Patent Publication Number: US-11041481-B2

Title: Wind turbine farm

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The amount of energy that can be extracted from the wind is directly proportional to the surface area of the rotor. To increase the amount of energy that can be generated and to take advantage of economies of scale, wind turbine blades have become longer. But wind turbines have become so large, they are reaching the limit of what is practical. 
       FIG. 1  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine  100 . As illustrated, conventional wind turbine  100  includes blades  102 , nacelle  104 , hub  108 , and monopole tower  106 . Typically, the elevating structure for conventional wind turbines is a monopole tower. To generate more power in a conventional wind turbine, the blades must be made longer and longer. Currently the largest conventional wind turbine undergoing prototype testing and soon to be offered is 12 Megawatts with blades 107 meters in length with a hub-nacelle height of around 250 meters. This requires a very strong and costly monopole tower. These very long or heavy components are costly and difficult to transport and to assemble. The large diameters of the area swept by these very large conventional wind turbines create a very large wake downwind which requires large distances between conventional wind turbines in a conventional wind farm, thereby reducing the total wind energy that can be extracted from a fixed surface area. Furthermore, conventional wind turbines are subject to damage and curtailments from flying animal deaths, lightning, and icing weather conditions. Conventional wind turbines are also subject to shutdowns at high wind speeds.  FIG. 1  further illustrates how a conventional wind turbine responds to a change in wind direction. As illustrated, in response to wind direction  112 A, nacelle  104  and hub  108  rotate ( 110 A) about monopole tower  106  so that blades  102  are perpendicular to wind direction  112 A. Furthermore, for wind direction  112 B, nacelle  104  and hub  108  rotate ( 110 B) about monopole tower  106  so that blades  102  are perpendicular to wind direction  112 B. 
       FIG. 2  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array  200 . As illustrated, conventional wind turbine array is a 2×2 matrix having four wind turbines  202 A,  202 B,  202 C, and  202 D. The wind turbines are supported on monopole tower  204  by support structure  206 . Importantly, adjacent turbines  202 A and  202 B are fixedly aligned along axis  210 . The nacelle  212  is fixed on the support structure  206  and does not rotate relative to the support structure  206 , but turns to capture the wind with the support structure  206  as the support structure  206  rotates relative to the monopole tower  204 . The nacelle supports the hub  208  which rotates relative to the nacelle  212  to support the blades  214  and allow them to rotate with the wind. Because of this alignment, adjacent turbines are oriented to a particular wind direction equally as seen for  FIGS. 3 to 5  below. 
       FIG. 3  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array  300 . As illustrated, wind turbines  308 A and  308 B are aligned along axis  304  and oriented to wind direction  306 . Correct orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array  300  as illustrated by line  302 .  FIG. 4  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array  400 . As illustrated, wind turbines  408 A and  408 B are aligned along axis  404  and oriented to wind direction  406 . Correct orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array  400  as illustrated by line  402 .  FIG. 5  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array  500 . As illustrated, wind turbines  508 A and  508 B are aligned along axis  504  and oriented to wind direction  506 . Correct orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array  500  as illustrated by line  502 .  FIG. 6  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine  600  with nacelle  601  that supports blades  607  and hub  606 . Nacelle  601  supports and encloses support bearing  605 , high-ratio gearbox  603  and generator  604 . Other heavy components, not shown, are also sometimes enclosed in the nacelle. Monopole tower  602  supports nacelle  601 , and allows the nacelle  601  to rotate to adjust to changes in wind direction. 
     As such wind turbine farms are presented herein. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of some embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some embodiments of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented below. 
     As such, wind turbine farms are presented including: a number of steerable wind turbines each having a turbine diameter, where the number of steerable wind turbines is separated into a number of modules each placed in a fixed module placement and oriented in one of a number of fixed module orientations, where each one of the number of fixed module orientations corresponds with one of a number of prevailing wind directions, where the number of modules is separated into a number of sets placed in a number of fixed set positions. In some embodiments, each of the number of modules is positioned no closer than approximately six turbine diameters and no further than approximately fifteen turbine diameters from each another. In some embodiments, the number of fixed set positions includes: a first fixed set position oriented along a first axis; and a second fixed set position oriented along a second axis and parallel with the first axis, where each of the sets of the second fixed set position are rotated 180 degrees with respect to the sets in the first fixed set position. In some embodiments, each of the number of modules is a matrix of at least two steerable wind turbines, where the matrix is selected from the group consisting of: a 2×1 matrix, a 2×2 matrix, a 2×3 matrix, and a 2×4 matrix. In some embodiments, each of the number of steerable wind turbines is vertically steerable. In some embodiments, each of the number of steerable wind turbines is horizontally steerable. 
     In other embodiments, methods for configuring a wind turbine farm defined by an area are presented including: creating a rose graph of the area, the rose graph graphically illustrating a number of wind characteristics of the area; analyzing the rose graph to determine a number of prevailing wind directions; placing a number of sets in a number of fixed set positions, where each of the number of sets includes: a number of modules each placed in a fixed module placement and oriented in one of a number of fixed module orientations, where each one of the number of fixed module orientations corresponds with one of the number of prevailing wind directions, where each of the number of modules is each positioned no closed than approximately six turbine diameters and no further than approximately fifteen turbine diameters from each another, and where each of the number of modules includes: a number of steerable wind turbines each having a turbine diameter. In some embodiments, the analyzing the rose graph includes: determining a first prevailing wind direction based on a first highest wind direction and speed probability distribution; determining a second prevailing wind direction based on a second highest wind direction and speed probability distribution, where the second highest wind direction and speed probability distribution is equal to or lower than the first highest wind direction and speed probability distribution; and determining a third prevailing wind direction based on a third highest wind direction and speed probability distribution, where the third highest wind direction and speed probability distribution is equal to or lower than the second highest wind direction and speed probability distribution. 
     In other embodiments, methods for operating a wind turbine farm are presented including: steering a current turbine, where the current turbine is one of a number of steerable wind turbines each having a turbine diameter, where the number of steerable wind turbines is separated into a number of modules each placed in a fixed module placement and oriented in one of a number of fixed module orientations, where each one of the number of fixed module orientations corresponds with one of a number of prevailing wind directions, and where the number of modules is separated into a number of sets placed in a number of fixed set positions; determining a turbine control mode based on presence of one or more downwind turbines; and tuning the current turbine based on the turbine control mode. In some embodiments, the steering includes: determining a wind direction for the current turbine; setting an azimuth angle and veer for the current turbine; and determining an idle status of the current turbine. In some embodiments, the determining the turbine control mode includes: if the idle status of the current turbine is idle, setting the turbine control mode of the current turbine to an upwind interference mode; setting a current turbine target output based on properties of the wind direction. 
     The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine; 
         FIG. 2  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array; 
         FIG. 3  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array; 
         FIG. 4  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array; 
         FIG. 5  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array; 
