Patent Publication Number: US-7725820-B2

Title: Method of generating a display for a directed graph and a system for use with the method

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present disclosure is related to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/681,287 entitled “Method of Using a Directed Graph and a System For Use With the Method” by Gibbons et al. filed on May 16, 2005, which is assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
   The present disclosure is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/363,105 entitled “Method of Using a Directed Graph and a System For Use With the Method” by Gibbons filed on Feb. 27, 2006, which is assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
   The disclosure relates in general to methods and systems, and more particularly, to a method of generating a display for a directed graph and a system for use with the method. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
   Many commercially available software products can be used to edit or executing actions for a project workflow. Usually, one software application is used when editing the project workflow (“editing application”), and another software application is used to display the project workflow using a browser (“viewing application”). The different software applications can cause problems. Because different applications are used, the editor of the workflow may need to switch between the editing application when editing the workflow and the viewing application when confirming that an edit was proper. Also, the display of information using the different software applications can be significantly different. A display using the editing application may appear acceptable, while the display of the same content using the viewing application may appear distorted, not aesthetically pleasing (to humans), or otherwise be unacceptable, or vice versa. 
   A project workflow is an example of a directed graph. An organizational chart is an example of such an open-ended directed graph because parent nodes branch out to child nodes, however, the child nodes do not reconnect. A supervisor may be represented by a parent node, and his or her direct subordinates may be represented by the child nodes from that parent node. The parent-child relationships can be iterated until all levels of an organization are determined. Display information related to the organizational chart is not too difficult to generate. However, workflows are significantly more complicated because child nodes may need to be reconnected, which would not occur with a conventional organizational chart. 
   Thus, the inability to edit a directed graph and view the directed graph as a user of the graph would see it, or the complexity regarding reconnecting parallel branches from child nodes, may make the editing and using of workflows or other similar directed graphs more difficult, particularly in client-server networks where client computers with different operating systems and browsers are used. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures, in which the same reference number indicates similar elements in the different figures. 
       FIG. 1  includes an illustration of a system for using a directed graph. 
       FIG. 2  includes a flowchart for a software program that can be run using a browser application with the directed graph in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 3  includes a flowchart for a detailed portion of the software program in  FIG. 2  while editing the directed graph. 
       FIG. 4  includes a flowchart for a detailed portion of the software program in  FIG. 2  while generating a display signal for the directed graph. 
       FIG. 5  includes a portion of a directed graph that includes an action element. 
       FIG. 6  includes a portion of a database table that can be used with the directed graph in  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 7  includes the portion of the directed graph in  FIG. 5  after adding another action element. 
       FIG. 8  includes the portion of the database table after transforming or otherwise converting the other action element in  FIG. 7  to a row element. 
       FIG. 9  includes the portion of the directed graph after adding columns and action elements corresponding to the row element. 
       FIG. 10  includes the portion of the database table of  FIG. 8  after adding a virtual node associated with the row element. 
       FIG. 11  includes a database table that includes column elements corresponding to the row element. 
       FIGS. 12 and 13  include database tables that include action elements corresponding to the column elements  922  and  942 , respectively. 
       FIG. 14  includes the portion of the directed graph in  FIG. 9  after adding an action element after the row element. 
       FIG. 15  includes the portion of the database table of  FIG. 10  after adding the action element after the virtual node. 
       FIG. 16  includes an illustration of data and table relationships for generating the portion of the directed graph in  FIG. 14 . 
       FIG. 17  includes an illustration of blocks that can be used to generate branching-out lines in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIGS. 18 to 20  include illustrations for generating lines that will be used generating a display signal for the directed graph. 
   

   Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   A data processing system readable medium can have code to generate a display for a directed graph, wherein the code is embodied within the data processing system readable medium. The code can include an instruction to generate a table corresponding to a row element. The table can include a first row, at least one second row, a third row, and columns, wherein a number of the columns corresponds to the number of columns associated with the row element. The code can also include an instruction to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element, and an instruction to display elements associated with the row element. In any of the aspects and embodiments described herein, the directed graph can be a workflow, such as a project workflow or a strategy workflow. Also, methods can be used to transmit the instructions within the code to a browser application. Further, a data processing system can include any one or more data processing system readable media described herein, can be configured to perform any one or more methods described herein, or any combination thereof. 
   A few terms are defined or clarified to aid in understanding the terms as used throughout this specification. The term “action element” is intended to mean an element that is associated with an action. 
   The term “actor” is intended to mean person using a directed graph during performance of a workflow. The actor may or may not be an editor, too. 
   The term “column” is intended to mean at least a portion of a workflow that includes one or more actions, or any combination of one or more actions and one or more row element that are designed to be performed serially. Note that the performance of one or more actions within a column may be conditional. A column element may be used within a data model to represent a column, and therefore, for the purposes of this speciation, column and column element can be used interchangeably. 
