Patent Publication Number: US-2021175073-A1

Title: Method of manufacturing semiconductor device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2019-0162925, filed on Dec. 9, 2019, 10-2020-0036213, filed on Mar. 25, 2020, and 10-2020-0115974, filed on Sep. 10, 2020, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Device,” are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Semiconductor devices are widely used in the electronic industry because of their small size, multi-functionality, and/or low manufacturing cost. Semiconductor devices may encompass a memory device for storing data, a logic device for processing data, and a hybrid device for operating various functions contemporaneously or simultaneously. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments are directed to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method including providing a metal precursor on a substrate, and providing a reactant and a co-reactant to form a metal nitride layer by reaction with the metal precursor, the reactant being a nitrogen source, the co-reactant being an organometallic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 below: 
       M2L 1 ) n   [Chemical Formula 1]
 
     In Chemical Formula 1, M2 may be selected from Sn, In, and Ge, n may be 2, 3, or 4, and each L 1  may independently be hydrogen, a halogen, or a functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2 below. At least one L 1  may be the functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and y may be 0 or 1. When x is 0, y may be 1. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  may each independently be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Embodiments are also directed to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method including forming an active pattern on a substrate, forming a gate electrode extending across the active pattern, forming an active contact electrically connected to the active pattern and a gate contact electrically connected to the gate electrode, forming the active contact and the gate contact including forming a first hole exposing the active pattern and a second hole exposing the gate electrode, and forming a first metal nitride layer in the first hole and the second hole. Forming the first metal nitride layer may include providing a first metal precursor on the substrate to form a first preliminary layer, and providing, to the first preliminary layer, a first reactant that is a nitrogen source and a first co-reactant. The first co-reactant may be an organometallic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 below: 
       M2L 1 ) n   [Chemical Formula 1]
 
     In Chemical Formula 1, M2 may be selected from Sn, In, and Ge, n may be 2, 3, or 4, and each L 1  may independently be hydrogen, a halogen, or a functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2 below. At least one L 1  may be the functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and y may be 0 or 1. When x is 0, y may be 1. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  may each independently be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Embodiments are also directed to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method including forming a first region including a plurality of transistors; and forming a second region stacked on the first region. Forming the second region may include forming a semiconductor layer on the first region, forming an active pattern on the semiconductor layer, and forming a capacitor electrically connected to the active pattern. Forming the capacitor may include forming a first electrode, forming a dielectric layer on the first electrode, and forming a second electrode on the dielectric layer. Forming at least one of the first and second electrodes may include providing a metal precursor to form a preliminary layer, and providing a reactant that is a nitrogen source and a co-reactant to the preliminary layer. The co-reactant may be an organometallic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 below: 
       M2L 1 ) n   [Chemical Formula 1]
 
     In Chemical Formula 1, M2 may be selected from Sn, In, and Ge, n may be 2, 3, or 4, and each L 1  may independently be hydrogen, a halogen, or a functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2 below. At least one L 1  may be the functional group represented by Chemical Formula 2, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and y may be 0 or 1. When x is 0, y may be 1. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  may each independently be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describing in detail example embodiments with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
         FIGS. 1 to 3  illustrate conceptual views of stages in a method of forming a metal-containing layer according to a comparative example; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing Gibbs free energy depending on the temperature of a metal nitride reaction; 
         FIGS. 5 to 7  illustrate conceptual views of stages in a method of forming a metal-containing layer according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  is a graph in which the resistivity of a TiN layer according to an example embodiment and the resistivity of a TiN layer according to a comparative example are measured; 
         FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15  illustrate plan views of stages in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment; 
         FIGS. 10A, 12A, 14A, and 16A  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15 , respectively; 
         FIGS. 10B, 12B, 14B, and 16B  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line II-II′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15 , respectively; 
         FIGS. 10C, 12C, 14C, and 16C  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line III-III′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15 , respectively; 
         FIGS. 17 and 19  illustrate plan views of stages in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment; 
         FIGS. 18 and 20  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 17 and 19 , respectively; and 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the description, the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted” may indicate that one is substituted or unsubstituted with at least one substituent selected from the group of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an ether group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a hydrocarbon ring group, a heterocyclic group, and a combination thereof. 
     In the description, a halogen atom may include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an iodine atom, and/or a bromine atom. 
     In the description, an alkyl group may be a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group. The number of carbons in the alkyl group may be 1 to 10, for example. Examples of the alkyl group may include, for example, a methyl group and an ethyl group. 
     Unless otherwise defined in Chemical Formulae of the description, the case where a chemical bond is not drawn in a position in which a chemical bond should be drawn may mean that a hydrogen atom is bonded to the position. 
       FIGS. 1 to 3  illustrate conceptual views of stages in a method of forming a metal-containing layer according to a comparative example.  FIG. 4  is a graph showing Gibbs free energy depending on the temperature of a metal nitride reaction. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a substrate  100  may be provided. A metal precursor MP may be provided on the substrate  100  to form a preliminary layer PL. An atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process may be used to form a metal-containing layer as the preliminary layer PL. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process may be performed at a process temperature of about 400° C. to about 800° C. and at a process pressure between 0 Torr and about 100 Torr. 
     The metal precursor MP may be, for example, a metal halide compound that contains a first metal M 1  or an organometallic compound that contains the first metal M 1 . The first metal M 1  may be selected from the group of Ti, Ta, Co, W, Ru, Mo, Sn, Cu, Ir, V, Al, and a combination thereof. For example, the metal halide compound may include TiCl 4 , WF 6 , Ru(CO) 5 , RuO 4 , MoO 2 C 2 , MoCl 5 , Mo 2 Cl 10 , CuCl 2 , IrC 4 , VC 3 , VI 3 , HfCl 4 , NbCl 5 , or TaCl 5 . For example, the metal organic compound may include PDMAT (pentakis(dimethylamino)tantalum) or TBTEMT (tert-butylimido-tris-ethylmethylamido-tantalum). 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a reactant RT may be provided on the preliminary layer PL. The reactant RT may be a nitrogen source compound that contains a nitrogen atom. For example, the reactant RT may include at least one selected from the group of NH 3 , N 2 H 4 , N 2 , and a combination thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the preliminary layer PL and the reactant RT may react with each other to form a metal-containing layer ML. The reactant RT may react with the preliminary layer PL to be substituted to the first metal M 1  (i.e., substitution reaction). The reactant RT may react with the preliminary layer PL to reduce the first metal M 1  (i.e., reduction reaction). Byproducts produced during the reaction may all be removed. The reactant RT may contain a nitrogen atom, and the metal-containing layer ML may be a metal nitride layer containing the first metal M 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , when TiCl 4  is used as the metal precursor MP, and NH 3  is used as the reactant RT, TiCl 4  and NH 3  may be reacted to form a titanium nitride layer. The reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  is as follows. 
