Patent Publication Number: US-2021174979-A1

Title: High z permanent magnets for radiation shielding

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to Provisional U.S. Appl. No. 62/944,252 filed on Dec. 5, 2019, which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to radiation shielding, and more particularly, this invention relates to high Z permanent magnets for radiation shielding. 
    
    
     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 between the United States Department of Energy and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Radiation shielding is an essential component for performing work and maintenance in nuclear power plants, laboratories performing work on radioactive materials, and around high energy accelerators and synchrotrons to ensure that exposure is maintained to ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) standards. Portable radiation shielding is attached to pipes and surfaces to rapidly reduce does rates (gamma, neutrons) in environments such as nuclear power plants. For some applications, permanent magnets within the shielding make it easier to install onto steel pipes and walls. For many applications, shielding needs to be attached to pipes and surfaces which are ferrous and permanent magnets enable an effective and reliable way to deploy and remove such shielding. In the case of non-magnetic steels and other materials, magnetic shielding may be wrapped around the pipe and adhere to itself. 
     American Ceramic Technology, Inc. is a leader in radiation shielding, specifically the Silflex® Premium Magnetic radiation shielding which is designed for use with steel pipes and surfaces to rapidly reduce dose-rates (primarily gamma, neutrons). The magnetic material of the ACT radiation shielding provides easy-to-install and easy-to-maintain shielding that is held in place by the magnetic properties of the shielding material. The ACT product includes tungsten containing silicone radiation shielding material loaded with Nd 2 Fe 14 B (Nd—Fe—B) powder which is a high-performance magnet and provides the relevant magnetic contributions. However, these materials are only useful to about 100° C., above which the magnetic properties of the material begins to significantly decrease. 
     It would be desirable to use a more robust magnet composite that could maintain coercivity above 100° C. and, if possible, be less expensive than known standard NdFeB which contains the rare and increasingly expensive neodymium (Nd) element. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a magnetic shielding material includes a material comprising manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W), where a ratio of MnBi:W is in a range of 50:50 to about 70:30. 
     In another embodiment, a radiation shielding product includes a part including manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W), and a plurality of layers having a defined thickness in a z-direction, wherein each layer extends along an x-y plane perpendicular to the z-direction. At least some of the plurality of layers form a functional gradient in the z-direction and/or along the x-y plane, and the functional gradient is defined by a first layer comprising a ratio of MnBi:W being less than 100:0 and an nth layer above the first layer comprising a ratio of MnBi:W greater than 0:100. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic drawing of a magnetic shielding material, according to one embodiment. Part (a) is a three dimensional perspective of the magnet structure, and part (b) is a diagram of a concentration profile of the compositional components of the magnet, according to one approach. 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic drawing of a magnetic shielding material having a compositional gradient in the x-direction perpendicular to the z-direction, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic drawing of a magnetic shielding material, according to one embodiment. Part (a) is a bottom view of an x-y plane of the structure, and part (b) is a side view in the x-direction and the thickness in a z-direction. 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic drawing of a patterned magnetic shielding material shown in the x-y plane, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  is a schematic drawing of a patterned magnetic shielding material shown in the x-y plane, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a magnetic hysteresis plot of neodymium material compared to MnBi material, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a plot comparing the gamma radiation shielding properties of MnBi compared to neodymium material, according to one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations. 
     Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc. 
     It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless otherwise specified. 
     As also used herein, the term “about” denotes an interval of accuracy that ensures the technical effect of the feature in question. In various approaches, the term “about” when combined with a value, refers to plus and minus 10% of the reference value. For example, a thickness of about 10 nm refers to a thickness of 10 nm±1 nm, a temperature of about 50° C. refers to a temperature of 50° C.±5° C., etc. 
     The following description discloses several preferred embodiments of high Z permanent magnets for radiation shielding and/or related systems and methods. 
     In one general embodiment, a magnetic shielding material includes a material comprising manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W), where a ratio of MnBi:W is in a range of 50:50 to about 70:30. 
