Patent Publication Number: US-2017365239-A1

Title: Practical solution to the problem of tension equalization in wire tensioned around drums and objects, wire end securing knots and devices, and the protracted time in wire replacement and tensioning.

Description:
STRING OVERVIEW 
     All stringed musical instruments require tuning at string replacement, and then continually, in part, due to changes in physical conditions to which an instrument is subjected to. These include ambient air temperature and humidity, heat radiated by musicians contacting their instruments, and external sources such as stage lighting and air-conditioning. Humidity and temperature change causes a musical instrument to expand and contract, thereby shortening or lengthening the vibrating length of the string, resulting in a change in pitch and therefore re-tuning. 
     String properties also affect the stability of musical pitch. Music wire and nylon cord (polyamide) are the two types of materials most used today; gut having been replaced by nylon in the late 1940&#39;s. Strings are either plain or wound. Wound strings are made with a core of music wire or a plurality of nylon filaments. Solid string cores may be round or hex, and are wound under tension with a variety of metal wires including silver plated copper, phosphor-bronze and brass. 
     Strings are visco-elastic and have the following properties. Elasticity is the ability of a string to resist tension and to return to its original size and shape after applied tension is removed. Creep is the tendency of a string to continuously stretch while under constant tension. Stress relaxation is the permanent deformation in length and diameter of a string under constant tension. Visco-elasticity is more pronounced in nylon strings, and it is presumed to be more prevalent in plain strings than wound strings (nylon and steel). 
     In summation, strings are elastic, lose tension (creep) and deform (stress relaxation). With the onset of constant tension (primary stage,) creep rate is high and decreases rapidly with time, it then enters a steady state (secondary stage) where creep is even and low and then is followed by a rapid increase in creep, and finally, fracture (tertiary stage). 
     BACKGROUND—PRIOR ART 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     String Stretch 
     String stretch is a term musicians use when confronting the initial repetitive loss of pitch with newly replaced strings. After a new string is tuned to a musical note, the pitch immediately lowers. To expediate the time it takes for a string to hold a note, a string is pulled by hand from its mid-section over the body of the instrument and then re-tuned. The instrument is strummed vigorously and then re-tuned. These techniques are alternated and repeated many times until the string stretch is less pronounced. The instrument will then require regular re-tunings. String pulling is time consuming. String stretch may last for a day to several months depending on the hours of play and number of re-tunings. String pulling may exceed the designed operating tension of the instrument&#39;s bridge and may put certain instruments at risk to bridge/top joint failure. 
     Tension Equalization 
     Visco-elastic properties of strings partially address the string stretch musicians refer to, but the copious quantity of string stretch goes well beyond the published creep curves for constant loads, creep curves with recovery, and creep curves for linear visco-elasticity, nor does it address plain strings stretching more than wound strings, and nor does it address why vigorous strumming causes a lowering of pitch. 
     Drums 
     In one system, an end of a string is secured without slippage to a tensioning drum, and the other end is secured without slippage to an anchor. As the drum is rotated, slack in the string wraps around the drum without tension. Assuming no slippage between the string and the drum, the tension on the string increases with the rotation of the drum. The string at every point of contact with the drum is at a different tension. In practice, there is some slippage between the string and the drum. The string physically moves on the drum as the initial lower tensioned string wraps equalize with the latter higher tensioned wraps, thereby resulting in an overall reduction in tension of the vibrating portion of the string. This is an example of tension equalization. In summation, tensioning a string around a drum introduces tension equalization with a resultant loss of stable tune. 
     Knots and Anchors 
     In another system, a string is secured to an anchor by a knot. As tension is applied, the string physically moves within the knot until the string to string and string to anchor friction equals the applied tension. Tension increase and creep, cause the diameter of the string to decrease, thereby reducing friction. The distance between two sources of friction within a knot is called a section. As tension is increased in the section of string entering the knot, it overcomes friction and slips. This causes its energy or tension to be transferred to the next section of string within the knot, resulting in a cascade effect. This is another example of tension equalization. In summation, knots and anchors introduce tension equalization and a resultant loss of stable tune. 
     String Length 
     The total string length consumed, in a securing knot about an anchor or in wraps around a drum, has an effect on tension equalization. As a section of string equalizes within a knot or around a drum, its energy or tension is transferred to the next section of string. The length of the next section is of importance because the energy is distributed along that length of string. The shorter that section is, the higher the resultant concentration of energy (tension). Short sections equalize at a faster rate. In summation, knots, anchors, and drums should consume as little string length as possible to speed the process of tension equalization and the arrival of stable string tension and tune. 
     Friction Reduction 
     Wound strings in contact with a smooth surface, have a reduced contact surface patch due to their profile than do like diameter plain strings. This reduction in surface area reduces the friction between the string and the surface, thereby increasing the rate of tension equalization. This answers the question of why wound string ‘stretch’ less than plain strings. 
     Vibration from strings under tension or other sources, reduces string contact pressure intermittently, thereby reducing friction and therefore encouraging an increased rate in tension equalization. This explains why aggressive strumming is used by musicians to expediate the time it takes for a string to hold a note. 
     Haphazard lubrication of frictional surfaces by human sweat and oils, waxes, polishes and natural wood oils, injects another variable to the frictional component of tension equalization. Factors that reduce friction, increase tension equalization. In summation, a) increase in friction reduces the rate of tension equalization, b) decrease in friction increases the rate of tension equalization c) friction is a fundamental component of tension equalization. 
     Conclusion 
     Tension equalization is a factor in initial and continual repetitive loss of wire tension in machinery, apparatus, and stringed musical instruments. Visco-elastic properties of wires and strings are a lessor factor in the aforementioned equation. 
     Tension equalization occurs randomly throughout an instrument&#39;s string path, and results in a loss of relative tuning between the strings. Tension equalization interferes with vibrato devices, string bending, finger vibrato, vigorous strumming, flamenco golpe (tapping) and slapping, and loss of relative pitch after temperature and humidity change. A solution to the problem of tension equalization will improve the stability of tensioning methods and the playability of stringed musical instruments. 
     Down Force 
       FIG. 16B  may be referenced for the overall shape of a traditional bridge.  FIG. 17A  depicts a traditional bridge and saddle in cross-section which will be under discussion. The down force arrow  423 , represents the position of the direct string path from saddle to string hole entry  417  into the tie-block  407   b.  The saddle is physically coupled to the bridge which is physically coupled to the top or sound board. Vibrational energy of the strings is transferred through this coupling to the sound board, thereby exciting air molecules which are perceived as sound. The greater the angle of the string, bending over the saddle, the larger the saddle down force and the resulting volume of the instrument. In summary, the greater the saddle down force, the greater the volume and efficiency of the instrument. 
     PriorArt Discussion 
     Lowe U.S. Pat. No. 3,830,132, offers a tuner without drum tuning, utilizing a linear piston to tension the string. The string is secured by a drum with a slot to retain the string end. The string is positioned in this slot and wrapped around the drum, thereby introducing a source of unwanted tension equalization. The string end running out of the slot is fatigued by bending back and forth until separated. This is not a prudent method of cutting a string and there is some chance of injuring one&#39;s self. The string attachment and cutting is time consuming. The string transition into the tuner is over an outwardly projected shoulder, which adds a frictional component which introduces tension equalization. The total length of piston travel appears to be insufficient to tune all string types to concert pitch, and the problem is compounded by tension equalization at the drum. 
     Caruth U.S. Pat. No. 4,674,387, offers a linear tuner utilizing a 2:1 pulley system which requires twice the piston travel, twice the string length, twice the button rotations and twice the time. The resultant embodiments are large and ungainly. The string securing method range from a lever mechanism, that could be accidently knocked and released, to a series of clamping screw systems which requires a screw driver. Strings can fracture when clamped by a rotating body. One embodiment, having an undersized thumb screw, requires the string to be wrapped around a drum, cut off with a tool, and then held by hand to prevent the string from unwinding while the thumb screw is tightened. Holding a sharp cut wire by finger and/or thumb while tightening a thumb screw down onto them is not practical and is time consuming. 
     Steinberger U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,708, has a linear tuner with a short piston travel. Insufficient piston excursion experienced while tuning, requires complete tension release and re-clamping of the string end while it is under tension. This is difficult and usually requires pliers to grip and pull the short string end before re-clamping. The string is then re-tuned to pitch. The aforementioned exercise is frustrating and time consuming. The string clamp knob requires a pair of pliers in practice or other tool to tighten appropriately. The flange portion includes a bearing surface for transitioning the string into the tuner, which induces tension equalization and tuning problems. A 40:1 tuning ratio requires more than twice the button rotations and twice the time to tension a string to pitch. 
     Smith U.S. Pat. No. 1,498,487, Frederick U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,887, and Gonzalez U.S. Pat. No. 8,952,231, have tuners with ratchet assemblies offering a 1:1 course tuning method. The drawback of these designs is the use of drums for string take up with no means to compensate for tension equalization. Smith and Frederick have no string affixing means to rid the designs of one or more knots. Frederick&#39;s design is also complex and expensive to manufacture. Gonzales course tuning system requires separate tools for clamping a string and setting course tension. Course tension has to be held manually with a tool while another tool tightens the set screw. Smith&#39;s embodiment has a small diameter course tensioning knob which will be difficult for most users and impossible for some to rotate while under tension. Frederick&#39;s embodiment has a larger course tuning knob that may aid in its rotation, but will be difficult for most. Smith&#39;s and Frederick&#39;s design&#39;s are overly large due to the ratchet and pawl assembly being external of the gear train. 
       FIG. 9A  depicts a traditional and ubiquitous prior art tuner that has been installed on millions of instruments. Installation requires two different diameter holes to be bored in the headstock. The headstock is sandwiched between the body of the tuner and a thrust washer which is secured with a nut. The drum has a hole to receive a string end to be tied with a knot, thereby introducing tension equalization in two areas, the knot and the drum. 
       FIG. 11A  depicts a traditional and ubiquitous prior art classical guitar tuner that also has been installed on millions of classical and flamenco guitars. The worm and worm gear are exposed in this design. The tuner mechanism is installed on a plate having standardized spacing. The tuner assembly is large and heavy, and requires a large, heavy and complex headstock, with resultant extensive fabrication. A lighter headstock exerts less weight on the fingering hand of some musicians. The drum has a hole to receive a string end which is tied with a knot, thereby introducing tension equalization in two areas, the knot and the drum. 
       FIG. 17A  is a prior art cross-section of a traditional and ubiquitous bridge design installed on millions of classical and flamenco guitars. The string path includes  9  locations where tension equalization is introduced. The areas specifically are, over the bridge  416 , string hole entry  417 , string hole exit  418 , over clamped string end  422 , transition to top of tie-block  419 , off tie block  420 , around down force string  421 , back on to tie block  420 , and finally, transition to the clamping surface  419 . A disadvantage of this old design is the multiple points of induced tension equalization. Another disadvantage is the reduction of saddle down force caused by the string wrapping around the down force string  421 , thereby reducing the angle of the down force string. The excessive string length behind the saddle to the affixed string end, initiates long term tension equalization. The above mentioned disadvantages result in tuning problems. 
     Gunn U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,388, has an end-stock termination (headless) with a string clamping and cutting device utilizing screw clamps or off-center lever clamps with built in string cutters. The screw clamps will likely need pliers to tighten them appropriately. The clamping arm requires an adjustable screw to be set by a tool to ensure adequate clamping pressure for each string gauge. In practice this arrangement will be troublesome, as the string may skirt off the limited surface area of the set screw while being clamped. Kang U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,287, addresses clamping with a slit drum having a small diameter knob which will probably require pliers. Drum tensioning introduces tension equalization problems. The designs of both Gunn and Kang do not permit a luthiers&#39; artistic license to be expressed in the most prized position on an instrument. The instrument neck termination must be of predetermined shape and size to accommodate their designs. 
     Rochester US Patent 2015/0000501, has a spring lock terminal post as is used on inexpensive speaker terminals. The cap will require one hand to push the button down to align the four string holes without benefit of visual aid, while the other hand inserts the string into the four holes. Required spring tension may also have a tendency to fracture some strings. 
     McCane U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,341, has developed a crank to aid turning the buttons, which requires replacing existing buttons with crank cooperating buttons. A multitude of different button styles, shapes, materials, colors and affixing means would be required to implement McCane&#39;s idea. Musicians may have reservations concerning modification to their instruments. Paul U.S. Pat. No. 3,813,983, has a motorized version of a speed winder. The device is more trouble, than the problem, it proposes to solve. Oudshoorn et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,226 has is an automatic tuning device that is installed on new instruments or is retro-fitted to existing instruments. The design is electronic and mechanical and adds a layer of complexity to non-complex instruments. Acoustic instruments are probably not candidates for this device. 
     Disadvantages of Prior Art 
     To present all the tuners, and end securing means heretofore known suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages:
         a) Linear designs have limited piston travel which may not attain required tension. This problem requires full tension release, re-clamping the end of the string while it is placed under tension, and re-tuning to pitch. This problem is severe, being frustrating and very time consuming.   b) Linear designs may require strings to be reinstalled after creep or deformation. This problem requires full tension release, re-clamping the string end while it is placed under tension, and re-tuning to pitch. Again, this is serious problem.   c) Some linear designs have a bearing surface for transitioning the string into the tuner which introduces tension equalization.   d) Linear designs having ratios up to 40:1 require more than twice the rotations of the button to tune, more than twice the time, and add string length which retards tension equalization.   e) Many worm/worm gear tuners require two different diameter holes to be bored in the headstock for mounting, as well as a screw hole to stop rotational forces exerted by the string under tension.   f) Worm/worm gear tuners use drums and string affixing knots which introduce tension equalization.   g) Worm/worm gear tuners have back lash in the gears which require tuning from below the note.   h) Classical guitar tuner assemblies are large and heavy and they require a large, complex, and heavy headstock, requiring extensive fabrication.   i) String clamping methods on many tuners, require the use of pliers or other tools in practice to enable slip free performance, which may also lead to string fracture.   j) String clamps utilizing screws may lead to string fracture when applied rotational forces are not addressed.   k) Some prior art tuners possessing course tuning capability, have ungainly external ratchet and pawl assemblies. The typically undersized knobs are difficult or impossible to rotate by hand and may require the use of a pair of pliers. Some require a screw driver to course tune.   l) Traditional classical and flamenco guitar bridge designs suffer from introducing tension equalization and have limited saddle down force.   m) Headless termination devices add weight and require an instrument&#39;s end-stock to be of predetermined shape and size.   n) End-stock devices eliminate the headstock, the most prized position for a luthier to take artistic license in his or her marque.   o) Built in electro/mechanical tuning requires permanent alteration to an instrument. The design adds a layer of complexity to non-complex instruments. Tuning function is available only when plugged in and powered.   p) Speed winders, manual and automatic, suffer from being an accessory. Some require an electrical source, and all are required to be with the instrument when needed.       

     SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     In the pursuit of a practical solution to the problem of tension equalization in wire tensioned around drums and objects, knots and wire end securing devices, and the protracted time required in wire removal, replacement and tensioning, many embodiments have been developed. What follows is a summary of a few of those embodiments related to musical instruments, and more specifically guitars. The following descriptions are not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts and features described herein may be practiced. The following descriptions includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. 
     Linear Tuner 
     In accordance with one embodiment, a linear tuner has a cylindrical body comprising a capstan having a selector knob that opens and closes a pair of cylinder jaws via a release actuator. A low friction pulley transitions a string into the cylinder&#39;s axial opening therethrough. A piston with a forward pair of piston jaws is threadedly engaged to a button at the rearward end of the piston and external to the cylinder. The piston is slidably disposed in the cylinder. 
     A string is inserted from the top of the selector knob and extends beyond the end of the button. Rapid course tuning is engaged by rotating the selector knob 180 degrees to pull position. Pulling the button, pulling directly on the string end, or pulling via a tensioning device, tensions the string, and the cylinder jaws hold the resultant tension. To fine-tune, rotate the button to relieve the tension from the cylinder jaws, then place the selector knob back to home position. At string replacement time, a release position permits string removal and replacement to be accomplished in seconds. 
     A tuner having a traditional peg form permits classical and flamenco guitar headstocks to revert to the light weight peg head. The tuner rapidly installs in a single 8 mm hole in the peg head. Further, peg heads have in line of sight positioning of the buttons and a natural hand position during tuning. 
     In summation, a string can be rapidly inserted and automatically affixed, course tuned manually, course tuned by a tensioning device, and fine-tuned conventionally by rotating the button, while eliminating tension equalization derived from securing knots and drums, reducing the protracted time in string replacement, and having traditional dimension, mounting and appearance. 
     Drum Tuner 
     In accordance with another embodiment, a tuner with a body of tradition appearance has a worm that cooperates with a removable button-driver which has an integral tuning socket driver. The driveshaft has a ratchet which is driven by a worm gear and an internal pawl drive. The driveshaft has a tuning socket on the driven end which cooperates with the tuning socket driver of the button-driver. The other end drives a disc drum having a plurality of freely rotating discs. An increase of tension equalization results from the reduced frictional component of the freely rotating independent discs, which encourage string sections to move and equalize. 
     An advantage of this embodiment is rapid course tuning and string clamping by using the button-driver. Due to the mechanical advantage afforded by the button and its ergonomic shape, rotating the drive shaft directly, or tightening the string clamp, is feasible and comfortable. Only one button-driver is required per tuner set, thereby lowering manufacturing costs. Also, the button-driver is always with the instrument when needed. 
     A tuner having an increase in tension equalization permits large excursions in string bending, vibrato technique, vibrato arm use, and with enhanced return to pitch. An instrument with increased tension equalization will maintain relative pitch to a much higher degree, even during temperature and humidity changes. 
     The tuner body has near exact dimensions permitting retro-fitting, without any modifications into existing instruments and installation into new factory production. 
     Instrument Bridge 
     In accordance with another embodiment, a traditional musical instrument bridge is disposed with string gripping jaws that affix the string ends. String affixing jaws have negligible tension equalization, and the reduced string length behind the saddle speeds tension equalization over the saddle. The bridge has the ability to rapidly pre-tension or course tune a string manually or by a tensioning device. This is especially desirable if the instrument has prior art tuners having a knotted drum, and lacking course tuning capabilities. The new string path increases the down force on the saddle and a string can be quickly replaced in seconds. All this, and the aforementioned advantages, in a bridge of traditional appearance, construction and dimension. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is an isometric view of the first embodiment in retracted position. 
         FIG. 1B  is cross-section of the first embodiment in retracted position. 
         FIG. 2A  is an isometric view of the second embodiment in home position. 
         FIG. 2B  is an isometric view of the second embodiment in pull position. 
         FIG. 3A  is an exposed side view of the second embodiment in home position. 
         FIG. 3B  is an exposed isometric view of the second embodiment in release position. 
         FIG. 3C  is an exposed isometric view of the second embodiment in pull position. 
         FIG. 4A  is an isometric view of the selector knob and release actuator of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  is an isometric view of the capstan, pulley, axel, and set screw of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 4C  is an isometric view of the cylinder jaws, extension spring, and cylinder plunger of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 5A  is an isometric view of the cylinder  150   ac  of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 5B  is an isometric view enlargement of cylinder  150   ac  of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 5C  is an isometric view of piston plunger, plunger spring, and adjustable nut of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 5D  is an isometric view of the retainer installation tool. 
         FIG. 6A  is an isometric of the adapter assembly. 
         FIG. 6B  is an isometric view of an adapter. 
         FIG. 6C  is an isometric view enlargement of an adapter. 
         FIG. 7A  is a front view cross-section of the second embodiment in home position. 
         FIG. 7B  is a side view cross-section of the second embodiment in home position. 
         FIG. 8A  is a front view cross-section of retainer installation tool. 
         FIG. 8B  is a side view of retainer installation tool. 
         FIG. 9A  is an isometric view of prior art of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 9B  is an isometric view of the third embodiment with exploded button-driver. 
         FIG. 10A  is an exploded isometric view of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 10B  is an exploded isometric view of the disc drum of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 10C  is an isometric view of a prior art worm of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 11A  is an isometric view of prior art of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 11B  is an isometric view of the forth embodiment with button-driver. 
         FIG. 12A  is an exploded isometric view of a prior art worm assembly of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 12B  is an exploded isometric view of worm assembly of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 13A  is an exploded isometric view of driveshaft assembly of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 13B  is an exploded isometric view of driveshaft assembly of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 14A  is an exploded disc drum of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 14B  is an isometric view of string clamp of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 14C  is an exploded isometric view of button-driver of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 15A  is a side view cross-section of driveshaft of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 15B  is an enlarged side view cross-section of driveshaft of the forth embodiment. 
         FIG. 16A  is an isometric view of end-stock of the fifth embodiment. 
         FIG. 16B  is an isometric view of bridge assembly of the fifth embodiment. 
         FIG. 16C  is an enlarged isometric view of bridge assembly of the fifth embodiment. 
         FIG. 16D  is an isometric view of pin bridge of the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 16E  is an enlarged isometric view of the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 17A  is a cross-section of a prior art classical guitar bridge. 
         FIG. 17B  is cross-section of pin bridge of the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 17C  is a cross-section of speed bridge of the fifth embodiment. 
         FIG. 18A  is an isometric view of a Torre headstock with adapters. 
         FIG. 18B  is an isometric view of a peg head. 
     
    
    
     GLOSSARY 
     
         
         
           
             Bending a fretted stringed instrument playing technique of pushing a string across the fretboard to raise its pitch. 
             Bridge a part of the guitar body which terminates the vibrating length of the strings, and may also act as an anchor for string ends. 
             Button the ergonomic shaped part that is used to adjust string tension on a tuner; also known as a tuner, thumb screw, or tuning knob. 
             Course Tuning the process of tensioning a string up to the point where fine-tuning commences, or rapid course tuning by circumventing fine tuning means. 
             End-stock a stringed instrument without a conventional headstock or peg head, having in its place, string anchors, a string anchoring fixture, or a tunable string anchoring fixture. 
             Fine Tuning using the button with mechanical advantage to precisely tune the string to required pitch. 
             Headless see end-stock. 
             Headstock the part of a stringed musical instrument at the end of the neck to mount tuners. 
             Luthier one who makes stringed musical instruments. 
             Nut the vibrating string length&#39;s termination point that is mounted on the end-stock. 
             Peg head a type of headstock designed to mount open and closed gear tuners, peg tuners or friction pegs. 
             Pitch the frequency of a tone. 
             Pre-tensioning pulling a string taut by hand or other means before clamping or tying a string. 
             Relative Tune the musical pitch relationship between the strings of a musical instrument. 
             Saddle the vibrating string length&#39;s termination point that is mounted on the bridge. 
             String Path the routing of a string between string anchor points. 
             Tailpiece part of a stringed musical instrument that secures the ends of strings and may be secured to an instrument&#39;s top or be suspended between the bridge and the end of the body of the instrument. 
             Tensioning Device typically a cable tie puller having variable tension which accurately and automatically limits tension to a preset level which permits rapid course tuning without need to reference string pitch. May also be a slightly modified digital torque screwdriver which accurately and automatically limits tension to a preset level. 
             Tie-block part of a classical or flamenco bridge that is used as an anchor to tie and secure the string ends. 
             Torque Device typically a digital torque screwdriver that accurately and automatically limits torque to a preset level, permitting rapid course tuning without need to reference string pitch; used to course tune some embodiments. 
             Torres Headstock a type of headstock used to mount conventional classical tuners, assumed to be designed by Antonio de Torres de Jurado. 
             Vibrato a stringed instrument playing technique of changing the pitch up and down. 
             Vibrato Assembly a mechanical system, behind or part of a bridge, having an arm that permits a musician to add vibrato to all strings of the instrument simultaneously. 
           
         
       
    
     DRAWING REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
           98  string (not illustrated) 
           100  selector knob 
           100 A selector knob—home position 
           100 B selector knob—pull position 
           101  selector knob—skirt 
           102  capstan body 
           102   a  capstan body 
           103  pulley 
           104  pulley—string groove 
           105  pulley axel 
           106   a  pulley axel—threaded end 
           106   b  capstan—threaded hole 
           107   a  capstan—set screw 
           107   b  capstan—set screw recess 
           107   c  cylinder—centering hole 
           108   a  capstan—threaded shoulder 
           108   b  capstan—nut 
           108   c  capstan—thrust washer 
           108   d  cylinder—thrust washer 
           108   e  cylinder—nut 
           108   f  cylinder—threaded collar 
           108   g  adapter—recess 
           109  selector knob—split ring wire retainer 
           110   a  capstan—retainer groove 
           110   b  selector knob—retainer groove 
           111  selector knob—string hole 
           111   a  integral capstan—string hole 
           112  capstan—neck 
           113  selector knob—bevel 
           114  cam shaft 
           114   a  cam shaft—surface stop 
           114   b  release actuator—surface stop 
           115   a  selector knob—knob stop 
           115   b  capstan—knob stop 
           116   a  selector knob—knob stop 
           116   b  capstan—knob stop 
           117 A cam shaft—cam surface 
           117 B release actuator—cam surface 
           118  selector knob—string clearance slot 
           118   b  integral capstan—string clearance slot 
           119   a  release actuator 
           119   b  capstan—axial opening 
           119   c  release actuator—key 
           119   d  capstan—keyway 
           119   e  release actuator—string clearance slot 
           119   f  capstan—string clearance slot 
           119   g  release actuator—string hole 
           120  release stub 
           120   a  release stub—axial string hole 
           120 A release actuator/stub—forward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           120 B jaw—forward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           121  jaw 
           121 -O jaw—open position 
           121 -C jaw—closed position 
           121   a  jaw—offset inclined surface 
           121   b  jaw—flat surface 
           121   c  jaw—stop 
           121   d  jaw—trimmed surface 
           121   e  jaw—rearward surface 
           121   f  jaw—string gripping surface 
           122  chamber 
           122   a  chamber—offset inclined surface 
           122   b  chamber—flat surface 
           122   c  chamber—stop wall 
           122   e  chamber—stop wall edge 
           123   b  cylinder plunger—flat surface 
           124  cylinder plunger 
           125 A jaw—rearward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           125 B cylinder plunger—rearward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           125   c  cylinder—bevel 
           126   a  cylinder plunger-edge 
           126   b  cylinder—inside wall 
           125   c  cylinder—bevel 
           128  cylinder plunger—bevel 
           129   a  cylinder plunger—spring housing hole 
           129   b  cylinder—spring housing hole 
           129   c  cylinder plunger—drift pin hole 
           129   d  cylinder—drift pin hole 
           129   e  drift pin 
           130  cylinder plunger—string hole 
           131  cylinder plunger—barrel 
           132  piston plunger—string hole 
           132 A cylinder plunger—forward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           133  cylinder plunger spring 
           134  alignment spring 
           134   a  alignment spring—string hole 
           135  piston plunger 
           135 B piston plunger—rearward inclined outwardly radiating surface 
           136   a  piston plunger—barrel 
           136   b  adjustable nut—internal thread 
           136   c  piston plunger—flat surface 
           136   d  piston plunger—edge 
           137   a  adjustable nut—external thread 
           137   b  piston—internal thread 
           138  adjustable nut 
           138   a  adjustable nut—slot 
           138   b  piston plunger—clip 
           138   c  piston—clip groove 
           139  piston plunger—spring 
           140   a  piston 
           140   b  piston 
           140   c  piston 
           141   a  piston—external thread 
           141   b  button—internal thread 
           142   a  piston—key 
           142   b  cylinder—keyway 
           142   c  cylinder—set screw 
           142   d  cylinder—threaded hole 
           143   a  piston—split ring wire retainer 
           143   b  piston—forward radial groove 
           143   c  cylinder—radial groove bevel 
           143   d  cylinder—rearward radial groove 
           144   a  button—split ring wire retainer 
           144   b  button—radial groove 
           144   c  piston—radial groove 
           144   d  piston—radial groove bevel 
           145  button 
           146   a  button—drive surface 
