Patent Publication Number: US-2010117194-A1

Title: Metal-insulator-metal capacitors with a chemical barrier layer in a lower electrode

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/216,639, filed Sep. 1, 2005, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2004-0099058, filed on Nov. 30, 2004, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors and methods of fabricating MIM capacitors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The continuing trend toward increasing the number of semiconductor devices in chips has driven a continued reduction in the feature sizes of the devices. Although device feature sizes are decreasing, in some memory devices, such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), capacitors therein should continue to provide at least a threshold capacitance so as to reliably store data. 
     One method of increasing the capacitance of capacitors in semiconductor memories includes reducing an equivalent thickness of oxide (EOT; Toxeq) of a dielectric layer therein. For example, capacitors that are fabricated according to a 70 nm design rule may need a dielectric layer thickness of about 14 Å EOT to provide sufficient capacitance when the capacitors have a cylindrical structure height of 1.8 μm. The lower electrode of the capacitors is often formed from polysilicon. Because the polysilicon can become undesirably oxidized during fabrication of the capacitors, it can be difficult to reduce their dielectric layer EOT to 14 Å or lower. 
     Fabrication of capacitors with metal lower electrodes have been proposed to avoid such oxidation of the lower electrode during fabrication. Capacitors with metal lower electrodes have been formed from titanium nitride (TiN), which provides low reactivity, stable leakage current, and high conductivity. 
     A conventional method of forming a lower electrode using TiN is explained below with reference to  FIGS. 1A through 1C . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A , an interlayer insulating layer  20  with a conductive plug  25  extending there through is formed on a semiconductor substrate  10 . An etch stopper  30  of silicon nitride is deposited on the interlayer insulating layer  20 . A mold oxide layer  35  is formed on the etch stopper  30 . The mold oxide layer  35  and the etch stopper  30  are etched to expose a predetermined portion of the conductive plug  25 , thereby defining a lower electrode region  35   a . A titanium nitride (TiN) layer  40  for a lower electrode is deposited on the lower electrode region  35   a  and the mold oxide layer  35 . A sacrificial oxide layer  45   a  is deposited on the titanium nitride layer  40 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1B , a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process is performed on the sacrificial oxide layer  45   a  and the titanium nitride layer  40  until a surface of the mold oxide layer  35  is exposed. Then, the remaining sacrificial oxide layer  45   a  and the mold oxide layer  35  are wet-etched using an LAL solution (mixture solution of deionized water, NH 4 F and HF) or HF solution to form a lower electrode  40   a.    
     Referring to  FIG. 1C , after a dielectric layer  45   b  is formed on a surface of the lower electrode  40   a  and on the etch stopper  30 , an upper electrode  50  is formed on the dielectric layer  45   b  to form a capacitor  55 . 
     When removing the remaining sacrificial oxide layer  45   a  and the mold oxide layer  35  to form the lower electrode  40   a,  the wet etch chemical may penetrate into the lower electrode  40   a  or the interface between the lower electrode  40   a  and the etch stopper  30 . When the etch chemical so penetrates, the interlayer insulating layer  20 , which is located below the lower electrode  40   a  and the etch stopper  30 , may be partially removed. Moreover, when the conductive plug  25  is formed from polysilicon, the conductive plug  25  may be also partially removed by the penetrating etch chemical. When the interlayer insulating layer  20  and/or the conductive plug  25  are partially removed by the etch chemical, the electrical characteristics of the capacitor  55  may be deteriorated and cause a bit failure in the associated memory device. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the present invention provide a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor that includes a lower electrode, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode. The lower electrode includes a first conductive layer, a chemical barrier layer on the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer on the chemical barrier layer. The chemical barrier layer is between the first and second conductive layers and is a different material than the first and second conductive layers. The dielectric layer is on the lower electrode. The upper electrode is on the dielectric layer opposite to the lower electrode. 
     In some further embodiments, the first and second conductive layers may each include titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), tungsten nitride (WN), ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt), ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ), and/or platinum oxide (PtO 2 ). The first and second conductive layers may have the same thickness. The chemical barrier layer may include polysilicon (poly-Si), polysilicon germanium (poly-SiGe), titanium (Ti), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), hafnium oxynitride (HfON), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and/or titanium oxynitride (TiON). The chemical barrier layer may be thinner than each of the first and second conductive layers. 
