNPTVDAGR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEGIIL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 SPNPTVEAGP 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEGIFS 
                 DENV1 
                 87 
                   
                 SPNPTIEAGR 
                 DENV2 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 RQMESEGIFL 
                 DENV1 
                 67 
                   
                 SPNPTVEAGR 
                 DENV2 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGVFR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 SPSPTVEEGR 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGIFR 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 SPSLTVEESR 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGLFK 
                 DENV2 
                 13 
                   
                 SPSPIVEESR 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEEVFK 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 SPSPTVEESR 
                 DENV3 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGVFK 
                 DENV2 
                 74 
                   
                 SSNPTIEEGR 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGIFK 
                 DENV2 
                 81 
                 NS5 2885-2894   
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 DENV2 
                 152 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGVLT 
                 DENV3 
                 12 
                   
                 KPRICTREEF 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEGVLS 
                 DENV3 
                 155 
                   
                 RPRICTRAEF 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEGEDVLS 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                   
                 KPRICTRAEF 
                 DENV2 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 RQMEAEGVIT 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 TRRMCTREEF 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                 NS5 3283-3291   
                 RTTWSIHAK 
                 DENV2 
                 111 
                   
                 TPRICTREEF 
                 DENV2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAH 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
                   
                 IPRMCTREEF 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAR 
                 DENV2 
                 8 
                   
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 DENV2 
                 152 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAT 
                 DENV2 
                 31 
                   
                 KPRLCPREEF 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAS 
                 DENV2 
                 21 
                   
                 KPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV3 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAK 
                 DENV2 
                 111 
                   
                 RPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV3 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAH 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 NPRLCTKEEF 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RTTWSIHAH 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 SPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV4 
                 6 
               
               
                 NS2A 1212-1221   
                 RPTFAAGLLL 
                 DENV2 
                 158 
                   
                 TPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 RPMLAVGLLF 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 SPRLCTKEEF 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 RPMFAMGLLF 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 NPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV4 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                 RPMFAVGLLI 
                 DENV1 
                 4 
                   
                 KPRLCTREEF 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RPMFAVGLLF 
                 DENV1 
                 156 
                 NS5 3077-3085   
                 RPTPRGTVM 
                 DENV2 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 RPTFAAGLFL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 RPVKNGTVM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RPTFAVGLVL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 RPARNGTVM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 RPTFAVGLLL 
                 DENV2 
                 11 
                   
                 RPAKNGTVM 
                 DENV1 
                 147 
               
               
                   
                 RPTFAAGLLL 
                 DENV2 
                 158 
                   
                 RPAKSGTVM 
                 DENV1 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 QPFLALGFFM 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 RPTPRGTVL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 QPFLTLGFFL 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 RPTPKGTVM 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 QPFLALGFFL 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
                   
                 RPTPIGTVM 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SPRYVLGVFL 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
                   
                 RPTPRGTVM 
                 DENV2 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 SPGYVLGVFL 
                 DENV4 
                 46 
                   
                 RPTPKGTVM 
                 DENV3 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 SPGYVLGIFL 
                 DENV4 
                 6 
                   
                 RPTPTGTVM 
                 DENV3 
                 80 
               
               
                 NS3 1682-1690   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 RPTPRGAVM 
                 DENV4 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 LPAIIREAI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 RPTPKGAVM 
                 DENV4 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 DENV1 
                 158 
                 C 53-67   
                 AFLRFLTIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV2 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 LPAMVREAI 
                 DENV1 
                 3 
                   
                 AFLRFLAIPPTAGIV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 ALLRFLAIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 LPTIVREAI 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                   
                 AFLTFLAIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 LPAVVREAI 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 AFLRFLAIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV1 
                 158 
               
               
                   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 DENV3 
                 163 
                   
                 AFLRFLTIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 LPAIIREAI 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
                   
                 AFLRFLTIPPTVGIL 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 LPSIVREAL 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 AFLRFLTIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV2 
                 169 
               
               
                 NS3 1700-1709   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 AFLRFLAIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV3 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVASET 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 AFLRFLAIPPTAGVL 
                 DENV3 
                 149 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 TFLRVLSIPPTAGIL 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVASEM 
                 DENV1 
                 160 
                 NS2A 1199-1213   
                 GVTYLALLAAFKVRP 
                 DENV2 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 APPRVVPAEM 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 GTTYLALMATFRMRP 
                 DENV1 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 GMTYLALMATFKMRP 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 GTTYLALMATLKMRP 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 GTTHLALMATFKMRP 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
               
               
                 NS3 1753-1761   
                 VPNYNLIIM 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 GTTYLALMATFKMRP 
                 DENV1 
                 131 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNMIIV 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 GVTYLALLATFKVRP 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNMIIM 
                 DENV1 
                 160 
                   
                 GVTYLALLAAYKVRP 
                 DENV2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNMIVM 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 GVTYLALLAAFRVRP 
                 DENV2 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLIIM 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
                   
                 GVTYLALLAAFKVRP 
                 DENV2 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLIVM 
                 DENV3 
                 11 
                   
                 GVTYLALIATFEIQP 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLVVM 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 GVTCLALIATFKIQP 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLVIM 
                 DENV3 
                 6 
                   
                 GVTYLALIATFKVQP 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VSNYNLIIM 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 GVTYLALIATFKIQP 
                 DENV3 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLIIM 
                 DENV3 
                 150 
                   
                 GQTHLAIMAVFKMSP 
                 DENV4 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 VPNYNLIVM 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 GQIHLAIMAVFKMSP 
                 DENV4 
                 24 
               
               
                 NS3 1808-1817   
                 APIMDEEREI 
                 DENV2 
                 131 
                   
                 GQTHLAIMIVFKMSP 
                 DENV4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 AIIQDEERDI 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 GQVHLAIMAVFKMSP 
                 DENV4 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 AVIQDEEKDI 
                 DENV1 
                 13 
                   
                 GQIHLAIMTMFKMSP 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 AAIQDEERDI 
                 DENV1 
                 3 
                 NS3 1356-1370   
                 MAVGMVSILASSLLK 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 AVIQDEERDI 
                 DENV1 
                 145 
                   
                 MAVGVVSILLSSLLK 
                 DENV1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 APIMDDEREI 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 MAIGIVSILLSSLLK 
                 DENV1 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 APIIDEEREI 
                 DENV2 
                 30 
                   
                 MAVGIVSILLSSLLK 
                 DENV1 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 APIVDEEREI 
                 DENV2 
                 9 
                   
                 MAVGMVSILASSLLK 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 APIMDEEREI 
                 DENV2 
                 131 
                   
                 MAVGLVSILASSFLR 
                 DENV3 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 APIQDEEKDI 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                   
                 MAIGLVSILASSLLR 
                 DENV3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SPIQDEERDI 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
                   
                 MAVGLVSILASSLLR 
                 DENV3 
                 155 
               
               
                   
                 APIQDEERDI 
                 DENV3 
                 164 
                   
                 MAVGLVSLLGSALLK 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 APIQDKERDI 
                 DENV3 
                 2 
                 NS3 1742-1756   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV2 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 SPIEDIEREI 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV1 
                 162 
               
               
                 NS3 1978-1987   
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 PFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPALY 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
                   
                 TFTMRLLSPIRVPNY 
                 DENV2 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 DENV1 
                 161 
                   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV2 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPSLF 
                 DENV2 
                 1 
                   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVSNY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 DENV2 
                 170 
                   
                 PFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 DENV3 
                 169 
                   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                 DENV3 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPTLF 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
                   
                 TFTFKLLSSTRVPNY 
                 DENV4 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TFTFALLSSTRVPNY 
                 DENV4 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NS5 2966-2980   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYVWLGARFLE 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGAAFLE 
                 DENV1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                 DENV1 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                 DENV2 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                 DENV3 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGVRYLE 
                 DENV3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARYLE 
                 DENV3 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SRAIWYMWLGARFLE 
                 DENV4 
                 53 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 15 
     This example includes a discussion of the foregoing data and conclusions based upon the data. 
     Wild-type mice are resistant to DENV-induced disease, and therefore, development of mouse models for DENV infection to date has been challenging and has had to rely on infection of immunocompromised mice, non-physiologic routes of infection, and mouse-human chimeras (Yauch, et al.  Antiviral Res  80:87 (2008)). Due to the importance of the IFN system in the host antiviral response, mice lacking the IFNR-α/β support a productive infection. A mouse-passaged DENV2 strain, S221, is highly immunogenic and also replicates to high levels in IFNR-α/β−/− mice, thus allowing the study of CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cell responses in DENV infection. In this murine model, vaccination with T cell epitopes prior to S221 infection provided significant protection (Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  185:5405 (2010); Yauch, et al.  J Immunol  182:4865 (2009)). While significant differences exist between human and murine TCR repertoires and processing pathways, HLA transgenic mice are fairly accurate models of human immune responses, especially when peptide immunizations are utilized. Numerous studies to date show that these mice develop T cell responses that mirror the HLA restricted responses observed in humans in context of various pathogens (Gianfrani, et al.  Hum Immunol  61:438 (2000); Wentworth, et al.  Eur J Immunol  26:97 (1996); Shirai, et al.  J Immunol  154:2733 (1995); Ressing, et al.  J Immunol  154:5934 (1995); Vitiello, et al.  J Exp Med  173:1007 (1991); Diamond, et al.  Blood  90:1751 (1997); Firat, et al.  Eur J Immunol  29:3112 (1999); Le, et al.  J Immunol  142:1366 (1989); Man, et al.  Int Immunol  7:597 (1995)). 
     The data disclosed herein demonstrate that HLA transgenic IFNRα/β −/−  mice are a valuable model to identify DENV epitopes recognized in humans. Not only were a number of HLA-restricted T cell responses identified, but the genome wide screen provided further insight into the subproteins targeted by T cells during DENV infection. The majority of DENV responses (97%) was derived from the nonstructural proteins; more than half of the epitopes identified originate from the NS3 and NS5 protein. The data show the immunodominant role of the highly conserved NS3 protein (Rothman  Adv Virus Res  60:397 (2003); Duangchinda, et al.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  107:16922 (2010)), and also suggest NS5 as a major target of T cell responses. Interestingly, proteins previously described as antibody targets (prM, E and NS1) (Rothman  J Clin Invest  113:946 (2004)) accounted for less than 5% of all responses, with only 3 epitopes identified from these proteins. The observation that T cell and B cell epitopes after primary DENV infection are not derived from the same proteins may factor in vaccine design, since immunizing with NS3 and NS5 T cell epitopes would induce a robust T cell response without the risk of antibody-dependent-enhancement (ADE). 
     Another unique challenge in vaccine development is the high degree of sequence variation in a pathogen, characteristically associated with RNA viruses. This is of particular relevance in the case of DENV infections, where it is well documented that prior exposure to a different serotype may lead to more severe disease and immunopathology (Sangkawibha, et al.  Am J Epidemiol  120:653 (1984)). The fact that there is also significant genetic variation within each serotype adds to the complexity of successful vaccinations (Twiddy, et al.  Virology  298:63 (2002); Holmes, et al.  Trends Microbiol  8:74 (2000)). It is hypothesized that in certain cases, peptide variants derived from the original antigen in the primary infection, with substitutions at particular residues, can induce a response that is qualitatively different from the response induced by the original antigen (for example inducing a different pattern of lymphokine production; Partial agonism), or even actively suppressing the response (TCR antagonism). Variants associated with this phenotype are often collectively referred to as Altered Peptide Ligands (APLs) (Yachi, et al.  Immunity  25:203 (2006)). During secondary infections, the T cell response directed at the APL may lead to altered or aberrant patterns of lymphokine production, and TCR antagonist mediated inhibition of T cell responses (Kast, et al.  J Immunol  152:3904 (1994)). Therefore, immunity to all four serotypes would provide an optimal DENV vaccine. It is generally recognized that conserved protein sequences represent important functional domains (Valdar Proteins 48:227 (2002)), thus mutations at these important protein sites could be detrimental to the survival of the virus. T cell epitopes that target highly conserved regions of a protein are therefore likely to target the majority of genetic variants of a pathogen (Khan, et al.  Cell Immunol  244:141 (2006)). Most interestingly in this context was that epitopes that are highly conserved within the DENV2 serotype are the major target for T cells. This data suggests, that immunizations with peptides from a given serotype would protect from the majority of genotypes within this serotype. In contrast, the DENV2 derived epitopes identified are not conserved in other serotypes. These findings point to an immunization strategy with a collection of multiple non-crossreactive epitopes derived from each of the major DENV serotypes. The induction of separate non-crossreactive responses would avoid issues arising from incomplete crossreaction and APL/TCR antagonism effects. 
     In addition to sequence variation, HLA polymorphism adds to the complexity of studying T cell responses to DENV. MHC molecules are extremely polymorphic, with several hundred different variants known in humans (Klein, Natural History of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (1986); Hughes, et al.  Nature  355:402 (1992)). Therefore, selecting multiple peptides matching different MHC binding specificities will increase coverage of the patient population for diagnostic and vaccine applications alike. However, different MHC types are expressed at dramatically different frequencies in different ethnicities. To address this issue, IFNR-α/β−/− mice were backcrossed with mice transgenic for HLA A*0101, A*0201, A*1101, B*0702 and DRB1*0101. These four MHC class I alleles were chosen as representatives of four supertypes (A1, A2, A3 and B7, respectively) and allow a combined coverage of approximately 90% of the worldwide human population (Sette, et al.  Immunogenetics  50:201 (1999)), with more than 50% expressing the specific alleles. HLA supertypes are not limited to class I molecules. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of HLA class II supertypes (Doolan, et al.  J Immunol  165:1123 (2000); Wilson, et al.  J Virol  75:4195 (2001); Southwood, et al.  J Immunol  160:3363 (1998)) and functional classification have revealed a surprising degree of repertoire sharing across supertypes (Greenbaum, et al.  Immunogenetics  63:325 (2011)). This is in accordance with the data, since the DRB1*0101 restricted epitopes were identified in almost every donor, regardless if the donor was expressing the actual allele. Overall, the mouse model significantly reflects the response pattern observed in humans and that HLA B restricted responses seem to be dominant in B*0702 transgenic mice as well as in human donors, expressing the B*0702 allele ( FIG. 13F ). 
     The dominance of HLA B responses has been shown in context of several other viruses, such as HIV, EBV, CMV, and Influenza (Kiepiela, et al.  Nature  432:769 (2004); Bihl, et al.  J Immunol  176:4094 (2006); Boon, et al.  J Immunol  172:4435 (2004); Lacey, et al.  Hum Immunol  64:440 (2003)), suggesting that this observation is not limited to RNA viruses, and in fact, it has even been described for an intracellular bacterial pathogen,  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis  (Lewinsohn, et al.  PLoS Pathog  3:1240 (2007); Axelsson-Robertson, et al.  Immunology  129:496 (2010)). Furthermore, HLA B restricted T cell responses have been described to be of higher magnitude (Bihl, et al.  J Immunol  176:4094 (2006)) and to influence infectious disease course and outcome. In case of DENV, one particular B07 epitope was reported to elicit higher responses in patients with DHF compared to patients suffering from DF only and could therefore be associated with disease outcome (Zivna, et al.  J Immunol  168:5959 (2002)). Other reports suggest a role for HLA B44, B62, B76 and B77 alleles in protection against developing clinical disease after secondary DENV infection, whereas other alleles were associated with contribution to pathology (Stephens, et al.  Tissue Antigens  60:309 (2002); Appanna, et al.  PLoS One  5 (2010). Accordingly, HLA alleles appear to be associated with clinical outcome of exposure to dengue virus, in previously exposed and immunologically primed individuals. The fact that the stronger B*07 response occurs in our human samples as well as in our mouse model of DENV infection validates the relevance of this mouse model, since it even mimics patterns of immuno-dominance observed in humans. 
     Example 16 
     This example includes a description of studies showing the identification of T cell responses against additional DENV-derived peptides in human donors. 
     Peripheral blood samples were obtained from healthy adult blood donors from the National Blood Center in Colombo, Sri Lanka. DENV-seropositivity was determined by ELISA. Those samples that are positive for DENV-specific IgM or IgG are further examined by the FACS based neutralization assay to determine whether the donor may have been exposed to single or multiple DENV serotypes. For MHC class I binding predictions all 9- and 10-mer peptides were predicted for their binding affinity to their respective alleles. Binding predictions were performed using the command-line version of the consensus prediction tool available on the IEDB web site. Peptides were selected if they were in the top 1% of binders. 
     As HLA typing and ELISA results were available, donor samples were tested such that predicted peptides for all four serotypes were tested against all appropriate and available HLA types expressed by the donor. DENV specific T cell responses were detected directly ex vivo from our Sri Lankan donor cohort, as measured by an IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Epitopes that have been identified in one or more donors are listed in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Human Donor Table and DENV Epitopes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence (SEQ 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Protein location 
                 ID NOs: 555-763) 
                 T cell 
                 HLA- 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Start 
                 End 
                 in order of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 response 
                 Binding 
               