       TiCl 4 +2NH 3 →TiN+4HCl+H 2 +½N 2  
 
     In explaining the reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3 , it may be understood that Gibbs free energy has a positive value in a low temperature realm (e.g., 400° C. or less). Thus, the reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  is a nonspontaneous reaction at a low temperature of 400° C. or less. 
     Also, it may be understood that Gibbs free energy has a negative value in a high temperature realm (e.g., 400° C. or higher). Thus, the reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  is a spontaneous reaction at a high temperature of 400° C. or higher. 
     The substitution reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  may dominate at a low temperature. Therefore, a metal nitride layer such as Ti 3 N 4 (IV) may be formed at a low temperature, and Ti may have an oxidation number of +4. When the oxidation number of Ti of the titanium nitride layer is +4, free electrons are not present, and thus the resistivity may be significantly increased. Thus, the titanium nitride layer formed at a low temperature may be substantially an insulator. 
     The reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  may dominate at a high temperature. Therefore, a metal nitride layer such as TiN(III) may be formed at a high temperature, and Ti may have an oxidation number of +3. When the oxidation number of Ti of the titanium nitride layer is +3, free electrons are present, and thus the resistivity may be decreased. Thus, the titanium nitride layer formed at a high temperature may be substantially a conductor. 
     As described above, in order to form a metal nitride layer having conductivity (i.e., a metal nitride layer having a relatively low resistivity), a high-temperature deposition process should be performed. Therefore, a deposition temperature according to the comparative example may be about 400° C. to about 600° C. However, in a semiconductor process for forming a semiconductor device, when a deposition process is performed at a high temperature, a lower layer that was formed in a preceding step may be deteriorated by being exposed to a high temperature environment. This may cause defective processes may degrade reliability of a semiconductor device. 
     In order to perform a deposition process for forming a metal nitride layer having conductivity at a relatively low temperature, plasma or a reactant having a strong reactivity (e.g., N 2 H 4 ) may be used. However, plasma has poor step coverage characteristics, and thus may be difficult to be used in a region having a high aspect ratio. In addition, the reactant having a strong reactivity may be dangerous and difficult to handle. 
       FIGS. 5 to 7  illustrate conceptual views of stages in a method of forming a metal-containing layer according to an example embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a substrate  100  may be provided. A metal precursor MP may be provided on the substrate  100  to form a preliminary layer PL. The detailed description with respect to the metal precursor MP and the preliminary layer PL may be the same as those described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . An atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process may be used to form a metal-containing layer according to the present example. During a deposition process, a process pressure may be about 0 Torr to about 100 Torr, and a process temperature may be about 150° C. to about 600° C. For example, the deposition process according to the present example embodiment may be performed at a low temperature of about 150° C. to about 400° C. In an example embodiment, the preliminary layer may consist of or consist essentially of the metal precursor MP. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a reactant RT and a co-reactant CRT may be provided on the preliminary layer PL. The detailed description with respect to the reactant RT may be the same as those described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . For example, the reactant RT may be NH 3 . 
     The co-reactant CRT may serve as a catalyst that reduces an activation energy of the reduction reaction between the preliminary layer PL and the reactant RT. For example, the co-reactant CRT may reduce the first metal M 1  of the preliminary layer PL. In an implementation, the co-reactant CRT may increase reducing power of the reactant RT. Accordingly, the co-reactant CRT may help spontaneously perform the reduction reaction between the preliminary layer PL and the reactant RT even at a low temperature (e.g., about 150° C. to about 400° C.). 
     For example, the co-reactant CRT may increase reducing power of ammonia, which has a low reducing power. Accordingly, the reduction reaction in which ammonia reduces the preliminary layer PL may be performed at a low temperature, and thereby a metal nitride layer having conductivity may be formed. 
     In an example embodiment, the co-reactant CRT may be provided on the preliminary layer PL, and thereafter the reactant RT may be sequentially provided on the preliminary layer PL. In another example embodiment, the reactant RT and the co-reactant CRT may be simultaneously provided on the preliminary layer PL. In still another example embodiment, the reactant RT may be provided on the preliminary layer PL, and thereafter the co-reactant CRT may be sequentially provided on the preliminary layer PL. 
     The co-reactant CRT may be an organometallic compound containing a second metal M 2 . The co-reactant CRT may be an organometallic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 below: 
       M2L 1 ) n   [Chemical Formula 1]
 
     In Chemical Formula 1, M2 may be selected from the group of Sn, In, and Ge. n may be 2, 3, or 4. In Chemical Formula 1, n may be number of functional groups L 1  that are bonded to M2. In an example embodiment, n may be 2, 3, or 4, and thus at least two functional groups L 1  may be present. 
     In an example embodiment, n may correspond to an oxidation number of the second metal M 2 . For example, when n is 2, the second metal M 2  may have an oxidation number of +2, when n is 3, the second metal M 2  may have an oxidation number of +3, and when n is 4, the second metal M 2  may have an oxidation number of +4. 
     Each of the L 1 &#39;s may be the same as or different from each other. L 1 &#39;s may each independently be hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl group. The substituted amino group may be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The substituted aminoalkyl group may be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms. 
     In an example embodiment, the L 1 &#39;s may each independently be hydrogen, halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I), or a functional group (or a ligand) represented by Chemical Formula 2 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0 or an integer of 1 to 5, and y may be 0 or 1. Where x is 0, y may be 1. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  may each independently be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. In an example embodiment, a case where y is 0 indicates a hydrogen atom is bonded to the position. 
