Patent Publication Number: US-2019193487-A1

Title: Pneumatic tire

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-245827 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-245828 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Dec. 22, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire. More specifically, a first aspect of the present invention relates to a pneumatic tire that has enhanced scorch resistance and hardness of a pair of support rubbers, and can improve also tire durability; the pneumatic tire includes a pair of support rubbers arranged so as to hold a rolled-up end of a chafer layer from both sides in a tire width direction. Furthermore, a second aspect of the present invention relates to a pneumatic tire that is excellent in low-heat-generating of the support rubber and has enhanced adherability with a carcass ply rubber; the pneumatic tire includes a pair of support rubbers arranged so as to hold a rolled-up end of a chafer layer from both sides in a tire width direction. 
     Unless otherwise specially specified, this specification describes all of the first to third aspects. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There is known a pneumatic tire with a pad rubber in a bead part. For example, Japanese Patent No. 5442762 and Japanese Patent No. 5944826 disclose a pneumatic tire in which a pad rubber is arranged on the tire-outer-surface-side of a carcass ply so as to correspond to the outside of a bead filler in a tire width direction. The pad rubber suppresses the concentration of distortion near an outer-diameter-side end of the bead filler caused by a load input from a rim flange and/or deformation of a side wall part, etc., when rolling under a load and therefore, separation of the carcass ply rolled up thereon is suppressed. 
     The pad rubber according to Japanese Patent No. 5442762 is arranged over the tire-inner-surface-side of a rim strip rubber and a side wall rubber adjacent to the outer-diameter-side of the rim strip rubber in a tire radial direction. The pad rubber according to Japanese Patent No. 5944826 is arranged on the tire-inner-surface-side of the rim strip rubber. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In the pneumatic tire according to Japanese Patent No. 5944826, a chafer layer rolled up from the tire-inner-surface-side to the tire-outer-surface-side is provided around a bead part. In this case, when rolling under a load, the distortion is likely to be concentrated also on a rolled-up end of the chafer layer around the bead part. However, in the pneumatic tire according to Japanese Patent No. 5944826, the pad rubber is arranged on the outside in the tire radial direction further than the chafer layer, thus does not effectively contribute to suppression of the concentration of distortion at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. 
     An object of the present invention is to enhance durability of a pneumatic tire including a chafer layer in a bead part according to the first aspect by establishing both of scorch resistance in a support rubber of the pneumatic tire which is capable of suppressing the concentration of distortion at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. 
     Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to suppress the generation of heat and enhance adherability in a support pad of a pneumatic tire including a chafer layer in a bead part according to the second aspect which is capable of suppressing the concentration of distortion at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. 
     In the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pneumatic tire including: a pair of bead cores; a pair of bead fillers that are connected to the pair of bead cores and extend to the outer-diameter-side in a tire radial direction; a carcass ply that is suspended between the pair of bead cores; a side wall rubber that is arranged on the tire-outer-surface-side of the carcass ply and constitutes a tire outer surface; a chafer layer that is turned from the tire-inner-surface-side to the tire-outer-surface-side around the bead cores and the bead fillers and rolled up on an outer surface of the carcass ply; a pair of support rubbers that are located between the side wall rubber and the carcass ply and arranged so as to hold a rolled-up end of the chafer layer from both sides in a tire width direction; in which a modulus value of the pair of support rubbers is higher than a modulus value of the side wall rubber, wherein the pneumatic tire includes 1.0 to 4.0 parts by mass of resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate and 0.5 to 2.0 parts by mass of N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide relative to a total of 100 parts by mass of the diene-containing rubbers and the resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate (A) and N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide (B) are included in a weight ratio (A/B) of 1.0 to 8.0. 
     Furthermore, in the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pneumatic tire including: a pair of bead cores; a pair of bead fillers that are connected to the pair of bead cores and extend to the outer-diameter-side in a tire radial direction; a carcass ply that is suspended between the pair of bead cores; a side wall rubber that is arranged on the tire outer surface side of the carcass ply and constitutes a tire outer surface; a chafer layer that is turned from the tire inner surface side to the tire outer surface side around the bead cores and the bead fillers and rolled up to an outer surface of the carcass ply; a pair of support rubbers (a tape rubber and a rear pad rubber) that are located between the side wall rubber and the carcass ply and arranged so as to hold a rolled-up end of the chafer layer from both sides in a tire width direction; and a tread rubber, in which a modulus value of the pair of support rubbers is higher than a modulus value of the side wall rubber, and the support rubbers include no resorcin and N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide. 
     According to the first and second aspects of the present invention, the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is held in the tire width direction by the support rubbers having a higher modulus than the side wall rubber; therefore, the concentration of distortion likely to be generated near the rolled-up end is suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is suppressed. Furthermore, in the first aspect, hardness of a hardened support rubber is enhanced while scorch resistance thereof is maintained and, therefore, durability of the support rubber is enhanced. As the result, durability of the tire is enhanced. Moreover, in the second aspect, the rubber composition included in the support rubber contains a Resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate and N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide, which suppresses the generation of heat of the pneumatic tire and enhance adherability, thereby significantly improving durability. 
     Preferably, the pair of support rubbers include a rear pad rubber adjacent to the tire-outer-surface-side of the rolled-up end of the chafer layer and a tape rubber adjacent to the tire-inner-surface-side of the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. 
