Patent Publication Number: US-9412608-B2

Title: Dry-etch for selective tungsten removal

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/840,206 filed Mar. 15, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/753,677 by Wang et al, filed Jan. 17, 2013, and titled “DRY-ETCH FOR SELECTIVE TUNGSTEN REMOVAL.” This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/732,074 by Kim et al, filed Nov. 30, 2012 and titled “DRY-ETCH FOR SELECTIVE OXIDATION REMOVAL.” Each of the above U.S. applications is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Integrated circuits are made possible by processes which produce intricately patterned material layers on substrate surfaces. Producing patterned material on a substrate requires controlled methods for removal of exposed material. Chemical etching is used for a variety of purposes including transferring a pattern in photoresist into underlying layers, thinning layers or thinning lateral dimensions of features already present on the surface. Often it is desirable to have an etch process which etches one material faster than another helping e.g. a pattern transfer process proceed. Such an etch process is said to be selective to the first material. As a result of the diversity of materials, circuits and processes, etch processes have been developed with a selectivity towards a variety of materials. However, there are few options for selectively etching metals. 
     Dry etch processes are often desirable for selectively removing material from semiconductor substrates. The desirability stems from the ability to gently remove material from miniature structures with minimal physical disturbance. Dry etch processes also allow the etch rate to be abruptly stopped by removing the gas phase reagents. Some dry-etch processes involve the exposure of a substrate to remote plasma by-products formed from one or more precursors. For example, remote plasma excitation of ammonia and nitrogen trifluoride enables silicon oxide to be selectively removed from a patterned substrate when the plasma effluents are flowed into the substrate processing region. Remote plasma etch processes have recently been developed to selectively remove a variety of dielectrics relative to one another. However, fewer dry-etch processes have been developed to selectively remove metals and their native oxidation. 
     Methods are needed to selectively and delicately etch exposed metal surfaces. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods of selectively etching tungsten relative to silicon-containing films (e.g. silicon oxide, silicon carbon nitride and (poly)silicon) as well as tungsten oxide are described. The methods include a remote plasma etch formed from a fluorine-containing precursor and/or hydrogen (H 2 ). Plasma effluents from the remote plasma are flowed into a substrate processing region where the plasma effluents react with the tungsten. The plasma effluents react with exposed surfaces and selectively remove tungsten while very slowly removing other exposed materials. Sequential and simultaneous methods are included to remove thin tungsten oxide which may, for example, result from exposure to the atmosphere. 
     Embodiments of the invention include methods of etching a patterned substrate in a substrate processing region of a substrate processing chamber. The patterned substrate has a exposed tungsten region and an exposed second material region. The methods include flowing a fluorine-containing precursor into a remote plasma region fluidly coupled to the substrate processing region while forming a plasma in the plasma region to produce plasma effluents. The methods further include etching the exposed tungsten from the substrate by flowing the plasma effluents into the substrate processing region through through-holes in a showerhead. 
     Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the specification or may be learned by the practice of the disclosed embodiments. The features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, and methods described in the specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the disclosed embodiments may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart of a tungsten selective etch process according to disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 2A  shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a substrate processing chamber according to the disclosed technology. 
         FIG. 2B  shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a substrate processing chamber according to the disclosed technology. 
         FIG. 2C  shows a bottom plan view of a showerhead according to the disclosed technology. 
         FIG. 3  shows a top plan view of an exemplary substrate processing system according to the disclosed technology. 
     
    
    
     In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods of selectively etching tungsten relative to silicon-containing films (e.g. silicon oxide, silicon carbon nitride and (poly)silicon) as well as tungsten oxide are described. The methods include a remote plasma etch formed from a fluorine-containing precursor and/or hydrogen (H 2 ). Plasma effluents from the remote plasma are flowed into a substrate processing region where the plasma effluents react with the tungsten. The plasma effluents react with exposed surfaces and selectively remove tungsten while very slowly removing other exposed materials. Sequential and simultaneous methods are included to remove thin tungsten oxide which may, for example, result from exposure to the atmosphere. 
