Patent Publication Number: US-2023163616-A1

Title: Battery System

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 18/068,412, filed on Dec. 19, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/547,318, filed on Dec. 10, 2021, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/123,748, filed on Dec. 10, 2020, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to a battery system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electric systems typically include various auxiliary components and systems that have different power and redundancy requirements. A primary battery pack may be used to supply power to components that have high power requirements, and an auxiliary battery pack may be used to supply power to components that have low power requirements. 
     SUMMARY 
     A system according to a first aspect of the disclosure includes a first bus, a second bus, a first load that is connected to the first bus, a second load that is connected to the second bus, a high-voltage battery that includes a first plurality of cells and outputs electrical power at a first voltage level, and a low-voltage battery that includes a second plurality of cells and outputs electrical power to the second bus at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level. A common cell type is used for the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells, and a number of individual cells included in the first plurality of cells is an integer multiple of a number of individual cells that is included in the second plurality of cells. The system according to the first aspect of the disclosure also includes a first DC-DC converter that connects the high-voltage battery to the first bus to transfer electrical power between the high-voltage battery and the first bus, wherein the first DC-DC converter is operable to convert electrical power between the first voltage level and the second voltage level. The system according to the first aspect of the disclosure also includes a second DC-DC converter that connects the first bus to the second bus to transfer electrical power between the first bus and the second bus at the second voltage level. The system according to the first aspect of the disclosure also includes a controller that is configured to control operation of the first DC-DC converter and the second DC-DC converter in one of a first operating mode in which the first load and the second load are powered by the high-voltage battery, a second operating mode in which the first load and the second load are powered by the low-voltage battery, and a third operating mode in which the high-voltage battery is charged by the low-voltage battery. 
     In some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure, the individual cells from the first plurality of cells are connected in series and the individual cells from the second plurality of cells are connected in series. In some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure, the first plurality of cells is not directly connected to the second plurality of cells. Some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure also include a housing, wherein the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage battery are located in the housing. 
     In some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure, in the first operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the first bus by the high-voltage battery using the first DC-DC converter, electrical power is transferred from the first bus to the second bus by the second DC-DC converter, the first load receives electrical power from the first bus, and the second load receives electrical power from the second bus. In some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure, in the second operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second bus by the low-voltage battery, electrical power is transferred from the second bus to the first bus by the second DC-DC converter, the first load receives electrical power from the first bus, and the second load receives electrical power from the second bus. In some implementations of the system according to the first aspect of the disclosure, in the third operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second bus by the low-voltage battery, electrical power is transferred from the second bus to the first bus by the second DC-DC converter, and electrical power is transferred from the first bus to the high-voltage battery using the first DC-DC converter to charge the high-voltage battery. 
     A system according to a second aspect of the disclosure includes a first bus, a second bus, a high-voltage battery that includes a first plurality of cells, and a low-voltage battery that includes a second plurality of cells, wherein the low-voltage battery is connected to the second bus. A first DC-DC converter connects the high-voltage battery to the first bus. A second DC-DC converter connects the first bus to the second bus. A controller is configured to control operation of the first DC-DC converter to transfer power between the high-voltage battery and the first bus and to control operation of the second DC-DC converter to transfer power between the first bus and the second bus. 
     In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, a common cell type is used for the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, a number of individual cells included in the first plurality of cells is an integer multiple of a number of individual cells that is included in the second plurality of cells. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, the first plurality of cells includes a first number of individual cells that are connected in series and the second plurality of cells includes a second number of individual cells that are connected in series. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, the first plurality of cells is not directly connected to the second plurality of cells. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, the first DC-DC converter is operable to convert electrical power between a first voltage level that corresponds to the high-voltage battery and a second voltage level that corresponds to the first bus. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, the first bus and the second bus are at a common voltage level, and the second DC-DC converter is operable to transfer electrical power between the first bus and the second bus at the common voltage level. In some implementations of the system according to the second aspect of the disclosure, only the second DC-DC converter connects the first bus to the second bus for transferring electrical power between the first bus and the second bus. 
     A system according to a third aspect of the disclosure includes a first bus, a second bus, a first load that is connected to the first bus, and a second load that is connected to the second bus. A high-voltage battery includes a first plurality of cells. A low-voltage battery includes a second plurality of cells, wherein the low-voltage battery is connected to the second bus. A first DC-DC converter connects the high-voltage battery to the first bus. A second DC-DC converter connects the first bus to the second bus. A controller is configured to control operation of the first DC-DC converter and the second DC-DC converter in one of a first operating mode in which the first load and the second load are powered by the high-voltage battery, a second operating mode in which the first load and the second load are powered by the low-voltage battery, and a third operating mode in which the high-voltage battery is charged by the low-voltage battery. 
     In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, in the first operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the first bus by the high-voltage battery using the first DC-DC converter, electrical power is transferred from the first bus to the second bus by the second DC-DC converter, the first load receives electrical power from the first bus, and the second load receives electrical power from the second bus. In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, in the second operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second bus by the low-voltage battery, electrical power is transferred from the second bus to the first bus by the second DC-DC converter, the first load receives electrical power from the first bus, and the second load receives electrical power from the second bus. In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, in the third operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second bus by the low-voltage battery, electrical power is transferred from the second bus to the first bus by the second DC-DC converter, and electrical power is transferred from the first bus to the high-voltage battery using the first DC-DC converter to charge the high-voltage battery. In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, the first DC-DC converter is operable to convert electrical power between a first voltage level that corresponds to the high-voltage battery and a second voltage level that corresponds to the first bus. In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, the first bus and the second bus are at a common voltage level, and the second DC-DC converter is operable to transfer electrical power between the first bus and the second bus at the common voltage level. In some implementations of the system according to the third aspect of the disclosure, a common cell type is used for the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells. 
