Patent Publication Number: US-2009222515-A1

Title: Methods and apparatus for transferring data

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/018,031, filed Dec. 31, 2007. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Increasingly, the Internet and other networks are used to transfer digital media in the form of video and music files. To access these files, a user may navigate to a website that provides links to music and video files that are stored on a web server. To view or listen to those files, a user may download them directly from the web server. Servers that provide content to a large number of users must, accordingly, have sufficient bandwidth to serve those files. For many organizations, the expense of acquiring sufficient bandwidth to provide a satisfactory user experience is prohibitive. 
     In an effort to minimize the expense and difficulty associated with the distribution of a large amount of content through a network, various peer-to-peer (p2p) protocols and associated networks have been developed, such as BitTorrent, Gnutella, Skype, etc. A p2p network distributes content through the network using the computing power and bandwidth available to the network&#39;s individual users to transfer files instead of relying entirely on the bandwidth of a single server or group of servers. 
     In p2p networks, as a peer is receiving content, the peer may also be transmitting content to other peers. The peer responds to requests at any time to provide content to other peers, regardless of the content, the requesting peer, or the resources of the peer. Resources dedicated to servicing requests of other peers may degrade performance. As a result, the transfer rate for a particular file may be substantially diminished when servicing requests from other peers. In addition, the user may misinterpret the loss of performance as a deficiency attributable to the content requested by the user or to the content source. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods and apparatus for transferring data according to various aspects of the present invention may operate in conjunction with a computer system configured to connect to a p2p network. The computer may run a p2p communication program that receives a request for content via the p2p network. The computer determines whether to fulfill the request according to various criteria, such as whether the p2p communication program is currently accessing a second content from the p2p network and/or whether the first content is associated with the second content. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       Representative elements, operational features, applications and/or advantages of the present invention reside in the details of construction and operation as more depicted, described and claimed. Reference is made to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals typically refer to like parts. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for transferring data according to various aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of a system for transferring data according to various aspects of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram for processing content requests according to various aspects of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in a different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention. 
     Representative elements, operational features, applications and/or advantages of the present invention reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereafter described or otherwise identified. The description may refer to the accompanying drawings, images. figures, etc., wherein like numerals (if any) refer to like parts throughout. Elements. operational features. applications and/or advantages are illustrated by certain exemplary embodiments recited in the disclosure herein. 
     Elements in the figures, drawings, images, etc. are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, the terms ‘first’, ‘second’, and the like herein, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. Moreover, the terms ‘front’, ‘back’, ‘top’, ‘bottom’, ‘over’, ‘under’, and the like in the disclosure and/or in the exemplary embodiments, if any, are generally employed for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for comprehensively describing exclusive relative position. Any of the preceding terms so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that various embodiments of the invention, for example, are capable of operation in other configurations and/or orientations than those explicitly illustrated or otherwise described. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     The present descriptions relate to exemplary embodiments of the invention and the inventor&#39;s conception of the best mode and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the invention in any way. Instead, the following description is intended to provide convenient illustrations for implementing various embodiments of the invention. Changes may be made in the function and/or arrangement of any of the elements described in the disclosed exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a system for transferring data  100  according to various aspects of the present invention may function with multiple computers exchanging data. For example, the present exemplary system for transferring data  100  operates in conjunction with multiple clients  105  connected to each other and/or one or more remote servers  120  and/or other data sources  122  via a medium  124 . Data is transferred among the various clients  105 , servers  120 , and/or other data sources  122  via the communications medium  124 . 
     The medium  124  facilitates the transfer of information, and may comprise any suitable medium for transferring information. For example, the medium  124  may comprise the Internet, a local area network or any other suitable wired or wireless communications network. In the present embodiment, the medium  124  may include a p2p network  125  comprising multiple devices configured to exchange information, such as using a BitTorrent protocol to distribute digital files. The p2p network  125  may, however, comprise a network of computers using alternative systems for communicating and distributing data or files via the medium  124 , such as Microsoft&#39;s Avalanche system, Skype, Gnutella, Napster, or any other appropriate data or file distribution system. 