     According to this configuration, the tape rubber is arranged between the rolled-up end of the chafer layer and the carcass ply; therefore, a level difference (step) formed on the outer surface of the carcass ply can be reduced by the tape rubber. As a result, the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is easily rolled up along the outer surface of the carcass ply. Accordingly, while the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is held in the tire width direction by the tape rubber and the rear pad rubber, an excessive level difference is not formed near the rolled-up end of the chafer layer, and therefore, bareness caused by the level difference is easily suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer can be further suppressed. 
     In contrast, in a case where the rear pad rubber is arranged between the rolled-up end of the chafer layer and the carcass ply, a larger level difference is formed on the outer surface of the carcass ply due to the rear pad rubber, and the level difference is likely to cause bareness between the outer surface of the carcass ply and a member arranged on top of the level difference. 
     Furthermore, preferably, a position of an inner-diameter-end of the rear pad rubber in the tire radial direction is different from that of an inner-diameter-end of the tape rubber. More preferably, a position of an outer-diameter-end of the rear pad rubber in the tire radial direction is different from that of an outer-diameter-end of the tape rubber. 
     According to this configuration, the positions of respective ends of the rear pad rubber and the tape rubber in the tire radial direction where distortion is likely to be concentrate are different in the tire radial direction; therefore, it is possible to suppress the excessive concentration of distortion at the radial-direction ends. 
     Moreover, preferably, the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is located in a radial range from a position of 3% of a tire reference cross-section height to the inside in the tire radial direction to a position of 5% of the tire reference cross-section height to the outside in the tire radial direction with reference to outer-diameter-side ends of the bead cores. 
     According to this configuration, it is possible to prevent the rolled-up end of the chafer layer from being located excessively on the outer-diameter-side in the tire radial direction while the chafer layer is arranged to correspond to a contact portion of the bead part of the pneumatic tire with the rim flange. Accordingly, even in a case where the contact portion with the rim flange is worn, exposure of the carcass ply can be suppressed by the chafer layer. 
     Furthermore, by imposing a limitation on the height position of the rolled-up end of the chafer layer in the tire radial direction, the rolled-up end is easily arranged to be kept away from a portion of the side wall part where distortion is large, and an increase in distortion caused by deformation of the side wall part is suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is further suppressed. 
     Incidentally, if the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is located on the more than 3% inner-diameter-side of the tire reference cross-section height to the inside in the tire radial direction with reference to the outer-diameter-side end of the bead core, the carcass ply may be exposed when the bead part is worn. Furthermore, if the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is located on the more than 5% outer-diameter-side of the tire reference cross-section height to the outside in the tire radial direction with reference to the outer-diameter-side end of the bead core, the rolled-up end comes close to a portion of the side wall part where distortion is large, and therefore distortion is likely to increase excessively. 
     Furthermore, preferably, the rolled-up end of the chafer layer has an overlap with the pair of support rubbers over a length of 5 mm or more in the tire radial direction. 
     According to this configuration, the rolled-up end of the chafer layer is securely supported by the support rubbers over a length of at least 5 mm or more in the tire radial direction, and therefore, the concentration of distortion is suitably suppressed. 
     Moreover, preferably, the pad rubber is arranged in a radial range of 15% or more but not exceeding 45% of the tire reference cross-section height in the tire radial direction. 
     According to this configuration, the pad rubber is located over a predetermined range in the tire radial direction while being located to have an overlap with the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. Accordingly, distortion generated around the bead part of the pneumatic tire can be dispersed over the predetermined range in the tire radial direction through the pad rubber; therefore, it is possible to suppress distortion of the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. Incidentally, if the pad rubber is arranged in a radial range larger than 45% of the tire reference cross-section height, the proportion of the side wall rubber in the side wall part is excessively decreased, which deteriorates the fuel efficiency. 
     Furthermore, preferably, the tape rubber is arranged in a radial range of 5% or more but not exceeding 20% of the tire reference cross-section height in the tire radial direction. 
     According to this configuration, the tape rubber is located over a predetermined range in the tire radial direction while being located to have an overlap with the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. Accordingly, distortion generated around the bead part of the pneumatic tire can be dispersed over the predetermined range in the tire radial direction through the tape rubber; therefore, it is possible to suppress distortion of the rolled-up end of the chafer layer. 
     According to the first aspect of the present invention, in the pneumatic tire including the chafer layer in the bead part, it is possible to suppress the concentration of distortion at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer, and hardness of the hardened support rubber can be enhanced while scorch resistance of an unvulcanized rubber composition can be maintained. 
     Moreover, according to the second aspect of the present invention, in the pneumatic tire including the chafer layer in the bead part, it is possible to suppress the concentration of distortion at the rolled-up end of the chafer layer, to suppress the generation of heat and enhance adherability, and thereby durability of the pneumatic tire is significantly enhanced. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and the other features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and drawings of an illustrative embodiment of the invention in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a meridional half sectional view of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged view of around a bead part of the pneumatic tire shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram schematically showing a side wall member; and 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing a thickness of a pad rubber. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     An embodiment of the present invention will be described below in accordance with accompanying drawings. 
     Incidentally, the following description is merely an example in essence, and is not intended to limit the invention and applications or uses of the invention. Furthermore, the drawings are schematically depicted, and the ratio of dimensions, etc. are different from actual ones. 
