Patent Publication Number: US-7212948-B2

Title: Banknote validator

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for testing banknotes. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Many techniques are known for determining the denomination and authenticity of a received banknote. Banknote validating devices may be incorporated in apparatus which is capable of both receiving and dispensing banknotes, and in some cases the apparatus includes a store for banknotes to be dispensed which is replenished by received banknotes. 
   It is known to perform a fitness test on received banknotes to determine whether or not they are in good condition, and to prevent the dispensing of banknotes found to be in a poor condition. See WO-A-95/00932. 
   In order to assist the apprehension of thieves, or to deter theft, it is known to provide devices which, in certain circumstances, release ink which stains the banknotes. For example, banknotes may be transported in housings which, when opened in an unauthorised manner, automatically trigger a device which explosively releases the ink to stain the banknotes. 
   If such stained banknotes were introduced into banknote validators, for example housed in automatic vending machines, the banknote will either be accepted as a genuine banknote or rejected, in dependence upon the extent to which it is stained, and in dependence upon the extent to which the measurements performed upon the banknote are influenced by presence of the ink. 
   It would be desirable to provide a better way of handling banknotes which may have been stained. 
   Banknote validators tend to store large quantities of data to permit accurate recognition of multiple denominations. This data is of course dependent on the particular denominations expected to be handled by the validator. Because there is a limit to the amount of data which can be stored, it is necessary to use different validators, storing different sets of data, in areas where different denominations are expected, for example in different countries where different currencies are in use. Furthermore, because of the limited data capacity, it is sometimes not possible to arrange for the validator to recognise a sufficiently large variety of banknotes. These factors can result in customers finding unexpectedly that a validator will reject a genuine banknote, because the validator does not store data enabling recognition of that particular denomination. 
   It would be further desirable to provide a validator which mitigates this problem. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Aspects of the invention are set out in the accompanying claims. 
   According to another aspect of the invention, a banknote validator is operable to perform measurements on received banknotes and uses data indicative of characteristics of ink used for staining in order to classify the banknotes at least into the following categories:
         (a) genuine non-stained bills of at least one predetermined denomination;   (b) bills which been stained; and   (c) other bills, including non-genuine banknotes;
 
and to perform different operations in dependence upon the categorisation.
       

   In the preferred embodiment, the validator separately stores data representative of (a) a plurality of different banknote denominations and (b) at least one type of stain ink. This permits recognition of stained banknotes of each of the denominations, by using a combination of the stain ink data and the relevant banknote denomination data. 
   In response to the detection of a stained banknote, a predetermined operation may be performed upon the banknote. For example, the banknote could be refunded to the user, or could be sent to a different store from the one which would normally be used for banknotes of the same denomination, and/or the apparatus could be arranged so that the banknote is retained but no credit for the banknote is provided. 
   Preferably, bills which are genuine but unfit for re-circulation because of ageing or soiling (but not staining) are also separately categorised. 
   According to a still further aspect, a banknote validator stores data representative of characteristics of at least one target class (i.e. banknote denomination), and is operable to measure a banknote and to use the measurements and the stored data to determine whether the banknote belongs to the target class; the banknote validator is further operable to compare the measurements of a banknote with data representative of the target class to which the banknote has been found to belong, and to determine from said comparison whether the measurements have predetermined characteristics indicative of an ink used for staining. 
   According to this aspect of the invention, a banknote may be recognised irrespective of the presence of a stain, for example if the stain occupies only a small area of the banknote or by using banknote measurements which are not significantly influenced by the presence of a stain. Having determined the banknote denomination, it is then possible to assess the extent to which the measurements of the banknote depart from expected measurements, so that any differences can be compared to the properties of ink of a type known to be used for staining, thereby to determine whether the banknote has been stained. This enables the detection of stained banknotes even when the amount of stain is relatively small. 
   According to a yet further aspect of the invention, a banknote apparatus is operable to take measurements of a banknote, to generate adjusted measurements to compensate for the possible existence of stains on the banknote, the adjusted measurements being generated in accordance with data representative of predetermined characteristics associated with ink used for staining, and then to use data representative of a target class (i.e. a banknote denomination) to determine whether the adjusted measurements are representative of that target class. 
