Patent Publication Number: US-2022225475-A1

Title: System, Method, and Computer Program Product for Determining a Characteristic of a Susceptor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/840,002 filed Apr. 29, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/889,752 filed Aug. 21, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/902,064 filed Sep. 18, 2019, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Induction heating includes heating an object that is electrically conductive (e.g., a metal object) by electromagnetic induction. For example, induction heating includes heating the object based on heat generated in the object by eddy currents that flow in the object. In some instances, an induction heating system includes an induction heater and an electrically conductive object to be heated based on electromagnetic induction. The induction heater includes an electromagnet and an electronic oscillator that passes an alternating electrical current (AC) through the electromagnet so that the electromagnet produces a magnetic field (e.g., an H field). In some cases, the magnetic field is directed at the electrically conductive object and penetrates the electrically conductive object. Electric currents may be generated inside the electrically conductive object based on the magnetic field. The electric currents are sometimes referred to as eddy currents. The eddy currents may flow through the electrically conductive object and cause heat to be generated in the electrically conductive object based on Joule heating. In some instances, the electrically conductive object includes a ferromagnetic material (e.g., iron) and heat is generated in the electrically conductive object based on magnetic hysteresis (e.g., magnetic hysteresis losses). 
     In some instances, the electrically conductive object includes a susceptor. The susceptor includes a material that has the ability to absorb electromagnetic energy and convert the electromagnetic energy to heat. In addition, the susceptor may be configured to emit the heat as radiation (e.g., infrared thermal radiation). The electromagnetic energy includes radiation (e.g., electromagnetic radiation) in the radio frequency spectrum or microwave spectrum. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Additional advantages and details of the disclosure are explained in greater detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying schematic figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of a system with which systems, methods, and/or products described herein, may be implemented according to the principles of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of components of one or more devices of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method of determining a characteristic of a susceptor element; 
         FIG. 3B  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method of determining a characteristic of a susceptor element; 
         FIG. 3C  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method for determining a temperature of a susceptor element; 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  are diagrams of a non-limiting embodiment of a vaporizer device; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of a system for determining a temperature of a susceptor element; 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  are graphs used by a system for determining a temperature of a susceptor element; and 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of components of a system for determining a characteristic of a susceptor element; 
         FIG. 8  is a non-limiting embodiment of a graph of a including a plot of values output based on a reference calibration process; 
         FIG. 9  is a non-limiting embodiment of a graph of polynomial function; and 
         FIG. 10  is a non-limiting embodiment of a graph including values associated with low temperatures for both a reference susceptor and system and a different susceptor and system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to systems, methods, and products used for determining a characteristic of an element, such as a susceptor element, that is electromagnetically coupled to an inductor element, such as an inductor coil. Accordingly, various embodiments are disclosed herein of devices, systems, computer program products, apparatus, and/or methods for determining a characteristic of a susceptor element. 
     Non-limiting embodiments are set forth in the following numbered clauses: 
     Clause 1: A system for determining a temperature of a susceptor element associated with a vaporizer device comprising: an induction heating circuit comprising: a radiating inductor element, and a capacitor element; at least one processor programmed or configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the magnetic properties of a susceptor element, and determine a temperature of a susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 2: The system of clause 1, wherein, when determining the response of the induction heating circuit to the magnetic property of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 3: The system of clauses 1 or 2, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 4: The system of any of clauses 1-3, wherein the inductor element is electromagnetically coupled to the susceptor element. 
     Clause 5: The system of any of clauses 1-4, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 6: The system of any of clauses 1-5, wherein, when determining whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: compare the SRF value of the induction heating circuit to a predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element; and determine that the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit based on determining that the SRF value of the induction heating circuit corresponds to the predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element. 
     Clause 7: The system of any of clauses 1-6, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: cause the susceptor element to generate heat. 
     Clause 8: The system of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the temperature of a susceptor element is at a first temperature, and wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: cause the susceptor element to change from the first temperature to a second temperature. 
     Clause 9: The system of any of clauses 1-8, wherein, when causing the susceptor element to change from the first temperature to a second temperature, the at least processor is programmed or configured to: adjust an amount of electrical energy provided to the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 10: The system of any of clauses 1-9, wherein the inductor element is configured to create a changing magnetic field around the susceptor element. 
     Clause 11: The system of any of clauses 1-10, further comprising: a cartridge; and wherein the susceptor element is a component of the cartridge; and wherein the susceptor is electromagnetically coupled to the inductor element. 
     Clause 12: A method for determining a temperature of a susceptor element associated with a vaporizer device comprising: causing, with at least one processor, a susceptor element to generate heat; determining, with at least one processor, a response of an induction heating circuit to a magnetic property of the susceptor element; and determining a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 13: The method of clause 12, wherein determining the response of the induction heating circuit to the magnetic property of the susceptor element comprises: determining a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 14: The method of clauses 12 or 13, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 15: The method of any of clauses 12-14, further comprising: determining whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 16: The method of any of clauses 12-15, wherein determining whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit comprises: comparing the SRF value of the induction heating circuit to a predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element; and determining that the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit based on determining that the SRF value of the induction heating circuit corresponds to the predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element. 
     Clause 17: The method of any of clauses 12-16, wherein the temperature of a susceptor element is a first temperature, and the method further comprising: causing the susceptor element to change from the first temperature to a second temperature, wherein causing the susceptor element to change from the first temperature to a second temperature comprises: adjusting an amount of electrical energy provided to the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 18: A computer program product for determining a temperature of a susceptor element associated with a vaporizer device, the computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: cause a susceptor element to generate heat; determine a response of an induction heating circuit to a magnetic field generated by the susceptor element when the susceptor element generates heat; and determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 19: The computer program product of clause 18, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the response of the induction heating circuit to the magnetic properties of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit based on the magnetic field generated by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 20: The computer program product of clauses 18 or 19, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 21: A system, comprising: an inductor element; a susceptor element electromagnetically coupled to the inductor element; and a control device, wherein the control device is configured to determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on a change of a magnetic property of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 22: The system of clause 21, wherein the inductor element is configured to create a magnetic field around the susceptor element. 
     Clause 23: The system of any of clauses 21-22, wherein the susceptor element is positioned at least in part within a cartridge and wherein the cartridge is positioned at least in part within the inductor element. 
     Clause 24: The system of any of clauses 21-23, wherein the susceptor element is associated with a vaporizer device. 
     Clause 25: The system of any of clauses 21-24, wherein the control device is further configured to detect the change in the magnetic property of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 26: The system of any of clauses 21-25, further comprising an induction heating circuit, wherein the inductor element is an element of an induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 27: The system of clause 26, wherein the induction heating circuit includes a capacitor element. 
     Clause 28: The system of clauses 26 or 27, wherein the control device is configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element; and determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 29: The system of clauses 26 or 27, wherein the control device is configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element; and determine a proximity of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 30: The system of clauses 26 or 27, wherein the control device is configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element including by determining a self-resonant frequency value associated with the induction heating circuit; and determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 31: The system of clauses 26 or 27, wherein the control device is configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element including by determining a self-resonant frequency value associated with the induction heating circuit; determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit; and determine whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 32: The system of clauses 26 or 27, wherein the control device is configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element including by determining a self-resonant frequency value associated with the induction heating circuit; determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit; compare the self-resonant frequency value to a frequency value associated with the susceptor element; and determine a proximity of the susceptor element to the induction heating circuit based on the comparison of the self-resonant frequency value to the frequency value associated with the susceptor element. 
     Clause 33: The system of any of clauses 28-32, wherein the induction heating circuit is configured to cause the susceptor element to generate heat. 
     Clause 34: The system of any of clauses 28-33, wherein the control device is configured to: adjust an amount of electrical energy provided to the induction heating circuit to cause the susceptor element to change from a first temperature to a second temperature. 
     Clause 35: A method, comprising: detecting a change of a magnetic property of a susceptor element, wherein the susceptor element is electromagnetically coupled to an inductor element; and determining a temperature of a susceptor element based on the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 36: The method of clause 35, wherein the susceptor element is positioned at least in part within a cartridge and wherein the cartridge is positioned at least in part within the inductor element. 
     Clause 37: The method of clauses 35 or 36, wherein the susceptor element is associated with a vaporizer device. 
     Clause 38: The method of any of clauses 35-37, wherein the inductor element is an element of an induction heating circuit, the method further comprising: determining a response of the induction heating circuit to the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element; and determining a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 39: The method of clause 38, wherein the induction heating circuit includes a capacitor element. 
     Clause 40: The method of clauses 38 or 39, the method further comprising determining a proximity of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 41: The method of any of clauses 38-40, the method further comprising determining a self-resonant frequency value associated with the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 42: The method of any of clauses 38-41, the method further comprising determining whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 43: The method of any of clauses 38-42, the method further comprising comparing the self-resonant frequency value to a frequency value associated with the susceptor element and determining a proximity of the susceptor element to the induction heating circuit based on the comparison of the self-resonant frequency value to the frequency value associated with the susceptor element. 
     Clause 44: The method of any of clauses 38-43, the method further comprising causing the susceptor element to generate heat. 
     Clause 45: The method of any of clauses 38-44, the method further comprising adjusting an amount of electrical energy provided to the induction heating circuit to cause the susceptor element to change from a first temperature to a second temperature. 
     Clause 46: A system comprising: an inductor element; and a control device configured to: detect a magnetic field associated with the inductor element; and determine a characteristic of a susceptor element based on the magnetic field. 
     Clause 47: The system of clause 46, wherein the control device is further configured to: perform a control operation based on the characteristic of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 48: The system of clauses 46 or 47, wherein, when performing the control operation, the control device is configured to: cause the susceptor element to generate heat. 
     Clause 49: The system of any of clauses 46-48, wherein, when performing the control operation, the control device is configured to: cause the susceptor element to change from a first temperature to a second temperature. 
     Clause 50: The system of any of clauses 46-49, wherein, when causing the susceptor element to change from the first temperature to the second temperature, the control device is configured to: adjust an amount of electrical energy provided to the inductor element. 
     Clause 51: The system of any of clauses 46-50, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine a temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 52: The system of any of clauses 46-51, wherein the control device is further configured to: perform a control operation based on determining the temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 53: The system of any of clauses 46-52, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine whether the susceptor element is near the inductor element 
     Clause 54: The system of any of clauses 46-53, wherein the control device is further configured to: perform a control operation based on determining whether the susceptor element is near the inductor element. 
     Clause 55: The system of any of clauses 46-54, further comprising: an induction heating circuit that comprises the inductor element and a capacitor element; and wherein the control device is further configured to: determine a response of the induction heating circuit based on the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 56: The system of any of clauses 46-55, wherein, when determining the response of the induction heating circuit, the control device is configured to: determine a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 57: The system of any of clauses 46-56, wherein, when determining the response of the induction heating circuit, the control device is configured to: determine a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 58: The system of any of clauses 46-57, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine the characteristic of the susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 59: The system of any of clauses 46-58, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 60: The system of any of clauses 46-59, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 61: The system of any of clauses 46-60, wherein, when determining whether the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit, the control device is configured to: compare the SRF value of the induction heating circuit to a predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element; and determine that the susceptor element is near the induction heating circuit based on determining that the SRF value of the induction heating circuit corresponds to the predetermined frequency value associated with the susceptor element. 
     Clause 62: The system of any of clauses 46-61, wherein, when detecting the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: detect the magnetic field associated with the inductor element based on the susceptor element being near the inductor element. 
     Clause 63: The system of any of clauses 46-62, wherein, when detecting the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: detect the magnetic field associated with the inductor element using at least one sensor. 
     Clause 64: The system of any of clauses 46-63, wherein the inductor element is a first inductor element and wherein the at least one sensor comprises: a second inductor element; a semiconductor sensor that senses a magnetic field; or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 65: The system of any of clauses 46-64, wherein the at least one sensor comprises: a hall effect sensor. 
     Clause 66: The system of any of clauses 46-65, wherein, when detecting the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: detect a change in the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 67: The system of any of clauses 46-66, wherein, when detecting the change in the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: detect the change in the magnetic field associated with the inductor element based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 68: The system of any of clauses 46-67, wherein, when detecting the change in the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: determine a first measurement of the magnetic field; determine a second measurement of the magnetic field; and calculate a difference between the first measurement and the second measurement as the change in the magnetic field. 
     Clause 69: The system of any of clauses 46-68, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine the characteristic of the susceptor element based on a magnitude of the change in the magnetic field. 
     Clause 70: The system of any of clauses 46-69, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the change in the magnetic field. 
     Clause 71: The system of any of clauses 46-70, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the susceptor element, the control device is configured to: determine whether the susceptor element is near the inductor element based on the change in the magnetic field. 
     Clause 72: The system of any of clauses 46-71, wherein the control device is further configured to: determine a characteristic of the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 73: The system of any of clauses 46-72, wherein, when determining the characteristic of the magnetic field associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: determine a response of the magnetic field due to a change in the magnetic permeability of the susceptor element electromagnetically coupled to the inductor element based on the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 74: The system of any of clauses 46-73, wherein the control device is further configured to: determine a voltage associated with an excitation of the inductor element based on the response of the magnetic field due to the change in the magnetic permeability of the susceptor element electromagnetically coupled to the inductor element. 
     Clause 75: The system of any of clauses 46-74, wherein the control device is further configured to: adjust the voltage associated with the excitation of the inductor element. 
     Clause 76: The system of any of clauses 46-75, wherein the control device is further configured to: determine a current in the inductor element based on the voltage associated with the excitation of the inductor element. 
     Clause 77: The system of any of clauses 46-76, wherein the control device is further configured to: determine a characteristic associated with the inductor element based on the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 78: The system of any of clauses 46-77, wherein, when determining the characteristic associated with the inductor element, the control device is configured to: determine an inductance of the inductor element based on the magnetic field associated with the inductor element. 
     Clause 79: The system of any of clauses 46-78, wherein the inductor element is electromagnetically coupled to the susceptor element. 
     Clause 80: The system of any of clauses 46-79, further comprising: a cartridge; and wherein the susceptor element is positioned within the cartridge; and wherein the cartridge is positioned within the inductor element. 
     Clause 81: A system for determining a temperature of a susceptor element comprising: an induction heating circuit; at least one processor programmed or configured to: determine a first response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a first driving frequency, and wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determine a second response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a second driving frequency, and wherein the second response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determine a function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase; determine a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency; and determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value. 
     Clause 82: The system of clause 81 wherein the induction heating circuit comprises: an inductor element; and a capacitor element. 
     Clause 83: The system of clauses 81 or 82 wherein the component of the induction heating circuit comprises: an inductor element, a capacitor element, or a component of the induction heating circuit that provides a phase that is the same as the phase of the voltage across the inductor element or the capacitor element. 
     Clause 84: The system of any of clauses 81-83, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, and wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; and determine a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, and wherein the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency; and wherein, when determining the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase, the second response phase, the third response phase, and the fourth response phase. 
     Clause 85: The system of any of clauses 81-84, wherein the function comprises a polynomial, and wherein, when determining the function of phase versus frequency, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine polynomial coefficients of the polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit, the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, the third response phase of the induction heating circuit, and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein, when determining the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 86: The system of any of clauses 81-85, wherein, when determining the function of phase versus frequency based on the first response phase and the second response phase, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine polynomial coefficients of a polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit and the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein, when determining the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 87: The system of any of clauses 81-86, where the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency based on a first measurement of voltage across the capacitor element; and determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency based on a second measurement of voltage across the capacitor element. 
     Clause 88: The system of any of clauses 81-87, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a measurement of a magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 89: The system of any of clauses 81-88, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by the inductor element, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 90: The system of any of clauses 81-89, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by the inductor element based on a measurement of: an amplitude of an A/C voltage across the capacitor element, and a frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 91: The system of any of clauses 81-90, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine an amplitude of an A/C voltage across the capacitor element and a frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by the inductor element based on the amplitude of an A/C voltage across the capacitor element and the frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; and determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 92: The system of any of clauses 81-91, further comprising: at least one temperature sensor; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of the at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 93: The system of any of clauses 81-92, further comprising: at least one temperature sensor in thermal contact with at least one of: the inductor element, the capacitor element, or any combination thereof; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of the at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 94: The system of any of clauses 81-93, wherein the at least one temperature sensor is coupled to a component of the system. 
     Clause 95: The system of any of clauses 81-94, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and a temperature of an inductor element, a capacitor element, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 96: The system of any of clauses 81-95, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 97: The system of any of clauses 81-96, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: control the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 98: The system of any of clauses 81-97, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: control the temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 99: The system of any of clauses 81-98, wherein, when controlling the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: control a rate at which the temperature of the susceptor element changes based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 100: The system of any of clauses 81-99, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: provide a feedback result associated with an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 101: The system of any of clauses 81-100, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine whether the susceptor element is in proximity to an inductor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 102: The system of any of clauses 81-101, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element based on the function of phase versus frequency; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 103: The system of any of clauses 81-102, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: provide an amount of electrical current to the inductor element based on a time average value of electrical current to be provided to the inductor element to maintain a specified temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 104: The system of any of clauses 81-103, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process. 
     Clause 105: The system of any of clauses 81-104, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element; wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor programmed or configured to: compare the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature to the reference set; and determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a value of temperature in the reference set that corresponds to the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 106: The system of any of clauses 81-105, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a reference calibration process, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process is obtained by performing the reference calibration process, and wherein performing the reference calibration process comprises: maintaining a second susceptor element at a first selected temperature, wherein the second susceptor element is associated with a reference induction heating circuit; determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a first response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a first driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determining, for the first selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining a first function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; determining a first frequency value where a phase value of the first function is in quadrature based on the first function of phase versus frequency; maintaining the second susceptor element at a second selected temperature; determining, for the second selected temperature and a third amount of driving current, a third response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on the magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determining, for the selected temperature and the third amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining a second function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 107: The system of any of clauses 81-106, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the reference set of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, the plurality of amounts of driving current, and the plurality of frequency values for each of the plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature. 
     Clause 108: The system of any of clauses 81-107, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a calibration function based on a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the calibration function. 
     Clause 109: The system of any of clauses 81-108, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a local calibration process, and wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: perform the local calibration process, wherein, when performing the local calibration process, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: maintain the susceptor element at a first selected temperature; determine, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determine, for the selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, wherein the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency; determine a second function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit; determine a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency; determine, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fifth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fifth driving frequency, wherein the fifth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fifth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fifth driving frequency; determine, for the selected temperature and the second selected amount of driving current, a sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the sixth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a sixth driving frequency, wherein the sixth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the sixth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the sixth driving frequency; determine a third function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the fifth response phase and the sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit; and determine a third frequency value where a phase value of the third function is in quadrature based on the third function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 110: The system of any of clauses 81-109, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the local calibration process; and wherein the at least one processor is further programmed or configured to: determine the result of the local calibration process, wherein the result of the local calibration process comprises, for the first selected temperature, a local set of a plurality of amounts of driving current and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the second function that is in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of amounts of driving current for the first selected temperature. 
     Clause 111: The system of any of clauses 81-110, wherein, when determining the temperature of the susceptor element, the at least one processor is programmed or configured to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of NC electrical current in an inductor element of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 112: A method for determining a temperature of a susceptor element comprising: determining, with at least one processor, a first response phase of an induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a first driving frequency, and wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determining, with at least one processor, a second response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a second driving frequency, and wherein the second response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining, with at least one processor, a function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase; determining, with at least one processor, a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency; and determining, with at least one processor, a temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value. 
