Patent Publication Number: US-11397836-B2

Title: Quantifying power usage for a service

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. National Stage application Ser. No. 14/349,156 filed on Apr. 2, 2014, which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/US2011/056491 filed on Oct. 15, 2011. The contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Consumers are increasingly aware of sustainability issues, putting pressure on manufacturers to deliver products that have a lesser impact on the environment. Sustainability issues at the forefront of consumer awareness include, but are not limited to, carbon emissions, recycling, energy consumption, and water use. Sustainability is also an increasing concern for service providers, as demand for services increase alongside rising energy costs, regulatory requirements, and social concerns over greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce the environmental impact, service providers have to understand what is being consumed to provide their services, and in turn, what impact this consumption has on the environment. Currently, there are no solutions for analyzing the environmental impact of a service. 
     Recently, computer software tools have been developed for studying sustainability efforts at the infrastructure-level. These computer tools are designed around compliance, assessment, energy metering for infrastructure (e.g., appliances and buildings). However, these efforts focus on a single aspect of the environmental impact (e.g., electricity usage). 
     Manual calculation with limited automation is still employed to determine partial costs for a business outcome. But these approaches rely on human intuition to adjust resource consumption to improve sustainability efforts. Accordingly, these approaches suffer from the high cost of human engagement, and are error-prone. In addition, there is little sharing of solutions between vendors, resulting in a lack of a comprehensive knowledge base for the many potential factors that affect sustainability decisions. This also makes it difficult to account for resources implemented on cross-data platforms, for example, those being provided by the so-called “cloud” computing environment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high-level illustration of an example networked computer environment which may be implemented to quantify power usage for a service. 
         FIG. 2  shows an example architecture of machine readable instructions, which may be executed to quantify power usage for a service. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example processing environment for service sustainability modeling and evaluation. 
         FIG. 4  shows example output for a sustainability dashboard. 
         FIGS. 5 a - e    are high level illustrations of example use cases for different dependency models for a service. 
         FIG. 6  is a process flow diagram for determining impact factors for a service corresponding to the example use cases illustrated in  FIGS. 3 a   - e.    
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating example operations which may be implemented to quantify power usage for a service. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Quantifying power consumption in the service-level space is inherently complex and depend on numerous factors that impact outcome. Compared to the relatively straightforward infrastructure-level assessment, assessing power consumption at the service-level is based on a comprehensive understanding and detailed knowledge of service topology, service dependency, and the relationship between service-level components and infrastructure. 
     The systems and methods disclosed herein aid in understanding, expressing, and assessing power consumption for services. In particular, the systems and methods may be implemented to help identify dependencies, and relate these dependencies to infrastructure, to provide a better understanding of power consumption at the service-level. The systems and methods may also provide representations and output (e.g., on a display or in a report format) of the power consumption for providing various services for evaluation and comparison. In an example, the systems and methods may be implemented as a service itself, to improve the understanding and management of service-level sustainability. 
     In an example, modeling is utilized to discover service-level power consumption of individual services executing in data center(s), including cross-platform data centers such as the cloud. In an example, the modeling acquires an awareness of the underlying infrastructure hosting the service and service dependencies, and then apportions power consumption to the service in question. 
     Consumers of services can use output from the determinations to help select a service and/or service provider based at least in part on their own power consumption preferences (e.g., economical, ecological, and/or social preferences). Service providers and their managers can also use output from the determinations as a competitive advantage, for example, if the service provider can show lower power consumption relative to their competition. Service providers and their managers can also use this information to develop pricing models that account for the power consumption of their services, including detailed metrics such as, but not limited to, energy consumption, carbon emissions, regulatory issues, and associated costs. 
     The systems and methods described herein provide a solution for service providers who want to have a better understanding of power consumption for providing a service. In an example, the systems and methods utilize resource information for data center(s), and service-level dependencies, to derive resource consumption attributable to a service. Information may be computed using models. Accordingly, the systems and methods may be used to determine the power consumption of individual services. 
     Before continuing, it is noted that as used herein, the terms “includes” and “including” mean, but is not limited to, “includes” or “including” and “includes at least” or “including at least.” The term “based on” means “based on” and “based at least in part on.” 