         FIG. 6  is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is an illustrative top view representation of a turbine steering corresponding with different wind directions in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is an illustrative representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm set in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm set in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is an illustrative flow chart of methods for configuring a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is an illustrative flow chart of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 19  is an illustrative flow chart of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  is an illustrative flow chart of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 21  is an illustrative representation of tables and control diagrams utilized for methods of controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 22  is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 23  is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 24  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 25  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 26  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 27  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 28  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 29  is an illustrative representation of drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 30  is an illustrative representation of hub elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 31  is an illustrative representation of hub elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 32  is an illustrative representation of a non-lift-ducted wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 33  is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 34  is an illustrative representation of a duct assisted wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 35  is an illustrative representation of wind turbine support elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 36  is an illustrative representation of a secondary support ring wind turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 37  is an illustrative representation of a vertical axis wind turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 38  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm set in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 39  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to a few embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     In still other instances, specific numeric references such as “first material,” may be made. However, the specific numeric reference should not be interpreted as a literal sequential order but rather interpreted that the “first material” is different than a “second material.” Thus, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. The specific details may be varied from and still be contemplated to be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The term “coupled” is defined as meaning connected either directly to the component or indirectly to the component through another component. Further, as used herein, the terms “about,” “approximately,” or “substantially” for any numerical values or ranges indicate a suitable dimensional tolerance that allows the part or collection of components to function for its intended purpose as described herein. 
     Various embodiments are described hereinbelow, including methods and techniques. It should be kept in mind that the invention might also cover articles of manufacture that includes a computer readable medium on which computer-readable instructions for carrying out embodiments of the inventive technique are stored. The computer readable medium may include, for example, semiconductor, magnetic, opto-magnetic, optical, or other forms of computer readable medium for storing computer readable code. Further, the invention may also cover apparatuses for practicing embodiments of the invention. Such apparatus may include circuits, dedicated and/or programmable, to carry out tasks pertaining to embodiments of the invention. Examples of such apparatus include a general-purpose computer and/or a dedicated computing device when appropriately programmed and may include a combination of a computer/computing device and dedicated/programmable circuits adapted for the various tasks pertaining to embodiments of the invention. 
     Terminology 
     Matrix: As utilized herein, the term matrix refers to the number of wind turbines and their configuration. For example, a 2×2 matrix of turbines is two turbines along the width and two turbines along the height of a module. Any number of matrix configurations may be utilized without limitation in embodiments provided herein. 
     Module: As utilized herein, the term module refers a group of wind steerable turbines all turning about their own vertical azimuthal axes into the wind. Groupings of turbines are utilized to improve efficiency of smaller turbines and to optimize placement and orientation. 
     Set: As utilized herein, the set refers to a group of modules. A set is constructed of one module, two modules, three modules (preferred), four, or more modules. Modules in a set are placed relative to each other and relative to the best wind direction. Groupings of modules are utilized to reduce wind interference from adjacent sets and to maximize coverage of modules for a given surface area. 
     Azimuthal: As utilized herein, the term azimuthal refers to horizontal steering of steerable wind turbines. Horizontal steering is utilized to orient the wind turbine in the compass direction to optimum energy capture from the wind and to orient the wind turbine to reduce wind interference to adjacent and downwind turbines. 
     Altitudinal: As utilized herein, the term altitudinal refers to vertical steering of steerable wind turbines. Vertical steering or veer is utilized to reduce wind interference to adjacent and downwind turbines. 
     Optimum wind angle: As utilized herein, the term optimum wind angle refers to the module orientation that is best suited to receive a prevailing wind. The optimum wind angle is perpendicular to the module and is aligned with the prevailing wind to which a module is oriented, plus or minus 15 degrees in most cases, but up to plus or minus 25 degrees if necessary, to improve total efficiency of the set. 
     Turbine usable wind range: As utilized herein, the term turbine usable wind range is the range between the two largest wind angles for which the wakes of the upwind turbine do not enter the rotors of adjacent downwind turbines in a module. 
     Embodiments provided herein apply multiple smaller wind turbine rotors to replace a single large wind turbine rotor. Steerable wind turbine embodiments are configured to rotate about their individual vertical and horizontal axes so the planes of the rotors remain approximately parallel, but not always on the same plane. Unfortunately, this configuration creates wake interference to some wind turbine rotors closely and directly downwind of other wind turbine rotors for some wind directions. To overcome the wake interference, one embodiment utilizes two turbines side by side and two turbines high in a module in a 2×2 matrix. This configuration limits the number of closely spaced turbines in the same module that can be directly in line causing wake interference although more than two turbine rotors side by side and higher than two turbines may be desirable in some embodiments. 
     In addition, in embodiments, modules are grouped in sets. In an embodiment, three modules are included in a set although more or fewer modules may be desirable in some conditions. In embodiments, three modules are likely an optimum number for most applications. A three-module set allows 12 turbines to replace a single large conventional wind turbine. This configuration also allows the modules to be physically located to minimize wake interference from the other modules in a set. Twelve rotors allow the multiple turbines to be only 29% of the diameter of the single large rotor the set replaces. Furthermore, the modules in a set are placed with respect to each other and to the primary wind directions at a wind farm location such that only one module at a time has its own wind turbine rotors directly inline, creating wake interference. 
     Still further, when two turbines in the same module are oriented into the wind such that one is directly behind the other, control embodiments adjust the blade pitch to significantly reduce the energy production from the downwind turbine, thereby reducing the turbulence stress on the downwind turbine and allowing the upwind turbine to produce at near capacity. Other control methods may also be applied without limitation to maximize energy output or to reduce stress on the turbines. This reduces the number of rotors not producing full power to two in a 2×2 matrix. Still further, many sets are installed to create a wind farm in embodiments. Sets are arranged to minimize wake interference among sets and modules. 
     Embodiments provided present different combinations and configurations including: 
     Two turbines arranged side-by-side (preferred), or more than two side-by-side; 
     Two turbines or three turbines high, four turbines high, or more than four turbines high installed as a module; 
     Non-monopole structure (preferred), or monopole structure; 
     Open rotor, Neutral Non-lift Duct, or duct with aerodynamic lift to augment energy extraction; 
     Mechanical elements located in duct instead of hub to replace the gearbox, ninety-degree angle gears in hub to move gearbox to structure, or gearbox in hub; 
     Pitch control (preferred), or no pitch control; 
     Hub front support element, or no hub front support element; 
     Vertical rotor plane adjustment (altitudinal) for wake steering, or no vertical rotor plane adjustment; 
     Roof with solar, roof with no solar, or no roof; 
     Guard elements, or no guard elements; and 
     A second circumferential ring or duct, with or without aerodynamic lift. 
       FIG. 7  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 7  illustrates top view  710 , front view  720 , and side view  730  of module  700 . As illustrated, module includes four turbines  722 ,  724 ,  726 , and  728  in a 2×2 matrix installed in a support structure  740 . In embodiments, modules may include any number of turbines in any configuration of matrices without departing from embodiments provided herein. For example, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that: one module may include two turbines configured in a 2×1 matrix; another module may include six turbines configured in a 2×3 matrix; yet another module may include eight turbines configured in a 2×4 matrix; and so on. In this manner, modules may be selected to optimize power generation for a given location. 
     In embodiments, each of the turbines is independently steerable. As illustrated, turbines are steerable about axes  704 A and  704 B as illustrated by azimuthal steering  702 A and  702 B. In addition, turbines are steerable about axes  706 A and  706 B as illustrated by altitudinal steering  708 A and  708 B. Further illustrated is fixed module orientation axis  712  which corresponds with an initial configuration of a wind farm in embodiments. Configuration of windfarms will be discussed in further detail below for  FIGS. 11-13 . Still further illustrated are turbine blades  722 . As illustrated, each turbine includes three turbine blades. However, in embodiments, turbines may include two or more turbine blades without limitation as may be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 8  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 8  illustrates top view  810 , front view  820 , and side view  830  of module  800 . Further,  FIG. 8  illustrates various components suitable for use with wind farm turbine module embodiments. As illustrated, module  800  includes guards  802  for restricting flying animals and debris from interfering with the turbines. Guards may include bars or mesh without limitation. Further illustrated are solar collection devices  804  that may increase power production or supply power to control elements. Still further illustrated is electrical components  806  at grade. However, electrical components may be located anywhere in or along the module without limitation. 
