Patent Publication Number: US-2021181312-A1

Title: Hyper-resolved, high bandwidth scanned lidar systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This Utility Patent Application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/530,818 filed on Aug. 2, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,725,177 issued on Jul. 28, 2020, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/261,528 filed on Jan. 29, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,379,220 issued on Aug. 13, 2019, which is based on previously filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/709,715 filed on Jan. 29, 2018, the benefit of the filing date of which is hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) and § 120 and the contents of which are each further incorporated in entirety by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to a light imaging, detection and ranging (LIDAR) system and to methods of making and using the LIDAR system. The present invention is also directed to a LIDAR system that scans with a narrow blade of illumination across a field of view with an array of pixels. 
     BACKGROUND 
     LIDAR systems may be employed to determine a range, a distance, a position and/or a trajectory of a remote object, such as an aircraft, a missile, a drone, a projectile, a baseball, a vehicle, or the like. The systems may track the remote object based on detection of photons, or other signals, emitted and/or reflected by the remote object. LIDAR systems may illuminate the remote object with electromagnetic waves, or light beams, emitted by the systems. The systems may detect a portion of light beams that are reflected, or scattered, by the remote object. The systems may suffer from one or more of undesirable speed, undesirable accuracy, or undesirable susceptibility to noise. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an embodiment of an exemplary environment in which various embodiments of the invention may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of an exemplary mobile computer that may be included in a system such as that shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of an exemplary network computer that may be included in a system such as that shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  shows a perspective view of a light source that is configured as an exemplary laser diode bar device to emit laser light on its edge as a “light blade” through a thin and wide aperture; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a side view of the laser diode bar device collimating the laser light into a beam along one axis, i.e., a “light blade”; 
         FIG. 5B  shows another side view of the exemplary laser diode bar device where the maximum sharpness of the light blade is set at a fixed distance by a position of a collimating lens; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary scan mirror that unidirectionally sweeps the laser “light blade” back and forth across the field of view (FoV); 
         FIG. 7  shows an exemplary polygonal shaped rotating mirror sweeping the laser light blade uni-directionally across a FoV; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary system that provides for transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) a laser light blade scanned onto and reflected back from a remote surface; 
         FIG. 9  shows an exemplary projected image (I′) of the laser light blade onto a surface of an exemplary pixel array sensor (S); 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary projected image (I′) of the laser light blade&#39;s line width (Wl′) being substantially narrower than the width of a pixel in the array (Wp); 
         FIG. 11  shows exemplary successive scans where a position of the projected image (I′) of the laser light blade is advanced, or retarded by small fractions, in correspondence to the projected image (I′) illuminating slightly different fractional portions of a 3D surface in the FoV; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates actions of an exemplary hyper-resolved 3D LIDAR system that employs separate transmitting (Tx) processes to separately scan a pixel in both the x (column) and y (row) directions; 
         FIG. 13  shows an exemplary 2D array LIDAR system that scans the projected image of a laser light spot in a 2D pattern that is reflected off a surface onto pixels in an array; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary 2D LIDAR system that scans the projected image of the laser light spot in columns where the azimuthal position of each of the columns may be established through feedback and/or calibration; 
         FIG. 15  shows an exemplary overview of two vehicles that are quickly approaching each other and a hyper resolved LIDAR system is able to quickly observe small changes in distance between the vehicles; and 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a flow chart for determining a range of a target with a LIDAR system; 
         FIG. 17A  shows an exemplary LIDAR system detecting a first edge of an object; 
         FIG. 17B  illustrates an exemplary LIDAR system that is emitting scanned light pulses at a detected object; 
         FIG. 17C  shows an exemplary LIDAR system scanning pulsed light when an object is detected and scanning continuous light when the object is undetected; and 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a flow chart for employing scanned continuous and pulsed light to dynamically determine the contours of an object in accordance with the invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Various embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. The embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Among other things, the various embodiments may be methods, systems, media, or devices. Accordingly, the various embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense. 
     Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments of the invention may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. 
     In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” conjunction, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.” 
     As used herein, the terms “photon beam,” “light beam,” “electromagnetic beam,” “image beam,” or “beam” refer to a somewhat localized (in time and space) beam or bundle of photons or electromagnetic (EM) waves of various frequencies or wavelengths within the EM spectrum. An outgoing light beam is a beam that is transmitted by various ones of the various embodiments disclosed herein. An incoming light beam is a beam that is detected by various ones of the various embodiments disclosed herein. 
     As used herein, the terms “light source,” “photon source,” or “source” refer to various devices that are capable of emitting, providing, transmitting, or generating one or more photons or EM waves of one or more wavelengths or frequencies within the EM spectrum. A light or photon source may transmit one or more outgoing light beams. A photon source may be a laser, a light emitting diode (LED), a light bulb, or the like. A photon source may generate photons via stimulated emissions of atoms or molecules, an incandescent process, or various other mechanism that generates an EM wave or one or more photons. A photon source may provide continuous or pulsed outgoing light beams of a predetermined frequency, or range of frequencies. The outgoing light beams may be coherent light beams. The photons emitted by a light source may be of various wavelengths or frequencies. 
     As used herein, the terms “photon detector,” “light detector,” “detector,” “photon sensor,” “light sensor,” or “sensor” refer to various devices that are sensitive to the presence of one or more photons of one or more wavelengths or frequencies of the EM spectrum. A photon detector may include an array of photon detectors, such as an arrangement of a plurality of photon detecting or sensing pixels. One or more of the pixels may be a photosensor that is sensitive to the absorption of at least one photon. A photon detector may generate a signal in response to the absorption of one or more photons. A photon detector may include a one-dimensional (1D) array of pixels. However, in other embodiments, photon detector may include at least a two-dimensional (2D) array of pixels. The pixels may include various photon-sensitive technologies, such as one or more of active-pixel sensors (APS), charge-coupled devices (CCDs), Single Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) (operated in avalanche mode or Geiger mode), photovoltaic cells, phototransistors, twitchy pixels, or the like. A photon detector may detect one or more incoming light beams. 
     As used herein, the term “target” is one or more various 2D or 3D bodies that reflect or scatter at least a portion of incident light, EM waves, or photons. For instance, a target may scatter or reflect an outgoing light beam that is transmitted by various ones of the various embodiments disclosed herein. In the various embodiments described herein, one or more photon sources may be in relative motion to one or more of photon detectors and/or one or more targets. Similarly, one or more photon detectors may be in relative motion to one or more of photon sources and/or one or more targets. One or more targets may be in relative motion to one or more of photon sources and/or one or more photon detectors. 
