Patent Publication Number: US-4929466-A

Title: Food and feedstuff

Description:
DESCRIPTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to a food, such as in the form of soya milk, milk replacer, and feedstuff for animals, particularly a feedstuff for young animals, such as calves, pigs, dogs, cats, chicken, and others, and intended to able to function together with an antibacterial system in the form of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide donor, (the LP-system), and salivary peroxides-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide donor (the SP-system). 
     The object of the present invention is to obtain a food and a feedstuff based substantially on vegetables, in which food and/or feedstuff the so called LP-system or the SP-system can function completely. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     It is previously known and described an antibacterial system called the LP-system, which comprises the enzyme lactoperoxidase, a thiocyanate, and a hydrogen peroxide donor, the latter either in the form of a hydrogen peroxide donating enzymatic system (glucose/glucoseoxidase, xanthine/xanthineoxidase) or in the form of a solid peroxide (sodium percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, carbamide peroxide), a solid peroxid system (Cu+ascorbic acid) or added with Lactobacillae producing hydrogen peroxide. The system has shown to possess a good antibacterial effect and has also turned out to function well under anaerobic conditions (when solid peroxides are used), such as in the gastro-intestinal tract. One has thereby been able to prevent diarrhoea in young animals. These types of diarrhoea are often present in animal stocks, and particularly among piglets, where this form of diarrhoea kills many animals, and/or reduces the growth rate, which factors are of great economical value. The use of the LP-system is also of utmost interest as antibiotics in the form of penicillins and tetracyclines thereby can be used to a less extent; products which have been highly critisied due to the risk of rise of resistancy, and risk of residues of the compound in the slaugthered meat. Saliva peroxidase is ranked with lactoperoxidase in this respect, and below when using the LP-system it shall be understood that one can use salivary peroxidase in stead. 
     It has, however, turned out that the LP-system has not always had the expected effect, when it has been added to vegetable based feedstuffs, such as feedstuffs comprising cereals, peas, soya, potatoes, and beet pulp. After investigations and research made one has surprisingly found that the peroxidases present in these products very efficiently compete with lactoperoxidase, as they have a greater affinity to hydrogen peroxide than the lactoperoxidase enzyme has. 
     It is surprising to find that the antibacterial system is outbeaten by vegetable peroxidases as one has been of the opinion that LP has a very high affinity to hydrogen peroxide which exceeds that of other enzymes. E.g., catalase has not been able to compete with LP within the levels present, as far as one knows hitherto. 
     It is known, and possible to buy, a soya meal on the market which has been heavily heat treated in order to decompose tryptinase, a trypsine inhibitor, and generally all soya meal is tested for the presence of urease to show the presence or not of trypsine inhibitor, as urease is decomposed simultaneously. However, it has turned out that this heavy heat treatment of the soya meal does not destroy the vegetable peroxidases present. 
     One object of the present invention is, as mentioned above, thus to obtain a food and feedstuff, particularly feedstuff for young animals in which the LP-system can be active and have an effect all way out. 
     An additional object is thereby to obtain a digestible, pregelatinized starch present in such vegetables as such gelatinized starch is more easily digested by the young stomach. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     It has now surprisingly been found possible to meet this request and to obtain a food and a feedstuff based on vegetables in which the LP-system can be activated and/or be brought into action endogenously, whereby the invention is characterized in that the ingoing vegetables are pretreated in such a way that vegetable peroxidase present is deactivated. 
     The term vegetable peroxidase means all such peroxidases which have a greater affinity to hydrogen peroxide than lactoperoxidase and/or salivary peroxidase. 
     The invention is particularly characterized in that ingoing vegetables are heated to 100° C. to 175° C. in the presence of a certain critical amount of moisture, which means mainly a 100% relative humidity and derived from free, unbound water present in the material. So called hydrothermic processes function best, e.g., &#34;cooking extrusion&#34;, or autoclaving, alternatively. At extrusion a moist, paste shaped material is pressed under a high pressure through a matrix whereby due to the frictional heat, the temperature increases considerably to the above given temperatures in the material and simultaneously as the water present boils. 
     Microwave heating and micronization takes place at a high temperature as well but in a relatively dry condition. As evident from the table below micro wave heating and micronization do not give a complete elimination of vegetable peroxidases. 
     Ingoing amino acids, particularly lysine, arginine, and cystine, may not, on the other hand, be subject to such high temperatures that a considerable decomposition or other unwanted reactions (e.g. Maillard reactions) occur, such as the formation of --SH groups which block the bactericidal effect by competetion for --OSCN - . Vegetable components should thus be heat treated per se, and the animalic components be treated per se, and then be mixed together in dry state. 
     Further characteristics are evident from the accompanying claims. 
     The invention will be described in the following with reference to a number of examples, however, without being restricted thereto. 
     The peroxidase activity has been determined for a great number of vegetables by means of a method using guajakol, which reacts with most peroxidases. 
     The result is evident from Table 1 below. In the table peroxidase activity is expressed in the following way: 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Product        Treatment       Activity                                   
______________________________________                                    
Wheat          untreated       +++                                        
Wheat          scalded         +++                                        
Wheat          ac 20 min       -                                          
Wheat          micro waves 4 min                                          
                               +++                                        
Wheat          extruded        -                                          
Corn           untreated       ++                                         
Corn           micronization   +                                          
Corn           ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Popcorn, ground                                                           
               untreated       ++                                         
Popcorn, ground                                                           
               popped in oil   -                                          
Barley         untreated       +++                                        
Barley         scalded         +++                                        
Barley         ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Barley         micronization   +++                                        
Green peas     untreated       +++                                        
Green peas     ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Yellow peas    untreated       +++                                        
Yellow peas    ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Peas           micronization   +++                                        
Beet cuttings  untreated       +                                          
Soya, ground   untreated       +++                                        
Soya, ground   125° C., 30 min                                     
                               ++                                         
Soya, ground   150° C., 15 min                                     
                               ++                                         
Soya, ground   150° C., 30 min                                     
                               +                                          
Soya, ground   micronization   +++                                        
Soya, ground   150° C., 45 min                                     
                               -                                          
Soya, ground   175° C., 15 min                                     
                               -                                          
Soya, ground   ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Soya protein conc.                                                        
               untreated       -                                          
Rapeseed       untreated       -                                          
Soya milk      untreated       ++                                         
Soya milk      boiled 15 min   -                                          
Soya milk      ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Soya milk      ac 1 atm, 15 min                                           
                               -                                          
Potatoes       untreated       +++                                        
Potatoes       boiled          -                                          
Pig fodder I   untreated       +++                                        
Pig fodder I   150° C., 15 min                                     
                               ++                                         
Pig fodder I   175° C., 15 min                                     
                               -                                          
Pig fodder I   ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Pig fodder II  untreated       +++                                        
Pig fodder II  125° C., 15 min                                     
                               +                                          
Pig fodder II  150° C., 15 min                                     
                               -                                          
Pig fodder II  ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Pig fodder III untreated       +++                                        
Animal fodder IV                                                          
               untreated       +++                                        
Animal fodder IV                                                          
               ac 120° C., 20 min                                  
                               -                                          
Animal fodder V                                                           
               untreated       +++                                        
Animal fodder VI                                                          
               untreated       +++                                        
Animal fodder VII                                                         
               untreated       ++                                         
Piglet fodder base                                                        
               extruded        -                                          
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 ac = autoclaved                                                          
 +++ = very high activity;                                                
 ++ = high acitivity                                                      
 + = activity                                                             
 - = no activity                                                          
 
