Patent Publication Number: US-11659375-B2

Title: System and method for call management

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/448,610, filed Sep. 23, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/509,296, filed Jul. 11, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,153,737, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/958,186, filed Apr. 20, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,425,799, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/436,484, filed Feb. 17, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,992,655, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/794,780 filed Jul. 8, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,838,858, which claims priority under 35 USC 119 from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/021,709 filed on Jul. 8, 2014, titled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CALL MANAGEMENT, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to communication systems and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to a call handling and routing associated with an urgent or emergency call. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     With the explosive growth in mobile devices, many people are initiating call related to urgent or emergency services using a wireless device or mobile phone. As such, the information associated with the caller or the location of the caller needs to be accurately identified. Current approaches do not provide an accurate location or often fails to provide sufficient information regarding the location. Therefore what is needed is a system and method that provides as much information as possible about a caller and the location of the caller to the emergency call handler. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A system and method are provided in accordance with the various aspects of the invention that provide information regarding a caller and a call location to the urgent or emergency call handler, which call may be referred to as a distress call. The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. The inventive techniques and concepts described herein apply to wireless communications systems including the radio access systems of GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced, IEEE 802 (WiFi, WiMAN, WiMAX), Bluetooth, UWB and NFC. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the various aspects and embodiments of the invention, the drawings shown exemplary constructions of the aspects of the invention. However, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed in the drawings, which are as follows: 
         FIG.  1    shows a device within a wireless environment in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG.  2    shows functional elements of a device in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG.  3    shows a flow process that includes steps in initiating a call and routing the call in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG.  4    shows a flow process for delivering a message in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG.  5    shows a flow process that includes steps in initiating a call and routing the call to simulating a landline in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG.  6    shows a flow process that includes steps in initiating a call and routing the call to a call handler and a third party in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Illustrative embodiments as found in the various aspects of the invention are disclosed with reference to the figures, wherein like numerals refer to like features. Wireless devices have evolved in both operation and form-factors, converging the personal computer (PC) with the cellular phone, pager, and other communications devices. Besides communications functions (e.g. Voice Telephony, Short-message-service (SMS), Multi-media Messaging Service (MMS), TCP/IP data connectivity) and upgraded general processing power, sensors have been added to the wireless device. For instance, a wireless device (e.g. a smartphone, feature phone, netbook, Personal Digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer or PC with wireless LAN capability) may include:
         Camera/Video functions;   Location data (Satellite-based);   Location data (Mobile-based);   Location data (Network-based);   Motion data (e.g. compass, accelerometer);   Capacitive Sensors;   Address Book, Contacts lists, recent called/emailed data; and   Application specific sensing, reading and monitoring capabilities.       

     Referring now to  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  2   , based on the various aspects of the invention, illustrates a block diagram of a wireless device  10 , which may also be a mobile telephone or a mobile terminal. It should be understood, however, that the wireless device  10 , as illustrated and hereinafter described, is merely illustrative of one type of wireless device and/or mobile device that would benefit from embodiments of the invention and, therefore, should not be taken to limit the scope of embodiments of the invention. While several aspects and embodiments of the wireless and mobile device are illustrated and will be hereinafter described for purposes of example, other types of mobile terminals, such as portable digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, mobile televisions, gaming devices, laptop computers, cameras, video recorders, audio/video player, radio, GPS devices, or any combination of the aforementioned, and other types of voice and text communications systems, can readily employ aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
     The wireless device  10 , as shown in  FIG.  2   , includes a processor module  200  and a memory module  202 . Additionally, In accordance with some aspects of the invention, the wireless device  10  also includes a GPS module or chip  204  that is in communication with a GPS system or satellite. In accordance with some further aspects of the invention, the wireless device  10  includes a Wi-Fi communication module  206  capable of communicating with a nearby Wi-Fi access point or hotspot. In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the wireless device  10  includes a Bluetooth communication module  208  capable of initiating a Bluetooth communication session when a nearby Bluetooth beacon is detected. In accordance with aspects of the invention, the wireless device  10  also includes a display or touch screen  210  that is in communication with the processor module  200 . 