     Any appropriate systems and devices may be connected to the p2p network  125 , such as clients  105 , computers, entertainment systems, data sources  122 , and servers  120 . In the present embodiment, one or more data sources  122  may be connected to the p2p network  125  and provide data, for example in response to requests. The data sources  122  may comprise any suitable systems for providing data, such as a local storage media, networked storage systems and computers, web servers, databases, loopback network interfaces, cameras, PDAs, televisions, radios, and/or other recording or audiovisual systems, and the like. 
     In addition, the present embodiment may include one or more servers  120  that may operate as data sources  122  and provide other appropriate functions. The servers  120  may comprise any suitable computer systems or other electronic devices configured to communicate via the medium  124 . For example, the servers  120  may comprise hardware, software, and/or networking components configured to receive and process requests from the clients  105  and provide a suitable website or other Internet-based user interface that is accessible by the clients  105 . In one embodiment, the server  120  comprises a conventional networked computer server running an operating system, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OSX, or Linux, and a web server, such as an Apache web server. The server  120  may comprise a daemon or software application, a physical computer that is connected to a network, and/or a combination of software and hardware. 
     In one embodiment, the system for transferring data  100  includes one or more reliable service servers  135 . The reliable service server  135  may comprise a reliable resource for obtaining information via the p2p network  125  when such information is otherwise difficult to retrieve. For example, the reliable service server  135  may be configured to maintain a copy of a large portion, such as substantially all, of the content available via the p2p network or associated with one or more particular content providers. The reliable service server  135  may also comprise a highly reliable system that is consistently available to other network elements. Thus, in the event that a file or file segment cannot be readily retrieved from other network resources, the client  105  may access the reliable service server  135  to acquire the missing information. By doing so, the reliable service server  135  may improve file availability in the event of lower file segment availability from the other elements of the p2p network  125  and otherwise minimize the degradation of file transfer rate associated with the p2p network  125 . 
     When the p2p network  125  performance is degraded such that it becomes difficult to retrieve particular file segments, the clients  105  may retrieve the file segments directly from the reliable service server  135  to mitigate the problems associated with the p2p network&#39;s  125  performance. Thus, if files are not available from other sources on the p2p network  125 , such as due to the recent introduction of the file segments to the p2p network  125 , the file segments may be retrieved from the reliable service server  135 . Also, when a user wishes to skip to view a different portion of the file, the reliable service server  135  may be used to mitigate performance degradation associated with downloading the new file segments from the p2p network  125 , for example by providing particular file segments selected by the user that are not immediately available from other sources in the p2p network  125 . 
     The clients  105  may receive, store, and/or transmit information via the medium  124 . The clients  105  may comprise any systems connected to a network for communicating and/or accessing data. For example, one or more clients  105  may comprise conventional computers having a processor and a memory responsive to the processor, such as RAM, hard drives, CD-ROM drives and disks, HD-DVD drives and disks, or other appropriate volatile or non-volatile memory systems. Alternatively, the client  105  may comprise a television, stereo, radio, gaming console, telephone, personal media player, digital assistant, or other network-connected device that receives digital or analog media content. 
     In the present embodiment, the clients  105  execute software for requesting and providing information via the medium  124 . For example, each client  105  may comprise a conventional computer system that runs an operating system, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OSX, Windows CE, Windows XP Embedded, Linux or other PC or embedded operating system, and is capable of executing software and connecting to a network. The client  105  may connect to the network in many different ways, including a network cable connection or a wireless connection. Also, the client  105  may communicate through the network using any appropriate communication protocols, such as TCP/IP, UDP, etc. 
