Patent Publication Number: US-2010126111-A1

Title: Modular construction system and method

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The following application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/115,484, filed Nov. 17, 2008, the complete contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates generally to construction systems and buildings and more specifically to a modular construction system and method. 
     2. Background 
     Conventional stick framing construction is laden with construction hinges that are an integral part of framing techniques. Moreover, there are numerous structural problems associated with conventional stick-frame construction when stick-framed structures are subjected to severe loads. 
     Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) and composite panels do not share the same structural characteristics as common framing. In general, SIPs possess superior vertical, lateral, axial, racking and torsional resistance properties over conventional 2×4/2×6 construction. Alternate construction systems/methods result in significantly better thermodynamic properties of the resulting structure. Moreover, using conventional stick-frame and SIP construction techniques elements that are structurally unnecessary in the final structure are introduced. Specifically, where modular construction techniques are used, marriage walls are introduced that are ultimately structurally necessary only for shipping purposes. 
     What is needed is a system and method of modular construction that produces a structure with superior thermodynamic, structural and/or architectural properties, and structural support elements for reducing materials and labor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts an isomeric view of an embodiment of a structure assembled from SIP modules. 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  depict cross-sectional views of an embodiment of a hinged wall assembly. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a keyway wall joint. 
         FIGS. 4A-4B  depict cross-sectional views of embodiments of floor-wall connections. 
         FIGS. 5A-5B  depict front and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of another embodiment of a floor wall connection having a roller assembly. 
         FIGS. 5C-5E  depict alternate embodiments of a roller assembly for use with a floor-wall connection. 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  depict and embodiment and details of a corner connection system. 
         FIGS. 7A-7F  depict embodiments and details of prefabricated wall, floor, and roof corner connections. 
         FIGS. 8A-8E  depict an embodiment and details of a corner bracket system. 
         FIG. 9  depicts one embodiment of a structural connector system. 
         FIGS. 10A-10B  depict another embodiment and details of a structural connector system. 
         FIGS. 11A-11B  depict an embodiment and details of a structural butt joint. 
         FIGS. 12A-12B  depict an embodiment and details of a non-structural butt joint. 
         FIGS. 13A-13B  depict an embodiment of a hinged roof assembly. 
         FIG. 13C  depicts an alternate embodiment of a rocker for use with a hinged roof assembly. 
         FIGS. 13D-13E  depict an alternate embodiment and detail of a hinged roof assembly. 
         FIGS. 14A-14B  depict an embodiment of a cased window frame. 
         FIGS. 15A-15B  depict an embodiment of a cased window frame system. 
         FIGS. 16A-16B  depict two embodiments of roof ridge connections. 
         FIGS. 17A-17D  depict embodiments of roof valley connector beams. 
         FIG. 18  depicts an embodiment of a pre-fabricated eave finish. 
         FIGS. 19A-19B  depict an embodiment of a pre-fabricated shear-type gable overhang. 
         FIG. 20  depicts an embodiment of a strengthened SIP edge. 
         FIGS. 21A-21C  depict an embodiment of a vented ridge cap roof system to provide for solar heated air or free cooling. 
         FIG. 22  depicts an embodiment of a skylight system. 
         FIG. 23  depicts an embodiment of insulating SIP coating. 
         FIGS. 24A-E  depict marriage wall embodiments. 
         FIGS. 25A-I  depict components of one embodiment of a structural support system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG.  1   
       FIG. 1  depicts one embodiment of a structure  100  assembled using pre-fabricated structural insulated panel (SIP)  102  modules. A structure  100  can comprise: a hinged wall assembly  200 ; a keyway wall joint  300 ; a floor-wall connection  400  and/or  500 ; a corner connection  600 ; wall and roof corner assemblies  700 ; a corner bracket assembly  800 ; a structural connector system  900  and/or  1001 ; a structural butt joint  1101 ; a non-structural butt joint  1201 ; a hinged roof connection  1301 ; a cased window frame  1401  and/or cased window frame system  1501 ; a roof ridge connection  1601 ; a roof valley connector beam  1701 ; an eave finish  1801 ; a gable overhang  1901 ; a vented roof system  2101 ; and/or a skylight system  2201 . 
     In the embodiment depicted, windows can be factory-installed such that little to no assembly is required at a building site. In other embodiments, windows can be installed on site. 
     FIG.  2   
       FIGS. 2A ,  2 B depict cross-section views of one embodiment of a hinged wall assembly  200 . A structural insulated panel (SIP)  202  can comprise a sheet or block of SIP insulation  204  sandwiched between SIP sheathing  206 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , a first SIP  202   a  can be coupled with a second SIP  202   b  via a hinge mechanism  208 . A hinge mechanism  208  can comprise a hinge  212  and at least one hinge plate  214 , and can be coupled with first and second SIPs  202   a ,  202   b  via at least one hinge block  210 . 
     A hinge plate  214  can be made of steel or other metal alloy, or any other known and/or convenient material or combination of materials. A hinge  212  can be a continuous type hinge, an intermittent hinge with respect to the length of a SIP, or any other known and/or convenient type of hinge  212 . A hinge block  210  can be made of environmentally friendly and/or recycled materials, such as but not limited to: mixed fiberglass scrap; products made from recycled wood chips, shavings, sawdust, or other wood products; recycled mineral products; polyurethane foam; reprocessed refuse; or any other known and/or convenient material. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , a hinge block  210  has thermodynamic properties such that the R-value of a hinge block  210  coupled with a hinge mechanism  208  is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  202  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a hinged wall assembly  200 . In other embodiments, a hinge block  210  and/or hinge mechanism  208  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     In use, a hinged wall assembly  200  can be shipped to a construction site partially preassembled and in an open position with first and second SIP  202   a ,  202   b  adjacent and parallel to each other, as shown in  FIG. 2B . One or both surfaces of hinge blocks  210  can then be coated with adhesive  216 , such as but not limited to: thermoset adhesive, gypsum adhesive, methacrylate, cyanocrylate, epoxy-based adhesive, polyurethane, impregnated resins, or any other known and/or convenient type of adhesive. A first SIP  202   a  can be subsequently rotated about a hinge  212  to bring the exposed surfaces of hinge blocks  210  in contact with each other. Hinge blocks  210  can then be bonded to each other via adhesive  216 . Finally, a seam plate  218  can be affixed over the non-hinged side of the resulting hinged wall assembly  200  to strengthen the assembly and/or improve aesthetics. A seam plate  218  can be made of steel, extruded aluminum, or any other known and/or convenient material. A seam plate  218  can be coupled with a hinged wall assembly  200  via adhesive, screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient coupling method or mechanism. In other embodiments, a hinged wall assembly  200  can be shipped and used in any other known and/or convenient manner. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B, a hinged wall assembly  200  can be fabricated by machining one end of a SIP  202  such that it can receive a complementary hinge block  210 . In some embodiments, a hinge block  210  and the machined end of a SIP  202  can be coupled by being forced together, resulting in an interference fit. In other embodiments, a hinge block  210  can be bonded to the machined end of a SIP  202  via thermoset adhesive, gypsum adhesive, methacrylate, cyanocrylate, epoxy-based adhesive, polyurethane, impregnated resins, or any other known and/or convenient type of adhesive. In yet other embodiments, a hinge block  210  and a SIP  202  can be coupled using nails, pins, screws, or any other known and/or convenient type of coupling method and/or mechanism. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2A , a first hinge plate  214  of a hinge mechanism  208  can be coupled with an exterior surface of a first SIP  202   a -hinge block  210  combination. In other embodiments, a first hinge plate  214  can be coupled with an interior surface of a first SIP  202   a -hinge block  210  combination. A second hinge plate  214  of a hinge mechanism  208  can be coupled with a hinge block  210  prior to coupling a hinge block  210  with a second SIP  202   b . Each hinge plate  214  can be coupled with a hinge  212 . In other embodiments, hinge plates  214  can be coupled with hinge blocks  210  and SIPs  202   a ,  202   b  in any other known and/or convenient manner. 
