Patent Publication Number: US-2022217875-A1

Title: Thermal Management Devices and Methods

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/829,691, filed on Apr. 5, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for managing temperature, and, in particular, devices and methods for cooling or maintaining a desired temperature of a room or storage space. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In recent years, business owners have sought to reduce energy consumption and costs associated with managing or maintaining the temperature of interior spaces or buildings, such as data centers, storage rooms, freezers, refrigeration rooms, or other storage spaces. Various devices and systems have been implemented for this purpose. However, many existing devices and systems suffer from one or more disadvantages. For example, some devices and systems address only the thermal insulation of a storage space from outdoor temperatures. In addition, many devices and systems require permanent and/or expensive installation within a room or other space. For example, many systems rely on active temperature management methods and systems that require continuous electrical energy use and/or complex and expensive air handling systems. As a result, many existing devices and systems fail to provide rapid recouping of their initial cost and/or require substantial retrofitting or refurbishment of space in which they are used. The high cost and/or effort of installing and using some previous devices and systems can also hinder the widespread adoption of such devices and systems in businesses. Hence, improved devices and methods for managing the temperature of a room or other space are needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, thermal management devices are described herein which, in some cases, can provide one or more advantages compared to previous thermal energy management devices. For example, in some embodiments, a thermal energy management device described herein can be used to provide thermal energy management (e.g., cooling or other temperature maintenance) for interior spaces or buildings, such as data centers, telecommunications (telecom) shelters, data storage or other storage rooms, freezers, refrigeration rooms, or other storage spaces, including in a manner that is modular, cost-effective, and easily-installed. 
     In some embodiments, a thermal management device described herein comprises a plate or panel or has the form or shape of a plate or panel. The plate or panel comprises an exterior surface defining an interior or internal volume. The thermal management plate can further comprise a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume and a fill spout in fluid communication with the interior volume and an external environment of the plate. In some embodiments, the plate has a generally polyhedral shape. For example, in some cases, the exterior surface of the plate has a front side, a back side, and at least four corners. The fill spout of the plate, in some preferred embodiments, is disposed at one of the corners of the exterior surface. 
     Additionally, in some instances, the front side and back side of the plate each independently has a total length less than 40 inches and a total width less than 80 inches. In some cases, the front side and back side can independently have a total length between 12 and 24 inches and a total width between 20 and 40 inches. Further, in some embodiments, the plate can have a thickness or average thickness of less than 6 inches, less than 3 inches, or less than 2 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the exterior surface further comprises one or more protrusions extending in an orthogonal direction from the back side. The one or more protrusions can form a gap between the back side and an adjacent surface that is operable to ventilate or otherwise permit air flow or provide a gap adjacent to the back side of the plate. In still further embodiments, the exterior surface can further comprise one or more channels, through holes, or perforations extending from the front side to the back side and connecting the front side to the back side. 
     Additionally, in some cases, the thermal management plate is filled with a thermal management material. For example, a thermal management material can include a phase change material (PCM). In some cases, at least 97% of the interior volume is occupied by the thermal management material. In other cases, the thermal management material comprises 70-95% or by volume of the plate. The thermal management material, in some embodiments, has a phase transition temperature between −50° C. and 150° C., a phase transition temperature between −10° C. and 10° C., between 0° C. and 10° C., between 2° C. and 8° C., between 20° C. and 50° C., between 20° C. and 30° C., or between 50° C. and 90° C. 
     In still further embodiments, the plate can further comprise a cap, which, in some cases, is a snap-on cap or a screw-on cap. The surfaces of the cap, in some embodiments, align with the aforementioned exterior surface of the plate to conceal the corner fill spout. In other embodiments, the plate further comprises a fan, which, in some cases, is positioned within a channel, through hole, or perforation. The fan, in some cases, is thermoelectrically powered or solar powered. 
     In another aspect, methods of managing temperature and/or methods of cooling are described herein. Any one or more devices, as described herein, can be used in any one or more methods of managing temperature or methods of cooling described herein. In some embodiments, methods of cooling a data center, telecom shelter, or data storage room (or other space) are described. The method, in some embodiments, comprises disposing one or more thermal management devices, as described herein, in an interior of the data center or data storage room (or other space). In further embodiments, the method includes positioning the one or more devices so the back surface of the device faces a wall of the data center or room or other space (e.g., the back of the device faces the closest wall to the device), and suspending or hanging the one or more devices from the wall. In some cases, the one or more devices are suspended from, attached to, snapped into, or slide into a mounting mechanism (such as a rail or a set of parallel rails) positioned on the wall. 
     In another embodiment, methods of cooling a pallet, box, shipper, or container are described herein. The method, in some cases, comprises providing one or more thermal management devices, as described herein, and positioning the one or more devices in an interior space of the pallet (or box, shipper, or other container), such as on the bottom of the pallet (or box, shipper, or other container). In some cases, the method further comprises providing a fan and positioning the fan in the interior space of the pallet. The fan, in some cases, is positioned within a channel of the one or more devices. 
     These and other embodiments are described in greater detail in the detailed description that follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of the front side of a thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1B  is a side view of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  is a perspective view of the back side of a thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1D  is a side view of the back side of a thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1E  is a side view of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1F  is a side view of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1G  is a top plan view of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1H  is a bottom view of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1I  is a perspective view of a fill spout of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1J  is a perspective view of a fill spout of the thermal management plate according to a first example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of the front side of a thermal management plate according to a second example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of the back side of a thermal management plate according to a second example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2C  is a sectioned perspective view of the interior or internal volume of a thermal management plate according to a second example embodiment. 
         FIG. 3A  is a perspective view of the back side of a thermal management plate according to a third example embodiment. 
         FIG. 3B  is a sectioned perspective view of the interior or internal volume of a thermal management plate according to a third example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of the back side of a thermal management plate according to a fourth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  is a sectioned perspective view of the interior or internal volume of a thermal management plate according to a fourth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 5A  is a perspective view of the front side of a thermal management plate according to a fifth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 5B  is a sectioned perspective view of the fill spout of a thermal management plate according to a fifth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 5C  is a sectioned perspective view of the interior or internal volume of a thermal management plate according to a fifth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a stack of thermal management plates according to a sixth example embodiment. 
         FIG. 7A  is a perspective view of a cap for a thermal management plate according to one embodiment described herein. 
         FIG. 7B  is a perspective view of a cap for a thermal management plate according to one embodiment described herein. 
         FIG. 7C  is a side view of a cap for a thermal management plate according to one embodiment described herein. 
         FIG. 7D  is a bottom view of a cap for a thermal management plate according to one embodiment described herein. 
         FIG. 7E  is a side view of a cap positioned over a fill spout of a thermal management plate according to one embodiment described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments described herein can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description and figures. Devices and methods described herein, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description, examples, and figures. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     In addition, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of “1.0 to 10.0” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1.0 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10.0 or less, e.g., 1.0 to 5.3, or 4.7 to 10.0, or 3.6 to 7.9. Similarly, it is understood that a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 1 to 6, 2 to 10, 3 to 5, or 7 to 9. 
     All ranges disclosed herein are also to be considered to include the end points of the range, unless expressly stated otherwise. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10” or “from 5 to 10” or “5-10” should generally be considered to include the end points 5 and 10. 
     Further, when the phrase “up to” is used in connection with an amount or quantity, it is to be understood that the amount is at least a detectable amount or quantity. For example, a material present in an amount “up to” a specified amount can be present from a detectable amount and up to and including the specified amount. 
