Patent Publication Number: US-2005135180-A1

Title: Interface command architecture for synchronous flash memory

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/607,041 (appealed), filed June 30, 2000 and titled “INTERFACE COMMAND ARCHITECTURE FOR SYNCHRONOUS FLASH MEMORY,” which is commonly assigned, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates generally to non-volatile memory devices and in particular the present invention relates to a synchronous non-volatile flash memory.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Memory devices are typically provided as internal storage areas in the computer. The term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of integrated circuit chips. There are several different types of memory. One type is RAM (random-access memory). This is typically used as main memory in a computer environment. RAM refers to read and write memory; that is, you can both write data into RAM and read data from RAM. This is in contrast to ROM, which permits you only to read data. Most RAM is volatile, which means that it requires a steady flow of electricity to maintain its contents. As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data was in RAM is lost.  
      Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory (ROM) that holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to. An EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a special type non-volatile ROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of ROM, EEPROM is traditionally not as fast as RAM. EEPROM comprise a large number of memory cells having electrically isolated gates (floating gates). Data is stored in the memory cells in the form of charge on the floating gates. Charge is transported to or removed from the floating gates by programming and erase operations, respectively.  
      Yet another type of non-volatile memory is a Flash memory. A Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks instead of one byte at a time. Many modern PCS have their BIOS stored on a flash memory chip so that it can easily be updated if necessary. Such a BIOS is sometimes called a flash BIOS. Flash memory is also popular in modems because it enables the modem manufacturer to support new protocols as they become standardized.  
      A typical Flash memory comprises a memory array that includes a large number of memory cells arranged in row and column fashion. Each of the memory cells includes a floating gate field-effect transistor capable of holding a charge. The cells are usually grouped into blocks. Each of the cells within a block can be electrically programmed in a random basis by charging the floating gate. The charge can be removed from the floating gate by a block erase operation. The data in a cell is determined by the presence or absence of the charge in the floating gate.  
      A synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is a type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional DRAM memory. SDRAM synchronizes itself with a CPU&#39;s bus and is capable of running at 100 MHZ, about three times faster than conventional FPM (Fast Page Mode) RAM, and about twice as fast EDO (Extended Data Output) DRAM and BEDO (Burst Extended Data Output) DRAM. SDRAM&#39;s can be accessed quickly, but are volatile. Many computer systems are designed to operate using SDRAM, but would benefit from non-volatile memory.  
      For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a non-volatile memory device that can operate in a manner similar to SDRAM operation.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The above-mentioned problems with memory devices and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification.  
      In one embodiment, the present invention provides a non-volatile synchronous flash memory that is compatible with existing SDRAM package pin assignments. It will be apparent from reading the detailed description that system designers with knowledge in SDRAM applications could easily implement the present invention to improve system operation.  
      In one embodiment, a synchronous flash memory device comprises an array of non-volatile memory cells, and a command register to store command data used to control flash memory operations. The command register can be loaded using a load command register operating mode initiated using a predefined combination of a column address strobe (CAS#) signal, a row address strobe (RAS#) signal, and a write enable (WE#) signal.  
      In another embodiment, a synchronous flash memory device comprises an array of non-volatile memory cells, and a command register to store data commands used to control flash memory operations. The command register is coupled to receive the command data in response to a load command that is equivalent to a refresh command of a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).  
      A method of providing commands in a synchronous flash memory is also provided. The method comprises initiating a command register load operation using a predefined combination of a column address strobe (CAS#) signal, a row address strobe (RAS#) signal, and a write enable (WE#) signal, and loading command data into the command register using address connections of the synchronous flash memory in response to the command register load operation.  
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1A  is a block diagram of a synchronous flash memory of the present invention;  
       FIG. 1B  is an integrated circuit pin interconnect diagram of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 1C  is an integrated circuit interconnect bump grid array diagram of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a mode register of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 3  illustrates read operations having a CAS latency of one, two and three clock cycles;  
       FIG. 4  illustrates activating a specific row in a bank of the memory of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 5  illustrates timing between an active command and a read or write command;  
       FIG. 6  illustrates a read command;  
       FIG. 7  illustrates timing for consecutive read bursts of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 8  illustrates random read accesses within a page of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 9  illustrates a read operation followed by a write operation;  
       FIG. 10  illustrates read burst operation that are terminated using a burst terminate command according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 11  illustrates a write command;  
       FIG. 12  illustrates a write followed by a read operation;  
       FIG. 13  illustrates a power-down operation of one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 14  illustrates a clock suspend operation during a burst read;  
       FIG. 15  illustrates a memory address map of one embodiment of the memory having two boot sectors;  
       FIG. 16  is a flow chart of a self-timed write sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 17  is a flow chart of a complete write status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 18  is a flow chart of a self-timed block erase sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 19  is a flow chart of a complete block erase status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 20  is a flow chart of a block protect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 21  is a flow chart of a complete block status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 22  is a flow chart of a device protect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 23  is a flow chart of a block unprotect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 24  illustrates the timing of an initialize and load mode register operation;  
       FIG. 25  illustrates the timing of a clock suspend mode operation;  
       FIG. 26  illustrates the timing of a burst read operation;  
       FIG. 27  illustrates the timing of alternating bank read accesses;  
       FIG. 28  illustrates the timing of a full-page burst read operation;  
       FIG. 29  illustrates the timing of a burst read operation using a data mask signal;  
       FIG. 30  illustrates the timing of a write operation followed by a read to a different bank; and  
       FIG. 31  illustrates the timing of a write operation followed by a read to the same bank. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      In the following detailed description of present embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the inventions may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims.  
      The following detailed description is divided into two major sections. The first section is an Interface Functional Description that details compatibility with an SDRAM memory. The second major section is a Functional Description that specifies flash architecture functional commands.  
     Interface Functional Description  
      Referring to  FIG. 1A , a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention is described. The memory device  100  includes an array of non-volatile flash memory cells  102 . The array is arranged in a plurality of addressable banks. In one embodiment, the memory contains four memory banks  104 ,  106 ,  108  and  110 . Each memory bank contains addressable sectors of memory cells. The data stored in the memory can be accessed using externally provided location addresses received by address register  112 . The addresses are decoded using row address multiplexer circuitry  114 . The addresses are also decoded using bank control logic  116  and row address latch and decode circuitry  118 . To access an appropriate column of the memory, column address counter and latch circuitry  120  couples the received addresses to column decode circuitry  122 . Circuit  124  provides input/output gating, data mask logic, read data latch circuitry and write driver circuitry. Data is input through data input registers  126  and output through data output registers  128 . Command execution logic  130  is provided to control the basic operations of the memory device. A state machine  132  is also provided to control specific operations performed on the memory arrays and cells. A status register  134  and an identification register  136  can also be provided to output data.  
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an interconnect pin assignment of one embodiment of the present invention. The memory package  150  has  54  interconnect pins. The pin configuration is substantially similar to available SDRAM packages. Two interconnects specific to the present invention are RP#  152  and Vccp  154 . Although the present invention may share interconnect labels that are appear the same as SDRAM&#39;s, the function of the signals provided on the interconnects are described herein and should not be equated to SDRAM&#39;s unless set forth herein.  FIG. 1C  illustrates one embodiment of a memory package  160  that has bump connections instead of the pin connections of  FIG. 1C . The present invention, therefore, is not limited to a specific package configuration.  
      Prior to describing the operational features of the memory device, a more detailed description of the interconnect pins and their respective signals is provided.  
      The input clock connection is used to provide a clock signal (CLK). The clock signal can be driven by a system clock, and all synchronous flash memory input signals are sampled on the positive edge of CLK. CLK also increments an internal burst counter and controls the output registers.  
      The input clock enable (CKE) connection is used to activate (HIGH state) and deactivates (LOW state) the CLK signal input. Deactivating the clock input provides POWER-DOWN and STANDBY operation (where all memory banks are idle), ACTIVE POWER-DOWN (a memory row is ACTIVE in either bank) or CLOCK SUSPEND operation (burst/access in progress). CKE is synchronous except after the device enters power-down modes, where CKE becomes asynchronous until after exiting the same mode. The input buffers, including CLK, are disabled during power-down modes to provide low standby power. CKE may be tied HIGH in systems where power-down modes (other than RP# deep power-down) are not required.  
