Patent Publication Number: US-6210802-B1

Title: Polypropylene filler rods for optical fiber communications cables

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/052,220 filed on Mar. 31, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,397. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to communications cables. More particularly, the present invention relates to filler rods for stranded optical fiber cables made from polypropylene based materials. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Optical fiber cables have been in use in the communications industry for a number of years to transmit information at very high rates over long distances. Optical fiber cables come in a variety of configurations. The configurations include: cables with a centrally located single buffer tube containing one or more optical fibers; cables with a plurality of buffer tubes stranded in a helical or alternating helical arrangement about a central strength member; and cables with slotted cores in which a plurality of optical fibers reside. 
     In stranded optical fiber cables, each of the buffer tubes typically contains up to 12 optical fibers or more, or in some cases ribbons. The buffer tubes are usually stranded in an alternating helical or S-Z configuration. For example, a 72 count stranded optical fiber cable has a core containing six buffer tubes arranged about a central strength member and each of the six buffer tubes contains 12 optical fibers. A protective jacket is usually extruded over the core. Other strength members such as aramid yarns, ripcords and water blocking members can be included in the cable. 
     In some cases, it is desirable to have a lower fiber count in a standard configuration cable having the same symmetrical concentricity. For example, it may be desirable to have a 36 count stranded optical fiber cable which is substantially the same in terms of concentric structure to a 72 count cable except for the reduced number of fibers. When a reduced count cable is made, normally one or more of the buffer tubes are replaced by filler rods. The filler rods fill the space that would normally be occupied by a buffer tube containing optical fibers so as to keep the structure of the cable intact. For example, cables having 12, 18, 24, or 36 fiber counts can use the same basic cable structure and therefore have the same overall diameter despite different fiber counts. The filler rods also permit the manufacturing lines for making such optical fiber cables to remain substantially unchanged, whether making a low or high count optical fiber cable. 
     Prior to the present invention described below, filler rods were typically made with solid or with foamed high density polyethylene (HDPE). When foamed HDPE was used, it was foamed to approximately 90% of the unfoamed HDPE density. Foamed HDPE was an attractive filler rod material mainly due to low cost. However, some problems experienced with filler rods made from such material in some environments in which cables containing such rods includes excessive post extrusion shrinkage and reduced crush resistance, especially in low count cables with many filler rods. Also, processing cables with reduced thermal barriers between the jacket and core have created a demand for filler rods made with a material which has better dimensional stability at higher temperatures. In some cases, outer jackets of cables are made with materials having a higher melting point than the HDPE material. When such materials are extruded over the HDPE filler rods, some of the HDPE melts causing it to become intermingled with the molten outer jacket material. When this happens, the filler rods can stick to the outer jacket, a phenomenon which is undesirable because it decreases the ease of cable and fiber accessibility. 
     It is generally understood by those skilled in the art that reliability of cable components, such as filler rods, over a long time period and under extreme environmental conditions is very important. For example, it is desirable that filler rods for optical fiber cables undergo a minimum amount of shrinkage during the cable&#39;s lifetime. It is also desirable to provide filler rods designed to have physical properties which are compatible with the physical properties of the material currently used for the buffer tubes in such cables, such as that found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,816, so that both the buffer tubes and filler rods respond in a similar manner to changing environmental conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide filler rods for stranded optical fiber cables to maintain the concentric symmetry of such cables when less than a maximum fiber count is desired. 
     These objects are accomplished, at least in part, by a filler rod for occupying space in a stranded optical fiber communications cable having at least one buffer tube containing at least one optical fiber. The filler rod comprises an elongated rod extruded from a polypropylene homopolymer or a polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer resin material. The resin material is foamed during extrusion so as to have a plurality of void spaces therein and a relative density which is less than 1 relative to the unfoamed resin material. 
     Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description read in conjunction with the attached drawings and claims appended hereto. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The drawings, not drawn to scale, include: 
     FIG. 1, which is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating a stranded optical fiber cable having a plurality of buffer tubes; 
     FIG. 2, which is a cross-sectional schematic diagram a stranded optical fiber cable similar in structure to the cable illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein some of the buffer tubes have been replaced by filler rods; 
