Patent Publication Number: US-2005124514-A1

Title: Soap bar compositions comprising alpha sulfonated alkyl ester and polyhyridic alcohol and process for producing the same

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/502,915, filed Jul. 28, 2004, which is a national phase application of PCT/US03/02861, filed Jan. 31, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional App. Ser. No. 60/353,693, filed Jan. 31, 2002, each of which are incorporated by reference.  
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This presently described technology relates to compositions comprising a soap, a fatty acid, a sulfonated fatty acid or alpha sulfonated alkyl ester surfactant, an electrolyte and a polyhydridic alcohol, wherein said compositions are suitable for formation into precursor toilet cleansing/laundry bar pre-blends (i.e., “soap noodles”), personal cleansing bars, or laundry detergent bars. Specifically, the invention relates to compositions suitable for processing into solid or semi-solid personal cleansing and/or laundry detergent bars that contain α-sulfonated fatty acid alkyl ester and/or sulfonated fatty acid. The presently described technology additionally relates to an improved process for producing such precursor cleansing/laundry bar surfactant pre-blends or personal cleansing/laundry detergent bars. Embodiments of the present compositions and processes exhibit improved processing characteristics and allow for formation of cleaning or detergent bars with improved hardness, improved resistance to marring, lowered wear-rate and decreased mush formation during consumer use.  
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART  
      Personal cleansing and laundry cleaning bars, and their precursor formulations, have become a focus of great interest. People generally wash and exfoliate their skin with various surface-active detergent bar formulations several times a day. Ideal skin cleansing bars should cleanse the skin gently, causing little or no irritation, without de-fatting and over-drying the skin or leaving it taut after frequent routine use. Most high lathering soap bars fail in this respect.  
      The processability, firmness, smearing and marring properties of personal cleansing and laundry cleaning bars as well as the processability of their precursor detergent compositions has become a focus of great interest to the personal care and laundry industries. Precursor cleansing/laundry bar surfactant pre-blends, which have lower viscosities and are easily extruded and plodded are highly desirable. Final bars which are easily processed from such precursor compositions which are also very mild, firm but not hard, have low smear and do not readily mar are also highly desirable.  
      Synthetic detergent bars, frequently called “combo bars” (i.e., a bar having substantial amounts of soap) and/or “syndet bars” (i.e., a bar having very little or no soap) are well known to the art, along with natural “soap” bars for personal care use. Syndet bars often possess poor physical properties, e.g., off odors, poor processability, stickiness, brittleness, bar mushiness, poor lather quality, lack of mildness or combinations thereof. Additionally, the problems of formulating synthetic detergent bars are not limited to the performance characteristics of the finished bars. Most synthetic bars which are made with certain mild surfactants are very difficult to fabricate. Processing conditions for such bars present relatively high technical challenges to commercial scale manufacturers primarily due to the need of expensive special handling equipment.  
      In contrast, the fabrication of relatively pure “soap” bars is a well-defined engineering procedure involving milling, plodding and molding. For example, coco/tallow soap becomes quite plastic when warmed and can be easily plodded and molded under relatively low pressures. However, most synthetic detergents and detergent-filler compositions for use in cleansing or laundry detergent bars become overly plastic and pasty and the machinery for fabrication and processing is often complicated and must be specially designed. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,678,921, issued May 18, 1954. Ideally, processing of syndet bars or synthetic detergent bars should be fast and problem free in terms of milling, extruding, plodding, molding and stamping of the finished bars. Most mild syndet bar processes fall short in some or all of these respects.  
      Synthetic detergent bar formulations for personal care use are well known to the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,632, issued Jul. 12, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,050, issued Apr. 23, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,449, issued Feb. 28, 1995; WO 95/27036, filed Mar. 30, 1995; and WO 95/27038, filed Mar. 30, 1995. The major drawbacks of most synthetic surfactant toilet bar formulations include poor lather, poor smear, and poor processability due to stickiness. The use of high lathering anionic surfactants can yield acceptable lather volume, but unfortunately, the use of high lathering anionic surfactants does, in fact, lead to poor processability. While some known mild blends of sodium coconut/tallow alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS) are relatively good in lather potential, they are difficult to process because of their stickiness or hygroscopic nature. It will be appreciated that processability, firmness, smear, low marring, mildness, lather, and rinsability make surfactant selection and stoichiometry of ingredients for mild personal cleansing bars a critical and difficult task. Thus, it will also be appreciated that rather stringent requirements for formulating mild personal cleansing bars limit the choice of surfactants, and final formulations represent some degree of compromise. Mildness is often obtained at the expense of processability, effective cleansing, lathering, or rinsing, and vice versa. Processability is often obtained at the expense of smear or marring of the finished bar.  
      Synthetic detergent bar formulations for laundry cleaning are also well known. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,508, issued Oct. 12, 1999; WO 95/27036, filed Mar. 30, 1995; and WO 95/27038, filed Mar. 30, 1995. Such laundry detergent bars have found expanded use in regions of the world where automatic clothes washing machines are not common. The ideal laundry detergent bar is effective in cleaning clothes, has acceptable lathering characteristics, low smear, and pleasing odor and appearance. As these laundry detergent bars are in contact with the skin during clothes washing, mildness is also highly desirable.  
      Methods for making laundry detergent bars are also known. For example, see Philippine Pat. No. 23,689, issued Sep. 27, 1989; and Philippine Pat. No. 24,551, issued Aug. 3, 1990. Much like the syndet bars for personal care use, laundry detergent bars often possess many of the same physiochemical problems, e.g., harshness, poor lather, poor smear, poor marring and poor processability due to stickiness.  
      Conventionally milled toilet soaps are made by a process which generally comprises (1) drying soap having a moisture content of from about 28% to about 30% down to a moisture content of about 7% to about 14%, (2) forming the dried soap into precursor “soap noodles,” by passing it through a plodder, (3) mixing the various desired additives such as colorants, perfume, etc., into the soap noodles, (4) passing the mixture formed in (3) through a mill or series of mills (“milling” the soap) thereby forming ribbons of soap, (5) passing the milled soap mixture from (5) through another plodder to form a log of soap (i.e., “plodding” the soap to form a “billet”), and (6) cutting the log into segments (i.e., billets) and stamping the segments or “billets” into the desired bar shape.  
      The soap which is dried in step (1) can generally be made from saponification of fats or neutralization of free fatty acids. Because the drying is never completely uniform, the dried soap inevitably contains some particles which are over-dried and are harder than the remaining bulk of the dried soap. If the soap also contains free fatty acid, non-homogeneity of the free acid in the soap can also contribute to the presence of soap particles which are harder than the remaining bulk of the dried soap. The hard particles are generally from about 0.5 to about 10 mm in diameter. These particles remain in the soap through the first plodding step (2) and the mixing step (3). In the milling step (4), the soap is “worked” and the over-dried particles are broken down into much smaller particles (generally less than about 0.25 mm in diameter) and are homogeneously distributed throughout the soap mass. In the absence of milling, the finished bar may exhibit a rough or sandy feel during use, due to the slower dissolution rate of the relatively large over-dried soap particles, also called “hard specks.” When the soap has been properly milled, the over-dried soap cannot be detected during use, because it has been reduced to a much smaller particle size and is distributed uniformly throughout the soap mass. See British Pat. No. 512,551, issued Sep. 19, 1939, incorporated herein by reference (from U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,492).  