   The term “directed graph” is intended to mean a chart, a graph or other visual representation in which the principal direction of flow within the chart, the graph or other representation is away from an initial point. In one embodiment, the chart, the graph, or other visual representation includes a terminal point, and the principal direction of flow is from the initial point to the terminal point. 
   The term “edit” and its variants are intended to mean to generate or change at least a portion of something. For example, an editor can generate a portion of a file or other data that is later changed by a different editor. 
   The term “element” is intended to mean an object that is associated with an action, a column, or a row (e.g., a set of parallel columns). 
   The term “row element” is intended to mean an element that is related to a plurality of parallel columns. 
   The phrase “from element X, a command Y is used” is intended to mean that through the medium of typed commands or a graphical user interface (GUI), a user points to, identifies, or references a particular element X, and then invokes a command Y to achieve the ends described in the context of the phrase. The identification of the element X may be a separate GUI action from invoking the command (as in clicking on the step to highlight it or give it focus), followed by a separate GUI action (such as clicking on a choice in a separate menu, button bar, or other GUI control) to invoke the command Y, or the two actions may be combined by having a menu or buttons within element X or otherwise made available directly by clicking on element X, or one or both parts may be accomplished by typing at a keyboard. 
   The phrase “element Y can include a reference to element X” is intended to mean that the data representation of element Y may include a direct or indirect pointer or key identifying or allowing the identification of element X. For example, elements X and Y are consecutive elements of column C. In one embodiment, element Y may include a direct pointer or key identifying or allowing the identification of element A. In another embodiment, each of elements X and Y may include a direct pointer or key identifying or allowing the identification of column C. Element Y is the immediate successor to element X because among the elements comprising column C, element Y has the lowest sequence number greater than that of X. Therefore, in this embodiment, element Y includes an indirect pointer or key identifying or allowing the identification of element X, via the direct pointer or key identifying or allowing the identification of column C and the sequence numbering of column C. 
   The phrase “X is displayed over Y” is intended to mean that through the use of designating X as being in the foreground compared to Y, Y as being in the background compared to X, or a combination thereof, when displayed at a monitor, X has the appearance as being over Y. 
   The phrase “application X instructs application Y to perform an action” is intended to mean that hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof executing code from application X transmits an instruction to same or different hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof execution code from application Y to perform an action, wherein application Y includes logic to allow the action to be performed. For example, if a directed graph application instructs a web browser to render a web page for a display, a web server, on which the directed graph application is running, can execute code for the directed graph application and in response transmit an instruction to a client computer, on which the browser application is running, to render a web page to be displayed at a display of the client computer. 
   As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, process, article, or appliance that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such method, process, article, or appliance. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
   Also, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the invention. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. 
   Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods, hardware, software, and firmware similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention; suitable methods, hardware, software, and firmware are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the methods, hardware, software, and firmware, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
   Unless stated otherwise, any combination of one or more hardware components, one or more firmware components, or one or more software components, such as those illustrated in  FIG. 1 , may be bi-directionally or uni-directionally coupled to each other. Coupling should be construed to include direct electrical connections and any one or more of intervening switches, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and the like between any two or more components. 
   To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific network, hardware, software, firmware components and acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks and other sources within the computer, information technology, and networking arts. 
   Before discussing details of the embodiments of the present invention, a non-limiting, illustrative hardware architecture for using embodiments is described. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that many other hardware architectures can be used in carrying out embodiments described herein. 
     FIG. 1  includes an illustration of a system that can be implemented with respect to a method of using a directed graph. In one embodiment, the directed graph includes a workflow, such as a project workflow or a strategy workflow. The directed graph is not limited to workflows, and in another embodiment, can be a chart or other graph having a principal direction of flow from an initial point to a terminal point. 
   The system can include a client computer  11  that is bi-directionally coupled to a monitor  12  and a network  13 . The system can also include a web server  14  that is bi-directionally coupled to networks  13  and  15 . The networks  13  and  15  may be the same or different networks. For example, the network  13  can be the Internet, and the network  15  can be an internal network for an entity. The network  15  can be bi-directionally coupled to a database  16  and an application server  17 . 
   In one implementation, the client computer  11  may include a central processing unit (“CPU”)  110 , a read-only memory (ROM)  112 , a random access memory (“RAM”)  114 , a hard drive (“HD”) or storage memory  116 , and input/output device(s) (“I/O”)  118 . The I/O  118  can include a keyboard, printer, electronic pointing device (e.g., mouse, trackball, etc.), or the like. The monitor  12  can be part of the I/O  118 , but is illustrated separately in order to more clearly describe the method and information that may be displayed at the monitor  12 . 