       FIG. 1  is a meridional half sectional view of a pneumatic tire  1  according to the embodiment of the present invention, and illustrates only one side of the pneumatic tire  1  in a tire width direction along a tire equator line CL. The pneumatic tire  1  includes a tread part  10 , a pair of side wall parts  20  that extend from ends of the tread part  10  in the tire width direction to the inside in a tire radial direction, and a pair of bead parts  30  that are located at respective inner ends of the pair of side wall parts  20  in the tire radial direction. 
     A carcass ply  4  is suspended between the pair of bead parts  30  over the tire-inner-surface-side of the tread part  10  and the side wall parts  20 . In the present embodiment, the two-layered carcass ply  4  is provided. 
     Between the tread part  10  and the carcass ply  4 , a multi-layered belt layer  7  and a belt reinforcement layer  8  are wound in a tire circumferential direction in this order from the inside in the tire radial direction. An inner liner  3  is arranged on the tire-inner-surface-side of the carcass ply  4 . 
     The bead part  30  includes a bead core  31  and a bead filler  32  that is connected to the bead core  31  and extends outward in the tire radial direction. The bead core  31  is a bundle of bead wires formed into an annular shape. The bead core  31  has an outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  on its outer end surface in the tire radial direction. The bead filler  32  is a rubber material having a triangular cross-section formed into an annular shape along the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . 
     A chafer layer  5  is arranged around the bead part  30 . The chafer layer  5  is arranged adjacent to the outer surface side (the side opposite to the bead part  30 ) of the carcass ply  4 , and is turned from the inside to the outside in the tire width direction around the bead part  30  and rolled up to the outer-diameter-side in the tire radial direction together with the carcass ply  4 . The chafer layer  5  is rubber-coated nylon or steel cords arranged side by side to a predetermined end number. 
     The chafer layer  5  has a rolled-in end  5   a  located on the inside in the tire width direction (the tire-inner-surface-side of the bead part  30 ) and a rolled-up end  5   b  located on the outside in the tire width direction (the tire-outer-surface-side of the bead part  30 ). A tape rubber  6  is arranged between the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  and the carcass ply  4 . The tape rubber  6  is a tape-like thin-walled member, and is configured to have an approximately constant thickness of, for example, 1 mm or less. 
     The side wall part  20  includes a side wall rubber  21 , a rim strip rubber  22 , a rear pad rubber  23 , and an under-belt pad rubber  24 . 
     The side wall rubber  21  constitutes a main body of the side wall part  20 . Furthermore, the side wall rubber  21  forms an outer surface of the pneumatic tire  1 ; rubber excellent in weather resistance, resistance to external damage, and resistance to rolling resistance is adopted as the side wall rubber  21 . The rim strip rubber  22  is located on the inside of the side wall part  20  in the tire radial direction, and is a portion that comes in contact with a rim flange  40  when attached to a wheel. 
     The rear pad rubber  23  is located adjacent to the tire-inner-surface-side of the side wall rubber  21  and the rim strip rubber  22 . The rear pad rubber  23  is located on the inner-surface-side of the side wall rubber  21  and is not exposed to the air; rubber that is less likely to be distorted and has excellent adhesiveness to the carcass ply  4  is adopted as the rear pad rubber  23 . The under-belt pad rubber  24  is arranged to fill a gap between an end of the belt layer  7  in the tire width direction and the carcass ply  4 . 
     The side wall part  20  is configured so that in the order of the under-belt pad rubber  24 , the rim strip rubber  22 , the rear pad rubber  23 , and the side wall rubber  21 , their 100% modulus value is lower. Respective 100% modulus values of the members  21  to  24  are configured, for example, so that the under-belt pad rubber  24  has a 100% modulus values of 4.0 MPa or more but not exceeding 5.5 MPa; the rim strip rubber  22  has a 100% modulus values of 4.0 MPa or more but not exceeding 4.5 MPa; the rear pad rubber  23  has a 100% modulus values of 3.5 MPa or more but not exceeding 3.9 MPa; the side wall rubber  21  has a 100% modulus values of 1.0 MPa or more but not exceeding 2.4 MPa. Furthermore, rubber having the same 100% modulus value as the rear pad rubber  23  is adopted as the tape rubber  6 . Incidentally, the 100% modulus of each member is a value obtained by dividing a tensile strength when a test piece defined in JIS K6251:2010 3.7 is subjected to 100% elongation by the initial cross-section area of the test piece. Incidentally, a dumbbell specimen type 3 is used as the test piece. 
       FIG. 3  schematically shows a side wall member  20 ′ for forming the side wall part  20 . The side wall part  20  is formed by winding the side wall member  20 ′ into a cylindrical shape around a molding drum (not shown) and vulcanizing it within a tire vulcanizing mold (not shown). 
     In the present embodiment, for example, a side wall rubber member  21 ′, a rim strip rubber member  22 ′, a rear pad rubber member  23 ′, and an under-belt pad rubber member  24 ′ are each extruded from a nozzle and integrally formed into the side wall member  20 ′. These members  21 ′ to  24 ′ are vulcanized and formed into the side wall rubber  21 , the rim strip rubber  22 , the rear pad rubber  23 , and the under-belt pad rubber  24 , respectively. 