     FIG.  3   
       FIG. 3  depicts a cross-section view of one embodiment of a keyway wall joint  300 . First and second SIPs  302   a  and  302   b , each comprised of SIP insulation  304  sandwiched between SIP sheathing  306 , can be coupled with insulating blocks  308 . Insulating blocks  308  can each have a chamber  310  adapted to mate with a spline  312 . In some embodiments, both an insulating block  308  and a spline  312  can span the length of a SIP  302 . In other embodiments, an insulating block  308  can be segmented and intermittently coupled with a SIP  302 , and/or a spline  312  can be segmented and intermittently coupled with a SIP  302 . A keyway wall joint  300  can further comprise at least one seam plate  314 . Adhesive  316  can also be applied to one or more surfaces of insulating blocks  308  such that a bond can be formed between insulating blocks  308 . 
     An insulating block  308  can be made of recycled and/or environmentally friendly materials such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3 , an insulating block  308  has thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  302  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a keyway wall joint  300 . In other embodiments, an insulating block  308  and/or keyway wall joint  300  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. Adhesive  316  can be chosen from the adhesives described above with respect to  FIG. 2 , or can be any other known and/or suitable type of bonding substance, method, or mechanism. A spline  312  can be galvanized steel, wood, ceramic, cement, or any other material of suitable strength and thermodynamic properties. 
     In some embodiments, an insulating block  308  can be factory-installed in each SIP  302   a ,  302   b . In use, SIPs  302   a ,  302   b  can be transported to a construction site in separate pieces and subsequently coupled with each other on site. On site, a spline  312  can be placed in the chamber  310  of a second SIP  302   b . Additionally, adhesive  316  can be applied to the exposed surface of at least one insulating block  308 . A first SIP  302   a  can be subsequently placed over a second SIP  302   b  such that a spline  312  can mate with a chamber  310  of the second SIP  302   b . Pressure can be applied to a second SIP  302   b  so as to press together insulating blocks  308 . SIPs  302   a ,  302   b  can thus be coupled with each other via insulating blocks  308 , a spline  312 , and/or adhesive  316 . In other embodiments, insulating blocks  308 , a spline  312 , and adhesive  316  can be pre-assembled and subsequently coupled with SIPs  302   a  and  302   b  on site. 
     A wall joint  300  can be further reinforced and/or aesthetics can be improved by using at least one seam plate  314  affixed along at least one seam between SIPs  302   a ,  302   b . A seam plate  314  can be made of steel, extruded aluminum, or any other known and/or convenient material. A seam plate  314  can be coupled with a keyway wall joint  300  via adhesive, screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient coupling method or mechanism. In other embodiments, a keyway wall joint  300  can be shipped and/or constructed in any other known and/or convenient manner. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , a keyway wall joint  300  can be fabricated by machining one end of a SIP  302  such that it can receive a complementary insulating block  308 . In some embodiments, an insulating block  308  can the machined end of a SIP  302  can be coupled by being forced together, resulting in an interference fit. In other embodiments, an insulating block  308  can be bonded to the machined end of a SIP  302  via thermoset adhesive, gypsum adhesive, methacrylate, cyanocrylate, epoxy-based adhesive, polyurethane, impregnated resins, or any other known and/or convenient type of adhesive. In yet other embodiments, an insulating block  308  and a SIP  302  can be coupled using nails, pins, screws, or any other known and/or convenient type of coupling method and/or mechanism. 
     FIG.  4   
       FIGS. 4A ,  4 B illustrate cross-sectional views of floor-wall connections  400 . A foundation assembly  402  can comprise a foundation  404 , sill plate  406 , and sill seal  408  between a foundation  404  and sill plate  406 . A foundation assembly  402  can further comprise an anchor assembly  410 . An anchor assembly  410  can comprise a foundation anchor bolt  412  coupled with a female threaded coupler  414 . A female threaded coupler  414  can run through a sill plate  406  and sill seal  408 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     A wall SIP  416  can be seated in a vertical position atop a sill plate  406  and can comprise a horizontal bottom plate  418  at one end. A bottom plate  418  can be coupled with a sill plate  406  and can comprise an aperture  420  through which a female threaded coupler  414  can be accessed. A floor SIP  422  can be perpendicularly coupled with a wall SIP  416  and can be at least partially seated on a foundation assembly  402 . A floor SIP  422  can comprise a vertical perimeter plate  424  proximate to one end and coupled with a wall SIP  416 . As shown in  FIG. 4A , a perimeter plate  424  can be completely seated over a sill plate  406 . In other embodiments, and as shown in  FIG. 4B , a perimeter plate  424  can be partially seated over a sill plate  406 . In other embodiments, a perimeter plate  424  can have any other known and/or convenient configuration with respect to a sill plate  406  and/or foundation assembly  402 . A wall SIP  416  can further comprise an anchor access  426  through which a female threaded coupler  414  can be accessed. In other embodiments, a threaded coupler  414  can be a male threaded coupler. 
     A bottom plate  418  and/or a perimeter plate  424  can have thermodynamic properties such that the R-value of a plate  418  and/or  424  is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  416  and/or  422  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a SIP  416 / 422  assembly. In other embodiments, SIPs  416  and/or  422  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     In use, a wall SIP  416  and a floor SIP  422  can be shipped to a construction site as separate pieces or can be pre-assembled together. In some embodiments, a foundation assembly  402  can be factory-assembled. In other embodiments, the components of a foundation assembly  402  can be put together on site. Once a foundation assembly  402  is put in place on site, a wall SIP  416  (whether or not coupled with a floor SIP  422 ) can be positioned over a sill plate  406  such that a female threaded coupler  414  can be accessed through an aperture  420  in a bottom plate  418 . Once these components are properly positioned, a screw or bolt can be coupled with a female threaded coupler  414  via an anchor access  426 , thus securing a wall SIP  416  to a foundation assembly  402 . Subsequently, a floor SIP  422  can be coupled with a wall SIP  416  and foundation assembly  402 , if this step has not already been completed. In other embodiments, a floor-wall connection  400  can be assembled in any other known and/or convenient manner. In alternate embodiments, a male threaded coupler  414  can be coupled with a female member to secure a SIP to a foundation assembly  402 . 
     FIG.  5   
       FIG. 5A  depicts a front cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a floor-wall connection  500 . Multiple floor-wall connections  500  can be located throughout a foundation assembly  502 . A foundation assembly  502  can comprise a foundation  504 , sill plate  506 , and sill seal  508 . A foundation assembly  502  can further comprise an anchor bolt  510  coupled with a female threaded coupler  512 . A female threaded coupler  512  can extend through a sill plate  506 . 