           146   b  cylinder—driven surface 
           147  expander tool 
           147   a  expander tool—barrel 
           147   b  expander tool—cone 
           148  stanchion tool 
           149   a  stanchion tool—base 
           149   b  stanchion tool—cylinder 
           149   c  stanchion tool—seat 
           150   a  cylinder/retainer/c collar 
           150   b  cylinder/screws/c collar 
           150   c  cylinder/no jaws/c collar 
           152   a  cylinder—flare 
           152   b  button flare 
           154  cylinder neck 
           155  cylinder—neck seat 
           155   a  cylinder—alignment tab 
           155   b  adapter—alignment slot 
           156   a  cylinder neck—external threads 
           156   b  capstan—rearward socket (not shown) 
           108   g  adapter—recess 
           157  adapter assembly 
           158   a  adapter—tuner hole 
           158   b  cylinder—adapter bevel 
           158   c  adapter—bevel 
           159   a  adapter—seat 
           159   b  adapter—seat slope 
           159   c  adapter—seat wall 
           160   a  adapter EE 
           160   b  adapter AB 
           160   c  adapter DG 
           161   a  adapter—stub 
           161   b  adapter—stub key 
           162   a  adapter—threaded hole 
           162   b  adapter—screw 
           163  adapter—plate end 
           164  adapter—mounting plate 
           165  adapter—plate screw 
           190  release position 
           191  home position 
           192  extended position 
           200  cover 
           201  cover—hole 
           202  enclosure 
           203  nut 
           204  thrust washer 
           205  button 
           206   a  driveshaft—split ring wire retainer 
           206   b  driveshaft—radial groove 
           207   a  driveshaft—split ring wire retainer (not shown) 
           207   b  driveshaft—radial groove 
           208  worm gear 
           209  worm gear—pawl driver drum 
           210  driveshaft—integral ratchet 
           210   a  driveshaft—ratchet tooth 
           210   b  driveshaft—tooth run 
           210   c  driveshaft—tooth rise 
           211  pawl 
           211   b  pawl—pawl tooth 
           211   c  pawl—pawl pocket 
           211   d  pawl driver drum—edge 
           211   e  pawl driver drum—ratchet face 
           212   a  worm gear—driveshaft hole 
           212   b  driveshaft—driven end 
           214  driveshaft 
           215  drive shaft—surface 
           216   a  tuning socket 
           216   b  tuning socket driver 
           216   c  tuning socket—bevel 
           217   a  socket drive 
           217   b  drum driver—axial socket 
           219  driveshaft—drum end 
           219   a  drum end—upper string hole 
           219   b  drum—upper string hole 
           221   a  drum end—lower string hole 
           221   b  drum—lower string hole 
           222  disc 
           222   a  drum end—disc surface 
           222   b  disc—axial opening 
           223  disc driver 
           223   a  drum end—threaded hole 
           223   b  string clamp—threaded pestle 
           224  string clamp 
           225   a  mortar 
           225   b  pestle 
           226  low friction drum 
           226   a  low friction drum—drum surface 
           227  high friction drum 
           227   a  high friction drum—drum surface 
           228  groove drum 
           228   a  groove drum—drum surface 
           229  disc drum 
           231  worm 
           233  worm—washer 
           234   a  worm—screw 
           234   b  worm—screw hole 
           234   c  enclosure—screw hole (not shown) 
           235  worm—plug end 
           236  driver 
           236   a  driver—body 
           236   b  button—driver body cavity (not shown) 
           237  button driver 
           237   a  driver—threaded hole 
           237   b  button—screw 
           237   c  button—recessed screw hole 
           300  mounting plate 
           301  mounting plate—mounting screw 
           302  mounting plate—pawl drive hole 
           303  worm 
           304   a  worm—plug end 
           304   b  worm—tuning socket driver 
           305   a  worm—threaded hole 
           305   b  collar—hole 
           305   c  collar—set screw 
           306  collar 
           307  thrust washer 
           216   c  collar—tuning socket bevel (not visible) 
           216   b  driver—tuning socket driver 
           320  driveshaft—cosmetic seal 
           321   a  driveshaft—split ring retainer 
           321   b  driveshaft—radial groove 
           216   a  driveshaft—tuning socket 
           216   c  driveshaft—tuning socket bevel 
           322  driveshaft—driven end 
           323  worm gear 
           323   a  worm gear—drive surface 
           323   b  pawl drive—surface 
           323   c  plate—axial hole 
           323   d  pawl drive—axial hole 
           323   e  worm gear—axial hole 
           323   f  driveshaft—surface 
           324   a  worm gear—key 
           324   b  pawl drive—keyway 
           325  worm gear—thrust washer 
           326  pawl drive 
           327  pawl drive—flange 
           328  pawl drive—drive ring 
           329  pawl drive—pawl 
           329   a  pawl drive—pawl tooth 
           330  pawl drive—pocket 
           331  driveshaft 
           331   a  string clamp 
           331   b  string clamp—threaded screw 
           331   c  driveshaft—axial threaded hole 
           331   d  driveshaft—head bore 
           331   e  string clamp—head 
           331   f  string clamp—drive slot 
           338   c  string clamp—pestle 
           338   d  string clamp—mortar 
           332  driveshaft—recess 
           333   a  ratchet—tooth 
           333   b  ratchet—surface run 
           333   c  ratchet—surface rise 
           334  ratchet—drum 
           335  driveshaft—drum end 
           335   a  driveshaft—hex drum drive 
           335   b  disc drum—hex socket 
           336   a  driveshaft—threaded hole 
           336   b  driveshaft—drum retainer screw 
           337   a  driveshaft—drum retainer washer 
           337   b  disc drive—washer recess 
           338   a  driveshaft—string hole 
           338   b  driveshaft—string hole 
           338   c  string clamp—pestle 
           338   d  string clamp—mortar 
           335   b  disc drive—hex socket 
           337   b  disc drive—washer recess 
           338   b  disc drive—string hole 
           341  disc drive—integral fixed disc 
           342  disc drive—disc 
           342   a  disc drive 
           342   b  disc drive—axial hole 
           343  disc drive—shaft support 
           344  disc string drum 
           344   a  disc string drum—surface 
           345  groove string drum 
           345   a  groove string drum—surface 
           346  low friction string drum 
           346   a  low friction string drum—surface 
           347  high friction string drum 
           347   a  high friction string drum—surface 
           350  button—driver 
           351  driver 
           216   b  tuning socket driver 
           351   a  driver—body 
           351   c  driver—hole 
           351   d  driver—clevis 
           351   e  driver—stop 
           352   a  button—hole 
           352   b  button—cavity 
           353  screwdriver 
           353   a  screwdriver—blade 
           353   c  screwdriver—yoke 
           353   d  screwdriver—hole 
           353   f  screwdriver—stop 
           354  threaded pin 
           354   a  threaded pin—threaded end 
           122  speed clamp—chamber 
           138   b  speed clamp—retainer 
           138   c  speed clamp—radial groove 
           400  speed clamp 
           401  speed clamp—housing 
           402  speed clamp—jaw 
           402   a  speed clamp—protrusion 
           404  headless end-stock—nut 
           405  headless end-stock 
           406  speed bridge 
           407   a  speed bridge—saddle 
           407   a  pin bridge—saddle 
           407   b  pin bridge—tie block 
           408  pin bridge 
           409  pin bride—string hole 
           410  pin bridge—lower transition 
           411  pin bridge—upper transition 
           412  pin bridge—reversal member 
           413  pin bridge—string stop 
           414   a  pin bridge—front surface 
           414   b  pin bridge—clamping surface 
           415  pin bridge—string clearance slot 
           416  saddle point 
           417  entry point 
           418  exit point 
           419  top point 
           420  end point 
           421  string point 
           422  clamping point 
           500  Torres headstock 
           502  Torres—vertical wall 
           503  Torres—drum hole 
           505  conventional headstock 
           508  conventional headstock—8 mm hole 
       
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The descriptions set forth below in connection with the appended drawings are intended as a description of various embodiments and are not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the concepts and features described herein may be practiced. The following descriptions include specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. 
     Description of the First Embodiment 
     Cylinder nomenclature:  150  is used in the following description to apply to  150   a  and  150   b  variants. An additional c in nomenclature denotes collar  108   f  is present. Piston nomenclature:  140  is used in the following description to apply to  140   a  and  140   b  variants. 
     External Features 
     The embodiment of tuner shown in  FIG. 1A  is adapted to be fixedly disposed in an 8 mm hole  508  in peg head  505  ( FIG. 18B ) of a stringed musical instrument such as a guitar.  FIG. 1A  depicts capstan  102   a,  pulley  103 , pulley axel  105 , threaded shoulder  108   a,  nut  108   b,  thrust washer  108   c,  threaded collar  108   f,  thrust washer  108   d,  nut  108   e,  cylinder  150   cc,  and button  145 . The moving parts ( FIG. 1B ) are pulley  103 , piston  140   cc,  piston jaws  121  shown in closed position  121 -C, piston plunger  135 , piston plunger spring  139 , button  145  and moving retainers  143   a  and  144   a.    
     Cylinder 
     A generally tube cylinder  150   cc,  has a forward end having an integral capstan  102   a  with a thread  108   a  which cooperates with nut  108   b  and thrust washer  108   c.  Rearward threaded shoulder  108   f  of cylinder  150   cc  cooperates with nut  108   e  and thrust washer  108   d.  An axially aligned longitudinal elongated keyway  142   b,  in the internal wall of cylinder  150   cc,  cooperates with key  142   a  of piston  140   c.  Cylinder  150   cc  has a rearward internal radial groove  143   d  and a radial groove bevel  143   c  from deepest point of groove  143   d  forward to inside surface of cylinders  150   cc.  Split ring wire retainer  144   a  cooperates with groove  143   d  and bevel  143   c.  At the rearward end of cylinder  150   cc,  a flare  152   a  cooperates with flare  152   b  of button  145 . At present, I contemplate cylinder  150   cc  to be made from one piece of steel, but other materials are possible such as titanium, aluminum, and carbon fiber. I presently anticipate a mounting diameter of 8 mm, but other diameters are possible, and overall size and shape may vary. 
     Capstan  102   a  has an axial string hole  111   a  therethrough, and a string clearance slot  118   b  projecting outwardly from its axis. The rearward end of capstan  102   a  has a release stub  120  with an axially located string hole  120   a.  Forward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  120 A, at rearward end of release stub  120 , cooperates with forward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  120 B of jaws  121  in chamber  122  of piston  140   c.    
     Pulley 
     Pulley  103 , has string groove  104  on the radial surface, and is affixed with an axel  105  having a threaded end  106   a  that cooperates with threaded hole  106   b  in the integral capstan  102   a . I presently contemplate for this embodiment pulley  103  to be made from plastic, but other materials such as steel, brass and aluminum may be used. I presently further contemplate axel  105  to be made of steel. 
     Jaws 
     Two cylinder jaws  121  of  FIG. 4C and 5B  have axially aligned string gripping surfaces  121   f  and offset inclined surfaces  121   a  which are slidably disposed and cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of cylinder chamber  122 . Surfaces  121   a  of jaw  121  and surfaces  122   a  of chamber  122  can hold a variety of profiles, but I presently contemplate for this embodiment a semi-circle profile. Flat surfaces  121   b  are flush with surfaces  121   a.    
     At present, I contemplate string gripping surface  121   f  having an axially centered, semi-circle or oval groove, having an aggressive string gripping texture. The radius of this groove is determined by the diameter of string  98 . I presently contemplate a common radius for nylon strings E and G, A and B, and D and Eh. For steel string acoustic and electric guitars, I presently contemplate common radii for specified strings, but many possibilities exist with the plethora of string gauges that are in present use by musicians. At present I further contemplate jaws  121  to be made of steel, but other materials such as titanium, bronze, or plastic could be used. 
     The forward end of cylinder jaws  121  of  FIG. 1B, 4C , have forward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  120 B which cooperate with forward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  120 A of release stub  120 . The rearward end of cylinder jaws  121  have rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  125 A which cooperate with rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  125 B of piston plunger  135 . At present, I anticipate for this embodiment outwardly radiating surfaces to be 35 degrees, but other angles are also possible. 
     Rearward surface  121   e  of jaw  121  clears stop wall edge  122   e  of chamber  122  when in open position  121 -O. Stop  121   c  cooperates with stop wall  122   c  of chamber  122 . I presently contemplate jaws  121  and chamber  122  as described, but many variations are possible. The rearward end of jaws  121  could have a flat surface that cooperates with a flat washer plunger urged by a spring, wave washer, or a magnetic washer having a non-magnetic spacer. 
     Piston 
     A generally cylindrical piston  140   c  is slidably disposed in cylinder  150   cc  and has key  142   a  projecting into keyway  142   b  of cylinder  150   cc.  Piston  140   c  has chamber  122  with openings forward and rearward therethrough. Piston jaws  121  cooperate with chamber  122 . Piston  140   c  has an external thread  141   a  which cooperates with unthreaded inside wall of cylinder  150   cc  and threaded hole  141   b  of button  145 . At present, I contemplate a square or Acme thread for external thread  141   a,  but other thread forms could be used. 
     The rearward end of piston  140  has an external radial groove  144   c  having a bevel  144   d  from deepest point of groove  144   c  forward to surface of piston  140   c.  Split ring wire retainer  144   a  cooperates with radial groove  144   b  of button  145 . The forward end of piston  140   c,  has a radial groove  143   b  which permits a cooperating split ring wire retainer  143   a  to compress flush to the surface of piston  140   c.  Retainer  143   a  cooperates with groove  143   d  and bevel  143   c.  I presently envisage for this embodiment, piston  140   c  to be made of steel but other materials could also be used. I also currently contemplate, an outside diameter of  6 mm, but other dimensions could be used. 
     Piston Plunger 
     Piston plunger  135  has a slidably disposed surface  136   d  that cooperates inside piston  140   c  and has an axial string hole  132  therethrough. Flat surface  136   c  cooperates with flat surface  122   b  of chamber  122 . The forward end of piston plunger  135  has a rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  135 B that cooperates with rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  125 A of jaws  121 . Flat surfaces  123   b  cooperate with flat surfaces  122   b  of piston chamber  122 . 
     A compression spring  139  cooperates with piston  140   c  and barrel  136   a.  Spring  139  is retained by split ring wire retainer  138   b  cooperating with radial groove  138   c  of inside wall of piston  140   c.  I presently anticipate for this embodiment, piston plunger  135  to be made of plastic, but other materials such as steel could be utilized. I imagine at present spring  139 , to be made of steel, but other materials such as brass or stainless steel could be used. 
     Button 
     Button  145  of  FIG. 3B , has a threaded hole  141   b  axially therethrough, which threadedly engages with external threads  141   a  of piston  140  and  140   c.  At the forward end of button  145  is a radial groove  144   b  in threaded hole  141   b,  which cooperates with split ring wire retainer  144   a  and groove  144   c  and bevel  144   d  of piston  140   c.  Flare  152   b  cooperates with flare  152   a  of cylinder  150 . Button  145  has an ergonomic shape with smooth curves. I anticipate at present, the use of steel for a construction material, but other materials such as brass, bronze, aluminum or plastic could be utilized. 