     FIG. 3, which is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a filler rod illustrating voids in the rod; and 
     FIG. 4, which is a graphical comparison of the shrinkage of 10% foamed filler rods at 85° C. versus time. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a typical stranded optical fiber cable. The cable  10  has a core comprised of a plurality of buffer tubes  12   a-   12   f,  each of which house optical fibers  14 , stranded about a central strength member  16 . A core wrap  18  may positioned over the core. Water blocking materials (not shown) may be disposed in the core, if desired. A protective outer jacket  20  is disposed over the core and a ripcord  22  is provided near the interface of the wrap  18  and the outer jacket  20 . The cable  10  illustrated in FIG. 1 has a maximum fiber count of 72 fibers. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, when a cable having a fiber count lower than 72 fibers, for example, is desired, such as 36, some of the buffer tubes ( 12   d-   12   f ) are replaced by filler rods  24   a-   24   c.  These filler rods help to maintain the overall concentric structure and material properties of the lower count stranded optical fiber cable to be the same as the higher count fiber cable. 
     According to the present invention, it has been found that filler rods ( 24   a - 24   c ) extruded from a foamed polypropylene homopolymer or preferably from an impact modified polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer (i-PP) resin material have superior mechanical and physical properties which make them suitable and superior to prior art filler rods extruded from foamed high density polyethylene (HDPE) resin. Under typical high speed outer jacket extrusion rates on the order of 600 to 1200 meters per minute, the filler rods made from the above polypropylene materials did not stick to the outer jacket, unlike the filler rods made from the HDPE material. 
     Preferably, a nucleating agent is dispersed in the copolymer resin prior to the extrusion of filler rods. Nucleating agents that can be used in the i-PP resin material include: inorganic materials, such as talc, mica, silica, carbon black and kaolin; salts of aliphatic monobasic or dibasic acids or arylalkyl acids, such as sodium succinate, sodium glutarate, sodium caproate, sodium 4-methylvalerate, aluminum phenylacetate and sodium cinnamate; or alkali metal or aluminum salts of aromatic or alicyclic carboxylic acids, such as aluminum benzoate, sodium or potassium benzoate, sodium β-naphthoate, lithium benzoate, and aluminum term.-butylbenzoate. The nucleating agents form nuclei for growth of crystals in the polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer melt. A high degree of crystallinity and a more uniform crystalline structure is obtained by adding the nucleating agent to the copolymer melt which is extruded to make the filler rods. The nucleating agent increases the Young&#39;s modulus, yield, tensile strength, compression resistance and dimensional stability of the copolymer as well as reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. Any nucleating agent added to the polypropylene-polyethylene melt to improve the above mentioned physical properties should be homogeneously dispersed in the polymer melt in a fine form (approximately 1 to 10 μm in size). It has been found that concentrations of up to 0.5 weight percent provide the maximum enhancements of the copolymer&#39;s physical properties. It has also been found that higher concentrations of nucleating agents do not produce further enhancements of the copolymer&#39;s physical properties, and likewise, a filler rod made therefrom. 
     According to the present invention, foamed HDPE and i-PP materials were extruded, using ordinary extrusion processing, at a line speed of 600 m/min to form filler rods. Both the HDPE and i-PP material were foamed to approximately 90% of the bulk density of the starting material pellets by the addition of an azodicarbonamide chemical foaming agent to the copolymer melt prior to extrusion. Besides azodicarbonamide, the i-PP material may be foamed with a semicarbazide, a hydrazide or by pressurized gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen. FIG. 3 illustrates that the filler rods, such as  24   a,  have a plurality of voids  28  created by the foaming agent in the i-PP material  26 . Filler rods were also extruded from the i-PP material having enough foaming agent added thereto to foam the extruded material to 70% of the bulk density of the starting material pellets. The filler rods foamed to 70% were extruded at a line speed of 1200 m/min. The i-PP material contained approximately 0.08% sodium benzoate as the nucleating agent. The melt flow index (MFI) of the HDPE material was determined to be approximately 0.78 g/10 min according to ASTM D1238-86E and the melt flow index of the i-PP was determined to be approximately 3.76 g/10 min according to ASTM D1238-57T. Because the above referenced ASTM standards require different measurement temperatures, 190 and 230° C. for the HDPE and the i-PP materials, respectively, the MFI for HDPE at 230° C. was also measured and determined to be about 1.39 g/10 min. Under both measurement techniques, the MFI for the HDPE material was determined to be substantially less than that for the i-PP material. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the foamed filler rods made as described above. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Quantity of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Foaming Agent 
                 Starting 
                 Final 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Added 
                 Density 
                 Density 
                 Relative 
                 MFI 
               