     A system according to a fourth aspect of the disclosure includes a first bus, a second bus, a first load that is connected to the first bus, and a second load that is connected to the second bus. A high-voltage battery includes a first plurality of cells and outputs electrical power at a first voltage level. A low-voltage battery includes a second plurality of cells and outputs electrical power to the second bus at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level, wherein a common cell type is used for the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells. A first DC-DC converter connects the high-voltage battery to the first bus. A second DC-DC converter connects the first bus to the second bus. A controller is configured to control operation of the first DC-DC converter and the second DC-DC converter to selectively supply electrical power from the high-voltage battery to the first load and the second load or supply electrical power from the low-voltage battery to the first load and the second load. 
     In some implementations of the system according to the fourth aspect of the disclosure, the first DC-DC converter is operable to convert electrical power between the first voltage level and the second voltage level. In some implementations of the system according to the fourth aspect of the disclosure, the first bus and the second bus are at the second voltage level, and the second DC-DC converter is operable to transfer electrical power between the first bus and the second bus at the second voltage level. In some implementations of the system according to the fourth aspect of the disclosure, the system further includes a housing, wherein the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage battery are located in the housing. In some implementations of the system according to the fourth aspect of the disclosure, the first plurality of cells is not directly connected to the second plurality of cells. 
     A system according to a fifth aspect of the disclosure includes a high-voltage bus that operates at a first voltage level, a first low-voltage bus that operates at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level, a second low-voltage bus that operates at the second voltage level, a high-voltage load that is connected to the high-voltage bus, a first low-voltage load that is connected to the first low-voltage bus, and a second low-voltage load that is connected to the second low-voltage bus. The system also includes a first DC-DC converter that is connected to the first low-voltage bus and is configured to convert electrical power between the first voltage level and the second voltage level, and a second DC-DC converter that connects the first low-voltage bus to the second low-voltage bus to transfer electrical power between the first low-voltage bus and the second low-voltage bus at the second voltage level. The system also includes a battery pack that includes a battery pack housing, a high-voltage battery that is located in the battery pack housing, includes a first plurality of cells, and outputs electrical power at the first voltage level, and a low-voltage battery that is located in the battery pack housing, includes a second plurality of cells, and outputs electrical power at the second voltage level. The high-voltage battery is connected to the high-voltage bus to supply electrical power to the high-voltage bus at the first voltage level. The high-voltage battery is connected to the first DC-DC converter to supply electrical power to the first DC-DC converter at the first voltage level. The low-voltage battery is connected to the second low-voltage bus to supply electrical power to the second low-voltage bus at the second voltage level. 
     A system according to a sixth aspect of the disclosure includes a high-voltage bus, a first low-voltage bus, a second low-voltage bus, a first DC-DC converter that is connected to the first low-voltage bus, a second DC-DC converter that connects the first low-voltage bus to the second low-voltage bus, and a battery pack. The battery pack includes a battery pack housing, a high-voltage battery that is located in the battery pack housing, includes a first plurality of cells, and outputs electrical power to the high-voltage bus and to the first DC-DC converter at a first voltage level, and a low-voltage battery that is located in the battery pack housing, includes a second plurality of cells, and outputs electrical power to the second low-voltage bus at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level. 
     A system according to a seventh aspect of the disclosure includes a high-voltage bus, a first low-voltage bus, a second low-voltage bus, a first DC-DC converter that is connected to the first low-voltage bus, and a second DC-DC converter that connects the first low-voltage bus to the second low-voltage bus. The system also includes a high-voltage battery that includes a first plurality of cells and outputs electrical power to the high-voltage bus and to the first DC-DC converter at a first voltage level, and a low-voltage battery that includes a second plurality of cells and outputs electrical power to the second low-voltage bus at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level. The system also includes a controller that is configured to control operation of the first DC-DC converter to transfer power between the high-voltage battery and the first low-voltage bus and to control operation of the second DC-DC converter to transfer power between the first low-voltage bus and the second low-voltage bus. 
     An eighth aspect of the disclosure is a battery pack that includes a battery pack housing that defines an internal space. A plurality of cells located in the internal space of the battery pack housing, wherein a common cell type is used from individual cells from the plurality of cells. A high-voltage battery is located in the internal space of the battery pack housing, wherein the high-voltage battery includes a first group of cells from the plurality of cells that are electrically connected to each other such that the high-voltage battery outputs electrical power at a first voltage level. A low-voltage battery is located in the internal space of the battery pack housing, wherein the low-voltage battery includes a second group of cells from the plurality of cells that are electrically connected to each other such that the low-voltage battery outputs electrical power at a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, the individual cells from the first group of cells are electrically connected to each other in series and the individual cells from the second group of cells are electrically connected to each other in series. 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, the first group of cells is not electrically connected to the second group of cells inside the battery pack housing. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, a number of the individual cells included in the first group of cells is an integer multiple of a number of the individual cells that is included in the second group of cells. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, the individual cells from the first group of cells and the individual cells from the second group of cells have a common battery chemistry and a common cell voltage. 