     A wall SIP  514  can be seated in a vertical position atop a sill plate  506  and can comprise a horizontal bottom plate  516  at one end. A bottom plate  516  can be coupled with a sill plate  506  and can comprise an aperture  518  through which a female threaded coupler  512  can be accessed. A floor SIP  520  can be perpendicularly coupled with a wall SIP  514  and can be at least partially seated on a foundation assembly  502 . A floor SIP  520  can comprise a vertical perimeter plate  522  proximate to one end and coupled with a wall SIP  514 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , a perimeter plate  522  can be completely seated over a sill plate  506 . In other embodiments, a perimeter plate  522  can be partially seated over a sill plate  506 . In yet other embodiments, a perimeter plate  522  can have any other known and/or convenient configuration with respect to a sill plate  506  and/or a foundation assembly  502 . A wall SIP  514  can further comprise an anchor access  524  through which a female threaded coupler  512  can be accessed. Additionally, at least one side of a foundation assembly  502  can be coupled with a joist hanger  526 , and a joist hanger  526  can in turn be coupled with a floor joist  528 . In other embodiments, SIPs  514  and  520  can be assembled in any other desired configuration. 
     A bottom plate  516  and/or a perimeter plate  522  can have thermodynamic properties such that the R-value of a plate  516  and/or  522  is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  514  and/or  520  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a SIP  514 / 520  assembly. In other embodiments, SIPs  514   520  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     A foundation assembly  502  can further comprise a roller assembly  530  adapted to allow SIPs  514   520  to be rolled onto a foundation assembly  502  and subsequently locked in place. A roller assembly  530  can comprise a channel  532  adapted to accommodate at least one wheel  534 . A wheel  534  can be coupled with an axle pin  536  that can extend horizontally through a sill plate  506 , such that a wheel  534  can turn about a horizontal axis. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5 , an axle pin  536  has a tapered end and an exposed end. In other embodiments, an axle pin  536  can have any other known and/or convenient configuration or geometry. Multiple wheel  534 /axle pin  536  assemblies can be spaced at regular or irregular intervals along a sill plate  506 , depending on the physical properties of the load that they are intended to support. 
     An axle pin  536  can be positioned with respect to the vertical axis of a sill plate  506  such that the bottom of a wheel  534  can be raised a distance off the floor of a channel  532 . In turn, the top of a wheel  534  can be raised above the top of a sill plate  506 . The distance between a sill plate  506  and the top of a wheel  534  can be less than or equal to the distance between the bottom of the wheel  534  and the floor of a channel  532 . Thus, when an axle pin  536  is removed from a sill plate  506 , a wheel  534  can descend vertically in a channel  532  and the top of a wheel  534  can be flush with or lower than the surface of a sill plate  506 . 
     In some embodiments, a SIP  514  and/or  522  can further comprise a roller plate  538 . A roller plate  538  can be positioned such that SIPs  514  and  522  can be rolled over a wheel  534 . A roller plate  538  can comprise a track such that the SIP load can be more easily guided over wheels  534 . A roller plate  538  can be coupled with SIPs  514  and/or  522  via screws, pins, bolts, adhesive, or any other known and/or convenient type fastening or bonding method. In some embodiments, a roller plate  538  can be embedded into SIPs  514  and/or  522  such that its exposed surface is flush with that of SIPs  514  and/or  522 . 
     In use, SIPs can be pre-assembled in any desired configuration prior to shipping to a construction site. A foundation assembly  502  can also be pre-assembled with the components described above. On site, a foundation assembly  502  can be secured in a desired location. Subsequently, SIPs  514   522  can be hoisted onto wheels  534  and rolled into place such that female threaded couplers  512  are in vertical alignment with and can be accessed through apertures  518 . Once SIPs  514   522  are in place, axle pins  536  can be removed simultaneously, thus allowing wheels  534  to drop into channels  532 . In turn, SIPs  514   522  can drop and come into contact with a foundation assembly  502 . Anchor screws or bolts  540  can then be coupled with the appropriate female threaded couplers  512  via anchor access points  524  and apertures  518 , thereby securing SIPs  514   522  to a foundation assembly  502 . 
       FIG. 5B  depicts a side cross-sectional view of a floor-wall assembly  500 . In  FIG. 5B , an anchor bolt  540  and female threaded coupler  512  are positioned behind a roller plate  538 . 
       FIG. 5C  depicts a top cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a roller assembly  530 .  FIG. 5D  depicts a front cross-sectional view of the roller assembly  530  depicted in  FIG. 5C .  FIG. 5E  depicts a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5C . An axle  536  can be coupled with an axle channel  537 . In contrast to the embodiment in  FIG. 5A , an axle  536  in  FIG. 5C  may not be exposed at the exterior surface of a foundation  504 . 
     The ends of an axle  536  can also be coupled with a pull-out mechanism  542  comprising two rod members  544  coupled with a handle bar  546 . An axle  536  can be seated on the ends of rod members  544 , as depicted in  FIG. 5E , which can have a horizontal seat coupled with an angled end. Rod members  544  can be orthogonal to an axle  536  while a handle bar  546  can be parallel to an axle  536 . Rod members  544  can extend through rod channels  548 , and a handle bar  546  can be accessed from the exterior surface of a foundation  504 , as shown. 
     In use, a floor and wall SIP  520   514  assembly can be hoisted onto a plurality of roller assemblies  530  coupled with a foundation  504 . A SIP assembly can then be rolled into place in a manner similar to that described above with respect to  FIG. 5A . Once SIPs  514   520  are in the correct position, a wheel  534  can be dropped into a channel  532  by using a handle bar  546  to pull rod members  544  out of a foundation  504  in a lateral direction. As shown in  FIG. 5E , as rod members  544  are pulled out of a channel  532 , an axle  536  can be guided down into a channel via the downward sloping ends of rod members  544 . Upon complete removal of a pull-out mechanism  542  from a channel  532 , wheels  534  can drop and SIPs  514   520  can subsequently drop onto a sill plate  506 . In some embodiments, rod channels  548  can then be filled if desired. 
     FIG.  6   
       FIG. 6  depicts one embodiment of a corner connector  600  that can couple two SIPs  602  to form a corner.  FIG. 6A  illustrates a top cross-sectional view of a corner connector  600 .  FIG. 6B  depicts a front planar view of an exterior corner reinforcement member  604 .  FIG. 6C  depicts a front planar view of an interior corner reinforcement ember  606 . A corner connector  600  can be used in horizontal or vertical corner applications. 
     A corner connector  600  can comprise an exterior reinforcement member  604  and at least one interior reinforcement member  606 . An exterior reinforcement member  604  can comprise a perforated panel  608  flanked by dimpled side tabs  610 . The perforations of a perforated panel  608  can facilitate strong bonding between the material of a corner connector  600  and a panel  608 . Due to the dimples on side tabs  610 , a side tab  610  can have a greater surface area to which adhesives can bond, when compared to a substantially planar piece of material. Thus, the bond between a SIP  602  and a tab  610  can be substantially increased. An interior reinforcement member  606  can also comprise a perforated panel  608  coupled with at least one dimpled side tab  610 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 6A , a corner connector  600  can be prefabricated (by casting or other methods) such that an exterior reinforcement member  604  can be embedded proximate to the exterior surface  612  of a corner connector  600 , and dimpled tabs  610  can extend beyond the SIP receiving edges  615  of a corner connector  600 . At least one interior reinforcement member  606  can be coupled with the interior surface of a corner connector  600 , and dimpled tabs  610  can extend beyond the SIP receiving edges  615  of a corner connector  600 . Subsequently, SIPs  602  can be coupled with SIP receiving edges  615  such that outer surfaces of side tabs  610  can couple with the interior surfaces of SIP sheathing. This corner connector  600  assembly can be manufactured prior to transport to a construction site, such that minimal construction is needed on site. In other embodiments, a corner connector  600  can be fabricated in any other known and/or convenient manner and using any other known and/or convenient mechanisms. 
