Patent Publication Number: US-2023142650-A1

Title: Physical downlink shared channel (pdsch) repetition transmission for reliable communications

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/263,857, filed Jan. 27, 2021, entitled “PHYSICAL DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL (PDSCH) REPETITION TRANSMISSION FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS,” which is a national stage entry of Patent Cooperation Treaty application number PCT/US2019/045353, filed Aug. 6, 2019, entitled “PHYSICAL DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL (PDSCH) REPETITION TRANSMISSION FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS,” which claims priory from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/715,420, filed Aug. 7, 2018, entitled “ENHANCED PHYSICAL DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL REPETITION TRANSMISSION,” each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless systems typically include multiple User Equipment (UE) devices communicatively coupled to one or more Base Stations (BS). The one or more BSs may be Long Term Evolved (LTE) evolved NodeBs (eNB) or new radio (NR) NodeBs (gNB), next generation node Bs (gNB), or new radio base stations (NR BS) that can be communicatively coupled to one or more UEs by a Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network. 
     Next generation wireless communication systems are expected to be a unified network/system that is targeted to meet vastly different and sometimes conflicting performance dimensions and services. New Radio Access Technology (RAT) is expected to support a broad range of use cases including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), Mission Critical Machine Type Communication (uMTC), and similar service types operating in frequency ranges up to 100 GHz. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the disclosure; and, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Release 15 frame structure in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  2   a    depicts functionality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) configuration in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  2   b    depicts functionality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) configuration in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  3   a    depicts functionality of quasi-co-location (QCL) in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  3   b    depicts functionality of quasi-co-location (QCL) in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  4    depicts functionality of a user equipment (UE) operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  5    depicts functionality of a new radio node B (gNB) operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  6    depicts a flowchart of a machine-readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example architecture of a system of a network in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an example of a platform or device in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry and radio front end modules (RFEM) in accordance with an example; 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating components able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium in accordance with an example; and 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example. 
     
    
    
     Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the technology is thereby intended. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before the present technology is disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this technology is not limited to the particular structures, process actions, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarity in illustrating actions and operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence. 
     EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided below and then specific technology embodiments are described in further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the technology more quickly but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the technology nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     To support enhanced reliability focusing on 1 millisecond (ms) latency bound in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) Release 15, various techniques are to be standardized. For physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) reliability, semi-static configuration of PCFICH duration to avoid PCFICH reliability impacting the overall DL reliability may be developed in 3GPP radio access network (RAN) 2. And blind/hybrid automatic repeater request (HARQ)-less repetition for scheduled downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) operation can be developed in 3GPP RAN1. Specifically, by virtue of legacy physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) formats (if applicable), any potential downlink control information (DCI) modifications may be limited to support of blind/HARQ-less repetition. 
     The PDCCH can indicate the number of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmissions associated with the PDCCH. PDSCH transmissions can be soft combined after a PDCCH is successfully received. The number of transmissions, k, can be the number of PDSCH transmissions associated with the PDCCH starting with the current transmission time interval (TTI). The UE can discard any PDSCH assignment for a shorted TTI (sTTI) or a TTI in a serving cell with cyclic redundancy code (CRC) scrambled with cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), if PDSCH by means of blind repetition can be received in that STTI or TTI in the same serving cell. For PDSCH repetition, a field of 2 bits can be amended to the PDSCH related DCI. Blind/HARQ-less PDSCH repetitions can be enabled by radio resource control (RRC) configuration. For slot or sub-slot PDSCH repetition, the rate-matching around short PDCCH (SPDCCH) resources for the PDSCH transmissions within a repetition window can follow the rate-matching around SPDCCH resources for the first PDSCH transmission of the repetition window. For transmission mode 10 (TM10) blind/HARQ-less PDSCH repetition, the UE can assume the same PDSCH resource element (RE) Mapping and Quasi-Co-Location Indicator (PQI) to be applied to all PDSCH repetitions. 
     The PDSCH repetitions associated with a single DL assignment can assume the same resource block (RB) allocation. For slot or sub-slot PDSCH repetition and demodulation reference signal (DMRS) based PDSCH, the UE may assume that the same precoder is kept between PDSCH repetitions. For time division duplexing (TDD), the UE may not assume coherent DMRS channel estimation across an uplink (UL)/downlink (DL) switching point. The UE can be configured for coherent channel estimation filtering. For sub-slot PDSCH repetitions DMRS sharing may not be supported for blind/HARQ-less PDSCH repetition with k&gt;1, i.e. DMRS can be present in each sub-slot. For slot or sub-slot PDSCH, with k&gt;1, the maximum transmission rank can be 2 for reception of PDSCH. For PDSCH repetitions, different redundancy versions (RV) can be used in different PDSCH transmissions within the repetition window. For PDSCH repetitions and RV cycling which can be configured by higher layer signaling and selected between {0, 0, 0, 0} or {0, 2, 3, 1}, the RV field in the DCI scheduling a repetition sequence of k PDSCH transmissions can identify the starting RV in the cycling sequence that can be used for the first transmission of PDSCH within the repetition window. For HARQ for repeated PDSCH transmissions, the UE can report HARQ feedback with the timing given by the last PDSCH repetition. 
     In one example, different transmission beams can be applied for different repetitions, which can provide another degree of freedom for the network to determine the repetition between omni-directional or beamformed transmission. The flexibility of enabling the network to choose either omni-directional repetition or precoder cycling based repetition based on the actual scenario can allow the network to maximize the spectrum and energy efficiency. 
     In one example, a user equipment (UE) can be operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication. The UE can comprise one or more processors configured to: decode information from a first transmission from a PDSCH and information from one or more repeated transmissions from the PDSCH; decode a repetition parameter value; and determine whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmission are different based on the repetition parameter value. 
       FIG.  1    provides an example of a 3GPP NR Release 15 frame structure. In particular,  FIG.  1    illustrates a downlink radio frame structure. In the example, a radio frame  100  of a signal used to transmit the data can be configured to have a duration, T f , of 10 milliseconds (ms). Each radio frame can be segmented or divided into ten subframes  110   i  that are each 1 ms long. Each subframe can be further subdivided into one or multiple slots  120   a,    120   i,  and  120   x,  each with a duration, T slot , of 1/μms, where μ=1 for 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, μ=2 for 30 kHz, μ=4 for 60 kHz, μ=8 for 120 kHz, and μ=16 for 240 kHz. Each slot can include a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and/or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). 
     Each slot for a component carrier (CC) used by the node and the wireless device can include multiple resource blocks (RBs)  130   a,    130   b,    130   i,    130   m,  and  130   n  based on the CC frequency bandwidth. The CC can have a carrier frequency having a bandwidth. Each slot of the CC can include downlink control information (DCI) found in the PDCCH. The PDCCH is transmitted in control channel resource set (CORESET) which can include one, two or three Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols and multiple RBs. 
     Each RB (physical RB or PRB) can include 12 subcarriers (on the frequency axis) and 14 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols (on the time axis) per slot. The RB can use 14 OFDM symbols if a short or normal cyclic prefix is employed. The RB can use 12 OFDM symbols if an extended cyclic prefix is used. The resource block can be mapped to 168 resource elements (REs) using short or normal cyclic prefixing, or the resource block can be mapped to 144 REs (not shown) using extended cyclic prefixing. The RE can be a unit of one OFDM symbol  142  by one subcarrier (i.e., 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz)  146 . 
     Each RE  140   i  can transmit two bits  150   a  and  150   b  of information in the case of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation. Other types of modulation may be used, such as 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or 64 QAM to transmit a greater number of bits in each RE, or bi-phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation to transmit a lesser number of bits (a single bit) in each RE. The RB can be configured for a downlink transmission from the NR BS to the UE, or the RB can be configured for an uplink transmission from the UE to the NR BS. 
     This example of the 3GPP NR Release 15 frame structure provides examples of the way in which data is transmitted, or the transmission mode. The example is not intended to be limiting. Many of the Release 15 features will evolve and change in the 5G frame structures included in 3GPP LTE Release 15, MulteFire Release 1.1, and beyond. In such a system, the design constraint can be on co-existence with multiple 5G numerologies in the same carrier due to the coexistence of different network services, such as eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications or massive IoT) and URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications or Critical Communications). The carrier in a 5G system can be above or below 6 GHz. In one embodiment, each network service can have a different numerology. 
     Configurable PDSCH Spatial Repetition Transmission 
     In one example, legacy PDSCH repetition transmission may support omni-directional transmission wherein each repetition transmission in the repetition window uses the same transmit direction so that channel estimation obtained from the demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in each repetition can be filtered to enhance the estimation performance. However, in some situations, different repetitions with different transmit directions can be transmitted to achieve spatial diversity and enhance reception reliability. When the PDCCH schedules a PDSCH repetition transmission, the UE can be informed whether the channel estimates obtained from the DMRS in different repetitions can be averaged. In one example, if the omni-directional repetition is used, the UE can be informed that the DMRS in different repetitions can share the same quasi-collocation (QCL) property; otherwise, the DMRS in different repetitions may not be assumed to be QCLed. 
     Method-1: RRC Signaling Based Semi-Static Configuration for Spatial Repetition 
     In one example, radio resource control (RRC) configuration for PDSCH repetition can include an RRC parameter (e.g., DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfig) which can signal whether the DMRS in different repetitions can be averaged or not. In another example, the DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfigValues parameter can include, as depicted in  FIG.  2   a   : 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DMRS-PdschRepetionConfigValues := { 
               
