Patent Publication Number: US-2022213998-A1

Title: Systems and methods for rehabilitation of water conduits and other conduits

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/486,554 filed Aug. 16, 2019, which is a National Entry Application of PCT application no PCT/CA2018/051299 filed on Oct. 16, 2019. All documents above are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to rehabilitating conduits such as water conduits and/or other conduits. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conduits, such as those of aqueducts, sewers, pipelines, etc., are used to transport fluids such as potable water, wastewater, gas, oil, fuel, etc. 
     As conduits become used, maintenance, replacement or rehabilitation of the conduits is required. In some circumstances, replacing the used conduits by removing them and installing new conduits may be expensive, complicated and/or impractical, especially when hard to reach, such as water pipes that are underground in urban areas. 
     In these circumstances, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology may be used to rehabilitate conduits without removing old conduits entirely. In some cases, CIPP installation may be trenchless, avoiding significant disturbances to local traffic and movements of residents, as well as costly dig-and-replace works, not to mention associated negative environmental consequences. CIPP technologies thus include trenchless solutions for rehabilitating water mains (and other types of conduits) from within, by means of accessing a pipe section to be rehabilitated from both ends through access pits (often at valve chambers that are replaced at the same time) and inserting, either by inversion (like inserting a reversed sock into the conduit) or pulling methods, a polymeric resin-impregnated tube that will be cured in place. However, because large trenches and/or holes may be required to be dug and/or multiple time-consuming manipulations and other operations are required during CIPP installation, this method may still be costly and/or inefficient in some cases. 
     Liners used for CIPP technology may also sometimes detrimentally affect fluids flowing in conduits that they rehabilitate (e.g., by reducing flow or otherwise undesirably interacting with the fluids). 
     For these and/or other reasons, there is a need for improvements directed to rehabilitation of conduits. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with various aspects, this disclosure relates to installation of a liner inside a conduit (e.g., water pipe) to transport a fluid (e.g., potable water) to rehabilitate the conduit, in which the liner can be installed, and thus the conduit can be rehabilitated, more efficiently, including, for example, by further reducing an extent of digging that may have to be done, by testing more readily (e.g., pressure-testing for watertightness or other fluid-tightness once installed), and/or by adapting to a cross-sectional size of the conduit. Also, the liner may be thinner, interact better (e.g., less) with the fluid flowing through the conduit, and/or be otherwise designed to enhance its use and performance. 
     For example, in accordance with an aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit. The apparatus comprises a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The first end device and the second end device are configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the first end device and the second end device are connected to the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit and performing hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the first end device and the second end device are connected to the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The first end device and the second end device are configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner without disconnecting the first end device and the second end device from the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit and performing hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner without disconnecting the first end device and the second end device from the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the end device is connected to the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. A longitudinal axis of the first end device is non-straight. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, a longitudinal axis of the first end device being non-straight; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and a longitudinal axis of the end device is non-straight. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The first end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the first end device and the distal portion of the first end device. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, the first end device comprising a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the first end device and the distal portion of the first end device; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit. The end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the end device and the distal portion of the end device. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The first end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, the first end device comprising a tapered part configured to engage the liner; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit. The end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing liners inside conduits to transport fluids, the conduits differing in cross-sectional size, each liner being curable inside a respective one of the conduits. The apparatus comprises: a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The first end device and the second end device are usable with the conduits that differ in cross-sectional size. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing liners inside conduits to transport fluids, the conduits differing in cross-sectional size, each liner being curable inside a respective one of the conduits. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to a first one of the liners adjacent to a first longitudinal end of a first one of the conduits; connecting a second end device to the first one of the liners adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the first one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the first one of the conduits; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the first one of the liners in the first one of the conduits; curing the first one of the liners inside the first one of the conduits; connecting the first end device to a second one of the liners adjacent to a first longitudinal end of a second one of the conduits; connecting the second end device to the second one of the liners adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the second one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the second one of the conduits; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the second one of the liners in the second one of the conduits; and curing the second one of the liners inside the second one of the conduits. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises: a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises: a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The apparatus comprises a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit. The first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the second end device. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The method comprises: connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and curing the liner inside the conduit. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the second end device. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to an end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit. The end device comprises a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner. The end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit. A horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the end device. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner has no more than 1% by weight of phenolic molecules. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner is free of phenolic molecules. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner is configured such that the fluid circulating through the conduit when the liner is installed accumulates no more than than 100 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner is configured such that the fluid circulating through the conduit when the liner is installed accumulates no derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner comprises fabric. A ratio of a thickness of the liner over an inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is no more than 4%. 
     In accordance with another aspect, this disclosure relates to a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid. The liner is curable inside the conduit. The liner comprises fabric. The fabric comprises a ply of non-crimp fabric. 
     These and other aspects of this disclosure will now become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of a description of embodiments that follows in conjunction with accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       A detailed description of embodiments is provided below, by way of example only, with reference to drawings annexed hereto, in which: 
         FIGS. 1 and 2  show an example of a fluid transport system in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 3 and 4  show a water pipe of the fluid transport system with a liner; 
         FIG. 5  shows the fluid transport system with a liner installation apparatus for installing the liner; 
         FIG. 6  shows a launcher of the liner installation apparatus; 
         FIG. 7  shows a catcher of the liner installation apparatus; 
         FIG. 8  shows a torpedo of the liner installation apparatus; and 
         FIGS. 9 to 13  show the liner installation apparatus at various stages of a liner installation. 
     
    
    
     In the drawings, embodiments are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood that the description and drawings are only for purposes of illustration and as an aid to understanding, and are not intended to be and should not be limitative. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show an example of an embodiment of a fluid transport system  2  for transporting (i.e., conveying) a fluid  8 , in which a liner installation apparatus  14  can be used to rehabilitate at least part of the fluid transport system  2 . In this embodiment, the fluid transport system  2  comprises a plurality of conduits, including a main conduit  10  and auxiliary conduits  12   1 - 12   a , as well as a plurality of inputs  4   1 - 4   I  and outputs  6   1 - 6   O  for transporting the fluid  8  from a given one of the inputs  4   1 - 4   I  to a given one of the outputs  6   1 - 6   O  via one or more of these conduits. More particularly, in this embodiment, the fluid  8  is water, in this case potable water, the fluid transport system  2  is an aqueduct, and the conduits  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  are water pipes. In this example, the aqueduct  2  is underground such that it is disposed beneath a ground surface  9  (e.g., buried at a predetermined depth), and the water pipe  10  is a water main (e.g., of a municipal infrastructure). 
     The water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  may corrode, wear, deteriorate or otherwise become used over time and may require maintenance, replacement or rehabilitation. In this example, as the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  are underground, there may be a necessity to dig in order to replace, rehabilitate or otherwise execute maintenance on the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a . Because digging for rehabilating the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  may be less extensive than digging for replacing the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a , rehabilitating the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  may be preferred. 
     With additional reference to  FIGS. 3 to 5 , the liner installation apparatus  14  is used to rehabilitate a given one of the water pipes  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  by installing a liner  20  inside that water pipe. In this example, the liner  20  is installed inside the water pipe  10 . This may notably reduce an extent of digging to access the water pipe  10 , thereby reducing costs, duration and/or invasiveness of and/or otherwise facilitating a process for continued use of the water pipe  10 . For instance, in this embodiment, the liner installation apparatus  14  is configured to install the liner  20  inside the water pipe  10  trenchlessly, i.e., without having to dig a trench along the water pipe  10 . 
     As further discussed later, in this embodiment, the liner installation apparatus  14  allows the liner  20  to be installed, and thus the water pipe  10  to be rehabilitated, more efficiently, including, for example, by further reducing the extent of digging to be done, by testing more readily (e.g., pressure-testing for watertightness once installed), and/or by adapting to a cross-sectional size of the water pipe  10 . 
     Also, in this embodiment, the liner  20  may be thinner, interact better (e.g., less) with the water  8  flowing through the water pipe  10 , and/or be otherwise designed to enhance its use and performance. 
