Patent Publication Number: US-9900207-B2

Title: Network control protocol

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/966,988 titled “NETWORK CONTROL PROTOCOL”, filed Aug. 14, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Multiple dedicated network connections may be used to connect endpoints in a wide area network. One direct network connection may be designated for network communications until a fault in the dedicated network connection occurs. Another of the dedicated network connections may then be designated for network communications. This transition may result in communication downtime, computational overhead, and other effects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
         FIG. 1  is a drawing of a networked environment according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  are flowcharts illustrating one example of functionality implemented as portions of a network control application executed in a computing environment in the networked environment of  FIG. 1  according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic block diagram that provides one example illustration of a computing environment employed in the networked environment of  FIG. 1  according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Two endpoints in a wide area network may be connected by multiple dedicated network connections for redundancy. For example, the endpoints may be connected by a circuit switched network connection, a direct network connection, or another connection. One of the dedicated network connections may be designated to handle the network communications between the two endpoints. In the event of a slowdown or termination of the designated network connection, the two endpoints may then switch to using another of the dedicated network connections for network communications. This transition may result in a brief period of downtime until the newly designated network connection is fully operational in handling the network traffic. Additionally, computational and time overhead may be required in reassigning socket connections, network addresses, or other network resources, or making other configuration changes to account for the newly designated network connection. 
     A network control application implementing a network control protocol may simultaneously communicate network traffic across each of the dedicated network communications paths. Sequence numbers may be assigned to packets sent across the dedicated network communications paths to determine which dedicated network communications path is operating with greater bandwidth. The packets obtained from the dedicated network communications path with the greater bandwidth are allowed to egress and are communicated to their destination address. Aggregated performance data may be used to generate reports on network functionality. Alarms or other notifications may also be sent to communications providers of the dedicated network communications paths in the event of observable performance degradation. 
     In the following discussion, a general description of the system and its components is provided, followed by a discussion of the operation of the same. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , shown is a networked environment  100  according to various embodiments. The networked environment  100  includes a computing environment  101  and a computing environment  102 , which are in data communication with each other via a network  107  by network communications paths  111   a  and  111   b . The network  107  includes, for example, the Internet, intranets, extranets, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wired networks, wireless networks, or other suitable networks, etc., or any combination of two or more such networks. For example, such networks may comprise satellite networks, cable networks, Ethernet networks, and other types of networks. The network communications paths  111   a/b  each comprise a predefined dedicated path for network  107  communications between the computing environments  101  and  102 . Such network communications paths  111   a/b  may comprise, for example, circuit switched network paths, direct network connections, or other predefined dedicated paths for network  107  communications as can be appreciated. Although the networked environment  100  depicts two network communications paths  111   a/b , it is understood that the foregoing discussion may be applied to additional network communications paths  111   a/b.    
     The computing environments  101  and  102  may each comprise, for example, a server computer or any other system providing computing capability. Alternatively, the computing environments  101  and  102  may each employ a plurality of computing devices that may be arranged, for example, in one or more server banks or computer banks or other arrangements. Such computing devices may be located in a single installation or may be distributed among many different geographical locations. For example, the computing environments  101  and  102  may each include a plurality of computing devices that together may comprise a hosted computing resource, a grid computing resource and/or any other distributed computing arrangement. In some cases, the computing environments  101  and  102  may each correspond to an elastic computing resource where the allotted capacity of processing, network, storage, or other computing-related resources may vary over time. 
     Various applications and/or other functionality may be executed in the computing environments  101  and  102  according to various embodiments. Also, various data is stored in data stores  114  and  115  that are accessible to the computing environments  101  and  102 , respectively. The data stores  114  and  115  may be representative of a plurality of data stores  114  and  115  as can be appreciated. The data stored in the data store  114  and  115 , for example, is associated with the operation of the various applications and/or functional entities described below. 
