Patent Publication Number: US-2015065647-A1

Title: Functionalized polymer, rubber composition and pneumatic tire

Description:
This is a Non-provisional application of pending prior Application Ser. No. 61/870,924, filed on Aug. 28, 2013. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Metals from Groups I and II of the periodic table are commonly used to initiate the polymerization of monomers into polymers. For example, lithium, barium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium are metals that are frequently utilized in such polymerizations. Initiator systems of this type are of commercial importance because they can be used to produce polymers with different polymer micro-structures, hence, glass transition temperature (Tg) and polymer composition. For instance, lithium initiators can be utilized to initiate the anionic polymerization of isoprene into synthetic polyisoprene rubber or to initiate the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene into polybutadiene rubber having the desired microstructure. 
     The polymers formed in such polymerizations have the metal used to initiate the polymerization at the growing end of their polymer chains and are sometimes referred to as living polymers. They are referred to as living polymers because their polymer chains which contain the terminal metal initiator continue to grow or live until all of the available monomer is exhausted. Polymers that are prepared by utilizing such metal initiators normally have structures which are essentially linear and normally do not contain appreciable amounts of branching. 
     Rubbery polymers made by living polymerization techniques are typically compounded with sulfur, accelerators, antidegradants, a filler, such as carbon black, silica or starch, and other desired rubber chemicals and are then subsequently vulcanized or cured into the form of a useful article, such as a tire or a power transmission belt. It has been established that the physical properties of such cured rubbers depend upon the degree to which the filler is homogeneously dispersed throughout the rubber. This is in turn related to the level of affinity that filler has for the particular rubbery polymer. This can be of practical importance in improving the physical characteristics of rubber articles which are made utilizing such rubber compositions. For example, the rolling resistance and traction characteristics of tires can be improved by improving the affinity of carbon black and/or silica to the rubbery polymer utilized therein. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to improve the affinity of a given rubbery polymer for fillers, such as carbon black and silica. 
     In tire tread formulations, better interaction between the filler and the rubbery polymer results in lower hysteresis and consequently tires made with such rubber formulations have lower rolling resistance. Low tan delta values at 60° C. are indicative of low hysteresis and consequently tires made utilizing such rubber formulations with low tan delta values at 60° C. normally exhibit lower rolling resistance. Better interaction between the filler and the rubbery polymer in tire tread formulations also typically results higher tan delta values at 0° C. which is indicative of better traction characteristics. 
     The interaction between rubber and carbon black has been attributed to a combination of physical absorption (van der Waals force) and chemisorption between the oxygen containing functional groups on the carbon black surface and the rubber (see D. Rivin, J. Aron, and A. Medalia, Rubber Chem. &amp; Technol. 41, 330 (1968) and A. Gessler, W. Hess, and A Medalia, Plast. Rubber Process, 3, 141 (1968)). Various other chemical modification techniques, especially for styrene-butadiene rubber made by solution polymerization (S-SBR), have also been described for reducing hysteresis loss by improving polymer-filler interactions. In one of these techniques, the solution rubber chain end is modified with aminobenzophenone. This greatly improves the interaction between the polymer and the oxygen-containing groups on the carbon black surface (see N. Nagata, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, 62, 630 (1989)). Tin coupling of anionic solution polymers is another commonly used chain end modification method that aids polymer-filler interaction supposedly through increased reaction with the quinone groups on the carbon black surface. The effect of this interaction is to reduce the aggregation between carbon black particles which in turn, improves dispersion and ultimately reduces hysteresis. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention provides a low cost means for the end-group functionalization of rubbery living polymers to improve their affinity for fillers, such as carbon black and/or silica. Such functionalized polymers can be beneficially used in manufacturing tires and other rubber products where improved polymer/filler interaction is desirable. In tire tread compounds this can result in lower polymer hysteresis which in turn can provide a lower level of tire rolling resistance. 
     The present invention more specifically is directed to a functionalized elastomer comprising the reaction product of 
     (1) a living anionic elastomeric polymer comprising units derived from divinylbenzene and a monomer comprising isoprene; and (2) a polymerization terminator of formula 
       Q-(CH 2 ) X Si(OR 1 ) Y R 2   3-Y , 
     wherein Q is R 3 CH═N— or (R 4 ) 2 N—; R 3  represents a group consisting of an aryl or substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or a heterocycle or heteroaryl having 3 to 18 carbon atoms; R 4  independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R 1  and R 2  each independently represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, and an aryl; X is an integer from 1 to 20; and Y is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein units derived from the terminator are exclusively disposed adjacent to units derived from the divinylbenzene. 
     The invention is further directed to a rubber composition comprising the functionalized elastomer, and a pneumatic tire comprising the rubber composition. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a graph of molecular weight versus Mooney viscosity for several elastomers. 