     As used herein, the term “disparity” represents a positional offset of one or more pixels in a sensor relative to a predetermined position in the sensor. For example, horizontal and vertical disparities of a given pixel in a sensor may represent horizontal and vertical offsets (e.g., as indicated by row or column number, units of distance, or the like) of the given pixel from a predetermined position in the sensor (or another sensor). The disparities may be measured from a center, one or more edges, one or more other pixels, or the like in the sensor (or another sensor). In other embodiments, disparity may represent an angle. For example, a transmitter may emit a beam at an angle α, and the sensor may receive a reflection of the beam at an angle β through an aperture. The disparity may be measured as the difference between 180° and the sum of the angles α and β. 
     The following briefly describes embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     Briefly stated, various embodiments are generally directed to a scanning LIDAR system that measures a distance to a target that reflects light from a transmitter to a receiver. A light transmitter is arranged to scan pulses of light that reflect off a remote surface (target) and illuminate fractions of the Field of View (FoV) of a receiver, such as a camera. These fractions of the FoV are smaller than a resolution provided by an array of pixels used to detect Time of Flight (ToF) reflections of the scanned pulses of light from a remote surface. The exemplary scanning LIDAR system may resolve an image of the remote surface at substantially higher resolution than the pixel resolution provided by its receiver. And such a “hyper-resolved” scanning LIDAR system is capable of 3-dimensional (3D) image accuracies that are equivalent to 2-dimensional (2D) high resolution passive camera system, such as employed in machine vision cameras. 
     In one or more embodiments, the receiver may be co-located with the transmitter. In one or more embodiments, the pixels may be silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels which can detect single photons. Also, in one or more embodiments, each arrival time of a photon pulse is captured by the receiver and transferred to a system bus, which can be configured to simultaneously communicate a full row or column of signals provided by the pixels. 
     In one or more embodiments, the transmitter scans a known trajectory (F(t)) across the FoV. Also, when pulsed laser illumination is emitted, the instantaneous direction may be observed by a feedback loop. Further, during each scan across the FoV, the transmitter pulses laser illumination in particular intervals in transmission directions that match receiving directions of rows or columns of a receiver. For example, N pulses, in N (x and y) directions matching N pixel rows or columns. 
     In one or more embodiments, during successive scans by the transmitter, the timing of the laser pulses is advanced in fractional increments. Further, each increment is correlated to a fractional shift in direction within the perspective of the same receiving ToF pixel, i.e. incremental fractions within the telescopic view of a ToF pixel. 
     In one or more embodiments, rows or columns of ToF pixels in an array of the receiver are activated in a “rolling-shutter” fashion to match expected direction of the reflected laser pulses. For example, M incremental positions within the telescopic view of a single row or column of pixels resolve M sub pixel positions. Also, the resolution along the direction of a scan may be M times higher than the number of receivers (e.g. if N=400, 400 columns, and M=10, then 4000 lateral positions are scanned, resulting in a 4K resolution LIDAR system). 
     In one or more embodiments, a light transmitter is arranged to scan pulses of laser light emanating from a slot aperture and collimated by cylindrical optics to form a blade (thin and wide) of light that illuminate fractions of the Field of View (FoV) of a receiver, and are smaller than the pixel resolution of an array of pixels used to detect Time of Flight (ToF) reflections of the scanned pulses of light from a remote surface. For example, a slot (slit) aperature may be an exit facet of a laser diode, e.g., 1 by 20 microns. A laser “blade” is formed by one dimensional optics, such as a cylindrical lens after the slit. Also, in one or more embodiments, a blade of laser light illumination may be “serrated” into S individual tips, and the tips can be moved incrementally during successive scans along the blade (e.g. vertical) direction so that the dimension traversed in the scan direction may also be “hyper-resolved.” Further, surface details of objects that are encountered during successively scanned frames of an image can be “filled” in, with higher degrees of surface structure detail being provided during successive scans. 
     In one or more embodiments, two blades of laser light may be arranged to scan the FoV in two orthogonal directions, so that each single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arranged in two dimensions for an array of pixels can be hyper resolved. One blade may scan horizontally along an X axis (i.e. an azimuthal scan, across various columns in the array of pixels) and the second blade may scan vertically along a Y axis (across the elevations—corresponding to rows in the array of pixels). 
     In one or more embodiments, the exemplary LIDAR system may compute and build a rigid surface shape hypothesis, and/or a 3D trajectory hypothesis. Further, the computation of these hypotheses may use a form of “Spatiotemporal Histogramming” or of “dithered over-sampling” using a “canonical 3D surface” model (estimator). 
     In one or more embodiments, an active area of SPAD based pixels is smaller than the total pixel, i.e. the pitch (spacing) between adjacent pixels. Micro-lenses can expand the active area to effectively illuminate the whole of the pixel, so that any photons falling at any place in the array may be detected. 
     Although high definition (HD) camera based navigational systems may resolve features at 1/60th of a degree to match the ability of human foveal vision. A blue laser blade illuminated hyper scanning LIDAR system, may provide scanning speeds in excess of 4 thousand frames per second, over a succession of 10 frames, to resolve two thousand horizontal pixels (2K) for displaying an image in three dimensions and also match each observed voxel with each camera pixel of the same resolution. For example, at 4000 frames per second, ten successive frames advancing 1/10 across 400 columns would effectively provide exact voxel positions and pixel color contrast down to 0.01 degree in the scan direction. This level of resolution is able to accurately observe a world in constant motion. Also, individual positions of voxels may be observed with sub microsecond latency and temporal accuracy. Further, four thousand horizontal (4K) pixel hyper resolved frames of an image may be observed at 400 frames per second or more. Also, 4K hyper resolved 3D color images may be provided with 250-microseconds of latency, or less. 
     Illustrated Operating Environment 
       FIG. 1  shows exemplary components of one embodiment of an exemplary environment in which various exemplary embodiments of the invention may be practiced. Not all of the components may be required to practice the invention, and variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. As shown, system  100  of  FIG. 1  includes network  102 , photon transmitter  104 , photon receiver  106 , target  108 , and tracking computer device  110 . In some embodiments, system  100  may include one or more other computers, such as but not limited to laptop computer  112  and/or mobile computer, such as but not limited to a smartphone or tablet  114 . In some embodiments, photon transmitter  104  and/or photon receiver  106  may include one or more components included in a computer, such as but not limited to various ones of computers  110 ,  112 , or  114 . 
     Additionally, photon transmitter  104  may unidirectionally scan laser light to generate a blade of light illumination that is much wider than its thickness. Also, the photon receiver may provide an array of pixels in two dimensions to receive the reflection of the blade from a surface of a remote object. 
     System  100 , as well as other systems discussed herein, may be a sequential-pixel photon projection system. In at least one embodiment system  100  is a sequential-pixel laser projection system that includes visible and/or non-visible photon sources. Various embodiments of such systems are described in detail in at least U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,282,222, 8,430,512, 8,696,141, 8,711,370, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0300,637, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0041266. Note that each of the U.S. patents and U.S. patent publications listed above are herein incorporated by reference in the entirety. 
