Patent Publication Number: US-2007111139-A1

Title: Negative resist composition and patterning process

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
      This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on patent application Ser. No. 2005-333135 filed in Japan on Nov. 17, 2005, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
      This invention relates to a negative resist composition comprising as a base resin a polymer obtained by copolymerizing vinylbenzoic acid with a monomer having an alkali solubility or a structure capable of converting to a functional group having an alkali solubility through deprotection reaction and effecting deprotection reaction, the composition having a high contrast of alkali dissolution rate before and after exposure, a high resolution, and good etching resistance and being useful as the micropatterning material for VLSI manufacture and mask pattern forming material. It also relates to a patterning process using the negative resist composition.  
     BACKGROUND ART  
      While a number of recent efforts are being made to achieve a finer pattern rule in the drive for higher integration and operating speeds in LSI devices, deep-ultraviolet lithography is thought to hold particular promise as the next generation in microfabrication technology. Deep-UV lithography is capable of achieving a feature size of 0.5 μm or less and, when a resist having low light absorption is used, can form patterns with sidewalls that are nearly perpendicular to the substrate.  
      Recently developed acid-catalyzed chemical amplification positive resists, such as those described in JP-B 2-27660, JP-A 63-27829, U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,628 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,619, utilize a high-intensity KrF excimer laser as the deep-UV light source. These resists, with their excellent properties such as high sensitivity, high resolution, and good dry etching resistance, are especially promising for deep-UV lithography.  
      While a current focus is placed on the electron beam lithography due to its ability to achieve a feature size of 0.1 μm or less, a chemically amplified negative resist composition comprising a crosslinker with improved pattern size definition is deemed attractive, and becomes an essential mask pattern forming material as well. Negative resist compositions using copolymers of hydroxystyrene with styrene or alkoxystyrene as a base resin were reported.  
      These resist compositions, however, suffer from several problems. The pattern profile often takes a bridge shape. The resins having bulky groups on alkoxystyrene side chains are low in heat resistance and unsatisfactory in sensitivity and resolution. In addition, the chemically amplified negative resist compositions are unsatisfactory in resolution, as compared with the chemically amplified positive resist compositions.  
      While the technology brings the resolution to a level of 0.07 μm or less, a challenge is simultaneously made to reduce the thickness of pattern-forming films. There is a need for a resist material having higher etching resistance.  
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION  
      An object of the invention is to provide a negative resist composition, especially chemically amplified negative resist composition having a higher resolution than prior art compositions, forming a better pattern profile after exposure, and offering excellent dry etching resistance. Another object of the invention is to provide a process for forming a resist pattern using the resist composition.  
      It has been found that a polymer comprising recurring units of the general formula (1), (2), or (3), shown below, and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000, especially 2,000 to 6,000 is an effective base resin in a negative resist composition, especially chemically amplified negative resist composition. The chemically amplified negative resist composition containing a crosslinker, photoacid generator and organic solvent as well as the polymer can form a resist film having many advantages including an increased dissolution contrast, high resolution, exposure latitude, process adaptability, a good pattern profile after exposure, and excellent etching resistance. The composition is thus suited for practical use and advantageously used as a resist material for VLSI manufacture.  
      A first embodiment of the invention is a negative resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having the general formula (1) and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000.  
                 
 
 Herein R 1  and R 2  are hydrogen or methyl, m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, and p and q are positive numbers. 
 
      A second embodiment of the invention is a negative resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having the general formula (2) and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000.  
                 
 
 Herein R 1  and R 2  are as defined above, R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from the class consisting of hydrogen atoms, hydroxy groups, methyl groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, cyano groups and halogen atoms, m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, n is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 4, and p, q and r are positive numbers. 
 
      A third embodiment of the invention is a negative resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having the general formula (3) and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000.  
                 
 
 Herein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , and R 7  are hydrogen or methyl, R 6  is selected from the class consisting of hydrogen atoms, methyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, acetoxy groups, cyano groups, halogen atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 20  alkyl groups, m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, p and q are positive numbers, s and t are 0 or positive numbers, and at least one of s and t is a positive number. 
 