       FIG. 1  is a high-level illustration of an example networked computer environment  10  which may be implemented to quantify power consumption for a service. Computer environment  100  may be implemented with any of a wide variety of computing devices, such as, but not limited to, stand-alone desktop/laptop/netbook computers, workstations, server computers, blade servers, mobile devices, and appliances (e.g., devices dedicated to providing a service), to name only a few examples. Each of the computing devices may include memory, storage, and a degree of data processing capability at least sufficient to manage a communications connection either directly with one another or indirectly (e.g., via a network). At least one of the computing devices is also configured with sufficient processing capability to execute the program code described herein. 
     In an example, the computer environment  100  may include a host  110  providing a analyzer  105  accessed by a client  120 . For purposes of illustration, the analyzer  105  may be a data processing service executing on a host  110  configured as a server computer with computer-readable storage  112 . The analyzer  105  may include application programming interfaces (APIs) and related support infrastructure. 
     The client  120  may include any suitable computer or computing device  120   a - e  enabling a user  101  to access the host  110 . Host  110  and client  120  are not limited to any particular type of devices. Although, it is noted that the operations described herein may be executed by program code  150  residing on the client (e.g., personal computer  120   a ), in some instances (e.g., where the client is a tablet  120   b  or mobile device  120   c ) the program code  150  may be better performed on a separate computer system having more processing capability, such as a server computer or plurality of server computers on a local area network for the client  120 . 
     The computer environment  100  may also include a communication network  130 , such as a local area network (LAN) and/or wide area network (WAN). Network  130  may also provide greater accessibility to the analyzer  105  for use in distributed environments, for example, where more than one user may have input and/or receive output from the analyzer  105 . 
     Before continuing, it is noted that the computing devices are not limited in function. The computing devices may also provide other services in the computer environment  100 . For example, host  110  may also provide transaction processing services and email services for the client  120 . 
     The analyzer  105  may have access to at least one source  115  of information for the data center(s), including cross-platform data centers such as an internal or external cloud, used to provide a service. The source  115  may be part of the analyzer  105 , and/or the source may be physically distributed in the network and operatively associated with the analyzer  105 . The source  115  may include databases for providing historical information, and/or monitoring for providing real-time data. In an example, the source  115  may be shared between vendors, and/or may include proprietary data. There is no limit to the type or amount of information that may be provided by the source  115 . In addition, the information may include unprocessed or “raw” data, or the content may undergo at least some level of processing. 
     In an example, the analyzer  105  described herein may be implemented as a system embodied as management tool(s), such as a so-called “dashboard” implemented by machine readable instructions (such as computer software) and output on an electronics device. The management tools enable a wide variety of users to evaluate service sustainability through a “bottom-up” approach using low-level device information for data center(s), including power consumption. 
     The management tools may be used by a service provider to assist in deploying a service so that the service satisfies sustainability goals (e.g., mandated by law, consumer demands, and/or provider benchmarks). Services may offer similar functionality on different platforms, and adjustments may be made based on given power consumption goals. For example, the user may compare deployment sites in terms of the ability of particular host(s) to provide more sustainable services. 
     Use of the management tools is not limited to a service provider. For example, the host may use the management tools to cap power consumption to meet sustainability goals, reduce costs, and/or meet regulator requirements. Consumers of the service may also use the management tools to compare the sustainability of different services. 
     As mentioned above, the program code  150  for providing these management tools may be executed by any suitable computing device to identify access patterns by the client  120  for content at a remote source. In addition, the program code may serve one or more than one client  120 . 
     Program code used to implement features of the system can be better understood with reference to  FIG. 2  and the following discussion of various example functions. However, the operations described herein are not limited to any specific implementation with any particular type of program code. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example architecture  200  of machine readable instructions, which may be executed to quantify power consumption. In an example, the program code  150  discussed above with reference to  FIG. 1  may be implemented in machine-readable instructions (such as but not limited to, software or firmware). The machine-readable instructions may be stored on a non-transient computer readable medium and are executable by one or more processor to perform the operations described herein. It is noted, however, that the components shown in the drawings are provided only for purposes of illustration of an example operating environment, and are not intended to limit implementation to any particular system. 
