Patent Publication Number: US-2017355826-A1

Title: Carbosilane polymers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/085,892 entitled CARBOSILANE POLYMERS, filed on Dec. 1, 2014, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to carbosilane polymers, and more particularly to carbosilane polymers formed from a carbosilane monomer component and a carbonyl contributing monomer. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes, there is a growing demand for highly planarizing materials which not only provide a void free fill of narrow spaced topographies, but are also able to furnish a planar surface. These materials may be bottom antireflective coatings (BARC), which have reflection control properties. Additionally, the material may be sacrificial, where it must be selectively removable by wet removal chemistries without damaging the underlying or other exposed films or substrates. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary substrate  10  to be coated with a planarizing coating.  FIG. 1A  further shows a plurality of illustrative trenches  12  separated by features  14  on the surface of substrate  10 . 
     An ideal case of an applied coating  16  following application and baking is presented in  FIG. 1B . In the ideal case, the surface  18  of coating  16  has a perfectly even coating, whether the surface  18 A is positioned above a trench  12 , or the surface  18 B is positioned above a feature  14 . Such an ideal case is impossible to achieve. 
     A more typical case of an applied coating  16  following application and baking is presented in  FIG. 1C . In the typical case, the surface  18  of coating  16  is not perfectly even, and at least partially follows the height of the trenches  12  and features  14 . For example, the surface  18 A positioned above a trench  12  is typically lower than the surface  18 B positioned above a feature  14 . A global planarity value can be calculated for the applied coating  16  by the formula: 
       Global planarity=(film thickness on top of widest feature as measured at the center of the feature+trench depth)−film thickness in center of widest trench
 
     As the global planarity values approach zero, the surface  18  of coating  16  approaches a perfectly even coating, as illustrated in  FIG. 1B . Generally, lower global planarity values are preferred. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 2A , a more complicated substrate  20  including trenches  12  and features  14  is illustrated. Substrate  20  illustratively includes a first region including one or more relatively narrow trenches  12 A, and a second region  24  including one or more relatively wide trenches  12 B. 
     A typical applied coating  16  following application and baking is presented in  FIG. 2B . As illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the surface  18  of the coating  16  is not perfectly even, although the surface  18  above the first region  22  is more planar than the surface  18  above the second region  24 . 
     The planarity of the surface  18  in  FIG. 2B  can be calculated by the formula: 
       Film thickness at center on top of the widest feature—film thickness at center at center on top of narrowest feature
 
     The above formula corresponds to (A-B) in  FIG. 2B . The planarity of the surface  18  in  FIG. 2B  can alternatively be calculated by the formula: 
       (Film thickness on top of space next to wide features +Height of wide features)−Film thickness in center of wide features
 
