Patent Publication Number: US-8524862-B2

Title: Muteins of C5a anaphylatoxin and methods of inhibiting C5a

Description:
The present invention refers to muteins (mutant proteins) of the C5a anaphylatoxin (C5a) which are C5a receptor antagonists and to nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding such muteins of the C5a anaphylatoxin that are C5a receptor antagonists. The invention further refers to host cells containing a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding such muteins of the C5a anaphylatoxin as well as to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mutein of the C5a anaphylatoxin acting as a C5a receptor antagonist. The invention also refers to the use of muteins of the C5a anaphylatoxin which are C5a receptor antagonists for the manufacture of a medicament, to a method of treating a C5a-mediated disease or inflammatory condition as well as to a method of producing a mutein of the anaphylatoxin C5a. 
     Inflammation is a localized, protective event, elicited by injury, which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off both injurious agents and the injured tissues. It involves a complex series of events, including dilation of arteries, capillaries and venules, with increased vascular permeability, increased blood flow, and exudation of fluids and plasma proteins. These processes are often rapidly followed by adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium, with subsequent influx of the cells into the surrounding tissue. 
     The complement system, a major immunological defense mechanism against foreign substances, has been shown to influence each of the factors that comprise the inflammatory response. In general, complement comprises a set of proteins that work to eliminate microorganisms and other antigens from tissues and blood, to clear immune complexes, and to support the B-cell response. This task is achieved either by complement components alone or in cooperation with antibodies or with cells that express complement receptors. More specifically, the system consists of about 30 plasma proteins, their corresponding cellular receptors and several membrane regulatory proteins (see e.g. [1]). Activation of the complement system by, for example, antigen-antibody complexes or bacterial surface structures, triggers an amplification cascade of proteolytic cleavage and protein assembly events of the complement components, which ultimately leads to the destruction and final elimination of the foreign body (see e.g. [2]). 
     Several biologically active peptides are generated by the activation of the complement system. C5a, a glycoprotein containing 74 amino acids (cf. SEQ ID NO. 1) and having a molecular mass of about 11,000 in the glycosylated form, is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal end of the α-chain of C5, the fifth component of complement, by the enzyme C5 convertase [3]. 
     The biological properties of C5a extend across a multitude of cells and tissues involved in both acute and chronic inflammatory processes. It mediates a variety of pro-inflammatory effector functions such as the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and macrophages to inflammatory sites and the activation of these cells to release increased levels of cytokines, chemokines, lysosomal enzymes, products of the arachidonic acid metabolism and histamine (reviewed, e.g. in [4] and [5]). C5a is a pivotal stimulus to the attraction of PMNs to the site of inflammation. In addition, endothelial cells are stimulated to increase P-selectin [3]. 
     Complement is beneficial when directed against an appropriate target such as invading microorganisms or tumor cells, but has clear pathogenic potential if activated inappropriately. For instance, the anaphylatoxins, e.g., C5a, have been implicated as causative or aggravating factors in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases such as sepsis [6], exogen allergic asthma ([7]-[9]), adult respiratory distress syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis [cf., 10, 11]. In particular, the aberrant presence of C5a in tissue has been detected in patients afflicted with allergic asthma [12], rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis and noncardiac pulmonary edema. C5a has been found to be a principal inflammatory mediator produced by complement activation by virtue of additional activities that include recruitment and stimulation of inflammatory leukocytes and augmentation of antibody production (see, e.g., [13]). 
     The fact that C5a appears very early in the inflammatory cascade makes this molecule an interesting target for therapy. Since C5a exerts its various functions by binding to a specific C5a receptor found in the membrane of several human cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils and monocyte-derived cells, mast cells as well as activated B-cells and T-cells. the design of C5a receptor antagonists for inhibiting C5a-mediated inflammatory disorders and conditions have attracted considerable attention. 
     The U.S. Patents [14] and [15] disclose C-terminal analogs of C5a anaphylatoxin such a decapeptide analogs which possess a backbone confirmation that is constrained at the C-terminus to a β-turn. The stabilized β-turn is used to confer an increase in potency of the peptide analogs and to improve selectivity with respect to certain biological responses associated with C5a. WO publication [16] describes cyclic peptidic antagonists of C5a. The cyclization serves to constrain the conformation of the peptide analogs. 
     U.S. Patent [17] as well as [18] disclose recombinant human C5a receptor antagonists which were obtained by modification of the C-terminus of C5a. These polypeptides have the natural amino acid sequence at sequence positions 1 to 70 of human C5a; except for the substitution of Met1 by Thr, Cys 27 by Ser and in one case, the replacement of His 67 by Phe. The antagonistic property of these polypeptides was achieved by replacement of Gln 71 with cysteine. A mutant protein termed C5aRAM, which comprises Cys at position 71 and in which residues 72 to 74 are deleted, was reported to be a C5a receptor antagonist with a K i  of 8×10 −9  M under the experimental conditions used. Experimental data indicated that the C5aRAM mutein might be suitable as a pharmacological agent in disorders and diseases associated with the activation of the C5a receptor. 
     Two further polypeptides named C5a-[A5A] and C5a-[A8B] (the latter is also referred to as C5a-A8) which have a Cys27Ala replacement and modifications in the C-terminal region of the C5a molecule and which show an antagonistic C5a receptor activity were found during studies on the interaction of C5a anaphylatoxin with the C5a receptor ([19], [20], [21]). In these studies, phage display libraries were constructed in which positions 67 to 73 of the C5a amino acid sequence were randomly mutated. The mutated proteins were expressed and characterized as fusion proteins, using the heterodimer of the proteins Jun and Fos as fusion partner (see  FIG. 1  of [21] Heller et al. for a schematic illustration of the C5a fusion proteins). 
     The A8B mutein was expressed in a control experiment during these investigations without the Jun/Fos-fusion partner but with an hexahistidine (His6)-tag at its N-terminus. Contrasting to the Jun/Fos-C5a-fusion protein, this A8B-His6 variant showed no antagonistic activity but possessed the same agonistic activity as the recombinant wild-type C5a molecule equipped with a His6-tag (Table 23, page 101 of [19]). Accordingly, the antagonistic property of the Jun/Fos-fusion proteins was attributed to the fusion partner, i.e. the Jun/Fos heterodimer. On the molecular basis, it was assumed that Arg 69 of the A8B mutant is interacting with Jun or Fos, in particular with at least one of the numerous glutamate residues of the leucine zipper of Fos which can act as an electrostatic acceptor for the positively charged side chain of Arg 69. This interaction between the C-terminal region of the C5a and the Jun/Fos-heterodimer was assumed to lead to a reduced or changed binding of the C-terminus of C5a to the C5a receptor (page 120, last paragraph of [19]). Accordingly, the mutein Jun/Fos-A8B of C5a, which exhibited an ID 50  value of 17.6 nM for binding to the C5a receptor and blocked the C5a effector functions to nearly 100%, was regarded as a potential and specific therapeutic agent for treatment of C5a mediated immune complex diseases ([19], ([21], [22]). 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide other molecules which are antagonists of the C5a receptor and are suitable for therapeutic applications in disorders mediated by C5a receptor activity. It is a further object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition useful for treating a C5a-mediated disease or an inflammatory condition. 
     These problems are solved among others by a mutein and the pharmaceutical composition as defined in the independent claims. 