     An ion suppression element may be included in the etch processes discussed herein in order to achieve high tungsten selectivity. The ion suppression element functions to reduce or eliminate ionically charged species traveling from the plasma generation region to the substrate. Uncharged neutral and radical species may pass through the openings in the ion suppressor to react at the substrate. The ion suppressor helps control the concentration of ionic species in the reaction region at a level that assists the process. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, an ion suppressor as described in the exemplary equipment section may be used to provide radical and/or neutral species for selectively etching substrates. In one embodiment, for example, an ion suppressor is used to provide fluorine-containing plasma effluents to selectively etch tungsten. The ion suppressor may be used to provide a reactive gas having a higher concentration of radicals than ions. Because most of the charged particles of a plasma are filtered or removed by the ion suppressor, the substrate is not necessarily biased during the etch process. Such a process using radicals and other neutral species can reduce plasma damage compared to conventional plasma etch processes that include sputtering and bombardment. Embodiments of the present invention are also advantageous over conventional wet etch processes where surface tension of liquids can cause bending and peeling of small features. 
     In order to better understand and appreciate the invention, reference is now made to  FIG. 1  which is a flow chart of a tungsten selective etch process according to disclosed embodiments. The tungsten may also have a thin native oxide layer on its surface due to atmospheric exposure. The tungsten may be in the form of a blanket layer on the substrate or it may reside in discrete regions of a patterned substrate surface. In either case, the tungsten forms exposed surfaces of the surface of the substrate. The substrate is then delivered into a processing region (operation  110 ). A thin layer of tungsten oxide may be present over the otherwise exposed tungsten regions of the substrate prior to delivering the substrate into the processing region. after delivering the substrate to the processing region, for example, by treating exposed regions of tungsten to a reactive oxygen source. 
     A flow of nitrogen trifluoride is introduced into a plasma region separate from the processing region (operation  120 ). Other sources of fluorine may be used to augment or replace the nitrogen trifluoride. In general, a fluorine-containing precursor may be flowed into the plasma region and the fluorine-containing precursor comprises at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of atomic fluorine, diatomic fluorine, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride and xenon difluoride. However, the inventors have observed higher etch rates for all embodiments disclosed herein when using nitrogen trifluoride in the mix of precursors delivered to the remote plasma region. The inventors conjecture that nitrogen trifluoride plasma effluents experience a significantly longer excited lifetime prior to deexcitation and/or recombination. The extended lifetime allows etch species to travel from remote plasma region into the vicinity of the substrate prior to deexcitation/recombination. 
     The separate plasma region may be referred to as a remote plasma region herein and may be within a distinct module from the processing chamber or a compartment within the processing chamber. A carbon-and-hydrogen-containing precursor, in this case methyl fluoride (CH 3 F) is also flowed into the plasma region (operation  125 ) where it is simultaneously excited in a plasma along with the nitrogen trifluoride. The flow rate of the atomic hydrogen may be greater than the flow rate of the atomic fluorine in order to maintain a removal rate of tungsten. In this example, fluorine contributions come from both the carbon source and the nitrogen trifluoride. The contribution from each precursor must be considered in order to calculate the H:F atomic flow ratio. Diatomic hydrogen (H 2 ) may be added as well and is necessary in some instances so that an atomic flow rate ratio greater than H:F=1 is possible. 
     The plasma effluents formed in the remote plasma region are then flowed into the substrate processing region (operation  130 ). Tungsten on the substrate is selectively etched (operation  135 ) such that tungsten may be removed more rapidly than a variety of other materials. The selective etch disclosed in all examples disclosed herein may etch tungsten significantly faster than one of tungsten oxide, titanium nitride or a silicon-containing material such as silicon (e.g. polysilicon), silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon carbon nitride in embodiments of the invention. Such a process may have broad-based utility, but may find clear utility in removing a layer of tungsten gapfill used to fill small high aspect ratio trenches (such as may be used to form a temporary separator between vertically integrated memory sub-elements). The invention may involve maintenance of an atomic flow ratio of fluorine (F) to hydrogen (H) in order achieve high etch selectivity of tungsten. The copresence of fluorine and hydrogen is thought to enable two reactions to proceed: (1) one which consumes hydrogen (from CH 3 F) to convert native tungsten oxide to tungsten by shedding moisture through the exhaust system and (2) another reaction which consumes fluorine to remove tungsten in the form of exhausted tungsten hexafluoride (WF 6 ). Maintaining an atomic flow ratio (H:F) greater than 1:1, the inventors have found that the collective process is highly selective of tungsten over a variety of other materials including tungsten oxide, despite being capable of removing a thin native tungsten oxide. The reactive chemical species and any process effluents are removed from the substrate processing region and then the substrate is removed from the processing region (operation  145 ). 