     I. Thermal Management Devices 
     In one aspect, thermal management devices are described herein. In some embodiments, the thermal management device is a thermal management plate (or panel) comprising an exterior surface defining an interior volume, and a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume. Additionally, the plate includes a fill spout. The fill spout (when in an open configuration, as opposed to a closed or sealed configuration) provides fluid communication between the interior volume and the external environment of the plate. The exterior surface of the plate includes a front side, a back side, and at least four corners. The fill spout is disposed at one of the corners of the exterior surface. The plate can have a generally polyhedral shape, and the specific shape of the plate is not particularly limited. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the plate can be generally square or rectangular in cross section (e.g., such that the plate is a relatively short or “flat” rectangular cylinder). Moreover, in certain preferred embodiments, the plate has a relatively high surface area to volume ratio. For example, in some cases, the plate can have a surface area to volume ratio (e.g., in units of cm 2 /cm 3 ) of at least 1:2, at least 1:3, at least 1:4, at least 1:5, at least 1:10, at least 1:20, at least 1:50, or at least 1:100. In some embodiments, the plate has a surface area to volume ratio between about 1:3 and 1:100, between about 1:3 and 1:50, between about 1:5 and 1:100, between about 1:5 and 1:50, or between about 1:10 and about 1:100. Similarly, in some cases, the average thickness of the plate can be relatively small compared to the average length and average width of the plate. For instance, in some embodiments, the average length and the average width of the plate are at least 5 times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, or at least 50 times the average thickness of the plate. In some cases, the average length and the average width of the plate are 5-100, 5-50, 5-20, 10-100, or 10-50 times the average thickness of the plate. 
     Moreover, in some preferred implementations, the exterior surface of the plate further comprises one or more protrusions. The protrusions extend in an orthogonal or substantially orthogonal (e.g., within 15 degrees, within 10 degrees, or within 5 degrees of orthogonal) direction from the back side of the plate. As further described herein, in some cases, the one or more protrusions are configured or operable to form a gap between the back side of the plate and an adjacent surface, such as a wall against which the plate is disposed or another plate with which the plate is stacked. The protrusions can thus act as a spacer. 
     In addition, in some especially preferred embodiments, the exterior surface of the plate further comprises one or more channels extending from the front side to the back side and connecting the front side to the back side. These channels may also be described as through holes or perforations of the plate. 
     Further, in some preferred embodiments, a plate described herein also comprises a cap. More particularly, such a cap can cover, enclose, or “complete” the corner where the fill spout is disposed. Thus, in some cases, for instance, surfaces of the cap align with the exterior surface of the plate to conceal the corner fill spout. 
     Further details regarding the configuration, operation, and use of devices described herein are provided below, including with reference to the drawings and specific examples and implementations. Briefly, with reference to the drawings,  FIGS. 1A-1J  illustrate an example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100  described herein. As shown in  FIG. 1A, 1B , and other example embodiments, the thermal management plate  100  comprises an exterior surface  101  defining an interior volume (not labeled). The exterior surface  101  can be a skin or shell or hollow casing surrounding or defining the interior volume or space. In some cases, at least 90% of the interior volume is occupied by the thermal management material. In other cases, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of the interior volume is occupied by the thermal management material. In other embodiments, the thermal management material occupies 50-100%, 60-100%, 70-100%, 80-100%, 90-100%, 90-99%, 90-98%, 95-100%, or 95-98% of the interior volume of the plate  100 . As described further herein, a thermal management plate having a structure described herein can be filled with a thermal management material to a greater extent and/or more easily than other containers. 
     The exterior surface  101  of the thermal management plate  100  includes a front side  102 , a back side  103 , and at least four corners  104 . The corners  104  of the plate, in some instances, are rounded, whereas in other cases, the corners  104  are not rounded. For example, in some cases, any one or more of the four corners  104  can be a pointed corner, whereas in other cases, any one or more of the four corners can be a flattened or angled or “cut off” corner  105 . A flattened or angled corner  105 , in some embodiments, forms angles with each respective, adjacent edge  106  of the plate  100  that are equal in size. For example, in some cases, a flattened corner  105  makes a 45-degree angle with each edge  106  of the plate  100 . Moreover, a flattened corner  105  provides a flat surface on a yz-plane of the plate, corresponding to a thickness or depth D 3  of the plate. 
     The exterior surface  101 , in some embodiments, is operable to facilitate heat transfer between an external environment and the interior volume, or between the external environment and a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume. For example, in some embodiments, the exterior surface can comprise or be formed from one or more materials that facilitate heat transfer, such as a thermal exchange material or a thermally conductive material. Any material operable to permit thermal exchange from the plate to the external environment can be used. Some non-limiting examples of materials suitable for use in forming a plate or panel described herein include a polymeric or plastic material (such as a polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or polyether ether ketone), a metal or mixture or alloy of metals (such as aluminum), and a composite material (such as a composite fiber or fiberglass). It is to be understood that the material forming or used to form the exterior surface of the plate, in some preferred embodiments, can generally form or define the entire body of the plate or substantially the entire body of the plate. Additionally, the material used to form the exterior surface (or the entire body or substantially the entire body of the plate) can be non-breathable or non-permeable to water, and/or non-flammable or fire-resistant. Moreover, in some instances, the material used to form the exterior surface (or the entire body or substantially the entire body of the plate) is non-electrically conductive, or has low or minimal electrical conductivity, such that the material is considered an electrical insulator rather than an electrical conductor. The use of a non-electrically conductive material to form the exterior surface  101  of a plate  100  described herein may be especially desirable, for example, if the plate is placed in a room or space in which sensitive and/or expensive electronic devices are used, such as a telecommunications shelter, data room, or data center in which computer systems, telecommunications hardware, and associated components are housed. 
     Further, in some cases, a thermally conductive material described above can be dispersed within a non-thermally conductive material or within a less thermally conductive material. In some embodiments, for example, a thermally conductive material comprises a paint, ink, or pigment, or a metal dispersed in a paint, ink, or pigment. Moreover, the paint, ink, or pigment can be used to form a design or decorative feature on the exterior surface of the plate. 
     Additionally, the material forming the exterior surface (or the entire body or substantially the entire body of the plate) can have any thickness not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the thickness is selected based on a desired mechanical strength and/or thermal conductivity. For example, in some cases, the average thickness of the material forming the exterior surface (or the entire body or substantially the entire body of the plate) is less than 20 mm, less than 10 mm, less than 5 mm, less than 3 mm, or less than 1 mm. In some embodiments, the average thickness is between 1 and 20 mm, between 1 and 15 mm, between 1 and 10 mm, between 1 and 5 mm, between 1 and 3 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm, between 3 mm and 5 mm, or between 5 mm and 10 mm. 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, the exterior surface  101  of the plate  100  can have one or more features, such as edges  106  that are flat, rounded, bullnose, or beveled connecting the front  102  and back  103  sides of the exterior surface  101 . Other features of a thermal management plate  100 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , can include one or more recessed regions  107 , protrusions  108 , and/or channels  109 . In some cases, one or more features present on the front side  102  of the thermal management plate  100  are also present on the back side  103  of the thermal management plate  100 . In other instances, the front side  102  can include one or more features absent from the back side  103  of the plate  100 , or vice versa. 
     In certain preferred embodiments, the plate  100  (or the larger planar surfaces thereof) is generally rectangular in shape (though the corners may be rounded). In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1B , a thermal management plate  100  has a width D 1  and a length D 2 . D 1  and D 2  can have any value and ratio not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure, and the sizes of D 1  and D 2  are not particularly limited. In some cases, the width D 1  is less than 80 inches and the length D 2  is less than 40 inches. In other embodiments, the width D 1  is between 20 and 40 inches and the length D 2  is between 12 and 24 inches. Further, in some cases, the front side  102  and back side  103  of the plate  100  can independently have a width D 1  less than 80 inches and a length D 2  less than 40 inches. In other cases, the front side  102  and back side  103  can independently have a width D 1  between 20 and 40 inches and a length D 2  between 12 and 24 inches. Moreover, it is further to be understood that the unique corner  105  can be in a location other than that shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 1B . For instance, the unique corner  105  could be located where one of the three corners  104  is located in  FIG. 1B , relative to D 1  and D 2 . 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 1F , the plate  100  can have a depth D 3  of less than 6 inches, less than 5 inches, less than 4 inches, less than 3 inches, less than 2 inches, less than 1 inch, or less than 0.5 inches. In other embodiments, the depth D 3  can be between 0.3 inches and 6 inches, between 0.3 inches and 5 inches, between 0.3 inches and 4 inches, between 0.3 inches and 3 inches, between 0.5 inches and 3 inches, or between 0.5 inches and 1 inch. Other thicknesses are also possible. 