     Since these members  21 ′ to  24 ′ are integrally formed into the side wall member  20 ′, the work to wind the side wall member  20 ′ around the molding drum can be easily done as compared with a case where these members are individually constructed. Incidentally, these members  21 ′ to  24 ′ may be formed individually and each wound around the molding drum. 
     Subsequently, with reference to  FIG. 2 , respective positions of members located around the bead part  30  in the tire radial direction are described using the rate to a tire reference cross-section height H 0  based on the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . In a case where the rate to the tire reference cross-section height H 0  is a positive value, which means it is located on the outer-diameter-side in the tire radial direction further than the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 ; in a case where the rate is a negative value, which means it is located on the inner-diameter-side in the tire radial direction further than the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a.    
     Incidentally, as shown in  FIG. 1 , in this specification, the tire reference cross-section height H 0  means a height from the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31  to a highest point (a point of intersection with the tire equator line CL) of an outside surface of the tread part  10 , provided that a sample cut out a predetermined range in the tire circumferential direction (for example, a range of 20 mm in the tire circumferential direction) from a pneumatic tire in the tire radial direction is measured in a state where the width between the pair of bead parts  30  is set to a standard rim width. The standard rim width here is a rim defined for each tire in a standards system including the standard on which the tire is based; for example, the “Standard Rim” is used in JATMA, the “Design Rim” is used in TRA, and the “Measuring Rim” is used in ETRTO. 
     In  FIG. 2 , a height position H 1  of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is located in a range of −3% or more but not exceeding 5% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . 
     A height position H 2  of an inner-diameter-side end  23   a  of the rear pad rubber  23  in the tire radial direction is located on 5 mm or more the tire-inner-diameter-side further than the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  and in a range of -5% or more but not exceeding 3% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . Furthermore, a height position H 3  of an outer-diameter-side end  23   b  of the rear pad rubber  23  in the tire radial direction is located in a range of 16% or more but not exceeding 45% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . Incidentally, the rear pad rubber  23  is arranged in a height range R 1  of 15% or more but not exceeding 45% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 . 
     A height position H 4  of an inner-diameter-side end  6   a  of the tape rubber  6  in the tire radial direction is located on the tire-inner-diameter-side further than the inner-diameter-side end  23   a  of the rear pad rubber  23  and in a range of -6% or more but not exceeding 2% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 ; a height position H 5  of an outer-diameter-side end  6   b  is located in a range of 10% or more but not exceeding 15% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . Incidentally, the tape rubber  6  is arranged in a height range R 2  of 5% or more but not exceeding 20% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 . 
     Furthermore, a height position H 6  of an outer-diameter-side end  32   a  of the bead filler  32  is located on the inside in the tire radial direction further than the outer-diameter-side end  23   b  of the rear pad rubber  23  and in a range of 8% or more but not exceeding 40% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . 
     That is, the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is supported in the tire width direction by a pair of support rubbers composed of the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23  that are arranged adjacent to the rolled-up end  5   b  in the tire width direction. 
     Subsequently, the rear pad rubber  23  is described in detail. 
     The rear pad rubber  23  is formed into a trapezoid that the inner surface  23   c  (P S  to P R  in  FIG. 2 ), which comes in contact with outer surfaces of the chafer layer  5 , the tape rubber  6 , and the carcass ply  4 , is long in the tire radial direction as compared with an outer surface  23   d  (P 1  to P 4  in  FIG. 2 ), which extends approximately parallel to the inner surface  23   c  and comes in contact with inner surfaces of the side wall rubber  21  and the rim strip rubber  22 . The rear pad rubber  23  has a constant thickness portion  231  and a pair of tapered thickness portions  232 . The constant thickness portion  231  has an approximately constant thickness at a portion corresponding to the outer surface  23   d . The pair of tapered thickness portions  232  have a thickness that gradually decreases from either end of the constant thickness portion  231  in the tire radial direction toward the tire radial direction. 
     In  FIG. 2 , a portion indicated by P S  to P 1  is the tapered thickness portion  232  located on the inner-diameter-side in the tire radial direction; a portion located in P 1  to P 4  is the constant thickness portion  231 ; a portion indicated by P 4  to P E  is the tapered thickness portion  232  located on the outer-diameter-side in the tire radial direction. That is, inflection points P 1  and P 4  at which a transition to the tapered thickness portion  232  is made exist in either end of the tire-outer-surface-side of the constant thickness portion  231  in the tire radial direction. 
     The constant thickness portion  231  is located on the outside in the tire radial direction further than the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 ; that is, the tapered thickness portion  232  located on the inside in the tire radial direction is located adjacent to the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 . 
       FIG. 4  is a graph showing a thickness T (mm) of the rear pad rubber  23 . The thickness T of the rear pad rubber  23  is shown as a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the carcass ply  4 . The graph shows the thickness T in each position at a distance d (mm) along the outer surface of the carcass ply  4  from one end of the rear pad rubber  23  in the tire radial direction toward the other end (in the present embodiment, from the inner-diameter-side end  23   a  (P s ) toward the outer-diameter-side end  23   b  (P E )); that is, the thickness T is shown as a thickness function T(d) that is a function of the distance d. Furthermore, a slope A of the function T(d) is also shown. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the constant thickness portion  231  means a portion having the slope A of the function T(d) of which the absolute value is 0.2 mm/mm or less; the tapered thickness portion  232  means a portion having the slope A of the function T(d) of which the absolute value is greater than 0.2 mm/mm. That is, according to the function T(d), the thickness of the inner-diameter-side tapered thickness portion  232  increases from P S  toward P 1 . The thickness of the constant thickness portion  231  is approximately constant from P 1  to P 4 ; 
     however, specifically, the thickness slightly decreases from P 1  to P 2 , and slightly increases from P 2  to P 3 , and then slightly decreases from P 3  to P 4 . Furthermore, the thickness of the outer-diameter-side tapered thickness portion  232  decreases from P 4  to P E . 