       FIG. 9  is an illustrative top view representation of a turbine steering corresponding with different wind directions in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As illustrated for wind direction  910 A, module  900  includes fixed module orientation axis  920 . As may be seen, fixed module orientation axis  920  remains constant for module  900  regardless of wind direction. For wind direction  910 A, turbines are azimuthally steered  902 A to axis  904 A to align the turbines with the wind direction. Likewise, for wind direction  910 B, turbines are azimuthally steered  902 B to axis  904 B to align the turbines with the wind direction. Likewise, for wind direction  910 C, turbines are azimuthally steered  902 C to axis  904 C to align the turbines with the wind direction. Likewise, for wind direction  910 D, turbines are azimuthally steered  902 D to axis  904 D to align the turbines with the wind direction. It may be noted that only when wind direction  910 A is perpendicular with fixed module orientation axis  920  are the turbines oriented along the same plane. In all other wind directions, the turbines are not oriented in the same plane but are oriented with their planes approximately parallel. This configuration combined with steering and tuning provide for more efficient wind utilization. 
       FIG. 10  is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Using a polar coordinate system of gridding, the frequency of winds over a time period is plotted by wind direction, with color bands showing wind speed ranges. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on the wind rose  1000 , three prevailing wind directions  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006  are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three prevailing wind directions is the primary prevailing wind direction or the wind direction having the highest wind potential. The wind rose illustrated is presented for clarity in presenting and understanding embodiments disclosed herein. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and provided to illustrated how wind farm embodiments are configured and operated. 
       FIG. 11  is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm set in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 11  illustrates a set of three modules in a fixed orientation corresponding with a rose graph (see  FIG. 10 ). As illustrated, set  1100  includes three modules  1110  (M 1 ),  1120  (M 2 ), and  1130  (M 3 ). For convenience, sets may be designated S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , etc. In addition, modules may be designated M 1 , M 2 , M 3 . Still further steerable wind turbines may be designated T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , etc. Thus, in a large wind farm configuration, a particular steerable wind turbine may be found according to the designation S 3 .M 2 .T 4  which is the fourth steerable wind turbine in the second module of the third set. This naming convention will be utilized throughout the disclosure. As illustrated, the three modules are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced approximately ten turbine diameters apart in a fixed module placement. In embodiments, modules are placed no closer than approximately six turbine diameters apart and no further than approximately fifteen turbine diameters apart in a fixed module placement. As utilized herein, a turbine diameter, is the diameter of a circle defined by the steerable wind turbine blade rotation. In embodiments, a steerable wind turbine has a turbine diameter in a range of approximately 50 to 100 meters. In embodiments, where a set includes three modules, the modules are placed 120° apart in a fixed module placement. In embodiments, where a set includes four modules, the modules are placed 90° apart in a fixed module placement. 
     In the embodiments illustrated, each module has a fixed orientation corresponding with one prevailing wind direction and the module orientation axis  1118  as determined by a rose graph. Referring briefly to  FIG. 10 , rose graph  1000  includes three prevailing wind directions  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 . Returning to  FIG. 11 , it may be seen that module M 1   1110  has a fixed module orientation 106° from prevailing wind direction  1002  and 106° from the set orientation axis  1118 , which, in this case, is parallel with wind direction  1002 ; module M 2   1120  has a fixed module orientation 96° from prevailing wind direction  1004  and 115° from the set orientation axis  1118 ; and module M 3   1130  has a fixed module orientation 69° from prevailing wind direction  1006  and 134° from the set orientation axis  1118 . In embodiments, each module orientation is adjusted to approximately 90° plus or minus 15 degrees from its corresponding prevailing wind directions positioned within the plus or minus 15 degrees such that the remaining prevailing wind directions fall within the turbine usable wind range as much as possible. In this manner, each module in a set is oriented to one corresponding prevailing wind direction with the best compromise for the remaining prevailing wind directions. In addition, for a particular prevailing wind direction, the wind steerable turbines in the same module corresponding with that particular prevailing wind direction are in approximately parallel planes and, as such, are optimally oriented for that particular prevailing wind direction. In embodiments, as utilized and illustrated herein, optimum wind angle  1140  is 90 degrees with respect to module orientation  1148  and thereby defines the optimum wind direction  1144 . As such, the optimum wind angle is perpendicular to module  1146  and the module orientation  1148 . In embodiments, turbine modules are oriented to within 15 degrees of the optimum wind angle. In some embodiments, turbine modules are oriented to within 25 degrees of the optimum wind direction. In addition, the turbine usable wind range  1142  is the range between the two largest wind angles for which the wakes of the upwind turbine do not enter the rotors of adjacent downwind turbines in a module. 
       FIG. 12  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm  1200  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In addition,  FIG. 12  includes placement of conventional single turbines  1250  imposed over wind farm  1200  embodiment. In this manner, the increased density of turbine sets in embodiments is demonstrated over conventional configurations and demonstrates more energy generation per unit area on the earth surface for embodiments disclosed herein. As illustrated, windfarm includes a number of sets  1202  each located in a fixed set position. Groups of sets are aligned along axes such as  1204  and  1206  which, in embodiments, are parallel. Group  1208 , for example, is aligned along axis  1204 . In addition, as illustrated, group  1210  is aligned along axis  1206 . Importantly, each set of group  1210  is rotated 180° with respect to the modules in group  1208 . This pattern allows for maintaining a distance in a range of approximately six to fifteen turbine diameters between modules of different sets. As noted above, a turbine diameter, is the diameter of a circle defined by the steerable wind turbine blade rotation. Maintaining the distance between modules of different sets reduces potential wake interference from upwind and downwind turbines. 
       FIG. 13  is an illustrative representation of a wind farm set  1300  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 13  is an expanded representation of set  1212  ( FIG. 12 ). As illustrated, set S 7   1300  includes modules M 1   1302 , M 2   1306 , and M 3   1310 . As noted previously, modules are set into a fixed orientation based on wind direction. As such, module M 1   1302  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1320 . An example of prevailing wind directions is provided in  FIG. 10 . As illustrated, module M 1   1302  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1320  within turbine module usable wind range  1304 . Likewise, as illustrated, module M 2   1306  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1322  within turbine usable wind range  1308 . And again, as illustrated, module M 3   1310  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1324  within turbine usable wind range  1312 . In this manner, each module is oriented to a particular prevailing wind direction plus or minus 15 degrees from the optimum wind angle such that optimum efficiency for the module is maximized for that prevailing wind direction. The remaining prevailing wind directions in a module are oriented to fall within a module&#39;s turbine usable wind range (see  1142 ,  FIG. 11 ) to maximize the efficiency for the remaining prevailing wind directions. As noted above, in embodiments, the module&#39;s optimum wind direction aligns with the module&#39;s assigned prevailing wind direction within plus or minus 15 degrees based on a compromise with the remaining prevailing wind directions falling within the turbine usable wind range In some cases, it may be necessary to allow plus or minus 25 degrees between the module optimum wind direction and the prevailing wind direction to allow the remaining prevailing wind directions to fall withing the turbine usable wind range. In addition, a turbine usable wind range is the range between the two largest wind angles for which the wakes of the upwind turbine do not enter the rotors of adjacent downwind turbines in a module 
       FIG. 14  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 14  illustrates interference patterns for module M 1   1302  of  FIG. 13 . As illustrated module S 7 .M 1   1400  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1402 . Further illustrated, it may be seen that sets S 3   1404 , S 8   1406 , and S 6   1408  are adjacent to module S 7 .M 1   1400  and include modules that are affected by interference pattern  1420 . In addition, modules S 7 .M 2   1414  and S 7 .M 3   1416  of the same set as S 7 .M 1   1400  are affected by interference pattern  1420 . In embodiments, all of the turbines affected by interference patterns of a module are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters or less apart. Turbines farther than approximately ten turbine diameters, such as turbines in sets S 4   1412  and S 2   1410  illustrated, are not considered in the control system analysis for this module, so those interference patterns are not shown. For layouts of modules and wind farms where spacing is below or above 10 diameters, the selected spacing used to determine which turbines are considered interfering and which ones are not. 