     In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B , as in certain other embodiments, but not all embodiments, the exterior surface  101  can comprise one or more recessed regions  107 . For example, a recessed region  107  can be any area of the exterior surface  101  of the plate  100  that is recessed, depressed, sunken, or lowered compared to the edges  106  of the plate (without forming a through hole, perforation, or channel  109 ). The one or more recessed regions  107 , in some cases, can increase the total surface area of the plate relative to the total interior volume of the plate. Thus, recessed regions, in other cases, can further increase the thermal transport performance of the plate  100 . In some embodiments, a recessed region  107  can be within a larger recessed region. For example, in some cases such as in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a recessed region  107  may appear as a faux channel having a flattened bottom. In other embodiments, a recessed region  107  is an entire region of the front side  102  or back side  103  that is recessed, depressed, sunken, or lowered compared to the edges  106 , and a second recessed region  107 , such as the faux channels of  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B , are positioned within the larger recessed region  107  and are even further recessed, depressed, sunken, or lowered compared to the larger recessed region  107 . However, as described further herein, it is to be understood that recessed regions  107 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , can be replaced with channels (such as the channels  109 ). Similarly, the channels  109  in  FIG. 1  could be partially or completely “filled in” to form other recessed regions  107  or non-recessed regions. In this manner, embodiments described herein can provide modularity and versatility in terms of the number and arrangement of channels or through holes. 
     In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1C , the exterior surface  101  can further comprise protrusions  108  extending from the exterior surface  101 . Protrusions  108  of the exterior surface  101 , in some cases, can extend in an orthogonal or substantially orthogonal direction from the back side  103  of the plate  100 , as shown in  FIGS. 1E to 1H . In other instances, protrusions  108  can extend from the front side of the plate. However, it is to be understood that, in some cases, the side from which the protrusions  108  extend is, for this reason, defined as the back side of the plate. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1E to 1H , a protrusion  108  can have a depth D 4  that is separate and distinct from the plate depth D 3 . For example, the protrusion depth D 4 , in some embodiments, is less than 2 inches, less than 1 inch, or less than 0.5 inches. In some cases, the protrusion depth D 4  is between 0.25 inches and 2 inches, between 0.25 inches and 1 inch, between 0.25 inches and 0.5 inches, or between 0.5 inches and 1 inch. 
     In some implementations, the protrusions  108  of the exterior surface  101  are solid extensions of the exterior surface. For example, a protrusion  108  can be formed from only the exterior surface  101 , such that the thickness of the exterior surface  101  is greater at the protrusion  108  compared to a non-protruding region of the exterior surface  101 . In other embodiments, a protrusion  108  of the exterior surface  101  can be mirrored by the interior volume such that the thickness of the exterior surface  101  remains the same across a transition from a non-protruding region to a protruding region (and such that the interior volume extends, so to speak, to a degree corresponding to the depth of the protrusion). Moreover, a protrusion described herein can be integrally formed with the exterior surface (or with the entire body or substantially the entire body of the plate, as may be provided by an injection molding process, for example). Alternatively, the protrusion can be formed from a separate material that is attached to the exterior surface of the plate. 
     In the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 , as in other preferred example embodiments, the exterior surface  101  can further comprise one or more channels, through-holes, or perforations  109 . For example,  FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D  illustrate channels  109  extending from the front side  102  to the back side  103 , and connecting the front side  102  to the back side  103 . As described above, one or more channels  109  present in a thermal plate  100  can increase the surface area of the thermal plate  100  or air flow “through” the thermal plate (from the front side to the back side). The presence, number, and size of channels can also be selected based on a desired thermal storage capacity of the plate (e.g., as determined by a volume or mass of thermal management material disposed within the interior volume of the plate, where a larger total channel volume corresponds to a smaller total volume of thermal management material, for a given size plate, due to the smaller total interior volume accessible for filling with thermal management material). The channels  109  can have any shape not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, a channel has a shape (e.g., a sectional shape when viewed from the front or the back side of the plate) that is generally circular, oval, or oblong. The shape can also be a polygonal shape having sharp or rounded corners. Further, in some embodiments, the channels  109  (or the “sidewalls” of the channels) can have straight, rounded, beveled, or bullnose edges connecting the front  102  and back  103  sides of the exterior surface  101 . For example,  FIG. 1A  illustrates an example embodiment of rounded edge channels  109 . A beveled edge, for example, is illustrated in  FIGS. 5B and 5C . Additionally, the channels  109 , in some embodiments, have an average thickness or depth (measured from the front side of the plate to the back side of the plate) corresponding to the thickness of the plate (distance D 3 ), including as described above. Moreover, the channels can have any size in the orthogonal directions, corresponding to the major plane of the plate (the x and y directions in  FIG. 1 ), not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, the one or more channels have a size (such as an average size) in one or both of the planar directions (x and y) of up to 10 inches, up to 8 inches, up to 6 inches, up to 4 inches, or up to 2 inches. In other instances, the one or more channels have a size (e.g., average size) in one or both of the planar directions of less than 6 inches, less than 4 inches, less than 2 inches, or less than 1 inch. It is to be understood that the size of the channels is not particularly limited. 
     Additionally, in the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 , as in other preferred example embodiments, a thermal management plate  100  described herein further comprises a fill spout  110  having an opening  111  in fluid communication with the interior volume of the plate  100  and an external environment of the plate  100 . In some cases, the fill spout is generally cylindrical in shape. However, other shapes may also be used. The fill spout  110 , in preferred embodiments, is disposed at one of the corners  104  or  105  of the exterior surface  101 . In some embodiments, the fill spout  110  is positioned such that the volume of an air gap is reduced or minimized during the process of filling the internal volume of the plate  100 . In other words, by being disposed at a corner  104  or  105 , the air gap present during the process of filling is minimized and/or eliminated. For example, in some cases, the fill spout  110  is disposed at a flattened corner  105 . A fill spout  110  disposed on a flattened corner  105  is positioned on a region of the exterior surface  101  of the plate  100  corresponding to the plate depth D 3  and a yz-plane of the plate  100 . Thus, an air gap present during the process of filling the internal volume of the plate  100  is eliminated or minimized to the surface area size of the exterior surface  101  at the flattened corner  105  or less. In some embodiments, the fill spout  110  further comprises an air outlet (e.g., the smaller cylinder near fill spout  110  in  FIG. 1 ). The air outlet is operable to allow displaced air to exit the internal volume while filling the thermal management plate  100  via the fill spout  110 . In other instances, the plate  100  does not include an air outlet for the release of displaced air as described above. 
     The fill spout opening  111 , in some cases, is generally round. In other cases, the opening  111  can be oval or polygonal in shape. In the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 , but not necessarily other embodiments, the plane of the opening  111  is generally parallel with the yz-plane of the flattened corner  105 , or the exterior surface  101  at the flattened corner  105 . In some embodiments, the surface area of the fill spout opening  111  is less than or equal to the surface area of the exterior surface  101  at the flattened corner  105 . 