      Mild, detergent-soap, and toilet bars containing C 6 -C 18  acyl isethionate as the principal detergent and minor amounts of fatty acids and soap are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,894,912 (&#39;912 patent) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,229 (&#39;229 patent). In the &#39;912 patent, the chips processed into bars are produced from either a 40-50% aqueous slurry of the ingredients mixed at a temperature of from 38° C. to 93° C., or from a mixture of the dry ingredients mixed at 100° C. for a long period of time. In the &#39;229 patent, the bars are prepared from a liquid mixture of acyl isethionate, fatty acids, anionic syndet and soap mixed at a temperature of about 110° C. to 113° C. for about fifteen minutes. The latter bars contain at least about 4% by weight of sodium isethionate as a processing aid.  
      In U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,288, mixtures of acyl isethionate, fatty acids, soap and more than 2% by weight of sodium isethionate are mixed in particulate form at temperatures in the range of 60° C. to 86° C. using a special cavity transfer mixer under conditions of high shear to yield toilet bars which exhibit reduced grit.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,767, discloses a process for making mild toilet bars wherein a slurry of acyl isethionate, water and a polyol such as sorbitol is formed into a stable solution by heating at a temperature of from 100° C. to 120° C. at 4-10 p.s.i.g. The slurry is then mixed with neat soap and is heated to about 150° C. under a pressure of 4 atmospheres before being spread through a vacuum drying and plodding step to provide flakes which yield a toilet bar without grit. However, the presence of the polyol leads to increased water penetration in the soap dish as well as a bar of increased cost. This patent further provides that use of acyl isethionate in particulate form causes problems, such as lacrimation (i.e., the weeping of material out of the soap bar). Further, larger particles of acyl isethionate yield bars with grit.  
      In U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,070, a toilet bar composition in which soap is the principal surfactant is described. Liquid mixtures containing a major proportion of soap plus acyl isethionate, fatty acids, water and sodium isethionate were formed at temperatures of 96° C. to 103° C. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,376, a similar mixture containing a major proportion of soap is processed under conditions of high shear in a special cavity transfer mixer at temperatures maintained below 40° C. to form a mixture with some of the soap in the delta phase. U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,233, also relates to a similar mixture wherein a mixture of acyl isethionate, fatty acids and soap is prepared at a temperature of 82° C. to 94° C., with the soap being formed in situ. This patent indicates that high viscosity mixtures and hydrolysis of acyl isethionate and leads to problems in the final product.  
      The foregoing description of the relevant art indicates that a variety of processes have been employed to produce personal cleansing and laundry detergent bar pre-bends and the resulting mild, detergent-soap, toilet bars. Further, soap bars are commercially manufactured in a variety of aesthetically pleasing configurations. These products are frequently damaged by marring which is defined as the formation of undesirable, white, chalk-like shatter marks in and around dented areas on conventional soaps. Marring typically occurs during handling, shipping and distribution of finished products to customers.  
      Approximately one to two weeks after soap bar preparation, ordinary gift and decorative soaps bruise and chip especially on the edges and corners of intricate or unique configurations. When soap products are packed side-by-side, marring often occurs because individual bars bump against each other or against carton partitions and side walls. This marring is readily noticed, especially with colored soap where the chalk-like marks form around the bruises and chips.  
      Labor intensive packaging processes are currently used to protect conventional soap bases against marring. Novelty products which depend heavily on aesthetically pleasing qualities have previously required expensive cartons and/or protective wrappings to prevent surface defects. Even with these extra precautions, there is no guarantee that conventional formulations will avoid surface defects.  
      Thus, based on the foregoing, a need exists for superior personal cleansing and/or laundry detergent bar formulations which exhibit enhanced mildness, improved processability, reduced smear, improved lather potential, and rinsability, and low marring characteristics.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      Accordingly, the present technology overcomes one or more of the foregoing disadvantages of conventional soap bar compositions and processes by exhibiting surprising performance and processing synergies. Specifically, based on surprising and unique synergism discovered between the component compounds of the present technology, compositions of the present technology are useful in as precursor cleansing/laundry bar surfactant pre-blends or “soap noodles,” personal cleansing bars, or laundry detergent bars. Such bars produced according to embodiments of the present technology generally exhibit improved processability, increased foaming properties, decreased smear properties, decreased marring properties, improved color stability, and/or impart superior feel and after-feel properties to skin. Furthermore, the compositions may be translucent and/or can be processed into translucent personal cleansing and/or laundry detergent bars with the appropriate choice of additional components. The compositions are preferably generally suitable for processing using standard extrusion and/or plodder equipment.  
      Preferably, compositions according to the present technology comprise: a soap, preferably tallow and/or coconut fatty acid soap; an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester, sulfonated fatty acid, and/or mixtures thereof; a C 6 -C 22  fatty acid, a salt, a polyhydridic alcohol, and small amounts of water.  
      It has been surprisingly discovered that the use of a polyhydridic alcohol greatly facilitates and improves the production of precursor cleansing/laundry bar “soap noodles” and personal cleansing/laundry detergent bars prepared from such noodles. The bars generally contain very low moisture levels, thus improving bar hardness properties and lowering wear rates during use. The compositions of the instant invention exhibit lower processing viscosities, improved drying characteristics, and are substantially free of gritty feel caused by the presence of hard particles of soap (“hard specks”), as compared to traditional bar compositions which are substantially free of polyhydridic alcohols.  
      Furthermore, the compositions are useful in preparing stamped, personal cleansing and/or laundry detergent bars which generally have improved processability, are mild to the skin, have improved smear and bar firmness properties, exhibit good lathering properties and/or reduced marring. The compositions of the present technology may also be utilized to produce dish washing pastes, gels and body washes, along with other uses. Additionally, the invention provides improved processes for manufacturing precursor cleansing/laundry bar “soap noodles,” personal cleansing bars and laundry detergent bars.  
      Particularly preferred embodiments presently disclosed comprise: between about 50% to about 93% by weight of a soap slurry, preferably comprised from tallow and/or coconut fatty acid soap; between about 1% to about 15% of a C 6 -C 22  fatty acid; between about 2% to about 30% of an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester, sulfonated fatty acid, or mixtures thereof; between about 0.5% to about 2% of sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, or magnesium carbonate salt; between about 0.01% to about 5.0% of a polyhydritic alcohol; and optionally between about 0% to about 10% of an alkanolamide.  
      Other embodiments of the present invention relate to an improved process to produce precursor cleansing/laundry bar “soap noodles,” personal cleansing bars and laundry detergent bars derived from the compositions of the presently described technology. Such a process preferably comprises: forming at a temperature of between about 65° C. to about 105° C. an initial mixture comprising the aforementioned soap slurry, fatty acid, surfactant, salt, polyhydridic alcohol, and optionally an alkanolamide; removing from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the total water from the initial mixture to form a thickened mixture; and extruding the thickened mixture. This process may further comprise plodding the extruded mixture, re-extruding the plodded material to form a billet, cutting the billet, and stamping the cut billet to yield a personal cleansing or laundry detergent bar. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      One embodiment of the present technology is a composition comprising: a soap, preferably tallow and/or coconut fatty acid soap; an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester, sulfonated fatty acid, and/or mixtures thereof; a C 6 -C 22  fatty acid, a salt, a polyhydridic alcohol, and small amounts of water. Optionally, the compositions may also contain an alkanolamide.  
      Soap  
      In accordance with this particular embodiment, the soap preferably has the following general chemical formula:  
                 