     Operation of the First Embodiment 
     Jaws 
     Jaws  121  of  FIG. 4C, 5B , have offset inclined surfaces  121   a  which cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of chamber  122 . As jaws  121  move forward in chamber  122 , string gripping surfaces  121   f  remain parallel to the axis and move together. Piston plunger  135  is urged forward by spring  139 , which is compressed by split ring wire retainer  138   b,  which in turn urges jaws  121  forward, and offset inclined surfaces  122   a  urge jaws  121  together in chamber  122 . Tension of spring  139  maintain an initial clamping pressure between string gripping surfaces  121   f  of jaws  121 . 
     String  98  is positioned axially with string gripping surfaces  121   f  of jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C. When chamber  122  moves rearward, or string  98  moves forward, relative to each other, initial clamping pressure provides friction to prevent slippage between string gripping surfaces  121   f  and string  98 , thereby gripping string  98 . As pressure is increased between string gripping surfaces  121   f  and string  98 , grip of string gripping surfaces  121   f  increase. In summation, when string  98  is pulled or pushed forward, or when chamber  122  is moved rearward, jaws  121  grip. 
     When chamber  122  moves forward or string  98  moves rearward, relative to each other, initial clamping pressure between string  98  and string gripping surfaces  121   f,  urge jaws  121  rearward and apart. String gripping surfaces  121   f  lose their grip on string  98 , which then slide on surface of string  98 . In summation, when string  98  is pushed or pulled rearward, or chamber  122  is moved forward, jaws  121  do not grip. 
     Flat surfaces  123   b  cooperate with flat surfaces  122   b  of cylinder chamber  122 , thereby maintaining surfaces  125 B aligned with surfaces  125 A, as well as maintaining alignment of spring housing holes  129   a  and  129   b.  Rearward surface  121   e  of jaws  121  clear stop wall edge  122   e  of chamber  122  when in open position  121 -O. Stops  121   c  of jaws  121  and stop wall  122   c  of chamber  122  produces a positive stop to jaws  121  translation. 
     Trimmed surface  121   d  permits installation of jaws  121  into chamber  122 . A jaw  121  is positioned into chamber  122  in open position. String gripping surfaces 121   f  of second jaw  121  is placed on string gripping surface of first jaw  121  and trimmed surface  121   d  of second jaw  121  is slid past stop wall edge  122   e.    
     Trimmed surface  121   d,  parallel to cylinder&#39;s axis, reduces the surface area of surface  121   a,  however, a semi-circle profile, unlike a flat surface, retains longitudinal working length of surface  121   a,  whereby jaw  121  load is evenly distributed. A semi-circle profile in chamber  122  can be achieved by boring two plug bottom holes of appropriate diameter, position, angle, and depth in the forward end of the piston  140  and  140   c.  Material between bores is then removed. A semi-circle profile facilitates ease of manufacture and negates the need to have chamber  122  to be removable to install jaws  121 . 
     Release Position 
     Release position places jaws  121  of piston chamber  122  in open position  121 -O, thereby permitting string  98  to be inserted or removed without resistance. Piston plunger spring  139  maintain a forward force on piston plunger  135 . When piston  140   c  is translated to release position  190 , inclined surfaces  120 A and  125 B urge jaws  121  apart, and offset inclined surfaces  121   a  cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of piston chamber  122 , thereby placing piston jaws  121  in open position  121 -O. When piston  140   c  is returned to retract position  191 , spring  139  maintain an initial clamping pressure on piston plunger  135 , and offset inclined surfaces  121   a  which cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of piston chamber  122 , urge jaws  121  together, thereby placing cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C. 
     Retaining Systems 
     Button to Piston 
     Button  145  of  FIG. 3B , C, is supported for rotation relative to cylinder  150  and  150   cc,  but is held against forward longitudinal movement by surface  146   b  of cylinder  150  and  150   cc  ( FIG. 7B ) and surface  146   a  of button  145 . A radial groove  144   b  in threaded hole  141   b  at the forward end of button  145  permits a cooperating split ring wire retainer  144   a  to expand flush to surface of threaded hole  141   b.  A radial groove  144   c,  in external thread  141   a  at the rearward end of piston  140   a,  is positioned to cooperate with groove  144   b  at release position  190 . Groove  144   c  has a bevel  144   d  from deepest point forward to the surface of piston  140  and  140   c.  When button  145  is rotated and/or spun to rearward end of piston  140  and  140   c,  retainer  144   a  slides and contracts on bevel  144   c  and seats in groove  144   c  at release position  190 . This creates a positive stop and thereby retains button  145  to piston  140  and  140   c.  Upon forward rotation of button  145 , retainer  144   a  slides and expands on bevel  144   d  to surface of threaded hole  141   b  and then rides on the surface of exterior thread  141   a.  The retention system of button  145  to piston  140  and  140   c  is concealed, secure from consumer tampering, and facilitates ease of assembly and manufacturing. 
     Installation Tool 
     Installation of retainer  144   a  into button  145  requires an expander tool  147  of  FIG. 5D, 8A , B, and a stanchion tool  148 . Stanchion tool  148  is a cylinder which cooperates with internal thread  141   b  of button  145  and has a base  149   a  with means to be mounted with its axis vertical to a work surface. Cylinder  149   b  has a seat  149   c  at the opposite end of base  149   a.  Expander tool  147  is a cylinder which cooperates with internal thread  137   b  of piston  140  and  140   c.  Cone  147   b  at one end of expander tool  147  cooperates with threaded hole  141   b  of button  145  and the retainer  144   a.    
     Button  145  is axially aligned and positioned on cylinder  149   b,  and retainer  144   a  is positioned in threaded hole  141   b  of button  145  and sits on seat  149   c.  Threaded hole  137   b  of piston  140  and  140   c  is slid over cylinder  147   a  of expander tool  147 . Expander tool  147  is positioned having cone  147   b  axially aligned with stanchion tool  148  and making contact with retainer  144   a . A downward force is applied to piston  140  and  140   c,  thereby urging cone  147   b  to expand retainer  144   a  into groove  144   b  of button  145 . Translating button  145  away from base  149   a  on stanchion tool  148  permits the downward force to continue to urge retainer  144   a  into groove  144   d  of piston  140  and  140   c.  Button  145  and piston  140  are removed from stanchion tool  148  and expander tool  147 . The installation procedure is rapid and permits automation of the process. 
     Piston to Cylinder 
     Referring to  FIG. 7A, 3C , radial groove  143   b  is in the forward end of pistons  140   a  and  140   c  to permit a cooperating split ring wire retainer  143   a  to compress flush to the surface of pistons  140   a  and  140   c.  Radial groove  143   d,  on the inside wall at the rearward end of cylinders  150   a  and  150   cc,  is positioned to cooperate with radial groove  143   b  at extended position  192  of pistons  150   a  and  150   cc.  Radial groove  143   d  has a bevel  143   c  from deepest point, forward to surface of cylinders  150   a  and  150   cc.  Retainer  143   a  is compressed to surface of pistons  140   a  and  140   c  during translation in cylinders  150   a  and  150   cc.  Retainer  143   a  expands on bevel  143   c  until fully expanded when seated in radial groove  143   d,  being extended position  192 . This creates a positive stop and retains pistons  140   a  and  140   c  to cylinders  150   a  and  150   cc.  Retainer  143   a  compresses again as it slides up bevel  143   c  on reversal of translation. Retention of pistons  140   a  and  140   c  to the cylinders  150   a  and  150   cc  is concealed, secure from consumer tampering, and facilitates ease of assembly and manufacturing. 
     Peg Head Installation 
     To install tuner of embodiment of  FIGS. 2A and 18B , into 8 mm holes  508  of peg head  505 , nut  108   b,  and thrust washer  108   c  are removed from the capstan  102 , and the thrust washer  108   d  and nut  108   e  are loosened rearward. Tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 2A , is slid in hole  508  from beneath the peg head  505 , and then the thrust washer  108   c  is replaced, and nut  108   b  is positioned and tightened by hand. Threaded collar  108   f  permits various thicknesses of peg heads  505  to be accommodated. Depending on the thickness of peg head  505 , and the dimensional accuracy of the 8 mm hole  508 , the underside of 8 mm hole  508  may need to be reamed to accommodate the threaded collar  108   f.  Position thrust washer  108   c  and snug nut  108   b  up by hand, and then tightened with an appropriate wrench, while holding tuner in correct alignment with the string path. The tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 1A  requires only one hole to be bored in peg head  505 , in contrast to two holes as required by ubiquitous prior art tuners of  FIG. 9A , thereby removing an operation from production. 
     End-User Operation 
     Release Position—String Replacement 
     To insert string  98  rotate and/or spin button  145  to the end of piston  140   c,  then push button  145  forward to release position  190 . String  98  is inserted into string hole  111   a  of capstan  102   a  and therethrough exiting button  145 . Relax forward pressure on button  145  and rotate button about one revolution to bring tuner to retracted position  191 . Pull string  98  taut if string  98  is secured at other end. To remove string  98  rotate and/or spin button  145  to the end of piston  140   c,  then push button  145  forward to release position  190 . Pull string  98  out of capstan  102   a  or if string  98  is cut, pull out of button  145 . 
     Retracted Position 
     Placing piston  140   c  in retracted position is simple. Rotate and/or spin button  145  to rearward end of piston  140  and  140   c,  and rotate button  145  forward about one revolution to clear release position  190 . Push button forward until drive surface  146   a  of button  145  contacts driven surface  146   b  of cylinder  150 . Piston  140  is now in retracted position. 
     Extended Position 
     Pull button  145  rearward until retainer  143   a  contacts groove  143   d  of cylinder  150   cc.  Piston  140  is now in extended position. 
     Tuning Method 
     Course Tuning 
     Course tuning permits rapid string  98  replacement and tuning. It guarantees adequate piston travel to tune and maintain tune of string  98  until retirement. With button  145  in retracted position, and using button  145  as a bearing surface, pull string  98  by hand or by using a tensioning device to course tune. To commence fine tuning, rotate button. The resultant fine-tuning ratio is determined by the pitch of thread  140   b  and  141   b  of piston  140  and button  145 . The ability to rapidly course tune permits utilizing lower thread pitches and thereby finer tuning ratios without impacting string replacement time. Bear in mind musicians may be content with the present conventional ratios and may resist any changes. In summary, pull on string  98  manually or use a tensioning device to course tune, then fine tune conventionally. Factories will appreciate the speed an instrument can be strung, tuned and test played. 
     Description of the Second Embodiment 
     Cylinder nomenclature:  150  is used in the following description to apply to  150   a  and  150   b  variants. An additional c in nomenclature denotes collar  108   f  is present. Piston nomenclature:  140  is used in the following description to apply to  140   a  and  140   b  variants. Adapter nomenclature:  160  is used in the following description to apply to  160   a,    160   b,  and  160   c  variants. 
     External Features 
     The embodiment of tuner shown in  FIG. 2A  is designed for mounting in peg head  505  of a stringed musical instrument such as a guitar. This tuner has a selector knob  100 , shown in home position  100 A, a capstan  102 , pulley  103 , pulley axel  105 , set screw  107   a,  threaded shoulder  108   a,  ( FIG. 4B ), nut  108   b,  thrust washer  108   c,  alignment tab  155   a  threaded collar  108   f,  thrust washer  108   d,  nut  108   e,  cylinder  150   ac,  button  145 , and internal thread  141   b  of button  145 . 
     The embodiment of tuner shown in  FIG. 2B  is designed for mounting into adapter  160  and has selector knob  100 , shown in pull position  1008 , adapter  160   a,  nut  108   b,  cylinder  150   b,  flare  152   a,  threaded hole  142   d,  piston  140   b,  flare  152   b  and button  145 . 
     The embodiment of tuner in  FIG. 3A  is an exposed side view of tuner in retracted position  191  with selector knob  100  in home position  100 A, and with cylinder  150 , button  145 , and piston  140  removed. Cylinder jaws  121  are in open position  121 -O and piston jaws  121  are in closed position  121 -C for fine-tuning. 
     The embodiment of tuner shown in  FIG. 3B  is an exposed isometric of tuner in release position  190 , with selector knob  100  in home position  100 A, and with cylinder  150   a  and piston  140   a  removed. Cylinder jaws and piston jaws  121  are both in open position  121 -O for string  98  to be installed or removed. 
     The embodiment of tuner shown in  FIG. 3C  is an exposed isometric view of tuner in extended position  192  with selector knob  100  in pull position  1008 , and with cylinder  150   b  and button  145  removed. Cylinder jaws and piston jaws  121  are both in closed position  121 -C for course tuning. Alignment spring  134  is in extended position  191 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , the moving parts are selector knob  100 , pulley  103 , release actuator  119   a,  two cylinder jaws  121 , shown in open position  121 -O, cylinder plunger  124 , two cylinder plunger springs  133  and alignment spring  134  ( FIG. 3C ), piston jaws  121  shown in closed position  121 -C, piston plunger  135 , piston plunger spring  139 , adjustable nut  138  with adjustment slot  138   a,  piston  140 , and button  145 . 
     Selector Knob 
     The selector knob  100  of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , comprises a skirt  101  that cooperates with a capstan neck  112  at the forward end of capstan  102 . The skirt  101  has a bevel  113  of 45 degrees on the inside rearward edge, and a retainer groove  110   b  above it that cooperates with a retainer groove  110   a  on capstan neck  112 . A split ring wire retainer  109 , is positioned in groove  110   a  in neck  112 . The selector knob  100  has a rearward axially aligned cam shaft  114  with an axially located string hole  111  therethrough. A string clearance slot  118  projects outwardly from the axis of string hole  111 , and cam shaft  114  has a cam surface  117 A at its rearward end. 
     Cam shaft  114  has a surface stop  114   a  that cooperates with a surface stop  114   b  of release actuator  119   a.  Selector knob  100  has knob stop  115   a  that cooperates with capstan knob stop  115   b,  and another knob stop  116   a  that cooperates with capstan knob stop  116   b.  This permits stationing of selector knob  100  and release actuator  119   a  at home position  100 A and pull position  1008 . I presently contemplate that selector knob  100  to be made of steel, but many other materials are possible, including brass and plastic materials. I presently anticipate bevel  113  to be 45 degrees but many other angles will perform its function adequately. 