     Target  108  may be a two-dimensional or three-dimensional target. Target  108  is not an idealized black body, i.e. it reflects or scatters at least a portion of incident photons. As shown by the velocity vector associated with photon receiver  106 , in some embodiments, photon receiver  106  is in relative motion to at least one of photon transmitter  104  and/or target  108 . For the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , photon transmitter  104  and target  108  are stationary with respect to one another. However, in other embodiments, photon transmitter  104  and target  108  are in relative motion. In at least one embodiment, photon receiver  106  may be stationary with respect to one or more of photon transmitter  104  and/or target  108 . Accordingly, each of photon transmitter  104 , target  108 , and photon receiver  106  may be stationary or in relative motion to various other ones of photon transmitter  104 , target  108 , and photon receiver  106 . Furthermore, as used herein, the term “motion” may refer to translational motion along one or more of three orthogonal special dimensions and/or rotational motion about one or more corresponding rotational axis. 
     Photon transmitter  104  is described in more detail below. Briefly, however, photon transmitter  104  may include one or more photon sources for transmitting light or photon beams in a scanned blade (width is greater than thickness) of pulsed laser light illumination. A photon source may include photo-diodes. A photon source may provide continuous or pulsed light beams of a predetermined frequency, or range of frequencies. The provided light beams may be coherent light beams. A photon source may be a laser. For instance, photon transmitter  104  may include one or more visible and/or non-visible laser source. In one embodiment, photon transmitter  104  includes at least one of a red (R), a green (G), and a blue (B) laser source to produce an RGB image. In some embodiments, photon transmitter includes at least one non-visible laser source, such as a near-infrared (NIR) laser. Photon transmitter  104  may be a projector. Photon transmitter  104  may include various ones of the features, components, or functionality of a computer device, including but not limited to mobile computer  200  of  FIG. 2  and/or network computer  300  of  FIG. 3 . 
     Photon transmitter  104  also includes an optical system that includes optical components to direct, focus, and scan the transmitted or outgoing blade of light beams. The optical systems aim and shape the spatial and temporal beam profiles of outgoing light beam blades. The optical system may collimate, fan-out, or otherwise manipulate the outgoing light beams. At least a portion of the outgoing light beams are aimed at and are reflected by the target  108 . In at least one embodiment, photon transmitter  104  includes one or more photon detectors for detecting incoming photons reflected from target  108 , e.g., transmitter  104  is a transceiver. 
     Photon receiver  106  is described in more detail below. Briefly, however, photon receiver  106  may include one or more photon-sensitive, or photon-detecting, arrays of sensor pixels. An array of sensor pixels detects continuous or pulsed light beams reflected from target  108 . The array of pixels may be a one dimensional-array or a two-dimensional array. The pixels may include SPAD pixels or other photo-sensitive elements that avalanche upon the illumination by one or a few incoming photons. The pixels may have ultra-fast response times of a few nanoseconds in detecting a single or a few photons. The pixels may be sensitive to the frequencies emitted or transmitted by photon transmitter  104  and relatively insensitive to other frequencies. Photon receiver  106  also includes an optical system that includes optical components to direct, focus, and scan the received, or incoming, beams, across the array of pixels. In at least one embodiment, photon receiver  106  includes one or more photon sources for emitting photons toward the target  108  (e.g., receiver  106  includes a transceiver). Photon receiver  106  may include a camera. Photon receiver  106  may include various ones of the features, components, or functionality of a computer device, including but not limited to mobile computer  200  of  FIG. 2  and/or network computer  300  of  FIG. 3 . 
     Various embodiment of tracking computer device  110  are described in more detail below in conjunction with  FIGS. 2-3  (e.g., tracking computer device  110  may be an embodiment of mobile computer  200  of  FIG. 2  and/or network computer  300  of  FIG. 3 ). Briefly, however, tracking computer device  110  includes virtually various computer devices enabled to perform the various tracking processes and/or methods discussed herein, based on the detection of photons reflected from one or more surfaces, including but not limited to surfaces of target  108 . Based on the detected photons or light beams, tracking computer device  110  may alter or otherwise modify one or more configurations of photon transmitter  104  and photon receiver  106 . It should be understood that the functionality of tracking computer device  110  may be performed by photon transmitter  104 , photon receiver  106 , or a combination thereof, without communicating to a separate device. 
     In some embodiments, at least some of the tracking functionality may be performed by other computers, including but not limited to laptop computer  112  and/or a mobile computer, such as but not limited to a smartphone or tablet  114 . Various embodiments of such computers are described in more detail below in conjunction with mobile computer  200  of  FIG. 2  and/or network computer  300  of  FIG. 3 . 
     Network  102  may be configured to couple network computers with other computing devices, including photon transmitter  104 , photon receiver  106 , tracking computer device  110 , laptop computer  112 , or smartphone/tablet  114 . Network  102  may include various wired and/or wireless technologies for communicating with a remote device, such as, but not limited to, USB cable, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi®, or the like. In some embodiments, network  102  may be a network configured to couple network computers with other computing devices. In various embodiments, information communicated between devices may include various kinds of information, including, but not limited to, processor-readable instructions, remote requests, server responses, program modules, applications, raw data, control data, system information (e.g., log files), video data, voice data, image data, text data, structured/unstructured data, or the like. In some embodiments, this information may be communicated between devices using one or more technologies and/or network protocols. 
     In some embodiments, such a network may include various wired networks, wireless networks, or various combinations thereof. In various embodiments, network  102  may be enabled to employ various forms of communication technology, topology, computer-readable media, or the like, for communicating information from one electronic device to another. For example, network  102  can include—in addition to the Internet—LANs, WANs, Personal Area Networks (PANs), Campus Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), direct communication connections (such as through a universal serial bus (USB) port), or the like, or various combinations thereof. 
     In various embodiments, communication links within and/or between networks may include, but are not limited to, twisted wire pair, optical fibers, open air lasers, coaxial cable, plain old telephone service (POTS), wave guides, acoustics, full or fractional dedicated digital lines (such as T1, T2, T3, or T4), E-carriers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wireless links (including satellite links), or other links and/or carrier mechanisms known to those skilled in the art. Moreover, communication links may further employ various ones of a variety of digital signaling technologies, including without limit, for example, DS-0, DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, DS-4, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or the like. In some embodiments, a router (or other intermediate network device) may act as a link between various networks—including those based on different architectures and/or protocols—to enable information to be transferred from one network to another. In other embodiments, remote computers and/or other related electronic devices could be connected to a network via a modem and temporary telephone link. In essence, network  102  may include various communication technologies by which information may travel between computing devices. 