      The chip select (CS#) input connection provides a signal to enable (registered LOW) and disable (registered HIGH) a command decoder provided in the command execution logic. All commands are masked when CS# is registered HIGH. Further, CS# provides for external bank selection on systems with multiple banks, and CS# can be considered part of the command code; but may not be necessary.  
      The input command input connections for RAS#, CAS#, and WE# (along with CAS#, CS#) define a command that is to be executed by the memory, as described in detail below. The input/output mask (DQM) connections are used to provide input mask signals for write accesses and an output enable signal for read accesses. Input data is masked when DQM is sampled HIGH during a WRITE cycle. The output buffers are placed in a high impedance (High-Z) state (after a two-clock latency) when DQM is sampled HIGH during a READ cycle. DQML corresponds to data connections DQ 0 -DQ 7  and DQMH corresponds to data connections DQ 8 -DQ 15 . DQML and DQMH are considered to be the same state when referenced as DQM.  
      Address inputs  133  are primarily used to provide address signals. In the illustrated embodiment the memory has  12  lines (A 0 -A 11 ). Other signals can be provided on the address connections, as described below. The address inputs are sampled during an ACTIVE command (row-address A 0 -A 11 ) and a READ/WRITE command (column-address A 0 -A 7 ) to select one location in a respective memory bank. The address inputs are also used to provide an operating code (OpCode) during a LOAD COMMAND REGISTER operation, explained below. Address lines A 0 -A 11  are also used to input mode settings during a LOAD MODE REGISTER operation.  
      An input reset/power-down (RP#) connection  140  is used for reset and power-down operations. Upon initial device power-up, a 100 μs delay after RP# has transitioned from LOW to HIGH is required in one embodiment for internal device initialization, prior to issuing an executable command. The RP# signal clears the status register, sets the internal state machine (ISM)  132  to an array read mode, and places the device in a deep power-down mode when LOW. During power down, all input connections, including CS#  142 , are “Don&#39;t Care” and all outputs are placed in a High-Z state. When the RP# signal is equal to a VHH voltage (5V), all protection modes are ignored during WRITE and ERASE. The RP# signal also allows a device protect bit to be set to 1 (protected) and allows block protect bits of a 16 bit register, at locations 0 and 15 to be set to 0 (unprotected) when brought to VHH. The protect bits are described in more detail below. RP# is held HIGH during all other modes of operation.  
      Bank address input connections, BA 0  and BA 1  define which bank an ACTIVE, READ, WRITE, or BLOCK PROTECT command is being applied. The DQ 0 -DQ 15  connections  143  are data bus connections used for bi-directional data communication. Referring to  FIG. 1B , a VCCQ connection is used to provide isolated power to the DQ connections to improved noise immunity. In one embodiment, VCCQ=Vcc or 1.8V±0.15V. The VSSQ connection is used to isolated ground to DQs for improved noise immunity. The VCC connection provides a power supply, such as 3V. A ground connection is provided through the Vss connection. Another optional voltage is provided on the VCCP connection  144 . The VCCP connection can be tied externally to VCC, and sources current during device initialization, WRITE and ERASE operations. That is, writing or erasing to the memory device can be performed using a VCCP voltage, while all other operations can be performed with a VCC voltage. The Vccp connection is coupled to a high voltage switch/pump circuit  145 .  
      The following sections provide a more detailed description of the operation of the synchronous flash memory. One embodiment of the present invention is a nonvolatile, electrically sector-erasable (Flash), programmable read-only memory containing 67,108,864 bits organized as 4,194,304 words by 16 bits. Other population densities are contemplated, and the present invention is not limited to the example density. Each memory bank is organized into four independently erasable blocks (16 total). To ensure that critical firmware is protected from accidental erasure or overwrite, the memory can include sixteen 256K-word hardware and software lockable blocks. The memory&#39;s four-bank architecture supports true concurrent operations.  
      A read access to any bank can occur simultaneously with a background WRITE or ERASE operation to any other bank. The synchronous flash memory has a synchronous interface (all signals are registered on the positive edge of the clock signal, CLK). Read accesses to the memory can be burst oriented. That is, memory accesses start at a selected location and continue for a programmed number of locations in a programmed sequence. Read accesses begin with the registration of an ACTIVE command, followed by a READ command. The address bits registered coincident with the ACTIVE command are used to select the bank and row to be accessed. The address bits registered coincident with the READ command are used to select the starting column location and bank for the burst access.  
      The synchronous flash memory provides for programmable read burst lengths of 1, 2, 4 or 8 locations, or the full page, with a burst terminate option. Further, the synchronous flash memory uses an internal pipelined architecture to achieve high-speed operation.  
      The synchronous flash memory can operate in low-power memory systems, such as systems operating on three volts. A deep power-down mode is provided, along with a power-saving standby mode. All inputs and outputs are low voltage transistor-transistor logic (LVTTL) compatible. The synchronous flash memory offers substantial advances in Flash operating performance, including the ability to synchronously burst data at a high data rate with automatic column address generation and the capability to randomly change column addresses on each clock cycle during a burst access.  
      In general, the synchronous flash memory is configured similar to a multi-bank DRAM that operates at low voltage and includes a synchronous interface. Each of the banks is organized into rows and columns. Prior to normal operation, the synchronous flash memory is initialized. The following sections provide detailed information covering device initialization, register definition, command descriptions and device operation.  
      The synchronous flash is powered up and initialized in a predefined manner. After power is applied to VCC, VCCQ and VCCP (simultaneously), and the clock signal is stable, RP#  140  is brought from a LOW state to a HIGH state. A delay, such as a 100 μs delay, is needed after RP# transitions HIGH in order to complete internal device initialization. After the delay time has passed, the memory is placed in an array read mode and is ready for Mode Register programming or an executable command. After initial programming of a non-volatile mode register  147  (NVMode Register), the contents are automatically loaded into a volatile Mode Register  148  during the initialization. The device will power up in a programmed state and will not require reloading of the non-volatile mode register  147  prior to issuing operational commands. This is explained in greater detail below.  
      The Mode Register  148  is used to define the specific mode of operation of the synchronous flash memory. This definition includes the selection of a burst length, a burst type, a CAS latency, and an operating mode, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The Mode Register is programmed via a LOAD MODE REGISTER command and retains stored information until it is reprogrammed. The contents of the Mode Register may be copied into the NVMode Register  147 . The NVMode Register settings automatically load the Mode Register  148  during initialization. Details on ERASE NVMODE REGISTER and WRITE NVMODE REGISTER command sequences are provided below. Those skilled in the art will recognize that an SDRAM requires that a mode register must be externally loaded during each initialization operation. The present invention allows a default mode to be stored in the NV mode register  147 . The contents of the NV mode register are then copied into a volatile mode register  148  for access during memory operations.  
      Mode Register bits M 0 -M 2  specify a burst length, M 3  specifies a burst type (sequential or interleaved), M 4 -M 6  specify a CAS latency, M 7  and M 8  specify a operating mode, M 9  is set to one, and M 10  and M 11  are reserved in this embodiment. Because WRITE bursts are not currently implemented, M 9  is set to a logic one and write accesses are single location (non-burst) accesses. The Mode Register must be loaded when all banks are idle, and the controller must wait the specified time before initiating a subsequent operation.  
      Read accesses to the synchronous flash memory can be burst oriented, with the burst length being programmable, as shown in Table 1. The burst length determines the maximum number of column locations that can be automatically accessed for a given READ command. Burst lengths of 1, 2, 4, or 8 locations are available for both sequential and the interleaved burst types, and a full-page burst is available for the sequential type. The full-page burst can be used in conjunction with the BURST TERMINATE command to generate arbitrary burst lengths that is, a burst can be selectively terminated to provide custom length bursts. When a READ command is issued, a block of columns equal to the burst length is effectively selected. All accesses for that burst take place within this block, meaning that the burst will wrap within the block if a boundary is reached. The block is uniquely selected by A 1 -A 7  when the burst length is set to two, by A 2 -A 7  when the burst length is set to four, and by A 3 -A 7  when the burst length is set to eight. The remaining (least significant) address bit(s) are used to select the starting location within the block. Full-page bursts wrap within the page if the boundary is reached.  
      Accesses within a given burst may be programmed to be either sequential or interleaved; this is referred to as the burst type and is selected via bit M 3 . The ordering of accesses within a burst is determined by the burst length, the burst type and the starting column address, as shown in Table 1.  
               TABLE 1                          BURST DEFINITION                             Starting           Burst   Column Address   Order of Accesses Within a Burst                                     Length   A2   A1   A0   Type = Sequential   Type = Interleaved                                             2           0   0-1   0-1                   1   1-0   1-0       4       0   0   0-1-2-3   0-1-2-3               0   1   1-2-3-0   1-0-3-2               1   0   2-3-0-1   2-3-0-1               1   1   3-0-1-2   3-2-1-0       8   0   0   0   0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7   0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7           0   0   1   1-2-3-4-5-6-7-0   1-0-3-2-5-4-7-6           0   1   0   2-3-4-5-6-7-0-1   2-3-0-1-6-7-4-5           0   1   1   3-4-5-6-7-0-1-2   3-2-1-0-7-6-5-4           1   0   0   4-5-6-7-0-1-2-3   4-5-6-7-0-1-2-3           1   0   1   5-6-7-0-1-0-3-2   5-4-7-6-1-0-3-2           1   1   0   6-7-0-1-2-3-4-5   6-7-4-5-2-3-0-1           1   1   1   7-0-1-2-3-4-5-6   7-6-5-4-3-2-1-0                             Full   n = A0-A7   Cn, Cn + 1, Cn + 2   Not supported       Page   (location 0-255)   Cn + 3, Cn + 4       256       ...Cn − 1,               Cn...                  
 