     In an example, the program code executes the function of the architecture of machine readable instructions as self-contained modules. These modules can be integrated within a self-standing tool, or may be implemented as agents that run on top of an existing program code. In an example, the architecture of machine readable instructions may include an input module  210  to receive input data  205  (e.g., from source  115  in  FIG. 1 ) for analysis. The input data  205  may include data corresponding to service-level factor(s) or metrics for the service in question. 
     Service sustainability may be defined in terms of various factors, such as cost, environmental impact, and social impact. By way of illustration, the cost may include the price of energy from computing, networking, storage, in addition to the price of facility equipment and support staff. The environmental impact may include energy, water and other natural resource consumption, and the resulting carbon footprint. The carbon footprint is the carbon equivalent emissions from the electricity generation. 
     The analysis executes as module  220  to identify service-level factors for a service, and module  225  to identify dependencies between the service-level factors. Analysis is facilitated by an analysis module  230 , which generates power consumption information corresponding to the service-level factors and dependencies. 
     The methods identify interrelationships and dependencies of services. By way of illustration, services may be executing on a native Operating System (OS), or on a virtual machine. The services may be running alone or with other services hosted on the same machine. The services may also be dependent on a number of other services. 
     In an example, a suitable model is identified, and a dependency graph is generated to account for the dependencies. The models may be expressed in part by algorithms and formulae (described in more detail below), which can be implemented as methods to quantify power consumption for a service. Results of the analysis can be used to express power consumption and sustainability of individual services. 
     An output module  240  may output the results as power consumption and/or sustainability information for the service. The information may include service-level data based at least in part on analyzed impact information. By way of illustration, output may be to a display device, printing device or other user device (referred to generally as  250  in  FIG. 2 ). The output may be in the format of a report, an email message, an alert or notification, and/or a combination of these or other formats. 
     An example implementation of the program code is illustrated with reference to  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  illustrates an example processing environment  300  for modeling power consumption and evaluation for sustainability. 
     In the example processing environment  300 , a cross-platform data center or cloud and various services it is used to provide infrastructure  310  is illustrated. It is noted that information for the data center and services  310  may be provided using any of a number of various techniques. For example, information for the data center and services  310  may be provided by vendor databases and/or by monitoring the data center (or components thereof) in real-time. Example types of information are illustrated by reference  320 . 
     The analysis uses information for the data center  310 . Models (described in more detail below) may be implemented in program code to describe the service in terms of sustainability metrics  340 . Example sustainability metrics  340  include, but are not limited to, energy (power consumption), cost, carbon emissions, water, and other resources. The results may be output for a user, e.g., in dashboard  350  or by data center management systems (e.g., a service workload management tool). 
       FIG. 4  shows example output for a dashboard  400 . The dashboard  400  may include information in terms of economic cost  410  for different services  405  and/or ecological cost  415 , e.g., based on quantified power consumption. It is noted that the results may include any type of information and is not limited to the data shown in  FIG. 4 . In addition, the results may be interpreted by a user and/or submitted as input to additional processing components. To aid in this interpretation, the dashboard  400  may include indicators or alerts  420  and  425 . The indicators may have a “green” or “yellow” or “red” appearance, where shading is used in  FIG. 4  to indicate different colors. The lightest shading is yellow, the darkest shading is red, and the intermediate shading is green. The color green indicates an economic and/or ecological “friendly” service, yellow is borderline, and red is an economic and/or ecological “unfriendly” service. Other indicators may also be used, both visual and audible, to aid in interpreting quantified power consumption. 
     Results may be displayed in a report format (e.g., on a weekly, monthly, or quarterly basis) for management and/or to a customer for comparison with other service providers being considered for a project. Results may also be displayed in real-time so that adjustments can be made to meet pricing forecasts, sustainability goals and/or for regulatory purposes. Use of the results is not limited in any manner to a particular purpose. 
     To better understand the analysis and output, the following describes in more detail a model-based approach for generating the output. Before generating output, the analysis characterizes the service in question. The service can be characterized in a variety of different ways, as illustrated by the following example use cases.  FIGS. 5 a - e    are high level illustrations of example use cases for different dependency models for a service.  FIG. 6  is a process flow diagram  600  for determining impact factors for a service corresponding to the example use cases illustrated in  FIGS. 5 a   - e.    
     An example use case of a single component on a dedicated physical server is illustrated in  FIG. 5 a   , and corresponds to the process flow  610  shown in  FIG. 6 . Here, a service may use a single component, such as, a dedicated physical server. In this example use case, power consumption P i  of the service can be defined as the full power usage of the physical server P s  used to provide the service.
 