     Such a mutein of the C5a anaphylatoxin is a mutein that is a C5a receptor antagonist, wherein the amino acid residue naturally occurring at sequence position 69 is mutated. 
     In preferred embodiments the residue at sequence position 69 is replaced by a positively charged amino acid residue. In other preferred embodiments the residue at position 69 is replaced by a leucine. 
     This means that the present invention is based on the surprising finding that the presence of a mutation (e.g., a positively charged amino acid residue) at sequence position 69 instead of the naturally present residue, which is Asp in the human C5a polypeptide, Asn in the bovine and porcine protein, Gly in the rat protein and Pro in the murine protein, contributes predominantly to the antagonistic property of the isolated mutant protein (cf.  FIG. 4  and Table 1, showing that the substitution of Arg 69 by Asp in the mutein A8B-Asp69 or of Arg69 by Ala in the mutein A8B-Ala69 results in an agonistic activity of the polypeptide). This finding is particularly surprising, because so far there have not been any indications that sequence position 69 might be a receptor binding residue or somehow involved in the interaction of C5a with the C5a receptor. Rather, a contribution of sequence position 69 to the receptor interaction has been ruled out (see e.g. [23], [24], [25]). 
     In a preferred C5a mutein of the invention also the amino acid residue naturally occurring at sequence position 67 is mutated. In a further preferred embodiment, at least one of the amino acids residues at the sequence positions 67 and 70 to 74 of the natural amino acid sequence of C5a is mutated and/or at least one of the amino acid residues at the sequence positions 70 to 74 is deleted. 
     In accordance with the finding of the invention, the mutant C5a protein of the present invention comprises in one preferred embodiment at sequence positions 1 to 66 and 68 the natural amino acid sequence of the C5a anaphylatoxin. 
     However, it is also possible to introduce mutations at sequence positions 1 to 66 and 68 of the naturally occurring polypeptide sequence as long as those mutations do not interfere with the antagonistic receptor activity of the (isolated) C5a mutein. This includes that, for example, mutations such as substitutions, deletions and also insertions can be introduced into the natural amino acid sequence as long as the resulting polypeptide folds into a three-dimensionally stable structure. 
     Examples of possible alterations are conservatively modified variations where the alteration is the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Examples of conservative substitutions are substitutions between: 1) alanine, serine, threonine; 2) aspartic acid and glutamic acid; 3) asparagine and glutamine; 4) arginine and lysine; 5) isoleucine, leucine, methionine, valin; and 6) phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan. 
     It is, however, also possible to modify the sequence of the C5a muteins of the invention by non-conservative alterations. One example is the substitution of Met1 by Thr (cf. SEQ ID: 1 showing the amino acid sequence of rhC5a). A further example is the replacement of Cys27 by Arg (cf. SEQ ID NO: 20). Such modifications can also be used to further improve the antagonistic (inhibitory) potency of the muteins disclosed here. The mutein A8B Arg 27 (SEQ ID NO: 20), however, has the same inhibitory potency as the mutein A8B (SEQ ID NO: 14) which has a Cys27Ala replacement (see Table 1). 
     The sequence of a C5a mutein can also be modified for the purpose of improved stability, production, purification or applicability. For example, peptide segments which are not crucial for folding into a functional three-dimensional structure can be removed for these purposes, if wanted. Disulfide bonds can be eliminated by substitution of the cysteine residues or new disulfide bonds can be introduced at another site. Optionally, cysteine residues can also be newly introduced in order to prepare, for example, corresponding protein conjugates by chemical coupling with other components. Binding sites for further ligands, such as for example metal ions, can also be built into the C5a mutein. 
     The term “amino acid residue” as used herein refers to an amino acid either in the D or L form or to an amino acid mimetic that can be incorporated into a polypeptide by an amide bond. Accordingly, the positively charged amino acid residue at position 69 can for example either be a naturally occurring amino acid residue that is positively charged under physiological conditions such as arginine or lysine or a non-natural mimetic such as a lysine residue the α-amino group of which is alkylated in order to yield a (quarternary) ammonium-salt having a permanent positive charge. 
     By the term “antagonist”, it is meant that the polypeptides disclosed here are inhibitors of C5a by interfering with the binding of C5a to the C5a receptor and that these polypeptides do not have an agonistic or anaphylatoxin activity (at all) or at least substantially no such agonistic or anaphylatoxin activity as defined below. The C5a muteins can be competitive inhibitors of C5a in that they compete with C5a for binding to the C5a receptor. However, the present invention is not limited to a specific molecular mechanism of inhibiting the C5a binding. The binding affinity to the C5a receptor, which is also referred to as “inhibitory potency” herein can be expressed by the IC 50  value obtained in a binding assay as described in [20] or as obtained in the competitive binding described in the experimental section of the present application. The IC 50  value represents the concentration of a mutein at which a half-maximal inhibitory activity occurs. A mutein of the invention shows in these assay an IC 50  value preferably of less than 1 μM, more preferably of less than 1 μm and most preferably of less than 10 nM when wild-type rC5a is used in a concentration of 1 nM. 
     The antagonistic (functional) activity or antagonism of the instant C5a muteins, for which binding to the C5a receptor as defined above is a prerequisite, can be quantified by various methods which are described in [20] or [21]. 
     A preferred method for quantification of the antagonistic activity is the degranulation assay using dibutyryl cAMP induced U937 cells described in [23] or the Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL) cell line 2H3 stably transfected with the human C5a receptor (C5aR-RBL) as described in [25]. The ID 50  value obtained in this assay is the concentration of a C5a mutant polypeptide inhibiting 50% of the N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase release induced by a concentration of 1×10 −9  M of recombinant human C5a. The ID 50  values of the different C5a muteins are depicted in Table 1. The antagonistic muteins of the present invention preferably do not induce degranulation when used in concentrations as high as 4×10 −6  M. 
     The antagonistic potency may also be quantified as an ID 50  in the calcium rise assay described in [26]. This ID 50  value is defined as the concentration of a C5a mutein which inhibits 50% of the intracellular mobilization of calcium ions by PMNs bearing the C5a receptor, after a challenge dose with 1×10 −10  M or 1×10 −9  M human C5a (see also [17] and [21]). 
     A mutein of the present invention having antagonistic receptor activity is a polypeptide that has no or at least substantially no agonistic or anaphylatoxin activity. By the term “no anaphylatoxin activity” or “substantially no agonist activity,” it is meant that the binding of the C5a mutein (to which is also interchangeably referred to as C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRA)) to the receptor does not cause one or more of the C5a effector functions at all or causes only minimal degree of one or more effector functions, which are insignificant in vitro or in vivo. This means, the binding to the C5a receptor does not result in an endogenous signal transduction event ultimately resulting in the physiological responses commonly associated with anaphylatoxin-induced inflammation caused by binding of C5a to its receptor, such as C5a-induced changes in intracellular Ca 2+  concentrations, activation of phagocytic cells, smooth muscle contraction, increase in vascular permeability, and excessive production of inflammatory mediators, e.g., histamines, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, interleukins (IL) such as IL-1, IL-6 or IL-8 (see, e.g. [4] or [5]). A quantitative measure of the antagonistic property may be obtained using the degranulation assay described by Köhl [23] and below, or the calcium rise assay of [26]. 