   According to this aspect of the invention, banknotes may be recognised despite the presence of significant areas of stain, by compensating for the presence of the stain. Furthermore, the thus-recognised banknote can be handled differently from banknotes which are not stained. 
   Preferably, the arrangement is such that the banknote is first analysed to determine those areas where staining is suspected, and the measurements relating to those areas are adjusted appropriately. 
   The last-mentioned two aspects are preferably combined in an apparatus which:
         (a) first measures a banknote and determines from stored data whether it belongs to a predetermined target class;   (b) if so, examines the banknote to determine discrepancies between the measured characteristics of the banknote and the expected characteristics for that target class, and then assesses those differences to determine whether they are representative of a stain; and   (c) if not, checks the banknote to determine whether there are areas which could be representative of a stain, adjusts the measurements to take into account the stains in those areas and then processes the adjusted measurements with stored data to determine whether the banknote belongs to a target class.       

   Preferably, the stained banknotes are retained in one or more stores which differ from other stores used to retain non-stained banknotes. 
   The features of the invention assist in removing from circulation banknotes which have been stained as a consequence of criminal activity. It is also possible to control whether the user of a machine is credited for deposited stained banknotes. 
   According to a still further aspect of the invention, a banknote validator is operable to perform a classification operation to classify a banknote into one of a relatively large number of types, and is thereafter operable to authenticate the banknote only if the banknote is classified as one of a relatively small sub-group of said types. The validator can be arranged to grant a credit amount to a customer only if the banknote is successfully authenticated. If the banknote does not belong to the sub-group, and is thus not authenticated, the validator can instead be arranged to perform a different predetermined operation, such as to cause a particular message to be displayed to the customer. 
   It has been found that authentication of banknotes requires substantially larger quantities of data than a preliminary classification operation. The preliminary classification operation preferably serves to eliminate all except (at most) one of the banknote classes as possible candidates, but does not guarantee that the banknote belongs to any remaining candidate class. Because this requires substantially less data than authentication, it is possible to arrange for the validator to be capable of classifying a banknote into any of a very large number of types (for example, the majority of the World&#39;s banknote types) without requiring excessive amounts of data storage. Thus, the validator can be arranged so that, upon classifying a banknote as (possibly) belonging to a type which it is not capable of authenticating, appropriate action is taken, such as refunding the note, possibly while causing a message such as “This currency not accepted” to be displayed. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows an automatic transaction machine incorporating a banknote validator in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the contents of a memory of the banknote validator of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the operation of the banknote validator; and 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an acceptance routine used in the operation of the banknote validator 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1  shows diagrammatically an automatic transaction system (such as a vending machine)  3  including a banknote validator  1  according to the invention. The validator has at least one receiving opening  11  and at least one dispensing opening  12  for receiving and returning banknotes, and further comprises a measuring unit  13 , a decision unit  14  with a data store  30 , a control unit  15 , a plurality of one-way stores  16  . . .  16   i  and a plurality of two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i . These units are connected by transport means  20 ,  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 ,  25  and a common routing element  18 . 
   After a banknote  2  has been inserted into the receiving opening  11  it is taken by a first transport means  20  to the measuring unit  13  which contains the measuring apparatus required for checking acceptability. The measurements made there are passed to the decision unit  14  which processes them with data, such as tolerance ranges, stored in the data store  30  and decides whether the banknote is acceptable and, if so, whether it is of a type assigned for re-use. The control unit  15  is instructed to control the common routing element  18  of the transport system accordingly: upon leaving the measuring unit  13  a non-acceptable banknote is transported directly back to the dispensing opening  12 ; an acceptable banknote that is not to be re-used is directed by the routing element  18  onto transport means  23  and is transported to one of several one-way stores  16  . . .  16   i ; an acceptable banknote that is to be available for re-use is directed by the routing element  18  onto transport means  24  and is taken to one of several two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i  and stored. 