      Preferably, the polymers of formulae (1) to (3) have a weight average molecular weight of 2,000 to 6,000.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a chemically amplified negative resist composition comprising (A) an organic solvent, (B) the polymer of formula (1), (2) or (3) as a base resin, (C) a crosslinker, and optionally (D) a photoacid generator and/or (E) a basic compound.  
      In a further aspect, the invention provides a process for forming a resist pattern, comprising the steps of applying the resist composition onto a substrate to form a coating; heat treating the coating and exposing the coating to high-energy radiation or electron beam through a photomask; optionally heat treating the exposed coating, and developing the coating with a developer.  
     BENEFITS OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention uses a polymer obtained by copolymerizing vinylbenzoic acid with a monomer having an alkali solubility or a structure capable of converting to a functional group having an alkali solubility through deprotection reaction and effecting deprotection reaction, and formulates it as a base resin to give a negative resist composition. The composition exhibits a high contrast of alkali dissolution rate before and after exposure, a high resolution, and excellent etching resistance. The composition is advantageously used as the micropatterning material for VLSI manufacture and mask pattern forming material. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
      Polymer  
      The negative resist composition of the invention comprises a polymer or high molecular weight compound comprising recurring units of the general formula (1), (2) or (3), shown below, and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000.  
                 
 
 Herein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , and R 7  are hydrogen or methyl. R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from among hydrogen atoms, hydroxy groups, methyl groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, cyano groups, and halogen atoms. R 6  is selected from among hydrogen atoms, methyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, acetoxy groups, cyano groups, halogen atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 20  alkyl groups. The subscript m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, n is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 4, p, q and r are positive numbers, s and t are 0 or positive numbers, and at least one of s and t is a positive number. 
 