               
                 # 
                 position 
                 position 
                 appearance 
                 Supertype 
                 Allele 
                 Length 
                 Serotype 
                 [SFC] 
                 [IC50] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 43 
                 51 
                 GPMKLVMAF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 32 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 43 
                 52 
                 GPMKLVMAFI 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 62 
                 86 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 49 
                 57 
                 MAFIAFLRF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 82 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 75 
                 83 
                 KSGAIKVLK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 823 
                 151 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 104 
                 113 
                 ITLLCLIPTV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 43 
                 441 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 105 
                 114 
                 CLMMMLPATL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 63 
                 26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 105 
                 113 
                 TLLCLIPTV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 42 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 106 
                 114 
                 LMMMLPATL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 78 
                 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 106 
                 115 
                 LMMMLPATLA 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 50 
                 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 107 
                 115 
                 MMMLPATLA 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 62 
                 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 107 
                 116 
                 MMMLPATLAF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 57 
                 555 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 108 
                 116 
                 MLIPTAMAF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 58 
                 422 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 150 
                 159 
                 TLMAMDLGEL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 67 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 164 
                 172 
                 VTYECPLLV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 40 
                 27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 245 
                 254 
                 HPGFTILALF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 63 
                 118 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 248 
                 257 
                 FTIMAAILAY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 53 
                 4223 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 248 
                 257 
                 FTILALFLAH 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 32 
                 24988 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 249 
                 257 
                 TIMAAILAY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 123 
                 82 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 274 
                 282 
                 MLVTPSMTM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 115 
                 3850 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 355 
                 363 
                 CPTQGEATL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 143 
                 26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 355 
                 363 
                 CPTQGEAVL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 135 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 363 
                 371 
                 LPEEQDQNY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 28 
                 1015 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 413 
                 421 
                 YENLKYSVI 
                 B44 
                 B*4402 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 37 
                 90 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 537 
                 545 
                 QEGAMHSAL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 22 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 537 
                 545 
                 QEGAMHTAL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 120 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 578 
                 586 
                 MSYTMCSGK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 48 
                 27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 578 
                 587 
                 MSYSMCTGKF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 23 
                 10625 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 612 
                 621 
                 SPCKIPFEIM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 35 
                 7486 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 616 
                 625 
                 IPFEIMDLEK 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 237 
                 6012 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 664 
                 673 
                 EPGQLKLNWF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 168 
                 42066 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 721 
                 729 
                 FGAIYGAAF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 28 
                 7667 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 733 
                 742 
                 SWMVRILIGF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 90 
                 132 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 738 
                 746 
                 IGIGILLTW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 23 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 814 
                 823 
                 SPKRLATAIA 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 102 
                 34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 845 
                 853 
                 KQIANELNY 
                 B62 
                 B*1501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 22 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 950 
                 959 
                 VYTQLCDHRL 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 67 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 950 
                 958 
                 VYTQLCDHR 
                 A3 
                 A*3301 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 28 
                 1902 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 968 
                 977 
                 KAVHADMGYW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 85 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 990 
                 999 
                 RASFIEVKTC 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 138 
                 54 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 1023 
                 1032 
                 FAGPVSQHNY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 190 
                 38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 1033 
                 1041 
                 RPGYHTQTA 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 177 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 1042 
                 1051 
                 GPWHLGKLEL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 53 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 1042 
                 1051 
                 GPWHLGKLEM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 25 
                 6069 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 1098 
                 1107 
                 RYMGEDGCWY 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 182 
                 829 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 1136 
                 1145 
                 FTMGVLCLAI 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 33 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 1176 
                 1185 
                 MSFRDLGRVM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 35 
                 469 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 1201 
                 1209 
                 TYLALIATF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 82 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 1211 
                 1219 
                 IQPFLALGF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 27 
                 268 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 1218 
                 1227 
                 GFFLRKLTSR 
                 A3 
                 A*3301 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 230 
                 59 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 1230 
                 1238 
                 MMATIGIAL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 38 
                 1117 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 1298 
                 1306 
                 MALSIVSLF 
                 B7 
                 B*5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 340 
                 605 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 1356 
                 1364 
                 MAVGMVSIL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 172 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 1373 
                 1382 
                 IPMTGPLVAG 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 182 
                 129 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 1377 
                 1385 
                 GPLVAGGLL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 35 
                 67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 1418 
                 1427 
                 SPILSITISE 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 158 
                 4189 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 1457 
                 1466 
                 FPVSIPITAA 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 35 
                 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 1461 
                 1469 
                 IPITAAAWY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 70 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 1519 
                 1527 
                 MEGVFHTMW 
                 B44 
                 B*4403 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 68 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 1519 
                 1528 
                 MEGVFHTMWH 
                 B44 
                 B*4403 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 107 
                 73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 1608 
                 1616 
                 KPGTSGSPI 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 350 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 1608 
                 1617 
                 KPGTSGSPII 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 365 
                 35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 1610 
                 1619 
                 GTSGSPIIDK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 32 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 1614 
                 1623 
                 SPIINREGKV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 105 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 1653 
                 1661 
                 NPEIEDDIF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 110 
                 518 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 1672 
                 1681 
                 HPGAGKTKRY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 108 
                 680 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 1682 
                 1690 
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 137 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 1700 
                 1709 
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 135 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 1700 
                 1709 
                 APTRVVASEM 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 153 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 1700 
                 1709 
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 113 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 1707 
                 1716 
                 SEMAEALKGM 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 120 
                 613 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 1716 
                 1724 
                 LPIRYQTPA 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 180 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 1716 
                 1725 
                 LPIRYQTPAI 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 195 
                 52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 1768 
                 1777 
                 DPASIAARGY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 183 
                 5623 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 1769 
                 1778 
                 PASIAARGYI 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 140 
                 263 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 1795 
                 1803 
                 TPPGSRDPF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 210 
                 161 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 1803 
                 1812 
                 FPQSNAPIMD 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 107 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 1803 
                 1811 
                 FPQSNAPIM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 127 
                 13693 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 1813 
                 1822 
                 EERDIPERSW 
                 B44 
                 B*4403 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 190 
                 410 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 1815 
                 1824 
                 REIPERSWNT 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 93 
                 1488 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 1872 
                 1881 
                 YPKTKLTDWD 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 267 
                 1317 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 RVIDPRRCMK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 93 
                 64 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 RVIDPRRCLK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 117 
                 58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 RVIDPRRCMK 
                 A3 
                 A*3101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 115 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 1899 
                 1907 
                 RVIDPRRCL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 117 
                 146 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 RVIDPRRCMK 
                 A3 
                 A*0301 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 160 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 1902 
                 1910 
                 DPRRCLKPV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 115 
                 225 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 1925 
                 1933 
                 MPVTHSSAA 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 60 
                 73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 1925 
                 1934 
                 MPVTHSSAAQ 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 25 
                 933 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 1942 
                 1950 
                 NPAQEDDQY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 118 
                 136 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 1949 
                 1957 
                 QYIFTGQPL 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 78 
                 271 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 1978 
                 1986 
                 TPEGIIPSM 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 108 
                 254 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 27 
                 12953 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 1978 
                 1986 
                 TPEGIIPAL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 57 
                 1214 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 38 
                 1392 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 1978 
                 1986 
                 TPEGIIPSM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 295 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 297 
                 386 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 TPEGIIPTLF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 90 
                 94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 20 
                 160 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 1999 
                 2008 
                 GEFRLRGEQR 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 273 
                 1407 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 GEARKTFVEL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 95 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 GEARKTFVDL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 87 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 GESRKTFVEL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 92 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 GEQRKTFVEL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 37 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 2013 
                 2022 
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 28 
                 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 2020 
                 2029 
                 LPVWLAYKVA 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 27 
                 5097 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 2026 
                 2035 
                 YKVASAGISY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 238 
                 70 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 2038 
                 2047 
                 REWCFTGERN 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 48 
                 502 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 2070 
                 2078 
                 RPRWLDART 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 113 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 2083 
                 2091 
                 MALKDFKEF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 40 
                 77 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 2087 
                 2095 
                 EFKEFAAGR 
                 A3 
                 A*3301 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 60 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 2091 
                 2100 
                 FASGRKSITL 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 72 
                 5541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 2109 
                 2118 
                 LPTFMTQKAR 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 53 
                 176 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 2113 
                 2121 
                 MTQKARNAL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 263 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 2129 
                 2137 
                 TAEAGGRAY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 230 
                 46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 2144 
                 2153 
                 LPETLETLLL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 512 
                 1693 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 2148 
                 2156 
                 LETLMLVAL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 112 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 2148 
                 2157 
                 LETLMLVALL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 185 
                 127 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 2150 
                 2159 
                 TLMLLALIAV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 50 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 2151 
                 2160 
                 LMLLALIAVL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 63 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 2152 
                 2160 
                 MLLALIAVL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 85 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 2163 
                 2172 
                 GAMLFLISGK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 212 
                 43 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 2204 
                 2213 
                 SIILEFFLMV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 737 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 2205 
                 2213 
                 IILEFFLMV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 232 
                 75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 2205 
                 2214 
                 IILEFFLMVL 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 152 
                 96 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 2210 
                 2219 
                 FLMVLLIPEP 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 98 
                 31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 2224 
                 2233 
                 TPQDNQLAYV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 100 
                 331 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 2224 
                 2232 
                 TPQDNQLTY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 22 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 2254 
                 2263 
                 TTKRDLGMSK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 75 
                 116 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 2266 
                 2279 
                 TETTILDVDL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 852 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 2280 
                 2288 
                 RPASAWTLY 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 118 
                 159 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 2280 
                 2289 
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 115 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 2280 
                 2288 
                 HPASAWTLY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 38 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 2281 
                 2290 
                 PASAWTLYAV 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 90 
                 704 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 2290 
                 2298 
                 VATTFVTPM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 268 
                 205 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 2295 
                 2303 
                 ITPMLRHTI 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 193 
                 138 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 2296 
                 2305 
                 TPMLRHTIEN 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 90 
                 1037 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 2315 
                 2323 
                 IANQATVLM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 220 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 2338 
                 2346 
                 VPLLAIGCY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 213 
                 168 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 2350 
                 2358 
                 NPLTLTAAV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 92 
                 32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 2353 
                 2362 
                 TLTAAVLLLV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 43 
                 179 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 2356 
                 2365 
                 AAVLLLVTHY 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 102 
                 4148 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 2358 
                 2367 
                 VLLLVTHYAI 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 260 
                 219 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 2403 
                 2411 
                 DPIPYDPKF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 77 
                 166 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 2419 
                 2428 
                 MLLILCVTQV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 103 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 ATGPLTTLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 350 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 ATGPISTLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 163 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 ATGPITTLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 110 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 ATGPILTLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 27 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 ATGPVLTLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 185 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 2451 
                 2459 
                 LWEGSPGKF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 57 
                 6165 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 2455 
                 2464 
                 SPGKFWNTTI 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 105 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 2464 
                 2472 
                 IAVSMANIF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 118 
                 143 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 2464 
                 2472 
                 IAVSMANIF 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 108 
                 52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 2464 
                 2472 
                 IAVSTANIF 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 135 
                 196 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 2468 
                 2476 
                 MANIFRGSY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 5982 
                 553 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 2476 
                 2484 
                 YLAGAGLAF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 72 
                 98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 2553 
                 2562 
                 GSSKIRWIVE 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 45 
                 219 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 2602 
                 2611 
                 GPGHEEPIPM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 53 
                 1150 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 2609 
                 2618 
                 IPMSTYGWNL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 203 
                 59 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 2609 
                 2618 
                 IPMATYGWNL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 450 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 2609 
                 2618 
                 IPMSTYGWNL 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 33 
                 393 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 2611 
                 2620 
                 MSTYGWNIVK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 30 
                 146 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 2612 
                 2620 
                 STYGWNIVK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 273 
                 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 2622 
                 2631 
                 QSGVDVFFTP 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 387 
                 2662 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 2658 
                 2666 
                 RVLKMVEPW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 643 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 2676 
                 2685 
                 KVLNPYMPSV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 48 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 2677 
                 2685 
                 VLNPYMPSV 
                 A2 
                 A*0201 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 987 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 2682 
                 2691 
                 MPSVIEKMET 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1010 
                 375 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 2724 
                 2733 
                 VSSVNMVSRL 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 820 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 2729 
                 2737 
                 MVSRLLLNR 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 992 
                 50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 2738 
                 2747 
                 FTMRHKKATY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 103 
                 7441 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 2787 
                 2795 
                 WHYDQDHPY 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 20 
                 7598 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 2791 
                 2800 
                 QENPYRTWAY 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 992 
                 1601 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 2798 
                 2806 
                 WAYHGSYET 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 265 
                 873 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 2798 
                 2806 
                 WAYHGSYEV 
                 B7 
                 B*5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 97 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 2840 
                 2848 
                 DTTPFGQQR 
                 A3 
                 A*6801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 40 
                 91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 2842 
                 2850 
                 TPFGQQRVF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 48 
                 47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 2860 
                 2869 
                 EPKEGTKKLM 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 382 
                 54438 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 2869 
                 2877 
                 MEITAEWLW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 27 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 KPRICTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 133 
                 72 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 60 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 KPRLCTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 48 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 NPRLCTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 25 
                 45 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 RPRLCTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 102 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 38 
                 2576 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 2918 
                 2926 
                 RAAVEDEEF 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 87 
                 866 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 2919 
                 2928 
                 EAVEDSRFWE 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 140 
                 1714 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 2964 
                 2973 
                 KGSRAIWYMW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 335 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 2977 
                 2986 
                 RYLEFEALGF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 130 
                 38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 2977 
                 2986 
                 RFLEFEALGF 
                 A24 
                 A*2402 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 37 
                 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 2993 
                 3002 
                 FSRENSLSGV 
                 B7 
                 B*5101 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 103 
                 7587 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 192 
                 3004 
                 3012 
                 GEGLHKLGY 
                 B44 
                 B*4403 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 248 
                 281 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 193 
                 3057 
                 3065 
                 RQLANAIFK 
                 A3 
                 A*1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 277 
                 89 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 194 
                 3079 
                 3088 
                 TPRGTVMDII 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 505 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 195 
                 3079 
                 3088 
                 TPKGAVMDII 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 422 
                 127 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 196 
                 3116 
                 3124 
                 RQMEGEGIF 
                 B62 
                 B*1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 583 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 197 
                 3116 
                 3124 
                 RQMEGEGVL 
                 B62 
                 B*1501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 382 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 198 
                 3182 
                 3190 
                 KVRKDIQQW 
                 B58 
                 B*5701 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 115 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 199 
                 3254 
                 3262 
                 YAQMWSLMY 
                 B62 
                 B*1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 27 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 3254 
                 3263 
                 YAQMWSLMYF 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 625 
                 177 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 3275 
                 3283 
                 ICSAVPVHW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 305 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 202 
                 3291 
                 3299 
                 WSIHAHHQW 
                 B58 
                 B*5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 45 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 203 
                 3317 
                 3326 
                 NPNMIDKTPV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 207 
                 403 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 204 
                 3317 
                 3326 
                 NPWMEDKTPV 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 137 
                 56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 205 
                 3332 
                 3341 
                 VPYLGKREDQ 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 425 
                 1251 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 3338 
                 3346 
                 REDLWCGSL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 503 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 207 
                 3338 
                 3346 
                 REDQWCGSL 
                 B44 
                 B*4001 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 150 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 208 
                 3379 
                 3388 
                 MPSMKRFRRE 
                 B7 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 208 
                 30905 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 209 
                 3387 
                 3395 
                 APFESEGVL 
                 B7 
                 B*0702 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 77 
                 38 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 17 
     This example includes a description of studies showing a comprehensive approach to characterize Dengue virus T cell responses. 
     The role of CD8 T cells in DENV infection is not fully understood. A limitation of existing studies is that only a relatively small fraction of the epitopes derived from the four DENV serotypes and presented by common HLA Class I alleles expressed by populations in endemic areas have been defined, leading to a lack of comprehensiveness in the analyses feasible for investigators. Here the present inventors designed an approach to comprehensively characterize responses by, taking into account HLA polymorphism and the extensive sequence variability both between and amongst the four main DENV serotypes. 
     555 full-length unique DENV polyprotein sequences (162 DENV1, 171 DENV2, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences, respectively) available from the NCBI Protein database at the start of the study (2009) were retrieved. The number of sequences available varied drastically as a function of geographic locations. For example, in the case of DENV3 40% of the sequences were derived form Venezuela and Puerto Rico alone (Table 5). To ensure a balanced representation, the number of isolates by geographical region from any one country was limited to a maximum of 10. Table 5 illustrates the selection process for DENV3 sequences as an example. 
     Next, a panel of 16 HLA A and 11 HLA B alleles was selected, which it was estimated would account for 97% of HLA A and B allelic variants in most ethnicities (24). For all four serotypes, 9- and 10-mer sequences predicted to bind to each allelic molecule were generated as described herein. Peptides, which were predicted for two or more serotypes were placed in a “conserved peptides” group. Conversely, if two or more variant peptides at the same position were selected from one serotype, the less commonly encountered sequences were placed in a “variant” group. This resulted in a set of 8,088 peptides, subdivided in 162 different groups of 50 peptides on average (range from 25 to 72, Table 6). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Selection of DENV3 specific polyprotein sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Country 
                 Count 
                 Unique  
                 Included 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Anguilla 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Bangladesh 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Brazil 
                 19 
                 18 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Cambodia 
                 23 
                 22 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 China 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Colombia 
                 12 
                 11 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Cook Islands 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 East Timor 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Ecuador 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 French Polynesia 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Guyana 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 India 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Indonesia 
                 20 
                 18 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Malaysia 
                 23 
                 19 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Martinique 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Mexico 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Mozambique 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Nicaragua 
                 17 
                 15 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Peru 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Philippines 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Puerto Rico 
                 94 
                 79 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Saint Lucia 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Samoa 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Singapore 
                 48 
                 24 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Sri Lanka 
                 12 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Taiwan 
                 15 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Thailand 
                 28 
                 19 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Trinidad and Tobago 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Venezuela 
                 102 
                 82 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Viet Nam 
                 36 
                 33 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 493 
                 399 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Selection of HLA specific peptide sets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 DENV 
                 DENV 
                 DENV 
                 DENV 
                   
                   
                 Row 
               
               
                 Supertype 
                 Allele 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 Variants 
                 Conserved 
                 total 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 HLAA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A*01 
                 A*01:01 
                 57 
                 59 
                 47 
                 69 
                 39 
                 31 
                 302 
               
               
                   
                 A*26:01 
                 58 
                 65 
                 60 
                 64 
                 31 
                 26 
                 304 
               
               
                   
                 A*30:02 
                 51 
                 59 
                 49 
                 60 
                 33 
                 30 
                 282 
               
               
                   
                 A*32:01 
                 58 
                 65 
                 56 
                 65 
                 46 
                 25 
                 315 
               
               
                 A*02 
                 A*02:01 
                 62 
                 72 
                 59 
                 66 
                 46 
                 27 
                 332 
               
               
                   
                 A*02:03 
                 64 
                 68 
                 58 
                 70 
                 46 
                 23 
                 329 
               
               
                   
                 A*02:06 
                 62 
                 66 
                 55 
                 64 
                 43 
                 27 
                 317 
               
               
                   
                 A*68:02 
                 58 
                 68 
                 56 
                 70 
                 36 
                 30 
                 318 
               
               
                 A*24 
                 A*23:01 
                 51 
                 45 
                 50 
                 53 
                 36 
                 40 
                 275 
               
               
                   
                 A*24:01 
                 51 
                 51 
                 55 
                 58 
                 34 
                 36 
                 285 
               
               
                 A*03 
                 A*03:01 
                 58 
                 67 
                 52 
                 59 
                 34 
                 30 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 A*11:01 
                 57 
                 71 
                 53 
                 60 
                 29 
                 30 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 A*30:01 
                 60 
                 67 
                 59 
                 64 
                 26 
                 26 
                 302 
               
               
                   
                 A*31:01 
                 55 
                 61 
                 46 
                 57 
                 37 
                 33 
                 289 
               