     The mutein of the present invention can be derived from the natural C5a sequence of mammal and non-mammal species. It can, for instance be of human, porcine, murine, bovine or rat origin. In a preferred embodiment, the mutein is a mutant protein of the human C5a protein. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the positively charged amino acid residue at sequence position 69 of the C5a mutein is Arg or Lys. 
     In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the mutein comprises a hydrophobic amino acid residue at sequence position 67. The aromatic hydrophobic amino acids Trp, Phe and Tyr are particularly preferred as residues at sequence position 67. 
     Also preferred antagonists are muteins which comprise a hydrophobic amino acid residue at one or more of the sequence positions 70, 71 or 72. Such hydrophobic amino acid residues can be selected independently from each other, they can be identical or different. Preferred hydrophobic residues are Leu, Ile and Ala. 
     Such muteins preferably comprise at sequence position 70 an amino acid residue which is selected from Ala or Leu. Other preferred muteins comprises Ser at sequence position 70. 
     A preferred amino acid at sequence position 71 is Leu. The antagonistic mutein disclosed can also preferably comprise a Leu residue at sequence position 72. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, the mutein comprises Leu at all of the sequence positions 70, 71, and 72. 
     If present, i.e. not deleted, in the C5a mutant, the sequence position 73 is preferably occupied by a Cys, Tyr, Arg or Ser residue. In preferred embodiments the mutein has a length of 70, 71, 72 or 73 amino acid residues. In general, Arg, Cys, Tyr or Ser are also preferred as C-terminal amino acid residues of a truncated mutein, i.e. a mutein having 70, 71, 72, or 73 amino acid residues. An example of an mutein having a length of 70 amino acids is the mutein C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-FKRS-70 (cf. Table 1, SEQ ID NO: 18). 
     Further, muteins are also within the scope of the invention in which the positively charged amino acid at position 69 is the C-terminal (last) residue. Accordingly, such muteins can have a length of 69 amino acids. However, it is also possible to introduce deletions, for example, into the N-terminal region of the protein so that an antagonistic protein of the invention can comprises less than 69 amino acid residues. For clarity reasons it is noted once again that such deletions can, of course, also be present in muteins of the invention in which residues at sequence positions 70 to 74 are not or only partly deleted. 
     The mutein of the invention preferably comprises or has as C-terminal sequence a sequence selected from the group consisting of 67-FKRSLLR-73 (SEQ ID NO: 41) (cf. mutein A8B; SEQ ID NO: 14), 67-FKRLLLR-73 (SEQ ID NO: 42) (cf. mutein A8B-Leu-70; SEQ ID NO: 15), 67-FKRSC-71 (SEQ ID NO: 43) (cf. mutein Ab8-Cys71, SEQ ID NO: 16), 67-FKRSLLC-73 (SEQ ID NO: 44) (cf. mutein Ab8-Cys73, SEQ ID NO: 17), 67-FKRLLLY-73 (SEQ ID NO: 45) (cf. mutein A8B-Leu70-Tyr73, SEQ ID NO: 18), 67-FKKALLR-73 (SEQ ID NO: 46) (cf. mutein A8B-Lys69Ala70; SEQ ID NO: 19), 67-FKRS-70 (SEQ ID NO: 47) (cf. A8B-Del.71-73, SEQ ID NO: 21) and 67-FKLLLLY-73 (SEQ ID NO: 48) (cf. A5a, SEQ ID NO: 39). For the sake of clarity, the numbering refers to the amino acid position of C5a, i.e. 67-F means that phenylalanine is present as amino acid at sequence position 67 (see also Table 1). 
     The mutein can further comprise an Arg residue at sequence position 27, see, for example, mutein C5a-(1-66,Cys27Arg)-FKRSLLR (A8B-Arg27, SEQ ID NO: 20). In fact, Arg at position 27 is found in porcine and bovine C5a. In addition, muteins of human C5a with a Cys27Arg replacement were selected from C5a mutant phage library [27]. Muteins of C5a with only a Cys27Arg replacement are agonists of the C5a receptor [27]. 
     Particularly preferred is a mutein of the human C5a anaphylatoxin having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala-)A8B; SEQ ID NO: 15, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu 70, SEQ ID NO: 16, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-Ab8-Cys71; SEQ ID NO: 17, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Cys73; SEQ ID NO: 18; i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu70-Tyr73); SEQ ID NO: 19, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Lys69-Ala70); SEQ ID NO: 20; i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Arg)-A8B; SEQ ID NO: 21, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Del.71-73), SEQ ID NO: 22, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys-3, Gly-2, -1, Cys27Ala)-A8B, and SEQ ID NO: 39, i.e. C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)A5a. 
     A mutant C5a antagonist of the present invention cannot only be present as the isolated (recombinant) protein but it can also be modified. In one embodiment, a mutein of the invention can be dimerized either with the same or a different mutein to form a homo- or heterodimer. For this purpose the mutein can comprise a N-terminal linker sequence which is capable of dimerizing the C5a mutein. One example of a preferred linker sequence linked to the N-terminus comprises the sequence Cys-Gly-Gly which can be used for spontaneous dimerization of the C5a mutein A8B in the course of the recombinant production of the mutant protein (cf. the mutein C5a-(1-66; Cys-3, Gly-2, -1; Cys27A1a)-A8B). Another example of such a suitable linker is Cys-(Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser) 2  (SEQ ID NO:49). 
     If the mutein carries a cysteine as C-terminal residue (cf. the muteins A8B-Cys71 and A8B-Cys73), the dimerization can also occur by coupling of two muteins via these C-terminal cysteine residues as described by [18]. The dimerization can also be achieved by linking a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutein in an appropriate reading frame with the nucleotide sequence coding for a protein which forms a homodimer in its native fold. Subsequent expression of the nucleic acid molecule yields a fusion protein consisting of the dimerization module linked to the C5a mutant polypeptide, which then dimerizes spontaneously. Examples of such proteins which can be used as dimerization modules are alkaline phosphatase, superoxide-dismutase or glutathione-S-transferase. The use these proteins is in particular useful because the respective functional fusion protein can readily be obtained by periplasmic expression in bacterial expression systems such as  E. coli . The use of dimerization modules such as alkaline phosphatase or superoxide-dismutase provides the further advantage that such a fusion protein can easily be detected using a chromogenic reaction which is catalyzed e.g. by alkaline phosphatase. Suitable chromogenic substrates for these enzymes such as 5-bromo4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate for alkaline phosphatase are well known to the person skilled in the art. Those fusion proteins are therefore suitable as diagnostic reagents. 
     In accordance with the disclosure of the above paragraph, the mutein of the invention is in a further embodiment linked to a protein or a peptide tag, i.e. in which a fusion protein containing the C5a mutein is also part of the invention. However, the fusion proteins of the mutein A8B with Jun/Fos alone, and, with Jun/Fos and the minor coat protein (pIII) of the filamentous M13 phage fused to the N-terminus of the mutein A8B, which are known from [21] are excluded from the invention. The same applies to the mutein A8B that has a hexahistidine tag directly fused to the N-terminus, because this polypeptide is known from [19] and more importantly, it is an agonist and not an antagonist of the C5a receptor. 
     A fusion protein of the invention can comprise any suitable fusion partner, e.g., alkaline phosphatase or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as long as the fusion partner does not interfere with the antagonistic properties of the mutein disclosed here and converts the mutein into an agonist when given to a patient, for example. A fusion partner appropriate for therapeutic purpose is a protein such as albumin which can enhance the in vivo (circulation) half-life of a mutein of the invention. The fusion partner can be fused to the N-terminus of the C5a mutein. Likewise, any peptide tag can be fused to the N-terminus of the mutein as long as its antagonistic property is maintained. Examples of suitable affinity tags are the Strep-tag® which has specific binding affinity for streptavidin or mutants thereof as Strep-Tactin® (see U.S. Patents [28] and [29]), the Flag®-tag or the myc-tag, all of which can be used for purification of the mutein by affinity chromatography. 