               
                 Material 
                 (kg/km) 
                 (g/cc) 
                 (g/cc) 
                 Density 
                 (g/10 min) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 HDPE 
                 0.118 
                 0.946 
                 0.851 
                 0.900 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 i-PP 
                 0.059 
                 0.905 
                 0.804 
                 0.888 
                 3.76 
               
               
                 i-PP 
                 0.150 
                 0.905 
                 0.649 
                 0.717 
                 3.76 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above described filler rods were tested for tensile loading at yield and elongation using an Instron Model 4468 mechanical tester. A gauge length of 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) was used with a crosshead speed of about 1.4 inches per minute (3.6 cm/min). For all samples of the higher MFI i-PP material, the mechanical tester reached its extension limits before the sample broke. Table 2 is a compilation of the test results. Typical load at yield for 3 mm diameter 10% foamed i-PP material was observed to be about 34 pounds, which is approximately 100 percent greater than the maximum observed tensions experienced during the cable stranding process. Typical load at yield for 3 mm diameter 30% foamed i-PP material was observed to be about 22.5 pounds (10.2 kg), which was close to the 25 pounds (11.3 kg) exhibited by the 10% foamed HDPE filler rods. The data compiled in Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate that the i-PP material with the higher melt flow index provides a more effective use of the base polymer and foaming agent and results in improvements in mechanical properties. The 22.5 pound (10.2 kg) tensile load of the 30% foamed i-PP filler rods exceeds the maximum observed stranding tension for a Frisch strander with a 1000 g dancer weight, with 3.7 turns and with the line stopped, by about 40%. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Foamed 
                 Crush 
                 Elongation to 
                 Tensile Load 
               
               
                   
                 Density 
                 Resistance 
                 Break 
                 at Yield 
               
               
                 Material 
                 (g/cc) 
                 (kg) 
                 (%) 
                 (kg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 HDPE 
                 0.851 
                 272 
                 300 
                 11.3 
               
               
                 i-PP 
                 0.804 
                 317 
                 &gt;530 
                 15.4 
               
               
                 i-PP 
                 0.649 
                 135 
                 &gt;530 
                 10.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A significant change in crush resistance is also evident when the amount of foaming is increased from about 10% to about 30%. Typical crush resistance values (load at yield) for i-PP buffer tubes is from about 100 lbs (45.4 kg) to 150 lbs (68.0 kg). As set forth on Table 2, a 30% foamed filler rod has a crush resistance of approximately 298 lbs (135 kg), which is nearly twice the value of the buffer tubes. It is generally desirable for filler rods to have a crush resistance which closely matches the crush resistance of the buffer tubes. Polypropylene filler rods appeared to have a more balanced set of properties which approximate the tensile and crush resistance characteristics of buffer tubes made from i-PP materials. 
     As one skilled in the art will appreciate, it is desirable that cable components such as filler rods, experience a minimum amount of shrinking during the lifetime of the cable. To determine shrinkage, a heat aging test at 85° C. for one week as set forth in Bellcore GR-20 was conducted. FIG. 4 illustrates the post extrusion shrinkage of 18 inch (45.7 cm) filler rod specimens after the heat aging test for materials foamed to 10%. From FIG. 4, it is evident that the i-PP material had significantly lower shrinkage than the HDPE material. It is suspected that the lower shrinkage of the i-PP material is the result of lower processed induced molecular orientation. Where a high degree of molecular orientation is imparted to a polymer melt, such as in the case of high speed extrusion of foamed filler rods, lower molecular weight materials (i.e., those materials with a higher MFI) are more desirable due to their ability to achieve more rapid molecular relaxation which results in less orientation in the final product. Besides providing lower post extrusion shrinkage, the reduced molecular orientation in the extrusion or machine directions results in strength in the transverse direction. 
     The reliability of the i-PP and HDPE materials forming the filler rods was studied in terms of Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) and longer term oxidative stability during accelerated testing in ovens. For long term reliability, the i-PP material forming the filler rods included 0.13 weight percent phosphite synergist, 0.30 weight percent hindered phenolic and 0.15 weight percent hindered amine. OIT values were measured according to the methods set forth in ASTM 3895-95. Aluminum pans instead of copper pans were used since copper has been shown to catalyze some degradation reactions in polyolefins resulting in reduced OIT values as well as induce variability of the test results depending on the state of oxidation of the pan&#39;s surface. A TA 912 DSC was used for the OIT determination. A summary of OIT values for before and after extrusion processing of the i-PP and HDPE materials is provided in Table 3. The data in Table 3 suggest that the i-PP material undergoes a process induced change which is comparable to HDPE material, both of which are highly suitable for filler rod applications. The hindered amines are generally considered to be less effective at high temperature and melt stabilization than the hindered phenolic-phosphite combination. However, the hindered amine class of antioxidants is very effective for long term thermooxidative stabilization due to the fact that, unlike hindered phenolics, the free radical scavengers can regenerate. Stabilizing materials such as BHT may also be used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 OIT Before 
                 OIT After 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Extrusion 
                 Extrusion 
                 Change in OIT 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 (Min) 
                 (Min) 
                 (Min) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 i-PP 
                 120 
                 98 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 HDPE 
                 142 
                 118 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a 1 year outdoor exposure study of the i-PP material and HDPE material, the HDPE material showed embrittlement while the i-PP material still retained substantial mechanical integrity. The exposure conditions for this test were more severe than in cable applications since the materials were also exposed to UV radiation. 
     It can be seen from the foregoing disclosure and series of examples that the present invention offers substantial advantages over the prior art in terms of physical properties, cost and the substantial reduction of the sticking problem caused by the melting of HDPE filler rods when an outer jacket material having a higher melting temperature is extruded there over. The embodiments disclosed herein achieve the object of the invention; however, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that departures can be made from the following claims without parting from the spirit and scope of the invention.