     The constant thickness portion  231  is set to a height range of 7% or more but not exceeding 26% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 . Furthermore, the tapered thickness portion  232  is preferably set to have the slope of the function T(d) of which the absolute value is 0.6 mm/mm or less, which makes it easy to secure the contact area of the tapered thickness portion  232  with the side wall rubber  21 . 
     The pneumatic tire  1  described above achieves the following effects. 
     (1) The rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is held in the tire width direction by the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23  that have a higher modulus than the side wall rubber  21 , and therefore, distortion likely to be generated near the rolled-up end  5   b  is suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is suppressed. 
     (2) The tape rubber  6  is arranged between the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  and the carcass ply  4 , and therefore, a level difference formed on the outer surface of the carcass ply  4  can be reduced by the tape rubber  6 . As a result, the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is easily rolled up along the outer surface of the carcass ply  4 . Accordingly, while the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is held in the tire width direction by the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23 , an excessive level difference is not formed near the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 , and therefore, bareness caused by the level difference is easily suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  can be further suppressed. 
     In contrast, in a case where the rear pad rubber  23  is arranged between the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  and the carcass ply  4 , a larger level difference is formed on the outer surface of the carcass ply  4  due to the rear pad rubber  23 , and the larger level difference is likely to cause bareness between the outer surface of the carcass ply  4  and a member arranged on top of the level difference. 
     (3) The positions of respective ends of the rear pad rubber  23  and the tape rubber  6  in the tire radial direction where distortion is likely to be concentrate are different in the tire radial direction; therefore, it is possible to suppress the excessive concentration of distortion on the radial-direction ends. 
     (4) The height position H 1  of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is located in a range of -3% or more but not exceeding 5% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0  with reference to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 . Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  from being located excessively on the outer-diameter-side in the tire radial direction while the chafer layer  5  is arranged to correspond to a contact portion of the bead part  30  of the pneumatic tire  1  with the rim flange  40 . Accordingly, even in a case where a contact portion of the rim strip rubber  22  with the rim flange  40  is worn, exposure of the carcass ply  4  can be suppressed by the chafer layer  5 . 
     Furthermore, by imposing a limitation on the height position of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  in the tire radial direction, the rolled-up end  5   b  is easily arranged to be kept away from a portion of the side wall part  20  where distortion is large, and an increase in distortion caused by deformation of the side wall part  20  is suppressed. As a result, separation at the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  can be further suppressed. 
     Incidentally, if the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is located on the 3% or more inner-diameter-side of the tire reference cross-section height to the inside in the tire radial direction with reference to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 , the carcass ply  4  may be exposed when the bead part  30  is worn. Furthermore, if the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is located on the 5% or more outer-diameter-side of the tire reference cross-section height to the outside in the tire radial direction with reference to the outer-diameter-side end surface  31   a  of the bead core  31 , the rolled-up end  5   b  comes close to a portion of the side wall part  20  where distortion is large, and therefore distortion is likely to increase excessively. 
     (5) The rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is securely supported by the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23  over a length of at least 5 mm or more in the tire radial direction, and therefore, the concentration of distortion is suitably suppressed. 
     (6) The rear pad rubber  23  is arranged in the height range R 1  of 15% or more but not exceeding 45% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , and therefore is located over a predetermined range in the tire radial direction while being located to have an overlap with the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 . Accordingly, distortion generated around the bead part  30  of the pneumatic tire  1  can be dispersed over the predetermined range in the tire radial direction through the rear pad rubber  23 ; therefore, it is possible to suppress distortion of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 . Incidentally, if the rear pad rubber  23  is arranged in a radial range larger than 45% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , the proportion of the side wall rubber  21  in the side wall part  20  is excessively decreased, which deteriorates the fuel efficiency. 
     Furthermore, the height position H 6  of the outer-diameter-side end  32   a  of the bead filler  32  is located on the inside in the tire radial direction further than the outer-diameter-side end  23   b  of the rear pad rubber  23 . Accordingly, distortion likely to be generated near the outer-diameter-side end  32   a  of the bead filler  32  is suppressed by the rear pad rubber  23 . Therefore, around the bead part  30 , separation at not only the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  but also near the outer-diameter-side end  32   a  of the bead filler  32  is suitably suppressed. 
     (7) The tape rubber  6  is arranged in the height range R 2  of 5% or more but not exceeding 20% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , and therefore is located over a predetermined range in the tire radial direction while being located to have an overlap with the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 . Accordingly, distortion generated around the bead part  30  of the pneumatic tire  1  can be dispersed over the predetermined range in the tire radial direction through the tape rubber  6 , and therefore, distortion of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is suppressed. 
     (8) The rear pad rubber  23  has the constant thickness portion  231  over a height range of 7% or more but not exceeding 26% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , and therefore, distortion generated around the bead part  30  of the pneumatic tire  1  can be dispersed over a predetermined range in the tire radial direction through the rear pad rubber  23 . Accordingly, distortion of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is further reduced. 