     It should, however, be noted that in the event of, e.g. inventive C5a muteins conjugated or fused to a partner that confers agonistic properties, the antagonistic muteins can be readily generated/released from its (fusion) partner by treatment such as limited proteolysis or cleavage, for example enzymatic or chemical cleavage, of a (peptide) bond which links the C5a mutein to the (fusion) partner. Accordingly, it is also within the scope of the present invention, to use a fusion partner, for example, for improved purification of the mutein, for example, even if this fusion partner confers an agonistic activity as long as this activity can be eliminated before (and thus the antagonistic activity of the inventive mutein is generated) the muteins is used, for instance, in a desired therapeutic application. It is also possible to use a mutein the antagonistic activity of which is reduced by the (fusion) partner but not completely abolished. In this case, it is thus not necessary to deliberate the mutein of the invention by cleavage from its (fusion) partner. Rather, the fusion protein or the conjugate as explained in the following can be used in a desired application. 
     The mutein of the present invention can also be conjugated to a protein or a different chemical (macromolecular) moiety via a suitable peptidic or non-peptidic linker that can be attached to any suitable residue within the primary sequence of the mutein. A protein can, for instance, be conjugated with the C5a mutein using solvent exposed α-amino groups of lysine residues and glutaraldehyde as linker. Another suitable coupling chemistry is amine-amine crosslinking using bis(succinimidylesters) of 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) as described in [30] on page 96. Any protein can be coupled to the C5a mutein, depending on the desired application. For example, a conjugate with streptavidin, horseradish peroxidase or green fluorescent protein might be used as a diagnostic reagent or research tool for visualizing a C5a receptor on the surface or within different compartments of a cell. 
     In a preferred embodiment a mutein of the invention is conjugated to a moiety which enhances the in vivo half-life of the mutein. Such a conjugate is particularly useful when a present C5a antagonist is used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, chronic hepatitis or psoriasis where a long term presence of the antagonist at the site of inflammation is desired. Suitable moieties are proteins such as human serum albumin. It is also possible to use a non-protein (macromolecular) moiety such as polyethylene glycol. 
     The C5a muteins including conjugates or fusion proteins thereof are useful in the treatment and/or prevention or prophylaxis of a variety of injurious conditions or diseases in which the complement system, and more particularly C5a and the C5a receptor, are involved. They are therapeutically very suitable when administered to any mammal such as cats, dogs, monkeys, rabbits, mice, rats and, of course, especially humans that face a high risk of C5a-mediated tissue destruction and death. In general, the conditions or diseases are usually those such as inflammatory disorders where C5a is generated proteolytically in serum or tissue. 
     Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a method of treating a C5a-mediated disease or inflammatory condition in a mammal which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated or modified mutein alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically active agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to a mammal in need thereof. 
     Examples of diseases or inflammatory conditions or disorders which can be treated with a mutein described here include asthma, pneumonitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary inflammation or injury, chronic progressive pulmonary discystic fibrosis, byssinosis, asbestos-induced inflammation, myocardial infarction, post-myocardial infarction inflammation, ischemic heart damage, ischeria/reperfusion (I/R) injury, I/R-induced local and remote injury such as hemmorrhage, inflammatory bowel disease (bowel wall edema), hepatic cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis inflammation, chronic hepatitis, pancreatitis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, colitis, ischernic brain damage, encephalitis, cranial nerve damage in meningitis, meningitis, uveitis, Purtscher&#39;s retinopathy, immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture&#39;s syndrome, renal cortical necrosis, gout, vasculitis, serum sickness, angio-edema, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, bullous skin disease, hypersensitivity, psoriasis, endotoxin shock, sepsis, severe trauma and burns. 
     The C5a muteins of the invention can also be used as therapeutic reagents to treat patients suffering from transplant rejection, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or massive blood transfusion, patients exposed to medical devices, and patients experiencing pulmonary dysfunction following hemodialysis and leukopheresis. 
     The C5a antagonists disclosed here can further be employed as a prophylactic agent, particularly in conditions caused by reperfusion, e.g., reperfusion following ischemia, and circulatory contact with medical devices, as well as to prevent transplant rejection. In this case, the C5a antagonist is administered suitably prior to or simultaneously with the event that is known to cause the inflammation or aggravate an existing inflammatory condition. 
     The C5a muteins of the invention can be administered by any therapeutically effective route for a proteinaceous drug, for instance, topically, parenterally, intranasally, rectally or buccally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles as desired. The term “parenteral” comprises delivery modes such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, instrasternal, intra-arterial injection and infusion techniques. 
     Dosage amounts of the C5a muteins of the present invention may be varied to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient. They will depend, for instance, on the activity of the particular antagonist, the mode of administration, the severity of the condition being treated, as well as the medical condition of the patient. 
     For example, for the treatment of an acute short term disorder such as septic shock, an asthmatic attack or ischemia/reperfusion injury, a dosis as high as possible is required. Contrasting, for treatment of chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis a lower dosage, given in a sustained release formulation might be more suitable. The determination of a therapeutically effective dosage amount for a given condition and patient is within the level of skill in the art. 
     In general, treatment dosage levels from about 500 μg to 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are administered daily to the mammalian host. Preferred dosage levels range from about 500 μg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of body weight per day for long term treatment and from 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg in short term treatments. The C5a mutein can be administered to the patient as a single continuous dose over a prolonged period of time. However, the total effective dosage may be divided into multiple doses, e.g., two to four separate doses per day, if desired. 
     Therefore, the invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mutein as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The C5a analogs of the present invention can be formulated into compositions using both known pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients and methods of preparation (see, e.g., [31]). Suitable compositions for parenteral administration comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or non aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions immediately prior to use. Representative examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols, e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, e.g., olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Fluidity may be maintained by various means including the use of coating materials such as lecithin, the maintenance of required particle size (in the case of dispersions) and surfactants. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can also be adapted for topical administration, in particular for direct application onto the skin of a mammal patient. For this purpose, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be in the form of ointments, creams or tinctures. The way of administration is particularly suitable for treatment of conditions such as skin irritations caused by allergic reactions such as contact allergies to metal-ions, such as nickel-ions, or contact allergies to compounds such as Latex, poison ivy, poison oak, solvents, phosphate esters used in cosmetics or to diseases such as psoriasis. A composition for topical application may be based on conventional oil in water formulations of ointments. A suitable composition may, however, also be based on a oily basis such as vegetable oil, e.g. olive oil, in which a mutein of the invention is dissolved. 