     For example, the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT may be Sn. Hereinafter, the co-reactant CRT containing Tin (Sn) will be exemplified in detail. 
     First, when tin (Sn) that is the second metal M 2  has an oxidation number of +4, that is, n in Chemical Formula 1 above is 4, specific compounds are exemplified as follows. When n in Chemical Formula 1 is 4, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may have four functional groups (four L 1 &#39;s) bonded to tin (Sn). 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 3 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetra(ethyl)tin; 
     Tetra(propyl)tin; 
     Tetra(isopropyl)tin; 
     Tetra(butyl)tin; 
     Tetra(sec-butyl)tin; 
     Dimethyl diethyl tin; 
     Diethyl diisopropyl tin; 
     Diisopropyl dimethyl tin; 
     Dibutyl dimethyl tin; 
     Tris(isopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(ethyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(methyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(isopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(methyl)butyl tin; or 
     Tris(ethyl)isopropyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y is 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 4 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetra(aminomethyl) tin; 
     Tetra(2-aminoethyl) tin; 
     Tetra(3-aminopropyl) tin; 
     Tetra(dimethylaminomethyl) tin; 
     Tetra(2-dimethylaminoethyl) tin; 
     Tetra(3-diethylaminopropyl)tin; 
     Tetra(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)tin; or 
     Tetra(3-diisopropylamino propyl)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 5 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tris(aminomethyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(aminomethyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(2-aminoethyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(2-aminoethyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(3-aminopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(3-aminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Tris(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Bis(aminomethyl)dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(aminomethyl)diethyl tin; 
     Bis(2-aminoethyl) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(2-aminoethyl) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-aminopropyl) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-aminopropyl) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylaminomethyl) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylaminomethyl) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin; or 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl) diethyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 6 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetra(amino)tin; 
     Tetra(diethylamino)tin; 
     Tetra(ethylmethylamino)tin; or 
     Tetra(diisopropylamino)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 7 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tris(amino)methyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) methyl tin; 
     Tris(diethylamino) methyl tin; 
     Tris(amino)ethyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) ethyl tin; 
     Tris(diethylamino) ethyl tin; 
     Tris(amino)propyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) propyl tin; 
     Tris(diethylamino) propyl tin; 
     Tris(amino) butyl tin; 
     Tris(dimethylamino)butyl tin; 
     Tris(diethylamino)butyl tin; 
     Bis(amino)dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(diethylamino) dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(amino) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(diethylamino) diethyl tin; 
     Bis(amino) dipropyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) dipropyl tin; 
     Bis(diethylamino) dipropyl tin; 
     Bis(amino) dibutyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino)dibutyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino)dibutyl tin; 
     Bis(diethylamino)dibutyl tin; 
     Bis(dimethylamino)dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(diethylamino)dimethyl tin; 
     Bis(diisopropylamino)dimethyl tin; 
     Trimethyl (amino) tin; 
     Trimethyl (dimethylamino) tin; 
     Trimethyl (diethylamino) tin; 
     Triethyl (amino) tin; 
     Triethyl (dimethylamino) tin; 
     Triethyl (diethylamino) tin; 
     Tripropyl (amino) tin; 
     Tripropyl (dimethylamino) tin; 
     Tripropyl (diethylamino) tin; 
     Tributyl (amino) tin; 
     Tributyl(dimethylamino)tin; 
     Tributyl (diethylamino) tin; or 
     Tin Tetrahydride tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 8 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(methyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(ethyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(propyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(isopropyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(butyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(sec-butyl)tin hydride; 
     Dimethyl ethyl tin hydride; 
     Diethyl isopropyl tin hydride; 
     Diisopropyl methyl tin hydride; 
     Dibutyl methyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(isopropyl)methyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(ethyl)methyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(methyl)ethyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(isopropyl)ethyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(methyl)butyl tin hydride; or 
     Bis(ethyl)isopropyl tin hydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 9 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(3-dimethylaminopropyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(3-diethylaminopropyl)tin hydride; 
     Tri(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)tin hydride; or 
     Tri(3-diisopropylamino propyl)tin hydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 10 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl tin hydride; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin hydride; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin hydride; or 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin hydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 11 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(diethylamino)tin hydride; or 
     Tri(ethylmethylamino)tin hydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 12 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(diethylamino)butyl tin hydride; or 
     (dimethylamino)dibutyl tin hydride. 
     When tin (Sn) that is the second metal M 2  has an oxidation number of +3, that is, n in Chemical Formula 1 above is 3, specific compounds are exemplified as follows. When n in Chemical Formula 1 is 3, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may have three functional groups (three L 1 &#39;s) bonded to tin (Sn). 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 13 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(ethyl)tin; 
     Tri(propyl)tin; 
     Tri(isopropyl)tin; 
     Tri(butyl)tin; 
     Tri(sec-butyl)tin; 
     Dimethyl ethyl tin; 
     Diethyl isopropyl tin; 
     Diisopropyl methyl tin; 
     Dibutyl methyl tin; 
     Bis(isopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Bis(ethyl)methyl tin; 
     Bis(methyl)ethyl tin; 
     Bis(isopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Bis(methyl)butyl tin; or 
     Bis(ethyl)isopropyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 14 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(3-diethylaminopropyl)tin; 
     Tri(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)tin; or 
     Tri(3-diisopropylamino propyl)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 15 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl tin; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin; or 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 16 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(diethylamino)tin; or 
     Tri(ethylmethylamino)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 17 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(diethylamino)butyl tin; or 
     (dimethylamino)dibutyl tin. 