     In addition, while several embodiments of the method of the invention are performed or used by a wireless device  10 , the method may be employed by other than a mobile terminal. Moreover, while the system and method of embodiments of the invention will be primarily described in conjunction with mobile communications applications, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the system and method of embodiments of the invention can be utilized in conjunction with a variety of other applications, both in the mobile communications industries and outside of the mobile communications industries. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  1   , the wireless device  10  includes an antenna  12  (or multiple antennae) in operable connection or communication with a transmitter  14  and a receiver  16  in accordance with one aspect of the invention. In accordance with other aspects of the invention, the transmitter  14  and the receiver  16  may be part of a transceiver  15 . The wireless device  10  may further include an apparatus, such as a controller  20  or other processing element, which provides signals to and receives signals from the transmitter  14  and receiver  16 , respectively. The signals include signaling information in accordance with the air interface standard of the applicable cellular system, and also user speech, received data and/or user generated data. In this regard, the wireless device  10  is capable of operating with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3    a process of sending a message to an urgent or emergency call handler is shown. The process is initiated, in accordance with some aspects of the invention, through a touch screen or display of the wireless device  10 . The user initiates the process by pressing an icon or some specific location on the screen of the wireless device  10 . The wireless device  10  sends a message, such as an SMS message, to a dispatcher or call handler. The dispatcher may also receive a call that is related to or associated with the message being delivered to the call handler. The message sent to the dispatcher or call handler may include information about the location of the caller. 
     For example, in accordance with the aspects of the invention, the message includes the location of the wireless device  10  based on or relative to a map. The dispatcher&#39;s system or computer runs an application or program that can receive the message, then the message is received by the dispatcher and the location of the wireless device  10  is shown on the map. Once the request from the wireless device  10  is initiated, identify information about the caller is retrieved from the memory of the wireless device  10 . Additional information, in accordance with some aspects of the invention, including location and identity and coordinates is sent to the dispatcher&#39;s system from the wireless device  10 . The call is initiated with the dispatcher and the dispatcher or call handler receives that call as well as the location and identity information. In accordance with some aspects of the invention, the caller&#39;s location is referenced with respect to a landmark or well known address. For example, the location is in relation to another object such as a landmark or address as “the caller is 100 feet north of the Statue of Liberty.” Thus, there are several aspects of the invention that relate to providing location information or locating the caller and the scope of the invention is not limited thereby. 
     As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, the information may be sent, in accordance with the aspects of the invention, from the wireless device  10  to a remote location that collects the information associated with the initiation of the message and the wireless device  10  and send that in the form of a message to the dispatcher&#39;s system. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4   , a process is shown for initiating a call. This time the message is delayed by an application running on the wireless device  10  while the application on the wireless device  10  searches for location information based on nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth based networks, as well as GPS location information. The application can then add the additional information, as outlined below, to the message in the form of information or an SMS message. 
     The additional information, in accordance with some aspects of the invention, may include coordinates that are transformed into a local address via a database that is associated with the nearest Wi-Fi/Bluetooth network&#39;s physical location. This will help provide a higher degree of location information to the call handler. In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the SMS that is sent may include additional information, including the nature or reason for the call. In accordance with some aspects of the invention, the additional information includes specific information regarding the user. For example, the wireless devices  10  may have personal medical information for the caller, in the instance that the caller is the person in need of a medical assistance. In accordance with other aspects, the wireless device may include information—medical and non-medical—collected about the person in need of medical assistance. For example, the wireless device  10  may have captured a photo or a video—associated with the emergency situation or the location—that is provided as part of the additional information. In accordance with additional aspects of the invention the wireless device  10  can provide any other medical information or identifying information to allow the responder to better prepare for responding and easily locate or spot the message sender. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , in accordance with some aspects of the invention, a call is initiated through the touch screen of the wireless device  10  using a quick access simple tap or button selection. The call is delayed by the wireless device while the application on the device searches for location information based on nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth based networks, as well as GPS location information. The application adds the additional information, as outlined in  FIG.  5   , to the call details. The additional information, in accordance with some aspects of the invention, may include coordinates that are transformed into a local address via a database that stores lookup information that is associated with the nearest Wi-Fi/Bluetooth network&#39;s physical location. This additional information is provided to the call handler such that the call handler detects a call and can retrieve address information that was written to the emergency database associated with this call before the call was routed to the call handler. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6   , in accordance with some aspects of the invention, a call is initiated through the touch screen of the wireless device  10  using a tap or button selection features on the touch screen for the purpose of initiating the call. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the access button may be designed to initiate both an emergency call and a call to a location&#39;s private security. In accordance with other aspects and feature of the embodiments of the invention, there may be provided separate call initiation features on the touch screen that each provide a call to a respective call handler, with one being for 911 emergency call and the other being for a private call handler for help that does not rise to the level of 911 emergencies, such as assistance with automobile failure or other similar forms of help. 
