Patent Publication Number: US-2023155775-A1

Title: Positioning reference signal hopping for reduced capability user equipment

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service, a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., LTE (Long Term Evolution) or WiMax), and a fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, etc. 
     Obtaining the location or position of a mobile device that is accessing a wireless network may be useful for many applications including, for example, emergency calls, personal navigation, asset tracking, locating a friend or family member, etc. Existing position methods include methods based on measuring radio signals transmitted from a variety of devices including satellite vehicles (SVs) and terrestrial radio sources in a wireless network such as base stations and access points. In methods based on terrestrial radio sources, a mobile device may measure the timing of signals received from two or more base stations and determine times of arrival, time differences of arrival and/or receive time-transmit time differences. Combining these measurements with known locations for the base stations and known transmission times from each base station may enable location of the mobile device using such position methods as Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA), Round Trip signal propagation Time (RTT), or Enhanced Cell ID (ECID). 
     To further help location determination (e.g. for OTDOA or RTT), Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) may be transmitted by base stations in order to increase both measurement accuracy and the number of different base stations for which timing measurements can be obtained by a mobile device. The PRS signal transmissions may be radio access technology dependent such that one type of PRS may be compatible with 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) technologies, and another type of PRS may be compatible with newer 5G New Radio (NR) technologies. Newer and smaller wireless devices may have reduced bandwidth capabilities as compared to previous premium devices such as mobile phones. These reduced capability devices may lack sufficient processing power and/or bandwidth to utilize current positioning technologies. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an example method for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes generating a PRS comprising a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, the PRS including a first set of the plurality of symbols occupying a first portion of the frequency range, a second set of the plurality of symbols occupying a second portion of the frequency range, and transmitting the PRS to the bandwidth limited user equipment. 
     Implementations of such a method may include one or more of the following features. The PRS may further include a first retuning gap between the first set of the plurality of symbols and the second set of the plurality of symbols. A duration of the first retuning gap may be based at least in part on a subcarrier spacing of the PRS. The duration of the first retuning gap may be 1 or 2 symbols and the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz. The PRS may further includes a third set of the plurality of symbols occupying the first portion of the frequency range, and a fourth set of the plurality of symbols occupying the second portion of the frequency range. The PRS may further include a first retuning gap between the first set of the plurality of symbols and the second set of the plurality of symbols, a second retuning gap between the second set of the plurality of symbols and the third set of the plurality of symbols, and a third retuning gap between the third set of the plurality of symbols and the fourth set of the plurality of symbols. One or more of the plurality of symbols of the PRS may occupy a second slot in the radio frame. 
     An example method for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes generating a PRS based on a first resource set, transmitting a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and transmitting a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, such that the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. 
     Implementations of such a method may include one or more of the following features. Transmissions may be delayed for a tuning gap prior to transmitting the second portion of the PRS. A duration of the tuning gap may be based at least in part on a subcarrier spacing of the PRS. The first slot and the second slot may be adjacent slots in the radio frame. The method may include transmitting a third portion of the PRS in a third frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, and transmitting a fourth portion of the PRS in a fourth frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame, wherein the third frequency range is different from the fourth frequency range. The second slot may be adjacent to the first slot, the third slot may be adjacent to the second slot, and the fourth slot may be adjacent to the third slot. The method may include transmitting a third portion of the PRS in the second frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, and transmitting a fourth portion of the PRS in the first frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame. The method may further include generating a second PRS based on a second resource set, transmitting a first portion of the second PRS in the first frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, and transmitting a second portion of the second PRS in the second frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame. Transmitting the first portion of the second PRS may occur in a slot adjacent to a slot when the first portion of the PRS is transmitted, and there may be no retuning gap between transmitting the first portion of the PRS and transmitting the first portion of the second PRS. 
     An example method for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes receiving a first set of symbols in a positioning reference signal (PRS), wherein the PRS comprises a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range and the first set of symbols are in a first portion of the frequency range, receiving a second set of symbols in the PRS in a second portion of the frequency range, and obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. 
     Implementation of such a method may include one or more of the following features. The second set of symbols may be received after a retuning gap subsequent to receiving the first set of symbols. A duration of the retuning gap may be based at least in part on a subcarrier spacing of the PRS. The duration of the retuning gap may be 1 or 2 symbols and the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz. The method may include receiving a third set of symbols in the PRS occupying the first portion of the frequency range, and receiving a fourth set of symbols in the PRS occupying the second portion of the frequency range. The second set of symbols may be received after a first retuning gap subsequent to receiving the first set of symbols, the third set of symbols may be received after a second retuning gap subsequent to receiving the second set of symbols, and the fourth set of symbols may be received after a third retuning gap subsequent to receiving the third set of symbols. One or more of the plurality of symbols in the PRS may be received in a second slot of a radio frame. 
     An example method for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment with a positioning reference signal (PRS) according to the disclosure includes receiving a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and receiving a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range, and obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. A transceiver may be retuned during a tuning gap prior to receiving the second portion of the PRS. A duration of the tuning gap may be based at least in part on a subcarrier spacing of the PRS. The first slot and the second slot may be adjacent slots in the radio frame. The method may include receiving a third portion of the PRS in a third frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, and receiving a fourth portion of the PRS in a fourth frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame, wherein the third frequency range is different from the fourth frequency range. The second slot may be adjacent to the first slot, the third slot may be adjacent to the second slot, and the fourth slot may be adjacent to the third slot. The method may include receiving a third portion of the PRS in the second frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, and receiving a fourth portion of the PRS in the first frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame. The method may include receiving a first portion of a second PRS in the first frequency range in a third slot of the radio frame, wherein the second PRS is based on a second resource set, and receiving a second portion of the second PRS in the second frequency range in a fourth slot of the radio frame. Receiving the first portion of the second PRS may occur in a slot adjacent to a slot when the first portion of the PRS is received, and there may be no retuning gap between receiving the first portion of the PRS and receiving the first portion of the second PRS. 
     An example apparatus for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes a memory, at least one transceiver, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to generate a PRS comprising a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, the PRS including a first set of the plurality of symbols occupying a first portion of the frequency range, a second set of the plurality of symbols occupying a second portion of the frequency range, and transmit the PRS to the bandwidth limited user equipment. 
     An example apparatus for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes a memory, at least one transceiver, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to generate a PRS based on a first resource set, transmit a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and transmit a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. 
     An example apparatus for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes a memory, at least one transceiver, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to receive a first set of symbols in a positioning reference signal (PRS), wherein the PRS comprises a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range and the first set of symbols are in a first portion of the frequency range, receive a second set of symbols in the PRS in a second portion of the frequency range, and obtain measurement information based on the PRS. 
     An example apparatus for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment with a positioning reference signal (PRS) according to the disclosure includes a memory, at least one transceiver, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to receive a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and receive a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range; and obtain measurement information based on the PRS. 
     An example apparatus for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes means for generating a PRS comprising a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, the PRS including a first set of the plurality of symbols occupying a first portion of the frequency range, a second set of the plurality of symbols occupying a second portion of the frequency range, and means for transmitting the PRS to the bandwidth limited user equipment. 
     An example apparatus for providing a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes means for generating a PRS based on a first resource set, means for transmitting a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and means for transmitting a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. 
     An example apparatus for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes means for receiving a first set of symbols in a positioning reference signal (PRS), wherein the PRS comprises a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range and the first set of symbols are in a first portion of the frequency range, means for receiving a second set of symbols in the PRS in a second portion of the frequency range, and means for obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. 
     An example apparatus for facilitating the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment with a positioning reference signal (PRS) according to the disclosure includes means for receiving a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, means for receiving a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range; and means for obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. 
     An example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors to provide a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes code for generating a PRS comprising a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, the PRS including a first set of the plurality of symbols occupying a first portion of the frequency range, a second set of the plurality of symbols occupying a second portion of the frequency range, and code for transmitting the PRS to the bandwidth limited user equipment. 
     An example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors to provide a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes code for generating a PRS based on a first resource set, code for transmitting a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, and code for transmitting a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. 