     One or more of the clients  105  may operate client applications  110  to receive and/or transmit data via the medium  124 . The client application  110  may comprise any software capable of requesting and/or receiving data via the medium  124 . The client application  110  may also request any appropriate data, such as digital data encoded in a particular format, such as a QuickTime video file, MP3 file, PostScript file, or Microsoft Windows executable file, that may be used by the client application  110  or another application to perform tasks. For example, the client application  110  may display information on a computer screen, play sounds through a soundcard, play or patch a game, transmit data to another device such as a computer or television, download and/or otherwise prepare data for use by another application, or otherwise use downloaded data. The client application  110  may comprise, for example, a media player, a downloading program, a file-sharing program, a game, or other suitable program. In the present embodiment, the client application includes a BitTorrent client that utilizes the BitTorrent protocol or other appropriate p2p protocol for data transfer. 
     For example, the client application  110  may include a communication program to cause the client  105  to receive the data, format or translate the data for use by the client application  110 , assemble the data into a proper sequence, and/or provide the formatted and/or assembled data to another program or portion of the communication program for use. The client application  110  may comprise or operate in conjunction with a web browser, such as one or more plug-in programs that interact with the web browser. The plug-in may operate as separate code from the main program, for example to read or edit specific types of files, such as to play and watch Flash presentations in the web browser. 
     The client application  110  may be further configured to control responding to requests for files according to selected criteria. For example, the client application  110  may receive requests for files or file segments from other peers in the p2p network  125 , determine the availability of the requested data, and respond according to the availability of the requested data and any other selected restrictions or rules. For example, the client application  110  may be configured to permit transfers to a requesting peer, unless the requesting peer is restricted, such as according to a listing of restricted peers or associated characteristics, such as domain names or other identifiers. Restrictions may be associated with particular domain names, clients, or other characteristics of the requesting peer. Restrictions may also be associated with other characteristics, such as characteristics of the file segments, activities of the client  105  receiving the request, requirements of the content owner, and/or other suitable criteria. The restrictions may comprise one or more rules, such as rules prohibiting responding to a download request from a restricted domain, prohibiting responding to a download request for content not associated with a particular domain, or non-domain related restrictions. 
     In one embodiment, if the requested content is not associated with a particular domain name, the request is denied. For example, requests for content associated with a particular content provider&#39;s domain name may be fulfilled, while requests for content from another content provider may be denied. In another example, if the incoming file request is for content associated with content currently being downloaded by the client application  110 , such as content originating from the same domain, the client application  110  may proceed with transferring the content to the requesting peer. If the requested content does not originate from the same domain or is otherwise unrelated to the content currently being downloaded by the client application  110 , then the client application  110  may deny the file transfer request to avoid degrading download performance. 
     The files may comprise any suitable collections of information collected under a particular name, such as conventional computer files. The files may include subfiles or any other appropriate structure. In addition, the information in the files may be any appropriate information, such as data for sound, video, program data, patch information, game data, or the like. In many cases, to distribute a file, the content providers or the clients  105  of the p2p network  125  split a file into a series of file segments, such as in accordance with conventional BitTorrent distribution. The size of the file segments may be determined by several factors, including the performance of the medium  124  through which the clients  105  of the p2p network  125  communicate, the size of the original file, or other factors. When a client  105  wishes to retrieve a particular file from the p2p network  125 , that client  105  can communicate with other clients  105  of the p2p network  125  to discover the availability of particular file segments that comprise the file. The clients  105  may then retrieve those file segments and then can combine them to recreate the original file. 
     The client application  110  may be configured to retrieve a p2p file description from a server  120  or other data source  122 . The p2p file description describes the file and provides sufficient data such that the file may be retrieved from the p2p network  125  and/or the reliable server service  135  or other data source  122 . For example, the client application  110  may retrieve a webpage from the server  120  or other data source  122  that contains an HTML tag, such as an &lt;EMBED&gt; tag, that instantiates a translation server  115  and a media player  116  or other file-using program and contains sufficient data for the translation server  115  to retrieve the file from the p2p network  125 . In one embodiment, the translation server  115  and/or the media player  16  are implemented as browser plug-ins that interact with the main or host application 
     The &lt;EMBED&gt; tag may include a p2p file description containing all the information that the translation server  115  requires to retrieve a file from a server  120 , p2p network  125 , or other source  122 . Furthermore, the &lt;EMBED&gt; tag may include information that instructs the media player  116  or other file-using program how to retrieve and play or otherwise utilize the file as it is subsequently provided by the translation server  115 . For example, for a BitTorrent network, the &lt;EMBED&gt; tag may describe the URL of a tracker that communicates with the clients  105  that are connected to the p2p network  125  and are distributing file segments, the name of the file, the size of the file segments, the size of the file, and other information that allows the translation server  115  or client application  110  to verify the integrity of the file segments retrieved from the p2p network  125 . 