      Column Address Strobe (CAS) latency is a delay, in clock cycles, between the registration of a READ command and the availability of the first piece of output data on the DQ connections. The latency can be set to one, two or three clocks cycles. For example, if a READ command is registered at clock edge n, and the latency is m clocks, the data will be available by clock edge n+m. The DQ connections will start driving data as a result of the clock edge one cycle earlier (n+m−1) and, provided that the relevant access times are met, the data will be valid by clock edge n+m. For example, assuming that the clock cycle time is such that all relevant access times are met, if a READ command is registered at T 0 , and the latency is programmed to two clocks, the DQs will start driving after T 1  and the data will be valid by T 2 , as shown in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  illustrates example operating frequencies at which different clock latency setting can be used. The normal operating mode is selected by setting M 7  and M 8  to zero, and the programmed burst length applies to READ bursts.  
      The following truth tables provide more detail on the operation commands of an embodiment of the memory of the present invention. An explanation is provided herein of the commands and follows Truth Table 2.  
               TRUTH TABLE 1                          Interface Commands and DQM Operation                                             NAME   CS   RAS   CAS   WE                   (FUNCTION)   #   #   #   #   DQM   ADDR   DQs               COMMAND   H   X   X   X   X   X   X       INHIBIT (NOP)       NO OPERATION   L   H   H   H   X   X   X       (NOP)       ACTIVE (Select   L   L   H   H   X   Bank/   X       bank and activate                       Row       row)       READ (Select bank,   L   H   L   H   X   Bank/   X       column and start                       Col       READ burst)       WRITE (Select   L   H   L   L   X   Bank/   Valid       bank, column and                       Col       start WRITE)       BURST   L   H   H   L   X   X   Active       TERMINATE       ACTIVE   L   L   H   L   X   X   X       TERMINATE       LOAD COMMAND   L   L   L   H   X   Com   X       REGISTER                       Code       LOAD MODE   L   L   L   L   X   Op   X       REGISTER                       Code       Write Enable/Output   —   —   —   —   L   —   Active       Enable       Write Inhibit/Output   —   —   —   —   H   —   High-Z       High-Z                  
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TRUTH TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Flash Memory Command Sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 st  CYCLE 
                 2nd CYCLE 
                 3rd CYCLE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Operation 
                 CMD 
                 ADDR 
                 ADDR 
                 DQ 
                 RP # 
                 CMD 
                 ADDR 
                 ADDR 
                 DQ 
                 RP # 
                 CMD 
                 ADDR 
                 ADDR 
                 DQ 
                 RP # 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 READ 
                 LCR 
                 90H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 Row 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 READ 
                 CA 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
               
               
                 DEVICE 
               
               
                 Config. 
               
               
                 READ 
                 LCR 
                 70H 
                 X 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 H 
                 READ 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 H 
               
               
                 Status 
               
               
                 Register 
               
               
                 CLEAR 
                 LCR 
                 50H 
                 X 
                 X 
                 H 
               
               
                 Status 
               
               
                 Register 
               
               
                 ERASE 
                 LCR 
                 20H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 Row 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 D0H 
                 H/V HH   
               
               
                 SETUP/ 
               
               
                 Confirm 
               
               
                 WRITE 
                 LCR 
                 40H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 Row 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 Col 
                 Bank 
                 DIN 
                 H/V HH   
               
               
                 SETUP/ 
               
               
                 WRITE 
               
               
                 Protect 
                 LCR 
                 60H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 Row 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 01H 
                 H/V HH   
               
               
                 BLOCK/ 
               
               
                 Confirm 
               
               
                 Protect 
                 LCR 
                 60H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 F1H 
                 V HH   
               
               
                 DEVICE/ 
               
               
                 Confirm 
               
               
                 Unprotect 
                 LCR 
                 60H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 D0H 
                 H/V HH   
               
               
                 BLOCKS/ 
               
               
                 Confirm 
               
               
                 ERASE 
                 LCR 
                 30H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 C0H 
                 H 
               
               
                 NVmode 
               
               
                 Register 
               
               
                 WRITE 
                 LCR 
                 A0H 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
                 WRITE 
                 X 
                 Bank 
                 X 
                 H 
               