   The two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i  can be controlled by the unit  15  to supply the desired type and number of banknotes  2  to the dispensing opening  12  via transport means  25 . 
   The banknote validator  1  as described so far corresponds to prior art arrangements, and may operate as follows. Each banknote received at the receiving opening  11  is measured in unit  13 , for example using an optical test, preferably involving determining the reflectivity and/or transmissivity of the banknote in different areas and in different spectral regions. The banknote is preferably scanned in areas distributed over at least one entire surface, and preferably both surfaces, in order to derive multiple measurements. 
   Unit  14  then processes those measurements with stored data representative of a number of different target classes, each target class corresponding to a respective authentic denomination, and possibly using other target classes corresponding to known counterfeit banknotes. Many suitable processing techniques are known to those skilled in the art. 
   If the decision unit  14  determines, within a certain level of certainty, that the received banknote belongs to a genuine denomination, an appropriate signal is sent to the control unit  15 . This in turn sends a signal to a control section (not shown) of the automatic transaction machine  3  via a bi-directional path  19 . The transmitted signal is representative of the amount of credit to be granted to the user in return for the received banknote. 
   The automatic transaction system  3  preferably incorporates a display  32 , and is arranged to cause the display  32  to display the amount of credit granted to the user. 
   The genuine banknote is caused to be sent to an appropriate one of the stores  16  . . .  16   i , or if the banknote is of a denomination that is replenishable and dispensable, to one of the two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i.    
   After a transaction, e.g. a vending operation, the machine  3  can send on path  19  signals to cause the control unit  15  to refund a predetermined amount from two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i.    
   The decision unit  14  may also be arranged to perform an additional fitness test to determine whether a received genuine banknote is suitable for re-circulation. The additional test may be similar to the first-mentioned test, but use tighter acceptance criteria. The fitness test is intended to distinguish between genuine banknotes in good condition, and banknotes which are either in poor condition or have a greater chance of having been mis-classified as genuine. In such situations, any banknotes which would normally be sent to one of the two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i  is instead sent to a one-way store  16  . . .  16   i.    
   Although, in the preferred embodiment, each separate storage device contains only a single denomination, it would be possible to provide a single storage device for multiple denominations. In the case of a two-way store, the position of each banknote within that storage device would be known so that they can be dispensed selectively. 
   Although separate receiving and dispensing openings have been described, it is possible to provide a single opening for performing both functions. 
   The apparatus as described above is enhanced to provide additional functionality, in accordance with the present invention, as will be described below. 
   The data store  30  additionally stores data representing the characteristics (for example the spectral characteristics) of one or more types of ink used for staining banknotes. The data store further stores data enabling it to classify (but not authenticate) a large number of additional denominations. 
     FIG. 2  schematically represents the contents of the data store. A first denomination region DEN stores separately data representing the characteristics of a large quantity (several hundred) of banknotes. The amount of data stored in respect of each banknote is relatively small, and enables the decision unit  14  merely to determine which of the denominations most closely matches the measurements of the received banknote. Within the denomination region DEN each denomination is represented by classification data D 001 , D 002 , . . . D 800 . Each denomination also has stored therewith operation data I 001 , I 002 , . . . I 800 . The operation data indicates what kind of operation should be performed in response to detecting that the tested banknote belongs to the corresponding denomination. Examples of stored operation data include: whether the denomination can be authenticated, the value of the denomination, the currency of the denomination, whether the denomination should be refunded, whether the denomination should be stored in a two-way store for recycling (which may be combined with more specific routing data), and any message to be displayed on recognition of the denomination. 
   The store  30  also has an authentication region AUT storing separately data used for authenticating a relatively small sub-group of denominations (e.g. less than 12). The data A 01 , A 02 , . . . A 10  for the respective denominations is sufficient to allow those denominations to be authenticated with a high degree of reliability. The data for each denomination may be several times, e.g. at least 10 times, the quantity of data stored in respect of each denomination within the denomination region DEN. 