   The web server  14  may include a central processing unit (“CPU”)  140 , a read-only memory (ROM)  142 , a random access memory (“RAM”)  144 , a hard drive (“HD”) or storage memory  146 , and I/O  148 . The I/O  148  can include a keyboard, a monitor, printer, electronic pointing device (e.g., mouse, trackball, etc.), or the like. The application server  17  may include a central processing unit (“CPU”)  170 , a read-only memory (ROM)  172 , a random access memory (“RAM”)  174 , a hard drive (“HD”) or storage memory  176 , and I/O  178 . The I/O  178  can include a keyboard, monitor, printer, electronic pointing device (e.g., mouse, trackball, etc.), or the like. Although not illustrated, other connections and additional memory may be coupled to or reside within each of the client computer  11 , the web server  14 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof. The web server  14 , the application server  17 , or both can be standalone server computers or may be one or more blades within a distributed computing environment. 
   The database  16  may reside external to the web server  14  and the application server  17 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , or may reside on HD  146  (web server  14 ) or HD  176  (application server  17 ) if the database is not too large. The database  16  can include nearly any type of information within one or more database tables. In one embodiment, the database  16  may also include logic used in carrying out any one or more portions of the methods described herein. 
   Each of the client computer  11 , the web server  14 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof is an example of a data processing system. ROM ( 112 ,  142 ,  172 ), RAM ( 114 ,  144 ,  174 ), HD ( 116 ,  146 ,  176 ), and the database  16  include media that can be read by the CPUs ( 110 ,  140 ,  170 ). Therefore, each of these types of memories includes a data processing system readable medium. These memories may be internal or external to the client computer  11 , the web server  14 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof. 
   Portions of the methods described herein may be implemented in suitable software code that includes instructions for carrying out the methods. In one embodiment, the instructions may be lines of assembly code or compiled C ++ , Java, or other language code. Part or all of the code may be stored within memory of the client computer  11 , the web server  14 , the database  16 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof and executed by one or more CPU within the client computer  11 , the web server  14 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the code may be contained on a data storage device, such as a magnetic tape, floppy diskette, CD ROM, optical or other storage device, storage network, other appropriate data processing system readable medium, or any combination thereof. 
   Other hardware architectures may be used. More or fewer servers may be present in other embodiments. For example, the functions of the web server  14  may be performed at least in part by the application server  17 , or vice versa. Additionally, a software program or its software components with such code may be embodied in more than one data processing system readable medium in more than one computer or server. After reading this specification, skilled artisans appreciate that many other configurations are possible. The configuration illustrated in  FIG. 1  or described herein is to be viewed as exemplary and not limiting. 
   Attention is now directed to specific aspects of using the directed graph with respect to the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 . For simplicity, all actions regarding editing the directed graph performed are from the perspective of the web server  14  unless stated otherwise. The web server  14  can render information that will be displayed at the monitor  12 . 
   In one embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the method can include accessing data that includes at least a portion of the directed graph, at block  222 , receiving a user input signal at the browser application to edit the directed graph, at block  242 , and transmitting a display signal that will be displayed using the browser application, at block  262 .  FIG. 3  includes more details regarding editing the directed graph, and  FIG. 4  includes more details regarding generating and transmitting a display signal that can be received by the client computer  11  and displayed on the monitor  12 . 
   Referring to block  222 , accessing the data can include retrieving one or more files from HD  116 , HD  146 , HD  176 , or database  16  and loading the file(s) into memory at CPU 140 , ROM  142 , RAM  144 , or any combination thereof. Accessing the data can also include receiving user input signals via I/O  118  (e.g., keyboard, electronic pointing device, etc.) at the client computer  11  and generating the directed graph that is initially created by CPU 140  and lies within memory at CPU 140 , ROM  142 , RAM  144 , or any combination thereof. Therefore, accessing should be broadly construed to cover nearly any manner of obtaining data regarding the directed graph or a portion thereof. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6  include illustrations of a portion of data tables that include data for the directed graph that includes a column  522  and an action element  524 . Action element  524  can include an action, a name or automatic indicator, a status, other information, or any combination thereof.  FIG. 5  can include the portion of the directed graph as it is seen by an editor at the monitor  12  when the directed graph runs using a browser application, such as Netscape Navigator™, Safari™, Internet Explorer™, Eudora™ brand browser application, or the like on the client computer  11 . The data used for generating the display illustrated in  FIG. 5  can be rendered by the web server  14  into a web page and transmit a display signal to the client computer  11 . The client computer  11  can receive the display signal and use the browser application at the client computer  11  to generate the display at monitor  12 . 