               
                 NVmode 
               
               
                 Register 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
      The COMMAND INHIBIT function prevents new commands from being executed by the synchronous flash memory, regardless of whether the CLK signal is enabled. The synchronous flash memory is effectively deselected, but operations already in progress are not affected.  
      The NO OPERATION (NOP) command is used to perform a NOP to the synchronous flash memory that is selected (CS# is LOW). This prevents unwanted commands from being registered during idle or wait states, and operations already in progress are not affected.  
      The mode register data is loaded via inputs A 0 -A 11 . The LOAD MODE REGISTER command can only be issued when all array banks are idle, and a subsequent executable command cannot be issued until a predetermined time delay (MRD) is met. The data in the NVMode Register  147  is automatically loaded into the Mode Register  148  upon power-up initialization and is the default data unless dynamically changed with the LOAD MODE REGISTER command.  
      An ACTIVE command is used to open (or activate) a row in a particular array bank for a subsequent access. The value on the BA 0 , BA 1  inputs selects the bank, and the address provided on inputs A 0 -A 1  selects the row. This row remains active for accesses until the next ACTIVE command, power-down or RESET.  
      The READ command is used to initiate a burst read access to an active row. The value on the BA 0 , BA 1  inputs selects the bank, and the address provided on inputs A 0 -A 7  selects the starting column location. Read data appears on the DQs subject to the logic level on the data mask (DQM) input that was present two clocks earlier. If a given DQM signal was registered HIGH, the corresponding DQs will be High-Z (high impedance) two clocks later; if the DQM signal was registered LOW, the DQs will provide valid data. Thus, the DQM input can be used to mask output data during a read operation.  
      A WRITE command is used to initiate a single-location write access on an active row. A WRITE command must be preceded by a WRITE SETUP command. The value on the BA 0 , BA 1  inputs selects the bank, and the address provided on inputs A 0 -A 7  selects a column location. Input data appearing on the DQs is written to the memory array, subject to the DQM input logic level appearing coincident with the data. If a given DQM signal is registered LOW, the corresponding data will be written to memory; if the DQM signal is registered HIGH, the corresponding data inputs will be ignored, and a WRITE will not be executed to that word/column location. A WRITE command with DQM HIGH is considered a NOP.  
      An ACTIVE TERMINATE command is not required for synchronous flash memories, but can be provided to terminate a read in a manner similar to the SDRAM PRECHARGE command. The ACTIVE TERMINATE command can be issued to terminate a BURST READ in progress, and may or may not be bank specific.  
      A BURST TERMINATE command is used to truncate either fixed-length or full-page bursts. The most recently registered READ command prior to the BURST TERMINATE command will be truncated. BURST TERMINATE is not bank specific.  
      The Load Command Register operation is used to initiate flash memory control commands to the Command Execution Logic (CEL)  130 . The CEL receives and interprets commands to the device. These commands control the operation of the Internal State Machine  132  and the read path (i.e., memory array  102 , ID Register  136  or Status Register  134 ).  
      Before any READ or WRITE commands can be issued to a bank within the synchronous flash memory, a row in that bank must be “opened.” This is accomplished via the ACTIVE command (defined by CS#, WE#, RAS#, CAS#), which selects both the bank and the row to be activated, see  FIG. 4 .  
      After opening a row (issuing an ACTIVE command), a READ or WRITE command may be issued to that row, subject to a time period (tRCD) specification, tRCD (MIN) should be divided by the clock period and rounded up to the next whole number to determine the earliest clock edge after the ACTIVE command on which a READ or WRITE command can be entered. For example, a tRCD specification of 30 ns with a 90 MHZ clock (11.11 ns period) results in 2.7 clocks, which is rounded to 3. This is reflected in  FIG. 5 , which covers any case where 2&lt;tRCD (MIN)/tCK≦3. (The same procedure is used to convert other specification limits from time units to clock cycles).  
      A subsequent ACTIVE command to a different row in the same bank can be issued without having to close a previous active row, provided the minimum time interval between successive ACTIVE commands to the same bank is defined by tRC.  
      A subsequent ACTIVE command to another bank can be issued while the first bank is being accessed, which results in a reduction of total row access overhead. The minimum time interval between successive ACTIVE commands to different banks is defined by a time period tRRD.  
      READ bursts are initiated with a READ command (defined by CS#, WE#, RAS#, CAS#), as shown in  FIG. 6 . The starting column and bank addresses are provided with the READ command. During READ bursts, the valid data-out element from the starting column address will be available following the CAS latency after the READ command. Each subsequent data-out element will be valid by the next positive clock edge. Upon completion of a burst, assuming no other commands have been initiated, the DQs will go to a High-Z state. A full page burst will continue until terminated. (At the end of the page, it will wrap to column  0  and continue.) Data from any READ burst may be truncated with a subsequent READ command, and data from a fixed-length READ burst may be immediately followed by data from a subsequent READ command. In either case, a continuous flow of data can be maintained. The first data element from the new burst follows either the last element of a completed burst, or the last desired data element of a longer burst that is being truncated. The new READ command should be issued x cycles before the clock edge at which the last desired data element is valid, where x equals the CAS latency minus one. This is shown in  FIG. 7  for CAS latencies of one, two and three; data element n+3 is either the last of a burst of four, or the last desired of a longer burst. The synchronous flash memory uses a pipelined architecture and therefore does not require the 2n rule associated with a prefetch architecture. A READ command can be initiated on any clock cycle following a previous READ command. Full-speed, random read accesses within a page can be performed as shown in  FIG. 8 , or each subsequent READ may be performed to a different bank.  
      Data from any READ burst may be truncated with a subsequent WRITE command (WRITE commands must be preceded by WRITE SETUP), and data from a fixed-length READ burst may be immediately followed by data from a subsequent WRITE command (subject to bus turnaround limitations). The WRITE may be initiated on the clock edge immediately following the last (or last desired) data element from the READ burst, provided that I/O contention can be avoided. In a given system design, there may be the possibility that the device driving the input data would go Low-Z before the synchronous flash memory DQs go High-Z. In this case, at least a single-cycle delay should occur between the last read data and the WRITE command.  
      The DQM input is used to avoid I/O contention as shown in  FIG. 9 . The DQM signal must be asserted (HIGH) at least two clocks prior to the WRITE command (DQM latency is two clocks for output buffers) to suppress data-out from the READ. Once the WRITE command is registered, the DQs will go High-Z (or remain High-Z) regardless of the state of the DQM signal. The DQM signal must be de-asserted prior to the WRITE command (DQM latency is zero clocks for input buffers) to ensure that the written data is not masked.  FIG. 9  shows the case where the clock frequency allows for bus contention to be avoided without adding a NOP cycle.  
      A fixed-length or full-page READ burst can be truncated with either ACTIVE TERMINATE (may or may not be bank specific) or BURST TERMINATE (not bank specific) commands. The ACTIVE TERMINATE or BURST TERMINATE command should be issued x cycles before the clock edge at which the last desired data element is valid, where x equals the CAS latency minus one. This is shown in  FIG. 10  for each possible CAS latency; data element n+3 is the last desired data element of a burst of four or the last desired of a longer burst.  
      A single-location WRITE is initiated with a WRITE command (defined by CS#, WE#, RAS#, CAS#) as shown in  FIG. 11 . The starting column and bank addresses are provided with the WRITE command. Once a WRITE command is registered, a READ command can be executed as defined by Truth Tables 4 and 5. An example is shown in  FIG. 12 . During a WRITE, the valid data-in is registered coincident with the WRITE command.  
      Unlike SDRAM, synchronous flash does not require a PRECHARGE command to deactivate the open row in a particular bank or the open rows in all banks. The ACTIVE TERMINATE command is similar to the BURST TERMINATE command; however, ACTIVE TERMINATE may or may not be bank specific. Asserting input A 10  HIGH during an ACTIVE TERMINATE command will terminate a BURST READ in any bank. When A 10  is low during an ACTIVE TERMINATE command, BA 0  and BA 1  will determine which bank will undergo a terminate operation. ACTIVE TERMINATE is considered a NOP for banks not addressed by A 10 , BA 0 , BA 1 .  
      Power-down occurs if clock enable, CKE is registered LOW coincident with a NOP or COMMAND INHIBIT, when no accesses are in progress. Entering power-down deactivates the input and output buffers (excluding CKE) after internal state machine operations (including WRITE operations) are completed, for power savings while in standby.  
      The power-down state is exited by registering a NOP or COMMAND INHIBIT and CKE HIGH at the desired clock edge (meeting tCKS). See  FIG. 13  for an example power-down operation.  
      A clock suspend mode occurs when a column access/ burst is in progress and CKE is registered LOW. In the clock suspend mode, an internal clock is deactivated, “freezing” the synchronous logic. For each positive clock edge on which CKE is sampled LOW, the next internal positive clock edge is suspended. Any command or data present on the input pins at the time of a suspended internal clock edge are ignored, any data present on the DQ pins will remain driven, and burst counters are not incremented, as long as the clock is suspended (see example in  FIG. 14 ). Clock suspend mode is exited by registering CKE HIGH; the internal clock and related operation will resume on the subsequent positive clock edge.  
      The burst read/single write mode is a default mode in one embodiment. All WRITE commands result in the access of a single column location (burst of one), while READ commands access columns according to the programmed burst length and sequence. The following Truth Table 3 illustrates memory operation using the CKE signal.  
               TRUTH TABLE 3                          CKE                                         CURRENT               CKE n−1     CKE n     STATE   COMMAND n     ACTION n                 L   L   POWER-   X   Maintain POWER-               DOWN       DOWN               CLOCK   X   Maintain CLOCK-               SUSPEND       SUSPEND       L   H   POWER-   COMMAND   Exit POWER-               DOWN   INHIBIT or NOP   DOWN               CLOCK   X   Exit CLOCK               SUSPEND       SUSPEND       H   L   All Banks Idle   COMMAND   POWER-DOWN               Reading or   INHIBIT or NOP   Entry               Writing   VALID   CLOCK                       SUSPEND Entry       H   H       See Truth Table 4                  
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TRUTH TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Current State Bank n - Command to Bank n 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CURRENT 
                 CS 
                 RAS 
                 CAS 
                 WE 
                   
               
               
                 STATE 
                 # 
                 # 
                 # 
                 # 
                 COMMAND/ACTION 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Any 
                 H 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 COMMAND INHIBIT (NOP/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 continue previous operation) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 NO OPERATION (NOP/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 continue previous operation 
               
               
                 Idle 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE (Select and activate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 row) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 LOAD MODE REGISTER 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                 Row Active 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 READ burst) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 L 
                 WRITE (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 WRITE) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                 READ 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 new READ burst) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 L 
                 WRITE (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 WRITE) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 L 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 BURST TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                 WRITE 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 new READ burst) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TRUTH TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Current State Bank n - Command to Bank m 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CURRENT 
                 CS 
                 RAS 
                 CAS 
                 WE 
                   