     When installed, the liner  20  is tubular and conforms to an inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10  so that the water  8  can flow through it. In this embodiment, the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10  is substantially circular in cross-section so that a cross-section of the liner  20  is substantially circular. The liner  20  may be tubular with its cross-section having any other suitable shape (e.g., polygonal; partly straight and partly curved; comprising folded sections; etc.). 
     In this embodiment, the liner  20  is structural so that it constitutes a structural part of the water pipe  10  when installed inside the water pipe  10 . More particularly, the liner  20  may be a stand-alone, i.e., may resist to pre-determined loads without the need of external support, such as from the water pipe  10 . The pre-determined loads may include tensile loads, flexural loads and/or compressive loads, and may also include static loads and/or dynamic (i.e., varying) loads, such as a pressure exerted by the external environment of the water pipe  10  (e.g., above ground, soil compaction, etc.) and internal pressure exerted by the water  8  in the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may withstand (i.e., resist to) an operating pressure of at least 50 psi, in some embodiments at least 100 psi, in some embodiments at least 150 psi, in some embodiments even more. In some embodiments, a material of the liner  20  may have a flexural modulus of elasticity of at least 1500 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 1724 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 2000 MPa, in some embodiments even more depending on the size of the water pipe  10 . In some embodiments, a material of the liner  20  may have a flexural strength of at least 31 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 60 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 100 MPa, in some embodiments even more depending on the size of the water pipe  10 . In some embodiments, a material of the liner  20  may have a tensile strength of at least 21 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 50 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 90 MPa, in some embodiments even more depending on the size of the water pipe  10 . In some embodiments, the liner  20  may have a longitudinal deformation at break of at least 10%, in some embodiments at least 15%, in some embodiments at least 20%, in some embodiments even more. In some embodiments, the liner  20  may have a circumferencial deformation at break of at least 5%, in some embodiments at least 10%, in some embodiments at least 15%, in some embodiments even more. The liner  20  may comply with the ASTM F1216 Standard, the ASTM 1743 Standard, the NSF/ANSI Standard 61, UL BNQ 3660-950, UK-DWI/Regulation 31 and/or AS/NZS 4020. 
     In this embodiment, the liner  20  is configured to ease insertion of the liner  20  into the water pipe  10 . More particularly, the liner  20  may be relatively thin and flexible prior to the installation of the liner  20 . For instance, in this embodiment, the liner  20  is anisotropic, i.e., has different mechanical properties in radial, tangential and axial directions. The anisotropic nature of the liner  20  may allow the liner  20  to have a reduced thickness. In some embodiments, a thickness T L  of the liner  20  may be no more than 10 mm, in some embodiments no more than 6 mm, in some embodiments no more than 4 mm, in some embodiments no more than 3 mm, in some embodiments even less. In other embodiments, the liner  20  may be isotropic. 
     In some embodiments, the liner  20  may diminish friction and occurrence of cavitation between the water flow and the pipe  10 . The liner  20  may thus be relatively smooth where it inferfaces with water.— 
     In this embodiment, the liner  20  is impermeable, i.e., is watertight, and may not leak any water during operation. 
     In this example, the liner  20  and the liner installation apparatus  14  implement cured-in-place-piping (CIPP). That is, the liner  20  is cured inside the water pipe  10 . More particularly, in this example, the liner  20  is flexible during its installation to conform to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10  and curable inside the water pipe  10  to rigidify itself and adhere to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10 . The liner  20  may be curable in place inside the water pipe  10  by flowing water or another fluid (i.e., liquid, gas, and/or other media) within it at a certain temperature and at a certain pressure for a certain duration. 
     In this embodiment, the liner  20  is a composite multilayer liner that comprises a plurality of layers  15   1 - 15   3  defining a cavity  28 . More particularly, in this embodiment, each of the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  is a resin-impregnated fabric layer comprising fabric  17  impregnated with resin  19 . The layer  15   3  of the liner  20  comprises a membrane  23  including an inner surface  21  of the liner  20  and impermeable to liquid to isolate the water  8  from the layers  15   1 ,  15   2 , including their resin  19 . 
     In this embodiment, the layer  15   1  is an outer layer of the liner  20  and can be referred to as an “outer jacket”. The outer layer  15   1  may have mechanical properties to enhance durability of the liner  20 , to inhibit wear caused by internal and/or external stress, and to inhibit corrosion caused by the interaction with the external environment (e.g. ground, soil, etc.) of the liner  20 . For instance, in-and-of itself (i.e., without any contribution or support from the layers  15   2 ,  15   3  and from the resin  19 ), the outer layer  15   1  may withstand an operating pressure of at least 150 psi, in some embodiments of at least 300 psi, in some embodiments of at least 400 psi, in some embodiments even more. 
     In this embodiment, the outer layer  15   1  is configured to ease insertion of the liner  20  into the water pipe  10 . More particularly, the outer layer  15   1  may be relatively thin and flexible prior to the installation of the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, a thickness T 0  of the outer layer  15   1  may be no more than 3 mm, in some embodiments no more than 2 mm, in some embodiments no more than 1.5 mm, in some embodiments even less. 
     In this embodiment, the fabric  17  of the outer layer  15   1  comprises a material  27 . The material  27  may be comprised of fibers or assemblies of fibers in the form of rovings or yarns, which may present various levels of twisting for yarns tenacity and handability. The chemical nature of such material may be nylon, polyester, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid, linen, canvas, and/or any suitable material. The fabric  17  of the outer layer  15   1  may be weaved in any suitable way and may have any suitable density. For instance, in some embodiments, yarns of the fabric  17  may have a density of at least 5,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 10,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 15,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 20,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 40,000 deniers. In some embodiments, also, rovings of the fabric  17  may have a density of at least 2,000 tex, in some embodiments of at least 4,000 tex, in some embodiments of at least 8,000 tex, in some embodiments of even more. In some embodiments, rovings (applying to glass fibers, carbon fibers and the like) may be used in one direction while yarns (applying to textile fibers) may be used in another direction. 
     In some embodiments, the fabric  17  may be woven such that it comprises a ply of woven fabric that may be weaved in any suitable way. For instance, the fabric  17  may comprise a plain weave, a satin weave, a basket weave, a twill weave, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, the fabric  17  may comprise a ply of non-crimp fabric (e.g., layers of non-crimped fibers stitched or laminated together). This may enhance properties of the liner  20  such that the liner  20  can be thinner, which may allow better water flow (e.g., volume and rate) in the water pipe  10 . For example, in some embodiments, a ratio of the thickness T L  of the liner  20  over an inner diameter of the water pipe  10  before installation of the liner  20  may be no more than 4%, in some cases no more than 3%, in some cases no more than 2%, and in some cases no more than 1%. This may be particularly useful when the water pipe  10  is larger in diameter. For instance, in some embodiments, where the inner diameter of the water pipe  10  before installation of the liner  20  is at least 24 inches, the ratio of the thickness T L  of the liner  20  over the inner diameter of the water pipe  10  before installation of the liner  20  may be no more than 5%, in some cases no more than 3%, in some cases no more than 1%. As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the thickness T L  of the liner  20  may be no more than 10 mm, in some embodiments no more than 6 mm, in some embodiments no more than 4 mm, in some embodiments no more than 3 mm, in some embodiments even less. 
     In this embodiment, the outer layer  15   1  has an outer diameter that is slightly larger than an inner diameter of the water pipe  10 , such as to ensure that the liner  20  occupies the volume of the water pipe  10  to a greater extent, that the liner  20  engages the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10  over a greater surface, and that the water pipe  10  provides greater support to the liner  20 . 