       FIG. 15  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 15  illustrates interference patterns for module M 2   1306  of  FIG. 13 . As illustrated module S 7 .M 2   1500  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1502 . Further illustrated, it may be seen that sets S 6   1504 , S 11   1506 , and S 10   1508  are adjacent to module S 7 .M 2   1500  and include modules that are affected by interference pattern  1520 . In addition, modules S 7 .M 1   1514  and S 7 .M 3   1516  of the same set as S 7 .M 2   1500  are affected by interference pattern  1520 . In embodiments, all of the turbines affected by interference patterns of a module are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters or less apart. Turbines farther than ten turbine diameters, such as turbines in sets S 12   1512  and S 8   1510  illustrated, are not considered in the control system analysis for this module, so those interference patterns are not shown. 
       FIG. 16  is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 16  illustrates interference patterns for module M 3   1310  of  FIG. 13 . As illustrated module S 7 .M 3   1600  is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding with prevailing wind direction  1602 . Further illustrated, it may be seen that sets S 8   1604 , S 11   1608 , and S 12   1606  are adjacent to module S 7 .M 3   1600  and include modules that are affected by interference pattern  1620 . In addition, modules S 7 .M 1   1614  and S 7 .M 2   1616  of the same set as S 7 .M 3   1600  are affected by interference pattern  1620 . In embodiments, all of the turbines affected by interference patterns of a module are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters or less apart. Turbines farther than approximately ten turbine diameters are not considered in the control system analysis for this module, so those interference patterns are not shown. 
     Methods for Configuring a Wind Farm 
       FIG. 17  is an illustrative flow chart  1700  of methods for configuring a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. At a first step  1702 , the method creates a rose graph of an area designated for a wind farm embodiment. A rose graph is disclosed in detail above for  FIG. 10 . In general, a rose graph graphically illustrates a number of wind characteristics for a given area. In embodiments, wind characteristics include: wind direction, wind speed, and wind duration. From these wind characteristics, the method continues to a step  1704  to determine prevailing wind directions by analyzing the wind graph. In embodiments, prevailing wind directions are based on highest wind direction and speed probability distributions. In many areas several prevailing wind directions may be found having the same or different direction and speed probability distributions. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , three prevailing wind directions  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006  are illustrated where prevailing wind direction  1002  has the highest wind direction and speed probability distribution and prevailing wind directions  1004  and  1006  have lower wind direction and speed probability distributions. In some embodiments at least one highest wind direction and speed probability distribution is found. 
     Returning to  FIG. 17 , at a next step  1706 , the method orients the modules in a fixed module orientation such as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . In embodiments, each module is oriented to approximately 90° (optimum wind angle) plus or minus 15° from its corresponding prevailing wind direction to enable the remaining prevailing wind directions to fall within the turbine usable wind range, if possible. In this manner, each module in a set is oriented to one corresponding prevailing wind direction. For each prevailing wind direction, all wind steerable turbines are approximately parallel and, as such, are optimally oriented for that wind direction. 
     Returning to  FIG. 17 , at a next step  1708 , the method places sets of modules in a fixed set positions such as illustrated for  FIG. 12 . In  FIG. 12 , groups of sets are aligned along axes such as  1204  and  1206  which, in embodiments, are parallel. Group  1208 , for example, is aligned along axis  1204 . In addition, as illustrated, group  1210  is aligned along axis  1206 . Importantly, each set of group  1210  is rotated 180° with respect to the modules in group  1208 . This pattern allows for maintaining a distance in a range of approximately six to fifteen turbine diameters between modules of different sets. In embodiments, sets include one or more modules placed in a fixed module placement. Modules of each set are placed in a fixed module placement such as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the three modules are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced approximately ten turbine diameters apart in a fixed module placement. In embodiments, modules are placed no closer than approximately six turbine diameters apart and no further than approximately fifteen turbine diameters apart in a fixed module placement. 
     Methods for Controlling a Wind Farm 
       FIG. 18  is an illustrative flow chart  1800  of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, flow chart  1800  illustrates an overview of control methods for a wind farm. As such, at a first step  1802 , the method sets initial conditions and determines status for a current turbine. As utilized herein, a current turbine is a turbine currently under inspection by methods disclosed herein. A step  1802  will be discussed in further detail below for  FIG. 19 . At a next step  1804 , the method determines turbine control mode and continues to a step  1806  to tune the current turbine. Steps  1804  and  1806  will be discussed in further detail below for  FIG. 20 . At a next step  1808 , the method selects a next turbine and continues to a step  1802 . 
       FIG. 19  is an illustrative flow chart  1900  of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, flow chart  1900  further illustrates methods corresponding with a step  1802  ( FIG. 18 ). As such, at a first step  1902 , the method determines the wind direction for the current turbine. In embodiments, wind direction may be determined in any manner known in the art without limitation. At a next step  1904 , the method sets azimuth angle and veer for the current turbine. In embodiments, tabulated data is utilized such as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , which is an illustrative representation of tables and control diagrams utilized for methods of controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 21 , Table  1  ( 2100 ) includes tabulated data for use in methods provided herein. Table  1  ( 2100 ) includes wind direction data  2102 , steering data  2104 , downwind turbine data  2106 , idle setpoint data  2108 , control mode data  2110 , and turbine data  2112 . Thus, for a determined wind direction, wind direction data  2102  is utilized to find corresponding steering data  2104  to set azimuth angle and veer for the current turbine in a step  1904 . 
     At a next step  1906 , the method determines the idle status of the current turbine. Idle status is determined from Table  1  ( 2100 ) in  FIG. 21 . Therein illustrated, control mode data  2110  includes an “IDLE” status. Thus, it may be seen from the table that for a given wind direction (i.e. 90°), the current turbine is set to “IDLE.” The method continues to a step  1908  to determine whether the current turbine is set to “IDLE.” If the method determines at a step  1908  that the current turbine is set to “IDLE,” the method continues to a step  1910 , which is further illustrated in  FIG. 20 . If the method determines at a step  1908  that the current turbine is not set to “IDLE,” the method continues to a step  1912 , which is further illustrated in  FIG. 20 . 
       FIG. 20  is an illustrative flow chart  2000  of methods for controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, flow chart  2000  further illustrates methods corresponding with steps  1908  and  1910  ( FIG. 19 ). As such, for the (A) path at a step  2002 , after the method determines that the current turbine is set to “IDLE,” the method sets the current turbine to upwind interference mode. Upwind interference mode indicates that there is some upwind interference caused by an upwind turbine. At a next step  2004 , the method continues to set the current turbine output target as from tabulated data such as in Table  1  ( 2100 ,  FIG. 21 ; see  2108 ). The method for the (A) path then ends. 
     For the (B) path at a step  2006 , after the method determines that the current turbine is not set to “IDLE,” the method determines presence of a downwind turbine based on the wind direction of the current turbine from tabulated data such as in Table  1  ( 2100 ,  FIG. 21 ). Downwind turbine data  2106  indicates whether a downwind turbine is present with respect to the current turbine and wind direction. At a next step  2008 , the method determines whether a downwind turbine is in the same module. As noted previously, turbines may be configured in a matrix. At some wind directions, turbines in the same matrix may interfere with each other. If the method determines at a step  2008  that a downwind turbine is in the same module, the method continues to a step  2010  to set the downwind turbine status to “IDLE.” In some embodiments, status is tabulated such as in Table  3  ( 2120 ,  FIG. 21 ). The method continues to a step  2012  to read the current windspeed. If the method determines at a step  2008  that a downwind turbine is in not the same module, the method continues to a step  2012  to read the current windspeed. At a next step  2014 , the method determines whether a downwind turbine is within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine. If the method determines at a step  2014  that there is no downwind turbine within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine, the method continues to a step  2016  to set the current turbine to non-interference mode. At this step, either there exists no downwind turbine or the downwind turbine is located a distance greater than 15 turbine diameters from the current turbine and therefore it does not cause wake interference to any downwind turbines. The method continues to a step  2022  discussed below. 
     If the method determines at a step  2014  that there is a downwind turbine within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine, the method continues to a step  2018  to set the current turbine to downwind interference mode. The method continues to a step  2020  to add the downwind turbine output to the current turbine output for purposes of tuning based on total output of the current turbine output plus the downwind turbine output. The method continues to a step  2022  to set the current turbine energy output controller target based on wind speed from tabulated data such as Table  2  ( 2150 ,  FIG. 21 ), whereupon the method ends. Turning to  FIG. 21 , Table  2  includes windspeed data  2152 , non-interference mode data  2154 , and downwind interference mode data  2156 , which include output setpoints for controlling output of the current turbine. For clarity, the following Table A is provided for the various control modes as contemplated herein: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Mode 1 
                 Non- 
                 a. No interference from 
               