    
     Pig fodder I--Animal fodder VII are different feedstuffs present on the market, preferably produced for piglet and young pig production. 
     As evident from the Table above a considerable heat treatment is needed to eliminate the vegetable peroxidase activity. 
     The following feedstuffs have been tested: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Fodder A   Skim milk powder    1     g                                    
           Lactose reduced whey powder                                    
                               0.5   g                                    
           Fish meal           1     g                                    
           Extruded piglet fodder base                                    
                               7.0   g                                    
           Potatoe starch      0.2   g                                    
           Vitamins &amp; minerals mix                                        
                               0.3   g                                    
           Aq. dest sterile    40    ml                                   
Fodder B   Vitamins &amp; minerals mix                                        
                               2.2%                                       
           Skim milk powder   10.0%                                       
           Lactose reduced whey powder                                    
                               5.0%                                       
           Potatoe starch      2.0%                                       
           Fish meal          10.0%                                       
           Baker&#39;s yeast       1.0%                                       
           Piglet fodder base*                                            
                              69.8%                                       
Fodder C = Pig fodder III in Table 1 above.                               
Fodder D = Animal fodder VII in Table 1 above.                            
Fodder E   Vitamins &amp; Minerals mix                                        
                               2.1%                                       
           Lactose reduced whey powder                                    
                              15.0%                                       
           Fish meal          11.5%                                       
           Extruded cereals + fat                                         
                              71.4%                                       
Piglet     Soya meal          13%                                         
fodder     Potatoe fibre       3%                                         
base       Fat - cooking oil   4%                                         
           Wheat meal         80%                                         
______________________________________                                    
 *crude, and extruded, respectively                                       
 