     The above formula corresponds to (B+C)-D in  FIG. 2B . 
     Improvements in the foregoing are desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure provides a composition comprising a carbosilane polymer formed from at least one carbosilane monomer component and at least one carbonyl contributing monomer.ln some embodiments, the compositionis suitable as gap filling and planarizing material, and may optionally include at least one chromophore for photolithography applications. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a sacrificial spin on organocarbosiloxane film is formed by combining either one or more monomers in a suitable reaction media resulting in the formation of a homopolymer or a copolymer. The alkoxy monomer/monomers were combined in a solvent blend of safe and common industry solvents to which acid solution was added to catalyze the hydrolysis-condensation reaction. This reaction solution was heated at optimized time and temperature to form a low molecular weight and stable polymer. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, formulations which are 248 nm or 193 nm UV absorbing are formed by incorporating one or more chromophores that absorb 248 nm or 193 nm wavelength UV light. In some embodiments, the formulations have a molecular weight range from about 800 to about 2500 amu. In some embodiments, this molecular weight range provides desirable high wet etch and plasma etch rates. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a composition comprises a carbosilane polymer, wherein the carbosilane polymer is formed from at least one carbosilane monomer and at least one carbonyl contributing monomer. In one embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content of from 10 wt. % to 45 wt. % or a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater, based on the total weight of polymer. In one more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content of from 10 wt. % to 45 wt. %. In one more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater. In one more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content of from 10 wt. % to 45 wt. % and a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content from 13 wt. % to 30 wt. %, and a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane monomer is of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: X is selected from linear or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl or C 6 -C 14  aryl, and each R is either a hydrolysable group,a group that is reactive resulting in cross-linking through the group, or a terminal end group that does not participate in cross-linking. In a still more particular embodiment, the carbosilane monomer is Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Ethane. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbonyl contributing monomer is selected from an acrylic monomer, a carboxylic containing monomer, and an anhydride monomer. In a more particular embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one crosslink promoter. In one even more particular embodiment, the crosslink promoter is an aminosilane salt of the formula: 
       Si(OR) 3 (CH 2 ) n NH 3   + (F 3 CSO 3 ) −   
     wherein n is an integer from 1-10, each R is independently a C1-C 20  alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, the crosslink promoter is an aminopropyltriethyl silane. In a still more particular embodiment, the crosslink promoteris APTEOS triflate. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one solvent. In one even more particular embodiment, the solvent comprises a planarizing enhancer, such as an alkyl carbonate. In a still more particular embodiment, the planarizing enhancercomprises propylene carbonate. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane polymer has a molecular weight of 1,000 or less. In another more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane polymer has a molecular weight ofabout 800 to about 1500, about 800 to about 2500, or about 800 to about 5000. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one chromophore. In a more particular embodiment, the chromophore comprises at least one of PTEOS and TESAC. In another embodiment, the composition does not include a chromophore. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane polymer is further formed from at least one organoalkoxysilanemonomer. In one even more particular embodiment, the organoalkoxysilanemonomer is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS), phenyl triethoxysilane (PTEOS), dimethyldimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyl diethoxysilane, diphenyl dimethoxysilane, and 9-anthracene carboxy-alkyl trialkoxysilanes. 
     According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a film is formed by applying any of the above embodiments onto a surface and baking the composition to form the film. 
     According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of forming a composition is provided. The method includes reacting at least one carbosilane monomer and at least one carbonyl contributing monomer to form a carbosilane polymer.ln a more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content from 10 wt. % to 45 wt. %. In another more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater. In still another more particular embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content from 13 wt. % to 30 wt. % and a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % or greater. 
     In a more particular embodiment, the methodincludes reacting the monomers at a temperature between about 50° C. and 90° C. for a time from about 1 hour to about 5 hours. 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one solvent. In one even more particular embodiment, the solvent comprises a planarizing enhancer, such as an alkyl carbonate. In a still more particular embodiment, the planarizing enhancer is propylene carbonate. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a composition is provided. The composition includes at least one monomer selected from a carbosilane monomer, a carbonyl contributing monomer, and an organoalkoxysilane monomer; and at least one solvent, wherein the solvent comprises a planarizing enhancer, such as an alkyl carbonate. In a more particular embodiment, the planarizing enhancer comprises propylene carbonate. In one more particular embodiment, the solvent comprises a first solvent such as PGMEA or isoamyl alcohol and propylene carbonate. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further comprises a chromophore. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further comprises nitric acid. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the solvent comprises a first solvent and a planarizing enhancer such as propylene carbonate. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, at least one monomer comprises at least one organoalkoxysilane monomer selected from the group consisting of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS), phenyl triethoxysilane (PTEOS), dimethyldimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyl diethoxysilane, diphenyl dimethoxysilane, and 9-anthracene carboxy-alkyl trialkoxysilanes. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, at least one monomer comprises at least one carbosilane monomer selected from the group consisting of, BTSE, 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Methane, 4,4-(Bis(triethoxysilyl)-1, 1-biphenyl, and 1-4-(Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene. In one more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, at least one monomer comprises at least one carbonyl contributing monomer selected from the group consisting of an acrylic monomer, a carboxylic containing monomer, or an anhydride containing monomer. In an even more particular embodiment, the at least one monomer comprises methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary substrate prior to coating. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates an ideal coating applied to the exemplary substrate of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates another coating applied to the exemplary substrate of HG. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates another exemplary substrate including low and high density regions. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a coating applied to the exemplary substrate of  FIG. 2A . 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A. Gap Fill and Planarizing Material 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a gap fill or planarizing material is formed from a composition, The composition includes a carbosilane polymer. The composition may optionally include one or more of a crosslink promoter, a solvent, a chromophore, or a catalyst. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the material is formed as a gap filling or planarizing layer on a suitable substrate, Exemplary substrates include a dielectric film, a polysilicon film, a dielectric-metal layer, a metal-silicon layer, or an organic layer, such as positioned on a silicon wafer as used in semiconductor manufacturing processes. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the formed layer has a planarity value of about 61, about 58, about 48, or less, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the formed layer has a thickness as great as about 500 nm, about 400 nm, about 300 nm, as little as about200 nm, about100 nm, about70 nm, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the formed layer is sacrificial in aqueous base stripper chemistries, such as ammonium hydroxide at elevated temperatures or J.T. Baker CLk-888 Stripper and Residue Remover, available from Avantor Performance Materials, but is resistant to room temperature 2.3 aqueous tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), n-butyl acetate (nBA), SC1at 40 C and 70 C (29%Ammonium hydroxide+31%Hydrogenperoxide+Dlwater in the volumetric ratio of 1/18/60) and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA). 
