Patent Publication Number: US-7908149-B2

Title: Vehicle related services system and methodology

Description:
REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS 
     Applicants hereby claim priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/192,199, filed Mar. 27, 2000, entitled “Pay As You Go Fee System And Method”. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to systems and methodologies for providing, and effecting payment for, vehicle-related services in general and particularly for vehicle parking services. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The U.S. patent literature contains a great number of patents related to systems and methodologies for providing and effecting payment for vehicle-related services. 
     The following U.S. patents and published PCT applications are believed to represent the state of the art with regard to systems and methodologies for providing and effecting payment for vehicle parking services: 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,555,618; 4,876,540; 4,908,500; 4,958,064; 5,029,094; 5,034,739; 5,072,380; 5,153,559; 5,173,833; 5,266,947; 5,283,622; 5,339,000; 5,351,187; 5,414,624; 5,432,508; 5,442,348; 5,659,306; 5,710,557; 5,710,743; 5,737,710; 5,745,052; 5,748,107; 5,751,973; 5,796,084; 5,809,480; 5,819,234; 5,845,268; 5,877,704; 5,905,247; 5,910,782; 5,914,654; 5,926,546; 5,940,481; 5,980,185; 5,991,749; 6,028,550; 6,037,880; 6,061,002; 6,085,124.
 
WO 93/20539; WO 97/13222A1.
 
     The following U.S. Patents are believed to represent the state of the art with regard to systems and methodologies for providing and effecting payment for other types of vehicle-related services: 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,533,962; 4,843,463; 5,210,702; 5,223,844; 5,319,374; 5,359,528; 5,422,624; 5,499,181; 5,499,182; 5,550,551; 5,583,765; 5,612,875; 5,621,166; 5,635,693; 5,642,484; 5,694,322; 5,717,374; 5,742,915; 5,797,134; 5,831,742; 5,862,500; 5,864,831; 5,914,654; 5,954,773; 5,963,129; 5,970,481; 5,974,356; 5,995,898; 6,006,148; 6,064,970; 6,067,008; 6,112,152. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention seeks to provide improved, simplified and highly cost effective systems and methodologies for providing and effecting payment for vehicle-related services. 
     There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services system including: 
     at least one sensor automatically sensing at least one of the time during which a vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated; and at least one data processor receiving information sensed by the at least one sensor, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent on at least one of the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated. 
     The data processor may include a vehicle insurance billing data processor. In such a case, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables, sensed by the on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle operation and time of day or night of vehicle operation. The billing data may include vehicle insurance billing data wherein the billing data is not dependent on vehicle speed. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one sensor automatically senses the time during which a vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated and the at least one data processor receives information sensed by the sensor, indicating the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated and provides a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated. 
     Preferably, the at least one sensor automatically senses the time during which a vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is located when it is parked and the at least one data processor receives information sensed by the at least one sensor, indicating the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked and provides a parking data output in respect of parking, which is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one sensor and the at least one data processor are operative without vehicle operator initiative to provide an indication of at least one of the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked. 
     Preferably, the sensor is on-board the vehicle. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vehicle-related services system also includes: 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating the time during which vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked; and 
     a receiver associated with the at least one data processor for receiving a communication from the at least one communicator and employing the communication for providing the information to the at least one data processor. 
     Preferably, the communicator communicates with the receiver at least partially not in real time. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the communicator communicates with an intermediate storage and communication unit only when a vehicle in which the communicator is located is at one of a plurality of predetermined locations. 
     Preferably, the intermediate storage and communication unit is located at a vehicle fueling station. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the information includes identification of a street parking location in which the vehicle is stationary for at least a predetermined amount of time. 
     Preferably, the sensor is operative to sense the time during which a vehicle is not being operated without requiring interaction with an indicating device fixed in propinquity to the location. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one sensor is operative using triangulation to determine where a vehicle is parked. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the data processor may include a vehicle insurance billing data processor. In such a case, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables, sensed by the at least one on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle operation and time of day or night of vehicle operation. The billing data may include vehicle insurance billing data wherein the billing data is not dependent on vehicle speed. 
     Preferably, the vehicle-related services system also includes an at least one on-board vehicle potential additional parking space sensor which is operative when a vehicle is stationary at a street parking place for indicating whether at least one potential additional adjacent parking place is unoccupied. 
     Preferably, the at least one on-board vehicle sensor provides an output indicating the existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place, the system also includes 
     a street parking map database indicating legal street parking spaces; 
     a correlator receiving the output indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place and correlating it with the legal street parking spaces; and 
     an available parking communicator providing information regarding unoccupied legal street parking places to at least one driver. 
     There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services system including: 
     a plurality of on-board potential additional parking space sensors located on a plurality of vehicles, which sensors each provide an output indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place adjacent a vehicle located in a street parking location; and an available parking communicator employing information received from the plurality of sensors and providing information regarding unoccupied street parking places to at least one driver. 
     Preferably, the vehicle-related services system also includes: 
     a street parking map database indicating legal street parking spaces; and 
     a correlator receiving the output indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place and correlating it with the legal street parking spaces. 
     There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services system including: 
     at least one sensor on-board a vehicle and automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one communicator, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent only one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated. 
     There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services system including: 
     at least one sensor on-board a vehicle and automatically sensing only at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one communicator, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent on at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated. 
     Preferably, the sensor on-board a vehicle automatically sensing only at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated. 
     Preferably, the data processor includes a vehicle insurance billing data processor. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the communicator communicates with an intermediate storage and communication unit only when a vehicle in which the communicator is located is at one of a plurality of predetermined locations. 
     Preferably, the intermediate storage and communication unit is located at a vehicle fueling station. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables, sensed by the on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle operation and time of day or night of vehicle operation. 
     Alternatively, the billing data may include vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables, sensed by the on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle operation and location of the vehicle during the vehicle operation. 
     As a further alternatively, the billing data may include vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables sensed by the on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle use and time of day or night of vehicle use. 
     Preferably, the vehicle-related services system includes: 
     at least one sensor on-board a vehicle and automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated; 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated; and 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one communicator, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and/or the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated; and 
     providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent only on at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated. 
     Preferably, the at least one data processor includes a vehicle insurance billing data processor. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only variables, sensed by the on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are time of day and date of vehicle operation and distance covered during the vehicle operation. 
     Preferably, the communicator communicates with an intermediate storage and communication unit only when a vehicle in which the communicator is located is at one of a plurality of predetermined locations. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the intermediate storage and communication unit is located at a vehicle fueling station. 