     In some other embodiments of the present invention, a MIM capacitor includes a semiconductor substrate, an interlayer insulating layer, a conductive plug, a lower electrode, an etch stopper, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode. The interlayer insulating layer is on the semiconductor substrate. The conductive plug extends from a surface of the semiconductor substrate through the interlayer insulating layer. The lower electrode is on a portion of the interlayer insulating layer and the conductive plug. The etch stopper is on a portion of the interlayer insulating layer adjacent to opposite sides of the lower electrode. The dielectric layer is on the lower electrode and the etch stopper. The upper electrode is on the dielectric layer opposite to the lower electrode. The lower electrode includes a first conductive layer, a chemical barrier layer on the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer on the chemical barrier layer. The chemical barrier layer is between the first and second conductive layers. The chemical barrier layer is a different material than the first and second conductive layers. The chemical barrier layer is thinner than each of the first and second conductive layers. 
     Some other embodiments of the present invention provide a method of fabricating a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. A first conductive layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate. A chemical barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer is formed on the chemical barrier layer. The chemical barrier layer includes a different material than the first and second conductive layers. The first conductive layer, the chemical barrier layer, and the second conductive layer form a lower electrode. A dielectric layer is formed on the lower electrode. An upper electrode is formed on the dielectric layer. 
     Some other embodiments of the present invention provide another method of fabricating a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. An interlayer insulating layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate. A conductive plug that extends from a surface of the semiconductor substrate through the interlayer insulating layer is formed. An etch stopper is formed on the interlayer insulating layer. A mold oxide layer is formed on the etch stopper. The mold oxide layer and the etch stopper are partially etched to expose the conductive plug and define a lower electrode region. A first conductive layer is formed on the mold oxide and the conductive plug in the lower electrode region. A chemical barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer is formed on the chemical barrier layer. The chemical barrier layer includes a different material than the first and second conductive layers. The first conductive layer, the chemical barrier layer, and the second conductive layer are planarized to expose an upper surface of the mold oxide layer. The planarized first conductive layer, chemical barrier layer, and second conductive layer form a lower electrode. The mold oxide layer is removed to expose the lower electrode and the etch stopper. A dielectric layer is formed on the lower electrode and the etch stopper. An upper electrode is formed on the dielectric layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A through 1C  are cross sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating a conventional metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view illustrating an MIM capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3A through 3F  are cross sectional views illustrating methods of fabricating a MIM capacitor according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of process steps in a method of forming a titanium nitride layer by a CVD process according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of process steps in a method of forming a titanium nitride layer by an ALD process according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of process steps in a method of forming a titanium nitride layer by an SFD process according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary graph of defects that may occur in a MIM capacitor fabricated according to an embodiment of the present invention compared to defects in a conventionally fabricated MIM capacitor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. Like reference numbers signify like elements throughout the description of the drawings. 
     It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that although the terms first and second are used herein to describe various regions, layers and/or sections, these regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second region, layer or section, and similarly, a second region, layer or section may be termed a first region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another element as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending of the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments of the present invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from an implanted to a non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
       FIG. 2  is a sectional view illustrating an MIM capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a lower electrode  110  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  100 . The lower electrode  110  can include first and second conductive layers with a chemical barrier layer  115  therebetween. The chemical barrier layer  115  includes a different material than the first and second conductive layers of the lower electrode  110 . The chemical barrier layer is configured to prevent or inhibit penetration of an etch chemical there through. Because the chemical barrier layer  115  is between the first and second conductive layers of the lower electrode  110 , it may prevent or reduce penetration of an etch chemical used during formation of the capacitor through both of the first and second conductive layers and removal of the material below those layers. 
     The first and second conductive layers of the lower electrode  110  may each be formed from a metal; a metal nitride such as, for example, titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), and/or tungsten nitride (WN); a noble material such as ruthenium (Ru) and/or platinum (Pt); a metal oxide such as ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ); and/or a mixture thereof. The chemical barrier layer  115  may include a conductive material such as polysilicon (poly-Si), polysilicon germanium (poly-SiGe), and/or titanium (Ti), and/or an insulating material such as hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), hafnium oxynitride (HfON), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and/or titanium oxynitride (TiON). When the chemical barrier layer  115  is an insulating material, the chemical barrier layer  115  is preferably formed as a thin film so as not to generate undesirable dielectric characteristics between the first and second conductive layers of the lower electrode  110 . 