     Once the call is initiated, the application on the wireless device  10  delays the call while the application on the wireless device  10  searches for location information based on nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth based networks, as well as GPS location information. The application adds the additional information, as outlined in  FIG.  5   , to the call details. The additional information, in accordance with some aspects of the invention, may include coordinates that are transformed into a local address via a database that stores lookup information associated with the nearest Wi-Fi/Bluetooth network&#39;s physical location. This additional information is provided to the call handler, such that the call handler detects a call and can retrieve address information that was written to the emergency database associated with this call before the call was routed to the call handler. The call handler may receive the information in text form, on a display, as a text-to-speech file, or any other format that is required by the call handler. Once the information associated with the call is provided, the user is then bridged onto the call with the dispatcher. 
     In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the call that is initiated by the user at the touch screen may be routed to a remote server or location and any or all of the features performed at the wireless device  10 , as outlined above, may be handled off the wireless device  10  by the remote location. Thus, when a request is received via user input on the touchscreen of the wireless device  10 , this initiates the processor to look up in memory what to execute. The application and the user setting, in accordance with the various aspects of the invention, determine if the executed software application initiates the process of determining the smartphone&#39;s location or if that function is passed on to a remote server or location. For example, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, the GPS chipset  204  approximates position by continuously receiving the signal of the nearest satellites and then comparing signal strength. This provides initial latitude and longitudinal coordinates of the wireless device  10 . In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the latitude and longitudinal coordinates are refined as the Wi-Fi radio processes the broadcast signal of the nearest access points. By comparing the relative strength of the nearby access point&#39;s signals to the known location of the access points, via software, a more accurate position is obtained. This further refines the given latitude and longitude coordinates. 
     In accordance with further aspects of the invention, if there is a nearby Bluetooth beacon, which is uniquely registered to a specific location or address, then that location is used to further enhance the location information for the initiated call and it is sent to the call handlers or emergency responders. If not, the Wi-Fi refined longitude and latitude GPS components are referenced against a database via an application programming interface to produce an identifiable address (reverse geo-coding). 
     Referring again to  FIG.  4   , in accordance with the various aspects of the invention, the address, either from the Bluetooth network or Wi-Fi refined GPS lookup, is then added to or inserted, by the software, into a programmatically created short message (SMS) along with user&#39;s name and a standard message. This programmatically created SMS is then sent to 911, dispatcher, call handler, and/or the emergency services, unless the user cancels the alert during the built in delay timer. 
     By way of illustration, the wireless device  10  is capable of operating in accordance with any of a number of first, second, third and/or fourth-generation communication protocols or the like. For example, the wireless device  10  may be capable of operating in accordance with second-generation (2G) wireless communication protocols IS-136 (time division multiple access (TDMA)), GSM (global system for mobile communication), and IS-95 (code division multiple access (CDMA)), or with third-generation (3G) wireless communication protocols, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), CDMA2000, wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and time division-synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), with fourth-generation (4G) wireless communication protocols or the like. 
     As an alternative (or additionally), the wireless device  10  may be capable of operating in accordance with non-cellular communication mechanisms. For example, the wireless device  10  may be capable of communication in a wireless local area network (WLAN) or other communication networks. The wireless device  10  can also have multiple networking capabilities including nomadic wired tethering, local-area-network transceivers (e.g. IEEE802 Wi-Fi), wide-area-network transceivers (IEEE 802.16 WiMAN/WiMAX, cellular data transceivers, (e.g. LTE) and short-range, data-only wireless protocols such as Ultra-wide-band (UWB), Bluetooth, RFID, Near-field-communications (NFC), etc. 
     A single site location based on the geographic location of the wireless network transmission antenna and the beacon ID (e.g. BTS ID, Cell ID, SSID) may be developed either by the wireless device  10 , the remote location or the network; use of timing information of the signal path between the wireless device  10  and network may allow enhancement of the single site location. Using several beacon identities and power levels potentially may increase accuracy over a single site location using a power-difference-of-arrival technique. 