     In disclosed embodiments, an atomic gas flow ratio (H:F) greater than or about 1:1, greater than or about 2:1 or greater than or about 3:1. An atomic gas flow ratio (H:F) less than or about 15:1, less than or about 12:1, less than or about 10:1 or less than or about 7:1 is used, in embodiments of the invention, to achieve favorable selectivities. The inventors have also found that selective dry etches described herein can achieve favorable selectivities without any hydrogen component when not native oxide is present on a tungsten surface. The etch selectivity (tungsten:secondary material other than tungsten) of the processes disclosed herein may be greater than or about 10:1, greater than or about 20:1, greater than or about 50:1, or greater than or about 100:1 for materials other than in embodiments of the invention. The inventors have found that the processes disclosed herein display etch selectivities of tungsten relative to a variety of specific materials. The etch selectivity of tungsten relative to (poly)silicon may be greater than or about 100:1, greater than or about 150:1, greater than or about 200:1 or greater than or about 250:1 in disclosed embodiments. The etch selectivity of tungsten relative to silicon oxide may be greater than or about 15:1, greater than or about 25:1, greater than or about 30:1 or greater than or about 40:1 in embodiments of the invention. The etch selectivity of tungsten relative to silicon carbon nitride may be greater than or about 3:1, greater than or about 5:1, greater than or about 7:1 or greater than or about 10:1 in embodiments of the invention. The etch selectivity of tungsten relative to tungsten oxide may be greater than or about 10:1, greater than or about 20:1, greater than or about 50:1 or greater than or about 100:1 in embodiments of the invention. 
     The flows of the fluorine-containing precursor and the carbon-and-hydrogen-containing precursor may further include one or more relatively inert gases such as He, N 2 , Ar. The inert gas can be used to improve plasma stability, process uniformity and the like. Argon is helpful, as an additive, to promote the formation of a stable plasma. Process uniformity is generally increased when helium is included. These additives are present in embodiments throughout this specification. Flow rates and ratios of the different gases may be used to control etch rates and etch selectivity. 
     In disclosed embodiments, the fluorine-containing gas (e.g. NF 3 ) is supplied at a flow rate of between about 25 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) and 400 sccm, CH 3 F at a flow rate of between about 50 sccm and 600 sccm, He at a flow rate of between about 0 slm (standard liters per minute) and 3 slm, and Ar at a flow rate of between about 0 slm and 3 slm. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other gases and/or flows may be used depending on a number of factors including processing chamber configuration, substrate size, geometry and layout of features being etched, and the like. Inclusion of a flow of hydrogen (H 2 ) into the remote plasma region can lessen the flow rate requirement for methyl fluoride. The inventors have also found that flowing a combination of hydrogen (H 2 ) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) is a productive replacement of CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2  or CHF 3  as well as precursors of the general form CxHyFz, in other words partially fluorinated hydrocarbons. Therefore, a carbon-and-hydrogen-containing precursor, as recited herein, includes a flow of a hydrogen-containing precursor and carbon-containing precursor into the remote plasma region in disclosed embodiments. 
     The method also includes applying energy to the fluorine-containing precursor and the carbon-and-hydrogen-containing precursor (CH 3 F) while they are in the remote plasma region to generate the plasma effluents. As would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the plasma may include a number of charged and neutral species including radicals and ions. The plasma may be generated using known techniques (e.g., radio frequency excitations, capacitively-coupled power, inductively coupled power, and the like). In an embodiment, the energy is applied using a capacitively-coupled plasma unit. The remote plasma source power may be between about 40 watts and about 500 watts, between about 75 watts and about 400 watts, between about 150 watts and about 350 watts, or between about 200 watts and about 300 watts in embodiments of the invention. The narrowest RF power embodiment optimizes the selective removal of tungsten relative to a variety of other exposed materials including silicon carbon nitride. The pressure in the remote plasma region may be such that the pressure in the substrate processing region ends up between about 0.01 Torr and about 50 Torr or between about 0.1 Torr and about 5 Torr in disclosed embodiments. The capacitively-coupled plasma unit may be disposed remote from a gas reaction region of the processing chamber. For example, the capacitively-coupled plasma unit and the plasma generation region may be separated from the gas reaction region by a showerhead. 
     The temperature of the substrate during this first example may be between about −30° C. and about 400° C. in general. In embodiments, the temperature of the substrate during the dry etches described in this section may be greater than or about −30° C., greater than or about −10° C., greater than or about 10° C., or greater than or about 25° C. The substrate temperatures may be less than or about 400° C., less than or about 350° C., less than or about 250° C. in disclosed embodiments. The etch rate of tungsten was found to rise with increased substrate temperature (from about 10° C. up through 100° C.) but using lower temperatures was helpful for achieving high selectivities by suppressing, for example, the etch rate of tungsten oxide. 