     Preferably, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the billing data is not dependent on vehicle speed. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one data processor includes a vehicle parking billing data processor. 
     Preferably, the at least one sensor and the at least one data processor are operative without vehicle operator initiative to provide an indication at least one of the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one sensor is operative to sense the time during which a vehicle is being operated without requiring interaction with an indicating device fixed in propinquity to the location. 
     Preferably, the communicator communicates with the at least one data processor at least partially not in real time. 
     There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related fee payment system including: 
     at least one sensor on-board a vehicle and automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one communicator, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is being operated. 
     Preferably, the communicator communicates with the at least one data processor at least partially not in real time. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the communicator communicates with an intermediate storage and communication unit only when a vehicle in which the communicator is located is at one of a plurality of predetermined locations, such as a vehicle fueling station. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the data processor provides a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is dependent on the duration of vehicle operation and time of day of vehicle operation. 
     Preferably, the at least one data processor provides a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is also dependent on where the vehicle is located during vehicle operation. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the billing data output is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is being operated and on a level of pollution being created by the vehicle. 
     There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related fee payment system including: 
     at least one sensor for automatically sensing the passage of a vehicle along a given road; 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one sensor, indicating the passage of the vehicle along a given road at a given time and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is dependent only on the time during which the vehicle is passing along the given road. 
     There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related fee payment system including: 
     at least one sensor on-board a vehicle and automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated; 
     at least one communicator on-board the vehicle providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     at least one data processor receiving a communication from the at least one communicator, indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is dependent on the region in which a vehicle is operating and the time of day during which the vehicle is being operated in the region. 
     There is additionally provided a vehicle-related services method including: 
     automatically sensing the time during which a vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated and receiving information indicating the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated and providing a parking data output in respect of a vehicle-related service which is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is not being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is not being operated. 
     Preferably, the method also includes providing an indication of the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked substantially without operator intervention. 
     The above method preferably also includes communicating an indication of the time during which the vehicle is parked and where the vehicle is parked to a receiver at least partially not in real time. 
     Preferably, the automatic sensing takes place without requiring interaction with an indicating device fixed in propinquity to a parking location. 
     There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services method including: 
     providing outputs indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place adjacent a plurality of vehicles located in street parking locations and employing the outputs received from the plurality of vehicles and providing information regarding unoccupied street parking places to at least one driver. 
     Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided a vehicle-related services method including: 
     automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; 
     communicating an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     receiving a communication indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing an insurance billing data output in respect of vehicle insurance which is dependent only on at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated. 
     Preferably, communicating takes place only when a vehicle is at one of a plurality of predetermined locations. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only automatically sensed variables which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle operation and time of day or night of vehicle operation. 
     There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related fee payment method including: 
     automatically sensing at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; 
     providing an output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated; and 
     receiving the output indicating at least one of the time during which the vehicle is being operated and where the vehicle is located when it is being operated and providing a billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee which is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is being operated. 
     Preferably, the billing data output in respect of a vehicle-related use fee is dependent on the duration of vehicle operation and time of day of vehicle operation. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the billing data output is dependent on the time during which the vehicle is being operated and on a level of pollution being created by the vehicle. 
     There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a vehicle-related services method including: 
     automatically sensing the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated; 
     communicating an output indicating the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated; and 
     receiving a communication indicating the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated and providing an insurance billing data output in respect of vehicle insurance which is dependent only on the time during which the vehicle is being operated and the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated. 
     Preferably, the billing data includes vehicle insurance billing data wherein the only automatically sensed variables which are considered in the billing data are the distance traveled by the vehicle while it is being operated and time of day or night of vehicle operation. 
     Preferably in all embodiments of the invention, the sensor automatically senses the time of day and date when the vehicle is not being operated. 
     Additionally or alternatively in all embodiments of the invention, the sensor automatically senses the time duration during which the vehicle is not being operated. 
     It is appreciated that the various embodiments described hereinabove may be employed individually or alternatively any suitable combination of such embodiments may be employed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified pictorial illustration of a preferred embodiment of a parking location and payment system and methodology constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 3A ,  3 B and  3 C are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C, respectively; 
         FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 1A &amp; 3A ,  1 B &amp;  3 B and  1 C &amp;  3 C respectively; 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified block diagram illustration of an embodiment of a parking location and payment system and methodology constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the parking location and payment system and methodology of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5 ; 
         FIGS. 7A ,  7 B and  7 C are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 8A ,  8 B and  8 C are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B &amp;  7 C respectively; 
         FIGS. 9A ,  9 B and  9 C are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 7A &amp; 8A ,  7 B &amp;  8 B and  7 C &amp;  8 C respectively; 
         FIGS. 10A ,  10 B and  10 C are simplified pictorial illustrations of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with three alternative preferred embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 11A ,  11 B and  11 C are simplified block diagram illustrations of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B and  10 C respectively; 
         FIGS. 12A ,  12 B and  12 C are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 10A &amp; 11A ,  10 B &amp;  11 B and  10 C &amp;  11 C respectively; 
         FIGS. 13A ,  13 B and  13 C are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 14A ,  14 B and  14 C are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 13A ,  13 B &amp;  13 C respectively; and 
         FIGS. 15A ,  15 B and  15 C are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 13A &amp; 14A ,  13 B &amp;  14 B and  13 C &amp;  14 C respectively. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a GPS-based system for effecting payment for parking without requiring any driver intervention. As shown in  FIG. 1A , a vehicle  100  equipped with a GPS receiver  102  or similar location determining device is parked by a driver. Without requiring any intervention by the driver, a parking communicator  104 , receiving a location input from GPS receiver  102 , transmits a message in a wireless manner to a central unit  106 , which in turn provides data used for effecting payment for parking. 
     The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, the parking location, the date and the start time of parking. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, when the driver removes the vehicle  100  from the parking location, the parking communicator  104  transmits a further message in a wireless manner to central unit  106 . This message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, the parking location, the date, the start time of parking and the finish time of parking, i.e. the time that the vehicle  100  exits the parking location. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , additionally or alternatively to transmittal of a message when the vehicle enters and/or exits the parking location, a composite message may be transmitted at any time from the vehicle  100  to the central unit  106 . Such a composite message may include messages relating to a plurality of parking events. In respect of each parking event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, the parking location, the date, the start time of parking and the finish time of parking. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted, for example, at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of parking events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     It is appreciated that no message need be sent at the time of parking or at the termination of parking. It is also appreciated that when a message is sent at the time of parking, the message sent at the termination of parking need not include data relating to the start time of parking. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 1A , wireless communication is preferably effected via a cellular communication system, but may alternatively be effected by any other suitable wireless communication facility. 