     Some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure further comprise a first internal battery bus that electrically connects the individual cells from the first group of cells to one another, wherein the first internal battery bus is located in the battery pack housing, and a second internal battery bus that electrically connects the individual cells from the second group of cells to one another, wherein the second internal battery bus is located in the battery pack housing. Some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure further comprise a first terminal that is located outside of the battery pack housing and is electrically connected to the first internal battery bus to allow connection of the high-voltage battery to a first external component, and a second terminal that is located outside of the battery pack housing and is electrically connected to the second internal battery bus to allow connection of the low-voltage battery to a second external component. 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, the battery pack housing is a sealed structure. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure, the battery pack housing is formed from two or more components that are rigidly fastened to each other. 
     Some implementations of the battery pack according to the eighth aspect of the disclosure further comprise a cell monitoring system having a first cell monitoring module that is electrically connected to at least some of the cells from the first group of cells and a second cell monitoring module that is electrically connected to at least some of the cells from the second group of cells. 
     A ninth aspect of the disclosure is a battery pack that includes a battery pack housing that defines an internal space. A first plurality of cells is located in the internal space of the housing, wherein individual cells from the first plurality of cells connected to each other in series to output electrical power at a first voltage level. A second plurality of cells is located in the internal space of the housing, wherein individual cells from the second plurality of cells connected to each other in series to output electrical power at a second voltage level, and the second plurality of cells is not directly electrically connected to the first plurality of cells. 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure, the individual cells from the first plurality of cells and the individual cells from the second plurality of cells have a common battery chemistry. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure, the individual cells from the first plurality of cells and the individual cells from the second plurality of cells have a common cell voltage. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure, a number of the individual cells included in the first plurality of cells is an integer multiple of a number of the individual cells that is included in the second plurality of cells. 
     Some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure also include a first terminal that is located outside of the battery pack housing and is electrically connected to the first plurality of cells to supply electrical power at the first voltage level to a first external component, and a second terminal that is located outside of the battery pack housing and is electrically connected to the second plurality of cells to supply electrical power at the second voltage level to a second external component. 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure, the battery pack housing is a sealed structure that is configured to prevent liquids from entering the internal space. In some implementations of the battery pack according to the ninth aspect of the disclosure, the battery pack housing is formed from two or more components that are rigidly fastened to each other. 
     A tenth aspect of the disclosure is a battery pack that includes a high-voltage battery having a first number of individual cells that are all electrically connected to each other in series, and a low-voltage battery having a second number of individual cells that are all electrically connected to each other in series. The low-voltage battery is not directly electrically connected to the high-voltage battery, the individual cells of the low-voltage battery and the individual cells of the high-voltage batter have a common cell voltage, and the first number of the individual cells is an integer multiple of the second number of the individual cells. 
     In some implementations of the battery pack according to the tenth aspect of the disclosure, the high-voltage battery is configured to supply electrical power at a first voltage level, the low-voltage battery is configured to supply electrical power at a second voltage level, and the first voltage level is higher than the second voltage level. Some implementations of the battery pack according to the tenth aspect of the disclosure also include a battery pack housing that defines an internal space, wherein the low-voltage battery is located in the internal space, and the high-voltage battery is located in the internal space. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram that shows an example of a battery system that includes a battery pack. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic illustration that shows an example of the battery pack. 
         FIG.  3    is a flowchart that shows a process for controlling the battery system. 
         FIG.  4    is a graph that shows a state of charge of a low-voltage battery of the battery pack during operation of the battery system. 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram that shows an example of a hardware configuration for a controller. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure relates to a battery system that includes a high-voltage (HV) battery and a low-voltage (LV) battery that are integrated into a battery pack. The battery system described herein is intended for use in an electric system in which the battery pack is the primary power source for one or more loads, such as propulsion motors. The HV battery and the LV battery are included in the battery pack to service different classes of loads that are commonly present in an electric system. For example, a first bus, which may be referred to as a high-voltage bus, may service loads that include a propulsion motor and a second bus, which may be referred to as a low-voltage bus, may service loads that include a computing system of the electric system (e.g., that controls automated control functions of the electric system). It should be understood, however, that the battery system described herein could be used to provide power in various applications. 
     The HV battery and the LV battery may use common (i.e., the same type) electrochemical cell types having the same battery chemistry. The HV battery and the LV battery may also be packaged in a common structure (e.g., housing). By integrating the HV battery and the LV battery and by using common electrochemical cell types, the overall complexity of the battery system may be reduced and efficiencies in packaging may result. To efficiently use the HV battery and the LV battery in combination, the battery system may be controlled to vary the way in which power is supplied to various components using the HV battery and the LV battery. Control of the power use from the HV battery and the LV battery can be exercised in a way that prevents leaving substantial amounts of power from the LV battery unused when the HV battery is depleted. 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram that shows an example of a battery system  100 . The battery system  100  includes a battery pack  102 , a battery system controller  104 , an HV-LV converter  106 , and LV-LV converter  108 , a first battery system bus  110 , a second battery system bus  112 , and an HV bus  113 . 