   The store  30  also has a stain characteristic storage region STA, which stores separately data S 01 , . . . S 04  representing the spectral characteristics of a number of different ink. 
   The data stored in the store  30  enables an enhanced validation routine, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , to be performed. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , which represents the recognition and validation procedure performed by the decision unit  14 , this process starts at step  100 . 
   At step  101 , the measurements of the banknote are processed in turn with respective sets of ink stain data S 01 , . . . S 04  to determine whether the colour of the banknote effectively matches that of one of the ink stains. This will happen only if the banknote has been stained with large quantities of the ink. If so, the program proceeds immediately to step  124 , where the banknote is delivered to one of the one-way stores  16  . . . ,  16   i . This store is reserved for stained banknotes. 
   Normally, however, such gross stains are not recognised at step  101 . The program then proceeds to step  102 . 
   Here, the measurements of the banknote are processed, in turn, with respective sets of data from the denomination and authentication regions DEN and AUT, each set of data corresponding to a respective denomination, or target class. If the banknote is recognised as a genuine denomination, a credit value is incremented by an amount corresponding to the banknote denomination. 
   The process then proceeds to step  112 . As will be explained further below, the purpose of this step is to determine whether the banknote is potentially stained. It is assumed for the present that the banknote is not found to be stained. 
   The process then proceeds to step  120 , where the operational data I 001 , I 002 , . . . I 800  associated with the relevant denomination is checked to determine whether that note is of a type that should be recycled. If so, the process then proceeds to step  126  where a fitness test is performed. (This may be similar to the procedure performed in WO-A-95/00932, which is incorporated herein by reference.) If the banknote is determined to be fit, the process proceeds to step  122 , where the banknote is routed to one of the two-way stores  17  . . .  17   i . Otherwise, or if the banknote is found at step  120  not to be of a recyclable type, the process passes to step  118 , where the banknote is routed to one of the one-way stores  16  . . .  16   i.    
   At step  102 , if the banknote is not recognised, the process proceeds to step  104 . Here, as will be described below, the decision unit  14  determines whether the banknote is potentially stained. If not, the process proceeds from step  104  to step  110 , where the note is rejected by being delivered along transport path  22  to the dispensing opening  12 . 
   Thus, the non-stained banknotes can be treated in the same way as in prior art arrangements. 
   Returning to step  112 , the process of checking for stains on recognised banknotes is as follows. First, the measurements relating to individual areas of the banknote are compared with expected measurements as defined by the stored data representative of the denomination. Preferably, this is done by comparing the recognised areas of the note with a template or model of the note (e.g. the relevant one of the sets of data A 01 , A 02 , . . . A 10  in the authentication region AUT), and using the differences and the model to predict the characteristics in other areas. The prediction is then compared point-by-point with the actual measurements, and it is determined where the difference exceeds a threshold. If there are significant differences in one or more individual areas, or if the cumulative differences are significant, it is determined that the banknote is potentially stained, and the program proceeds to step  114 . Here, the measurements in those areas exhibiting differences from the expected measurements are processed with the expected measurements in order to derive values representing the differences in respective areas. Thus, the characteristics due to the determined denomination are effectively cancelled from the measurements. 
   The program then proceeds to step  116 , where the difference values are compared, in turn, with multiple sets of data S 01 , S 02 , . . . S 04  from the stain characteristic storage region STA, each set of data representing the spectral characteristics of a respective type of ink used for staining. If no match is found, it is determined that the detected differences are a result of soiling (not staining) of the banknote, and the program proceeds to step  118  to ensure that the banknote is delivered to a one-way store  16  . . .  16   i , and therefore will not be subsequently dispensed. 
   However, if a match is found at step  116 , the program proceeds to step  124  where the banknote is delivered to the one of the one-way stores  16  . . .  16   i  which is reserved for stained banknotes. There may be a single such store, or separate stores for stained banknotes of respective different denominations. Preferably, the credit value incremented at step  102  is cancelled if step  124  is reached. 