     The file-using program may comprise any suitable system or application for using the received information. In the present embodiment, the file-using program comprises the media player  116 , which may comprise a conventional program for rendering audiovisual information based on electronic data, such as an Adobe PDF reader, a Flash-based movie player, or a Windows Media Player. The file-using program may be selected according to the type of content or other appropriate criteria, and may comprise any appropriate program or system for using the received data, such as an entertainment player, a game, or other program. In addition, the file-using program may be initiated by an appropriate event, such as via a web browser plug-in or other program that initiates in response to a request to download and play a compatible file type. 
     The translation server  115  receives the file segments from the various network resources and provides the assembled file segments to the file-using program. The translation server  115  may comprise a software application executed by the client  105  and/or a remote computer configured to communicate with the requesting client  105 . In the present embodiment, the translation server  115  comprises a program running on the requesting client  105 , and may be initiated in response to a download request. For example, like the file-using program, the translation server  115  may be implemented as a web browser plug-in or other program that initiates the translation server  115  in response to a request to download and play a compatible file type. 
     The p2p network  125  is suitably configured to communicate with the translation server  115  such that the translation server  115  is capable of communicating with the clients  105  and retrieving file segments from the p2p network  125 . In the present embodiment, the translation server  115  and the file-using program may be initiated in response to file information indicating that the file is in a format compatible with the file-using program and distributed via a protocol compatible with the translation server  115 . For example, the EMBED tag may indicate that the associated file is distributed via BitTorrent protocols, causing the client application  110  to initiate the translation server  115  to retrieve the file segments. In addition, the EMBED tag may indicate that the file type is an Adobe PDF file, which may cause the client application  110  or the translation server  115  to initiate an Adobe PDF Reader media player  116 . 
     The translation server  115  requests and receives the file segments according to any appropriate protocols and techniques. For example, the translation server  115  may request file segments according to BitTorrent or other file distribution processes. In the present embodiment, the translation server  115  contacts a tracker identified in the EMBED tag, accesses a distributed hash table, or otherwise determines network resources for requesting the relevant file segments. The translation server  115  then requests the file segments from the various identified network resources. 
     The translation server  115  may request file segments from the p2p network  125  according to the sequence of the file segments in the original file. By retrieving the file segments sequentially, the media player  116  can consume the file segments&#39; contents in substantially the same order as that in which they are received. The translation server  115  may also or alternatively request the file segments according to scarcity or availability on the p2p network  125  to allow optimal time to retrieve rare file segments. 
     As the translation server  115  receives the file segments, the translation server  115  may assemble the file segments into a proper sequence for transmission to the file-using program for consumption. For example, the translation server  115  may assemble the file segments of a movie file into the proper sequence for playback so that the file may be streamed to the media player  116 . 
     The files may be received in the proper sequence, and may not require assembly. If the file segments are not received in sequential order, for example due to a request sequence, varying retrieval times for different file segments and network resources, varying connection qualities to network resources, or failed communications or requests, the translation server  115  may assemble the file segments into the proper sequence before providing them to the file-using program. 
     As the file segments are received and assembled, some file segments may not be found. The translation server  115  may request missing file segments by searching other network resources for the missing segments. In the present embodiment, the translation server  115  requests the file segments from various network resources according to a request procedure. In the present embodiment, the request procedure is configured to reduce burdens on central resources such as the servers  120  and the reliable service server  135 , but retain the ability to acquire missing file segments. For example, the translation server  115  may initially request file segments from other clients  105 . If a file segment cannot be retrieved from the other clients  105 , the translation server  105  may request the missing file segment from the servers  120 , which may have a greater selection of file segments but slower response times. If the missing file segment remains unavailable, the translation server may request the file segment from the reliable service server  135 . 