     A dielectric layer  120  is formed on the lower electrode  110  including the chemical barrier layer  115 . The dielectric layer  120  may be formed of a high-k dielectric material having a dielectric constant of 20 or higher, for example, a hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) layer, a zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) layer, a lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 5 ) layer, and/or a tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) layer. An upper electrode  130  is formed on the dielectric layer  120  to form a MIM capacitor  140 . The upper electrode  130  may include the same material as the first and second conductive layers of the lower electrode  110 . 
       FIGS. 3A through 3F  are cross sectional views illustrating methods of fabricating a MIM capacitor according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A , an interlayer insulating layer  210  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  200 . A conductive element (not shown), for example, an MOS transistor, a conductive pad, a bit line, or the like, may be formed between the semiconductor substrate  200  and the interlayer insulating layer  210 . A conductive plug  215  can be formed that penetrates through the interlayer insulating layer  210  to contact the substrate  100  using a conventional formation process. The conductive plug  215  may be formed from a metal layer such as a doped polysilicon layer or a titanium nitride layer. The conductive plug  215  may be electrically connected to a source (not shown) of the MOS transistor, or a conductive pad (not shown) electrically connected to the source. 
     An etch stopper  220  and a mold oxide layer  225  are sequentially deposited on the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the conductive plug  215 . The etch stopper  220  may be formed from a material having an etch selectivity with respect to the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the mold oxide layer  225 , and may include, for example, silicon nitride. The mold oxide layer  225  is an oxide layer that is used to define a height of the capacitor, and may be formed to have a thickness equal to a desired height of, for example, a lower electrode of the capacitor. The mold oxide layer  225  and the etch stopper  220  are partially etched to expose a portion of the conductive plug  215  and define a lower electrode region  230 . 
     When the conductive plug  215  is formed from doped polysilicon and a lower electrode (not shown) is to be later formed from a metal, formation of an ohmic contact layer may be desirable between the conductive plug  215  and the lower electrode. In order to form the ohmic contact layer, a transition metal layer such as titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or the like is deposited on the surfaces of the lower electrode region  230  and the mold oxide layer  225 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the transition metal layer includes titanium and may be formed with a thickness of about 80 Å 0  (angstroms) to about 90 Å 0  (angstroms) at a temperature of about 600° C. (Centrigrade) to about 650° C. using a CVD method. Then, an annealing process is performed on the transition metal layer to form the ohmic contact layer as a metal silicide layer  235   a  on a top surface of the polysilicon conductive plug  215 . The annealing process to form the silicide layer  235   a  may be performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen. 
     Concurrently with the formation of the silicide layer  235   a  on the conductive plug  215 , the transition metal layer on the surfaces of the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the mold oxide layer  225  can be phase-changed into a metal nitride layer  235   b . Alternatively, when the annealing process is performed in an atmosphere other than nitrogen, the transition metal layer that remains after the annealing process may be removed or may be additionally treated with a nitridation process. Further, the transition metal layer can be deposited at a high temperature of 600 through 800° C., and concurrently with the deposition, a transition metal silicide layer  235   a  can be formed on a surface of the polysilicon conductive plug  215 . This method may not require an additional annealing process, which simplifies the fabrication process. When the conductive plug  215  is a metal such as titanium nitride, formation of an ohmic contact layer may not be needed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , a first conductive layer  240  for a lower electrode is formed on the lower electrode region  230  and the mold oxide layer  225 . The first conductive layer  240  can be formed to have a thickness of about ½ a desired thickness of the conductive layers of the lower electrode, for example, about 10 Å (angstroms) to about 200 Å (angstroms). The first conductive layer  240  may be formed of a metal nitride layer such as a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, and/or a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, and/or a noble layer such as a ruthenium (Ru) layer and/or a platinum (Pt) layer, a metal oxide layer such as a ruthenium oxide layer (RuO 2 ) and a platinum oxide layer (PtO 2 ), and/or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, the first conductive layer  240  is formed from a titanium nitride layer. When the metal nitride layer  235   b  remains on the surfaces of the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the mold oxide layer  225 , the first conductive layer  240  may preferably include the same material as the metal nitride layer  235   b . The first conductive layer  240  may be formed using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, or a sequential flow deposition (SFD) method. 