     Clause 113: The method of clause 112, further comprising: determining a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, and wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; and determining a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, and wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency, wherein determining the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit comprises: determining the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase, the second response phase, the third response phase, and the fourth response phase. 
     Clause 114: The method of clauses 112 or 113, wherein the function comprises a polynomial, wherein determining the function of phase versus frequency comprises: determining polynomial coefficients of the polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit, the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, the third response phase of the induction heating circuit, and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein determining the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature comprises: determining the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 115: The method of any of clauses 112-114, wherein determining the function of phase versus frequency based on the first response phase and the second response phase comprises: determining polynomial coefficients of a polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit and the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein determining the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature comprises: determining the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 116: The method of any of clauses 112-115, further comprising: determining the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency based on a first measurement of voltage across a capacitor element; and determining the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency based on a second measurement of voltage across the capacitor element. 
     Clause 117: The method of any of clauses 112-116, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element of the induction heating circuit and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 118: The method of any of clauses 112-117, further comprising: determining a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 119: The method of any of clauses 112-118, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element based on a measurement of: an amplitude of an A/C voltage across a capacitor element, and a frequency of the NC voltage across the capacitor element; and wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 120: The method of any of clauses 112-119, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining an amplitude of an A/C voltage across a capacitor element and a frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; determining a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element based on the amplitude of an A/C voltage across the capacitor element and the frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; and determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by an inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 121: The method of any of clauses 112-120, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 122: The method of any of clauses 112-121, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 123: The method of any of clauses 112-122, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and a temperature of an inductor element, a capacitor element, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 124: The method of any of clauses 112-123, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 125: The method of any of clauses 112-124, further comprising: controlling the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 126: The method of any of clauses 112-125, further comprising: controlling the temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 127: The method of any of clauses 112-126, wherein controlling the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: controlling a rate at which the temperature of the susceptor element changes based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 128: The method of any of clauses 112-127, further comprising: providing a feedback result associated with an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 129: The method of any of clauses 112-128, further comprising: determining whether the susceptor element is in proximity to an inductor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 130: The method of any of clauses 112-129, further comprising: determining an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element based on the function of phase versus frequency, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 131: The method of any of clauses 112-130, further comprising: providing an amount of electrical current to an inductor element based on a time average value of electrical current to be provided to the inductor element to maintain a specified temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 132: The method of any of clauses 112-131, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process. 
     Clause 133: The method of any of clauses 112-132, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element, and wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: comparing the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature to the reference set; and determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on a value of temperature in the reference set that corresponds to the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 134: The method of any of clauses 112-133, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a reference calibration process, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process is obtained by performing the reference calibration process, and wherein performing the reference calibration process comprises: maintaining a second susceptor element at a first selected temperature, wherein the second susceptor element is associated with a reference induction heating circuit; determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a first response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a first driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determining, for the first selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determine a first function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; determine a first frequency value where a phase value of the first function is in quadrature based on the first function of phase versus frequency; maintaining the second susceptor element at a second selected temperature; determining, for the second selected temperature and a third amount of driving current, a third response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on the magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determining, for the selected temperature and the third amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining a second function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; and determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 135: The method of any of clauses 112-134, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the reference set of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, the plurality of amounts of driving current, and the plurality of frequency values for each of the plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature. 
     Clause 136: The method of any of clauses 112-135, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a calibration function based on a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on the calibration function. 
     Clause 137: The method of any of clauses 112-136, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a local calibration process, the method further comprising: performing the local calibration process, wherein performing the local calibration process comprises: maintaining the susceptor element at a first selected temperature; determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determining, for the selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, wherein the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency; determining a second function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit; determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency; determining, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fifth driving frequency, wherein the fifth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fifth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fifth driving frequency; determining, for the selected temperature and the second selected amount of driving current, a sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the sixth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a sixth driving frequency, wherein the sixth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the sixth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the sixth driving frequency; determining a third function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the fifth response phase and the sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit; and determining a third frequency value where a phase value of the third function is in quadrature based on the third function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 138: The method of any of clauses 112-137, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the local calibration process, the method further comprising: determining the result of the local calibration process, wherein the result of the local calibration process comprises, for the first selected temperature, a local set of a plurality of amounts of driving current and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the second function that is in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of amounts of driving current for the first selected temperature. 
     Clause 139: The method of any of clauses 112-138, wherein determining the temperature of the susceptor element comprises: determining the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of A/C electrical current in an inductor element of the induction heating circuit. 
     Clause 140: A computer program product for determining a temperature of a susceptor element, the computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: determine a first response phase of an induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a first driving frequency, and wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determine a second response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a second driving frequency, and wherein the second response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determine a function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase; determine a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency; and determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value. 
     Clause 141: The computer program product of clause 140, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, and wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; and determine a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, and wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit cause the at least one processor to: determine the function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the first response phase, the second response phase, the third response phase, and the fourth response phase. 
     Clause 142: The computer program product of clauses 140 or 141 wherein the function comprises a polynomial, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the function of phase versus frequency cause the at least one processor to: determine polynomial coefficients of the polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit, the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, the third response phase of the induction heating circuit, and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature cause the at least one processor to: determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 143: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-142, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the function of phase versus frequency based on the first response phase and the second response phase cause the at least one processor to: determine polynomial coefficients of a polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of the induction heating circuit and the second response phase of the induction heating circuit, and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the frequency value where the response phase value of the function is in quadrature cause the at least one processor to: determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     Clause 144: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-143, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency based on a first measurement of voltage across a capacitor element; and determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency based on a second measurement of voltage across the capacitor element. 
     Clause 145: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-144, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element of the induction heating circuit and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 146: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-145, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 147: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-146, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element based on a measurement of: an amplitude of an A/C voltage across a capacitor element, and a frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 148: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-147, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine an amplitude of an NC voltage across a capacitor element and a frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by an inductor element based on the amplitude of an A/C voltage across the capacitor element and the frequency of the A/C voltage across the capacitor element; and determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by the inductor element and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 149: The computer program product of any of clauses 149-148, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 150: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-149, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of at least one temperature sensor. 
     Clause 151: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-150, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and a temperature of an inductor element, a capacitor element, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 152: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-151, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 153: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-152, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 154: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-153, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 155: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-154, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to control the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: control a rate at which the temperature of the susceptor element changes based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 156: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-155, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: provide a feedback result associated with an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 157: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-156, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine whether the susceptor element is in proximity to an inductor element based on an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 158: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-157, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine an amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element based on the function of phase versus frequency, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the amount of power absorbed by the susceptor element. 
     Clause 159: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-158, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: provide an amount of electrical current to an inductor element based on a time average value of electrical current to be provided to the inductor element to maintain a specified temperature of the susceptor element. 
     Clause 160: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-159, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process. 
     Clause 161: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-160, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element, and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: compare the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature to the reference set; and determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a value of temperature in the reference set that corresponds to the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     Clause 162: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-161, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a reference calibration process, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process is obtained by performing the reference calibration process, and wherein performing the reference calibration process comprises: maintaining a second susceptor element at a first selected temperature, wherein the second susceptor element is associated with a reference induction heating circuit; determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a first response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a first driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the first driving frequency; determining, for the first selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining a first function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; determining a first frequency value where a phase value of the first function is in quadrature based on the first function of phase versus frequency; maintaining the second susceptor element at a second selected temperature; determining, for the second selected temperature and a third amount of driving current, a third response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on the magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determining, for the selected temperature and the third amount of driving current, a second response phase of the reference induction heating circuit, wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the reference induction heating circuit at the second driving frequency; determining a second function of phase versus frequency for the reference induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the reference induction heating circuit; and determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 163: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-162, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the reference set of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, the plurality of amounts of driving current, and the plurality of frequency values for each of the plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature. 
     Clause 164: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-163, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the reference calibration process, wherein the result of the reference calibration process comprises: a calibration function based on a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current, and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the susceptor element, and wherein each of the plurality of amounts of driving current corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element; and wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on the calibration function. 
     Clause 165: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-164, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on a result of at least one calibration process, wherein the at least one calibration process comprises a local calibration process, and wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: perform the local calibration process, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to perform the local calibration process cause the at least one processor to: maintain the susceptor element at a first selected temperature; determine, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the third driving frequency; determine, for the selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fourth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fourth driving frequency, wherein the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fourth driving frequency; determine a second function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of the induction heating circuit; determine a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency; determine, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the fifth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a fifth driving frequency, wherein the fifth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fifth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the fifth driving frequency; determine, for the selected temperature and the second selected amount of driving current, a sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit, wherein the sixth response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a sixth driving frequency, wherein the sixth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the sixth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of the induction heating circuit at the sixth driving frequency; determine a third function of phase versus frequency for the induction heating circuit based on the fifth response phase and the sixth response phase of the induction heating circuit; and determine a third frequency value where a phase value of the third function is in quadrature based on the third function of phase versus frequency. 
     Clause 166: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-165, wherein the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a result of the local calibration process, and wherein the one or more instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine the result of the local calibration process, wherein the result of the local calibration process comprises, for the first selected temperature, a local set of a plurality of amounts of driving current and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the second function that is in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of amounts of driving current for the first selected temperature. 
     Clause 167: The computer program product of any of clauses 140-166, wherein the one or more instructions that cause the at least one processor to determine the temperature of the susceptor element cause the at least one processor to: determine the temperature of the susceptor element based on an amount of A/C electrical current in an inductor element of the induction heating circuit. 
     As described in more detail below, in some non-limiting embodiments, a system comprises an inductor element; a susceptor element electromagnetically coupled to the inductor element; and a control device, wherein the control device is configured to determine a characteristic, such as a temperature, of the susceptor element based on a change of a magnetic property of the susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, a method comprises detecting a change of a magnetic property of a susceptor element, wherein the susceptor element is electromagnetically coupled to an inductor element; and determining a characteristic, such as a temperature, of a susceptor element based on the change of the magnetic property of the susceptor element. 
     Embodiments also include an induction heating system for determining temperature of a susceptor element associated with a vaporizer device comprising: an induction heating coil; a susceptor; at least one processor programmed or configured to: determine a response of one or more magnetic properties of a susceptor element, and determine a temperature of a susceptor element based on that response. 
     For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “end,” “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” “lateral,” “longitudinal,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the disclosure as it is oriented in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the disclosure may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments or aspects of the disclosure. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments or aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting unless otherwise indicated. 
     No aspect, component, element, structure, act, step, function, instruction, and/or the like used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” and “at least one.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, etc.) and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partially on” and “based at least in part on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a device, such as a vaporizer device, includes an induction heating system. In some non-limiting embodiments, the induction heating system includes an inductor element and a susceptor element. The induction heating system may be used to heat an object, such as a material (e.g., an organic material, a synthetic material, etc.) that is in thermal contact with the susceptor element. For example, the inductor element provides an electromagnetic field that causes the susceptor element to generate heat and the susceptor element may be used to heat an object that is in thermal contact with the susceptor element (e.g., adjacent the susceptor element so that an object can be heated by the susceptor element, in contact with the susceptor element so that an object can be heated by the susceptor element, etc.). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the temperature of the susceptor element is controlled based on measuring the temperature of the susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, the temperature of the susceptor element is controlled so that a chemical composition of a vapor or aerosol produced by a material (e.g., a vaporizable substance or a substance for vaping) that is heated by the induction heating system is within a desired temperature range based on the chemical composition. In some non-limiting embodiments, the desired temperature range includes a sufficiently high temperature to produce an aerosol that is satisfying to the user while not exposing any material to excess temperature. In particular, the desired temperature range can depend on the chemistry of the particular material to be vaped. For example, an e-liquid containing propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin and nicotine, the desired temperature range includes the region of 188 C but not to exceed 200 C. In some non-limiting embodiments, a vaporizable substance is a dry herbal material such as tobacco or herbal medicines that, similarly, when heated to the correct temperature provides the desired effect of delivering an aerosol to be inhaled with no or minimal combustion of the vaporizable substance. 
     In some applications, the use of temperature sensing devices can pose certain challenges. For example, using a temperature sensing device, such as a thermocouple, a sensor chip, and/or an infrared thermometer to sense the temperature of an element (e.g., a susceptor element in a device, such as a vaporizer device) may be difficult based on the size of the susceptor element and/or the size of the temperature sensing device used to measure the temperature of the susceptor element. 
     As an example, in a vaporizer device where an induction heating system is compact, the size of a temperature sensing device may prevent the temperature sensing device from being able to be used to sense the temperature of the susceptor element because the temperature sensing device cannot be in thermal contact with the susceptor element. In addition, the temperature sensing device may not be able to accurately sense the temperature of the susceptor element because the temperature sensing device is not able to be in thermal contact with the susceptor element. Further, in some instances, the temperature sensing device may not be able to be in thermal contact with the susceptor element because the temperature sensing device may not be able to withstand the temperature of the susceptor element. In other instances, a control device of a vaporizer device may not be able to receive information from a temperature sensing device. For example, the control device may not be able to receive information from the temperature sensing device because of a physical impediment (e.g., an amount of material on a component, such as a cartridge, in which the temperature sensing device is positioned) that interferes with communication between the control device and the temperature sensing device. 
     To address at least some of these issues, the present disclosure includes non-limiting embodiments that are directed to systems, methods, and computer program products for determining a characteristic, such as the temperature, of a susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, a system includes an inductor element and a control device configured to detect a magnetic field associated with the inductor element and determine a characteristic of a susceptor element based on the magnetic field. In some non-limiting embodiments, the system includes an induction heating circuit, which includes the inductor element and/or a capacitor element, and the control device is configured to determine a response of the induction heating circuit to a magnetic property of a susceptor element and determine a temperature of a susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit. In one example, the control device is configured to determine a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of the induction heating circuit and determine a temperature of a susceptor element based on the SRF value of the induction heating circuit. As used herein, the term SRF may be used interchangeably with a frequency value of a function of phase versus frequency of an induction heating circuit based on the first response phase and the second response phase, where the frequency value corresponds to a phase value of the function that is in quadrature. 
     In this way, embodiments of the present disclosure allow for an accurate determination of a characteristic, such as a temperature, of a susceptor element based on a magnetic field associated with an inductor element to which the susceptor element is electromagnetically coupled, without any components of the system being in thermal contact (e.g., physical contact such that heat transfer would occur based on conduction between the susceptor element and the component) with the susceptor element. In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure allow for reducing the cost associated with disposal components that include a susceptor element, such as a cartridge that includes a susceptor element and a vaporizable material. The cartridge may be disposable and may be replaced in a vaporizer device when the vaporizable material within the cartridge is used up. The cartridge may be of a reduced cost to manufacture compared to a component that includes additional circuitry, such as a cartridge with a circuit, temperature sensor, and/or the like, to determine a temperature of a susceptor within the cartridge. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of system  100  in which systems, methods, and/or computer program products as disclosed herein may be implemented. In some non-limiting embodiments, system  100  is a component within a device, a system, and/or the like. For example, system  100  may be a component within a vaporizer device as described herein. In some non-limiting embodiments, system  100  may be implemented as an induction heating system and/or a system. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , system  100  includes control device  110 , inductor element  120 , power source  130 , and susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, as further shown in  FIG. 1 , system  100  includes induction heating circuit  150 , capacitor element  160 , and sensor element  170 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit  150  includes inductor element  120  and capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  includes one or more devices capable of controlling power source  130  to provide power to one or more components (e.g., inductor element  120 ) of system  100 , and/or determining a characteristic of susceptor element  140 . In one example, control device  110  is configured to determine a characteristic (e.g., a temperature) of susceptor element  140  based on a magnetic field associated with inductor element  120  (e.g., a response of the magnetic field to a change of a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 ). For example, control device  110  includes a computing device, such as a computer, a processor, a microprocessor, a controller, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  includes one or more electrical circuits that provide power conditioning for power provided by power source  130 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  includes one or more electrical components and/or one or more devices capable of providing electromagnetic energy to susceptor element  140  and/or receiving electromagnetic energy from susceptor element  140 . For example, inductor element  120  includes an induction coil such as a planar or pancake inductor, or a spiral inductor. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  is configured to provide electromagnetic energy (e.g., in the form of a magnetic field, such as a magnetic induction field, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, etc.) to susceptor element  140  to cause susceptor element  140  to generate heat based on receiving the electromagnetic energy. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  is separate from another inductor element that provides electromagnetic energy to susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  has a size and configuration (e.g., a design) based on the application for which induction heating circuit  150  is applied. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  has a length in the range between 4 mm to 20 mm. In one example, inductor element  120  has a length of about 8 mm. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  has a width (e.g., a diameter) in the range between 2 mm to 20 mm. In one example, inductor element  120  has a width of about 7 mm. In one example, inductor element  120  includes an induction coil that has 12 turns of 22 gauge wire in 2 layers with an inside diameter of about 6 mm. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  has an inductance value in the range between 0.5 μH to 6 μH. In one example, inductor element  120  has an inductance value of about 0.9 μH. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  130  includes one or more devices capable of providing power to induction heating circuit  150  and/or control device  110 . For example, power source  130  includes an alternating electrical current (AC) power supply (e.g., a generator, an alternator, etc.) and/or a direct current (DC) power supply (e.g., a battery, a capacitor, a fuel cell, etc.). In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  130  is configured to provide power to one or more components of system  100 . In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  130  includes one or more electrical circuits that provide power conditioning for power provided by power source  130 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes one or more devices capable of absorbing electromagnetic energy, generating heat based on electromagnetic energy that is absorbed, and/or providing heat (e.g., providing heat via conduction, providing heat via radiation, etc.) to an object (e.g., a substance, a device, a component, etc.) that is in thermal contact with the one or more devices. For example, susceptor element  140  includes a device constructed of a material that is electrically conductive. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is electromagnetically coupled to inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes a metallic conductor that heats by eddy currents, iron, steel (e.g., stainless steel), a ceramic magnet (e.g., ferrite), an FeCrAl alloy, Kanthal, and/or a semiconductor. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  has a length in the range between 5 mm to 18 mm. In one example, susceptor element  140  includes 430 alloy stainless steel and has a length of about 15 mm. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  is electromagnetically coupled to susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  has a configuration that is based on a geometry (e.g., a shape) of susceptor element  140 . Additionally or alternatively, the configuration of susceptor element  140  is based on a predetermined type and/or amount of one or more materials from which susceptor element  140  is constructed. In some non-limiting embodiments, the configuration of susceptor element  140  defines the magnetic properties associated with susceptor element  140 , such as magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or an amplitude of a magnetic field generated by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  has a configuration that includes a stranded wire, a stranded rope of material, a mesh, a mesh tube, several concentric mesh tubes, a cloth, a sheet of material, a porous solid (e.g., a foam), a roll of metal mesh, fibers of metal, or any other geometry that is appropriately sized and/or configured. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes fins, protrusions, or other details that are configured to hold a solid and/or semi-solid material in thermal contact with susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is constructed of a combination of materials to achieve an appropriate effect. For example, susceptor element  140  includes an interwoven cloth (or otherwise intimately mixed combination) of fine induction heating wires, strands, and/or threads with wicking wires, strands, and/or threads. Additionally or alternatively, susceptor element  140  comprises materials combined in the form of a rope or foam, or suitably deployed thin sheets of material. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes rolled up alternating foils of material. Additionally or alternatively, susceptor element  140  is surrounded (e.g., partially, completely, and/or the like) by inductor element  120 , which is not necessarily in contact with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes a mesh wick. In some non-limiting embodiments, the mesh wick is constructed of a material that is efficiently heated by induction (e.g., a FeCrAl alloy or ferritic stainless steel alloy). In some non-limiting embodiments, the mesh wick is formed using a Kanthal mesh. Additionally or alternatively, susceptor element  140  is removable from a cartridge so that susceptor element  140  can be cleaned, reused, and/or replaced separate from the cartridge. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the materials used in construction of susceptor element  140  include a magnetic material and/or a metallic conductor. Additionally or alternatively, susceptor element  140  includes materials that produce heat based on eddy currents and/or magnetic hysteresis when susceptor element  140  is exposed to electromagnetic energy. For example, magnetic and/or metallic conductor materials that have considerable hysteresis in the range between electromagnetic fields are used in the construction of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes a material such that heating is carried out both by eddy currents and also by movement of the magnetic domain walls. In some non-limiting embodiments, the material from which susceptor element  140  is constructed includes iron. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes ceramic magnets, such as ferrite. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes a semiconductor. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is configured to transfer a vaporizable substance from the reservoir based on a capillary action of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the vaporizable substance is a viscous substance (e.g., a liquid), and as the viscous substance is vaporized, more of the viscous substance moves from the reservoir to a heated part of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  is configured to create a magnetic field around susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, at least a portion of susceptor element  140  is positioned within a cartridge and at least a portion of the cartridge is positioned within inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is positioned within a cartridge and the cartridge is positioned within inductor element  120  (e.g., as shown by susceptor element  540  positioned within cartridge  518  in  FIG. 5 ). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is associated with a vaporizer device (e.g., vaporizer device  400  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4C ). In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to detect a change in a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, system  100  includes an induction heating circuit  150  and inductor element  120  is a component of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit  150  includes inductor element  120  and capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  and capacitor element  160  are electrically connected. For example, induction heating circuit  150  includes inductor element  120  electrically connected in parallel with capacitor element  160 . In another example, induction heating circuit  150  includes inductor element  120  electrically connected in series with capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit  150  is configured to cause susceptor element  140  to generate heat. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  160  includes one or more electrical components and/or one or more devices capable of providing an amount of capacitance in an electrical circuit. For example, capacitor element  160  includes a capacitor such as a parallel-plate capacitor. In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  160  has a size and configuration based on the application for which induction heating circuit  150  is applied. In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  160  has a length in the range between 3.3 mm to 16 mm. In one example, capacitor element  160  has a length of about 6 mm. In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  160  has a width in the range between 1.7 mm to 15 mm. In one example, capacitor element  160  has a width of about 5 mm. In one example, capacitor element  160  includes a surface mount capacitor or more than one surface mount capacitor in parallel or series, such as a surface mount capacitor or capacitors of a standard size  2220  (e.g., 5.6 mm×5 mm). In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  160  has a capacitance value in the range between 0.1 μF to 10 μF. In one example, capacitor element  160  has a capacitance value of about 1.36 μF. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, system  100  includes sensor element  170 . In some non-limiting embodiments, sensor element  170  is connected to control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, sensor element  170  is a component of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, sensor element  170  includes one or more electrical components and/or one or more devices capable of detecting a magnetic field (e.g., one or more characteristics of a magnetic field) associated with inductor element  120 . For example, sensor element  170  includes a sensor, such as a semiconductor sensor that senses a magnetic field and/or a hall-effect sensor. In some non-limiting embodiments, sensor element  170  includes a temperature sensor. Additionally or alternatively, sensor element  170  includes an inductor element (e.g., another inductor element  120 ). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a response of induction heating circuit  150  to a change in a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  and to determine a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the response of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine whether susceptor element  140  is near (e.g., in proximity to) induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  is configured to determine whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  and/or inductor element  120  based on the response of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a response of induction heating circuit  150  to a change of a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  is configured to determine the SRF value associated with induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the response of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  is configured to determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on an SRF value associated with induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a response of induction heating circuit  150  to a change in a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  by determining an SRF value associated with induction heating circuit  150  and compare the SRF value to a frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  based on comparing the SRF value to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the response of the induction heating circuit and based on determining that susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to determine a response of induction heating circuit  150  to a change of a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  by determining an SRF value associated with induction heating circuit  150  and determine a first temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the response of the induction heating circuit. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  is configured to adjust an amount of electrical energy (e.g., electrical current and/or voltage) provided to induction heating circuit  150  to cause susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to a second temperature based on determining the first temperature of susceptor element  140 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 2  is a diagram of example components of a device  200 . Device  200  may correspond to control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  includes at least one device  200  and/or at least one component of device  200 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  200  includes bus  202 , processor  204 , memory  206 , storage component  208 , input component  210 , output component  212 , and communication interface  214 . 
     Bus  202  includes a component that permits communication among the components of device  200 . In some non-limiting embodiments, processor  204  is implemented in hardware, software (e.g., firmware), or a combination of hardware and software. For example, processor  204  includes a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), etc.), a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), and/or any processing component (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.) that can be programmed to perform a function. Memory  206  includes random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and/or another type of dynamic or static storage device (e.g., flash memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, etc.) that stores information and/or instructions for use by processor  204 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, storage component  208  stores information and/or software related to the operation and use of device  200 . For example, storage component  208  includes a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, etc.), a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, a flash memory device (e.g., a flash drive), and/or another type of computer-readable medium, along with a corresponding drive. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, input component  210  includes a component that permits device  200  to receive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touch screen display, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, a microphone, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, input component  210  includes a sensor for sensing information (e.g., a temperature sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an actuator, a pressure sensor, etc.). Output component  212  includes a component that provides output information from device  200  (e.g., a display, a speaker, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, communication interface  214  includes a transceiver-like component (e.g., a transceiver, a separate receiver and transmitter, etc.) that enables device  200  to communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. In some non-limiting embodiments, communication interface  214  permits device  200  to receive information from another device and/or provide information to another device. For example, communication interface  214  includes an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi® interface, a cellular network interface, a Bluetooth® interface, and/or the like. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, device  200  performs one or more processes described herein. In some non-limiting embodiments, device  200  performs these processes based on processor  204  executing software instructions stored by a computer-readable medium, such as memory  206  and/or storage component  208 . A computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) is defined herein as a non-transitory memory device. A non-transitory memory device includes memory space located inside of a single physical storage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storage devices. 
     Software instructions are read into memory  206  and/or storage component  208  from another computer-readable medium or from another device via communication interface  214 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when executed, software instructions stored in memory  206  and/or storage component  208  cause processor  204  to perform one or more processes described herein. Additionally or alternatively, hardwired circuitry is used in place of or in combination with software instructions to perform one or more processes described herein. Thus, embodiments described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. 
     The number and arrangement of components shown in  FIG. 2  are provided as an example. In some non-limiting embodiments, device  200  includes additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in  FIG. 2 . Additionally or alternatively, a set of components (e.g., one or more components) of device  200  may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of device  200 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3A  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method  300 A for determining a characteristic of a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) in a system, such as an induction heating system. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  300 A are performed (e.g., completely, partially, etc.) by control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  300 A are performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including control device  110 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3A , at step  302 A, method  300 A includes detecting a magnetic field associated with an inductor element. For example, control device  110  detects a magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a response of induction heating circuit  150  based on the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining the response of induction heating circuit  150 , control device  110  determines a self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, when detecting the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 , control device  110  detects the magnetic field associated with the inductor element based on susceptor element  140  being near inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  detects the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120  using sensor element  170 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when detecting the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 , control device  110  detects a change in the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  detects the change in the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120  based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when detecting the change in the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 , control device  110  determines a first measurement of the magnetic field, determines a second measurement of the magnetic field, and calculates a difference between the first measurement and the second measurement as the change in the magnetic field. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a characteristic of the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . For example, control device  110  determines a response of the magnetic field due to a magnetic permeability of susceptor element  140 , which is electromagnetically coupled to inductor element  120 , based on the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a characteristic associated with inductor element  120 . For example, control device  110  determines a characteristic associated with inductor element  120  based on the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining the characteristic associated with inductor element  120 , control device  110  determines an inductance of inductor element  120  based on the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3A , at step  304 A, method  300 A includes determining a characteristic of a susceptor element based on the magnetic field. For example, control device  110  determines a characteristic of a susceptor element based on the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  performs a control operation based on the characteristic of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, when performing a control operation, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to generate heat based on the characteristic of the susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, when performing a control operation, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to change from a first temperature to a second temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, when causing susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to the second temperature, control device  110  adjusts an amount of electrical energy (e.g., electrical current and/or voltage) provided to inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining a characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines a temperature of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  performs a control operation based on determining the temperature of the susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining the characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near (e.g., in proximity to) inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near inductor element  120  and control device  110  performs a control operation based on determining that susceptor element  140  is near inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  foregoes performing a control operation based on determining that susceptor element  140  is not near inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining a characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines the characteristic of the susceptor element based on an SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, when determining the characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In another example, when determining the characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining the characteristic of susceptor element  140 , control device  110  determines the characteristic of susceptor element  140  based on a magnitude of a change in a magnetic field associated with inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the change in the magnetic field. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near inductor element  120  based on the change in the magnetic field. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, when determining whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150 , control device  110  compares the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to a predetermined frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  and determines that susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  based on determining that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  corresponds to a predetermined frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a voltage associated with an excitation of inductor element  120  based on a response of the magnetic field associated with inductor element  120  due to a change in a magnetic permeability of susceptor element  140  that is electromagnetically coupled to inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  adjusts the voltage associated with the excitation of inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  adjusts the voltage associated with the excitation of inductor element  120  based on the magnetic permeability of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines an electrical current in inductor element  120 . For example, control device  110  determines the electrical current in inductor element  120  based on the voltage associated with the excitation of inductor element  120 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3B ,  FIG. 3B  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method  300 B for determining a characteristic of a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) in a system, such as an induction heating system. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  300 B are performed (e.g., completely, partially, etc.) by control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  300 B are performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including control device  110 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3B , at step  302 B, method  300 B includes causing a susceptor element to generate heat. For example, control device  110  causes inductor element  120  to provide electromagnetic energy that is received by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  generates heat within susceptor element  140  based on electric currents that are generated inside susceptor element  140  and/or magnetic hysteresis based on electromagnetic energy being received by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes inductor element  120  to produce (e.g., radiate) a magnetic field based on an alternating electrical current provided to inductor element  120  as an input. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  creates a magnetic field around susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  is powered by power source  130 . For example, inductor element  120  receives electrical energy from power source  130  based on control device  110  controlling an amount of electrical current and/or voltage provided to and received by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  controls an amount of electrical energy provided by power source  130 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes inductor element  120  to produce a magnetic field to be received by (e.g., absorbed by) susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  provides a control signal to inductor element  120 , and inductor element  120  produces the magnetic field to be received by susceptor element  140  based on the control signal from control device  110 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the electrical energy received by inductor element  120  includes an alternating electrical current. For example, control device  110  receives a direct electrical current (e.g., a DC electrical current) from power source  130  and control device  110  converts the direct electrical current to an alternating electrical current (e.g., an AC electrical current). In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides the alternating electrical current to inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, a frequency value of the alternating electrical current is in the range between 10 kHz to 10 MHz. In some non-limiting embodiments, a frequency value of the alternating electrical current is in the range between 10 kHz to 100 GHz. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides an alternating electrical current with a frequency value in the range between 10 kHz to 10 MHz to induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ) and inductor element  120  generates an electromagnetic field based on the alternating electrical current. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  includes an amount of ferromagnetic material so that a portion of heat generated by susceptor element  140  is generated based on magnetic hysteresis of the ferromagnetic material when an electromagnetic field having a frequency value in the range between 10 kHz to 10 MHz is received by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a predetermined configuration of susceptor element  140  that is associated with susceptor element  140  including an amount of ferromagnetic material so that a portion of heat generated by susceptor element  140  is generated based on magnetic hysteresis of the ferromagnetic material. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides the alternating electrical current with the frequency value in the range between 10 kHz to 10 MHz based on determining that susceptor element  140  includes the predetermined configuration. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides an alternating electrical current with a frequency value in the range between 10 kHz to 100 GHz based on a configuration of susceptor element  140  that includes an amount of material, where the amount of material is such that a majority of heat generated by susceptor element  140  is generated based on resistive heating by eddy currents in the material. For example, control device  110  determines a predetermined configuration (e.g., a predetermined geometry, a predetermined type of one or more materials, and/or a predetermined amount of one or more materials) of susceptor element  140  that is associated with susceptor element  140  including an amount of material so that a majority of heat generated by susceptor element  140  is generated based on resistive heating by eddy currents in the material. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides the alternating electrical current with the frequency value in the range between 10 kHz to 100 GHz based on determining that susceptor element  140  includes the predetermined configuration. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 3B , at step  304 B, method  300 B includes determining a response of an induction heating circuit. For example, control device  110  determines the response of induction heating circuit  150  to a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines an SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  as the response of induction heating circuit  150  to the magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to generate heat based on susceptor element  140  receiving a first magnetic field from inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  generates heat and/or produces a second magnetic field based on receiving the magnetic field from inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  receives the second magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  changes from a first SRF value to a second SRF value based on inductor element  120  receiving the second magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140 . Control device  110  determines the second SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and/or a difference between the first SRF value and the second SRF value. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on control device  110  causing susceptor element  140  to generate heat. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a change in the magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  determines a change in magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or an amplitude of a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140 . In some examples, control device  110  determines the change in the magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or an amplitude of a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  based on a change in temperature of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  changes from a first SRF value based on susceptor element  140  not being near (e.g., being absent from) inductor element  120  to a second SRF value based on susceptor element  140  being near (e.g., being present to) inductor element  120 . For example, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  is based on an inductance of inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the inductance of inductor element  120  changes based on a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  when susceptor element  140  generates heat (e.g., generates heat based on electromagnetic energy provided to susceptor element  140  by inductor element  120 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  is a first SRF value when susceptor element  140  is not near inductor element  120  because a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  would not cause a change (e.g., a measurable change) in the inductance of inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  is a second SRF value when susceptor element  140  is near inductor element  120  because a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  causes a change in the inductance of inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the second SRF value when susceptor element  140  is near inductor element  120  is an SRF value associated with susceptor element  140  being positioned within inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  is a frequency value at which a maximum amount of electromagnetic energy is provided to susceptor element  140  by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the maximum amount of electromagnetic energy is provided to susceptor element  140  when an alternating electrical current of induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., the current through inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ) is at a maximum amplitude. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  being within inductor element  120 . For example, inductor element  120  includes an induction coil and at least a portion of susceptor element  140  (e.g., one quarter of a length of susceptor element  140 , one half of a length of susceptor element  140 , some of susceptor element  140 , all of susceptor element  140 , etc.) is positioned within (e.g., surrounded by) the induction coil. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is positioned within a cartridge (e.g., a cartridge as disclosed herein) and the cartridge is positioned within inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value when susceptor element  140  (e.g., susceptor element  140  positioned within a cartridge) is positioned within inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on susceptor element  140  not being within inductor element  120 . For example, inductor element  120  includes an induction coil and susceptor element  140  is positioned outside (e.g., no portion of susceptor element  140  is surrounded by) the induction coil. In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  is positioned coaxially with the induction coil. Control device  110  determines the SRF value when susceptor element  140  (e.g., susceptor element  140  positioned within a cartridge) is not positioned within inductor element  120 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a voltage across capacitor element  160  when an alternating electrical current having a predetermined frequency value (e.g., a drive frequency value) is provided to induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  samples a voltage across capacitor element  160  and generates a voltage waveform based on the samples of the voltage. Control device  110  determines a phase (e.g., in degrees) of the voltage waveform and an amplitude of the voltage waveform at the predetermined frequency value of the alternating electrical current. Control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the phase of the voltage waveform. In one example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to be a frequency value at which a derivative (e.g., a rate of change) of the phase of the voltage waveform has a maximum value. In another example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to be a frequency value at which the amplitude of the voltage waveform has a maximum value. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a frequency value of an alternating electrical current in induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines the frequency value of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120  and control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the frequency value of the alternating electrical current. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a change in frequency value of the alternating electrical current in induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines a first frequency value of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120  and control device  110  determines a second frequency value of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120 . Control device  110  determines the change in frequency value of the alternating electrical current flowing based on a difference between the first frequency value and the second frequency value and control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the change in frequency value of the alternating electrical current. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on an amplitude of an alternating electrical current in induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines the amplitude of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120  and control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the amplitude of the alternating electrical current. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a change in amplitude of the alternating electrical current in induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines a first amplitude of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120  and control device  110  determines a second amplitude of the alternating electrical current flowing in inductor element  120 . Control device  110  determines the change in amplitude of the alternating electrical current flowing based on a difference between the first amplitude and the second amplitude and control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the change in amplitude of the alternating electrical current. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a time interval. For example, control device  110  determines (e.g., continuously determine) the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a time interval that is less than 2 seconds. In one example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a time interval that is equal to 0.1 second. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a time interval that is in a milliseconds timescale. In one example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a time interval that is equal to 1 ms. In another example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a time interval that is equal to 2 ms. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on inductor element  120  and capacitor element  160 . For example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the equation: 
         SRF= 1/2π√{square root over ( LC )}
 