     An example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors to facilitate the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment according to the disclosure includes code for receiving a first set of symbols in a positioning reference signal (PRS), wherein the PRS comprises a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range and the first set of symbols are in a first portion of the frequency range, code for receiving a second set of symbols in the PRS in a second portion of the frequency range; and code for obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. 
     An example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors to facilitate the positioning of a bandwidth limited user equipment with a positioning reference signal (PRS) according to the disclosure includes code for receiving a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, code for receiving a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range, and code for obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. 
     Items and/or techniques described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities, as well as other capabilities not mentioned. A New Radio Light user equipment (NR-Light UE), including medium-tier and low-tier user equipment (UE) such as wristwatches, fitness bands, industrial wireless sensors (IWSN), or Internet of Things (IoT) devices, may have reduced bandwidth as compared to a premium UE, such as a smartphone, laptop, or similar device. Frequency hopping may be used to reduce the bandwidth of positioning reference signals (PRS). A PRS may be based on intra-PRS frequency hopping to include sets symbols in two or more frequency locations. The sets of symbols may be consecutive or may be separated by a retuning gap. A PRS physical resource block may extend into an adjacent slot in a radio frame. Inter-PRS frequency hopping may be used to provide portions of PRS in slot and frequency location combinations. Frequency hopping slot and frequency plans may be designed to reduce retuning time. PRS may be provided to bandwidth limited user equipment. The accuracy of PRS based positioning may be increased. Other capabilities may be provided and not every implementation according to the disclosure must provide any, let alone all, of the capabilities discussed. Further, it may be possible for an effect noted above to be achieved by means other than that noted, and a noted item/technique may not necessarily yield the noted effect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system, according to various aspects. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate example wireless network structures, according to various aspects. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of components of an example user equipment. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of components of an example server. 
         FIG.  5    illustrate an example technique for determining a position of a premium user equipment using information obtained from a plurality of base stations. 
         FIG.  6    is a conceptual diagram of an example position determination based on a line of sight signal. 
         FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  illustrates an example downlink positioning reference signal resource sets. 
         FIG.  8    is an illustration of example subframe formats for positioning reference signal transmission. 
         FIG.  9    is an example narrowband positioning reference signal with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping. 
         FIG.  10    is an example narrowband positioning reference signal spanning two slots with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping. 
         FIGS.  11 A- 11 D  are examples of narrowband positioning reference signals with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping. 
         FIG.  12    is a process flow diagram of an example method for providing positioning reference signals with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping to a bandwidth limited user equipment. 
         FIG.  13    is a process flow diagram of an example method for providing positioning reference signals with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping to a bandwidth limited user equipment. 
         FIG.  14    is a process flow diagram of an example method for receiving positioning reference signals with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping with a bandwidth limited user equipment. 
         FIG.  15    is a process flow diagram of an example method for receiving positioning reference signals with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping with a bandwidth limited user equipment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Techniques are discussed herein for positioning bandwidth limited user equipment (UE). A NR-Light UE is an example of a bandwidth limited, or reduce capability, UE and may include medium-tier and low-tier user equipment, and may be wearable devices (e.g., fitness tracker, watch), industrial wireless sensors networks (IWSN), or other Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited processing capacity. A NR-Light UE may be configured to operate on a reduced bandwidth (e.g., 5-20 MHz) as compared to a premium UE (e.g., 50 MHz for 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS), 100 MHz for 30/60 kHz SCS for band n78(3300 MHz-3800 MHz)). The reduced bandwidth may result in reduced positioning accuracy. Further, the transmit power of a NR-Light UE may be reduced which may limit coverage area in which the NR-Light UE may access a wireless network. The techniques discussed herein provide for equivalent-grouped wideband positioning reference signals (PRS) by frequency hopping (FH) of narrowband PRS in NR systems. For example, the PRS may include frequency hopping within a PRS resource (e.g., intra-PRS resource FH) for symbol level frequency hopping, and/or the PRS include slot-level frequency hopping across consecutive slots (e.g., inter-PRS FH). These techniques are examples only, and not exhaustive. 
     Many features are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. Various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of processor-readable instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, various features of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which are within the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” a “premium UE,” “NR-Light UE,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11, etc.) and so on. In general, a reduced capability UE, such as NR-Light UE, is a UE with relatively reduced bandwidth and/or processing capabilities (i.e., as compared to a premium UE such as a smart phone). In example, a premium UE may be configured to perform as a reduced capability UE to conserve power or reduce bandwidth. 
     A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. In addition, in some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an UL/reverse or DL/forward traffic channel 
     The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference RF signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. 
     An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , an example wireless communications system  100  includes components as shown. The wireless communications system  100  (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations  102  and various UEs  104 . The base stations  102  may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). The macro cell base station may include eNBs where the wireless communications system  100  corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system  100  corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. 
     The base stations  102  may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network  170  (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or next generation core (NGC)) through backhaul links  122 , and through the core network  170  to one or more location servers  172 . In addition to other functions, the base stations  102  may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations  102  may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC/NGC) over backhaul links  134 , which may be wired or wireless. 
     The base stations  102  may wirelessly communicate with the UEs  104 . Each of the base stations  102  may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area  110 . One or more cells may be supported by a base station  102  in each coverage area  110 . A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas  110 . 
     While neighboring macro cell base station  102  geographic coverage areas  110  may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas  110  may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area  110 . For example, a small cell base station  102 ′ may have a coverage area  110 ′ that substantially overlaps with the coverage area  110  of one or more macro cell base stations  102 . A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). 
     The communication links  120  between the base stations  102  and the UEs  104  may include UL (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE  104  to a base station  102  and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station  102  to a UE  104 . The communication links  120  may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links  120  may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL). 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP)  150  in communication with WLAN stations (STAs)  152  via communication links  154  in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs  152  and/or the WLAN AP  150  may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. 
     The small cell base station  102 ′ may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station  102 ′ may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP  150 . The small cell base station  102 ′, employing LTE/5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station  180  that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE  182 . Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station  180  and the UE  182  may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link  184  to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations  102  may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. The foregoing illustrations are examples and do not the description or claims. 
     Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. 
     Transmit beams may be quasi-collocated, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically collocated. In NR, there are four types of quasi-collocation (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel 
     In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. 
     Receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a transmit beam for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a receive beam for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam. 
     Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam. 
     In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless nodes (e.g., base stations  102 / 180 , UEs  104 / 182 ) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges, FR1 (from 450 to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE  104 / 182  and the cell in which the UE  104 / 182  either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE  104  and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs  104 / 182  in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE  104 / 182  at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency/component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably. 