     FIG. 6  includes an example of table  522  that includes data for the portion of the directed graph corresponding to column  522 . Within the database  16 , table  522  can include elements, wherein each element for the directed graph can include an attribute that identifies the element as being an action element, a column element, or a row element. In the data model, the column  522  can be represented by a column element, and action element  524  can include an attribute that identifies it as being an action element and includes a reference to column  522 . Other action or row elements under the column element (for column  522 ) can be sequentially numbered or otherwise ordered, with action element  524  being the currently last element associated with or corresponding to column  522 . 
   The method can include receiving one or more user input signals that corresponds to inserting a row element within a parent column, at block  322  in  FIG. 3 . The editor at client computer  11  can enter keystrokes, mouse clicks, etc. using I/O  118  that are received at the browser application and are transmitted from the client computer  11  to the web server  14 . In one embodiment, the editor at client computer  11  can click on or otherwise activate the action element  524  (or a virtual node if a row element would be the immediately preceding element), right click and select “insert under.” The sequence can correspond to an insert under command that is executed by the web server  14  and initially creates action element  724  as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
   The editor at client computer  11  can enter additional keystrokes, mouse clicks, etc. using I/O  118  that are received at the browser application and are transmitted from the client computer  11  to the web server  14 . In one embodiment, the editor at client computer  11  can click on or otherwise activate the action element  724 , right click and select “insert right.” The sequence can correspond to an insert right command that is executed by the web server  14 . From action element  724 , the insert right command is used to note that a plurality of parallel columns is being formed initially including action element  724  in one column and a newly created action element in a second column. The two columns together comprise a new row element  824  that is also created by this “insert right” command, which takes the place of action element  742  as the second element of the column  522  as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
   In another embodiment, the row element  824  can be generated without having to first generate the action element  724 . In still another embodiment, the action element  724 , the row element  824 , or both may be generated automatically by the web server  14  or generated in response to a dialog between the web server  14  and one or more other parts of the data processing system, the editor at client computer  11 , or any combination thereof. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that different names for the commands can be used, that the commands may be changed (e.g., “insert right” command if a column within a row element is conditionally performed and “insert left” command if a column within the row element is not conditionally performed (i.e., will be performed)), additional or alternative editing commands might be provided such as an “insert above” command to add an element above the indicated element (becoming its immediate predecessor and becoming the successor to the element previously its predecessor), the order in which the directed graph is generated can be changed, or any combination thereof can be performed without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
   The method can also include generating a virtual node that is associated with the row element (block  324  of  FIG. 3 ) and generating an icon corresponding to the virtual node (block  326 ). The generation of the virtual node and its corresponding icon can be automatically performed by the web server  14  at the same time or shortly after the row element is created. The virtual node can be used to establish a reconnection point from last elements within columns for a set of parallel columns associated with or corresponding to row element  824  along column  522 . The icon allows an editor of the directed graph a way to attach a next element below the row element. The virtual node and its use are described more later in this specification. 
   The method can further include generating a set of parallel columns within the directed graph, wherein each of the parallel columns is a child column of the parent column (block  342 ). The editor at client computer can use I/O  118  to generate a user input signal that is received at the browser application and is transmitted from the client computer  11  to the web server  14 . User input signal from client computer  11 , data from the web server  14 , the database  16 , the application server  17 , or any combination thereof can be used to create columns corresponding to columns  922  and  942 , as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . A series of insert under commands can be performed in generating action elements  724  and  926  that lie along column  922 , and action elements  944 ,  946 , and  948  that lie along column  942 . After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that more or fewer action elements may lie within each column and any one or more of the action elements could be replaced by one or more row elements. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , row element  824  includes columns  922  and  942  together. Columns  922  and  942  are child columns of parent column  522 . Each of action elements  724  and  926  can include a reference to column  922 , and each of action elements  944 ,  946 , and  948  can include a reference to column  942 . Columns  922  and  942  can include a reference to row element  842 , and the row element  842  can include a reference to column  522 . 
     FIGS. 10 to 13  include illustrations of data that may be included within tables of database  16 . Table  522  in  FIG. 10  represents the data for the parent column  522  and includes action element  524 , row element  824 , and virtual node  902 . In another embodiment, the virtual node  902  might not be stored in the database  16 , but might be generated by the software in RAM  144  based on the row element  824 . Table  824  in  FIG. 11  corresponds to the row element  824  and includes column elements  922  and  942  that correspond to the set of parallel columns that are children columns of the parent column  522 . Table  922  in  FIG. 12  corresponds to the column element  922  and includes action elements  724  and  926 , and table  942  in  FIG. 13  corresponds to the column element  942  and includes action elements  944 , and  946 , and  948 . 
   Each of  FIG. 10 to 12  illustrates the child elements comprising a particular parent element, with the parent element identifier appearing above the headers for the data, but the parent element identifier and the identifier for the whole directed graph may be represented as additional columns in the data table, allowing all of the elements to be in a single data table for all the directed graphs of concern to the system. Skilled artisans will appreciate that many alternate data representations are possible, such as having separate tables based on element types, or having one table containing all elements and all data relevant for all element types, while having additional tables for data relevant for specific element types. 