     An additional step may be included (prior to operations  120 - 135 ) by providing a flow of hydrogen (H 2 ) to the remote plasma region. The plasma effluents produced from the excited molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) has been found by the inventors to remove, presumably, the oxygen from the native tungsten oxide. The net effect was that this additional step exposed a predominantly tungsten region to the further processing depicted in  FIG. 1 . The addition of a fluorine-containing precursor to the remote plasma region during this step is optional, in part, because of the thinness of native oxides formed when tungsten is exposed to atmosphere. 
     Additional process parameters are disclosed in the course of describing an exemplary processing chamber and system. 
     Exemplary Processing System 
       FIG. 2A  shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary substrate processing chamber  1001  with partitioned plasma generation regions within the processing chamber. During film etching, e.g., titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten, silicon, polysilicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, etc., a process gas may be flowed into chamber plasma region  1015  through a gas inlet assembly  1005 . A remote plasma system (RPS)  1002  may optionally be included in the system, and may process a first gas which then travels through gas inlet assembly  1005 . The inlet assembly  1005  may include two or more distinct gas supply channels where the second channel (not shown) may bypass the RPS  1002 , if included. Accordingly, in disclosed embodiments the precursor gases may be delivered to the processing chamber in an unexcited state. In another example, the first channel provided through the RPS may be used for the process gas and the second channel bypassing the RPS may be used for a treatment gas in disclosed embodiments. The process gas may be excited within the RPS  1002  prior to entering the chamber plasma region  1015 . Accordingly, the fluorine-containing precursor as discussed above, for example, may pass through RPS  1002  or bypass the RPS unit in disclosed embodiments. Various other examples encompassed by this arrangement will be similarly understood. 
     A cooling plate  1003 , faceplate  1017 , ion suppressor  1023 , showerhead  1025 , and a substrate support  1065  (also known as a pedestal), having a substrate  1055  disposed thereon, are shown and may each be included according to disclosed embodiments. The pedestal  1065  may have a heat exchange channel through which a heat exchange fluid flows to control the temperature of the substrate. This configuration may allow the substrate  1055  temperature to be cooled or heated to maintain relatively low temperatures, such as between about −20° C. to about 200° C., or therebetween. The heat exchange fluid may comprise ethylene glycol and/or water. The wafer support platter of the pedestal  1065 , which may comprise aluminum, ceramic, or a combination thereof, may also be resistively heated in order to achieve relatively high temperatures, such as from up to or about 100° C. to above or about 1100° C., using an embedded resistive heater element. The heating element may be formed within the pedestal as one or more loops, and an outer portion of the heater element may run adjacent to a perimeter of the support platter, while an inner portion runs on the path of a concentric circle having a smaller radius. The wiring to the heater element may pass through the stem of the pedestal  1065 , which may be further configured to rotate. 
     The faceplate  1017  may be pyramidal, conical, or of another similar structure with a narrow top portion expanding to a wide bottom portion. The faceplate  1017  may additionally be flat as shown and include a plurality of through-channels used to distribute process gases. Plasma generating gases and/or plasma excited species, depending on use of the RPS  1002 , may pass through a plurality of holes, shown in  FIG. 2B , in faceplate  1017  for a more uniform delivery into the chamber plasma region  1015 . 
     Exemplary configurations may include having the gas inlet assembly  1005  open into a gas supply region  1058  partitioned from the chamber plasma region  1015  by faceplate  1017  so that the gases/species flow through the holes in the faceplate  1017  into the chamber plasma region  1015 . Structural and operational features may be selected to prevent significant backflow of plasma from the chamber plasma region  1015  back into the supply region  1058 , gas inlet assembly  1005 , and fluid supply system  1010 . The structural features may include the selection of dimensions and cross-sectional geometries of the apertures in faceplate  1017  to deactivate back-streaming plasma. The operational features may include maintaining a pressure difference between the gas supply region  1058  and chamber plasma region  1015  that maintains a unidirectional flow of plasma through the showerhead  1025 . The faceplate  1017 , or a conductive top portion of the chamber, and showerhead  1025  are shown with an insulating ring  1020  located between the features, which allows an AC potential to be applied to the faceplate  1017  relative to showerhead  1025  and/or ion suppressor  1023 . The insulating ring  1020  may be positioned between the faceplate  1017  and the showerhead  1025  and/or ion suppressor  1023  enabling a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) to be formed in the first plasma region. A baffle (not shown) may additionally be located in the chamber plasma region  1015 , or otherwise coupled with gas inlet assembly  1005 , to affect the flow of fluid into the region through gas inlet assembly  1005 . 