       FIG. 1B  also illustrates a GPS-based system for effecting payment for parking without requiring any driver intervention. As shown in  FIG. 1B , a vehicle  200  equipped with a GPS receiver  202  or similar location determining device is parked by a driver. Without requiring any intervention by the driver, a parking recorder  204 , receiving a location input from GPS receiver  202 , records data relating to the parking location, the date and the start time of parking. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, when the driver removes the vehicle  200  from the parking location, the parking recorder  204  records data relating to the parking location, the date, the finish time of parking. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , when the vehicle  200  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, for example, a gasoline station or an electric vehicle recharging station, the parking recorder  204  downloads data relating to a plurality of parking events over a time period extending from the preceding download, via a suitable communicator  206 , typically in a wireless manner, to an intermediate storage and communication unit  208 , typically located at the filling station. The intermediate storage and communication unit  208  preferably receives and stores data relating to a plurality of parking events in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner, to a central unit  210 . Alternatively or additionally, download locations may be found at other places, such as road intersections, parking lots and malls. 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the intermediate storage and communication unit  208  to the central unit  210 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of parking events for a multiplicity of different vehicles. In respect of each parking event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, the parking location, the date, the start time of parking and the finish time of parking. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of parking events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
       FIG. 1C  illustrates a further alternative embodiment of a system for effecting payment for parking without requiring any driver intervention. As shown in  FIG. 1C , a vehicle  300 , equipped with a transmitter  302 , which transmits a wireless coded signal identifying the vehicle, is parked. Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the coded signal transmitted by transmitter  302  is received by at least two and preferably three angular sensitive receivers  304 , which are located in general propinquity to the parking location of the vehicle  300  and communicate with a central unit  306 . 
     Typically, the receipt of outputs from the receivers  304  enables the location of the vehicle  300  to be determined using conventional triangulation technology. The timing of receipt of the coded signals as well as sensed change or lack of change in the vehicle location provides an indication of the parking start time and parking finish time, which, when received by the central unit  306 , together with vehicle identification data, enable payment for parking to be effected. 
     Preferably communication between the various receivers  304  and the central unit  306  takes place intermittently rather than continuously, for enhanced economy. Such communication preferably includes composite messages including messages relating to a plurality of parking events for a multiplicity of different vehicles. In respect of each parking event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, parking location triangulation information, the date, the start time of parking and the finish time of parking. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , which is a simplified pictorial illustration of a preferred embodiment of a parking location and payment system and methodology constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a GPS-based system for finding available parking locations and for effecting payment for parking without requiring any driver intervention. Similarly to the system shown in  FIG. 1A , a vehicle  400 , equipped with a GPS receiver  402  or similar location determining device, is parked by a driver. Without requiring any intervention by the driver, a parking communicator  404 , receiving a location input from GPS receiver  402 , transmits a message in a wireless manner to a central unit  406 , which in turn provides data used for effecting payment for parking. 
     The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle parked, the parking location, the date and the start time of parking. As described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 1A , messages are sent thereafter indicating parking finish time in one of a number of alternative manners. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , in addition to the functionality described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 1A , the vehicle is preferably provided with at least one sensor  408  indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place. The sensor  408  is typically a laser, radar or ultrasonic range finder and is typically mounted so as to be either front facing or rearward facing so as to identify the existence of an empty parking space. The output of sensor  408  is communicated while the vehicle is parked, preferably in a wireless manner, to a parking location center  410 , which may integrated with the central unit  406  or may employ all or part of the same computer hardware. 
     The parking location center  410  typically maintains a street parking map database indicating legal street parking spaces and includes functionality providing a correlator. The correlator receives an output from sensor  408  indicating the existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place and correlates it with legal street parking spaces, using the database. An available parking communicator  412 , associated with the parking location center  410 , provides information regarding unoccupied legal street parking places to at least one driver, preferably in a wireless manner. Preferably communicator  412  broadcasts data indicating the availability of parking spaces at given locations either by direct wireless communication, wireless broadcast or via the Internet. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , wireless communication from sensors  408  to parking location center  410  is preferably effected via communicator  404  and a cellular communication system, but may alternatively be effected by any other suitable wireless communication facility. Wireless communication from parking communicator  404  to central unit  406  may also be effected via a cellular communication facility. The communication from sensors  408  is preferably immediate upon a change of status from a status of availability to a status of unavailability and vice versa, while the communication from parking communicator  404  is normally intermittent, for reasons of economy. 
     It is appreciated that although the vehicle location functionality of  FIG. 2  is shown in combination with a parking payment system, it is also possible that the vehicle location functionality be provided in a stand-alone form, such as without a parking payment system or with a parking payment system other than that of the type described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 1A . For example the vehicle location functionality of  FIG. 2  may be provided in association with a parking payment system of the type described hereinabove with reference to either of  FIGS. 1B and 1C . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B and  3 C, which are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C respectively. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates, in block diagram form, the GPS-based system for effecting payment for parking shown in  FIG. 1A . Vehicle  100  is equipped with GPS receiver  102 , which receives inputs from GPS satellites  500 . GPS receiver  102  outputs vehicle location data to a CPU  502 , which preferably but not necessarily interfaces with a memory  504  and a display  506 . Parking communicator  104  receives the location input from GPS receiver  102  via CPU  502  and transmits a message in a wireless manner to central unit  106 , which in turn provides data used for effecting payment for parking to a billing system  508 . It is appreciated that the billing system may employ various criteria in addition to the data received from central unit  106 . 
     The central unit  106  typically includes a wireless receiver or transceiver  510 , which interfaces with a CPU  512 . CPU  512  preferably interfaces with a database  514 . The CPU  512  and the database  514  preferably cooperate for processing the data received from the vehicle  100  into a form useful by the billing system  508 . 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates, in block diagram form, the GPS-based system for effecting payment for parking shown in  FIG. 1B . Vehicle  200  is equipped with GPS receiver  202 , which receives inputs from GPS satellites  600 . GPS receiver  202  outputs vehicle location data to parking recorder  204 , which typically includes a CPU  602  which interfaces with a memory  604  and optionally with a display  606 . Communicator  206  receives all relevant parking information, stored in memory  604 , for each parking event via CPU  602  and transmits a message including this information in a wireless manner to intermediate storage and communication unit  208 , typically including a wireless receiver or transceiver  608 , which outputs to a memory  610  via a CPU  611 . 