   The method can further include receiving a user input signal that corresponds to inserting a next element associated with the virtual node (block  362  in  FIG. 3 ). In one embodiment, the editor at client computer  11  can click on or otherwise activate the virtual node  902  that is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The editor can right click and select insert under to generate a user input signal that is received at the browser application and transmitted from the client computer  11  to the web server  14 . The web server  14  can interpret the user input signal to be an insert under command to add action element  1424  below row element  824 . The web server  14  includes logic so that it recognizes the user input signals from the client computer  11  as editing the directed graph to add the action element  1424  to the directed graph, wherein the action element  1424  will be activated after the row element  824  is completed. 
     FIG. 15  includes table  522  that illustrates that the row element  824  is the immediately preceding element with respect to action element  1424 . The virtual node  902  is not an element for the purposes of this specification because it cannot be activated and completed or bypassed like other elements, such as action elements, column elements, and row elements. 
   The editing process can be continued to add other elements to the directed graph. The elements may be added nearly anywhere within the directed graph. The other elements can include adding one or more other actions or row elements to any column element, or one or more other columns to any row element. Editing can also include deleting, replacing, or otherwise modifying any of the action, column or row elements, “cut and paste” operations to move an action or element from one position to another within a directed graph, or any combination of these editing actions. In one particular embodiment, row elements may be nested. In other words, a row element may include a column that includes another row element. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that the basic tools for editing a directed graph have been described and complex directed graphs can be generated. 
   In one particular embodiment, additional rules may be imposed to restrict the editing process if certain actions have logical restrictions on where they should or should not be allowed in relation to parallel columns. The method can restrict certain actions such that they cannot be part of a parallel process, if it is undesirable or unreasonable for that to be allowed, by not allowing such actions to be inserted within a row or any element descended from a row, and by not allowing an “insert right” operation against an existing action of such type, to prevent it from being converted into an element of a row. The method can also restrict the allowed position of certain actions in relation to the specific positions of other related actions. In one particular embodiment, one type of action might be the approval of another action, and editing rules could insure that the approval could only be inserted or moved to a new position as a direct or indirect successor of the action being approved, to insure that the approval action is never presented to a user for performance, before the action being approved has itself been performed. 
   Attention is now directed to an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment for generating a display signal that can be displayed at the monitor  12  at client computer  11  when using a browser application. Browser applications are good at working with lists, tables, and blocks, however, browser applications (and markup languages in particular) are not good at connecting blocks with lines. The web server  14  can include conventional logic to determine the lengths of lists, and dimensions (lengths and widths) for blocks. This capability can be leveraged in order to provide a user-friendly graphical representation of the directed graph that can be displayed at monitor  12  using the browser application at client computer  11 . In one embodiment, the directed graph is a workflow, such as a project workflow or a strategy workflow. The focus of this particular embodiment will be regarding the directed graph as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . For simplicity, the directed graph includes a main or parent column and only one row element. In another embodiment, more row elements and associated parallel columns may be present. Unless stated otherwise, the method described for generating the display signal can be performed by the web server  14 . The web server  14  may have information regarding the operating system and browser application used at the client computer  11 . This information can be used by the web server  14  in rendering a web page for the client computer  11 . Different embodiments can be used to display the directed graph at monitor  12 . Details regarding some of the embodiments are described below. The scope of the present invention is not limited to the detailed embodiments described herein. The methods can leverage the functionality provided within conventional browser applications to generate blocks with borders from cells within a table, can center objects within cells, can generate substantially centered, substantially vertical lines within cells of a table, and can determine lengths of columns, so that rows within tables are properly aligned. 
     FIG. 16  illustrates information that can be used to generate the directed graph as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . The information includes tables embedded within tables. The parent column element  522  corresponds to table  522 , which is noted as T 1  in  FIG. 16 . The row element  824  corresponds to table  824 , which is noted as T 2 . Each column element  922  and  942  corresponds to tables T 3  and T 4 , respectively. In this embodiment, tables T 3  and T 4  are embedded within table T 2 , which is embedded within table T 1 . 
   Regarding table T 2 , the software application used for generating and using the directed graph (directed graph application) can instruct the browser application to create a table within a markup language, such as HTML, for example. In a particular embodiment, table T 2  includes three rows, namely, R 21 , R 22 , and R 23 , and a number of columns corresponding to the number of column elements within the row element  824 , which in this particular example is two columns. The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to embed the column elements  922  and  942  within R 22  of T 2  at the appropriate location. 