     When tin (Sn) that is the second metal M 2  has an oxidation number of +2, that is, n in Chemical Formula 1 above is 2, specific compounds are exemplified as follows. When n in Chemical Formula 1 is 2, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may have two functional groups (two L 1 &#39;s) bonded to tin (Sn). 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 18 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Di(ethyl)tin; 
     Di(propyl)tin; 
     Di(isopropyl)tin; 
     Di(butyl)tin; 
     Di(sec-butyl)tin; 
     Ethyl methyl tin; 
     Ethyl isopropyl tin; 
     Isopropyl methyl tin; 
     Butyl methyl tin; or 
     Ethyl isopropyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 19 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Di(3-diethylaminopropyl)tin; 
     Di(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)tin; or 
     Di(3-diisopropylamino propyl)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), one of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and the other of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 20 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl tin; or 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 21 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(diethylamino)tin; or 
     Bis(ethylmethylamino)tin. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), one of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and the other of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 22 below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, the co-reactant CRT may include the following compound: 
     (diethylamino)butyl tin. 
     In another example embodiment, the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT may be In. The co-reactant CRT containing indium (In) having an oxidation number of +3 may include the following compounds: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     triethyl indium. 
     The co-reactant CRT containing indium (In) having an oxidation number of +1 may include the following compound: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 5  may be hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     In another example embodiment, the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT may be Ge. The co-reactant CRT containing germanium (Ge) having an oxidation number of +4 may include the following compounds: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetra(methyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(ethyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(propyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(isopropyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(n-butyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(t-butyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(sec-butyl)germanium; 
     Dimethyl diethyl germanium; 
     Diethyl diisopropyl germanium; 
     Diisopropyl dimethyl germanium; 
     Dibutyl dimethyl germanium; 
     Tris(isopropyl) methyl germanium; 
     Tris(ethyl) methyl germanium; 
     Tris(methyl) ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(isopropyl) ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(methyl) butyl germanium; 
     Tris(ethyl) isopropyl germanium; 
     Digermane; or 
     Hexamethyl digermanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y is 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetra(aminomethyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(2-aminoethyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(3-aminopropyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(dimethylaminomethyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(2-dimethylaminoethyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium; 
     Tetra(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium; or 
     Tetra(3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tris(aminomethyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(aminomethyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(2-aminoethyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(2-aminoethyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-aminopropyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-aminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Bis(aminomethyl)dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(aminomethyl)diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(2-aminoethyl) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(2-aminoethyl) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-aminopropyl) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-aminopropyl) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylaminomethyl) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylaminomethyl) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)dimethyl germanium; or 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl) diethyl germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), four L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tetraamino germanium; 
     Tetra(diethylamino) germanium; 
     Tetra(ethylmethylamino) germanium; or 
     Tetra(diisopropylamino) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tris(amino)methyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) methyl germanium; 
     Tris(diethylamino) methyl germanium; 
     Tris(amino)ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(diethylamino) ethyl germanium; 
     Tris(amino)propyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) propyl germanium; 
     Tris(diethylamino) propyl germanium; 
     Tris(amino) butyl germanium; 
     Tris(dimethylamino) butyl germanium; 
     Tris(diethylamino) butyl germanium; 
     Bis(amino)dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(diethylamino) dimethyl germanium; 
     Bis(amino) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(diethylamino) diethyl germanium; 
     Bis(amino) dipropyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) dipropyl germanium; 
     Bis(diethylamino) dipropyl germanium; 
     Bis(amino) dibutyl germanium; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) dibutyl germanium; 
     Bis(diethylamino) dibutyl germanium; 
     Trimethyl (amino) germanium; 
     Trimethyl (dimethylamino) germanium; 
     Trimethyl (diethylamino) germanium; 
     Triethyl (amino) germanium; 
     Triethyl (dimethylamino) germanium; 
     Triethyl (diethylamino) germanium; 
     Tripropyl (amino) germanium; 
     Tripropyl (dimethylamino) germanium; 
     Tripropyl (diethylamino) germanium; 
     Tributyl (amino) germanium; 
     Tributyl (dimethylamino) germanium; or 
     Tributyl (diethylamino) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(methyl)germanium hydride; 
     Tri (ethyl)germanium hydride; 
     Tri (propyl)germanium hydride; 
     Tri (isopropyl)germanium hydride; 
     Tri (butyl)germanium hydride; 
     Tri (sec-butyl)germanium hydride; 
     Dimethyl ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Diethyl isopropyl germanium hydride; 
     Diisopropyl methyl germanium hydride; 
     Dibutyl methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(isopropyl) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (ethyl) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (methyl) ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (isopropyl) ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (methyl) butyl germanium hydride; or 
     Bis (ethyl) isopropyl germanium hydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least two of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Dimethylgermanium dihydride; 
     Diethylgermanium dihydride; 
     Dipropylgermanium dihydride; 
     Diisopropylgermanium dihydride; 
     Dibutylgermanium dihydride; 
     Di(sec-butyl)germanium dihydride; 
     methylgermanium trihydride; 
     ethylgermanium trihydride; 
     propylgermanium trihydride; 
     isopropylgermanium trihydride; 
     butylgermanium trihydride; 
     (sec-butyl)germanium trihydride; or 
     Germanium tetrahydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tris(aminomethyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(2-aminoethyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(3-aminopropyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(dimethylaminomethyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methyl germanium hydride; 
     Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris (3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium hydride; 
     Tris (3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium hydride; 
     Bis(aminomethyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(2-aminoethyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(3-aminopropyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(dimethylaminomethyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium dihydride; 
     (aminomethyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (2-aminoethyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (3-aminopropyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (dimethylaminomethyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (2-dimethylaminoethyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium trihydride; 
     (3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium trihydride; or 
     (3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium trihydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(amino)methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(diethylamino) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(amino)ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(diethylamino) ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(amino)propyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) propyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(diethylamino) propyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(amino) butyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(dimethylamino) butyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(diethylamino) butyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium hydride; 