      When R 3  and R 4  stand for halogen atoms, exemplary halogen atoms are fluorine, chlorine and bromine.  
      When R 3 , R 4 , and R 6  stand for alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl groups, suitable alkoxy groups are those of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methoxy and isopropoxy.  
      The substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups represented by R 6  are of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and include straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, and octyl, and substituted forms of the foregoing in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms or the like.  
      In the above formulae, p and q are positive numbers in the range: 0&lt;p/(p+q)&lt;1 and 0&lt;q/(p+q)&lt;1, preferably 0.01≦q/(p+q)≦0.10, and more preferably 0.01≦q/(p+q)≦0.07. In formula (2), p, q and r are positive numbers, preferably satisfying 0&lt;q/(p+q+r)≦0.1, more preferably 0.01≦q/(p+q+r)≦0.07, and 0&lt;r/(p+q+r)≦0.2. If q=0, that is, if the polymer does not contain the q-suffixed units, the desired resolution enhancement effect is lost. Too high a proportion of q may lead to too high an alkali dissolution rate in unexposed areas and a loss of contrast. The r-suffixed units serve to improve the etching resistance of polymers, but too high a proportion of r may lead to too low an alkali dissolution rate in unexposed areas, causing defects after development.  
      In formula (3), p, q, s and t are preferably in the range: 0&lt;p/(p+q+s+t)≦0.9, more preferably 0&lt;p/(p+q+s+t)≦0.85; 0&lt;q/(p+q+s+t)≦0.1, more preferably 0&lt;q/(p+q+s+t)≦0.07; 0≦s/(p+q+s+t)≦0.2, more preferably 0≦s/(p+q+s+t)≦0.15; 0≦t/(p+q+s+t)≦0.2, more preferably 0≦t/(p+q+s+t)≦0.15. It is noted that s and t are not equal to 0 at the same time. The s- and t-suffixed units are effective for controlling the alkali dissolution rate of the polymer in unexposed areas.  
      It is noted that p+q≦1 in formula (1), p+q+r≦1 in formula (2), and p+q+s+t≦1 in formula (3). Formula (2) may further include s- and t-suffixed units, formula (3) may further include r-suffixed units, and all formulae may further include styrene units having pendant adhesive groups. Unity, for example, p+q+r=1 in formula (2) means that the total of recurring units p, q and r is 100 mol % based on the total of entire recurring units.  
      A proper choice of p, q, r, s and t in the above ranges enables to control the resolution, dry etching resistance and pattern profile of the resist composition as desired.  
      The polymers should have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1,000 to 500,000, and preferably 2,000 to 6,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) versus polystyrene standards. With too low a Mw, the resist composition may become less heat resistant. Too high a Mw adversely affects the alkali dissolution in unexposed areas, increases a tendency for a footing phenomenon to occur after pattern formation, and detracts from resolution.  
      For the synthesis of the inventive polymers, one method involves adding acetoxystyrene and vinylbenzoic acid monomers to an organic solvent, adding a radical initiator, effecting heat polymerization, and subjecting the resulting polymer in the organic solvent to alkaline hydrolysis for deprotecting acetoxy groups, thereby forming a binary copolymer of hydroxystyrene and vinylbenzoic acid. If an indene monomer is added to the system, a ternary copolymer of hydroxystyrene, vinylbenzoic acid and indene can be synthesized. Similarly, a polymer of formula (3) may be prepared by further copolymerizing vinyl monomers capable of forming s- and t-suffixed units.  
      Examples of the organic solvent which can be used during the polymerization include toluene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dioxane, and the like. Suitable polymerization initiators include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), dimethyl 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionate), benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, and the like. Polymerization is preferably effected by heating at 40 to 70° C. The reaction time is usually about 2 to 100 hours, preferably about 5 to 40 hours. The bases used for alkaline hydrolysis include aqueous ammonia and triethylamine. For the hydrolysis, the reaction temperature is usually −20° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction time is usually about 0.2 to 100 hours, preferably about 0.5 to 20 hours. It is noted that the synthesis procedure is not limited to the aforementioned.  
      Organic Solvent  
      In the chemically amplified negative resist composition of the invention, an organic solvent is used as component (A). Illustrative, non-limiting, examples include butyl acetate, amyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, 3-methoxybutyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, 3-ethoxyethyl propionate, 3-ethoxymethyl propionate, 3-methoxymethyl propionate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, diacetone alcohol, methyl pyruvate, ethyl pyruvate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether propionate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether propionate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, propylene glycol alkyl ether acetates such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, alkyl lactates such as methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, and propyl lactate, and tetramethylene sulfone. Of these, the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetates and alkyl lactates are especially preferred. The solvents may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.  
      An exemplary useful solvent mixture is a mixture of propylene glycol alkyl ether acetates and/or alkyl lactates. It is noted that the alkyl groups of the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetates are preferably those of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl and propyl, with methyl and ethyl being especially preferred. Since the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetates include 1,2- and 1,3-substituted ones, each includes three isomers depending on the combination of substituted positions, which may be used alone or in admixture. It is also noted that the alkyl groups of the alkyl lactates are preferably those of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl and propyl, with methyl and ethyl being especially preferred.  
      When the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetate is used as the solvent, it preferably accounts for at least 50% by weight of the entire solvent. Also when the alkyl lactate is used as the solvent, it preferably accounts for at least 50% by weight of the entire solvent. When a mixture of propylene glycol alkyl ether acetate and alkyl lactate is used as the solvent, that mixture preferably accounts for at least 50% by weight of the entire solvent. In this solvent mixture, it is further preferred that the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetate is 60 to 95% by weight and the alkyl lactate is 5 to 40% by weight. A lower proportion of the propylene glycol alkyl ether acetate would invite a problem of inefficient coating whereas a higher proportion thereof would provide insufficient dissolution and allow for particle and foreign matter formation. A lower proportion of the alkyl lactate would provide insufficient dissolution and cause the problem of many particles and foreign matter whereas a higher proportion thereof would lead to a composition which has a too high viscosity to apply and loses storage stability.  