     In some embodiments, an interior reinforcement member  606  can have extension members  616  that can extend through the material of a corner connector  600 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 6A , a corner connector  600  can comprise a core  618  made of insulating material. In other embodiments, a core  618  can increase the structural integrity of a corner connection  600 . In yet other embodiments, a core  618  can comprise an air duct through which hot air can be carried to a roof ridge air duct  2102  (described below). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6A , a corner connector  600  is shaped such that when it is coupled with SIPs  602 , smooth corners can be formed. In other embodiments, a corner connector  600  can have any other known and/or convenient geometry. 
     SIPs  602  can be coupled with a corner connector  602  using adhesive chosen from those described above with respect to  FIG. 2 , or any other known and/or suitable type of bonding substance, method, or mechanism. A corner connector  600  can be substantially comprised of recycled and/or environmentally friendly materials such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 6 , a corner connector  600  has thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  602  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a corner connector  600 /SIP  602  system. In other embodiments, a corner connector  600  and/or SIP  602  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     FIG.  7   
       FIG. 7  depicts an embodiment of a wall and roof corner assembly  700 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 7A-7B , a one-piece F-shaped bracket  702  can be adapted to couple with the exterior surface of a corner formed by two SIPs  704 . A bracket  702  can comprise a ridged portion  706  and two insertion members  708  extending there from. A first insertion member  708   a , extending from one side of a ridged portion  706 , can be coupled with a substantially parallel first support panel  709   a . A second insertion member  708   b  can be coupled with a substantially perpendicular second support panel  709   b.    
     In use, a bracket  702  can be coupled with the exterior surface of a corner formed by a first SIP  704   a  and a second SIP  704   b  such that: a ridged portion  706  can mate with the exposed insulation along the edge of a first SIP  704   a , substantially orthogonal to SIP  704   a  sheathing; a first insertion member  708   a  can be coupled with a first SIP  704   a , between SIP  704   a  insulation and the exterior SIP  704   a  sheathing; a second insertion member  708   b  can be coupled with a first SIP  704   a , between SIP  704   a  insulation and interior SIP  704   a  sheathing; a first support panel  709   a  can be coupled with and wrap around the outer surface of exterior SIP  704   a  sheathing; and a second support panel  709   b  can be coupled with the outer surface of the exterior sheathing on a second SIP  704   b.    
       FIG. 7C  depicts an alternate embodiment of a corner assembly  700 . A two-piece F-shaped bracket  710  can comprise a U-shaped ridged bracket  712  and a L-shaped compression plate  714 . A U-shaped ridged bracket  712  can comprise a ridged portion  716  having two insertion members  718  extending from each end of a ridged portion  716 . A ridged bracket  712  can be coupled with a first SIP  704   a  by mating each insertion member  718  between the interior sheathing surface and insulation of a first SIP  704   a . In this embodiment, a ridged portion  716  can be pressed into or otherwise bonded with the exposed insulation along the edge of a first SIP  704   a . A compression plate  714  can subsequently be installed such that it can cover a ridged portion  716  and extend across at the exterior surfaces of first and second SIPs  704   a  and  704   b  at least partially. 
     In some embodiments, a ridged portion  706  or  716  can be pressed into the insulation along a standard SIP  704   a  edge, while in other embodiments a SIP  704   a  can be pre-machined to accept a ridged portion  706  or  716  and/or insertion members  708  or  718 . In some embodiments, a bracket  702  or  712  and SIPs  704  can be pre-assembled such that minimal assembly is needed on site. In other embodiments, a bracket  702  or  712  can be installed on site. The length of insertion members  708  or  718 , support panels  709 , and/or a compression plate  714  can be application-specific, and can provide adequate support while minimizing thermal bridging between insertion members  708  or  718 , support panels  709 , a compression plate  714  and interior surfaces of a building. 
     A bracket  702  or  712  can be coupled with SIPs  704  via interference fit. In other embodiments, a bracket  702  or  712  can be coupled with SIPs  704  using adhesive chosen from those listed above with respect to  FIG. 2 , or any other known and/or convenient type of adhesive or method of chemical bonding. In yet other embodiments, a bracket  702  or  712  can be coupled with SIPs  704  using screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient mechanical fastening mechanism. As depicted in  FIGS. 7E-7F , a bracket  702  or  712  and/or a compression plate  714  can comprise perforations  720 . Perforations  720  can have differing diameters so as to accommodate multiple uses. Some perforations  720  can be adapted to accept screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient type of fastener, while other perforations  720  can simply serve as pilot holes. 
     A bracket  702  and/or  712  and/or a compression plate  714  can be made of galvanized steel, extruded aluminum, or any other known and/or convenient material. 
     FIG.  8   
       FIG. 8A  depicts one embodiment of a corner bracket  800  that can add strength and support to a corner formed by SIPs  801 . A corner bracket can comprise a first support panel  802  coupled perpendicularly with a second support panel  804 . Insertion members  806  can be coupled with a second support panel  802  and can extend in the direction of a first support panel  802 . As depicted in  FIG. 8C , a bracket  800  can be coupled with a building corner by mating insertion members  806  with the interior surface of SIP  801  sheathing, similar to the method described above with respect to  FIG. 7 . A first support member  802  can be coupled with the exterior surface of a first SIP  801   a , and a second support member  804  can be coupled with the end of a first SIP  801   a  and the exterior surface of a second SIP  801   b.    
     As depicted in  FIG. 8D , at least one insertion member  806  can have a substantially triangular shape to facilitate coupling with a SIP  801 . In other embodiments, insertion members  806  can have any other known and/or convenient geometry. As depicted in  FIGS. 8B ,  8 D, and  8 E, support panels  802  and/or  804  can have perforations  808  that can be coupled with fasteners or can be used as pilot holes. In some embodiments, a bracket  800  can be coupled with a corner using adhesive or any other known and/or convenient type of bonding or fastening method or mechanism. 
     FIG.  9   
       FIG. 9A  depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a structural connector system  900  that can be used in wall, floor, or roof applications, or any other suitable application. Two SIPs  902  can be coupled with a wall  904  in a T-shape connection via a connector beam  906  that can run along an edge of each SIP  902 . 
     A connector beam  906  can be made of recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 9A , a connector beam  906  has thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  902  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a structural connector system  900 . In other embodiments, a connector beam  906  and/or structural connector system  900  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     A connector beam  906  can be reinforced by having at least one mesh structure  912  running through it in a longitudinal fashion. A mesh structure  912  can run through the entire length of a connector beam  906 , or can have any other known and/or convenient length or geometry. A mesh structure  912  can be made of steel or any other material having suitable strength and thermodynamic properties. 
