Patent Publication Number: US-2004045257-A1

Title: Container centering device

Description:
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] This invention pertains to an apparatus for centering containers in an opening. In one embodiment, this invention pertains to an apparatus for centering containers in a lidding system. In another embodiment, this invention pertains to an apparatus for centering multiple sizes of containers in a lidding system.  
       [0002] Presently, in the fast food drink industry, it is typical to serve a drink in a paper, plastic, or other disposable container topped with a preformed plastic lid. The plastic lid fits relatively tightly over the brim formed at the top of, for example, a paper drink container, and may include apertures to permit straws or openings to be formed in the lid to allow one to directly drink the contents of the container without removing the lid.  
       [0003] Unfortunately, there are many problems associated with the use of these plastic lids. For example, the lids are bulky, and create problems in storage and in disposal. Still further, the seal formed by the lids is dependent upon the lid being placed on properly, and can leak if not properly placed.  
       [0004] In order to overcome these problems, various devices and methods have been proposed in which a cover is placed on an open-topped container and then heated to shrink it into sealing engagement with the top of such a container. These prior art devices and methods, however, fail to provide a sufficiently cost efficient, easy, and inexpensive alternative to preformed rigid plastic lids. As a consequence, rigid plastic lids remain in widespread use.  
       [0005] Some of the main failings of these prior devices are that they are bulky, noisy, unresponsive, and expensive. Heating systems comprising blowing air over a hot element and then onto a film require large amounts of unnecessary heat, even when in standby mode, which makes temperature control very difficult. Further, continuous elevated temperatures are expensive to maintain and may be undesirable in the surrounding environment.  
       [0006] An improvement to these prior art systems is found in a device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,249,410, incorporated herein by reference, which uses heat shrinkable film lids having annular energy absorbent regions formed thereon, preferably by application of an energy absorbent ink such as by printing. In this device for shrinking thin film over a container to form a lid, multiple radiant energy sources are utilized. The primary radiant energy source is located closely adjacent to the lip of the container and moves peripherally around the lid, while a secondary radiant energy source is stationed over the container. When the primary energy source is activated, energy falling upon the energy absorbent region in the film causes the film to shrink, preferentially in the area around the lip of the container, while energy from the secondary energy source may serve to tauten up the central portion of the lid. Alternatively, multiple primary radiant energy sources can be located around the periphery of the mouth of the container. In other arrangements, multiple energy sources at fixed locations are provided.  
       [0007] In another arrangement of the above improvement, the radiant energy source includes multiple sources rotating around the circumference of the container. In still further arrangements, multiple energy sources at fixed locations, as well as fixed radiant annular energy sources, are provided.  
       [0008] In each of the above, the container may be placed in the vicinity of the radiant energy sources to achieve proper sealing of the film to the lid. In addition, when the film contains graphics that may be centered on the top of the film, the container should be centered under the film. The opening of the lidding system that receives the containers should be large enough to accommodate the largest container being sealed. In particular, typically container sizes range from 16 oz. to 32 oz. The diameter of the 32 oz. container is larger than that of the 16 oz. container. For example, the outer brim diameter of a 32 oz. cup is approximately 4.2 inches, while the outer brim diameter of a 16 oz. cup is approximately 3.5 inches. Accordingly, when attempting to seal a 16 oz. container, the container may be placed off center of the opening, such that the film graphics are not centered on the container. Moreover, if the container is sealed when it is off center of the opening, the sealing strength of the film around the perimeter of the container may not be uniform. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other container sizes can be used with the present invention, e.g., 12 oz. to 48 oz. In one prior art centering device, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,249,410, a centering device is disclosed having two laterally sliding spring-loaded plates. The opening in the cup centering device for receiving the container is smaller than the diameter of the container. As such, to center the container in the lidding device, the operator must push the container against the plates, forcing the plates apart so that the container can be centered in the centering device, at which time the spring-loaded sliding plates snap back in around the diameter of the container. This centering operation often caused spillage of the contents of the container.  
       [0009] The present invention addresses these problems by providing a container centering device that is capable of centering containers, such as drink cups, having different diameters at the open end of the container, while reducing spillage of the contents of the container during the centering operation. In particular, in one embodiment of the present invention, a pivotally mounted container positioning means is provided at the opening of the lidding system. The container positioning means may be spring mounted such that when a small container is placed into the opening, the container positioning means remains in its initial position, effectively reducing the diameter of the lidding system opening. When a larger diameter container is placed in the opening for sealing, the brim of the container contacts an upper portion of the container positioning means thereby forcing the spring loaded container guide away from the brim of the container.  