     where L is the inductance value of inductor element  120  and C is the capacitance value of capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  that is received by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes inductor element  120  to produce a first magnetic field that is received by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  140  produces a second magnetic field based on receiving the first magnetic field from inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  120  receives the second magnetic field from susceptor element  140  and the inductance of inductor element  120  changes based on the second magnetic field. Control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on the change in the inductance of inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the second magnetic field includes a component of the first magnetic field that has a different frequency value than a frequency value of the first magnetic field. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on an input provided by control device  110  to induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  is in a range between 100 kHz to 200 kHz based on a configuration of induction heating circuit  150  and susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  scans (e.g., provide an input current having a specific frequency value) a plurality of frequency values in a range between 100 kHz to 200 kHz. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  scans 16 frequency values in the range between frequency values between 100 kHz to 200 kHz. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  measures a time delay between an excitation of induction heating circuit  150  based on the input provided by control device  110  to induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., an alternating electrical current provided as an input to inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ) and a response from susceptor element  140  at each frequency value that is scanned. In some non-limiting embodiments, the excitation of induction heating circuit  150  and/or the response from susceptor element  140  is measured by control device  110  by measuring a voltage across capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the time delay between excitation of induction heating circuit  150  based on the input provided by control device  110  and response from susceptor element  140  at each frequency value that is scanned is determined to be a measure of the phase of induction heating circuit  150  versus excitation at each frequency value that is scanned. Control device  110  determines a numerical derivative of the phase of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  determines a maximum value of the numerical derivative (e.g., a frequency value for induction heating circuit  150  at which the phase is equal to 90 degrees) as a value (e.g., an initial estimated value) of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  again scans frequency values (e.g.; 16 frequency values) in a smaller range of frequency values between 100 kHz to 200 kHz than the initial scan and determine a derivative of the phase to determine a second value (e.g., an updated estimated value) of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the first value and the second value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  in less than a quarter of a second. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  based on an initial estimated value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines the initial estimated value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  as described above. In some non-limiting embodiments, a desired power level to be output by induction heating circuit  150  is set by control device  110  based on control device  110  controlling a voltage that excites the half bridge. In some non-limiting embodiments, the voltage is controlled by a pulse width modulated signal provided by control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, once the desired power level is set, control device  110  continuously provides an alternating electrical current as an input to induction heating circuit  150  at a plurality of different frequency values. In some non-limiting embodiments, the plurality of frequency values includes four frequency values that are within a predetermined amount of and above the initial estimated value of the SRF value, and that have a period that is an integer number of clock cycles of a clock of control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, at each frequency value of the plurality of frequency values, control device  110  measures a time delay between the excitation of induction heating circuit  150  and the response from susceptor element  140 , the time delay is measured by control device  110  and converted to a phase in degrees. In some non-limiting embodiments, the excitation is measured based on a driving square wave provided as an input current to induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., an input current provided to inductor element  120 ) and the response is measured based on a voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., a voltage across capacitor element  160 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value by extrapolating a linear fit to the plurality of frequency values (e.g., the four frequency values) to the phase value at resonance that occurs at the SRF. Additionally or alternatively, control device  110  determines the SRF value by determining a derivative of a line formed by the plurality of frequency values (e.g., a derivative of the phase corresponding to the plurality of frequency values), where the SRF value is equal to the frequency value corresponding to a maximum of the derivative of the line. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, as the temperature of susceptor element  140  changes, the magnetic susceptibility of susceptor element  140  changes based on the temperature change of susceptor element  140  or vice versa. In some non-limiting embodiments, the change of the magnetic susceptibility of susceptor element  140  causes a change in the inductance of inductor element  120  that is near susceptor element  140  and the change in the inductance of inductor element  120  causes a change in the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, once control device  110  determines the SRF value, control device  110  continuously scans through the plurality of frequency values and determines an updated value of the SRF value based on the plurality of frequency values. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  provides an alternating electrical current at the plurality of frequency values as an input to induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines that one or more frequency values of the plurality of frequency values correspond to a relative phase value (e.g., a phase value that is the difference between the driving phase and the measured phase) that is below 90 degrees. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  changes the plurality of frequency values based on determining that one or more frequency values of the plurality of frequency values correspond to a relative phase value that is below 90 degrees. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  changes the plurality of frequency values so that all of the plurality of frequency values correspond to a relative phase value that is above 90 degrees. In the example above, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to be a frequency value that is within a predetermined frequency range between the frequency value of the plurality of frequency values that corresponds to a phase value that is closest to a 90 degree phase. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to be a frequency value that is between a frequency value of the plurality of frequency values that corresponds to a phase value that is below a phase value equal to 90 degrees and a frequency value of the plurality of frequency values that corresponds to a phase value that is above a phase value equal to 90 degrees (e.g., a phase that is above a phase value equal to 90 degrees and closest to 90 degrees). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  changes the plurality of frequency values so that the plurality of frequency values remain close to (e.g., within a predetermined value of) but above the SRF value. In this way, control device  110  allows induction heating circuit  150  to operate close to the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 , which is more efficient than induction heating circuit  150  operating outside (e.g., outside a range between frequency values close to) the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 , while still being able to measure how the SRF value changes based on a temperature change of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ). For example, control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  based on an SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In this way, a device that includes system  100  (e.g., control device  110  of system  100 ) allows a user of the device to determine whether susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150  of system  100  without having to open a housing of the device. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  compares the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to a frequency value (e.g., a threshold value of frequency) associated with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the frequency value is a predetermined frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  or a measurement (e.g., a previous measurement) of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150 . If control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  corresponds to (e.g., matches, is within a predetermined threshold value of, etc.) the frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150 . If control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  is not near induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the predetermined frequency value is a measurement of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  is not near induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, if control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  corresponds to the frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  is not near induction heating circuit  150 . If control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  is near induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines whether a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) that has a specific configuration (e.g., a configuration for a heating a specific vaporizable substance, a standard configuration for use in a specific electronic vaporizer, a configuration that indicates a property of susceptor element  140 , a configuration that indicates a property of a vaporizable substance associated with susceptor element  140 , and/or the like) is near induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ) based on an SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In this way, a device that includes system  100  (e.g., control device  110  of system  100 ) may allow a user of the device to determine whether susceptor element  140  with a specific configuration is near induction heating circuit  150  of system  100  without having to open a housing of the device. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  compares the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to a frequency value, where the frequency value is a predetermined frequency value or a measurement (e.g., a previous measurement) of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  having the specific configuration is near induction heating circuit  150 . If control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  corresponds to the predetermined frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  with the specific configuration is near induction heating circuit  150 . If control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value, control device  110  determines that susceptor element  140  with the specific configuration is not near induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  performs an action based on determining that a SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to a frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . Control device  110  determines that a susceptor element is within proximity of induction heating circuit  150  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  determines that the susceptor element does not have a specific configuration associated with susceptor element  140  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines that the susceptor element does not have the specific configuration based on comparing the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  to a predetermined frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to a frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  performs the action based on determining that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140 . In another example, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  determines that a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  performs the action based on determining that a susceptor element is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes an indication of a warning to be displayed based on determining that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  and/or based on determining that a susceptor element is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  and control device  110  generates a signal that causes a component (e.g.; a component of a vaporizer device, such as a warning light) to display the indication of a warning. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines that a susceptor element is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  generates a signal that causes a component to display the indication of a warning. In some non-limiting embodiments, a component of a vaporizer device (e.g., a vaporizer device as disclosed herein) displays the indication of a warning. For example, the component of the vaporizer device displays the indication of a warning based on receiving the signal that causes the component to display the indication of a warning from control device  110 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  disables induction heating circuit  150  based on determining that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  and/or based on determining that a susceptor element is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines that the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  does not correspond to the frequency value associated with susceptor element  140  and control device  110  foregoes providing power to induction heating circuit  150 . In another example, control device  110  determines that a susceptor element is not within proximity of induction heating circuit  150  and control device  110  foregoes providing power to induction heating circuit  150 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 3B , at step  306 B, method  300 B includes determining a characteristic of the susceptor element. For example, control device  110  determines the characteristic of susceptor element  140  based on a response of induction heating circuit  150  to a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the characteristic of susceptor element  140  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines a characteristic of susceptor element  140  that corresponds to an SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the characteristic of susceptor element  140  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and a measurement of amplitude of an electrical characteristic of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the electrical characteristic of induction heating circuit  150  includes an alternating electrical current provided to induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., an alternating electrical current provided to inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 ), a magnetic field produced by inductor element  120 , and/or a voltage across capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the characteristic of susceptor element  140  based on a magnetic field produced by inductor element  120  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines an amplitude of the magnetic field produced by inductor element  120  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . Control device  110  determines a temperature curve that corresponds to the amplitude of the magnetic field produced by inductor element  120  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 , where the temperature curve indicates a temperature of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a first SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  is heated by inductor element  120  based on a first magnetic field produced by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a second SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  when susceptor element  140  is heated by induction heating circuit  150  based on a second magnetic field produced by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  compares the first SRF value and the second SRF value to determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a change in the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  from the first SRF value to the second SRF value. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a change of temperature that corresponds to changes in the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  receives a calibration for susceptor element  140  based on simultaneously measuring the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and the temperature of susceptor element  140  by an independent temperature sensing device (e.g., an infra-red thermometer). In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the calibration for susceptor element  140  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  receives a calibration for susceptor element  140  based on determining a first SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at a first temperature of susceptor element  140  (e.g., at ambient temperature of susceptor element  140 ) and then determining a second SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at the Curie temperature of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the second SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  at the Curie temperature of susceptor element  140  is determined based on determining when the spontaneous magnetization of susceptor element  140  changes to zero (e.g., at the Curie temperature). In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  at a temperature between the first temperature and the Curie temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a change in a magnetic property of susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a change in magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or an amplitude of a magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the change in magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or the amplitude of the magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140  corresponds to a change in temperature of susceptor element  140  and control device  110  determines a value of a change in temperature of susceptor element  140  based on determining a value of change in magnetization of susceptor element  140  and/or the amplitude of the magnetic field produced by susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to a second temperature. For example, control device  110  determines the first temperature of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes the temperature of susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to the second temperature based on determining that the first temperature did not satisfy a threshold value of temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to the second temperature based on adjusting an amount of alternating electrical current in induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  causes susceptor element  140  to change from the first temperature to the second temperature based on control device  110  adjusting an amount of alternating electrical current provided to induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  implements one or more control loop algorithms to measure the temperature of susceptor element  140  and keep the temperature of susceptor element  140  at a desired temperature value or within a desired range between temperature values. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  controls a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a calibration measurement. For example, a plurality of curves of SRF values of induction heating circuit  150  and corresponding amplitude values of an alternating electrical current are provided as an input to induction heating circuit  150  for a predetermined temperature (e.g., room temperature or 20° C.) of susceptor element  140  as the calibration measurement. Then during operation of induction heating circuit  150 , control device  110  determines a plurality of curves of SRF values of induction heating circuit  150  and corresponding amplitude values of an alternating electrical current at each temperature of a plurality of temperatures of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  divides the plurality of curves by the calibration measurement to provide a plurality of linear plots that are compensated for based on the alternating electrical current. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the plurality of linear plots. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the plurality of linear plots using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  controls the temperature of susceptor element  140  by adjusting the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on determining the temperature of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  for each of a plurality of SRF values of induction heating circuit  150  that correspond to a plurality of predetermined amplitudes of alternating electrical current provided as an input to induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  measures an amplitude of the voltage across capacitor element  160  and determines a present amplitude of the alternating electrical current provided as an input to induction heating circuit  150 . Control device  110  determines a first temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the present amplitude. After determining the first temperature, control device  110  determines a predetermined amplitude of the plurality of predetermined amplitudes of alternating electrical current that is closest to the present amplitude. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  150  and determines the second temperature of susceptor element  140  that corresponds to the predetermined amplitude that is closest to the present amplitude. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  compares the first temperature and the second temperature and determines an amplitude of (e.g., an amperage of) alternating electrical current to provide or remove as an input to induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides or removes the amplitude of alternating electrical current as an input to induction heating circuit  150  based on determining the amplitude. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, to increase the temperature of (e.g., heat up) susceptor element  140  to a desired temperature in a short duration of time, control device  110  estimates an alternating electrical current (e.g., an alternating electrical current that causes a heat pulse in susceptor element  140 ) for a desired gain in temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a calibration of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides the alternating electrical current to inductor element  120  to operate inductor element  120  at a maximum power for a short duration of time. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3C ,  FIG. 3C  is a flowchart of a non-limiting embodiment of a method  300 C for determining a characteristic, such as temperature, of a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) in a system, such as an induction heating system. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  3000  are performed (e.g., completely, partially, etc.) by control device  110 . In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more of the steps of method  300 C are performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including control device  110 . For example, an additional control device separate from control device  110 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3C , at step  302 C, method  300 C includes determining a response phase of an induction heating circuit. For example, control device  110  determines a first response phase of an induction heating circuit. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a first driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first response phase includes a value of a phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component (e.g., inductor element  120 , capacitor element  160 , etc.) of induction heating circuit  150  (e.g., a voltage response of induction heating circuit  150 ) at the first driving frequency. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  may determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the second driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the second driving frequency based on a second measurement of voltage across capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a second response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  determines a second response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a second driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the second response phase includes a value of a phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the second driving frequency. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3C , at step  304 C, method  300 C includes determining a function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  may determine a function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  based on the first response phase and the second response phase. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines polynomial coefficients of a polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of induction heating circuit  150  and the second response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. For example, control device  110  may determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine a third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  may determine a third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , where the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a third driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the third response phase may include a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the third driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine a fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  may determine a fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , where the fourth response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a fourth driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the fourth driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  based on the first response phase, the second response phase, the third response phase, and/or the fourth response phase. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the function may include a polynomial. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  100  may determine polynomial coefficients of the polynomial that is fit to the first response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , the second response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , the third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , and/or the fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the polynomial coefficients of the polynomial. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3C , at step  3060 , method  300 C includes determining a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature. For example, control device  110  may determine a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine a frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  by determining a slope of a line that includes the function of phase vs. frequency, wherein the line is based on the first response phase and the second response phase. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the frequency value where a phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the slope. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3C , at step  3080 , method  300 C includes determining a temperature of a susceptor element. For example, control device  110  may determine a temperature of a susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a measurement of a magnetic field. For example, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a measurement of a magnetic field generated by inductor element  120 . Additionally, or alternatively, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a measurement of a magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a measurement of a magnetic field. For example, control device  110  may determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field. For example, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by inductor element  120 . Additionally, or alternatively, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. For example, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine a measurement of a magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  based on a measurement of an amplitude of an A/C voltage across capacitor element  160  and a frequency of the A/C voltage across capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines an amplitude of an A/C voltage across capacitor element  160  and a frequency of the A/C voltage across capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a measurement of a magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  based on the amplitude of an A/C voltage across capacitor element  160  and the frequency of the A/C voltage across capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  and the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of the at least one temperature sensor. In some non-limiting embodiments, the at least one temperature sensor is in thermal contact (e.g., physical contact by which a transfer of heat can occur according to conduction) with at least one of inductor element  120 , capacitor element  160 , or any combination thereof. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and an output of the at least one temperature sensor. In some non-limiting embodiments, the at least one temperature sensor is coupled to (e.g., in proximity to such that temperature sensor can sense an environment of) or in thermal contact with a component of the system. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature and a temperature of an inductor element, a capacitor element, or any combination thereof. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140  based on the function of phase versus frequency. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140  based on a slope of a function associated with a phase difference between a driving A/C current and a voltage across an electrical component (e.g., inductor element  120 , capacitor element  160 , etc.) of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, control device  110  may determine the amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140  based on a slope of a function associated with a phase difference between a driving A/C current (I(t)) and a voltage response associated with (e.g., evaluated at) a frequency where the phase difference between the phase of the driving A/C current (I(t)) and the phase of the voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature. In such an example, control device  110  may determine the amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140  based on control device  110  determining a result of a formula such as formula (1): 
       1 I /(ω 0   2   RC )  (1)
 