     B. Carbosilane Polymer 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the gap-filling or planarizing material is formed from a composition including a carbosilane polymer. The carbosilane polymer includes a carbosilane monomer and a carbonyl contributing monomer. 
     In one embodiment, the carbosilane polymer comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 1 wt. % about 15 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, as great asabout80 wt. %,about90 wt. %,about 99 wt. %, about100 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as 1 wt. % to 99 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 90 wt. %, or 30 wt. % to 80 wt. %. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer is a random copolymer of the carbosilane monomer and carbonyl contributing monomer unitscomprising oligomer units of varying size. In another exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer is an alternating copolymer with regular alternating carbosilane monomer and carbonyl contributing monomer units. in still another exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer is a block copolymer comprising silane monomer and carbonyl contributing monomer units. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content based on the total weight of polymeras little as about 10wt. %, about 13 wt. %,about 15 wt. %, about20 wt. %, as great as about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as from about 10 wt. % to about 45 wt%, or about 13 wt. % to about 30 wt. %. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a carbonyl content of about 3 wt. %, about 5 wt%, about 10 wt. %, about 13 wt. %, about 14 wt. %, about 15 wt%, about 20 wt%, or greater, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as about 3 wt% to 20 wt. %, about 5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, about 10 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, or about 13 wt. % to about 14 wt. %. 
     In one embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a silica content as little as about 10 wt. %, about 13 wt. %, about 15wt. %, about 20wt. %, as great as about 25wt. %, about 30wt. %, about 45 wt. %, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, and a carbonyl content of 3 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, or greater, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as a silica content of about 10 wt% to about 45 wt. % and a carbonyl content of 3 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, or a silica content of about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% and a carbonyl content of about 5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane polymer has a weight-average molecular weight in Daltons of as great as 5000, 3500, 2500, 2000, 1500, as little as 1000, 800, 500, or less, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as 1,000 or less, 800 to 3500, 800 to 2500, or 800 to 1500. 
     1. Carbosilane Monomer 
     The carbosilane polymer is formed in part from a carbosilane monomer component. In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane monomer is of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: X is selected from linear or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl or C 6 -C 14  aryl, and each R is a hydrolysable group or non-hydrolysable group, In one more particular embodiment, X is selected from a linear C 1 -C 12  alkyl. In an even more particular embodiment, X is selected from methyl, ethyl, phenyl, diphenyl, ethylene, and naphyl. In a still more particular embodiment, X is ethyl. 
     Exemplary hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkylthio, haloalkoxy. Exemplary non-hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkyl, phenyl, aryl, vinyl, acrylate, epoxy, and acetyl.ln a more particular embodiment, each R is independently selected from a C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, and even more particularly, each R is independently selected from methyoxy, ethoxy,isopropoxy, acetoxy, vinyl, epoxy, and acetyl. In one exemplary embodiment, each R is ethoxy or methoxy, and in a still more particular embodiment, each R is ethoxy. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane monomer comprises1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Ethane (“BTSE”). BTSE has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane monomer comprises 1 ,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Methane. 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Methane has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane monomer comprises 4,4-(Bis(triethyoxysilyl)-1,1-biphenyl. 4,4-(Bis(triethyoxysilyl)-1,1 -biphenyl has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbosilane monomer comprises 1,4-(Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene. 1,4-(Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2. Carbonyl Contributing Monomer 
     The carbosilane polymer is formed in part from a carbonyl contributing monomer. In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer includes a reactive moiety selected from an acrylic moiety, a carboxylic moiety, and an anhydride moiety. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the carbonyl group is easier to be reduced in a hydrogen or nitrogen environment, increasing the dry etch rate. It is further believed that the carbonyl containing moiety is more responsive to an amine type solution for digestions, improving the wet etch rate. 
     hi one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is an acrylic monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y is selected from a linear or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  is a hydrolysable group or non-hydrolysable group, and each of R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  is hydrogen ora substituted hydrocarbon group. 
     In one more particular embodiment, Y is selected from a linear C 1 -C 12  alkyl, and even more particularly, Y is C 1 -C 12  alkyl. In one exemplary embodiment, Y is selected from CH 2 , (CH 2 ) 2 , (CH 2 ) 3 , isopropyl. In an even more particular embodiment, Y is C 1  or C 2  alkyl, and in a still more particular embodiment C 2  alkyl. 
     Exemplary hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkylthio, C 1 -C 12  haloalkoxy. Exemplary non-hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkyl, phenyl, aryl, vinyl, acrylate, epoxy, and acetyl. hi a more particular embodiment, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  is independently selected from a C 1 -C 12  alkoxy. hi one exemplary embodiment, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 is independently selected from methoxy and acetoxy. In one exemplary embodiment, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  is independently selected from methyoxy and ethoxy. In one exemplary embodiment, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  is ethoxy. 
     Exemplary substituted hydrocarbon groups include alkyl, aryl, epoxy, acetal, ether, and aryl groups. In one exemplary embodiment, each of R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  is selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 12  alkyl, and even more particularly, each R 10 , R 11 , and R 12 is independently selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl. In one exemplary embodiment, each R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  is hydrogen. 
     In one embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane is an acyclic monomer having the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is a carboxylic containing monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y, R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  are defined as above, and R 13  is hydrogen or a substituted hydrocarbon group. 
     Exemplary substituted hydrocarbon groups include CH 3 . In another exemplary embodiment, R 13 is selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 12  alkyl, ether, and epoxy, and even more particularly, R 13  is selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl. In one exemplary embodiment, R 13  is selected from methyl ethyl, propyl isopropyl, ether, and epoxy. In one exemplary embodiment, R 13  is hydrogen. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is an anhydride containing monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y, R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  are defined as above, and R 14  is hydrogen or a substituted hydrocarbon group. 
     Exemplary substituted hydrocarbon groups include CH 3 . In another exemplary embodiment, R 14  is selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 12  alkyl, ether, and epoxy, and even more particularly, R 14  is selected from hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl. hi one exemplary embodiment, R 14  is selected from methyl ethyl, propyl isopropyl, ether, and epoxy. In one exemplary embodiment, R 14  is hydrogen. 
     C. Additional Components 
     In addition to the carbosilane polymer, the composition from which the gap-filling or planarizing material is formed from may include one or more optional components, such as crosslink promoters, solvents, chromophores, catalysts, porogens, and surfactants. Additional organoalkoxysilane monomers may also be included. 
     1. Crosslink Promoters 
     In one embodiment, the composition includes at least one crosslink promoter.Exemplary crosslink promoters include aminosilane salts, such as APTEOS triflate, glycoluril, and similar crosslink promoters driven by an acid generating source such as thermal acid generators and photoacid generators. 
     In one embodiment, the crosslink promoter is an aminosilane salt of the formula: 
       Si(OR) 3 (CH 2 ) n NH 3   + (F 3 CSO 3 ) −   
     wherein n is an integer from 1-10, each R is independently a C 1 -C 20  alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, the crosslink promoter is an aminopropyltriethyl silane. An exemplary aminopropyl salt is APTEOS triflate, having the formula: 
       Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 3 NH 3   + (F 3 CSO 3 ) −   