               
                   
                  “QCLed DMRS in all repetitions”, 
               
               
                   
                  “Non-QCLed DMRS in repetitions” 
               
               
                   
                  } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another example, the DMRS-PdschRepetitonConfigValues parameter can include the following two examples: (a) the DMRS in all PDSCH repetitions can be assumed to be QCLed so that the channel estimates in different repetitions can be averaged or filtered, or (b) the DMRS in different repetitions may not be assumed to be QCLed so that the channel estimates may not be averaged. 
     In another example, the parameter DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfig can be configured with one of the values defined in the parameter DMRS-PdschRepetitonConfigValues and can signal whether the DMRS in different repetitions can be averaged or not. 
     In another example, to facilitate the UE receiving (RX) spatial filter settings for PDSCH repetitions using different QCL assumption values, the parameter DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfigValues can include, as depicted in  FIG.  2   b   : 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DMRS-PdschRepetionConfigValues := { 
               
               
                   
                  “QCLed DMRS in all repetitions”, 
               
               
                   
                  “{QCL#1, QCL#2, ..., QCL#K}” 
               
               
                   
                  } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another example, the DMRS in different repetitions can be averaged when the DMRS in all repetitions can be assumed to be QCLed. In another example, when the DMRS in different repetitions may not be assumed to be QCLed, K QCL assumption values can be configured to the parameter DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfig so that precoder cycling corresponding to the configured QCL values can be performed for different repetitions, wherein K can be a positive integer. If the parameter DMRS-PdschRepetitionConfig is configured with the set of QCL values for precoder cycling, the QCL value signaled in the DCI can indicate the QCL assumption for the first transmission (i.e. the start value of QCL cycling) and subsequent QCL values for the following repetitions can be obtained from the configured set of QCL value cycling. 
     Method-2: DCI Based Dynamic Signaling for Spatial Repetition 
     In one example, DCI scheduling the PDSCH repetition can explicitly signal the QCL values for each PDSCH repetition to provide a flexible configuration for spatial setting of each PDSCH repetition at the cost of an increase of DCI payload. In another example, the DCI fields can be added to signal the QCL values of each repetition when PDSCH repetition is scheduled, as depicted in  FIG.  3   a   : 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DCI QCL fields for repetitions: = { 
               
               
                   
                  QCL#1, 
               
               
                   
                  QCL#2, 
               
               
                   
                  ... 
               