     Databases of beacon identifiers, beacon power levels, and network transmitter geographical locations may be uploaded to the wireless device  10  allowing for use of the aforementioned techniques using just the passive receiver(s) of the wireless device  10 . A transmission (or series of transmissions) from the wireless device  10  is enough to localize a transmitter. An interaction of the wireless device  10  with the network where identifiers either physical (e.g. Electronic Serial Number, Media Access Control (MAC) address); or virtual (e.g. Temporary Mobile Station Identifier (TMSI) or IP address) can allow both localization and identification of the wireless device  10 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  1    and now to  FIG.  2   , in accordance with the aspects of the invention, an exemplary instance of a system is shown. It is understood that the apparatus, such as the controller  20 , may include circuitry desirable for implementing audio and logic functions of the wireless device  10 . For example, the controller  20  may include a digital signal processor device, a microprocessor device, and various analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters, and other support circuits including digital signal processors. Control and signal processing functions of the wireless device  10  are allocated between these devices according to their respective capabilities and design. The controller  20  may also include the functionality to convolutionally encode and interleave message and data prior to modulation and transmission. The controller  20  can additionally include an internal voice coder, and may include an internal data modem. Further, the controller  20  may include functionality to operate one or more software programs, which may be stored in memory. For example, the controller  20  may be capable of operating a connectivity program, such as a conventional Web browser. The connectivity program may then allow the wireless device  10  to transmit and receive Web content, such as location-based content and/or other web page content, according to a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and/or the like, for example. 
     The wireless device  10  may also comprise a user interface including an output device such as a conventional earphone or speaker  24 , a ringer  22 , a microphone  26 , a display or touch screen  28 , and a user input interface, all of which are coupled to the controller  20 . The user input interface, which allows the wireless device  10  to receive data, may include any of a number of devices allowing the wireless device  10  to receive data, such as a keypad  30 , a touch display (not shown) or other input device. In embodiments including the keypad  30 , the keypad  30  may include the conventional numeric (0-9) and related keys (#, *), and other hard and soft keys used for operating the wireless device  10 . Alternatively, the keypad  30  may include a conventional QWERTY keypad arrangement. The keypad  30  may also include various soft keys with associated functions. In addition, or alternatively, the wireless device  10  may include an interface device such as a joystick or other user input interface. The wireless device  10  further includes a battery  34 , such as a vibrating battery pack, for powering various circuits that are required to operate the wireless device  10 , as well as optionally providing mechanical vibration as a detectable output. 
     The wireless device  10  may further include a user identity module (UIM)  42 . The UIM  42  is typically a memory device having a processor built in. The UIM  42  may include, for example, a subscriber identity module (SIM), a universal integrated circuit card (UICC), a universal subscriber identity module (USIM), a removable user identity module (R-UIM), etc. The UIM  42  typically stores information elements related to a mobile subscriber. In addition to the UIM  42 , the wireless device  10  may be equipped with memory. For example, the wireless device  10  may include volatile memory  40 , such as volatile Random Access Memory (RAM) including a cache area for the temporary storage of data. The wireless device  10  may also include other non-volatile memory  38 , which can be embedded and/or may be removable. The non-volatile memory  38  can additionally or alternatively comprise an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or the like. The memories can store any of a number of pieces of information, and data, used by the wireless device  10  to implement the functions of the wireless device  10 . For example, the memories can include an identifier, such as an international mobile equipment identification (IMEI) code, capable of uniquely identifying the wireless device  10 . Furthermore, the memories may store instructions for determining cell id information. Specifically, the memories may store an application program for execution by the controller  20 , which determines an identity of the current cell, i.e., cell id identity or cell id information, with which the wireless device  10  is in communication. 
     Although not every element of every possible mobile network is shown and described herein, it should be appreciated that the wireless device  10  may be coupled to one or more of any of a number of different networks through a base station (not shown). In this regard, the network(s) may be capable of supporting communication in accordance with any one or more of a number of first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), 2.5G, third-generation (3G), 3.9G, fourth-generation (4G) mobile communication protocols or the like. For example, one or more of the network(s) can be capable of supporting communication in accordance with 2G wireless communication protocols IS-136 (TDMA), GSM, and IS-95 (CDMA). Also, for example, one or more of the network(s) can be capable of supporting communication in accordance with 2.5G wireless communication protocols GPRS, Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), or the like. Further, for example, one or more of the network(s) can be capable of supporting communication in accordance with 3G wireless communication protocols such as a UMTS network employing WCDMA radio access technology. Some narrow-band analog mobile phone service (NAMPS), as well as total access communication system (TACS), network(s) may also benefit from embodiments of the invention, as should dual or higher mode mobile stations (e.g., digital/analog or TDMA/CDMA/analog phones). 