     In this embodiment, the layer  15   2  is an inner layer of the liner  20 , i.e., is disposed inwards from the outer layer  15   1 . The inner layer  15   2  may also be referred to as an “inner jacket”. In a similar fashion to the outer layer  15   1 , the inner layer  15   2  may have mechanical properties to enhance durability of the liner  20 , to inhibit wear caused by internal and/or external stress, and to inhibit corrosion caused by the interaction with the layers  15   1 ,  15   3 . For instance, in-and-of itself (i.e., without any contribution or support from the layers  15   1 ,  15   3  and from the resin  19 ), the inner layer  15   2  may withstand an operating pressure of at least 150 psi, in some embodiments of at least 300 psi, in some embodiments of at least 400 psi, in some embodiments even more. 
     In this embodiment, the inner layer  15   2  is configured to ease insertion of the liner  20  into the water pipe  10 . More particularly, the inner layer  15   2  may be relatively thin and flexible prior to the installation of the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, a thickness T i  of the inner layer  15   2  may be no more than 3 mm, in some embodiments no more than 2 mm, in some embodiments no more than 1.5 mm, in some embodiments even more. 
     In this embodiment, the fabric  17  of the inner layer  15   2  comprises a material  29 . The material  29  may be comprised of fibers or assemblies of fibers in the form of rovings or yarns, which may present various levels of twisting for yarns tenacity and handability. 
     The chemical nature of such material may be nylon, polyester, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid, linen, canvas, and/or any suitable material. The fabric  17  of the inner layer  15   2  may be weaved in any suitable way and may have any suitable density. For instance, in some embodiments, yarns of the fabric  17  of the inner layer  15   2  may have a density of at least 5,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 10,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 15,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 20,000 deniers, in some embodiments of at least 40,000 deniers. In some embodiments, also, rovings of the fabric  17  may have a density of at least 2,000 tex, in some embodiments of at least 6,000 tex, in some embodiments of at least 8,000 tex, in some embodiments of even more. In some embodiments, rovings (applying to glass fibers, carbon fibers and the like) may be used in one direction while yarns (applying to textile fibers) may be used in another direction. 
     In this embodiment, the fabric  17  is weaved in any suitable way. For instance, the fabric  17  may comprise a plain weave, a satin weave, a basket weave, a twill weave, and so on, or may comprise a non-crimp structure. 
     In this embodiment, the inner layer  15   2  has an outer diameter which is equal or slightly inferior to an inner diameter of the outer layer  15   1 , such that when the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  extend, they typically interfere with each other, with their respective asperities interpenetrating the other layer&#39;s depressions and the outer layer  15   1  provides a support to the inner layer  15   2 . In this embodiment, the materials  27 ,  29  of the fabric  17  of the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  are similar to each other and are weaved in a similar fashion, such as to react similarly to loads and pressures that would likely be applied upon them. In other embodiments, the materials  27 ,  29  of the fabric  17  of the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  may be different from one another and/or may be weaved differently. 
     Prior to and during the installation of the liner  20  in the water pipe  10 , the resin  19  is in a liquid form and is uncured, such as to ease installation of the liner  20 . At a later stage of the installation, the resin  19  may be cured and therefore solidified into its final shape. At that point, the resin  19  is configured to fix the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  into their extended position, to fix the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  relative to one another, to impermealize the layers  15   1 ,  15   2 , and to provide structural support to the liner  20  in both tension, bending and compression. For instance, in some embodiments, the cured resin  19  may have a compressive strength of at least 30 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 50 MPa, in some embodiments of at least 75 MPa, in some embodiments even more. 
     In some embodiments, the resin  19  comprises a thermosetting polymer which may comprise polyester, vinylester, epoxy, and so on. The resin  19  may comprise any other suitable polymeric material in other embodiments. 
     The inner surface  21  of the liner  20  is configured to diminish a friction coefficient, enhance impermeability, reduce diffusion of chemicals between the liner  20  and the water  8 , and comply with potable water requirements. In this embodiment, the membrane  23  comprises a material  25 . The material  25  may be a polymer and may comprise, for example, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyethylene and other polyolefines, polyamide, and blends thereof, and PVC or CPVC, and/or the any suitable material. 
     In this embodiment, the membrane  23  is fastened by adhesion to the inner layer  15   2  off-site (e.g., during manufacturing of the inner layer  15   2 ). In other embodiments, the membrane  23  may be attached to the inner layer  15   2  by other means and may be applied onto the remainer of the liner  20  prior to or after installation of the liner  20  into the water pipe  10 . 
     The liner  20 , once cured and installed in the water pipe  10 , may have no more than a negligible level of, and in some cases be free of (i.e., lack), certain elements including phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules), and/or may cause the water  8  circulating through the water pipe  10  lined with the liner  20  to have no more than a negligible level of, and in some cases be free of, these elements or derivatives thereof. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may have no more than 1% by weight of phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules), in some cases no more than 0.1% by weight of phenolic molecules, and in some cases no more than 0.01% by weight of phenolic molecules. More particularly, in this embodiment, the liner  20  may be free of (i.e., lack) phenolic molecules, notably hindered phenolic molecules. That is, the liner  20  has 0% by weight of hindered phenolic molecules. 
     Thus, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may be configured such that the water  8  that circulates through the water pipe  10  once the liner  20  is installed accumulates no more than than 100 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules) per liter of drinkable water  8 , in some cases no more than 10 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules per liter of drinkable water  8 , in some cases no more than 1 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules per liter of drinkable water  8 , and in some cases no derivatives of phenolic molecules at all. Thus, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may be configured such that the water  8  circulating through the water pipe  10  once the liner  20  is installed has no more than than 100 parts-per-billion (ppb) of derivatives of phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules), in some cases no more than 10 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules, in some cases no more than 1 ppm of derivatives of phenolic molecules, and in some cases no derivaties of phenolic molecules at all. These derivatives of phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules) that are negligible or absent from the drinkable water  8  may comprise 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, designated by CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) No. 82304-66-3, and which may sometimes be referred to as spirolactone. 
     To that end, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may be constructed without using susbtances (e.g., base ingredients, additives, etc.) for its layers  15   1 - 15   3  that include such phenolic molecules (e.g., hindered phenolic molecules). 
     A precursor  31  of the liner  20  may be storable prior to installation of the liner  20  in a shape that is different from a final shape  41  of the liner  20  when installed (i.e., its tubular shape conforming to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10 ), and as such may undergo a transformation during installation of the liner  20 . For instance, in this embodiment, the precursor  31  of the liner  20  includes the fabric  17  of each of the layers  15   1 - 15   3 , without their resin  19 , that may be flatten and storable in a compact state such as a roll or box in a folded, flat configuration. 
     The liner  20  may be shaped into its final shape  41  during installation. In this embodiment, the liner installation apparatus  14  is configured to shape the liner  20  to conform to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10 , including by conveying liner-installing material  50  inside the liner  20 , which, in this embodiment, may comprise a fluid (e.g., water) flowing inside the liner  20  and one or more solid objects sent through the liner  20 , as further discussed later. 
     In this embodiment, access pits  33   1 ,  33   2  are respectively dug at longitudinal ends  35   1 ,  35   2  of the water pipe  10  to be rehabilitated. More particularly, in this embodiment, a section  31  of the water pipe  10  to be rehabilitated is determined, and the ends  35   1 ,  35   2  of the water pipe  10  are those of the section  31  of the water pipe  10 . This therefore allows the water pipe  10  to be rehabilitated in plural sections if very long. For instance, in some embodiments, a length of the section  31  of the water pipe  10  may be at least 50 m, in some cases at least 150 m, in some cases at least 300 m, and in some cases even more. In other embodiments, an entirety of the water pipe  10  may be rehabilitated at once such that the ends  35   1 ,  35   2  of the water pipe  10  are those of the entirety of the water pipe  10 . In some cases, the water pipe  10  may be straight such that a longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  is straight. In other cases, the water pipe  10  may be nonstraight (e.g., comprise one or more bends or other curves) such that the longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  is nonstraight (e.g., bending or otherwise curving). 
     With additional reference to  FIGS. 9 to 11 , in this embodiment, the liner installation apparatus  14  is configured to convey the liner-installing material  50  through the liner  20  from the end  35   1  of the water pipe  10  to the end  35   2  so that the liner  20  conforms to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10 . 