     (amino)dimethyl germanium hydride; 
     (dimethylamino) dimethyl germanium hydride; 
     (diethylamino) dimethyl germanium hydride; 
     (amino) diethyl germanium hydride; 
     (dimethylamino) diethyl germanium hydride; 
     (diethylamino) diethyl germanium hydride; 
     (amino) dipropyl germanium hydride; 
     (dimethylamino) dipropyl germanium hydride; 
     (diethylamino) dipropyl germanium hydride; 
     (amino) dibutyl germanium hydride; 
     (dimethylamino) dibutyl germanium hydride; 
     (diethylamino) dibutyl germanium hydride; 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl) dimethyl germanium hydride; 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl) diethyl germanium hydride; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl) dimethyl germanium hydride; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl) diethyl germanium hydride; 
     (amino)methyl germanium dihydride; 
     (dimethylamino) methyl germanium dihydride; 
     (diethylamino) methyl germanium dihydride; 
     (amino) ethyl germanium dihydride; 
     (dimethylamino) ethyl germanium dihydride; 
     (diethylamino) ethyl germanium dihydride; 
     (amino) propyl germanium dihydride; 
     (dimethylamino) propyl germanium dihydride; 
     (diethylamino) propyl germanium dihydride; 
     (amino) butyl germanium dihydride; 
     (dimethylamino) butyl germanium dihydride; 
     (diethylamino) butyl germanium dihydride; 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl) methyl germanium dihydride; 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl) ethyl germanium dihydride; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl) methyl germanium dihydride; or 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl) ethyl germanium dihydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, and the remaining three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Triamino germanium hydride; 
     Tris(diethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(ethylmethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Tris(diisopropylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Diamino germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(diethylamino) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(ethylmethylamino) germanium dihydride; 
     Bis(diisopropylamino) germanium dihydride 
     amino germanium trihydride; 
     (diethylamino) germanium trihydride; 
     (ethylmethylamino) germanium trihydride; or 
     (diisopropylamino) germanium trihydride. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=4), at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be hydrogen, at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of four L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Dimethyl (amino) germanium hydride; 
     Dimethyl (dimethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Dimethyl (diethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Diethyl (amino) germanium hydride; 
     Diethyl (dimethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Diethyl (diethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Diisopropyl (amino) germanium hydride; 
     Diisopropyl (dimethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Diisopropyl (diethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Dibutyl (amino) germanium hydride; 
     Dibutyl (dimethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Dibutyl (diethylamino) germanium hydride; 
     Bis (amino) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (dimethylamino) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (diethylamino) methyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (amino) ethylgermanium hydride; 
     Bis (dimethylamino) ethylgermanium hydride; 
     Bis (diethylamino) ethyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (amino) isopropyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (dimethylamino) isopropyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (diethylamino) isopropyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (amino) butyl germanium hydride; 
     Bis (dimethylamino) butyl germanium hydride; or 
     Bis(diethylamino) butyl germanium hydride. 
     When germanium (Ge) that is the second metal M 2  has an oxidation number of +3, that is, n in Chemical Formula 1 above is 3, specific compounds are exemplified as follows. When n in Chemical Formula 1 is 3, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may have three functional groups (three L 1 &#39;s) bonded to germanium (Ge). 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri (ethyl)germanium; 
     Tri (propyl)germanium; 
     Tri (isopropyl)germanium; 
     Tri (butyl)germanium; 
     Tri (sec-butyl)germanium; 
     Dimethyl ethyl germanium; 
     Diethyl isopropyl germanium; 
     Diisopropyl methyl germanium; 
     Dibutyl methyl germanium; 
     Bis(isopropyl) methyl germanium; 
     Bis (ethyl) methyl germanium; 
     Bis (methyl) ethyl germanium; 
     Bis (isopropyl) ethyl germanium; 
     Bis (methyl) butyl germanium; or 
     Bis (ethyl) isopropyl germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri (3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium; 
     Tri (3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium; or 
     Tri (3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium; 
     Bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)dimethyl germanium; or 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethyl germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), three L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Tri(diethylamino) germanium; or 
     Tri(ethylmethylamino) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=3), at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and at least one of three L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(diethylamino) butyl germanium; or 
     (dimethylamino) dibutyl germanium. 
     When germanium (Ge) that is the second metal M 2  has an oxidation number of +2, that is, n in Chemical Formula 1 above is 2, specific compounds are exemplified as follows. When n in Chemical Formula 1 is 2, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may have two functional groups (two L 1 &#39;s) bonded to germanium (Ge). 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 0). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Di (ethyl)germanium; 
     Di (propyl)germanium; 
     Di (isopropyl)germanium; 
     Di (butyl)germanium; 
     Di (sec-butyl)germanium; 
     Ethyl methyl germanium; 
     Ethyl isopropyl germanium; 
     Isopropyl methyl germanium; 
     Butyl methyl germanium; or 
     Ethyl isopropyl germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylaminoalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be an integer of 1 to 4, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Di (3-diethylaminopropyl) germanium; 
     Di (3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl) germanium; or 
     Di (3-diisopropylamino propyl) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), one of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylaminoalkyl group, and the other of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     (3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium; 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)methyl germanium; or 
     (3-diethylaminopropyl)ethyl germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), two L 1 &#39;s may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (in Chemical Formula 2, x may be 0, and y may be 1). In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     Bis(diethylamino) germanium; or 
     Bis(ethylmethylamino) germanium. 
     In Chemical Formula 1 above (n=2), one of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkylamino group, and the other of two L 1 &#39;s may be an alkyl group. In this case, the co-reactant CRT may include the following compound: 
     (diethylamino) butyl germanium. 
     The co-reactant CRT containing germanium (Ge) having an oxidation number of +2 may include at least one among the following compounds: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 to R4 may each independently be hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 to R4 may each independently be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 and R3 may each independently be hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. R2 and R4 may each independently be an alkylamino group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 to R6 may each independently be hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 and R2 may each independently be an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R1 and R2 may each independently be an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the preliminary layer PL and the reactant RT may react with each other and the first metal M 1  may be reduced to form a metal-containing layer ML. The metal-containing layer ML may be a metal nitride layer containing the first metal M 1 . The metal nitride layer may have a relatively low resistivity, and thus may be substantially a conductor. 
     Byproducts of the reduction reaction and the oxidized co-reactant CRT may all be removed. Thus, the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT may not remain and may all be removed in the metal-containing layer ML. The removal of the byproducts and the co-reactant CRT may include purging gases from a process chamber. As described above, the co-reactant CRT may serve as a catalyst in the formation reaction of the metal-containing layer ML. 