               
                   
                 interference mode 
                 upwind turbine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 b. All downwind turbines 
               
               
                   
                   
                 are &gt;15 diameters 
               
               
                   
                   
                 c. Interference to downwind 
               
               
                   
                   
                 turbine in same module 
               
               
                   
                   
                 that is set to Idle status 
               
               
                 Mode 2 
                 Downwind 
                 Current turbine wake interferes 
               
               
                   
                 interference mode 
                 with downwind turbine not in the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 same module as current turbine 
               
               
                 Mode 3 
                 Upwind 
                 Upwind interference from turbine 
               
               
                   
                 interference mode 
                 in the same module, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 set the current turbine to Idle 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 21  is an illustrative representation of tables and control diagrams utilized for methods of controlling a wind farm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As illustrated, Table  1  ( 2100 ) includes wind direction data  2102 , steering data  2104 , downwind turbine data  2106 , idle setpoint data  2108 , control mode data  2110 , and turbine data  2112 . Further illustrated is Table  2  ( 2150 ) that includes windspeed data  2152 , non-interference mode data  2154 , and downwind interference mode data  2156 , which include output setpoints for controlling output of the current turbine. Still further illustrated is Table  3  ( 2120 ) that includes the current status modes  2122  for all turbines as they are modified by the control. Further, Table  4  ( 2140 ) includes the current dynamic energy output for all turbines as the control tunes the turbine for changes in the wind speed and direction. It may be seen that data from the various tables provide input to output controller  2130  utilizing methods disclosed herein. 
       FIG. 22  is an illustrative representation of non-ducted wind turbine  2200  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 22  illustrates top view  2210 , front view  2220 , and side view  2230  of non-ducted wind turbine  2200 . As illustrated, blades  2202  and hub  2204  are referenced. In addition, three axes of rotation, turbine blade rotation axis  2212 , turbine azimuthal vertical axis  2216 , and turbine elevation horizontal axis  2214 . Three blades  2202  are shown, however, any number of blades may be utilized without limitation in embodiments as known in the art.  FIG. 22  illustrates an embodiment where the blades  2202  are supported by the hub  2204  that is supported by the nacelle  2208 . A nacelle support column  2206  is shown that supports the nacelle  2208  from above and below the blades which is possible in the structure (see  FIG. 7, 740 ) of this invention. The hub support column  2206  can alternatively support, the hub from only the top or only from the bottom of the blades and is smaller, with less wind blockage than the support elements in a prior-art wind turbine. The nacelle  2208  is fixed immobile to the nacelle support column  2206  and does not rotate with respect to the nacelle support column. To rotate the rotational plane of the blades to the wind, the nacelle support column  2208  rotates in the structure (see  FIG. 7, 740 ). The open wind turbines in this invention are supported above and below the rotor in  FIG. 22 . That is, the generator (see  FIG. 23, 2308 ) and gearbox (see  FIG. 23, 2310 ) are moved from the nacelle  2208  to the non-rotating fixed structure (see  FIG. 7, 740  and  FIG. 24, 2400 ) and the nacelle support column  2206  and nacelle  2208  can both be much smaller with less weight and wind blockage. When the generator and, if needed, a gearbox are supported in the fixed structure (see  FIG. 7, 740 ) the rotational energy of the blades is transmitted to the gearbox and generator through the blade transfer shaft  2218  installed inside of the nacelle support column  2206 ) Alternate embodiments include supporting the blades from a neutral duct or an airfoil duct or applying vertical axis blades. 
       FIG. 23  is an illustrative representation of non-ducted wind turbine  2300  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 23  illustrates additional detail on one variation of a hub embodiment where the generator  2308  and, if required the gearbox  2310 , are moved out of the nacelle and into the support structure of the turbine  2312  (see  FIG. 7, 740 ). In this embodiment, blade transfer shaft  2302  is aligned with the generator drive shaft  2322 , or with the gearbox drive shaft  2314 , as shown in  FIG. 23  and drives the gearbox drive shaft  2314  or generator drive shaft  2322 . The blade transfer shaft  2302  also is coincident with azimuthal axis of rotation  2330  so the generator  2308 , or if needed, a gearbox ( 2310 ) can be located in the fixed structure  2312  and do not need to rotate with changes in the wind direction. Rotation around the azimuthal axis  2330  with changes in wind direction will momentarily add or subtract a few degrees of rotation to the gearbox drive shaft or generator drive shaft  2322  with negligible impact to energy generation while significantly reducing the weight and size of components rotating with changes in the wind direction. The nacelle only needs to enclose and support, the blades support bearing  2316  and small 90 degrees gearbox  2304 . 
       FIG. 24  is an illustrative representation of upper drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention without vertical steering (altitudinal). In particular,  FIG. 24  illustrates top view  2450  and side view  2452  showing one variation of upper drive elements ( 2400 ) in this invention that supports generator  2402 , gearbox  2422 , and other drive elements described below. The support deck  2404  connects to the fixed structure  2424  and constrains the rotating support plate  2406  from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support plate  2406  to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. The pitch drive  2412  and pitch drive shaft  2414  are shown in the TOP VIEW— 2450 , but the pitch drive shaft  2414  is hidden from view in the SIDE VIEW— 2452 . The pitch drive shaft  2414  connects to elements in the nacelle (see  FIG. 31 ) to adjust the pitch of the blades as commanded by the control system. The turbine support column  2416  is held to the rotating support plate  2406  by the non-pivoting support  2408 . The turbine support column  2416  encloses the blade transfer shaft  2426 . The azimuth drive  2410  constrains and changes the angular rotation of the rotating support plate  2406 , thereby turning the turbine into the wind as commanded by the control. The generator  2402  and gearbox  2422  are supported by elements of the fixed structure  2420 A and  2420 B respectively. The blade transfer shaft  2426  connects to the gearbox drive shaft  2428  through mechanical coupling  2430  and the generator drive shaft  2418  connects to the gearbox through mechanical coupling  2432 . This is one embodiment for providing azimuthal rotation plus a pitch drive  2412  for wind turbines with or without a duct. The embodiment can be applied for all types of wind turbines applicable to the invention. The gearbox may not be required for circumferential-duct-supported blades or other embodiments. 