     Network  102  may, in some embodiments, include various wireless networks, which may be configured to couple various portable network devices, remote computers, wired networks, other wireless networks, or the like. Wireless networks may include various ones of a variety of sub-networks that may further overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, or the like, to provide an infrastructure-oriented connection for at least client computer (e.g., laptop computer  112  or smart phone or tablet computer  114 ) (or other mobile devices). Such sub-networks may include mesh networks, Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, or the like. In at least one of the various embodiments, the system may include more than one wireless network. 
     Network  102  may employ a plurality of wired and/or wireless communication protocols and/or technologies. Examples of various generations (e.g., third (3G), fourth (4G), or fifth (5G)) of communication protocols and/or technologies that may be employed by the network may include, but are not limited to, Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Evolution-Data Optimized (Ev-DO), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), time division multiple access (TDMA), Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), ultra-wide band (UWB), Wireless 
     Application Protocol (WAP), user datagram protocol (UDP), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), various portions of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model protocols, session initiated protocol/real-time transport protocol (SIP/RTP), short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), or various ones of a variety of other communication protocols and/or technologies. In essence, the network may include communication technologies by which information may travel between photon transmitter  104 , photon receiver  106 , and tracking computer device  110 , as well as other computing devices not illustrated. 
     In various embodiments, at least a portion of network  102  may be arranged as an autonomous system of nodes, links, paths, terminals, gateways, routers, switches, firewalls, load balancers, forwarders, repeaters, optical-electrical converters, or the like, which may be connected by various communication links. These autonomous systems may be configured to self-organize based on current operating conditions and/or rule-based policies, such that the network topology of the network may be modified. 
     As discussed in detail below, photon transmitter  104  may provide an optical beacon signal. Accordingly, photon transmitter  104  may include a transmitter (Tx). Photon transmitter  104  may transmit a photon beam onto a projection surface of target  108 . Thus, photon transmitter  104  may transmit and/or project an image onto the target  108 . The image may include a sequential pixilation pattern. The discreet pixels shown on the surface of target  108  indicate the sequential scanning of pixels of the image via sequential scanning performed by photon transmitter  108 . Photon receiver (Rx)  106  may include an observing system which receives the reflected image. As noted, photon receiver  106  may be in motion relative (as noted by the velocity vector) to the image being projected. The relative motion between photon receiver  106  and each of the photon transmitter  104  and target  108  may include a relative velocity in various directions and an arbitrary amplitude. In system  100 , photon transmitter  104  and the image on the surface are not in relative motion. Rather, the image is held steady on the surface of target  108 . However, other embodiments are not so constrained (e.g., the photon transmitter  104  may be in relative motion to target  108 ). The projected image may be anchored on the surface by compensating for the relative motion between the photon transmitter  104  and the target  108 . 
     Illustrative Mobile Computer 
       FIG. 2  shows one embodiment of an exemplary mobile computer  200  that may include many more or less components than those exemplary components shown. Mobile computer  200  may represent, for example, at least one embodiment of laptop computer  112 , smartphone/tablet  114 , and/or tracking computer  110  of system  100  of  FIG. 1 . Thus, mobile computer  200  may include a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone or tablet), a stationary/desktop computer, or the like. 
     Client computer  200  may include processor  202  in communication with memory  204  via bus  206 . Client computer  200  may also include power supply  208 , network interface  210 , processor-readable stationary storage device  212 , processor-readable removable storage device  214 , input/output interface  216 , camera(s)  218 , video interface  220 , touch interface  222 , hardware security module (HSM)  224 , projector  226 , display  228 , keypad  230 , illuminator  232 , audio interface  234 , global positioning systems (GPS) transceiver  236 , open air gesture interface  238 , temperature interface  240 , haptic interface  242 , and pointing device interface  244 . Client computer  200  may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computer. And in one embodiment, although not shown, a gyroscope may be employed within client computer  200  for measuring and/or maintaining an orientation of client computer  200 . 
     Power supply  208  may provide power to client computer  200 . A rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery may be used to provide power. The power may also be provided by an external power source, such as an AC adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements and/or recharges the battery. 
     Network interface  210  includes circuitry for coupling client computer  200  to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, protocols and technologies that implement various portions of the OSI model for mobile communication (GSM), CDMA, time division multiple access (TDMA), UDP, TCP/IP, SMS, MMS, GPRS, WAP, UWB, WiMax, SIP/RTP, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, LTE, UMTS, OFDM, CDMA2000, EV-DO, HSDPA, or various ones of a variety of other wireless communication protocols. Network interface  210  is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC). 
     Audio interface  234  may be arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface  234  may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others and/or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action. A microphone in audio interface  234  can also be used for input to or control of client computer  200 , e.g., using voice recognition, detecting touch based on sound, and the like. 
     Display  228  may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), gas plasma, electronic ink, light emitting diode (LED), Organic LED (OLED) or various other types of light reflective or light transmissive displays that can be used with a computer. Display  228  may also include the touch interface  222  arranged to receive input from an object such as a stylus or a digit from a human hand, and may use resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave (SAW), infrared, radar, or other technologies to sense touch and/or gestures. 
     Projector  226  may be a remote handheld projector or an integrated projector that is capable of projecting an image on a remote wall or various other reflective objects such as a remote screen. 
     Video interface  220  may be arranged to capture video images, such as a still photo, a video segment, an infrared video, or the like. For example, video interface  220  may be coupled to a digital video camera, a web-camera, or the like. Video interface  220  may comprise a lens, an image sensor, and other electronics. Image sensors may include a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit, charge-coupled device (CCD), or various other integrated circuits for sensing light. 
     Keypad  230  may comprise various input devices arranged to receive input from a user. For example, keypad  230  may include a push button numeric dial, or a keyboard. Keypad  230  may also include command buttons that are associated with selecting and sending images. 
     Illuminator  232  may provide a status indication and/or provide light. Illuminator  232  may remain active for specific periods of time or in response to event messages. For example, if illuminator  232  is active, it may backlight the buttons on keypad  230  and stay on while the client computer is powered. Also, illuminator  232  may backlight these buttons in various patterns if particular actions are performed, such as dialing another client computer. Illuminator  232  may also cause light sources positioned within a transparent or translucent case of the client computer to illuminate in response to actions. 
     Further, client computer  200  may also comprise HSM  224  for providing additional tamper resistant safeguards for generating, storing and/or using security/cryptographic information such as, keys, digital certificates, passwords, passphrases, two-factor authentication information, or the like. In some embodiments, hardware security module may be employed to support one or more standard public key infrastructures (PKI), and may be employed to generate, manage, and/or store keys pairs, or the like. In some embodiments, HSM  224  may be a stand-alone computer, in other cases, HSM  224  may be arranged as a hardware card that may be added to a client computer. 