     In one example embodiment of  FIGS. 1I and 1J , but not necessarily others, the fill spout  110  is positioned such that an axial vector positioned through the fill spout opening  111  and down the center of the fill spout  110  intersects with an imaginary pointed corner of the plate  100 . For example, in some cases, an axial vector positioned through the fill spout opening  111  and down the center of the fill spout  110  creates a 45-degree angle with each of an x-axis and y-axis of the plate  100  corresponding to the edges  106  and the width D 1  and length D 2  of the plate  100 . However, the fill spout  110  and fill spout opening  111  can have other orientations relative to the xy-plane, xz-plane, or yz-plane, if desired. In certain preferred embodiments, the axial vector (or “long direction” or “fill direction”) of the fill spout  110  and fill spout opening  111  lies within the xy-plane or substantially within the xy-plane (e.g., forming an angle of 10 degrees or less, or 5 degrees or less). It is further to be understood that a fill direction of a fill spout can correspond to the direction that is orthogonal to the plane of the fill spout opening, or to the direction a material (such as a thermal management material) flows into the fill spout and fill spout opening. 
       FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C  illustrate a second example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100 ( 2 ). The second example embodiment differs from the first example embodiment in the recessed regions  107  and through the inclusion of a spine  201  (as further described below). Whereas in the first example embodiment, nearly the entire front side  102  is formed from a rectangular shaped recessed region  107  having, additionally, further recessed regions  107  appearing as faux channels, in the second example embodiment the back side  103  comprises two triangular recessed regions  107 , leaving a spine  201  extending diagonally across the plate  100  from a flattened corner  105  to the opposite corner  104 . The spine has a so-called “long” dimension (d 1 ) extending diagonally from the flattened corner  105  to the opposite corner  104 , as well as two so-called “short” dimensions (where the terms “long” and “short” are relative to one another). The short dimensions correspond to the thickness of the spine in the z-direction (which direction or dimension may be referred to as d 2 ) and to the width of the spine in the xy-plane (which direction or dimension may be referred to as d 3 ). Thus, the spine has a cross sectional area along its length defined by d 2 ×d 3 . As described further below, the spine  201  is hollow, since it forms or defines part of the overall interior or internal volume of the plate  100 . Moreover, in the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the interior volume of the spine is in fluid communication with the fill spout  110 . 
     In further contrast to the first example embodiment and as illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the second example embodiment lacks protrusions  108 , faux channels, and a fill spout  110  comprising an air outlet. For example, in some embodiments, a thermal management plate does not have protrusions  108  and/or does not have an air outlet. The front  102  and back  103  sides of the plate  100 ( 2 ) comprise various sized channels  109  that are uniformly positioned across the entire plate  100 ( 2 ) and within a recessed region  107 .  FIG. 2C  illustrates a perspective view of the interior volume of the plate  100 ( 2 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2C , the interior volume of a recessed region  107  is thinner than the interior volume of non-recessed regions. For example, the interior volume at the edges  106  and through the spine  201  is thicker (in the z-direction or d 2  direction) than the interior volume of the recessed region  107 . In some preferred embodiments, the thickness (d 2 ) of the spine and/or the cross section of the spine (taken from the front of the plate to the back of the plate, corresponding to d 2 ×d 3 ) is at least as large as the thickness or cross section of any other portion of the plate or panel. That is, the cross section of the spine or interior volume of the spine can be relatively large compared to other regions of the overall interior volume of the plate (such as within recessed regions or regions around through holes). The relatively large size or cross sectional area of the spine can thus provide increased access or ease of movement of material flowing into or through the spine, compared to access or movement of material flowing into or through other regions of the interior volume (such as regions around the through holes). In some cases, the average thickness of the spine (d 2 ) and/or the average cross sectional area of the spine (d 2 ×d 3 ) along the length of the spine (d 1 ) is at least 1.5 times the average thickness or average cross sectional area of the plate overall. In some instances, the average thickness and/or the average cross sectional area of the spine is at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 5 times, or at least 10 times the average thickness or average cross sectional area of the plate overall. In some embodiments, the average thickness and/or the average cross sectional area of the spine is 1.5 to 15 times, 1.5 to 10 times, 1.5 to 5 times, 2 to 15 times, 2 to 10 times, 2 to 5 times, 3 to 15 times, 3 to 10 times, 3 to 5 times, 5-15 times, or 5-10 times the average thickness or average cross sectional area of the plate overall. Moreover, in some preferred embodiments, the spine has dimensions such as described above and the axial vector (or “long direction” or “fill direction” vector) of the fill spout and fill spout opening lies within the xy-plane or substantially within the xy-plane and is aligned or parallel with, or substantially aligned or parallel (e.g., within 10 degrees or within 5 degrees of parallel) with, a vector defining the long dimension of the spine (d 1 ). Thus, in some embodiments, the fill direction or long direction or axial direction of the fill spout is the same direction as the direction of the long axis of the spine. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that a plate or panel having such a structure can be filled with a thermal management material more efficiently than in some other instances. 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a third example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100 ( 3 ) which differs from either the first example embodiment or the second example embodiment, including by having channels  109  of a single shape and size that are circular and smaller. In addition and similar to  FIG. 2C ,  FIG. 3B  illustrates the internal volume of a thermal management plate  100 ( 3 ) wherein the interior volume of the recessed region  107  is thinner than the interior volume of the non-recessed regions. For example, the interior volume at the edges  106  is thicker than the interior volume of the recessed region  107 . In contrast to  FIG. 2C ,  FIG. 3B  illustrates a larger amount of interior volume due to the smaller sized channels  109 . 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate a fourth example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100 ( 4 ) which differs from either the first, second, or third example embodiment, including by having recessed regions  107  that appear as grooves on the back side  103  and channels  109  that are positioned within a non-recessed region. As shown in  FIG. 4B , the recessed regions  107 , or grooves, are positioned as rows between the channels  107  and provide a greater surface area to volume ratio to the plate  100 ( 4 ). 
       FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C  illustrate a fifth example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100 ( 5 ) which differs from either the first, second, third, or fourth example embodiment, including by having a fill spout  110  positioned in parallel with an edge  106  corresponding to the length D 2  and a fill spout opening  111  positioned in parallel with the opposite edge  106  corresponding to the width D 1 .  FIG. 5B  provides an enlarged, perspective view of an example embodiment of a fill spout  110  positioned such that an axial vector extending through the fill spout opening  111  and down the center of the fill spout  110  is substantially parallel to a y-axis of the plate  100 ( 5 ) corresponding to the directions of the length D 2  of the plate  100 ( 5 ). In addition, unlike previous example embodiments, the fifth example embodiment of a thermal management plate  100 ( 5 ) lacks any recessed regions  107 . For example, in some embodiments, a thermal management plate does not have a recessed region  107 . Thus, as illustrated in  FIG. 5C , the internal volume across the plate  100 ( 5 ) is substantially uniform throughout the plate  100 ( 5 ) and the thickness or depth of the plate D 3  is relatively uniform across the external surface  101 , except where the channels  109  are located. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a sixth example embodiment of a stack of thermal management plates  100 ( 6 ) wherein a plurality of thermal management plates are adjacently positioned or stacked in a front-to-back orientation. For illustrative purposes only, the thermal management plates  100  of the first example embodiment are shown, which have protrusions  108  extending from the back side  103 . It should be understood that the protrusions  108  extending from the back side  103  of a first plate are in contact with the front side  102  of an adjacent second plate  100  and the protrusions  108  of the first plate do not align with channels  109  of the adjacent second plate  100 . Moreover, the protrusions  108  are operable to form one or more gaps  113  between each plate  100 ( 6 ) and/or an adjacent surface, such as a wall. In some embodiments, a gap  113  between adjacent plates in a front-to-back orientation can be formed from one or more recessed regions  107 . For example, when a front side  102  or a back side  103  of a first plate having one or more recessed regions  107  is positioned against a surface, such as a wall or a second plate in a front-to-back orientation, the one or more recessed regions  107  of the first plate prevent the front side  102  or back side  103  of the first plate from being wholly flush against the wall or the second plate, and thus can create a gap  113 . 