               
                   
                  QCL#K 
               
               
                   
                  } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another example, each repetition can include a corresponding QCL value signaled by a respective DCI field to enable the hybrid spatial repetition scheme. In another example, among a total of 4 repetitions, the first two repetitions can be transmitted from a set of QCLed DMRS ports and the last two repetitions can be transmitted from another set of QCLed DMRS ports to enable a trade-off among the channel estimation enhancement from DMRS repetition and the spatial diversity from the different QCLed DMRS ports. 
     Method-3: Combined DCI and Higher Layer Signaling for Spatial Repetition 
     In another example, when a set of QCL or transmission configuration indicators (TCI) states have been configured for PDSCH configuration by RRC signaling, a subset of these configured QCL or TCI states can be activated by medium access control (MAC) signaling dynamically. For PDSCH without repetition, the DCI can signal a selected QCL/TCI state among the activated QCL/TCI states for the spatial transmission of the scheduled PDSCH. 
     In another example, for PDSCH repetition signaling, the MAC control elements (CE) for activating the QCL/TCI states can include one more fields defining the QCL/TCI state cycling for PDSCH repetition. In another example, if the MAC CE can activate at most 8 QCL/TCI states among a maximum of 64 configured QCL/TCI states and at most K repetitions are supported, a new field in MAC CE can be added to indicate selected QCL/TCI states for K repetitions, wherein K can be a positive integer. The payload of the MAC CE can have the following format, as depicted in  FIG.  3   b   : 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  MAC CE for QCL/TCI state activation/deactivation := { 
               
               
                   Bit map of 64 bits for QCL/TCL activation/deactivation 
               
               
                   K sets of 3 bits: each set of 3 bits defines the index of activated QCL/TCI state 
               