    
     The tests were made using the following method: The feedstuff was mixed dry or is weighed and mixed with water, optionally comprising lactoperoxidase. Then the pH is adjusted using 1M HCL and 5 ml sample is brought to a testing tube using a pipette. Other ingredients are added according to scheme, and the test organism, E. coli NCTC 9703 is added. A control sample is taken out, diluted in peptone water and transferred onto a MacConkey-agar plate. The samples are incubated at 37° C. on a water bath. After 2 hrs a final sample is taken to check the number of remaining cfu/ml in the sample, is diluted with peptone water, and is transferred onto a MacCokney agar plate. The agar plates are incubated at 37° C. in a heating cabinet and are read after 24 hrs. The results of the tests are given in Table 2 below. In certain tests cysteine-HCl has been added which amino acid is known to inhibit the LP-system. 
     As evident from Table 2 inhibition of the LP-system takes place, besides in those cases when cystein is present, in these cases when ++ or +++ activity is present in the basic fodder, while when - activity is at hand the LP-system functions and gives a killing of the test micro organism added. In all cases the dry substance contents of the feedstuff mixtures have been adjusted to about 20-25%, which corresponds to a dilution factor of 1+3, and 1+4, respectively, i.e., 1 part of dry feeding stuff+3-4 parts of water. 
     
                                           TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
               LP  NaSCN                                                  
                        MgO.sub.2                                         
                            Cyst-HCl                                      
                                 0 hrs 2 hrs                              
Testmedium   pH                                                           
               μg/ml                                                   
                   mM   mg/ml                                             
                            mM   log-cfu/ml                               
                                       log-cfu/ml                         
__________________________________________________________________________
Fodder A (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                 7,26  8,04                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      7,11  4,65                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    7,04  8,08                               
Fodder A (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                 6,72  7,88                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,57  &lt;3,00                              
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,81  8,15                               
Fodder B (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                 6,92  7,41                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,38  &lt;3,00                              
Fodder B (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                                                          
               10                6,87  8,11                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,67  3,00                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,93  8,00                               
Fodder B (+++) activity                                                   
             5,5                                                          
               10                7,04  8,18                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      7,00  8,18                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,98  8,30                               
Fodder B (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                                                          
               10                6,79  8,04                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      7,18  3,26                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    7,08  8,30                               
Fodder B (-) activity                                                     
             5,5                                                          
               10                6,64  5,63                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,32  3,57                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,76  8,18                               
Fodder C (+++) activity                                                   
             5,2                 6,74  6,83                               
             5,2                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,76  6,20                               
             5,2                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,74  7,38                               
Fodder D (++) activity                                                    
             5,0                 6,65  6,59                               
             5,0                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,72  6,20                               
             5,0                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,69  6,66                               
Fodder E (+++) activity                                                   
             5,5                                                          
               10                6,74  6,75                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      7,03  5,26                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    7,18  7,60                               
Fodder E (++) activity                                                    
             5,5                                                          
               10                6,65  5,89                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,65  &lt;2,00                              
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,76  7,59                               
Soya milk (++) activity                                                   
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,74  5,08                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,72  8,11                               
Soya milk (-) activity                                                    
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,72  2,36                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,60  7,66                               
Soya milk (-) activity                                                    
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3      6,73  2,36                               
             5,5                                                          
               10  1    0,3 4    6,73  7,46                               
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 Fodder E (+++) activity had a high content of vegetable peroxidase due to
 failed extrusion                                                         
 Fodder E (++) activity is the same fodder as that with (+++) activity, bu
 here the vegetable peroxidases have been eliminated. (++) activity depend
 on the addition of 15% of lactose reduced whey which gives a mark in the 
 guajakol test, due to lactoperoxidase.