     For example, when the first conductive layer  240  includes titanium nitride, the first conductive layer  240  may be formed through a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that includes simultaneously supplying a titanium source such as, for example, titanium chloride source (TiCl 4 ) and a nitrogen source (NH 3 ) into a chamber for a predetermined time, such as illustrated by the process graph in  FIG. 4 . 
     A titanium nitride layer for the first conductive layer  240  may alternatively, or additionally, be formed by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process that includes supplying a titanium chloride source for a predetermined time in a chamber, purging the chamber, supplying a nitrogen source into the chamber, and purging the chamber, such as illustrated by the process graph in  FIG. 5 . 
     A titanium nitride layer for the first conductive layer  240  may alternatively, or additionally, be formed by a sequential flow deposition (SFD) process that includes supplying a nitrogen source for a predetermined time, supplying the nitrogen source and a titanium chloride source concurrently with when the nitrogen source is supplied, and stopping the supply of the titanium chloride source and supplying only the nitrogen source for a predetermined time, such as illustrated by the process graph in  FIG. 6 . In the SFD process, the nitrogen source, which is supplied for a predetermined time before the titanium chloride source is supplied, can prevent or reduce the chloride group (Cl) of the titanium chloride from penetrating into underneath layers such as, for example, the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the conductive plug  215 . Because only the nitrogen source is supplied for a predetermined time after the supply of the titanium chloride source is stopped, the chloride group (Cl) generated during the supply of the titanium chloride source may be easily removed (H+Cl→HCl↑). It can be desirable to prevent the chloride group (Cl) from penetrating into the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the conductive plug  215  or causing stress, defects, or cracks inside the metal nitride layer itself. It can be further desirable to prevent the chloride group (Cl) from degrading the interface characteristics between the metal nitride layer and the etch stopper  220 . Because the defined SFD process for forming the first conductive layer  240  supplies a source that is capable of removing the chloride before and after the metal source is formed, such problems caused by the chloride may be reduced. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3C , a chemical barrier layer  245  is deposited on a surface of the first conductive layer  240 . The chemical barrier layer  245  is formed of a different material than the first conductive layer  240 . The chemical barrier layer  245  may be formed from a conductive layer such as a polysilicon (poly-Si) layer, a polysilicon germanium (poly-SiGe) layer, and/or a titanium (Ti) layer, and/or an insulating layer such as a hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) layer, a hafnium oxynitride (HfON) layer, a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) layer, and/or a titanium oxynitride (TiON) layer. When the chemical barrier layer  245  is formed of a conductive layer such as a polysilicon germanium layer and/or a titanium layer, the chemical barrier layer  245  may be formed using a CVD process. When the chemical barrier layer  245  is formed of a titanium layer and the first conductive layer  240  is formed of a titanium nitride layer, the first conductive layer  240  and the chemical barrier layer  245  may be formed in-situ. When the chemical barrier layer  245  is formed of an insulating layer such as a hafnium oxide layer, a hafnium oxynitride layer, a titanium oxide layer, and/or a titanium oxynitride layer, the chemical barrier layer  245  may be formed using an ALD process. 
     When the chemical barrier layer  245  uses a titanium oxide layer and a titanium oxynitride layer, the chemical barrier layer  245  may be formed by performing a rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) process on the first conductive layer  240 . The chemical barrier layer  245  is preferably formed as a thin film with a thickness of, for example, about 1 Å (angstroms) to about 50 Å in consideration of the resistance increase of an underneath electrode. When the chemical barrier layer  245  is an insulating layer, the chemical barrier layer  245  is preferably formed as a thin film so that an undesirable dielectric characteristic is not generated between the second conductive layer and the first conductive layer when voltage is applied between the first and second conductive layers, and so that charges can tunnel between the first and second conductive layers. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3D , a second conductive layer  250  for a lower electrode is formed on the chemical barrier layer  245 . Like the first conductive layer  240 , the second conductive layer  250  may be formed from a metal nitride layer such as a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, and/or a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, and/or a noble layer such as a ruthenium (Ru) layer and/or a platinum (Pt) layer, and/or a metal oxide layer such as a ruthenium oxide layer (RuO 2 ) and/or a platinum oxide layer (PtO 2 ). The second conductive layer  250  may be formed using a CVD process, an ALD process, and/or a SFD process. Further, the second conductive layer  250  may be formed with a thickness of the first conductive layer  240 , or may have a thickness defined based on subtracting the thickness of the first conductive layer  240  from a desired total thickness of the lower electrode, for example, about 10 Å to about 200 Å. 