               
                   
                 A*33:01 
                 56 
                 58 
                 47 
                 57 
                 28 
                 34 
                 280 
               
               
                   
                 A*68:01 
                 54 
                 58 
                 54 
                 63 
                 24 
                 30 
                 283 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 HLAB 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 B*44 
                 B*40:01 
                 56 
                 59 
                 57 
                 57 
                 30 
                 31 
                 290 
               
               
                   
                 B*44:02 
                 60 
                 61 
                 63 
                 61 
                 26 
                 30 
                 301 
               
               
                   
                 B*44:03 
                 55 
                 66 
                 56 
                 61 
                 26 
                 32 
                 296 
               
               
                 B*57 
                 B*57:01 
                 58 
                 57 
                 54 
                 54 
                 40 
                 28 
                 291 
               
               
                   
                 B*58:01 
                 55 
                 60 
                 51 
                 58 
                 47 
                 31 
                 302 
               
               
                 B*15 
                 B*15:01 
                 54 
                 55 
                 47 
                 61 
                 35 
                 31 
                 283 
               
               
                 B*07 
                 B*07:02 
                 57 
                 63 
                 46 
                 66 
                 35 
                 32 
                 299 
               
               
                   
                 B*35:01 
                 57 
                 57 
                 52 
                 66 
                 32 
                 31 
                 295 
               
               
                   
                 B*51:01 
                 55 
                 57 
                 56 
                 59 
                 31 
                 35 
                 293 
               
               
                   
                 B*53:01 
                 65 
                 62 
                 55 
                 67 
                 38 
                 27 
                 314 
               
               
                 B*08 
                 B*08:01 
                 62 
                 62 
                 66 
                 63 
                 31 
                 27 
                 311 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Column total 
                 1546 
                 1659 
                 1459 
                 1672 
                 939 
                 813 
                 8088 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     This example includes a description of studies showing validation of the characterization of Dengue virus T cell responses in the general population from the Colombo endemic area 
     Next, it was sought to validate the approach described herein in the donor population derived from the Colombo (Sri Lanka) region endemic area. In this region, levels of seropositivity for DENV approach 50% by the age of 16 (WHO, dengue bulletin). To capture the features of natural immunity in the general population, buffy coats form the National Blood Bank were obtained. PBMC from a total of 250 blood donors were collected HLA typed. The 27 alleles selected allowed to exactly match 3 out of 4 possible HLA A and B alleles expressed per donor in 41% of our cohort and for 4 out of 4 in 49% ( FIG. 15A , black bars). Cumulatively, the number of donors matching at least 3 out of 4 possible HLA A and B alleles is than 90% ( FIG. 15A , solid line). Considering closely related HLA alleles from the same supertype allowed to match at least three of four MHC class I alleles in 99% of the donors ( FIG. 15A , white bars). 
     The assumption that this general donor population would be associated with high levels of previous DENV infection as evidenced by positivity in ELISA and neutralization assays was tested. When serum from all donors was tested for the presence of DENV specific IgG antibodies, 80% of the donors in the cohort were seropositive, (182 out of 227) and only 20% (n=45) were negative. To determine whether primary or secondary infection may have occurred, all 182 DENV positive samples were tested in a FACS-based neutralization assay, which showed that 55 donors had experienced primary infection and 127 donors experienced secondary infections. 
     By definition, donors exposed to primary infection show neutralization antibodies to only one of the serotypes. Neutralization assays are however unable to distinguish which specific DENV serotypes were associated with secondary infections, and most donors had neutralizing antibodies to all four serotypes ( FIG. 15B ). Antibodies to all four serotypes were detected as infecting agents in our primary infection donors (14 DENV1, 18 DENV2, 20 DENV3 and 3 DENV4 donors;  FIG. 15C ) confirming a circulation of all four serotypes in Sri Lanka, as previously reported (25). The most frequently encountered primary titers were to DENV2 and DENV3, which have been reported to be the primary circulating serotypes in Sri Lanka (25, 26), followed by DENV1, for which an epidemic has been recently reported (27). Thus, as expected, the pattern of primary infection closely correlates with the DENV serotypes most prevalent in the recent years, close in time to the PBMC donations. 
     Example 18.1 
     This example includes a description of studies showing determination of T cell reactivity and correlation between T cell and Antibody responses 
     Next, PBMCs from all donors were screened with HLA matched class I predicted peptide pools in ex vivo IFNγ ELISPOT assays. HLA matched peptide pools originated from all four serotypes. Responses against peptides were considered positive if the net spot-forming cells (SFC) per 10 6  were ≥20, had a stimulation index of ≥2, and a p&lt;0.05 in a t test comparing replicates with those from the negative control in two independent experiments. Positive pools were subsequently deconvoluted and a peptide was considered positive according to the criteria described above. 
     Overall, ex-vivo T cell reactivity was detected for 22% of primary and 43% of secondary infection donors. In total, 753 total donor/peptide responses were identified. These resulted in the identification of 408 unique CD8 +  T cell epitopes (Table 7). As a control all DENV negative donors (n=45) were screened and no significant responses were detected (data not shown). 
     It was also addressed whether the T cell reactivity correlated with IgG titers. Significantly higher titers in secondary infection compared to primary infection, were observed, no difference has been detected between responding and non-responding donors in either cohort ( FIG. 20 ). A subset of 80 donor sera samples randomly selected and also tested for the presence of enhancing antibodies. In these samples, IgG titers, enhancement and neutralization titers showed only weak correlations with paired T cell responses ( FIG. 20 , B-D, respectively). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall T cell responses in the study population 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mean 
                 frequency of 
                 mean 
               
               
                   
                 DENY 
                   
                 response/donor  
                 responders  
                 epitopes/ 
               
               
                   
                 infection 
                 n 
                 [SFC] 
                 [%] 
                 donor 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 primary 
                 55 
                 122 
                 22 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 secondary 
                 127 
                 1004 
                 43 
                 11 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 total T cell responses detected: 
                 753 
               
               
                   
                 total epitopes identified: 
                 408 
               
               
                   
                 total antigenic regions identified: 
                 267 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 19 
     This example includes a description of studies investigating the Immunodominant regions of the DENV polyprotein 
     To investigate the relative immunodominance of different parts of the proteome, response magnitude (as SFC/10 6  PBMC values) and frequency of responding donors (as a heat map) were plotted as a function of the genomic position of DENV encoded proteins ( FIG. 16 a   ). NS3, NS4B and NS5 were the most vigorously and frequently recognized proteins within DENV and accounted for more than two thirds of the total response observed. Conversely, proteins known to be main antibody targets (such as NS1 and E) were less prominently recognized at the level of the T cell responses. 
     It was next noted that reactivity appeared to cluster in discrete regions of the polyprotein. The Epitope Cluster Analysis tool from the IEDB website was used to cluster epitopes that share more than 80% sequence homology, resulting in the definition of a total of 267 antigenic regions (Table 7). When these antigenic regions were plotted as a function of the percentage of the total response ( FIG. 16B ) it was found that about 25 regions account for half of the total response. Sequences, proteome location, serotype affiliation, HLA restriction as well as frequency and magnitude of responses of these 25 most immunodominant antigenic regions are shown in Table 8. Several immunodominant regions contain epitopes derived from multiple serotypes and also restricted by a variety of different alleles. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Immunodominant regions of the DENV polyprotein 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Epitope (SEQ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ID NOs: 764-812, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1106, 888 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T cell 
               
               
                 Antigenic 
                 in order of 
                 Proteome 
                   
                   
                 # of 
                 response 
               
               
                 Region 
                 appearance) 
                 location 
                 Serotype 
                 HLA allele 
                 responders 
                 [SFC] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 TPFGIIPAL 
                 1978 
                 1, 4 
                 B*0702 
                 1 
                 183 
                 10671 
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 1978 
                 1, 4 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 2213 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPSM 
                 1978 
                 2 
                 B*3501, B*5301 
                 5 
                 2717 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 1978 
                 2 
                 B*0702, B*3501 
                 7 
                 1772 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TPEGIIPTLF 
                 1978 
                 4 
                 B*3501, B*0702, B*5301 
                 11 
                 2914 
                   
               
               
                   
                 YTPEGIIPTL 
                 1977 
                 4 
                 A*0206 
                 1 
                 872 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 GEARKTFVDL 
                 2005 
                 2 
                 B*4001 
                 3 
                 1405 
                 5005 
               
               
                   
                 GEARKTFVEL 
                 2005 
                 1 
                 B*4001 
                 3 
                 1330 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GEQRKTFVEL 
                 2005 
                 4 
                 B*4001 
                 2 
                 1050 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GESRKTFVEL 
                 2005 
                 3 
                 B*4001 
                 3 
                 1220 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 LPVWLAHKVA 
                 2020 
                 3 
                 B*3501 
                 1 
                 23 
                 4157 
               
               
                   
                 LPVWLAYKV 
                 2020 
                 2 
                 B*5301, B*5101 
                 2 
                 923 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LPVWLAYKVA 
                 2020 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 7 
                 2427 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LPVWLAYRVA 
                 2020 
                 2 
                 B*5101 
                 1 
                 470 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LPVWLSYKV 
                 2020 
                 1 
                 B*5101 
                 1 
                 313 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 HPGAGKTKRY 
                 1672 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 3047 
                 3047 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 NPEIEDDIF 
                 1653 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 10 
                 3390 
                 3390 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 DTTPFGOOR 
                 2840 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
                 A*6801, A*3301 
                 8 
                 3260 
                 3260 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 MSFRDLGRVM 
                 1176 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 8 
                 3250 
                 3250 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 ATGPILTLW 
                 2444 
                 4 
                 B*5801 
                 2 
                 938 
                 3089 
               
               
                   
                 ATGPISTLW 
                 2444 
                 2 
                 B*5801 
                 2 
                 236 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGPITTLW 
                 2444 
                 3 
                 B*5801 
                 1 
                 505 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGPLTTLW 
                 2444 
                 1 
                 B*5801 
                 1 
                 275 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGPVLTLW 
                 2444 
                 4 
                 B*5801 
                 2 
                 390 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LATGPVLTLW 
                 2443 
                 4 
                 B*5301 
                 1 
                 745 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 CLIPTAMAF 
                 108 
                 4 
                 B*1501 
                 1 
                 67 
                 2815 
               
               
                   
                 MLIPTAMAF 
                 108 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 7 
                 2748 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 VATTFVTPM 
                 2290 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 8 
                 2777 
                 2777 
               
               
                 11 
                 KPRICTREEF 
                 2885 
                 1 
                 B*0702 
                 1 
                 340 
                 2756 
               
               
                   
                 KPRLCTREEF 
                 2885 
                 3 
                 B*0702 
                 1 
                 350 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NPRLCTREEF 
                 2885 
                 4 
                 B*0702 
                 1 
                 365 
                   
               
               
                   
                 RPRLCTREEF 
                 2885 
                 3 
                 B*0702 
                 4 
                 501 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 2885 
                 2 
                 B*0702, B*3501 
                 5 
                 1200 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 VPLLAIGCY 
                 2338 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 7 
                 1520 
                 2603 
               
               
                   
                 VPLLAMGCY 
                 2338 
                 4 
                 B*3501 
                 1 
                 1083 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 MSYSMCTGKF 
                 578 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 6 
                 2553 
                 2553 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 DPASIAARGY 
                 1768 
                 1, 2, 3 
                 B*3501 
                 9 
                 2383 
                 2383 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 IANOATVLM 
                 2315 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 7 
                 1518 
                 1518 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 1700 
                 2, 3, 4 
                 B*0702, B*3501 
                 8 
                 1623 
                 2230 
               
               
                   
                 APTRVVASEM 
                 1700 
                 1 
                 B*0702 
                 5 
                 607 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 TPMLRHTIEN 
                 2296 
                 3, 4 
                 B*0702 
                 2 
                 388 
                 2123 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 MLVTPSMTM 
                 274 
                 3 
                 B*3501 
                 8 
                 1735 
                 1735 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 FTMRHKKATY 
                 2738 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 4 
                 1723 
                 1723 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 FTILALFLAH 
                 248 
                 3 
                 B*3501 
                 8 
                 1715 
                 1715 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 WHYDQDHPY 
                 2787 
                 2 
                 B*3501 
                 5 
                 1628 
                 1628 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 MALKDFKEF 
                 2083 
                 4 
                 B*3501 
                 7 
                 1497 
                 1497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 LMKITAEWLW 
                 2868 
                 2 
                 B*5301 
                 1 
                 423 
                 1417 
               
               
                   
                 MEITAEWLW 
                 2869 
                 3 
                 B*5801 
                 1 
                 583 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VMGITAEWLW 
                 2868 
                 3 
                 B*5301 
                 1 
                 410 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 TETTILDVDL 
                 2266 
                 4 
                 B*4001 
                 2 
                 1413 
                 1413 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 GEFRLRGEQR 
                 1999 
                 4 
                 B*4001 
                 3 
                 1373 
                 1373 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 20 
     This example includes a description of studies investigating differences between serotype specific responses. 
     In the present section T cell reactivity was segregated as being directed against serotype specific sequences (found only in one serotype) or conserved/homologous sequences (sequences found in two or more serotypes, also allowing one residues substitutions to account for potential cross-reactivity of highly homologous sequences). Conserved sequences accounted for 37% of the overall responses ( FIG. 17 a   ). In terms of serotype specific responses, responses against DENV2 were by far most prevalent (42%), followed by DENV3 (12%), DENV4 (6%) and DENV1 (3%) ( FIG. 17 a   ). 
     Interestingly, the prominence of DENV2 responses is more marked at the level of T cell than at the level of antibodies ( FIG. 15C ). This may reflect that while DENV2 has historically been most prevalent in Sri Lanka, recent years have seen the appearance of new sub-strains of DEN3, and DENV1 has only recently appeared in this population. 
     To further investigate the dominance of DENV2 in the cohort serotype specific responses were aligned along the dengue polyprotein. Epitopes conserved between serotypes ( FIG. 17 b   ) were mostly derived from the highly conserved NS proteins. Interestingly, DENV2 specific responses were more evenly distributed across the polyprotein ( FIG. 17 c   ) while DENV3 specific responses mostly targeted the structural proteins ( FIG. 17 d   ). 
     Example 21 
     This example includes a description of studies showing that Antigenic sin is not associated with differences in epitope avidity or multifunctionality. 
     The broad DENV2 and limited DENV3 specific response focused on surface proteins, might reflect lower immunogenicity of DENV3 as compared to DENV2. Alternatively, it might be that conserved epitopes dominate DENV3 responses, reflecting previous DENV2 infections and thus expansion of T cells recognizing conserved epitopes (antigenic sin). 
     To test this hypothesis, responses form donors either exhibiting responses against DENV3 (or DENV2) specific responses were compiled and used as an indicator of previous infection with either DENV2 (or DENV3). Overall, no difference in magnitude of responses was noted between the two groups if the total response to serotype specific and conserved epitopes per donor was compared. The average total response observed was 2819±1203 SFC for donors recognizing DENV2 specific epitopes and 2032±619 SFC for donors responding to DENV3 specific epitopes (p=0.61). 
     When responses were plotted as a function of the polyprotein position, consistent with the antigenic sin hypothesis it was noted that donors presumably infected by DENV2 responded utilizing both conserved and serotype-specific epitopes distributed along the entire sequence ( FIG. 18A ). In stark contrast, the lower serotype specific responses in donors presumably exposed to DENV3 were compensated by responses against conserved regions of the protein ( FIG. 18B ). These observations match the know historical prevalence of DENV serotypes circulating in Sri Lanka, and suggest that the differential focus of DENV2 versus DENV3 responses is the results of “antigenic sin”. 
     These observations allowed testing whether antigenic sin is associated with differential quality of responses. Accordingly, pools of epitopes corresponding to either serotype specific or conserved epitopes were tested by ICS assays in several representative donors. There was no appreciable difference in the magnitude, phenotype, and pattern of multi-functionality or avidity of the T cell responses between serotype specific and conserved responses ( FIG. 18C-H , respectively). 
     Example 22 
     This example includes a description of studies showing that low magnitude T cell responses are HLA-linked and associated with disease susceptibility. 
     Overall the results presented above suggest that antigenic sin does not significantly change or impair the quality of T cell responses in the general population of an endemic area. However, it possible that lower quality of responses might be present in the relatively few individuals that experience more severe clinical outcomes. Previous studies highlight that certain HLA alleles are associated with either increased or decreased risk of clinical manifestations. Those studies did not determine whether increased risk might be associated with a hyperactive T cell response, or rather a higher T cell response might have protective effects, leading to a decreased risk. In fact, since HLA class I restricted T cell responses have not been comprehensively mapped, it was unclear whether different HLA alleles were differentially associated with response frequency or magnitude. 
     To address these points, HLA types expressed in our cohort were correlated with T cell responses.  FIG. 19 a    shows the frequency (black bars) and the magnitude (white bars) of T cell responses sorted according to their restriction element. A wide variation in terms of frequency and magnitude was detected as a function of the different HLA alleles. Interestingly, certain alleles were associated with low response frequency and magnitude (A*0101, A*2401) while others were associated with high response frequency and magnitude (B*0702, B*3501). Still other alleles were associated with low frequency and high magnitude response (B*4001), while others were associated with high frequency and low magnitude response (A*2601). Overall HLA B restricted responses were of significantly higher magnitude but not frequency as compared to HLA A restricted responses. 
     To test whether T cell responses correlated with HLA associated disease susceptibility, all data available in the literature was compiled (15-21). For each of the studies, all investigated alleles were ranked according to their association with clinical manifestations (dengue fever [DF], dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] and dengue shock syndrome [DSS]; Table 9). A percentile ranking across all studies was calculated for the 18 alleles detected in significant frequencies in our own cohort and correlated the rankings with T cell responses ( FIG. 19 b   ). 
     When average magnitudes of HLA restricted responses were compared with disease susceptibility, weak T cell responses correlated with disease susceptibility ( FIG. 19 b   , left panel; p=0.05). This correlation was accounted for, by the response magnitude rather than their frequency ( FIG. 19 b   , middle panel, p=0.04). Further analysis revealed that the magnitude per epitope rather than the breadth of responses correlated best with disease susceptibility ( FIG. 19 b   , right panel, p=0.02) and that low T cell responses are associated with disease susceptibility. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ranking of reported HLA associations from the literature 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Lan et al. 
                 Sierra et al. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Malavige et al. Plos ONE 2011 
                   