     A structural connector system  900  can be fabricated by machining one end of a first SIP  902  such that it can partially mate with a connector beam  906 , as depicted in  FIG. 9A . A connector beam  906  can mate with a first SIP  902  by pressing the two together to form an interference fit. In other embodiments, a connector beam  906  can be coupled with a SIP  902  using adhesive  908 . Adhesive  908  can be chosen from the adhesives described above with respect to  FIG. 2 , or can be any other known and/or suitable type of bonding substance, method, or mechanism. A second SIP  902  can be subsequently coupled with the same connector beam  906  in a manner similar to that described above with respect to a first SIP  902 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9A , edges of the sheathing of first and second SIPs  902  are not touching. In other embodiments, first and second SIPs  902  can be positioned in any other known and/or convenient configuration with respect to each other. A structural connector system  900  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     A connector beam  906  can also be coupled with a wall  904  such that a wall  904  can be substantially perpendicular to SIPs  902 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9A , a wall  904  is coupled with a connector beam  906  via two top plates  910 . In other embodiments, a wall  904  and connector beam  906  can be coupled in any other known and/or convenient manner. In some embodiments, a single top plate  910  can be used. A connector beam  906  can be coupled with a wall  904  and/or top plates  910  using adhesive  908 , screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient method or type of mechanical or chemical coupling. A wall  904  can be a stud wall, an additional SIP, or any other known and/or convenient type of vertical structure or support. 
     FIG.  10   
       FIG. 10A  depicts a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a structural connector system  1001  that can be used in wall, floor, or roof applications, or any other suitable application. The ends of two SIPs  1002  can be coupled via a connector beam  1004  that can run along the connecting edge of each SIP  1002 . 
     A connector beam  1004  can be made of recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 10A , a connector beam  1004  has thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  1002  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a structural connector system  1001 . In other embodiments, a connector beam  1004  and/or structural connector system  1001  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     A connector beam  1004  can be reinforced by having at least one mesh structure  1008  running through it in a longitudinal fashion, as shown in  FIG. 10A . A planar view of a mesh structure  1008  is shown in  FIG. 10B . A mesh structure  1008  can run through the entire length of a connector beam  1004 , or can have any other known and/or convenient length or geometry. A mesh structure  1008  can be made of steel or any material of suitable strength and thermodynamic properties. 
     A structural connector system  1001  can be fabricated by machining one end of a first SIP  1002  such that it can at least partially mate with a connector beam  1004 , as depicted in  FIG. 10A . A connector beam  1004  can mate with a first SIP  1002  by pressing the two together to form an interference fit. In other embodiments, a connector beam  1004  can be coupled with a SIP  1002  using adhesive  1006 . Adhesive  1006  can be chosen from the adhesives described above with respect to  FIG. 2 , or can be any other known and/or suitable type of bonding substance, method, or mechanism. A second SIP  1002  can be subsequently coupled with the same connector beam  1004  in a manner similar to that described above with respect to a first SIP  1002 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10A , edges of the sheathing of first and second SIPs  1002  are touching. In other embodiments, first and second SIPs  1002  can be positioned in any other known and/or convenient configuration with respect to each other. A structural connector system  1001  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  11   
       FIG. 11A  depicts one embodiment of a structural butt joint  1101 . Two SIPs  1102  can be coupled via a coupling element  1104 . A coupling element  1104  can have at least three channels  1105 . Each channel  1105  can comprise two flange members  1106 , as depicted in  FIG. 11B , and each flange member  1106  can comprise a plurality of teeth  1108  along its interior edge. Teeth  1108  can assist in gripping the interior and exterior surfaces of SIP  1102  sheathing, thereby preventing slippage when in use. A coupling element  1104  can also be coupled with a support block  1110 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B , a coupling element  1104  can have a T-shape with three channels  1105 —two horizontal channels  1105  and one vertical channel  1105 . Referring to  FIG. 11A , vertical channels  1105  of two coupling elements  1104  can be coupled with a support block  1110 , whereby the flange members  1106  of each vertical channel  1105  can at least partially grip the ends of a support block  1110 . Additionally, horizontal channels  1105  can engage the ends of SIPs  1102  as depicted. In this embodiment, a coupling element  1104  can act to transfer stress from flange members  1106  to a support block  1110 . 
     A coupling element  1104  can be made of extruded aluminum or any other known and/or convenient material. A support block  1110  can be made of recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 11A , coupling element  1104  and/or support block  1110  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1102  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a structural butt joint  1101 . In other embodiments, a structural butt joint  1101  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. A structural butt joint  1101  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  12   
       FIG. 12A  depicts one embodiment of a non-structural butt joint  1201 . Two SIPs  1202  can be coupled via a coupling element  1204 . A coupling element  1204  can have at least two channels  1205 . Each channel  1205  can comprise two flange members  1206 , as depicted in  FIG. 12B , and each flange member  1206  can comprise a plurality of teeth  1208  along its interior edge. Teeth  1208  can assist in gripping the interior and exterior surfaces of SIP  1202  sheathing, thereby preventing slippage when in use. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B , a coupling element  1204  can have linear geometry with two channels  1205 . Referring to  FIG. 12A , channels  1205  can engage the ends of SIPs  1202  as depicted. In some embodiments, filler material  1210  can be applied between the ends of the SIPs  1202  that are coupled by a coupling element  1204 . 
     A coupling element  1204  can be made of extruded aluminum or any other known and/or convenient material. A filler material  1210  can be insulating and can be foam, sealant, or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In some embodiments, filler material  1210  can be a solid block or beam that can be factory-installed or installed on site. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 12A , coupling element  1204  and/or filler material  1210  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1202  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a non-structural butt joint  1201 . In other embodiments, a non-structural butt joint  1201  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. A non-structural butt joint  1201  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  13   
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  depicts one embodiment of a hinged roof connection  1301 . A hinge assembly  1302  can be coupled with a roof SIP  1304  and a wall SIP  1306 . A hinge assembly  1302  can comprise a hinge block  1308  coupled with a rocker  1310  at a pivot point  1312 . A hinge block  1308  can be coupled with a wall SIP  1306 , and a rocker  1310  can be coupled with a roof SIP  1304 , as depicted in  FIGS. 13A ,  13 B. A roof SIP  1304  can comprise an end cap  1305  proximate to the hinged end of a roof SIP  1304 . An end cap  1305  can improve aesthetics, stiffen the end of a SIP  1304 , and/or provide further insulation. 
     A hinge block  1308  and/or rocker  1310  can be made of wood, aluminum, steel, or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 13 , a hinge assembly  1302  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1304   1306  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a hinged roof connection  1301 . In other embodiments, a hinged roof connection  1301  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     A hinge assembly  1302  and SIPs  1304   1306  can be coupled with each other prior to shipping and/or storage. In transit, a hinged roof connection  1301  can be configured such that SIPs  1304   1306  are substantially perpendicular, as shown in  FIG. 13A . In other embodiments, a hinged roof connection  1301  can be shipped or stored in any other known and/or convenient configuration. A shipping screw  1314  can be run latitudinally through and proximate to an end of a roof SIP  1304 , as shown in  FIG. 13B . A shipping screw  1314  can have a length sufficient to extend through a roof SIP  1304  and into a hinge assembly  1302  such that when tightened it can restrict hinge assembly and SIP movement about a pivot point  1312 . 
     A hinged roof connection  1301  can be substantially assembled prior to reaching a construction site. Once on site, a wall SIP  1306  can be erected and secured in an appropriate location. A shipping screw  1314  can then be loosened or removed and a roof SIP  1304  lifted and rotated about a pivot point  1312  until a desired pitch is reached. Once raised, a locking screw  1316  can be inserted through a roof SIP  1304 . A locking screw  1316  can be substantially parallel to a shipping screw  1314  and can extend through a hinge assembly  1302  such that it can restrict hinge assembly and SIP movement, as depicted in  FIG. 13B . 
     After lifting a roof SIP  1304  into a desired position, insulating material  1318  and fascia  1320  can be applied on site to complete assembly of a hinged roof connection  1301 . Insulating material  1318  and/or fascia  1320  can be recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . 