     In another general embodiment, a radiation shielding product includes a part including manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W), and a plurality of layers having a defined thickness in a z-direction, wherein each layer extends along an x-y plane perpendicular to the z-direction. At least some of the plurality of layers form a functional gradient in the z-direction and/or along the x-y plane, and the functional gradient is defined by a first layer comprising a ratio of MnBi:W being less than 100:0 and an nth layer above the first layer comprising a ratio of MnBi:W greater than 0:100. 
     The effectiveness of radiation shielding depends on the type of radiation and its energy, the type of shielding, and the thickness of the shielding material. In most applications, radiation shielding is used to block radiation from gamma rays and neutrons. Gamma rays are a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. Gamma rays generally have the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum and impart the highest photon energy. Neutrons are a form of ionizing radiation that may be emitted from nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, radioactive decay, interaction with particles, etc. 
     Radiation shielding (e.g., in terms of blocking incoming gamma rays) can be designed in terms of the type of material and the thickness of the material to reduce the intensity of radiation. The effectiveness of the shielding material typically increases with its atomic number, denoted by Z. Elements with a higher Z (atomic number) are generally good candidates for shielding material. For example, high-Z elements used in shielding include lead (Pb, Z=82), tantalum (Ta, Z=73), bismuth (Bi, Z=83), tungsten (W, Z=74), etc. 
     An effectiveness thickness of the shielding material may be determined by calculating the material&#39;s half-value layer which is defined as the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation passing through it is reduced by half. The half-value layer (i.e., half-value thickness) typically decreases as the atomic number (Z) of the absorber increases and the density of the material increases. For example, against a 100 keV gamma ray beam, 37 meters of air is needed to reduce the intensity of the gamma ray by half, whereas the only 0.12 millimeters of lead is needed to reduce the intensity to the same extent. Moreover, for bismuth, having a Z similar to lead, but slightly lower density, about 0.13 mm is needed to reduce the intensity of the gamma ray beam to the same extent. 
     Radiation shielding in nuclear power plants typically involves wrapping the high Z material around the pipes and parts of the plant to shield from the gamma radiation. However, installing and maintaining shields around the pipes and parts tends to be inefficient, difficult to install, and difficult to maintain. Recently, approaches to radiation shielding have included adding permanent magnets to traditional radiation shield material to secure the shield to a structure by using the magnetic properties of the shield. Certain aspects of the methodology as disclosed by the inventors for forming a magnetic radiation shield is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,666,317 which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     These products include neodymium-based magnets combined with radiation shielding material. However, the demand for high performance permanent magnets, in particular permanent magnets containing neodymium, is increasing as the market for permanent magnet-based high performance compact motors is rapidly expanding for applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, all electric vehicles, and cordless power tools. With rising demand, the cost of neodymium permanent magnets is expected to increase substantially. It is highly desirable to incorporate an alternative magnetic material to NdFeB to lower costs of high performance permanent magnets and increase radiation shielding effectivity. 
     The following description discloses several preferred embodiments of high Z permanent magnets for radiation shielding and/or related systems and methods. 
     According to various embodiments described herein, current rare-earth element magnets may be replaced with magnets based on manganese bismuth (MnBi), a high Z permanent magnet material that offers the potential to produce improved shielding while reducing dependence on expensive rare earth elements (e.g., neodymium). 
     MnBi is a ferromagnet, a compound in which the bismuth (Bi) provides a structure and the manganese (Mn) provides the magnetic moment. Bismuth with its high Z value of 83 may be useful for including in radiation shielding curtains. In various approaches, a radiation shielding material (e.g., a curtain) that including MnBi magnet material, less additional high-Z materials may be needed for the same extent of shielding. In various approaches, including the magnetic material MnBi provides advantages as a radiation shield material for two purposes: the magnetic properties of Mn for securing a radiation shield to a structure, and the high-Z value of Bi for gamma radiation shielding. 
     Tungsten (W) is a high Z element (atomic number  74 ) having high density and has less toxicity to other high elements, for example, W is significantly less toxic than lead (Pb). The density of tungsten (e.g., 19.3 g/cm 3 ) is comparable to uranium and gold and is nearly twice as dense as lead (Pb). Thus, tungsten has properties of a radiation shielding material. 