     For example, still referring to  FIG.  1   , one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations  102  may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations  102  and/or the mmW base station  180  may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE  104 / 182  to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier. 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include one or more UEs, such as UE  190 , that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. In the example of  FIG.  1   , UE  190  has a D2D P2P link  192  with one of the UEs  104  connected to one of the base stations  102  (e.g., through which UE  190  may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link  194  with WLAN STA  152  connected to the WLAN AP  150  (through which UE  190  may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links  192  and  194  may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. In an aspect, the UE  190  may be a NR-Light UE, and the UE  104  to which it is connected over the D2D P2P link  192  may be a premium UE. In an example, the D2D P2P link  192  may be a sidelink channel configured to support channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) and Channel Quality Information and Rank Indicator (CQI/RI) measurements. 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a UE  164  that may communicate with a macro cell base station  102  over a communication link  120  and/or the mmW base station  180  over a mmW communication link  184 . For example, the macro cell base station  102  may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE  164  and the mmW base station  180  may support one or more SCells for the UE  164 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 A , an example wireless network structure  200  is shown. For example, an NGC  210  (also referred to as a “5GC”) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions  214  (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane functions  212 , (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U)  213  and control plane interface (NG-C)  215  connect the gNB  222  to the NGC  210  and specifically to the control plane functions  214  and user plane functions  212 . In an additional configuration, an eNB  224  may also be connected to the NGC  210  via NG-C  215  to the control plane functions  214  and NG-U  213  to user plane functions  212 . Further, eNB  224  may directly communicate with gNB  222  via a backhaul connection  223 . In some configurations, the New RAN  220  may only have one or more gNBs  222 , while other configurations include one or more of both eNBs  224  and gNBs  222 . Either gNB  222  or eNB  224  may communicate with UEs  204  (e.g., any of the UEs depicted in  FIG.  1   ). A location server  230  may be included, which may be in communication with the NGC  210  to provide location assistance for UEs  204 . The location server  230  can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server  230  can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs  204  that can connect to the location server  230  via the core network, NGC  210 , and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server  230  may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 B , another example wireless network structure  250  is shown. For example, an NGC  260  (also referred to as a “5GC”) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF)/user plane function (UPF)  264 , and user plane functions, provided by a session management function (SMF)  262 , which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., NGC  260 ). User plane interface  263  and control plane interface  265  connect the eNB  224  to the NGC  260  and specifically to SMF  262  and AMF/UPF  264 , respectively. In an additional configuration, a gNB  222  may also be connected to the NGC  260  via control plane interface  265  to AMF/UPF  264  and user plane interface  263  to SMF  262 . Further, eNB  224  may directly communicate with gNB  222  via the backhaul connection  223 , with or without gNB direct connectivity to the NGC  260 . In some configurations, the New RAN  220  may only have one or more gNBs  222 , while other configurations include one or more of both eNBs  224  and gNBs  222 . Either gNB  222  or eNB  224  may communicate with UEs  204  (e.g., any of the UEs depicted in  FIG.  1   ). The base stations of the New RAN  220  communicate with the AMF-side of the AMF/UPF  264  over the N2 interface and the UPF-side of the AMF/UPF  264  over the N3 interface. 
     The functions of the AMF include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between the UE  204  and the SMF  262 , transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE  204  and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF also interacts with the authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE  204 , and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE  204  authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE  204  and the Location Management Function (LMF)  270 , as well as between the New RAN  220  and the LMF  270 , evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE  204  mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF also supports functionalities for non-3GPP access networks. 
     Functions of the UPF include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to the data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., UL/DL rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the DL), UL traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the UL and DL, DL packet buffering and DL data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. 
     The functions of the SMF  262  include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF  262  communicates with the AMF-side of the AMF/UPF  264  is referred to as the N11 interface. 
     The LMF  270  may be included, which may be in communication with the NGC  260  to provide location assistance for UEs  204 . The LMF  270  can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF  270  can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs  204  that can connect to the LMF  270  via the core network, NGC  260 , and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , a UE  300  is an example of the UEs  104 ,  164 ,  182 ,  190  and may comprise a computing platform including a processor  310 , memory  311  including software (SW)  312 , one or more sensors  313 , a transceiver interface  314  for a transceiver  315 , a user interface  316 , a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) receiver  317 , a camera  318 , and a position (motion) device  319 . The processor  310 , the memory  311 , the sensor(s)  313 , the transceiver interface  314 , the user interface  316 , the SPS receiver  317 , the camera  318 , and the position (motion) device  319  may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus  320  (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., the camera  318 , the position (motion) device  319 , and/or one or more of the sensor(s)  313 , etc.) may be omitted from the UE  300 . The processor  310  may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor  310  may comprise multiple processors including a general-purpose/application processor  330 , a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)  331 , a modem processor  332 , a video processor  333 , and/or a sensor processor  334 . One or more of the processors  330 - 334  may comprise multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors). For example, the sensor processor  334  may comprise, e.g., processors for radar, ultrasound, and/or lidar, etc. The modem processor  332  may support dual SIM/dual connectivity (or even more SIMs). For example, a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identification Module) may be used by an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), and another SIM may be used by an end user of the UE  300  for connectivity. The memory  311  is a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory  311  stores the software  312  which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor  310  to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software  312  may not be directly executable by the processor  310  but may be configured to cause the processor  310 , e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description may refer only to the processor  310  performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor  310  executes software and/or firmware. The description may refer to the processor  310  performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors  330 - 334  performing the function. The description may refer to the UE  300  performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the UE  300  performing the function. The processor  310  may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory  311 . Functionality of the processor  310  is discussed more fully below. 
     The configuration of the UE  300  shown in  FIG.  3    is an example and not limiting of the invention, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, an example configuration of the UE includes one or more of the processors  330 - 334  of the processor  310 , the memory  311 , and the wireless transceiver  340 . Other example configurations include one or more of the processors  330 - 334  of the processor  310 , the memory  311 , the wireless transceiver  340 , and one or more of the sensor(s)  313 , the user interface  316 , the SPS receiver  317 , the camera  318 , the PMD  319 , and/or the wired transceiver  350 . A reduced capability UE (e.g., NR-Light UE), may have fewer components than described for the UE  300  as well as smaller processors (e.g., less processing power) and reduced transmit and receive chains (e.g., fewer antennas, smaller transceivers, less capable modem). 
     The UE  300  may comprise the modem processor  332  that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and down-converted by the transceiver  315  and/or the SPS receiver  317 . The modem processor  332  may perform baseband processing of signals to be upconverted for transmission by the transceiver  315 . Also, or alternatively, baseband processing may be performed by the processor  330  and/or the DSP  331 . Other configurations, however, may be used to perform baseband processing. 
     The UE  300  may include the sensor(s)  313  that may include, for example, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)  370 , one or more magnetometers  371 , and/or one or more environment sensors  372 . The IMU  370  may comprise one or more inertial sensors, for example, one or more accelerometers  373  (e.g., collectively responding to acceleration of the UE  300  in three dimensions) and/or one or more gyroscopes  374 . The magnetometer(s) may provide measurements to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and/or true north) that may be used for any of a variety of purposes, e.g., to support one or more compass applications. The environment sensor(s)  372  may comprise, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and/or one or more microphones, etc. The sensor(s)  313  may generate analog and/or digital signals indications of which may be stored in the memory  311  and processed by the DSP  331  and/or the processor  330  in support of one or more applications such as, for example, applications directed to positioning and/or navigation operations. 
     The sensor(s)  313  may be used in relative location measurements, relative location determination, motion determination, etc. Information detected by the sensor(s)  313  may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based location determination, and/or sensor-assisted location determination. The sensor(s)  313  may be useful to determine whether the UE  300  is fixed (stationary) or mobile and/or whether to report certain useful information to the server (i.e., LMF  120 , SLP  132  or E-SMLC  208 ) regarding the mobility of the UE  300 . For example, based on the information obtained/measured by the sensor(s)  313 , the UE  300  may notify/report to the server (i.e., LMF  120 , SLP  132  or E-SMLC  208 ) that the UE  300  has detected movements or that the UE  300  has moved, and report the relative displacement/distance (e.g., via dead reckoning, or sensor-based location determination, or sensor-assisted location determination enabled by the sensor(s)  313 ). In another example, for relative positioning information, the sensors/IMU can be used to determine the angle and/or orientation of the other device with respect to the UE  300 , etc. 
     The IMU  370  may be configured to provide measurements about a direction of motion and/or a speed of motion of the UE  300 , which may be used in relative location determination. For example, the one or more accelerometers  373  and/or the one or more gyroscopes  374  of the IMU  370  may detect, respectively, a linear acceleration and a speed of rotation of the UE  300 . The linear acceleration and speed of rotation measurements of the UE  300  may be integrated over time to determine an instantaneous direction of motion as well as a displacement of the UE  300 . The instantaneous direction of motion and the displacement may be integrated to track a location of the UE  300 . For example, a reference location of the UE  300  may be determined, e.g., using the SPS receiver  317  (and/or by some other means) for a moment in time and measurements from the accelerometer(s)  373  and gyroscope(s)  374  taken after this moment in time may be used in dead reckoning to determine present location of the UE  300  based on movement (direction and distance) of the UE  300  relative to the reference location. 