     The gap  113  of a thermal plate described herein, in some embodiments, is operable to ventilate the front side  102  or back side  103  of the first plate. In some instances, wherein a first plate  100  is in contact with a second plate, the front side  102  or back side  103  of the second plate can also be ventilated via the gap  113 . For example, a gap  113  formed from recessed regions  107  and/or protrusions  108  on the exterior surface  101  of a first plate  100  and an adjacent surface can ventilate through one or more channels  109  present in the recessed region  107 . In another example, a gap  113  formed from one or more protrusions  108  on the exterior surface  101  of a first plate  100  and an adjacent surface can ventilate through a side of the gap  113  and/or one or more channels  109  present on the exterior surface  101 . In some cases, the gap  113  has an average depth that is less than or equal to the protrusion depth D 4 . For example, the gap can have an average depth of less than 6 inches, less than 5 inches, less than 4 inches, less than 3 inches, less than 2 inches, or less than 1 inch. In other embodiments, the gap can be between 0.25 inches and 6 inches, between 0.5 inches and 6 inches, between 1 inch and 6 inches, between 1 inch and 5 inches, between 0.5 inches and 4 inches, between 0.5 and 3 inches, between 0.25 and 5 inches, between 0.25 and 4 inches, between 0.25 and 3 inches, or between 0.25 and 2 inches. 
     In some embodiments, a plate or panel described herein further comprises a cap. As shown in  FIGS. 7A-7E  the cap, in some embodiments, can be a snap-on cap having securable ridges  701  that allow the cap to snap into a secured positioned over the fill spout  110 . In some preferred embodiments, a cap positioned over the fill spout  110  covers and/or conceals the fill spout  110 . In some cases, the cap covers and/or conceals both the fill spout  110  and an air outlet. For example, the surfaces of the cap, when securely positioned over the fill spout  110 , can align with the exterior surface  101  of the plate  100  to conceal the corner fill spout  110 , generating a complete rounded or pointed corner  104  similar to the other corners of the plate  100 , and consequently concealing a flattened corner  105 . In other embodiments, the cap can be a twist-on or screw-on cap having threads that align with threads present on the fill spout  110 . In some embodiments, the cap may further comprise a seal, closure, or gasket to securely seal or close off the fill spout opening  111  from an external environment and prevent contents or materials disposed within the plate  100  from leaking or otherwise exiting. In still other cases, the fill spout opening  111  can be closed in another manner. Moreover, in some embodiments, an adhesive can be disposed between a cap and other portions of the plate. That is, a cap described herein can be adhered over the fill spout using an adhesive, alone or in combination with a snap-on closure, screw-on closure, seal, or gasket. 
     With reference to the figures, it is be understood that a plate or panel described herein can include other combinations or permutations of features, in addition to those combinations illustrated in the example embodiments depicted in the figures. For example, a plate or panel described herein can comprise a spine as described herein in combination with any fill spout, fill spout opening, or unique or angled corner described herein, as well as in combination with any cap described herein. A plate or panel described herein, in some implementations, can also include any number, size, or shape of channels or through holes in combination with any spine, fill spout, fill spout opening, unique or angled corner, or cap described herein. 
     A plate described herein can also comprise or include one or more additional components that may either facilitate a thermal management function or may provide auxiliary function. For example, in some embodiments, the plate comprises at least one fan that directs air flow from an external environment to the thermal management material and/or from a thermal management material to the external environment. In some preferred embodiments, the fan is positioned within a channel, through hole, or perforation  109 . The fan, in concert with one or more recessed regions  107 , one or more channels  109 , and/or one or more gaps  113 , can facilitate heat transfer between a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume of one or more plates  100  and an external environment. 
     In some cases, a plate comprises a plurality of fans. In some such instances, a plate  100  can comprise a first fan (or plurality of fans) that rotates in a clockwise direction and a second fan (or plurality of fans) that rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Moreover, the first and second fans (or pluralities of fans) can be positioned in or on the plate  100  to direct air flow cooperatively from the external environment to the thermal management material and from the thermal management material back to the external environment. Furthermore, the plate  100  may comprise or include a power source by which to power the fan(s). For example, the plate  100  can comprise or include a photovoltaic cell that powers the fan(s). Such a photovoltaic cell may be placed on the exterior surface  101  of the plate  100 , and may be a rigid or flexible photovoltaic cell. In other embodiments, the fan(s) are thermoelectrically powered. Moreover, in some cases, a thermoelectric fan of a plate  100  described herein uses thermal energy provided by or emanating from the plate or by a heat source within the external environment or by “excess” ambient heat in the external environment. In this manner, such a thermoelectric fan can further assist with efficient thermal management by the plate  100 , particularly for cooling applications. Any combination or sub-combination of one or more fans and one or more power sources such as a photovoltaic cell can be used. 
     In some embodiments, a plate described herein can further comprise a mounting mechanism or a mounting bracket, such as a mounting track or mounting pegs or mounting rails. The mounting bracket can reversibly attach and/or interface with one or more features of the plate  100 . For example, in some cases, a mounting bracket can have one or more grooves to securely fasten one or more protrusions  108  of a plate  100  to the mounting bracket. The protrusions can, in some cases, slide, twist, or snap into the one or more grooves. In another example, a mounting bracket can have pegs or arm extensions that penetrate one or more channels  109  of a plate  100 , thereby securing and/or suspending one or more plates  100  from the pegs. In still other implementations, a mounting mechanism comprises two or more parallel rails. Such rails can be spaced apart by a distance corresponding approximately to a length or width of a plate (e.g., corresponding to distance D 1  or D 2 ). Moreover, the rails can include one or more structures (such as one or more grooves, ridges, and/or lips) that can retain a plate that is “snapped” into the structures, such as between two parallel rails. That is, a plate can be “snapped into” a top rail and a bottom rail that is substantially parallel to the top rail. The set of two rails can thus be used to hold the plate in place. Such rails, in some embodiments, are attached to a wall (e.g., with nails, screws, or other mechanical fasteners) of a room, such as a data center or other room whose temperature is to be managed by the plate. Moreover, a set of rails, in some implementations, is configured to retain a plurality of plates in a side-by-side configuration (as opposed to stacked configuration or a “front-to-back” configuration), where each plate is substantially flush against the wall to which the rails are attached. In some instances, a protrusion of the plate creates a space between the plate and the wall, even when the plate is disposed in the rails. Moreover, in still other implementations, more than two parallel rails may be used to mount a plurality of plates. For instance, in some cases, at least three parallel rails are used, and the middle rail acts as the top rail (of a first “set” of parallel rails) for a first “row” of plates and also simultaneously as the bottom rail (of a second “set” of parallel rails) for a second “row” of plates above the first row. 
     As described herein, a plate can comprise a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume of the plate. In some preferred embodiments, the thermal management material comprises or is a phase change material (PCM). As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, a PCM can store or release thermal energy in the process of undergoing a phase transition (such as between a solid state and a liquid state, or between a solid state and a gel state). For example, a PCM can absorb thermal energy from the external environment (e.g., produced by equipment or other heat sources in a room, such as a data center) and use the thermal energy to undergo a phase transition (e.g., a melting event), without increasing in temperature. The absorbed thermal energy is instead “stored” as latent heat within the PCM. In this manner, the temperature of the external environment can be decreased (as compared to what the temperature would be in the absence of the PCM). At a later time (e.g., at night or when the heat sources within the environment are producing less excess thermal energy), the PCM can release the stored thermal energy (in the form of latent heat) by undergoing the opposite phase transition as before (e.g., a freezing event). In this manner, the PCM can be “recharged” for another cycle of thermal energy absorption (e.g., during the day or when the heat sources within the environment are producing a relatively large amount of excess heat). 
     Any PCM not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used in a device or method described herein. Moreover, the PCM (or combination of PCMs) used in a particular instance can be selected based on a relevant operational temperature range for the specific end use or application. For example, in some cases, the PCM has a phase transition temperature within a range suitable for cooling or helping to maintain a desired temperature or set point in a residential or commercial building or portion thereof. In some such instances, the building or portion thereof is a telecom shelter, data center or data room, or an attic. In other embodiments, the building or portion thereof is a refrigerated room, warehouse, or other space, or is a freezer. In other instances, the PCM has a phase transition temperature suitable for the thermal energy management of so-called waste heat. In some embodiments, the PCM has a phase transition temperature within one of the ranges of Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phase transition temperature ranges for PCMs  
               
               
                 (at a pressure of 1 atm).  