       FIG. 13C  illustrates an alternate rocker  1310  configuration. A rocker  1310  can have an extended arm member  1322  such that it can couple latitudinally with the end of a roof SIP  1304  in lieu of an end cap  1305 . 
       FIG. 13D  illustrates an alternate embodiment of a hinged roof connection  1301  in which SIPs  1304  and  1306  each comprise complementary hinge components  1324   a  and  1324   b  that can rotate about a pivot point  1312 .  FIG. 13D  depicts a cross-sectional view of a pivot point  1312 . Hinge components  1324   a  and  1324   b  can further comprise complementary teeth  1326   a  and  1326   b , respectively. These teeth components  1326  can prevent lateral movement of hinge components  1324  while still facilitating rotational movement about a pivot point  1312 . SIPs  1304  and  1306  can also be coupled with an eave finish  1328 . 
     FIG.  14   
       FIG. 14A  depicts a side cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a cased window frame  1401  comprising a window opening  1402 , upper SIP  1404 , and lower SIP  1406 . At least one casing  1408  can selectively engage upper and/or lower SIPs  1404   1406  to frame an opening  1402 . A window opening  1402  can also comprise sidewall SIPs that can further comprise at least one casing  1408 . As shown in  FIG. 14B , which illustrates a close-up cross-section of a casing  1408 , a casing  1408  can comprise a substantially planar member  1410  coupled with flange members  1412 . Flange members  1412  can have beveled ends that can add to the structural integrity of casing-SIP connections. In some embodiments, a casing  1408  can be pressed into a SIP  1404  or  1406 , forming an interference fit. In other embodiments, adhesive can be used to bond a casing  1408  to a SIP  1404   1406 . In yet other embodiments, nails or screws can be used to couple a casing  1408  and a SIP  1404  or  1406 . In alternate embodiments, any combination of the above methods can be used, and/or any other known and/or convenient method of coupling. 
     A casing  1408  can be made of wood, aluminum, steel, or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 14A , a casing  1408  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1404   1406  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a cased window frame  1401 . In other embodiments, a cased window frame  1401  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. 
     FIG.  15   
       FIG. 15A  depicts a side cross-sectional view of a cased window frame system  1501 .  FIG. 15B  illustrates a front planar cross-sectional view of the cased window frame system  1501  of  FIG. 15A . A cased window frame system  1501  can comprise a window opening  1502  and a window frame  1504 . A window frame  1504  can comprise a header block  1506 , header SIP  1508 , lower SIP  1510 , and casing  1512 . A window frame  1504  can also comprise side SIPs  1516 , as shown in  FIG. 15B . 
     A header block  1506  can extend upwards through a header SIP  1508 , as depicted in  FIG. 15A , and can further comprise a wire meshwork  1514  for added strength and load capacity. Wire meshwork  1514  can span the entire length of a header SIP  1508 , as shown in  FIG. 15B . In other embodiments, a wire meshwork  1514  can have any other known and/or convenient configuration. 
     A single continuous casing  1512  can be selectively engaged with each of the interior faces of a window opening  1502  and can be supported by a header block  1506  and header SIP  1508 . In other embodiments, a casing  1512  can have any other known and/or convenient geometry. A header block  1506  and casings  1512  can be coupled with SIPs  1508 ,  1510 , and/or  1516  via interference fit, adhesive, nails or screws, or any other know and/or convenient type of chemical or mechanical bonding or fastening. 
     A casing  1512  and/or header block  1506  can be made of wood, aluminum, steel, or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 15 , a casing  1512  and/or header block  1506  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1508 ,  1510 , and/or  1516  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a cased window frame system  1501 . In other embodiments, a cased window frame system  1501  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. A cased window frame system  1501  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  16   
       FIG. 16  depicts cross-sectional views of two embodiments of roof ridge connections  1601 . In  FIG. 16A , a non-vented roof ridge connection  1601  can comprise a ridge beam  1602 , roof SIP  1604 , and SIP end block  1606 . A SIP end block  1606  can comprise an integrated hanger  1608 , whereby the hanger  1608  has an exposed end for fastening to a ridge beam  1602 . SIP  1604  can be coupled with a ridge beam  1602  such that the uppermost edge of a SIP  1604  can be proximately coupled with the uppermost edge of a ridge beam  1602 , as depicted in  FIG. 16A . The exposed end of a hanger  1608  can be bent such that it can couple with the top surface of a ridge beam  1602 , and can be fastened to a ridge beam  1602  via a vertical fastener  1610 . In the embodiment shown, a vertical fastener  1610  is a nail, but in other embodiments, a fastener  1610  can be a screw, pin, or any other known and/or convenient fastening mechanism. In other embodiments, a hanger  1608  can be a saddle hanger and can be fastened to the opposing face of a ridge beam  1602 . In some embodiments, the connection between the end of a hanger  1608  and a ridge beam  1602  can be reinforced by using adhesive or any other known and/or convenient type of chemical bonding. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16B , a vented rood ridge connection  1601  is depicted. In contrast to the non-vented connection in  FIG. 16A , the uppermost edge of a roof SIP  1604  can be positioned below the top edge of a ridge beam  1602 , such that the end of a hanger  1608  can be coupled with a side surface of a ridge beam  1602 . In this embodiment, a hanger  1608  can be coupled with a ridge beam  1602  via a horizontal fastener  1610 , as depicted. In other embodiments, a hanger  1608  can be a saddle hanger or can couple with the top surface of a ridge beam  1602 . Additionally, a vented roof ridge connection  1601  can comprise a spacer  1612  positioned above and in parallel with a SIP  1604  such that airflow is permitted between a SIP  1604  and the spacer  1612 . 
     In the embodiments shown, a ridge beam  1602  is made of wood. In other embodiments, a ridge beam  1602  can be made of any other known and/or convenient material. A SIP end block  1606  can be made of wood or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . A hanger  1608  can be made of extruded aluminum, steel, or any other known and/or convenient material. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 16 , a SIP end block  1602  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIP  1604  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a ridge roof connection  1601 . In other embodiments, a ridge roof connection  1601  can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. A ridge roof connection  1601  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  17   
       FIGS. 17A-17D  depicts several embodiments of a roof valley connector beam  1701 . A valley connector beam  1701  comprising at least two anchor members  1703  can couple with at least two downward sloping roof or ceiling SIPs  1702 .  FIGS. 17A and 17B  depict embodiments designed for vented roof systems. An upper extension member  1704  can have a vented portion  1706  and can terminate in a V-shaped channel  1708 , thereby allowing water to collect in and run down a channel  1708  and preventing flooding of a vented portion  1706  during heavy rainfall. A vented portion  1706  can comprise water impermeable/gas transmissible material (such as, but not limited to, Tyvek®), wire mesh, or any other known and/or convenient type of vent that can allow air to pass through. 
       FIGS. 17C and 17D  depict embodiments of connector beams  1701  designed for non-vented roof systems. A connector beam  1701  can have a channel  1710  that can be substantially flush with the upper surfaces of SIPs  1702 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 17C , a channel  1710  is V-shaped. In other embodiments, a channel  1710  can have any other known and/or convenient geometry. 
       FIGS. 17B and 17C  depict embodiments of a valley connector beam  1701  having a lower extension member  1712  that can be coupled with a wall or other type of support within a building. In alternate embodiments, a lower extension member  1712  can be used for aesthetic appeal rather than coupling with a wall or support beam. 