     More particularly, in this embodiment, the liner-installing material  50  includes a liner-installing fluid  45  and a plurality of expanders  22   1 - 22   E . 
     In this example, the liner-installing fluid  45  is a liquid. In this case, the liquid  45  is water. This may be ambient or cool water at some point during installation or hot water at another point during installation, as discussed later. In other examples, the fluid  45  may be gas (e.g., steam). 
     With additional reference to  FIG. 8 , each expander  22   x , which will be referred to as a “torpedo” and may sometimes also be referred to as a “swab” or “pig”, is a solid object that is configured to expand the liner  20  to conform the liner  20  to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10  as it travels along the water pipe  10 . The liner installation apparatus  14  is configured to transmit the torpedo  22   x  through the liner  20  from the end  35   1  of the water pipe  10  to the end  35   2  of the water pipe  10  to expand the liner  20  so that the liner  20  conforms to the inner surface  13  of the water pipe  10 . In this example, the liner installation apparatus  14  is configured to transmit the torpedo  22   x  by injecting the water  45  inside the liner  20  so that it pushes the torpedo  22  along the liner  20 . 
     The torpedo  22   x  may have any suitable shape. In this embodiment, the torpedo  22   x  is cylinder shaped. The torpedo  22   x  may have a diameter D t  that is slightly superior to an inner diameter of the liner  20 , such that the torpedo  22   x  is configured to travel through the main cavity  28  of the liner  20  without getting stuck and to expand the liner  20  into its final shape  41 . To this end, also, the torpedo  22   x  may have any suitable density. For instance, in some embodiments, the torpedo  22   x  may have a density of 20-25 kg/m 3 , in some embodiments between 30-35 kg/m 3 , and in some embodiments about 40 kg/m 3 . The torpedo may also have any suitable Indentation Force Deflection (IFD), i.e. load required to depress a 50 square inch compression platen into foam. For instance, in some embodiments, the torpedo  22   x  may have a IFD between 100 N and 130 N, in some embodiments between 130 N and 150 N, and in some embodiments more than 150 N. 
     The torpedo  22   x  may comprise any suitable material. In this embodiment, the torpedo  22   x  comprises foam. 
     A position and a speed of the torpedo  22   x  may be controlled to expand the liner  20  more efficiently. For instance, in this embodiment, a flow of the water  45  may be controlled to limit the speed of the torpedo  22   x  in the liner  20  in order to obtain a greater area of contact between the liner  20  and the water pipe  10 , to obtain a more uniform distribution of the resin  19  in the liner  20 , to avoid the creation of multiple folds as a result of the intense friction between the torpedo  22   x  and the liner  20 , which would result in the torpedo  22   x  being at least momentarily prevented from moving along the water pipe  10  and/or to avoid irregularities such as folds of the liner  20  in the water pipe  10 . 
     With further reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , in this embodiment, the liner installation apparatus  14  comprises a first end device  24  and a second end device  26  that are configured to be connected to the liner  20  respectively adjacent to the ends  35   1 ,  35   2  of the water pipe  10  and to put (i.e., pass, flow and/or otherwise provide) the liner-installing material  50  inside the liner  20 . In this example, the first end device  24 , which can be referred to as a “launcher”, is configured to launch or otherwise send the liner-installing material  50 , including the water  45  and the torpedo  22   x , into the liner  20 , for instance by some of the water  45  flowing behind the torpedo  22   x . The second end device  26 , which can be referred to as a “catcher”, is configured to catch or otherwise receive the liner-installing material  50 , including the water  45  and the torpedo  22   x , from the liner  20 . The launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are also configured to introduce, circulate and/or contain the water  45  during installation of the liner  20 . 
     As further discussed below, in this embodiment, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  allow the liner  20  to be installed, and thus the water pipe  10  to be rehabilitated, more efficiently. For example, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  may allow the access pits  33   1 ,  33   2  to be smaller (e.g., as a result of their elbowed or other nonstraight shape). Also, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  may facilitate testing, such as pressure-testing for watertightness once the liner  20  is installed. For instance, in this embodiment, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are configured to allow curing of the liner  20  inside the water pipe  10  and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner  20 , once the liner  20  is cured, while the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are still connected to the liner  20 . Thus, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are configured to allow curing of the liner  20  inside the water pipe  10  and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner  20  without disconnecting the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  from the liner  20  (e.g., by allowing pressure-testing for watertightness directly from the launcher  24  and the catcher  26 , without having to disconnect the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  from the liner  20 , empty the water piper  10 , and replace the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  by pressure caps, and fill the water pipe  10  with water for testing). 
     More particularly, in this embodiment, each of the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  includes a cavity  43  (i.e., a hollow space) to admit (e.g., receive, pass, contain, etc.) at least part of the liner-installing material  50 . In this example, each of the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  comprises a tubular portion  79  defining its cavity  43  and a longitudinal axis  47 . In this case, an inner surface  55  of each of the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  is substantially circular in cross-section. In other cases, the tubular portions  49  of the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  may comprise a cross-section having any other suitable shape (e.g., polygonal; partly straight and partly curved; etc.). 
     The launcher  24  is configured for holding the torpedo  22   x  prior to launching it into the liner  20  by any suitable means. In this embodiment, the launcher  24  comprises a holding portion  61  for holding the torpedo  22   x , a clamp  66  and an input  63  for receiving the water  45 . In this embodiment, the water  45  is pressurized to a pre-determined pression. The pressurized water  45  may be configured to push the torpedo  22   x  out of the launcher  24  and into the main cavity  28  of the liner  20 . 
     In this embodiment, the launcher  24  comprises a first valve  65   1 . The first valve  65   1  may be a ball valve, a solenoid, or any suitable valve. The first valve  65   1  may also be partially openable, such as to control a pushing force on the torpedo  22   x . 
     In this embodiment, the launcher  24  is non-straight. That is, the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  is not a straight line, but rather bends, i.e., is curved and/or angular, such that the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  in a proximal portion  62  of the launcher  24  that is closer to the end  35   1  of the water pipe  10  is oriented differently than in a distal portion  64  of the launcher  24  that is farther from the end  35   1  of the water pipe  10 . Thus, the launcher  24  comprises a bend  68 , which may be any curved or angular part, that causes its longitudinal axis  47  to be non-straight. In this example, the bend  68  is a 90° bend. In other words, the launcher  24  is L-shaped and the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  at the input  63  is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  at the holding portion  61  of the launcher. In other examples, the bend  68  may be of any other degree (e.g., 45°), and/or the launcher  24  may include two or more bends. The launcher  24  may sometimes be referred to as an “elbow” launcher. 
     Accordingly, the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  diverges from the longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  from the proximal portion  62  of the launcher  24  towards the distal portion  64  of the launcher  24 , and the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  in the proximal portion  62  of launcher  24  is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24  in the distal portion  64  of the launcher  24 . 
     In this embodiment, the launcher  24  has a dimension L configured to be in the longitudinal direction  6  of the water pipe  10  when the catcher  26  is assembled to the liner  20  and that dimension L of the launcher  24  is significantly reduced. For instance, in some embodiments, a ratio of the dimension L over the inner diameter of the pipe  10  may be no more than 1, in some embodiments no more than 1.5, in some embodiments no more than 2, in some embodiments even less. 
     The launcher  24  comprises a connector  70  configured to connect the launcher  24  to the liner  20 . The connector  70  comprises an outer surface  72  that is configured to engage the inner surface  21  of the liner  20 . In this embodiment, the connector  70  comprises a taper  73  such as to encourage a more water-tight connection between the connector  70  and the liner  20  and a reduced time of operation, thereby also encouraging a cost reduction. The taper  73  is configured to engage the liner  20  and allows connection of different diameters of liners to the connector  70 . For instance, sin some cases, pipes of nominal diameters may have dimensions that do not exactly correspond to the nominal diameters and may be 0.5 cm, 1 cm or 2 cm over or under the nominal diameters. The taper  93  may address this variation of dimension and may allow a watertight connection with pipes of the same nominal diameter even if the pipes have different dimensions. More specifically, in this example, the taper  73  is a truncated conical part. 