     The ion suppressor  1023  may comprise a plate or other geometry that defines a plurality of apertures throughout the structure that are configured to suppress the migration of ionically-charged species out of chamber plasma region  1015  while allowing uncharged neutral or radical species to pass through the ion suppressor  1023  into an activated gas delivery region between the suppressor and the showerhead. In disclosed embodiments, the ion suppressor  1023  may comprise a perforated plate with a variety of aperture configurations. These uncharged species may include highly reactive species that are transported with less reactive carrier gas through the apertures. As noted above, the migration of ionic species through the holes may be reduced, and in some instances completely suppressed. Controlling the amount of ionic species passing through the ion suppressor  1023  may provide increased control over the gas mixture brought into contact with the underlying wafer substrate, which in turn may increase control of the deposition and/or etch characteristics of the gas mixture. For example, adjustments in the ion concentration of the gas mixture can significantly alter its etch selectivity, e.g., W:WOx etch ratios, W:SiCN etch ratios, etc. In alternative embodiments in which deposition is performed, it can also shift the balance of conformal-to-flowable style depositions for dielectric materials. 
     The plurality of holes in the ion suppressor  1023  may be configured to control the passage of the activated gas, i.e., the ionic, radical, and/or neutral species, through the ion suppressor  1023 . For example, the aspect ratio of the holes, or the hole diameter to length, and/or the geometry of the holes may be controlled so that the flow of ionically-charged species in the activated gas passing through the ion suppressor  1023  is reduced. The holes in the ion suppressor  1023  may include a tapered portion that faces chamber plasma region  1015 , and a cylindrical portion that faces the showerhead  1025 . The cylindrical portion may be shaped and dimensioned to control the flow of ionic species passing to the showerhead  1025 . An adjustable electrical bias may also be applied to the ion suppressor  1023  as an additional means to control the flow of ionic species through the suppressor. 
     The ion suppression element  1023  may function to reduce or eliminate the amount of ionically charged species traveling from the plasma generation region to the substrate. Uncharged neutral and radical species may still pass through the openings in the ion suppressor to react with the substrate. It should be noted that the complete elimination of ionically charged species in the reaction region surrounding the substrate is not always the desired goal. In many instances, ionic species are required to reach the substrate in order to perform the etch and/or deposition process. In these instances, the ion suppressor may help to control the concentration of ionic species in the reaction region at a level that assists the process. 
     Showerhead  1025  in combination with ion suppressor  1023  may allow a plasma present in chamber plasma region  1015  to avoid directly exciting gases in substrate processing region  1033 , while still allowing excited species to travel from chamber plasma region  1015  into substrate processing region  1033 . In this way, the chamber may be configured to prevent the plasma from contacting a substrate  1055  being etched. This may advantageously protect a variety of intricate structures and films patterned on the substrate, which may be damaged, dislocated, or otherwise warped if directly contacted by a generated plasma. Additionally, when plasma is allowed to contact the substrate or approach the substrate level, the rate at which oxide species etch may increase. Accordingly, if the exposed second material is oxide, this material may be further protected by maintaining the plasma remotely from the substrate. 
     The processing system may further include a power supply  1040  electrically coupled with the processing chamber to provide electric power to the faceplate  1017 , ion suppressor  1023 , showerhead  1025 , and/or pedestal  1065  to generate a plasma in the chamber plasma region  1015  or processing region  1033 . The power supply may be configured to deliver an adjustable amount of power to the chamber depending on the process performed. Such a configuration may allow for a tunable plasma to be used in the processes being performed. Unlike a remote plasma unit, which is often presented with on or off functionality, a tunable plasma may be configured to deliver a specific amount of power to chamber plasma region  1015 . This in turn may allow development of particular plasma characteristics such that precursors may be dissociated in specific ways to enhance the etching profiles produced by these precursors. 
     A plasma may be ignited either in chamber plasma region  1015  above showerhead  1025  or substrate processing region  1033  below showerhead  1025 . A plasma may be present in chamber plasma region  1015  to produce the radical-fluorine precursors from an inflow of the fluorine-containing precursor. An AC voltage typically in the radio frequency (RF) range may be applied between the conductive top portion of the processing chamber, such as faceplate  1017 , and showerhead  1025  and/or ion suppressor  1023  to ignite a plasma in chamber plasma region  1015  during deposition. An RF power supply may generate a high RF frequency of 13.56 MHz but may also generate other frequencies alone or in combination with the 13.56 MHz frequency. 