     The wireless device  10  can further be coupled to one or more wireless access points (APs) (not shown). The APs may comprise access points configured to communicate with the wireless device  10  in accordance with techniques such as, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IrDA) or any of a number of different wireless networking techniques, including WLAN techniques such as IEEE 802.11 (e.g., 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, etc.), world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) techniques such as IEEE 802.16, and/or wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) techniques such as IEEE 802.15, BlueTooth (BT), ultra wideband (UWB) and/or the like. The APs may be coupled to the Internet (not shown). The APs can be directly coupled to the Internet. In accordance with other aspects of the invention, the APs are indirectly coupled to the Internet. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the BS may be considered as another AP. As will be appreciated, by directly or indirectly connecting the wireless devices  10  to the Internet, the wireless device  10  can communicate with other devices, a computing system, etc., to thereby carry out various functions of the wireless device  10 , such as to transmit data, content or the like to, and/or receive content, data or the like from other devices. As used herein, the terms “data,” “content,” “information” and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to data capable of being transmitted, received and/or stored in accordance with the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. Thus, use of any such terms should not be taken to limit the spirit and scope of embodiments of the invention. 
     Although not shown, the wireless device  10  may communicate in accordance with, for example, RF, BT, IrDA or any of a number of different wireline or wireless communication techniques, including LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, UWB techniques and/or the like. One or more of the computing systems that are in communication with the wireless device  10  can additionally, or alternatively, include a removable memory capable of storing content, which can thereafter be transferred to the wireless device  10 . Further, the wireless device  10  can be coupled to one or more electronic devices, such as displays, printers, digital projectors and/or other multimedia capturing, producing and/or storing devices (e.g., other terminals). Furthermore, it should be understood that embodiments of the invention may be resident on a communication device such as the wireless device  10 , or may be resident on a network device or other device accessible to the wireless device  10 . 
     In accordance with the various aspects of the invention, the wireless device  10  includes on board location systems. While the on-board location systems (e.g. Global-Navigation-Satellite-System Receivers (GNSS)) may be used to develop a location estimate for the wireless device  10 , the location of a wireless device  10  may be determined from the interaction (i.e. radio messaging) between the wires device  10  and the network (e.g. cellular system, WiMAN, WiMAX, WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC). 
     The true scope the invention is not limited to the various aspects of the invention or presently preferred embodiments disclosed herein and indeed could be applied to any reprogrammable remote sensing or other computing device with a wireless communications facility. For example, the foregoing disclosure of a presently preferred embodiment of the Intelligent Access Control System uses explanatory terms, such as mobile device, cellular system and wireless local area network and the like, which should not be construed so as to limit the scope of protection of the following claims, or to otherwise imply that the inventive aspects of the intelligent access control system are limited to the particular methods and apparatus disclosed. Moreover, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, many of the inventive aspects disclosed herein are based on software applications and operating systems running on generic hardware processing platforms. These functional entities are, in essence, programmable data collection, analysis, and storage devices that could take a variety of forms without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. In many cases, the place of implementation (i.e., the functional element) described herein is merely a designer&#39;s preference and not a hard requirement. Accordingly, except as they may be expressly so limited, the scope of protection of the following claims is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments described above. 
     It is noted that, as used in this description, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Reference throughout this specification to “one aspect,” “another aspect,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “certain embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular aspect, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in at least one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” “in certain embodiments,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. 
     It will be apparent that various aspects of the invention as related to certain embodiments may be implemented in software, hardware, application logic, or a combination of software, hardware, and application logic. The software, application logic and/or hardware may reside on a server, an electronic device, or be a service. If desired, part of the software, application logic and/or hardware may reside on an electronic device and part of the software, application logic and/or hardware may reside on a remote location, such as server. 
     In accordance with the teaching of the invention and certain embodiments, a program or code may be noted as running on a computing device. A computing device is an article of manufacture. Examples of an article of manufacture include: a server, a mainframe computer, a mobile telephone, a multimedia-enabled smartphone, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, a personal computer, a laptop, or other special purpose computer each having one or more processors (e.g., a Central Processing Unit, a Graphical Processing Unit, or a microprocessor) that is configured to execute a computer readable program code (e.g., an algorithm, hardware, firmware, and/or software) to receive data, transmit data, store data, or perform methods. The article of manufacture (e.g., computing device) includes a non-transitory computer readable medium having a series of instructions, such as computer readable program steps encoded therein. In certain embodiments, the non-transitory computer readable medium includes one or more data repositories. The non-transitory computer readable medium includes corresponding computer readable program code and may include one or more data repositories. Processors access the computer readable program code encoded on the corresponding non-transitory computer readable mediums and execute one or more corresponding instructions. 
     Other hardware and software components and structures are also contemplated. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the invention, representative illustrative methods and materials are now described. 
     All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or system in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. 
     All statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. The scope of the invention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit of invention is embodied by the appended claims.