     Intermediate storage and communication unit  208  also includes a communicator  612  which typically transmits a composite message in respect of multiple parking events of multiple vehicles to central unit  210 . 
     Additionally, a facility optionally may be provided for enabling direct communication between vehicle mounted communicator  206  and central unit  210 . 
     The central unit  210  typically includes a wireless receiver or transceiver  613 , which interfaces with a CPU  614 . Alternatively, communication between communicator  612  and receiver  613  may be wired rather than wireless. CPU  614  preferably interfaces with a database  616 . The CPU  614  and the database  616  preferably cooperate for processing the data received from a multiplicity of vehicles  200  into a form useful by a billing system  618 . 
       FIG. 3C  illustrates, in block diagram form, the triangulation-based system for effecting payment for parking shown in  FIG. 1C . Vehicle  300  includes transmitter  302 , which transmits a wireless coded signal identifying the vehicle, without requiring any intervention by the driver. 
     The coded signal transmitted by transmitter  302  is received by at least two and preferably three receivers  304  which are located in general propinquity to the parking location of the vehicle  300  and communicate with a central unit  306 . 
     Each receiver  304  preferably includes a directional receiver  700  which interfaces with a CPU  702 . CPU  702  interfaces with a memory  704  and with a communicator  706 . 
     Central unit  306  typically includes a communicator  708  which interfaces with a CPU  710 . CPU preferably interfaces with a database  712  and outputs to a billing system  714 . Communication between communicators  706  and  708  may be wired or wireless. 
     Each receiver  304  intermittently provides outputs indicating the start time and the finish time for each parking event of each identified vehicle, as well as the angular direction from which it was received. 
     As noted above with reference to  FIG. 1C , using conventional triangulation technology, the receipt of the outputs of the receivers  304  enables the location of the vehicle  300  to be determined by central unit  306 . The timing of receipt of the coded signals by receivers  304  as well as sensed change or lack of change in the vehicle location provides an indication of the parking start time and parking finish time, which, when received by the central unit  306  together with vehicle identification data, enable payment for parking to be effected. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C, which are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of parking payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B and  3 C respectively. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4A , it is seen that an initial determination is made retroactively as to whether a vehicle has parked. This determination is typically made by sensing whether a vehicle has been motionless for at least a predetermined time, such as, for example five minutes. If a vehicle is determined to have been parked, the start time of parking is determined. The start time normally is earlier than the time that the determination was made. The system may or may not send a start parking message to central unit  106  at this stage. 
     The start time of parking is typically stored in memory  504  ( FIG. 3A ). 
     A determination is made of when the vehicle first moves from its parking location. Once such movement is sensed, the exit time of parking is determined. The exit time may be communicated to the central unit  106  upon exit. If the start time has not yet been communicated to the central unit  106 , both the start time and exit time may be communicated together. As a further alternative, the start and exit time of each parking event may be stored in memory  504  for later transmittal to the central unit  106 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4B , which describes the system of  FIGS. 1B and 3B , it is seen that an initial determination is also made retroactively as to whether a vehicle has parked. This determination is typically made by sensing whether a vehicle has been motionless for at least a predetermined time, such as, for example five minutes. If a vehicle is determined to have been parked, the start time of parking is determined. The start time normally is earlier than the time that the determination was made. 
     The start time of parking is typically stored in memory  604  ( FIG. 3B ). 
     A determination is made of when the vehicle first moves from its parking location. Once such movement is sensed, the exit time of parking is determined. The start and exit time of each parking event are stored in memory  604  for later transmittal to the intermediate storage and communication unit  208 . 
     When the vehicle reaches a download location, such as a filling station, the contents of memory  604  are preferably downloaded in a composite message to intermediate storage and communication unit  208 . 
     Communicator  612  of intermediate storage and communication unit  208  typically transmits a composite message in respect of multiple parking events of multiple vehicles to central unit  210 . 
     Optionally direct communication between vehicle mounted communicator  206  and central unit  210  may be provided. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4C , which describes the operation of the embodiment of  FIGS. 1C and 3C , it is seen that an initial determination is made by each receiver  304  retroactively as to whether a vehicle has parked. This determination is typically made by sensing whether a vehicle has been motionless for at least a predetermined time, such as, for example five minutes. If a vehicle is determined to have been parked, the start time of parking is determined. The start time normally is earlier than the time that the determination was made. 
     The start time of parking is typically stored in memory  704  ( FIG. 3C ) of each receiver. 
     A determination is made by each receiver of when the vehicle first moves from its parking location. Once such movement is sensed, the exit time of parking is determined. The start and exit time of each parking event are stored in memory  704 . 
     Intermittently the start and exit times of a plurality of vehicles are transmitted to central unit  306  by receivers  304 . The central unit, by employing triangulation techniques, determines the location of each vehicle and associates it with the corresponding start and exit times for each parking event. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 5 , which is a simplified block diagram illustration of an embodiment of a parking location and payment system and methodology constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates, in block diagram form, the GPS-based system for finding available parking locations and for effecting payment for parking without requiring any driver intervention shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Vehicle  400  is equipped with GPS receiver  402 , which receives inputs from GPS satellites  800 . GPS receiver  402  outputs vehicle location data to a CPU  802 , which preferably but not necessarily interfaces with a memory  804  and a display  806 . Parking communicator  404  receives the location input from GPS receiver  402  via CPU  802  and transmits a message in a wireless manner to central unit  406 , which in turn provides data used for effecting payment for parking to a billing system  808 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 5 , in addition to the functionality described hereinabove, the vehicle is preferably provided with at least one sensor  408  indicating existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place. As noted hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 2 , the sensor  408  is typically a laser range finder, a radar device or an ultrasonic range finder and is typically mounted so as to be either front facing or rearward facing so as to identify the existence of an empty parking space. 
     The output of sensor  408  is communicated while the vehicle is parked, preferably in a wireless manner, preferably via communicator  404  to parking location center  410 , which may be identical to central unit  406  or may employ all or part of the same computer hardware. 
     The central unit  406  typically includes a wireless receiver or transceiver  810 , which interfaces with a CPU  812 . CPU  812  preferably interfaces with a database  814 . The CPU  812  and the database  814  preferably cooperate for processing the data received from the vehicle  400  into a form useful by the billing system  808 . 