     Plasma power can be of a variety of frequencies or a combination of multiple frequencies. In the exemplary processing system the plasma may be provided by RF power delivered to faceplate  1017  relative to ion suppressor  1023  and/or showerhead  1025 . The RF power may be between about 10 watts and about 2000 watts, between about 100 watts and about 2000 watts, between about 200 watts and about 1500 watts, or between about 200 watts and about 1000 watts in different embodiments. The RF frequency applied in the exemplary processing system may be low RF frequencies less than about 200 kHz, high RF frequencies between about 10 MHz and about 15 MHz, or microwave frequencies greater than or about 1 GHz in different embodiments. The plasma power may be capacitively-coupled (CCP) or inductively-coupled (ICP) into the remote plasma region. 
     Chamber plasma region  1015  (top plasma in figure) may be left at low or no power when a bottom plasma in the substrate processing region  1033  is turned on to, for example, cure a film or clean the interior surfaces bordering substrate processing region  1033 . A plasma in substrate processing region  1033  may be ignited by applying an AC voltage between showerhead  1055  and the pedestal  1065  or bottom of the chamber. A cleaning gas may be introduced into substrate processing region  1033  while the plasma is present. 
     A fluid, such as a precursor, for example a fluorine-containing precursor, may be flowed into the processing region  1033  by embodiments of the showerhead described herein. Excited species derived from the process gas in chamber plasma region  1015  may travel through apertures in the ion suppressor  1023 , and/or showerhead  1025  and react with an additional precursor flowing into the processing region  1033  from a separate portion of the showerhead. Alternatively, if all precursor species are being excited in chamber plasma region  1015 , no additional precursors may be flowed through the separate portion of the showerhead. Little or no plasma may be present in the processing region  1033 . Excited derivatives of the precursors may combine in the region above the substrate and, on occasion, on the substrate to etch structures or remove species on the substrate in disclosed applications. 
     Exciting the fluids in the chamber plasma region  1015  directly, or exciting the fluids in the RPS units  1002 , may provide several benefits. The concentration of the excited species derived from the fluids may be increased within the processing region  1033  due to the plasma in the chamber plasma region  1015 . This increase may result from the location of the plasma in the chamber plasma region  1015 . The processing region  1033  may be located closer to the chamber plasma region  1015  than the remote plasma system (RPS)  1002 , leaving less time for the excited species to leave excited states through collisions with other gas molecules, walls of the chamber, and surfaces of the showerhead. 
     The uniformity of the concentration of the excited species derived from the process gas may also be increased within the processing region  1033 . This may result from the shape of the chamber plasma region  1015 , which may be more similar to the shape of the processing region  1033 . Excited species created in the RPS  1002  may travel greater distances in order to pass through apertures near the edges of the showerhead  1025  relative to species that pass through apertures near the center of the showerhead  1025 . The greater distance may result in a reduced excitation of the excited species and, for example, may result in a slower growth rate near the edge of a substrate. Exciting the fluids in the chamber plasma region  1015  may mitigate this variation for the fluid flowed through RPS  1002 , or alternatively bypassed around the RPS unit. 
     The processing gases may be excited in chamber plasma region  1015  and may be passed through the showerhead  1025  to the processing region  1033  in the excited state. While a plasma may be generated in the processing region  1033 , a plasma may alternatively not be generated in the processing region. In one example, the only excitation of the processing gas or precursors may be from exciting the processing gases in chamber plasma region  1015  to react with one another in the processing region  1033 . As previously discussed, this may be to protect the structures patterned on the substrate  1055 . 
     In addition to the fluid precursors, there may be other gases introduced at varied times for varied purposes, including carrier gases to aid delivery. A treatment gas may be introduced to remove unwanted species from the chamber walls, the substrate, the deposited film and/or the film during deposition. A treatment gas may be excited in a plasma and then used to reduce or remove residual content inside the chamber. In other disclosed embodiments the treatment gas may be used without a plasma. When the treatment gas includes water vapor, the delivery may be achieved using a mass flow meter (MFM), an injection valve, or by commercially available water vapor generators. The treatment gas may be introduced to the processing region  1033 , either through the RPS unit or bypassing the RPS unit, and may further be excited in the first plasma region. 
