Patent Publication Number: US-8526492-B2

Title: Encoding method, decoding method, and encoding apparatus for a digital picture sequence

Description:
This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §365 of International Application PCT/EP04/012480, filed Nov. 4, 2004, which was published in accordance with PCT Article 21(2) on Jul. 28, 2005 in English and which claims the benefit of European patent application No. 04290022.5, filed Jan. 5, 2004. 
     The invention relates to an encoding method and a decoding method and to an encoding apparatus for a digital picture sequence, wherein the frames of said picture sequence are arranged in macroblocks containing pixel blocks and the frames are encoded using B, P and I coding types. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Video sequences generally contain widely varying picture content and previously coded frames are used to predict a current frame. In block-based hybrid video coders such as ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC1, “Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information—Part 2: Video”, ITU-T Recommendation H.262—ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 Visual), November 1994, 
     ITU-T, “Video coding for low bitrate communication,” ITU-T Recommendation H.263, version 1, November 1995, version 2, January 1998, 
     ISO/IEC JTC1, “Coding of audio-visual objects—Part 2: Visual,” ISO/IEC 14496-2 (MPEG-4 Visual version 1), April 1999, Amendment 1 (version 2), February 2000, 
     T. Wiegand (ed.), “Joint Final Committee Draft (JFCD) of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264 I ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC)”, Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, JVT-D157, July 2002, 
     the distortion of a macroblock as well as the number of bits required for encoding it is mainly controlled by the macro-block&#39;s quantisation parameter. The general objective of a rate control mechanism is to provide the best possible video quality while keeping given conditions on transmission rate and decoding delay. Typically, a rate control includes a frame-layer control and a macroblock-layer control. In order to achieve a constant video quality, the anchor frames and the non-anchor frames of different coding types (I (intra-coded), P (predictive coded) and B (bi-directionally-predictive coded)) must be encoded using a different number of bits for each coding type. E.g. in MPEG-2 Visual, the code for an encoder input frame that is to be encoded as P type, which frame is at encoder input preceded by a frame that is to be encoded as B type, is output by the encoder before the code for the B frame is output because the P frame must be reconstructed in the decoder before the B frame can be reconstructed based on the reconstructed P frame. While the frame-layer control assigns a target number of bits for a frame so that the conditions on transmission rate and decoding delay are kept, the macroblock-layer control selects the macroblock quantisation parameters in a way that this target is achieved. 
     A widely used method for setting the target number of bits when coding different frame types is the frame-layer rate control as specified in Test Model 5 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N0400, “Test Model 5, Draft Revision 2”, April 1993). This document describes an encoder strategy for MPEG-2 Visual. The assignment of frame targets is based on so-called global complexity measures. For each frame type (I, P, B) there exists a specific complexity measure, which is updated after the encoding of each frame of the respective frame type. The target number of bits for each frame is determined by weighting the number of available bits for (the remaining frames of) a group of pictures using these global complexity measures. 
     INVENTION 
     However, this concept has a general disadvantage in that a reasonable distribution (with the objective of constant subjective video quality) of the available bit budget to different frame types is not feasible since the decision is based on measurements for a different interval of time. In particular, the frame targets for bi-directionally coded frames (or, more general, non-anchor frames) are difficult to determine, and if applied to more recent video coding standards like H.263 (with Annex O), MPEG-4 Visual or H.264/AVC, the problem arises that the macroblock-layer rate control for non-anchor frames becomes ineffective especially at low bit-rates, because a large fraction of the macroblocks is coded without transform coefficients and thus the macro-block quantisation parameters cannot reasonably be adjusted. 
     In applications requiring a very low decoding delay the coding order of frames should be the same as the display order, hence ‘classical’ B frames as defined in MPEG-2 Visual, H.263 (with Annex O), or MPEG-4 Visual cannot be used. In JVT/H.264 the concept of bi-directional B pictures is generalised to bi-predictive B pictures, but ‘classical’ bi-directional pictures are still supported. For such class of very low-delay applications, the global rate control algorithm must assign a nearly constant target number of bits to each frame. 