     As noted hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 2 , parking location center  410  typically maintains a street parking map database indicating legal street parking spaces and includes functionality providing a correlator. The correlator, here embodied in a CPU  816  receives an output from sensor  408  via communicator  817 , indicating the existence of at least one potential unoccupied additional adjacent parking place and correlates it with legal street parking spaces, using a central database  818 . 
     An available parking communicator  412 , associated with the parking location center  410 , provides information regarding unoccupied legal street parking places to at least one driver, preferably in a wireless manner. Preferably communicator  412  broadcasts data indicating the availability of parking spaces at given locations either by direct wireless communication, wireless broadcast or via the Internet. 
     It is appreciated that although the vehicle location functionality of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5  is shown in combination with a parking payment system, it is also possible that the vehicle location functionality be provided in a stand-alone form, such as without a parking payment system or with a parking payment system other than that of the type described hereinabove with reference to  FIGS. 1A ,  3 A &amp;  4 A. For example, the vehicle location functionality of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5  may be provided in association with a parking payment system of the type described hereinabove with reference to either of  FIGS. 1B and 1C . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 6 , which is a simplified flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the parking location and payment system and methodology of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5 . As seen in  FIG. 6 , the embodiment of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5  provides parking payment functionality, which may be identical to that of  FIG. 4A . In addition to the parking payment functionality, the embodiment of  FIGS. 2 &amp; 5  provides parking location functionality as described hereinbelow: 
     A determination is made whether vehicle  400  has parked. If so, a determination is made, using sensor  408 , whether an adjacent parking space is empty. If so, a message is transmitted forthwith to parking location center  410 . The parking space center  410 , makes a determination as to whether the sensed empty parking space is a legal parking space. If so, it notifies other drivers by any suitable technique. 
     Thereafter, if the vehicle remains parked and the sensed empty parking space remains empty, no further message is transmitted to parking location center  410 . If, however, the previously empty parking space is subsequently filled, a suitable message is sent to parking location center  410 , preferably causing an appropriate notification to be broadcast thereby to other vehicles. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B and  7 C, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and which preferably are characterized in that the payment in respect of a vehicle-related service is dependent on at least one of whether and when the vehicle is being operated. 
     Important examples of such systems and methodologies include vehicle insurance billing and vehicle fee payment systems wherein the only variables sensed by an on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are duration of vehicle use and time of day or night of vehicle use. Other types of such systems and methodologies are also within the scope of the present invention. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7A , there is seen a vehicle  900  equipped with a vehicle movement or other vehicle operation determining sensor  902 . Sensor  902  is typically a vibration sensor, an electrical or acoustic motor operation sensor or a driver presence sensor. Sensor  902  need not necessarily be connected to the electrical system of the vehicle  900 . 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  900  and subsequently parks the vehicle  900  are recorded in a memory  904 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7A , when the vehicle  900  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, an on-board communicator  906  downloads data stored in memory  904  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events, typically in a wireless manner, to an intermediate storage and communication unit  908 , typically located at the filling station. The intermediate storage and communication unit  908  preferably receives and stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner, to a central unit  910 . Alternatively or additionally, download locations may be found at other locations, such as road intersections, parking lots and malls. 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the intermediate storage and communication unit  908  to the central unit  910 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events for a multiplicity of different vehicles. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date, the start time of vehicle operation and the stop time of vehicle operation. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7B , there is seen a vehicle  1000  equipped with a movement or operation determining sensor  1002 . Sensor  1002  is typically a vibration sensor, an electrical or acoustic motor operation sensor or a driver presence sensor. Sensor  1002  need not necessarily be connected to the electrical system of the vehicle  1000 . 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  1000  and subsequently parks the vehicle  1000  are recorded in a memory  1004 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7B , an on-board communicator  1006  downloads data stored in memory  1004  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  1010 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1006  to the central unit  1010 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle; the date, the start time of vehicle operation and the stop time of vehicle operation. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7C , there is seen a vehicle  1100  equipped with a GPS receiver  1102  receiving inputs from satellites  1103  or a similar location determining devices. The GPS receiver  1102  senses when the location of the vehicle changes. 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  1100  and subsequently parks the vehicle  1100  are recorded in a memory  1104 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7C , an on-board communicator  1106  downloads data stored in memory  1104  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  1110 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1106  to the central unit  1110 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date, the start time of vehicle operation and the stop time of vehicle operation. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1106  may communicate with the central unit  1110  via an intermediate storage and communication unit  1108 , much in the same way as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 7A . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 8A ,  8 B and  8 C, which are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B &amp;  7 C respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 8A , it is seen that vehicle  900  includes a CPU  1202 , which interfaces with movement or operation determining sensor  902 , memory  904  and on-board communicator  906 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8A , when the vehicle  900  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  906  downloads data stored in memory  904  relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  908 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  908  includes a receiver or transceiver  1204  which interfaces with a CPU  1206 . The CPU  1206  interfaces with a memory  1208  which stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  1210 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to central unit  910 . 
     Central unit  910  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  1212  which interfaces with a CPU  1214 . The CPU  1214  in turn interfaces with a database  1216 . The database  1216  accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  910  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  1218 . The billing system  1218  may take into account appropriate additional criteria, such as, for example in the case of insurance, the age and driving experience of a driver and various characteristics of the vehicle or in the case of vehicle-related fees, the type and weight of the vehicle. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 8B , it is seen that vehicle  1000  includes a CPU  1302 , which interfaces with movement or operation determining sensor  1002 , memory  1004  and on-board communicator  1006 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , on-board communicator  1006  downloads data stored in memory  1004  and relating to one or more vehicle operation start and stop events, typically in a wireless manner, to central unit  1010 . Central unit  1010  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  1312  which interfaces with a CPU  1314 . The CPU  1314  in turn interfaces with a database  1316 . The database  1316  accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  1010  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  1318 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5C , it is seen that vehicle  1100  includes a GPS receiver  1102  receiving inputs from satellites  1103 . GPS receiver  1102  outputs to a CPU  1402  which interfaces with memory  1104  and with an optional display  1404 . CPU also interfaces with on-board communicator  1106 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8C , when the vehicle  1100  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  1106  downloads data stored in memory  1104  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  1108 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  1108  includes a receiver or transceiver  1404  which interfaces with a CPU  1406 . The CPU  1406  interfaces with a memory  1408  which stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  1410 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to central unit  1110 . 
