Patent Publication Number: US-2022212778-A1

Title: Hinge structure

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage of, and claims priority to, Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No. PCT/EP2020060856, filed on Apr. 17, 2020, which application claims priority to Great Britain Application No. GB 1905550.8, filed on Apr. 18, 2019, which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Moveable structures on aircraft include flaps, ailerons, tail wings and various other components arranged, in use, to guide or control airflow over an aircraft structure. Ailerons, as one example, are coupled to the main wing structure by means of hinge arrangements allowing the aileron to be rotated about a pivot to change the flow direction of air. 
     Actuators, such as hydraulic pumps, worm gears or the like, are used to pivot and move the moveable structures about the hinge thereby changing the aerodynamic performance and characteristics of the structure and wing. This allows for controlled aircraft flight by movement of the structure. 
     Accurate alignment of the hinges and the connecting brackets which connect the moveable structures to the wing is critical in allowing the moveable structure to be accurately and reliably controlled. Inaccuracies in the alignment of a hinge can cause jamming or restrictions in movement which can be critical to the safe operation and flight of an aircraft. 
     To prevent any such issues, conventional moveable surface hinges are manufactured by carefully drilling a shaft or hole through each of the components forming the connection and then assembling the components in a specifically manufacturing jig. The jig ensures precise alignment of all of the components as they are attached together to form the hinge and the actuator attachments. Any misalignment of the hinges and brackets can be compensated for by further machining or by shimming or fettling the parts. 
     However, current manufacturing methods present some drawbacks in that they are extremely labour intensive resulting in high manufacturing costs, high rejection rates and slow manufacturing. Variable results in manufacturing also result in high levels of component reworking and concessions. 
     Furthermore, efficient maintenance of aircraft can be prevented by inconsistencies in hinge manufacturing making replacing moveable aircraft structures both time consuming, unreliable and expensive. Any misalignment when attempting to replace a hinged component will prevent the component being replaced and will require further labour intensive work to align the hinge. 
     The drawbacks of conventional manufacturing techniques are compounded when applied in modern aircraft design with increasing wingspans and size of moveable structure. Additionally, the speed with which maintenance of aircraft must be performed (to allow for economical operation of aircraft) is high and delays in maintenance can be significant issues for aircraft operators. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is concerned with manufacturing a hinged connection between an aircraft moveable surface and an aircraft structure, and an integrated hinged coupling arrangement between an aircraft moveable surface and an aircraft structure. The present unconventional hinge arrangement and corresponding manufacturing method provides a superior hinge connection for an aircraft moveable structure with greater accuracy and reliability and which allows for economical and reliable in-situ repairs of aircraft including, for example, on an airfield. 
     Viewed from a first aspect there is provided a spar structure for connecting a moveable component to an aircraft, the spar structure comprising a continuous body of material defining a plurality of attachment/actuation brackets and a pair of continuous hinge lines extending through the body. 
     Thus, the spar structure described herein is formed as a unitary part or component that is a single continuous component as opposed to a composition of a number of individual components. Owing to the need for precise alignment of each bracket, complex jigs are conventionally used incorporating skims or shims which are used to achieve the precision needed for alignment of the hinges. 
     Forming the spar from a single body of material is counterintuitive because of the perception and accepted convention in the industry that the jig arrangement provides for the greatest tolerance control. 
     As described herein the pair of continuous hinge lines define the datum for the attachment/actuation bracket locations, i.e., instead of making a bracket and positioning it with extreme accuracy around a hinge line this disclosure adopts an opposite approach, namely, to use the hinge lines as the datum and to form the brackets around those two datum lines. 
     Although extensive machining is required, the removed material can be recycled and computer numerically controlled machines (CNC Machines) can be conveniently programmed to continuously form the spar structure according to a predetermined programme. 
     Furthermore, the structure strength and rigidity can be optimised and areas which would otherwise have acted as stress raisers can be designed out of the structure. Still further, no (or fewer) rivets, connectors or other couplings are needed between the brackets and the spar. They become fully integrated. 
     Advantageously one of the pair of hinge lines may intersect with a first group of said attachment/actuation brackets and a second of said hinge lines may intersect with a second group of said attachment/actuation brackets. Adjacent brackets need not be for the same purpose and structural redundancy can be built into the spar should any one bracket fail in any way. 