     In an example embodiment, the metal-containing layer ML may not include the second metal M 2 . In another example embodiment, while the preliminary layer PL is reduced, the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT may diffuse into the preliminary layer PL, and the metal-containing layer ML may include a slight amount of the second metal M 2 . In this case, a content of the second metal M 2  in the metal-containing layer ML may be, for example, about 0.1 at % to about 10 at %. 
     As described above in the comparative example, if the metal-containing layer is formed using the reduction reaction without the co-reactant CRT, a process temperature of about 500° C. or higher may be used. In contrast, with respect to the method of forming a metal nitride layer according to an example embodiment, the co-reactant CRT may promote the reduction of the preliminary layer PL even at low temperatures (e.g., between about 150° C. and 400° C.). The method according to an example embodiment may be performed at low temperatures, and thus a lower layer formed in a preceding step may not be damaged. Therefore, the reliability of the semiconductor device may be improved. 
     A method of forming a metal nitride layer according to an example embodiment may have excellent step coverage characteristics due to not using plasma, and thus may be used in regions having a high aspect ratio. Further, according to an example embodiment, a safer reactant such as ammonia may be used instead of using a reactant having a strong reactivity, and a metal nitride layer may be formed at low temperatures. 
     According to another example embodiment, a process for forming a metal-containing layer ML may be performed at a process temperature of about 400° C. to about 600° C. In this case, electronic characteristics of a metal-containing layer (i.e., a metal nitride layer) may exhibit further reduced resistivity. 
     According to still another example embodiment, the reactant RT in  FIG. 6  may not contain a nitrogen atom. Thus, the reactant RT may not be a nitrogen source. For example, the reactant RT may be hydrogen (H 2 ). In this case, the metal-containing layer ML may be formed with a metal layer (e.g., a titanium layer, a tantalum layer, a cobalt layer, a tungsten layer, a ruthenium layer, a molybdenum layer, a tin layer, a copper layer, an iridium layer or a vanadium layer) composed of only the first metal M 1 . 
     Experimental Example 
     As a Comparative Example, as described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 3 , TiCl 4  was used as the metal precursor MP, and NH 3  was used as the reactant RT, and thereby a TiN layer was deposited through the ALD process. The process temperature was about 450° C. 
     As an Example, as described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7 , TiCl 4  was used as the metal precursor MP, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 7 below was used as the co-reactant CRT, and NH 3  was used as the reactant RT, and thereby a TiN layer was deposited through the ALD process. The process temperature was about 350° C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     As a result of performing XPS analysis of a TiN layer formed according to the Example, an atomic percent of Ti was about 48 at %, and an atomic percent of N was about 46 at %. Thus, it was confirmed that the ratio of the number of Ti atoms to the number of N atoms in the TiN layer was about 1:1, and Ti of the TiN layer had an oxidation number of +3. The atomic ratio of N to Ti of the TiN layer formed according to an example embodiment may be 0.9 to 1.1. 
     The results of measuring resistivity with respect to the TiN layer formed according to the Comparative Example and the TiN layer formed according to the Examples are shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , it can be seen that the resistivity of the TiN layer according to the Example is lower than that of the TiN layer according to the Comparative Example. Although the TiN layer according to the Example was deposited at a low temperature (350° C.), the resistivity of the TiN layer according to the Example was lower than that of the TiN layer deposited at a high temperature (450° C.) according to the Comparative Example. Thus, it can be seen that the TiN layer according to the Example was reduced better than the TiN layer according to the Comparative Example. This indicates that when the co-reactant according to an example embodiment is used, the reduction reaction between TiCl 4  and NH 3  is actively performed even at low temperatures. 
       FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15  illustrate plan views of stages in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment.  FIGS. 10A, 12A, 14A, and 16A  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15 , respectively.  FIGS. 10B, 12B, 14B, and 16B  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line II-II′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13, and 15 , respectively.  FIGS. 10C, 12C, 14C, and 16C  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line III-III′ of  FIGS. 9, 11, 13 , and  15 , respectively. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10A to 10C , a substrate  100  may be provided. For example, the substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. An upper portion of the substrate  100  may be patterned to form first trenches TR 1  extending in a second direction D 2 . The first trenches TR 1  may define first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  on the upper portion of the substrate  100 . The first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may be arranged along a first direction D 1 . 
     An upper portion of the substrate  100  may be patterned to form second trenches TR 2  defining a first active region PR and a second active region NR. While the second trenches TR 2  are formed, the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may be removed from an area in which the second trench TR 2  is formed. The first active pattern FN 1  may be provided on the first active region PR, and the second active pattern FN 2  may be provided on the second active region NR. The second trenches TR 2  may be deeper than the first trenches TR 1 . 
     A device isolation layer ST may be formed to fill the first and second trenches TR 1  and TR 2 . Silicon oxide may be used to form the device isolation layer ST. For example, the formation of the device isolation layer ST may include forming on the substrate  100  a dielectric layer that fills the first and second trenches TR 1  and TR 2 , and recessing the dielectric layer until the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  are exposed on their upper portions. 
     Gate electrodes GE may be formed to extend in the first direction D 1 , while running across the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . Gate dielectric layers GI may be formed below the gate electrodes GE. Gate spacers GS may be formed on opposite sides of each of the gate electrodes GE. Gate capping layers CP may be formed on the gate electrodes GE. 
     The formation of the gate electrodes GE may include forming sacrificial patterns to run across the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 , forming the gate spacers GS on opposite sides of each of the sacrificial patterns, and replacing the sacrificial patterns with the gate electrodes GE. 
     The gate electrodes GE may include a conductive metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride or tantalum nitride) or a (non-compounded) metal (e.g., titanium, tantalum, cobalt, tungsten, ruthenium, molybdenum, tin, copper, or aluminum). The formation of the gate electrodes GE may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     The gate dielectric layers GI may include a high-k dielectric material whose dielectric constant is greater than that of a silicon oxide layer. The gate spacers GS may include at least one of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. The gate capping layers CP may include at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     First source/drain regions SD 1  may be formed on upper portions of the first active patterns FN 1 . Second source/drain regions SD 2  may be formed on upper portions of the second active patterns FN 2 . The first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may be formed on opposite sides of each of the gate electrodes GE. The first source/drain regions SD 1  may be doped with p-type impurities, and the second source/drain regions SD 2  may be doped with n-type impurities. 