               
                 assuming at most 8 activated QCL/TCI states. 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another example, the QCL/TCI states and the set of QCL/TCI state cycling can be dynamically activated or deactivated based on the channel state information (CSI) or beam management reports of the UE. 
     In another example, when DCI schedules a PDSCH repetition, the QCL field or TCI field can signal one of the activated QCL states or TCI states to indicate the omni-directional repetition to be applied or to signal a value corresponding to the activated QCL/TCI cycling based repetition. In another example, if at most 8 QCL states or TCI states and at most one QCL state cycling or TCI state cycling can be activated, then 9 QCL states or TCI states may be signaled in DCI. In another example, 4 bits can be configured in DCI for the respective signaling. 
     Another example provides functionality  400  of a UE operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, as shown in  FIG.  4   . The UE can comprise one or more processors. The one or more processors can be configured to decode, at the UE, information from a first transmission from a PDSCH and information from one or more repeated transmissions from the PDSCH, as in block  410 . The one or more processors can be configured to decode, at the UE, a repetition parameter value, as in block  420 . The one or more processors can be configured to determine, at the UE, whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmission are different based on the repetition parameter value, as in block  430 . In addition, the UE can comprise a memory interface configured to store the repetition parameter value in a memory. 
     Another example provides functionality  500  of a new radio node B (gNB) operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, as shown in  FIG.  5   . The gNB can comprise one or more processors. The one or more processors can be configured to encode, at the gNB, information on a first transmission on a PDSCH and encode the information on one or more repeated transmissions on the PDSCH, as in block  510 . The one or more processors can be configured to select, at the gNB, a repetition parameter value that indicates whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmissions are different, as in block  520 . The one or more processors can be configured to encode, at the gNB, the repetition parameter value, as in block  530 . In addition, the gNB can comprise a memory interface configured to send the repetition parameter value to a memory. 
     Another example provides at least one machine readable storage medium having instructions  600  embodied thereon for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, as shown in  FIG.  6   . The instructions can be executed on a machine, where the instructions are included on at least one computer readable medium or one non-transitory machine readable storage medium. The instructions when executed perform: decoding, at the UE, information from a first transmission from a PDSCH and information from one or more repeated transmissions from the PDSCH, as in block  610 . The instructions when executed perform: decoding, at the UE, a repetition parameter value, as in block  620 . The instructions when executed perform: determining, at the UE, whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmission are different based on the repetition parameter value, as in block  630 . 
     While examples have been provided in which a gNB has been specified, they are not intended to be limiting. An evolved node B (eNB) can be used in place of a next generation node B (gNB), a new radio node B (gNB), or a new radio base station (NR BS). Accordingly, unless otherwise stated, any example herein in which a gNB has been disclosed, can similarly be disclosed with the use of eNB or new radio base station (NR BS). 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an example architecture of a system  700  of a network, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system  700  that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like. 
     As shown by  FIG.  7   , the system  700  includes UE  701   a  and UE  701   b  (collectively referred to as “UEs  701 ” or “UE  701 ”). In this example, UEs  701  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, any of the UEs  701  may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  701  may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with a RAN  710 . In embodiments, the RAN  710  may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN  710  that operates in an NR or 5G system  700 , and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN  710  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  700 . The UEs  701  utilize connections (or channels)  703  and  704 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below). 
     In this example, the connections  703  and  704  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs  701  may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  705 . The ProSe interface  705  may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface  705  and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH. 
     The UE  701   b  is shown to be configured to access an AP  706  (also referred to as “WLAN node  706 ,” “WLAN  706 ,” “WLAN Termination  706 ,” “WT  706 ” or the like) via connection  707 . The connection  707  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  706  would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP  706  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE  701   b,  RAN  710 , and AP  706  may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE  701   b  in RRC CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node  711   a - b  to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE  701   b  using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection  707 ) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection  707 . IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets. 
     The RAN  710  can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes  711   a  and  711   b  (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes  711 ” or “RAN node  711 ”) that enable the connections  703  and  704 . As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node  711  that operates in an NR or 5G system  700  (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node  711  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  700  (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes  711  may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes  711  may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes  711 ; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes  711 ; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes  711 . This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes  711  to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node  711  may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by  FIG.  7   ). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs, and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN  710  (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes  711  may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs  701 , and are connected to a 5GC via an NG interface (discussed infra). 
     In V2X scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes  711  may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs  701  (vUEs  701 ). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network. 
     Any of the RAN nodes  711  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  701 . In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes  711  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  710  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In embodiments, the UEs  701  can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  711  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  711  to the UEs  701 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     According to various embodiments, the UEs  701  and the RAN nodes  711  communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. 
     To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs  701  and the RAN nodes  711  may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs  701  and the RAN nodes  711  may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. 
     LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs  701  RAN nodes  711 , etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold. 
     Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE  701 , AP  706 , or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and a MCOT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements. 
     The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidths of each CC is usually the same for DL and UL. 
     CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE  701  to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within a same subframe. 
     The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  701 . The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  701  about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  701   b  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  711  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  701 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  701 . 
     The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations. 
     The RAN nodes  711  may be configured to communicate with one another via interface  712 . In embodiments where the system  700  is an LTE system, the interface  712  may be an X2 interface  712 . The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes  711  (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC  720 , and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC  720 . In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE  701  from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE  701 ; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality. 