       [0010] Further advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be apparent from the description or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011] As embodied and broadly described herein, the invention includes a container centering device including an entry plate having an opening and a container positioning means, wherein the container positioning means is capable of positioning a container in the entry plate opening. The container centering device is capable of positioning a first container and at least a second container in the entry plate opening, wherein the first and second containers have different brim diameters.  
       [0012] In one embodiment, the container positioning means of the container centering device includes at least two posts extending substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate, wherein the at least two posts are pivotally mounted about an extension bar. The container centering may further include at least one auxiliary guide. In another embodiment, the container centering device includes a biasing means, wherein the biasing means is capable of holding the at least two posts substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate.  
       [0013] In yet another embodiment, the container centering device includes a positioning means having a positioning saddle which is generally disposed perpendicularly to the entry plate. The positioning saddle is oriented such that it has an elongated vertical axis bowing toward from the diametrical center of the entry plate opening and a generally horizontal axis bowing away from the diametrical center of the entry plate opening, the word “axis,” in the absence of a better word, being used to describe a curve running roughly down the center of a curved surface of the saddle. Throughout this specification and the claims, when we describe a curve on a surface as being “bowed” toward a reference, we mean that the medial portion of that curve is closer to the reference than the terminal portions. Moreover, the positioning saddle may be pivotally mounted on a bracket. Further, the container centering device may include a biasing means, wherein the biasing means is capable of holding the positioning saddle substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate.  
       [0014] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the container centering device includes a container positioning means having at least two first posts and at least two generally vertical pivotable second posts, wherein the first posts are capable of positioning containers having at least a first brim diameter and the second posts are capable of positioning containers having at least a second brim diameter. The first posts may be angularly attached to the entry plate at a first end and inclined inwardly toward the axis of the opening in the entry plate. Moreover, a second end of each of the first posts may be connected to a hinge means while a second, or lower, end of each of the second posts may be connected to the hinge means. This embodiment may include a biasing means wherein the biasing means is capable of extending the second posts angularly and inwardly away from the first posts.  
       [0015] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the container centering device may include an auxiliary container positioning means having an inner ring and a generally concentric outer ring mounted above the entry plate. The inner ring and/or outer ring may have an elongated body. Moreover, the inner ring may be in axially slideable communication with the outer ring. Further, the inner ring may be generally retained within the outer ring.  
       [0016] In yet another embodiment of the present invention an apparatus for heat-shrinking a film onto a container is provided including a lidding system, including at least one radiant energy source, a supply roll, and a take-up reel and a container centering device, the container centering device including a container positioning means, wherein the container positioning means is capable of positioning a container in an entry plate opening. The container positioning means may be capable of positioning a first container and at least a second container in the entry plate opening, wherein the first and second containers have different brim diameters.  
       [0017] In still yet another embodiment of the present invention, a system for heat-shrinking a film onto an open-topped container is provided comprising at least one reflective cup having a reflective interior surface, at least one radiant energy source, the reflective cup and radiant energy source being rotationally mounted, wherein the interior surface of the reflective cup has as least an elliptical portion and a parabolic portion, and a container centering device, the container centering device including a container positioning means, wherein the container positioning means is capable of positioning a container in an entry plate opening.  
       [0018] In another embodiment of the present invention, a system for heat-shrinking a film onto an open-topped container is provided comprising a modular rotational assembly, the modular rotational assembly including at least one reflective cup having a reflective interior surface, and at least one radiant energy source, wherein the interior surface of the reflective cup has as least an elliptical portion and a parabolic portion, and a container centering device, the container centering device including a container positioning means, wherein the container positioning means is capable of positioning a container in an entry plate opening.  
       [0019] In another embodiment of the present invention a method of heat-shrinking film onto an open-topped container is provided comprising the steps of centering a container in an entry plate opening by providing a container centering device including an entry plate having an opening and a container positioning means, contacting the top of an opening of an open-topped container with a heat-shrink film, placing the covered open-topped container at an opening of a heat shrinking system, wherein the heat shrinking system includes at least one reflective cup having a reflective interior surface, and wherein the interior surface of the reflective cup has as least an elliptical portion and a parabolic portion, and subjecting the covered container to radiant energy.  
       [0020] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention, and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0021]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a container centering device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0022]FIG. 2 is a side view of a container centering device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0023]FIG. 3 is another side view of a container centering device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0024]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the container centering device according to a second embodiment the present invention.  