          wherein R 1  is a C 6 -C 22  hydrocarbyl group, an alkyl group, or combination thereof, n is 1 or 2, and L is sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the soap is present as an aqueous slurry which preferably comprises between about 58% to about 93% of the initial mixture and/or thickened mixture, before or after drying or dehydration of the soap mixture. More preferably, the soap is present from about 50% to about 85% by weight of a finished soap bar, and most preferably, between about 68% to about 78% of a finished soap bar. As discussed below, most of the water is preferably removed before forming a finished soap bar. Preferably, water comprises between about 3% to about 16% of a finished soap bar.        

      It is also preferable that, the soap is a tallow or coconut fatty acid soap, or mixture thereof. Most preferably, the soap comprises between about 80 to about 85% tallow soap and between about 15% to about 20% coconut fatty acid soap.  
      Fatty Acid:  
      The fatty acid is preferably a C 6 -C 22  fatty acid containing a hydrocarbyl group, an alkyl group, or combination thereof. More preferably, the fatty acid is a C 12 -C 20  fatty acid. The fatty acid is preferably present from about 1% to about 15% by weight, and more preferably, between about 2% to about 7%.  
      The (free) fatty acids generally used in accordance with the present technology correspond with the fatty acids used to make conventional soaps. The fatty acid material which is desirably incorporated into the invention includes, for example, material ranging in hydrocarbon chain length of from about 6 to about 22, essentially saturated. These fatty acids can be highly purified individual chain lengths and/or crude mixtures such as those derived from fats and oils. The industry term “triple pressed stearic acid” comprises about 45 parts stearic and 55 parts palmitic acids. Additionally, the term stearic acid is used in the context of the soap industry to refer to a fatty acid mixture which is predominately stearic acid and shall be the meaning as used herein.  
      The composition and the methods of producing such compositions according to the present technology can include soaps derived from hydrocarbon chain lengths of from about 6 to about 22 (including carboxyl carbon) and, in some embodiments, are saturated. In some manifestations of this particular embodiment described, the soap is the sodium salt, but other soluble soap can be used. Potassium, calcium, magnesium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, and mixtures thereof, are deemed acceptable. The soaps can be prepared by the in situ saponification or ion exchange with halide salt of the corresponding fatty acids, but they may also be introduced as pre-formed soaps.  
      Alpha Sulfonated Alkyl Ester or Alpha Sulfonated Fatty Acid:  
      The presently described compositions and processes preferably utilize an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester, alpha sulfonated fatty acid, or mixture thereof. The alpha sulfonated alkyl ester preferably has the following general formula:  
                 
          wherein R 3  is a C 6 -C 22  hydrocarbyl group, an alkyl group, or combination thereof, R 4  is a straight or branched chain C 1 -C 6  hydrocarbyl group, an alkyl group, or combination thereof, n is 1 or 2 and M is hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, or a mixture thereof.        

      The sulfonated fatty acid preferably has the general formula:  
                 
          wherein R 5  is a C 6 -C 22  hydrocarbyl group, an alkyl group, or combination thereof, n is 1 or 2 and wherein N is hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, or a mixture thereof.        