     As described herein, MnBi may be a substitute material for conventional neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) material in select applications. Moreover, replacement with MnBi or a related high-Z rich permanent magnet has the potential to reduce demand for neodymium material. In one approach, a portion of the NdFeB portion of the radiation shield may be replaced with MnBi. 
     Each of  FIGS. 1A-1C  and  FIGS. 2A-2B  depicts a magnetic shielding material  100 ,  120 ,  150 ,  200 , and  250 , respectively, for a magnet having radiation shielding properties, in accordance with various embodiments. As an option, each present magnetic shielding material  100 ,  120 ,  150 ,  200 , or  250  may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, however, each magnetic shielding material  100 ,  120 ,  150 ,  200 ,  250  and others presented herein may be used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Further, each magnetic shielding material  100 ,  120 ,  150 ,  200 , and  250  presented herein may be used in any desired environment. 
     According to one embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 1A , a magnetic shielding material  100  includes a material  102  including manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W). The MnBi provides magnetic properties and radiation shielding properties of the magnetic shielding material. The high density of the tungsten (W) provides improved radiation shielding properties. The ratio of MnBi:W in the material  102  may be in a range of 50:50 to 70:30. 
     In one approach, the magnetic shielding material may include at least one additional material combined with the material of the magnetic shielding material. In one approach, the combination of different materials may be as a mixture (e.g., an alloy, formation of a ceramic, etc.). In another approach, the combination of different materials may be configured to be layers of each material in adjacent portions to form a single structure. 
     In preferred approaches, the at least one additional material is a high Z-material for optimizing radiation shielding against radiation energy such as gamma rays, neutrons, etc. In various approaches, the at least one additional material is preferably: NdFeB, tantalum (Ta), lead (Pb), boron carbide, lithium, lithium compounds, iron, stainless steel, etc. 
     In one approach, the additional material may be a samarium cobalt alloy, for example, SmCo 5  and/or Sm 2 Co 17 , and any various additions to the base formula SmCo 5 . In various approaches, a magnetic shielding material including samarium cobalt alloys may provide radiation shielding to neutron radiation. Samarium cobalt alloy material is a very strong neutron absorbing material. In one approach, an amount of samarium cobalt alloy material may be in a range of greater than 0 weight % (wt. %) to about 5 wt. % of total weight of magnetic shielding material. 
     In various approaches, a magnetic shielding material having MnBi, W, and at least one additional high Z material preferably has the following amounts of each component. In some approaches, a magnetic shielding product (e.g., article, device, structure, etc.) includes a part comprised of the magnetic shielding material, where the amounts of MnBi, W, and at least one additional material are based on the total weight of the magnetic shielding article. 
     In various approaches, the amount of manganese bismuth (MnBi) in a magnetic shielding article may be in a range of greater than 5 weight % (wt. %) to about 90 wt. % of a total weight of the magnetic shielding article. In some approaches, the amount of MnBi in a magnetic shielding material may be in a range of greater than 5 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the total weight of the magnetic shielding material. In some approaches, the amount of MnBi may be in a range of greater than about 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a total weight of the magnetic shielding material. In preferred approaches, the amount of MnBi may be in a range of greater than about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the total weight of the magnetic shielding material. 
     In various approaches, the amount of tungsten (W) may be in a range of greater than about 25 wt. % to about 94 wt. % of the total weight of the magnetic shielding article. In some approaches, the amount of W in a magnetic shielding material may be in a range of greater than about 25 wt. % to about 94 wt. % of the total weight of the magnetic shielding material. In one approach, the amount of W may be in a range of about 45 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of the total weight of the magnetic shielding material. 
     In various approaches, the amount of the at least one additional material in the magnetic shielding article may be in a range of greater than 0 wt. % to less than about 50 wt. % of the total weight percent of the magnetic shielding article. In some approaches, the amount of the at least one additional material in a magnetic shielding material may be in a range of greater than 0 wt. % to less than about 50 wt. % of the magnetic shielding material. Each of these ranges are preferred examples and the ranges for each MnBi, W, and the additional material may be higher or lower. 