     In embodiments where the system  700  is a 5G or NR system, the interface  712  may be an Xn interface  712 . The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes  711  (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC  720 , between a RAN node  711  (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC  720  and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC  720 . In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE  701  in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes  711 . The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node  711  to new (target) serving RAN node  711 ; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node  711  to new (target) serving RAN node  711 . A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein. 
     The RAN  710  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, core network (CN)  720 . The CN  720  may comprise a plurality of network elements  722 , which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs  701 ) who are connected to the CN  720  via the RAN  710 . The components of the CN  720  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions. 
     Generally, the application server  730  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server  730  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  701  via the EPC  720 . 
     In embodiments, the CN  720  may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC  720 ” or the like), and the RAN  710  may be connected with the CN  720  via an NG interface  713 . In embodiments, the NG interface  713  may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface  714 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  711  and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface  715 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  711  and AMFs. 
     In embodiments, the CN  720  may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC  720 ” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN  720  may be an EPC). Where CN  720  is an EPC (referred to as “EPC  720 ” or the like), the RAN  710  may be connected with the CN  720  via an S1 interface  713 . In embodiments, the S1 interface  713  may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface  714 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  711  and the S-GW, and the S1-MME interface  715 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  711  and MMEs. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an example of a platform  800  (or “device  800 ”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform  800  may be suitable for use as UEs  701 , application servers  730 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform  800  may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform  800  may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform  800 , or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of  FIG.  8    is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform  800 . However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. 
     Application circuitry  805  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  805  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the platform  800 . In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. 
     As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  805  may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry  805  may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry  805  may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry  805  and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation. 
     Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry  805  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices)FPDs(such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices)PLDs(such as complex PLDs)CPLDs(,high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  810  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  810  are discussed infra with regard to  FIG.  9   . 
     The RFEMs  815  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array  911  of  FIG.  9    infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  815 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  820  may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry  820  may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry  820  may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry  820  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDEVIMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry  820  may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry  805 . To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry  820  may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform  800  may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. 
     Removable memory circuitry  823  may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform  800 . These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like. 
     The platform  800  may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform  800 . The external devices connected to the platform  800  via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry  821  and electro-mechanical components (EMCs)  822 , as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry  823 . 
     The sensor circuitry  821  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUs) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc. 
     EMCs  822  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform  800  to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs  822  may be configured to generate and send messages/signalling to other components of the platform  800  to indicate a current state of the EMCs  822 . Examples of the EMCs  822  include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform  800  is configured to operate one or more EMCs  822  based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients. 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  800  with positioning circuitry  845 . The positioning circuitry  845  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States&#39; GPS, Russia&#39;s GLONASS, the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan&#39;s QZSS, France&#39;s DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  845  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  845  may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  845  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry and/or RFEMs  815  to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  845  may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry  805 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  800  with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry  840 . NFC circuitry  840  is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry  840  and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform  800  (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry  840  comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry  840  by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry  840 , or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry  840  and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform  800 . 
     The driver circuitry  846  may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform  800 , attached to the platform  800 , or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform  800 . The driver circuitry  846  may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform  800  to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform  800 . For example, driver circuitry  846  may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform  800 , sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry  821  and control and allow access to sensor circuitry  821 , EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs  822  and/or control and allow access to the EMCs  822 , a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices. 
     The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  825  (also referred to as “power management circuitry  825 ”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform  800 . In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry  810 , the PMIC  825  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC  825  may often be included when the platform  800  is capable of being powered by a battery  830 , for example, when the device is included in a UE  701 . 
     In some embodiments, the PMIC  825  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform  800 . For example, if the platform  800  is in an RRC Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform  800  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform  800  may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform  800  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform  800  may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     A battery  830  may power the platform  800 , although in some examples the platform  800  may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery  830  may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery  830  may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. 
     In some implementations, the battery  830  may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform  800  to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery  830 . The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery  830  to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery  830 . The BMS may communicate the information of the battery  830  to the application circuitry  805  or other components of the platform  800 . The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry  805  to directly monitor the voltage of the battery  830  or the current flow from the battery  830 . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform  800  may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. 
     A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery  830 . In some examples, the power block may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform  800 . In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery  830 , and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others. 