     Specifically, the first group of attachment/actuation brackets may be brackets arranged in use to pivotally mount the moveable component to an aircraft structure. This defines the line or axis around which the movable component rotates, e.g., the aileron. 
     Similarly, the second group of attachment/actuation brackets may be brackets arranged in use to couple the spar structure to an actuator. The actuator, for example a linear actuator or similar, can thus be coupled to the spar structure. Movement of the second group of brackets by means of the actuator causes the rotation of the spar (and moveable component) around the axis or hinge line described above. 
     Thus, by means of the pair of hinge lines extending through the body and intersecting with two groups of brackets the spar can be both securely coupled to the wing (for example) and simultaneously allowed to rotate in response to selective control of the actuator. 
     Advantageously each of the hinge lines may define a cylindrical bore through each attachment/actuation bracket they intersect with. Thus, each bracket that intersects with the hinge line will be in perfect alignment with the lengthwise hinge line passing through the spar. 
     The spar may be formed of any suitable structural shape. In one arrangement the structure may comprise an outer generally U-shaped body. The attachment/actuation brackets may be formed within the generally U-shaped body. Thus, the U-shaped body provides structural rigidity and the internally arranged brackets enhance the rigidity. The open face of the U-shaped body conveniently provides a surface through which the brackets can extend. A compact shape may thus be provided. 
     The spar may be arranged to couple to the moveable component itself by any suitable arrangement. This may, for example, be by conventional rivets, glue or other fastening means. The spar may then be formed as a single component and then be selectively coupled to the moveable component. It may alternatively be permanently connected to the moveable component making maintenance simpler. 
     Viewed from another aspect, there is provided an aircraft structure arranged in use to be connected to an aircraft via a hinge and comprising a spar structure described herein. 
     The aircraft structure may be selected from the non-exhaustive list of aileron, flap, rudder or wing component. 
     It will be recognised from the present teaching that the structure may be advantageously machined from a single block or billet of material. In an alternative approach additive manufacturing techniques could be used to form the spar, for example one of the following technique could be used: 
     Powder bed fusion methods 
     Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) 
     Electron beam melting (EBM) 
     Selective laser melting (SLM) 
     Selective laser sintering (SLS) 
     Direct metal wire deposition 
     Direct metal powder deposition 
     Viewed from another aspect there is provided a method of manufacturing a spar structure for connecting a moveable component to an aircraft, the spar structure comprising a continuous body of material defining a plurality of attachment/actuation brackets and a pair of continuous hinge lines extending through the body, the method comprising the steps of:
         (A) drilling a pair of elongate bores into a block or billet of material to define the pair of continuous hinge lines; and   (B) machining the block or billet of material according to a predetermined machining profile to form the spar structure around the pair of continuous hinge lines.       

     Machining the holes prior to machining the spar advantageously makes the all important hinge lines the datum of the component. The body of the spar structure can be built around the hinge lines maintaining their precision and integrity. 
     The bores or holes may be formed by any suitable drilling technique. Advantageously a deep hole drilling process may be used. For example, a gun-drilling process may be used to provide highly accurate bores. Advantageously the gun-drilling process allows lengthy bores to be formed with high length to diameter ratios. This allows the pair of holes to be drilled along the length of even a long billet of material prior to machining the spar body. 
     To still further improve the accuracy of the drilling process the block or billet of material may be caused to counter-rotate relative to the direction of rotation of the drilling process during the drilling process. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       Aspects of the disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic of a moveable structure of an aircraft wing; 
         FIG. 2  shows a pivot and actuator arrangement for a moveable structure; 
         FIG. 3  shows a wing aileron and positions of actuation and hinge brackets; 
         FIG. 4  shows an integrated spar and aileron; 
         FIG. 5  shows a closer view of the integrated spar of  FIG. 4 ; and 
         FIG. 6  shows a billet, integrated spar and pivot lines. 
     
    
    
     While the claimed invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood however that drawings and detailed description attached hereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed but rather the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention 
     It will be recognised that the features of the aspects of the invention(s) described herein can conveniently and interchangeably be used in any suitable combination. It will also be recognised that the disclosure covers not only individual embodiments but also combinations of the embodiments that have been discussed herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic end view of an aircraft wing  1  viewed in cross-section towards the fuselage of the aircraft. The wing comprises a leading edge  2  and a trailing edge  3 .  FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a moveable structure on a conventional aircraft. The structure shown is an aileron  4  which is movable about a pivot proximal to the trailing edge of the main wing box  5 . The arrows illustrate how the aileron can then be moved about the pivot. Movement causes the distal part of the aileron from the pivot to move in an arc which in the case of the aileron allows the aircraft to roll and turn. 