     The magnetometer(s)  371  may determine magnetic field strengths in different directions which may be used to determine orientation of the UE  300 . For example, the orientation may be used to provide a digital compass for the UE  300 . The magnetometer(s)  371  may include a two-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in two orthogonal dimensions. Also, or alternatively, the magnetometer(s)  371  may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in three orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer(s)  371  may provide means for sensing a magnetic field and providing indications of the magnetic field, e.g., to the processor  310 . 
     The transceiver  315  may include a wireless transceiver  340  and a wired transceiver  350  configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver  340  may include a transmitter  342  and receiver  344  coupled to one or more antennas  346  for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels) wireless signals  348  and transducing signals from the wireless signals  348  to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals  348 . A PRS reference signal transmission schedule and associated measurements may be obtained via the wireless signals  348 . Thus, the transmitter  342  may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the receiver  344  may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wireless transceiver  340  may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with TRPs and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee etc. New Radio may use mm-wave frequencies and/or sub-6 GHz frequencies. The wired transceiver  350  may include a transmitter  352  and a receiver  354  configured for wired communication, e.g., with the network  135  to send communications to, and receive communications from, the gNB  110 - 1 , for example. The transmitter  352  may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the receiver  354  may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wired transceiver  350  may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication. The transceiver  315  may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface  314 , e.g., by optical and/or electrical connection. The transceiver interface  314  may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver  315 . 
     The user interface  316  may comprise one or more of several devices such as, for example, a speaker, microphone, display device, vibration device, keyboard, touch screen, etc. The user interface  316  may include more than one of any of these devices. The user interface  316  may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the UE  300 . For example, the user interface  316  may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory  311  to be processed by DSP  331  and/or the general-purpose processor  330  in response to action from a user. Similarly, applications hosted on the UE  300  may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory  311  to present an output signal to a user. The user interface  316  may include an audio input/output (I/O) device comprising, for example, a speaker, a microphone, digital-to-analog circuitry, analog-to-digital circuitry, an amplifier and/or gain control circuitry (including more than one of any of these devices). Other configurations of an audio I/O device may be used. Also, or alternatively, the user interface  316  may comprise one or more touch sensors responsive to touching and/or pressure, e.g., on a keyboard and/or touch screen of the user interface  316 . 
     The SPS receiver  317  (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver) may be capable of receiving and acquiring SPS signals  360  via an SPS antenna  362 . The antenna  362  is configured to transduce the wireless signals  360  to wired signals, e.g., electrical, or optical signals, and may be integrated with the antenna  346 . The SPS receiver  317  may be configured to process, in whole or in part, the acquired SPS signals  360  for estimating a location of the UE  300 . For example, the SPS receiver  317  may be configured to determine location of the UE  300  by trilateration using the SPS signals  360 . The general-purpose processor  330 , the memory  311 , the DSP  331  and/or one or more specialized processors (not shown) may be utilized to process acquired SPS signals, in whole or in part, and/or to calculate an estimated location of the UE  300 , in conjunction with the SPS receiver  317 . The memory  311  may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signals  360  and/or other signals (e.g., signals acquired from the wireless transceiver  340 ) for use in performing positioning operations. The general-purpose processor  330 , the DSP  331 , and/or one or more specialized processors, and/or the memory  311  may provide or support a location engine for use in processing measurements to estimate a location of the UE  300 . 
     The UE  300  may include the camera  318  for capturing still or moving imagery. The camera  318  may comprise, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or a CMOS imager), a lens, analog-to-digital circuitry, frame buffers, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and/or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by the general-purpose processor  330  and/or the DSP  331 . Also, or alternatively, the video processor  333  may perform conditioning, encoding, compression, and/or manipulation of signals representing captured images. The video processor  333  may decode/decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown), e.g., of the user interface  316 . 
     The position (motion) device (PMD)  319  may be configured to determine a position and possibly motion of the UE  300 . For example, the PMD  319  may communicate with, and/or include some or all of, the SPS receiver  317 . The PMD  319  may also or alternatively be configured to determine location of the UE  300  using terrestrial-based signals such as 4G LTE and 5G NR PRS transmission schedule (e.g., at least some of the signals  348 ) for trilateration, for assistance with obtaining and using the SPS signals  360 , or both. The PMD  319  may be configured to use one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE&#39;s self-reported location (e.g., part of the UE&#39;s position beacon)) for determining the location of the UE  300 , and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and terrestrial positioning signals) to determine the location of the UE  300 . The PMD  319  may include one or more of the sensors  313  (e.g., gyroscope(s), accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s), etc.) that may sense orientation and/or motion of the UE  300  and provide indications thereof that the processor  310  (e.g., the processor  330  and/or the DSP  331 ) may be configured to use to determine motion (e.g., a velocity vector and/or an acceleration vector) of the UE  300 . The PMD  319  may be configured to provide indications of uncertainty and/or error in the determined position and/or motion. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , with further reference to  FIGS.  1 - 3   , a block diagram of components of an example server  400  is shown. The server  400  is an example of a location server  230  such as the LMF  270 , the AMF  264 , and the SMF  262 . The server  400  may also be an example of base station such as the gNB  222 , and the eNB  224 . A server  400  may also include, or be connected to, one or more SPS receivers (not pictured in  FIG.  4   ). The server  400  comprises a computing platform including a processor  410 , memory  411  including software (SW)  412 , and a transceiver  415 . The processor  410 , the memory  411 , and the transceiver  415  may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus  420  (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., a wireless interface) may be omitted from the server  400 . The processor  410  may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor  410  may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose/application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and/or a sensor processor as shown in  FIG.  4   ). The memory  411  is a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM)), flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory  411  stores the software  412  which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor  410  to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software  412  may not be directly executable by the processor  410  but may be configured to cause the processor  410 , e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description may refer only to the processor  410  performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor  410  executes software and/or firmware. The description may refer to the processor  410  performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor  410  performing the function. The description may refer to the server  400  performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the server  400  performing the function. The processor  410  may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory  411 . Functionality of the processor  410  is discussed more fully below. 
     The transceiver  415  may include a wireless transceiver  440  and a wired transceiver  450  configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver  440  may include a transmitter  442  and receiver  444  coupled to one or more antennas  446  for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels) wireless signals  448  and transducing signals from the wireless signals  448  to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals  448 . Thus, the transmitter  442  may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the receiver  444  may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wireless transceiver  440  may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the UE  300 , one or more other UEs, and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee etc. The wired transceiver  450  may include a transmitter  452  and a receiver  454  configured for wired communication, e.g., with the network  135  to send communications to, and receive communications from, the gNB  222 , and the eNB  224 , for example. The transmitter  452  may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the receiver  454  may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wired transceiver  450  may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication. 
     The configuration of the server  400  shown in  FIG.  4    is an example and not limiting of the invention, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the wireless transceiver  440  may be omitted. Also, or alternatively, the description herein discusses that the server  400  is configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the gNB  222 , the eNB  224  and/or the UE  300 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , an exemplary wireless communications system  500  according to various aspects of the disclosure is shown. In the example of  FIG.  5   , a UE  504 , which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein, is attempting to calculate a position estimate, or assist another entity (e.g., a base station or core network component, another UE, a location server, a third party application, etc.) to calculate a position estimate. The UE  504  may communicate wirelessly with a plurality of base stations  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 , and  502 - 3  which may correspond to any combination of the base stations described herein, using RF signals and standardized protocols for the modulation of the RF signals and the exchange of information packets. By extracting different types of information from the exchanged RF signals, and utilizing the layout of the wireless communications system  500  (e.g., the base stations locations, geometry, etc.), the UE  504  may determine a position estimate, or assist in the determination of a position estimate, in a predefined reference coordinate system. In an aspect, the UE  504  may specify the position estimate using a two-dimensional (2D) coordinate system; however, the aspects disclosed herein are not so limited, and may also be applicable to determining position estimates using a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system, if the extra dimension is desired. Additionally, while  FIG.  5    illustrates one UE  504  and four base stations  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 ,  502 - 3 , as will be appreciated, there may be more UEs  504  and more or fewer base stations. 