     [0025]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the container centering device according to the second embodiment the present invention.  
     [0026]FIG. 6 is a front view of the container centering device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0027]FIG. 7 is a side view of the container centering device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0028]FIG. 8 is a cut away view of the container centering device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0029]FIG. 9 is another cut away view of the container centering device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0030]FIG. 10 depicts a perspective of a modular rotational assembly for use with the container centering device of the present invention.  
     [0031]FIG. 11 is a view of a container centering device according to the present invention in combination with a lidding system.  
     [0032]FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a reflective cup assembly for use with the container centering device of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
     [0033] Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.  
     [0034] In accordance with the invention, as broadly described, the container centering device may include an entry plate, a container positioning means, and at least one auxiliary guide. The container positioning means may be pivotally mounted.  
     [0035] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the container centering device  20  includes an entry plate  22 , a container positioning means  24  that is pivotally mounted about a generally horizontal U-shaped hinge bracket  30  defined at near the lower end of a downwardly projecting extension bar  26 , and at least one auxiliary guide  28  disposed near the operator side of an opening  34  of the entry plate  22  (see FIGS. 2 and 3). Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that, while the auxiliary guide  28  is depicted in the figures as a protrusion from the entry plate  22 , the auxiliary guide can be any means for guiding a container into the entry plate  22 , such as a chamfered edge on the entry plate  22 . The container positioning means  24  may be opposite or away from the operator. In particular, the container positioning means  24  should not block operator access to the opening  34 . The auxiliary guides  28  may be opposed to the container positioning means  24 . As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, an extension bar  26  extends downwardly from the entry plate  22 . The container positioning means  24  may be attached to the extension bar  26  via the substantially U-shaped hinge bracket  30 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that attachment means other than a substantially U-shaped hinge bracket  30  can be used to attach the container positioning means  24  to the extension bar  26  so long as interference with the container is avoided. As depicted in FIG. 1, the container positioning means  24  of this embodiment includes two posts  44  extending substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate  22 . The two posts  44  may be disposed away from the operator side of the opening  34 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the container positioning means can have more than two posts.  
     [0036] As shown in FIGS.  1 - 3 , the entry plate  22  may have an opening  34  for receiving an open-topped container  36 . The opening  34  may be substantially circular. Moreover, the opening  34  has a diameter larger than the outside brim  38  diameter of the largest open-topped container  36  to be lidded with the device, for example 4.25″. The upper end of the container positioning means  24  may extend such that it is within the plane of the opening  34 . As such, the opening  34  should be large enough to accommodate the brim  38  diameter of the largest open-topped container  36 , as well as the upper portion of the container positioning means  24 . In one embodiment, the opening  34  may be large enough such that when a smaller diameter container  36 , e.g., 16 oz. or 22 oz., is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  of the container  36  need not exert pressure sufficient to pivot the container positioning means  24  (see FIG. 2). However, the opening  34  may be sized such that when a larger diameter container  36  is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  of the container  36  will contact the upper end of the container positioning means  24 , pivoting it away from the brim  38 , thereby increasing the effective diameter of the opening  34  (see FIG. 3).  
     [0037] As shown in FIG. 2, a biasing means  32  may be included. The biasing means  32  is capable of holding the container positioning means  24  substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate  22  when external pressure is not applied to the container positioning means  24 . When included, the biasing means  32  may be located at the pivot point of the container positioning means  24 . At least one auxiliary guide  28  may extend downwardly from the entry plate  22 . The auxiliary guide  28  may be located opposed to the container positioning means  24 . More than one auxiliary guide  28  may be used in this invention. When more than one auxiliary guide  28  is used with this invention, the auxiliary guides  28  may be positioned such that the center point of the auxiliary guides  28  is opposed to the container positioning means  24 .  
     [0038] The operation of the above embodiment will now be discussed. Prior to insertion of an open-topped container  36  into the opening  34 , the container positioning means  24  is positioned substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate  22 . When an open-topped container  36  having a smaller brim  38  diameter is inserted into the entry plate opening  34 , e.g., a 16 oz. or 22 oz. container  36 , the brim may contact the container positioning means  24  as it is positioned in the opening  34 . While the container may contact the container positioning means  24  for purposes of centering the container  36 , pressure necessary to pivot the container positioning means  24  need not be exerted on the container positioning means  24 . Therefore, the container positioning means  24  may not pivot (see FIG. 2). The auxiliary guide  28  may be included to assist the operator in centering the container  36 .  