     Release Actuator 
     The release actuator  119   a  of  FIG. 4A  has a string clearance slot  119   e  situated forward of the forward inclined outwardly radiating surface  120 A, which projects outwardly from the axis and cooperates with string clearance slot  118  of selector knob  100 . Release actuator  119   a  has a key  119   c  that cooperates with keyway  119   d  of capstan  102 . Release actuator  119   a  has a cam surface  117 B on its forward end which cooperates with cam surface  117 A of cam shaft  114 . I presently contemplate that release actuator  119   a  to be fabricated from steel but other materials could be suitable. 
     Capstan 
     A generally stub capstan  102  of  FIG. 4B  adapted to be fixedly disposed in a hole  508  in a peg head  505  ( FIG. 18B ) of a stringed musical instrument, by a nut  108   b  cooperating with an external threaded shoulder  108   a  on capstan  102 . Capstan  102  has an axial opening  119   b  extending therethrough with an axially aligned keyway  119   d  which cooperates with key  119   c  of release actuator  119   a.  Capstan  102  has a string clearance slot  119   f  projecting outwardly from axial opening  119   b  which cooperates with string clearance slot  118  of selector knob  100 . Capstan  102  has a threaded hole  106   b  in string clearance slot  119   f  which engages with threaded end  106   a  of pulley axel  105 . Capstan  102  has a rearward socket  156   b  ( FIG. 7A ) that threadedly engages with thread  156   a  of cylinder neck  154  ( FIG. 5B ). Alignment of capstan  102  to cylinder  150   a  and  150   b  is via set screw  107   a  which threadedly engages set screw hole  107   b  of capstan  102 , and self-centers with centering hole  107   c  ( FIG. 5B ). I presently contemplate for this embodiment capstan  102  to be made of steel, but other materials are possible, including, plastics and reinforced plastics, and variations in size and shape are also possible. 
     Pulley—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Cylinder 
     A generally tube cylinder  150  of  FIG. 5B  has a cylinder neck  154  at the forward end. Capstan  102  has a rearward socket  156   b  ( FIG. 7A ) that threadedly engages with thread  156   a  of cylinder neck  154 . Capstan  102  and cylinder  150  are adapted to be fixedly disposed in an 8 mm hole  508  in peg head  505  ( FIG. 18B ) of a stringed musical instrument. Threaded collar  108   f  cooperates with nut  108   b  and thrust washer  108   c,  wherein various thicknesses of peg heads  505  are accommodated. 
     At the forward end of cylinder  150  of  FIG. 5B , is an adapter bevel  158   b  which slopes to the exterior wall of cylinder  150   a  and  150   b.  Seated on this bevel  158   b  is an alignment tab  155   a  that cooperates with alignment slot  155   b  of optional adapter  160  ( FIG. 6C ). At the rearward end of cylinder  150 , a flare  152   a  cooperates with flare  152   b  ( FIG. 2B ) of button  145 . 
     Cylinders  150   ac  of  FIG. 7A and 150   cc  of  FIG. 1B , have a rearward internal radial groove  143   d  and a radial groove bevel  143   c  from deepest point of groove  143   d  forward to inside surface of cylinders  150   ac  and  150   cc.  Cylinder  150   b  of  FIG. 7B  has two set screws  142   c  and two cooperating holes  142   d  ( FIG. 2B ), flushed at the surface of keyway  142   b  and are positioned on the inside surface of the rearward end of cylinder  150   b,  being at the furthest point of translation of piston  140   b.    
     The forward end of cylinders  150  of  FIG. 5B  have chambers  122  with connected openings forward and rearward. Cylinder chamber  122  has two offset inclined surfaces  122   a  relative to the axis, whereof they commence at the forward opening, and end at two cylinder stop walls  122   c,  at their farthest extent from the axis. Between surfaces  122   a  are flat surfaces  122   b.  Behind stop wall  122   c  is bevel  125   c  ( FIG. 7B ). Stop wall edge  122   e  clears rearward surface  121   e  of jaw  121 . 
     At present I contemplate for this embodiment, cylinder  150  to be made of steel, but other materials are possible such as titanium, aluminum, and carbon fiber. I presently anticipate for this embodiment a mounting diameter of 8 mm, but other diameters are possible, and overall size and shape may vary. 
     Jaws—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Cylinder Plunger 
     A slidably disposed cylinder plunger  124  of  FIG. 4C , cooperates inside cylinder  150 , and has an axial string hole  130  therethrough, to permit passage of string  98 . The forward end of cylinder plunger  124  has a rearward inclined outwardly radiating surface  125 B, that cooperates with the rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  125 A of cylinder jaws  121 . Flat surface  123   b  cooperates with flat surface  122   b  of chamber  122  ( FIG. 5B ) as does bevel  128  ( FIG. 4C ) with bevel  125   c  ( FIG. 7B ) of cylinder  150 . Two extension springs  133  have each end terminated with a hook which cooperates with drift pins  129   e.  Drift pins  129   e  are situated at each end of axially aligned spring housing holes  129   b  in cylinder  150 , and in spring housing holes  129   a  in cylinder plunger  124 . Drift pins  129   e  cooperate with drift pin holes  129   c  and  129   d.  I envisage presently for this embodiment, that cylinder plunger  124  be made of plastic but other materials such as steel could be utilized. I presently contemplate springs  133  to be made of steel but other materials could be used., I contemplate at present drift pins  129   e,  to be made of steel or plastic, but other materials could be used. 
     Alignment Spring 
     An alignment spring  134  of  FIG. 3A , B, C,  7 A which is positioned inside cylinders  150  between piston  140  and cylinder plunger  124 , has an axial string hole  134   a . I presently contemplate spring  134  being constructed of flat wire or flat plastic, but other shapes and materials could be used. I contemplate at present string hole  134   a  to be sized to accommodate the largest diameter of string  98 , on an instrument, but two or more different sizes may be used. 
     Piston—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Piston Plunger 
     Piston plunger  135  of  FIG. 5C, 3A , B,  7 A, B, has a slidably disposed surface  136   d  that cooperates inside piston  140  and has an axial string hole  132  therethrough. Flat surface  136   c  cooperates with flat surface  122   b  of chamber  122 . The forward end of piston plunger  135  has a rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  135 B that cooperates with rearward inclined outwardly radiating surfaces  125 A of jaws  121 . Flat surfaces  123   b  cooperate with flat surfaces  122   b  of piston chamber  122 . Barrel  136   a  of piston plunger  135  cooperates with hole  136   b  of adjustable nut  138 . A compression spring  139  cooperates with piston  140  and barrel  136   a.  Adjustable nut  138  has an adjustment slot  138   a,  and a threaded exterior  137   a  which threadedly engages with internal thread  137   b  of piston  140 . I presently anticipate for this embodiment, piston plunger  135  and adjustment nut  138  to be made of plastic, but other materials such as steel could be utilized. Spring  139 , I imagine at present to be made of steel, but other materials such as brass or stainless steel could be used. 
     Button—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Adapter 
     As illustrated, the tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 2B  is mounted to adapter  160   a  with selector knob  100  in pull position, and button  145  in extended position  192 . Cylinder  150   b  has no threaded collar for aesthetic consideration for use with adapter  160   a.    
     Adapter  160  of  FIG. 6C  is a 10 mm diameter rod having a seat  159   a  recessed into its surface and having one seat wall  159   c  at one end of the recess and a seat slope  159   b  at the other end. The vertical wall  159   c  aligns with the vertical walls  502  ( FIG. 18A ) of the Torres headstock  500 . The seat wall  159   c  and seat slope  159   b  are cosmetic, so any shape is acceptable, and seat  159   a  may be the full length and in a different position on the adapter  160 . I presently envisage adapter  160  to be made from aluminum, but other materials are suitable. 
     Operation of the Second Embodiment 
     Jaws—Also Refer to the First Embodiment 
     Flat surfaces  123   b  cooperate with flat surfaces  122   b  of cylinder chamber  122 , thereby maintaining surfaces  125 B aligned with surfaces  125 A, as well as maintaining alignment of spring housing holes  129   a  and  129   b.  Rearward surface  121   e  of jaws  121  clear stop wall edge  122   e  of chamber  122  when in open position  121 -O. Stops  121   c  of jaws  121  and stop wall  122   c  of chamber  122  produces a positive stop to jaw  121  translation. This positive stop protects plunger springs  133  from being overextended by insertion of an oversized or misguided string  98 , which could drive jaws  121  and plunger  124  rearward. 
     Home Position 
     Home position  100 A permits string  98  to be inserted and removed, and places cylinder jaws  121  in open position  121 -O, which permits manual fine and course tuning, and course tuning using a tensioning device. Rotating selector knob  100  of  FIG. 3A , B, to station at home position  100 A, moves knob stop  116   a  into contact with knob stop  116   b  of capstan  102 . String clearance slot  118  of selector knob  100  aligns with string clearance slot  119   f  of capstan  102  and string clearance slot  119   e  of release actuator  119   a.    
     Cam surface  117 A of cam shaft  114  cooperates with cam surface  1178  of release actuator  119   a,  and urges release actuator rearward. Release actuator  119   a  translates in axial hole  119   b  of capstan  102 . The release actuator  119   a  is held from rotation by key  119   c  cooperating with keyway  119   d  of capstan  102 . String clearance slot  119   e  permits the release actuator  119   a  to clear pulley  103  and string  98  wrapped over pulley  103  during translation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A , B, when surfaces  120 A of release actuator  119   a  urge surfaces  120 B of jaws  121  rearward, surface  125 A of jaws  121  urge surfaces  125 B of cylinder plunger  124  rearward. The inclined surfaces  120 A and  125 B urge jaws  121  apart, thereby placing cylinder jaws  121  in open position  121 -O. The rearward movement of cylinder plunger  124  extends cylinder plunger springs  133  and compresses alignment spring  134 . 
     Pull Position 
     Pull position places cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C which permits manual and tensioning device course tuning. Rotating selector knob  100  of  FIG. 3C, 4A , B,  7 A, B, to station at pull position  1008 , moves knob stop  115   a  into contact with knob stop  115   b,  and surface stop  114   a  into contact with surface stop  114   b  of release actuator  119   a.  The cam surface  117 A of cam shaft  114  permits surface  117 B and release actuator  119   a  to move forward. Cylinder plunger springs  133  sequentially urge cylinder plunger  124  and surfaces  125 B forward, thereby urging surfaces  125 A and  120 B of jaws  121  and surface  120 A of release actuator  119   a  forward. The offset inclined surfaces  121   a  which cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of cylinder chamber  122 , urge piston jaws  121  together, thereby placing cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C. 
     Extended Position 
     Pull button  145  of  FIG. 2B, 3C, 6A , B, rearward until keys  142   a  contacts set screws  142   c  of cylinder  150   b,  or retainer  143   a  contacts groove  143   d  of cylinders  150   a  and  150   c.  Piston  140  is now in extended position. 
     Release Position 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , release position places jaws  121  of cylinder chamber  122  and piston chamber  122  in open position  121 -O, thereby permitting string  98  to be inserted or removed without resistance. 
     Selector knob  100  of  FIG. 3B, 7B , is stationed in home position  100 A, thereby positioning cylinder jaws  121  in open position  121 -O, and piston plunger spring  139  maintains a forward force on piston plunger  135 . When pistons  140  are translated to release position  190 , inclined surfaces  132 A and  135 B urge jaws  121  apart, and offset inclined surfaces  121   a  cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of piston chamber  122 , thereby placing cylinder jaws  121  in open position  121 -O. 
     When pistons  140  are returned to retract position  191 , springs  139  maintain a forward force on piston plunger  135 , and offset inclined surfaces  121   a,  which cooperate with offset inclined surfaces  122   a  of piston chamber  122 , urge jaws  121  together, thereby placing cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C. 
     String Alignment 
     During one course tuning method, pistons  140  ( FIG. 7A , B), are returned to retracted position  191 , and during retraction, friction from string gripping surface  121   f  could urge string  98  to bend or collapse upon itself. Alignment spring  134  prevents string  98  from collapsing during translation to retracted position  191 , thereby freeing a hand from keeping string  98  taut to prevent this occurrence. Alignment spring  134  allows rapid pumping of button  145  during one method of course tuning. 
     Alignment spring  134  ( FIG. 3C ) is positioned between piston  140  and cylinder plunger  124 . String hole  134   a  aligns string  98  with the axial center of cylinders  150 . Alignment spring  134  expands and contracts with piston  140  translations, thereby maintaining string  98  alignment and preventing string collapse. Removal of optional spring  134  would increase piston translation range with modification to length of keyway  142   b  and cylinder plunger barrel  131 . 
     Adjustment nut  138  ( FIG. 3B, 5C ), has an external thread  137   a  which threadedly engages with internal thread  137   b  of piston  140 . Adjustment nut  138  has an adjustment slot  138   a  which permits initial clamping pressure of spring  139  to be set by a slot screwdriver. If tension is too high, string collapse can occur during retraction of piston  140 . If tension is too low, jaws  121  fail to grip string  98 . Correct tension setting permits jaws  121  to slide along string  98  during retraction without collapse, and having adequate friction to grip string  98  during extension. 
     Retaining Systems 
     Selector Knob to Capstan 
     The selector knob  100  of  FIG. 4A , B,  7 A, B, is affixed to the neck  112  of capstan  102  by a concealed split ring wire retainer  109  in the following manner. Release actuator  119   a  is inserted into axial hole  119   b  of capstan  102 . Retainer  109  is expanded and released in groove  110   a  of neck  112  and then aligned with string clearance slot  119   f.  Selector knob  100  is positioned over neck  112  in home position  100 A and pressed down. Retainer  109  is compressed as it slides up bevel  113  to wall of skirt  101 , thereby compressing retainer  109  flush to the surface of neck  112 . Retainer  109  expands into groove  110   b  of skirt  101  when fully deployed, thereby securing selector knob  100  to capstan  102 . This installation method is accomplished in a few seconds, therefore being inexpensive, concealed and secure from consumer tampering. 
     Button to Piston—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Piston to Cylinder—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Piston  140   b  to Cylinder  150   b    
     Cylinder  150   b  of  FIG. 2B, 7B , has two threaded holes  142   d  cooperating with two set screws  142   c,  which function as a stop to key  142   a  of piston  140   b  in extended position  192 . Holes  142   d  of cylinder  150   b  pass through keyways  142   b  transversely, and are flush to the inside surface of cylinder  150   b.  Removal of set screws  142   a  permits assembly and disassembly of piston  140   b  to and from cylinder  150   b.    