     In some approaches, for example, and not meant to be limiting in any way, a series of ratios of NdFeB:MnBi may include: 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, etc. In one approach, a portion of the NdFeB with tungsten (W) may be replaced with MnBi. For example, and not meant to be limiting in any way a series of W:NdFeB:MnBi ratios may include: 50:25:25, 50:10:40, 40:25:35, etc. In one approach, the NdFeB may be replaced entirely by MnBi in the radiation shield material. In one approach, MnBi may be included with magnet material samarium cobalt, for example, SmCo 5 , Sm 2 Co 17 , NdFeB, etc. In another approach, the MnBi material may include other rare earth elements. 
     According to one embodiment, the magnetic shielding material includes a radiation attenuation material (e.g., a radiation shielding material). In some approaches, the total amount of material for radiation shielding included in the magnetic shielding material may be less than the conventional amount of radiation shielding material included in a conventional radiation shield. For example, MnBi material provides both magnetic properties (Mn) and radiation shielding properties (Bi), thereby reducing the multiple materials needed for conventional magnetic radiation shielding material (W, NdFeB, etc.). 
     As illustrated in the schematic drawing of a magnetic shielding material  100  in part (a) of  FIG. 1A , the material  102  includes a compositional gradient  103  in a z-direction perpendicular to an x-y plane. In various approaches described herein, the z-direction may be the direction of formation of the magnetic shielding material, perpendicular to a substrate on which formed, etc. In one approach, the z-direction of a magnetic shielding material formed in a mold may be the vertical direction perpendicular to the x-y plane, where the x-y plane may be defined as the base of the magnetic shielding material. 
     In one embodiment, a radiation shielding product includes a part comprising radiation shielding material. The radiation shielding material of the part includes MnBi and W and a plurality of layers having a defined thickness in a z-direction. Each layer extends along an x-y plane perpendicular to the z-direction. In some approaches, at least some of the plurality of layer may form a functional gradient in the z-direction and/or along the x-y plane. In preferred approaches, the part is comprised of a magnetic shielding material, and in exemplary approaches, the part is a permanent magnet. In one approach, the radiation shielding product may be comprised solely of radiation shielding material. 
     In some approaches, the amount of MnBi may be in a range of greater than 5 wt. % to about 100 wt. % of the total weight of the part. The amount of W may be in a range of greater than 0 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the total weight of the part. The amount of the at least one additional material may be in a range of greater than 0 wt. % to less than about 50 wt. % of the total weight of the part. 
     In one approach, the plurality of layers  104  form a compositional gradient  103  may extend through the entire thickness th of the magnetic shielding material  100  in the vertical direction  105 . The compositional gradient  103  may be defined by a first layer  106  including a first composition  108  of MnBi:W having a ratio of less than 100:0 and extending in a thickness th direction to an nth layer  110  above the first layer  106  including an nth composition  112  of MnBi:W having a ratio of greater than 0:100, where n may be defined as the number of layers in the compositional gradient of the magnetic shielding material. As shown in part (b), the compositional gradient  103  may include a first layer  106  having mostly MnBi that decreases in a complementary manner to an increase in amount of W to the nth layer  110  having mostly W. 
     In another approach, a magnetic shielding material includes a compositional gradient in an x and/or y direction along a horizontal plane perpendicular to a z-direction. As illustrated in the schematic drawing of a magnetic shielding material  120  in  FIG. 1B , the structure  121  is formed of a material  122  having a compositional gradient  124  in a x-direction along a horizontal x-y plane perpendicular to a z-direction. In one approach, the compositional gradient  103  (as shown in part (b)) may extend through the entire width w of the magnetic shielding material  120  in the horizontal direction  123 . The compositional gradient  124  may be defined by a first end  126  of the structure  121  including a first composition  128  of MnBi:W having a ratio of about 100:0 and extending in a width w direction to an opposite end  130  of the structure  121  in a x-direction, the opposite end  130  having an nth composition  132  of MnBi:W having a ratio of about 0:100, where n is the number of gradations of the material in an x-direction forming the compositional gradient. 
     In some approaches, the compositional gradient may comprise up to 100% of the material of the magnetic shielding material. In other approaches, the compositional gradient may comprise about up to about 80% of the material of the magnetic shielding material. In yet other approaches, the compositional gradient may comprise up to about 50% of the material of the magnetic shielding material. 