     The computing environments  101  and  102  include network access devices  117  and  118 , respectively, to facilitate the connection of the respective computing environments  101  or  102  to the network  107  via the network communications paths  111   a/b . Network access devices  117  and  118  may comprise, for example, routers, switches, aggregation routers, wireless access points, or other network access devices  117  and  118  as can be appreciated. Network access devices  117  and  118  may be in data communication with other components of the respective computing environments  101  or  102  such as computing devices, data stores  114  or  115 , or other components. 
     The network control application  121 , implemented in each of the computing environments  101  and  102 , is executed to facilitate the communication of network  107  traffic between components of the computing environments  101  and  102  via the network  107 . Although the network control application  121  is shown as being implemented in network access devices  117  and  118 , it is understood that the network control application  121  may also be implemented in computing devices distinct from the network access devices  117  and  118 , or other functionality of the computing environments  101  and  102 . To this end, the network control application  121  is configured to monitor the performance of the network communications paths  111   a/b . The network control application  121  allows packets  124  or  125  communicated by the network communications path  111   a/b  having the greatest bandwidth, speed, or other performance metric to egress by communicating the respective packet  124  or  125  to the respective destination address in the computing environment  101  or  102 . Packets  124  or  125  comprise a data unit communicated between the computing environments  101  and  102  via the network  107 . 
     The network monitoring application  126 , implemented in each of the computing environments  101  and  102 , is executed to communicate alerts to service providers of network communications paths  111   a/b  as will be discussed below. Service providers may comprise, for example, internet service providers, telecommunications companies, utility companies, or other service providers. The network monitoring application  126  may also generate reports based on the performance of network communications paths  111   a/b  using performance data  127  aggregated by the network control application  121  as will be described below. 
     The data stored in the data store  114  and  115  includes, for example, performance data  127  logged or aggregated over a period of time, and potentially other data. Performance data  127  embodies various data points corresponding to the performance of network communications paths  111   a/b  including speed, bandwidth, round trip time, or other data. 
     Next, a general description of the operation of the various components of the networked environment  100  is provided. To begin, the instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  117  begins a handshake with the instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  118 . This may comprise, for example, exchanging a sequence seed between the network access devices  117  and  118 . The sequence seed comprises a base sequence number from which a sequence is generated, allowing a sequence number to be assigned to a packet  124  or  125  as will be described further. The handshake may also comprise communicating a plurality of test packets  124  or  125  between the network access devices  117  to determine data communication times corresponding to the network communications paths  111   a/b . The data communication times may comprise, for example, a one way trip time or a round trip time. Additionally, the data communication times may comprise a minimum, maximum, average, or other aggregate data communication time. The data communication times calculated by the communication of test packets  124  or  125  may be stored as performance data  127 . 
     After completing the handshake between the network access devices  117  and  118 , the network access devices  117  and  118  initiate data communication between the computing environments  101  and  102  via the network  107 . This comprises communicating identical or substantially identical versions of packets  124  or  125  across the network communications paths  111   a/b . For example, an application or other component of the computing environment  101  may generate a packet  124  for communication to the computing environment  102 . The network control application  121  would generate a duplicate or substantially duplicate version of the packet  124  for communication across both the network communications path  111   a  and network communications path  111   b . Similarly, an instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  118  may duplicate packets  125  for communication across the network communications paths  111   a/b  to the computing environment  101 . 
     The network control application  121  may include headers, metadata, or other data in a packet  124  or  125  which includes a sequence number. The sequence number is generated as a function of the sequence seed exchanged between network access devices  117  and  118 . For example, the sequence number may be generated by incrementing or otherwise applying an operation to the sequence seed or a previously generated sequence number to generate a new sequence number. The sequence number may also be generated as a function of other data included in the packet  124  or  125 , such as payload data or other data. The sequence number may also be generated as a function of other data. 