      Embodiments of the present technology may disclose one or the other of such anionic surfactants, or a mixture of the two. Some embodiments which utilize mixtures of alpha sulfonated alkyl esters and sulfonated fatty acids preferably utilize a ratio of from about 3:1 to about 1:3.  
      The compositions of the presently described technology and the methods of producing such compositions preferably contain (or utilize) from about 2% to about 30% by weight of anionic surfactants comprising an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester and/or sulfonated fatty acid. The alpha sulfonated alkyl esters used are typically prepared by sulfonating an alkyl ester of a fatty acid with a sulfonating agent such as SO 3 , followed by neutralization with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine or triethanolamine, or a mixture thereof. When prepared in this manner, the alpha sulfonated alkyl esters normally contain a minor amount, typically not exceeding 33% by weight, of an alpha sulfonated fatty acid, i.e., di-salt, which results from hydrolysis of the ester. Generally, larger amounts of the di-salt are obtained by hydrolyzing a known amount of the mono-salt; hydrolysis may be accomplished in situ during the preparation of the composition. Accordingly, the alpha sulfonated alkyl ester and alpha sulfonated fatty acid may be provided to the composition or utilized in the process of the presently described technology as a blend of components which naturally result from the sulfonation of an alkyl ester of a fatty acid, or as individual components. Furthermore, it is known to one skilled in the art that minor impurities such as sodium sulfate, unsulfonated methyl esters (ME), and unsulfonated fatty acids (FA) may also be present in the mixtures according to the present technology.  
      The alpha sulfonated alkyl esters, i.e., alkyl ester sulfonate surfactants, can include, for example, linear esters of C 6 -C 22  carboxylic acid (i.e., fatty acids) which are sulfonated with gaseous SO 3  according to the “The Journal of American Oil Chemists Society,” 52 (1975), pp. 323-329. Suitable starting materials include, among others, natural fatty substances as derived from tallow, palm oil, etc. In some embodiments of the presently described technology, the α-sulfonated alkyl ester is a sulfonated methyl ester, desirably as further described herein.  
      Preferred embodiments, however, may contain either an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester separately, a sulfonated fatty acid separately, or a mixture of the two. Either component or a mixture of the components may be provided in any form, although preferably provided as an aqueous mixture.  
      Electrolyte (Salt):  
      Compositions and the methods of producing such compositions of the presently described technology generally contain (or utilize) about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of a salt. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed the salt may be any such salt capable of acting as crisping agent or builder to arrive at a final bar formulation. Preferably, the salt is selected from the group including sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, or magnesium carbonate, or mixtures thereof. In a more preferred embodiment of the present technology the salt is magnesium chloride, sodium chloride or a mixture thereof. In a most preferred embodiment, the salt is sodium chloride.  
      Polyhydridic Alcohol:  
      The polyhydridic alcohol may be a polyol generally defined as a non-volatile di- or higher polyhydridic alcohol, a sugar or a polyethylene glycol. Particular examples can include, without limitation, glycerine, propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose and 200-400 molecular weight polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycols 2000, 4000, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols, polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene glycols, glycerol, sorbitol, ethoxylated sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200-6000, methoxy polyethylene glycols 350, 550, 750, 2000, 5000, poly[ethylene oxide] homopolymers (100,000-5,000,000), polyalkylene glycols and derivatives, hexylene glycol (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol), 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, ethohexadiol USP (2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol), C 15 -C 18  vicinal glycol, and polyoxypropylene derivatives of trimethylolpropane.  
      The useful polyols of the present technology are generally liquid water-soluble aliphatic polyols or polyethylene glycols or polypropylene glycols. The polyol may be saturated or contain ethylenic linkages; it must have at least two alcohol groups attached to separate carbon atoms in the chain, and must be water soluble and liquid at room temperature. If desired, the compound may have an alcohol group attached to each carbon atom in the chain. Among the compounds which are effective are, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the polyol is glycerine. Water-soluble polyethylene glycols, water-soluble polypropylene glycols useful in accordance with the technology of the present invention are those products produced by the condensation of ethylene glycol molecules or propylene glycol molecules to form high molecular weight ethers having terminal hydroxyl groups. The polyethylene glycol compounds may range from diethylene glycol to those having molecular weights as high as about 800, and, in some embodiments, about 100 to 700, in other embodiments, 100 to 600. Normally, polyethylene glycols having molecular weights up to 800 are liquid and completely soluble in water. As the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol increases beyond 800, they become solid and less water-soluble. Such solids may be used as plasticizers herein when malleable at 35° C. to about 46° C. The polypropylene glycol compounds may range from dipropylene glycol to polypropylene glycols having molecular weights of about 2000, and, in some embodiments, less than 1500, in other embodiments, less than 1000. These are normally liquid at room temperature and are readily soluble in water.  
      Additional Ingredients:  
      The presently disclosed compositions may optionally further comprise an alkanolamide having the following general formula:  
                 
          wherein n=6-16. Preferably, the alkanolamide is present in an amount between about 0% to about 10%, and most preferably between about 2% to about 5%.        