     [0039] When a larger diameter container  36 , e.g., a 32 oz. container, is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  diameter is larger than the effective opening  34  of the entry plate  22 . As such, as the larger diameter container  36  is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  of the container  36  exerts pressure on the upper portion of the container positioning means  24 , thereby forcing the upper portion of the container positioning means  24  to pivot away from the container  36  and increasing the effective opening  34  diameter such that the container  36  can be fully inserted (see FIG. 3). The auxiliary guide  28  assists in positioning the container  36  in rough axial alignment with the opening  34  in the plate  22 . In particular, the auxiliary guide  28  forces the operator to exert pressure against the container positioning means  24  in order to fully insert the container  36  into the opening  34 . After the container  36  has been removed, the biasing means  32  returns the container positioning means  24  to its starting position.  
     [0040] In another embodiment of the present invention, as depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, the container positioning means  24  includes a positioning saddle  46 . In one embodiment, the horizontal surface of the positioning saddle  46  is curved inwardly to roughly conform to the curve of the container  36  to be centered. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that it is not necessary for the positioning saddle  46  to be curved, and that any generally concave shape that will assist in centering a container can be used with this invention. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, the positioning saddle  46  has a bracket  40  that is integral with the positioning saddle  46 , the bracket  40  being pivotally attached to a hinge bracket  30 . In addition, the hinge bracket  30  is attached to the entry plate  22 . A biasing means  32  may be provided to urge the positioning saddle  46  substantially perpendicularly to the entry plate  22 . This embodiment may include at least one auxiliary guide  28 . In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, two auxiliary guides  28  are provided opposite to the positioning saddle  46 . Finally, in this embodiment a protective guard  42  may be provided. The protective guard  42  can assist in keeping liquids away from moisture sensitive equipment. The operation of this embodiment is as described above.  
     [0041] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, as depicted in FIGS.  6 - 7 , the container positioning means  24  includes two sets of posts capable of guiding the container into the opening  34 . In particular, this embodiment has at least two outer posts  48  capable of guiding larger diameter containers  36  and at least two inner posts  50  capable of guiding smaller diameter containers  36 . The inner posts  50  are located between the two outer posts  48  and are generally vertical and pivotable. Auxiliary guides  28 , as described above, may be included in this embodiment.  
     [0042] As depicted in FIG. 7, the outer posts  48  have a first end  52  and a second end  54 . Each of the outer post first ends  52  is fixedly attached to the entry plate  22 , the entry plate  22  having an opening  34  as described above. In particular, the outer post first ends  52  are attached at the periphery of the entry plate opening  34 . In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, the outer posts  48  are angularly attached to the entry plate  22  and inclined inwardly toward the axis of the opening  34  in the entry plate  22 . Each of the outer post second ends  54  is connected to a hinge means  56 . The inner posts  50  have a first end  58  and a second end  60 . Each of the inner post second, or lower, ends  60  is connected to the hinge means  56 . The hinge means  56  may have a biasing means  32  that causes the inner posts  50  to extend angularly and inwardly away from the outer posts  48  such that the inner post first ends  58  are within the diametrical plane of the opening  34 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the biasing means  32  can be a spring, a flexible plate, or other means capable of providing a biasing force capable of causing the inner posts  50  to extend inwardly away from the outer posts  48 .  
     [0043] The operation of the above embodiment will now be discussed. When an open-topped container  36  having a smaller brim  38  diameter is inserted into the entry plate opening  34 , e.g., a 16 oz. or 22 oz. container  36 , the brim  38  may contact the inner posts  50  of the container positioning means  24  as it is positioned in the opening  34 . While the container  36  may contact the inner posts  50  of the container positioning means  24  for purposes of centering the container  36 , pressure necessary to move the inner posts  50  towards the outer posts  48  need not be exerted on the inner posts  50 . At least one auxiliary guide  28  may be included to assist the operator in centering the container  36 .  
     [0044] When a larger diameter container  36 , e.g., a 32 oz. container, is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  diameter is larger than the effective opening  34  of the entry plate  22 . As such, as the larger diameter container  36  is inserted into the opening  34 , the brim  38  of the container  36  exerts pressure on the inner posts  50  of the container positioning means  24 , thereby forcing the inner posts  50  to move in the direction of the outer posts  48  and away from the container  36  and increasing the effective opening  34  diameter such that the container  36  can be fully inserted. When an auxiliary guide  28  is used it can assist in positioning the container  36 . In particular, the auxiliary guide  28  may force the operator to exert pressure against the inner posts  50  in order to fully insert the container  36  into the opening  34 . After the container  36  is removed, the biasing means  32  returns the inner posts  50  to their starting position.  