                 Falcon et al Acta Tropica 
                   
                   
                 PloS  
                 Human 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sri 
                 Sri 
                 Sri 
                 Stephens et al. Tissue Antigens 2002 
                 Mexican 
                 Mexican 
                 Mexican 
                 Loke 
                 Appanna et al. PloS ONE 2010 
                 NTDs 2008 
                 Imm 2007 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Lankan 
                 Lankan 
                 Lankan 
                 Thai 
                 Thai 
                 Thai 
                 Thai 
                 Mest  
                 Mest 
                 Mest 
                 et al. J 
                 total 
                 Malay 
                 Chinese 
                 Indian 
                 Vietnam 
                 Cuba 
                   
               
               
                 Study 
                 Normal  
                 Normal 
                 Normal  
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal  
                 Normal  
                 Normal  
                 Infect  
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Study 
               
               
                 Ethnicity 
                 vs. acute 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 Dis 2001 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs 
                 vs. 
                 vs. 
                 Ethnicity 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 DHF 
                 PD/SD 
                 DSS 
                 PD_DF 
                 PD_DHF 
                 SD_DF 
                 SD_DHF 
                 DF/DHF 
                 DF 
                 DHF 
                 Vietnam 
                 DF/DHF 
                 DF/DHF 
                 DF/DHF 
                 DF/DHF 
                 DHF/DSS 
                 DENV2 
                 Parameter 
               
               
                 Allele 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Rank 
                 Allele 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A*01 
                 23 
                 7 
                 10 
                 6 
                 1 
                 5 
                 5 
                 9 
                 7 
                 6 
                   
                 9 
                 18 
                 1 
                 14 
                 1 
                 17 
                 A*01 
               
               
                 A*02 
                 11 
                 4 
                 8 
                 21 
                 20 
                 24 
                 23 
                 9 
                 7 
                 6 
                 2 
                 14 
                 19 
                 15 
                 13 
                 1 
                 30 
                 A*02 
               
               
                 A*03 
                 21 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 1 
                 4 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 1 
                 12 
                   
                 19 
                 A*03 
               
               
                 A*11 
                 15 
                 3 
                 9 
                 6 
                 21 
                 7 
                 22 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 16 
                 8 
                 21 
                 25 
                 1 
                 2 
                 A*11 
               
               
                 A*23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
                 A*23 
               
               
                 A*24 
                 22 
                 12 
                 3 
                 21 
                 5 
                 8 
                 8 
                 9 
                 7 
                 6 
                 5 
                 22 
                 14 
                 24 
                 15 
                 20 
                 28 
                 A*24 
               
               
                 A*25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 39 
                 A*25 
               
               
                 A*26 
                 9 
                 5 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 28 
                   
                   
                 15 
                 1 
                 39 
                 A*26 
               
               
                 A*29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 19 
                 A*29 
               
               
                 A*30 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 33 
                 23 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 35 
                 A*30 
               
               
                 A*31 
                 6 
                   
                 13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 24 
                   
                 8 
                 29 
                   
                 40 
                 A*31 
               
               
                 A*32 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11 
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                 19 
                 A*32 
               
               
                 A*33 
                 13 
                 6 
                 4 
                 5 
                 23 
                 8 
                 6 
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 9 
                 16 
                 10 
                 1 
                 1 
                 10 
                 A*33 
               
               
                 A*34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 28 
                 20 
                   
                   
                   
                 30 
                 A*34 
               
               
                 A*36 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 36 
                 A*36 
               
               
                 A*66 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 A*66 
               
               
                 A*68 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 9 
                 7 
                 6 
                   
                 28 
                   
                   
                 24 
                   
                 19 
                 A*68 
               
               
                 A*74 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 29 
                 A*74 
               
               
                 B*07 
                 16 
                 2 
                 2 
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                 17 
                 15 
                 14 
                   
                 18 
                 16 
                 16 
                 15 
                 1 
                 12 
                 B*07 
               
               
                 B*08 
                 17 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                 1 
                 B*08 
               
               
                 B*13 
                 26 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 28 
                 26 
                 12 
                 27 
                 1 
                 12 
                 B*13 
               
               
                 B*14 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 2 
                 12 
                   
                 11 
                   
                 16 
                   
                   
                 7 
                 B*14 
               
               
                 B*15 
                 14 
                 11 
                 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 2 
                   
                 21 
                 20 
                 23 
                 11 
                 1 
                 37 
                 B*15 
               
               
                 B*18 
                 24 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                 6 
                 14 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 16 
                 1 
                   
                 19 
                 B*18 
               
               
                 B*27 
                 8 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 1 
                 25 
                 1 
                   
                 2 
                 B*27 
               
               
                 B*35 
                 25 
                 10 
                 7 
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                 6 
                 6 
                 11 
                 15 
                 1 
                 12 
                 B*35 
               
               
                 B*37 
                 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 26 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 B*37 
               
               
                 B*38 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
                 23 
                 6 
                   
                 1 
                 19 
                 B*38 
               
               
                 B*39 
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                 14 
                 12 
                 11 
                   
                 2 
                 1 
                 8 
                 1 
                   
                 37 
                 B*39 
               
               
                 B*40 
                 7 
                 8 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                   
                 14 
                 15 
                 14 
                 15 
                 1 
                 19 
                 B*40 
               
               
                 B*41 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 18 
                 18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
                 B*41 
               
               
                 B*42 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                 19 
                 B*42 
               
               
                 B*44 
                 18 
                 9 
                   
                 4 
                 22 
                 6 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4 
                   
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 15 
                 1 
                 17 
                 B*44 
               
               
                 B*45 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 30 
                 B*45 
               
               
                 B*46 
                   
                   
                   
                 21 
                 24 
                 23 
                 24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
                 20 
                 16 
                   
                 1 
                   
                 B*46 
               
               
                 B*47 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 B*47 
               
               
                 B*48 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
                 6 
                 13 
                   
                 33 
                 25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*48 
               
               
                 B*49 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
                 B*49 
               
               
                 B*5  
                   
                   
                   
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*5  
               
               
                 B*50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 30 
                 B*50 
               
               
                 B*51 
                 12 
                 1 
                 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 17 
                 9 
                 12 
                 26 
                 1 
                 7 
                 B*51 
               
               
                 B*52 
                 19 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
                 17 
                 15 
                   
                 23 
                 9 
                   
                 23 
                   
                   
                 B*52 
               
               
                 B*53 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
                 B*53 
               
               
                 B*54 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 32 
                   
                 22 
                   
                   
                   
                 B*54 
               
               
                 B*55 
                 4 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 9 
                 16 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                 B*55 
               
               
                 B*56 
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 24 
                 1 
                   
                 15 
                   
                   
                 B*56 
               
               
                 B*57 
                 10 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                 16 
                 15 
                   
                   
                 26 
                   
                 1 
                 27 
                 1 
                 30 
                 B*57 
               
               
                 B*58 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 7 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 B*58 
               
               
                 B*60 
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*60 
               
               
                 B*62 
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*62 
               
               
                 B*75 
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*75 
               
               
                 B*76 
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*76 
               
               
                 B*77 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*77 
               
               
                 B*78 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 B*78 
               
               
                 n = 
                 26 
                 12 
                 13 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 19 
                 18 
                 15 
                 5 
                 34 
                 26 
                 25 
                 29 
                 20 
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 22.1 
     This example includes a description of studies showing that higher T cell responses are associated with multifunctional T cell responses. 
     It was reasoned that a possible explanation for the observations above would be that certain alleles and epitopes are associated with higher magnitude responses, which are in turn associated with higher degrees of multi-functionality, and thus might be most beneficial in protecting from disease. A detailed analysis of cytokines produced by DENV specific T cells revealed indeed that stronger responses are associated with multifunctional T cell responses ( FIG. 19 c   ). 
     Example 23 
     This example includes a discussion of the foregoing data and conclusions based upon the data. 
     The role of CD8 +  T cells in dengue infection is not yet fully understood. Several reports highlight how CD8 +  T cell responses are detected in humans that have recovered from infection and disease. In animal models, CD8 +  T cells are associated with protection from infection and disease (28, 29). According to one hypothesis, however, T cells can also be detrimental, because of antigenic sin (30, 31). While definitions vary somewhat, antigenic sin is usually defined as the imprint of responses associated with infection of a given serotype, which shapes and biases responses following infection with a different serotype (32). Herein, it is shown that while “antigenic sin” can be detected in the general population from the Colombo (Sri Lanka) endemic region, its functional consequence is not generating a less functional response. Rather it results in honing responses towards recognition of conserved viral sequences, by highly multifunctional CD8 +  T cells. 
     It is further shown herein that different HLA alleles are associated with differential magnitude of anti DENV responses, and that HLA alleles known to be associated with increased risk of severe DENV disease (14, 32) are also associated with weaker CD8 +  responses. Finally, also in this case the higher magnitude responses are associated with more poly-functional CD8 +  T cells. Taken together, these data support a protective role for CD8 +  T cells, and dispel the notion that DENV associated pathogenicity is resulting from “antigenic sin”. 
     A major obstacle to clearly elucidate the function of CD8 +  T cell responses in humans has been the somewhat anectodical evidence available to date. Only a handful of epitopes have been defined, and lack of knowledge of T cell epitopes presented by common MHC alleles expressed by populations in endemic areas allowed only a very episodical evaluation of responses. In this study, the present inventors report for the first time a comprehensive ex vivo characterization of HLA restricted DENV specific T cell memory in the general population of Sri Lanka, where dengue is endemic. A total of 250 different individuals were studied and in 90% of the donors 3 or more of the HLA molecules expressed by atypical heterozygous individual at the A and B locus, were addressed by the present approach. These efforts led to the identification of 408 unique CD8 +  T cell epitopes. The novelty and impact of these results can be appreciated by noting that previous studies, as compiled by the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) (www.iedb.org) identified a total of 82 unique CD8 +  T cell epitopes. This reflects an almost 6 fold expansion in knowledge about DENV specific T cell epitopes. 
     The present results are consistent with previous studies that have emphasized NS3 as a major T cell target (30, 33). However a more complete and through characterization demonstrates that T cell epitopes originate from all of the ten dengue virus proteins (capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM/M), envelope (E), and the seven non-structural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5). Besides NS3, other non-structural proteins such as NS4B and NS5 were also highly immunogenic. These results have implication in terms of DENV vaccination strategies, and specifically suggest that inclusion of NS3, NS4, and NS5 will be necessary to replicate the natural CD8 +  adaptive immunity. 
     Likewise, to clearly monitor responses and study DENV-associated immunopathology, a broad set of epitopes and antigens is required. To map epitopes for the various MHC class I alleles, relatively large amounts of blood were necessary. The 408 epitopes identified herein provide a tool to further investigate the CD8 +  responses in smaller sample volumes available from acute fever patients and/or children experiencing dengue fever. This will allow further characterization of CD8 +  T cell responses in clinically defined cohorts. 
     Along those lines the present inventors have been able to demonstrate that reactivity clusters in specific regions of these proteins with some of them being recognized across serotypes and being restricted by multiple HLA alleles. This clustering of epitopes in small amino-acid stretches has also been shown in a previous smaller scale study conducted in Vietnamese adults for a certain region of the NS3 protein (34) suggesting that this phenomenon is not limited to a certain ethnicity. Clustering of about 50% of the response in about 25 main antigenic regions promises to simplify the development of reagents to be utilized for diagnostic purposes and for vaccine evaluations. A number of techniques are of potential interest, such as the use of epitopes pools in ICS assays, Q-dots and CyTOF (35, 36) 
     The epitopes were subdivided in those conserved or homologous amongst different serotypes, and those uniquely associated with one particular serotype, in that no identical or highly homologous sequence could be found in other serotypes. This allowed in turn identifying which donors in the general populations had been infected at some point in time by a given serotype. Consistent with the serological evidence derived from the same population, it was found that DENV2 and 3 were most prevalent, and that the magnitude of the responses did not differ appreciably between DENV 2 and DENV3 responses, defined for each individual as the sum total of responses directed against serotype specific and conserved/homologous epitopes. 
     According to the known epidemiologic history of DENV infection in Sri Lanka both DENV 2 and 3 are prevalent (25) and a new clade of DENV3 is associated with a more recent spread, associated with a recrudescence of severe DENV cases in Sri (26). Consistent with this data and with the antigenic sin notion, the present inventors see that while responses to both serotype specific and conserved epitopes are observed for DENV2, conserved epitopes dominate DENV3 responses, likely reflecting previous DENV2 infections and thus expansion of T cells recognizing conserved epitopes. 
     This observation provided a rare opportunity to test, at the level of a global population from an endemic region, whether antigenic sin was associated with a lower quality of responses. However no significant difference in the magnitude, phenotype, pattern of multi-functionality or avidity of the T cell responses between serotype specific and conserved/homologous responses. While to a certain extent a semantic issue, perhaps the term antigenic “sin” is misleading and because of an implicit negative connotation, inaccurate. The evidence revealed by the current study is more aptly described by maturation of the specificity of CD8 +  T cell responses, induced by repeated stimulation with only partially cross-reactive antigens. 
     The present observations are in contrast to other studies that reported that humans who contract a secondary dengue infection may generate a CD8 +  T cell response that reacts better with a previously encountered dengue serotype (31). This altered peptide ligand (APL) hypothesis is also in contrast with the observation that heterologous T cell responses are not needed to produce DHF in infants. Exactly the same severe vascular permeability clinical syndrome and the same concentrations of cytokines in blood are produced during primary dengue immune responses in infants, as are in children with secondary dengue infections (37). Another study has shown a temporal mismatch between the CD8 +  T cell response and commencement of capillary leakage, suggesting that CD8 +  T cells are not responsible for early triggering of capillary leakage in children with DHF (38). The present inventors were able to show that dengue specific T cells recognize a wide repertoire of epitopes. To explain the association with DHF and heterologous infection by the APLs hypothesis, would require that aberrant T cell responses would consistently occur across the whole dengue specific epitope repertoire in one donor, which seems unlikely. The present data relates to the feature of immunity present in the general population, and does not directly address the features present at the time of acute manifestations such as DHF and DHSS. While the present data demonstrates that secondary infection does not negatively affect the response at the level of the general population, without being limited to any particular theory it may be that it does so in the few individuals that develop DHF or DSS. 
     The present inventors next examined the responses associated with different HLA alleles present in the general population of Sri Lanka. Multiple HLA Class I alleles have been associated with either protection or susceptibility to dengue infection in several ethnicities so far (17, 18, 20, 21). The A*24 allele is associated with susceptibility to disease not only in secondary but also primary infections with dengue virus (17, 19) and a recent report associated the A*01 allele with susceptibility to DHF in the Brazilian population (39). In contrast the B*3501 allele was negatively associated with symptomatic disease in Mexican dengue fever patients (20) and one study reported that HLA A and not HLA B genes are associated with DHF (17). However, until now it was not clear whether this association reflected differences in the corresponding T cell responses. In the present study A*0101 and A*2402 restricted responses were amongst the lowest responses observed in terms of frequencies as well as magnitude, whereas B*3501 restricted responses were associated with high magnitude responses. More extensive correlations demonstrate that HLA class I responses are positively correlated with protection from severe disease. This data demonstrates that severe disease is not to be ascribed to an over-active CD8 +  T cell response, and rather a strong HLA class I restricted response is a positive correlate of protection. 
     Regarding the mechanism that mediates the positive association of HLA class I with protection from severe disease, the present inventors found that the best correlate of protection is the magnitude of response associated with individual epitopes. In turn, strong responses were associated with multi-functionality, which has been shown to be a main predictor of immunity in other viral systems (40, 41). Higher frequencies of dengue virus specific IFNγ producing T cells are present in children who subsequently developed subclinical infection, compared with those who develop symptomatic secondary dengue virus infection (42). Furthermore, HIV specific HLA B*27 and HLA B*57 restricted T cell responses are not suppressed by regulatory T cells and thus maintain proliferative capacity over the course of chronic infection (43). It remains to be determined if similar mechanisms underlie the observed variations in HLA restricted responses against infection with dengue virus. 
     The data presented herein suggests a protective role of strong CD8 +  T cell responses, and does not support a causative role in the induction of severe disease by heterologous infection. Thus, the mechanism underlying severe disease induction remains open. Without being limited to any particular theory, HLA class II responses might be linked to immunopathology. Serotype cross-reactive antibodies may exacerbate disease by antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection (11, 12). It is possible that ADE increases processing and presentation of structural proteins through the exogenous presentation pathway, which might increase CD4 +  T cell responses and immunopathology associated with lymphokine production. 
     In conclusion, the present inventors present for the first time a comprehensive analysis of functional T cell memory against dengue virus and were able to correlate this with HLA alleles expressed in the very same donors. The results support a protective rather than pathogenetic role for DENV-specific, HLA class I restricted responses in humans. 
     Dengue T cell epitopes identified by the proteome-wide screen described herein are listed in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dengue Antigenic Regions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NOs: 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                 813-1163, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Align- 
                 Response 
                 response 
               
               
                 Cluster 
                 in order of 
                 # donors 
                 Super- 
                   
                   
                   
                 Alignment 
                 ment 
                 per 
                 per 
               
               
                 No. 
                 appearance) 
                 responded 
                 typte 
                 HLA allele 
                 length 
                 Serotype 
                 start 
                 end 
                 epitope 
                 Cluster 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 AAVLLLVTHY 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2356 
                 2365 
                 393.3 
                 393.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 ALRGLPIRY 
                 2 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-0301 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1712 
                 1720 
                 918.3 
                 918.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 AMALSIVSLF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1297 
                 1306 
                 68.3 
                 116.7 
               
               
                 3 
                 MALSIVSLF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1298 
                 1306 
                 48.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 APFESEGVL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 3387 
                 3395 
                 401.7 
                 401.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 APIMDEEREI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1808 
                 1817 
                 206.7 
                 206.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 10 
                 DENV2,3,4 
                 1700 
                 1709 
                 1623.3 
                 2230.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B*0702 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 APTRVVASEM 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1700 
                 1709 
                 606.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 ASSMVNGVVK 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2812 
                 2821 
                 116.7 
                 523.3 
               
               
                 7 
                 ASSMVNGVVR 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2 
                 2812 
                 2821 
                 406.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 ASSVLLWMAS 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2186 
                 2195 
                 68.3 
                 68.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 ATGPILTLW 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 938.3 
                 3088.8 
               
               
                 9 
                 ATGPISTLW 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 235.5 
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 ATGPITTLW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 505.0 
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 ATGPLTTLW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 275.0 
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 ATGPVLTLW 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2444 
                 2452 
                 390.0 
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 LATGPVLTLW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2443 
                 2452 
                 745.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 ATYGWNLVK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV1,4 
                 2612 
                 2620 
                 28.3 
                 291.7 
               