               
               
                 STATE 
                 # 
                 # 
                 # 
                 # 
                 COMMAND/ACTION 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Any 
                 H 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 COMMAND INHIBIT (NOP/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 continue previous operation) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 NO OPERATION (NOP/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 continue previous operation 
               
               
                 Idle 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 Any Command Otherwise 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Allowed to Bank m 
               
               
                 Row 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE (Select and activate 
               
               
                 Activating, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 row) 
               
               
                 Active, or 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                 Active 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 READ burst) 
               
               
                 Terminate 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 L 
                 WRITE (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 WRITE 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                 READ 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE (Select and activate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 row) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 new READ burst) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 L 
                 WRITE (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 WRITE) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                 WRITE 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 ACTIVE (Select and activate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 row) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 H 
                 READ (Select column and start 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 READ burst) 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 L 
                 ACTIVE TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 H 
                 H 
                 L 
                 BURST TERMINATE 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 L 
                 L 
                 H 
                 LOAD COMMAND 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REGISTER 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Function Description  
      The synchronous flash memory incorporates a number of features to make it ideally suited for code storage and execute-in-place applications on an SDRAM bus. The memory array is segmented into individual erase blocks. Each block may be erased without affecting data stored in other blocks. These memory blocks are read, written and erased by issuing commands to the command execution logic  130  (CEL). The CEL controls the operation of the Internal State Machine  132  (ISM), which completely controls all ERASE NVMODE REGISTER, WRITE NVMODE REGISTER, WRITE, BLOCK ERASE, BLOCK PROTECT, DEVICE PROTECT, UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS and VERIFY operations. The ISM  132  protects each memory location from over-erasure and optimizes each memory location for maximum data retention. In addition, the ISM greatly simplifies the control necessary for writing the device in-system or in an external programmer.  
      The synchronous flash memory is organized into 16 independently erasable memory blocks that allow portions of the memory to be erased without affecting the rest of the memory data. Any block may be hardware-protected against inadvertent erasure or writes. A protected block requires that the RP# pin be driven to VHH (a relatively high voltage) before being modified. The 256K-word blocks at locations  0  and  15  can have additional hardware protection. Once a PROTECT BLOCK command has been executed to these blocks, an UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS command will unlock all blocks except the blocks at locations  0  and  15 , unless the RP# pin is at VHH. This provides additional security for critical code during in-system firmware updates, should an unintentional power disruption or system reset occur.  
      Power-up initialization, ERASE, WRITE and PROTECT timings are simplified by using an ISM to control all programming algorithms in the memory array. The ISM ensures protection against over-erasure and optimizes write margin to each cell. During WRITE operations, the ISM automatically increments and monitors WRITE attempts, verifies write margin on each memory cell and updates the ISM Status Register. When a BLOCK ERASE operation is performed, the ISM automatically Overwrites the entire addressed block (eliminates over-erasure), increments and monitors ERASE attempts and sets bits in the ISM Status Register.  
      The 8-bit ISM Status Register  134  allows an external processor  200  to monitor the status of the ISM during WRITE, ERASE and PROTECT operations. One bit of the 8-bit Status Register (SR 7 ) is set and cleared entirely by the ISM. This bit indicates whether the ISM is busy with an ERASE, WRITE or PROTECT task. Additional error information is set in three other bits (SR 3 , SR 4  and SR 5 ): write and protect block error, erase and unprotect all blocks error, and device protection error. Status register bits SR 0 , SR 1  and SR 2  provide details on the ISM operation underway. The user can monitor whether a device-level or bank-level ISM operation (including which bank is under ISM control) is underway. These six bits (SR 3 -SR 5 ) must be cleared by the host system. The Status Register is describe in further detail below with reference to Table 2.  
      The CEL  130  receives and interprets commands to the device. These commands control the operation of the ISM and the read path (i.e., memory array, device configuration or Status Register). Commands may be issued to the CEL while the ISM is active.  
      To allow for-maximum power conservation, the synchronous flash features a very low current, deep power-down mode. To enter this mode, the RP# pin  140  (reset/power-down) is taken to VSS±0.2V. To prevent an inadvertent RESET, RP# must be held at Vss for 100 ns prior to the device entering the reset mode. With RP# held at Vss, the device will enter the deep power-down mode. After the device enters the deep power-down mode, a transition from LOW to HIGH on RP# will result in a device power-up initialize sequence as outlined herein. Transitioning RP# from LOW to HIGH after entering the reset mode but prior to entering deep power-down mode requires a Is delay prior to issuing an executable command. When the device enters the deep power-down mode, all buffers excluding the RP# buffer are disabled and the current draw is low, for example, a maximum of 50 μA at 3.3V VCC. The input to RP# must remain at Vss during deep power-down. Entering the RESET mode clears the Status Register  134  and sets the ISM  132  to the array read mode.  
      The synchronous flash memory array architecture is designed to allow sectors to be erased without disturbing the rest of the array. The array is divided into 16 addressable “blocks” that are independently erasable. By-erasing blocks rather than the entire array, the total device endurance is enhanced, as is system flexibility. Only the ERASE and BLOCK PROTECT functions are block oriented. The 16 addressable blocks are equally divided into four banks  104 ,  106 ,  108  and  110  of four blocks each. The four banks have simultaneous read-while-write functionality. An ISM WRITE or ERASE operation to any bank can occur simultaneously to a READ operation to any other bank. The Status Register  134  may be polled to determine which bank is under ISM operation. The synchronous flash memory has a single background operation ISM to control power-up initialization, ERASE, WRITE, and PROTECT operations. Only one ISM operation can occur at any time; however, certain other commands, including READ operations, can be performed while the ISM operation is taking place. An operational command controlled by the ISM is defined as either a bank-level operation or a device-level operation. WRITE and ERASE are bank-level ISM operations. After an ISM bank operation has been initiated, a READ to any location in the bank may output invalid data, whereas a READ to any other bank will read the array. A READ STATUS REGISTER command will output the contents of the Status Register  134 . The ISM status bit will indicate when the ISM operation is complete (SR 7 =1). When the ISM operation is complete, the bank will automatically enter the array read mode. ERASE NVMODE REGISTER, WRITE NVMODE REGISTER, BLOCK PROTECT, DEVICE PROTECT, and UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS are device-level ISM operations. Once an ISM device-level operation has been initiated, a READ to any bank will output the contents of the array. A READ STATUS REGISTER command may be issued to determine completion of the ISM operation. When SR 7 =1, the ISM operation will be complete and a subsequent ISM operation may be initiated. Any block may be protected from unintentional ERASE or WRITE with a hardware circuit that requires the RP# pin be driven to VHH before a WRITE or ERASE is commenced, as explained below.  