 P   i   =P   s   EQN (1)
 
     An example use case of a single virtualized component is illustrated in  FIG. 5 b   , and corresponds to the process flow  610  shown in  FIG. 6 . Here, a service may have a single component running inside a virtual machine, and the virtual machine may share a physical server with other services and virtual machines. 
     It may not be possible to directly measure the power consumption of a virtual machine. Instead, a model may be used to apportion physical server power consumption to the virtual machine. Power consumption of a physical server can be separated into two parts. One part is the idle power (e.g., power usage when the server is idle), which can be determined based on the configuration (e.g., processor model, number of processors and speed, memory type and size, network interface cards, and power supply). Another part is dynamic power, which can be determined based on resource activity levels, (e.g., CPU utilization). 
     The model may be used to apportion the dynamic power to virtual machines based on resource usage. Though dynamic power can be affected by other resources, the CPU is often the main contributor to the dynamic power. Other non-CPU resource activities either have a very small dynamic range (e.g., memory), or correlate well with the CPU activity. For example, I/O processing correlates well with CPU activity. 
     Using CPU utilization as the main signal of resource activity has been shown to work well in practice. Thus, the model can account for both direct and indirect CPU usage by a virtual machine. The latter is mainly the CPU consumed for I/O processing by the management domain on behalf of the virtual machine. This is generally not reported as CPU usage for the virtual machine. It has been shown that the indirect CPU overhead for an I/O intensive application can reach 20%-45%. While the direct CPU usage can be obtained for a virtual machine from monitoring data, the virtual machine&#39;s CPU consumption may also be estimated based on the contribution of I/O processing, using the percentage of packets sent/received by the virtual machine. The actual CPU usage charged to a virtual machine can be estimated using the following Equation (2). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     In Equation (2), the CPU usage directly by a virtual machine, u 0  is the CPU utilization of the management domain. Also in Equation (2), n is the number of total packets processed by the physical server, and n i  is the number of packets contributed by the virtual machine. Accordingly, power usage can be measured and divided as dynamic power usage across the virtual machines proportionally, based on overall CPU utilization. 
     It is noted that the memory access makes a small contribution to the dynamic power, but can be a significant contributor to idle power. Accordingly, a physical server idle power consumption is proportionally allocated to a virtual machine based on CPU usage and allocated memory sizes. In an example, a virtual machine&#39;s power consumption can be calculated using Equation (3). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     In Equation (3), J is the set of virtual machines running on the server, u i  is the CPU usage of a virtual machine i, M i  is the amount of memory allocated to the virtual machine, P s  is the actual power consumption of the physical server, the idle power of a physical server, and P memory  is the portion of idle power contributed by the memory. Idle physical power and memory power consumption values can be determined based on the server specification or management tools, such as a benchmark application or database. 
     An example use case of a single non-virtualized component sharing resources with other services is illustrated in  FIG. 5 c   , and corresponds to the process flow  610  shown in  FIG. 6 . Here, a service has a single non-virtualized component that shares a physical server with components of other services. In this case, resource usage information for the service may be obtained by estimating the resource usage of a non-virtualized component using a resource usage model. 
     There are typically a number of transaction types in a service. For example, an online e-business application has transaction types such as login, browse, checkout, etc. In many cases, different transaction types have different resource demands, but the resource demand of a single transaction type is relatively similar, because each transaction type usually has a relatively fixed code execution path. During a certain interval, a component&#39;s resource usage is the sum of the demand of all transaction types. Hence, the resource consumption of a service component can be determined using a linear function of the transaction mix, for example, according to Equation (4).
 