     The first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may be epitaxial patterns, which epitaxial patterns may be formed by a selective epitaxial growth process. For example, a partial recess process may be performed on the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  on opposite sides of each of the gate electrodes GE, and then an epitaxial growth process may be performed on the recessed portions of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . 
     A first interlayer dielectric layer  110  may be formed on an entire surface of the substrate  100 . The first interlayer dielectric layer  110  may be formed of a silicon oxide layer or a silicon oxynitride layer. The first interlayer dielectric layer  110  may have a top surface substantially coplanar with those of the gate spacers GS and those of the gate capping layers CP. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12A to 12C , a second interlayer dielectric layer  120  may be formed on the first interlayer dielectric layer  110 . First holes HO 1  may be formed to penetrate the first and second interlayer dielectric layers  110  and  120 . Second holes HO 2  may be formed to penetrate the second interlayer dielectric layer  120  and the gate capping layers CP. 
     Each of the first holes HO 1  may be formed between adjacent gate electrodes GE. Each of the first holes HO 1  may expose the first source/drain region SD 1  or the second source/drain region SD 2 . The second holes HO 2  may be formed on the device isolation layer ST filling the second trenches TR 2 . Each of the second holes HO 2  may expose at least a portion of a top surface of the gate electrode GE. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13 and 14A to 14C , a first metal-containing layer ML 1  and a second metal-containing layer ML 2  may be formed to sequentially fill the first and second holes HO 1  and HO 2 . The first metal-containing layer ML 1  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100 . The first metal-containing layer ML 1  may include a metal nitride layer, for example, a titanium nitride layer, a tungsten nitride layer, or a tantalum nitride layer. The formation of the first metal-containing layer ML 1  may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     The first and second holes HO 1  and HO 2  may have a relatively high aspect ratio. If plasma is used in the deposition process to form the first metal-containing layer ML 1 , plasma may provide poor step coverage characteristics, and thus it may be difficult to conformally form the first metal-containing layer ML 1  in the first and second holes HO 1  and HO 2 . However, the method of forming the metal-containing layer according to the present example embodiment may conformally form the first metal-containing layer ML 1  in the first and second holes HO 1  and HO 2  without using plasma. 
     The second metal-containing layer ML 2  may be formed on the first metal-containing layer ML 1 . The second metal-containing layer ML 2  may include a metal layer containing, for example, titanium, tantalum, cobalt, tungsten, ruthenium, molybdenum, tin, copper, or aluminum. The formation of the second metal-containing layer ML 2  may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. The second metal-containing layer ML 2  may completely fill the first and second holes HO 1  and HO 2 . 
     At least one of the first metal-containing layer ML 1  or the second metal-containing layer ML 2  may contain the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7 . A content of the second metal M 2  contained in at least one of the first metal-containing layer ML 1  or the second metal-containing layer ML 2  may be, for example, about 0.1 at % to about 10 at %. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15 and 16A to 16C , a planarization process may be performed on the first metal-containing layer ML 1  and the second metal-containing layer ML 2  until a top surface of the second interlayer dielectric layer  120  is exposed, and accordingly, active contacts AC and gate contacts GC may be formed respectively in the first holes HO 1  and the second holes HO 2 . Each of the active contact AC and the gate contact GC may include a first barrier pattern BM 1  and a first conductive pattern FM 1 . 
     A third interlayer dielectric layer  130  may be formed on the second interlayer dielectric layer  120 . The third interlayer dielectric layer  130  may be patterned to form third holes HO 3  in the third interlayer dielectric layer  130 . 
     Interconnection lines IL may be formed to fill the third holes HO 3 . Each of the interconnection lines IL may include a second barrier pattern BM 2  and a second conductive pattern FM 2 . 
     The formation of the interconnection lines IL may include forming a third metal-containing layer on the substrate  100  and forming a fourth metal-containing layer on the third metal-containing layer. The formation of the third and fourth metal-containing layers may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. In an example embodiment, the third metal-containing layer may include a metal nitride layer, and the fourth metal-containing layer may include a metal layer. The third and fourth metal-containing layers may undergo a planarization process to form the second barrier pattern BM 2  and the second conductive pattern FM 2 . 
     At least one of the interconnection lines IL may include a via VI. The interconnection line IL may be electrically connected through the via VI to one or more of the active contacts AC and the gate contacts GC. 
       FIGS. 17 and 19  illustrate plan views of stages in a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment.  FIGS. 18 and 20  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 17 and 19 , respectively. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , a substrate  100  may be provided thereon with a device isolation layer ST defining active patterns ACT. The substrate  100  may be, for example, a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Silicon oxide may be used to form the device isolation layer ST. 
     When viewed in plan, each of the active patterns ACT may have a bar shape. Each of the active patterns ACT may have a major axis in a third direction D 3 . A third direction D 3  may intersect first and second directions D 1  and D 2 . The first, second, and third directions D 1 , D 2  and D 3  may all be parallel to a top surface of the substrate  100 . 
     Gate lines GL may be formed in the substrate  100 , running across the active patterns ACT. The gate lines GL may extend in the second direction D 2  and may be arranged along the first direction D 1 . The gate lines GL may be formed to be buried in the substrate  100 . 
     The gate lines GL may include, for example, a conductive metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride or tantalum nitride) or a (non-compounded) metal (e.g., titanium, tantalum, cobalt, tungsten, ruthenium, molybdenum, tin, copper, or aluminum). The formation of the gate lines GL may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     Gate dielectric layers GI may be formed between the gate lines GL and the active patterns ACT. The gate dielectric layers GI may include a high-k dielectric material whose dielectric constant is greater than that of a silicon oxide layer. 