               
                 10 
                 MATYGWNLVK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2611 
                 2620 
                 26.7 
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 MSTYGWNIVK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3,1 
                 2611 
                 2620 
                 236.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 AVQTKPGLFK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1585 
                 1594 
                 63.3 
                 63.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 CLIPTAMAF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 108 
                 116 
                 66.7 
                 2815.0 
               
               
                 12 
                 MLIPTAMAF 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 108 
                 116 
                 2748.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 CLMMMLPATL 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 105 
                 114 
                 78.3 
                 78.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 CPTQGEATL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 355 
                 363 
                 295.0 
                 680.0 
               
               
                 14 
                 CPTQGEAVL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 355 
                 363 
                 385.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 CPTQGEPSL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 355 
                 363 
                 35.0 
                 35.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 DPASIAARGY 
                 9 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 1768 
                 1777 
                 2383.3 
                 2383.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 DPIPYDPKF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2403 
                 2411 
                 38.3 
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 DPRRCLKPV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 1902 
                 1910 
                 556.7 
                 556.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 DTTPFGQQR 
                 8 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-6801, 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3,4 
                 2840 
                 2848 
                 3260.0 
                 3260.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 A*3301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 DYMPSMKRFR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 10 
                 DENV2,3 
                 3377 
                 3386 
                 285.0 
                 285.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 EAVEDSRFWE 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2919 
                 2928 
                 248.3 
                 248.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 EENMDVEIW 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2052 
                 2060 
                 448.3 
                 448.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 EERDIPERSW 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3 
                 1813 
                 1822 
                 133.3 
                 133.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 EFKEFAAGR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2087 
                 2095 
                 26.7 
                 66.7 
               
               
                 24 
                 EFKEFAAGRR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2087 
                 2096 
                 40.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 2013 
                 2022 
                 123.3 
                 123.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 EPDYEVDEDI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1651 
                 1660 
                 78.3 
                 78.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 EPGQLKLNWF 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 664 
                 673 
                 581.7 
                 581.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 EPGVVSPTSY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2264 
                 2274 
                 431.7 
                 431.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 EPIEGKVVQY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 404 
                 413 
                 403.3 
                 403.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 EPISYDPKF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2403 
                 2411 
                 340.0 
                 340.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 EPKEGTKKLM 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2860 
                 2869 
                 928.3 
                 928.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 ESSSNPTIEE 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2644 
                 2653 
                 408.3 
                 408.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 ETACLGKAY 
                 3 
                 A1 
                 HLA-A-2601 
                 9 
                 DENV3,4 
                 3246 
                 3254 
                 240.0 
                 771.6 
               
               
                 33 
                 ETACLGKAYA 
                 1 
                 A1 
                 HLA-A-2601 
                 10 
                 DENV3,4 
                 3246 
                 3255 
                 73.3 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 ETACLGKSY 
                 4 
                 A1 
                 HLA-A-2601 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2 
                 3246 
                 3254 
                 321.7 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 KETACLGKSY 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 3245 
                 3254 
                 23.3 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 RETACLGKAY 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 3245 
                 3254 
                 60.0 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 RETACLGKSY 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 3245 
                 3254 
                 53.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 ETTHHAVSR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-6801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2544 
                 2552 
                 30.0 
                 80.0 
               
               
                 34 
                 ETTKHAVSR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2544 
                 2552 
                 50.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 FAGPVSQHNY 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1023 
                 1032 
                 428.3 
                 428.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 FASGRKSITL 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2091 
                 2100 
                 26.7 
                 26.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 FGAIYGAAF 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 721 
                 729 
                 798.3 
                 798.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 FLMVLLIPEP 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1,4 
                 2210 
                 2219 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 FMALVAFLRF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 48 
                 57 
                 105.0 
                 105.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 FMKDGRSLVV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3213 
                 3222 
                 66.7 
                 66.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 FPQSNAPIMD 
                 4 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1803 
                 1812 
                 716.7 
                 716.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 FPVSIPITAA 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1457 
                 1466 
                 71.7 
                 71.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 FSRENSLSGV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2 
                 2993 
                 3002 
                 101.7 
                 101.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 FTILALFLAH 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 248 
                 257 
                 1715.0 
                 1715.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 FTIMAAILAY 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 248 
                 257 
                 675.0 
                 738.3 
               
               
                 45 
                 TIMAAILAY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 249 
                 257 
                 20.0 
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 TLMAAILAY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 249 
                 257 
                 43.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 FTMGVLCLAI 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1136 
                 1145 
                 58.3 
                 58.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 FTMRHKKATY 
                 4 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2738 
                 2747 
                 1723.3 
                 1723.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 FTNMEAQLVR 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 3107 
                 3116 
                 88.3 
                 88.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 GAMLFLISGK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2163 
                 2172 
                 23.3 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 GASKRSWPLN 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1343 
                 1352 
                 51.7 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 GEARKTFVDL 
                 3 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 1405.0 
                 5005.0 
               
               
                 51 
                 GEARKTFVEL 
                 3 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 1330.0 
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 GEQRKTFVEL 
                 2 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 1050.0 
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 GESRKTFVEL 
                 3 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2005 
                 2014 
                 1220.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 GEFRLRGEQR 
                 3 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1999 
                 2008 
                 1373.3 
                 1373.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 GEGLHKLGY 
                 2 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 3004 
                 3012 
                 413.3 
                 413.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 GEVGAIALDF 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1598 
                 1607 
                 101.7 
                 101.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 GFFLRKLTSR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1218 
                 1227 
                 81.7 
                 81.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 GGWRLSAQW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 1558 
                 1566 
                 20.0 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 GMGEAAAIF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1783 
                 1791 
                 23.3 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 GPGHEEPIPM 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,4 
                 2602 
                 2611 
                 235.0 
                 235.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 GPLVAGGLL 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3 
                 1377 
                 1385 
                 748.3 
                 748.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HLA-B-0702 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 GPMKLVMAF 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 43 
                 51 
                 789.7 
                 1148.0 
               
               
                 60 
                 GPMKLVMAFI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3 
                 43 
                 52 
                 358.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 GPSLRTTTV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 1071 
                 1079 
                 213.3 
                 213.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 GPWHLGKLEL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3 
                 1042 
                 1051 
                 495.0 
                 585.0 
               
               
                 62 
                 GPWHLGKLEM 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1042 
                 1051 
                 90.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 GSSKIRWIVE 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2553 
                 2562 
                 111.7 
                 111.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 GTSGSPIIDK 
                 3 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1610 
                 1619 
                 475.0 
                 516.7 
               
               
                 64 
                 TSGSPIIDK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1611 
                 1619 
                 41.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 GTSGSPIVNR 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1610 
                 1619 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 HALLATSIF 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 3056 
                 3064 
                 80.0 
                 80.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 HMIAGVLFTF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1159 
                 1168 
                 45.0 
                 45.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 HPASAWTLY 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 &amp; 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2280 
                 2288 
                 281.7 
                 810.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HLA-B-5301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 RPASAWTLYA 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 2280 
                 2289 
                 528.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 HPGAGKTKRY 
                 10 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1672 
                 1681 
                 3046.7 
                 3046.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 HPGFTILALF 
                 9 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 245 
                 254 
                 3763.3 
                 3763.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 HQLWATLLSL 
                 2 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1271 
                 1280 
                 601.7 
                 601.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 IAFLRFLAI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 52 
                 60 
                 318.3 
                 318.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 IANQAAILM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2315 
                 2323 
                 58.3 
                 58.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 IANQATVLM 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2315 
                 2323 
                 1518.3 
                 1518.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 B7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 IAVSMANIF 
                 6 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801, 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 2464 
                 2472 
                 1966.7 
                 2381.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HLA-B-3501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 IAVSTANIF 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2464 
                 2472 
                 415.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 ICSAVPVHW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 3275 
                 3283 
                 115.0 
                 115.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 IGIGILLTW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 738 
                 746 
                 525.0 
                 903.3 
               
               
                 77 
                 IGIGVLLTW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 738 
                 746 
                 378.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 IGLTSRATW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3 
                 3347 
                 3355 
                 50.0 
                 50.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 IILEFFLMV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 9 
                 DENV1,4 
                 2205 
                 2213 
                 143.3 
                 143.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 IPFEIMDLEK 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 616 
                 625 
                 1500.0 
                 1500.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 IPITAAAWY 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1461 
                 1469 
                 1001.7 
                 1001.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 IPKAYAGPF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 1019 
                 1027 
                 920.0 
                 920.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 IPMATYGWNL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,4 
                 2609 
                 2618 
                 456.7 
                 456.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 IPMSTYGWNL 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2609 
                 2618 
                 320.0 
                 320.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 IPMTGPLVAG 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1373 
                 1382 
                 1160.0 
                 1160.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 IPQWEPSKGW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV1,4 
                 3187 
                 3196 
                 26.7 
                 26.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 IPTVMAFHL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV2,4 
                 110 
                 118 
                 70.0 
                 70.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 IQPFLALGF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 1211 
                 1219 
                 85.0 
                 85.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 ISSMLNIMNR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-6801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 89 
                 98 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 ITAAAWYLW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1463 
                 1471 
                 310.0 
                 310.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 ITLLCLIPTV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 104 
                 113 
                 63.3 
                 116.7 
               
               
                 90 
                 TLLCLIPTV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 105 
                 113 
                 53.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 ITPMLRHTI 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2295 
                 2303 
                 190.0 
                 190.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 IVIGVGDSAL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 659 
                 668 
                 35.0 
                 35.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 KAKGSRAIW 
                 4 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 2962 
                 2970 
                 1070.0 
                 1291.7 
               
               
                 93 
                 RAKGSRAIW 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2962 
                 2970 
                 221.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 KATREAQKRA 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2375 
                 2384 
                 383.3 
                 383.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 KAVHADMGYW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2 
                 968 
                 977 
                 136.7 
                 180.0 
               
               
                 95 
                 RAVHADMGYW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 968 
                 977 
                 43.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 KAYAQMWSL 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801, 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 3252 
                 3260 
                 116.7 
                 116.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B5701 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 KEGVFHTMW 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4403 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 1519 
                 1527 
                 178.3 
                 178.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 KGSRAIWYMW 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801, 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3,4 
                 2964 
                 2973 
                 1345.0 
                 1345.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B5701 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 KPGTSGSPI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 1608 
                 1616 
                 345.0 
                 516.7 
               
               
                 99 
                 KPGTSGSPII 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3,4 
                 1608 
                 1617 
                 118.3 
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 KPGTSGSPIV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1608 
                 1617 
                 53.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 KPRICTREEF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 340.0 
                 2756.3 
               
               
                 100 
                 KPRLCTREEF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 350.0 
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 NPRLCTREEF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 365.0 
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 RPRLCTREEF 
                 4 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 501.3 
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 TPRMCTREEF 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2885 
                 2894 
                 1200.0 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-3501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 KPRWLDARI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2070 
                 2078 
                 70.0 
                 70.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 KPTLDFELI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV2,4 
                 319 
                 327 
                 670.0 
                 670.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 KPWDVIPMV 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2825 
                 2833 
                 746.7 
                 1298.3 
               
               
                 103 
                 KPWDVVPMV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2825 
                 2833 
                 551.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 KQIANELNY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 845 
                 853 
                 26.7 
                 53.3 
               
               
                 104 
                 KQISNELNY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 845 
                 853 
                 26.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 KSGAIKVLK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 75 
                 83 
                 48.3 
                 48.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 KSYAQMWQL 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 3252 
                 3260 
                 140.0 
                 140.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 KTDFGFYQV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2256 
                 2264 
                 235.0 
                 235.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 KTFVDLMRR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2009 
                 2017 
                 38.3 
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 KTWAYHGSY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2796 
                 2804 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 KVIQLSRKTF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1859 
                 1868 
                 51.7 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 KVLNPYMPSV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2676 
                 2685 
                 63.3 
                 105.0 
               
               
                 111 
                 VLNPYMPSV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2677 
                 2685 
                 41.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 KVRKDIQQW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 3182 
                 3190 
                 38.3 
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 LAYTIGTTHF 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 255 
                 264 
                 421.7 
                 421.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 LEFEALGFLN 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2979 
                 2988 
                 610.0 
                 1166.7 
               
               
                 114 
                 LEFEALGFMN 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2979 
                 2988 
                 556.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 LETLMLVAL 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2148 
                 2156 
                 103.3 
                 103.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 LGFLNEDHW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3,4 
                 2984 
                 2992 
                 546.7 
                 546.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 LIHQVFGTAY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 716 
                 725 
                 51.7 
                 406.7 
               
               
                 117 
                 LVHQIFGTAY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 716 
                 725 
                 355.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 LILCVTQVLM 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2421 
                 2430 
                 603.3 
                 603.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 LLMLVTPSM 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 272 
                 280 
                 20.0 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 LLSPVRVPNY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1747 
                 1756 
                 36.7 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 LMCHATFTM 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1737 
                 1745 
                 33.3 
                 33.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 LMKITAEWLW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2868 
                 2877 
                 423.3 
                 1416.7 
               
               
                 122 
                 MEITAEWLW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2869 
                 2877 
                 583.3 
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 VMGITAEWLW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2868 
                 2877 
                 410.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 LMMATIGIAL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1229 
                 1238 
                 31.7 
                 940.0 
               
               
                 123 
                 MMATIGIAL 
                 6 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1230 
                 1238 
                 908.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 LMMILPAAL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 106 
                 114 
                 46.7 
                 46.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 LMMMLPATLA 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 106 
                 115 
                 61.7 
                 61.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 LMMTTIGVVL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1229 
                 1238 
                 50.0 
                 50.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 LPAIVREAI 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702, 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 1682 
                 1690 
                 1280.0 
                 1280.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 LPEEQDQNY 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 363 
                 371 
                 1166.7 
                 1166.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 LPESLETLM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2144 
                 2152 
                 208.3 
                 208.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 LPETLETLLL 
                 4 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2144 
                 2153 
                 296.7 
                 296.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5101 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 LPGADTQGSN 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 502 
                 511 
                 240.0 
                 240.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 LPIRYQTPA 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702, 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1716 
                 1724 
                 270.0 
                 1164.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5101 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 LPIRYQTPAI 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1716 
                 1725 
                 894.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 LPLPWLPGAD 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 497 
                 506 
                 238.3 
                 238.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 LPLPWTSGA 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 497 
                 505 
                 111.7 
                 111.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 LPTFMTQKAR 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2109 
                 2118 
                 1263.3 
                 1263.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 LPTYLSSRAK 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2109 
                 2118 
                 26.7 
                 26.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 LPVWLAHKVA 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2020 
                 2029 
                 23.3 
                 4156.7 
               
               
                 137 
                 LPVWLAYKV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301, 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2020 
                 2028 
                 923.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5101 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 LPVWLAYKVA 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2020 
                 2029 
                 2426.7 
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 LPVWLAYRVA 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2020 
                 2029 
                 470.0 
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 LPVWLSYKV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2020 
                 2028 
                 313.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 LRVLNLVENW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2657 
                 2666 
                 351.7 
                 351.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 LSMGLITIAV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2177 
                 2186 
                 571.7 
                 571.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 LSRNSTHEM 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2705 
                 2713 
                 26.7 
                 26.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 LTAAVLLLI 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2354 
                 2362 
                 545.0 
                 611.7 
               
               
                 141 
                 TLTAAVLLLV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2353 
                 2362 
                 66.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 LWEGSPGKF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2451 
                 2459 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 MAEIPLQWI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2193 
                 2201 
                 96.7 
                 96.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 B7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 MAFIAFLRF 
                 2 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 49 
                 57 
                 146.7 
                 146.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-1501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 MAILGDTAW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 693 
                 701 
                 21.7 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 MALKDFKEF 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2083 
                 2091 
                 1496.7 
                 1496.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 MAMTCIAVG 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 756 
                 764 
                 123.3 
                 123.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 MANEMGFLEK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2245 
                 2254 
                 21.7 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 MANIFRGSY 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 2468 
                 2476 
                 821.7 
                 821.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 MASSALLWMA 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2185 
                 2194 
                 45.0 
                 45.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 MAVGMVSIL 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1356 
                 1364 
                 361.7 
                 361.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 MGYWIESAL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 974 
                 982 
                 53.3 
                 53.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 MIDKTPVHSW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3320 
                 3329 
                 720.0 
                 720.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 MLLALIAVL 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2152 
                 2160 
                 81.7 
                 81.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 MLLILCVTQV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2419 
                 2428 
                 43.3 
                 43.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 MLVTPSMTM 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 274 
                 282 
                 1735.0 
                 1735.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 MLWMAEIPL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2190 
                 2198 
                 21.7 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 MMLKLLTDF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1260 
                 1268 
                 50.0 
                 50.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 MMLPATLAF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 108 
                 116 
                 80.0 
                 80.0 
               
               
                 159 
                 MMMLPATLAF 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 107 
                 116 
                 473.3 
                 473.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 MPGTFQTTTG 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1589 
                 1598 
                 136.7 
                 136.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 MPGTRKVMGI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2862 
                 2871 
                 60.0 
                 85.0 
               
               
                 161 
                 MPGTRRVMGI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2862 
                 2871 
                 25.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 MPLVMAWRTI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1287 
                 1296 
                 56.7 
                 56.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 MPSMKRFRRE 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 3379 
                 3388 
                 1336.7 
                 1336.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-3501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 MPSVIEKMET 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2682 
                 2691 
                 783.3 
                 783.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 MPVMKRYSAP 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3379 
                 3388 
                 36.7 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 MPVTHSSAAQ 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1925 
                 1934 
                 183.3 
                 235.0 
               
               
                 166 
                 MPVTVASAAQ 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1925 
                 1934 
                 51.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 MSFRDLGRVM 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1176 
                 1185 
                 3250.0 
                 3250.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 MSSEGAWKHA 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5701 
                 10 
                 DENV2,4 
                 226 
                 235 
                 778.3 
                 778.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 MSYSMCTGKF 
                 6 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 578 
                 587 
                 2553.3 
                 2553.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 MSYTMCSGK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 578 
                 586 
                 23.3 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 MTQKARNAL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2113 
                 2121 
                 268.3 
                 268.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 MTTTANWLW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2869 
                 2877 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 MVSRLLLNR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2729 
                 2737 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 NPAQEDDQY 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 1942 
                 1950 
                 176.7 
                 176.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 NPEIEDDIF 
                 10 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1653 
                 1661 
                 3390.0 
                 3390.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 NPITLTAAL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2350 
                 2358 
                 20.0 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 NPLTLTAAV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2350 
                 2358 
                 415.0 
                 415.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 NPNMIDKTPV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3317 
                 3326 
                 376.7 
                 675.0 
               