               
               
                 Phase Transition Temperature Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 450-550°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 300-550°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 70-100°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 60-80°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 40-50°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 25-40°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 25-30°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 20-30°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 20-25°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 18-25°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 16-23°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 16-18°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 15-20°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 6-8°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 2-10°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 2-8°  
                 C.  
               
               
                 −40 to −10°  
                 C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Moreover, in certain embodiments, it may be desirable or even preferable that a phase transition temperature of the PCM or mixture of PCMs is at or near a desired set-point temperature in an interior of a room or an external environment. Any desired room temperature or external temperature and associated phase transition temperature can be used. For example, in some embodiments, a phase transition temperature is between about 15° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm, such as between about 17° C. and about 30° C. at 1 atm, between about 19° C. and about 28° C., or between about 21° C. and about 26° C. at 1 atm. Further, in some cases, a phase transition temperature is between about 17° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm, such as between about 19° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm, between about 21° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm, between about 23° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm, or between about 25° C. and about 32° C. at 1 atm. Moreover, in some embodiments, a phase transition temperature is between about 15° C. and about 30° C. at 1 atm, such as between about 15° C. and about 28° C. at 1 atm, between about 15° C. and about 26° C. at 1 atm, or between about 15° C. and about 24° C. at 1 atm. 
     As described further herein, a particular range can be selected based on the desired application. For example, PCMs having a phase transition temperature of 20-25° C. can be especially desirable to assist in the cooling of data centers, while PCMs having a phase transition temperature of 6-8° C. can be especially desirable for maintaining the temperature of a refrigerated space. As another non-limiting example, PCMs having a phase transition between −40° C. and −10° C. can be preferred for use in commercial freezer cooling. 
     Further, a PCM of a device or method described herein can either absorb or release energy using any phase transition not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. For example, the phase transition of a PCM described herein, in some embodiments, comprises a transition between a solid phase and a liquid phase of the PCM, or between a solid phase and a mesophase of the PCM. A mesophase, in some cases, is a gel phase. Thus, in some instances, a PCM undergoes a solid-to-gel transition. 
     Moreover, in some cases, a PCM or mixture of PCMs has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 50 kJ/kg or at least about 100 kJ/kg. In other embodiments, a PCM or mixture of PCMs has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 150 kJ/kg, at least about 200 kJ/kg, at least about 300 kJ/kg, or at least about 350 kJ/kg. In some instances, a PCM or mixture of PCMs has a phase transition enthalpy between about 50 kJ/kg and about 350 kJ/kg, between about 100 kJ/kg and about 350 kJ/kg, between about 100 kJ/kg and about 220 kJ/kg, or between about 100 kJ/kg and about 250 kJ/kg. 
     In addition, a PCM of a device or method described herein can have any composition not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, for instance, a PCM comprises an inorganic composition. In other cases, a PCM comprises an organic composition. In some instances, a PCM comprises a salt hydrate. Suitable salt hydrates include, without limitation, CaCl 2 .6H 2 O, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .3H 2 O, NaSO 4 .10H 2 O, Na(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .2H 2 O, FeCl 3 .2H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, MnCl 2 .4H 2 O, CH 3 COONa.3H 2 O, LiC 2 H 3 O 2 .2H 2 O, MgCl 2 .4H 2 O, NaOH.H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .1H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, NaAl(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, Na 3 PO 4 .12H 2 O, Na 2 B 4 O 7 .10H 2 O, Na 3 PO 4 .12H 2 O, LiCH 3 COO.2H 2 O, and/or mixtures thereof. 
     In other embodiments, a PCM comprises a fatty acid. A fatty acid, in some embodiments, can have a C4 to C28 aliphatic hydrocarbon tail. Further, in some embodiments, the hydrocarbon tail is saturated. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the hydrocarbon tail is unsaturated. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon tail can be branched or linear. Non-limiting examples of fatty acids suitable for use in some embodiments described herein include caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, and cerotic acid. In some embodiments, a PCM described herein comprises a combination, mixture, or plurality of differing fatty acids. For reference purposes herein, it is to be understood that a chemical species described as a “Cn” species (e.g., a “C4” species or a “C28” species) is a species of the identified type that includes exactly “n” carbon atoms. Thus, a C4 to C28 aliphatic hydrocarbon tail refers to a hydrocarbon tail that includes between 4 and 28 carbon atoms. 
     In some embodiments, a PCM comprises an alkyl ester of a fatty acid. Any alkyl ester not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For instance, in some embodiments, an alkyl ester comprises a methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, butyl ester, or hexyl ester of a fatty acid described herein. In other embodiments, an alkyl ester comprises a C2 to C6 ester alkyl backbone or a C6 to C12 ester alkyl backbone. In some embodiments, an alkyl ester comprises a C12 to C28 ester alkyl backbone. Further, in some embodiments, a PCM comprises a combination, mixture, or plurality of differing alkyl esters of fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of alkyl esters of fatty acids suitable for use in some embodiments described herein include methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl docosahexanoate, methyl ecosapentanoate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, ethyl palmitoleate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl docosahexanoate, ethyl ecosapentanoate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isopropyl palmitoleate, isopropyl oleate, isopropyl linoleate, isopropyl docosahexanoate, isopropyl ecosapentanoate, butyl laurate, butyl myristate, butyl palmitate, butyl stearate, butyl palmitoleate, butyl oleate, butyl linoleate, butyl docosahexanoate, butyl ecosapentanoate, hexyl laurate, hexyl myristate, hexyl palmitate, hexyl stearate, hexyl palmitoleate, hexyl oleate, hexyl linoleate, hexyl docosahexanoate, and hexyl ecosapentanoate. 
     In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a fatty alcohol. Any fatty alcohol not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For instance, a fatty alcohol, in some embodiments, can have a C4 to C28 aliphatic hydrocarbon tail. Further, in some embodiments, the hydrocarbon tail is saturated. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the hydrocarbon tail is unsaturated. The hydrocarbon tail can also be branched or linear. Non-limiting examples of fatty alcohols suitable for use in some embodiments described herein include capryl alcohol, pelargonic alcohol, capric alcohol, undecyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, pentadecyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, heptadecyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, nonadecyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, heneicosyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, lignoceryl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, and montanyl alcohol. In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a combination, mixture, or plurality of differing fatty alcohols. 
     In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a fatty carbonate ester, sulfonate, or phosphonate. Any fatty carbonate ester, sulfonate, or phosphonate not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a C4 to C28 alkyl carbonate ester, sulfonate, or phosphonate. In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a C4 to C28 alkenyl carbonate ester, sulfonate, or phosphonate. In some embodiments, a PCM comprises a combination, mixture, or plurality of differing fatty carbonate esters, sulfonates, or phosphonates. In addition, a fatty carbonate ester described herein can have two alkyl or alkenyl groups described herein or only one alkyl or alkenyl group described herein. 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, a PCM comprises a paraffin. Any paraffin not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a PCM comprises n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane, n-nonacosane, n-triacontane, n-hentriacontane, n-dotriacontane, n-tritriacontane, and/or mixtures thereof. 
     In addition, in some embodiments, a PCM comprises a polymeric material. Any polymeric material not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable polymeric materials for use in some embodiments described herein include thermoplastic polymers (e.g., poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene), polyethylene glycols (e.g., CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 400, CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 600, CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 1000, CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 1500, CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 4600, CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 8000, and CARBOWAX® polyethylene glycol 14,000), and polyolefins (e.g., lightly crosslinked polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene). 