     In one embodiment, the crosslink promoter comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 0.1wt. %, about 0.25 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, as great as about 1 wt. %, about2wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as 0 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, or about 0.5 wt. % to about 1 wt. %. 
     2. Solvent 
     In one embodiment, the composition includes at least one solvent. Exemplary solvents include propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), alcohols such as ethanol and iso amyl alcohol, and water, as well as mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the solvent includes a planarizing enhancer. Exemplary planarizing enhancers include alkyl carbonates, such as propylene carbonate (PC). Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the propylene carbonate acts as a surface tension modifier which aids in the planarizing effect of the solution when spin-applied applied to a substrate. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the effect of the planarizing enhancer in the solvent mixture is independent of the selection of monomers. 
     In one embodiment, the at least one solvent includes a first solvent and a second solvent. Exemplary first solvents include PGMEA and iso amyl alcohol. Exemplary second solvents include planaraizing enhancers, such as propylene carbonate. In one embodiment, the planarizing enhancer comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 2wt. %, about4wt. %, as great as about 5wt. %, about 7wt. %, about 7.1 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     In one embodiment, the total amount of solvent comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about40 wt. %, as great as about 50 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about80 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     3. Chromophore 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one chromophore. Exemplary chromophores include 9-anthracene carboxy-alkyl trialkoxysilanes, which absorb light at 248 nm, such as 9-anthracene carboxy-ethyl triethyoxysilane (TESAC), 9-anthracene carboxy-propyl trimethoxysilane, and 9-anthracene carboxy-propyl triethyoxysilane (ACTEP). Other exemplary chromophores include phenyl-containing silanes, such as phenyltriethoxy silane (PTEOS), which absorbs light at 193 nm. Other exemplary chromophores include vinyl TEOS and napthylene analogs of anthracene chromophores, such as found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,012,125, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by references. Exemplary chromophores include AH 2006, AH 2013, AH 2015, and AH 2016, the formulas for which are provided below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, the chromophore comprises as little as about 3 mol. %, about 5mol. %, about 10 mol. %, as great as about 20 mol. %, about 40 mol. %, about 60 mol.%, based on the total moles of monomer comprising the carbosilane polymer, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as about 3 mol. % to about 60 mol. %, about 5 mol. % to about 40 mol. %, or about 10 mol. % to about 20 mol. %. In one embodiment, the chromophore comprises as little as about 3 wt. %, about 5wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, as great as about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35 wt. % about 40 wt%, about 60 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a dry film basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as about 3 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, about 10 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, or about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt. %. 
     4. Catalyst 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the composition further includes at least one catalyst. Exernplary catalysts include tetramethyl ammonium nitrate (TMAN) and tetramethyl ammonium acetate (TMAA). Additional exemplary catalysts may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,053,159, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In one embodiment, the catalyst comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, as great as about 5 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 2 wt. % to about 7 wt. %, about 4 wt. % to about 7 wt. %, or about 5 wt. % to about 7 wt. %. 
     Organoalkoxysilane Monomers 
     In a more particular embodiment of any of the above embodiments, the carbosilane polymer is further formed from at leastone organoalkoxysilane monomer. In one even more particular embodiment, the at least oneorganoalkoxysilane monomer is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS), phenyl triethoxysilane (PTEOS), dirnethyldimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyl diethoxysilane, diphenyl dimethoxysilane, and 9-anthracene carboxy-alkyl trialkoxysilanesand combinations of the foregoing. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the organoalkoxysilane monomer is incorporated into the carbosilane polymer, and more particularly, into a backbone of the carbosilane polymer. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more organoalkoxysilane monomers comprise as little as about 0 wt. %, about 20 wt.%, about 40 wt. %, as great as about 50 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 80 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as 0 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, or about 40 wt. % to about 50 wt. %. 
     D. Method of Forming Dried Film 
     1. Formation of the Carbosilane Polymer 
     In one embodiment, the carbosilane polymer is formed by reacting the carbosilane monomer and the carbonyl contributing monomer in a solvent solution to form the carbosilane polymer, Illustrative solvents include propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethanol, water, and mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the carbosilane polymer is formed by a catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation reaction. In a more particular embodiment, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction is an acid-catalyzed reaction. An acid, such as nitric acid, is added to the carbosilane monomer, carbonyl contributing monomer, and optionally, one or more additional components such as chromophores to form the reaction mixture. 
     In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is heated to initiate the polymerization reaction. In one embodiment, the reaction is heated to a temperature as little as 50° C., 55° C., 60° C., 65° C., as great as 70° C., 75° C., 80° C., 85° C., 90° C., for a time as little as 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, as great as 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, or longer. 
     In one embodiment, following the reaction the mixture may be cooled, and a suitable quenching agent, such as n-butanol, may be added to stop the reaction. Following cooling, the mixture may be diluted with an appropriate solvent, as such as PGMEA, and one or more optional components, such as a crosslink promoter, may be added. 
     In some embodiments, the mixture may be filtered through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     2. Method of Forming Dried Film 
     In one embodiment, a film is formed from the composition including the carbosilane polymer. In one embodiment, the composition is applied to the substrate by spin-coating. The applied composition is then baked at a temperature as low as about ambient, about 50° C., about 100° C., about 120° C., as high as about 180° C., about 240° C., about 260° C., about 300° C., or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as about 50° C. to about 300° C., about 100° C. to about 260° C., about 120° C. to about 260° C., or about 180° C. to about 240° C. The applied composition is baked for as little as about 10 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 1 minute, as long as about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about60 minutes, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values, such as 10 seconds to 60 minutes, 1 minute to 15 minutes, or 5 minutes to 10 minutes. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the applied composition is baked at 10° C. for 60 seconds, followed by 60 seconds at 240° C. in nitrogen atmosphere before being cooled to ambient. 
     E. Compositions Comprising a Planarizing Enhancer 
     In one embodiment, a composition is provided including a silica source and at least one solvent, wherein the at least one solvent includes a planarizing enhancer. Exemplary silica sources include organoalkoxysilanes, carbosilane monomers, and carbonyl-contributing monomers. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the silica source comprises one or more organoalkoxysilanes having the general formula: 
       R 1   x Si(OR 2 ) y    