       FIG. 2B  shows a detailed view of the features affecting the processing gas distribution through faceplate  1017 . As shown in  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B , faceplate  1017 , cooling plate  1003 , and gas inlet assembly  1005  intersect to define a gas supply region  1058  into which process gases may be delivered from gas inlet  1005 . The gases may fill the gas supply region  1058  and flow to chamber plasma region  1015  through apertures  1059  in faceplate  1017 . The apertures  1059  may be configured to direct flow in a substantially unidirectional manner such that process gases may flow into processing region  1033 , but may be partially or fully prevented from backflow into the gas supply region  1058  after traversing the faceplate  1017 . 
     The gas distribution assemblies such as showerhead  1025  for use in the processing chamber section  1001  may be referred to as dual channel showerheads (DCSH) and are additionally detailed in the embodiments described in  FIG. 2A  as well as  FIG. 2C  herein. The dual channel showerhead may provide for etching processes that allow for separation of etchants outside of the processing region  1033  to provide limited interaction with chamber components and each other prior to being delivered into the processing region. 
     The showerhead  1025  may comprise an upper plate  1014  and a lower plate  1016 . The plates may be coupled with one another to define a volume  1018  between the plates. The coupling of the plates may be so as to provide first fluid channels  1019  through the upper and lower plates, and second fluid channels  1021  through the lower plate  1016 . The formed channels may be configured to provide fluid access from the volume  1018  through the lower plate  1016  via second fluid channels  1021  alone, and the first fluid channels  1019  may be fluidly isolated from the volume  1018  between the plates and the second fluid channels  1021 . The volume  1018  may be fluidly accessible through a side of the gas distribution assembly  1025 . Although the exemplary system of  FIG. 2  includes a dual-channel showerhead, it is understood that alternative distribution assemblies may be utilized that maintain first and second precursors fluidly isolated prior to the processing region  1033 . For example, a perforated plate and tubes underneath the plate may be utilized, although other configurations may operate with reduced efficiency or not provide as uniform processing as the dual-channel showerhead as described. 
     In the embodiment shown, showerhead  1025  may distribute via first fluid channels  1019  process gases which contain plasma effluents upon excitation by a plasma in chamber plasma region  1015 . In embodiments, the process gas introduced into the RPS  1002  and/or chamber plasma region  1015  may contain fluorine, e.g., CF 4 , NF 3  or XeF 2 . The process gas may also include a carrier gas such as helium, argon, nitrogen (N 2 ), etc. Plasma effluents may include ionized or neutral derivatives of the process gas and may also be referred to herein as a radical-fluorine precursor referring to the atomic constituent of the process gas introduced. 
       FIG. 2C  is a bottom view of a showerhead  1025  for use with a processing chamber according to disclosed embodiments. Showerhead  1025  corresponds with the showerhead shown in  FIG. 2A . Through-holes  1031 , which show a view of first fluid channels  1019 , may have a plurality of shapes and configurations in order to control and affect the flow of precursors through the showerhead  1025 . Small holes  1027 , which show a view of second fluid channels  1021 , may be distributed substantially evenly over the surface of the showerhead, even amongst the through-holes  1031 , which may help to provide more even mixing of the precursors as they exit the showerhead than other configurations. 
     An additional dual channel showerhead, as well as this processing system and chamber, are more fully described in patent application Ser. No. 13/251,714 filed on Oct. 3, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes to the extent not inconsistent with the claimed features and description herein. 
     The chamber plasma region  1015  or a region in an RPS may be referred to as a remote plasma region. In embodiments, the radical precursor, e.g., a radical-fluorine precursor, is created in the remote plasma region and travels into the substrate processing region where it may or may not combine with additional precursors. In embodiments, the additional precursors are excited only by the radical-fluorine precursor. Plasma power may essentially be applied only to the remote plasma region in embodiments to ensure that the radical-fluorine precursor provides the dominant excitation. Nitrogen trifluoride or another fluorine-containing precursor may be flowed into chamber plasma region  1015  at rates between about 25 sccm and about 500 sccm, between about 50 sccm and about 150 sccm, or between about 75 sccm and about 125 sccm in disclosed embodiments. Methyl fluoride or another partially fluorinated hydro-carbon may be flowed with a flowrate that results in an atomic H:F flow rate ratio of greater than, for example, 1:1. 
     Combined flow rates of precursors into the chamber may account for 0.05% to about 20% by volume of the overall gas mixture; the remainder being carrier gases. The fluorine-containing precursor may be flowed into the remote plasma region, but the plasma effluents may have the same volumetric flow ratio in embodiments. In the case of the fluorine-containing precursor, a purge or carrier gas may be first initiated into the remote plasma region before the fluorine-containing gas to stabilize the pressure within the remote plasma region. 