     The battery pack  102  includes an HV battery  114  and an LV battery  116 . The battery pack  102  also includes a cell monitoring system  118  that is configured to monitor properties of individual cells from the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116 . The HV battery  114  of the battery pack  102  may perform functions equivalent to those performed by a primary battery pack in a conventional system, such as by functioning to supply power to components that have high power requirements including a propulsion motor of the electric system. The LV battery  116  of the battery pack  102  may perform functions equivalent to those performed by an auxiliary battery pack in a conventional system, such as by functioning to supply power to components that have low power requirements including computing systems of the electric system. 
     The HV battery  114  is an electric battery that is configured to be charged and discharged in a conventional manner. The HV battery  114  is connected to the HV-LV converter  106  and is configured to supply electric power to the first battery system bus  110  using the HV-LV converter  106 . Thus, the HV battery  114  is connected to the first battery system bus  110  by the HV-LV converter. Electric power is output by the HV battery  114  to the HV-LV converter  106  at a first voltage level V 1 . The first voltage level V 1  is a nominal output voltage of the HV battery  114  under normal operating conditions and subject to normal fluctuations. As an example, the first voltage level V 1  may be between three-hundred and three-thousand volts. 
     The HV battery  114  includes first cells  120  and a first internal battery bus  122 . The first cells  120  are electrochemical cells that use any suitable battery chemistry. The first cells  120  may be referred to as first cells, a first plurality of cells, cells of the HV battery, and/or HV cells, which are names of convenience and imply no specific features or characteristics. The first cells  120  may all be of the same cell type and may therefore be identical to each other in battery chemistry, cell voltage (e.g., measured in volts), and cell capacity (e.g., measured in Ampere-hours). The first internal battery bus  122  electrically connects the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  to each other and connects the HV battery  114  to external components (e.g., using terminals that are associated with the HV battery  114 ), such as the HV-LV converter  106 . 
     To connect the first cells  120  to each other, the first internal battery bus  122  may include bus bars that are each connected to one or more of the first cells  120 . The configuration of the first internal battery bus  122  controls the manner in which the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  are connected to each other. As an example, the first internal battery bus  122  of the HV battery  114  may be configured so that all of the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  are connected in series. Other configurations may be used including, for example, combinations of series and parallel connections of the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114 . 
     The LV battery  116  is an electric battery that is configured to be charged and discharged in a conventional manner. The LV battery  116  is connected to the second battery system bus  112  of the battery system  100  and is configured to supply electric power to the second battery system bus  112 . The LV battery  116  may be directly connected to the second battery system bus  112  without an intervening converter (e.g., a DC-DC converter). Electric power is output by the LV battery  116  to the second battery system bus  112  at a second voltage level V 2 . The second voltage level V 2  is a nominal output voltage of the LV battery  116  under normal operating conditions and subject to normal fluctuations. As an example, the second voltage level V 2  may be between twelve volts and one-hundred volts. 
     The LV battery  116  includes second cells  124  and a second internal battery bus  126 . The second cells  124  may be referred to as second cells, a second plurality of cells, cells of the LV battery, and/or LV cells, which are names of convenience and imply no specific features or characteristics. The second cells  124  are electrochemical cells that use any suitable battery chemistry. The second cells  124  may all be of the same cell type and may therefore be identical to each other in battery chemistry, cell voltage (e.g., measured in volts), and cell capacity (e.g., measured in Ampere-hours). In addition, all of the cells from the first cells  120  and all of the cells from the second cells  124  may all be of the same cell type. The second internal battery bus  126  electrically connects the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116  to each other and connects the LV battery  116  to external components (e.g., using terminals that are associated with the LV battery  116 ), such as the second battery system bus  112 . 
     To connect the second cells  124  to each other, the second internal battery bus  126  may include bus bars that are each connected to one or more of the second cells  124 . The configuration of the second internal battery bus  126  controls the manner in which the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116  are connected to each other. As an example, the second internal battery bus  126  of the LV battery  116  may be configured so that all of the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116  are connected in series. Other configurations may be used including, for example, combinations of series and parallel connections of the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116 . 
     The first cells  120  are not directly connected electrically to the second cells  124 . Instead, the HV-LV converter  106  and the LV-LV converter  108  are electrically interposed between the first cells  120  and the second cells  124 , so that any power transfer between the first cells  120  and the second cells  124  flows through the HV-LV converter  106  and the LV-LV converter  108 . 
     The battery system controller  104  is a computing device. The battery system controller  104  may include for example, a processor, memory, and storage. The battery system controller  104  may be or include an application-specific integrated circuit. The battery system controller  104  may be or include a system on a chip. The battery system controller  104  is operable to execute computer program instructions and perform operations described by the computer program instructions. 
     The battery system controller  104  is operable to control operation of components that are included in the battery system  100 . For example, the battery system controller  104  may receive information from components of the battery system  100  and/or external components (e.g., belonging to systems other than the battery system  100 ), make one or more decisions using the received information, and send one or more commands to components of the battery system  100  to cause operation of the components in accordance with the commands. As examples, the battery system controller  104  may receive information from the HV-LV converter  106 , the LV-LV converter  108 , and/or the cell monitoring system  118 . As examples, the battery system controller  104  may send commands to the HV-LV converter  106 , the LV-LV converter  108 , and/or the cell monitoring system  118 . Operation of the battery system controller  104  will be discussed further herein. 