      In the negative resist composition, the solvent is preferably used in an amount of 300 to 2,000 parts by weight, especially 400 to 1,000 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the solids. The concentration of the resulting composition is not limited thereto as long as a film can be formed by existing methods.  
      Crosslinker  
      The crosslinker used herein as component (C) may be any of crosslinkers which induce intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinkage to the polymer with the aid of the acid generated by the photoacid generator as component (D) or directly in response to light. Suitable crosslinkers include bisazides, alkoxymethylglycolurils, and alkoxymethylmelamines.  
      Examples of suitable bisazides include 4,4′-diazidophenyl sulfide, bis(4-azidobenzyl)methane, bis(3-chloro-4-azidobenzyl)methane, bis-4-azidobenzylidene, 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)-cyclohexanone, and 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone. Examples of suitable alkoxymethylglycolurils include tetramethoxymethylglycoluril, 1,3-bismethoxymethyl-4,5-bismethoxyethylene urea, and bismethoxymethyl urea. Examples of suitable alkoxymethylmelamines include hexamethoxymethylmelamine and hexaethoxymethylmelamine.  
      In the negative resist composition of the invention, the crosslinker is preferably added in an amount of 2 to 40 parts by weight, more preferably 5 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. The crosslinkers may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The transmittance of the resist film can be controlled by using a crosslinker having a low transmittance at the exposure wavelength and adjusting the amount of the crosslinker added.  
      Photoacid Generator  
      The photoacid generator may be any of compounds which generate acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation. Suitable photoacid generators include sulfonium salts, iodonium salts, sulfonyldiazomethane and N-sulfonyloxyimide photoacid generators. Exemplary photoacid generators are given below while they may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.  
      Sulfonium salts are salts of sulfonium cations with sulfonate anions. Exemplary sulfonium cations include triphenylsulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, diphenyl(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, 2-naphthyldiphenylsulfonium, dimethyl-2-naphthylsulfonium, 4-hydroxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, 4-methoxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, trimethylsulfonium, 2-oxocyclohexylcyclohexylmethylsulfonium, trinaphthylsulfonium, and tribenzylsulfonium.  
      Exemplary sulfonate anions include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. Sulfonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included.  
      Iodinium salts are salts of iodonium cations with sulfonate anions. Exemplary iodonium cations are aryliodonium cations including diphenyliodinium, bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium, 4-tert-butoxyphenylphenyliodonium, and 4-methoxyphenylphenyliodonium. Exemplary sulfonate anions include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. lodonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included.  
      Exemplary sulfonyldiazomethane compounds include bissulfonyldiazomethane compounds and sulfonyl-carbonyldiazomethane compounds such as bis(ethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(1-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(1,1-dimethylethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(perfluoroisopropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)diazomethane, 4-methylphenylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, tert-butylcarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane, 2-naphthylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, 4-methylphenylsulfonyl-2-naphthoyldiazomethane, methylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, and tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane.  
      N-sulfonyloxyimide photoacid generators include combinations of imide skeletons with sulfonate skeletons.  
      Exemplary imide skeletons are succinimide, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid imide, phthalimide, cyclohexyldicarboxylic acid imide, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide, and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide.  
      Exemplary sulfonate skeletons include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate.  
      Additionally, other photoacid generators as listed below are useful. Benzoinsulfonate photoacid generators include benzoin tosylate, benzoin mesylate, and benzoin butanesulfonate.  
      Pyrogallol trisulfonate photoacid generators include pyrogallol, phloroglycine, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, in which all the hydroxyl groups are substituted with sulfonate groups such as trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate.  
      Nitrobenzyl sulfonate photoacid generators include 2,4-dinitrobenzyl sulfonate, 2-nitrobenzyl sulfonate, and 2,6-dinitrobenzyl sulfonate, with exemplary sulfonates including trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. Also useful are analogous nitrobenzyl sulfonate compounds in which the nitro group on the benzyl side is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group.  
      Sulfone photoacid generators include bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)methane, 2,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)propane, 2-methyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propiophenone, 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propane, and 2,4-dimethyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)pentan-3-one.  
      Photoacid generators in the form of glyoxime derivatives include bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2-methyl-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-2-methyl-3,4-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(methanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(tert-butanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(benzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-tert-butylbenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(xylenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, and bis-O-(camphorsulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime.  
      Of these, sulfonium salt, bissulfonyldiazomethane and N-sulfonyloxyimide photoacid generators are preferred.  