     Client computer  200  may also comprise input/output interface  216  for communicating with external peripheral devices or other computers such as other client computers and network computers. The peripheral devices may include an audio headset, virtual reality headsets, display screen glasses, remote speaker system, remote speaker and microphone system, and the like. Input/output interface  216  can utilize one or more technologies, such as Universal Serial Bus (USB), Infrared, Wi-Fi™, WiMax, Bluetooth™, and the like. 
     Input/output interface  216  may also include one or more sensors for determining geolocation information (e.g., GPS), monitoring electrical power conditions (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, frequency sensors, and so on), monitoring weather (e.g., thermostats, barometers, anemometers, humidity detectors, precipitation scales, or the like), or the like. Sensors may be one or more hardware sensors that collect and/or measure data that is external to client computer  200 . 
     Haptic interface  242  may be arranged to provide tactile feedback to a user of the client computer. For example, the haptic interface  242  may be employed to vibrate client computer  200  in a particular way if another user of a computer is calling. Temperature interface  240  may be used to provide a temperature measurement input and/or a temperature changing output to a user of client computer  200 . Open air gesture interface  238  may sense physical gestures of a user of client computer  200 , for example, by using single or stereo video cameras, radar, a gyroscopic sensor inside a computer held or worn by the user, or the like. Camera  218  may be used to track physical eye movements of a user of client computer  200 . 
     GPS transceiver  236  can determine the physical coordinates of client computer  200  on the surface of the Earth, which typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. GPS transceiver  236  can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of client computer  200  on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver  236  can determine a physical location for client computer  200 . In one or more embodiments, however, client computer  200  may, through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the client computer, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IP address, and the like. 
     Human interface components can be peripheral devices that are physically separate from client computer  200 , allowing for remote input and/or output to client computer  200 . For example, information routed as described here through human interface components such as display  228  or keypad  230  can instead be routed through network interface  210  to appropriate human interface components located remotely. Examples of human interface peripheral components that may be remote include, but are not limited to, audio devices, pointing devices, keypads, displays, cameras, projectors, and the like. These peripheral components may communicate over a Pico Network such as Bluetooth™, Zigbee™ and the like. One non-limiting example of a client computer with such peripheral human interface components is a wearable computer, which might include a remote pico projector along with one or more cameras that remotely communicate with a separately located client computer to sense a user&#39;s gestures toward portions of an image projected by the pico projector onto a reflected surface such as a wall or the user&#39;s hand. 
     Memory  204  may include RAM, ROM, and/or other types of memory. Memory  204  illustrates an example of computer-readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory  204  may store BIOS  246  for controlling low-level operation of client computer  200 . The memory may also store operating system  248  for controlling the operation of client computer  200 . It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or LINUX™, or a specialized client computer communication operating system such as Apple iOS®, or the Android® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components and/or operating system operations via Java application programs. 
     Memory  204  may further include one or more data storage  250 , which can be utilized by client computer  200  to store, among other things, applications  252  and/or other data. For example, data storage  250  may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of client computer  200 . In one or more of the various embodiments, data storage  250  may store tracking information  251 . The information  251  may then be provided to another device or computer based on various ones of a variety of methods, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage  250  may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, or the like. Data storage  250  may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by a processor, such as processor  202  to execute and perform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data storage  250  might also be stored on another component of client computer  200 , including, but not limited to, non-transitory processor-readable stationary storage device  212 , processor-readable removable storage device  214 , or even external to the client computer. 
     Applications  252  may include computer executable instructions which, if executed by client computer  200 , transmit, receive, and/or otherwise process instructions and data. Applications  252  may include, for example, tracking client engine  254 , other client engines  256 , web browser  258 , or the like. Client computers may be arranged to exchange communications, such as, queries, searches, messages, notification messages, event messages, alerts, performance metrics, log data, API calls, or the like, combination thereof, with application servers, network file system applications, and/or storage management applications. 
     The web browser engine  226  may be configured to receive and to send web pages, web-based messages, graphics, text, multimedia, and the like. The client computer&#39;s browser engine  226  may employ virtually various programming languages, including a wireless application protocol messages (WAP), and the like. In one or more embodiments, the browser engine  258  is enabled to employ Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), WMLScript, JavaScript, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), HTML5, and the like. 
     Other examples of application programs include calendars, search programs, email client applications, IM applications, SMS applications, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth. 
     Additionally, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), client computer  200  may include an embedded logic hardware device instead of a CPU, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or the like, or combination thereof. The embedded logic hardware device may directly execute its embedded logic to perform actions. Also, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), client computer  200  may include a hardware microcontroller instead of a CPU. In one or more embodiments, the microcontroller may directly execute its own embedded logic to perform actions and access its own internal memory and its own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins and/or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like. 
     Illustrative Network Computer 
       FIG. 3  shows one embodiment of an exemplary network computer  300  that may be included in an exemplary system implementing one or more of the various embodiments. Network computer  300  may include many more or less components than those shown in  FIG. 3 . However, the components shown are sufficient to disclose an illustrative embodiment for practicing these innovations. Network computer  300  may include a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, a client computer, and the like. Network computer  300  may represent, for example, one embodiment of one or more of laptop computer  112 , smartphone/tablet  114 , and/or tracking computer  110  of system  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , network computer  300  includes a processor  302  that may be in communication with a memory  304  via a bus  306 . In some embodiments, processor  302  may be comprised of one or more hardware processors, or one or more processor cores. In some cases, one or more of the one or more processors may be specialized processors designed to perform one or more specialized actions, such as, those described herein. Network computer  300  also includes a power supply  308 , network interface  310 , processor-readable stationary storage device  312 , processor-readable removable storage device  314 , input/output interface  316 , GPS transceiver  318 , display  320 , keyboard  322 , audio interface  324 , pointing device interface  326 , and HSM  328 . Power supply  308  provides power to network computer  300 . 
     Network interface  310  includes circuitry for coupling network computer  300  to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, protocols and technologies that implement various portions of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model), global system for mobile communication (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), user datagram protocol (UDP), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), general packet radio service (GPRS), WAP, ultra wide band (UWB), IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Session Initiation Protocol/Real-time Transport Protocol (SIP/RTP), or various ones of a variety of other wired and wireless communication protocols. Network interface  310  is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC). Network computer  300  may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computer. 
     Audio interface  324  is arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface  324  may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others and/or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action. A microphone in audio interface  324  can also be used for input to or control of network computer  300 , for example, using voice recognition. 
     Display  320  may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), gas plasma, electronic ink, light emitting diode (LED), Organic LED (OLED) or various other types of light reflective or light transmissive display that can be used with a computer. Display  320  may be a handheld projector or pico projector capable of projecting an image on a wall or other object. 