               
                 178 
                 NPWMEDKTH 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 3317 
                 3325 
                 106.7 
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 NPWMEDKTPV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2,3 
                 3317 
                 3326 
                 191.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 NPTVDGITV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2391 
                 2399 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 NQLIYVILTI 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2228 
                 2237 
                 381.7 
                 381.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 PASAWTLYAV 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3,4 
                 2281 
                 2290 
                 503.3 
                 503.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 PASIAARGYI 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 1769 
                 1778 
                 611.7 
                 611.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 PTSRTTWSIH 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 3285 
                 3294 
                 215.0 
                 215.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 QEGAMHSAL 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 537 
                 545 
                 48.3 
                 88.3 
               
               
                 184 
                 QEGAMHTAL 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 537 
                 545 
                 40.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 QENPYRTWAY 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2791 
                 2800 
                 265.0 
                 265.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 QIAMTDTTPF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2835 
                 2844 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 QPESNILDI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2268 
                 2277 
                 351.7 
                 351.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 QPHWIAASI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2197 
                 2205 
                 71.7 
                 71.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 QSGVDVFFTP 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 2622 
                 2631 
                 103.3 
                 103.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 QYIFTGQPL 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 1949 
                 1957 
                 138.3 
                 138.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 QYSDRRWCF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2034 
                 2042 
                 31.7 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 192 
                 RAAVEDEEF 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 2918 
                 2926 
                 381.7 
                 381.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 193 
                 RASFIEVKTC 
                 2 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 990 
                 999 
                 290.0 
                 290.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 194 
                 REDLWCGSL 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 3338 
                 3346 
                 96.7 
                 145.0 
               
               
                 194 
                 REDQWCGSL 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 3338 
                 3346 
                 48.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 195 
                 REIPERSWNT 
                 2 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1815 
                 1824 
                 1278.3 
                 1278.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 196 
                 REWCFTGERN 
                 2 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2038 
                 2047 
                 1345.0 
                 1345.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 197 
                 RFLEFEALGF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,4 
                 2977 
                 2986 
                 181.7 
                 358.3 
               
               
                 197 
                 RYLEFEALGF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2977 
                 2986 
                 176.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 198 
                 RLRGEARKTF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2002 
                 2011 
                 21.7 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 199 
                 RPGYHTQTA 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3 
                 1033 
                 1041 
                 501.7 
                 501.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 RPISEKEENM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1112 
                 1121 
                 101.7 
                 101.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 RPRWLDART 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2070 
                 2078 
                 585.0 
                 585.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 202 
                 RPTPKGAVM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 3077 
                 3085 
                 191.7 
                 223.3 
               
               
                 202 
                 RPTPKGTVM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 3077 
                 3085 
                 31.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 203 
                 RQLANAIFK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 3057 
                 3065 
                 90.0 
                 90.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 204 
                 RQMEGEGIF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 3116 
                 3124 
                 108.3 
                 108.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 205 
                 RQMEGEGVL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 3116 
                 3124 
                 56.7 
                 56.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 RVIDPRRCL 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 1899 
                 1907 
                 541.7 
                 1368.3 
               
               
                 206 
                 RVIDPRRCLK 
                 3 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-0301, 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 258.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 A-1101 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 RVIDPRRCM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1899 
                 1907 
                 88.3 
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 RVIDPRRCMK 
                 6 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3101, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1899 
                 1908 
                 480.0 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 A-1101, A-0301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 207 
                 RVLKMVEPW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 2658 
                 2666 
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 208 
                 RYMGEDGCWY 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1098 
                 1107 
                 66.7 
                 66.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 209 
                 SEMAEALKGM 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1707 
                 1716 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 210 
                 SPCKIPFEIM 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 612 
                 621 
                 1156.0 
                 1156.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 211 
                 SPGKFWNTTI 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2 
                 2455 
                 2464 
                 826.7 
                 826.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 212 
                 SPIINREGKV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1614 
                 1623 
                 106.7 
                 106.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 213 
                 SPILSITISE 
                 6 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1418 
                 1427 
                 1068.3 
                 1068.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 214 
                 SPKRLATAIA 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 814 
                 823 
                 68.3 
                 68.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 215 
                 SPSPTVEESR 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2646 
                 2655 
                 118.3 
                 118.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 216 
                 SPVRVPNYNL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV2,3 
                 1749 
                 1758 
                 173.3 
                 173.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 217 
                 SQIGAGVYK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1511 
                 1519 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 218 
                 STYGWNLVR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2612 
                 2620 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 219 
                 SWMVRILIGF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 733 
                 742 
                 53.3 
                 53.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 SYAQMWTLMY 
                 1 
                 Al 
                 HLA-A-0101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 3253 
                 3262 
                 151.7 
                 578.3 
               
               
                 220 
                 YAQMWQLMYF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 3254 
                 3263 
                 135.0 
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 YAQMWSLMY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3,4 
                 3254 
                 3262 
                 38.3 
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 YAQMWSLMYF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV2,3,4 
                 3254 
                 3263 
                 33.3 
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 YAQMWTLMY 
                 2 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 3254 
                 3262 
                 175.0 
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 YAQMWTLMYF 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 3254 
                 3263 
                 45.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 221 
                 TAAVLLLITH 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2355 
                 2364 
                 118.3 
                 118.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 222 
                 TAEAGGRAY 
                 4 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2129 
                 2137 
                 371.7 
                 371.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 223 
                 IETTILDVDL 
                 2 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4001 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2266 
                 2279 
                 1413.3 
                 1413.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 224 
                 TFKVPHAKR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 520 
                 528 
                 78.3 
                 78.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 225 
                 TLMAMDLGEL 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 150 
                 159 
                 823.3 
                 823.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 226 
                 TLMLLALIAV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2150 
                 2159 
                 31.7 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 227 
                 TPEAKNSTF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 901 
                 909 
                 860.0 
                 915.0 
               
               
                 227 
                 TPEARNSTF 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 901 
                 909 
                 55.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 TPEGIIPAL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 1978 
                 1986 
                 183.3 
                 10671.0 
               
               
                 228 
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 9 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 2213.3 
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 TPEGIIPSM 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1978 
                 1986 
                 2716.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-5301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 TPEGIIPSMF 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702, 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 1771.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-3501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 TPEGIIPTLF 
                 11 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1978 
                 1987 
                 2914.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-0702, B-5301 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 YTPEGIIPTL 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1977 
                 1986 
                 871.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 229 
                 TPFGQQRVF 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1,2,3,4 
                 2842 
                 2850 
                 438.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 230 
                 TPKGAVMDII 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3079 
                 3088 
                 105.0 
                 436.7 
               
               
                 230 
                 TPRGTVMDII 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3079 
                 3088 
                 331.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 231 
                 TPMLRHTIEN 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3,4 
                 2296 
                 2305 
                 388.3 
                 1805.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 232 
                 TPPGSRDPF 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501, 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 1795 
                 1803 
                 1416.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-0702 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 233 
                 TPQDNQLAY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2224 
                 2232 
                 25.0 
                 506.7 
               
               
                 233 
                 TPQDNQLAYV 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2224 
                 2233 
                 406.7 
                   
               
               
                 233 
                 TPQDNQLTY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2224 
                 2232 
                 75.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 234 
                 TPRSMPGTRR 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2858 
                 2867 
                 55.0 
                 55.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 235 
                 TPVHSWEDI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 3324 
                 3332 
                 63.3 
                 63.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 236 
                 TTFSLHYAW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1285 
                 1293 
                 38.3 
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 237 
                 TTKRDLGMSK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2254 
                 2263 
                 35.0 
                 35.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 238 
                 TYLALIATF 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 1201 
                 1209 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 239 
                 VASGLLWVAE 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 2186 
                 2195 
                 53.3 
                 53.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 240 
                 VATTFVTPM 
                 8 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2290 
                 2298 
                 2776.7 
                 2776.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 VLLLVTHYAI 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2358 
                 2367 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 242 
                 VPLLAIGCY 
                 7 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2338 
                 2346 
                 1520.0 
                 2603.3 
               
               
                 242 
                 VPLLAMGCY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2338 
                 2346 
                 1083.3 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 243 
                 VPMVTQMAM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 9 
                 DENV2,3 
                 2830 
                 2838 
                 148.3 
                 148.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 244 
                 VPNYNMIIM 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 1753 
                 1761 
                 51.7 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 245 
                 VPYLGKREDQ 
                 2 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-0702 
                 10 
                 DENV1,2,3 
                 3332 
                 3341 
                 423.3 
                 423.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 246 
                 VQADMGCVV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0206 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 774 
                 782 
                 190.0 
                 190.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 247 
                 VSSVNMVSRL 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 2724 
                 2733 
                 421.7 
                 421.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 248 
                 VTIDLDPVVY 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 2398 
                 2407 
                 38.3 
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 249 
                 VTRGAVLMHK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1529 
                 1538 
                 81.7 
                 81.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 250 
                 VTYECPLLV 
                 1 
                 A2 
                 HLA-A-0201 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 164 
                 172 
                 31.7 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 251 
                 VYTQLCDHR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 9 
                 DENV3 
                 950 
                 958 
                 35.0 
                 56.7 
               
               
                 251 
                 VYTQLCDHRL 
                 1 
                 A24 
                 HLA-A-2402 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 950 
                 959 
                 21.7 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 252 
                 WALCESITL 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 2435 
                 2443 
                 23.3 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 253 
                 WAYHGSYET 
                 3 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2798 
                 2806 
                 1220.0 
                 1245.0 
               
               
                 253 
                 WAYHGSYEV 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2798 
                 2806 
                 25.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 254 
                 WHYDQDHPY 
                 5 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2787 
                 2795 
                 1628.3 
                 1628.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 255 
                 WSIHAHHQW 
                 3 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801; 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3,4 
                 3291 
                 3299 
                 950.0 
                 950.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B5701 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 256 
                 WVAEIQPQW 
                 1 
                 B58 
                 HLA-B-5801 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 2192 
                 2200 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 257 
                 YAQIQPHWI 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5101 
                 9 
                 DENV2 
                 2193 
                 2201 
                 48.3 
                 48.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 258 
                 YENLKYSVI 
                 1 
                 B44 
                 HLA-B-4402 
                 9 
                 DENV1 
                 413 
                 421 
                 381.7 
                 381.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 259 
                 YGGPISQHNY 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 1023 
                 1032 
                 33.3 
                 33.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 260 
                 YGVLFSGVSW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 10 
                 DENV1 
                 725 
                 734 
                 166.7 
                 166.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 262 
                 YLAGAGLAF 
                 3 
                 B7 B62 
                 HLA-B-0702, 
                 9 
                 DENV1,3 
                 2476 
                 2484 
                 340.0 
                 340.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 B-1501 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 263 
                 YPKTKLTDW 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-5301 
                 9 
                 DENV4 
                 1872 
                 1880 
                 320.0 
                 430.0 
               
               
                 263 
                 YPKTKLTDWD 
                 1 
                 B7 
                 HLA-B-3501 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 1872 
                 1881 
                 110.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 264 
                 YQLAVTITAI 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1271 
                 1280 
                 63.3 
                 63.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 265 
                 YQLWTALISL 
                 1 
                 B62 
                 HLA-B-1501 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 1271 
                 1280 
                 55.0 
                 55.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 266 
                 YQNKVVKVLR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 10 
                 DENV4 
                 3068 
                 3077 
                 895.0 
                 1235.0 
               
               
                 266 
                 YQNKVVKVQR 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-3301 
                 10 
                 DENV3 
                 3068 
                 3077 
                 340.0 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 267 
                 YVSAIAQTEK 
                 1 
                 A3 
                 HLA-A-1101 
                 10 
                 DENV2 
                 1638 
                 1647 
                 36.7 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     REFERENCES 
     