     The connector  70  of the launcher  24  comprises connecting members  74   1 - 74   c  to tighten the liner  20  to the outer surface  72 . More specifically, the connecting members  74   1 - 74   c  comprise a flange  76  projecting from the tubular portion  49  of the launcher  24  and a collar  79  comprising a conical inner surface  79  that is configured to engage the outer layer  15   1  of the liner  20  and to tighten it to the outer surface  72  of the connector  70 . The collar  78  may be configured to be used with liners of different diameters and/or may be removable and selectable from a plurality of collars  70   1 - 70   c  to be used with liners of different diameters. 
     In this embodiment, the connecting members  74   1 - 74   c  comprise a plurality of fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  connecting the flange  76  to the collar  78  of the launcher  24 . The fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  may be adjustable, i.e., a length of the fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  may be adjustable, such as to tighten the collar  78  to the outer surface  72  of the taper  73 , thereby squeezing the liner  20  inbetween. In other words, the fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  may be movable relative to the launcher  24  and to the liner  20 . In this embodiment, the fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  comprise thread fasteners to fasten the collar  78  to the flange  76 , thereby squeezing the liner  20  inbetween, and are adjustable by being rotated. To avoid shearing the liner  20  while the fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  tighten the collar over the liner  20  and the outer surface  72  of the taper  73 , the fasteners  77   1 - 77   f  may comprise a compression limiter. In this embodiment, the compression limiter is a torque limiter. 
     In this embodiment, the launcher  24  is configured to allow pressure tests to be performed directly after curing the liner  20  without removing the launcher  24  and without use of pressure caps. More specifically, the launcher  24  comprises a second valve  65   2  spaced from the first valve  65   1  along the longitudinal axis  47  of the launcher  24 . The second valve  65   2  may be a ball valve, a solenoid, or any suitable valve. The launcher  24  may be configured to allow the hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner at a pressure of at least 50 psi, in some embodiments of at least 100 psi, in some embodiments of at least 150 psi, in some embodiments even more. 
     The catcher  26  is configured for receiving and holding the torpedo  22   x  after its launching into the liner  20  and after its travel through the main cavity  28  of the liner  20 , which forces the liner  20  towards its final shape  41 . In this embodiment, the catcher  26  comprises a receptacle portion  81  for receiving the torpedo  22   x , a clamp  86  and an output  83  for emptying the liner  20  of the pressurized water  45 . To this end, the catcher  26  comprises a first valve  85   1 . The first valve  85   1  may be a ball valve, a solenoid, or any suitable valve. 
     The catcher  26  is configured to retain the torpedo  22  after the pressurized water  45  is being depressurized. To this end, the catcher  26  may comprise a second valve  85   2  at an inner end of the receptacle portion  81  and spaced from the first valve  85   1  along the longitudinal axis of the catcher  26 . In some embodiments, the second valve  85   2  may be a guillotine valve, a solenoid or any suitable king of valve. 
     In this embodiment, the catcher  26  is non-straight. That is, the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  is not a straight line, but rather bends, i.e., is curved and/or angular, such that the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  in a proximal portion  82  of the catcher  26  that is closer to the end  35   2  of the water pipe  10  is oriented differently than in a distal portion  84  of the catcher  26  that is farther from the end  35   2  of the water pipe  10 . Thus, the catcher  26  comprises a bend  88 , which may be any curved or angular part, that causes its longitudinal axis  47  to be non-straight. In this example, the bend  88  is a 90° bend. In other words, the catcher  26  is L-shaped and the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  at the output  83  is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the catcher  26  at the receptacle portion  81  of the catcher  26 . In other examples, the bend  88  may be of any other degree (e.g., 45°), and/or the catcher  26  may include two or more bends  88   1 - 88   b . The catcher  26  may sometimes be referred to as an “elbow” catcher. 
     Accordingly, the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  diverges from the longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  from the proximal portion  82  of the catcher  26  towards the distal portion  84  of the catcher  26 . The longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  in the proximal portion  82  of catcher  26  is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26  in the distal portion  84  of the catcher  26 . 
     In this embodiment, the catcher  26  has a dimension L configured to be in the longitudinal direction  6  of the water pipe  10  when the catcher  26  in assembled to the liner  20  and that dimension L of the catcher  26  is significantly reduced. For instance, in some embodiment, a ratio of the dimension L over the inner diameter of the pipe  10  may be no more than 3, in some embodiments no more than 2, in some embodiments no more than 1.5, in some embodiments even less (e.g., 1). 
     The catcher  26  comprises a connector  90  configured to connect the launcher to the liner  20 . The connector  90  comprises an outer surface  92  that is configured to engage the inner surface  21  of the liner  20 . In this embodiment, the connector  90  comprises a taper  93  such as to encourage a more water-tight connection between the connector  90  and the liner  20  and a reduced time of operation, thereby also encouraging a cost reduction. The taper  93  is configured to engage the liner  20  and allows connection of different diameters of liners to the connector  90 . For instance, in some cases, pipes of nominal diameters may have dimensions that do not exactly correspond to the nominal diameters and may be 0.5 cm, 1 cm or 2 cm over or under the nominal diameters. The taper  93  may address this variation of dimension and may allow a watertight connection with pipes of the same nominal diameter even if the pipes have different dimensions. More specifically, in this example, the taper  93  is a truncated conical part. 
     The connector  90  of the catcher  26  comprises connecting members  94   1 - 94   m  to tighten the liner  20  to the outer surface  92 . More specifically, the connecting members  94   1 - 94   m  comprise a flange  96  projecting from the tubular portion  49  of the catcher  26  and a collar  98  comprising a conical inner surface  99  that is configured to engage the outer layer  15   1  of the liner  20  and tighten it to the outer surface  92  of the connector  90  of the catcher  26 . The collar  98  may be configured to be used with liners of different diameters and/or may be removable and selectable from a plurality of collars  98   1 - 98   c  to be used with liners of different diameters. 
     In this embodiment, the connecting members  94   1 - 94   m  of the connector  90  of the catcher  26  comprise a plurality of fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  connecting the flange  96  to the collar  98  of the catcher  26 . The fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  may be adjustable, i.e., a length of the fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  may be adjustable, such as to tighten the collar  98  to the outer surface  92  of the taper  93 , thereby squeezing the liner  20  inbetween. In other words, the fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  may be movable relative to the catcher  26  and to the liner  20 . In this embodiment, the fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  comprise thread fasteners to fasten the collar  98  to the flange  96 , thereby squeezing the liner  20  inbetween, and are adjustable by being rotated. To avoid shearing the liner  20  while the fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  tighten the collar  98  over the liner  20  and the outer surface  92  of the taper  93 , the fasteners  97   1 - 97   f  may comprise a compression limiter. In this embodiment, the compression limiter is a torque limiter. 
     In this embodiment, the receptacle portion  81  of the catcher  26  comprises a chamber  89  to receive the torpedo  22   x ; and the chamber  89  is removable from the catcher  26 . 
     In this embodiment, a majority of the components of the launcher  24  may be similar or identical to a corresponding component of the catcher  26 , such that parts of an additional launcher can be used to replace a used or broken corresponding part of the catcher  26  and vice versa. Also, the launcher  24  is configured to be modifyable into a catcher if there is a desire to do so and the catcher  26  is configured to be modifyable into a launcher if there is a desire to do so. 
     In this embodiment, the catcher  26  is configured to allow pressure tests to be performed directly after curing the liner  20  without removing the launcher  24  and without use of pressure caps. More specifically, the catcher  26  comprises a third valve  853  spaced from the first and second valves  85   1 ,  85   2  along the longitudinal axis  47  of the catcher  26 . The third valve  853  may be a ball valve, a solenoid, or any suitable valve. The catcher  26  may be configured to allow the hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner at a pressure of at least 50 psi, in some embodiments of at least 100 psi, in some embodiments of at least 150 psi, in some embodiments even more. 