     where ω 0  is the frequency at which the driving NC current and the voltage response are in quadrature, C is the capacitance in the induction heating system, and R is an effective resistance such that I(t) 2 R is the instantaneous power (instantaneous as opposed to time averaged) dissipated as heat in the induction heating system. The power absorbed by susceptor element  140  may therefore be obtained from the difference between the value of R as obtained from formula (1) with a susceptor element present (e.g., in proximity to an induction heating circuit, in proximity to an inductor element of an induction heating circuit) and the value of R obtained from formula (1) with no susceptor element present. The value of R with no susceptor element can be obtained once during fabrication of one or more components of system  100 . Additionally, or alternatively, the value of R with no susceptor element can be updated (e.g., corrected) based on the temperature of one or more components of the induction heating system where the components of the induction heating system are at a different temperature from when the value of R with no susceptor was measured for the device. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a result of at least one calibration process. For example, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a result of at least one calibration process, where the result of the at least one calibration process comprises a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of susceptor element  140  and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the function that are in quadrature, wherein each of the plurality of frequency values corresponds to each of the plurality of values of temperature of susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  compares the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature to the reference set, and control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on a value of temperature in the reference set that corresponds to the frequency value where the phase value of the function is in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on an amount of A/C electrical current in an inductor element. For example, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on an amount of A/C electrical current in inductor element  120  of induction heating circuit  150 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the at least one calibration process may include a reference calibration process. For example, control device  110  may perform the at least one calibration process, where the at least one calibration process includes the reference calibration process. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may be performed prior to final construction of system  100 . For example, the reference calibration process may be performed during a testing stage prior to final construction of system  100 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may be performed using a reference induction heating circuit, which includes an induction heating circuit that has the same or similar configuration as induction heating circuit  150 , and/or a second susceptor element, which includes a susceptor element that has the same or similar configuration as susceptor element  140 , such that the second susceptor element has the same or similar geometry, the same or similar type of one or more materials, and/or a same or similar amount of one or more materials as susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include maintaining a second susceptor element at a first selected temperature. For example, the second susceptor element may be associated with a reference induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a first response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a first response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a first driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the first driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of reference induction heating circuit  150  at the first driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a second response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a second response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of reference induction heating circuit  150  at the second driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining a first function of phase versus frequency for reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the reference calibration process may include determining a first function of phase versus frequency for reference induction heating circuit  150  based on the first response phase and the second response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining a first frequency value. For example, the reference calibration process may include determining a first frequency value, where a phase value of the first function is in quadrature based on the first function of phase versus frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include maintaining the second susceptor element at a second selected temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the second selected temperature and a third amount of driving current, a third response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the second selected temperature and a third amount of driving current, a third response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the third response phase is based on the magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a third driving frequency, wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of reference induction heating circuit  150  at the third driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining, for the selected temperature and the third amount of driving current, a second response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, determining, for the selected temperature and the third amount of driving current, a second response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the second susceptor element at a second driving frequency, wherein the first response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the second driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of reference induction heating circuit  150  at the second driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining a second function of phase versus frequency for reference induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the reference calibration process may include determining a second function of phase versus frequency for reference induction heating circuit  150  based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of reference induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the reference calibration process may include determining a second frequency value. For example, the reference calibration process may include determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the result of the at least one calibration process may include a result of the at least one reference calibration process. For example, the result of the at least one reference calibration process may include a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of susceptor element  140  involved in the reference calibration process, a plurality of amounts of driving current used in the reference calibration process, and/or a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the one or more functions that are in quadrature and determined during the reference calibration process. In some non-limiting embodiments, each of the plurality of frequency values may correspond to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element. Additionally, or alternatively, each of the plurality of amounts of driving current may correspond to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element. An example is provided with regard to Table 1 and described herein. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the reference set of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, the plurality of amounts of driving current, and/or the plurality of frequency values for each of the plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, the result of the reference calibration process may include a calibration function. For example, the result of the reference calibration process may include a calibration function that is based on a reference set of a plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element, a plurality of amounts of driving current and/or a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the first function and the second function that are in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, each of the plurality of frequency values may correspond to each of the plurality of values of temperature of susceptor element  140 . Additionally, or alternatively, each of the plurality of amounts of driving current may correspond to each of the plurality of values of temperature of the second susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the calibration function. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the at least one calibration process may include a local calibration process. For example, control device  110  may perform the at least one calibration process, where the at least one calibration process includes the local calibration process. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include maintaining susceptor element  140  at a first selected temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a third driving frequency. Additionally, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a first selected amount of driving current, a third response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the third response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the third driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the third driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining, for the selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining, for the selected temperature and the first selected amount of driving current, a fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the fourth response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a fourth driving frequency, wherein the fourth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fourth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the fourth driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining a second function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining a second function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  based on the third response phase and the fourth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature. For example, the local calibration process may include determining a second frequency value where a phase value of the second function is in quadrature based on the second function of phase versus frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the third response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a fifth driving frequency. Additionally, or alternatively, the local calibration process may include determining, for the first selected temperature and a second selected amount of driving current, a fifth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the fifth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the fifth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across an electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the fifth driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining, for the selected temperature and the second selected amount of driving current, a sixth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining, for the selected temperature and the second selected amount of driving current, a sixth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the sixth response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a sixth driving frequency, wherein the sixth response phase is a value of phase difference between a phase of a driving current at the sixth driving frequency and a phase of a voltage across the electrical component of induction heating circuit  150  at the sixth driving frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining a third function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150 . For example, the local calibration process may include determining a third function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  based on the fifth response phase and the sixth response phase of induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the local calibration process may include determining a third frequency value. For example, the local calibration process may include determining a third frequency value, where a phase value of the third function is in quadrature based on the third function of phase versus frequency. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the result of the local calibration process. For example, control device  110  may determine the result of the local calibration process, wherein the result of the local calibration process includes, for the first selected temperature, a local set of a plurality of amounts of driving current and a plurality of frequency values for each of a plurality of phase values of the second function that is in quadrature. In such an example, each of the plurality of frequency values may correspond to each of the plurality of amounts of driving current for the first selected temperature. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the behavior of the induction heating system may be modeled based on the magnetic behavior and geometry of susceptor element  140 . Additionally, or alternatively, the behavior of the induction heating system may be modeled based on geometry of the induction heating coil. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine (e.g., predict the dependence of) the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the frequency value at which the driving current and voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature and, additionally, or alternatively, based on the current in the induction heating coil. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may improve the accuracy of a temperature determined by control device  110 . For example, control device  110  may improve the accuracy of a temperature determined by control device  110  based on control device  110  performing the one or more calibration processes, described above. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may perform one or more calibration processes and control device  110  may use one or more outputs generated by the one or more calibration processes to determine (e.g., measure) the association (e.g., dependence) of the temperature of susceptor element  140  and the frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature and on the current in the induction heating coil. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on control device  110  performing a reference calibration process. Additionally, or alternatively, control device  110  may determine a temperature of susceptor element  140  based on control device  110  performing a local calibration process. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may perform a first or reference calibration based on an induction heating system (e.g., a reference induction heating system that is calibrated at a manufacturing facility) that may differ from a consumer induction heating system (e.g., an induction heating system that is provided to a consumer). In particular, in some non-limiting embodiments, performing a first or reference calibration process comprises performing a number of steps for each of a plurality of temperatures and for each of a plurality of A/C electrical current amounts in an induction heating coil in a reference induction heating system (e.g., a modified induction heating system) in order to output a set of values (e.g., values of magnetic field, temperature and resultant frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature). In some cases, this set of values can be used to calibrate the consumer induction heating system. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a susceptor element in system  100  that includes a reference induction heating system is maintained at a selected temperature, the selected temperature being one of the plurality of temperatures. For example, in some cases, system  100  that includes a reference induction heating system may be configured to allow a susceptor to be bathed in a fluid such as oil which is held at the selected temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, the temperature can be measured by a thermocouple. For example, control device  110  may measure the temperature based on a thermocouple. In some non-limiting embodiments, the fluid is made to flow. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine that the selected temperature and maintenance of that temperature constant by the large thermal mass of the fluid allows the frequency value of quadrature to be determined over a range of magnetic field values. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may determine the range of magnetic field values based on control device  110  stepping through values of A/C current from zero to a maximum A/C current that system  110  is capable of delivering. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, once susceptor element  140  of system  100  is maintained at a selected temperature, a first response phase of an induction heating circuit in system  100  may be determined at the selected temperature. In this case, the first response phase may be based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a first driving frequency for a selected A/C electrical current amount. In some non-limiting embodiments, the selected A/C electrical current amount may be an A/C electrical current amount of the plurality of A/C electrical current amounts (e.g., stepping through values of A/C current from zero to the maximum A/C current that system  100  is capable of delivering). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the first or reference calibration process may include determining, at the selected temperature, a second response phase of induction heating circuit  150 , wherein the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of susceptor element  140  at a second driving frequency for the selected A/C electrical current amount. As may be the case of determining the first response phase, the selected A/C electrical current amount is one of the plurality of A/C electrical current amounts (e.g., stepping through values of NC current from zero to the maximum A/C current that the consumer unit is capable of delivering). 
     In some non-limiting embodiment, the first or reference calibration process also includes determining, at the selected temperature, a function of phase versus frequency based on the first response phase and the second response phase and determining, at the selected temperature, a frequency value where a response phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency. 
     Finally, the first or reference calibration process comprises outputting a reference set of associated values comprising the plurality of temperatures, the plurality of A/C electrical current amounts, and a plurality of frequency values (e.g., a set of values of magnetic field, temperature and resultant frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature). In particular, each frequency value in the plurality of frequency values has been determined at a selected temperature value in the plurality of temperatures and a selected A/C electrical current amount in the plurality of A/C electrical current amounts. 
     Table 1, reproduced below, is an example table of reference calibration values. Specifically, Table 1 illustrates a portion of a table of values output by the one or more reference calibration processes, described above. In such an example, the reference set of associated values includes values associated with magnetic fields, temperatures, and resultant frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of induction heating circuit  150  are in quadrature. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Current Through 
                   