     Central unit  1110  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  1412  which interfaces with a CPU  1414 . The CPU  1414  in turn interfaces with a database  1416 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  1110  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  1418 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1106  may communicate directly with the central unit  1110 , bypassing the intermediate storage and communication unit  1108 . In such a case, units  1108  may be obviated. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B and  9 C, which are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 7A &amp; 8A ,  7 B &amp;  8 B and  7 C &amp;  8 C, respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 9A , it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  900  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made and the start time is stored in memory  904 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  900  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time is stored in memory  904 . 
     At any suitable time when the vehicle is located at a suitable download location, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  904  may be downloaded to the intermediate storage and communication unit  908  and thence to the central unit  910 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 9B , it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  1000  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made and the start time is stored in memory  1004 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  1000  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time is stored in memory  1004 . 
     At any suitable time, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  1004  may be downloaded to the central unit  1010 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 9C ; it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  1100  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made and the start time is stored in memory  1104 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  1100  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time is stored in memory  1104 . 
     At any suitable time, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  1104  may be downloaded directly to central unit  1110 . Alternatively, the contents of memory  1104  may be downloaded via the intermediate storage and communication unit  1108  to the central unit  1110  when the vehicle is at a suitable download location. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B &amp;  10 C, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with three alternative preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
     The embodiment of  FIGS. 10A-10C  may be employed for modulating traffic over given roads at given times or on given days. Thus, as appropriate, travel over certain routes may require payment of a fee, whereas travel over other alternative routes may require payment of a lesser fee or no fee at all. 
     It will be appreciated that the embodiment of  FIGS. 10A-10C  may also be employed for collecting user fees on toll roads. The embodiment of  FIGS. 10A-10C  may additionally be employed for collecting fees for entry into certain regions, such as areas of a city. Such fees may apply only at certain times or days and may vary from time to time or day to day. 
     Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the embodiment of  FIGS. 10A-10C  may be employed for collecting fees that are duration-based solely or in combination with other time, date and/or location criteria. Thus, for example the fees payable may be a function not only of the time of day or date of entry, but also of the time duration that the vehicle is operating within a restricted area. 
       FIG. 10A  shows a GPS based system wherein vehicles  1500  are each equipped with a GPS receiver  1502  which receives location inputs from satellites  1503 . GPS receiver  1502  senses the location of each vehicle  1500  over time and provides an output indication of vehicle location as a function of time, which is preferably stored in a memory  1504  located in the vehicle  1500 . The contents of the memory  1504  thus provide a record of whether the vehicle is being operated and where it has been traveling, without requiring or permitting driver intervention. 
     One or more of vehicles  1500  may also include vehicle operation monitors, such as a pollution monitor  1505 . The output of the vehicle operation monitor, such as pollution monitor  1505  may also be stored in memory  1504 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10A , an on-board communicator  1506  downloads data stored in memory  1504  and relating to vehicle operations over a time period extending from the preceding download, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  1510 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1506  to the central unit  1510 . The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle and the location of the vehicle during vehicle operation. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1506  may communicate with the central unit  1510  via an intermediate storage and communication unit  1508 , much in the same way as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 7A . 
     It is appreciated that the functionality of  FIG. 10A  may also be applicable in vehicle insurance payment systems. 
       FIG. 10B  shows a fixed infrastructure based system wherein vehicles  1600  are each equipped with a transmitter  1602 , which transmits a wireless coded signal identifying the vehicle. Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the coded signal transmitted by transmitter  1602  is received by suitably located travel monitors  1604  which are preferably located in general propinquity to entrances to and exits from restricted or fee bearing locations. Such locations may be, for example, roads as shown in  FIG. 10B  or alternatively regions of a city where access is restricted or requires the payment of a fee. 
     The travel monitor  1604  senses the identity of each vehicle  1600  in suitable propinquity thereto and provides an output indication of the sensed vehicle presence at a given time, which is preferably stored in a memory  1606 , preferably located at the travel monitor  1604 . The combined contents of memories  1606  at suitably located travel monitors  1604  thus provide a record of where and when a vehicle has been or is traveling in a monitored travel space, without requiring or permitting driver intervention. 
     It may be appreciated that suitable location of travel monitors  1604  at the entrances and exits of roads may enable accurate and efficient collection of fees on roads and suitable location of travel monitors  1604  on access arteries to given regions may enable accurate and efficient collection of fees for access to such restricted or fee bearing areas. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10B , a communicator  1608  associated with each travel monitor  1604  downloads data stored in memory  1606  and relating to vehicle operations over a time period extending from the preceding download, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  1610 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1608  to the central unit  1610 . The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date and the time vehicle presence is sensed as well as the identity of the travel monitor  1604 , which, of course, indicates its location. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     The central unit  1610  preferably employs the information contained in the composite messages received by it from various travel monitors  1604  to compute fees chargeable to individual vehicles, which are based, inter alia, on time duration of vehicle presence within given regions. 
       FIG. 10C  shows a system wherein vehicles  1700  are each equipped with a receiver  1702  which receives coded location input signals from fixed local transmitters  1703 . Receivers  1702  thus sense the presence of the vehicle  1700  at a given location at a given time. 
     The coded signals are transmitted by transmitters  1703  which are preferably located in general propinquity to entrances and exits from restricted or fee bearing locations. Such locations may be, for example, roads as shown in  FIG. 10C  or alternatively regions of a city where access is restricted or requires the payment of a fee. 
     The receiver  1702  senses the identity of each transmitter  1703  as the vehicle  1700  passes in suitable propinquity thereto and provides an output indication of the sensed vehicle presence at a given location at a given time, which is preferably stored in a memory  1706 , located on-board the vehicle  1700 . The contents of memory  1706  thus provide a record of where and when a vehicle has been or is traveling in a monitored travel space, without requiring or permitting driver intervention. 