     To support position estimates, the base stations  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 ,  502 - 3  may be configured to broadcast positioning reference signals (e.g., PRS, NRS, TRS, CRS, etc.) to UEs  504  in their coverage area to enable a UE  504  to measure characteristics of such reference signals. For example, the observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning method is a multilateration method in which the UE  504  measures the time difference, known as a reference signal time difference (RSTD), between specific reference signals (e.g., PRS, CRS, CSI-RS, etc.) transmitted by different pairs of network nodes (e.g., base stations, antennas of base stations, etc.) and either reports these time differences to a location server, such as the location server  230  or LMF  270 , or computes a location estimate itself from these time differences. 
     Generally, RSTDs are measured between a reference network node (e.g., base station  502 - 1  in the example of  FIG.  5   ) and one or more neighbor network nodes (e.g., base stations  502 - 2  and  502 - 3  in the example of  FIG.  5   ). The reference network node remains the same for all RSTDs measured by the UE  504  for any single positioning use of OTDOA and would typically correspond to the serving cell for the UE  504  or another nearby cell with good signal strength at the UE  504 . In an aspect, where a measured network node is a cell supported by a base station, the neighbor network nodes would normally be cells supported by base stations different from the base station for the reference cell and may have good or poor signal strength at the UE  504 . The location computation can be based on the measured time differences (e.g., RSTDs) and knowledge of the network nodes&#39; locations and relative transmission timing (e.g., regarding whether network nodes are accurately synchronized or whether each network node transmits with some known time difference relative to other network nodes). 
     To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 ) may provide OTDOA assistance data to the UE  504  for the reference network node (e.g., base station  502 - 1  in the example of  FIG.  5   ) and the neighbor network nodes (e.g., base stations  502 - 2  and  502 - 3  in the example of  FIG.  5   ) relative to the reference network node. For example, the assistance data may provide the center channel frequency of each network node, various reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive positioning subframes, periodicity of positioning subframes, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier (ID), reference signal bandwidth), a network node global ID, and/or other cell related parameters applicable to OTDOA. The OTDOA assistance data may indicate the serving cell for the UE  504  as the reference network node. 
     In some cases, OTDOA assistance data may also include expected RSTD parameters, which provide the UE  504  with information about the RSTD values the UE  504  is expected to measure at its current location between the reference network node and each neighbor network node, together with an uncertainty of the expected RSTD parameter. The expected RSTD, together with the associated uncertainty, may define a search window for the UE  504  within which the UE  504  is expected to measure the RSTD value. OTDOA assistance information may also include reference signal configuration information parameters, which allow a UE  504  to determine when a reference signal positioning occasion occurs on signals received from various neighbor network nodes relative to reference signal positioning occasions for the reference network node, and to determine the reference signal sequence transmitted from various network nodes in order to measure a signal time of arrival (ToA) or RSTD. 
     In an aspect, while the location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 ) may send the assistance data to the UE  504 , alternatively, the assistance data can originate directly from the network nodes (e.g., base stations  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 ,  502 - 3 ) themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). Alternatively, the UE  504  can detect neighbor network nodes without the use of assistance data. 
     The UE  504  (e.g., based in part on the assistance data, if provided) can measure and (optionally) report the RSTDs between reference signals received from pairs of network nodes. Using the RSTD measurements, the known absolute or relative transmission timing of each network node, and the known position(s) of the transmitting antennas for the reference and neighboring network nodes, the network (e.g., location server  230 /LMF  270 , a base station) or the UE  504  may estimate a position of the UE  504 . More particularly, the RSTD for a neighbor network node “k” relative to a reference network node “Ref” may be given as (ToA k −ToA Ref ), where the ToA values may be measured modulo one subframe duration (1 ms) to remove the effects of measuring different subframes at different times. In the example of  FIG.  5   , the measured time differences between the reference cell of base station  502 - 1  and the cells of neighboring base stations  502 - 2  and  502 - 3  are represented as τ 2 −τ 1  and τ 3 −τ 1 , where τ 1 , τ 2 , and τ 3  represent the ToA of a reference signal from the transmitting antenna(s) of base station  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 , and  502 - 3 , respectively. The UE  504  may then convert the ToA measurements for different network nodes to RSTD measurements and (optionally) send them to the location server  230 /LMF  270 . Using (i) the RSTD measurements, (ii) the known absolute or relative transmission timing of each network node, (iii) the known position(s) of physical transmitting antennas for the reference and neighboring network nodes, and/or (iv) directional reference signal characteristics such as a direction of transmission, the UE&#39;s  504  position may be determined (either by the UE  504  or the location server  230 /LMF  270 ). 
     Still referring to  FIG.  5   , when the UE  504  obtains a location estimate using OTDOA measured time differences, the necessary additional data (e.g., the network nodes&#39; locations and relative transmission timing) may be provided to the UE  504  by a location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 ). In some implementations, a location estimate for the UE  504  may be obtained (e.g., by the UE  504  or by the location server  230 /LMF  270 ) from OTDOA measured time differences and from other measurements made by the UE  504  (e.g., measurements of signal timing from global positioning system (GPS) or other global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellites). In these implementations, known as hybrid positioning, the OTDOA measurements may contribute towards obtaining the UE&#39;s  504  location estimate but may not wholly determine the location estimate. 
     Uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA) is a similar positioning method to OTDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS), uplink positioning reference signals (UL PRS)) transmitted by the UE (e.g., UE  504 ). Further, transmission and/or reception beamforming at the base station  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 ,  502 - 3  and/or UE  504  can enable wideband bandwidth at the cell edge for increased precision. Beam refinements may also leverage channel reciprocity procedures in 5G NR. 
     In NR, there is no requirement for precise timing synchronization across the network. Instead, it is sufficient to have coarse time-synchronization across gNBs (e.g., within a cyclic prefix (CP) duration of the OFDM symbols). Round-trip-time (RTT)-based methods generally only need coarse timing synchronization, and as such, are a practical positioning method in NR. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a conceptual diagram  600  of an example position determination based on a line of sight (LOS) signal is shown. A base station  602  is an example of the base stations previously described, and is configured to transmit a plurality of positioning reference signals (PRS)  603 . As depicted in  FIG.  6   , each of the PRSs may be beam formed and transmitted in different directions. A PRS resource is a logical construct used to define the parameters of a PRS transmission, such as the direction and content of a PRS transmission. For example, a first PRS beam  603   a  is based on a first PRS resource, as second PRS beam  603   b  is based on a second PRS resource, a third PRS beam  603   c  is based on a third PRS resource, and a fourth PRS beam  603   d  is based on a fourth PRS resource. A UE  604  is configured to measure characteristics of received PRSs. In an example, the UE  604  is a NR-Light UE with reduced bandwidth capabilities. An issue with utilizing a reduce bandwidth for positioning is the potential loss of accuracy due to LOS path identification error in multipath environments. For example, the LOS path signal  606  may be degraded based on attenuation by a crop of trees  612 , or other obstruction. Other non-LOS (NLOS) signals such as a first NLOS signal  608  and a second NLOS signal  610  may be received by the UE  604  with an increased signal strength as compared to the LOS path signal  606 . The delay in the arrival times between the signals  606 ,  608 ,  610  is less detectable with a bandwidth limited receiver. Thus, the UE  604  may incorrectly indicate that the first NLOS signal  608 , for example, is the LOS signal and subsequently utilize the incorrect timing information to generate an inaccurate position estimate. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B , an exemplary downlink PRS resource sets are shown. In general, a PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources across one base station (e.g., base station  602 ) which have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration and the same repetition factor across slots. A first PRS resource set  702  includes 4 resources and a repetition factor of 4, with a time-gap equal to 1 slot. A second PRS resource set  704  includes 4 resources and a repetition factor of 4 with a time-gap equal to 4 slots. The repetition factor indicates the number of times each PRS resource is repeated in each single instance of the PRS resource set (e.g., values of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32). The time-gap represents the offset in units of slots between two repeated instances of a PRS resource corresponding to the same PRS resource ID within a single instance of the PRS resource set (e.g., values of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32). The time duration spanned by one PRS resource set containing repeated PRS resources does not exceed PRS-periodicity. The repetition of a PRS resource enables receiver beam sweeping across repetitions and combining RF gains to increase coverage. The repetition may also enable intra-instance muting. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , example subframe and slot formats for positioning reference signal transmission are shown. The example subframe and slot formats are included in the PRS resource sets depicted in  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B . The subframes and slot formats in  FIG.  8    are examples and not limitations and include a comb-2 with 2 symbols format  802 , a comb-4 with 4 symbols format  804 , a comb-2 with 12 symbols format  806 , a comb-4 with 12 symbols format  808 , a comb-6 with 6 symbols format  810 , a comb-12 with 12 symbols format  812 , a comb-2 with 6 symbols format  814 , and a comb-6 with 12 symbols format  816 . In general, a subframe may include 14 symbol periods with indices 0 to 13. The subframe and slot formats may be used for a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). Typically, a base station may transmit the PRS from antenna port 6 on one or more slots in each subframe configured for PRS transmission. The base station may avoid transmitting the PRS on resource elements allocated to the PBCH, a primary synchronization signal (PSS), or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) regardless of their antenna ports. The cell may generate reference symbols for the PRS based on a cell ID, a symbol period index, and a slot index. Generally, a UE may be able to distinguish the PRS from different cells. 