     In some embodiments, a valley connector beam  1701  can have a wire truss running through in a longitudinal manner to add strength to the beam  1701 . A connector beam  1701  can be made of wood or recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . In the embodiments depicted in  FIG. 17 , a connector beam  1701  can have thermodynamic properties such that its R-value is greater than or equal to the R-value of the SIPs  1702  with which it is coupled. In some embodiments, the R-value can be substantially constant throughout a valley connector beam assembly. In other embodiments, a valley connector beam assembly can have any other known and/or convenient thermodynamic properties. A valley connector beam  1701  and SIPs  1702  can be pre-assembled and subsequently shipped to a construction site such that minimal assembly is required on site. 
     FIG.  18   
       FIG. 18  depicts one embodiment of a pre-fabricated eave finish  1801 . An eave finish  1801  can comprise a gutter  1802 , fascia  1804 , a soffit vent  1806 , and strengthening ribs  1808 . Roof sheathing  1810  can be coupled with roof and wall SIPs  1812  and  1814 , respectively, and at least one rafter  1818 . A gutter  1802  and fascia  1804  can be coupled with each other and along the edge of roof sheathing  1810 , and fascia  1804  can further comprise a drip edge  1816  to force adhering drops of water to fall free of the face of the building rather than run toward the interior. A soffit vent  1806  can allow air to flow into the space below roof sheathing  1810 . A soffit vent  1806  can be coupled with at least two strengthening ribs  1808 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 18 , a horizontal rib  1808  is coupled with a substantially vertical, but slightly angled, rib  1808 . In other embodiments, any other known and/or convenient type of configuration and/or quantity of strengthening ribs  1808  can be used. 
     The components of an eave finish  1801  can be made of extruded aluminum, metal alloys, or any other known and/or convenient material or combination of materials. An eave finish  1801  can be fabricated and assembled prior to shipping to a construction site, such that on site minimal assembly is required. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 18 , on site an eave finish  1801  can be coupled with roof sheathing  1810 , a rafter  1818 , and a wall SIP  1814  at connection points  1820 ,  1824 , and  1826 . These connections can be made using adhesive, screws, nails, or any other known and/or convenient type of fastener or bonding method. 
     FIG.  19   
       FIG. 19  depicts an embodiment of a gable overhang  1901  adapted to reduce structural damage under extreme loading conditions. A gable overhang  1901  can have a “ladder” configuration and can comprise an interior beam  1902  coupled with a building envelope  1905 ; an exterior beam  1904  that can be substantially parallel to an interior beam  1902 ; a roof deck  1906 ; and a soffit assembly  1908 . An exterior beam  1904  can further comprise fascia  1910  and a flashing  1912  proximate to at least one beam joint. Beams  1902  and  1904  can be coupled with opposite edges of a roof deck  1906  and soffit assembly  1907 , as depicted in  FIG. 19B . Additionally, a building envelope  1905  can comprise a wall and/or roof SIP, and a gable overhang  1901  can be substantially flush with the upper surface of a building envelope  1905 . 
     An interior beam  1902  can be coupled with a building envelope  1905  using nails or screws, as depicted in  FIG. 19B . In other embodiments, adhesive or any other known and/or convenient type of bonding or fastening can be used. In some embodiments, a seam plate  1914  can be fastened over a gable overhang  1901 /building envelope  1905  seam, thereby strengthening the connection between a gable overhang  1901  and building envelope  1905 . A seam plate  1914  can be made of steel, aluminum, or any other known and/or convenient material. An interior beam  1902  and/or an exterior beam  1904  can be made of wood or any other known and/or convenient material suitable for withstanding severe weather conditions. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 19B   
     FIG.  20   
       FIG. 20  depicts one embodiment of a strengthened SIP edge  2001 . The interior side of sheathing  2004  of a SIP  2002  can be reinforced with steel or other metal plates  2006  proximate to an edge of a SIP  2002 . Metal plates  2006  can be installed during manufacturing of a SIP  2002 . In other embodiments, a prefabricated SIP  2002  can be machined such that plates  2006  can be slid into a SIP  2002  from an outside edge, such that plates  2006  can be sandwiched between SIP insulation  2008  and SIP sheathing  2004 . 
     FIG.  21   
       FIG. 21  depicts an embodiment of a vented roof system  2101  that can run along the ridge of a roof, as depicted in  FIG. 21C . A vented roof system  2101  can comprise an air duct  2102  coupled with base members  2104  extending from the lower half of an air duct  2102  and over each side of a roof. A hood  2106  comprising stamped louvers  2108  can cover an air duct  2102  and can shield an air duct  2102  from the elements. 
     A base member  2104  can comprise a splashguard  2110  and at least one drain hole  2112 . An air duct  2102  can also comprise at least one condensate hole  2114  such that condensation can be drained. Drain holes  2112  and/or condensate holes  2114  can be spaced along a base member  2104  and/or air duct  2102  at equal intervals. In other embodiments, drain holes  2112  and/or condensate holes  2114  can be located at any other known and/or convenient locations along a base member  2104  and/or air duct  2102 . 
     A base member  2104  can further comprise at least one filter  2116  that can be water impermeable/gas transmissible (such as, but not limited to, Tyvek®), thus allowing the free flow of air into or out of the space below an air duct  2102 . In the embodiment depicted, warm or hot air emitted from a vented roof can heat the gases within an air duct  2102  by convection. In some embodiments, an air outlet  2118  can be coupled with a heat recovery ventilator or other apparatus at one end of an air duct  2102 . In the embodiment depicted, a vented roof system  2101  can be assembled prior to shipping and affixed to a roof on site. 
     FIG.  22   
       FIG. 22  illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a skylight system  2201 . Ceiling or roof SIPs  2202  can be coupled with a skylight enclosure  2204 . A skylight enclosure  2204  can comprise at least two mirrored members  2206  that can be angled, substantially parallel, and facing each other. In the embodiment shown, one mirrored member  2206  can face upwards, and another mirrored member  2206  can face downwards. 
     A skylight enclosure  2204  can further comprise at least two double pane windows  2208 . In the embodiment shown, a first double pane window  2208  can be located above an upwards-facing mirrored member  2206  in a substantially horizontal configuration, and can be exposed to the outdoors. A second double pane window  2208  can be located below a downwards-facing mirrored member  2206  in a substantially horizontal configuration, and can be exposed to the interior of a building. Thus, light can be transmitted through a first double pane window  2208 , reflect off an upwards-facing mirrored member  2206 , hit a downwards-facing mirrored member  2206 , and in turn be reflected through a second double pane window  2208  into a building. 
     In some embodiments, a third double pane window  2206  can be positioned vertically between mirrored members  2206 , as depicted in  FIG. 22 . Additionally, insulating material  2210  can fill the space between the non-reflective surfaces of mirrored members  2006  and an enclosure  2204 . 
     A skylight enclosure  2204  can be made of extruded aluminum, or any other known and/or convenient material or combination of materials. Insulating material  2210  can be recycled and/or environmentally friendly material such as, but not limited to, those described above with respect to a hinge block  210 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 22 , a skylight system  2201  can be pre-assembled prior to arriving at a construction site. Therefore, on site, the entire system  2201  including surrounding SIPs  2202  can simply be coupled with the rest of a roofing and/or ceiling assembly during the construction process. In other embodiments, a skylight system  2201  can be pre-assembled except for SIPs  2202 , which can be pre-cut but coupled with an enclosure  2204  on site. In yet other embodiments, insulating material  2210  can be installed on site. In alternate embodiments, a skylight system  2201  can be assembled in any other known and/or convenient manner, order, or place. 