     In applications which do not require a very low decoding de-lay, the main objective of the frame-layer rate control is to assign the frame bit number targets versus the different frame or picture types in such a way that a constant subjective video quality level is kept over the different frame or picture types. In real-time applications that do not allow a complex analysis or a pre-coding of several frames, this decision is to be made on the basis of previously coded frames. However, due to the widely varying picture content of video sequences, decisions based on a different interval of time are often unsuitable, and due to the fact that one or more previously coded pictures are used for predicting a given picture, there is no simple model that can be used for determining the related optimum target number of bits for different frame types. Especially if non-anchor frames are used, a reasonable distribution of the bit budget among the different frame types cannot suitably be estimated. 
     A problem to be solved by the invention is to provide an improved bit rate control such that a constant subjective video coding or decoding quality over different frame or picture types is achieved. This problem is solved by the en-coding method disclosed in claim  1  and by the decoding method disclosed in claim  10 . An apparatus that utilises this encoding method is disclosed in claim  2 . 
     The invention concerns frame-layer rate control for applications in which the delay constraint is relaxed so that the frames of a video sequence need not be encoded in the display order that is output at decoder side, and wherein the target number of bits for a group containing one anchor frame and several non-anchor frames (e.g. ‘B . . . BP’ in the classical B-frame case) is not required to be constant. 
     According to the invention, the problem of assigning before encoding a target number of bits to frames of each type is circumvented. Instead, non-anchor frames are encoded using a fixed quantisation parameter, and no macroblock-layer rate control is used. The quantisation parameter used for the encoding of non-anchor frames or a single non-anchor frame in a current group of frames is directly derived from the aver-age quantisation parameter of the previously encoded anchor frame belonging to that group (which anchor frame will follow that non-anchor frames in display order at decoder side). Thereby, advantageously, a nearly constant (objective) video quality can be ensured. The distribution of the bit budget among different frame types can be controlled by setting suitable target rates for the anchor frames only. 
     A high-level global rate control must only assign a target number of bits to the above-mentioned frame or picture groups consisting of a single anchor frame (picture) and several non-anchor frames (pictures) which follow that anchor frame (picture) in coding order and precede it in display order, e.g. ‘B . . . BI’ and ‘B . . . BP’ in the classical B frame case. This kind of bit distribution can be controlled significantly easier than the known separate bit distribution among frames including all coding types I, P, and B. In other words, non-anchor frames are coded using a fixed quantisation parameter. Since the quantisation parameter used for the encoding of non-anchor frames is directly de-rived from the average quantisation parameter of the previously encoded anchor frame, such approach ensures a constant video quality. Beside of that, the complexity of the rate control strategy is reduced, because no macroblock-level rate control is applied for the encoding of non-anchor frames. 
     In principle, the inventive encoding method is related to digitally encoding a picture sequence, wherein the frames of said picture sequence are arranged in macroblocks containing pixel blocks and the frames are encoded in bi-directionally-predictive and predictive and/or intra coding types denoted B, P and I, respectively, and wherein adaptively, for the purpose of overall bit rate control, a specific frame target number of bits is assigned to each one of these coding types, and wherein said overall bit rate control includes a frame-layer rate control and a macroblock-layer rate control which macroblock-layer rate control selects macroblock quantisation parameters, said method including the steps:
         assigning a target number of bits to anchor frames only, or to each group of frames consisting of a single anchor frame and at least one non-anchor frame;   coding anchor frames using macroblock-layer rate control by adaptive macroblock quantisation parameters, and coding non-anchor frames without macroblock-layer rate control by using fixed macroblock quantisation parameters.       