   The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to generate a substantially centered, substantially vertical line  522  for the parent column (block  422  in  FIG. 4 ). The centering is in a horizontal direction with respect to the width of T 1 . The directed graph application can also instruct the browser application to display the elements in the parent column over the substantially centered, substantially vertical line for the parent column  522  (block  424 ). In one particular embodiment, the elements of table  522  are centered with respect to the horizontal direction within table T 1 . At the display  12 , each of action element  524 , table T 2 , and action element  1424  are centered within their respective cells and are displayed over the substantially vertical line  522 . 
   The directed graph can instruct the browser application to generate branching-out lines associated with the row element (block  442  in  FIG. 5 ). Regarding table T 2 , the directed graph application can instruct the browser application draw borders around the cells in R 21  in table T 2 .  FIG. 17  includes illustrations of block  1724  that includes a left side border  1724  and a top border  1726  for the left-hand cell of row R 21 , and  1742  that includes a right side border  1744  and a top border  1746  for the right-hand cell of row R 21 . In one embodiment, only the left side border  1724  and the top border  1726  of block  1722  may be turned on or otherwise activated, and only the right side border  1744  and the top border  1746  of block  1742  may be turned on or otherwise activated. 
   For each of the blocks  1722  and  1742 , the directed graph application instructs the browser application to offset (1) the side borders by half the horizontal dimension of the cell in a direction toward the centerline for table T 1  and (2) the top borders by half the vertical dimension of the cell in a direction toward the next row R 22  in table  2 . Regarding the block  1722 , half of the left side border  1724  and half of the top border  1726  will be displayed. In this manner, the branching-out lines can be displayed. In one embodiment, after the borders are moved with respect to the display, the substantially vertical lines line extending to the branching out lines can be displayed. 
   The directed graph application can further instruct the browser application to generate substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for columns associated with the row elements (block  444  in  FIG. 4 ). In a particular embodiment, the browser application receives an instruction to generate a substantially centered, substantially vertical line within each cell of row R 22 . 
   The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to generate reconnecting lines associated with the row element (block  446  in  FIG. 4 ). As compared to the branching-out lines, a substantially similar method can be used for generating the reconnecting lines within row R 23 . The bottom and side borders are turned on or otherwise activated for row R 23 . The bottom borders will be offset towards the top of the table T 2 , rather than towards the bottom of table T 2  (as performed for the blocks  1722  and  1742  in row R 21 ). Therefore, at least the bottom borders of the cells for row R 23  are generated in addition to or in place of the top borders  1726  and  1746 . 
   The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to display elements of the columns over the substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for the set of parallel columns (block  462  in  FIG. 4 ). The actual contents of the columns  922  and  942  will be displayed as tables T 3  and T 4 , respectively. The embedded browser tables have differing numbers of rows corresponding to the number of elements in each column element. When displayed, the substantially centered, substantially vertical lines in cells for row R 22 , including tables T 3  and T 4  and portions of cells for rows R 21  and R 23  will be rendered by the browser application to display substantially vertical lines that are substantially parallel to each other and connect to the branching-out and reconnecting lines. The action elements  724  and  926  are displayed over the left-side line, and the action elements  944 ,  946 , and  948  are displayed over the right-side line. 
   In this embodiment, the information regarding tables and borders of tables in  FIG. 16  may not be displayed at monitor  12 . In such an embodiment, the monitor  12  will display the portion of the directed graph, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
   In another alternative embodiment, row R 22  can be replaced by a set of rows, wherein each row corresponds to an element within the longest column. Referring to column  942 , it has three elements. Therefore, table T 2  would have still have two columns, but would have five rows as opposed to three rows in the prior embodiment. For the first two of the middle three rows, each cell in table T 2  would have an action element. In the third of the middle three rows, the left-hand cell would only have a centered, substantially vertical line with no corresponding element, and the right-hand cell would have action element  948  displayed over its corresponding centered, substantially vertical line. 
   In still a further embodiment, a different method can be used to generate the branching-out lines, set of substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for the set of parallel columns. In this embodiment, borders for the cells in row R 22  can be used. The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to generate at least portions of blocks for each cell within the row R 22 .  FIG. 18  includes blocks  1822  and  1842  that can be used for columns  922  and  942 , respectively. The blocks  1822  and  1842  that have substantially the same length. The width of block  1822  can be determined by the browser application determining the width of action element  724 ,  926 , or a combination thereof, and the width of block  1842  can be determined by measuring the width of action element  944 ,  946 ,  948 , or any combination thereof. 
   In one particular embodiment, child column  922  will be placed to the left of the parent column  522 , and child column  942  will be placed to the right of the parent column  522 . For child column  922 , the left border  1824  and the top border  1826  of block  1822  are used. For child column  942 , the right border  1844  and the top border  1846  of block  1842  are used. The dashed lines  1828  and  1848  for blocks  1822  and  1842 , respectively, represent the other sides of the blocks that will not be seen by at the monitor  12  when displayed. 