     The compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents, antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol and sorbic acid, isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, or agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin. The C5a receptor antagonists may be incorporated into slow or sustained release or targeted delivery systems such as polymer matrices, liposomes and microspheres. 
     Injectable formulations can be sterilized by numerous means, including filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use. 
     In addition to the C5a mutein and optionally any other active ingredient, a pharmaceutical composition may contain suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth and mixtures thereof. 
     Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are usually in the form of suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the polypeptides of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which is solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature, and therefore melts in the rectum or vaginal cavity, and releases the mutein of the invention. 
     Finally, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can also be in the form of opthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions. 
     In addition, the invention is also directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutein of the C5a anaphylatoxin disclosed herein. In preferred embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a C5a mutein of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ IQ NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 or SEQ ID NO:39. Since the degeneracy of the genetic code permits substitutions of certain codons by other codons which specify the same amino acid and hence give rise to the same protein, the invention is not limited to a specific nucleic acid molecule but includes all nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for a functional C5a antagonist of the present invention. 
     In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID. NO: 2 to SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 40. 
     The nucleic acid molecule disclosed here that comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a C5a mutein can be operably linked to a regulatory sequence to allow expression of the nucleic acid molecule. 
     A nucleic acid molecule such as DNA is regarded to be “capable of expressing a nucleic acid molecule or a coding nucleotide sequence” or capable “to allow expression of a nucleotide sequence” if it contains regulatory nucleotide sequences which contain transcriptional and translational information and such sequences are “operably linked” to nucleotide sequences which encode the polypeptide. An operable linkage is a linkage in which the regulatory DNA sequences and the DNA sequences sought to be expressed are connected in such a way as to permit gene sequence expression. The precise nature of the regulatory regions needed for gene sequence expression may vary from organism to organism, but shall, in general include a promoter region which, in prokaryotes, contains only the promoter or both the promoter which directs the initiation of RNA transcription as well as the DNA sequences which, when transcribed into RNA will signal the initiation of the synthesis. Such regions will normally include non-coding regions which are located 5′ and 3′ to the nucleotide sequence to be expressed and which are involved with initiation of transcription and translation such as the TATA box, capping sequence, CAAT sequences. These regions can, e.g., also contain enhancer sequences or translated signal and leader sequences for targeting the produced polypeptide to a specific compartment of a host cell, which is used for producing a recombinant mutein of the present invention. 
     Accordingly, a nucleic acid of the invention can comprise a regulatory sequence, preferably a promoter sequence. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention comprises a transcriptional initiating region functional in a cell and a transcriptional terminating region functional in a cell. Suitable promoter sequence that can be used in the invention are, e.g., the lac promoter, the tet-promoter or the T7 promoter in the case of bacterial expression. An example of a promoter suitable for expression in eukaryotic systems is the SV 40 promoter. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is comprised in a vector, in particular in an expression vector. Such an expression vector can comprise, besides the above-mentioned regulatory sequences and a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a nucleic acid sequence coding for the mutein in 5′ or/and 3′ direction. This vector also allows the introduction of another nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein to be expressed or a protein part. The expression vector preferably also contains replication sites and control sequences derived from a species compatible with the host that is used for expression. The expression vector can be based on well known plasmids such as pBR322, puC19, pBluescript and the like. 
     The DNA molecules encoding the C5a muteins and in particular a vector containing the coding sequence of a mutein can be transformed into host cells capable of expressing the genes. The transformation can be carried out in accordance with standard techniques. Thus, the invention is also directed to a (recombinant) host cell containing a nucleic acid molecule as defined above. 
     The transformed host cells are cultured under conditions suitable for expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding a C5a mutein disclosed here. Representative host cells include prokaryotes such as  E. coli, Bacillus  such as  B. subtilis; Streptomyces, Salmonella , and eukaryotes such as filamentous fungi, e.g.,  Aspergillus niger ; yeast, e.g.,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris  and  Yarrowia lipolytica ; insect cells such as (SF9) cells infected with baculovirus or mammalian cells such as Hela cells or CHO cells or tissue culture. Suitable prokaryotic, eukaryotic and mammalian expression systems are reviewed in [32] to [35]. 
     Finally, the invention also relates to a method of producing a mutein having antagonistic C5a receptor activity. This method comprises the steps of (a) introducing into a nucleic acid molecule encoding the C5a anaphylatoxin polypeptide a nucleotide sequence mutating the residue at sequence position 69 of the C5a polypeptide, and (b) introducing the obtained nucleic acid molecule for expression into a suitable host cell or into a suitable cell extract or cell lysate. 
     Preferably, a nucleotide sequence (a codon) encoding leucine or a positively charged amino acid residue is introduced at sequence position 69 of the C5a polypeptide. 
     The method further comprises in preferred embodiments mutating the nucleotide sequence encoding sequence position 67 and/or deleting the nucleotide sequence encoding sequence positions 70 to 74 of the natural amino acid sequence of the C5a polypeptide. 
     The modification of step (a) can either be performed with a nucleic acid coding only for the C5a polypeptide or with a nucleic acid molecule such as an expression vector, in which the C5a coding sequence is operably linked to regulatory sequences and optionally fused to the sequence coding for a fusion partner such as an affinity tag or another protein. The latter approach is preferred since it avoids the need of a further cloning step. The expression of the mutated gene can be carried out in vivo using a recombinant cell such as  E. coli  or insect cells such as SF 9 cells. Alternatively, the expression can also be achieved in vitro by use of a suitable cell extract or cell lysate which contains all factors and components necessary for in vitro transcription of a DNA molecule and/or translation of the corresponding RNA into the polypeptide. 
     For recombinant production of a C5a antagonist of the invention, it is preferred to direct the polypeptide into a cell compartment having an oxidizing thiol/disulfide redox milieu by use of a suitable signal sequence. Such an oxidizing milieu is present in the periplasm of bacteria such as  E. coli  or in the lumen of the endoplasm reticulum of a eukaryotic cell. It is, however, also possible to produce a polypeptide of the invention in the cytosol of a host cell, preferably  E. coli . In this case the polypeptide can, for instance, be produced in form of inclusion bodies, followed by renaturation in vitro (cf. e.g. [18] or [23]). A further option is the use of specifically mutated strains which have an oxidizing milieu in the cytosol and thus allow production of the native protein in the cytosol. If  E. coli  is used as host for expression, a preferred signal sequence for transport of the polypeptide into the periplasm is the pelB signal sequence. 
    