     [0045] In each of the above-described embodiments, the container positioning means  24  provides at least two positive contact points, i.e., the posts  44 , the terminal edges of the saddle  46 , and the inner and outer posts  50  and  48 , respectively, capable of positively positioning a container  18 . In particular, the two positive contact points contact the container, thereby limiting lateral movement, i.e., side to side movement, of the container  22  as it is centered and moved through the entry plate  22 . Moreover, the above-described container positioning means  24  do not inhibit placement of the container  24  as it is moved by the operator into position for centering until the cup is centered under the entry plate opening  34 .  
     [0046] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, as depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9, an auxiliary container centering device  18  is included. The auxiliary container centering device  18  may be used in combination with the container centering device  20 . When used with the container centering device  20 , the auxiliary container centering device  18  is disposed above the entry plate  22  opposite the container centering device  20 . The auxiliary container centering device  18  is capable of maintaining the positioning of the container  36  after is passes through the container centering device  20 . The auxiliary container centering device  18  includes an inner ring  62  and a generally concentric outer ring  66 , both disposed above the entry plate  22 . In one embodiment the inner ring  62  may have an elongated body  64  and the outer ring  66  may have an elongated body  68 . In one embodiment, the outer ring elongated body  68  extends past the inner ring elongated body  64 . The inner diameter of the outer ring  66  should be slightly larger than the brim diameter  38  of the largest container  36  to be inserted into the auxiliary container centering device  18 . The inner ring  62  is positioned inside of the outer ring  66  and in axial slideable communication with the outer ring  66 . The diameter of the inner ring  62  may be approximately the same diameter of the brim  38  of the largest container  38  to be inserted into the auxiliary container centering device  18  and the inner diameter of the inner ring  62  should be slightly larger than that of the brim  38  diameter of a smaller diameter container  36 . That is, when a larger diameter container  36  is inserted into the container centering device, the brim  38  of the container  36  may contact the diameter of the inner ring  62 . The inner ring  62  may be retained by the outer ring  66  to prevent the lower surface of the inner ring  62  from contacting the entry plate  22 .  
     [0047] In one embodiment, e.g., when used with a radiant energy lidding device, the inner ring  62  and the outer ring  66  may be constructed of materials that minimize loss of radiant energy, thereby allowing sufficient radiant energy to pass through and contact a film. The rings  62 ,  66  may be constructed of plastic, glass, or other material that minimizes the loss of radiant energy. In addition, known optical coatings may be used to minimize energy loss and/or heat build-up in the rings  62 ,  66 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a variety of materials can be used to construct the rings  62 ,  66 .  
     [0048] The operation of the above embodiment will now be discussed. When an open-topped container  36  having a smaller brim  38  diameter is inserted through the entry plate opening  34 , e.g., a 16 oz. or 22 oz. container  36 , the container  36  may be inserted through the inner ring  62 . While the smaller diameter container  36  may not contact the inner ring  62 , the inner ring  62  may act as a guide for centering the container  36  (see FIG. 8). When a larger diameter container  36 , e.g., a 32 oz. container, is inserted through the opening  34 , the brim  38  diameter is larger than the opening of the inner ring  62 , but smaller than the opening of the outer ring  66 . As such, the brim  38  will contact the inner ring  62 , pushing it upwards (see FIG. 9). In addition, the outer ring  66  may act as a guide for centering the container  36 . When the container centering device  20  of this embodiment is used with a lidding system as described below, the inner ring  62  may contact an activation plate. After the container  36  is removed, the inner ring  62  returns to its starting position.  
     [0049] The container centering device of the present system may be used with a lidding system. In one embodiment, a lidding system, as broadly described, has a modular rotational assembly including a reflective cup system having at least one energy source and at least one reflective cup, and, optionally, a protective glass or plastic optical element. In general, the radiant energy source preferably emits radiant energy as visible and near infrared radiation. A substantial portion of the emitted radiant energy contacts the surface of the reflective cup and is directed toward a thin energy-absorbing film that will shrink when impinged on by visible and near infrared radiation.  
     [0050] In the lidding system, film is provided covering the top of, and extending downwardly past the brim of, an open-topped container, such as a drinking cup. The radiant energy from the radiant energy source is directed to the area just below the periphery of the top of the cup, i.e., just below the brim. Thus, the radiant energy causes the film to shrink in the area around the brim, thereby forming a lid.  