     Substrate processing region  1033  can be maintained at a variety of pressures during the flow of precursors, any carrier gases, and plasma effluents into substrate processing region  1033 . The pressure may be maintained between about 0.1 mTorr and about 100 Torr, between about 1 Torr and about 20 Torr or between about 1 Torr and about 5 Torr in different embodiments. 
     Embodiments of the deposition systems may be incorporated into larger fabrication systems for producing integrated circuit chips.  FIG. 3  shows one such processing system  1101  of deposition, etching, baking, and curing chambers according to disclosed embodiments. In the figure, a pair of front opening unified pods (load lock chambers  1102 ) supply substrates of a variety of sizes that are received by robotic arms  1104  and placed into a low pressure holding area  1106  before being placed into one of the substrate processing chambers  1108   a - f . A second robotic arm  1110  may be used to transport the substrate wafers from the holding area  1106  to the substrate processing chambers  1108   a - f  and back. Each substrate processing chamber  1108   a - f , can be outfitted to perform a number of substrate processing operations including the dry etch processes described herein in addition to cyclical layer deposition (CLD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), etch, pre-clean, degas, orientation, and other substrate processes. 
     The substrate processing chambers  1108   a - f  may include one or more system components for depositing, annealing, curing and/or etching a dielectric film on the substrate wafer. In one configuration, two pairs of the processing chamber, e.g.,  1108   c - d  and  1108   e - f , may be used to deposit dielectric material on the substrate, and the third pair of processing chambers, e.g.,  1108   a - b , may be used to etch the deposited dielectric. In another configuration, all three pairs of chambers, e.g.,  1108   a - f , may be configured to etch a dielectric film on the substrate. Any one or more of the processes described may be carried out in chamber(s) separated from the fabrication system shown in different embodiments. 
     In the preceding description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous details have been set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that certain embodiments may be practiced without some of these details, or with additional details. 
     As used herein “substrate” may be a support substrate with or without layers formed thereon. The patterned substrate may be an insulator or a semiconductor of a variety of doping concentrations and profiles and may, for example, be a semiconductor substrate of the type used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Exposed “silicon” of the patterned substrate is predominantly Si but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Exposed “tungsten” of the patterned substrate is predominantly W but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Of course, “exposed tungsten” may consist of only tungsten. Exposed “silicon nitride” of the patterned substrate is predominantly Si 3 N 4  but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. “Exposed silicon nitride” may consist only of silicon and nitrogen. Exposed “silicon oxide” of the patterned substrate is predominantly SiO 2  but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. In some embodiments, silicon oxide films etched using the methods disclosed herein consist of silicon and oxygen. “Tungsten oxide” is predominantly tungsten and oxygen but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Tungsten oxide may consist of tungsten and oxygen. “Titanium nitride” is predominantly titanium and nitrogen but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Titanium nitride may consist of titanium and nitrogen. 
     The term “precursor” is used to refer to any process gas which takes part in a reaction to either remove material from or deposit material onto a surface. “Plasma effluents” describe gas exiting from the chamber plasma region and entering the substrate processing region. Plasma effluents are in an “excited state” wherein at least some of the gas molecules are in vibrationally-excited, dissociated and/or ionized states. A “radical precursor” is used to describe plasma effluents (a gas in an excited state which is exiting a plasma) which participate in a reaction to either remove material from or deposit material on a surface. “Radical-fluorine” (or “radical-hydrogen”) are radical precursors which contain fluorine (or hydrogen) but may contain other elemental constituents. The phrase “inert gas” refers to any gas which does not form chemical bonds when etching or being incorporated into a film. Exemplary inert gases include noble gases but may include other gases so long as no chemical bonds are formed when (typically) trace amounts are trapped in a film. 
     The terms “gap” and “trench” are used throughout with no implication that the etched geometry has a large horizontal aspect ratio. Viewed from above the surface, trenches may appear circular, oval, polygonal, rectangular, or a variety of other shapes. A trench may be in the shape of a moat around an island of material. The term “via” is used to refer to a low aspect ratio trench (as viewed from above) which may or may not be filled with metal to form a vertical electrical connection. As used herein, a conformal etch process refers to a generally uniform removal of material on a surface in the same shape as the surface, i.e., the surface of the etched layer and the pre-etch surface are generally parallel. A person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the etched interface likely cannot be 100% conformal and thus the term “generally” allows for acceptable tolerances. 
     Having disclosed several embodiments, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, a number of well known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included. 
     As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a process” includes a plurality of such processes and reference to “the dielectric material” includes reference to one or more dielectric materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. 
     Also, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification and in the following claims are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.