     With additional reference to  FIG. 12 , once the torpedo  22   x  has traveled through the liner  20  such that the liner  20  conforms to its final shape  41 , the liner  20  may be cured, i.e., liquid or other fluidic components of the liner  20  (e.g., the resin  19 ) may be solidified. More specifically, in this embodiment, the cure is a thermally-activated crosslinking reaction. The liner installation apparatus  14  may use a liner-curing fluid  117  configured to cause the liner  20  to cure. 
     In this embodiment, the liner-curing fluid  117  is a liquid. More specifically, the liquid  117  is water. 
     Resin cure may comprise a first step of inputting water  117  at an initial temperature T i  and pressurized at a first pre-determined pressure P i  to wet the liner  20 ; a second step of heating the water  117  to a pre-determined curing temperature T C  and pressurizing the water  117  to a second pre-determined curing pressure P C ; and an optional third step of letting the water  117  rest (i.e., without controlling temperature and pressure of the water  117 ) in the liner  20  to terminate the resin cure process. In this embodiment, at any stage the water  117  is circulated through the liner  20  (i.e., the water flows in the liner  20  and is not stagnant) in a close circuit network such as to better control the temperature of the water  117 . In other embodiments, in at least some stages of the resin cure, flow of the water  117  may stop such that the water  117  does not flow into the liner  20  but rather remains stagnant. 
     The water  117  may have an initial temperature T i  that is suitable to effectively wet the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, the initial temperature T i  may be between normal temperature of water in the aqueduct system, i.e., typically between 4° C. and 20° C., in some embodiments between 20° C. and 40° C., and in some embodiments even more, e.g. between 40° C. and 100° C. The water  117  may be input into the main cavity  28  of the liner  20  using the valve  65   2  of the launcher  24 . Once the liner  20  is full of water  117 , the water  117  may be pressurized to the first pre-determined pressure P i  in order to effectively wet the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, the first pre-determined pressure P i  may range between 5 psi and 50 psi and in some embodiments the first pre-determined pressure P i  may range between 10 psi and 25 psi. The water  117  may remain at the initial temperature T i  and first pre-determined pressure P i  for a sufficient duration to ensure that the liner  20  is sufficiently wet. For instance, in some embodiments, the duration of the first step of the cure may be at least 0.5 hour, in some embodiments at least 1 hour, in some embodiments at least 2 hours, in some embodiments even more. 
     At the second step of the resin cure, the water  117  is heated and pressurized to the pre-determined curing temperature T C  and second pre-determined curing pressure P C , which are suitable for curing the resin  19  of the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, the the pre-determined curing temperature T C  may be between 20° C. and 100° C., in some embodiments between 50° C. and 80° C., in some embodiment about 65° C., and the second pre-determined curing pressure P c  may range between 5 psi and 50 psi and in some embodiments the second pre-determined curing pressure P c  may range between 10 psi and 25 psi. The second step of the resin cure may have a duration that is sufficiently long to ensure that the liquid and viscous components of the liner  20  are sufficiently solidified and optionally to ensure that chemical reactions of the curation are complete such as to better control the chemicals of the liner  20  that may contact the water  8  during use of the liner  20 . Duration of the second step is defined as a duration between a first moment when the water  117  is heated to the pre-determined curing temperature T C  and reaches an pre-determined acceptable temperature which may be equal or less (e.g., 5° C. less, 10° C. less, 15° C. less, 20° C. less, etc.) than the pre-determined curing temperature T C ; and a second moment when heating or otherwise controlling the temperature of the water towards the pre-determined curing temperature T C  stops. In some embodiments, the duration of the second step of the cure may be at least 0.5 hour, in some embodiments at least 2 hours, in some embodiments at least 4 hours, in some embodiments even more. 
     In some embodiments, also, the liner  20  may be overcured, i.e., may be cured at a higher temperature and/or during a long duration than required, to ensure that chemical reactions of the curation are complete such as to better control the chemicals of the liner  20  that may contact the water  8 . For instance, in some embodiments, the duration of the curation may be at least 1.5 times the duration that is generally prescribed for the liquid and viscous components of the liner  20  in other applications, in some embodiments at least 3 times, in some embodiments at least 5 times, in some embodiments even more. 
     Alternatively or in addition to the thermal curing of the liner  20 , resin crosslinking may be achieved using any other suitable method. For instance, in some embodiments, the liner  20  may be exposed to electromagnetic radiation of pre-determined intensity and of pre-determined wavelength in order to cure, e.g., microwave, ultraviolet, infrared, etc. 
     At the optional third step of the resin cure, which may alternatively be considered as a “period of post-curing”, the water  117  may be circulated through the liner  20  without being heated during a suitable period of time to ensure that the liquid and viscous components of the liner  20  are sufficiently solidified and optionally to ensure that chemical reactions of the curation are complete such as to better control the chemicals of the liner  20  that may contact the water  8  during use of the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, duration of the third step may range between 1 hour and 48 hours, in some embodiments between 12 hours and 36 hours, in some embodiments about 24 hours. 
     Once resin cure of the liner  20  is completed, the liner  20  may be tested to ensure that it does not leak under normal or extreme conditions. More specifically, the liner installation apparatus  14  can use a pressurized fluid  122 . In this embodiment, the pressurized fluid  122  is a liquid. More particularly, the liquid  122  is water. 
     The pressurized water  122  may be injected into the main cavity  28  of the liner  20  using one of the valves  65   2 ,  85   3  of the launcher  24  and catcher  26 , while the other one of the valves  65   2 ,  85   3  remains closed. Pressure and duration of the pressurized water  122  may be controlled to ensure a standardization of the pressure tests. For instance, in some embodiments, a pressure PT may gradually reach at least 75 psi, in some embodiments at least 125 psi, in some embodiments at least 150 psi, in some embodiments even more. In some embodiments, high pressures are held during a duration D T  of at least 30 minutes, in some embodiments during at least 60 minutes, in some embodiments during at least 120 minutes, in some embodiments during even longer. During these durations, if pressure diminishes while the valves  65   2 ,  85   3  are closed or connected to the pressurized-water source, there may be a failure or a leak in the liner  20  and therefore the liner  20  “fails” the pressure test. In some cases, a pre-determined loss of pressure or volume of water  122  may be judged acceptable, i.e., the liner  20  may “pass” the pressure test if a loss of pressure or water  122  doesn&#39;t exceed a pre-determined threshold. For instance, the pre-determined threshold may be a volume of lost water  122  that is determined relative to the length and diameter of the liner  20 . That is, during the pressure test, a volume of water  122  may be “lost” or leaked, thereby diminishing the pressure inside the liner  20 . In some embodiments, to observe the volume of lost water  122 , water may be injected in the liner  20  after the duration D T  until the pressure inside the liner  20  retreives the pressure P T  and one may observe the volume of water that is injected in the liner in order to retrieve the pressure P T . The volume of water that is injected in the liner  20  in order to retrieve the pressure P T  should approximately correspond to the volume of lost water  122 . 
     In this embodiment, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are configured to be connected to the liner  20  such that, during the hydrostatic pressure testing, leakage of water  45  between the water pipe  10  and the inner surface  21  of the liner  20  is detectable. More specifically, in this embodiment, the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  are configured to be connected to the liner  20  such that, during the hydrostatic pressure testing, leakage of water  45  between the layers  15   1 ,  15   2  is detectable. This may be achieved by having the outer surfaces  72 ,  92  and the collars  78 ,  92  of the connectors  70 ,  90  to be configured to tighten a single layer  15   x  of the liner  20 , the connectors  70 ,  90  being free from engagement with the outer layer  15   1 . For instance, the outer surfaces  72 ,  92  and the collars  78 ,  98  of the connectors  70 ,  90  may be configured to tighten the inner layer  15   2  of the water pipe  10 . In order to do so, prior to connecting the launcher and catcher  24 ,  26  to the water pipe  10 , a portion  53  of the water pipe  10  may be depraved from the outer layer  15   1 , from residual resin  19  between the layers  15   1 ,  15   2 , and from any other layer. This may allow for instance to more efficiently test the efficiency, impermeability and resistance of the water pipe  10 . 