     where R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or aralkyl group, and x is an integer between 0 and 2, and where R2 is a alkyl group or acyl group and y is an integer between 1 and 4. In one embodiment, the silica source comprises an organoalkoxysilane selected from the group consisting of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS), phenyl triethoxysilane (PTEOS), dimethyldimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, and combinations of the foregoing. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the silica source comprises one or more carbosilane monomers having the general formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: X is selected from linear or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl or C 6 -C 14  aryl, and each R is a hydrolysable group or non-hydrolysable group. In one more particular embodiment, X is selected from a linear C 1 -C 12  alkyl. In an even more particular embodiment, X is selected from methyl, ethyl, phenyl, diphenyl, ethylene, and naphyl. In a still more particular embodiment, X is ethyl. Exemplary hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkylthio, C 1 -C 12  haloalkoxy. Exemplary non-hydrolysable groups include C 1 -C 12  alkyl, phenyl, aryl, vinyl, acrylate, epoxy, and acetyl. In one exemplary embodiment, the silica source comprises one or more carbosilane monomers selected from the group consisting of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Ethane (BTSE), 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)Methane, 4,4-(Bis(triethyoxysilyl)-1,1 -biphenyl, and ,1,4-(Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the silica source comprises one or more carbonyl contributing monomer. In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is an acrylic monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y is selected from a linear or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl, each of R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  is a hydrolysable group or non-hydrolysable group, and each of R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  is hydrogen ora substituted hydrocarbon group. In one exemplary embodiment, the silica source comprises methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer is a carboxylic containing monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y, R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  are defined as above, and R 13  is hydrogen or a substituted hydrocarbon group. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the carbonyl contributing monomer s an anhydride containing monomer of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y, R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  are defined as above, and R 14  is hydrogen or a substituted hydrocarbon group. 
     Exemplary solvents include propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), alcohols such as ethanol and iso amylalcohol, and water, as well as mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the solvent includes a planarizing enhancer. Exemplary planarizing enhancers include alkyl carbonates, such as propylene carbonate (PC). Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the propylene carbonate acts as a surface tension modifier which aids in the planarizing effect of the solution when spin-applied applied to a substrate. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the effect of the planarizing enhancer in the solvent mixture is independent of the selection of monomers. 
     In one embodiment, the at least one solvent includes a first solvent and a planarizing enhancer. Exemplary first solvents include PGMEA and iso amyl alcohol. Exemplary planaraizing enhancers include propylene carbonate. In one embodiment, the planarizing enhancer comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, as great as about 5 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, about 7.1 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     In one embodiment, the total amount of solvent comprises as little as about 0 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, as great as about 50 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 80 wt. %, of the total weight of the composition on a wet basis, or within any range defined by any two of the foregoing values. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Exemplary polymers were prepared according to the Examples below. 
     1. Example#1: 
     To a 1 L flask set up on a mantle with condenser, thermocouple and stopper, 300.1 grams of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600 g of 3 A ethanol (toluene free) were added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, 355 grams of monomer 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane with molecular formula of C 14 H 34 O 6 Si 2  was added, followed by 45 grams of 0.008N nitric acid. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 80° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then avowed to cool down. At 67° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with about 30 wt. % to about 80 wt. % PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness, After dilution, 8500 ppm of APTEOS-tirflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     2. Example#2: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with condenser, thermocouple, and stopper, 39.7 grams of 9-anthracene carboxy-methyl triethoxysilane (TESAC) was added followed by the addition of 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade), and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) with continuous stirring until the TESAC dissolved completely. 
     To this blend, 141.84 grams of monomer 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane with molecular formula of C 14 H 34 O 6 Si 2  was added, along with 36 grams of 0.008N Nitric acid solution. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 2 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cod down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cod down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness.After dilution, 3400 ppm of APTEOS triflatewas added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     3. Example#3: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantel with a condenser, thermocouple and stopper, 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) were added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, 141.84 grams of monomer 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane with molecular formula of C 14 H 34 O 6 Si 2  and 43 grams of Phenyltriethoxysilane (PTEOS) were added with continuous stirring, followed by 36 grams of 0.008N Nitric acid. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 70° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then avowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 8500 ppm of APTEOS triflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     4. Example#4: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, thermocouple, and a stopper, 300,1 grams ofPGMEA (PPT grade) and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) were added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, 340.56grams of monomer (Bistriethoxysilyl)Methane with molecular formula of C 13 H 32 O 6 Si 2  was added, followed by 0.008N nitric acid. The amount of acid solution amount was varied from 45 grams-81 grams, resulting in homopolymer with a MW range of 720 amu-1750 amu. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 80° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 67° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 3600 ppm of APTEOS-triflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     5. Example#5: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, a thermocouple, and a stopper, 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) were added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, 306.5 grams of monomer (Bistriethoxysilyl)Methane with molecular formula of C 13 H 32 O 6 Si 2  and 47.8 grams of 4,4-(Bis(Triethoxysilyl)-1,1-Biphenyl with a molecular formula of C 24 H 38 O 6 Si 2  were added, followed by 0.008N nitric acid, The amount of acid solution amount was varied from 45 grams-81 grams, resulting in homopolymer with a MW range of 720 amu-1750 amu. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 3600 ppm of APTEOS triflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     6. Example#6: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, a thermocouple, and a stopper, 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) are added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, 248.35 grams of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added, followed with the addition of 36 grams of 0,008N Nitric Acid. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 80° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down, At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 8500 ppm of APTEOS triflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity. 
     7. Example#7 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, thermocouple, and stopper, 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600g of 3A ethanol (toluene free) were added, and the resulting blend was stirred for 10 mins. 
     To this blend, the monomers 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane with a molecular formula C 10 H 22 O 4 Si were added. The amounts of the siloxane monomers were varied from 283.67grams of (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 49.67 grams of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane to 0 grams of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 248.35 grams 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The weight percentage of silicon was changed from 19.9 wt. % to 35.7 wt. % by varying the amounts of the siloxane monomers. To this mixture, 36 grams of 0.008N Nitric Acid was added. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 2 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 8500 ppm of APTEOS triflate was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     Referring next to Table 1, materials with varying silicon content were made using the method of Example 7 by varying the amount of the carbosilane monomer (BTSE) and carbonyl-containing monomer (3-methacryloxypropyltri-methoxysilane. The control material contained no carbonyl-containing monomer. Each material was cast at 1500 rpm on to 300 mm wafers and baked at 130° C. for 60 seconds, followed by 220° C. for 60 seconds. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the  . following solvents: PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute, 2.38% TMAH at room temperature for 1 minute, aqueous base stripper CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute, CLk-888 at 30° C. for 1 minute, CLk-888 at 50° C. for 1 minute, and ammonium hydroxide at 40° C. for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Table 1. Negative values are due to film swelling. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wet etch data for Example 7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 TMAH 
                 CLk-888 
                 CLk-888 
                 CLk-888 
                 NH 4 OH at 
               