      The compositions and the methods of producing such compositions also optionally may further comprise (or utilize) additional ingredients, surfactants, pH adjusters, emollients, moisturizers, viscocity agents, buffers, and the like as disclosed in published PCT Application WO 03/063819, incorporated by reference herein, and to which the instant application claims priority.  
      For example, some additives may include from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of a sucrogylceride, a functional metallic soap, a succinamate, a sulfosuccinamate, a mono-, di-, or trigylceride, chitosan, or a mixture thereof. Similarly, the compositions and the methods of producing such compositions may further comprise (or utilize) from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of fragrance, emollients, moisturizers, viscosity control agents, as well as additional agents appropriate for incorporation into a composition of the invention and which are known to those skilled in the art.  
      Other optional additives may include additional detergent surfactants, such as for example, acyl isethionates, e.g., sodium acyl (cocoyl) isethionate (SCI). Examples of suitable anionic surfactants include, among others, the sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium (MEA), diethanolammonium (DEA), triethanolammonium (TEA), or alkyl amine salts, or mixtures thereof, of sulfonic acids, polysulfonic acids, sulfonic acids of oils, paraffin sulfonic acids, lignin sulfonic acids, petroleum sulfonic acids, tall oil acids, olefin sulfonic acids, hydroxyolefin sulfonic acids, polyolefin sulfonic acids, polyhydroxy polyolefin sulfonic acids, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, alkoxylated carboxylic acid sulfonic acids, polycarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acid polysulfonic acids, alkoxylated polycarboxylic acid polysulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, alkoxylated phosphoric acids, polyphosphoric acids, and alkoxylated polyphosphoric acids, fluorinated phosphoric acids, phosphoric acid esters of oils, phosphinic acids, alkylphosphinic acids, aminophosphinic acids, polyphosphinic acids, vinyl phosphinic acids, phosphonic acids, polyphosphonic acids, phosphonic acid alkyl esters, α-phosphono fatty acids, oragnoamine polymethylphosphonic acids, organoamino dialkylene phosphonic acids, alkanolamine phosphonic acids, trialkyledine phosphonic acids, acylamidomethane phosphonic acids, alkyliminodimethylene diphosphonic acids, polymethylene-bis(nitrilo dimethylene)tetraphosphonic acids, alkyl bis(phosphonoalkylidene) amine oxide acids, esters of substituted aminomethylphosphonic acids, phosphonamidic acids, acylated amino acids (e.g., amino acids reacted with alkyl acyl chlorides, alkyl esters or carboxylic acids to produce N-acylamino acids), N-alkyl acylamino acids, acylated protein hydrolysates, branched alkylbenzene sulfonic acids, alkyl gylceryl ether sulfuric acid esters, alkyl sulfuric acid esters, alkoxylated alkyl sulfuric acid esters, α-sulfonated ester diacids, alkoxylated α-sulfonated alkyl ester acids, α-sulfonated dialkyl diester acids, di-α-sulfonated dialkyl diester acids, α-sulfonated alkyl acetate acids, primary and secondary alkyl sulfonic acids, perfluorinated alkyl sulfonic acids, sulfosuccinic mono- and diester acids, polysulfosuccinic polyester acids, sulfoitaconic diester acids, sulfosuccinamic acids, sulfosuccinic amide acids, sulfosuccinic imide acids, phthalic acids, sulfophthalic acids, sulfoisophthalic acids, phthalamic acids, sulfophthalamic acids, alkyl ketone sulfonic acids, hydroxyalkane-1-sulfonic acids, lactone sulfonic acids, sulfonic acid amides, sulfonic acid diamides, alkyl phenol sulfuric acid esters, alkoxylated alkyl phenol sulfuric acid esters, alkylated cycloalkyl sulfuric acid esters, alkoxylated alkylated cycloalkyl sulfuric acid esters, dendritic polysulfonic acids, dendritic polycarboxylic acids, dendritic polyphosphoric acids, sarcosinic acids, isethionic acids, tauric acids, fluorinated carboxylic acids, fluorinated sulfonic acids, fluorinated sulfate acids, fluorinated phosphonic and phosphinic acids, and mixtures thereof.  
      Suitable nonionic surfactants include those generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975, at column, 13 line 14 through column 16, line 6, incorporated herein by reference. Other suitable nonionic surfactants may include, for example, those selected from the group comprising polyoxyethyleneated alkylphenols, polyoxyethyleneated straight chain alcohols, polyoxyethyleneated branched chain alcohols, polyoxyethyleneated polyoxypropylene glycols, polyoxyethyleneated mercaptans, fatty acid esters, glyceryl fatty acid esters, polyglyceryl fatty acid esters, propylene glycol esters, sorbitol esters, polyoxyethyleneated sorbitol esters, polyoxyethylene glycol esters, polyoxyethyleneated fatty acid esters, primary alkanolamides, ethoxylated primary alkanolamides, secondary alkanolamides, ethoxylated secondary alkanolamides, tertiary acetylenic glycols, polyoxyethyleneated silicones, N-alkylpyrrolidones, alkylpolyglycosides, alkylpolylsaccharides, EO-PO block polymers, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, amine oxides and mixtures thereof.  
      The compositions and the methods of producing such compositions herein may be formulated and carried out such that they will have a pH of between about 4.0 and about 10.0, and, in some embodiments, between about 5 and about 9.5. Techniques for controlling pH at recommended usage levels include the use of buffers, alkali, acids, etc., and are well known to those skilled in the art. Optional pH adjusting agents can include, but are not limited to citric acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and the like.  
      Other optional ingredients can include sequestering agents such as disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, auxiliary surfactants are selected from the group comprising amides, amine oxides, betaines, sultaines and C 8 -C 18  fatty alcohols, hydrating cationic polymer, suitable plasticizers, non-volatile, nonionic silicone conditioning agents, polyalkyl or polyaryl siloxanes, and pearlescent/suspending agents, detergent builders, anti-bacterial agents, fluorescers, dyes or pigments, polymers, perfumes, cellulase enzymes, softening clays, smectite-type softening clays, polymeric clays, flocculating agents, dye transfer inhibitors, optical brighteners, skin feel enhancers including aluminosilicate and non-aluminosilicate odor-controlling materials, chitan, triglycerides, glycerine, succinamates, sucroglycerides, functional metallo-soaps, and mixtures thereof.  
      The compositions of the presently described technology may be transparent and/or produce a transparent personal cleansing or laundry detergent bar upon proper processing and/or selection of optional ingredients and components detailed herein. Additionally, the compositions may be used to produce a transparent dish washing gel, paste or solution, or further applications or forms which will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Whether transparent or nontransparent, the compositions may exist as solid flakes, or as a gel.  
      Further, the compositions and the methods of producing such compositions of the present technology may optionally contain (or utilize) about 1.0% to about 15.0% by weight of a wax, in some embodiments, for example, paraffin, having a melting point of from about 54° C. to about 180° C. The waxes can include without limitation beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba, bayberry, candelilla, montan, ozokerite, ceresin, paraffin, synthetic waxes such as Fisher-Tropsch waxes, microcrystalline wax, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof. The wax ingredient is used in the compositions of the present technology to impart skin mildness, plasticity, firmness, and processability. Wax also provides a glossy look and smooth feel to the final product.  
      Thus, one component of the compositions of the present technology can be a wax, and in some embodiments, paraffin wax having a melting point of from about 54° C. to about 82° C., in other embodiments from about 60° C. to about 74° C., and in yet other embodiments from about 61° C. to about 71° C. “High melt” paraffin is a paraffin that has a melting point from about 66° C. to about 71° C. “Low melt” paraffin is a paraffin that has a melting point from about 54° C. to about 60° C. In some embodiments, the paraffin wax is a fully refined petroleum wax which is odorless and tasteless and meets FDA requirements for use as coatings for food and food packages. Such paraffins are readily available commercially. A suitable paraffin can be obtained, for example, from The National Wax Co. under the trade name 6975.  
      Processing:  
      Other embodiments of the present technology relate to an improved process to produce precursor cleansing/laundry bar “soap noodles,” personal cleansing bars and laundry detergent bars derived from the compositions presently described.  
      Such a process preferably comprises first forming at a temperature of between about 65° C. to about 105° C. an initial mixture comprising the aforementioned soap slurry, fatty acid, surfactant, salt, polyhydridic alcohol, and optionally an alkanolamide. Preferably, the surfactant is either a sulfonated fatty acid or an alpha sulfonated alkyl ester. Most preferably, both sulfonated fatty acid and alpha sulfonated alkyl ester are utilized.  
      Next, the process preferably involves removing from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the total water from the initial liquid mixture to form a thickened mixture. In accordance with this process embodiment, removing the water from the initial liquid mixture is preferably accomplished by scraped wall vacuum evaporation drying under reduced pressure or heated drum drying at ambient pressure. More preferably, about 55% to about 85% by weight of the water is removed from the initial liquid mixture; and most preferably, about 60% to about 80% by weight of the water is removed from the initial liquid mixture.  
      The same values noted above may also be stated alternatively by requiring that a sufficient amount of water be removed such that the remaining water comprises between about 1.74% of the final thickened mixture (Example: approximately 70% aqueous slurry comprising 58% of the initial mixture, with 90% water removed) to about 26.5% of the final mixture (Example: approximately 70% aqueous slurry comprising 93% of the initial mixture, with 5% water removed). More preferably, between about 3.48% of the final thickened mixture (Example: approximately 70% aqueous slurry comprising 58% of the initial mixture, with 80% water removed) to about 11.16% of the final mixture (Example: approximately 70% aqueous slurry comprising 93% of the initial mixture, with 60% removed). Most preferably, water comprises between about 3% to about 12% of a finished soap bar.  
      Lastly, the thickened mixture is preferably extruded to form flaked, solid, or semi-solid material. This process may further comprise plodding the flaked, solid, or semi-solid material to form plodded material, extruding the plodded material to form a billet, cutting the billet, and stamping the cut billet to yield a personal cleansing or laundry detergent bar.  
      The inventive processes generally overcome many of the shortcomings of the aforementioned heretofore known processes. For example, the presently technology yields substantially homogeneous soap noodles which results in bars with minimal grit. The process is also carried out at temperatures at or below 105° C. so as to conserve energy and minimize hydrolysis of the alpha sulfonated alkyl ester, and the process utilizes standard bar processing equipment. Furthermore, soap bars resulting from the improved process have the desired hardness, water permeability, low grit, enhanced slip, and an absence of marring (even when dried to exceptionally low moisture levels, and with aging on the shelf for several months).  
      While compositions of the present technology are extremely useful in soap bar and laundry bar applications, other applications for these compositions are possible. The compositions of the presently described technology may be useable in or as liquid, paste or gel dish washing compositions, hand soaps including waterless hand cleaners, multi-purpose cleaners, body washes, further laundry detergent compositions such as laundry powder, pre-spotter or stain sticks, textile treatment compositions including triethanolamine (TEA) soaps for dry cleaning, shampoos including those for humans, pets, and carpets, car wash, soap scouring pads and scrubbing pads, toilet tank drop ins and/or cleaners, personal care creams and lotions, and the like.  
      Definitions, Abbreviations, and CTFA Designations  
      The definitions, abbreviations, and CTFA designations used in the invention are as set forth as follows: 
      BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (di-tert-butyl-p-cresol)     BHA butylated hydroxyanisole (3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole)     Coco Fatty Acid Emery 627 (a tradename from Emery Corporation, a division of Henkel) and coconut fatty acids that can be substituted for Emery 627     EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid     Hyamine di-isobutyl-phenoxy-ethoxy-ethyl-dimethyl-benzyl ammonium chloride     MC-48 average 6:1 mixture (i.e., ranging from 5:1 to 7:1) of sulfonated stripped coco methyl esters and coco fatty acids     Pristerene 4981 Stearic Acid (from Unichema); approximate iodine value of 1.0 maximum; mixture of about 65% C 18  fatty acid, about 28% C 16  fatty acid and about 2% myristic fatty acid     SFA di-salt; α-sulfonated fatty acid (e.g., resulting from hydrolysis of SME)     SME mono-salt; α-sulfonated alkyl ester (e.g., α-sulfonated methyl ester)     UA unreacted methyl ester     Alpha Step® BSS-45 an alpha sulfonated methyl ester available from Stepan Company, with the following properties: Average chain Length=13.6; Sodium SME/SFA Actives=43-45%; SME/SFA Ratio=1.3-1.8:1; Solids=53-55%; Inorganic Salts=5-7%; Water=45-48%; Free Oil=1-3%; Working pH=4-9.    