    
     
       The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples, Tables and Figures. 
         FIG. 1  shows the amino acid sequence and the nucleotide sequence of recombinant C5a as published in [36]. The nucleotide sequence of C5a corresponds to that of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
         FIG. 2  shows a typical SDS-PAGE of eluted fractions of a C5a mutein after immune affinity chromatography using anti-C5a specific mAb 561. The purified protein was loaded in lanes 1 and 2. The proteins were visualized by silver staining. M denotes the marker proteins used as molecular weight marker. 
         FIG. 3  shows competitive binding studies of rhC5a and C5a muteins which are C5a receptor antagonists using RBL-cells stably transfected with the human C5a receptor [25]. The IC 50 , of the C5a muteins are 8 (C5a-(1-66)-Cys27Ala-A8B-Leu70-Tyr73) to 16 fold (C5a-(1-67)-Cys27Arg-A8B) lower as compared to recombinant human C5a (rhC5a); (see also Table 1). The values for rhC5a (“isolated” curve closest to the y-axis) are depicted as black circles, those for the mutein A8B as rhombi, for A8BLeu70 as triangles, for A8BLeu70Tyr73 as squares, for A8BArg as hexagons, for A8Bdel71-73 as dark-gray circles and those for A8BCys73 as light-gray circles. 
         FIG. 4  shows the results of a degranulation assay using rhC5a (full circles), using the mutein C5aRA A8B (rhombi) and using muteins of the C5aRA A8B with either an Arg69Ala (C5a-(1-66)-Cys27Ala-A8B-Ala69) (open squares) or an Arg69Asp (C5a-(1-66)-Cys27Ala-A8B-Asp69) (open circles) replacement. The muteins A8B-Arg69Ala and A8B-Arg69Asp induce degranulation similar to C5a. In fact, the mutation switches the antagonistic function of the C5a mutein A8B towards an agonistic function, showing the contribution of the positively charged residue at position 69 to the antagonistic properties of the muteins of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  depicts the inhibitory potency of C5a muteins (SEQ ID NOs: 14-18, 20, 21) of the invention. Increasing concentration of the different C5a muteins were used to inhibit the enzyme release from C5aR-RBL cells induced by a stimulus of 10 −9  M rhC5a. The ID 50s  range from 7.9×10 −9  M (C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu70 to 99.2×10 −9 M (C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Cys71). The values for the mutein A8B are depicted as black circles, those for A8BLeu70 as open circles, for A8Bcys71 as upward pointing triangles, for A8B Cys73 as downward pointing triangles, A8BLeu70Tyr73 as rhombi, for A8BArg27 as hexagons, and for A8Bdel71-73 as dark-gray rhombi. 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic representation of the vector pJuFo (4269 bp, [37]) on which the expression vector (pΔJuFo ΔpIII-A8B=pA8B) is based that was used for expression of the muteins of the invention. As explained in the Examples, the structural gene of the C5a muteins are equipped with the bacterial signal sequence of pelb and are arranged under the transcriptional control of the lacZ promoter/operator. As explained in [37], the vector pJuFo is derived from the vector pComb which is described in [38]. 
     