     FIG.  23   
       FIG. 23  depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a SIP  2302  and SIP coating  2304 . Section  2306  illustrates an uncoated section of a SIP  2302 . Section  2308  depicts a portion of a SIP  2302  covered with a SIP coating  2304 . A SIP coating  2304  can possess low permeability properties, have high termite protection properties due to reduced moisture content, can be chemically treated with a non-toxic substance that can offer mold protection, and can have increased thermal integrity over untreated SIPs due to lowered condensation and dew points. As illustrated by infrared flow and heat flow symbols  2310  and  2312 , respectively, an untreated portion  2306  of a SIP  2302  can have a lower R-value than a portion  2308  treated with a SIP coating  2304 . 
     In one embodiment, a SIP coating  2304  can have heat resistive properties whereby on a molecular level, conduction-connectivity pathways between surface layers of coating are prematurely terminated such that heat conduction is minimized. In another embodiment, a SIP coating  2304  can be a modified elastomer comprised of “near-2D” heat mirror “flakes”. When applied wet, the flakes randomly align, but upon drying the flakes can flatten to create a substantially common plane for reflection of radiant electromagnetic energy. In yet another embodiment, a SIP coating  2304  can comprise hollow vacuum-filled ceramic spheres operating as a resistive heat barrier. In other embodiments, a SIP coating  2304  can have any other known and/or convenient properties or characteristics. 
     FIG.  24   
       FIGS. 24   a - e  depict embodiments showing elimination of a marriage wall compared to conventional construction.  FIG. 24   a  depicts a SIP structure constructed using typical construction techniques which result in marriage walls. A structure can be comprised of a plurality of modular units  2402 . Each modular unit  2402  can be comprised of at least one exterior wall  2404  and at least one marriage wall  2406  that can be located on the interior of a structure when a modular unit  2402  is in position. 
     In conventional construction, at least two modular units  2402  can be positioned adjacent to each other such that a roof support section  2408  and a marriage wall  2406  on each modular unit  2402  can be proximal to each other. When roof support sections  2408  are in position to provide a structural support by applying lateral and shear forces on each other along the apex line of a roof, one or both marriage walls  2406 , which can be held in place by support members  2410  can be removed. 
       FIG. 24   b  depicts another technique in which a marriage wall  2406  can be offset with respect to a lateral interior edge of a roof support section  2408 . 
       FIG. 24   c  depicts another technique in which both marriage walls  2406  can be offset with respect to a lateral interior edge of a roof support section  2408  by using brackets  2412 . 
     FIG.  25   
       FIGS. 25   a - i  depict various details and embodiments of a temporary wall comprised of removable supports.  FIGS. 25   c - f  depict alternate construction techniques and structures that can permit elimination of the marriage walls in construction and result in a more efficient structure. While depicted as in use with SIP construction, similar and identical construction techniques can be implemented using other structural systems and elements. 
     In some embodiments, a support system can be comprised of a plurality of vertical support posts  2502 , angle support assemblies  2504 , top assemblies, bottom assemblies  2508 , angled adaptors  2510 , and adjustable angle plates  2512 . 
       FIG. 25   a  depicts a side view of an embodiment of a top assembly  2506  in an embodiment of the present device. A top assembly  2506  can be comprised of an inside vise pivot plate  2514 , which on its exterior side can further comprise an integral “T” block  2516  for cradling pivot arms  2518 . In some embodiments, close tolerance between a pivot arm  2518  and “T” block  2516  can add shear resistance to pivot bolts  2520 . The vertical portion of the “T” can have at least one hole  2522 , which, in some embodiments, can be threaded, for attaching added support members or any other known and/or convenient attachments to allow for any angle or plane of support. Holes  2522  in a pivot plate  2514  can allow for temporary fasteners to secure a plate  2514  while completing the top vise assembly  2506 . Temporary fasteners can remain in place until modules are connected. 
     A pivot plate  2514  can have on its interior side, at its base, a gusset horizontal V-notched block  2524  that, in some embodiments, can extend approximately ¾″ from the plate face, or any other known and/or convenient length. A V-notched block  2524  can provide positive alignment while gaining added strength in the assembly. Above a V-block  2524  can be a smooth face on a pivot plate  2514  with pointed spikes  2526  that when the vise plates compress on a beam assembly the spikes penetrate into the wood beam further securing the clamp into position. 
     In some embodiments, pivot arms  2518  can be adjustable to a range of 0-90 degree, or any known and/or convenient range. Pivot arms  2518  can be made of machined or cast metal, polymer, or any other known and/or convenient material, and can have a rounded head to match close tolerance between arm head and plate “T”, or any other known and/or convenient geometry. A pivot arm  2518  can have a shoulder and extension  2528  to backstop and support tubing  2530 . An extension  2528  can have coordinated holes with tubing  2530 , which can be used for quick-lock pins  2532  to secure tubing  2530  to a pivot arm  2518 . Quick-lock pins  2532  can allow for interchangeable tubing lengths. 
       FIG. 25   b  depicts a front view of an embodiment of a top assembly  2506  in an embodiment of the present device. 
       FIG. 25   c  depicts an angle support assembly  2504 . An angle support assembly  2504  can comprise a telescoping pivot support  2534 . Quick-lock pins  2536  can allow for interchangeable tubing lengths. Holes  2538  between inner  2540  and outer tubes  2542  can be coordinated and installed at regular intervals. 
       FIG. 25   d  depicts a bottom assembly  2508 . A bottom assembly  2508  can comprise a vise plate  2544 , that can have a flat base  2546 . A flat base  2546  can have a plurality of holes  2546  that can be coordinated for a variety of fasteners into underlying beam and joist configurations. A vise plate  2544  can have at least one v-block support  2548  on at least one side of a vise plate  2544 . 
     In some embodiments, pivot arms  2550  can be adjustable to a range of 0-90 degrees, or any known and/or convenient range. Pivot arms  2550  can be made of machined or cast metal, polymer, or any other known and/or convenient material, and can have a rounded head to match close tolerance between arm head and plate “T”, or any other known and/or convenient geometry. A pivot arm  2550  can have a shoulder and extension  2552  to backstop and support tubing  2530 . An extension  2552  can have coordinated holes with tubing  2554 , which can be used for quick-lock pins  2532  to secure tubing  2530  to a pivot arm  2550 . 
       FIG. 25   e  depicts a variety of top and bottom assembly angled adaptors, and  FIG. 25   f  depicts adjustable angle plates, such as, but not limited to, kicker and strut plates, to accommodate any number of or any known and/or convenient bracing possibilities, horizontal or vertical.  FIG. 25   g  depicts one such adaptation. 
       FIG. 25   h  depicts a vertical support post  2502 . A vertical support post  2502  can further comprise a screw-jack device  2554 , or any other known and/or convenient device. In embodiments having a screw jack device  2554 , a handle  2556  or any other known and/or convenient device can provide an adjustment mechanism. A screw-jack device  2554  can further comprise a fine-adjustment mechanism  2558  and a coarse-adjustment mechanism  2560 . A vertical support pose  2502  can further comprise a top member  2562  and a bottom member  2564  that can be configured to connect with a top assembly  2506 . A top member  2562  and a bottom member  2564  can each have at least one hole  2566 , which can be threaded, and can accommodate any known and/or convenient fastener. 
       FIG. 25   i  depicts two possible system configurations.