     Network computer  300  may also comprise input/output interface  316  for communicating with external devices or computers not shown in  FIG. 3 . Input/output interface  316  can utilize one or more wired or wireless communication technologies, such as USB™, Firewire™, Wi-Fi™, WiMax, Thunderbolt™, Infrared, Bluetooth™, Zigbee™, serial port, parallel port, and the like. 
     Also, input/output interface  316  may also include one or more sensors for determining geolocation information (e.g., GPS), monitoring electrical power conditions (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, frequency sensors, and so on), monitoring weather (e.g., thermostats, barometers, anemometers, humidity detectors, precipitation scales, or the like), or the like. Sensors may be one or more hardware sensors that collect and/or measure data that is external to network computer  300 . Human interface components can be physically separate from network computer  300 , allowing for remote input and/or output to network computer  300 . For example, information routed as described here through human interface components such as display  320  or keyboard  322  can instead be routed through the network interface  310  to appropriate human interface components located elsewhere on the network. Human interface components include various components that allow the computer to take input from, or send output to, a human user of a computer. Accordingly, pointing devices such as mice, styluses, track balls, or the like, may communicate through pointing device interface  326  to receive user input. 
     GPS transceiver  318  can determine the physical coordinates of network computer  300  on the surface of the Earth, which typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. GPS transceiver  318  can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of network computer  300  on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver  318  can determine a physical location for network computer  300 . In one or more embodiments, however, network computer  300  may, through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the client computer, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IP address, and the like. 
     Memory  304  may include Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), and/or other types of memory. Memory  304  illustrates an example of computer-readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory  304  stores a basic input/output system (BIOS)  330  for controlling low-level operation of network computer  300 . The memory also stores an operating system  332  for controlling the operation of network computer  300 . It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or LINUX™, or a specialized operating system such as Microsoft Corporation&#39;s Windows® operating system, or the Apple Corporation&#39;s IOS® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components and/or operating system operations via Java application programs. Likewise, other runtime environments may be included. 
     Memory  304  may further include one or more data storage  334 , which can be utilized by network computer  300  to store, among other things, applications  336  and/or other data. For example, data storage  334  may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of network computer  300 . In one or more of the various embodiments, data storage  334  may store tracking information  335 . The tracking information  335  may then be provided to another device or computer based on various ones of a variety of methods, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage  334  may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, or the like. Data storage  334  may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by one or more processors, such as processor  302  to execute and perform actions such as those actions described below. In one embodiment, at least some of data storage  334  might also be stored on another component of network computer  300 , including, but not limited to, non-transitory media inside non-transitory processor-readable stationary storage device  312 , processor-readable removable storage device  314 , or various other computer-readable storage devices within network computer  300 , or even external to network computer  300 . 
     Applications  336  may include computer executable instructions which, if executed by network computer  300 , transmit, receive, and/or otherwise process messages (e.g., SMS, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Instant Message (IM), email, and/or other messages), audio, video, and enable telecommunication with another user of another mobile computer. Other examples of application programs include calendars, search programs, email client applications, IM applications, SMS applications, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth. Applications  336  may include tracking engine  346  that performs actions further described below. In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more of the applications may be implemented as modules and/or components of another application. Further, in one or more of the various embodiments, applications may be implemented as operating system extensions, modules, plugins, or the like. 
     Furthermore, in one or more of the various embodiments, tracking engine  346  may be operative in a cloud-based computing environment. In one or more of the various embodiments, these applications, and others, may be executing within virtual machines and/or virtual servers that may be managed in a cloud-based based computing environment. In one or more of the various embodiments, in this context the applications may flow from one physical network computer within the cloud-based environment to another depending on performance and scaling considerations automatically managed by the cloud computing environment. Likewise, in one or more of the various embodiments, virtual machines and/or virtual servers dedicated to tracking engine  346  may be provisioned and de-commissioned automatically. 
     Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, tracking engine  346  or the like may be located in virtual servers running in a cloud-based computing environment rather than being tied to one or more specific physical network computers. 
     Further, network computer  300  may comprise HSM  328  for providing additional tamper resistant safeguards for generating, storing and/or using security/cryptographic information such as, keys, digital certificates, passwords, passphrases, two-factor authentication information, or the like. In some embodiments, hardware security module may be employ to support one or more standard public key infrastructures (PKI), and may be employed to generate, manage, and/or store keys pairs, or the like. In some embodiments, HSM  328  may be a stand-alone network computer, in other cases, HSM  328  may be arranged as a hardware card that may be installed in a network computer. 
     Additionally, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), the network computer may include one or more embedded logic hardware devices instead of one or more CPUs, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Programmable Array Logics (PALs), or the like, or combination thereof. The embedded logic hardware devices may directly execute embedded logic to perform actions. Also, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), the network computer may include one or more hardware microcontrollers instead of a CPU. In one or more embodiments, the one or more microcontrollers may directly execute their own embedded logic to perform actions and access their own internal memory and their own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins and/or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like. 
     Illustrative System Operation and Architecture 
       FIG. 4  shows a perspective view of a light source that is configured as an exemplary laser diode bar device to emit laser light on its edge as a “light blade” through a thin and wide aperture. As shown, an edge-emitting GaN diode laser is emitting blue (405 nm) laser light from apertures or “facets” on the edge of the device. Each emitter has a “thin and wide” aperture from which coherent blue laser light is emitted. In one or more embodiments, the aperture may be only 1 micron thin and as much as 20-micron wide. The light emitted from across the thin dimension (here shown vertical) spreads (diverges) across a wide angle and may be referred to as “the fast axis”. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a side view of the laser diode bar device collimating the laser light into a beam along one axis, i.e., a “light blade.” Also,  FIG. 5B  shows another side view of the exemplary laser diode bar device where the maximum sharpness of the light blade is set at a fixed distance by a position of a collimating lens. In one or more embodiments, at least because the emission window (facet) is so narrow, the fast axis emission (typically single mode resonance) can be collimated into a highly collimated beam. Since the laser light may be collimated in just one axis, the laser light ends up as a “light blade” that projects a sharp thin line on a remote surface or across a remote object. The blade can be purely collimated, projecting sharp lines in the far field, across a large range. (See  FIG. 5A ) Or, alternatively, the maximum sharpness of the laser light scan line may be set at a certain distance by slightly focusing in the emissions from the laser diode bar. For example, adjusting the focal distance slightly by moving the bar or the collimating lens. A varifocal projection focus is set at distance Zf in  FIG. 5B . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary scan mirror that unidirectionally sweeps the laser “light blade” back and forth across the field of view (FoV). As shown, a scan mirror moves the “light blade” with a uni-axial mirror, e.g., a galvo-mirror or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror to scan the collimated “light blade” back and forth across a field of view (FoV). In one or more embodiments, thee sweep angle may be twice a mechanical angle: if e.g. a MEMS mirror moves +/−10 degrees, it will move (rotate) the “light blade” +/−20 degrees, over a total angle of 40 degrees, across the FoV. 