    
    
     Table 1 summarizes the binding and functional properties of preferred C5a mutants of the invention compared to rC5a. Table 1 also depicts the differences in the amino acid sequence of these preferred muteins compared to rC5a. IC 50  values in Table 1 represent the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) obtained by a plot of cell-bound  125 I-rhC5a versus concentration of unlabeled competitor (cf.  FIG. 3 , Table 1). The ID 50  of the C5a muteins (SEQ ID NO: 14-22) was determined as the concentration leading to inhibition of half-maximal enzyme release induced by 10 −9  M rhC5a. The ED 50  value of C5a or C5a mutants was determined as the concentration leading to half-maximal enzyme release; i.e. the release of N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from C5aR-RBL-cells as described in the examples. As can be taken from Table 1 no such enzyme release and thus no agonistic properties were observed for protein concentration of the C5a muteins (SEQ ID NO: 14-22) as high as 4×10 −6  M. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Generation of C5a Muteins 
     The C5a muteins depicted in Table 1 were constructed by PCR using the pJuFo ΔpIII-A8B mutant as vector [21]. First the Jun cassette was deleted by digesting the vector with XhoI and BamHI with 15 U per μg DNA at 37° C. for 1 hour. The digested, linearized vector fragment was run on an agarose gel, a band at the expected size was cut out and purified using glass milk beads. The purified fragment was religated. The 50 μl ligation reaction included 200 ng of digested vector and was incubated overnight at 15° C. with 640 U T 4 -DNA ligase (Biolabs NEB). The new vector fragment pFo ΔpIII-A8B was yielded in which the Jun moiety is deleted. The deletion was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Next the Fos cassette within the pFo ΔpIII-A8B vector was deleted by digesting the vector with SacI and KpnI with 15 U per μg DNA at 37° C. for 1 hour. Again, the digested, linearized vector fragment was run on an agarose gel, a band at the expected size was cut out and purified using glass milk beads. This vector (pΔJuFo ΔpIII-A8B=pA8B) was then used as template to ligate the PCR fragments of the different C5a muteins, which were generated as follows: 
     To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B primers JK124 and JK116 were used. To prepare C5-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu70 primers JK124 and JK146. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-Cys71 primers JK124 and JK148 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-Cys73 primers JK124 and JK130 were used. To prepare C5-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-Leu70Tyr73 primers JK124 and JK126 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-Lys69-Ala70 primers JK124 and JK147 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Arg)-A8B primers JK 152 and JK 153 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Ala27Cys)-A8B-Del.71-73 primers JK124 and JK149 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Ala69 primers JK124 and JK 154 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A8B-Asp69 primers JK124 and JK 156 were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys-3, Gly-2, -1, Cys27Ala)-A8B primers SEQ ID NO: 37 and JK 116 and were used. To prepare C5a-(1-66, Cys27Ala)-A5A primers JK 124 and SEQ ID NO:38 were used. 
     The different primers were the following from 5′ to 3′: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK124: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGA GCT CAC GCT GCA AAA GAA GAT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK116: 
                 CGA ATT GGG TAC CTT ATT AAC; 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 27) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK146: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAC GCA ACA GCA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCC TTT TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK148: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAC ACG ACC TTT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK130: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AGC ACA ACA GCG 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACC TTT TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK126: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAT ACA ACA GCA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCC TTT TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK147: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAC GCA ACA GCG 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACT TTT TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 32) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK152: 
                 GAG CCC GCG TTA ATA ATG ATG; 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK153: 
                 CAT CGT AAC AAC ATT TCT TCA CTA C; 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK149: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT ACG ACC TTT TAA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 35) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK154: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAC GCA ACA GCG 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACG CTT TAA AAG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 36) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 JK156: 
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAC GCA ACA GCG 
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGT CTT TAA AAG AG; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID NO:37: 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GAG AGA GAG AGA GCT CTG CGG TGG TAC GCT GCA AAA 
                   
               
               
                 GAA GAT A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID NO:38: 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GAG AGA GAG AGG TAC CTT ATT AAT ACA GCA ACA ACA 
                   
               
               