     A base station may transmit the PRS over a particular PRS bandwidth, which may be configured by higher layers. The base station may transmit the PRS on subcarriers spaced apart across the PRS bandwidth. The base station may also transmit the PRS based on the parameters such as PRS periodicity TPRS, subframe offset PRS, and PRS duration NPRS. PRS periodicity is the periodicity at which the PRS is transmitted. The PRS periodicity may be, for example, 160, 320, 640 or 1280 ms. Subframe offset indicates specific subframes in which the PRS is transmitted. And PRS duration indicates the number of consecutive subframes in which the PRS is transmitted in each period of PRS transmission (PRS occasion). The PRS duration may be, for example, 1, 2, 4 or 6 ms. 
     The PRS periodicity TPRS and the subframe offset PRS may be conveyed via a PRS configuration index IPRS. The PRS configuration index and the PRS duration may be configured independently by higher layers. A set of NPRS consecutive subframes in which the PRS is transmitted may be referred to as a PRS occasion. Each PRS occasion may be enabled or muted, for example, the UE may apply a muting bit to each cell. As will be discussed, a muting pattern may apply to PRS transmissions in full duplex slots. A PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources across a base station which have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor across slots (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 slots). 
     In general, the PRS resource described in  FIG.  6    may be a collection of resource elements that are used for transmission of PRS. The collection of resource elements can span multiple physical resource blocks (PRBs) in the frequency domain and N (e.g., 1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs. A PRS resource is described by at least the following parameters: PRS resource identifier (ID), sequence ID, comb size-N, resource element offset in the frequency domain, starting slot and starting symbol, number of symbols per PRS resource (i.e., the duration of the PRS resource), and QCL information (e.g., QCL with other DL reference signals). Frequency hopping information as described herein may be included in the PRS resource. Currently, one antenna port is supported. The comb size indicates the number of subcarriers in each symbol carrying PRS. For example, a comb-size of comb- 4  means that every fourth subcarrier of a given symbol carries PRS. 
     A PRS resource set is a set of PRS resources used for the transmission of PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same transmission-reception point (TRP). A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and may be associated with a particular TRP (identified by a cell ID) transmitted by an antenna panel of a base station. A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (and/or beam ID) transmitted from a single base station (where a base station may transmit one or more beams). As depicted in  FIG.  6   , each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam (e.g.,  603   a - d ), and as such, a PRS resource, or simply resource can also be referred to as a beam. Note that this does not have any implications on whether the base stations and the beams on which PRS are transmitted are known to the UE. 
     A PRS occasion is one instance of a periodically repeated time window (e.g., a group of one or more consecutive slots) where PRS are expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion may also be referred to as a PRS positioning occasion, a positioning occasion, or simply an occasion. 
     Note that the terms positioning reference signal and PRS are reference signals that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to, PRS signals in LTE, navigation reference signals (NRS) in 5G, downlink position reference signals (DL-PRS), uplink position reference signals (UL-PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc. 
     In an example, a positioning frequency layer may be a collection of PRS resource sets across one or more base stations. The positioning frequency layer may have the same subcarrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) type, the same point-A, the same value of PRS bandwidth, the same start PRB, and the same value of comb-size. The numerologies supported for PDSCH are supported for PRS. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , with further reference to  FIG.  8   , an example narrowband positioning reference signal  900  with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping is shown. The PRS  900  illustrates a single PRB  902  with 12 Resource Elements  903  to simplify the explanation. A resource element  903  represents one subcarrier in the frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in the time domain. In operation, the PRS  900  may include additional resource blocks spanning additional subcarriers. The PRS  900  may be based on a PRS resource in a PRS resource set stored on a base station or other network server  400 . The resource block  902  is an example of a comb-4 with 4 symbols format  804  with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping. Other resource blocks, such as depicted in  FIG.  8   , may be used. The PRS  900  includes a plurality of OFDM symbols based on the numerology of the associated radio access technology. For example, 5G NR systems typically include 14 symbols per slot. The PRS  900  includes a first set of symbols  904  in a first frequency range  910 , a second set of symbols  906  in a second frequency range  912 , and a retuning gap  908 . The first and second sets of symbols  904 ,  906  include the resource elements  903  defined in the PRS resource. The first and second frequency ranges  910 ,  912  may be based on the capabilities of an NR-Light UE and may be in a range of approximately smaller than 10 MHz. Other frequency ranges may also be used. A frequency gap  914  may be based on the subcarrier spacing of the radio access technology. Typically, for a network with 15 kHz SCS, the retuning gap  908  may have a length of 1 or 2 symbols to allow time for the UE to retune to the appropriate frequency range. The retuning gap  908  may be larger (i.e., 4, 8, 10, 20 symbols, etc.) for higher frequency applications where the SCS is increased (e.g., 60/120 kHz). The size of the frequency gap  914  may also impact the size of the retuning gap  908 . In general, to reduce cross-correlation sidelobes of a PRS transmission (e.g., beam) the size of the frequency gap  914  may be maintained within a few subcarriers (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 6, 10 times the SCS). The sizes of the retuning gap  908  and the frequency gap  914  may vary based on the capabilities of the network and the bandwidth requirements of the UEs. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , with further reference to  FIGS.  8  and  9   , an example narrowband PRS  1000  spanning two slots with intra-PRS frequency hopping is shown. The PRS  1000  illustrates a single PRB  1002  with 12 Resource Elements to simplify the explanation. In operation, the PRS  1000  may include additional resource blocks spanning additional subcarriers. The PRS  1000  may be based on a PRS resource in a PRS resource set stored on a base station or other network server  400 . The resource block  1002  is an example of a comb-2 with 12 symbols format  806  with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping. Other resource blocks, such as depicted in  FIG.  8   , may be used. A first set of symbols  1004  may occupy a first frequency range  1012  and a second set of symbols  1006  may occupy a second frequency range  1014 . A third set of symbols  1008  may occupy the first frequency range  1012  and may extend into an adjacent slot in the radio frame. A fourth set of symbols  1010  may occupy the second frequency range  1014  in the second slot. A first retuning gap  1020  may be between the first and second sets of symbols  1004 ,  1006 , a second retuning gap  1022  may be between the second and third sets of symbols  1006 ,  1008 , and a third retuning gap  1024  may be between the third and four sets of symbols  1008 ,  1010 . The first and second frequency ranges  1012 ,  1014  may be separated by a frequency gap  1016 . The number of symbols in the sets of symbols  1004 ,  1006 ,  1008 ,  1010  are examples only and not limitations. The PRS  1000  illustrates that one PRS resource with frequency hopping may span over two or more slots. In particular, the additional slots may be required to accommodate extended retuning gaps  1020 ,  1022 ,  1024  associated with larger SCS in the physical layer. For example, referring to  FIG.  9   , the single retuning gap  908  may be large enough to extend some or all of the second set of symbols  906  into an adjacent slot. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D , examples of narrowband position reference signal with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping are shown. The PRS resources depicted in  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D  may be part of a PRS resource set on a base station, such as the base station  602 . In operation, the signaling to associate a PRS resource to multiple frequency locations for frequency hopping may be that the PRS resource set, or a PRS resource, is associated with two or more positioning frequency layers. PRS resource information may be provide to a UE as assistance data included in positioning messages, such as New Radio Position Protocol (NRPP) messages, or other messages which may be defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.455. In an example, the PRS resource information may be included in System Information Blocks (SIBs) as part of the RRC messaging. Referring to  FIG.  11 A , a first example PRS resource set  1110  includes four PRS resources with a resource repetition factor of four and a resource time gap value of one. In an example, the PRS resource set  1110  utilizes four frequency locations, but fewer or additional frequency locations may be used. As depicted, a first PRS resource (PRS resource #1) is transmitted in four different slots and four different frequency ranges. The time interval between two consecutive hops may be based on a tuning gap associated with the SCS. A receiving UE may complete the measurements corresponding to one PRS resource (e.g., one of beams  603   a - d ) in four consecutive slots. The first example PRS resource set  1100  also includes a second PRS resource (PRS resource #2), a third PRS resource (PRS resource #3), and a fourth PRS resource (PRS resource #4) which have common frequency locations with the first PRS resource (PRS resource #1). 