     In principle the inventive encoding apparatus is suited for digitally encoding a picture sequence, wherein the frames of said picture sequence are arranged in macroblocks containing pixel blocks and the frames are encoded in bi-directionally-predictive and predictive and/or intra coding types denoted B, P and I, respectively, and wherein adaptively, for the purpose of overall bit rate control, a specific frame target number of bits is assigned to each one of these coding types, and wherein said overall bit rate control includes a frame-layer rate control and a macroblock-layer rate control which macroblock-layer rate control selects macroblock quantisation parameters, said apparatus including:
         means for assigning a target number of bits to anchor frames only, or to each group of frames consisting of a single anchor frame and at least one non-anchor frame;   means for coding anchor frames using macroblock-layer rate control by adaptive macroblock quantisation parameters, and for coding non-anchor frames without macroblock-layer rate control by using fixed macroblock quantisation parameters.       

     In principle, the inventive decoding method is related to digitally decoding an encoded picture sequence, wherein the frames of said picture sequence are arranged in macroblocks containing pixel blocks and the frames were encoded in bi-directionally-predictive and predictive and/or intra coding types denoted B, P and I, respectively, and wherein adaptively, for the purpose of overall bit rate control, a specific frame target number of bits was assigned to each one of these coding types, and wherein said overall bit rate control included a frame-layer rate control and a macro-block-layer rate control which macroblock-layer rate control had selected macroblock quantisation parameters,
         wherein a target number of bits was assigned to anchor frames only, or to each group of frames consisting of a single anchor frame and at least one non-anchor frame,   and wherein anchor frames were coded using macroblock-layer rate control by adaptive macroblock quantisation parameters, and non-anchor frames were coded without macro-block-layer rate control by using fixed macroblock quantisation parameters,   said method including the step of:   decoding said anchor frames using correspondingly adaptive macroblock quantisation parameters, and decoding said non-anchor frames using fixed macroblock quantisation parameters.       

     Advantageous additional embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the respective dependent claims. 
    
    
     
       DRAWING 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawing, which show in: 
         FIG. 1  Block diagram of an inventive encoder, including the inventive coder control by a corresponding control stage. 
     
    
    
     EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     In  FIG. 1  an input video signal IVS is fed to a subtractor  11 , to a first input of a motion estimation stage  18  and to a coder controller  10 . The coding is based on frames FRM which are split or partitioned into macroblocks MB each containing e.g. 16*16 luminance pixels arranged in e.g. 4 luminance pixel blocks, and corresponding chrominance pixel blocks. The output of subtractor  11  passes through a transform, scaling and quantisation stage  12  and a scaling, (corresponding) inverse quantisation and (corresponding) inverse transformation stage  13  to an adder  14 . Said transform is preferably a DCT transform on pixel blocks. The quantised transform coefficients QTC coming from stage  12  are also fed to an entropy encoding stage  19 . The output of adder  14  passes via an optional de-blocking filter  15  to a (macroblock-based) motion compensation stage  17  and to a second in-put of (macroblock-based) motion estimation stage  18 , thereby providing a decoded output video signal DOVS. Motion compensation stage  17  receives the required motion data MD, e.g. (macroblock-based) motion vectors, from stage  18 . Stage  17  and/or stage  18  contain at least one picture memory. Either the output of motion compensation stage  17  or the out-put of an intra-frame prediction stage  16  is fed via a switch SW to the subtracting input of subtractor  11  and to a second input of adder  14 . Coder controller  10  controls stages  12 ,  13 ,  16 ,  17 ,  18  and switch SW. Corresponding control data CD and the motion data MD output from stage  18  are also fed to entropy encoding stage  19  in which the data are entropy encoded, including e.g. VLC (variable length encoding) and side information multiplexing and possibly error protection, leading to an encoded output video signal EOVS to be transmitted or transferred. Stages  13  to  17  together represent a decoder, i.e. the encoder includes a decoder operation. 
     A high-level global rate control processing assigns, using coder controller  10 , a number of target bits {circumflex over (R)} Group-BP  (or {circumflex over (R)} Group-I ) for each group of frames that consists of an anchor frame coded as P frame (in H.264 also B frame) or I frame and several non-anchor frames, e.g. a ‘B . . . BP’ or ‘B . . . BI’ group for the classical B frame case, whereby such group may also include one B frame only instead of several B frames. The high-level global rate control must take care that {circumflex over (R)} Group-BP  or {circumflex over (R)} Group-I  are set such that a nearly constant video quality is achieved in the encoded output video signal EOVS and in the correspondingly decoded video signal in a decoder, respectively. This can be achieved by controlling the image quality (e.g. in terms of the mean squared error) or the average quantisation parameter of already coded anchor frames. 
     The inventive rate control for the anchor and non-anchor frames inside a group of one anchor and several non-anchor frames uses two weighting factors, f Group-BP  and f Group-I , which are adaptively controlled during the encoding of a video sequence. These factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I  specify the estimated ratios of the number of bits used (denoted R NA ) for encoding a non-anchor frame to the number R A-BP  of bits required for encoding an anchor frame if it is coded as P/B-frames, or R A-I  if it is coded as I-frame: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 f 
                 
                   Group 
                   - 
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               = 
               
                 
                   R 
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     DEFINITIONS 
     A current frame is called an ‘anchor frame’ if all frames that were previously encoded before this current frame pre-cede it in display order. 
     A current frame is called a ‘non-anchor frame’ if there exists at least one previously encoded frame that follows the current frame in display order. 
     Initialisation 
     For initialisation, at the beginning of a sequence the factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I  are set, e.g. by controller  10 , to pre-defined values, e.g. 
                 f     Group   -   BP       =     1   2       ,       f     Group   -   I       =       1   10     .             
Determining the Target Rate Anchor Frames
 