                 Frequency of 
                   
               
               
                 Inductor Element 
                 Temperature 
                 Quadrature 
                 Magnetic Field 
               
               
                 (normalized units) 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (kHz) 
                 (normalized units) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.001417103 
                 136.90 
                 141.4003713 
                 0.028342069 
               
               
                 0.001457300 
                 136.90 
                 141.2639550 
                 0.029145994 
               
               
                 0.001496529 
                 136.90 
                 140.9818937 
                 0.029930585 
               
               
                 0.001535123 
                 136.90 
                 140.7972348 
                 0.030702452 
               
               
                 0.001577667 
                 136.90 
                 140.6333806 
                 0.031553345 
               
               
                 0.001614713 
                 136.90 
                 140.4239606 
                 0.032294257 
               
               
                 0.001659035 
                 136.90 
                 140.2956348 
                 0.033180701 
               
               
                 0.001698713 
                 136.90 
                 140.1095176 
                 0.033974261 
               
               
                 0.001739953 
                 136.90 
                 139.9457052 
                 0.034799053 
               
               
                 0.001781548 
                 136.90 
                 139.8069855 
                 0.035630963 
               
               
                 0.003974132 
                 190.77 
                 140.5911242 
                 0.079482648 
               
               
                 0.004051978 
                 190.77 
                 140.6623216 
                 0.081039565 
               
               
                 0.004129288 
                 190.77 
                 140.7065881 
                 0.082585764 
               
               
                 0.004205761 
                 190.77 
                 140.7714102 
                 0.084115225 
               
               
                 0.004285972 
                 190.77 
                 140.8278177 
                 0.085719449 
               
               
                 0.004363532 
                 190.77 
                 140.8881179 
                 0.087270638 
               
               
                 0.004445709 
                 190.77 
                 140.9533107 
                 0.088914172 
               
               
                 0.004531013 
                 190.77 
                 141.0173615 
                 0.090620259 
               
               
                 0.004614587 
                 190.77 
                 141.0864333 
                 0.092291735 
               