     Upon receipt of a packet  124  or  125  at a network access device  117  or  118 , the network control application  121  detects if a network communications path  111   a/b  is lagging as a function of the sequence numbers. A lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may have a lower bandwidth or speed. The lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may also be subject to interference or fault which results in a delayed delivery of a packet  124  or  125 . 
     Detecting a lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may comprise comparing a sequence number of packets  124  or  125 . For example, an instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  117  may compare the sequence number of a packet  125  received via the network communications path  111   a  to the sequence number of a packet  125  received via the network communications path  111   b . The packets  125  to be compared may comprise the packets  125  most recently received via the respective network communications path  111   a/b , or other packets  125 . 
     A lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may correspond to the network communications path  111   a/b  from which a sequentially lesser of the compared packets  124  or  125  was received. In other embodiments, a lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may correspond to the network communications path  111   a/b  from which a sequentially lesser of the compared packets  124  or  125  was received responsive to the sequential difference between the compared packets  124  or  125  meeting or exceeding a threshold. A threshold may comprise a number of packets  124  or  125  by which a sequentially greater of the compared packets  124  or  125  must exceed the sequentially lesser of the compared packets  124  or  125 , or another threshold. 
     For example, an instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  117  may compare packets  125  received via the network communications paths  111   a/b , and a threshold may comprise two packets  125 . A network communications path  111   a/b  may be detected as lagging responsive to the most recently received packet  125  being two packets behind the most recently received packet  125  of the other network communications path  111   a/b.    
     In some embodiments, the threshold may comprise a predefined threshold. In other embodiments, the threshold may be calculated by the network control application  121 . For example, during the communication of test packets  124  or  125  discussed above, the network control application  121  may increment the threshold responsive to compared packets  124  or  125  meeting or exceeding the threshold. The threshold may then be incremented until reaching a predefined upper boundary threshold. The upper boundary threshold may comprise an average threshold value calculated as a function of previously generated thresholds, a predefined upper boundary threshold, an upper boundary threshold calculated as a function of an average data transmission time, or another upper boundary. A lagging network communications path  111   a/b  may also be detected by another approach. 
     In some embodiments, after detecting a lagging network communications path  111   a/b , the network control application  121  may communicate with the network monitoring application  126  to communicate an alert to a service provider corresponding to the lagging network communications path  111   a/b . The alert may comprise an email notification, a short message service (SMS) message, a telephone communication, a social messaging service message, or another alert as can be appreciated. 
     In some embodiments, the network control application  121  determines a lagging network communications path  111   a/b  at a predefined time interval, after receiving an interval of a predefined number of packets  124  or  125 , or responsive to some other criteria. In such an embodiment, the network control application  121  may allow a packet  124  or  125  obtained by the network communications path  111   a/b  last determined to not be lagging. Other criteria may also be used to determine which packets  124  or  125  may egress. 
     After determining that a network communications path  111   a/b  is lagging, the network control application  121  may detect that the network communications path  111   a/b  is no longer lagging per the previously discussed criteria. In such an embodiment, the network control application  121  may repeat the handshake operation and sequence seed exchange as discussed above, or perform another operation. 
     After receiving packets  124  or  125  via the network communications paths  111   a/b , the network control application  121  then allows one of the duplicated packets  124  or  125  to egress by communicating the packet  124  or  125  to a destination network address in the respective computing environment  101  or  102 . In some embodiments, the packet  124  or  125  comprises the packet  124  or  125  received via the network communications path  111   a/b  not detected as being lagging. In other embodiments, the packet  124  or  125  comprises packet  124  or  125  received by a preselected or predetermined network communications path  111   a/b . The corresponding duplicate packet  124  or  125  which does not egress is then discarded. 