      The invention is illustrated in the following non-limiting Examples. All proportions in the examples and elsewhere in the specification are by weight unless specifically stated otherwise.  
      All documents, e.g., patents and journal articles, cited above or below are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the following examples, all amounts are stated in percent by weight of active material unless indicated otherwise. One skilled in the art will recognize that modifications may be made in the invention without deviating from the spirit or scope of the invention. The invention is illustrated further by the following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the invention or scope of the specific procedures or compositions described herein. All levels and ranges, temperatures, results etc., used herein are approximations unless otherwise specified.  
     EXAMPLES  
     Example 1  
     Procedure for Making Cleaning Bar  
      One procedure for making soap/sulfonated methyl ester (SME) bars is as follows: 
      (1) Neat soap is melted in a steam jacketed crutcher (18-200° F.):     (2) Alpha sulfomethyl ester, as a dried paste or an aqueous solution, is added to the crutcher with stirring, and agitation contained for 5 minutes.     (3) Additives to reduce tackiness, such as glycerine or sodium chloride (0.1 to 2.0%) can be introduced into the crutcher at this point and stirring continued for another 2 minutes.     (4) The wet soap is air-dried or vacuum-dried to reduce the moisture level to below 5%.     (5) To milled soap chips, perfume, titanium dioxide and other minor additives are added and milled again (this time with the crimper plate in position).     (6) The soap mix is processed through a Beck plodder (commercially available from Stephan Beck Plodder Co). The temperature of the plodder is maintained at 90-100° F. using a water circulation system.     (7) Bars are pressed from the extruded ribbon using a Midget Multipress (commercially available from Denison Co.) equipped with a standard rectangular die.    

     Example 2  
     Monosalt Sulfonated Methyl Ester (SME) MC-48 Preparation  
      MC-48 as defined above is commercially available from a variety of sources. Its method of manufacture is well known to those skilled in the art.  
     Example 3  
     Disalt Sulfonated Fatty Acid (SFA) Preparation  
      Approximately 3500 grams of MC-48 acid is placed in a 4 L beaker and with rapid agitation, approximately 330 grams of sodium hydroxide is added slowly. Upon complete addition of the sodium hydroxide, the resulting SFA material had a thick, pasty consistency. The crude SFA is re-crystallized by washing with methanol, water and salting out the purified SFA product. The crude SFA is analyzed by titrating the material with 0.02N hyamine, which indicated that approximately 46.6% di-sodium salt of MC-48 is present. The recrystallized SFA product is approximately 99.8% di-sodium salt of MC-48.  
     Example 4  
     1:1 Ratio of SME to SFA Sample Preparation  
      Approximately 138.5 grams of MC-48 acid is added to a 1L resin kettle, equipped with heating means, agitation means, pH measurement means and a nitrogen sweep. The acid is heated to 55° C. and approximately 18.7 g of sodium hydroxide powder is added in small portions. As the sodium hydroxide is added an exotherm of 55° C. to about 71° C. occurred, during which time cooling is provided to keep the mixture below approximately 80° C. Near the end of the sodium hydroxide addition, the mixture became very thick and approximately 15.6 grams of methanol is added to keep the mixture semi-fluid. The final product is a paste at room temperature, i.e. 25° C. The final SFA/SME product is titrated with 0.02N hyamine which showed the material to be approximately 41.65% SME (mono salt) and approximately 40.34% SFA (di-salt).  
     Example 5  
     2:1 Ratio SME to SFA Sample Preparation  
      Approximately 53.4 grams of undigested α-sulfomethyl ester acid is placed in a 500 mL 4-neck flask, equipped with a heating means, a condenser and stirring means. The acid is heated to 130° C. for 1 minute to digest the acid. The acid is cooled after digestion to 75° C., and approximately 5.3 grams of anhydrous methanol is added, which produced an exotherm to approximately 85° C. Next, approximately 6.4 grams hydrogen peroxide (35% solution) is added and the resulting mixture heated to about 120° C. for about 5 minutes. After this period of time, the mixture is cooled to about 60° C. and 8.82 grams water is added, producing a gel-like mixture. The mixture is then further cooled to 40° C. and sodium hydroxide (50% solution.) is added dropwise until a pH of 6 is achieved. The final product is a soft, flowable, yellow gel. The actives are determined, via titration with 0.02N hyamine, to be 46.3% SME (monosalt) and 22.5 SFA (disalt).  
     Example 6  
     25:1 Ratio SME to SFA Sample Preparation  
      Approximately 50 grams of undigested α-sulfomethyl ester acid is placed in a 500 mL round bottom flask and heated to 130° C. for 1 minute using a hot oil bath. A mechanical stirrer with a glass shaft and teflon blade is used to ensure thorough mixing. The apparatus included a condenser (allihn type) to prevent loss of any solvent vapors. The acid is cooled after digestion to 70° C., and approximately 5.3 grams of anhydrous methanol is added and thoroughly combined. This is followed by the addition of approximately 1.825 grams hydrogen peroxide (50% solution.) and heating of the resulting mixture to about 89° C. for about 64 minutes. After this period of time, the mixture is cooled to about 40° C. and 64.7 grams water is added and mixed thoroughly. The acid is neutralized by the dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide (50% solution) until a pH of about 6.5 is achieved, all the while maintaining the temperature below 45° C. using a water/ice bath. The final product is analyzed by titration with 0.02N hyamine, and found to comprise 35.82% SME (mono-salt) and 1.36 SFA (di-salt), with the SME:SFA ratio being 26.3:1.  
     Example 7  
     Preparation of Samples Containing Various Amounts of SME and SFA  
      In general, samples containing differing amounts of SFA and SME (e.g., total amounts of each or either present in the initial liquid mixture, and optionally present with respect to varying amounts of total SFA and SME actives) can be obtained, for instance, by varying the hydrolysis of SME to SFA (e.g., by varying hydrolysis conditions, and/or amount of methanol applied for hydrolysis). Similarly, mixtures can be combined, and/or varying amounts of either pure (or relatively pure) SME or SFA can be added to adjust the concentration of a particular mixture. One skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain the particular ratios referenced herein (if not otherwise disclosed) as well as further ratios and formulations encompassed by the scope of the presently described technology and appended claims.  
     Example 8  
     Cleaning Bar Formulations  
      Table 1 provides two soap bar formulations without alpha sulfonated alkyl ester or sulfonated fatty acid, or without polyhydridic alcohol, used herein as control formulations.  
                               TABLE 1                                           Control               Control   Formulation 2               Formulation 1   (Weight %           Components   (Weight % Active)   Active)                                                        Tallow/coco soap   81.3   69.8           (80/20)           ALPHA STEP BSS-   0.0   15.0           45 ® (1)           Coconut Fatty Acids   4.0   4.0           Glycerin   3.5   0.0           Sodium Chloride   1.0   1.0           Water   10.0   10.0           Minor additives   0.2   0.2           (Citric Acid, EDTA)                   TOTAL   100.0   100.0                      
 