     The HV-LV converter  106  is a DC-DC converter (e.g., a first DC-DC converter) that is connected to the HV battery  114  and the first battery system bus  110 . The HV-LV converter  106  is a bidirectional power converter that is configured to transfer electrical power between the HV battery  114  and the first battery system bus  110  while raising or lowering the voltage dependent on the direction of the transfer. The HV-LV converter  106  is operable to convert electrical power between the first voltage level V 1 , which corresponds to the voltage output by the HV battery  114 , and the second voltage level V 2 , which corresponds to voltage of the first battery system bus  110 , the second battery system bus  112 , and the voltage output by the LV battery  116 . Thus, the HV-LV converter  106  can transfer electrical power from the HV battery  114  to the first battery system bus  110  by decreasing the voltage from the first voltage level V 1  to the second voltage level V 2 . The HV-LV converter  106  may be implemented using any suitable converter architecture, such as a switched-type converter architecture (e.g., implemented using transistors). The HV-LV converter  106  is controllable, for example, by the battery system controller  104 , to regulate the direction of power transfer, the amount of power transfer, and the output current. 
     The LV-LV converter  108  is a DC-DC converter (e.g., a second DC-DC converter) that is connected to the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112 . The LV-LV converter  108  is a bidirectional power converter that is configured to transfer electrical power between the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  at the second voltage level V 2 . The LV-LV converter  108  may be implemented using any suitable converter architecture, such as a switched-type converter architecture (e.g., implemented using transistors). The LV-LV converter  108  is controllable, for example, by the battery system controller  104 , to regulate the direction of power transfer, the amount of power transfer, and the output current. Thus, the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  are at a common (i.e., same) voltage level, and the LV-LV converter  108  is operable to transfer electrical power between the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  at the common voltage level. 
     The first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  are electrical power distribution systems (e.g., including electrical conductors and, optionally, other power distribution hardware) that connect the battery pack  102  to loads so that the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  can supply electrical power to the loads. Each of the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  can be connected to multiple loads (e.g., dozens of loads). In the illustrated example, a first load  128  is depicted as a representation of a load that can be connected to the first battery system bus  110 , and a second load  130  is depicted as a representation of a load that can be connected to the second battery system bus  112 . Thus, in the illustrated example, power is supplied to the first load  128  using the first battery system bus  110  and power is supplied to the second load  130  using the second battery system bus  112 . 
     In the illustrated implementation, the battery system  100  includes the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112 . In some implementations, one or more additional buses may be included in the battery system  100  to serve other loads at the second voltage level V 2 . For example, a third battery system bus could be supplied power from one or both of the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  by active controlled components or by passive components. In a particular implementation, a third battery system bus could be supplied power from one or both of the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  by diodes, such as a first diode (or a first group of diodes) that connects the first battery system bus  110  to the third battery system bus and a second diode (or a second group of diodes) that connects the second battery system bus  112  to the third battery system bus. The control methods described herein remain applicable. 
     In the illustrated implementation, the battery system  100  includes the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112 , which are connected by the LV-LV converter  108 . In an alternative implementation, the LV-LV converter  108  may be omitted so that the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  are combined into a single battery system bus. The control methods described herein remain applicable except that power is not transferred between buses using the LV-LV converter  108 . 
     The HV bus  113  is an electrical power distribution system (e.g., including electrical conductors and, optionally, other power distribution hardware) that connects the HV battery  114  of the battery pack  102  to high-voltage loads at the first voltage level V 1 . In the illustrated example, an HV load  131  is included as an example of a high-voltage load, but multiple high-voltage loads may be served by the HV bus  113 . As an example, the HV load  131  may be or include DC-AC converters that supply power to one or more propulsion motors of the electric system. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic illustration that shows an example of the battery pack  102 . The battery pack  102  includes a housing  240 . The housing  240  is a structure that defines an internal space. The HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  are located in the internal space of the housing  240  (e.g., located inside the housing  240 ). 
     The housing  240  may be a rigid structure, for example, formed from one or more of metal, rigid plastics, and/or rigid composite materials. The housing  240  may be a sealed structure that, for example, is configured to prevent water and other liquids from entering the internal space of the housing. As an example, the housing  240  may be formed from two or more components that are joined by sealing members (e.g., gaskets) and are rigidly fastened to each other (e.g., by bolts, clamps, and/or other mechanical fastening structures). 
     In addition to the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116 , other components may be located in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102 . As one example, some or all of the components of the cell monitoring system  118  are located in the housing  240 , such as electrical connections to the first internal battery bus  122  and the second internal battery bus  126  that allow monitoring and/or balancing of individual cells or groups of cells from the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  and the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116 . As another example, the battery system controller  104  may be located in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102 . As another example, the HV-LV converter  106  may be located in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102 . As another example, the LV-LV converter may be located in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102 . As another example, cooling system components may be location in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102  to cool the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  using a chilled cooling media that is supplied from an external source. 
     The first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  may be arranged in groups of cells. The cells may be grouped in various ways. For example, each of the groups of cells may be arranged in a particular geometric grouping, such as in a stack, or may be located within a separate housing or container structure that is located in the housing  240  of the battery pack  102 . 
     In the illustrated example, the HV battery  114  includes fifteen groups of cells, which are represented by first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o . The first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o  are connected to each other (e.g., in series) to define the HV battery  114 . The first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o  may all be identically configured, for example, each including identical cells in the same number, and in the same wiring connection configuration. For example, each of the first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o  may include the same number of identical cells in a series configuration, such as, for example, fourteen series connected cells (e.g., a 14s1p configuration). The illustrated implementation is shown as an example only, and the number of groups of cells and their configurations may vary. 