         
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     Example 24 
     Materials and Methods 
     Ethics Statement 
     All murine experiments in this study were performed according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Experimental Animals and following Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved animal protocols. 
     Viral Stocks 
     The mouse adapted DENV3 strain D3S5CX was derived from the clinical isolate UNC3001, obtained from Aravinda de Silva (UNC School of Medicine). Passaging of UNC3001 through the serum of IFN-α/βR−/−, IFN-γR−/−, mice 5 times, followed by passaging through the spleens of Cardif−/− mice 10 times has resulted in strain D3S5CX that replicates more efficiently in IFN-α/βR−/−, mice than the parental strain. S221 is a plaque-purified DENV2 strain which was derived from the clinical isolate PL046 by passaging through IFN-α/βR−/−, IFN-γR−/−, and mosquito cells, as previously described. Viral stocks were amplified in C6/36 mosquito cells, also as previously described. Infectious doses were determined based on genomic equivalents (GE), which were quantified by RT-PCR. 
     Mice and Infections 
     HLA A*0101, A*0201/Kb, B*0702, B*4001 and DRB1*0101 transgenic mice were bred and back-crossed with IFN-α/βR−/− mice on the C57BL/6 background at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology facility (La Jolla, Calif.). Mice were used between 6 and 10 weeks of age. For all experiments mice were infected i.v (retro-orbitally) with 10 10  GE of DENV in 100 μl PBS. On day 7 post-infection, the mice were sacrificed and splenic CD8+ or CD4+ T cells were used in mouse IFNγ ELISPOT assays. For secondary infection experiments, B*0702 IFN-α/βR−/− mice were infected 28 days after primary DENV3 infection with either DENV3 (homologous) or DENV2 (heterologous). 7 days post secondary infection, mice were sacrificed and splenic CD8+ T cells were used in mouse IFNγ ELISPOT assays. All mouse experiments were performed following Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved animal protocols. 
     Bioinformatic Analyses and Peptide Synthesis 
     The HLA A*0201, A*0101, B*0702 and B*4001 binding capacity of all 9 and 10mer peptides encoded in the D3S5CX proteome was predicted using the command-line version of the MHC class I consensus prediction tool available on the IEDB web site. Peptides were selected if they scored in the top 1% of all peptides for any of the 4 alleles. For the MHC class II DRB1*0101 allele binding predictions were performed for all 15mer peptides from the same proteome using the consensus approach. The top 2% of predicted DRB1*0101 binders was selected for synthesis. In total, 365 9-mer and 10-mer peptides were identified by MHC class I predictions, and 29 15-mers by the DRB1*0101 predictions. All peptides were synthesized by Mimotopes (Victoria, Australia) as crude material on a 1 mg scale. For screening studies, the class I peptides were combined into pools of approximately 10 individual peptides, according to their predicted HLA restriction. MHC class II peptides were tested individually. 
     MHC Peptide-Binding and Restriction Assays 
     Purification of HLA A*0201, A*0101, B*0702, B*4001 and DRB1*0101 MHC molecules and the performance of quantitative competition assays to measure the binding affinity of peptides to purified MHC were performed. To determine restriction for A*0201 and B*4001 epitopes, CD8+ T cells from DENV3-infected HLA A*A0201 and HLA B*4001 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice were incubated with APC pulsed with ascending concentrations of peptides and tested for IFN-γ production in an ELISPOT assay. The tumor cell line 721.221, which lacks expression of HLA-A, -B and C class I genes, was transfected with the HLA-A*0201/Kb chimeric genes, and used as antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the A*0201 restriction assays. The non-transfected cell line was used as a negative control. An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell line expressing the B*4001 molecule (SVEIG) was utilized as APC in the B*4001 restriction assay. The LG2 cell line was used as a negative control. 
     IFNγ ELISPOT Assay 
     For all murine experiments, splenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were isolated by magnetic bead positive selection (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) 7 days after infection with DENV. 2×10 5  T cells were stimulated with 1×10 5  uninfected splenocytes as APCs and pools of 10 individual DENV peptides in 96-well flat-bottom plates (Immobilon-P; Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) coated with anti-IFNγ mAb (clone AN18; Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden). Positive pools were deconvoluted and the individual peptides responsible for the reactivity were determined Responses were considered positive if the net spot-forming cells (SFC) per 10 6  were ≥20, had a stimulation index of ≥2, and a p&lt;0.05 in a t test comparing replicates with those from the negative control. 
     Example 25 
     DENV3 Peptide Specific Responses in an HLA Transgenic Mouse Model 
     To determine the DENV3 specific T cell response the mouse adapted DENV3 strain D3S5CX was used to infect HLA A*0101-, A*0201-, B*0702-, B*4001- and DRB1*0101-transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice. In the case of class I, the HLA A and B alleles studied were chosen as representative of the HLA A1, A2, B7, and B44 class I supertypes, respectively. Together, these class I supertypes are estimated to provide coverage of over 90% of the general population. DRB1*0101 was chosen as representative of the main HLA DR class II supertype. Given the high degree of repertoire overlap between HLA class II molecules, the main DR supertype is expected to be represented in over 90% of individuals. Using bioinformatics-based algorithms panels of D3S5CX-derived peptides were generated predicted to bind HLA A*0101-, A*0201-, B*0702-, B*4001- or DRB1*0101 molecules. 
     For each allele the corresponding predicted peptides were combined into pools of 10 peptides each and tested in IFNγ ELISPOT assays using splenic T cells from HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice 7 days post infection. Positive pools were deconvoluted and the individual peptides responsible for the reactivity were determined Using this approach a total of 59 responses were identified, considering all HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice mouse strains tested. More specifically, these experiments revealed 3 A*0101-, 26 A*0201-, 19 B*0702-, 4 B*4001- and 7 DRB1*0101-restricted epitopes ( FIG. 21A-E ). 
     Example 26 
     Further Characterization of the DENV3 Epitopes 
     The A*0101, A*0201 and B*0702 epitopes identified included 9 pairs of nested epitopes, where a 10-mer as well as a nested 9-mer peptide were able to elicit immune responses ( FIGS. 21  A-C). To determine which peptide was the optimal epitope, each nested peptide pair was further titrated, as shown in  FIG. 25A . In eight out of nine cases the optimal epitope could be unequivocally identified and therefore utilized in all further studies. In the case of one A*0201 epitope (NS2A1164-1172,  FIG. 25 ) the 9-mer and the 10-mer showed equivalent dose response curves. In this case the 10-mer was selected for use in further experiments, since it also fully contains the 9-mer sequence. 
     Of the five HLA transgenic mouse strains tested, the A*0201 and the B*4001 mice co-express murine MHC molecules. To confirm that the observed responses were restricted by the transfected human class I molecule and not the co-expressed murine class I, purified T cells were tested for their capacity to recognize the specific epitopes when pulsed on antigen presenting cells expressing only human class I. Accordingly, for the A*0201 epitopes HLA A*0201 transfected 721.221 cells were utilized, which are negative for expression of murine class I molecules. All 23 of the HLA*A0201 restricted epitopes stimulated a CD8+ T cell response when presented exclusively on HLA*0201 molecules ( FIG. 25B ). Similarly, all four B*4001 restricted epitopes were recognized when presented by corresponding cell lines expressing HLA B*4001 molecules ( FIG. 25C ) but no murine class I. As an additional control, all A*0201 and B*4001 epitopes were tested for their reactivity in non-HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice and were found to not elicit CD8+ T cell responses in IFNγ ELISPOT assays (data not shown). 
     To further characterize the MHC restriction of the identified epitopes their binding capacity was measured for their putative restricting HLA allelic molecule in in-vitro binding assays using purified MHC molecules (Table 11). Forty of the 50 peptides (80%) bound the corresponding predicted allele with high affinity, as indicated by an IC50&lt;50 nM, including 26 peptides that bound with an affinity of 10 nM, or better. Of the remaining 10 peptides, 9 (18%) bound the corresponding allele with intermediate affinity, with IC50s in the 50-500 nM range, and one (2%) bound with low affinity (IC50&gt;1000 nM). 
     Taken together, the data in this and the preceding section have defined a total of 50 unique DENV3-derived, HLA-restricted, T cell epitopes. As summarized in Table 11, 2 are restricted by A*0101, 23 by A*0201, 14 by B*0702, 4 by B*4001 and 7 by DRB1*0101. 
     Example 27 
     DENV Epitopes Identified in the Transgenic Mouse Model Reflect the T Cell Repertoire in Humans Following Natural Exposure 
     To investigate if the epitopes identified in the HLA transgenic mouse model are also recognized in context of natural infection in humans, a search of the Immune Epitope Database was performed (IEDB; iedb.org). It was found that 34 (68%) of the 50 DENV3 epitopes detected in this study were independently described to elicit a T cell response in humans exposed to dengue virus. At the same time, a similar analysis of the DENV2 epitopes identified in the HLA transgenic mouse system was performed and found that 32 (76%) of the 42 epitopes have also been described in humans. The overall high concordance of 72% (66 out of 92 epitopes) confirms that the HLA transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice are a reliable model of T cell responses relevant to human infection with DENV. 
     Example 28 
     DENV2 and DENV 3 Responses are Serotype Specific and Largely Non-Overlapping 
     The degree of overlap was analysed between the repertoires of HLA transgenic mice infected with the two different DENV strains. Table 11 indicates for each of the DENV3 specific epitopes whether they are also conserved in the DENV2 strain S221. Four of the 50 DENV3 epitopes share 100% sequence identity with the DENV2 S221 strain (NS11090-1099 A*0101, NS31682-1690 and NS31700-1709 B*0702, NS31742-1756 DRB1*0101). All 4 of these epitopes were also independently identified after infection with DENV2. None of the remaining 46 DENV3 specific epitopes, or variants thereof, were identified after infection with DENV2. These results demonstrate that the T cell repertoires for DENV2 and DENV3 are largely non-overlapping, and suggest that the primary T cell response is serotype specific. 
     Example 29 
     Differential Pattern of Immunogenicity after Infection with DENV3 as Compared to DENV2 
     The specificity of the DENV3 immune response at the antigen level was determined. The relative strength of recognition of the 10 DENV proteins was analyzed, namely the three structural proteins (Capsid (C), Membrane (M), and Envelope (E)), and the seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5). As shown in  FIG. 22A , the immune response against DENV3 was broad, and epitopes originating from all 10 proteins were recognized. The majority (37 out of 50; 74%) of the epitopes were derived from the seven nonstructural proteins, and accounted for two thirds (67%) of the total IFNγ response observed. Within the seven nonstructural proteins, NS3 and NS1 were the most dominantly targeted, accounting for 17% and 15% of the total IFNγ response, respectively. 13 of the 50 (26%) epitopes were derived from the three structural proteins, and accounted for one third (33%) of the total IFNγ response observed. This is in contrast to infection with DENV2 where 3% of the responses were directed against structural proteins (p=0.0001 in Fisher&#39;s exact test), and also shown in  FIG. 22B  for comparison purposes. The remaining 97% of the total response were derived from the nonstructural proteins, and accounted for 39 out of 42 (93%) of the epitopes detected. NS3 alone accounted for 38% of the total response, whereas only one epitope had been observed against the NS1 protein. These results point to a different hierarchy of immune dominance associated with the different DENV proteins, as a function of the infecting serotype. 
     Example 30 
     Threshold for Cross-Reactive Epitope Recognition 
     B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mouse strain was selected as representative for additional, and more in-depth, analysis of the observed immunodominance differences associated with DENV2 and DENV3 primary infection and the effects of preexisting immunity and heterologous infection on T cell recognition. To enable these studies a homology threshold associated with cross-reactivity was experimentally defined at the T cell level. The phenomenon of T cell mediated cross-reactivity between various serotypes has been the subject of much discussion in the context of dengue but a definition of the threshold for cross-reactivity, broadly applicable to large number of epitopes, has not been experimentally addressed. 
     For these analyses, a panel of 137 peptides was synthesized, corresponding to naturally occurring DENV variants with various degrees of sequence homology to the D3S5CX strain. This panel was then tested for T cell reactivity following infection of B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice with this strain. As shown in  FIG. 23 , the majority of responses, in terms of both frequency (15 of 63 peptides; 24%) and magnitude, were detected in peptides with 100% sequence identity to the infecting strain. Another roughly 20% of the total response (5 out of 45 peptides) observed was elicited by variants with just one or two amino acid variations, corresponding to ≥78%, or ≥80%, sequence identity in case of 9-mer, and 10-mer peptides, respectively. No response was observed in variants with 3 or more amino acid differences, compared to the corresponding D3S5CX strain. These results thus identify a sequence homology threshold that discriminates conserved or cross-reactive recognition and non-cross-reactive (and hence serotype-specific) immune responses. 
     Example 31 
     Effect of Heterologous Infection on the T Cell Repertoire 
     The results shown above demonstrate remarkable differences in the immunodominance pattern of responses to DENV3, as compared to DENV2. A significant fraction of the DENV3 primary response is directed against structural proteins that are associated with higher sequence variability. As a result, a majority of the DENV3 response is directed against serotype specific epitopes. By contrast, in the case of DENV2 a greater fraction of the response is directed against the more conserved NS proteins. 
     This observation prompted a test whether pre-immunization with one serotype would interfere with development of immunity to a second serotype, because the pattern of response imprinted by the original infection would be preserved in the heterologous infection. Accordingly, B*0702 transgenic IFN-α/βR−/− mice were infected with DENV3 and subsequently with DENV2 (heterologous secondary infection). According to the threshold established as described above, the B*0702 epitopes were divided into DENV3 specific (sequence identity D3S5CX≥80%, S221&lt;80%), conserved (D3S5CX≥80%, S221≥80%) and DENV2 specific (D3S5CX&lt;80%, S221≥80%) subsets. 
       FIG. 24B  shows the patterns of response elicited by the individual epitopes after either primary DENV3 infection (white bars) or heterologous secondary infection with DENV2 (black bars). While primary infection elicited responses prevalently directed towards DENV3 specific epitopes (72%,  FIG. 24B , dark grey pie), the heterologous infection elicited responses predominantly targeting epitopes conserved between the two serotypes (69%,  FIG. 24B , black pie). The overall response magnitude after either primary or secondary infection was comparable ( FIG. 24C ). Primary DENV3 infection followed by homologous secondary infection with the same DENV serotype did not shift the responses towards these conserved epitopes but kept the focus on the DENV3 serotype specific epitopes (data not shown). In conclusion, the controlled experimental conditions enabled by the HLA transgenic mice system allowed a demonstration that the pattern of dominance in primary infection is not preserved following heterologous secondary infection, and that heterologous infection is associated with predominant recognition of conserved/cross-reactive epitopes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DENV3 specific epitopes identified 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Conservancy 
               
               
                   
                 Sequence (SEQ. ID 
                 T cell 
                 HLA 
                 within serotypes 
               
               
                   
                 Nos: 1164-1213, in 
                 response 
                 binding 
                 [%] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Epitope 
                 order of appearance) 
                 Restriction 
                 [SFC] 
                 [IC 50 ] 
                 S221 
                 D3S5CX 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E 451-459   
                 TTLAILPEY 76 
                 A*0101 
                 429 
                 31 
                 56 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 1090-1099   
                 RSCTLPPLRY 15 
                   
                 305 
                 5.9 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 57-66   
                 FLAIPPTAGV new 
                 A*0201 
                 868 
                 3.6 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 103-112   
                 SLCLMMILPA new 
                   
                 244 
                 5.7 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 106-114   
                 LMMILPAAL 
                   
                 1679 
                 6.6 
                 56 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M 250-259   
                 ILALFLAHYI 
                   
                 1595 
                 6.3 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M 254-263   
                 FLAHYIGTSL 
                   
                 1363 
                 4.8 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M 268-276   
                 VIFILLMLV 
                   
                 607 
                 375 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 580-589   
                 YAMCTNTFVL 
                   
                 658 
                 33 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 631-639   
                 RLITANPVV 
                   
                 418 
                 20 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 727-735   
                 ALFSGVSWV 
                   
                 1086 
                 20 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 854-862   
                 ILWENNIKL 
                   
                 2238 
                 2.7 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 987-996   
                 KLEKASLIEV 
                   
                 488 
                 77 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2A 1164-1172   
                 VLFTFVLLL 
                   
                 1363 
                 10 
                 45 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2A 1202-1211   
                 YLALIATFKI 
                   
                 1089 
                 10 
                 70 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2A 1271-1280   
                 YQLWTALVSL 
                   
                 1122 
                 1.7 
                 40 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1355-1363   
                 VMAVGLVSI 
                   
                 442 
                 21 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1444-1453   
                 VLLKTALLIV 
                   
                 203 
                 23 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1832-1840   
                 FAGKTVWFV 
                   
                 415 
                 11 
                 89 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1876-1884   
                 KLNDWDFVV 
                   
                 333 
                 1.8 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 2013-2022   
                 ELMRRGDLPV 
                   
                 757 
                 22 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS4A 2150-2159   
                 TLLLLGLMIL 
                   
                 990 
                 52 
                 60 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS4A 2205-2213   
                 IVLEFFMMV 
                   
                 469 
                 11 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS4B 2311-2320   
                 SLAAIANQAV 
                   
                 858 
                 6.7 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS5 2814-2822   
                 SMINGVVKL 
                   
                 1016 
                 14 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E 509-517   
                 TPTWNRKEL 
                 B*0702 
                 1193 
                 2.8 
                 56 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 814-822   
                 SPKRLATAI 
                   
                 1186 
                 1.5 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 1071-1079   
                 GPSLRTTTV 
                   
                 115 
                 2.2 
                 89 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2A 1290-1298   
                 TVAWRTATL 
                   
                 486 
                 3.6 
                 56 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1373-1382   
                 VPMAGPLVAG 
                   
                 28 
                 115 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1457-1465   
                 FPYSIPATL 
                   
                 802 
                 1.0 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1648-1656   
                 EPDGPTPEL 
                   
                 512 
                 299 
                 44 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1682-1690   
                 LPAIVREAI 
                   
                 494 
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1700-1709   
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                   
                 291 
                 4.6 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1899-1907   
                 RVIDPRRCL 
                   
                 260 
                 146 
                 89 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1925-1934   
                 MPVTAASAAQ 
                   
                 690 
                 1072 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 2070-2078   
                 RPRWLDART 
                   
                 40 
                 2.1 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS4A 2113-2121   
                 LAHRTRNAL 
                   
                 95 
                 3.3 
                 56 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS5 2860-2868   
                 RPMPGTRKV 
                   
                 461 
                 2.7 
                 44 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1412-1421   
                 AEQTGVSHNL 
                 B*4001 
                 362 
                 67 
                 50 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1569-1577   
                 GEEVQVIAV 
                   
                 293 
                 12 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1598-1607   
                 GEIGAIALDF 
                   
                 289 
                 40 
                 70 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 2005-2014   
                 GESRKTFVEL 
                   
                 708 
                 3.5 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 101-115   
                 KTSLCLMMILPAALA new? 
                 DRB1*0101 
                 82 
                 12 
                 40 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M 268-282   
                 VIFILLMLVTPSMTM 
                   
                 53 
                 53 
                 73 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS1 984-998   
                 GSWKLEKASLIEVKT 
                   
                 236 
                 56 
                 67 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS2B 1359-1373   
                 GLVSILASSLLRNDV 
                   
                 241 
                 2.1 
                 80 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1692-1706   
                 RRLRTLILAPTRVVA 
                   
                 113 
                 5.3 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS3 1742-1756   
                 TFTMRLLSPVRVPNY 
                   
                 70 
                 1.5 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NS5 2967-2981   
                 RAIWYMWLGARYLEF 
                   