     [0051] The film may be a bi-axially oriented thin shrink film having a preferred thickness of between 40 to 120 gauge (1.02 mm to 3.05 mm), with a more preferred film having a thickness of between 60 to 100 gauge (1.52 mm to 2.54 mm). One film that has been used is a 75 gauge (1.91 mm) DuPont Clysar ABL polyolefin shrink film. Appropriate shrink film would be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. Any art recognized film would be appropriate, such as 75 gauge (1.91 mm) Intertape Exfilm polyolefin shrink film. When used to cover food products, the film should be food contact-approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities.  
     [0052] To ensure that the film sufficiently shrinks when contacted by radiant energy, the film may be coated with a radiant energy absorbing substance. One such substance that works well in this environment is carbon black pigment. Other substances that would achieve satisfactory results include graphite and iron oxide. According to one embodiment, the carbon black pigment may be included as a functional component in ink that is applied to the surface of the film.  
     [0053] In another embodiment, at least two ink layers are applied to the film. One layer is a reflective layer and the second layer is a radiant energy absorbing layer. The radiant energy absorbing layer preferably contains an energy absorbing substance, such as carbon black, which increases the shrink rate of the film. The reflective layer acts as a reflector and reflects some of the radiant energy that passes through the energy absorbing layer back to the energy absorbing layer, thereby increasing the amount of energy absorbed by the energy absorbing layer.  
     [0054] Ink systems that have been found to be adequate for use are described below. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that there are a variety of ink systems, having one or more ink layers, that can be used with the present invention.  
     [0055] According to one embodiment, in a two layer ink system, the film may include a white ink, i.e., reflective layer, and a maroon ink, i.e., energy absorbing layer. In one embodiment of an energy absorbing layer, carbon black is mixed into the maroon layer. To enhance shrinkage of the film, carbon black may be added at a concentration of at least approximately 6% by dry weight of the ink formulation. In addition, at least 0.03 lbs. of carbon black may be added to every 3000 sq. ft. of printed area of the film. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a variety of ink concentrations can achieve satisfactory results in the present invention. The white layer acts as a reflector so that the radiant energy that passes through the maroon layer will be reflected back towards the maroon layer, thereby enhancing impingement of the maroon layer by the radiant energy. While the invention has been described in terms of a white or maroon layer, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of colors can be used to achieve a reflective layer and an energy absorbing layer.  
     [0056] In another two layer ink system, the film is coated with an aluminum particulate silver ink and then a blue or black ink, preferably with a substantial amount of a material which is highly energy absorbent for the particular energy source being utilized, such as carbon black. As with the white layer described above, the silver layer acts as a reflector so that the radiant energy that passes through the blue layer will be reflected back towards the blue layer, thereby enhancing impingement of the blue layer by the radiant energy.  
     [0057] A four layer ink system may be used when lighter, more decorative, colors are desired on the top surface of the film. In particular, it is sometimes desired to apply a decorative layer above the absorbent layer. In one embodiment of a four layer ink system, the four layer ink system has a film, silver reflective layer, an absorbent layer, a white reflective layer, and a decorative layer. The decorative layer may contain multiple colors that are lighter than the maroon and dark blue generally achieved with two layer systems. The decorative layer may also contain advertising slogans and indicia useful for identifying the contents of the lidded container. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a variety of layer color combinations can be used to achieve the results of the present invention.  
     [0058] Each of the above formulations is acceptable for use with the described lidding system. The four layer ink system provides acceptable film shrink and superior appearance. The two color system achieves acceptable film shrink and appearance at a lower cost.  
     [0059] Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the desirable number of ink layers used can depend on a variety of factors, e.g., cost. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that it is not necessary to coat the entire film with ink. In particular, in those area where shrinkage is not desired, the ink coating need not be applied and may, in fact, be undesirable. Moreover, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that ink patterns can be used on any ink layer.  
     [0060] In one embodiment of the container centering device in combination with a lidding system, the lidding system includes a modular rotational assembly  70 . As shown in FIG. 10, the modular rotational assembly  70  includes at least one reflective cup assembly  72  and an upper plate  78 . The reflective cup assembly  72  includes a radiant energy source  76  and a reflective cup  74 . The radiant energy source  76  is located within the reflective cup  74 . The modular rotational assembly  70  may have at least two reflective cup assemblies  72 . In one embodiment, depicted in FIG. 10, the modular rotational assembly  70  has three reflective cup assemblies  72 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that more than three reflective cup assemblies  72  may be used in the present invention.  