       FIG. 25  is an illustrative representation of lower drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention without vertical steering (altitudinal). In particular,  FIG. 25  illustrates top view  2550  and side view  2552  of one variation of lower drive elements ( 2500 ) in this invention without vertical steering (altitudinal). The support deck  2502  constrains the rotating support plate  2504  from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support plate  2504  to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. The duct support column  2506  constrains the idle shaft  2510  when an idle shaft  2510  is required. This embodiment can be applied for all types of wind turbines applicable to the invention. 
       FIG. 26  is an illustrative representation of upper drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention with vertical steering (altitudinal). In particular,  FIG. 26  illustrates top view  2650  between the rotating support dome  2704  and the generator rotating support dome  2722  (SECTION A-A, see  FIG. 27, 2704, 2722 ) showing one variation of upper drive elements ( 2600 ) in this invention that supports drive elements described below and in  FIG. 27 . The support, deck  2602  connects to the fixed structure  2624  and constrains the rotating support dome  2604  from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support dome  2604  to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. The pitch drive  2606  and pitch drive shaft  2608  are shown in the TOP VIEW— 2650 , but the pitch drive shaft  2608  is hidden from view in the SIDE VIEW  FIG. 27 . The pitch drive shaft  2608  connects to elements in the nacelle (see  FIG. 31 ) to adjust the pitch of the blades as commanded by the control system. The turbine support column  2626  is held to the sliding support element  2610  by the pivoting support  2628 . The sliding support element  2610  rides in a slot  2614  in the rotating support dome  2604  and constrains the turbine support column  2626  from vertical movement while allowing movement along the circumference of the rotating support dome  2604  in the slot  2614  to allow vertical steering of the wind turbine. The altitudinal drive  2616  connects to the sliding support element  2610  constraining and adjusting the sliding support element  2610  position in the slot  2614  to adjust the altitudinal position of the turbine to steer it in the vertical direction. The turbine support column  2626  encloses the blade transfer shaft  2618 . The azimuth drive  2612  constrains and changes the angular rotation of the rotating support dome  2604 , thereby turning the turbine into the wind as commanded by the control. This is one embodiment for providing azimuthal and altitudinal rotation plus a pitch drive  2606  for wind turbines with or without a duct. The embodiment can be applied for all types of wind turbines applicable to the invention. 
       FIG. 27  is an illustrative representation of upper drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 27  illustrates side view  2750  showing one variation of upper drive elements ( 2700 ) in this invention with altitudinal steering that supports drive elements described below. Support deck  2702  constrains the rotating support dome  2704 ; the rotating support dome  2704  rotates while constraining the turbine support column  2726  vertically allowing the turbine support column  2726  to rotate to adjust to the wind direction. The azimuth drive  2710  constrains and adjusts the rotation of the rotating support dome  2704  to adjust the turbine for changes in wind direction. The sliding support element  2724  rides in a slot (see  FIG. 26, 2610 ) in the rotating support dome  2704  and is connected by the pivoting support  2732  to the turbine support column  2726  and constrains the turbine support column  2726  from vertical movement while allowing movement along the circumference of the rotating support dome  2704  in the slot (see  FIG. 26   2610 ) to allow vertical steering of the wind turbine. The altitudinal drive  2718  constrains the sliding support element  2724  and varies the sliding support element  2724  position in the slot to change the vertical or altitudinal direction of the turbine. The pitch drive  2706  powers the pitch drive shaft (see  FIG. 26, 2608 ) to adjust the pitch of the turbine. The turbine support column  2708  encloses the blade transfer shaft  2720 . The generator  2714  and gearbox  2728  are supported by the generator rotating support dome  2722 , the generator sliding element  2734 , the generator pivoting support  2722 , the generator support frame  2744 , and the generator support beam  2716 . The blade transfer shaft  2720  connects to the gearbox drive shaft  2738  through mechanical coupling  2712  and the generator drive shaft  2742  connects to the gearbox through mechanical coupling  2740 . The gearbox  2728  may not be required for circumferential-duct-supported blades or other embodiments, 
       FIG. 28  is an illustrative representation of lower drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 28  illustrates top view  2850  showing one variation of lower drive elements ( 2800 ) in this invention with altitudinal steering that supports drive elements described below. Support deck  2802  constrains the rotating support plate  2804  which connects together the pivoting support  2810  and the turbine support column  2806 . The turbine support column  2806  encloses the blade idle shaft  2808 . The illustrated embodiment can be applied for all types of wind turbines applicable to the invention. 
       FIG. 29  is an illustrative representation of lower drive elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 29  illustrates side view  2950  showing one variation of lower drive elements ( 2900 ) in this invention with altitudinal steering that supports drive elements described below. Support deck  2902  constrains the rotating support plate  2910  which connects the pivoting support  2906  and the turbine support column  2904 . The turbine support column  2904  encloses the blade idle shaft  2908 . The illustrated embodiment can be applied for all types of wind turbines applicable to the invention. 
       FIG. 30  is an illustrative representation of hub and nacelle elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 30  illustrates side view  3050  of an embodiment of hub  3002  and nacelle  3024  for circumferential supported blades (see  FIG. 32  and  FIG. 34 ) in this invention with the pitch drive  3004  installed in the nacelle  3024 , near the rotating bearing  3026 . The rotating bearing  3026  separates the fixed nacelle  3024  from the rotating hub  3002 . Note that the nacelle is upwind of the hub which is reversed from usual designs. The hub support  3006  is needed in this embodiment to supply power to the pitch drive  3004  which is located inside the nacelle  3024 . The power may be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, or other suitable source without restriction. One possible embodiment of the mechanical elements  3008  is shown with the hub rack gear  3010 , blade pitch gear  3012 , blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3022 , rack gear support element  3014 , rotating pocket connection  3016 , pocket connection retaining element  3018 , pitch linear drive shaft  3028 , and pitch drive support  3020 . A geared mechanism is shown to rotate the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3022 , but other means may be employed. Any practical means to transfer the pitch drive  3004  motion to the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3022  to adjust pitch can be used, worm gears for example. These mechanical elements  3008  allow the pitch drive  3004  to remain in a fixed position in the nacelle while the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3022  rotates with the hub  3002  with the energy from the wind. Through these mechanical elements  3008 , the pitch drive changes the energy capture from the wind as commanded by the control (see  FIG. 17  through  FIG. 21 ). 