     User interface circuitry  850  includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform  800 , and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform  800  and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform  800 . The user interface circuitry  850  includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform  800 . The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry  821  may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     Although not shown, the components of platform  800  may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I 2 C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry  910  and radio front end modules (RFEM)  915  in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry  910  corresponds to the baseband circuitry  810  of  FIG.  8   , respectively. The RFEM  915  corresponds to the RFEM  815  of  FIG.  8   , respectively. As shown, the RFEMs  915  may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  906 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  908 , antenna array  911  coupled together at least as shown. 
     The baseband circuitry  910  includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  906 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  910  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  910  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry  910  is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  906  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  906 . The baseband circuitry  910  is configured to interface with application circuitry  805  (see  FIG.  8   ) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  906 . The baseband circuitry  910  may handle various radio control functions. 
     The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry  910  may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor  904 A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor  904 B, a 5G/NR baseband processor  904 C, or some other baseband processor(s)  904 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  904 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  904 G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  904 E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  904 A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory  904 G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU  904 E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU  904 E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry  910 , schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry  910  includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  904 F. The audio DSP(s)  904 F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, each of the processors  904 A- 904 E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory  904 G. The baseband circuitry  910  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  910 ; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  805  of  FIG.  9   ); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  906  of  FIG.  9   ; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC  825 . 
     In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry  910  comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry  910  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the RFEMs  915 ). 
     Although not shown by  FIG.  9   , in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  910  includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry  910  and/or RF circuitry  906  are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry  910  and/or RF circuitry  906  are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g.,  904 G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry  910  may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol. 
     The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry  910  discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry  910  may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  910  and RF circuitry  906  may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip)SoC(or System-in-Package)SiP(. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  910  may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry  906  (or multiple instances of RF circuitry  906 ). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  910  and the application circuitry  805  may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board)e.g. ,a “multi-chip package”(. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  910  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  910  may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  910  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  906  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  906  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  908  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  910 . RF circuitry  906  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  910  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  908  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  906  may include mixer circuitry  906   a,  amplifier circuitry  906   b  and filter circuitry  906   c.  In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  906  may include filter circuitry  906   c  and mixer circuitry  906   a.  RF circuitry  906  may also include synthesizer circuitry  906   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  908  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  906   d.  The amplifier circuitry  906   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  906   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  910  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  908 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  910  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  906   c.    
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  910  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  906 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the RF circuitry  906  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  910  or the application circuitry  805  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  805 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  906   d  of the RF circuitry  906  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  908  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array  911 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  906  for further processing. FEM circuitry  908  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  906  for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array  911 . In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  906 , solely in the FEM circuitry  908 , or in both the RF circuitry  906  and the FEM circuitry  908 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  908  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  908  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  908  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  906 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  908  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  906 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array  911 . 
     The antenna array  911  comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  910  is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array  911  including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array  911  may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array  911  may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry  906  and/or FEM circuitry  908  using metal transmission lines or the like. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  805  and processors of the baseband circuitry  910  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  910 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  805  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  10    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  1000  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  1010 , one or more memory/storage devices  1020 , and one or more communication resources  1030 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  1040 . For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  1002  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  1000 . 
     The processors  1010  may include, for example, a processor  1012  and a processor  1014 . The processor(s)  1010  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  1020  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  1020  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  1030  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  1004  or one or more databases  1006  via a network  1008 . For example, the communication resources  1030  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  1050  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  1010  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  1050  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  1010  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  1020 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  1050  may be transferred to the hardware resources  1000  from any combination of the peripheral devices  1004  or the databases  1006 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  1010 , the memory/storage devices  1020 , the peripheral devices  1004 , and the databases  1006  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG.  11    provides an example illustration of the wireless device, such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The wireless device can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN), or, transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband processing unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), or other type of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point. The wireless device can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The wireless device can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The wireless device can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN. The wireless device can also comprise a wireless modem. The wireless modem can comprise, for example, a wireless radio transceiver and baseband circuitry (e.g., a baseband processor). The wireless modem can, in one example, modulate signals that the wireless device transmits via the one or more antennas and demodulate signals that the wireless device receives via the one or more antennas. 