      Any block may be hardware-protected to provide extra security for the most sensitive portions of the firmware. During a WRITE or ERASE of a hardware protected block, the RP# pin must be held at VHH until the WRITE or ERASE is completed. Any WRITE or ERASE attempt on a protected block without RP#=VHH will be prevented and will result in a write or erase error. The blocks at locations  0  and  15  can have additional hardware protection to prevent an inadvertent WRITE or ERASE operation. In this embodiment, these blocks cannot be software-unlocked through an UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS command unless RP#=VHH. The protection status of any block may be checked by reading its block protect bit with a READ STATUS REGISTER command. Further, to protect a block, a three-cycle command sequence must be issued with the block address.  
      The synchronous flash memory can feature three different types of READs. Depending on the mode, a READ operation will produce data from the memory array, status register, or one of the device configuration registers. A READ to the device configuration register or the Status Register must be preceded by an LCR-ACTIVE cycle and burst length of data out will be defined by the mode register settings. A subsequent READ or a READ not preceded by an LCR-ACTIVE cycle will read the array. However, several differences exist and are described in the following section.  
      A READ command to any bank outputs the contents of the memory array. While a WRITE or ERASE ISM operation is taking place, a READ to any location in the bank under ISM control may output invalid data. Upon exiting a RESET operation, the device will automatically enter the array read mode.  
      Performing a READ of the Status Register  134  requires the same input sequencing as when reading the array, except that an LCR READ STATUS REGISTER ( 70 H) cycle must precede the ACTIVE READ cycles. The burst length of the Status Register data-out is defined by the Mode Register  148 . The Status Register contents are updated and latched on the next positive clock edge subject to CAS latencies. The device will automatically enter the array read mode for subsequent READs.  
      Reading any of the Device Configuration Registers  136  requires the same input sequencing as when reading the Status Register except that specific addresses must be issued. WE# must be HIGH, and DQM and CS# must be LOW. To read the manufacturer compatibility ID, addresses must be at 000000H, and to read the device ID, addresses must be at 000001H. Any of the block protect bits is read at the third address location within each erase block (xx0002H), while the device protect bit is read from location 000003H.  
      The DQ pins are used either to input data to the array. The address pins are used either to specify an address location or to input a command to the CEL during the LOAD COMMAND REGISTER cycle. A command input issues an 8-bit command to the CEL to control the operation mode of the device. A WRITE is used to input data to the memory array. The following section describes both types of inputs.  
      To perform a command input, DQM must be LOW, and CS# and WE# must be LOW. Address pins or DQ pins are used to input commands. Address pins not used for input commands are “Don&#39;t Care” and must be held stable. The 8-bit command is input on DQ 0 -DQ 7  or A 0 -A 7  and is latched on the positive clock edge.  
      A WRITE to the memory array sets the desired bits to logic 0s but cannot change a given bit to a logic 1 from a logic 0. Setting any bits to a logic 1 requires that the entire block be erased. To perform a WRITE, DQM must be LOW, CS# and WE# must be LOW, and VCCP must be tied to VCC. Writing to a protected block also requires that the RP# pin be brought to VHH. A 0 -A 11  provide the address to be written, while the data to be written to the array is input on the DQ pins. The data and addresses are latched on the rising edge of the clock. A WRITE must be preceded by a WRITE SETUP command.  
      To simplify the writing of the memory blocks, the synchronous flash incorporates an ISM that controls all internal algorithms for the WRITE and ERASE cycles. An 8-bit command set is used to control the device. See Truth Tables 1 and 2 for a list of the valid commands.  
      The 8-bit ISM Status Register  134  (see Table 2) is polled to check for ERASE NVMODE REGISTER, WRITE NVMODE REGISTER, WRITE, ERASE, BLOCK PROTECT, DEVICE PROTECT or UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS completion or any related errors. Completion of an ISM operation can be monitored by issuing a READ STATUS REGISTER ( 70 H) command. The contents of the Status Register will be output to DQ 0 -DQ 7  and updated on the next positive clock edge (subject to CAS latencies) for a fixed burst length as defined by the mode register settings. The ISM operation will be complete when SR 7 =1. All of the defined bits are set by the ISM, but only the ISM status bit is reset by the ISM. The erase/unprotect block, write/protect block, device protection must be cleared using a CLEAR STATUS REGISTER ( 50 H) command. This allows the user to choose when to poll and clear the Status Register. For example, a host system may perform multiple WRITE operations before checking the Status Register instead of checking after each individual WRITE. Asserting the RP# signal or powering down the device will also clear the Status Register.  
               TABLE 2                          STATUS REGISTER                         STATUS               BIT#   STATUS REGISTER BIT   DESCRIPTION               SR7   ISM STATUS   The ISMS bit displays the active           1 = Ready   status of the state machine when           0 = Busy   performing WRITE or BLOCK               ERASE. The controlling logic polls               this bit to determine when the erase               and write status bits are valid.       SR6   RESERVED   Reserved for future use.       SR5   ERASE/UNPROTECT BLOCK   ES is set to 1 after the maximum           STATUS   number of ERASE cycles is           1 = BLOCK ERASE or   executed by the ISM without a           BLOCK UNPROTECT error   successful verify. This bit is also set           0 = Successful BLOCK ERASE   to 1 if a BLOCK UNPROTECT           or UNPROTECT   operation is unsuccessful. ES is only               cleared by a CLEAR STATUS               REGISTER command or by a               RESET.       SR4   WRITE/PROTECT BLOCK   WS is set to 1 after the maximum           STATUS   number of WRITE cycles is           1 = WRITE or BLOCK   executed by the ISM without a           PROTECT error   successful verify. This bit is also set           0 = Successful WRITE or   to 1 if a BLOCK or DEVICE           BLOCK PROTECT   PROTECT operation is unsuccessful.               WS is only cleared by a CLEAR               STATUS REGISTER               command or by a RESET.       SR2   BANKA1 ISM STATUS   When SR0 = 0, the bank under ISM       SR1   BANKA0 ISM STATUS   control can be decoded from BA0,               BA1: [0,0] Bank0; [0,1] Bank1;               [1,0] Bank2; [1,1] Bank3.       SR3   DEVICE PROTECT STATUS   DPS is set to 1 if an invalid WRITE,           1 = Device protected, invalid   ERASE, PROTECT BLOCK,           operation attempted   PROTECT DEVICE or           0 = Device unprotected or RP#   UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS is           condition met   attempted. After one of these               commands is issued, the condition of               RP#, the block protect bit and the               device protect bit are compared to               determine if the desired operation is               allowed. Must be cleared by               CLEAR STATUS REGISTER or by a RESET.       SR0   DEVICE/BANK ISM STATUS   DBS is set to 1 if the ISM operation           1 = Device level ISM operation   is a device-level operation. A valid           0 = Bank level ISM operation   READ to any bank of the array can               immediately follow the registration               of a device-level ISM WRITE               operation. When DBS is set to 0, the               ISM operation is a bank-level               operation. A READ to the bank               under ISM control may result in               invalid data. SR2 and SR3 can be               decoded to determine which bank is under               ISM control.                  
 