   The directed graph application can also instruct the browser application to offset the blocks. Block  1822  can be offset one half of the column width to the right and up by half the distance along a vertical axis between where action element  524  and action element  724  will be located. Block  1842  can be offset one half of the column width to the left and up by half the distance along a vertical axis between where action element  524  and action element  944  will be located. Block  1822 , block  1842 , or both overlap the parent column  522 . From a display perspective, line-dash-line portion  1922 , in  FIG. 19 , of the parent column  522  underlies or is covered by the block  1822 , block  1842 , or both. At monitor  12 , portion  1922  and the dashed lines  1828  and  1848  are not displayed but are illustrated in  FIG. 19  to simplify understanding of the methodology described herein. 
   The columns  922  and  942  are to be reconnected back to the parent column  522 . The directed graph application can instruct the browser application to copy blocks  1822  and  1842 . The copies are substantially the same as their corresponding blocks except that the bottom borders, rather than the top borders are included. From the original location of cells within row R 22 , the copy of block  1822  can be offset one half of the column width to the right and down by half the distance along a vertical axis between where action element  948  and action element  1424  will be located. The copy of block  1842  can be offset one half of the column width to the left and down by half the distance along a vertical axis between where action element  948  and action element  1424  will be located. 
     FIG. 20  includes an illustration of how the lines from the blocks will appear. The combinations of borders from the blocks create an illusion of the diverging paths and reconnecting point for row element  824 . Column  922  can include a substantially vertical line that corresponds to the left side borders of block  1822  and its copy, and column  942  can include a substantially vertical line that corresponds to the right side borders of block  1842  and its copy. From a presentation standpoint, the substantially vertical line corresponding to the parent column  522  is substantially continuous, but a portion is not seen at monitor  12  because the line for parent column  522  underlies or is covered by portions of blocks  1822 ,  1842 , or any combination thereof. 
   Other methods may be used to generate the display of the portion of the directed graph in  FIG. 14 . After reading this specification, skilled artisans can determine how to generated the lines and elements in a display to meet their needs or desires. 
   The method can also include generating an icon  902  for the virtual node associated with the row element  824 . The icon  902  can be placed near the reconnection points for the set of parallel columns, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . The icon  902  can be a graphical indicator used by an editor at client computer  11 . The use of the icon  902  is described above. 
   The methodology described herein can be extended to a simpler or more complex directed graph. Row elements can be nested to nearly any level. The logic herein can be used to determine lengths of the longest columns for the most deeply nested row element and work towards less deeply nested row elements to determine lengths of columns and lengths of gaps within parent columns between action elements along a parent column. The method can be iterated until the main column is reached. The ordering of lines for the directed graph can be such that children columns are presented as overlying their parent column. In one embodiment, the children columns may be in the foreground compared to the parent column, or the parent column may be in the background compared to the children columns. 
   After the editor has completed work on the directed graph, an actor can use the directed graph in executing a workflow, such as a project workflow or a strategy workflow. A reviewer (still another user at client computer  11 ) can use the directed graph in reviewing the status of actions within the directed graph. The use of a browser application allows monitor  12  to display the workflow to an editor in a similar format, as it will be seen when the actor executes actions requested in the workflow. Some differences can be seen between the display for the editor and the display for the actor. For example, the display for the editor may include the virtual node icon  902  that may not be displayed to the actor. Also, the status information may be displayed to the actor but not to the editor during editing the directed graph. 
   The ability for the editor to use a browser application to edit the directed graph allows the editor a better ability to see the directed graph in a format closer to what an actor will see. The editor does not need to use an editing application to edit the directed graph and a browser application to check the visual appearance of the directed graph. In this manner, the editor can more quickly generate a directed graph with better confidence that the directed graph that will be subsequently used will look similar to the display that the editor sees when editing. Therefore, generation of the directed graph can be performed more quickly and easily by using the browser application at client computer  11  rather than having to use at least two different applications at the client computer  11 . 
   In one embodiment, many different types of client computers can be used with the client-server architecture, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Most of the data processing can be performed by the web server  14 , the application server  17 , or both. Thus, the web server  14  can render a web page for the particular operating system and browser application for a particular client computer. Therefore, special software does not need to be implemented on the client computers to use the methods and software described herein. 
   The ability to generate row elements with associated column elements allows better flexibility in executing on a directed graph because the actions associated with one column can be performed without having to wait for other actions in other columns. For example in  FIG. 14 , action elements  724  and  944  can be activated at substantially the same time. After action element  944  is completed, action element  946  can be activated without having to wait for action element  724 . In one particular embodiment, action element  946  can be completed while action element  724  is still active (not completed). If the data model would only use rows of action elements, one row element would include action elements  724  and  944 , another row element would include action elements  926  and  946 , and still another row element would include action element  948 . In this data model, action elements  724  and  944  are completed before action elements  926  and  946  are activated. While not a critical or essential element of the present invention, the embodiment having a row element with column elements may allow a directed graph to be executed more quickly than the other embodiment with separate rows having only action elements. 