       FIG.  11    also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that can be used for audio input and output from the wireless device. The display screen can be a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, or other type of display screen such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. The display screen can be configured as a touch screen. The touch screen can use capacitive, resistive, or another type of touch screen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor can be coupled to internal memory to provide processing and display capabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also be used to provide data input/output options to a user. The non-volatile memory port can also be used to expand the memory capabilities of the wireless device. A keyboard can be integrated with the wireless device or wirelessly connected to the wireless device to provide additional user input. A virtual keyboard can also be provided using the touch screen. 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples pertain to specific technology embodiments and point out specific features, elements, or actions that can be used or otherwise combined in achieving such embodiments. 
     Example 1 includes an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors configured to: decode, at the UE, information from a first transmission from a PDSCH and information from one or more repeated transmissions from the PDSCH; decode, at the UE, a repetition parameter value; and determine, at the UE, whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmission are different based on the repetition parameter value; and a memory interface configured to store the repetition parameter value in a memory. 
     Example 2 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states are configured via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     Example 3 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: identify, at the UE, the repetition parameter value, wherein the repetition parameter value indicates 1, 2, 3, or 4 different TCI states. 
     Example 4 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the repetition parameter is a TCI codepoint configured via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     Example 5 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: activate, at the UE, a subset of TCI states via medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     Example 6 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 5, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: decode, at the UE, the repetition parameter value from downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 7 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 5, wherein a difference between the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states indicates a difference between a first spatial direction associated with the first transmission and one or more additional spatial directions associated with the one or more repeated transmissions. 
     Example 8 includes an apparatus of a new radio node B (gNB) operable for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors configured to: encode, at the gNB, information on a first transmission on a PDSCH and encode the information on one or more repeated transmissions on the PDSCH; select, at the gNB, a repetition parameter value that indicates whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmissions are different; and encode, at the gNB, the repetition parameter value; and a memory interface configured to send the repetition parameter value to a memory. 
     Example 9 includes the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode, at the gNB, the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     Example 10 includes the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: select, at the gNB, the repetition parameter value, wherein the repetition parameter value indicates 1, 2, 3, or 4 different TCI states. 
     Example 11 includes the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode, at the gNB, the repetition parameter via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, wherein the repetition parameter is a TCI codepoint. 
     Example 12 includes the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: activate, at the gNB, a subset of TCI states via medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     Example 13 includes the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode, at the gNB, the repetition parameter value via downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 14 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 8 to 13, wherein a difference between the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states indicates a difference between a first spatial direction associated with the first transmission and one or more additional spatial directions associated with the one or more repeated transmissions. 
     Example 15 includes at least one machine readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) repetition communication, the instructions when executed by one or more processors at a user equipment (UE) perform the following: decoding, at the UE, information from a first transmission from a PDSCH and information from one or more repeated transmissions from the PDSCH; decoding, at the UE, a repetition parameter value; and determining, at the UE, whether a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for the first transmission and one or more additional TCI states for the one or more repeated transmission are different based on the repetition parameter value. 
     Example 16 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 15, wherein the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states are configured via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     Example 17 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 15, further comprising instructions that when executed perform: identifying, at the UE, the repetition parameter value, wherein the repetition parameter value indicates 1, 2, 3, or 4 different TCI states. 
     Example 18 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 15, further comprising instructions that when executed perform: activating, at the UE, a subset of TCI states via medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     Example 19 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 15, further comprising instructions that when executed perform: decoding, at the UE, the repetition parameter value from downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 20 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 15 to 19, wherein a difference between the first TCI state and the one or more additional TCI states indicates a difference between a first spatial direction associated with the first transmission and one or more additional spatial directions associated with the one or more repeated transmissions. 
     Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, compact disc-read-only memory (CD-ROMs), hard drives, non-transitory computer readable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the various techniques. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. The volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements may be a random-access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash drive, optical drive, magnetic hard drive, solid state drive, or other medium for storing electronic data. The node and wireless device may also include a transceiver module (i.e., transceiver), a counter module (i.e., counter), a processing module (i.e., processor), and/or a clock module (i.e., clock) or timer module (i.e., timer). In one example, selected components of the transceiver module can be located in a cloud radio access network (C-RAN). One or more programs that may implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group(,and/or memory)shared ,dedicated ,or group (that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. 
     It should be understood that many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like. 
     Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module may not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module. 
     Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network. The modules may be passive or active, including agents operable to perform desired functions. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “an example” or “exemplary” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in an example” or the word “exemplary” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
     As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and example of the present technology may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as defacto equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate and autonomous representations of the present technology. 
     Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of layouts, distances, network examples, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the technology. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the technology can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, layouts, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the technology. 
     While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present technology in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the technology. Accordingly, it is not intended that the technology be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.