     The second cells  124  of the LV battery  116  may be arranged in groups of cells as described with respect to the HV battery  114 . In the illustrated implementation, the LV battery includes only one group of cells, which is represented by an LV cell group  217 . In alternative implementations, the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116  may be grouped into more than one cell group. 
     The number of cells and the wiring configuration of the cells in the LV cell group  217  may be identical to that of the first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o . Thus, the LV cell group  217  may be identical to each of the first through fifteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   o . As a result of this, the total number of individual cells that are included in the first cells  120  of the HV battery  114  may be an integer multiple of the total number of individual cells that are included in the second cells  124  of the LV battery  116 . 
     The cell monitoring system  118  may include multiple cell monitoring modules that are each connected to one or more of the groups of cells of the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116 . In the illustrated example, the cell monitoring system  118  includes first through eighth cell monitoring modules  219   a - 219   h  that are each connected to two cell groups. The first through seventh cell monitoring modules  219   a - 219   g  are connected to the first through fourteenth HV cell groups  215   a - 215   n . The eighth cell monitoring module  219   h  is connected to the fifteenth HV cell group  215   o  and to the LV cell group  217 . Each of the first through eighth cell monitoring modules  219   a - 219   h  includes wiring connections for monitoring individual cells from its respective cell groups as well as cell monitoring and balancing circuitry that is operable to monitor operating characteristics (e.g., state of charge) of each of the cells individually and to balance charge among the cells in a cell group. 
       FIG.  3    is a flowchart that shows a process  350  for controlling the battery system  100 . The process  350  may be performed, for example, using a computing device (e.g., including one or more processors) that executes program instructions that implement the operations of the process  350 . The process  350  may be implemented using a non-transitory computer-readable storage device having program instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause performance of the operations of the process  350  by the computing device. In the implementation that is described herein, the process is performed using the battery system controller  104  of the battery system  100 . 
     The process  350  is used to cause the battery system  100  to operate in a desired operating mode. Each of the operating modes represents a different way that the power supplied by the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  can be distributed to other components of the battery system  100 . 
     In the implementation that is described herein, the battery system controller  104  is operable to control operation of the HV-LV converter  106  and the LV-LV converter  108  in one of a first operating mode, a second operating mode, and a third operating mode. It should be understood that other operating modes can be used in addition to the operating modes that are described herein. 
     The first operating mode is a normal operating mode in which the HV battery  114  has primary responsibility for supplying power to the loads connected to the battery system  100 , including the first load  128  and the second load  130 . In the first operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the first battery system bus  110  by the HV battery  114  using the HV-LV converter  106 , electrical power is transferred from the first battery system bus  110  to the second battery system bus  112  by the LV-LV converter  108 , the first load  128  receives electrical power from the first battery system bus  110 , and the second load  130  receives electrical power from the second battery system bus  112 . Loads that are connected to the first battery system bus  110  are powered only by the HV battery  114  and loads that are connected to the second battery system bus  112  are powered at least partly by the HV battery  114  in the first operating mode. As an example, the loads that are connected to the second battery system bus  112  (e.g., including the second load  130 ) may be powered primarily or only by the HV battery  114  in the first operating mode. 
     Additional power can be supplied to loads that are connected to the second battery system bus  112  from the LV battery  116  in the first operating mode in order to provide sufficient power to meet peak current demands. The LV battery  116  does not supply power to the first battery system bus  110  in the first operating mode, for example, because the LV-LV converter  108  is transferring power from the first battery system bus  110  to the second battery system bus  112  in the first operating mode. Thus, the first load  128  is powered only by the HV battery  114  and the second load  130  is powered primarily by the HV battery  114  in the first operating mode, while additional power may be supplied from the LV battery  116  to the second load  130  in the first operating mode. 
     The second operating mode shifts responsibility for powering the second battery system bus  112  to the LV battery  116  and power from the LV battery  116  may be supplied to the first battery system bus  110  in order to reduce the state of charge of the LV battery  116  at a faster rate than in the first operating mode. In the second operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second battery system bus  112  by the LV battery  116 , electrical power is transferred from the second battery system bus  112  to the first battery system bus  110  by the LV-LV converter  108 , the first load  128  receives electrical power from the first battery system bus  110 , and the second load  130  receives electrical power from the second battery system bus  112 . Loads that are connected to the first battery system bus  110  are powered by either of the HV battery  114  alone, the LV battery  116  alone, or the HV battery  114  in combination with the LV battery  116  in the second operating mode. Thus, for example, the first load  128  may be powered partly by the LV battery  116 , primarily by the LV battery  116 , or only by the LV battery  116  in the second operating mode. 
     Additional power can be supplied to loads that are connected to the first battery system bus  110  by the HV battery  114  in the second operating mode in order to provide sufficient power to meet peak current demands. The HV battery  114  does not supply power to the second battery system bus  112  in the second operating mode, for example, because the LV-LV converter  108  is transferring power from the second battery system bus  112  to the first battery system bus  110  in the second operating mode. Thus, the first load  128  may be powered primarily by the LV battery  116  in the second operating mode and additional power may be supplied from the HV battery  114  to the first load  128  in the second operating mode. The second load  130  is powered only by the LV battery  116  in the second operating mode. 