   As an alternative to steps  114  and  116 , a stain may be detected just by correlating the banknote measurements (in the areas which do not conform to the prediction) with data characteristic of the ink (which would be acceptable if the stain is strong) or with a template corresponding to a stained banknote of appropriate denomination. 
   Assuming that the banknote is not recognised at step  102 , then the stain detection procedure of step  104  is carried out. In this case, measurements relating to respective areas of the banknote are examined to determine whether they contain spectral characteristics corresponding to the characteristics of known inks used for staining, again using data stored in the data store  30 . If there is a match, the program proceeds to step  106 ; otherwise the program proceeds to reject the banknote at step  110 . At step  106 , each of the measurements relating to an area where there is a possible stain is adjusted to mitigate the effect of the stain. The extent of the adjustment will be dependent upon the data representing the characteristics of the ink found at step  104 . 
   Then, at step  108 , the adjusted measurements are processed in a similar way to the way the original measurements were processed at step  102 , to determine whether they are representative of a genuine banknote. If not, the program proceeds to step  110  where the banknote is rejected. Otherwise, the program assumes that the banknote is a genuine banknote which has been stained to such a degree that it was not recognised at step  102 . Accordingly, the step proceeds to step  124 , where the stained banknote is stored in a one-way store  16  . . .  16   i . Preferably, no credit is given, because the stain will reduce the reliability of the testing. 
   The stain detection processes in steps  112  and  104 , the derivation of the measurement differences at step  104  and the adjustment of the measurements at step  106  are all done on an area-by-area basis, to take into account the fact that the stain may occur in an unknown number of areas each occupying an unknown portion of the banknote. 
   The control unit  15  issues the signal representative of the credit value when either step  118  or step  122  is reached. Thus, preferably, credit is only given in return for non-stained genuine banknotes. 
   Any unfit banknotes which have been recognised are likely to exhibit significant differences in their measurements as compared with expected measurements. Accordingly, they are likely to result in the program proceeding from step  112  to step  114 . Therefore, it might be possible to omit the fitness test at step  126  without significantly affecting functionality. 
   As a further alternative, the steps  106  and  108  may be omitted, and all banknotes which are not recognised at step  102  and found to be stained may be sent to the stained banknote store at step  124 . 
   The procedure for recognising the banknote at step  102  or step  108  is illustrated in more detail in  FIG. 4 . 
   The measurements of the banknote are first checked, at step  402 , against the data stored in the denomination area DEN of the store  30 . The data relating to each of the denominations is checked in turn, to find the closest match. If there is no close match, the recognition routine exits at step  404 , indicating that the banknote has not been recognised. 
   Otherwise, the program checks the associated operation data I 001 , I 002  . . . I 800  for the recognised class of banknotes to determine whether this belongs to a sub-group for which authentication is possible. This checking process takes place at step  406 . If authentication is not possible, because the appropriate data is not stored within the authentication region AUT, then the program proceeds to step  408 . Here, the validator issues a signal to the transaction machine  3 , causing a suitable message (dependent on the operation data) to be displayed on the display  32  to inform the customer that his note is not of a type that is acceptable to this machine. The program then proceeds to step  404 . 
   If the banknote is of type for which authentication is possible, the program proceeds from step  406  to step  410 . Here, the banknote measurements are checked against the appropriate data A 01 , A 02 , . . . A 10  from the authentication section AUT of the store  30  to determine whether the banknote is genuine. If so, the recognition route exits at step  412 , indicating that the banknote has been recognised. Otherwise, the program exits at step  404 . 
   Accordingly, the recognition routine shown in  FIG. 4  will produce a result indicating that a banknote has been recognised only if it has first been classified and then authenticated. Otherwise, the routine will indicate that the banknote has not been recognised. Additionally, if the banknote has been classified as a type that cannot be authenticated, the host machine will issue a predetermined display, dependent on the classification, to the customer, and refund the note. 
   Instead of, or in addition to, producing this display, the validator can be arranged to keep a record of the articles which have been classified as types which cannot be authenticated. This can be of use to the machine operator for statistical evaluation and determination of whether the machine should be adjusted to authenticate different denominations.