       FIG. 31  is an illustrative representation of hub and nacelle elements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 31  illustrates side view  3150  of an embodiment of hub  3102  and nacelle  3124  for circumferential supported blades (see  FIG. 32  and  FIG. 34 ) in this invention with the pitch drive installed in the structure (see  FIG. 24  through  FIG. 27 ). The rotating bearing  3126  separates the fixed nacelle  3124  from the rotating hub  3102 . Note that the nacelle  3124  is upwind of the hub  3102  which is reversed from usual designs. The hub support  3106  may be needed in this embodiment for mechanical support and may also be used to supply a maintenance function for the hub  3102  or nacelle  3124 , such as lubrication or heating, for example. One possible embodiment of the mechanical elements  3108  is shown with the hub rack gear  3010 , blade pitch gear  3112 , blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3122 , rack gear support element  3114 , rotating pocket connection  3116 , pitch linear drive shaft  3128 , pocket connection retaining element  3118 , blade pitch angle drive and support shaft transfer gear  3132 , blade pitch angle drive and support shaft transfer rack gear  3130 , blade pitch drive shaft  3140 , blade pitch angle and support shaft  3122 . A geared mechanism is shown to rotate the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3122 , but other means may be employed. Any practical means to transfer the pitch drive  3104  motion to the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3122  to adjust pitch can be used, worm gears for example. These mechanical elements  3108  allow the pitch drive shaft  3140  to remain in a fixed position in the nacelle while the blade pitch angle drive and support shaft  3122  rotates with the hub  3102  with the energy from the wind. Through these mechanical elements  3108 , the pitch drive shaft  3140  changes the energy capture from the wind as commanded by the control (see  FIG. 17  through  FIG. 21 ). 
       FIG. 32  is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine with an aerodynamically neutral duct, that is with no aerodynamic lift, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 32  illustrates top view  3250 , front view  3252 , and side view  3254  of a wind turbine embodiment  3200  applying a neutral aerodynamic duct  3202  enclosing circumferential rings (see  FIG. 33, 3308 ). The neutral aerodynamic duct  3202  provides an alternate means to support the blades  3206  which avoids blade  3206  tip flutter and other mechanical issues with blades  3206  flexing. It also provides a protected location for a set of circumferential rings (see  FIG. 33, 3310 and 3316 ) or other mechanical devices to use the mechanical advantage of the large diameter of the duct  3202  higher angular velocity to replace a high-ratio gear box (see  FIG. 23, 2310 ). The neutral aerodynamic duct  3202  protects the circumferential rings (see  FIGS. 33, 3310 and 3316 ) from the environment and reduces the aerodynamic drag that the circumferential rings would create without the duct. Blade tip supports  3208  connect the blades  3206  with the duct  3202 . The optional hub front support  3204  is shown. 
       FIG. 33  is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 33  illustrates side view  3350  of internal elements of the present invention showing one embodiment of duct support elements  3300  for a duct  3308  with no aerodynamic lift. This embodiment has the duct support column  3304  creating the turbine azimuthal vertical axis  3340  lying on the plane created by the rotation of the blades  3358 . The duct  3308  is supported by the duct support column  3304 . One embodiment for supporting the duct  3308  and transmitting the power from the rotating circumferential ring  3310  uses blade drive shaft  3306  with its angle gear  3312  and the circumferential ring  3318  with its angle gear  3310 . Duct support column  3304  connects to the duct support bracket  3330  via mechanical coupling  3324 . The nonrotating circumferential ring  3316 , along with hub support bracket  3330  and circumferential ring retaining cap  3320  constrain the vertical and horizontal movement of the rotating circumferential ring  3318  while allowing it to rotate when forced by the wind reaction to the blades  3328 . For embodiments with the pitch drive located in the structure (see  FIG. 24  through  FIG. 29 ), the pitch drive shaft  3322  passes through the duct  3308 . It is also possible to use any other mechanical means as well as mounting a generator in the duct  3308 . The blade tip support element  3334  supports the blades  3328  from the blades&#39; tip to the rotating circumferential ring  3318  via mechanical coupling  3334 , creating an open area not obstructed by the plane covered by the blades  3328  rotation. The blade tip support element  3326  can be of any suitable cross-section and material. It usually does not have airfoil properties, but could have an airfoil shape. The rotating circumferential ring  3318 , non-rotating circumferential ring  3316 , duct support column  3304 , blade drive shaft  3306 , blade tip support element  3326 , and blades  3328  can be of any suitable material. 
       FIG. 34  is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine with an aerodynamical duct, that is with aerodynamic lift, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 34  illustrates top view  3450 , front view  3452 , and side view  3454  of a wind turbine embodiment  3400  applying a aerodynamic duct  3402  to improve the energy extraction from the wind and enclosing circumferential rings (see  FIGS. 35, 3516 and 3518 ). Duct augmentation has the following advantages: five to twenty percent additional energy production over an open turbine of the same rotor diameter as the duct maximum diameter, generating energy at a lower wind speed, and operation over a wider range of misalignment with the wind than open turbines. The aerodynamic duct  3402  has the disadvantages of additional weight, additional horizontal thrust against the wind, and longer wake recovery, possibly requiring wider spacing and less wind turbines per acre. The aerodynamic duct  3402  provides an alternate means to support the blades  3406  which avoids blade  3406  tip flutter and other mechanical issues with blades  3406  flexing. It also provides a protected location for a set of circumferential rings (see  FIG. 35, 3516 and 3518 ) or other mechanical devices to use the mechanical advantage of the large diameter of the duct  3402  higher angular velocity to replace a high-ratio gear box (see  FIG. 23, 2310 ). The aerodynamic duct  3402  protects the circumferential rings (see  FIG. 35, 3516 and 3518 ) from the environment and reduces the aerodynamic drag that the circumferential rings would create without the duct. Blade tip supports  3408  connect the blades  3406  with the duct  3402 . The optional hub front support  3404  is shown. 