               
                 Material 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at 30° C. 
                 at 50° C. 
                 40° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Control 
                 −3% 
                 −1%  
                 −3%  
                 −2%  
                 100% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 (42.5 wt. % Si) 
               
               
                 35.7 wt. % Si 
                 −5% 
                 0% 
                 1% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 29.8 wt. % Si 
                  0% 
                 0% 
                 1% 
                 4% 
                 100% 
                 1% 
               
               
                 24.5 wt. % Si 
                  3% 
                 4% 
                 5% 
                 8% 
                 100% 
                 4% 
               
               
                 19.9 wt. % Si 
                 −2% 
                 −2%  
                 5% 
                 9% 
                 100% 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 1, each film was completely removed in CLk-888 at 50° in 1 minute, and all films were resistant to PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute. Decreasing the silicon content in the material led to an improvement in the stripping rate of CLk-888 at room temperature and at 30° C. 
     8. Exampie#8: 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, a thermocouple and a stopper, 39.7 grams of 9-anthracene carboxy-methyl triethoxysilane (TESAC) was added followed by the addition of 300.1 grams of PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600 g of 3 A ethanol (toluene free) with continuous stirring until the TESAC dissolved completely. 
     To this blend, the monomers 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane with a molecular formula C 10 H 22 O 4 Si are added to the solvent blend. The amounts of the monomers were varied from 88.65 grams of (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 37.25 grams of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane to 0 grams of 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 198.68 grams 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The weight percentage of silicon was changed by varying the amounts of the siloxane monomers. To this mixture, 36 grams of 0.008N nitric acid was added. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 2 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 3400 ppm of Aminipropyltriethoxysilane was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     Referring next to Table 2, materials with varying silicon content were made using the method of Example 8 by varying the amount of the carbosilane monomer (BTSE) and carbonyl-containing monomer (3-methacryloxypropyltri-methoxysilane. The control material contained no carbonyl-containing monomer. Each material was cast at 1500 rpm on to 300 mm wafers and baked at 130° C. for 60 seconds, followed by 240° C. for 60 seconds. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the following solvents: an SC-1 solution (Standard Clean-1, comprising 1 part of 29% aqueous NH 4 OH, 18 parts 30% aq. H 2 O 2 , and 60 parts DI water by volume) at 70° C. for 1 minute, 2.38% TMAH at room temperature for 1 minute, aqueous base stripper CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute, CLk-888 at 30° C. for 1 minute, and 29% ammonium hydroxideat 40° C. for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Table 2. Negative values are due to film swelling. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wet etch data for Example 8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SC-1 at 
                 TMAH  
                 CLk-888 
                 CLk-888 
                 NH 4 OH  
               
               
                 Material 
                 60° C. 
                 a tRT 
                 at RT 
                 at 30° C. 
                 a t40° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Control  
                 −2% 
                  0% 
                  −1% 
                 100% 
                   0% 
               
               
                   (31 wt. % Si) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 28.4 wt. % Si 
                   1% 
                  1% 
                    1% 
                 100% 
                 −3% 
               
               
                 23.8 wt. % Si 
                   1% 
                  1% 
                    1% 
                 100% 
                   7% 
               
               
                 19.6 wt. % Si 
                   4% 
                  4% 
                   100% 
                 100% 
                   5% 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si 
                   6% 
                 11% 
                   100% 
                 100% 
                   7% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 2, each film was completely removed in CLk-888 at 30° in 1 minute, The strip rate under mild room temperature CLk-888 increased as the silicon weight percentage decreased. An increase from 0% to 60% removal was obtained by decreasing the silicon content from 31 wt. % to 23.8 wt. %, and an increase to 100% removal was obtained by further decreasing the silicon content to 19.6 wt. % or lower. Decreasing the silicon content in the material led to an improvement in the stripping rate of CLk-888 at room temperature and at 30° C. 
     The average etch rate in SC-1 at 70° C. is provided in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wet etch rate for Example 8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Average  
               
               
                 Material 
                 Bake conditions 
                 Etch Rate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Control  
                 140° C./220° C., 60 sec each 
                 −1 
               
               
                   (31 wt. % Si) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 23.8 wt. % Si 
                 140° C./220° C., 60 sec each 
                 2 
               
               
                 19.6 wt. % Si 
                 140° C./220° C., 60 sec each 
                 31 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 3, the average wet etch rate increased as the silicon content decreased. 
     Referring next to Table 4 and  FIGS. 3 and 4 , plasma etch data for the control and 20 wt. % and 24 wt. % silicon materials are illustrated, along with plasma etch data for silane oxide.  FIG. 3  illustrates the etch rate in A/min in an Applied Materials (MxP) plasma etch tool at 100 mT, 250W using a 45/30/22 composition of CF 4 /Ar/O 2 .  FIG. 4  illustrates the etch rate in A/min at 300 mT, 800W using a 30/500/30 composition of CF 4 /Ar/CHF 3 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma etch rate for Example 8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Etch rate  
                 Etch rate  
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 (CF 4 /Ar/O 2 ) 
                 (CF 4 /Ar/CHF 3 ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Control  
                 1262 
                 2799 
               