      While the anion of an optimum photoacid generator varies depending on ease of scission of acid labile groups on the polymer, it is generally selected from those anions which are nonvolatile and not extremely diffusive. Suitable anions include benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, and camphorsulfonate anions.  
      In the negative resist composition of the invention, the photoacid generator is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. The photoacid generators may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The transmittance of the resist film can be controlled by using a photoacid generator having a low transmittance at the exposure wavelength and adjusting the amount of the photoacid generator added.  
      Basic Compound  
      In the chemically amplified negative resist composition, a basic compound may be added as component (E). The basic compound used herein is preferably a compound capable of suppressing the rate of diffusion when the acid generated by the photoacid generator diffuses within the resist film. The inclusion of this type of basic compound holds down the rate of acid diffusion within the resist film, resulting in better resolution. In addition, it suppresses changes in sensitivity following exposure and reduces substrate and environment dependence, as well as improving the exposure latitude and the pattern profile.  
      Examples of basic compounds include primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, mixed amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrogen-containing compounds having carboxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having sulfonyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyphenyl group, alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds, amide derivatives, and imide derivatives.  
      Examples of suitable primary aliphatic amines include ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, isobutylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamine, tert-amylamine, cyclopentylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, cetylamine, methylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and tetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable secondary aliphatic amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, diisobutylamine, di-sec-butylamine, dipentylamine, dicyclopentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, dicetylamine, N,N-dimethylmethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, and N,N-dimethyltetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable tertiary aliphatic amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, truisopropylamine, tri-n-butylamine, triisobutylamine, tri-sec-butylamine, tripentylamine, tricyclopentylamine, trihexylamine, tricyclohexylamine, triheptylamine, trioctylamine, trinonylamine, tridecylamine, trldodecylamine, tricetylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyltetraethylenepentamine.  
      Examples of suitable mixed amines include dimethylethylamine, methylethylpropylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine, and benzyldimethylamine.  
      Examples of suitable aromatic and heterocyclic amines include aniline derivatives (e.g., aniline, N-methylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N-propylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, ethylaniline, propylaniline, trimethylaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, 2,6-dinitroaniline, 3,5-dinitroaniline, and N,N-dimethyltoluidine), diphenyl(p-tolyl)amine, methyldiphenylamine, triphenylamine, phenylenediamine, naphthylamine, diaminonaphthalene, pyrrole derivatives (e.g., pyrrole, 2H-pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole, 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, and N-methylpyrrole), oxazole derivatives (e.g., oxazole and isooxazole), thiazole derivatives (e.g., thiazole and isothiazole), imidazole derivatives (e.g., imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, and 4-methyl-2-phenylimidazole), pyrazole derivatives, furazan derivatives, pyrroline derivatives (e.g., pyrroline and 2-methyl-1-pyrroline), pyrrolidine derivatives (e.g., pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, and N-methylpyrrolidone), imidazoline derivatives, imidazolidine derivatives, pyridine derivatives (e.g., pyridine, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine, butylpyridine, 4-(1-butylpentyl)pyridine, dimethylpyridine, trimethylpyridine, triethylpyridine, phenylpyridine, 3-methyl-2-phenylpyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, diphenylpyridine, benzylpyridine, methoxypyridine, butoxypyridine, dimethoxypyridine, 1-methyl-2-pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, 2-(1-ethylpropyl)pyridine, aminopyridine, and dimethylaminopyridine), pyridazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolidine derivatives, piperidine derivatives, piperazine derivatives, morpholine derivatives, indole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, 1H-indazole derivatives, indoline derivatives, quinoline derivatives (e.g., quinoline and 3-quinolinecarbonitrile), isoquinoline derivatives, cinnoline derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phthalazine derivatives, purine derivatives, pteridine derivatives, carbazole derivatives, phenanthridine derivatives, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, adenine derivatives, adenosine derivatives, guanine derivatives, guanosine derivatives, uracil derivatives, and uridine derivatives.  
      Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds with carboxyl group include aminobenzoic acid, indolecarboxylic acid, and amino acid derivatives (e.g. nicotinic acid, alanine, alginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, glycylleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, and methoxyalanine).  
      Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds with sulfonyl group include 3-pyridinesulfonic acid and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate. Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxyphenyl group, and alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds include 2-hydroxypyridine, aminocresol, 2,4-quinolinediol, 3-indolemethanol hydrate, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, truisopropanolamine, 2,2′-iminodiethanol, 2-aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]piperazine, piperidine ethanol, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol, 3-pyrrolidino-1,2-propanediol, 8-hydroxyjulolidine, 3-quinuclidinol, 3-tropanol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidine ethanol, 1-aziridine ethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalimide, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)isonicotinamide.  
      Examples of suitable amide derivatives include formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, propionamide, and benzamide. Suitable imide derivatives include phthalimide, succinimide, and maleimide.  
      In addition, one or more of basic compounds of the following general formula (E)-1 may also be included. 
 