         FIG. 2  shows a graph of radius of gyration versus Mooney viscosity for several elastomers. 
         FIG. 3  shows viscoelastic properties for several elastomers. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     There is disclosed a functionalized elastomer comprising the reaction product of 
     (1) a living anionic elastomeric polymer comprising units derived from divinylbenzene and a monomer comprising isoprene; and (2) a polymerization terminator of formula 
       Q-(CH 2 ) X Si(OR 1 ) Y R 2   3-Y , 
     wherein Q is R 3 CH═N— or (R 4 ) 2 N—; R 3  represents a group consisting of an aryl or substituted aryl having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or a heterocycle or heteroaryl having 3 to 18 carbon atoms; R 4  independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R 1  and R 2  each independently represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, and an aryl; X is an integer from 1 to 20; and Y is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein units derived from the terminator are exclusively disposed adjacent to units derived from the divinylbenzene. 
     There is further disclosed a rubber composition comprising the functionalized elastomer, and a pneumatic tire comprising the rubber composition. 
     The subject invention provides for the functionalization of rubbery living polymers to improve their affinity for fillers, such as carbon black and/or silica. The process of the present invention can be used to functionalize any living polymer with an active end having a metal of group I or II of the periodic table. These polymers can be produced utilizing techniques that are well known to persons skilled in the art. The living polymers that can be functionalized with a terminator of formula I in accordance with this invention can be made utilizing monofunctional initiators and have the general structural formula P*, wherein P represents a polymer chain and wherein * represent an active site, for example resulting from an initiator containing a metal of group I or II. The metal initiators utilized in the synthesis of such living polymers can also be multifunctional organometallic compounds. For instance, difunctional organometallic compounds can be utilized to initiate such polymerizations. The utilization of such difunctional organometallic compounds as initiators generally results in the formation of living polymers having the general structural formula *P*. Such polymers which are active at both of their chain ends with a metal from group I or II also can be reacted with terminator of formula I to functionalize both of their chain ends. It is believed that utilizing difunctional initiators so that both ends of the polymers chain can be functionalized with the terminator of formula I can further improve interaction with fillers, such as carbon black and silica. 
     Such living polymers are sometimes coupled via either SnCl 4  or SiCl 4  coupling agents. This class of coupling terminates the active chain ends, eliminating the possibility of easily modifying the chain ends, precluding the option of further functionalization via a functional terminator. In contrast, reaction of divinylbenzene (DVB) with a living polymer preserves active chain ends thus allowing further functionalization with a functional terminator. Scheme 1 illustrates this conceptual sequence of living polymer coupling with divinylbenzene followed by termination with a functional terminator. Here, P* represents the living polymer comprising units of monomer including isoprene. The living polymer P* reacts with divinylbenzene (shown as 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     ) sequentially to form a coupled living polymer, which upon termination of the active sites (*) with a functional terminator results in the final coupled functional polymer with functional groups F. High monomer conversion to produce the living polymer P* prior to reaction with divinylbenzene is necessary to minimize random cross-linking which can result in gel formation and a significant increase in the Mooney viscosity of the resulting polymer. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Unlike SnCl 4  or SiCl 4  coupling where at most 4 chains can be coupled together, the degree of divinylbenzene coupling is theoretically unlimited. As a consequence, a much higher degree of functionalization is possible compared to the linear equivalent. In other words, the number of functional groups per polymer molecule can be substantially higher than for a linear polymer. 
     The initiator used to initiate the polymerization employed in synthesizing the living rubbery polymer that is functionalized in accordance with this invention is typically selected from the group consisting of barium, lithium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Lithium and magnesium are the metals that are most commonly utilized in the synthesis of such metal terminated polymers (living polymers). Normally, lithium initiators are more preferred. 
     Organolithium compounds are the preferred initiators for utilization in such polymerizations. The organolithium compounds which are utilized as initiators are normally organo monolithium compounds. The organolithium compounds which are preferred as initiators are monofunctional compounds which can be represented by the formula: R—Li, wherein R represents a hydrocarbyl radical containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Generally, such monofunctional organolithium compounds will contain from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms. Some representative examples of preferred butyllithium, secbutyllithium, n-hexyllithium, n-octyllithium, tertoctyllithium, n-decyllithium, phenyllithium, 1-naphthyllithium, 4-butylphenyllithium, p-tolyllithium, 4-phenylbutyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, 4-butylcyclohexyllithium, and 4-cyclohexylbutyllithium. Secondary-butyllithium is a highly preferred organolithium initiator. Very finely divided lithium having an average particle diameter of less than 2 microns can also be employed as the initiator for the synthesis of living rubbery polymers that can be functionalized with a terminator of formula I in accordance with this invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,420, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes the synthesis of lithium terminated living polymers utilizing finely divided lithium as the initiator. Lithium amides can also be used as the initiator in the synthesis of living polydiene rubbers (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,471 the teaching of which are incorporated herein by reference with respect to lithium amides that can be used as initiators in the synthesis of living rubbery polymer). 