     The translation server  115  may also translate incoming file segments into a format that can be used by the media player  116 , client application  110 , or other appropriate system. In the present embodiment, the translation server  115  receives the file in a first format and retransmits received file to the file-using program using an alternative transmission protocol. For example, the present translation server  15  may retrieve file segments from the p2p network  125  using the BitTorrent protocol or other suitable peer-to-peer file transfer protocol and retransmit those file segments using an HTTP protocol. The translation server  115  may retransmit the file using any other appropriate protocols, such as RTSP, FTP, DSS, or by simply providing access to a file stored on a local or network-accessible storage system. 
     For example, the translation server  115  may retrieve the requested information from the p2p network  125  as BitTorrent file segments and convert the data into a local HTTP stream. The media player  116  may then receive the data from the local HTTP stream as it is made available by the translation server  115 . Thus, the translation server  115  may operate as a local server, such that media player  116  perceives the translation server  115  as an original source of the HTTP data. The media player  116  may receive a video stream from the local server in the same manner as a remote source, for example from http://localhost/movie_file.mov rather than http://www.website.com/movie_file.mov. Consequently, the translation server  115  is effectively transparent to the media player  116 , and the media player  116  does not require specific configuration to operate with the p2p network  125  or other network resources. 
     The translation server  115  may provide the data in any appropriate manner, such as according to the type and availability of the downloaded data. For example, if the downloaded data comprises a non-sequential collection of data, such as a software program that cannot be executed until all elements are downloaded, the translation server  115  may retain the data until the file has been fully received and assembled, or may retransmit the data substantially immediately for assembly and/or use by the media player  116  when all of the file segments have been received. If the data comprises a sequential presentation, the translation server  115  may retransmit data in the appropriate sequence as the relevant file segments are received. If the data is available, the information contained within the downloaded file segments may be retransmitted by the translation server  115  in approximately real-time, such that data is retransmitted generally as it becomes available. Thus, the translation server may begin streaming the data to the file-using program before the entire file has been received. Alternatively, retransmission may be delayed as determined by the requirements of the client application  110 , user preferences, or other pre-determined input. The translation server  115  may also perform any other appropriate tasks to make the data useable by the media player  116 , such as processing interactions with the media player  116 . 
     To retrieve data for usage by the client  105 , the client application  110  requests a particular file. In response, the system for transferring data  100  transmits the segments of the file to the client  105 . As the file segments are received, the client application  110  may prepare the files for usage. For example, the translation server  115  may receive the file segments and provide the file segments to the media player  116  as a local server. In addition, the translation server  115  may sequence, translate, and/or format the file segments for use by the media player  116 . 
     More particularly, the system for transferring data  100  may transfer information in response to a request initiated by the client application  110 . The request may comprise a communication from a client application  110  requesting a particular file or information describing a file and how to retrieve the file from a p2p network  125 . For example, referring to  FIG. 2 , a web browser operating on the client  105  may request data from a URL one of the servers  120  ( 210 ). The URL may refer to a webpage and correspond to a file to be retrieved, such as a file that contains text and HTML tags, an executable file or script that the server  120  runs and whose output may be transmitted to the client software application  110 , or a file that contains data. 
     In addition, the URL may point the client application  110  to a source for downloading the file, such as in accordance with a BitTorrent protocol. In the present embodiment, the URL provides the p2p file description, which identifies one or more trackers to identify network resources, such as clients  105 , servers  120 , and/or reliable service servers  135 , from which the file may be retrieved. The client application  110  may then request the file segments from the various identified network resources. 
     The client application  110  may retrieve any type of data from the server  120  ( 212 ). In the present embodiment, the client  105  may receive file data, such as an HTML tag, containing a description of the information to be retrieved. The file data may contain a p2p file description, for example using an &lt;EMBED&gt; tag. The p2p file description may include file size, file name, file type, file encoding information, local storage location and any other information that may be used to retrieve the file from the p2p network  125 . 