     For example, the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  117  may communicate a packet  125  to a network address such as a local area network address, socket or port number, hardware network address, or other address. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the network control application  121  may calculate round trip times, pings, latencies, bandwidth, and other performance metrics and save them as performance data  127 . The network monitoring application  126  may then be configured to generate reports or visualizations embodying the performance of network communications paths  111   a/b , or other data. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 2 , shown is a flowchart that provides one example of the operation of a portion of the network control application  121  executed in a network access device  117  ( FIG. 1 ) implemented in the computing environment  101  ( FIG. 1 ) according to various embodiments. It is understood that the flowchart of  FIG. 2  provides merely an example of the many different types of functional arrangements that may be employed to implement the operation of the portion of the network control application  121  as described herein. As an alternative, the flowchart of  FIG. 2  may be viewed as depicting an example of elements of a method implemented in the computing environment  101  according to one or more embodiments. 
     Beginning with box  201 , the network control application  121  exchanges a sequence seed with another instance of the network control application  121  executed in a network access device  118  ( FIG. 1 ) implemented in the computing environment  102  ( FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments, this comprises performing a handshake operation with the sequence seed between the instances of the network control application  121  executed in the network access devices  117  and  118 . In other embodiments, this comprises communicating a sequence seed to the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  118 . In further embodiments, this comprises receiving a sequence seed from the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  118 . 
     The sequence seed may be exchanged one of the network communications paths  111   a  ( FIG. 1 ) or  111   b  ( FIG. 1 ) or communicated by both network communications paths  111   a/b . The sequence seed may also be exchanged by another approach. 
     Next, in box  204 , the network control application  121  communicates test packets  124  ( FIG. 1 ) to the network access device  118  via the network communications paths  111   a/b . In box  207 , the network control application  121  calculates data transmission times for the test packets  124 . This may comprise, for example, calculating a round trip time for a test packet  124  and an acknowledgement packet  125  ( FIG. 1 ) communicated from the computing environment  102 . The data transmission times may comprise an average data transmission time, a minimum or maximum data transmission time, or another aggregate data transmission time. 
     In box  211 , after calculating the data transmission times for the test packets  124 , the network control application  121  duplicates packets  124  generated from functionality executed in the computing environment  101  and communicates the duplicate packets  124  across network communications paths  111   a/b . In box  214 , the network control application  121  receives inbound packets  125  via the network communications paths  111   a/b  from the network access device  118 . 
     After receiving inbound packets  125 , the network control application  121  detects if one of the network communications paths  111   a/b  is lagging with respect to the other network communications path  111   a/b . This may comprise calculating a sequence lag comprising a difference in sequence indices corresponding to the packets  125  most recently received by respective network communications paths  111   a/b . A network communications path  111   a/b  may then be detected as lagging responsive to the sequence lag meeting or exceeding a threshold. 
     In other embodiments, a network communications path  111   a/b  may be detected as lagging responsive to the sequence lag meeting or exceeding a threshold for a predefined number of consecutive instances. For example, a network communications path  111   a  may be detected as lagging if the sequence lag meets or exceeds a threshold for two or more consecutive instances of sampling sequence numbers. Lagging network communications paths  111   a/b  may also be detected by another approach. 
     Next, in box  221 , the network control application  121  communicates to a destination address one copy of inbound packets  125  received via one of the network communications paths  111   a/b , and discarding or deleting the duplicate inbound packets  125  received via the other network communications path  111   a/b . For example, the network control application  121  may discard packets  125  received via a lagging network communications path  111   a/b  and communicate packets  125  received via a non-lagging network communications path  111   a/b  to a destination network address in the computing environment  101 . As another example, the network control application  121  may communicate packets  125  received via a predefined or previously designated network communications path  111   a/b  while discarding the duplicate packets  125  received via the other network communications path  111   a/b . Packets  125  may also be communicated to a destination address by another approach. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 3 , shown is a flowchart that provides one example of the operation of a portion of the network control application  121  executed in a network access device  117  ( FIG. 1 ) implemented in the computing environment  101  ( FIG. 1 ) according to various embodiments. It is understood that the flowchart of  FIG. 3  provides merely an example of the many different types of functional arrangements that may be employed to implement the operation of the portion of the network control application  121  as described herein. As an alternative, the flowchart of  FIG. 3  may be viewed as depicting an example of elements of a method implemented in the computing environment  101  according to one or more embodiments. 