     Additional non-limiting examples of phase change materials suitable for use in some embodiments described herein include BioPCM materials commercially available from Phase Change Energy Solutions (Asheboro, N.C.), such as BioPCM-(−8), BioPCM-(−6), BioPCM-(−4), BioPCM-(−2), BioPCM-4, BioPCM-6, BioPCM 08, BioPCM-Q12, BioPCM-Q15, BioPCM-Q18, BioPCM-Q20, BioPCM-Q21, BioPCM-Q23, BioPCM-Q25, BioPCM-Q27, BioPCM-Q30, BioPCM-Q32, BioPCM-Q35, BioPCM-Q37, BioPCM-Q42, BioPCM-Q49, BioPCM-55, BioPCM-60, BioPCM-62, BioPCM-65, BioPCM-69, and others. 
     It is further to be understood that a device described herein can comprise a plurality of differing PCMs, including differing PCMs of differing types. Any mixture or combination of differing PCMs not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, for example, a thermal management plate or panel comprises one or more fatty acids and one or more fatty alcohols. Further, as described above, a plurality of differing PCMs, in some cases, is selected based on a desired phase transition temperature and/or latent heat of the mixture of PCMs. 
     Moreover, in some cases, the PCM or combination or mixture of PCMs does not comprise ice, or does not consist essentially of ice, or does not consist of ice. That is, in some preferred embodiments, ice is not used as the PCM or thermal management material of a device described herein. It is to be understood that “ice” is water ice. 
     Further, in some embodiments, one or more properties of a PCM described herein can be modified by the inclusion of one or more additives. Such an additive described herein can be mixed with a PCM and/or disposed in a device described herein. In some embodiments, an additive comprises a thermal conductivity modulator. A thermal conductivity modulator, in some embodiments, increases the thermal conductivity of the PCM. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises carbon, including graphitic carbon. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises carbon black and/or carbon nanoparticles. Carbon nanoparticles, in some embodiments, comprise carbon nanotubes and/or fullerenes. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises a graphitic matrix structure. In other embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises an ionic liquid. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises a metal, including a pure metal or a combination, mixture, or alloy of metals. Any metal not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a metal comprises a transition metal, such as silver or copper. In some embodiments, a metal comprises an element from Group 13 or Group 14 of the periodic table. In some embodiments, a metal comprises aluminum. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises a metallic filler dispersed within a matrix formed by the PCM. In some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises a metal matrix structure or cage-like structure, a metal tube, a metal plate, and/or metal shavings. Further, in some embodiments, a thermal conductivity modulator comprises a metal oxide. Any metal oxide not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a metal oxide comprises a transition metal oxide. In some embodiments, a metal oxide comprises alumina. 
     In other embodiments, an additive comprises a nucleating agent. A nucleating agent, in some embodiments, can help avoid subcooling, particularly for PCMs comprising finely distributed phases, such as fatty alcohols, paraffinic alcohols, amines, and paraffins. Any nucleating agent not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. 
     In still other instances, an additive comprises a fire retardant or fire resistant material. 
     A thermal management plate or panel described herein can be made in any manner not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for instance, a plastic or metal plate or panel is made by a molding or casting, such as by injection molding. Other methods of making a panel or plate described herein may also be used, as readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, the manner of filling a plate or panel described herein with a thermal management material such as a PCM is not particularly limited. In some cases, a gravimetric method is used. In other cases, pressurized PCM is injected into the fill spout of a plate or panel described herein. 
     II. Methods of Managing Temperature 
     In another aspect, methods of managing temperature are described herein. Any one or more of the devices, as described above in Section I, can be used in any one or more methods of managing temperature, as described herein. For example, a device can be a thermal management plate having any one or more of the features described in Section I above. 
     In some embodiments, methods of managing the temperature of a room or space (such as a data center, data storage room, freezer, refrigerated warehouse, or other space) are described herein. Such a room or space can include any room or space not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. A telecom shelter, data center or data storage room, for example, has at least three walls, a floor, and a ceiling, and comprises electronic devices, such as electronic servers and/or electronic storage hardware, disposed within the room. A method of managing the temperature of a room or space, in some embodiments, comprises disposing one or more thermal management plates or panels, as described above, in the interior of the room. Additionally, in some instances, disposing the plates or panels in the room comprises positioning the plates or panels so the back sides of one or more plates face a wall of the room or a ceiling of the room. Further, in some instances, one or more plates are suspended from, hung from, mounted on, or attached to the wall or ceiling, including, if desired, in a manner described above in Section I. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the one or more plates are suspended from a mounting mechanism or a mounting bracket on the wall, such as a mounting track or mounting pegs. For instance, a mounting bracket having a track with grooves configured to receive one or more features or structures of the one or more plates, such as edges or protrusions, can be positioned on a wall and one or more plates suspended from the mounting bracket via the mounting track. Engaging one or more features or structures of the one or more plates with the track securely fastens the one or more plates to the mounting bracket and suspends, hangs, or attaches the one or more plates  100  from the wall. In another example, a mounting bracket having one or more pegs configured to penetrate one or more channels described herein can be positioned on a wall and the one or more plates suspended from the mounting bracket via the one or more pegs. Engaging one or more features, such as channels, of the one or more plates with the pegs securely suspends the one or more plates from the mounting bracket and suspends the one or more plates from the wall. 
     In some cases, a plurality of plates are disposed in the room and the plurality of plates are positioned in a front-to-back orientation. For example, in some cases a plurality of plates can be adjacently positioned in a front-to-back orientation on the same one or more pegs to generate a stack of plates. In some cases, multiple stacks of plates positioned in a front-to-back orientation are disposed in the room. It is also possible for a plurality of plates to be arranged in a side-to-side configuration, as described above in Section I. 
     In some embodiments, a method further comprises providing at least one fan that directs air flow from the room to the thermal management material and/or from a thermal management material to the external environment. In some preferred embodiments, the fan is positioned within a channel, through hole, or perforation. The fan, in concert with one or more recessed regions, one or more channels, and/or one or more gaps, can facilitate heat transfer between a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume of the plate and an external environment (e.g., the room in which the plate is placed). 
     In some cases, a method described herein comprises providing a plurality of fans. In some such instances, a plate can comprise a first fan (or plurality of fans) that rotates in a clockwise direction and a second fan (or plurality of fans) that rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Moreover, the first and second fans (or pluralities of fans) can be positioned in or on the plate to direct air flow cooperatively from the external environment to the thermal management material and from the thermal management material back to the external environment. Furthermore, the plate may comprise or include a means by which to power the fan(s). For example, the plate can comprise or include a photovoltaic cell that powers the fan(s). Such a photovoltaic cell may be placed on the exterior surface of the plate, and may be a rigid or flexible photovoltaic cell. In other embodiments, the fan(s) are thermoelectrically powered. Moreover, in some cases, a thermoelectric fan of a plate described herein uses thermal energy provided by or emanating from the plate or by a heat source within the external environment or by “excess” ambient heat in the external environment. In this manner, such a thermoelectric fan can further assist with efficient thermal management by the plate, particularly for cooling applications. Any combination or sub-combination of one or more fans and one or more power sources such as a photovoltaic cell can be used. 
     In further embodiments, a method of managing the temperature of a room comprises maintaining a temperature of the room between about −50° C. and 50° C. In some cases, a method comprises maintaining a temperature of the room between about −10° C. and 0° C., between about 0° C. and 10° C., between about 17° C. and 25° C., between about 20° C. and 25° C., or between about 20° C. and 30° C. A method described herein can also comprise maintaining the temperature of a room at a desired set-point temperature (or within 1° C., within 2° C., or within 3° C. of the desired set-point temperature) or within a temperature range described above in Section I, including in Table 1. 