     In response to the file data, the client  105  may initiate the translation server  115  ( 214 ) to request the file segments, translate the file segments into a format for the media player  116 , and/or supply the file segments to the file-using program for use. In the present embodiment, the web browser initiates the translation server  115  in response to the file data, such as an indication that the file may be retrieved via the p2p network using BitTorrent protocols. Alternatively, the translation server  115  may already be running, for example in conjunction with a translation server  115  that is continuously running, started by a user, or otherwise initiated. The translation server  115  may be initiated by any appropriate system, such as the client application  110  or the media player  116 . The client  105  may also initiate the appropriate file-using program, such as the media player  116 , according to the type of data contained in the files to be received. 
     In response to the requests, the various network resources provide the file segments to the client application  110 . For example, the client application  110  may notify the translation server  115  of the data request ( 216 ) and provide to the translation server  115  the p2p file description that identifies the file to be retrieved and also contains sufficient information to retrieve the file from the p2p network  125 . Upon receiving sufficient information from client application  100 , the translation server  115  may communicate with the p2p network  125  and begin retrieving segments of the specified file, for example in accordance with the information in the &lt;EMBED&gt; tag ( 218 ). The translation server  115  suitably locates file segments made available by the various clients  105  of the p2p network  125 , performs peer negotiation to acquire the file segments, and verifies the integrity of received files. 
     The file segments may be retrieved according to any appropriate criteria, such as the type of file being retrieved, p2p network  125  performance, and/or requirements of the client application  110  or media player  116  ( 220 ). For example, when downloading non-streaming data or other data that will not be accessed immediately as it is received, such as game data or still-image data, the translation server  115  may seek file segments according to scarcity to download those file segments that are the least available in the p2p network  125  before other file segments that are more widely available. On the other hand, when the client application  110  requests streaming data, such as video, music, or other suitable files for immediate sequential presentation or execution, the user or application may wish to begin accessing the file as soon as possible. In such circumstances, when requesting data from the p2p network  125 , the translation server  115  may employ a file segment selection algorithm that selects substantially sequential file segments to initially retrieve file segments from the beginning of the file before those nearer the end of the file. The translation server  115  places priority on acquiring file segments that are to be used earlier on in the stream. 
     If the requested file segments are not readily available from the p2p network  125 , the translation server  115 , client application  110 , and/or media player  116  may request missing file segments from one of the reliable service servers  135  ( 222 ). For example, if the clients  105  in the p2p network  125  do not have the relevant file segments, or if sufficient bandwidth is unavailable for a client  105  or other network resource having the file segment to transfer the file segments within a desired timeframe, the translation server  115  may stall the download process to find the file segment on another client  105  or one or more reliable service servers  135 . If the file segments are found, the file segments are requested. If not, the translation server  115  may generate an error message indicating that the file or file segment was not found. 
     As the requested file segments are received, the translation server  115  may make the data contained within those file segments available to the client application  110  and/or the media player  116 . For example, the translation server  115  may retrieve all file segments associated with a particular file. After retrieving all file segments, the translation server  115  may assemble file segments so as to reconstruct the original file and then make that file available to the file-using program, such as the client application  110  or media player  116 . For example, if the original file were a movie file, the translation server  115  may recombine the file segments so as to form the original movie file and then may make the file available to the media player  116 . 
     The translation server  115  may make the file available to the media player  116  using any suitable method. For example, the translation server  115  may provide a HTTP stream of the contents of the movie file. Alternatively, the translation server  115  may communicate the contents of the movie file to the media player  116  using RTSP, FTP, DSS, or by simply providing access to a file stored on a local or network-accessible storage system. 
     The media player  116  receives the data for use, such as playback, gameplay, or storage. In the present embodiment, as the translation server  115  receives the requested file segments, the translation server  115  provides an HTTP stream of the available file contents that the client application  110 , media player  116 , and/or other file-using program may access ( 224 ). If the translation server  115  is running on the client  105 , the HTTP file stream may be available at a local location, such as http://localhost/movie_file.mov. Thus, the media player  116  receives the data from the translation server  115 , which operates as a local HTTP server providing streamed data. 