     Beginning with box  301 , the network control application  121  calculates a sequence lag for network communications paths  111   a  ( FIG. 1 ) and  111   b  ( FIG. 1 ). This may comprise, for example, obtaining packets  125  ( FIG. 1 ) from network communications paths  111   a/b  communicated by a network access device  118  ( FIG. 1 ) via the network  107  ( FIG. 1 ). The packets  125  may comprise packets  125  generated by functionality executed in the computing environment  102  ( FIG. 1 ). The packets  125  may also comprise test packets  125  generated by another instance of the network control application  121  executed in the network access device  118 . Calculating a sequence lag may then comprise calculating a difference in sequence indices for the packets  125  most recently received via respective network communications paths  111   a/b . The sequence lag may also be calculated by another approach. 
     In box  304 , the network control application  121  determines if the sequence lag meets a threshold. If the sequence lag does not meet the threshold, the process ends. Otherwise, the process moves to box  307  where the network control application  121  determines if the threshold meets a defined upper bound. The upper bound may comprise a predefined upper bound. The upper bound may also comprise an upper bound dynamically calculated as a function of previously calculated upper bounds, calculated as a function of an average lag or time to travel calculated with respect to network communications paths  111   a/b , or other data. If the threshold meets the upper bound, the process ends. Otherwise, the threshold is incremented in box  311 . The threshold may be incremented by a predefined interval, increased to a defined or dynamically calculated value, or incremented by another approach. After incrementing the threshold, the process returns to box  301  where the sequence lag is recalculated. 
     With reference to  FIG. 4 , shown is a schematic block diagram of the computing environment  101  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The computing environment  101  includes one or more network access devices  117 . Each network access device  117  includes at least one processor circuit, for example, having a processor  402  and a memory  404 , both of which are coupled to a local interface  407 . Also connected to the local interface  407  is a network interface  408  to facilitate a connection between the network access device  117  and a network  107  ( FIG. 1 ). The network interface  408  may comprise, for example, an Ethernet port, a serial port, a cable connection, modem, phone connection, or other component of a network  107  connection. The local interface  407  may comprise, for example, a data bus with an accompanying address/control bus or other bus structure as can be appreciated. 
     Stored in the memory  404  are both data and several components that are executable by the processor  402 . In particular, stored in the memory  404  and executable by the processor  402  are a network control application  121 , and potentially other applications. In addition, an operating system may be stored in the memory  404  and executable by the processor  402 . 
     It is understood that there may be other applications that are stored in the memory  404  and are executable by the processor  402  as can be appreciated. Where any component discussed herein is implemented in the form of software, any one of a number of programming languages may be employed such as, for example, C, C++, C#, Objective C, Java®, JavaScript®, Perl, PHP, Visual Basic®, Python®, Ruby, Flash®, or other programming languages. 
     A number of software components are stored in the memory  404  and are executable by the processor  402 . In this respect, the term “executable” means a program file that is in a form that can ultimately be run by the processor  402 . Examples of executable programs may be, for example, a compiled program that can be translated into machine code in a format that can be loaded into a random access portion of the memory  404  and run by the processor  402 , source code that may be expressed in proper format such as object code that is capable of being loaded into a random access portion of the memory  404  and executed by the processor  402 , or source code that may be interpreted by another executable program to generate instructions in a random access portion of the memory  404  to be executed by the processor  402 , etc. An executable program may be stored in any portion or component of the memory  404  including, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card, optical disc such as compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, magnetic tape, or other memory components. 