               
                 0.004700068 
                 190.77 
                 141.1327612 
                 0.094001355 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  controls the temperature of susceptor element  140 . For example, control device  110  may control the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  controls a rate at which the temperature of susceptor element  140  changes. For example, control device  110  may control a rate at which the temperature of susceptor element  140  changes based on an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides a feedback result. For example, control device  110  may provide a feedback result associated with an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines whether susceptor element  140  is in proximity to an inductor element. For example, control device  110  may determine whether susceptor element  140  is in proximity to an inductor element based on an amount of power absorbed by susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  provides an amount of electrical current to inductor element  120 . For example, control device  110  may provide an amount of electrical current to inductor element  120  based on a time average value of electrical current to be provided to inductor element  120 . In such an example, the time average value of electrical current to be provided to inductor element  120  may be to maintain a specified temperature of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  140  by determining the amplitude of an A/C voltage across capacitor element  160  of induction heating circuit  150 , determining a measurement of a magnetic field produced by inductor element  120 , and determining the temperature of susceptor element  140  based on the measurement of the magnetic field generated by inductor element  120  and the frequency value where the phase value of the function of phase versus frequency for induction heating circuit  150  in in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the measurement of the magnetic field based on the amplitude of the A/C voltage across capacitor element  160  of induction heating circuit  160  and a frequency of the A/C voltage across capacitor element  160 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4A-4C ,  FIGS. 4A-4C  are diagrams of a non-limiting embodiment of vaporizer device  400  that includes a system, such as system  100 , for determining a characteristic of a susceptor element.  FIGS. 4A and 4B  show assembled views of vaporizer device  400 , and  FIG. 4C  shows a disassembled view of vaporizer device  400 . As shown in  FIG. 4A , vaporizer device  400  includes housing  402 . For the purpose of illustration,  FIG. 4B  shows vaporizer device  400  with housing  402  being transparent. As shown in  FIG. 4B , vaporizer device  400  includes induction heating assembly  420 , housing  402 , power source  416 , and tube  444 . As shown in  FIG. 4C , vaporizer device  400  includes electronic control components  436 , at least one activation button  438 , induction heating assembly  420 , cartridge  418 , housing  402 , power source  416 , valve  442 , tube  444 , and mouthpiece component  446 . In some non-limiting embodiments, electronic control components  436  include control device  110  or electronic control components  436  are the same as or substantially similar to control device  110 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating assembly  420  includes chassis  448  (e.g., an internal frame to support components of induction heating assembly  420 ), inductor element  406 , capacitor element  414 , and/or heating element body  440 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  406  and capacitor element  414  are electrically connected (e.g., in a parallel electrical connection) to provide an induction heating circuit. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  406  is the same as or substantially similar to inductor element  120 . In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor element  414  is the same as or substantially similar to capacitor element  160 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, heating element body  440  is sized and/or configured to hold inductor element  406  when inductor element  406  is positioned within heating element body  440 . Additionally or alternatively, chassis  448  is sized and/or configured to hold inductor element  406  and heating element body  440  near electronic control components  436 , which may allow for compact size and control of inductor element  406  with electronic control components  436 . Additionally or alternatively, heating element body  440  acts as an insulator to the heat generated by induction heating of a susceptor element within cartridge  418  and also shields electronic components from radiation of electromagnetic energy generated by inductor element  406 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  is sized and/or configured to fit within inductor element  406 , which may allow for compact construction of the vaporizer device  400 . In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  has an aperture in one end that allows the vapor from the vaporizable substance to flow out of cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  includes a reservoir and the reservoir is sized and/or configured to hold a vaporizable substance. In some non-limiting embodiments, a susceptor element is sized and/or configured to be contained within the reservoir, and susceptor element  140  contacts the vaporizable substance of the reservoir. In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  406  is sized and/or configured to be housed within heating element body  440 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  406  is electromagnetically coupled (e.g., inductively coupled, magnetically coupled, etc.) to a susceptor element within cartridge  418  and susceptor element  140  generates heat based on electromagnetic induction (e.g., by eddy currents generated in susceptor element  140  and/or by magnetic hysteresis generated in susceptor element  140 ). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  is a replaceable and/or disposable container that is a component of vaporizer device  400 . For example, cartridge  418  contains a predetermined amount of a vaporizable substance, and when the vaporizable is used up or near to be used up, a user may replace cartridge  418  with another cartridge  418 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a vaporizable substance includes a composition, material, or matter that produces a vapor for inhalation by a human being when heated to a predetermined temperature. In some non-limiting embodiments, vaporizer device  400  includes an indicator of the amount of vaporizable substance remaining in cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the indicator is positioned on cartridge  418  and/or on the housing of vaporizer device  400 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the indicator includes a display screen, such as a digital or analog output screen on vaporizer device  400  that is visible to a user. In some non-limiting embodiments, vaporizer device  400  has a second indicator that indicates when cartridge  418  is close to empty and acts as a low volume indicator for the vaporizable substance. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  is configured to be refilled with a vaporizable substance. Additionally or alternatively, cartridge  418  is configured to be refilled while positioned within vaporizer device  400  such as through a vent or aperture in housing  402 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor element  406  is constructed as part of a cartridge structure, which includes cartridge  418 , a susceptor element, and inductor element  406 , such that the cartridge structure is replaceable. In some non-limiting embodiments, the cartridge structure (e.g., the replaceable cartridge structure) includes electrical connections (e.g., electrical contacts) so that inductor element  406  electrically connects to electronic control components  436  when the replaceable cartridge structure is positioned within vaporizer device  400 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, replacement of cartridge  418  is accomplished by removing housing  402  and separating any additional components as desired. In some non-limiting embodiments, replacement of cartridge  418  is accomplished without removal of housing  402 . In some non-limiting embodiments, vaporizer device  400  allows a user to remove cartridge  418  when cartridge  418  is empty and to replace cartridge  418  with a new, full cartridge  418  within induction heating assembly  420  without removing any other components of induction heating assembly  420 . In some non-limiting embodiments, vaporizer device  400  includes a channel or chamber defined therein that allows for removal of an empty or near empty cartridge  418  and accepts a replacement cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, vaporizer device  400  includes a chamber or channel that is able to be manipulated (e.g., folded, twisted, and/or the like) to open to accept a new cartridge  418  and then able to be manipulated to close and place cartridge  418  in the appropriate position (e.g., to enable heating of the vaporizable substance within cartridge  418 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, housing  402  has a chamber or channel defined therein, and housing  402  is configured to receive cartridge  418  within the chamber or channel. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a susceptor element is positioned within cartridge  418  and susceptor element  140  is heated via induction without electrical connections to power source  410 . Additionally or alternatively, cartridge  418  includes a body having an inside surface and susceptor element  140  is positioned adjacent to the inside surface of cartridge  418 . Additionally or alternatively, the body and/or a neck of cartridge  418  acts as an insulating member between susceptor element  140  and the induction heating assembly  420 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the insulating member removes (e.g., separates) the induction heating assembly  420  from contact with the vaporizable substance (e.g., a liquid) in cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  is constructed of an appropriate insulating material, including but not limited to, glass, fiberglass, ceramic, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, an open end of cartridge  418  defines an air path through vaporizer device  400 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, activation button  438  is configured to protrude through an aperture in housing  402  so that a user is able to activate vaporizer device  400 . Additionally or alternatively, activation button  438  is configured such that a depression of a physical button is not necessary. In some non-limiting embodiments, activation button  438  includes a touchscreen component, such as a capacitive touchscreen. Additionally or alternatively, using such a touch screen, a user is able to use vaporizer device  400  to review and/or verify information such as age, number of uses, and other analytics. Additionally or alternatively, such touchscreen capability is combined with onboard sensors to thereby form a smart vaporizer, which are capable of being connected for communication and networked to local computers or the internet. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, activation button  438  is integrated with another aspect and/or component of vaporizer device  400 . In some non-limiting embodiments, activation button  438  is integrated with mouthpiece component  446 . In some non-limiting embodiments, contact with a users mouth to mouthpiece component  446  allows for activation (e.g., acts as activation button  438 ) of vaporizer device  400 . Additionally or alternatively, activation button  438  includes a biometric identification device (e.g., a fingerprint scanner) and/or another form of identification device to identify the user. In some non-limiting embodiments, a user is able to personalize vaporizer device  400  and/or prevent others from using vaporizer device  400 . Such features may be helpful in situations where monitoring of vaporizer device  400  is not always available and/or may prevent another unauthorized user (e.g., a child) from using the device. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, housing  402  is sized and/or configured to substantially house (e.g., enclose) the components of vaporizer device  400 , to provide an external appearance to vaporizer device  400 , and/or allow vaporizer device  400  to fit ergonomically in the hand of a user. In some non-limiting embodiments, housing  402  includes upper housing  402   a  and lower housing  402   b . In some non-limiting embodiments, upper housing  402   a  and lower housing  402   b  is constructed with an aesthetically pleasing appearance (e.g., to mimic the appearance of a wood grain) and/or includes colors, patterns, indicia, and/or the like, as desired. In some non-limiting embodiments, upper housing  402   a  and lower housing  402   b  is replaceable to allow for a user to customize a particular appearance of vaporizer device  400 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, housing  402  is constructed from any suitable material, such as wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, mouthpiece component  446  is interchangeable. In some non-limiting embodiments, variants of mouthpiece component  446  are configured such that mouthpiece component  446  restricts airflow to reproduce the pulling sensation that is similar to the sensation users may prefer and/or be familiar with in respect to smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, activation button  438  includes one or more control buttons, sensors, or switches, e.g., to allow a user to interact with vaporizer device  400 . In some non-limiting embodiments, an interaction of activation button  438  includes turning vaporizer device  400  on and off. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is configured to control airflow and/or seal off the reservoir when vaporizer device  400  is not in use. In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is be sized and/or configured to fit over an end of cartridge  418  that has an aperture. Additionally or alternatively, valve  442  has a configuration that allows for precise attachment to cartridge  418  and/or that is sized and/or configured to contact (e.g., rest on) an end of inductor element  406  to place cartridge  418  within inductor element  406 . In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  is positioned entirely within inductor element  406  or only a portion of cartridge  418  is positioned within inductor element  406 . In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is electronically controlled and is configured to remain closed until activation of vaporizer device  400  by a user (e.g., by way of activation button  438 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is manually controlled based on a thread and/or ramp in the mouthpiece. For example, the thread and/or ramp provides a gap between valve  442  and a top of cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is constructed of any suitable material, such as plastic, rubber, fiberglass, metal, glass, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, valve  442  is constructed from a suitable grade of silicone rubber. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, tube  444  is sized and/or configured to be placed over an end of valve  442  that is distal from cartridge  418 . Additionally or alternatively, tube  444  is sized and/or configured to direct the vapor, which is generated by heating a vaporizable substance, out of mouthpiece component  446 . In some non-limiting embodiments, tube  444  is a cylinder. In some non-limiting embodiments, tube  444  is formed of any suitable material including, but not limited to, glass. In some non-limiting embodiments, tube  444  is configured to adjust airflow into and/or out of vaporizer device  400  (e.g., in association with valve  442 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, tube  444  and/or valve  442  is configured to prevent leakage of a vaporizable substance from cartridge  418 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  410  is a device that includes one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  410  is sized and/or configured appropriately for an application, such as the placement of power source  410  within vaporizer device  400 . In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  410  is the same as or substantially similar to power source  130 . In some non-limiting embodiments, power source  410  includes a battery. In some non-limiting embodiments, the battery is a primary battery, a secondary battery, a rechargeable battery, and/or the like. Additionally or alternatively, the battery includes an alkaline battery, a watch battery, a Lithium Ion battery, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, power (e.g., in the form of an electrical energy, such as an electrical current and/or a voltage) is provided to inductor element  406  from power source  410 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, electronic control components  436  of vaporizer device  400  includes a circuit that includes an alternating electrical current generating device (e.g., a circuit configured to provide an alternating electrical current based on receiving a direct electrical current from power source  410 ), a control device (e.g., control device  110 ), and/or at least one sensor. Additionally or alternatively, the control device controls the power provided to inductor element  406 , which may provide precise monitoring and/or control of the power provided to inductor element  406  on a time scale that is as low as a few milliseconds. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the control device is configured to receive information (e.g., from a sensor) and adjust a heating profile (e.g., a profile associated with an amplitude of a magnetic field produced by inductor element  406  that varies or does not vary over time) to be applied to a susceptor element by inductor element  406 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the at least one sensor is able to detect and/or calculate information, such as airflow from or into vaporizer device  400 , pressure at locations within vaporizer device  400  or of the vapor exiting vaporizer device  400 , temperature of the components or locations near the components of vaporizer device  400 , such as the temperature of the induction coil, and/or the like. In some non-limiting embodiments, such features may allow the control device to determine that the user of vaporizer device  400  is beginning to inhale and/or that a power level is increased to compensate for a tendency of the incoming air to cool susceptor element  140  (e.g., below its ideal temperature, operating temperature range, and/or the like). In some non-limiting embodiments, when an active inhalation is not in progress, the control device is able to then reduce the power, which may improve the life of power source  410 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a control device of electronic control components  436  is able to use information to calculate and/or implement a temperature profile (e.g., a profile associated with a temperature of a susceptor element that varies or that does not vary over time) for heating a vaporizable substance. Additionally or alternatively, the control device is configured to adjust a heating profile applied to susceptor element  140  by inductor element  406  based on the vaporizable substance. In some non-limiting embodiments, the control device is able to implement a predetermined heating profile applied to susceptor element  140  by inductor element  406  according to the vaporizable substance. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, the control device may allow a user to modify the settings and/or the entire algorithm for providing heat to a vaporizable substance in order to obtain an improved experience (e.g., a preferred experience, an optimal experience, and/or the like). In some non-limiting embodiments, the configuration of all of the electronic components (e.g., electronic control components  436 ) are sufficiently energy efficient to allow vaporizer device  400  to be handheld and battery operated. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic components include a printed circuit board and, in some non-limiting embodiments, the control device includes a processor, such as a microprocessor, a microcontroller, and/or the like. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  418  includes an identifier that includes information associated with the contents of cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the identifier includes a marking, a barcode, a label, and/or the like that provides information associated with a vaporizable substance and/or information associated with susceptor element within cartridge  418 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the identifier is incorporated into cartridge  418 . For example, the identifier is etched into cartridge  418 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, electronic control components  436  are connected to inductor element  406  and/or programmed to read the identifier and determine the information associated with the contents of cartridge  418  so that the information associated with the contents of cartridge  418  is used (e.g., by electronic control components  436 ) to set parameters and cause inductor element  406  to apply a heating profile to the vaporizable substance according to the content information of cartridge  418 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 5  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of induction heating system  500 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , induction heating system  500  includes induction heating circuit  550 , control device  110 , power source  130 , susceptor element  540 , cartridge  518 , and vaporizable substance  580 . As further shown in  FIG. 5 , induction heating circuit  550  includes inductor  520  and capacitor  560 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit  550  is the same as or substantially similar to induction heating circuit  150 . In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor  560  is the same as or substantially similar to capacitor element  160  and/or capacitor element  414 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor  520  is the same as or substantially similar to inductor element  120  and/or inductor element  406 . In some non-limiting embodiments, susceptor element  540  is the same as or substantially similar to susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, cartridge  518  is the same as or substantially similar to cartridge  418 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  based on an input (e.g., an alternating electrical current having a frequency value) provided by control device  110  to induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  is in a range between 100 kHz to 200 kHz based on a configuration of induction heating circuit  550  and susceptor element  540 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  scans a plurality of frequency values in the range between frequency values based on the input provided to induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  measures a time delay between an excitation of induction heating circuit  550  based on the input provided by control device  110  to induction heating circuit  550  (e.g., an alternating electrical current provided as an input to inductor  520 ) and a response of induction heating circuit  550  to a magnetic property of susceptor element  540  (e.g., the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550 ) at each frequency value that is scanned. In some non-limiting embodiments, the excitation of induction heating circuit  550  and/or the response of induction heating circuit  550  to the magnetic property of susceptor element  540  is measured by control device  110  by measuring a voltage across capacitor  560 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , graph  602  includes values of phase for the difference in phase between an alternating electrical current provided as an input to induction heating circuit  550  (e.g., an alternating electrical current driving induction heating circuit  550 ) and a voltage (e.g., a voltage response) across capacitor  560  for frequency values associated with the alternating electrical current. In some non-limiting embodiments, the phase corresponds to a time delay between the excitation of induction heating circuit  550  based on the alternating electrical current provided by control device  110  as an input to induction heating circuit  550  (e.g., as an input to inductor  520  of induction heating circuit  550 ) and the response of induction heating circuit  550 . The shape and position of this curve changes in response to the magnetic property of susceptor element  540  as measured based on a voltage across capacitor  560  in a range between 0 Hz to 300 kHz. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  based on the phase values of the voltage across capacitor  560  for the frequency values associated with the alternating electrical current provided as the input to induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines a numerical derivative of the phase of the voltage across capacitor  560 , where the phase is shown in graph  602 . As shown in  FIG. 6B , graph  606  includes the numerical derivative of the phase versus frequency values shown in graph  602 . Control device  110  determines a maximum value  607  of the numerical derivative (e.g., a frequency value for induction heating circuit  550  at which the phase is equal to 90 degrees) as an initial estimated value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  based on an initial estimated value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550 . For example, control device  110  determines the initial estimated value of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  as described above. In some non-limiting embodiments, a desired power level to be output by of induction heating circuit  550  is set by control device  110  based on control device  110  controlling a voltage across capacitor  560 . Once the desired power level is set, control device  110  continuously provides an alternating electrical current at a plurality of different frequency values as an input to induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the plurality of frequency values includes four frequency values that are within a predetermined amount of and above the initial estimated value of the SRF value, and that have a period that is an integer number of clock cycles of a clock of control device  110 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , the initial estimated value of the SRF value is 145 kHz and control device  110  includes a 16 MHz clock, the plurality of frequency values  604  includes four frequency values that correspond to  110 ,  109 ,  108 , and  107  periods of the 16 MHz clock: 145.45 kHz, 146.78 kHz, 148.15 kHz, and 149.53 kHz. At each frequency value of the plurality of frequency values, control device  110  measures a time delay between the excitation of induction heating circuit  550  and the response from susceptor element  540  and control device  110  may convert the time delay to measurement of phase in degrees. Control device  110  determines the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  based on the time delay between the excitation of induction heating circuit  550  and the response from susceptor element  540 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, as the temperature of susceptor element  540  changes, the magnetic properties of susceptor element  540 , such as the magnetic susceptibility of susceptor element  540 , change based on the temperature change of susceptor element  540  or vice versa. The change of the magnetic susceptibility of susceptor element  540  may cause a change in the inductance of inductor  520  that is near susceptor element  540 . The change in the inductance of inductor  520  causes a change in the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  540  based on the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  and a measurement of amplitude of an electrical characteristic of induction heating circuit  550 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the electrical characteristic of induction heating circuit  550  includes an electrical current provided to induction heating circuit  550  (e.g., an alternating electrical current provided to inductor  520  of induction heating circuit  550 ), a magnetic field produced by inductor  520 , and/or a voltage across capacitor  560 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6C , a graph  608  of temperature curves  610 ,  612 ,  614  that correspond to amplitudes of magnetic fields produced by inductor  520  and values of the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  are illustrated. Each temperature curve is associated with a different temperature of susceptor element  140 . Temperature curve  610  is associated with a temperature of susceptor element  140  approximately equal to 66.42° C., temperature curve  612  is associated with a temperature of susceptor element  140  approximately equal to 168.68° C., and temperature curve  614  is associated with a temperature of susceptor element  112  approximately equal to 208.65° C. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  determines the temperature of susceptor element  540  based on the amplitude of a magnetic field produced by inductor  520  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  by determining which temperature curve of the plurality of temperature curves  610 ,  612 ,  614  corresponds to the magnetic field produced by inductor  520  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550 . For example, control device  110  determines that the magnetic field produced by inductor  520  and the SRF value of induction heating circuit  550  correspond to temperature curve  612 , which indicates that the temperature of susceptor element  540  is approximately equal to 208.65° C. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 7  is a diagram of a non-limiting embodiment of induction heating circuit  750 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit  750  is the same as or substantially similar to induction heating circuit  150  or induction heating circuit  550 , In some non-limiting embodiments, half bridge  718  is configured to provide alternating electrical current to inductor-capacitor (LC) tank circuit  724 . In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit section  708  is configured to detect a response of induction heating circuit  750  to a magnetic property of a susceptor element, such as susceptor element  140 . In some non-limiting embodiments, a control device, such as control device  110 , is electrically connected to induction heating circuit  750  to determine the self-resonant frequency (SRF) value of induction heating circuit  750  from the phase of an alternating electrical current induction heating circuit  750  with sufficient accuracy to determine a temperature of susceptor element  140  (e.g., based on a configuration of susceptor element  140 ). 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , components of induction heating circuit  750 , such as DC-DC converter  704  and half bridge  718  are configured to provide power to LC tank circuit  724 . In some non-limiting embodiments, LC tank circuit  724  includes inductor  726 , capacitor  728 , and capacitor  730 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor  726  is the same as or substantially similar to inductor element  120  and/or inductor element  520 . In some non-limiting embodiments, inductor  726  includes a 0.9 μH inductor. In some non-limiting embodiments, each of capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  is the same as or substantially similar to capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, a combination of capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  is the same as or substantially similar to capacitor element  160 . In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  each include a 680 nF capacitor. In some non-limiting embodiments, capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  are electrically connected in series or in parallel with the coil. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, LC tank circuit  724  is configured with capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  electrically connected in series to ground with inductor  726  connected to a point between capacitor  728  and capacitor  730 . In this way, capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  have half the voltage across each of capacitor  728  and capacitor  730  as compared to a situation where a single capacitor is used that has a capacitance equal to the capacitance of the sum of capacitor  728  and capacitor  730 . Since the capacitance of a capacitor is related to voltage capacity, splitting the total capacitance requirement into a plurality of capacitors allows the use of capacitors that have smaller dimensions, providing a smaller form factor for a device that incorporates induction heating circuit  750  as compared to a device that incorporates a circuit that includes a single capacitor having larger dimensions. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , induction heating circuit  750  includes DC-DC converter  704 , half bridge  718 , and LC tank circuit  724 . In some non-limiting embodiments, DC-DC converter  704  is a buck converter, a boost converter, or a buck-boost converter. In some cases, the half bridge  718  includes field-effect transistor (FET)  720  and FET  722 . In some non-limiting embodiments, FET  720  and/or FET  722  include a metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, DC-DC converter  704  provides a variable voltage to adjust the power (e.g., electrical energy) in the LC tank circuit  724  and half bridge  718  excites LC tank circuit  724  at close to the SRF value of LC tank circuit  724  (e.g., the SRF value of induction heating circuit  750  that includes LC tank circuit  724 ). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, half bridge  718  includes FET  720  and FET  722  driven in opposition at a 50% or about a 50% duty cycle. In some non-limiting embodiments, a gate driver is used so that both FET  720  and FET  722  are never on at the same time, as well as maximizing FET efficiency. In some non-limiting embodiments, a gate driver and a control signal (e.g., a logic signal) to control the gate driver provided by a control device (e.g., control device  110 ) are not shown in induction heating circuit  750  but the gate driver is electrically connected to the gate of FET  720  and the gate of FET  722 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, with the use of half bridge  718 , power provided by a power source (e.g. power source  130 ) at electrical connection  706  is maximum at the SRF value, f 0 , of LC tank circuit  724 . The SRF value, f 0 , can be calculated based on the equation: 
       2π f   0 =√{square root over ( L ·( C   1   +C   2 ))}/1
 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, half bridge  718  is used to control power supplied to a susceptor element by varying an excitation frequency away from the SRF of the LC tank circuit  724  and, thereby, decreasing the amplitude of an alternating electromagnetic field produced by inductor  726 . In some non-limiting embodiments, half bridge  718  maintains the frequency value of the alternating electrical current through LC tank circuit  724  close to the SRF value of LC tank circuit  724  for making accurate temperature measurements of a susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, DC-DC converter  704  is used to control (e.g., regulate) the power provided to half bridge  718 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments. DC-DC converter  704  is a buck convertor that uses a fixed frequency value with varying duty cycle. In some non-limiting embodiments, the switching frequency of DC-DC converter  704  is set at a frequency value significantly higher than the SRF of the LC tank circuit  724 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the switching frequency DC-DC converter  704  is in a range between 300 kHz to 10 MHz based on an SRF of LC tank circuit  724  of about 150 kHz. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments. FET  720  and FET  722  are driven through a gate drive from a square wave having a frequency value and that is generated by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit in a control device (e.g., control device  110 ). In some non-limiting embodiments, half bridge  718  uses a 50% duty cycle with a variable frequency value. In some non-limiting embodiments, duty cycles other than a 50% duty cycle produce a DC offset in the output waveform of half bridge  718  are provided to inductor  726 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the control device controls (e.g.; regulates) electrical energy (e.g., electrical current and/or voltage) provided to DC-DC converter  704  at electrical connection  706 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, to control an alternating electrical current within induction heating circuit  750 , a control device samples a voltage between the output of inductor  726  and ground (e.g., voltage is sampled across capacitor  730 ) to generate a voltage waveform and the voltage waveform is provided to the control device for adjustment of power (e.g., in the form of a magnetic field) produced by inductor  726 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the voltage waveform will provide a phase and amplitude of the voltage at the same frequency value of the drive frequency value of the alternating electrical current through inductor  726 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, after correction of the phase based on time delays (e.g., time delays introduced by components of induction heating circuit  750 ), the phase is used to compute the SRF value of LC tank circuit  724  while the amplitude of the voltage is used to compute the amplitude of the alternating electrical current. In some cases, the SRF value of the LC tank circuit  724  is measured by determining the drive frequency value at which the amplitude of the alternating electrical current is at maximum. In some non-limiting embodiments, the SRF value of the LC tank circuit  724  is a function of both the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by inductor  726  and the temperature of a susceptor element. In some non-limiting embodiments, the amplitude of the alternating electrical current, which is proportional to the amplitude of the voltage across capacitor  730 , and the SRF value of the LC tank circuit  724  are used to determine the temperature of susceptor element  140 . 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, induction heating circuit section  708  is configured to detect a response of LC tank circuit  724  to a magnetic property of a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ). As further shown in  FIG. 7 , induction heating circuit section  708  includes attenuator  760 , amplifier  770 , filter  780 , and analog to digital converter (ADC)  790 . In some non-limiting embodiments, filter  780  includes a 3-pole Bessel low pass filter (LPF). 
     In some embodiments; attenuator  760  receives; as an input, a time varying voltage across capacitor  730 . In some non-limiting embodiments, attenuator  760  includes a plurality of resistors configured as a voltage divider such that the output of the attenuator  760  is a fixed fraction of the input voltage. This is desirable in embodiments where the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the maximum voltage that components downstream can withstand. In some embodiments, amplifier  770  provides a high impedance to an input signal of amplifier  770  and a low impedance to an output signal of amplifier  770 . In some non-limiting embodiments, amplifier  770  includes an operational amplifier. In some non-limiting embodiments, the output voltage of amplifier  770  is configured to be proportional to the input voltage. In some embodiments, amplifier  770  has a gain that is variable such that the gain can be changed by a control device to improve a resolution of a digital signal provided by ADO  790  to the control device. In some non-limiting embodiments, filter  780  receives a signal from amplifier  770  and filters out unwanted noise at frequencies higher than a specified frequency (e.g., the SRF value) while leaving the phase and amplitude of the signal unchanged. In some non-knifing embodiments, ADO  790  converts the output of filter  780  to a digital value that is then used in a control algorithm by the control device. In some non-limiting embodiments, the output of filter  780  is buffered before providing the output to ADO  790 . In some non-limiting embodiments, ADO  790  is a part of a system-on-a-chip (SoC). 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, an output of attenuator  760  is amplified and/or buffered through to filter  780 . As further shown in  FIG. 7 , the output of filter  780  is provided to ADO  790 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the output of filter  780  is additionally buffered before providing the output to ADO  790 . 
     To determine the SRF value of the LC tank circuit  724 , a phase difference between an excitation signal (e.g., an alternating electrical current) provided by alternately turning on FET  720  and FET  722  and the response of the LC tank circuit  724  to a magnetic property of a susceptor element (e.g., a magnetic field produced by a susceptor element) is determined by a control device (e.g., control device  110 ). At resonance, the phase difference is 90 degrees. In some cases, induction heating circuit  750  is used under control of a control device (e.g., control device  110 ) to determine the response of the LC tank circuit  724 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 8  is a graph  800  including a plot of values output based on a reference calibration process, discussed above. For example, control device  110  may output one or more sets of values  802   a - 802   n  based on control device  110  performing one or more reference calibration processes. In some non-limiting embodiments, control device  110  may display an example of part of a reference calibration data set (e.g., reference set of associated values) of frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature determined for different amplitudes of the A/C magnetic field and temperatures. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 8 , the reference set of associated values is displayed in graph  800 , the graph including a three dimensional plot of values (x,y,z), with temperature (Celsius) along the x-axis, magnetic field (normalized units) along the y-axis, and resultant frequency (kHz) at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature along the z-axis. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 9  illustrates a graph  900  of polynomial function that is fitted. In some non-limiting embodiments, a control device of a system (e.g., control device  110  of a system  100 ) may determine one or more polynomial functions  902   a - 902   n  that are fitted. In such an example, control device  110  may use the polynomial function when control device  110  determines a temperature of a susceptor element (e.g., susceptor element  140 ) based on a magnetic field (e.g., a magnetic field determined based on a current through the inductor element) and a measured frequency at which the driving current and a voltage response (e.g., a voltage measurement across an electrical component, such as a capacitor or inductor) of the induction heating circuit (e.g., induction heating circuit  150 ) are in quadrature. In some non-limiting embodiments, the polynomial function that is fitted may include a data efficient method that captures the calibration information. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a device (e.g., a control device, such as control device  110 , or other similar device) may generate an output based on the one or more reference calibration processes. For example, the device may generate an output based on the one or more reference calibration processes that may include a function (e.g., a polynomial function, a linear function, etc.). In such an example, the function may be based on the reference set of associated values that control device  110  may use when determining a temperature of a susceptor as a function of A/C electrical current amount and frequency value. In some non-limiting embodiments, the device may determine a temperature of the susceptor element based on the reference set of associated values or the function, where the function is based on the set of associated values. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 9 , the surface fitted to the values of the reference calibration function are illustrated as a least-squares fit of the values of the reference calibration function to a 6th order polynomial. Additionally, or alternatively, the values of the reference calibration function may be fit to any useful function including cubic splines and piecewise linear functions. This reference calibration function illustrated by  FIG. 9  and associated with Table 1, described above, may include a number of values of the reference calibration function to enable the device to determine the temperature of a susceptor element associated with any device. For example, reference calibration function illustrated by  FIG. 9  and associated with Table 1, described above, may include a number of values of the reference calibration function to enable the device to determine the temperature of a susceptor element associated with a system where the susceptor element associated with the system is preconfigured using operating parameters that are similar to the susceptor element used during the reference calibration process. In practice, the system may produce a measured frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature that is within a few tens of Hz of the reference system for the same conditions based on the susceptor element. 
     To make systems both easier and cheaper to fabricate and to operate with susceptor elements that are similar, but not identical, to a reference susceptor, a control device of a system (e.g., control device  110  of system  100 ) may perform a second rapid calibration process and/or a local calibration process to normalize the system relative to a system that was calibrated and to increase the accuracy of a control device when determining the temperature of the susceptor elements. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, local calibration process is performed to normalize a local device (e.g., a vaporizer device including an induction heating system that is being used by a consumer) to the reference calibration. In such cases, performing the local calibration process to normalize the induction heating system at the consumer to the reference calibration improves the accuracy of temperature determination of the susceptor element located within the local device. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, similar to the first or reference calibration process, a second or local calibration process comprises a number of steps. In particular, for a selected temperature and for each of a plurality of A/C electrical current amounts in an induction heating coil in the induction heating system, a susceptor element in the induction heating system is maintained at the selected temperature. In this case, the induction heating system is a local device or consumer unit. 
     A first response phase of an induction heating circuit in the induction heating system (e.g., the local device or consumer unit) is determined at the selected temperature. Here, the first response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a first driving frequency for a selected NC electrical current amount, wherein the selected amount is one of the plurality of NC electrical current amounts. 
     A second response phase of the induction heating circuit is determined at the selected temperature. Here, the second response phase is based on a magnetic property of the susceptor element at a second driving frequency for the selected NC electrical current amount. 
     A function of phase versus frequency based on the first response phase and the second response phase is determined at the selected temperature and a frequency value where a response phase value of the function is in quadrature based on the function of phase versus frequency is determined at the selected temperature. 
     A local set of associated values comprising the selected temperature, the plurality of A/C electrical current amounts, and a plurality of frequency values is determined (e.g., a set of values of magnetic field, temperature and resultant frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature). In this case, each frequency value in the plurality of frequency values has been determined at the selected temperature value and a selected A/C electrical current amount in the plurality of NC electrical current amounts. Finally, the temperature of the susceptor element is determined based on the reference set of associated values (obtained by performing the first or reference calibration process) and the local set of associated values (obtained by performing the second or local calibration process). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 10  illustrates a graph  1000  including values of temperature associated with low temperatures (such as, for example, approximately 22° C.) for both a reference susceptor element and system (e.g., system  100  involved with a susceptor element that is calibrated at a factory) and a different susceptor element and system (e.g., system  100  involved with a susceptor element that is different than the susceptor element with which system  100  was calibrated at a factory). As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the “X” characters may represent values  1004  associated with a reference calibration data set and the “O” characters may represent values  1006  associated with a local calibration. In this case both the length of the susceptor element in the coil and the position within the coil are different from the reference susceptor element and device combination. The effect on the measured frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature is evident. The reference calibration can still be used for accurate temperature determination if the reference data is transformed to reflect the differences between the curves shown in  FIG. 10 . One such transformation is to determine a ratio curve from a reference and local calibration as shown in  FIG. 10 . To determine a temperature value for a new combination of device and susceptor element, the frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature is multiplied by the value of the ratio curve that corresponds to the current through the coil that is being used. This corrected value of the frequency at which the driving current and voltage response of the induction heating circuit are in quadrature can be used with the polynomial or other function derived from the reference calibration data set to give an accurate temperature. In practice it can be better to take the ratio of polynomial or cubic spline fits to the calibration curves in  FIG. 10  to reduce noise and to allow the ratio correction to be obtained at any value of current without the need for interpolation. 
     Although the disclosure has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment. 
     These and other features and characteristics of the present disclosure, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structures and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the disclosure. As used in the specification and the claims, the singular form of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.