       FIG. 1  represents just 1 location of a moveable component on an aircraft structure. Other examples include wing flaps, the tail wings, tail rudder and even the landing gear doors. It will be recognised that the arrangements and methods described herein can be applied to any hinged arrangement for an aircraft structure. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-section through the pivot connection of the aileron in  FIG. 1 . The aileron  4  is rotatably mounted to a pivot. The pivot extends along the aileron as described below. Movement of the aileron  4  about the pivot causes the aileron to move in an arc in the direction of the arrows. 
     The aileron is provided with a second pivot  7  which is coupled to an actuator  8  comprising and extendable rod or arm  9  which can extend or retract in the direction of the arrows shown. The actuator  8  and arm  9  may be any suitable combination for use on an aircraft. One example is a hydraulic pump driving a threaded rod. Thus, rotation of the drive causes movement of the rod. Because the pivot  6  and pivot  7  are offset movement of the rod  9  causes movement of the aileron about the pivot  6 . The actuator and rod are housed within the wing box  5 . 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-section through one pivot and actuator arrangement. To support the aileron along its length (which could in some aircraft be in excess of 3 metres long) the hinge arrangement and actuator attachments need to be positioned at multiple points along the aileron/wing box.  FIG. 3  illustrates a 6 point hinge coupling. 
     In  FIG. 3  the aileron  4  is coupled to the wing box  5  at  6  discrete points  10 A,  10 B,  10 C,  10 D,  10 E and  10 F. Actuation points are not required at every position and so, as an example, the actuator points may be positions  10 B and  10 D and the remaining positions may be hinge or pivot points. This advantageously allows for redundancy in the hinge should one connection fail and further equally supports the aileron along its length. 
     As discussed above, the aileron may be in excess of 3 metres in length and so accurate alignment of the pivot line extending through each of the coupling points  10 A to 1° F. is essential for the accurate operation of the aileron. 
     Conventionally, this precise alignment is achieved by positioning each of the brackets that form the pivot  6  connection and the actuator pivot  7  connection in a specially manufactured jig before assembly. A shaft can then be passed through each of the bores in the brackets to form the elongate pivot lines of pivot  6  and pivot  7 . 
     However, as also set out above this is intensely time consuming and skill is needed to meet the required interchangeability (ICY) tolerances. Fettling and shimming techniques are used to ensure ICY compliance in a conventional arrangement. 
     Conventional connection arrangements as described above advantageously allow the separate hinge &amp; actuator attachment brackets to be removed and repaired individually during service life (using a suitable jig to re-achieve the hinge line). Disadvantageously, the arrangements are labour intensive assembly tasks, resulting in high recurring cost, high parts count and manufacturing tolerance variables multiplied with number of separate parts. 
     The specifics of the alternative coupling arrangement will now be described. 
       FIG. 4  shows the integrated and continuous hinge coupling arrangement according to examples described herein. An integrated or continuous front spar  11  for the aileron  4  is provided. 
     The terms integrated/continuous are intended to refer to a component which is formed as a single body of material. Specifically, the integrated spar  11  may be formed by machining a single billet of material to form the body of the spar and each of the hinge or actuator attachments which allow the aileron to be both coupled to the wing box (not shown in  FIG. 4 ) and also actuated to cause movement of the aileron relative to the wing box. 
     Alternatively, the integrated spar  11  may be formed using additive manufacturing techniques to form the spar as a single unsegregated component incorporating a rigid outer body supporting the plurality of hinge and actuator brackets. 
       FIG. 4  shows the integrated spar  11  and aileron separated. However, in use the spar is coupled to the front edge  12  (the leading edge) of the aileron  4 . The arrangement in  FIG. 4  is configured to replicate the locations of the hinge and actuator attachment brackets shown in  FIG. 3 , namely connections  10 A to 1° F. with the addition of a further hinge position. The integrated spar  11  is a single component and may be coupled to the aileron leading edge in any suitable way. 
       FIG. 5  shows the integrated spar  11  in more detail at one end. The hinge and actuator brackets can be seen to replicate the couplings  10 A,  10 B and  10 C shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 5  also illustrates the spatial separation of the two hinge lines  6  and  7 . Pivot line  6  represents the pivot line of the aileron and pivot line  7  represents the pivot of the actuator connection. It will be recognised that the shaft passing through the pivot line  7  (connecting the actuator to the integrated spar) will itself rotate about the pivot line  6  as the actuation occurs. 