N(X) n′ (Y) 3−n′   (E)-1 
 
      In the formula, n′ is equal to 1, 2 or 3; side chain Y is independently hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain a hydroxyl group or ether group; and side chain X is independently selected from groups of the following general formulas (X)-1 to (X)-3, and two or three X may bond together to form a ring.  
                 
 
      In the formulas, R 300 , R 302  and R 305  are independently straight or branched alkylene groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R 301  and R 304  are independently hydrogen or straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may contain at least one hydroxyl group, ether group, ester group or lactone ring; R 303  is a single bond or a straight or branched alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R 306  is a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may contain at least one hydroxyl group, ether group, ester group or lactone ring.  
      Illustrative examples of the basic compounds of formula (E)-1 include, but are not limited to, tris[(2-methoxymethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxymethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(1-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(1-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(1-ethoxypropoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-{2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl]amine, 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, 4,7,13,18-tetraoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.5.5]eicosane, 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazabicyclooctadecane, 1-aza-12-crown-4, 1-aza-15-crown-5, 1-aza-18-crown-6, tris(2-formyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, tris(2-propionyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-butyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-isobutyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-valeryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(acetoxyacetoxy)ethylamine, tris(2-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris[2-(2-oxopropoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)oxyethyl]amine, tris[2-(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(cyclohexyloxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)amine, tris(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-acetoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl) -ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl) -ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy-carbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy-carbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-hydroxybutoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(4-formyloxybutoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(2-formyloxyethoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-acetoxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-methoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-methyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-methyl-bis(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, tris(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-butyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-hexyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, and β-(diethylamino)-δ-valerolactone.  
      The basic compounds may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The basic compound is preferably formulated in an amount of 0 to 2 parts, and especially 0.01 to 1 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the base resin in the resist composition. The use of more than 2 parts of the basis compound may result in too low a sensitivity.  
      Surfactant  
      In the chemically amplified negative resist composition of the invention, a surfactant may be added for improving coating characteristics.  
      Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the surfactant include nonionic surfactants, for example, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, and polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ethers such as polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, and sorbitan monostearate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate; fluorochemical surfactants such as EFTOP EF301, EF303 and EF352 (Tohkem Products Co., Ltd.), Megaface F171, F172 and F173 (Dainippon Ink &amp; Chemicals, Inc.), Fluorad FC430 and FC431 (Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.), Aashiguard AG710, Surflon S-381, S-382, SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, SC106, Surfynol E1004, KH-10, KH-20, KH-30 and KH-40 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.); organosiloxane polymers KP341, X-70-092 and X-70-093 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), acrylic acid or methacrylic acid Polyflow No. 75 and No. 95 (Kyoeisha Ushi Kagaku Kogyo K.K.). Inter alia, Fluorad FC430, Surflon S-381, Surfynol E1004, KH-20 and KH-30 are preferred. These surfactants may be used alone or in admixture.  
      In the chemically amplified negative resist composition, the surfactant is preferably formulated in an amount of up to 2 parts, and especially up to 1 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the base resin.  
      While the negative resist composition comprising (A) organic solvent, (B) polymer of formula (1) or (2) or (3), (C) crosslinker, (D) photoacid generator, and optional components is typically used in the microfabrication of many integrated circuits, any well-known lithography may be used to form a resist pattern from the resist composition.  
      In a typical process of forming a resist pattern from the negative resist composition of the invention, the composition is first applied onto a substrate by a coating technique. Suitable substrates include substrates for the microfabrication of integrated circuits, such as Si, SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, TiN, WSi, BPSG, SOG, and organic antireflective films. Suitable coating techniques include spin coating, roll coating, flow coating, dip coating, spray coating, and doctor coating. The coating is then prebaked on a hot plate at a temperature of 60 to 150° C. for about 1 to 10 minutes, preferably 80 to 120° C. for about 1 to 5 minutes. The resulting resist film is generally 0.2 to 2.0 pm thick.  
      The resist film is then exposed to high-energy radiation from a light source selected from UV, deep-UV, electron beam, x-ray, excimer laser light, γ-ray and synchrotron radiation sources, preferably radiation having an exposure wavelength of up to 300 nm, directly or through a mask having a desired pattern. An appropriate exposure dose is about 1 to 200 mJ/cm 2 , preferably about 10 to 100 mJ/cm 2  in the case of radiation exposure, and about 0.1 to 20 μC/cm 2 , preferably about 3 to 10 μC/cm 2  in the case of EB exposure. Subsequently, the film is preferably baked on a hot plate at 60 to 150° C. for about 1 to 20 minutes, more preferably 80 to 120° C. for about 1 to 10 minutes (post-exposure baking=PEB).  
      Thereafter the resist film is developed with a developer in the form of an aqueous base solution, for example, an aqueous solution of 0.1-5 wt %, preferably 2-3 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for 0.1 to 3 minutes, preferably 0.5 to 2 minutes by a conventional technique such as dip, puddle or spray technique. In this way, a desired resist pattern is formed on the substrate.  
      It is appreciated that the resist composition of the invention is suited for micropatterning using such high-energy radiation as deep UV with a wavelength of 254 to 193 nm, vacuum UV with a wavelength of 157 nm, electron beam, x-rays, soft x-rays, excimer laser light, γ-rays and synchrotron radiation. With any of the above-described parameters outside the above-described range, the process may sometimes fail to produce the desired pattern.  
     EXAMPLE  
      Synthesis Examples, Comparative Synthesis Examples, Examples, and Comparative Examples are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) versus polystyrene standards. NMR is nuclear magnetic resonance.  
     Synthesis Example 1  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 95.7 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 6.6 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 97.7 g of indene, and 150 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 29.3 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 138 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.2 L methanol and 0.24 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 70 g of triethylamine and 15 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 86.6 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:indene=71.4:3.7:24.9     Mw=3,900     Mw/Mn=1.96        