   In another embodiment, references between elements can be different. As previously described, a reference between action elements can be indirect via one or more references to one or more column elements, sequential numbering within column element(s), one or more row elements, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, references can be more direct. For example, action element  724 , action element  944 , or both may directly reference action element  524 . Other methods of direct or indirect references can be used in other embodiments. 
   Any portion of all of the methods described herein may be performed by a computer, server, or other machine. Instructions can be generated that correspond to the operations described herein. 
   Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described below. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. 
   In a first aspect, a method of generating a display for a directed graph can include transmitting an instruction to a browser application to generate a first table corresponding to a row element. The first table can include a first row, at least one second row, a third row, and columns, wherein a number of the columns corresponds to the number of columns associated with the row element. The method can also include transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element, and transmitting an instruction to the browser application to display elements associated with the row element. 
   In one embodiment of the first aspect, transmitting the instruction to the browser application to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element can include transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate branching-out lines in the first row, transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate a substantially centered, substantially vertical line within each cell of the at least one second row, and transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate reconnecting lines in the third row. In another embodiment, the method can further include transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate another table for each column element associated with the row element. 
   In still another embodiment of the first aspect, the at least one second row can include a plurality of second rows, wherein the number of second rows corresponds to a highest number of elements within a column associated with the row. Transmitting the instruction to the browser application to display elements associated with the row element can include transmitting an instruction to the browser application to display an element associated for a particular column-second row combination or, if there is no element for the particular column-second row combination, display no element for the particular column-second row combination. 
   In yet another embodiment of the first aspect, transmitting the instruction to the browser application to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element can includes transmitting an instruction to the browser application to generate at least portions of blocks corresponding to cells within the at least one second row, transmitting an instruction to the browser application to offset a set of the at least portions of blocks to illustrate the branching-out lines and portions of substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for a set of parallel columns associated with the row element, and transmitting an instruction to the browser application to offset another set of the at least portions of blocks to illustrate the reconnecting lines and portions of substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for the set of parallel columns associated with the row element. 
   In a further embodiment of the first aspect, a first column within the set of parallel columns can have a different number of elements compared to a second column within the set of parallel columns. In still a further embodiment, the directed graph includes a workflow. 
   In a second aspect, a data processing system readable medium can have code to generate a display for a directed graph, wherein the code is embodied within the data processing system readable medium. The code can include an instruction to generate a first table corresponding to a row element. The first table can include a first row, at least one second row, a third row, and columns, wherein a number of the columns corresponds to the number of columns associated with the row element. The code can also include an instruction to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element, and an instruction to display elements associated with the row element. 
   In one embodiment of the second aspect, the instruction to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element can include an instruction to generate branching-out lines in the first row, an instruction to generate a substantially centered, substantially vertical line within each cell of the at least one second row, and an instruction to generate reconnecting lines in the third row. In another embodiment, the code can further include an instruction to generate another table for each column element associated with the row element. In still another embodiment, the at least one second row includes a plurality of second rows, wherein the number of second rows corresponds to a highest number of elements within a column associated with the row. The instruction to display elements associated with the row element can include an instruction to display an element associated for a particular column-second row combination or, if there is no element for the particular column-second row combination, display no element for the particular column-second row combination. 
   In a further embodiment of the second aspect, the instruction to generate lines to illustrate a set of parallel columns for the row element can include an instruction to generate at least portions of blocks corresponding to cells within the at least one second row, an instruction to offset a set of the at least portions of blocks to illustrate the branching-out lines and portions of substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for a set of parallel columns associated with the row element, and an instruction to offset another set of the at least portions of blocks to illustrate the reconnecting lines and portions of substantially centered, substantially vertical lines for the set of parallel columns associated with the row element. 
   In still a further embodiment of the second aspect, a first column within the set of parallel columns can have a different number of elements compared to a second column within the set of parallel columns. In yet a further embodiment, the directed graph can include a workflow. 
   In any of the aspects and embodiments described herein, the directed graph can be a workflow, such as a project workflow or a strategy workflow. Further, in any of the aspects and embodiments described herein, a data processing system can include any one or more data processing system readable media described herein, can be configured to perform any one or more methods described herein, or any combination thereof. 
   Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed. 
   Any one or more benefits, one or more other advantages, one or more solutions to one or more problems, or any combination thereof have been described above with regard to one or more particular embodiments. However, the benefit(s), advantage(s), solution(s) to problem(s), or any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced is not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. 
   The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.