       FIG. 7  shows an exemplary polygonal shaped rotating mirror sweeping the laser light blade uni-directionally across a FoV. At 100 revolutions per second (6000 rpm) a polygonal mirror with 18 facets may sweep the blade 1800 times per second across a 40 degree FoV. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary LIDAR system that provides for transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) a laser light blade scanned onto and reflected back from a remote surface. The transmitter (Tx) emits the “light blade”, scanning it and projecting a sharp line on a remote surface. A receiver is shown here with an aperture for the focusing optics located along (aligned with) the same rotational axis along which the transmitter (Tx) is scanning the light blade. One may be mounted above the other (aligned on the same vertical axis). The receiver (Rx) may include an aperture with focusing optics that projects the reflection of the laser line l onto the surface of an array sensor S. 
       FIG. 9  shows an exemplary projected image (I′) of the laser light blade onto a surface of an exemplary pixel array sensor (S) of which just a small portion is shown in the figure. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary projected image (I′) of the laser light blade&#39;s line width (WI′) being substantially narrower than the width of a pixel in the array (Wp), or WI′&lt;&lt;Wp. 
       FIG. 11  shows exemplary successive scans where a position of the projected image (I′) of the laser light blade is advanced, or retarded by small fractions, in correspondence to the projected image (I′) illuminating slightly different fractional portions of a 3D surface in the FoV. In one or more embodiments, the 3D position and degree of reflectivity (i.e. albedo and or color variances across the surface) of these surfaces can be resolved in the scan direction substantially beyond the pixel resolution of the sensor, as well as the focusing ability of the receiver Rx. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates actions of an exemplary hyper-resolved 3D LIDAR system that employs separate transmitting (Tx) processes to separately scan a pixel in both the x (column) and y (row) directions, at separate times t 2  and t 1  respectively. 
       FIG. 13  shows an exemplary 2D super resolution array LIDAR system that scans the projected image (I′) of the laser light blade in a 2D pattern that is reflected off a surface onto pixels in an array. (Other embodiments are discussed herein that scan in a 1D trajectory). The 2D scan may be an output of a gimbal type MEMS mirror scanning transmitter (Tx). As shown, the laser line is reflected off a surface and observed by the receiver (Rx). Shown here is a portion of an array sensor S, where the laser point sequential trajectory scans first across one row of pixels in the sensor. This row of pixels corresponds to an elevation—a scan height Y—of epsilon  1  (E 1 ). At time t 1 , the laser point illuminates a point P 1  in the sensor. At a later time the scan line traverses another row of pixels in the array S, corresponding to an elevation epsilon  2  (E 2 ), at time t 2  the reflection of the beam t 2  illuminates point P 2  in that row. The beam and spot trajectory is continuous and smooth, and known either by direct feedback on the beam motion, e.g., by tracking MEMS mirror positions, or by indirect feedback derived from the reflected spot observation (e.g. spatio-temporal interpolation between avalanche diode events in a SiPM sensor). Thus, a precise spot position can be established ex-post from a series of prior observations and each moment at which the laser fires can be correlated (matched) with the elevation and azimuth directions (the 2D pointing directions) in the transmitter (Tx). Thus, each position of the illuminated voxel can be deducted, with a higher degree of precision than the mere resolution of a pixelated SPAD array. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary 2D point scan LIDAR system that scans the projected image (I′) of the laser light blade in columns where the azimuthal position of each of the columns may be established through feedback and/or calibration. The 2D LIDAR system provides the fast scan direction along the columns in an SiPM array. 3 columns are scanned in this illustration. The azimuthal position of each of the columns can be established through feedback and/or calibration. In each of the 3 columns, in each of 7 rows the laser light illuminates momentarily, e.g., for 1 nano second during an approximate 10 nanoseconds for successive transition of an individual pixel. The exact elevations (epsilon  1 - 7 ) in each column are likewise determined by feedback and calibration. Also, in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx) are generally collocated (e.g., the mirror position of the scanner in the transmitter and the optical center of the aperture of the receiver are substantially aligned). 
       FIG. 15  shows an exemplary overview of a use case for the exemplary LIDAR systems discussed above. In this example, two vehicles are quickly approaching each other, and a hyper resolved LIDAR system is employed by one vehicle to quickly observe small changes in distance between each other. As shown, Vehicle one (V 1 ) LIDAR discovers a voxel P 1  at t 1  on the surface of vehicle  2  (V 2 ). In a later scanline—e.g. a few 100 microseconds later—a second voxel P 2  is observed, at a closer distance, because the distance between the two vehicles has substantially changed even during the short, elapsed interval. This illustrates how fast hyper resolved LIDAR systems which produce a constant stream of nanosecond accurate observations may be optimized by directing their “raw” data streams (Mega voxels flows) into an Artificial Intelligence (AI) compute system that can find (detect, locate, classify and track) moving objects and surfaces in a “big data cloud”, a highly oversampled voxel flow. Sorting through large, dense low latency flows of voxel and pixel data is preferable over a simpler LIDAR approach which (“histogramming”) tries to refine individual LIDAR point observations PRIOR to passing the refined (cleaned up, histogrammed) data on to a machine perception system. As shown, vehicle V 1 &#39;s machine perception system develops a working hypothesis about the nature and position, and velocity of the approaching vehicle V 2 . 
     Using this working hypothesis for the 3D shape and 6 degrees of freedom (position velocity, heading with respect to a world reference and/or its own position and heading) the machine perception system can “fit” sucessive further observations to refine both the 3d image details of the perceived objects, and its observed and predicted motion trajectory, e.g to help improve classification and making necessary navigation decisions e.g. to avoid a collision. 
       FIG. 17A  shows an exemplary LIDAR system detecting a first edge of a target object. 
       FIG. 17B  illustrates an exemplary LIDAR system that has switched from scanning continuous light to scanning light pulses when a target object is detected. 
       FIG. 17C  shows an exemplary LIDAR system scanning pulsed light when a target object is detected and scanning continuous light when a target object is undetected. 
     Generalized Operations 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a flow chart for providing a range for a target with a resolution that is greater than the resolution of an array of pixels employed by a receiver to sense successive scans of light reflected from the target. 
     Moving from a start block, the logic advances to block  1602  were scanned sequential pulses of light are directed toward the target. A timing of the light pulses is advanced by fractional increments during successive scans and is correlated to a fractional shift in direction within a telescopic view of a same pixel in an array of pixels provided by the receiver. 