     Given the number of target bits {circumflex over (R)} Group-BP  (or {circumflex over (R)} Group-I ) for a group of an anchor and several non-anchor frames, these factors are used in controller  10  for assigning the frame tar-get {circumflex over (R)} A-BP  (or {circumflex over (R)} A-I ) for the anchor frame coded as P/B-frame (or I-frame) inside the group:
         Anchor frame is coded as P/B-frame:       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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             Anchor frame is coded as I-frame: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     N NA  (with N NA ≧0) denotes the number of non-anchor frames inside the regarded group of frames. The corresponding anchor frame is encoded using an accurate macroblock-layer rate-control with the target rate of {circumflex over (R)} A-BP  (or {circumflex over (R)} A-I ) respectively. 
     If the anchor frame is coded as a pair of field pictures, the local rate-control will distribute the frame target rate among the two field pictures. 
     Encoding Non-Anchor Frames 
     The non-anchor frames of a group of an anchor frame and several-non-anchor frames are encoded using a fixed quantisation step size of Q NA ≈1.2·  Q A   , where  Q A    denotes the average quantisation step size that was used for encoding the anchor frame of the corresponding group of one anchor and several non-anchor frames. This leads to the following relationships for the quantisation parameters QP:
         MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4: QP NA =max(round(1.2·  QP A   ), QP max ),   JVT/H.264: QP NA =max(round(2+  QP A   ), QP max ) where QP max  denotes the maximum quantisation parameter that is supported by the syntax. Note that the non-anchor frames are transmitted after the corresponding anchor frame, although they are displayed first.
 
Model Update After Encoding
       

     After a group of an anchor frame and several non-anchor frames has been encoded completely, the weighting factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I  are updated in controller  10  if the number of encoded non-anchor pictures is greater than zero. First, a weighting factor for the just encoded group (with continuously increasing index n Group-BP  or n Group-I ) is determined by
         Anchor frame is P/B-frame:       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                     f   ~       Group   -   I       ⁡     (     n     Group   -   I       )       =       1       N   NA     ·     R     A   -   I           ·       ∑     k   =   1       N   NA       ⁢       R   NA     ⁡     (   k   )             ,         
with R NA (k) being the number of used bits for the k-th non-anchor frame inside the group, and R A-BP  and R A-I  being the number of bits used for encoding the anchor frames as P/B-frame and as I-frame, respectively.
 
     The weighting factors, which will be used for determining the target fraction of the bit budget used for the anchor frame of following groups, are calculated in controller  10  as an average value for the last e.g. five encoded groups of one anchor frame and a non-zero number of non-anchor frames:
         Anchor frame is P/B-frame:       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     The fundamental difference to other frame-layer rate control strategies is that the weighting factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I  are used only for estimating a reasonable target number of bits for the anchor frame inside a group of one anchor and several non-anchor frames. The quality as well as the number of bits used for encoding the non-anchor frames is only determined by the average quantisation parameter QP of the corresponding anchor frame. Thus, a fairly constant video quality is achieved while the number of bits used for encoding non-anchor frames can vary. 
     Usage of a Single Weighting Factor 
     Especially if Intra frames are coded rarely, it is appropriate that both weighting factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I  are updated at the same time. This can be carried out by combining the inventive features with the above-mentioned high-level rate control, which sets the target rates {circumflex over (R)} BP  and {circumflex over (R)} BI  for the ‘B . . . BP’ and ‘B . . . BI’ groups of pictures. As an example, it is assumed that the high-level rate control assigns the target rates {circumflex over (R)} Group-BP  and {circumflex over (R)} Group-I  by using an adaptively controlled weighting factor f BP-I , which specifies the estimated bit-rate ratio of anchor frames coded as P/B-frames and anchor frames coded as I-frames (f BP-I =R A-BP /R A-I ) suitable for constant-quality encoding. The target rates {circumflex over (R)} Group-BP  and {circumflex over (R)} Group-I  are set by exploiting 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     This leads to the following relationship between the two weighting factors f Group-BP  and f Group-I : 
     
       
         
           
             
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     The correspondingly inverse steps are carried out in a corresponding decoding of the encoded picture sequence.