     Having the launcher  24  and the catcher  26  non-straight and/or allowing pressure tests to be performed directly after curing the liner  20  without removing the launcher  24  or the catcher  26  and without use of pressure caps may provide multiple advantages. For instance, it may allow reducing the extent of the access pits  33   1 ,  33   2  that are required to be dug to rehabilitate the water pipe  10 , thereby also reducing clutter and safety hazards in the access pits  33   1 ,  33   2 . For instance, in some embodiments, a horizontal dimension H P  of an access pit  33   2  parallel to the longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  at the end  35   2  of the water pipe  10  may be no more than 4 meters, in some embodiments no more than 3 meters, in some embodiments no more than 2.5 meters, in some cases even less. The horizontal dimension H P  of the access pit  33   2  parallel to the longitudinal axis  6  of the water pipe  10  at the end  35   2  of the water pipe  10  may be less than a path length P L  of the catcher  26 , i.e., a length of a path that can be followed by the liner-installing material  50  in the catcher  26 . For instance, in some embodiments, a ratio of the horizontal dimension H P  of the access pit  33   2  over the path length P L  of the catcher  26  may be no more than 0.8, in some embodiments no more than 0.6, in some embodiments no more than 0.4, in some embodiments even less. 
     In this embodiment, once the liner is cured, tests can be performed to ensure that specifications of the liner (e.g. structural stiffness, structural resistance, impermeability, thickness, inner/outer diameter, friction coefficient, etc.) are met. 
     Also, in this embodiment, once the liner is cured, input and output to and from auxiliary conduits may be restored by drilling an input/output aperture into the liner. More specifically, a device may drill the input/output aperture. 
     Although in embodiments considered above the liner installation apparatus  14  is used to rehabilitate the main conduit  10 , in some embodiments, the liner installation apparatus  14  may be used to rehabilitate the auxiliary conduits  12   1 - 12   a . 
     While in embodiments considered above the conduits  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  are shown to be straight, in some embodiments, the conduits  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  may comprise bends and elbows. 
     Although in embodiments considered above the conduits  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  are water pipes to transport potable water, in other embodiments, the conduits  10 ,  12   1 - 12   a  may be to transport wastewater, oil, gas, or any other fluid (e.g., the fluid transport system  2  may be a sewer, a pipeline, etc.). 
     While in embodiments considered above the fluid  8 , the liner-installing fluid  45  and the liner-curing fluid  117  are all water, in some embodiments, the fluid  8 , the liner-installing fluid  45  and the liner-curing fluid  117  may be different from one another. For instance, one or more of the fluid  8 , liner-installing fluid  45  and liner-curing fluid  117  may comprise steam, salt water, oil, and the like. For example, the liner-installing fluid  45  may be selected because of its specific viscosity to facilitate installation of the liner  20 . For instance, in some embodiments, the liner-installing fluid  45  may have a viscosity between 0.1 cP and 100 cP, in some embodiments between 0.5 cP and 50 cP, and in some embodiments about 0.9 cP. As another example, the liner-curing fluid  117  may be selected because of its heat capacity and/or because of its thermal conductivity. For instance, in some embodiments, the liner-curing fluid  117  may have a heat capacity of at least 2 joules per gram and Kelvin and in some embodiments of at least 4 joules per gram and Kelvin and may also have a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1 Watt per meter and Kelvin, in some embodiments of at least 0.5 Watt per meter and Kelvin and in some embodiments of at least 1 Watt per meter and Kelvin. 
     Although in embodiments considered above the liner installation apparatus  14  comprises one torpedo  22   x , in some embodiments, the liner  20  is extended using a plurality of torpedoes  22   1 - 22   t  having different shapes and/or comprising different materials. For instance, first ones of the torpedoes  22   1 - 22   t  may have smaller dimensions and/or softer materials than last ones of the torpedoes  22   1 - 22   t . In other embodiments, the torpedoes  22   1 - 22   t  each have a similar shape. 
     In other embodiments, the liner installation apparatus  14  may also be free of any torpedo  22   x . For instance, instead of using a torpedo  22   x  to expand the liner  20 , the liner  20  may be expanded using only the water  45  inside the main cavity  28  of the liner  20 . In some embodiments, the water  45  may be pressurized at a pressure of at least 100 psi, in some embodiments of at least 200 psi, in some embodiments of at least 300 psi, in some embodiment even higher. 
     Although in the embodiment the launcher  24  is configured to allow the apparatus to be used for installing the liner  20  in the water pipe  10 , in some embodiments, the liner  20  may be a first liner  20   1 , the water pipe  10  may be a first water pipe  10   1 , and launcher may be configured to allow the apparatus to be used for installing a second liner  20   2  in a second conduit  10   2  differing in cross-sectional size from the first conduit  10   1 . 
     In some embodiments, any feature of any embodiment described herein may be used in combination with any feature of any other embodiment described herein. 
     Certain additional elements that may be needed for operation of certain embodiments have not been described or illustrated as they are assumed to be within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, certain embodiments may be free of, may lack and/or may function without any element that is not specifically disclosed herein. 
     To facilitate the description, any reference numeral designating an element in one figure designates the same element if used in any other figures. In describing the embodiments, specific terminology has been resorted to for the sake of description but this is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is understood that each specific term comprises all equivalents. 
     In case of any discrepancy, inconsistency, or other difference between terms used herein and terms used in any document incorporated by reference herein, meanings of the terms used herein are to prevail and be used. 
     Although various embodiments have been illustrated, this was purposes of describing, but should not be limiting. Various modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     There is thus provided an apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the apparatus comprising:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and the first end device and the second end device are configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the first end device and the second end device are connected to the liner.   In an embodiment, the liner-installing material includes an expander to be pushed through the liner by the liner-installing fluid to expand the liner against an inner surface of the conduit.       

     In an embodiment, the first end device is a launcher configured to launch the expander though the liner and the second end device is a catcher configured to catch the expander. 
     In an embodiment, the expander is a first expander; the liner-installing material includes a second expander to be pushed through the liner by the liner-installing fluid to expand the liner against the inner surface of the conduit; and the launcher is configured to launch the second expander though the liner and the catcher is configured to catch the second expander. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are configured to allow the hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner at a pressure of at least 75 psi. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are configured to allow the hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner at a pressure of at least 125 psi. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are configured to allow the hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner at a pressure of at least 150 psi. 
     In an embodiment, a longitudinal axis of the first end device is non-straight. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit and a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit; and the longitudinal axis of the first end device diverges from a longitudinal axis of the conduit from the proximal portion of the first end device towards the distal portion of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the longitudinal axis of the first end device in the distal portion of the first end device is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the first end device in the distal portion of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the first end device and the distal portion of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the bend of the first end device is a 90° bend. 