     Stepping to block  1604 , the receiver receives reflections of the scanned pulses of light from the target. Each pulse of light reflected from the target and received by the receiver illuminates a fraction of a Field of View of a pixel and is smaller than a resolution of the pixel in an array of pixels provided by the receiver. Also, the pixel array is arranged in one or more of rows or columns, and each pixel is configured to sense one or more photons of the reflected pulses of light. 
     Flowing to block  1606 , one or more departure times of the scanned pulses of light are determined. Also, the range of the target is determined with an image resolution that is greater than a pixel resolution of the array of pixels based on the timing advancement for the fractional increments that is correlated to the scanned pulses of reflected light sensed by one or more of the array of pixels. Next, the process returns to performing other actions. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a flow chart for employing scanned continuous and pulsed light to dynamically determine the contours of an object. The ability for an active light system position detection system such as a LIDAR to precisely detect a foreground object&#39;s contours is particularly important in robotics for grasping, picking up, catching and dexterously handling of moving objects of various shapes. Moreover, in autonomous mobility and delivery systems it greatly helps if a perceptual artificial intelligence (AI) system can be handed “cleanly cropped pixels” that strictly contain image details of the object rather than any spurious background pixels. 
     This method provides perceptual “foviation”. For example, a robotic perceptual system employing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify shapes and objects, may improve its response time and reduce its error rate if the CNN is provided with strictly those pixels that are illuminated by reflections from the dog, in an accurate dog shape that precisely moves like a dog. 
     This ultra sharp edge detection enables a novel foveated version of Multi Modal Classification: Image, Shape and Motion. (MMC:ISM). The method enables a LIDAR, or other active light detection systems to dynamically locate the precise 3D locations of the edges of such objects. For this exemplary method, a 2D scanning laser beam is discussed that projects a single voxel light spot. However, substantially the same method may also be employed to enable more precise cropping and foviation when employing a 1D scanning “laser light blade”. 
     Moving from a start block, the process steps to block  1802  where a laser beam of the Tx portion of a LIDAR system starts scanning the laser beam continuously “on” so that a constant high-intensity flow of photons is substantially and continuously transmitted towards possible targets in a Field of View of the LIDAR. In one or more embodiments, the continuous transmission of the laser beam may be provided by an ultra-rapid stream of sharp pulses (“rapid-fire laser pin-pricks”), where the spacing between these pulses is close enough to locate the edges of an object with sufficient spatial accuracy. 
     At block  1804 , the logic determines whether photons from a rotating scanning beam of the LIDAR system first reaches an edge of an object by detecting when sufficient photons are reflected by the object&#39;s edge to be observed by a receiver of the LIDAR system (Rx). When sufficient photons (e.g. ten 405 nm photons in a SiPM or APD array) reach an avalanche pixel in an array of the receiver, this pixel avalanches at a precise arrival time t xa0  that is captured by a time of flight (ToF) timing system, which may be a circuit built into the pixel&#39;s circuit. If the determination is affirmative, the logic passes to block  1806 . However, if the determination was negative, the logic loops at decision block  1804  until an affirmative determination is made. 
     At block  1806 , a precise recorded “arrival” time t xa0  of the detection of an initial (first) edge position can be determined from the pixel location in the array as well as a known beam scan trajectory. Optionally, time interpolation methods and beam position and motion feedback from the Tx scan system may be employed to determine the first edge position of the object. 
     At block  1808 , upon the receiver detecting a first edge of the object because it has induced avalanche in a pixel of it&#39;s array, the transmitter of the LIDAR (Tx) switches from scanning a substantially continuous stream of photons, to a series of rapid pulses, of very short (nanosecond) duration, with precise “departure times” and precise known pointing directions. In one or more embodiments, these pulses may be higher in intensity and ultra short in their duty cycle with substantially the same average laser power. 
     At block  1810 , when the surface of the object reflects theses pulses, these reflections are received and arrival times recorded by the receiver (Rx) of the LIDAR system, and their ranges determined by one or more LIDAR or Triangulation methods. 
     Optionally, at block  1812 , one or more of spacing apart in time, duration, or intensity of subsequently transmitted pulses may be adjusted by the LIDAR system based on one or more of the detected object&#39;s distance, albedo, the available power in the transmitter, or eye safety considerations. For example, a physically close and highly-reflective object may be pulsed at a greater frequency, requiring less power at least because the closeness enables a greater sufficiency of reflected photons to be detected. 
     Optionally, at block  1814 , the observed distance of the first detected ranges of pixels, may be employed to estimate the ToF range of the object&#39;s edge accurately. Further, a known ToF delay can be subtracted from the arrival time t xa0 , the arrival event time associated with the first edge-avalanche as discussed above in regard to block  1804 . Also, the departure time of those first photons reflected by the first/initial edge may be estimated (t xd0 =t xa0 −ToF), and from this equation a more precise instantaneous pointing direction of the scanned beam of light at departure time t xd0  may be estimated (e.g., by time interpolation, look up, as the beam pointing direction is following a precisely known &amp; observed scan pattern). This optional step may improve the accuracy of the initial positional estimate for the first edge pixel discussed in regard to block  1806 . 
     At decision block  1816 , a determination is made as to whether another pulse reflection is received. If false, the logic loops back to block  1802  and performs substantially the same actions again. However, if the determination at decision block  1816  is true, the process loops back to block  1808  and performs substantially the same actions again. 
     Additionally, substantially perfect color and contrast fusion may be provided by the precise pixel and voxel matches that are provided by the exemplary LIDAR system at the edges of objects. Further, as described above, a hyper accurate scanned laser detection system can “pin-point” the edge location within a fraction of the resolution of the SiPM pixels, and these pin-point edge voxel locations can then be matched 1-1 exactly with fine-grained color image details provided by a high-resolution camera. 
     It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations, (or actions explained above with regard to one or more systems or combinations of systems) can be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute on the processor, create means for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may be executed by a processor to cause a series of operational steps to be performed by the processor to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions, which execute on the processor to provide steps for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also cause at least some of the operational steps shown in the blocks of the flowcharts to be performed in parallel. Moreover, some of the steps may also be performed across more than one processor, such as might arise in a multi-processor computer system. In addition, one or more blocks or combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration may also be performed concurrently with other blocks or combinations of blocks, or even in a different sequence than illustrated without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. 
     Additionally, in one or more steps or blocks, may be implemented using embedded logic hardware, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or the like, or combination thereof, instead of a computer program. The embedded logic hardware may directly execute embedded logic to perform actions some or all of the actions in the one or more steps or blocks. Also, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), some or all of the actions of one or more of the steps or blocks may be performed by a hardware microcontroller instead of a CPU. In at least one embodiment, the microcontroller may directly execute its own embedded logic to perform actions and access its own internal memory and its own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins and/or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like. 
     The above specification, examples, and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.