     One or more of vehicles  1700  may also include vehicle operation monitors, such as a pollution monitor  1707 . The output of the vehicle operation monitor, such as pollution monitor  1707  may also be stored in memory  1706 . Vehicle operation monitors may be any suitable vehicle operation monitors, such as, for example, an on-board vehicle pollution monitor such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,765, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is appreciated that vehicle pollution over a given level may involve payment of a fee, which may be collected automatically by means of the system of  FIGS. 10A &amp; 10C . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10C , an on-board communicator  1708  downloads data stored in memory  1706  and relating to vehicle operations over a time period extending from the preceding download, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  1710 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1708  to the central unit  1710 . The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date and the time that the vehicle  1700  passes within predetermined propinquity of each of transmitters  1703 . 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1706  may communicate with the central unit  1710  via an intermediate storage and communication unit  1712 , much in the same way as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 7A . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 11A ,  11 B and  11 C which are simplified block diagram illustrations of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B &amp;  10 C respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 11A , it is seen that vehicle  1500  includes a GPS receiver  1502  receiving inputs from satellites  1503 . GPS receiver  1502  outputs to a CPU  1802  which interfaces with memory  1504  and with an optional display  1804 . CPU also interfaces with on-board communicator  1506  and with a vehicle operation monitor, such as pollution monitor  1505 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11A , when the vehicle  1500  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  1506  downloads data stored in memory  1504  and relating to vehicle operations over a time preferably extending since a previous download, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  1508 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  1508  includes a receiver or transceiver  1804  which interfaces with a CPU  1806 . The CPU interfaces with a memory  1808  which stores data relating to vehicle operations in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  1810 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner, to central unit  1510 . 
     Central unit  1510  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  1812  which interfaces with a CPU  1814 . The CPU  1814  in turn interfaces with a database  1816 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  1510  and supplies, this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  1818 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1506  may communicate directly with the central unit  1510 , bypassing the intermediate storage and communication unit  1508 . In such a case, units  1508  may be obviated. 
       FIG. 11B  shows that vehicle  1600  includes transmitter  1602 , which transmits a wireless coded signal identifying the vehicle, without requiring any intervention by the driver. 
     The coded signal transmitted by transmitter  1602  is received by travel monitors  1604  which are located in general propinquity to entrances and exits from restricted or fee bearing locations. Such locations may be, for example, roads as shown in  FIG. 10B  or alternatively regions of a city where access is restricted or requires the payment of a fee. 
     Each travel monitor  1604  preferably includes a receiver  1900  which interfaces with a CPU  1902 . CPU  1902  interfaces with memory  1606  and with communicator  1608 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11B , communicator  1608  associated with each travel monitor  1604  downloads data stored in memory  1606  and relating to vehicle operations over a time period extending from the preceding download, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner, to central unit  1610 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  1608  to the central unit  1610 . The message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date and the time vehicle presence is sensed as well as the identity of the travel monitor  1604 , which, of course, indicates its location. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     The central unit  1610  preferably employs the information contained in the composite messages received by it from various travel monitors  1604  to compute fees chargeable to individual vehicles, which are based, inter alia, on time duration of vehicle presence within given regions. 
     Central unit  1610  typically includes a communicator  1908  which interfaces with a CPU  1910 . CPU  1910  preferably interfaces with a database  1912  and outputs to a billing system  1914 . Communication between communicators  1608  and  1908  may be wired or wireless. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 11C , it is seen that vehicle  1700  includes a receiver  1702  receiving inputs from transmitters  1703 . Receiver  1702  outputs to a CPU  2002  which interfaces with memory  1706  and with an optional display  2004 . CPU  2002  also interfaces with on-board communicator  1708  and with a vehicle operation monitor, such as pollution monitor  1707 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10C , when the vehicle  1700  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  1708  downloads data stored in memory  1706  relating to vehicle operations over a time preferably extending since a previous download, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  1712 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  1712  includes a receiver or transceiver  2006  which interfaces with a CPU  2008 . The CPU  2008  interfaces with a memory  2010  which stores data relating to vehicle operations in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  2012 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to central unit  1710 . 
     Central unit  1710  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  2014  which interfaces with a CPU  2016 . The CPU  2016  in turn interfaces with a database  2018 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  1710  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  2020 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  1708  may communicate directly with the central unit  1710 , by passing the intermediate storage and communication unit  1712 . In such a case, units  1712  may be obviated. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 12A ,  12 B &amp;  12 C which are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of preferred embodiments of vehicle fee payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 10A &amp; 11A ,  10 B &amp;  11 B and  10 C &amp;  11 C. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 12A , it is seen that a determination of the location of vehicle  1500  is made repeatedly and the location of the vehicle  1500  as a function of time is stored in memory  1504  for such times as the vehicle  1500  is being operated. Preferably, an output from a vehicle operation monitor such as pollution monitor  1505  is also stored in the memory. 
     At any suitable time when the vehicle is located at a suitable download location, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  1504  may be downloaded to the intermediate storage and communication unit  1508  and thence to the central unit  1510 . Alternatively or additionally, the contents of memory  1504  may be downloaded directly to the central unit  1510 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 12B , it is seen that the travel monitors  1604  continuously record the identity of vehicles in predetermined propinquity thereto as well as the time of such propinquity. This information is stored in memories  1606  of monitors  1604 . 
     At any suitable time, the contents of the memories  1606  may be downloaded to the central unit  1610 , which processes them into vehicle specific information useful for billing functionality and supplies the contents of memory  1604  to billing system  1914 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 12C , it is seen that receiver  1702  records instances when vehicle  1700  is in predetermined propinquity to a transmitter  1703  as well as the time of such propinquity. This information is stored in memory  1706 . 
     At any suitable time, the contents of the memories  1706  of vehicles  1700  may be downloaded to the intermediate storage and communication unit  1712  and thence to the central unit  1710 . Alternatively or additionally, the contents of memory  1706  may be downloaded directly to the central unit  1710 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 13A ,  13 B and  13 C, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention and which preferably are characterized in that the payment in respect of a vehicle-related service is dependent on at least one of the mileage traveled by a vehicle and the time of day that the vehicle is being operated and preferably is dependent on both. 
     Important examples of such systems and methodologies include vehicle insurance billing and vehicle fee payment systems wherein the only variables, sensed by an on-board vehicle sensor, which are considered in the billing data are vehicle mileage and time of day or night of vehicle use. Other types of such systems and methodologies are also within the scope of the present invention. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13A , there is seen a vehicle  2100  equipped with a vehicle movement or other vehicle operation determining sensor  2102 . Sensor  2102  is typically a mileage sensor of any suitable design or principle of operation. Sensor  2102  need not necessarily be connected to the electrical system of the vehicle  2100 . 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  2100  and subsequently parks the vehicle  2100  as well as the accrued mileage are recorded in a memory  2104 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records as well as mileage records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 13A , when the vehicle  2100  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, an on-board communicator  2106  downloads data stored in memory  2104  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events as well as mileage records, typically in a wireless manner, to an intermediate storage and communication unit  2108 , typically located at the filling station. The intermediate storage and communication unit  2108  preferably receives and stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events as well as mileage records in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  2110 . Alternatively or additionally, download locations may be found at other locations, such as road intersections, parking lots and malls. 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the intermediate storage and communication unit  2108  to the central unit  2110 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and corresponding mileage records for a multiplicity of different vehicles. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date, the start time of vehicle operation, the stop time of vehicle operation and the mileage. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13B , there is seen a vehicle  2200  equipped with a movement or operation determining sensor  2202 . Sensor  2202  is typically a mileage sensor of any suitable design or principle of operation. Sensor  2202  need not necessarily be connected to the electrical system of the vehicle  2200 . 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  2200  and subsequently parks the vehicle  2200  as well as the accrued mileage are recorded in a memory  2204 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records as well as mileage records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 13B , an on-board communicator  2206  downloads data stored in memory  2204  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and corresponding mileage records, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  2210 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  2206  to the central unit  2210 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and corresponding mileage records. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date, the start time of vehicle operation and the stop time of vehicle operation as well as mileage records. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13C , there is seen a vehicle  2300  equipped with a GPS receiver  2302  receiving inputs from satellites  2303  or similar location determining device. The GPS receiver  2302  senses when the location of the vehicle changes. 