     The memory  404  is defined herein as including both volatile and nonvolatile memory and data storage components. Volatile components are those that do not retain data values upon loss of power. Nonvolatile components are those that retain data upon a loss of power. Thus, the memory  404  may comprise, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk drives, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, memory cards accessed via a memory card reader, floppy disks accessed via an associated floppy disk drive, optical discs accessed via an optical disc drive, magnetic tapes accessed via an appropriate tape drive, and/or other memory components, or a combination of any two or more of these memory components. In addition, the RAM may comprise, for example, static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and other such devices. The ROM may comprise, for example, a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or other like memory device. 
     Also, the processor  402  may represent multiple processors  402  and/or multiple processor cores and the memory  404  may represent multiple memories  404  that operate in parallel processing circuits, respectively. In such a case, the local interface  407  may be an appropriate network that facilitates communication between any two of the multiple processors  402 , between any processor  402  and any of the memories  404 , or between any two of the memories  404 , etc. The local interface  407  may comprise additional systems designed to coordinate this communication, including, for example, performing load balancing. The processor  402  may be of electrical or of some other available construction. 
     Although the network control application  121 , and other various systems described herein may be embodied in software or code executed by general purpose hardware as discussed above, as an alternative the same may also be embodied in dedicated hardware or a combination of software/general purpose hardware and dedicated hardware. If embodied in dedicated hardware, each can be implemented as a circuit or state machine that employs any one of or a combination of a number of technologies. These technologies may include, but are not limited to, discrete logic circuits having logic gates for implementing various logic functions upon an application of one or more data signals, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) having appropriate logic gates, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other components, etc. Such technologies are generally well known by those skilled in the art and, consequently, are not described in detail herein. 
     The flowcharts of  FIGS. 2 and 3  show the functionality and operation of an implementation of portions of the network control application  121 . If embodied in software, each block may represent a module, segment, or portion of code that comprises program instructions to implement the specified logical function(s). The program instructions may be embodied in the form of source code that comprises human-readable statements written in a programming language or machine code that comprises numerical instructions recognizable by a suitable execution system such as a processor  402  in a computer system or other system. The machine code may be converted from the source code, etc. If embodied in hardware, each block may represent a circuit or a number of interconnected circuits to implement the specified logical function(s). 
     Although the flowcharts of  FIGS. 2 and 3  show a specific order of execution, it is understood that the order of execution may differ from that which is depicted. For example, the order of execution of two or more blocks may be scrambled relative to the order shown. Also, two or more blocks shown in succession in  FIGS. 2 and 3  may be executed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Further, in some embodiments, one or more of the blocks shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  may be skipped or omitted. In addition, any number of counters, state variables, warning semaphores, or messages might be added to the logical flow described herein, for purposes of enhanced utility, accounting, performance measurement, or providing troubleshooting aids, etc. It is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Also, any logic or application described herein, including the network control application  121 , that comprises software or code can be embodied in any non-transitory computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system such as, for example, a processor  402  in a computer system or other system. In this sense, the logic may comprise, for example, statements including instructions and declarations that can be fetched from the computer-readable medium and executed by the instruction execution system. In the context of the present disclosure, a “computer-readable medium” can be any medium that can contain, store, or maintain the logic or application described herein for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system. 
     The computer-readable medium can comprise any one of many physical media such as, for example, magnetic, optical, or semiconductor media. More specific examples of a suitable computer-readable medium would include, but are not limited to, magnetic tapes, magnetic floppy diskettes, magnetic hard drives, memory cards, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, or optical discs. Also, the computer-readable medium may be a random access memory (RAM) including, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM). In addition, the computer-readable medium may be a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or other type of memory device. 
     Further, any logic or application described herein, including the network control application  121 , may be implemented and structured in a variety of ways. For example, one or more applications described may be implemented as modules or components of a single application. Further, one or more applications described herein may be executed in shared or separate computing devices or a combination thereof. For example, a plurality of the applications described herein may execute in the same computing device such as a network access device  117 , or in multiple computing devices in the same computing environment  101 . Additionally, it is understood that terms such as “application,” “service,” “system,” “engine,” “module,” and so on may be interchangeable and are not intended to be limiting. 
     Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present. 
     It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.