     In addition, a method described herein, in some cases, further comprises changing the phase of the phase change material of a plate or panel described herein (or plurality of plates or panels described herein) disposed in the room (e.g., the telecom shelter, data room, or data center, or a freezer or refrigeration room) from a first phase to a second phase by exposing the phase change material to an ambient temperature of the room above a phase change temperature of the phase change material (e.g., such as may be caused by the normal operation of telecommunications equipment or other electronic equipment or other sources of heat disposed in the room, or by heat exchange between the room and an external environment of the room that is warmer), and subsequently reverting the phase change material to the first phase by cooling the room with an HVAC system of the room. Further, in some embodiments, the HVAC system is activated or deactivated by a thermostat disposed within the interior of the room 
     Similarly, a method described herein can further comprises changing the phase of the thermal management material (such as a phase change material) of the plate or panel (or plurality of plates or panels) disposed in the room from a first phase to a second phase by exposing the phase change material to an ambient temperature in the room below a phase change temperature of the phase change material, and subsequently reverting the phase change material to the first phase by heating the room with an HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system of the room. 
     In another embodiment, a method of cooling or managing the temperature of a pallet or shipping container is described herein. The pallet or shipping container can be any pallet or container suitable for supporting or containing goods, especially, for the transport of goods. A method of cooling a pallet or container, in some cases, comprises providing one or more thermal management plates, as described above in Section I, and positioning the one or more plates in an interior space of the pallet or container. In some embodiments, the one or more plates are placed in the bottom of the pallet or container or along the walls of the pallet or container. One or more plates may also be placed on top of the goods placed on or inside the pallet or container. 
     It is further to be understood that the thermal management material (e.g., the PCM) placed inside a plate or panel can be selected based on a desired set point or maintenance temperature for the particular goods or products associated with the pallet or shipping container in a specific instance. For example, in some cases, a PCM having a phase transition temperature in the range of 20-25° C. can be used for helping maintain the temperature of goods or products at a temperature in the range of range of 20-25° C. A method described herein can also comprise maintaining the temperature of goods or products within a pallet or shipping container at a temperature within other ranges described herein. 
     It should further be noted that, in some cases, the dimensions of a plate or panel are selected to match the dimensions of a pallet or shipping container, or to be an integral fraction of the dimensions of the pallet or shipping container. For instance, in some cases, a plate or panel has dimensions (particularly in the x and y dimensions) that are the same as the x and y dimensions of the bottom of the pallet or shipping container, or that are one-half or one-third or one-fourth of the a given dimension (e.g., the x dimension of the plate or panel may match the x dimension of the pallet or shipping container, while the y dimension of the plate or panel may be one-half of the y dimension of the pallet or shipping container, such that two plates or panels can be placed easily on or within the pallet or container, while covering all or substantially all of the desired surface of the pallet or container. 
     Various implementations of devices and methods have been described in fulfillment of various objectives of the present disclosure. It should be recognized that these implementations are merely illustrative of the principles of the present disclosure. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, individual steps of methods described herein can be carried out in any manner not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure, and various configurations or adaptations of devices described herein may be used. 
     Some specific, non-limiting example embodiments of devices and methods described herein are as follows: 
     Embodiment 1. A thermal management plate comprising: 
     an exterior surface defining an interior volume; 
     a thermal management material disposed within the interior volume; and 
     a fill spout in fluid communication with the interior volume and with an external environment of the plate, 
     wherein the exterior surface includes a front side, a back side, and at least four corners; and 
     wherein the fill spout is disposed at one of the corners of the exterior surface. 
     Embodiment 2. The plate of Embodiment 1, wherein: 
     the exterior surface comprises or defines a hollow spine on the front side or the back side of the plate, the spine having one long dimension (d 1 ) and two short dimensions (d 2 , d 3 ) and an interior volume; 
     the average thickness of the spine (d 2 ) and/or the average cross sectional area of the spine (d 2 ×d 3 ) along the long dimension of the spine (d 1 ) is at least 1.5 times the average thickness and/or average cross sectional area of the plate overall; 
     the long dimension of the spine (d 1 ) extends diagonally from the fill spout to a corner of the plate opposite the fill spout; 
     the fill spout is in fluid communication with the interior volume of the spine; and 
     a fill direction of the fill spout is aligned with the long dimension of the spine (d 1 ). 
     Embodiment 3. The plate of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein at least 97% of the interior volume is occupied by the thermal management material. 
     Embodiment 4. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the exterior surface further comprises or defines one or more protrusions extending in an orthogonal direction from the back side. 
     Embodiment 5. The plate of Embodiment 4, wherein the one or more protrusions is configured to form a gap between the back side and an adjacent surface. 
     Embodiment 6. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the exterior surface further comprises one or more channels extending from the front side to the back side and connecting the front side to the back side. 
     Embodiment 7. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the plate further comprises a cap. 
     Embodiment 8. The plate of Embodiment 7, wherein the cap is a snap-on cap. 
     Embodiment 9. The plate of Embodiment 7 or Embodiment 8, wherein surfaces of the cap align with the exterior surface to conceal the corner fill spout. 
     Embodiment 10. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the thermal management material is present in an amount of 70-90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the plate. 
     Embodiment 11. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the thermal management material has a phase transition temperature between −50° C. and 150° C. 
     Embodiment 12. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the plate further comprises a fan. 
     Embodiment 13. The plate of Embodiment 12, wherein the fan is positioned within a channel extending from the front side to the back side of the plate and connecting the front side to the back side. 
     Embodiment 14. The plate of Embodiment 12 or Embodiment 13, wherein the fan is solar powered or thermoelectrically powered. 
     Embodiment 15. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the front side and the back side have a total length of less than 40 inches and a total width of less than 80 inches. 
     Embodiment 16. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the front side and the back side have a total length between 12 and 24 inches and a total width between 20 and 40 inches. 
     Embodiment 17. The plate of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the depth of the plate is less than 3 inches. 
     Embodiment 18. A method of managing the temperature of a room, the method comprising disposing one or more plates of any one of Embodiments 1-17 in the room. 
     Embodiment 19. The method of Embodiment 18, further comprising: 
     positioning the one or more plates so the back surface of the one or more plates faces a wall of the room; and 
     suspending the one or more plates from the wall. 
     Embodiment 20. The method of Embodiment 19, wherein the one or more plates are suspended from a mounting mechanism on the wall. 
     Embodiment 21. The method of Embodiment 20, wherein the mounting mechanism comprises parallel rails. 
     Embodiment 22. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-21, wherein a plurality of plates are disposed in the room and the plurality of plates are positioned in a front-to-back orientation. 
     Embodiment 23. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-21, wherein a plurality of plates are disposed in the room and the plurality of plates are positioned in a side-by-side orientation. 
     Embodiment 24. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-23, wherein the room is a telecom shelter, data center, or data storage room. 
     Embodiment 25. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-24, wherein the room has a desired average temperature between 15° C. and 30° C. 
     Embodiment 26. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-23, wherein the room is a refrigerated room or a freezer. 
     Embodiment 27. The method of Embodiment 26, wherein the room has a desired average temperature between −10° C. and 10° C. 
     Embodiment 28. The method of any one of Embodiments 18-27, the method further comprising: 
     changing the phase of the thermal management material from a first phase to a second phase by exposing the thermal management material to an ambient temperature of the room above a phase change temperature of the thermal management material; and 
     reverting the thermal management material to the first phase by cooling the room with an HVAC system of the room. 
     Embodiment 29. The method of Embodiment 28, wherein the HVAC system is activated or deactivated by a thermostat disposed within the interior of the room. 
     Embodiment 30. A method of managing the temperature of a pallet, the method comprising positioning one or more plates of any one of Embodiments 1-17 in an interior space of the pallet. 
     Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 30, wherein the one or more plates are positioned on a bottom of the interior space of the pallet, along the walls of the interior space of the pallet, and/or on top of contents disposed in the interior space of the pallet. 
     Embodiment 32. The method of Embodiment 30 or Embodiment 31, wherein the pallet has an average desired temperature between −20° C. and 30° C.