      Tables 2-5 provide examples of formulations of skin cleansing bars according to the present technology, indicating weight percent of components in finished cleansing bars.  
                               TABLE 2                           Formulation   Formulation   Formulation   Formulation           1 (Wt. %   2 (Wt. %   3 (Wt. %   4 (Wt. %       Components   Active)   Active)   Active)   Active)                                                    Tallow/coco   75.8   69.8   67.8   63.9       soap (85/15)       ALPHA STEP   7.5   7.5   7.5   15.0       BSS-45 ® (1)       Coconut Fatty   1.0   6.0   8.0   2.0       Acids       Glycerin   1.0   2.0   2.0   3.5       Sodium   0.5   0.5   0.5   1.4       Chloride       Water   10.0   10.0   10.0   10.0       Fragrance   1.2   1.2   1.2   1.2       Minor additives   3.0   3.0   3.0   3.0       (colorants,       antioxidants,       EDTA, fillers,       etc.)                       TOTAL   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0                  
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
               
               
                   
                 5 (Wt. % 
                 6 (Wt. % 
                 7 (Wt. % 
                 8 (Wt. % 
               
               
                 Components 
                 Active) 
                 Active) 
                 Active) 
                 Active) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tallow/coco 
                 61.9 
                 60.3 
                 52.8 
                 51.3 
               
               
                 soap (85/15) 
               
               
                 ALPHA STEP 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
                 20.0 
               
               
                 BSS-45 ® (1) 
               
               
                 Coconut Fatty 
                 4.0 
                 6.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Acids 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 7.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 1.4 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 Water 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Fragrance 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Minor additives 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 (colorants, 
               
               
                 antioxidants, 
               
               
                 EDTA, fillers, 
               
               
                 etc.) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
               
               
                   
                 9 (Wt. % 
                 10 (Wt. % 
                 11 (Wt. % 
                 12 (Wt. 
               
               
                 Components 
                 Active) 
                 Active) 
                 Active) 
                 % Active) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tallow/coco 
                 60.3 
                 60.3 
                 60.3 
                 60.3 
               
               
                 soap (85/15) 
               
               
                 ALPHA STEP 
                 12.0 
                 12.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 BSS-45 ® (1) 
               
               
                 Ninol ® 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 Coconut Fatty 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 Acids 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 Water 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Fragrance 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Minor additives 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 (colorants, 
               
               
                 antioxidants, 
               
               
                 EDTA, fillers, 
               
               
                 etc.) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
               
               
                   
                 13 Wt. % 
                 14 Wt. % 
                 15 Wt. % 
                 16 Wt. % 
               
               
                 Components 
                 Active 
                 Active 
                 Active 
                 Active 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tallow/coco 
                 55.3 
                 55.3 
                 66.3 
                 64.8 
               
               
                 soap (85/15) 
               
               
                 ALPHA STEP 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 BSS-45 ® (1) 
               
               
                 Ninol ® 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Coconut Fatty 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 3.5 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 Acids 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 Water 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Fragrance 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 Minor additives 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 (colorants, 
               