     In various approaches, the compositional gradient of the material is a gradient of radiation shielding material (e.g., radiation attenuation material), magnetic material, etc. In one approach, the compositional gradient may include a gradient of increasing radiation shielding material complementary to a gradient of decreasing magnetic material. 
     In some approaches, the magnetic shielding material including manganese bismuth (MnBi) and tungsten (W) may be configured in a predefined pattern in an x-y plane perpendicular to a z-direction. As illustrated in  FIG. 1C , a magnetic shielding material  150  includes a predefined pattern in an x-y plane defined by alternate portions of the MnBi and the W. In one approach, the predefined pattern may be defined by alternate portions of the manganese bismuth and the tungsten. Part (a) is a bottom view of the magnetic shielding material  150  that depicts the structure  151  in the x-y plane. As shown, a first portion  152  that may include end portions  153  of the magnetic shielding material  150 . The first portion  152  may be comprised of magnetic material  154 , e.g., MnBi. A second portion  156  is configured to be adjacent to, layered onto, coupled to, etc. the first portion  152 . The second portion  156  may be configured to be positioned alternate to the first portion  152  in an x-direction along the x-y plane. The second portion may be comprised of a radiation shielding material  158 , e.g., tungsten (W). 
     Part (b) is a schematic drawing of a side view of the magnet  150  that depicts the structure  151  in the x and z directions. As described herein, the z-direction is perpendicular to the x-y plane, and the z-direction may be the direction of formation of the magnet, perpendicular to a substrate on which formed, etc. The upper portion  160  of the structure  151  includes a radiation shielding material  158 , e.g., tungsten (W). The two of the first portions  152  of the structure  151  may be connected forming an arch-like pattern  162  (in the x and z directions). The arch-like pattern  162  of the first portions  152  may be comprised of magnetic material  154 , e.g., MnBi. 
     In various approaches, the magnetic pole direction for each portion of magnetic material may be configured to have a predefined pattern in the magnet structure. In some approaches, each portion of the MnBi has an opposite pole direction than the magnetic pole direction of a nearest portion of MnBi material. For example, looking to part (a) of  FIG. 1C , one portion of MnBi  152   a  may have magnetic poles in one direction (small white arrows) and the nearest portion of MnBi  152   b  may have magnetic poles in the opposite direction (small white arrows). 
     In various approaches, a predefined pattern may be defined by portions of the magnetic material positioned in a pattern within a layer of the radiation shielding material. Preferably, the predefined pattern includes the radiation shielding material on the outermost portions of the layer and the magnetic material arranged in a pattern in the interior of the layer of the radiation shielding material. In one approach, the predefined pattern of the magnetic shielding material may be defined by an arrangement of portions of the MnBi positioned in a pattern within a layer of the tungsten (W). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2A , a magnetic shielding material  200  includes portions  202  of MnBi  204  arranged in a herringbone pattern  206  within a layer  208  of tungsten (W)  210 . 
     In another example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , a magnetic shielding material  250  includes portions  252  of MnBi  254  arranged in a rows-columns pattern  256  (e.g., cookies on a cookie sheet) within a layer  258  of tungsten (W)  260 . In various approaches, the portions of MnBi may be a similar shape in the pattern, e.g., discs as in magnetic shielding material  250 , bricks as in magnetic shielding material  200 , squares, etc. 
     In various approaches, the magnetic shielding material including a material of MnBi and W is a permanent magnet. In some approaches, the remnant magnetism of the magnetic shielding material having MnBi material is similar to remnant magnetism of NdFeB material. In preferred approaches, a MnBi material has higher coercivity at a magnetism of zero compared to NdFeB material (as shown in  FIG. 3 , Experiments section). While a high coercivity is not essential to secure a magnet to a ferrous body, it is important to prevent the magnet from demagnetizing and losing its effectiveness over time. The important quantity for this process is the pull force which is the force required to pull a magnet away from a ferrous material and is generally proportional to the square of the magnetic remanence. 