      The device ID, manufacturer compatibility ID, device protection status and block protect status can all be read by issuing a READ DEVICE CONFIGURATION ( 90 H) command. To read the desired register, a specific address must be asserted. See Table 3 for more details on the various device configuration registers  136 .  
               TABLE 3                          DEVICE CONFIGURATION                             DEVICE                   CONFIGURATION   ADDRESS   DATA   CONDITION               Manufacturer   000000H   2CH   Manufacturer       Compatibility           compatibility read       Device ID   000001H   D3H   Device ID read       Block Protect Bit   xx0002H   DQ0 = 1   Block protected               DQ0 = 0   Block unprotected           xx0002H       Device Protect Bit   000003H   DQ0 = 1   Block protect               DQ0 = 0   modification prevented           000003H       Block protect                   modification enabled                  
 
      Commands can be issued to bring the device into different operational modes. Each mode has specific operations that can be performed while in that mode. Several modes require a sequence of commands to be written before they are reached. The following section describes the properties of each mode, and Truth Tables 1 and 2 list all command sequences required to perform the desired operation. Read-while-write functionality allows a background operation write or erase to be performed on any bank while simultaneously reading any other bank. For a write operation, the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE command sequences in Truth Table 2 must be completed on consecutive clock cycles. However, to simplify a synchronous flash controller operation, an unlimited number of NOPs or COMMAND INHIBITs can be issued throughout the command sequence. For additional protection, these command sequences must have the same bank address for the three cycles. If the bank address changes during the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE command sequence, or if the command sequences are not consecutive (other than NOPs and COMMAND INHIBITs, which are permitted), the write and erase status bits (SR 4  and SR 5 ) will be set and the operation prohibited.  
      Upon power-up and prior to issuing any operational commands to the device, the synchronous flash is initialized. After power is applied to VCC, VCCQ and VCCP (simultaneously), and the clock is stable, RP# is transitioned from LOW to HIGH. A delay (in one embodiment a 100 μs delay) is required after RP# transitions HIGH in order to complete internal device initialization. The device is in the array read mode at the completion of device initialization, and an executable command can be issued to the device.  
      To read the device ID, manufacturer compatibility ID, device protect bit and each of the block protect bits, a READ DEVICE CONFIGURATION ( 90 H) command is issued. While in this mode, specific addresses are issued to read the desired information. The manufacturer compatibility ID is read at 000000H; the device ID is read at 000001H. The manufacturer compatibility ID and device ID are output on DQ 0 -DQ 7 . The device protect bit is read at 000003H; and each of the block protect bits is read at the third address location within each block (xx0002H). The device and block protect bits are output on DQ 0 .  
      Three consecutive commands on consecutive clock edges are needed to input data to the array (NOPs and Command Inhibits are permitted between cycles). In the first cycle, a LOAD COMMAND REGISTER command is given with WRITE SETUP ( 40 H) on A 0 -A 7 , and the bank address is issued on BA 0 , BA 1 . The next command is ACTIVE, which activates the row address and confirms the bank address. The third cycle is WRITE, during which the starting column, the bank address, and data are issued. The ISM status bit will be set on the following clock edge (subject to CAS latencies). While the ISM executes the WRITE, the ISM status bit (SR 7 ) will be at 0. A READ operation to the bank under ISM control may produce invalid data. When the ISM status bit (SR 7 ) is set to a logic 1, the WRITE has been completed, and the bank will be in the array read mode and ready for an executable command. Writing to hardware-protected blocks also requires that the RP# pin be set to VHH prior to the third cycle (WRITE), and RP# must be held at VHH until the ISM WRITE operation is complete. The write and erase status bits (SR 4  and SR 5 ) will be set if the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE command sequence is not completed on consecutive cycles or the bank address changes for any of the three cycles. After the ISM has initiated the WRITE, it cannot be aborted except by a RESET or by powering down the part. Doing either during a WRITE may corrupt the data being written.  
      Executing an ERASE sequence will set all bits within a block to logic 1. The command sequence necessary to execute an ERASE is similar to that of a WRITE. To provide added security against accidental block erasure, three consecutive command sequences on consecutive clock edges are required to initiate an ERASE of a block. In the first cycle, LOAD COMMAND REGISTER is given with ERASE SETUP ( 20 H) on A 0 -A 7 , and the bank address of the block to be erased is issued on BA 0 , BA 1 . The next command is ACTIVE, where A 10 , A 11 , BA 0 , BA 1  provide the address of the block to be erased. The third cycle is WRITE, during which ERASE CONFIRM (D 0 H) is given on DQ 0 -DQ 7  and the bank address is reissued. The ISM status bit will be set on the following clock edge (subject to CAS latencies). After ERASE CONFIRM (D 0 H) is issued, the ISM will start the ERASE of the addressed block. Any READ operation to the bank where the addressed block resides may output invalid data. When the ERASE operation is complete, the bank will be in the array read mode and ready for an executable command. Erasing hardware-protected blocks also requires that the RP# pin be set to VHH prior to the third cycle (WRITE), and RP# must be held at VHH until the ERASE is completed (SR 7 =1). If the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE command sequence is not completed on consecutive cycles (NOPs and COMMAND INHIBITs are permitted between cycles) or the bank address changes for one or more of the command cycles, the write and erase status bits (SR 4  and SR 5 ) will be set and the operation is prohibited.  
      The contents of the Mode Register  148  may be copied into the NVMode Register  147  with a WRITE NVMODE REGISTER command. Prior to writing to the NVMode Register, an ERASE NVMODE REGISTER command sequence must be completed to set all bits in the NVMode Register to logic 1. The command sequence necessary to execute an ERASE NVMODE REGISTER and WRITE NVMODE REGISTER is similar to that of a WRITE. See Truth Table 2 for more information on the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE commands necessary to complete ERASE NVMODE REGISTER and WRITE NVMODE REGISTER. After the WRITE cycle of the ERASE NVMODE REGISTER or WRITE NVMODE REGISTER command sequence has been registered, a READ command may be issued to the array. A new WRITE operation will not be permitted until the current ISM operation is complete and SR 7 =1.  
      Executing a BLOCK PROTECT sequence enables the first level of software/hardware protection for a given block. The memory includes a 16-bit register that has one bit corresponding to the 16 protectable blocks. The memory also has a register to provide a device bit used to protect the entire device from write and erase operations. The command sequence necessary to execute a BLOCK PROTECT is similar to that of a WRITE. To provide added security against accidental block protection, three consecutive command cycles are required to initiate a BLOCK PROTECT. In the first cycle, a LOAD COMMAND REGISTER is issued with a PROTECT SETUP ( 60 H) command on A 0 -A 7 , and the bank address of the block to be protected is issued on BA 0 , BA 1 . The next command is ACTIVE, which activates a row in the block to be protected and confirms the bank address. The third cycle is WRITE, during which BLOCK PROTECT CONFIRM (01H) is issued on DQ 0 -DQ 7 , and the bank address is reissued. The ISM status bit will be set on the following clock edge (subject to CAS latencies). The ISM will then begin the PROTECT operation. If the LCR-ACTIVE-WRITE is not completed on consecutive cycles (NOPs and COMMAND INHIBITs are permitted between cycles) or the bank address changes, the write and erase status bits (SR 4  and SR 5 ) will be set and the operation is prohibited. When the ISM status bit (SR 7 ) is set to a logic 1, the PROTECT has been completed, and the bank will be in the array read mode and ready for an executable command. Once a block protect bit has been set to a 1 (protected), it can only be reset to a 0 if the UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS command. The UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS command sequence is similar to the BLOCK PROTECT command; however, in the third cycle, a WRITE is issued with a UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS CONFIRM (D0H) command and addresses are “Don&#39;t Care.” For additional information, refer to Truth Table 2. The blocks at locations  0  and  15  have additional security. Once the block protect bits at locations  0  and  15  have been set to a 1 (protected), each bit can only be reset to a 0 if RP# is brought to VHH prior to the third cycle of the UNPROTECT operation, and held at VHH until the operation is complete (SR 7 =1). Further, if the device protect bit is set, RP# must be brought to VHH prior to the third cycle and held at VHH until the BLOCK PROTECT or UNPROTECT ALL BLOCKS operation is complete. To check a block&#39;s protect status, a READ DEVICE CON FIGURATION ( 90 H) command may be issued.  
      Executing a DEVICE PROTECT sequence sets the device protect bit to a 1 and prevents a block protect bit modification. The command sequence necessary to execute a DEVICE PROTECT is similar to that of a WRITE. Three consecutive command cycles are required to initiate a DEVICE PROTECT sequence. In the first cycle, LOAD COMMAND REGISTER is issued with a PROTECT SETUP ( 60 H) on A 0 -A 7 , and a bank address is issued on BA 0 , BA 1 . The bank address is “Don&#39;t Care” but the same bank address must be used for all three cycles. The next command is ACTIVE. The third cycle is WRITE, during which a DEVICE PROTECT (F 1 H) command is issued on DQ 0 -DQ 7 , and RP# is brought to VHH. The ISM status bit will be set on the following clock edge (subject to CAS latencies). An executable command can be issued to the device. RP# must be held at VHH until the WRITE is completed (SR 7 =1). A new WRITE operation will not be permitted until the current ISM operation is complete. Once the device protect bit is set, it cannot be reset to a 0. With the device protect bit set to a 1, BLOCK PROTECT or BLOCK UNPROTECT is prevented unless RP# is at VHH during either operation. The device protect bit does not affect WRITE or ERASE operations. Refer to Table 4 for more information on block and device protect operations.  
               TABLE 4                          PROTECT OPERATIONS TRUTH TABLE                                                 RP   CS       WE   Ad-       DQ0-       FUNCTION   #   #   DQM   #   dress   VccP   DQ7                         DEVICE UNPROTECTED                                             PROTECT SETUP   H   L   H   L   60H   X   X       PROTECT BLOCK   H   L   H   L   BA   H   01H       PROTECT DEVICE   V HH     L   H   L   X   X   F1H       UNPROTECT ALL   H/V HH     L   H   L   X   H   D0H       BLOCKS                 DEVICE PROTECTED                                             PROTECT SETUP   H or   L   H   L   60H   X   X           V HH         PROTECT BLOCK   V HH     L   H   L   BA   H   01H       UNPROTECT ALL   V HH     L   H   L   X   H   D0H       BLOCKS                  
 
      After the ISM status bit (SR 7 ) has been set, the device/bank (SR 0 ), device protect (SR 3 ), bankA 0  (SR 1 ), bankA 1  (SR 2 ), write/protect block (SR 4 ) and erase/unprotect (SR 5 ) status bits may be checked. If one or a combination of SR 3 , SR 4 , SR 5  status bits has been set, an error has occurred during operation. The ISM cannot reset the SR 3 , SR 4  or SR 5  bits. To clear these bits, a CLEAR STATUS REGISTER ( 50 H) command must be given. Table 5 lists the combinations of errors.  
               TABLE 5                          STATUS REGISTER ERROR DECODE                     STATUS BITS                                 SR5   SR4   SR3   ERROR DESCRIPTION               0   0   0   No errors       0   1   0   WRITE, BLOCK PROTECT or DEVICE                   PROTECT error       0   1   1   Invalid BLOCK PROTECT or DEVICE                   PROTECT, RP# not valid (V HH )       0   1   1   Invalid BLOCK or DEVICE PROTECT, RP# not                   valid       1   0   0   ERASE or ALL BLOCK UNPROTECT error       1   0   1   Invalid ALL BLOCK UNPROTECT, RP# not                   valid (V HH )       1   1   0   Command sequencing error                  
 