     Peg Head Installation—Refer to First Embodiment 
     Adapter Assembly and Installation 
     A left and a right adapter assembly  157  of  FIG. 6A , consists of 3 adapters  160  per side, adapter EE  160   a,  adapter AB  160   b,  and adapter DG  160   c,  affixed to mounting plates  164 . The adapter  160 , has a vertical transverse tuner hole  158   a  positioned to align with string  98  path to instrument nut  404  which clears other tuners. The tuner hole  158   a  cooperates with the cylinder  150 . Bevel  158   c  cooperates with adapter bevel  158   b  ( FIG. 5B ) of cylinder  150 . Recess  108   g  cooperates with threaded shoulder  108   a  of capstan  102  ( FIG. 4B ). 
     One end of adapter  160  ( FIG. 6C ), has stub  161   a  that cooperate with left and a right hand mounting plates  164 , which have the standard spacing of 35 mm between tuners. The stub has four keys  161   b  which cooperate with four keyways of plate  164  and axial threaded hole  162   a  which cooperates with mounting screw  162   b.  The stub  161   a  has a length that is shy of the thickness of plate  164 , enabling screw  162   b  to clamp plate  164  to adapter  160 . 
     To install the adapter assembly  157 , slide the left and right adapter assemblies  157  into the Torres headstock  500  ( FIG. 18A ) and affix with screws  165 . Remove nut  108   b  and thrust washer  108   c  from each tuner, and slide the tuners from beneath the headstock  500 , up into hole  158   a  of the adapter  160 , with alignment tab  155   a  ( FIG. 2A ) cooperating with alignment slot  155   b  ( FIG. 6C ). Replace nuts  108   b,  without thrust washers  108   c,  snug by hand, and then tighten with appropriate tool. 
     End-User Operation 
     String Installation and Removal 
     The installation of string  98  into tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 3B , is easy to accomplish. Rotate selector knob  100  to home position and rotate and/or spin button  145  to the end of piston  140 , then push button  145  forward to release position  190 . Insert string  98  into string hole  111  of selector knob  100  from above, until string  98  exits button  145 . There is no resistance to this operation as all jaws  121  are in open position  121 -O. Relax forward pressure on button  145  and rotate button about one revolution to bring tuner to retracted position  191 . Pull string  98  taut. 
     String  98  removal is also easy. With selector knob  100  in home position  100 A, release tension on the string  98  by rotating and/or spinning the button  145  to the end of piston  140 . 
     Push button  145  forward to release position  190  and pull string  98  up and out of selector knob  100 , or down and out through button  145 , if string  98  has been cut. 
     Course Tuning 
     Course tuning permits rapid string  98  replacement and tuning. It guarantees adequate piston travel to tune and maintain tune of string  98  until its retirement. The ability to rapidly course tune permits utilizing lower thread pitches and thereby finer tuning ratios without impacting string replacement time. Bear in mind musicians may be content with the present conventional ratios and may resist any changes. 
     Course Tuning Method 1 
     With string  98  installed in tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 2B , rotate selector knob  100  to pull position  1008 . Position button  145  in retracted position  191  ( FIG. 7B ). Pull rearward on button  145  to increase tension on string  98 . Return button  145  to retracted position  191 . If desired pump one or more times on button  145  to course tune appropriately. Return button  145  to retracted position  191 , and rotate button  145  about one revolution to transfer string  98  tension from cylinder jaws  121  to piston jaws  121 . To commence conventional fine tuning, return selector knob  100  to home position  100 A. 
     With selector knob  100  stationed in pull position  1008  ( FIG. 3C ), when button  145  is pulled to increase tension on string  98 , piston jaws  121  grip string  98 . Cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C do not grip as string  98  slides past them. When applied tension is released, cylinder jaws  121  commence to grip string  98  and maintain tension. When button  145  is returned to retracted position  191 , piston jaws  121  do not grip string  98 , as string  98  slides past piston jaws  121 . In summary, select pull position  1008 , pull or pump button  145  to course tune, return to home position  100 A and fine tune conventionally. 
     Course Tuning Method 2 
     With string  98  installed in tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 2B , rotate selector knob  100  to pull position  1008 . Position button  145  in retracted position  191  ( FIG. 7B ), and then rotate button  145  to increase tension on string  98 . Return button  145  to retracted position  191 . If desired, rotate button  145  to further increase tension on string  98 . Rotate button  145  about one revolution to transfer tension from cylinder jaws  121  to piston jaws  121 . Return selector knob  100  to home position  100 A to commence conventional fine tuning. 
     With selector knob  100  in pull position  1008 , as button  145  is rotated to increase tension on string  98 , piston jaws  121  grip string  98 . Cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C do not grip as string  98  slides past them. When applied tension is released, cylinder jaws  121  commence to grip string  98  and maintain tension. When button  145  is returned to retracted position  191 , piston jaws  121  do not grip string  98 , as string  98  slides past piston jaws  121 . In summary, select pull position  1008 , rotate button to course tune, return to home position  100 A and fine tune conventionally. 
     Fine and Course Tuning Method 3 
     With string  98  installed in tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 2A , rotate selector knob  100  to pull position  1008 . Position button  145  in retracted position  191  ( FIG. 7B ), and using button  145  as a bearing surface, pull rearward on string  98  manually or using a tensioning device to course tune string  98 . To commence conventional fine tuning, rotate button  145  about one revolution to transfer tension from cylinder jaws  121  to piston jaws  121 , then return selector knob  100  to home position  100 A. 
     With selector knob  100  parked in pull position  1008 , as string  98  is pulled to increase tension, piston jaws  121  grip string  98 , and cylinder jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C, do not grip as string  98  slides past them. Upon releasing tension on string  98 , cylinder jaws  121  grip string  98 . In summary, select pull position  1008 , pull on string  98  manually or using a tensioning device to course tune, return to home position  100 A and fine tune conventionally. 
     Fine Tuning Method 4 
     With string  98  installed in tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 3A , rotate selector knob  100  to home position  100 A. Position button  145  in retracted position  191  ( FIG. 7B ), and rotate button  145  to tune in conventional manner. With selector knob  100  in home position  1008 , cylinder jaws  121  are in open position  121 -O, and do not grip string  98 . Piston jaws  121  in closed position  121 -C grip string  98 . In summary, select home position  100 A and fine tune conventionally. 
     Description of the Third Embodiment 
     Driveshaft  214  of  FIG. 10A , has an integral ratchet  210  with a plurality of teeth  210   a.  Each tooth having a run  210   b  and a rise  210   c.  Driveshaft  214  has a driven end  212   b  comprising a tuning socket  216   a  ( FIG. 9B ) with bevel  216   c,  and radial groove  206   b.  Drum end  219  has a reduced diameter having disc surface  222   a . At the base of disc surface  222   a  is an axial socket drive  217   a  having a transverse string hole  221   a  therethrough. Mid-point on drum end  219  is another transverse string hole  219   a.  At the end of disc surface  222   a  is an axial threaded hole  223   a  which terminates with mortar  225   a  at the commencement of socket drive  217   a.  I currently contemplate for this embodiment, driveshaft  214  to be made of steel, but other materials for example could be titanium, aluminum, or bronze. 
     Worm gear  208  of  FIG. 10A  has a plurality of teeth, and has an axial integral pawl driver drum  209  having two cooperating pawl pockets  211   c  which house pawls  211 , having teeth  211   b.  Worm gear  208  has an axial driveshaft hole  212   a  therethrough which is slidably and rotatably disposed on driven end  212   b.  Worm gear  208  is sandwiched between ratchet  210   b  and split ring wire retainer  206   a,  cooperating with radial groove  206   b  in driven end  212   b.  I presently anticipate for this embodiment, pawls  211 , to be constructed from an elastic plastic material and have the shape of a letter V, that permits them to be squeezed together and then released to return to their former shape and position, but other materials such as spring steel, could be used. 
     Enclosure  202  of  FIG. 9B , to be fixedly disposed on a stringed musical instrument, has thrust washer  204  and nut  203 . Enclosure  202  is slidably and rotatably disposed on drum end  219  of driveshaft  214 , and is sandwiched between ratchet  210  and split ring wire retainer  207   a  (not shown) which cooperates with radial groove  207   b  in driveshaft  214 . Enclosure  202  has cooperative cover  200  having a hole  201  which cooperates with the diameter of driven end  212   b  of drive shaft  214 . I currently contemplate for this embodiment, enclosure  202  to be made of zinc, but other metals or materials such as plastic could be used. 
     Worm  231  of  FIG. 10A  is rotatably mounted in enclosure  202  and cooperates with worm gear  208 . Plug end  235  has a threaded hole  234   b  which cooperates with enclosure  202 , and is affixed by a cooperative screw  234   a . The other end has tuning socket  216   a.  Currently, I contemplate for this embodiment, worm  231  to be crafted from steel, but other materials for example, could be titanium or bronze. Prior art worm of  FIG. 10C  is utilized on the remaining tuners which do not require a button-driver  237 . 
     Button  205  has an ergonomic shape with smooth curves and is of traditional appearance, and has a cavity  336   b  which cooperates with body  236   a  of driver  236 . Button  205  has an affixing screw recess  237   c  which cooperates with screw  237   b.  I anticipate at present for this embodiment the use of plastic, wood, or mother of pearl for a construction material, but other materials such as, aluminum or brass could be utilized. 
     Driver  236  of  FIG. 9B  has a body  236   a  which cooperates with an axial cavity  236   b  in button  205 . One end of driver  236  terminates in a tuning socket driver  216   b  and the other end has an axial threaded hole  237   a.  Screw  237   b  threadedly engages in threaded hole  237   a  and seats in recessed screw hole  237   c,  thereby affixing button  205  to driver  236 . The assembly of button  205  and driver  236  is called a button-driver  237 . Tuning socket driver  216   b  is magnetized. Currently, I contemplate for this embodiment, driver  236  to be crafted from steel, but other materials for example, could be titanium, aluminum, or brass. Button-driver  237  could be cast or machined from a single billet. 
     Disc drum  229  of  FIG. 10B  has disc driver  223  which has an axial socket  217   b  therethrough, which cooperates with socket drive  217   a.  Disc driver  223  has string hole  221   b  therethrough, cooperating with string hole  221   a.  A plurality of discs  222  have an axial opening  222   b  therethrough, which cooperate rotatably and slidably on disc surface  222   a  of drum end  219 . Discs  222  are retained by string clamp  224  which threadedly engages with threaded hole  223   a  of drum end  219 . String clamp  224  terminates at one end with tuning socket  216   a,  and at the other end pestle  225   b,  which cooperates with mortar  225   a.  I presently anticipate for this embodiment, disc drum  229  and discs  222  to be fabricated in steel, as well as string clamp  224 , but other non-ferrous metals are suitable, and plastic is a possibility for discs  222 . I presently envisage pestle  225   b  having a polished finish with a round over edge and mortar  225   a  having a frictional texture, but various shapes and sizes such as ball and sockets may be utilized. 
     Low friction drum  226  of  FIG. 10A  has an axial opening  222   b  extending therethrough, and an axial socket  217   b,  cooperating with socket drive  217   a  of drum end  219 . String hole  219   b  extends transversely therethrough, cooperating with string hole  219   a  of drum end  219 . Low friction drum  226  has a string surface  226   a  with reduced resistance to string  98 . At present I contemplate for this embodiment, low friction drum  226  to be constructed from a solid piece of ceramic with a polished finish, or a steel drum, or other material, with a surface coating of polished ceramic. I presently further contemplate for this embodiment, another material that could be utilized is fiber and carbon impregnated PTFE. 
     High friction drum  227  of  FIG. 10A  has an axial opening  222   b  extending therethrough, and an axial socket  217   b,  cooperating with socket drive  217   a  of drum end  219 . String hole  221   b  extends transversely therethrough, cooperating with string hole  221   a  of drum end  219 . High friction drum  227  has a string surface  227   a  with increased resistance to string  98 . At present, I contemplate for this embodiment, high friction drum  227  to be constructed from steel with a vulcanized rubber surface, but other materials will be suitable. 
     Groove drum  228  has an axial opening  222   b  extending therethrough, and an axial socket  217   b,  cooperating with socket drive  217   a  of drum end  219 . String hole  221   b  extends transversely therethrough, cooperating with string hole  221   a  of drum end  219 . Groove drum  228  has an external helical groove  228   a  comprising non-parallel groove walls that narrow together at a predetermined angle towards the axis of groove drum  228 . At present, I contemplate for this embodiment, groove drum  227  to be constructed from aluminum, or a steel drum that is vulcanized with a rubber surface, but other materials will be suitable. 
     Operation of the Third Embodiment 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10A  and B, rotating worm  231  urges worm gear  208  to rotate, but worm gear  208  cannot urge worm  231  to rotate. When worm gear  208  is rotated, the integral pawl driver drum  209  rotates, thereby rotating pawls  211  positioned in pawl pockets  211   c.  Teeth  211   b  of pawls  211  urge teeth  210   a  of ratchet  210   b  to rotate driveshaft  214 , and resists rotation of driveshaft  210  in opposite direction of rotation, thereby maintaining tension on string  98 . 
     When torque is applied in one direction, directly to driveshaft  214 , pawls  211  ride up run  210   b  of tooth  210   a  of ratchet  210 , and then fall at rise  210   c  to another run  210   b,  thereby permitting rotation and course tuning of string  98 . 
     Conversely, when torque is applied directly to driveshaft  214  in the other direction of rotation, teeth  210   a  of driveshaft  214  are held from rotation by teeth  211   b  of pawls  211 . Pawl driver drum  209 , having pawls  211  in pawl pockets  211   c,  are retained from rotation by teeth of worm gear  208  cooperating with worm  231 , thereby not permitting rotation and maintaining tension on string  98 . 
     Tuning socket driver  216   b  is magnetized to keep button-driver  237  secure to tuning socket  216   a,  but permits easy removal and replacement. 
     Low friction drum  226  increases tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  226   a.  By encouraging slippage of string  98 , rather than resisting it, the low friction coefficient rapidly equalizes the tension of the section of string  98  around drum  226 , thereby achieving stable tune quickly. 
     High friction drum  227  reduces tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  227   a,  by resisting tension equalization with a high friction coefficient, rather than encouraging it, and thereby achieving stable tune. 
     Groove drum  228  reduces tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  228   a.  Increase in string tension urges string  98  to deform and wedge deeper into the groove of drum surface  228   a,  thereby increasing friction and grip. Increase in tension of string  98  also results in a decrease in the diameter of string  98  and thereby wedges string  98  deeper into the groove of drum surface  228   a.  Groove drum  228  resists tension equalization with a high friction coefficient, rather than encouraging it, thereby achieving stable tune. 