     [0061] The reflective cup assembly  72  is in communication with the upper plate  78 . In particular, each reflective cup  74  is connected to the upper plate  78 . The reflective cup  74  can be connected to the upper plate  78  via bolts, screws, or other connection means known to those of ordinary skill in the art.  
     [0062] The lidding system may further include a modular rotational assembly driver  80 , as shown in FIG. 11. The assembly driver  80  is capable of providing rotational movement to the modular rotational assembly  70 , including the reflective cup assembly  72 . The assembly driver  80  can be a gear, or other known means for providing rotational movement. The assembly driver  80  is capable of being driven by a motor driven drive system (not shown) that transfers energy for movement of the driver  80 . When the assembly driver  80  is moved, the modular rotational assembly  70  is rotated at least around a portion of the circumference of a brim  38  of a beverage container  36 .  
     [0063] The modularity of the rotational assembly  70  allows for the removal of the modular rotational assembly  70  for servicing and maintenance. In particular, the upper plate  78  is connected to the driver  80  by bolts (not shown), or other fastening means. To remove the rotational assembly  70 , the upper plate  78  is disconnected from the driver  80  by removal of the bolts, or other fastening means.  
     [0064] Each radiant energy source  76  is capable of producing radiant energy for shrinking a film  82  by emitting radiant energy having wavelengths in the visible and near infrared range. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the wavelength of the energy emitted by the radiant energy source is not particularly critical so long as the ink chosen is sufficiently absorbent over a range of the wavelengths emitted such that film shrinkage is reasonably rapid. Of course, care must be taken to insure that the surfaces serving as reflectors are actually reflective for radiation in the chosen wavelengths if radiation outside the visible range is emitted.  
     [0065] In particular, a convenient radiant energy source  76  is a conventional halogen lamp emitting light energy having wavelengths at least between approximately 600-1400 nm. It has been found that tungsten halogen lamps are a preferred radiant energy source  76 , however, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a number of different radiant energy sources are available which produce sufficient visible and near infrared radiation, such as xenon arc lamps. The energy sources may have a total wattage of between 150-1000 watts for compatibility with standard electrical wiring/circuiting. One radiant energy source that has been successfully used is a Ushio 120V300W FNB. As depicted in FIG. 10, the radiant energy source  76  is axially oriented, however, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other radiant energy source orientations can be effective.  
     [0066] In operation, each reflective cup  74  reflects radiant energy emitted from its corresponding radiant energy source  76  and directs it to the area where film shrinkage is desired, i.e., a target area on the film  82 . As depicted in FIG. 12, in one embodiment the cross-section of the reflective cup  74  has multiple geometries. In particular, the lower portion  84  of the reflective cup  74 , i.e., the area below a point just above the centerline of the radiant energy source  76 , is elliptical. The elliptical lower portion  84  reflects a substantial portion of the incident light in an upward direction to the area just below the brim  38  of the beverage container  36 , causing the incident light to strike the film  82  at the area just below the brim  38  of the beverage container  36 . The upper middle portion  86  of the reflective cup  74 , i.e., the area just above the centerline of the radiant energy source  76 , is parabolic, with the focal point of the parabola coincident with the center of the radiant energy source  76 . The upper middle portion  86  reflects the incident light in a substantially parallel and horizontal pattern, therefore causing the incident light to strike the film  82  at the area just below the brim  38  of the beverage container  36 . The upper portion  88  of the reflective cup  74  is a substantially linear surface that reflects the incident light in a downward direction, therefore causing a substantial portion of the incident light to contact the entire upward area of the beverage container  36 . The downward reflection of the incident light deflects light that would otherwise contribute to heat build-up in the components in the reflective cup assembly  72 . The front face of the reflective cup  74 , i.e., the portion facing the beverage container  36 , is open, or can be covered with a protective optical element as described below.  
     [0067] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 12, the reflective cups  74  have cooling fins  90 . When the reflective cup assembly  72  rotates, the fins  90  provide airflow over the heat generating components, thereby reducing heat build-up in the system.  
     [0068] The inner surface of the reflective cup  74  may have a smooth, mirror-like surface to aid in reflecting the radiant energy. For example, the inner surface may have a metalized silver-coated or gold-coated mirrored surface to reduce reflection losses. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that there are a variety of surfaces and coatings that can be used to reflect radiant energy. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that similar results can be achieved using different numbers of surfaces and shapes. Further, an overcoat may be used to prevent oxidation of the metalized layer.  