     First capping patterns CP 1  may be formed on corresponding gate lines GL. The first capping patterns CP 1  may have top surfaces that are substantially coplanar with that of the substrate  100 . In an example embodiment, the first capping patterns CP 1  may contain at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     A first source/drain region SD 1  may be formed on each of the active patterns ACT, and on the each of the active patterns ACT, second source/drain regions SD 2  may be formed spaced apart from each other across the first source/drain region SD 1 . The first source/drain region SD 1  may be formed between a pair of gate lines GL neighboring each other. The second source/drain regions SD 2  may be formed on opposite sides of the pair of gate lines GL. For example, the second source/drain regions SD 2  may be spaced apart from each other across the pair of gate lines GL. The first source/drain region SD 1  may have the same conductive type as that of the second source/drain region SD 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 19 and 20 , a first interlayer dielectric layer  110  may be formed on the substrate  100 , covering the active patterns ACT. The first interlayer dielectric layer  110  may be formed of a silicon oxide layer or a silicon oxynitride layer. 
     Bit lines BL may be formed in the first interlayer dielectric layer  110 . The bit lines BL may extend in the first direction D 1  and may be arranged along the second direction D 2 . Each of the bit lines BL may be electrically connected to the first source/drain region SD 1 . The bit lines BL may include, for example, a metal or a conductive metal nitride. The formation of the bit lines BL may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     Second capping patterns CP 2  may be formed on corresponding bit lines BL. For example, the second capping patterns CP 2  may include at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     On the substrate  100 , contacts CT may be formed to penetrate the first interlayer dielectric layer  110  and to have connection with corresponding second source/drain regions SD 2 . Landing pads LP may be formed on corresponding contacts CT. The contacts CT and the landing pads LP may include at least one of a metal or a conductive metal nitride. The formation of the contacts CT and the landing pads LP may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     Capacitors CAP may be formed on corresponding landing pads LP. The formation of the capacitor CAP may include forming a first electrode LEL 1  on the landing pad LP, forming a dielectric layer DIL on the first electrode LEL 1 , and forming a second electrode LEL 2  on the dielectric layer DIL. The first electrode LEL 1  may be electrically connected to the second source/drain region SD 2  through the landing pad LP and the contact CT. 
     When viewed in plan as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , the first electrodes LEL 1  may be arranged in a zigzag fashion along the first direction D 1 . The first electrodes LEL 1  may be linearly arranged along the third direction D 3 . 
     The first and second electrodes LEL 1  and LEL 2  may independently include, for example, a metal or a conductive metal nitride. The formation of the first and second electrodes LEL 1  and LEL 2  may include the formation of the metal-containing layer ML described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7  according to an example embodiment. 
     At least one of the first electrode LEL 1  or the second electrode LEL 2  may contain the second metal M 2  of the co-reactant CRT described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7 . A content of the second metal M 2  contained in at least one of the first electrode LEL 1  or the second electrode LEL 2  may be, for example, about 0.1 at % to about 10 at %. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment. In the description of the example embodiment that follows, a repeated detailed description of elements corresponding with those described above with reference to  FIGS. 9 to 20  may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , a logic region LC may be provided that corresponds to a resultant structure of  FIGS. 15 and 16A to 16C . The logic region LC may include logic transistors that constitute a logic circuit of a semiconductor device. 
     A fourth interlayer dielectric layer  140  may be formed on the logic region LC. A memory region MC corresponding to a resultant structure of  FIGS. 19 and 20  may be formed on the fourth interlayer dielectric layer  140 . The memory region MC may be formed to overlie on the logic region LC. The memory region MC may include a memory cell in which DRAM devices are disposed. 
     For example, a semiconductor layer  200  of the memory region MC may be formed on the fourth interlayer dielectric layer  140 . The semiconductor layer  200  may be substantially the same as the substrate  100  discussed with reference to  FIGS. 17 to 20 . Memory transistors and capacitors CAP electrically connected thereto may be formed on the semiconductor layer  200 . Detailed descriptions about the formation of the memory transistors and the capacitors CAP may be substantially the same as those described above with reference to  FIGS. 17 to 20 . 
     While the memory region MC is formed on the logic region LC, the logic transistors in the logic region LC may be exposed to process conditions for the fabrication of the memory region MC. For example, if the memory region MC were to be fabricated at high temperatures (e.g., about 450° C. or higher), the logic transistors of the logic region LC could also be exposed to the high temperatures. In this case, the high temperatures could deteriorate the logic transistors. This situation could have a significant negative influence on reliability of a semiconductor device. 
     According to an example embodiment, a reducing agent may be used to form a metal-containing layer at low temperatures (e.g., between about 150° C. and 400° C.). For example, when a metal-containing layer is formed to act as the gate line GL, the bit line BL, the contact CT, the landing pad LP, or the capacitor CAP of the memory region MC, a low process temperature may maintain by using the method of forming a metal-containing layer according to an example embodiment. Consequently, it may be possible to prevent deterioration of the logic transistors of the logic region LC and to improve reliability of a semiconductor device. 
     A method of forming a metal-containing layer according to an example embodiment may use a co-reactant in depositing a metal-containing layer (e.g., a metal nitride layer having conductivity) at low temperatures (e.g., between 150° C. and 400° C.). By forming the metal-containing layer at low temperatures, deterioration of the semiconductor device may be prevented, and reliability may be increased. 
     As described above, embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including a forming method of a metal-containing layer. 
     By way of summation and review, semiconductor devices have increased integration with the advanced development of the electronic industry. During manufacturing of semiconductor devices, there may be concerns regarding process margin reduction in an exposure process defining fine patterns. Semiconductor devices also have increased in speed with the advanced development of the electronic industry. Various studies have been conducted regarding high integration and/or high speed in semiconductor devices. 
     A method of forming a metal nitride layer according to an example embodiment may not use plasma and may provide excellent step coverage characteristics. In addition, a safe reactant such as ammonia may be used instead of using a reactant having a strong reactivity. Furthermore, a metal nitride layer formed by a method according to an example embodiment may have a relatively low resistivity, and thus electronic characteristics may be improved. 
     Embodiments may provide a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including forming a metal-containing layer using a co-reactant. 
     Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.