     Disc drum  229  increases tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around surface of drum  229 . String  98 , is secured by string clamp  224 . Driveshaft  214  is rotated urging string  98  to wrap around discs  222 . Tension equalization urges discs  222  to rotate independently of disc surface  222   a  of drum end  219  and each other, thereby equalizing the section of string  98  which is wrapped around disc drum  229 . By encouraging tension equalization of string  98 , rather than resisting it, the low friction coefficient rapidly equalizes the tension of the section of string  98  around drum  226 , thereby achieving stable tune quickly. 
     String Clamping 
     String clamp  224  has a pestle  225   b  with a polished surface and a round-over on its edge to prevent string  98  fracture during rotation. Mortar  225   a  has a frictional surface to increase grip on string  98  as pressure is increase on the string  98  as pestle  225   b  rotates during clamping. String holes  219   a  and  221   a  diameters may be selected according to the gauge of string  98  being clamped to aid centering of string  98  in mortar  225   a.  String  98  is inserted into string holes  221   b  and  221   a  and pulled taut if string  98  is secured at the other end. Button-driver  237  is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a  of worm  231  and is engaged in tuning socket  216   a  of string clamp  224 . Button-driver  237  is rotated, thereby clamping string  98 . Button-driver  237  is disengaged from string clamp  224  and engaged in appropriate tuning socket  216   b.  String clamp  224  eliminates tension equalization derived from string affixing knots through elimination of the knot to secure string  98 . 
     Course Tuning Method 1 
     Button-driver  237  is engaged in tuning socket  216   b  of driven end  212   b  of driveshaft  214 . Button-driver  237  is rotated to course tune string  98  appropriately. Button-driver  237  is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a  of driveshaft  214  and engaged in tuning socket  216   a  of worm  231 , whereby conventional fine tuning can commence. In summary, engage button driver  237  to driveshaft  214  and course tune. 
     Course Tuning and Fine Tuning Method 2 
     A digital torque screwdriver has a tuning socket driver  216   b  installed in its chuck, and has been set to an appropriate torque for course tuning. Torque screwdriver is engaged in tuning socket  216   b  of driven end  212   b  of driveshaft  214 . Torque is applied and then torque screw driver is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a.  Commence conventional tuning. In summary, engage digital torque screwdriver in driveshaft  214  and course tune, then disengage, commence conventional tuning. 
     As described, string  98  can be rapidly secured, rapidly course tuned using button-driver  237  or by using a digital screwdriver, and fine-tuned conventionally. The embodiment of  FIG. 9B  eliminates tension equalization derived from knots, reduces tension equalization of strings tensioned around drums, reduces the protracted time in string replacement, and is housed in an enclosure of traditional dimension, mounting and appearance. 
     Description of the Fourth Embodiment 
     Driveshaft  331  of  FIG. 13A , B,  15 A, B, has an integral ratchet drum  334  with a plurality of internal teeth  333   a . Teeth  333   a  have surface run  333   b  and a surface rise  333   c.  Driveshaft  331  has a drum end  335  with a hexagonal profile drum drive  335   a,  and having an end threaded hole  336   a  which cooperates with screw  336   b  and washer  337   a.  Driven end  322  comprises a head bore  331   d  with a forward tuning socket  216   a  incorporating a bevel  216   c,  and an axial threaded hole  331   c.  At the base of hole  331   c  is mortar  338   d,  which intersects transverse string hole  338   a.  Driven end  322  has a recess  332  at ratchet drum  334  and a radial groove  321   b.  I currently contemplate for this embodiment, driveshaft  331  to be made of steel, but other materials for example could be titanium, aluminum, or bronze. I presently anticipate mortar  338   d  to have a flat, frictional surface, but other shapes such as a socket could be used with various surfaces. 
     String clamp  331   a  of  FIG. 14B, 15A , B, comprises a threaded screw  331   b  which threadedly engages with axial hole  331   c  in driven end  322  of driveshaft  331 . One end of string clamp  331   a  has a head  331   e  with a drive slot  331   f,  which cooperates with head bore  331   d.  The other end has a pestle  338   c  which cooperates with mortar  338   d  at base of axial hole  331   c.  Currently I anticipate pestle  338   c  to have a flat polished surface with a round-over on its edge, but other shapes such as a ball could be used. I currently anticipate for this embodiment, string clamp  331   a  to be fabricated in steel but other metals could be used. 
     Worm gear  323  of  FIG. 13A , B, has a plurality of teeth, and an axial hole  323   e  which slidably engages with driveshaft surface  323   f.  Worm gear  323  has a drive surface  323   a  which cooperates with pawl drive surface  323   b  and has four keys  324   a  which cooperate with keyways  324   b  of pawl drive  326 . Worm gear  323  has a radial groove  321   b  which cooperates with split ring retainer  321   a,  and cosmetic seal  320  cooperates with surface  323   f  of driveshaft  331 . 
     Pawl drive  326  has a drive ring  328  with two pawl pockets  330  which house two pawls  328 . I presently anticipate for this embodiment, pawls  328 , to be constructed from an elastic plastic material and have the shape of a letter V, that permits them to be squeezed together and then released to return to their former shape and position, but other materials such as spring steel could be used. Pawls  328  have a teeth  329   a  that cooperate with teeth  333   a  of ratchet drum  334 . Pawl drive flange  327  cooperates with ratchet drum  334 . Pawl drive axial hole  323   d  cooperates with surface  323   f  of driveshaft  331 . 
     Pawl drive  326  and worm gear  323  rotatably and slidably sandwiches mounting plate  300  with two thrust washer  325  on either side (one depicted), and surface  323   b  cooperates with hole in mounting plate  300  to be fixedly disposed on a stringed musical instrument. Axial hole  323   e  of worm gear  323 , and axial hole  323   d  of pawl drive  326  is slidably and rotatably disposed on driven end  322  of driveshaft  331 , thereby being sandwiched between ratchet drum  334  and retainer  321   a  which cooperates with radial groove  321   b  of driveshaft  331 . I presently contemplate for this embodiment, that worm gear  323  and pawl drive  326  to be fabricated in brass or other non-ferrous metals. 
     Worm  303  of  FIG. 11B, 12B , is rotatably affixed on mounting plate  300  and cooperates with worm gear  323 . Plug end  304   a  cooperates with mounting plate  300 , and the other end has tuning socket driver  304   b  which has a transverse threaded hole  305   a.  Collar  306 , with tuning sockets  216   a  at both ends, is affixed to tuning socket driver  304   b  by set screw  305   c,  which cooperates with hole  305   b  in collar  306  and threaded hole  305   a  of tuning socket driver  304   b.  I presently anticipate worm  303  and collar  306  to be made of steel, but other materials could be used. 
     Button  352  of  FIG. 14C  has an ergonomic shape with smooth curves and is of traditional appearance, and has a cavity  352   b  which cooperates with body  351   a  and screwdriver  353  of driver  351 . Button  352  has a threaded hole  352   a . I anticipate at present for this embodiment, the use of plastic for a construction material, but other materials such as wood, mother of pearl, stone, steel, aluminum or brass could be utilized. 
     Button-driver  351  of  FIG. 14C  has a screwdriver  353 , which extends and retracts, and a fixed tuning socket driver  216   b  which is magnetized. Button  352  has a cavity  352   b  which cooperates with body  351   a  of driver  351  and screwdriver  353  in contracted position. Button  352  has a threaded hole  352   a  which threadedly engages with threaded end  354   b  of threaded pin  354 . An assembly of button  352  and driver  351  is called button-driver  350 . 
     One end of driver  351  terminates in a tuning socket driver  216   b  and the other end has a clevis  351   d  having two transverse holes  351   c  and a stop  351   e.  Screwdriver  353  has a blade  353   a  at one end which cooperates with slot  331   f  of string clamp  331   a.  The other end of screwdriver  353  has a yoke  353   c  which cooperates with clevis  351   d.  Screwdriver  353  has shoulder stop  353   f  that cooperates with stop  351   e  of clevis  351   d  when screwdriver is in extended position. Axel  354  has a threaded end  354   b  which threadedly engages with threaded hole  352   a  of button  352 . Yoke  353   c  of screwdriver  353  pivots around axel  354 , which has threaded end  354   b  cooperating with hole  352   a,  and secures driver  351  and screwdriver  353  to button  352 . Currently, I contemplate for this embodiment, driver  351  to be crafted from steel, but other materials could be utilized. Button  352  and driver  351  could also be made from a single piece of material such as steel, plastic or brass. Screwdriver  353  could be machined in permanent extended position or it could be a separate retractable part having a cooperating cavity in the body of the button. 
     Disc string drum  344  has a disc drive  342   a  having an axial opening  335   b  of hexagonal profile  335   a  extending therethrough, which slidably cooperates with hex drum drive  335   a  of drum end  335 . Disc drive  342   a  has an axial integral fixed disc  341  having a string hole  338   b  extending therethrough, to align with string hole  338   a  of hex drum drive  335   a.  A plurality of discs  342  have an axial hole  342   b  therethrough, which cooperate rotatably and slidably on both sides of fixed disc  341  on surface of disc drive  342   a.    
     Shaft support  343 , has a washer recess  337   b,  which cooperates with washer  337   a  and drum retainer screw  336   b.  Screw  336   b  and washer  337   a  cooperate with end threaded hole  336   a  to retain disc drum  344  to drum end  335 . I presently anticipate for this embodiment, disc drum  344 , discs  342 , and string clamp  224  to be fabricated in steel, but other non-ferrous metals are suitable, and plastic is a possibility for discs  222 . 
     Groove drum  345  has an axial opening extending therethrough, to slidably cooperate and be rotated by hex drum drive  335   a  of drum end  335  of drive shaft  331 . String hole  338   b  (not shown) extends transversely therethrough, cooperating with string hole  338   a  of drum end  335 . Groove drum  345  has an external helical groove comprising non-parallel groove walls that narrow together at a predetermined angle towards the axis of groove drum  345 . At present, I contemplate for this embodiment, groove drum  345  to be constructed from aluminum, or a steel drum which is vulcanized with a rubber surface, but other materials will be suitable. 
     Low friction drum  346  has an axial opening extending therethrough, to slidably cooperate and be rotated by hex drum drive  335   a  of drum end  335  of said drive shaft  331 . String hole  338   b  extends transversely therethrough, cooperating with string hole  338   a  of drum end  335 . Low friction drum  346  has a string surface with reduced resistance to string  98 . At present I envisage for this embodiment, low friction drum  346  to be constructed from a solid piece of ceramic with a polished finish, or a steel drum, or other material, with a surface coating of polished ceramic. I presently contemplate for this embodiment, another material that could be utilized is fiber and carbon impregnated PTFE. 
     Operation of the Fourth Embodiment 
     Referring to  FIG. 13A , B, rotating worm  303  urges worm gear  323  to rotate, but worm gear  323  cannot urge worm  303  to rotate. When worm gear  323  is rotated, pawl drive  326  is urged to rotate by keys  324   a  of worm gear  323  cooperating with keyways  324   b  of pawl drive  326 . Integral drive ring  328  rotates pawls  329  positioned in pawl pockets  330 . Teeth  329   a  urge internal teeth of ratchet  333  of ratchet drum  334  to rotate driveshaft  331 , which resists rotation of driveshaft  331  in the opposite direction of rotation, thereby maintaining tension on string  98 . 
     When torque is applied in one direction directly on driveshaft  331 , teeth  329   a  of pawls  329  ride up run  333   b  of teeth  333   a  of ratchet  333  and then fall at rise  333   c  to another run  333   b,  thereby permitting rotation and course tuning of string  98 . 
     Conversely, when torque is applied directly to driveshaft  331  in the opposite direction of rotation, teeth  333   a  of driveshaft  331 , are held from rotation by teeth  329   a  of pawls  329  in pockets  330  of drive ring  328  of pawl drive  326 . Teeth of worm gear  323  cooperating with worm  303  are held from rotation, thereby not permitting rotation of driveshaft  331 . 
     Tuning socket driver  216   b  is magnetized to keep button-driver  350  secure to tuning socket  216   a,  but permits easy removal and replacement. 
     Disc Driver 
     Referring to  FIG. 14A, 11B, 15A , B, disc drum  344  increases tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  344   a . Driveshaft  331  is rotated and hex drum drive  335   a  urges hex socket  335   b  of disc drum  344  to rotate, and string  98  to wrap around discs  342 . Tension equalization urges discs  342  to rotate independently of each other and cylinder surface  342   a  of disc drum  340 , thereby increasing tension equalization of the string length that is wrapped around disc drum  344 . By encouraging slippage of string  98 , rather than resisting it, the low friction coefficient rapidly equalizes the tension of the section of string  98  around drum  226 , thereby achieving stable tune quickly. 
     Groove drum  345  reduces tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  345   a.  An increase in tension urges string  98  to deform and wedge deeper into the groove of drum surface  345   a,  thereby increasing friction and grip. Increase in tension of string  98  also results in a decrease in the diameter of string  98 , and thereby wedges string  98  deeper into the groove of drum surface  345   a.  Groove drum  345  resists tension equalization with a high friction coefficient, rather than encouraging it, thereby achieving stable tune. 
     High friction drum  346  reduces tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  346   a,  by resisting tension equalization with a high friction coefficient, rather than encouraging it, and thereby achieving stable tune. 
     Button-Driver 
     Button-driver  350  of  FIG. 11B, 12B, 14C , is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a  of worm  303 , and screwdriver  353  is extended from cavity  353   b  of button  352 . Stop  353   f  of screwdriver  353  cooperates with stop  351   e  of clevis  351   d,  thereby preventing over extension. Blade  353   a  and slot  331   f,  and surface  353   b  and head bore  331   d  cooperate with each other. Head bore  331   d  supports and aligns surface  353   b  during string clamping operation, whereby positioning of blade  353   a  in slot  331   f  is facilitated. Button-driver  350  is the only tool required to perform all functions of embodiment of  FIG. 11B . String  98  replacement and tuning is rapidly accomplished. 