     If the height range of the constant thickness portion  231  is smaller than 7% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , the distortion dispersion effect of the constant thickness portion  231  is reduced. If the height range of the constant thickness portion  231  is larger than 26% of the tire reference cross-section height H 0 , the proportion of the rear pad rubber  23  in the side wall part  20  is excessively increased, and the proportion of the side wall rubber  21  is excessively decreased, which diminishes the enhancing effect in the rolling-resistance performance due to the side wall rubber  21 , and therefore, the fuel efficiency is likely to deteriorate. 
     (9) The constant thickness portion  231  is a portion of the rear pad rubber  23  having the slope A of the thickness function T(d) of which the absolute value is 0.2 mm/mm or less. Accordingly, the constant thickness portion  231  has too small variations in thickness to disperse a distortion generated around the bead part  30  widely in the tire radial direction. 
     (10) The constant thickness portion  231  of the rear pad rubber  23  is not located at the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5 , and therefore, the capacity of the rim strip rubber  22  arranged on the tire-outer-surface-side of the rolled-up end  5   b  of the chafer layer  5  is easily secured. 
     (11) The tapered thickness portion  232  is a portion of the rear pad rubber  23  having the slope A of the thickness function T(d) of which the absolute value is greater than 0.2 mm/mm but not exceeding 0.6 mm/mm. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress separation at the tapered thickness portion  232  while preventing the tapered thickness portion  232  from being excessively long. 
     That is, if the absolute value of the slope A of the tapered thickness portion  232  is 0.2 mm/mm or less, the tapered thickness portion  232  becomes long, and the proportion of the side wall rubber  21  in the side wall part  20  is excessively decreased, which diminishes the enhancing effect in the rolling-resistance performance due to the side wall rubber  21 , and therefore, the fuel efficiency is likely to deteriorate. Furthermore, if the absolute value of the slope A of the tapered thickness portion  232  is greater than 0.6 mm/mm, the tapered thickness portion  232  becomes short, and the contact area of the tapered thickness portion  232  with the side wall rubber  21  is reduced, and as a result, the adhesiveness of the tapered thickness portion  232  of the rear pad rubber  23  is likely to be reduced, and the separation-resistance performance is likely to deteriorate. 
     In the above-described embodiment, a case where the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23  are made of the same rubber material is described as an example. However, as long as the tape rubber  6  and the rear pad rubber  23  have a higher modulus than the side wall rubber  21 , different rubber materials may be adopted. 
     The pneumatic of the present invention above-described include a pair of support rubbers, and the present invention relates to also a rubber composition included in this pair of support rubbers. 
     The diene-containing rubber used in the rubber composition according to the present invention includes, for example, natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR), styrene-isoprene rubber, butadiene-isoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene-isoprene rubber, nitrile rubber (NBR), and the like, and one or more types of these can be used in combination. The diene-containing rubber is, more preferably, natural rubber (NR) may be used alone, or natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) may be used in combination. Moreover, in the first aspect of the present invention, these un-modified diene-containing rubbers may be used with modified diene-containing rubbers in combination. As the modified diene-containing rubber, modified SBR and/or modified BR may be used. 
     As an embodiment of the present invention, in a case where natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) are used in combination, it is preferable that 20 to 100 parts by mass of natural rubber (NR) and 0 to 80 parts by mass of butadiene rubber (BR) in a total of 100 parts by mass of these rubbers. 
     Furthermore, as the diene-containing rubber used in the rubber composition according to the present invention, a modified diene-containing rubber in which at least one kind of functional group selected from a group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxysilyl group, and an epoxy group is introduced into a molecular end or a molecular chain of the rubber may be used. Here, a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, or a tertiary amino group can be introduced as the amino group. Furthermore, an acid anhydride group can be also introduced as the carboxyl group. Moreover, a C1-C4 alkoxyl group can be introduced as the alkoxyl group, and a silyl group, such as a trialkoxysilyl group or an alkyldialkoxysilyl group, in which at least one of three atoms of hydrogen in the silyl group is replaced with an alkoxysilyl group can be introduced as the alkoxysilyl group. In an embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention, the diene-containing rubber may be the modified diene-containing rubber alone, or may be a mixture of the modified diene-containing rubber and the native diene-containing rubber. In an embodiment, 20 to 80 parts by mass of the modified diene-containing rubber (for example, modified SBR) and 20 to 80 parts by mass of the un-modified diene-containing rubber (for example, SBR, BR, and/or NR) may be contained in a total of 100 parts by mass of the other un-modified diene-containing rubbers. 
     A material further contained in the rubber composition of the present invention includes a resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate (A) as an alternative of resorcin typically used for a tier material as an adhesive, N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide (B) as an alternative of N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide typically used as a vulcanizing accelerator, and the like. The resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate includes Sumikanol 620 (available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.), and the like, and N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide includes “Nocceler NS-P (available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.)”, and the like. In an embodiment, the resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate may be contained in 0.5 to 5.0 parts by mass, preferably 0.7 to 4.0 parts by mass, more preferably 1.0 to 4.0 parts by mass relative to a total of 100 parts by mass of the diene-containing rubbers. N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide may be contained in 0.1 to 5.0 parts by mass, preferably 0.3 to 3.0 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 2.0 parts by mass relative to a total of 100 parts by mass of the diene-containing rubbers. Furthermore, the resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate (A) and N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide (B) are contained in a mixing ratio (A/B) of 1.0 to 8.0, preferably 1.0 to 6.0 or 1.5 to 7.0, more preferably 2.0 to 6.0. 