      This polymer is designated Polymer A.  
     Synthesis Example 2  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 125.3 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 6.2 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 68.5 g of indene, and 150 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 27.9 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 133 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.2 L methanol and 0.24 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 70 g of triethylamine and 15 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 86.5 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:indene=77.2:3.7:19.1     Mw=4,100     Mw/Mn=1.83        

      This polymer is designated Polymer B.  
     Synthesis Example 3  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 107.6 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 8.6 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 83.8 g of indene, and 150 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 28.7 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 141 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.2 L methanol and 0.24 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 70 g of triethylamine and 15 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 97.3 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:indene=75.3:4.5:20.2     Mw=4,300     Mw/Mn=1.89        

      This polymer is designated Polymer C.  
     Synthesis Example 4  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 155.0 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 8.1 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 37.0 g of styrene, and 750 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 27.1 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated to 400 g and poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 178 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.3 L methanol and 0.35 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 90 g of triethylamine and 17 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 131.7 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:styrene=70.0:3.8:26.2     Mw=4,800     Mw/Mn=1.90        

      This polymer is designated Polymer D.  
     Synthesis Example 5  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 157.9 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 7.4 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 34.7 g of 2-vinylnaphthalene, and 750 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 24.8 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated to 400 g and poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 180 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.3 L methanol and 0.35 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 90 g of triethylamine and 17 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 117.2 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:     2-vinylnaphthalene=77.2:4.1:18.7     Mw=4,600     Mw/Mn=1.88        

      This polymer is designated Polymer E.  
     Synthesis Example 6  
      In a 500-mL flask were admitted 162.2 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, 7.6 g of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, 30.8 g of 4-methoxystyrene, and 750 g of toluene as a solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum deaeration and nitrogen flow were repeated three times. The reactor was warmed up to room temperature, 25.4 g of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator, and the reactor was further heated to 53° C., at which reaction was effected for 40 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated to 400 g and poured into 5.0 L of methanol for precipitation. The resulting white solids were filtered and vacuum dried at 40° C., obtaining 169 g of a white polymer. The polymer was dissolved in a mixture of 0.3 L methanol and 0.35 L tetrahydrofuran again, to which 90 g of triethylamine and 17 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction was allowed to occur. The reaction solution was neutralized with acetic acid, concentrated, and dissolved in 0.5 L of acetone. This was followed by precipitation, filtration and drying in the same way as above, obtaining 125.1 g of a white polymer.  
      The polymer was analyzed by  13 C-NMR,  1 H-NMR and GPC, with the analytical results shown below.  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-vinylbenzoic acid:4-methoxystyrene=77.3:3.5:19.2     Mw=4,200     Mw/Mn=1.85        

      This polymer is designated Polymer F.  
     COMPARATIVE SYNTHESIS EXAMPLES  
      Binary polymers were synthesized by the same procedure as in the foregoing Synthesis Examples. Their designation and analytical data are shown below.  
      Polymer G  
      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:indene=78.1:21.9     Mw=4,700     Mw/Mn=1.85 
 
 Polymer H 
       

      Copolymer Compositional Ratio (Molar Ratio) 
          4-hydroxystyrene:4-methoxystyrene=81.2:18.8     Mw=5,000     Mw/Mn=1.89        

      Polymers A to H synthesized above have the following structural formulae.  
                 