       FIG.  11 B  depicts a second example PRS resource set  1120  including four resources and a resource repetition factor of four and a resource time gap value of one. In an example, the PRS resource set  1120  utilizes four frequency locations, but fewer or additional frequency locations may be used. In this PRS resource set, the tuning gaps are eliminated between PRS resource #1 and PRS resource # 2 (i.e., slot n+4), between PRS resource #2 and PRS resource #3 (i.e., slot n+8), and PRS resource #3 and PRS resource #4 (i.e., slot n+12) because the respective slots utilize the previous frequency of the previous PRS resource. In operation, the second example PRS resource set  1120  provides an advantage of reduced RF retuning time when the UE is measuring across the PRS resources in the set. 
       FIG.  11 C  depicts a third example PRS resource set  1130  including four resources and a resource repetition factor of four and a resource time gap value of four. In an example, the PRS resource set  1130  utilizes four frequency locations, but fewer or additional frequency locations may be used. As depicted, a first portion of each of the PRS resources #1-#4 are transmitted in a first frequency position, and the subsequent portions are similarly transmitted in three additional frequency locations. A benefit of the PRS resource set  1130  is that a UE may have more time to adjust a receive beam for one of the PRS resources (i.e., transmit beams) because the repetitions of one PRS resources occur at a larger time interval. For example, PRS resource #1 is acquired at slot n, slot n+4, slot n+8 and slot n+12. 
       FIG.  11 D  depicts a fourth example PRS resource set  1140  including four resources and a resource repetition factor of four and a resource time gap value of four. In an example, the PRS resource set  1140  utilizes two frequency locations, but additional frequency locations may be used. As depicted, a first portion of each of the PRS resources #1-#4 are transmitted in a first frequency position, and the subsequent portions are similarly transmitted in a second additional frequency location, and then back to the first frequency location. In operation, with only two frequency locations, a benefit of setting the frequency offset between the hop of slot (n+8)-to-(n+11) and (n+12)-to-(n+16), opposite to the frequency offset between the hop of slot (n)-to-(n+3) and (n+4)-to-(n+7) is to reduce the RF retuning, as well as improving a frequency offset estimation by the UE receiver chain. In an example, an upper frequency of a first frequency range (e.g., slot n) and a lower frequency in a second frequency range (e.g., slot n+1) are within a SCS value of one another. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , with further reference to  FIGS.  1 - 11 D , a method  1200  for providing positioning reference signals with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping to a bandwidth limited user equipment includes the stages shown. The method  1200  is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method  1200  may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages. 
     At stage  1202 , the method includes generating a positioning reference signal (PRS) comprising a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame, the PRS including a first set of the plurality of symbols occupying a first portion of the frequency range, and a second set of the plurality of symbols occupying a second portion of the frequency range. A base station  102  or a server  400  are a means for generating the PRS. The PRS may be based on parameters in a PRS resource set and/or PRS resource object stored in a memory device in the base station  102  or other networked device (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 ). A PRS resource may be a collection of resource elements that are used for transmission of the PRS. The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and N (e.g., 1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In an example, referring to  FIG.  9   , the PRS  900  includes a first set of symbols  904  in a first frequency range  910 , and a second set of symbols  906  in a second frequency range  912 . The first and second sets of symbols  904 ,  906  include the resource elements  903  defined in a PRS resource. The PRS may include a retuning gap  908  between the first set of the plurality of symbols and the second set of the plurality of symbols. In an example, the first set of symbols  904  and the second set of symbols  906  are adjacent (i.e., consecutive symbols). In other examples, the length of the retuning gap  908  may be 1 or 2 symbols when the SCS is 15 kHz. The retuning gap  908  may be larger for larger SCS values (e.g., 60/120 kHz SCS values). The size of the retuning gap  908  may cause the PRS to extend into an adjacent slot. A frequency gap  914  between the first frequency range  910  and the second frequency range  912  may be based on the SCS. In general, the frequency gap  914  may be determined to reduce the impact of cross-correlation sidelobes in the frequency domain. 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG.  10   , a PRS resource may have multiple sets of symbols. For example, the method  1200  may include a third set of the plurality of symbols  1008  occupying the first frequency range  1012 , and a fourth set of the plurality of symbols  1010  occupying the second frequency range  1014 . Addition sets of symbols and frequency ranges may also be used. Retuning gaps, such as the second retuning gap  1022 , and the third retuning gap  1024  may be utilized between the symbol sets. 
     At stage  1204 , the method includes transmitting the PRS to a bandwidth limited user equipment. The base station  102  and the wireless transceiver  440  are a means for transmitting the PRS. The PRS enables a bandwidth limited UE, such a NR-Light UE  604  to obtain RSTD measurement information (e.g., timing information) such as described in 3GPP TS 36.211. In an example, the PRS resource may be based on beam forming technology and the PRS may be associated with a beam direction such as one of the beams  603   a - d  in  FIG.  6   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , with further reference to  FIGS.  1 - 11 D , a method  1300  for providing positioning reference signals with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping to a bandwidth limited user equipment includes the stages shown. The method  1300  is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method  1300  may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages. 
     At stage  1302 , the method includes generating a positioning reference signal (PRS) based on a first resource set. The base station  102  or server  400  are means for generating the PRS. The PRS may include several PRBs and extend along the frequency domain such that the beam width of the PRS is greater than 10 or 20 MHz. The band width of the PRS may exceed the capabilities of an NR-Light UE. The base station  102  may utilize frequency hopping to divide the PRS into smaller portions which meet the band width requirements of reduce capability UEs. A PRS resource set and/or PRS resource object may be stored in a memory device in the base station  102  or other networked device (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 ). 
     At stage  1304 , the method includes transmitting a first portion of the PRS in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame. The base station  102  is a means for transmitting the first portion of the PRS. Referring to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D , in an example, the PRS resource set  1110  utilizes four frequency locations, but fewer or additional frequency locations may be used. As depicted, a first PRS resource (e.g., PRS resource #1) is transmitted in four different slots and four different frequency ranges. The first portion of the PRS comprises the symbols in the PRS Resource #1 transmission in slot n. 
     At stage  1306 , the method includes transmitting a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. The base station  102  is a means for transmitting the second portion of the PRS. Referring again to the PRS resource set  1110 , a second portion of the PRS resource #1 is transmitted in slot n+1 in a higher frequency range than the first portion of the PRS transmitted at slot n. The number of portions and frequency ranges are examples only.  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D  provide examples including using four slots for each of the PRS resources but fewer or additional slots and frequency ranges may be used. The transmission of one PRS resource may be interleaved with transmissions for other PRS resources. The time interval between the transmitting of two portions (e.g., between slot n and slot n+1) may be based on a tuning gap associated with the SCS. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , with further reference to  FIGS.  1 - 11 D , a method  1400  for receiving positioning reference signals with intra-PRS resource frequency hopping with a bandwidth limited user equipment includes the stages shown. The method  1400  is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method  1400  may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages. 