 u   i =Σ n=1   N α n λ n   EQN (4)
 
     In Equation (4), N is number of unique transaction types, λ n  (n=1 . . . N) is the request rate of transaction type n during a time interval, and α n  is the resource usage of transaction type n (e.g., per-transaction-type resource usage). 
     Statistics for different transaction types or user requests are readily available from regular application monitoring. The model parameters α n  can be identified using linear regression over multiple measurement intervals. The resource model has been evaluated and shown to be accurate. 
     After a resource usage for the service components is determined, the power model shown in Equation (3) can be used to apportion the physical server power consumption to the component, as already described above for the use case shown in  FIG. 5 b   . It is noted that in this example use case, J is the set of service components running on the server. 
     An example use case of a simple service with multiple components is illustrated in  FIG. 5 d   , and corresponds to the process flow  620  shown in  FIG. 6 . Here, a service has multiple components across multiple physical servers. These components can be either virtualized, or non-virtualized, and can use dedicated physical servers, or share resources with components of other services. To estimate the power consumption of such a service, the configuration and topology information of the service can be extracted to discover which components belong to the service, and which physical server(s) the service is executing on. 
     For a component that runs on a dedicated server, the power consumption is the full power usage of the physical server and can be obtained directly. For a non-virtualized component (one that shares resources with other services), the resource usage model can be used to estimate resource usage. See Equation 4, as already described above for the use case shown in  FIG. 5   c.    
     The virtual machine resource usage model (Equation 2) may be used to calculate usage of a virtualized component. After obtaining the resource usage for each component (virtualized or non-virtualized, dedicated or non-dedicated), the power model (Equation 3) can be used to obtain the component level power consumption. Finally, the component level power consumption can be aggregated to obtain the service&#39;s power consumption, as shown by Equation (5).
 
 P=Σ   i=1   M   P   i   EQN (5)
 
     In equation (5), M is the number of service components, and P i  is the power usage of service component i. 
     An example use case of a complex service is illustrated in  FIG. 5 e   , and corresponds to the process flow  630  shown in  FIG. 6 . A complex service relies on other services to process requests from clients. In general, when an incoming request arrives, a service performs some processing by itself, and then passes or generates one or multiple requests to other services, which may also send requests to additional services, and so on. The replies may be sent back in reverse order. When a service receives replies from other services, the service processes the replies (e.g., by aggregating), and sends the results back to the requesting service. The results are processed by the first service that the client directly interacts with, and a final reply is sent back by the first service to the client. Such as service dependency can be modeled as a direct acyclic graph (DAG), where each note represents a service and the edge indicates the service dependency relationship. 
     When the service in question has been characterized, the analysis may determine power use. Power use may include both direct and indirect power use. In an example, the direct power usage by a service itself is considered due to local processing and indirect power usage from other services that process requests originating from the service. The local processing falls into one of the use cases described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 a - e   . Therefore, one of the methods or models described above can also be used to determine the direct power consumption. 
     To determine indirect power consumption, the service dependency information is obtained, and a DAG is generated. For each service on the service chain (except the original service), the power usage is calculated which was contributed by those requests from the original service (directly or indirectly). Similar to the use case shown in  FIG. 5 c   , the resource usage of requests is estimated using the resource usage model, e.g., as expressed by Equation (4). Then the direct power usage of a service is proportionally allocated to the requests from other services to obtain indirect power usage. 
     All power usage charged to sub-requests handled by other services is aggregated to obtain the indirect power consumption of the service, as shown by Equation (6). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     In Equation (6), K is the number of services on the service chain (e.g., the number of services or sub-requests that the original service relies on), and {dot over (u)} K  is the portion of resource usage of service K that is contributed by requests from the original service. Also in Equation (6), u K  is the total resource usage of service K, and p K   direct  is the direct power usage of service K. 
     After determining the power consumption of a service, the sustainability impact may be determined. The impact on service-level sustainability (e.g., carbon emission, resource consumption) may depend at least in part on the efficiency of the infrastructure. For example, water and electricity consumption may depend on the cooling and power infrastructure of the data center. In some examples, the sustainability impact may be highly dependent on these efficiencies (or lack thereof). 
     In an example, power consumption efficiencies may be indicated by the power usage efficiency (PUE) metric. A PUE of 1.5 indicates that for each Watt used by data center equipment, an additional half Watt is used for cooling, power distribution, etc. Thus, using the data center PUE, the total power demand P total  for a service can be determined by multiplying the power demand P for hosting the service with the data center PUE according to Equation (7).
 