     In some cases, the file being retrieved from the p2p network  125  may be suitable for streaming prior to receiving all of the file segments that comprise the original file. In such a case, the translation server  115  may retrieve the file segments of the original file from the various clients  105  of the p2p network  125  at least partially sequentially. Upon retrieving file segments from the p2p network  125 , the translation server  115  may recombine the file segments in real time and make the file contents available to the media player  116 . For example, if the file to be retrieved from the p2p network  125  is suitable for streaming, the translation server  115  may retrieve some of the file segments from the p2p network  125 , assemble those file segments to create a portion of the original file, and then stream the available file contents to the media player  116  or other suitable client application  110 . As additional file segments are retrieved from the p2p network  125 , they can be further assembled to the retrieved portion of the original file and made available for streaming. The time at which the translation server  115  can begin streaming the file contents to the client application  110  or media player  116  and the amount of data that may be communicated through the stream may depend upon several factors, such as the rate at which file segments are retrieved from the p2p network, the size of the file segments, the rate at which data is consumed by the media player  116  or client application  110 , and to what degree the order of the file segments retrieved from the p2p network  125  approximates their original sequence in the file being retrieved. 
     A user, client application  110 , or media player  116  may wish to access a file at a selected location, such as to jump to the middle of a video or music file. If the translation server  115  is providing a stream of the file contents only as they become available, the media player  116  or client application  110  may be attempting to access a portion of the file that the translation server  115  has not yet retrieved from the p2p network  125 . In such a case, the translation server  115  may stall the stream of data flowing from the translation server  115  to the media player  116  or client application  110  while it retrieves the file segments that are necessary to begin streaming the file at the requested point. 
     For example, if the user, client application  110 , or media player  116  wishes to jump forward within a movie file that is being retrieved from an HTTP stream provided by the translation server  115 , the translation server  115  may temporarily stall the HTTP file stream while it waits to download from the p2p network  125  those file segments that correspond to the portion of the file that the user wishes to view. In some situations. there may be a delay associated with retrieving the newly selected file segments from the p2p network  125 . The delay may be due to overhead associated with requesting the new file segments from the clients  105  connected to the p2p network  125  or other causes. If the retrieval of the newly requested file segments is so delayed or as other performance considerations require, the translation server  115 , the media player  116 , or the client application  110  may connect to one or more of the reliable server servers  135  or other data sources  122  to retrieve those segments that are delayed. 
     The client application  110  may be further configured to control how the p2p client  105  responds to requests for file data. For example, the client application  110  may receive requests from other clients  105  and determine whether and how to respond to the requests, such as to deny the request, grant the request, or grant the request with conditions. Any appropriate criteria may be applied to determine the treatment of the request, for example to avoid degrading performance of incoming data transfers or apparent loss of performance caused by an outbound file transfer of which the user may be unaware. The criteria may be applied to the client  105  by any authority, such as the content owner, the network administrator, and/or the user of the client application. In addition, the client application may receive the criteria directly or from any other resource, such as a reliable service server, a tracker server, or another server. Further, the criteria may be sent along with a file segment, such as in the metadata, embedded in the file segment, or otherwise attached. 
     In one embodiment, the client application  110  may have access to a set of request response criteria to enhance the user&#39;s experience and ensure that the user&#39;s perceptions of the content source are not inadvertently diminished. For example, the request response criteria may permit responding to requests when the client application is not requesting and receiving files, but may prohibit responding to requests when the client application is requesting or receiving files to ensure that responding to the requests does not interfere with receiving the requested data. 