      The synchronous flash memory is designed and fabricated to meet advanced code and data storage requirements. To ensure this level of reliability, VCCP must be tied to Vcc during WRITE or ERASE cycles. Operation outside these limits may reduce the number of WRITE and ERASE cycles that can be performed on the device. Each block is designed and processed for a minimum of 100,000-WRITE/ERASE-cycle endurance.  
      The synchronous flash memory offers several power-saving features that may be utilized in the array read mode to conserve power. A deep power-down mode is enabled by bringing RP# to VSS ±0.2V. Current draw (ICC) in this mode is low, such as a maximum of 50 μA. When CS# is HIGH, the device will enter the active standby mode. In this mode the current is also low, such as a maximum ICC current of 30 mA. If CS# is brought HIGH during a write, erase, or protect operation, the ISM will continue the WRITE operation, and the device will consume active Iccp power until the operation is completed.  
      Referring to  FIG. 16 , a flow chart of a self-timed write sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention is described. The sequence includes loading the command register (code  40 H), receiving an active command and a row address, and receiving a write command and a column address. The sequence then provides for a status register polling to determine if the write is complete. The polling monitors status register bit  7  (SR 7 ) to determine if it is set to a 1. An optional status check can be included. When the write is completed, the array is placed in the array read mode.  
      Referring to  FIG. 17 , a flow chart of a complete write status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. The sequence looks for status register bit  4  (SR 4 ) to determine if it is set to a 0. If SR 4  is a 1, there was an error in the write operation. The sequence also looks for status register bit  3  (SR 3 ) to determine if it is set to a 0. If SR 3  is a 1, there was an invalid write error during the write operation.  
      Referring to  FIG. 18 , a flow chart of a self-timed block erase sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. The sequence includes loading the command register (code  20 H), and receiving an active command and a row address. The memory then determines if the block is protected. If it is not protected, the memory performs a write operation (D 0 H) to the block and monitors the status register for completion. An optional status check can be performed and the memory is placed in an array read mode. If the block is protected, the erase is not allowed unless the RP# signal is at an elevated voltage (VHH).  
       FIG. 19  illustrates a flow chart of a complete block erase status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention. The sequence monitors the status register to determine if a command sequence error occurred (SR 4  or SR 5 =n  1 ). If SR 3  is set to a 1, an invalid erase or unprotect error occurred. Finally, a block erase or unprotect error happened if SR 5  is set to a 1.  
       FIG. 20  is a flow chart of a block protect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention. The sequence includes loading the command register (code  60 H), and receiving an active command and a row address. The memory then determines if the block is protected. If it is not protected, the memory performs a write operation ( 01 H) to the block and monitors the status register for completion. An optional status check can be performed and the memory is placed in an array read mode. If the block is protected, the erase is not allowed unless the RP# signal is at an elevated voltage (VHH).  
      Referring to  FIG. 21 , a flow chart of a complete block status-check sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. The sequence monitors the status register bits  3 ,  4  and  5  to determine of errors were detected.  
       FIG. 22  is a flow chart of a device protect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention. The sequence includes loading the command register (code  60 H), and receiving an active command and a row address. The memory then determines if RP# is at VHH. The memory performs a write operation (F 1 H) and monitors the status register for completion. An optional status check can be performed and the memory is placed in an array read mode.  
       FIG. 23  is a flow chart of a block unprotect sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention. The sequence includes loading the command register (code  60 H), and receiving an active command and a row address. The memory then determines if the memory device is protected. If it is not protected, the memory determines if the boot locations (blocks  0  and  15 ) are protected. If none of the blocks are protected the memory performs a write operation (D 0 H) to the block and monitors the status register for completion. An optional status check can be performed and the memory is placed in an array read mode. If the device is protected, the erase is not allowed unless the RP# signal is at an elevated voltage (VHH). Likewise, if the boot locations are protected, the memory determines if all blocks should be unprotected.  
       FIG. 24  illustrates the timing of an initialize and load mode register operation. The mode register is programmed by providing a load mode register command and providing operation code (opcode) on the address lines. The opcode is loaded into the mode register. As explained above, the contents of the non-volatile mode register are automatically loaded into the mode register upon power-up and the load mode register operation may not be needed.  
       FIG. 25  illustrates the timing of a clock suspend mode operation, and  FIG. 26  illustrates the timing of another burst read operation.  FIG. 27  illustrates the timing of alternating bank read accesses. Here active commands are needed to change bank addresses. A full page burst read operation is illustrated in  FIG. 28 . Note that the full page burst does not self terminate, but requires a terminate command.  
       FIG. 29  illustrates the timing of a read operation using a data mask signal. The DQM signal is used to mask the data output so that Dout m+1 is not provided on the DQ connections.  
      Referring to  FIG. 30 , the timing of a write operation followed by a read to a different bank is illustrated. In this operation, a write is performed to bank a and a subsequent read is performed to bank b. The same row is accessed in each bank.  
      Referring to  FIG. 31 , the timing of a write operation followed by a read to the same bank is illustrated. In this operation, a write is performed to bank a and a subsequent read is performed to bank a. A different row is accessed for the read operation, and the memory must wait for the prior write operation to be completed. This is different from the read of  FIG. 30  where the read was not delayed due to the write operation.  
     Interface Command Architecture  
      A SDRAM uses three command lines, RAS, CAS and WE, to decode its commands. Those three lines allow for decoding of eight different DRAM type commands, as known to those skilled in the art. They include NOP, Active, Read, Write, Refresh, Precharge, Load Mode Register and Burst terminate. The present Flash memory performs reads like a SDRAM, and as such, uses the majority of the above commands. On the other hand, the flash memory has a series of operations that do not exist in a SDRAM. Those operations include commands such as Program Setup, Erase Setup, Erase Confirm, Read Array, Read Status, Read Intelligent Identifier, Clear Status Register and commands that relate to Block protection schemes of the flash memory.  
      This invention keeps the command architecture of the SDRAM as undisturbed as possible while allowing the decoding of the Flash related commands. One command that is used in the SDRAM and is not necessary in Flash is a Refresh command. The DRAM, due to the fact that it is dynamic, needs to be refreshed periodically to retain its data. The flash memory cells of the present invention are nonvolatile and do not require the refresh operation. The command architecture of the present invention uses the SDRAM refresh command combination of the three command pins to reflect a Load command register (LCR) command for the Flash memory. By asserting this combination, the memory reads the address lines and loads a command register. The memory uses the content of the command register  133  ( FIG. 1A ) to perform Flash related operations.  
      This is equivalent to opening a secondary decoding mechanism that allows for all Flash operations to be executable while making very slight change to a SDRAM command interface. The commands used for Flash operations are also compatible with the normal Flash commands that are currently used. The present invention, therefore, adds a new command scheme inside the SDRAM commands architecture while maintaining compatibility with other Flash memory interfaces. See Truth Table 2 for a list of example codes provided on the address lines. The present invention, therefore, loads a Flash command register  133  with data provided on address lines when the command lines contain data corresponding to an equivalent DRAM refresh command sequence.  
      In a standard flash memory, data or I/O connections are uses to decode operation commands. This creates problems with synchronous memories. That is, if burst read is being performed and I/O connections are used to provide commands, the system must wait for the burst read to be completed. As such, contention on the data bus is possible. The present invention, therefore, loads a Flash command register  133  with data provided on address lines.  
     Conclusion  
      A synchronous flash memory includes an array of non-volatile memory cells. The memory device has a package configuration that is compatible with an SDRAM. The memory device comprises an array of non-volatile memory cells, and a command register to store command data used to control flash memory operations. In operation, the command register is loaded by initiating a command register load operation using a predefined combination of a column address strobe (CAS#) signal, a row address strobe (RAS#) signal, and a write enable (WE#) signal.