     Any suitable configuration of hinge brackets and actuation brackets can be positioned along the length of the integrated spar just as in a conventional connection arrangement. 
     As stated above the integrated spar  11  may be advantageously formed form a single billet of material. Using a suitable CNC milling machine a billet of aluminium (as one example) may be machined to create the integrated spar. Machined material can be recycled optimising material usage and additionally the spar geometry can be optimised for rigidity and strength. 
     Advantageously this integrated spar arrangement overcomes the disadvantage of manufacturing the current assembled hinge &amp; actuator attachment brackets, by machining all required attachment brackets in a single bracket. The required attachment brackets (also called lugs/clevises) are then machined as integrated features. This process removes the requirement for complex drill/ream support if the process were reversed, as would be normal practise. 
     Furthermore, the arrangement provides for a reduction in assembly time and associated costs to achieve the required hinge line tolerances. 
     Thus, a fully integrated spar is provided. It will be recognised that this disclosure extends to a method of manufacturing such an integrated spar arrangement from a single billet of material or using an additive manufacturing technique. 
     It has further been established that the approach described above allows for a still further advantageous manufacturing approach to be used, as will be described below. Specifically, before machining the billet to form the brackets and structure of the integrated spar highly accurate hinge or pivot lines can be achieved by pre-drilling these in the billet in advance of the machining operation described above. This is illustrated with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
     The integrated spar  11  is shown in  FIG. 6  within the surrounding billet  12 . The billet is a continuous block of material from which the spar  11  can be machined as described above. 
     Advantageously before performing the machining to form the spar an unconventional approach can be adopted of first drilling the long holes or bores that will form the pivot lines  6  and  7  shown in  FIG. 6 . Once the bores are formed the integrated spar can then be machined. In effect a multi-stage process is performed—first form the pivots and then form the structure around the pivot lines. 
     Such an approach provides a highly accurate and continuous pivot line around which the brackets can be created without interrupting the precision of the pivot lines. As shown in  FIG. 6  the bores need not extend through the entire length of the billet; they only need extend as far as the last bracket using the pivot line. This approach can be applied on all aircraft movable surfaces requiring a tight hinge line tolerance. 
     Advantageously the bores forming the pivot lines  6 ,  7  may be formed using a deep drilling process such as a gun drilling process. This allows a bore to be formed that has a high length to diameter ratio as is the base with the pivot line in an aircraft moveable structure hinge. 
     The gun drilling process involves supplying a coolant along the centre of the drill bit which acts to simultaneously cool the cutting surface and carry the swarf (waste material from the cutting zone) back along the bore and out of the component. Extremely deep holes can be drilled. 
     Advantageously to still further improve the accuracy of the pivot lines the billet may be counter-rotated about the gun drill axis of rotation. This advantageously maintains an extremely accurate drilled hole and improves the drilling operation. In such a manufacturing process the billet may be first positioned in a jig that allows for rotation about the gun drill axis to form the first pivot line  6  and then the same process can be repeated to form the second pivot line  7 , i.e., by rotating the billet about the pivot line  7  during the drilling process. In each case the pivot line acts as the datum about which the billet is rotated. Specifically, using the counter-rotating approach allows tolerances in excess of 1/10 th  of a mm which are desirable in the current application. 
     The manufacturing process and resulting integrated spar provide a single discrete hinge component which has a highly accurate pair of hinge lines to receive the hinge brackets and actuation brackets of the aileron (or other moveable hinged structured). The fact that no alignment of brackets is required means that when attached to a component such as an aileron, the aileron can be replaced with a high level of accuracy, minimal tooling and in a highly efficient manner. This not only provides for efficient routine maintenance of the aircraft but also conveniently allows for rapid repair out of a hangar, for example on the airfield or the like. The arrangement negates the need for complex and expensive jigs and provides a component which can be readily recycled. 
     To safely install the component all that is required if for the component to be brought to the same temperature as the wing (to avoid any thermal expansion issues) and then installed. 
     It will be recognised that this disclosure extends to a moveable hinged structure for an aircraft incorporating an integrated spar described herein and specifically to an aircraft aileron comprising a leading edge integrated spar as described herein.