     Alternatively, the request response criteria may permit only responding to requests associated with particular domains or data, such as a domain associated with the client application  110 , data that is currently being requested or received by the client application  110 , or data associated with a particular source, like a website or domain name, that is currently being accessed by the client application  110 , a browser, or an associated application. The restrictions may be generated to ensure that the user&#39;s experience with a particular content source is not degraded due to interference caused by transferring unrelated content. The request response criteria may include any criteria or action, such as limiting responses to domain specific content, content associated with a particular web site or group of sites being accessed by the client  105 , distribution system specific content like BitTorrent files, or genre specific content. A file may additionally be limited by any associated data, such as size, name, keyword, creator, owner, or distributor. In addition, the limitation may be specific to the file segment, such as by limiting to certain sizes of file segment, or by identifying certain file segments by a flag or other identifier. The limitations may include terminating or delaying responses to all requests outside of a designated category, or limiting all requests outside of a designated category or a group of other peers. Further, all requests or certain requests may be serviced with conditions. The conditions may include any limitation, such as limiting the transfer rate of the connection, limiting the duration of transfer allowed, delaying the transfer until the user&#39;s download is complete, and/or restricting by file segment size or type. 
     In one embodiment, when a request is received from another peer in the p2p network  125 , the client application  110  compares the request to the request response criteria, which may be configured to ensure that the user&#39;s experience is not degraded due to interference caused by servicing requests for unrelated content. If the client application  110  is not currently requesting and/or receiving content, the client application  110  may respond to the request and provide the requested content. 
     If the client application  110  is currently receiving or requesting content, the client application  110  may respond in any appropriate manner according to the request response criteria. In one embodiment, the client application  110  denies the request altogether until the client application completes receiving and requesting content. In another embodiment, the client application  110  may deny requests unless the requested content fits within a permitted category. For example, the request may be denied under any circumstance unless the requested content is associated with a particular source, such as a domain name currently being accessed by the client  105  and/or associated with the content being downloaded by the client  105 . 
     In one embodiment, the client application  110  includes a browser-integrated p2p file-sharing application, such as operating as a browser plug-in associated with a particular website. The client application  110  may deny requests for any content unless the content is associated with a website that is currently open in the browser. The content may be designated as associated with a website in any appropriate manner, such as providing a domain name corresponding to the content source in the p2p file description, like the EMBED tag. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, when a file segment request is received ( 410 ), the client application  110  may determine whether the request is within the relevant file transfer rules, such as by determining domain association information for the requested content ( 412 ). In the present embodiment, the client application  110  may compare the domain name indicated in the requested file&#39;s file description to the domain names associated with the websites currently open in the browser or another list of permitted domain names. If the indicated domain name is among the accepted names in the request response criteria, the client application may service the request ( 416 ). If not, the client application  110  may deny the request ( 418 ). In addition, the client application  110  may determine whether any rules or restrictions apply to distribution of the requested file segments ( 420 ). If the distribution of the file segment in response to the request is permitted according to the relevant criteria, the client application  110  may forward the file segment in response to the request ( 422 ). If not, the request is denied ( 424 ). Thus, the client application may control the content that is transferred by the client application  110  according a domain name associated with the content, domain names currently being accessed by the client application or browser, criteria associated with the content, and/or other appropriate criteria. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments; however, various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the exemplary embodiments. The specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative manner, rather than a restrictive one and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps recited in any method or process embodiments may be executed in any appropriate order and are not limited to the specific order presented in the exemplary embodiments. Additionally, the components and/or elements recited in the apparatus embodiments may be assembled or otherwise operationally configured in a variety of permutations to produce substantially the same result as the present invention and are accordingly not limited to the specific configuration recited in the exemplary embodiments. 
     Benefits, other advantages and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to particular embodiments; however, any benefit, advantage, solution to problems or any element that may cause any particular benefit, advantage or solution to occur or to become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical. required or essential features or components of any or all the exemplary embodiments. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “including”, or any variation thereof, are intended to reference a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, composition or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements recited, but may also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, composition or apparatus. Other combinations and/or modifications of the above-described structures, arrangements, applications, proportions, elements, materials or components used in the practice of the present invention, in addition to those not specifically recited, may be varied or otherwise particularly adapted to specific environments, manufacturing specifications, design parameters or other operating requirements without departing from the general principles of the same.