     The third operating mode is similar to the second operating mode, except that the HV battery  114  is charged by the LV battery  116  in the third operating mode by transferring power to the HV battery  114  and/or to the HV bus  113  using the HV-LV converter  106 . In the third operating mode, electrical power is supplied to the second battery system bus  112  by the LV battery  116 , electrical power is transferred from the second battery system bus  112  to the first battery system bus  110  by the LV-LV converter  108 , and electrical power is transferred from the first battery system bus  110  to the HV battery  114  using the HV-LV converter  106  to charge the HV battery  114  and/or to supply power to the HV bus  113  to power the HV load  131 . 
     The third operating mode allows the LV battery  116  to be discharged at a greater rate as compared to the second operating mode, and may increase the state of charge of the HV battery  114 . For example, the LV battery  116  may supply electrical power to loads connected to the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  in the third operating mode, and power supplied by the LV battery  116  that exceeds the power demands of the loads connected to the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  is transferred from the first battery system bus  110  to the HV battery  114  by the HV-LV converter  106  to charge the HV battery  114  and/or to supply power to the HV bus  113  to power the HV load  131  using power from the LV battery  116 . 
     Power is supplied to the first battery system bus  110  primarily by the LV battery  116  in the third operating mode and power is supplied to the second battery system bus  112  only by the LV battery  116  in the third operating mode. Thus, loads connected to the first battery system bus  110 , such as the first load  128 , are powered primarily by the LV battery  116  in the third operating mode. Power from the HV battery  114  may be used to supply power to the first battery system bus  110  to satisfy peak power demands for loads that are connected to the first battery system bus  110  by temporarily switching operation of the HV-LV converter  106  so that it supplies power to the first battery system bus  110 , and operation of the HV-LV converter  106  is switched back to charging the HV battery  114  when peak power demands have passed and the LV battery  116  is again able to satisfy the power demands of both of the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112 . 
     In implementations where a generator (e.g., for regenerative braking) is connected to one of the first battery system bus  110  or the second battery system bus  112 , each of the first operating mode, the second operating mode, or the third operating mode may include receiving a supply of electrical power from the generator (e.g., which may be the first load  128  or the second load  130 ). The power from the generator may be used to charge the HV battery  114  and/or the LV battery  116 . Other details of the first operating mode, the second operating mode, and the third operating mode are as previously described. 
     Selection of an operating mode for the battery system  100  and transitions between operating modes according to the process  350  will now be described using the first operating mode, the second operating mode, and the third operating mode as examples of operating modes. The process  350  may be implemented using additional and/or different operating modes. 
     The process  350  is performed to control supply of power to the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  from the battery pack while a load that is connected to one of the first battery system bus  110  or the second battery system bus  112  is requesting power. Thus, the process may be initiated when a component that is connected to the first battery system bus  110  or the second battery system bus  112  is activated and is drawing power from the HV battery  114  or the LV battery  116  over the first battery system bus  110  or the second battery system bus  112 . The process  350  may be performed repeatedly while one or more loads continue to draw power from the battery pack  102 . 
     In operation  351  the battery pack  102  is monitored. The battery pack  102  can be monitored using components that are included in the battery system  100 . For example, the battery pack  102  can be monitored using the cell monitoring system  118  as previously described. Monitoring the battery pack  102  can include determining a state of charge for the HV battery  114 , determining a power usage rate (e.g., discharge rate) for the HV battery  114 , determining a temperature of the HV battery  114 , determining an estimated time until full discharge (e.g., zero percent state of charge) for the HV battery  114 , determining a future state of charge over time forecast for the HV battery  114 , monitoring other operating characteristics of the HV battery  114 , determining a state of charge for the LV battery  116 , determining a power usage rate (e.g., discharge rate) for the LV battery  116 , determining a temperature of the LV battery  116 , determining an estimated time until full discharge (e.g., zero percent state of charge) for the LV battery  116 , determining a future state of charge over time forecast for the LV battery  116 , and/or monitoring other operating characteristics of the LV battery  116 . The information that is obtained by monitoring the battery pack  102  may be transmitted to the battery system controller  104 , for example, from the cell monitoring system  118 . 
     The times until discharge of the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  are estimated values. These values may be estimated, for example using a state of charge value and a power usage rate for each of the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116 . Future state of charge forecasts for the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  are also estimated. Times until discharge and future state of charge forecasts may be determined using information from the electric system that describes an intended navigation route for the electric system (under manual or automated control), including information that describes expected future route and road conditions. 
     Operation  352  includes determining whether a mode change should be performed from a current operating mode to a different operating mode. Determining whether a mode change should be performed may be done using the information that was obtained by monitoring the battery pack  102  in operation  351 . For example, the battery system controller  104  may determine whether a mode change should be performed based on a comparison of the estimated time until full discharge for the HV battery  114  and the estimated time until full discharge for the LV battery  116 . Operation  352  may also include determining which mode the battery system  100  should be switched to. 
     As one example, the battery system controller  104  may determine that a mode switch should be performed when a difference between the state of charge of the HV battery  114  and the state of charge of the LV battery  116  is above a threshold value. As another example, the battery system controller  104  may determine that a mode switch should be performed when a difference between the rate of power usage of the HV battery  114  and the rate of power usage of the LV battery  116  is above a threshold value. As another example, the battery system controller  104  may determine that a mode switch should be performed when a difference between the time until full discharge of the HV battery  114  and the time until full discharge of the LV battery  116  is above a threshold value. 
     In some implementations, the battery system controller selects the first operating mode when power usage of loads connected to the first battery system bus  110  and the second battery system bus  112  (and optionally additional buses) is above a threshold value and selects one of the second operating mode or the third operating mode when the power usage is below a threshold value. 