 
     Examples 1-8 &amp; Comparative Examples 1-2  
      Resist compositions were prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 1 (in parts by weight). The polymers are Polymers A to H obtained in the above Synthesis Examples and Comparative Synthesis Examples. The remaining components listed in Table 1 have the following meaning. 
      Crosslinker 1: tetramethoxymethylglycoluril     Crosslinker 2: hexamethoxymethylmelamine     PAG1: triphenylsulfonium 4-(4′-methylphenyl-sulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonate     PAG2: bis(tert-butylsulfonyl)diazomethane     PAG3: (n-butylsulfonyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide     Basic compound A: tri-n-butylamine     5 Basic compound B: tris(2-methoxyethyl)amine     Surfactant A: FC-430 (Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.)     Surfactant B: Surflon S-381 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.)     Solvent A: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate    

      Solvent B: propylene glycol methyl ether  
                       TABLE 1                                  Comparative       Components   Example   Example                                                         (pbw)   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   1   2                                                                 Polymer A   100                                           Polymer B       100   100       Polymer C               100       Polymer D                   100       Polymer E                       100   100       Polymer F                               100       Polymer G                                   100       Polymer H                                       100       Crosslinker 1           5               5       Crosslinker 2   10   10   5   10   10   10   5   10   10   10       PAG1   5   5   5   5   5   3   5   5   5   5       PAG2   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1       PAG3                       10       Basic compound A   0.05   0.05       0.05   0.05   0.05   0.05       0.05   0.05       Basic compound B   0.15   0.15   0.2   0.15   0.15   0.15   0.15   0.2   0.15   0.15       Surfactant A   0.1   0.1   0.05   0.1   0.1   0.1   0.05   0.1   0.1   0.1       Surfactant B           0.05               0.05       Solvent A   240   240   240   240   240   240   240   240   240   240       Solvent B   420   420   420   420   420   420   420   420   420   420                  
 
      Each of the resist compositions was filtered through a 0.2-μm Teflon® filter and then spin-coated onto a silicon wafer so as to give a dry thickness of 0.35 μm. The coated wafer was then baked on a hot plate at 100° C. for 4 minutes. The resist film was exposed to electron beam using an EB lithography system ELS-3700 (Elionix Co., Ltd., accelerating voltage 30 keV), then baked (PEB) at 110° C. for 4 minutes, and developed with a solution of 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide in water, thereby giving a negative pattern.  
      The resulting resist patterns were evaluated as described below.  
      The optimum exposure dose (sensitivity Eop) was the exposure dose which provided a 1:1 resolution at the top and bottom of a 0.20-μm line-and-space pattern. The minimum line width (μm) of a line-and-space pattern which was ascertained separate at this dose was the resolution of a test resist. The shape in cross section of the resolved resist pattern was examined under a scanning electron microscope. Etching resistance was examined by dry etching a resist film with a 1:1 mixture of CHF 3  and CF 4  for 2 minutes and determining a reduction in thickness of the resist film. A smaller thickness reduction indicates better etching resistance.  
      The solubility of resist material in a solvent mixture was examined by visual observation and by inspecting any clogging during filtration.  
      With respect to the applicability of a resist solution, uneven coating was visually observed. Additionally, using a film gage Clean Track Mark 8 (Tokyo Electron Co., Ltd.), the thickness of a resist film on a common wafer was measured at different positions, based on which a variation from the desired coating thickness (0.4 μm) was calculated. The applicability was rated “good” when the variation was within 0.5% (that is, within 0.002 μm), “acceptable” when the variation was within 1%, and “poor” when the variation was more than 1%.  
      Debris appearing on the developed pattern was observed under a scanning electron microscope (TDSEM) model S-7280H (Hitachi Ltd.). The resist film was rated “good” when the number of foreign particles was up to 10 per 100 μm 2 , “fair” when from 11 to 15, and “poor” when more than 15.  
      Debris left after resist peeling was examined using a surface scanner Surf-Scan 6220 (Tencol Instruments). After the resist film was peeled from a 8-inch wafer, the wafer was examined and rated “good” when the number of foreign particles of equal to or greater than 0.20 μm was up to 100, “fair” when from 101 to 150, and “poor” when more than 150.  
      The results are shown in Table 2.  
                                           TABLE 2                                           Thickness                               reduction       Debris   Debris           Eop   Resoltuion   by etching       on   after resist           (μC/cm 2 )   (μm)   (Å)   Solubility   pattern   peeling                                                                Example 1   4.4   0.07   765   good   good   good       Example 2   5   0.06   779   good   good   good       Example 3   5.2   0.06   793   good   good   good       Example 4   5.6   0.07   788   good   good   good       Example 5   5.1   0.08   854   good   fair   good       Example 6   5.9   0.09   818   good   fair   good       Example 7   5.1   0.08   820   good   fair   good       Example 8   4.9   0.07   849   good   good   good       Comparative   6.7   0.12   801   good   fair   good       Example 1       Comparative   7.9   0.14   872   good   poor   poor       Example 2                  
 
      Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-333135 is incorporated herein by reference.  
      Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.