     Without requiring any intervention by the driver, the times when a driver moves the vehicle  2300  and subsequently parks the vehicle  2300  as well as the corresponding accrued mileage are recorded in a memory  2304 , which may store a series of vehicle operation start and stop records as well as mileage records. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 13C , an on-board communicator  2306  downloads data stored in memory  2304  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and accrued mileage, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to a central unit  2310 . 
     Typically, the composite message may be transmitted at any time from the communicator  2306  to the central unit  2310 . Such a composite message typically includes messages relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and accrued mileage. In respect of each such event, the message typically includes data relating to the identity of the vehicle, the date, the start time of vehicle operation and the stop time of vehicle operation as well as the accrued mileage. 
     Composite messages may be transmitted at predetermined times or upon accumulation of data relating to a predetermined number of events or based on any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria. 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  2306  may communicate with the central unit  2310  via an intermediate storage and communication unit  2308 , much in the same way as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 13A . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 14A ,  14 B and  14 C, which are simplified block diagram illustrations of three alternative embodiments of vehicle-related services payment systems and methodologies constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and corresponding to  FIGS. 13A ,  13 B &amp;  13 C respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 14A , it is seen that vehicle  2100  includes a CPU  2402 , which interfaces with sensor  2102 , memory  2104  and on-board communicator  2106 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14A , when the vehicle  2100  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  2106  downloads data stored in memory  2104  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and corresponding mileage records, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  2108 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  2108  includes a receiver or transceiver  2404  which interfaces with a CPU  2406 . The CPU interfaces with a memory  2408  which stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events and corresponding accrued mileage in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  2410 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner, to central unit  2110 . 
     Central unit  2110  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  2412  which interfaces with a CPU  2414 . The CPU  2414  in turn interfaces with a database  2416 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  2110  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  2418 . The billing system  2418  may take into account appropriate additional criteria, such as, for example in the case of insurance, the age and driving experience of a driver and various characteristics of the vehicle or in the case of vehicle-related fees, the type and weight of the vehicle. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 14B , it is seen that vehicle  2200  includes a CPU  2502 , which interfaces with sensor  2202 , memory  2204  and on-board communicator  2206 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14B , on-board communicator  2206  downloads data stored in memory  2204  and relating to one or more vehicle operation start and stop events and accrued mileage records, typically in a wireless manner, to central unit  2210 . Central unit  2210  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  2512  which interfaces with a CPU  2514 . The CPU  2514  in turn interfaces with a database  2516 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  2210  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  2518 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 14C , it is seen that vehicle  2300  includes a GPS receiver  2302  receiving inputs from satellites  2303 . GPS receiver  2302  outputs to a CPU  2602  which interfaces with memory  2304  and with an optional display  2604 . CPU  2602  also interfaces with on-board communicator  2306 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14C , when the vehicle  2300  is located at one of a multiplicity of predetermined download locations, such as a suitably equipped filling station, on-board communicator  2306  downloads data stored in memory  2304  and relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events as well as accrued mileage, typically in a wireless manner, to intermediate storage and communication unit  2308 . The intermediate storage and communication unit  2308  includes a receiver or transceiver  2605  which interfaces with a CPU  2606 . The CPU interfaces with a memory  2608  which stores data relating to a plurality of vehicle operation start and stop events as well as accrued mileage in respect of a multiplicity of vehicles and with a communicator  2610 , which communicates this data, in a composite message, preferably in a wireless manner to central unit  2310 . 
     Central unit  2310  preferably includes a receiver or transceiver  2612  which interfaces with a CPU  2614 . The CPU  2614  in turn interfaces with a database  2616 . The database accumulates the content of the composite messages received by the central unit  2310  and supplies this content in an appropriate form to a billing system  2618 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, communicator  2306  may communicate directly with the central unit  2310 , bypassing the intermediate storage and communication unit  2308 . In such a case, units  2308  may be obviated. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 15A ,  15 B and  15 C, which are simplified flow charts illustrating the operation of the three alternative embodiments of payment systems and methodologies of  FIGS. 13A &amp; 14A ,  13 B &amp;  14 B and  13 C &amp;  14 C, respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 15A , it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  2100  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made, a mileage count is started and the start time is stored in memory  2104 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  2100  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time and accrued mileage are stored in memory  2104 . 
     At any suitable time when the vehicle is located at a suitable download location, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  2104  may be downloaded to the intermediate storage and communication unit  2108  and thence to the central unit  2110 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 15B , it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  2200  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a mileage count is started, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made and the start time is stored in memory  2204 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  2200  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time and accrued mileage are stored in memory  2204 . 
     At any suitable time, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  2204  may be downloaded to the central unit  2210 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 15C , it is seen that a determination of whether vehicle  2300  is being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle is being operated, a mileage count is started, a determination of the start time of vehicle operation is made and the start time is stored in memory  2304 . 
     While the vehicle is operating, a determination of whether vehicle  2300  is still being operated is made repeatedly. If the vehicle ceases operation for at least a predetermined time, typically 5 minutes, a determination of the stop time of vehicle operation is made and the stop time and accrued mileage are stored in memory  2304 . 
     At any suitable time, whether the vehicle is operating or not operating, the contents of the memory  2304  may be downloaded directly to central unit  2310 . Alternatively, the contents of memory  2304  may be downloaded via the intermediate storage and communication unit  2308  to the central unit  2310  when the vehicle is at a suitable download location. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the specification and which are not in the prior art.