     In some approaches, the magnetic shielding material has a coercivity greater than about 10 kOe at temperatures of up to about 300° C. MnBi has a higher Curie temperature (by ˜50 degrees) than NdFeB, meaning that it will retain desired magnetic properties to higher temperatures than the traditional material. MnBi is unusual in that many of its magnetic properties initially improve with increasing temperature, and so a MnBi-based magnetic radiation shielding material offers the potential to be useful to a significantly higher temperature. This may become increasingly important as new nuclear reactor designs (Gen III, Gen IV) are expected to operate at higher temperatures. 
     In preferred approaches, the magnetic shielding material as described herein having less radiation shielding material than conventional radiation shields demonstrates a similar degree of radiation shielding from gamma radiation. For example, at low gamma radiation energies, a half-value thickness of MnBi is 25% less compared to the half-value thickness of conventional shield of NdFeB material, and at higher gamma radiation energies, a half-value thickness of MnBi may be as much as 40% less than the half-value thickness of a conventional shield of NdFeB. 
     According to various embodiments, magnets, parts, radiation shielding material, etc. as described herein may be fabricated using methods generally understood by one skilled in the art of magnet fabrication and radiation shielding fabrication, and processes include layering of magnetic material and radiation shielding material in a predefined pattern. 
     Following formation of the layer, structure, etc. a magnetic field may be applied to the layer, structure, etc. to align the magnetic poles of the magnetic material. In some approaches, a magnetic field may be applied to each layer before maturation, sintering, etc. of the magnet material to create a gradient. 
     In some approaches, during formation of the layers of the magnetic shielding material, a magnetic field may be applied according to the pattern of MnBi in the layer. The performance of the magnetic shielding material may be improved by using the applied magnetic field to selectively pull, arrange, relocate, etc. the MnBi to a location that is near a surface of a preferred side of the material. 
     Experiments 
     Magnetic properties of MnBi.  FIG. 3  is a magnetic hysteresis plot of an applied magnetic field (x-axis, H in kilo Oersted, kOe) versus magnetism, M (y-axis, in kA/m) of neodymium material (Nd 2 Fe 14 B) (line) compared to MnBi material (□). As illustrated in the plot, at zero external magnetic field strength, when H is 0, the remnant magnetism (or remanence) of the MnBi material is similar to that of the neodymium material. 
     The coercivity of the material is shown when magnetization is zero (the curve crosses the x-axis). The MnBi has a coercivity of approximately 12 kOe whereas this particular neodymium material has a coercivity of approximately 8 kOe. According to this plot, the higher the coercivity the less easy the material is to demagnetize. 
     Radiation screening properties of MnBi.  FIG. 4  is a plot of the gamma radiation Energy (mega electron volts, MeV) (x-axis) versus half-value thickness (cm) of the material (y-axis). Comparing the half-value thickness of the neodymium material (o) to the MnBi material (□), significantly less MnBi is needed to attenuate half of the gamma radiation in comparison to the NdFeB material, thereby demonstrating similar degree of shielding with less material. For example, at a gamma radiation energy level of 1 MeV, the half-value thickness of MnBi is approximately 1.1 cm, whereas the half-value thickness of the neodymium material is 1.5 cm. Moreover, at the higher energy level of 10 MeV, the difference in half-value thickness is greater, with MnBi at approximately 1.6 cm and the neodymium material at 2.6 cm. The MnBi provides significant gamma ray shielding with less material than the neodymium material and would translate to a significant cost savings if MnBi were to replace the neodymium material in the radiation shielding product. 
     Uses 
     Potential uses for this material would be for portable and/or removable shielding in nuclear power plants and near other nuclear reactors. Additional applications could include nuclear waste storage areas, as well as synchrotrons and accelerators where there is potential exposure to gamma, x-ray, or neutron radiation. Other applications include radiographic non-destructive testing where gamma radiation is used to look for cracks and other indications of fatigue in applications from jet engine turbines to amusement park rides. 
     The inventive concepts disclosed herein have been presented by way of example to illustrate the myriad features thereof in a plurality of illustrative scenarios, embodiments, and/or implementations. It should be appreciated that the concepts generally disclosed are to be considered as modular, and may be implemented in any combination, permutation, or synthesis thereof. In addition, any modification, alteration, or equivalent of the presently disclosed features, functions, and concepts that would be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the instant descriptions should also be considered within the scope of this disclosure. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of an embodiment of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.