     String Clamping 
     String clamp  331   a  has a pestle  338   c  with a polished surface and a round-over on its edge to prevent string  98  fracture during rotation. Mortar  338   d  has a frictional surface to increase grip on string  98  as pressure is increase on the string  98  as pestle  338   c  rotates during clamping. End of string  98  is inserted into string hole  338   a  and  338   b  ( FIG. 15A ) and pulled taut if string  98  is secured at other end. Extend and engage screwdriver  353  of button  352  in slot  331   f  of string clamp  331   a  and tighten appropriately. Other cooperating screwdrivers may also be used. 
     Course Tuning Method 1 
     Tuning socket driver  216   b  of button-driver  350  is engaged in tuning socket  216   a  of driven end  322  of driveshaft  331 . Button-driver  350  is rotated to course tune string  98  appropriately. Button-driver  350  is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a  of driveshaft  331  and engaged in tuning socket  216   a  of worm  303 , whereby conventional fine tuning can commence. In summary, engage button-driver  350  to driveshaft to course tune. 
     Course Tuning and Fine Tuning Method 2 
     A digital torque screwdriver has a tuning socket driver  216   b  installed in its chuck, and has been set to an appropriate torque for course tuning. Torque screwdriver is engaged in tuning socket  216   a  of driven end  322  of driveshaft  331 . Torque is applied and then digital torque screwdriver is disengaged from tuning socket  216   a.  In summary, engage torque screwdriver to driveshaft to course tune. 
     As described, string  98  can be rapidly secured, course tuned manually and using a digital torque screwdriver, and fine-tuned conventionally. The tuner of embodiment of  FIG. 11B  eliminates tension equalization derived from knots, reduces tension equalization of strings tensioned around drums, reduces the protracted time in string replacement, and is housed in an enclosure of traditional dimension, mounting and appearance. 
     Description of the Fifth Embodiment 
     Speed clamp  400  of  FIG. 16B , C,  17 A, C, has a one-piece housing  401  to be fixedly disposed on an electric or an acoustic bridge  406 , an instrument tailpiece, an instrument body, or a headless end stock  405 . I presently contemplate housing  401  to be inserted into wooden structures such as bridges, tailpieces and end-stocks, but body  401  may be substituted by machining chamber  122  directly into an instruments tailpiece, bridge or bridge/vibrato assembly. 
     Forward end of housing has a chamber  122  ( FIG. 5B ) which cooperates with jaws  402 . Jaws  402  are identical to jaws  121  except for a protrusion  402   a  extending beyond rearward end of housing. Jaws  402  have trimmed surface  121   d  (not depicted) to permit installation into chamber  122 . Jaws  402  are retained in position by a retainer  138   b  cooperating with an internal radial groove  138   c  in front of housing  401 . I presently contemplate jaws  402  to be fabricated from steel or a non-ferrous material, and housing  401  to be crafted in steel or aluminum. I currently anticipate for this embodiment, housing  401  to have a diameter of  6 mm. Entrance of string hole  409  of bridge  406  is a smooth curve (not depicted) which increases tension equalization. 
     Operation of the Fifth Embodiment 
     String Replacement Method 1 
     Referring to  FIG. 16B, 17C , end of string  98  is inserted between jaws  402  in forward end of housing  401  and flushed with end of protrusions  402   a  by human finger, without cutting string  98 . Then human finger urges protrusions  402   a  forward, thereby urging string gripping surfaces  121   f  of jaws  402  and string  98  forward and together in chamber  122 , thereby gripping string  98 . In summary, insert string  98  and push forward with finger. 
     String Replacement Method 2 
     End of string  98  is inserted between jaws  402  in forward end of housing  401  and therethrough, exiting protrusions  402   a  of jaws  402 . End of string  98  is pulled rearward, manually or by a tensioning device, to course tune string  98 , wherein jaws  402  do not grip string  98 , as string  98  slides along jaws  402 . Before pulling tension is released, a human finger urges string gripping surfaces  121   f  of jaws  402  forward and together in chamber  122  if necessary, thereby gripping string  98  and maintaining tension. In summary, insert string  98  and pull end of string  98  to course tune. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17C , string  98  spans distance  423 , in a straight path between saddle  407   a  and the entrance to string hole  409  as compared to prior art ( FIG. 17A ). The increased angle  416  over saddle  407   a,  increases saddle  407   a  down force as compared to prior art, thereby increasing volume and efficiency of instrument. Smooth curve (not depicted) of entry of string hole  417  increases tension equalization. 
     String  98  can be rapidly inserted and affixed, course tuned manually and using a tensioning device, all without the problem of tension equalization in string affixing knots. Size of speed clamp  400  permits a bridge of near traditional appearance, construction and dimension, and headless end-stock  405  ( FIG. 16A ) without need for metal attachment configurations, thereby permitting artistic freedom to the luthier. 
     Description of the Sixth Embodiment 
     A traditional bridge of  FIG. 17A , having a saddle  407   a,  a string hole  409 , and a tie block  407   b,  but with the following modifications. Referring to  FIG. 16D , E,  17 A, B, tie block  407   b  has a curve of lower transition  410 , a curve of upper transition  411  and reversal member  412 . Entrance of string hole  409  is a smooth curve (not depicted) which increases tension equalization. Tie-block  407   b  has string stop  413 . Front surface  414   a  has a string clearance slot  415  and above it a clamping surface  414   b.  I presently contemplate for this embodiment, bridge of  FIG. 16D , to be crafted in rosewood or ebony, but many wood varieties or composite materials may be substituted. I currently anticipate for this embodiment, reversal member to be of diameter 2.3 mm and be crafted of rosewood, ebony, or brass, but other materials and sizes could be utilized. 
     Operation of the Sixth Embodiment 
     Referring to  FIG. 16D , E,  17 A, B, tie block  407   b  has a curve of lower transition  410 , and a curve of upper transition  411  which increases tension equalization around these sharp bends. String reversal member  412 , removes string  98  length from behind the saddle  407   a,  thereby reducing tension equalization, and sharp bend  420  ( FIG. 17A ) is avoided, eliminating a source of tension equalization. The string reversal member  412  relieves string  98  serving as a string reversal point  421 , and removes the sharp bend around string  98 , thereby eliminating a source of tension equalization. String  98  spans the distance  423 , in a straight path between saddle  407   a  and the entrance to string hole  409 . The increased angle  416  over saddle  407   a  increases saddle  407   a  down force on as compared to prior art ( FIG. 17A ), thereby increasing volume and efficiency of instrument. 
     String clearance slot  415  permits end of string  98  to be easily placed under previous wrap of string  98 , avoiding the difficulties of prior art, where tension of string  98  must be released to permit end of string  98  to be positioned under string  98 . String stop  413  permits pulling end of string  98  without regards to pulling too far. In prior art, string  98  is pulled cautiously to avoid pulling too far, which bumps string up onto top of tie-block  407   b  wherein no clamping results. 
     Front surface  414   a  has a clamping surface  414   b  positioned high up on tie-block  407   b,  which increases the angle of string  98  at clamping point  422 , thereby increasing grip of string  98 . This high position is possible due to string stop  413 , permitting increased tension to be applied to string  98  without bumping up to top surface of tie-block  407   b.    
     String  98  lays over saddle  407   a,  and is fed through string hole  409 , and then wraps over curve of lower transition  410 . String  98  continues upward on front surface  414   a  to wrap over upper transition  411 , and on to string reversal member  412 . String  98  is pre-tensioned by hand, and tension of string  98  is held by a human finger until string  98  is clamped. String  98  is fed into the string clearance slot  415  and under string  98  which was previously wrapped around front surface  414   a . End of string  98  is pulled by hand in a direction parallel to string clearance slot  415 . This tension urges end of string  98  to contact string stop  413 , and then urges end of string  98  out of string clearance slot  415 , under string  98 , and on to clamping surface  414   b,  thereby being clamped. 
     String  98  can be quickly replaced and pre-tensioned to a predetermined amount without reducing saddle  407  downforce. The reduced string length behind saddle  407 , and the rounded edges of transitions  410 ,  411  and  417 , increase tension equalization. The bypassing of transitions  420  and  421  eliminates possible tension equalization from these points. All of the advantages aforementioned in bridge  408  of near traditional appearance, construction and dimension. 
     Advantages 
     From the description above, a number of advantages of some of my embodiments become evident:
         a) Embodiments of tuners, bridges, and an end-stock, present a practical solution to the problem of tension equalization and the protracted time of string replacement and course tuning. These solutions permit large excursions in string bending, vibrato, and vibrato arm use with greater success in returning to pitch. Instruments correspondingly, maintain their relative pitch to a much higher degree during temperature and humidity changes.   b) Both linear tuner embodiments employ course tuning to solve the sever problem of limited piston travel.   c) Course tuning is utilized in all embodiments to reduce the protracted time in string replacement.   d) Both linear tuner embodiments solve the problem of excessive fine tuning ratios, as demonstrated in previous art in the range of 40:1, by employing customary ratios.   e) Some previous art linear tuners use rigid bearing surfaces to transition the string into the tuner, thereby introducing the problem of tension equalization, which is avoided by using a pulley to transition the string.   f) Both linear tuner embodiments are free of gear backlash, which requires tuning from below the note.   g) Both linear tuner embodiments use a light weight and easy to fabricate peg heads. This simplifies the tuning of an instrument due to the ergonomic positioning of the buttons beneath the headstock, which permit line of sight and an ergonomic hand position.   h) All course tuning embodiments can be course tuned without additional tools, by applying your hand or utilizing the self-contained button-driver.   i) The removable button-driver, an element of some embodiments, is ergonomic in shape and size and permits torque to be applied nearly effortlessly during string clamping and course tuning. Some previous art examples suffer from undersized knobs, which in practice require a pair of pliers or other tools, as they are difficult or impossible to rotate by hand.   j) Some embodiments, possessing automatic string clamping and releasing, permit string removal and replacement to be accomplished in seconds.   k) All embodiments permit easy and inexpensive installation to a stringed musical instrument by having traditional size, shape, appearance, and utilizing industry customary mounting. Some embodiments have enclosures utilizing the dimensions of prior art, thereby permitting retro-fitting into existing instruments, and installation into new factory production without any modifications.   l) Large, heavy and complex classical guitar headstocks (Torres), which are expensive to fabricate, are replaced with a traditional peg head having linear tuner embodiments using a single 8 mm mounting hole per tuner.   m) The end-stock embodiment permits a luthier&#39;s artistic license to be expressed in the most prized position. Prior art end-stock termination devices add weight and require neck terminations of predetermined shape and size.   n) Embodiments enabling tensioning or torque devices, replace the need for built in electro/mechanical devices, and course tuning obliterates the need for peg winders.       

     Conclusions, Ramifications and Scope 
     Thus the reader will see that at least some embodiments eliminate tension equalization derived from knots, diminish tension equalization of strings tensioned around drums, permit rapid and/or automatic string affixing and releasing, rapid manual course tuning, rapid course tuning using a tensioning device or torque device, and conventional fine tuning, with all embodiments having traditional appearance, size, and mounting. 
     Many other variations are possible. For example, the use of two jaws  121  per chamber  122  in embodiment of  FIGS. 1A and 2A , B, can also be reduced to a single jaw  121  having a cooperating chamber  122 , incorporating an axial string gripping surface  121   f.    
     Also, pulley  103  in capstan  102  and  102   a  of  FIG. 4B , could be replaced with a substantially smooth curved bearing surface at a predetermined position and size to facilitate the bending of string  98  as it enters string hole  111  and  111   a.    
     Cam  114  could be cut flush transversely to the axis and threaded to cooperate with axial hole  119   b  of capstan  102 , thereby urging release actuator  119   a  rearward. Release actuator  119   a  would have a modified cooperating surface with modified cam  114 . Further, selector knob  100  could have skirt  101  threadedly engaging neck  102 , and utilizing above cam modification. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4B, 5B , set screw  107   a,  set screw recess  107   b  and centering hole  107   c  could be omitted to save manufacturing costs with centering being done by feel and having a frictional thread fit or utilizing a commercially available thread lock adhesive. 
     Further, capstan  102  of  FIG. 4B, 5B , could be secured to neck  112  of cylinder  150  by axial aligned screws, with cooperating holes, through capstan  102  to neck  112 , or via transverse screws or drift pins with cooperating holes, through capstan  102  into cylinder  150 . 
     Cylinder plunger  124  and piston plunger  135  could be crafted in plastic and utilize a magnet (possibly a magnetic washer) positioned appropriately to replace the function of springs  133  and  139 . Jaws  121  may need to be fabricated in a non-ferrous metal or other material such as plastic. The magnet may require a predetermined distance from ferrous metal bevel  125   c  for proper operation. 
     String clamp  224  could be removed and string drum  226 ,  227  and  228  could have a tuning socket  216   a  which cooperates with button-driver  237  or  350 , permitting course tuning to be accomplished at both ends of driveshaft  214 . A string clamp threadedly engages threaded hole  223   a,  and has pestle  225   b  at one end which cooperates with mortar  225   a.  At the other end of the string clamp is a slot which cooperates with blade  353   a  of screwdriver  353 . The string clamp when tightened is flush with forward end of drum end  219 . Disc drum  229  could utilize the new string clamp wherein discs  222  are retained by a nut that threadedly engages with an extended drum end  219 . 
     String clamp  331   a  could be replaced with chamber  122 , being machined into a modified hex drum drive  335   a  which cooperates with modified string drums  344 ,  345 ,  346  and  347 . Jaws  402  or  121  could be utilized, or modified versions. A plunger, a spring and a retainer is also a possibility. 
     The speed clamp  400  of  FIG. 17C  could have jaws  402  urged forward by a spring and plunger, or utilize a magnet as described above. Chamber  401  could have an axial string gripping surface  121   f  which would permit using one jaw  402 . Protrusion  402   a  could also be removed and be replaced with a flat flush surface, or having another shape or size. 
     Low friction drum  347  of  FIG. 11B , (not shown) increases tension equalization in string  98  which wraps around drum surface  347   a.  By encouraging slippage of string  98 , rather than resisting it, the low friction coefficient rapidly equalizes the tension of the string section around drum  347 , thereby achieving stable tune quickly. 
     Tie-block  407   b  of  FIGS. 16B  and D, could be moved forward to the saddle  407   a  to reduce length of string  98  behind the saddle. Slots or holes cut into the tie-block would clear the string path from saddle to string hole  409 . 
     I presently contemplate using key  119   c  cooperating with keyway  119   d,  but non symmetrical shapes could also be used for release actuator  119   a,  thereby negating the need for a key and possibly lowering manufacturing costs. 
     While my above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope, but rather as an exemplification of several embodiments thereof. Accordingly, the scope should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.