     Moreover, the rubber composition of the present invention may optionally contain silica and it includes, but not particularly limited to, wet silica, such as wet precipitated silica or wet gelled silica. Although the colloidal properties of silica are not particularly limited, but silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area by the BET method (BET) of preferably 90 to 250 m 2 /g, more preferably 100 to 230 m 2 /g is used. This BET value is measured in conformity to the BET method described in ISO 5794. 
     The mixing amount of silica is generally 0 to 30 parts by mass, preferably 10 to 20 parts by mass relative to a total of 100 parts by mass of the diene-containing rubber contained in the rubber composition. Furthermore, to improve the silica dispersion performance, a silane coupling agent can be mixed into the rubber composition. 
     Furthermore, besides the above-described components, various additives commonly used in a rubber composition included in a tire, such as carbon black, process oil, zinc white, stearic acid, an antioxidant, a hardening agent, sulfur, can be mixed into the rubber composition of the present invention. 
     The mixing amount of the additives is 10 to 100 parts by mass, preferably 15 to 60 parts by mass relative to a total of 100 parts by mass of diene-containing rubber contained in the rubber composition. 
     The rubber composition of the present invention can be produced by kneading and mixing the above-described components (A) to (C) in accordance with the usual manner by means of a mixer, such as a Banbury mixer, a kneader, and a roller. That is, the rubber composition can be prepared in such a manner that at the first mixing stage, together with silica if desired, additives other than sulfur and a vulcanizing accelerator are added and mixed into the diene-containing rubber, and at the final stage, sulfur and the vulcanizing accelerator are added into this mixture. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Subsequently, examples of the first and second aspects of the present invention are provided; however, the invention is not limited to these examples. 
     First Aspect 
     [Raw Materials] 
     Raw materials used in a composition of an example are as follows.
         NR: RSS #3   BR: Butadiene rubber, “BR150B” available from Ube Industries, Ltd.   Carbon black (HAF): “Seast 300” available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.   Silica: “NipSil AQ” available from Tosoh Silica Corporation.   Process oil: “Process NC140” available from JXTG Nippon Oil &amp; Energy Corporation   Stearic acid: “Lunac 5-20” available from Kao Corporation   Zinc white: “Zinc White No. 3” available from MITSUI MINING &amp; SMELTING Co., Ltd.   Antioxidant: “ANTAGE RD” available from Kawaguchi chemical Industry Co., Ltd   Resorcin: “Resorcinol” available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.   Resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate: “SUMIKANOL 620” (resorcin-alkylphenol-formalin copolymer resin) available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.   Hexamethoxymethylmelamine: “Sairettsu 963L (hexamethoxymethylmelamine)” available from DAICEL-ALLNEX LTD.   DZ: “Nocceler DZ-G (N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide)” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.   NS (B): “Nocceler NS-P (N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide)” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.   Sulfur: “Mucron OT-20” available from Shikoku Chemicals Corporation.   Vulcanizing accelerator: “Nocceler D” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.       

     [Evaluation Method]
         Scorch resistance: A time required for 5 Mooney units increase from a miniumum viscosity Vm after pre-heating an unvulcanized rubber for 1 minute at a temperature of 125° C. (t5) was measured with Rotorless Mooney measurement machine available from Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd. The higher the index, the scorch time is long, thereby indicate that it is excellent in the scorch resistance.   Hardness: The hardness was measured at a temperature of 23° C. with Type A Durometer according to JISK6253. The hardness was indicated with index when a value of Comparative Example 1 is considered as 100. The greater the index, the hardness is high.   Durability: With a pneumatic pressure of 0 kPa and an applied load of 4.0 kN, a tire was run on a steel drum having a diameter of 1707 mm at a speed of 80 km/h until a failure occurred in the tire. A result was shown in an index with a travel distance of Comparative Example 1 as a base of 100.       