     A sacrificial layer  260  is deposited on the second conductive layer  250 . The sacrificial layer  260  may be formed from, for example, a silicon oxide layer. The sacrificial layer  260  is formed with a thickness that is sufficient to fill the lower electrode region  230 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3E , the sacrificial layer  260 , the second conductive layer  250 , the chemical barrier layer  245 , and the first conductive layer  240  are planarized until the surface of the mold oxide layer  225  is exposed, thereby forming a lower electrode  225 . The planarization process may include a chemical mechanical polishing process and/or an etch-back process. 
     Then, referring to  FIG. 3F , the remained sacrificial layer  260  and the mold oxide layer  225  are removed using a wet etch solution that may include, for example, an LAL solution and/or a HF solution. During the removal of the sacrificial layer  260  and the mold oxide layer  225 , because the chemical barrier layer  245  is between the first and second conductive layers  240 , 250  of the lower electrode  255 , the wet etch solution can be prevented or inhibited from penetrating completely through the lower electrode  255 . The chemical barrier layer  245  may also alleviate stress at the interface between the lower electrode  255  and the etch stopper  220 . The chemical barrier layer  245  may prevent the wet etch solution from flowing through into the interface between the lower electrode  255  and the etch stopper  220 . Consequently, the chemical barrier layer  245  may prevent or inhibit removal of material of the interlayer insulating layer  210  and the conductive plug  215  below the lower electrode  255  and the etch stopper  220  by the wet etch solution. 
     A dielectric layer  265  is then formed on the surface of the lower electrode  255  and on the etch stopper  220 . The dielectric layer  265  may include a high-k dielectric having a dielectric constant of 20 or higher, such as, for example, a hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) layer, a zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) layer, a lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 5 ) layer, and/or a tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) layer. In order to improve the electrical characteristic of the dielectric layer  265 , an annealing process can be additionally performed on the dielectric layer  265 . The annealing process of the dielectric layer  265  may be performed in, for example, a plasma state. 
     Then, an upper electrode  270  is formed on the dielectric layer  265  to form a MIM capacitor  275 . The upper electrode  270  may be formed from the same type of material as that of the first conductive layer  240  and/or the second conductive layer  250  of the lower electrode  255 , and may be formed in the similar process to that used to form the first and/or second conductive layers  240 ,  250  of the lower electrode  255 . 
     A capping layer (not shown) may be additionally deposited in order to improve the adhesive characteristic of the capacitor  275  and an inter-metal insulating layer (not shown) to be formed later. 
       FIG. 7  is an exemplary graph of defects that may occur as a result of fabrication of a MIM capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention compared to defects in a conventionally fabricated MIM capacitor. The lower electrode of the MIM capacitor of the present invention includes a first and second titanium nitride (TiN) layers with a thickness of 150 Å and a chemical barrier layer (TiO 2 ) with a thickness of 50 Å interposed between the first and second titanium nitride layers. The lower electrode of the conventional MIM capacitor includes a single titanium nitride (TiN) layer with a thickness of 300 Å. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , less defects may occur in a MIM capacitor that includes a lower electrode with a chemical barrier layer between two conductive layers. 
     As described above, the chemical barrier layer may prevent a wet etch solution from penetrating into the inside of the lower electrode during a wet etch process to form the cylindrical-shaped lower electrode. The chemical barrier layer may also alleviate interface stresses between the lower electrode and the etch stopper that is adjacent to opposite sides of the lower electrode, and to block the wet etch solution from penetrating the interface between the lower electrode and the etch stopper. 
     The chemical barrier layer may also prevent the wet etch solution from reaching the layers below the lower electrode and the etch stopper and may thereby prevent loss of the insulating layer/or the conductive plug below the lower electrode and the etch stopper. As a result, the electrical characteristics of the capacitor may be improved and the number of defects that are generated during fabrication of the device elements may be reduced. 
     While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.