     In an embodiment, a longitudinal axis of the second end device is non-straight. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the second longitudinal end of the conduit and a distal portion configured to be farther from the second longitudinal end of the conduit; and the longitudinal axis of the second end device diverges from a longitudinal axis of the conduit from the proximal portion of the second end device towards the distal portion of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the longitudinal axis of the second end device in the distal portion of the second end device is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the second end device in the distal portion of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the second longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the second longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the second end device and the distal portion of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the bend of the second end device is a 90° bend. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the tapered part of the first end device is a truncated conical part. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is a first conduit; the liner is a first liner; and the tapered part of the first end device allows the apparatus to be used for installing a second liner inside a second conduit differing in cross-sectional size from the first conduit. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is a first conduit; the liner is a first liner; and the first end device is configured to allow the apparatus to be used for installing a second liner in a second conduit differing in cross-sectional size from the first conduit. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the tapered part of the second end device is a truncated conical part. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a connector configured to connect the first end device to the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the connector comprises a clamp. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the first end device comprises a first connecting member and a second connecting member movable relative to the first connecting member of the first end device and the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a tubular portion and the first connecting member of the first end device comprises a flange projecting from the tubular portion of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the flange of the first connecting member of the first end device is fixed relative to the tubular portion of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the second connecting member of the first end device comprises a collar. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the first end device comprises a threaded fastener to fasten the first connecting member of the first end device and the second connecting member of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the first end device comprises a third connecting member movable relative to the first connecting member of the first end device, the second connecting member of the first end device, and the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a connector configured to connect the second end device to the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the connector comprises a clamp. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the second end device comprises a first connecting member and a second connecting member movable relative to the first connecting member of the second end device and the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a tubular portion and the first connecting member of the second end device comprises a flange projecting from the tubular portion of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the flange of the first connecting member of the second end device is fixed relative to the tubular portion of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the second connecting member of the second end device comprises a collar. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the first end device comprises a threaded fastener to fasten the first connecting member of the first end device and the second connecting member of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the connector of the first end device comprises a third connecting member movable relative to the first connecting member of the first end device, the second connecting member of the first end device, and the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are configured to be connected to the liner such that, during the hydrostatic pressure testing, leakage of the liner-installing fluid between the conduit and an inner surface of the liner is detectable. 
     In an embodiment, the liner comprises a plurality of layers. 
     In an embodiment, the layers of the liner include a plurality of resin-impregnated fabric layers. 
     In an embodiment, a given one of the layers of the liner comprises a membrane including an inner surface of the liner and impermeable to the fluid and the liner-installing fluid. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are connected to the liner such that, during the hydrostatic pressure testing, leakage of the liner-installing fluid between an inner one of the layers of the liner and an outer one of the layers of the liner is detectable. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device and the second end device are configured to engage an inner one of the layers of the liner and be free from engagement with an outer one of the layers of the liner. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is underground; an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 4 meters. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is underground; an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is underground; an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 2.5 meters. 
     In an embodiment, the conduit is underground; an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, a ratio of the horizontal dimension of the access over the path length of the second end device is no more than 0.8. 
     In an embodiment, a ratio of the horizontal dimension of the access over the path length of the second end device is no more than 0.6. 
     In an embodiment, a ratio of the horizontal dimension of the access over the path length of the second end device is no more than 0.4. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a chamber to receive the expander; and the chamber of the second end device is removable from the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the first end device comprises a plurality of valves. 
     In an embodiment, the valves of the first end device are spaced along a longitudinal axis of the first end device. 
     In an embodiment, the second end device comprises a plurality of valves. 
     In an embodiment, the valves of the second end device includes at least three valves. 
     In an embodiment, the valves of the second end device are spaced along a longitudinal axis of the second end device. 
     In an embodiment, the liner-installing fluid is a liner-installing liquid. 
     In an embodiment, the liner-installing liquid is liner-installing water. 
     In an embodiment, the fluid is water and the conduit is a water pipe. 
     In an embodiment, the water is potable water. 
     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit and performing hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the first end device and the second end device are connected to the liner.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and the first end device and the second end device are configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner without disconnecting the first end device and the second end device from the liner.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit and performing hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner without disconnecting the first end device and the second end device from the liner.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit and hydrostatic pressure testing of the liner while the end device is connected to the liner.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and a longitudinal axis of the first end device is non-straight.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, a longitudinal axis of the first end device being non-straight;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein: the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and a longitudinal axis of the end device is non-straight.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and the first end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the first end device and the distal portion of the first end device.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, the first end device comprising a proximal portion configured to be closer to the first longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the first longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the first end device and the distal portion of the first end device;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein: the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and the end device comprises a proximal portion configured to be closer to the longitudinal end of the conduit, a distal portion configured to be farther from the longitudinal end of the conduit, and a bend between the proximal portion of the end device and the distal portion of the end device.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and the first end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit, the first end device comprising a tapered part configured to engage the liner;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein: the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and the end device comprises a tapered part configured to engage the liner.       

     An apparatus for installing liners inside conduits to transport fluids, the conduits differing in cross-sectional size, each liner being curable inside a respective one of the conduits, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the respective one of the conduits;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and the first end device and the second end device are usable with the conduits that differ in cross-sectional size.       

     A method for installing liners inside conduits to transport fluids, the conduits differing in cross-sectional size, each liner being curable inside a respective one of the conduits, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to a first one of the liners adjacent to a first longitudinal end of a first one of the conduits;   connecting a second end device to the first one of the liners adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the first one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the first one of the conduits;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the first one of the liners in the first one of the conduits;   curing the first one of the liners inside the first one of the conduits;   connecting the first end device to a second one of the liners adjacent to a first longitudinal end of a second one of the conduits;   connecting the second end device to the second one of the liners adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the second one of the conduits spaced from the first longitudinal end of the second one of the conduits;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the second one of the liners in the second one of the conduits; and   curing the second one of the liners inside the second one of the conduits.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit;   wherein a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein: the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the longitudinal end of the conduit is no more than 3 meters.       

     An apparatus for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a first end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a second end device configured to be connected to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   wherein: the first end device and the second end device are configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the second end device.       

     A method for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         connecting a first end device to the liner adjacent to a first longitudinal end of the conduit;   connecting a second end device to the liner adjacent to a second longitudinal end of the conduit spaced from the first longitudinal end of the conduit;   using the first end device and the second end device to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner; and   curing the liner inside the conduit;   wherein a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the second longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the second end device.       

     An end device for installing a liner inside a conduit to transport a fluid, the conduit being underground such that an access pit is to be dug to access the conduit, the liner being curable inside the conduit, comprises, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure:
         a connector configured to connect the end device to the liner adjacent to a longitudinal end of the conduit; and   a cavity configured to put liner-installing material including a liner-installing fluid inside the liner;   wherein: the end device is configured to allow curing of the liner inside the conduit; and a horizontal dimension of the access pit parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit at the longitudinal end of the conduit is less than a path length of the end device.       

     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner having no more than 1% by weight of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner has no more than 0.1% by weight of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner has no more than 0.01% by weight of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is free of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the phenolic molecules are hindered phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the fluid is potable water and the conduit is a water pipe. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 100 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules per liter of the potable water. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 10 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules per liter of the potable water. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 1 μg of derivatives of phenolic molecules per liter of the potable water. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 100 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 10 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 1 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the liner is configured such that the potable water circulating through the water pipe when the liner is installed accumulates no derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     In an embodiment, the derivatives of phenolic molecules comprise 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, designated by CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) No. 82304-66-3. 
     In an embodiment, the liner comprises a resin-impregnated fabric layer. 
     In an embodiment, the liner comprises a membrane including an inner surface of the liner and impermeable to the fluid. 
     In an embodiment, the liner comprises the resin-impregnated fabric layer is a first resin-impregnated fabric layer and the liner comprises a second resin-impregnated fabric layer. 
     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner being free of phenolic molecules. 
     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner being configured such that the fluid circulating through the conduit when the liner is installed accumulates no more than 100 ppb of derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner being configured such that the fluid circulating through the conduit when the liner is installed accumulates no derivatives of phenolic molecules. 
     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner comprising fabric, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the liner over an inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is no more than 4%. 
     In an embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the liner over the inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is no more than 3%. 
     In an embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the liner over the inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is no more than 2%. 
     In an embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the liner over the inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is no more than 1%. 
     In an embodiment, the inner diameter of the conduit before installation of the liner is at least 24 inches. 
     In an embodiment, the thickness of the liner is no more than 10 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the thickness of the liner is no more than 6 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the thickness of the liner is no more than 4 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the fabric comprises a ply of non-crimp fabric. 
     There is provided a liner for lining a conduit to transport a fluid, the liner being curable inside the conduit, the liner comprising fabric, the fabric comprising a ply of non-crimp fabric.