                 586 
                 48 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 32 
     Discussion 
     The study of DENV infection in humans and immune correlates associated with protection on one hand, and immunopathology on the other, is fraught with considerable complexities. One of the issues contributing to this complexity is that individuals in endemic areas, in general, and those affected by the more severe forms of disease, in particular, are typically afflicted by multiple heterologous infections. As a result, the patterns of reactivity associated with primary DENV infection are relatively less well defined. Furthermore, it has been suggested that heterologous infection leads to the preferential recognition of sequences cross-reactive between the two (or more) infecting viruses, but that this cross-reactive response is of lower efficacy in controlling viral disease. This possibility has been described as the original antigenic sin hypothesis. In most cases, however, the exact infecting serotypes and the corresponding order and times of infection are unknown, highlighting the need for a more controlled experimental model system to study the evolution of HLA restricted T cell responses to dengue. Here it was shown that while DENV3 primary infection is dominated by serotype specific responses, heterologous infection results in dominating responses targeting cross-reactive or conserved epitopes. 
     The primary immune response against DENV3 was broad and targeted all 10 DENV proteins. One third of the responses identified were elicited by T cell epitopes derived from the three structural proteins (C, M, E). This is in contrast to the T cell targets observed after infection with DENV2, where the vast majority of responses (97%) were targeted towards epitopes derived from the nonstructural and not the structural protein. This differential targeting of proteins could have direct implications in vaccine design. The most advanced dengue vaccine to date consists of live-attenuated tetravalent chimeric dengue-yellow fever vaccine strains, which present DENV serotype specific membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins in a Yellow fever 17D backbone. Results from a recent clinical trial demonstrated partial (60-80%) protection towards 3 of the 4 DENV serotypes, but no protection against DENV2 infection. In humans the majority of the DENV2 specific T cell responses are directed against the non-structural proteins, which are absent in the tetravalent vaccine. This deficiency could explain the lack of protective immunity against DENV2. Similarly, the data in HLA transgenic mice demonstrates that while only 3% of the DENV2 specific immune response is focused on the structural proteins, almost 25% of the DENV3 specific response is directed against the prM and E structural proteins, both of which are present in the vaccine. These substantial serotype specific differences could provide an explanation as to why the live-attenuated tetravalent chimeric vaccine was able to partially protect against 3 of the 4 dengue serotypes, but not DENV2. 
     Another protein dominantly targeted after infection with DENV3, but not following DENV2 infection, is the NS1 protein. Unlike other nonstructural proteins, NS1 can also be secreted, and detection of early concentrations of NS1 in blood is positively associated with disease severity. It has been suggested that NS1 from dengue-infected cells contributes to the dengue shock syndrome by forming complexes with pro-thrombin. Formation of such complexes may result in a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin times, values that have been shown to be the strongest correlate of vascular permeability in patients with dengue infection. 15% of all DENV3 specific reactivity was targeted against the NS1 protein, whereas NS1 reactivity was basically absent after primary DENV2 infection. Furthermore, DENV3 specific NS1 reactivity was not restricted to certain alleles, since at least one NS1 epitope was identified in 4 out of 5 HLA class I alleles tested. Thus, the DENV3 specific response against NS1 could contribute to protection while this immune response is absent in infection with DENV2, which has in fact been reported as a risk factor for severe disease. 
     The observation that T cell epitopes targeted following primary DENV infection with different serotypes are not derived from the same proteins may factor in future vaccine design strategies. With this consideration, NS3 has been the most dominantly targeted protein after infection with both DENV2 and DENV3 serotypes, albeit with a somewhat variable level of dominance Immunizing with antigens containing the NS3 epitopes would induce a robust T cell response against both DENV serotypes without the risk of antibody-dependent-enhancement. 
     In conclusion, different DENV strains are associated with different and unique hierarchies in terms of the specific antigens that are immunodominant for cellular immunity. These findings have potential relevance for both vaccine design and DENV immunopathogenesis. Furthermore, the results clearly demonstrate how the pattern of responses observed following a primary infection does not dominate the T cell response observed following a secondary heterologous infection, which is associated with the immunodominance of cross-reactive/conserved sequences. 
     Example 33 
     Materials and Methods 
     Ethics Statement 
     Clinical data and serum samples for this study were derived from separate phase I clinical trials, performed at the University of Vermont (UVM) Vaccine Testing Center and the Center of Immunization Research at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (JHSPH). Clinical trials are described at Clincaltrials.gov: NCT01084291, NCT01073306, NCT00831012, NCT00473135, NCT00920517, NCT00831012 and NCT01072786. Study design and clinical protocols were approved by the Committees for Human Research (UVM) and the Western Institutional Review Board (JHSPH). 
     Study Populations 
     Healthy adult male and nonpregnant female volunteers 18-50 years of age were enrolled and vaccinated with either one of the four monovalent or the tetravalent vaccine formulation. All individuals were seronegative to all DENV serotypes, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Study participants were recalled 6-18 months after vaccination, to donate a full unit of blood. Blood samples from donors experiencing natural infection have been obtained from healthy adult blood donors from the National Blood Center, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Blood processing and HLA typing of both study population was performed as previously described. 
     Vaccines 
     Attenuation of the different dengue viruses has been achieved by deleting one (rDEN1Δ30, rDENV4Δ30) or two regions (DEN3Δ30,31) from the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). DEN2/4 Δ30 is a chimeric virus in which the DENV2 prM and E genes replaced those of the DEN4430 vaccine candidate. For the tetravalent vaccination used in this study (TV003) the four monovalent vaccines were combined into tetravalent admixtures prior to vaccination. 
     MHC Class I Binding Predictions and Peptide Selection 
     Sets of 9 and 10mer peptides encoded in proteome of the vaccine strains and predicted to bind a set 27 MHC class I alleles, selected to account for 97% of HLA A and B allelic variants in most ethnicities, were synthesized (Mimotopes, Victoria, Australia). Peptides combined into pools of 10 individual peptides, according to their predicted HLA restriction. 
     Conservancy Analysis 
     For the conservancy analysis full-length DENV polyprotein sequences were retrieved for each serotype from the NCBI Protein database using the following query: txid11053 AND 3000:5000[slen]. The number of isolates from any one country was limited to 10 to eliminate geographical bias. Sequences were considered unique if they varied by at least 1 amino acid from all other sequences. In summary 162 DENV1, 171 DENV2, 169 DENV3 and 53 DENV4 sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Protein database and investigated the conservancy of the identified epitopes within the sequences of the respective serotypes. 
     Ex Vivo IFNγ ELISPOT Assay 
     2×10 5  PBMC were incubated in triplicates with 0.1 ml complete RPMI 1640 in the presence of HLA-matched peptide pools [2 μg/ml]. Following a 20 h incubation at 37° C., the cells were incubated with biotinylated IFNγ mAb (mAb 7-B6-1 Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden) for 2 h and developed. Pools positive in two individual experiments were subsequently deconvoluted to identify the individual responding epitopes. 
     Flow Cytometry and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) 
     The following monoclonal antibodies were used in this study: BD Biosciences: anti-CD8a V500 (clone RPA-T8), anti-CD3 Alexa Flour 700 (clone UCHT1). eBioscience: anti-CD45RA eFlour 450 (clone H100), anti-IFNγ FITC (clone 4S.B3), anti-IL-2 PE (clone MQ1-17H12), anti-TNFα APC (clone MAb11), anti-CD107a PE (clone ebioH4A3). Biolegend: anti-CD197 (CCR7) PerCP-CY5.5 (clone G043H7). PBMC were cultured in the presence of HLA matched peptide pools [10 μg/ml] and GolgiPlug containing brefeldin A (BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.) for 6 hours and subsequently permeabilized, stained and analyzed. 
     Example 34 
     DENV Specific T Cell Responses are Readily Detected Ex Vivo after Vaccination with Monovalent Live Attenuated DENV Vaccines 
     To perform a comprehensive analysis of the T cell response after monovalent vaccination responses were examined from 41 recipients (11 DENV1, 10 DENV2, 11 DENV3 and 9 DENV4) of experimental live attenuated dengue vaccines (DLAV). PBMC from all study participants were screened in IFNγ ELISPOT assays with pools of HLA matched predicted class I binder peptides, also corresponding to the specific DLAV serotypes they had been vaccinated with. As shown in Table 12 ex-vivo reactivity was detected for 50% of DENV1, 70% of DENV2, 55% of DENV3 and 60% of all DENV4 monovalent vaccine recipients studied. In total, 191 donor/peptide responses were identified, corresponding to 94 unique CD8+ T cell epitopes. A complete list is available on the Immune Epitope Database. Responses to the different monovalent DLAVs were comparable both in average magnitude (mean of 95 SFC/10 6  PBMC, range 76 to 123) and breadth of repertoires (mean of 6, range 3 to 8). The fact that responses can be readily detected ex vivo is remarkable, as compared to the level of reactivity seen in endemic areas as discussed below. Furthermore it allows evaluating vaccine-induced response avoiding the potential artifacts introduced by in vitro restimulation of the cells. 
     Next, the specificity of the vaccine specific immune response was investigated at the antigen level. The relative strength of recognition was analysed of the three structural proteins (Capsid (C), Membrane (M), and Envelope (E)), and the seven NS proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5). As shown in  FIG. 26 , epitopes were identified from all of the 10 DENV proteins. Interestingly, the antigenic dominance seemed to differ depending on the serotype used in the vaccine. On one extreme, in case of the DENV4 vaccine the majority of the responses were derived from the seven NS proteins, and accounted for 90%, of the total IFNγ response observed ( FIG. 26D ). In contrast, in the case of DENV3 all three of the structural proteins were targeted accounting for 37% of the total response observed ( FIG. 26C ). Within the seven nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS3 and NS5 were dominant, regardless of the vaccination serotype. In contrast, only vaccination with DENV4 elicited a strong response against NS2B. These results point to a differential immunodominance hierarchy as a function of the infecting serotype. 
     Example 35 
     The Immune Response Induced by Tetravalent Vaccination is Targeted Against Highly Conserved Epitopes and Displays a Multifunctional Effector Memory Phenotype 
     Next, the T cell response was examined in 11 recipients of a live attenuated tetravalent (LATV) dengue vaccine, consisting of a mixture of all the individual monovalent vaccines, each represented in the same dose used for monovalent vaccination. Following the same methodology as described above, PBMC from all study participants were screened with pools of predicted HLA matched class I binding peptides covering all four serotypes in IFNγ ELISPOT assays. Ex-vivo reactivity was detected in 73% of vaccine recipients with an average magnitude of 235 SFC/PBMC and an average repertoire breadth of 8 epitopes per donor (Table 12). When the results of DLAV monovalent and tetravalent vaccination were compared with the levels of natural immunity observed following secondary infection, comparable levels of CD8+ reactivity were observed (Table 13). 
     Further analysis of the protein location revealed a highly focused response against the nonstructural proteins accounting for 99.8% of the response observed ( FIG. 27A ). While responses to 6 out of the 7 nonstructural proteins have been detected, NS3 and NS5 were the most dominantly targeted, together accounting for 97% of the response. T cell reactivity was categorized on the basis of whether it was directed against serotype specific sequences (found only in one serotype), or against conserved/homologous sequences (sequences found in two or more serotypes, allowing a single residue substitution to account for potential cross-reactivity of highly homologous sequences). Strikingly, conserved sequences accounted for 87% of the overall responses ( FIG. 27B ) suggesting that the responses induced by the tetravalent vaccine should be able to recognize epitopes from all four serotypes. 
     The phenotype and cytokine profile of the responding T cells was also analyzed. As shown in  FIG. 27C  the majority of responses elicited by the tetravalent vaccine were produced by T cells displaying a effector memory phenotype (mean 49% TEMRA and 28% TEM). In terms of cytokine expression patterns, on average 76% of cells responding to vaccine-specific pools were double positive for IFNγ, TNFα followed by cells positive for only one cytokine (10% and 14% for IFNγ and TNFα, respectively;  FIG. 27D ). The expression level of the marker for cytotoxicity CD107a was &gt;95% in all donors tested ( FIG. 27E ), indicating that the responding cells exhibit a phenotype compatible with elimination of virus infected cells. 
     Example 36 
     Epitopes Induced by DLAV are Highly Conserved in Field Isolates of DENV and Recognized by Donors Exposed to Natural Infection with DENV 
     To further assess the relevance of vaccine-induced epitopes in the context of natural infections the conservancy of the vaccine-derived epitopes was investigated within 555 field isolates from all four DENV serotypes ( FIG. 28A ). A high degree of conservancy was found after monovalent vaccination for all of the serotypes. Vaccine-specific epitopes were conserved in 88% of DENV1, 85% of DENV2, 87% of DENV3 and 86% of DENV4 corresponding field isolates ( FIG. 28A  left panel). It was further found that the epitopes recognized after tetravalent vaccination were 98% conserved within DENV1, 2 and 4 field isolates and 84% of all DENV3 field isolates ( FIG. 28A  middle panel). When all epitope reactivity is combined, and monovalent and tetravalent vaccination is compared, it was found that administration of tetravalent vaccination shifted the response to even more intra-serotype conserved regions (p=0.002;  FIG. 28A , right panel) indicating that vaccine induced responses should be able to recognize a vast variety of natural occurring DENV strains occurring in endemic areas around the world. 
     The epitopes induced by vaccination in donors were evaluated from the DENV endemic area Sri Lanka, who have previously experienced natural infection with DENV. Responses were readily detected, and were associated with similar phenotype and cytokine profile ( FIGS. 28B  and C) in vaccines and naturally exposed Sri Lankan donors. This underlines the relevance of vaccine induced T cell immunity in the context of natural infection. 
     Example 37 
     Discussion 
     The development of effective vaccination against DENV infection and associated disease is tasks of high societal value and significance, and at the same time a challenge of significant complexity. The immune correlates of vaccine efficacy are poorly understood. Recent data suggest that neutralizing antibody titers might be insufficient to predict vaccine efficacy, and that CD8+ responses might be an important component of natural protection. A comprehensive ex vivo characterization of HLA restricted T cell memory responses in recipients of dengue live attenuated vaccines has been reported here. It was demonstrated that vaccine-specific CD8+ T cell responses are similar in magnitude and frequency to those observed in the context of naturally immune populations, as detected ex vivo in donors exposed to both experimental and natural infection with DENV. The kinetics of IFNγ and TNFα production by CD4+ T cells has been previously investigated up to 6 weeks post vaccination with the monovalent DENV1 vaccine. The fact that ex vivo T cell responses are still robust 6-18 months post vaccination points to the induction of a long lasting memory response, one of the desirable attributes of a vaccine candidate. In this context, it is important to point out that the average time between DENV infections in the Sri Lanka endemic area is estimated to be of about seven years. This difference might explain why the magnitude and frequency of the ex vivo responses to the DLAV vaccines, despite their attenuation, seem to be comparable and even exceed those observed in Sri Lankans associated with primary and secondary infection. 
     Following monovalent vaccination, DLAVs of different serotypes elicited responses with somewhat different immunodominance hierarchy. Following tetravalent vaccination the induction of responses dominantly targeting the non-structural proteins NS3 and NS5 was observed, which are also dominantly targeted by natural DENV immunity. This has potential relevance in the context of the insufficient protection against all four serotypes by the most advanced tetravalent dengue-yellow fever chimeric virus vaccine, in which these proteins are absent. 
     Still the remarkable focus of responses towards conserved epitopes was somewhat unexpected. In the tetravalent vaccination setting sequences of all four serotypes are administered at once and thus differ from secondary infection were the different serotypes are usually encountered sequentially. It is possible that the 4-fold greater representation of conserved sequences over serotype specific ones also influenced their immune dominance. Indeed, a protective role was found for CD8+ T cells focusing on conserved regions of the DENV polyprotein upon secondary heterologous infection. The evolution of secondary T cell responses towards conserved regions could contribute to heightened protection and less disease severity observed in tertiary heterotypic DENV infections. 
     Influenza virus is another RNA virus associated with a high degree of sequence variation. It has been shown that cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells recognizing conserved epitopes across viral subtypes contribute to heterotypic immunity against different strains of Influenza. Furthermore, a CD8+ T cell subset specific for highly conserved epitopes from core proteins has been recently reported as correlate of protection against symptomatic infection with influenza. The fact that the epitopes elicited by the tetravalent vaccine are highly conserved across a huge variety of field isolated supports the notion that T cells will also respond to infection with a virus different from the vaccine strain. This is highly relevant for a global vaccine since the circulating viruses show annual variation and vary as a function of geographic location. 
     Finally, the phenotype of the cells induced by tetravalent vaccination is also of note. These cells were found to be multi-specific, expressing the cytotoxicity marker CD107, and mostly contained in TEM and TEMRA subsets. Since these features have been associated with protective capacity form viral infections in different systems, these data provide impetus for further testing of DLAV tetravalent vaccination to prevent DENV infection and disease. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T cell reactivity after DLAV vaccination 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Frequency of 
                 Average 
                 Average # of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 responders 
                 response per  
                 epitopes per 
               
               
                   
                 Vaccine 
                 [%] 
                 donor  a   
                 donor 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DEN1Δ30 
                 50 
                 83 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 DEN2/4 Δ30 
                 70 
                 76 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 DEN3Δ30,31 
                 55 
                 98 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 DEN4Δ30 
                 60 
                 123 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 TV003 
                 73 
                 235 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a  expressed as IFNγ SFC/10 6   PBMC 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of T cell reactivity after  
               
               
                 vaccination and natural infection 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vaccine  
                 Naturally  
               
               
                   
                 Recipients 
                 infected donors  
               
               
                   
                 (NIH) 
                 (Sri Lanka)  c   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 mono- 
                 tetra- 
                   
                 second- 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 valent  b   
                 valent 
                 primary 
                 ary 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Frequency of responders [%] 
                 59 
                 73 
                 22 
                 43 
               
               
                 Average response per donor  a   
                 6 
                 8 
                 6 
                 11 
               
               
                 Average # of epitopes  
                 95 
                 235 
                 96 
                 220 
               
               
                 per donor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 n = 
                 41 
                 11 
                 55 
                 127 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a  expressed as IFNγ SFC/10 6  PBMC 
               
               
                   b  shown is the average response observed in vaccinees with any of the four monovalent vaccines 
               
               
                   c  previously reported in Weiskopf et al. 2013  9   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T Cell Epitope Reactivity 
               
               
                 Reactive T Cell 
               
               
                 Epitopes 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (begins with SEQ. 
                 ILIGVIITW 
                 GTSGSPIINK 
                 MANIFRGSY 
               
               
                 ID. NO. 1214 in 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 left to right order 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 of appearance) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 FNMLKRARNR 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MLKRERNRV 
                 HTWTEQYKF 
                 KPGTSGSPI 
                 IMKSVGTGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GPMKLVMAFI 
                 PPASDLKYSW 
                 GLYGNGVVTK 
                 ATYGWNLVK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MVLALITFL 
                 IEKASLIEV 
                 NPEIEDDIF 
                 ASSMVNGVVR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KEISSMLNIM 
                 RPGYHTQTA 
                 AIKRKLRTL 
                 IPMVTQIAM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITLLCLIPTV 
                 GPWHLGKLEL 
                 IKRKLRTLIL 
                 TPFGQQRVF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VTYECPLLV 
                 RSCTLPPLRY 
                 APTRVVAAEM 
                 KPRICTREEF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPGFTILALF 
                 RPINEKEENM 
                 VPNYNLIVM 
                 NPRLCTREEF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FTILALFLAH 
                 LAILFEEVM 
                 DPASIAARGY 
                 RPRLCTREEF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MLVTPSMTM 
                 MIAGVFFTF 
                 EERDIPERSW 
                 TPRMCTREEF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TEVTNPAVL 
                 FRRLTSREVL 
                 DISEMGANF 
                 RSNAAIGAVF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EAKQPATLR 
                 IPHDLMELI 
                 RVIDPRRCMK 
                 VEDERFWDL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PTSEIQLTDY 
                 LTDFQSHQL 
                 DPRRCLKPV 
                 KLGEFGRAK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LPEYGTLGLE 
                 ALPVYLMTL 
                 TPEGIIPALF 
                 KAKGSRAIW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LTDYGALTL 
                 LPVYLMTLMK 
                 TPEGIIPSM 
                 RFLEFEALGF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LPWTSGATT 
                 GPLVAGGLL 
                 EFRLRGEQR 
                 TVMDVISRR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IQKETLVTF 
                 IEETNMITL 
                 LEENMEVEIW 
                 ALLALNDMGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NYKERMVTF 
                 YPLAIPVTM 
                 GERKKLKPRW 
                 KVRKDIPQW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IQMSSGNLLF 
                 ALWYVWQVK 
                 RPRWLDART 
                 REIVVPCRNQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MSYAMCTNTF 
                 ALSEGVYRI 
                 YSDPLALRE 
                 ETACLGKSYA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SYSMCTGKF 
                 VLDDGIYRI 
                 AGRRSVSGDL 
                 LGKSYAQMW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YAMCTNTFVL 
                 IYRILQRGLL 
                 IAVASGLLW 
                 YAQMWSLMYF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MVHQIFGSAY 
                 GLFGKTQVGV 
                 NPLTLTAAV 
                 TWSIHAHHQW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MVHQIFGSAY 
                 MEGVFHTMWH 
                 SPGKFWNTTI 
                 TTWEDVPYL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAFSGVSW 
                 GEIGAVTLDF 
                 IAVSMANIF 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (ends with SEQ. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ID. NO. 1312 in 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 left to right order 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 of appearance) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Novel T Cell Epitopes 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Novel T Cell Epitopes 
                 MLKRERNRV 
                 MVHQIFGSAY 
                 IEETNMITL 
                 YSDPLALRE 
               
               
                 (begins with SEQ. ID. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NO. 1313 in left to right 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 order of appearance) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 FLAHYIGTSL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VIFILLMLV 
                 MVLALITFL 
                 MVHQIFGSAY 
                 YPLAIPVTM 
                 AGRRSVSGDL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YAMCTNTFVL 
                 KEISSMLNIM 
                 GAAFSGVSW 
                 ALWYVWQVK 
                 IAVASGLLW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ILWENNIKL 
                 TEVTNPAVL 
                 ILIGVIITW 
                 ALSEGVYRI 
                 IMKSVGTGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VLFTFVLLL 
                 EAKQPATLR 
                 HTWTEQYKF 
                 VLDDGIYRI 
                 IPMVTQIAM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IVLEFFMMV 
                 PTSEIQLTDY 
                 PPASDLKYSW 
                 IYRILQRGLL 
                 RSNAAIGAVF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SLAAIANQAV 
                 LPEYGTLGLE 
                 IEKASLIEV 
                 GLFGKTQVGV 
                 VEDERFWDL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TPTWNRKEL 
                 LTDYGALTL 
                 RPINEKEENM 
                 GEIGAVTLDF 
                 KLGEFGRAK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TVAWRTATL 
                 LPWTSGATT 
                 LAILFEEVM 
                 GLYGNGVVTK 
                 ALLALNDMGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FPYSIPATL 
                 IQKETLVTF 
                 MIAGVFFTF 
                 AIKRKLRTL 
                 KVRKDIPQW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EPDGPTPEL 
                 NYKERMVTF 
                 FRRLTSREVL 
                 IKRKLRTLIL 
                 REIVVPCRNQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LAHRTRNAL 
                 IQMSSGNLLF 
                 IPHDLMELI 
                 DISEMGANF 
                 ETACLGKSYA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AEQTGVSHNL 
                 MSYAMCTNTF 
                 LTDFQSHQL 
                 EFRLRGEQR 
                 LGKSYAQMW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GLVSILASSLLRNDV 
                 SYSMCTGKF 
                 ALPVYLMTL 
                 LEENMEVEIW 
                 TWSIHAHHQW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FNMLKRARNR 
                 YAMCTNTFVL 
                 LPVYLMTLMK 
                 GERKKLKPRW 
                 TTWEDVPYL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (ends with SEQ. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ID. NO. 1387 in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 left to right order 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of appearance) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
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