     [0069] In operation, the beverage container, or cup,  36  is filled with a liquid beverage, such as water, carbonated or non-carbonated soda, or coffee. During the lidding operation, described below, liquid could potentially splash onto parts of the reflective cup assembly  72 , such as the radiant energy sources  76  or the reflective cups  74 , causing damage or reducing efficiency. In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, a protective optical element  92  is interposed between the beverage container  36  and the reflective cups  74  and radiant energy sources  76 . Of note, the protective optical element  92  may also act as the outer ring  66  if an auxiliary container centering device  18  is used. The protective optical element  92  should be constructed of materials that minimize loss of radiant energy, thereby allowing sufficient radiant energy to pass through and contact the film. The protective optical element  92  may be constructed of plastic, or more preferably, of glass. In addition, known optical coatings may be used to minimize energy loss and/or heat build-up in the protective optical element  92 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a variety of materials can be used to construct the protective optical element  92 . The protective optical element  92  can be a separate element, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, or it can be integral with the reflective cup  74 .  
     [0070] As depicted in FIG. 11, the lidding system  94  also generally includes a supply roll  96 , a take-up reel  98 , and a film  82 . In operation, the film  82  is transferred from the supply roll  96  to the take-up reel  98 . In the embodiments depicted in FIG. 11, the film  82  is transferred from the supply roll  96  to the take-up reel  98  by drive belts  100 . In particular, at least one, and preferably two drive belts  100  are included such that the drive belts  100  contact the outer edges of the film  82  as the film  82  is fed through the lidding system  94 . The drive belts  100  are oriented in the film feed, i.e., machine, direction, and are further mounted on drive belt rollers  102 , where the drive belt rollers  102  provide rotational movement for the drive belts  100 . In particular, the drive belt rollers are in communication with the motor driven drive system (discussed above and not shown) that transfers energy for movement of the drive belt rollers  102 . In operation, the film  82  is interposed between, and in contact with, the drive belts  100  and an entry plate  22 . As the drive belt rollers  102  rotate the drive belts  100 , the frictional forces between the film  82  and the drive belts  100  cause the film  82  to be transferred from the supply roll  96  to the take-up reel  98 .  
     [0071] The entry plate  22  is positioned beneath the modular rotational assembly  70 . The entry plate  22  may have an opening  34  for receiving an open-topped container  36 . The opening  34  may be substantially circular. Moreover, it is preferred that the opening  34  have a diameter slightly larger than the outside brim  38  diameter of the largest beverage container  36  to be lidded with the device, for example 4.25″.  
     [0072] The lidding system  94  further includes a glass clamp  104  and an activation plate  114 . The glass clamp  104  is connected to vertical alignment mounting bracket  106  via a mechanical holding means  108 , such as a nut. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that there are a variety of other means for connecting the glass clamp  104  to the mounting bracket  106 , such as clamps, clips, pins, screws, and the like.  
     [0073] The lidding system  94  also includes a post  110 , having an activation source  112 , such as a magnet, located at an end opposite the activation plate  114 , and a reed switch  116 . The post  110  and activation source  112  are located within the diameter of the glass clamp  104 . The reed switch  116  is attached to, and located on the exterior of, the glass clamp  104 .  
     [0074] The lidding operation of the described apparatus will now be explained. After the beverage container  36  is filled with the desired beverage, the operator places the beverage container  36  in contact with the film  82  that has previously been cut and in proximity of the reflective cup assembly  10 . In particular, the beverage container  36  is moved into the sealing position by inserting the container  36  through the container centering device  20  and/or auxiliary container centering device  18 , as described above, thereby pushing the activation plate  114 , as well as the post  110  and activation source  112 , upward. At an upward end of travel, the activation source  112  trips the reed switch  116  thereby activating the radiant energy source(s)  76  and initiating the rotational movement of the modular rotational assembly  70  by the driver  80 .  
     [0075] As the reflective cup assembly  72  rotates, the radiant energy emits diffusely in all directions from the radiant energy source  76 . A portion of the radiant energy travels directly to the area of the beverage container  36  located directly beneath the brim  38  of the beverage container  36 . Another portion of the radiant energy contacts the reflective cup  74  and is directed to desired shrinkage area of the film  82  located around the brim  38  of the beverage container  36 . As the radiant energy contacts the film  82 , radiant energy is absorbed and the film  82  shrinks, forming a seal around the lid of the beverage container  36 . The lidded beverage container  36  is then removed from the lidding system  94 . When the container  36  is removed, a sensor (not shown) starts the advancement of the film  82  for the next lidding cycle.  
     [0076] Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.