     A rubber composition was prepared in such a manner that at the first mixing stage, additives other than sulfur and DZ and/or NS were added and kneaded into the diene-containing rubber (SBR, BR, NR) by using a Banbury mixer in accordance with the composition (parts by mass) shown in the following Table 1, and at the final mixing stage, sulfur and DZ and/or NS were added and kneaded into the obtained mixture. The scorch resistance and the hardness were measured with a rear pad which was prepared by vulcanizing the obtained rubber composition at a temperature of 160° C. for 30 minutes. The result is shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 1 
                 Ex. 2 
                 Ex. 3 
                 Ex. 4 
                 Ex. 5 
                 Ex. 1 
                 Ex. 2 
                 Ex. 3 
                 Ex. 4 
                 Ex. 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NR 
                 40 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 40 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 BR 
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Carbon black (HAF) 
                 62 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                 Silica 
                 — 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Process Oil 
                 7 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Stearic acid 
                 7 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zinc white 
                 4 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Resorcin 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Resorcin-containing 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 — 
                 3.5 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 3.0 
                 2.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 formaldehyde condensate (A) 
               
               
                 Hexamethoxymethylmelamine 
                 — 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 DZ 
                 — 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 NS(B) 
                 1.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 3.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 A/B 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.3 
                 0.0 
                 1.4 
                 3.7 
                 3.7 
                 6.0 
                 2.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 Scorch resistance 
                 100 
                 40 
                 109 
                 106 
                 69 
                 111 
                 129 
                 120 
                 106 
                 100 
               
               
                 Hardness 
                 100 
                 103 
                 94 
                 94 
                 105 
                 103 
                 103 
                 106 
                 102 
                 106 
               
               
                 Durability 
                 100 
                 114 
                 73 
                 67 
                 106 
                 133 
                 141 
                 142 
                 133 
                 132 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As against the rubber composition according to Comparative Example 1, the scorch resistance was decreased in a rubber composition according to Comparative Example 2 that includes resorcin. The scorch resistance was recovered but the hardness was decreased in Comparative Example 3 that includes resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate instead of resorcin. Furthermore, the scorch resistance was recovered but the hardness was decreased in Comparative Example 4 that includes NS instead of DZ. The hardness was recovered but the scorch resistance was decreased in Comparative Example 5 that includes resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate and NS instead of resorcin and DZ, respectively. Then, when a mixing ratio of resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate and NS was varied in Examples 1 to 5, it was shown that both of scorch resistance and the hardness are enhanced in a ratio range of 2.0 to 6.0 of resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate (A) and NS (B). In addition, unexpectedly, the durability of tire is also enhanced. 
     Second Aspect 
     [Raw Materials] 
     Raw materials used in a composition of an example are as follows.
         NR: RSS #3   BR: Butadiene rubber, “BR150B” available from Ube Industries, Ltd.   Carbon black (HAF): “Seast 300” available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.   Silica: “NipSil AQ” available from Tosoh Silica Corporation   Process oil: “Process NC140” available from JXTG Nippon Oil &amp; Energy Corporation   Stearic acid: “Lunac 5-20” available from Kao Corporation   Zinc white: “Zinc White No. 3” available from MITSUI MINING &amp; SMELTING Co., Ltd.   Antioxidant 1: “ANTAGE RD” available from Kawaciucbi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.   Antioxidant 2: “Nocrac 6C” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.   Resorcin: “Resorcinol” available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.   Resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate: “SUMIKANOL 620” (resorcin-alkylphenol-formalin copolymer resin) available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.   Hexamethoxymethylmelamine: “Sairettsu 963L (hexamethoxymethylmelamine)” available from DAICEL-ALLNEX LTD.   DZ: “Nocceler DZ-G (N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide)” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.   NS: “Nocceler NS-P (N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide)” available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.   Sulfur: “Mucron OT-20” (insoluble sulfur) available from Shikoku Chemicals Co.       

     [Evaluation Method]
         Adherability: A peeling test of a PAD rubber and a carcass ply rubber, a sample vulcanized at a temperature of 160° C. for 30 minutes, was conducted with autograph DCS500 available from Shimadzu Corporation to obtain average peel force per 25 mm width. Adherability is indicated by an index when a value of Comparative Example 1 is considered as 100. The higher the index, the higher the peeling force and indicate that it is excellent in adherability.   Generation of heat: The generation of heat was measured with a viscoelastic testing machine available from Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd. at frequency of 10 Hz,   Durability: With a pneumatic pressure of 0 kPa and an applied load of 4.0 kN, a tire was run on a steel drum having a diameter of 1707 mm at a speed of 80 km/h until a failure occurred in the tire. A result was shown in an index with a travel distance of Comparative Example 1 as a base of 100.       

     A rubber composition was prepared in such a manner that at the first mixing stage, additives other than sulfur and DZ and/or NS were added and kneaded into diene-containing rubber (BR, NR) by using a Banbury mixer in accordance with the composition (parts by mass) shown in the following Table 2, and at the final mixing stage, sulfur and DZ and/or NS were added and kneaded into the obtained mixture. Using a tire produced by vulcanizing the obtained rubber composition, at 160° C. for 30 minutes, the rolling resistance and the durability were evaluated in accordance with the above-described evaluation method. A result is shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 6 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
                 Example 9 
                 Example 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NR 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 40 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 BR 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Carbon black (HAF) 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                 Silica 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Process oil 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Stearic acid 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zinc white 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Resorcin 
                 1.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Resorcin-containing 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 3.0 
                 2.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 formaldehyde condensate 
               
               
                 Hexamethoxymethylmelamine 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 DZ 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 NS 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Adherability 
                 100 
                 82 
                 115 
                 121 
                 119 
                 107 
                 110 
               
               
                 Generation of heat 
                 100 
                 92 
                 92 
                 96 
                 94 
                 91 
                 95 
               
               
                 Durability 
                 100 
                 64 
                 117 
                 124 
                 125 
                 117 
                 116 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As against a rubber composition according to Comparative Example 6 that includes resorcin, generation of heat was decreased but adherability was decreased and durability was dramatically decreased in a rubber composition according to Comparative Example 7 that includes resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate. On the other hand, generation of heat was decreased while adherability was enhanced and durability was dramatically increased in the rubber compositions of Examples 6 to 10 in which resorcin-containing formaldehyde condensate was included and NS was included instead of DZ.