               
                   
                   (31 wt. % Si) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 23.8 wt. % Si 
                 4031 
                 1333 
               
               
                   
                 19.6 wt. % Si 
                 3833 
                 1105 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the plasma etch rate for CF 4 /Ar/O 2  increases as the silicon weight percentage decreases. The 20 wt. % silicon material had a 5 time faster etch rate compared to silane oxide. However, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the plasma etch rate for CF4/Ar/CHF 3  decreases as the silicon weight percentage decreases. In  FIG. 4 , a lower silicon content resulted in a reduction in plasma etch rate. 
     Referring next to Table 5, additional samples of the 15.8 wt. % Si samples from Table 2 above, except that one set of samples was diluted with PGMEA only, while a second set of samples was diluted with a blend of PGMEA and propylene carbonate. Gel permeation chromatography was performed on both sets of samples. The number average molecular weight (M n ), the weight average molecular weight (M w ), and the polydispersity (PD=M w /M n ) of each sample are provided in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 GPC results for Examble 8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Material 
                 M n   
                 M w   
                 PD 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, PGMEA only 
                 645 
                 723 
                 1.1205 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, PGMEA/PC blend 
                 655 
                 732 
                 1.1165 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring next to Tables 6 and 7, the etch properties of the 23.8 wt. % silicon material and the 19.6 wt. % silicon material of Table 2 were sought to be optimized by varying the baking conditions. Additional films were prepared as above, but each material was baked according to the conditions given in Table 6 or Table 7. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the following solvents: PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute, 2.38% TMAH at room temperature for 1 minute, CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute,SC-1 solution (Standard Clean-1, comprising 1 part of 29% aqueous NH 4 OH, 18 parts 30% aq. H 2 O 2 , and 60 parts DI water by volume) at 40° C. for 3 minutes, and 98% n-butyl acetate at room temperature for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Tables 6 and 7. Negative values are due to film swelling. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional wet etch data for 15.8 wt. % Si 
               
               
                 silicon material diluted with PGMEA only 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 TMAH 
                 CLk-888 
                 SC1 at 
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 Bake conditions 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 40° C. 
                 nBA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./200° C., 
                 23% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
                 21% 
                 3% 
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./210° C., 
                 15% 
                 8% 
                 100% 
                 11% 
                 1% 
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./220° C., 
                 12% 
                 0% 
                 100% 
                 11% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./230° C., 
                  8% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
                  6% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./240° C., 
                  6% 
                 2% 
                 100% 
                  4% 
                 −2%  
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./250° C., 
                  9% 
                 −2%  
                 100% 
                  2% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 PGMEA 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 6, each film was completely removed in CLk-888. A reduction in film thickness in PGMEA was observed, particularly for baking conditions less than 230° C. in the second step. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional wet etch data for 15.8 wt. % Si silicon 
               
               
                 material diluted with PGMEA/PC blend 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 TMAH 
                 CLk-888 
                 SC1 at 
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 Bake conditions 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 40° C. 
                 nBA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./200° C., 
                 23% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
                 3% 
                 20% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./210° C., 
                 19% 
                 5% 
                 100% 
                 3% 
                 16% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./220° C., 
                 13% 
                 4% 
                 100% 
                 1% 
                 10% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./230° C., 
                  8% 
                 4% 
                 100% 
                 5% 
                  7% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./240° C., 
                  3% 
                 5% 
                 100% 
                 1% 
                  6% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si, 
                 140° C./250° C., 
                  3% 
                 0% 
                 100% 
                 0% 
                  6% 
               
               
                 PGMEA/PC 
                 60 sec each 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 7, each film was completely removed in CLk-888. A reduction in film thickness in PGMEA was observed, particularly for baking conditions less than about 230° C. or 240° C. in the second step, 
     Referring next to Table 8,the etch properties of the 15.8 wt. % silicon material of Table 2 was investigated. Additional films were prepared as above, but each material was baked for 60 seconds at 140° C., followed by 60 seconds at 240° C. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the following solvents: SC-1 solution (Standard Clean-1, comprising 1 part of 29% aqueous NH 4 OH, 18 parts 30% aq. H 2 O2, and 60 parts DI water by volume) at 70° C. for 3 minutes PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute, 2.38% TITIAN at room temperature for 1 minute, CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute,98% n-butyl acetate at room temperature for 1 minute, and 29% ammonium hydroxide at 40° C. for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional wet etch data for 15.8 wt. % silicon material 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SC1 at 
                 PGMEA 
                 TMAH 
                 CLk-888 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 40° C. 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 nBA 
                 NH 4 OH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15.8 wt. % Si 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
                 1% 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 8, each film was completely removed in CIA-888. The baked film was resistant to PGMEA, 2.38% TMAH, and n-butyl acetate. 
     9. Example#9 
     To a 1L flask set up on a mantle with a condenser, a thermocouple, and a stopper, 300.1 grams of Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate, PGMEA (PPT grade) and 600 g of 3 A Ethanol (toluene free) were added with continuous stirring. 
     To this blend varying amounts of 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane, Phenyltriethoxysilane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane were added followed with the addition of 36 grams of 0.008N Nitric Add. The reaction mixture was reacted at 70 C. for 3 hrs. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted with PGMEA (PPT grade) to the target film thickness. After dilution, 8500 ppm of Aminipropyltriethoxysilane was added to the final formulation. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity. 
     Referring next to Table 9, materials with varying silicon content were made using the method of Example 9 by varying the amount of the carbosilane monomer (BTSE) and the monomer (TESAC). The control material contained no TESAC. Each material was cast at 1500 prm on to 300 mm wafers and baked at 130° C. for 60 seconds, followed by 220° C. for 60 seconds. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the following solvents: PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute, 2.38% TMAH at room temperature for 1 minute, CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute, and CLk-888 at 30° C. for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Table 9. Negative values are due to film swelling, 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wet etch data for Example 9 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PGMEA  
                 TMAH  
                 CLk-888  
                 CLk-888  
               