       FIG. 35  is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 35  illustrates side view  3350  of internal elements of the present invention showing one embodiment of duct support elements  3500  for a duct  3508  with aerodynamic lift. This embodiment has the duct support column  3504  creating the turbine azimuthal vertical axis  3540  not lying on the plane created by the rotation of the blades  3528 . The duct  3508  is supported by the duct support column  3504 . One embodiment for supporting the duct  3508  and transmitting the power from the rotating circumferential ring  3518  uses blade drive shaft  3506  with its angle gear  3512  and the transfer shaft  3514  with its angle gears  3532 A and  3532 B, and circumferential ring  3518  with its angle gear  3510 . The transfer shaft  3514  is held in place by transfer shaft bearings  3516 A and  3516 B. The duct support shaft  3504  connects to the duct support bracket  3530  via mechanical coupling  3524 . The nonrotating circumferential ring  3516  and circumferential ring retaining cap  3520  constrain the vertical and horizontal movement of the rotating circumferential ring  3518  while allowing it to rotate when forced by the wind reaction to the blades  3528 . The blade tip support element  3534  supports the blades  3528  from the blade tip to the rotating circumferential ring  3518  via mechanical coupling  3520 , creating an open area not obstructed by the plane covered by the blades  3528  rotation. The blade tip support element  3534  can be of any suitable cross-section and material. It usually does not have airfoil properties, but could have an airfoil shape. The rotating circumferential ring  3518 , non-rotating circumferential ring  3516 , duct support column  3504 , blade drive shaft  3506 , blade tip support element  3534 , and blades  3528  can be of any suitable materials. 
       FIG. 36  is an illustrative representation of secondary support ring wind turbine module  3600  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 36  illustrates front view  3650  and side view  3652  of wind turbine module  3600  having an extra outer circumferential duct  3602 . This duct may be required to provide additional strength to an aerodynamic duct for augmentation or an aerodynamically neutral duct. The extra duct may have lift to assist in duct augmentation or may have neutral lift to avoid the disadvantages of augmentation of the rotor disk. 
       FIG. 37  is an illustrative representation of vertical axis wind turbine module  3700  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 37  illustrates top view  3750 , front view  3752 , and side view  3754  showing one embodiment of the structure ( 3710 ) applying vertical axis turbines  3702 . This figure shows two vertical axis blades  3704  per turbine but the number of vertical axis blades  3704  can be more than two. The turbine blade rotation axis  3706  is vertical which eliminates the turbine azimuthal vertical axis because the turbine blade rotation axis  3706  is perpendicular to the wind direction  3708  for vertical axis turbines  3702  and the vertical axis blades  3704  face the wind no matter its direction. The rotating electrical components  3714  are located on the turbine blade rotation axis while the fixed electrical components, shown as  3712 , but can be located anywhere in the structure  3710 . 
       FIG. 38  is an illustrative representation of wind farm set  3800  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 38  illustrates top view  3850  of an embodiment of the present invention turbine showing a set  3800  with four turbine modules  3806 A,  3806 B,  3806 C, and  3806 D. The set geometric center is  3802  and the geometric pattern  3804  forms a square. The turbine modules  3806 A,  3806 B,  3806 C, and  3806 D are shown with two side-by-side wind turbines  3810 , which is one embodiment of the number of wind turbines  3810  that are side-by-side. There could be more than two side-by-side in embodiments. Illustrated set  3800  shown with four turbine modules  3806 A,  3806 B,  3806 C, and  3806 D is an embodiment useful for an average wind speed primarily from two opposing directions, such as might be experienced in a valley between two mountains. 
       FIG. 39  is an illustrative representation of wind farm  3900  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 39  illustrates top view  3950  of one embodiment of a wind farm. As illustrated, wind farm  3900  includes nine sets  3902  but the number of sets  3902  can be smaller or larger, more often larger than nine. The turbine modules  3904  are arranged four in a set  3902 , but there are other number and arrangement embodiments suitable to maximize energy production based on the average wind direction and speed at the geographical site. The geometric pattern  3906  of the turbine modules  3904  in sets  3902  form a square, but other geometric patterns  3906  are needed for differing average wind direction and speed. This set  3902  and farm  3900  arrangement is useful for an average wind speed primarily from two opposing directions, such as might be experienced in a valley between two mountains. 
     The terms “certain embodiments”, “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean one or more (but not all) embodiments unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. Furthermore, unless explicitly stated, any method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order or sequence. Further, the Abstract is provided herein for convenience and should not be employed to construe or limit the overall invention, which is expressed in the claims. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Benefits Over Conventional Multiturbine Arrays
         1. Significantly simpler support structure with fewer heavy elevated components because each rotor in this invention turns on its own individual vertical axis to face the wind.   2. Benefits of installing multiple smaller wind turbine arrays in separate structures:
           a. Minimizes wake interference from individual rotors turning on their own axes.   b. Allows higher density spacing of wind turbines per unit wind farm area.   c. Reduces the cost of structures.   
           3. Wake interference is mitigated by installing modules and sets in specific arrangements, depending on the prevailing wind directions.   4. Energy is maximized by installing individual structures (modules) aligned to a specific compass direction for one selected prevailing wind direction.   5. Benefits realized rotating the individual turbines inside of the support structure, instead of outside and around the support structure:
           a. The support structure can be constructed from the surface up without the use of large mobile cranes.   b. The support structure can be used for rotor and heavy component maintenance and installation without the use of a large mobile cranes.   c. The support structure can be less costly than monopole tower.   d. The base of the support has a larger surface area, simplifying the foundation design.   e. A roof can be installed on the structure to mitigate icing and lightning damage and curtailments.   f. Solar energy devices can be installed on a roof.   g. A grid or other elements can be installed to reduce flying animal deaths.   h. Duct augmented multirotor turbines can be easily accommodated and supported.   i. Vertical Axis multirotor turbine can be easily accommodated and supported.   j. Rotors supported at their tips can be easily accommodated and a circumferential ring can be used to replace the gearbox.   
           6. Wake interference can be offset by the controls by several methods:
           a. An upwind rotor control optimizes the output from the upwind rotor plus a rotor downwind approximately 10 diameters downwind.   b. A downwind rotor in the same structure (module) can be set to produce no energy, leaving the wind resource for the upwind rotor.   c. An upwind rotor in the same structure can be set to produce no energy, leaving the wind resource for the downwind rotor.   d. Other sharing of the wind resources can be employed for rotors sharing the same wind stream, i.e. wake interference.   e. The individual wind turbines can be steered horizontally (azimuthally) and vertically (altitudinally) to minimize wake interference.