     In some implementations, multiple values describing operating conditions are used to determine whether to switch the operating mode and/or which operating mode should be switched to. Any of the values obtained by monitoring the battery pack  102  (e.g., as described with respect to operation  351 ) may be used. As one example, switching between modes can be controlled using a state machine that requires a set of conditions to be satisfied in order to perform a particular change between operating modes (e.g., from the first operating mode to the second operating mode or from the third operating mode to the first operating mode). As another example a score can be determined for each of the operating modes using the values obtained by monitoring the battery pack  102  in operation  351  and the highest scoring operating mode may be selected, thereby prompting a mode change if the selected mode is different than the current mode. 
     In operation  353 , if a mode change will be performed according to the determination made in operation  352 , the process proceeds to operation  354 . In operation  353 , if a mode change will not be performed according to the determination made in operation  352 , the process  350  returns to operation  351  to continue monitoring the battery pack  102  and assessing whether a mode change should be performed. 
     In operation  354 , the mode change is performed from the current operating mode to a new operating mode, and the battery system  100  is operated in the new operating mode. The process  350  then returns to operation  351  to continue monitoring the battery pack  102  and assessing whether a mode change should be performed. 
       FIG.  4    is a graph that shows a state of charge of the LV battery  116  during operation of the battery system  100 . The horizontal axis corresponds to time, with T_ 0  representing a start of operation of the battery system  100  and T_ 1  representing an end of operation of the battery system  100 , with the state of charge of the LV battery  116  being one-hundred percent at time point T_ 0  and with the state of charge of the LV battery  116  being zero percent at the time point T_ 1 . To optimize usage of the battery pack  102 , the state of charge of the HV battery  114  should also decrease from one-hundred percent at time point T_ 0  to zero percent at the time point T_ 1 . Because the rate of discharge for the HV battery  114  and the LV battery  116  is usually not the same, the battery system  100  is controlled (e.g., by the battery system controller  104 ) to change to the operating mode of the battery system  100  during operation. In the illustrated example, the battery system  100  is initially (e.g., starting at T_ 0 ) operated in the second operation mode. Subsequently, the operating mode is changed from the second operating mode to the first operating mode, and discharging of the LV battery  116  slows. Later, the operating mode is changed to the third operating mode, and the LV battery  116  is discharged at a higher rate as compared to the rate of discharge for the LV battery  116  in the first operating mode and the second operating mode. 
     In the present disclosure, state of charge values are used to represent the amount of electrical power that is stored in a battery. State of charge values are estimated. As one example, state of charge may be estimated based on voltage. As another example, state of charge may be estimated based on current integration over time. State of charge values are typically expressed as percentage values, relative to set points for zero percent and one-hundred percent, which may be predetermined values or calculated values. Zero percent state of charge is used to represent a charge state in which the battery is not able to continue supplying electrical power. One-hundred percent state of charge is used to represent a charge level at which further charging of the battery is discontinued, and is therefore indicated as a fully charged state. 
     The battery system  100  may be implemented in a vehicle. The battery system  100  supplies electrical power to some or all of the systems that are included in the vehicle. As an example, the vehicle may be a conventional road-going vehicle that includes a vehicle body and is supported by wheels. The vehicle may be, for example, a car, a truck, a motorcycle, a boat, or an aircraft. The vehicle may include a passenger compartment and/or a cargo compartment. The vehicle may include system that perform specific functions, such as a suspension system, a propulsion system, a braking system, a steering system, a sensing system, and a control system. The sensing system includes sensors for observing external conditions and conditions of the vehicle. The control system includes communication components and processing components, such as a controller, and may be configured to control automated driving functions. Other systems can be included in the vehicle. 
       FIG.  5    is a block diagram that shows an example of a hardware configuration for a controller  560 . The controller  560  may be used to implement control systems described herein, such as the battery system controller  104  of the battery system  100  and the control system of the electric system (e.g., vehicle). The controller  560  may include a processor  561 , a memory  562 , a storage device  563 , one or more input devices  564 , and one or more output devices  565 . The controller  560  may include a bus or a similar device to interconnect the components for communication. The processor  561  is operable to execute computer program instructions and perform operations described by the computer program instructions. As an example, the processor  561  may be a conventional device such as a central processing unit. The memory  562  may be a volatile, high-speed, short-term information storage device such as a random-access memory module. The storage device  563  may be a non-volatile information storage device such as a hard drive or a solid-state drive. The input devices  564  may include any type of human-machine interface such as buttons, switches, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen input device, a gestural input device, or an audio input device. The output devices  565  may include any type of device operable to provide an indication to a user regarding an operating state, such as a display screen or an audio output, or any other functional output or control. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is controlling charging and discharging of a battery, which may be implemented in a system that includes the gathering and use of data available from various sources. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID&#39;s, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to store user activity information that allows a power management system to control energy usage according to user preferences or user habits. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For example, location information and navigation information may be used as a basis for controlling use of electrical power from a battery based on availability of battery charging stations near the user or along a route being followed by a user. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, systems that use the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In another example, users can select not to provide personal information to services that use the present technology. In yet another example, users can select to limit the length of time personal information is maintained by services that use the present technology, or users may entirely prohibit use of personal information by systems that use the present technology. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, a power management system may control battery usage using a model based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, other non-personal information available to the services that are using the present technology, or publicly available information.