     At stage  1402 , the method includes receiving a first set of symbols in a positioning reference signal (PRS), wherein the PRS comprises a plurality of symbols occupying a frequency range and the first set of symbols are in a first portion of the frequency range. A UE  300  and the transceiver  315  are a means for receiving the first set of symbols. The UE may be a bandwidth limited UE such as a NR-Light UE. In an example, referring to  FIG.  9   , the PRS  900  includes a first set of symbols  904  in a first frequency range  910 , and a second set of symbols  906  in a second frequency range  912 . The first and second sets of symbols  904 ,  906  include the resource elements  903  defined in a PRS resource. The UE  300  is configured to receive the first set of symbols  904  in the first frequency range  910 . The received symbols may be processed and stored in the memory  311  to be further processed with additional symbols received in subsequent stages. 
     At stage  1404 , the method includes receiving a second set of the symbols in the PRS in a second portion of the frequency range. The UE  300  and the transceiver  315  are means for receiving the second set of symbols. The UE  300  may be configured to retune the wireless transceiver  340  to receive the second set of symbols  906  in the second frequency range  912 . The received symbols may be processed and stored in the memory  311  to be further processed with additional symbols received in subsequent stages if required. The PRS may include a retuning gap  908  to allow for the retuning of the transceiver  340  to complete before receiving the second set of symbols  906 . In an example, the first set of symbols  904  and the second set of symbols  906  are consecutive (i.e., no retuning time). In other examples, the length of the retuning gap  908  may be 1 or 2 symbols when the SCS is 15 kHz. The retuning gap  908  may be larger for larger SCS values (e.g., 60/120 kHz SCS values). The size of the retuning gap  908  may cause the PRS to extend into an adjacent slot. In an embodiment, referring to  FIG.  10   , a PRS resource may have multiple sets of symbols. For example, the method  1200  may include a third set of symbols  1008  occupying the first frequency range  1012 , and a fourth set of symbols  1010  occupying the second frequency range  1014 . Additional sets of symbols and frequency ranges may also be used. Retuning gaps, such as the second retuning gap  1022 , and the third retuning gap  1024  may be utilized between the symbol sets. 
     At stage  1406 , the method includes obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. The UE  300  is a means for obtaining the measurements. A NR-Light UE may be configured to utilize the PRS to perform RSTD measurements. The PRS enables timing (i.e., ranging) measurements of a UE from base station signals to utilize OTDOA position estimates. In an example, the measurement information is the timing information associated with the PRS. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , with further reference to  FIGS.  1 - 11 D , a method  1500  for receiving positioning reference signals with inter-PRS resource frequency hopping with a bandwidth limited user equipment includes the stages shown. The method  1500  is, however, an example only and not limiting. The method  1500  may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages. 
     At stage  1502 , the method includes receiving a first portion of a positioning reference signal (PRS) in a first frequency range in a first slot of a radio frame. The UE  300  and the transceiver  315  are a means for receiving the first portion of the PRS. Referring to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D , in an example, the PRS resource set  1110  utilizes four frequency locations, but fewer or additional frequency locations may be used. As depicted, a first PRS resource (e.g., PRS resource #1) is transmitted in four different slots and four different frequency ranges. The UE  300 , such as the NR-Light UE  604 , is configured to receive a portion of the PRS comprising the symbols in the PRS Resource #1 transmission in slot n. 
     At stage  1504 , the method includes receiving a second portion of the PRS in a second frequency range in a second slot of the radio frame, wherein the second frequency range is different from the first frequency range. The UE  300  and the transceiver  315  are means for receiving the second portion or the PRS. Referring again to the PRS resource set  1110 , a second portion of the PRS resource #1 is transmitted in slot n+1 in a higher frequency range than the first portion of the PRS transmitted at slot n. The NR-Light UE  604  may be configured to retune the transceiver to receive PRS resource #1 transmitted in slot n+1 in the second frequency range. The number of portions and frequency ranges are examples only. The NR-Light UE may be configured to receive fewer or additional PRS resource slots such as depicted in  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . The time interval between the transmitting of two portions (e.g., between slot n and slot n+1) may be based on a tuning gap associated with the SCS. 
     At stage  1506 , the method includes obtaining measurement information based on the PRS. The UE  300  is a means for obtaining the measurements. A NR-Light UE may be configured to utilize the PRS to perform RSTD measurements. The PRS enables timing (i.e., ranging) measurements of a UE from base station signals to utilize OTDOA position estimates. In an example, the measurement information is the timing information associated with the PRS. 
     Other examples and implementations are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software and computers, functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or a combination of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations. 
     Also, as used herein, “or” as used in a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” or prefaced by “one or more of” indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C,” or “A, B, or C, or a combination thereof” means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or combinations with more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.). 
     As used herein, unless otherwise stated, a statement that a function or operation is “based on” an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition and may be based on one or more items and/or conditions in addition to the stated item or condition. 
     Further, an indication that information is sent or transmitted, or a statement of sending or transmitting information, “to” an entity does not require completion of the communication. Such indications or statements include situations where the information is conveyed from a sending entity but does not reach an intended recipient of the information. The intended recipient, even if not actually receiving the information, may still be referred to as a receiving entity, e.g., a receiving execution environment. Further, an entity that is configured to send or transmit information “to” an intended recipient is not required to be configured to complete the delivery of the information to the intended recipient. For example, the entity may provide the information, with an indication of the intended recipient, to another entity that is capable of forwarding the information along with an indication of the intended recipient. 
     A wireless communication system is one in which at least some communications are conveyed wirelessly, e.g., by electromagnetic and/or acoustic waves propagating through atmospheric space rather than through a wire or other physical connection. A wireless communication network may not have all communications transmitted wirelessly, but is configured to have at least some communications transmitted wirelessly. Further, the term “wireless communication device,” or similar term, does not require that the functionality of the device is exclusively, or evenly primarily, for communication, or that the device be a mobile device, but indicates that the device includes wireless communication capability (one-way or two-way), e.g., includes at least one radio (each radio being part of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication. 
     Substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. 
     The terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium,” as used herein, refer to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion. Using a computer system, various computer-readable media might be involved in providing instructions/code to processor(s) for execution and/or might be used to store and/or carry such instructions/code (e.g., as signals). In many implementations, a computer-readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical and/or magnetic disks. Volatile media include, without limitation, dynamic memory. 
     Common forms of physical and/or tangible computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read instructions and/or code. 
     Various forms of computer-readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to one or more processors for execution. Merely by way of example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk and/or optical disc of a remote computer. A remote computer might load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions as signals over a transmission medium to be received and/or executed by a computer system. 
     The methods, systems, and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, in alternative configurations, the methods may be performed in an order different from that described, and that various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in a similar manner. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure or claims. 
     Specific details are given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. This description provides example configurations only, and does not limit the scope, applicability, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations provides a description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. 
     Also, configurations may be described as a process which is depicted as a flow diagram or block diagram. Although each may describe the operations as a sequential process, some operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process may have additional stages or functions not included in the figure. Furthermore, examples of the methods may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the tasks may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as a storage medium. Processors may perform one or more of the described tasks. 
     Components, functional or otherwise, shown in the figures and/or discussed herein as being connected, coupled (e.g., communicatively coupled), or communicating with each other are operably coupled. That is, they may be directly or indirectly, wired and/or wirelessly, connected to enable signal transmission between them. 
     Having described several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, the above elements may be components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the invention. Also, a number of operations may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not bound the scope of the claims. 
     “About” and/or “approximately” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or +0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. “Substantially” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, a physical attribute (such as frequency), and the like, also encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or +0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. 
     A statement that a value exceeds (or is more than or above) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold value that is slightly greater than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value higher than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system. A statement that a value is less than (or is within or below) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold value that is slightly lower than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value lower than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system. 
     Further, more than one invention may be disclosed.