               
                 Material 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at 30° C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Control  
                 −1% 
                 −1% 
                  0% 
                 100% 
               
               
                  (36.2 wt. % Si) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 26.97 wt. % Si 
                   1% 
                 −4% 
                  37% 
                 100% 
               
               
                  20.4 wt. % Si 
                 −1% 
                   1% 
                  83% 
                 100% 
               
               
                  15.6 wt. % Si 
                 −2% 
                   4% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 9, each film was completely removed in CLk-888 at 30° in 1 minute, and all films were resistant to PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute. All films were resistant to 2.3% TMAH at room temperature except the 15.6 wt. % Si sample, which had 4% film thickness removed. However, the strip rate under mold room temperature with CLk-888 was increased from 0% to full removal (100%) by decreasing the weight percentage of silicon from 36.2 wt. % to 15.6 wt. %. 
     Referring next to Table 10, the etch properties of the 15.6 wt. % silicon material were sought to be optimized by varying the baking conditions. Additional films were prepared as above, but each material was baked according to the conditions given in Table 10. 
     The etching properties of each film were determined in the following solvents: PGMEA at room temperature for 1 minute, 2.38% TMAH at room temperature for 1 minute, and CLk-888 at room temperature for 1 minute. The percentage change in film thickness for each material following exposure is presented in Table 10. Negative values are due to film swelling. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional wet etch data for Example 9 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CLk- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 TMAH 
                 888 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Bake conditions 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
                 at RT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./200° C.,  
                 −2% 
                 4% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 sec each 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./220° C.,  
                   2% 
                 3% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 90 sec each 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./230° C.,  
                   0% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 sec each 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./230° C.,  
                 −2% 
                 1% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 90 sec each 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./240° C.,  
                 −8% 
                 1% 
                  86% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 sec each 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 15.6 wt. % Si 
                 130° C./240° C.,  
                   1% 
                 1% 
                  50% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 90 sec each 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 10, each film was completely removed in CLk-888 at 30° in 1 minute. Additionally, the resistance to 2% TMAH at room temperature was improved by increasing the baking temperature. Additionally, 100% removal was achieved at 15.5 wt. % for samples baked at 130° C./220° C. or 130° C/230° C. 
     10. Example#10 
     To a 1 L flask set up on a mantle with condenser, thermocouple, and stopper, 45.44 grams of 9-anthracene carboxy-methyl triethoxysilane (TESAC) was added followed by the addition of 150.05 grams of Iso Amyl Alcohol, IAA, and 300 g of 2 B ethanol with continuous stirring until the TESAC dissolved completely. 
     To this blend, 124.8 grams of monomer Tetraethoxysilane with molecular formula of (C 2 H 5 O) 4 Si and 77.7 grams of Methyl triethoxysilane with molecular formula CH 3 Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 3  was added, along with 73.2 grams of 0.008N nitric acid solution. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted withiso amyl alcohol (IAA). 
     A similar example was prepared according to the above method, except that the reaction mixture was diluted with a solvent blend of iso amyl alcohol (IAA) and propylene carbonate (PC) to the target film thickness. The dilution solvent blend was prepared by adding 100 grams of propylene carbonate to 900 g grams of Iso Amyl Alcohol. This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     Both formulations were coated on patterned wafers with large pad like featuers (14 μm×45 μm×60 μm), global planarity was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The results are provided in Table 11 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of global planarity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Global  
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 planarity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 IAA solvent 
                 78.0 
               
               
                   
                 IAA solvent + PC planarizing enhancer 
                 47.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 11, the material diluted with the solvent including the planarizing enhancer resulted in a 39% improvement in planarity compared to the material diluted with the solvent lacking the planarizing enhancer. 
     11. Example#11 
     To a 1 L flask set up on a mantle with condenser, thermocouple, and stopper, 39.7 grams of 9-anthracene carboxy-methyl triethoxysilane (TESAC) was added followed by the addition of 150.05 grams of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, PGMEA (PPT grade) and 300 g of 3 A ethanol (toluene free) are added with continuous stirring until the TESAC dissolved completely. 
     To this blend, 17.7 grams of 1,2- (Bistriethoxysilyl)Ethane and 86.9 grams of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane with a molecular formula C 10 H 22 O 4 Si were added., along with 36 grams of 0.008N nitric acid solution. Cooling water to the condenser was turned on, and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for 3 hours. 
     The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool down. At 57° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 44.2 grams of n-butanol. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and remain at this temperature overnight. 
     The reaction mixture was then diluted withpropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, PGMEA (PPT grade). 
     A similar example was prepared according to the above method, except that the reaction mixture was diluted with a solvent blend of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, PGMEA (PPT grade) and propylene carbonate (PC) to the target film thickness. The dilution solvent blend was prepared by adding 100 grams of propylene carbonate to 900 g grams of PGMEA (PPT grade). This solution was mixed for an hour to ensure homogeneity, followed by filtering the solution through a fine pore filtration media to eliminate particles from the material. 
     Both formulations were coated on patterned wafers with large pad like featuers (14 μm×45 μm×60 μm), global planarity was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The results are provided in Table 11 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of global planarity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Global  
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 planarity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PGMEA solvent 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 PGEMA solvent + PC planarizing enhancer 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 11, the material diluted with the solvent including the planarizing enhancer resulted in a 50% improvement in planarity compared to the material diluted with the solvent lacking the planarizing enhancer. 
     While this invention has been described as having exemplary designs, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.