 P   total   =P *PUE  EQN (7)
 
     Carbon emissions can be determined based on the power supply mix for the data center. In an example, the amount of carbon emission per KWh are determined for each power supply source. The carbon emission per KWh for the power supply mix can be expressed as a weighted average over all power supply sources for the data center, as expressed by Equation (8).
 
CO2_Per_KWh SupplyMix =Σ q∈Q γ q *CO2_Per_KWh q   EQN (8)
 
     In Equation (8), Q is the set of power supply sources, CO2_Per_KWh SupplyMix  is the amount of carbon emissions for each KWh from supply q, and γ q  is the fraction of power from source, with the summation equal to 1. Accordingly, carbon emissions for the service may be expressed by Equation (9).
 
CO2= P   total *CO2_Per_KWh SupplyMix   EQN (9)
 
     It is noted that if the power mix of the data center or the carbon emissions for the various power sources is unknown, then average numbers for the carbon emissions of power sources (e.g., for the corresponding region/country) may be used instead. 
     The water consumption of a service may include both direct and indirect natural resource consumption. For example, direct water consumption is the water loss at the cooling towers of the data center, and depends at least to some extent on the cooling infrastructure and the amount of cooling needed (e.g., measured in tons of cooling). The equations and parameters used to determine direct water consumption depend on the cooling solution implemented. 
     Indirect water consumption is based on the water consumption at the power generation plant. The average water consumption per KWh for the power supply mix of the data center can be determined with an expression such as Equation (8), and then used to determine the indirect water consumption of the service, similar to the determination based on Equation (9), above. 
     Having described example implementations of a system to quantify power consumption, it is noted that features may also include providing a user (consumer and/or service provider) with sustainability-awareness, the ability to perform adjustments for improving power consumption, and develop pricing models that account for other impacts (e.g., environmental impact). 
     Before continuing, it should be noted that the examples described above are provided for purposes of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting. Other devices and/or device configurations may be utilized to carry out the operations described herein. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating example operations which may be implemented to quantify power consumption. Operations  700  may be embodied as logic instructions on one or more computer-readable media. When executed on a processor, the logic instructions cause a general purpose computing device to be programmed as a special-purpose machine that implements the described operations. In an example, the components and connections depicted in the figures may be used. 
     Operation  710  includes identifying a dependency model for the service, the dependency model based in part on infrastructure providing the service. Operation  720  includes determining power usage for the service using the dependency model. Determining power usage may include calculating a direct power consumption component and/or an indirect power consumption component for the service. Determining power consumption may also be for virtualized infrastructure and/or for non-virtualized infrastructure. 
     The operations shown and described herein are provided to illustrate example implementations. It is noted that the operations are not limited to the ordering shown. Still other operations may also be implemented. 
     Still further operations may include apportioning total power consumption among the infrastructure providing the service according to the dependency model. Operations may also include extracting configuration and topology information for the infrastructure. Operations may also include discovering components in the infrastructure which belong to the service. Further operations may include aggregating component level power consumption to determine power usage by the service. 
     The operations may be implemented at least in part using an end-user interface (e.g., web-based interface). In an example, the end-user is able to make predetermined selections, and the operations described above are implemented on a back-end device to present results to a user. The user can then make further selections. It is also noted that various of the operations described herein may be automated or partially automated. 
     It is noted that the examples shown and described are provided for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. Still other examples are also contemplated.