               
                 antioxidants, 
               
               
                 EDTA, fillers, 
               
               
                 etc.) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 9  
     Manufacturing Procedure  
      The formulations disclosed in Tables 1-15 may be prepared according to the following procedure. Below is the manufacturing procedure for a single exemplary formulation:  
      Crutching Step. About 127.3 parts of a mix containing: 31.67% water, 46.7% 85/15 tallow/coconut (T/CN) soap, 0.43% sodium chloride, 2.75% glycerin, 4.69% coconut free fatty acid (CNFA), 9.46% of sodium coconut alpha sulfo Methyl ester 1:1 Mono/di ratio paste, and 3.93% of Ninol CMP or LMP are added to a crutcher in the indicated order. Mix the product at about 85 to 90° C.  
      Vacuum Drying Step. The crutcher mix is then vacuum dried at approximately 50 mm Hg absolute pressure to reduce the moisture content of the mix to 10% and to plod this soap into noodles.  
      Amalgamating Step. The soap noodles are weighed and placed in a batch amalgamator. To about 97.0 parts noodles in the amalgamator are added: 0.50 part TiO 2 , 2.0 parts perfume, 0.1% BHT, 0.1% Citric Acid, 0.15 part colorant solution, and 0.15 part of a solution which contains ca. 40% EDTA. The combined ingredients are mixed thoroughly.  
      Milling Step. Three-roll soap mills are set up with all rolls at approximately 85° C.-105° F. (29° C.-41° C.). The mixture from the amalgamator is passed through the mills several times to obtain a homogeneous mix. This is an intimate mixing step.  
      Plodding and Stamping Steps. A conventional plodder is set up with the barrel temperature at about 35° C. and the nose temperature at about 42° C. The plodder used is a dual stage twin screw plodder that allows for a vacuum of about 40 to 65 mm Hg between the two stages. The soap log extruded from the plodder is typically round, and is cut into individual plugs. These plugs are then stamped on a conventional soap stamping apparatus to yield the finished toilet soap bar.  
      It has been discovered that the soap bars made from the above compositions possess surprising performance and processing advantages. These advantages are demonstrated below by the marring data, phase behavior and rheology/microstructure profile.  
     Example 10  
     Soap Bar Marring  
      Marring is the damage incurred by impact to a soap bar during handling and shipping. It is a well-known characteristic by which consumers rate a bar. Bar soap manufacturers prefer a soap formulation with low mar characteristics to reduce consumer rejection should the bars incur any damage or rough handling during shipping. The bars of the invention show little damage when dropped compared to conventional soap bars. As an illustration of this, soap bars prepared according to the invention are subjected to a test that quantitatively compares different bars by their marring characteristics.  
      Each sample is weighed and then dropped from a specific height to mar the bars. It was determined that exactly 7 feet would provide an extreme enough impact to clearly determine the marring characteristics of the bars. The bars would be dropped in a way that the small end of the bar would strike the ground to provide the most visible damage possible (striking perpendicular to the extrusion of the bars). The bars are then analyzed for their level of damage in the form of a dry-impact bar cracking scale. Using this scale the mar value of the bar is determined through ranking of the visible damage to the bar.  
               TABLE 16                          The Dry-Impact Cracking Scale                     Mar Value   Visible characteristics               0   No cracks or chips, a smooth dent       1   Very fine spider cracks       2   Hair-line fracturing       3   Visible deep cracks with potential for chipping       4   Slight chipping along edge of damage       5   Noticeable chips from around area of impact       6   Obvious deforming/shattering of bar, large chunks broken           off of bar                  
 
      The bar mar test method was analyzed for reproducibility. Samples are tested in triplicate to ensure reproducibility and determine the standard deviation. The average standard deviation of the mar values for the samples is 0.39, showing a high reproducible rate within a range of 1 on the dry-impact cracking scale.  
      The test method is used to determine the marring characteristics of several inventive trial bars and several commercial bars. Each bar is dropped from a 7 foot height and the damage measured to calculate the total marring value of each sample.  
      The results summarized in Table 17 indicate that the trial bars according to the present technology show a marring value of zero, which is lower than any of the commercial conventional bars evaluated in the test. It is apparent that the present compositions provide a bar with lower mar than the conventional plain soap or combination bars.  
               TABLE 17                          Marring Test Results                             Sample   Mar Mean Value                                         Commercial US Combination   4.66           Bar A           Commercial US Combination   3.33           Bar B           Commercial Mexican Combination   1.66           Bar           Current Formulation 3   0.33           Current Formulation 5   0.0           Current Formulation 6   0.0                      
 
     Example 11  
     Viscosity &amp; Rheology  
      It has also been surprisingly found that the presently disclosed soap bar compositions containing sulfonated alkyl ester and polyhydridic alcohol are easier to process than conventional soap compositions. While not being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that enhanced processability of the presently disclosed soap bar compositions is in part due to their rheology and viscosity characteristics; specifically, initial soap slurry compositions according to the present technology generally exhibit lower viscocity at lower temperature. Furthermore, formulations according to the present technology generally exhibit constant viscocity more quickly in shear tests. Table 18 illustrates the lowered viscocity of certain exemplary formulations of the present technology, compared to control samples without sulfonated fatty acid or sulfonated alkyl ester, or without polyhydridic alcohol. Viscocity data was obtained from constant shear flow measurements at 70° C.  
               TABLE 18                          Viscosities of SME Soap Slurries from Constant Flow Measurement                                     Viscosity at 100 Sec   Viscosity at 300 Sec           Sample   (Pa · S)   (Pa · S)                       Control   9.3   5.7           Formulation 1           Control   5.1   4.3           Formulation 2           Example 15   2.1   2.1           Example 16   3.1   3.1                      
 
      It is believed, while not limited to any one theory, that lower viscocity is at least in part attributable to a lower phase transition temperature of the present compositions from an undesirable hexagonal microstructure to a desirable lamellar microstructure. It is believed that compositions exhibiting a lamellar microstructure generally have a lower shear viscocity than compositions with a hexagonal microstructure. Tested embodiments of the presently disclosed technology exhibited a lamellar microstructure at approximately 60° C., compared to control formulations without SME or polyhydridic alcohol, which exhibited phase transition temperatures of approximately 80° C. Table 19 illustrates the phase morphology of two embodiments of the present technology, compared to control samples without SME or polyhydridic alcohol. Specifically, at 60° C., compositions without sulfonated fatty acid/alpha sulfonated alkyl ester and polyhydridic alcohol exhibited a primarily hexagonal microstructure, which has a high viscocity and yield stress, and which is known to be more difficult to process. These tests also indicate a synergistic relationship in compositions utilizing or containing both sulfonated fatty acid or alpha sulfonated alkyl ester and polyhydridic alcohol—namely, compositions containing both surfactant and polyhydridic alcohol exhibit more desirable viscocity and microstructure than compositions containing only one.  
               TABLE 19                          Microstructure of SME Soap Slurries                                     Control   Control                   Formulation   Formulation 2           1 (without   (without           SME)   glycerin)   Example 15   Example 16                                             Phase at   Hexagonal   Hexagonal   Lamellar   Lamellar/       70° C.               isotropic       Texture at   Hexagonal   Hexagonal gel   Maltese   Maltese       70° C.   gel       crosses and   crosses                   oily streak   (lamellar)                   (lamellar)       Phase   ˜80° C.   ˜90° C.   ˜60° C.   ˜60° C.       Transition       Temperature       (hexagonal       change to       lamellar)                  
 
      It is also believed that the improved Theological and microstructural properties of the present compositions also may result in improved physical characteristics of a finished soap bar. For example, in a lamellar structure, water binds with the polar groups of surfactants and form in a sheet type highly ordered structured water phase. The water is distributed more evenly and is available uniformly as its structure recovery under shear is fast. This results into much better drying properties of lamellar soap melt. Due to uniform moisture distribution in the soap melt/slurry, there will be very few dry and moist spots in extruded bars. During storage or use these bars, they may not lose or absorb different amount of water causing the bar to develop cracks at the point of moisture gradient difference. Thus the bar produced from a lamellar soap melt/slurry will have much more uniform evaporation of water over time and would display characteristics of much better elasticity.  
      Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the preferred compositions can evenly distribute the bound water, making such water not easily available for evaporation under storage temperatures. As a result, very little crystallinity occurs in the finished bar, making it less susceptible to marring. This is another positive and desirable attribute of SME soap bar technology.  
      The invention and the manner and process of making and using it, are now described in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, to make and use the same. It is to be understood that the foregoing describes some embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.