                 GTT TAA AAG 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     PCR reactions were performed in 100 μl volumes containing 1 pg template DNA pJuFo ΔpIII-A8B, 200 μM of each dNTP, 20 pmol of each primer, and reaction buffer supplied by the manufacturer (Stratagene). Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and kept at 94° C. for 5 min (hot start) in a thermocycler. Then 5 U of Pfu polymerase (Stratagene) were added and the mixtures were cycled 30 times (94° C. 90 sec, 52° C. 120 sec, 72° C. 120 sec) followed by incubation at 72° C. for 10 min. 
     After phenol chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation DNA fragments were digested with SacI and KpnI (Bioloabs, NEB) using 60 U per μg DNA at 37° C. for 1 hour. The ligation mix consisting of the linearized vector and the digested PCRs was heat inactivated at 70° C. for 30 min, purified by phenol chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, followed by resuspension in 5 μl TE. Two portions of 2.5 μl each were electroporated into  E. coli  TG1 cells (Stratagene) using a BioRad pulser set at 25 μF, 2.5 kV and 200Ω. Immediately after the pulse, 1 ml of freshly prepared SOC medium was added and the cells were grown for 1 hour at 37° C. and plated on TYE plates supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 1% glucose (=TYE+amp+gluc). To score the total number of independent transformants 100 μl of appropriate dilutions were plated onto TYE+amp+gluc. 
     Preparation and Purification of C5a Muteins by Immune Affinity Chromatography 
     TG1 bacteria harboring the respective derivate of expression plasmid pA8B were grown in 2× TY+amp medium containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 0.1% glucose. At an OD 600  of 0.9, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 0.5 mM. Bacteria were grown overnight with shaking at room temperature. The next day, the periplasmic fraction was prepared by freezing and thawing. 
     For purification CNBr activated sepharose (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) was coated with C5a specific mAb 561 ([39] following the manufacturers instructions. A small column (BIOGNOSIS, Jülich, Germany) was loaded with 100 μl gel matrix. The periplasmic fraction (400 μl diluted 1:5 with PBS) prepared from TG1 cells transformed with one of the C5a muteins was applied to the column for 1 h at 4° C. The column was washed with 2 ml PBS and subsequently loaded with a pre-elution buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8). Then the bound C5a mutein was eluted by shifting the pH to 2.5 using 100 mM glycin/HCl buffer. Ten 50 μl aliquots were collected and subsequently tested in a dot-blot with mAb 561. Positive fractions were pooled. The concentration of purified C5a muteins was determined by ELISA as described below. 
     To analyze the purity after immune-affinity-chromatography C5a muteins were separated by 0.1% SDS-15% PAGE using a mini-gel twin chamber (Biometra, Göttingen, Germany) and silver stained (see  FIG. 2 ). Judging from the silver stain, the muteins of the invention were purified to homogeneity. In the case of the mutein C5a-(1-66, Cys-3, Gly-2, -1, Cys27Ala)-A8B PAGE analysis under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed that spontaneous dimerization via formation of disulfide bridges of the C-terminal Cys residue occurred in the oxidizing milieu of the periplasm of  E. coli  (data not shown). 
     ELISA to Determine the Concentration of Purified C5a Muteins 
     Mab 561 was diluted to 10 μg/ml in PBS and was coated overnight at 22° C. to a polystyrene microtiter plate (Greiner, Germany). Then the plates were rinsed 3 times in PBS and saturated with PBS containing 2% non fat dry milk for 60 min at 37° C. After washing 3× with 50 mM Tris buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.5 (TRIS), 50 μl of the purified C5a muteins diluted in 50 mM Tris buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.5 supplemented with 10% non fat dry milk powder (TRIS-Milk) were added. After incubation for 90 min at 22° C. plates were washed 4× with TRIS and subsequently incubated with 50 μl of biotinylated anti C5a mAb 557 (10 μg/ml) diluted in TRIS-Milk for 90 min at 22° C. Plates were washed 4× with 50 mM TRIS. Subsequently, 50 μl of avidin-alkaline-phosphatase diluted in TRIS was added and incubated for 30 min at 22° C. Plates were developed with p-nitrophenolphosphate (1 mg/ml diluted in diethanolamine, 5 mM MgCl 2 , pH 9). 
     Competitive Binding Study 
     For competitive binding studies, 40 μl of a reaction mixture containing a constant amount of  125 I-rhC5a as tracer (≈17000 cpm) and increasing concentrations of unlabeled C5a muteins were incubated in a microtiter plate on ice. The tracer concentration was thus less than 1/10 of the Kd of recombinant human C5a which is a prerequisite for evaluating of correct IC 50  values. The binding reaction was started by adding 25 μl of ice-cold RBL-C5aR cell suspension. After incubation on ice for 30 min, cell bound and free  125 I-rhC5a were separated by filtration of 60 μl through a microtitration-membrane plate (Multiscreen™-HV; 0.45 μm, MAHV N45, Millipore) using a vacuum manifold (Millipore). The wells were washed out once with 100 μl HAG-CM buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 125 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.25% BSA and 0.5 mM glucose), dried by a heat lamp and punched out with a membrane punch assembly (Millipore). Punched out membranes were counted in a γ-counter (Packard, Canberra). The plot of cell-bound  125 I-rhC5a versus concentration of unlabeled competitor yields the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) (cf.  FIG. 3 , Table 1). 
     Glucosaminidase Release from Human C5a Receptor Transfected RBL-Cells (C5aR-RBL-Cells) 
     The release of N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from C5aR-RBL-cells was determined as described [40]. The ED 50  of C5a or C5a mutants was determined as the concentration leading to half-maximal enzyme release. The antagonistic potency of the C5a muteins was tested by the capacity of C5a muteins to inhibit the release of N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from C5aR-RBL-cells induced by 10 −9  M C5a. Briefly, 75 μl/well of C5aR-RBL cells (2×10 6 /ml) were suspended in HAG-CM buffer (20 mM HEPES, 125 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.25% BSA and 0.5 mM glucose, pH 7.4) and equilibrated for 5 min at 37° C. Meanwhile, 20 μl of serial dilutions of the purified C5a mutein were transferred to a PS-microtiter plate (Greiner, Germany) and incubated for 5 min at 37° C. After 5 min pre-incubation, cytochalasin B (20 μg/ml) was added to the cells and incubated for 3 min at 37° C. Subsequently, the cells were transferred to the C5a muteins and incubated for 10 min at 37° C. Then C5a was added at a final concentration of 10 −9  M and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 min at 37° C. The reaction was stopped by centrifugation at 1157 g for 3 min at 4° C. Subsequently, 75 μl of the supernatant were mixed with 100 μl substrate (p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide). The reaction was stopped by adding 75 μl glycine/NaOH, pH 10.4/well, The absorbance (405 nm) was determined in a Titertek-Multiscan ELISA reader. The ID 50  of the C5a muteins (SEQ ID NO: 14-22) was determined as the concentration leading to inhibition of half-maximal enzyme release induced by 10 −9  M rhC5a, showing the antagonistic properties of the muteins of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding and functional properties of generated C5a mutants 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Position in C5a 
                 67 
                 68 
                 69 
                 70 
                 71 
                 72 
                 73 
                 74 
                 IC 50  [nM] 
                 ID 50  [nM] 
                 ED 50  [nM] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 rhC5a 
                 H 
                 K 
                 D 
                 M 
                 Q 
                 L 
                 G 
                 R 
                  2.7 ± 0.2 (n = 4) 
                 — 
                 3.5 ± 0.3 
                 (n = 5) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 35.4 ± 3.4 (n = 4) 
                 22.3 ± 2.1 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu70 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 23.1 ± 2.6 (n = 3) 
                  7.9 ± 0.5 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Cys71 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                 n.d. 
                 99.2 ± 5.3 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Cys73 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 C 
                   
                 37.3 ± 2.3 (n = 3) 
                 17.4 ± 0.9 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Leu70-Tyr73 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 Y 
                   
                 21.3 ± 1.3 (n = 5) 
                  8.8 + 0.4 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Lys69-Ala70 
                 F 
                 K 
                 K 
                 A 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 n.d. 
                 60.8 + 4.4 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Arg)-A8B 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 43.1 ± 2.2 (n = 4) 
                 17.5 ± 0.6 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Del.71-73 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 26.9 ± 1.8 (n = 3) 
                 17.4 ± 0.7 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;4 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys-3,Gly-2,-1,Cys27Ala)-A8B 
                 F 
                 K 
                 R 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 n.d. 
                 65.3 ± 2.8 (n = 3) 
                 &gt;2 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Ala69 
                 F 
                 K 
                 A 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 30.1 ± 2.4 (n = 4) 
                 — 
                 36.8 + 2.9 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A8B-Asp69 
                 F 
                 K 
                 D 
                 S 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                  5.4 ± 0.7 (n = 3) 
                 — 
                 5.9 + 0.4 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                 C5a-(1-66,Cys27Ala)-A5A 
                 F 
                 K 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 R 
                   
                 n.d. 
                 124 (n = 2) 
                 &gt;2 × 10 3 * 
                 (n = 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *highest concentration which was used in the assay, 
               
               
                 n = number of experiments, 
               
               
                 n.d. = not determined 
               
            
           
         
       
     
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