     The amount of organolithium initiator utilized will vary depending upon the molecular weight which is desired for the rubbery polymer being synthesized as well as the precise polymerization temperature which will be employed. The precise amount of organolithium compound required to produce a polymer of a desired molecular weight can be easily ascertained by persons skilled in the art. However, as a general rule from 0.01 to 1 phm (parts per 100 parts by weight of monomer) of an organolithium initiator will be utilized. In most cases, from 0.01 to 0.1 phm of an organolithium initiator will be utilized with it being preferred to utilize 0.025 to 0.07 phm of the organolithium initiator. 
     Many types of unsaturated monomers which contain carbon-carbon double bonds can be polymerized into polymers using such metal catalysts. Elastomeric or rubbery polymers can be synthesized by polymerizing diene monomers utilizing this type of metal initiator system. The diene monomers that can be polymerized into synthetic rubbery polymers can be either conjugated or nonconjugated diolefins. Conjugated diolefin monomers containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms are generally preferred. Vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers can also be copolymerized with one or more diene monomers into rubbery polymers, for example styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Some representative examples of conjugated diene monomers that can be polymerized into rubbery polymers include 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, and 4,5-diethyl-1,3-octadiene. Some representative examples of vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers that can be utilized in the synthesis of rubbery polymers include styrene, 1-vinylnapthalene, 3-methylstyrene, 3,5-diethylstyrene, 4-propylstyrene, 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene, 4-dodecylstyrene, 3-methyl-5-normal-hexylstyrene, 4-phenylstyrene, 2-ethyl-4-benzylstyrene, 3,5-diphenylstyrene, 2,3,4,5-tetraethylstyrene, 3-ethyl-1-vinylnapthalene, 6-isopropyl-1-vinylnapthalene, 6-cyclohexyl-1-vinylnapthalene, 7-dodecyl-2-vinylnapthalene, α-methylstyrene, and the like. 
     The living polymers that are functionalized with a terminator of formula I in accordance with this invention are generally prepared by solution polymerizations that utilize inert organic solvents, such as saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, or ethers. The solvents used in such solution polymerizations will normally contain from about 4 to about 10 carbon atoms per molecule and will be liquids under the conditions of the polymerization. Some representative examples of suitable organic solvents include pentane, isooctane, cyclohexane, normal-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, tetrahydrofuran, and the like, alone or in admixture. For instance, the solvent can be a mixture of different hexane isomers. Such solution polymerizations result in the formation of a polymer cement (a highly viscous solution of the polymer). 
     The living polymers utilized in the practice of this invention can be of virtually any molecular weight. However, the number average molecular weight of the living rubbery polymer will typically be within the range of about 50,000 to about 500,000. It is more typical for such living rubbery polymers to have number average molecular weights within the range of 100,000 to 250,000. 
     The living polymer derived from the utilized unsaturated monomers is reacted with divinylbenzene. High monomer conversion to produce the living polymer P* prior to reaction with divinylbenzene is necessary to minimize random cross-linking which can result in gel formation and a significant increase in the Mooney viscosity of the resulting polymer. In one embodiment, the polymerization is carried out to a monomer conversion of greater than 95 percent measured as unreacted monomer amount per initial monomer amount. Upon attaining the desired monomer conversion, sufficient divinylbenzene is added to the polymerization medium to induce coupling of the living polymer with divinylbenzene as illustrated in Scheme 1. 
     The amount of divinylbenzene added depends on the desired level of coupling. In one embodiment, the amount of divinylbenzene incorporated into the finished functionalized elastomer ranges from 0.04 to 0.4 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the finished functionalized elastomer (phr). 
     By reacting the living polymer with divinylbenzene only after attaining a high monomer conversion in the living polymer, the divinylbenzene is added to a living polymer adjacent to the active site, as illustrated in Scheme 1. It is understood that some deminimus amount of residual monomer may be present to react with the active site of a living polymer subsequent to addition of divinylbenzene, thus moving the active site away from the divinylbenzene. Generally however, the divinylbenzene unit is present in the living polymer adjacent to the active site. 
     Subsequent to reaction with divinylbenzene, the active polymer is terminated with a terminator of formula I to produce the functionalized elastomer. Termination of the living polymer after coupling the living polymer with divinylbenzene ensures that in the functionalized elastomer, substantially all of the units derived from the terminator are disposed adjacent to units derived from the divinylbenzene. That is, units derived from the terminator are covalently bond to units derived from the divinylbenzene. In the ideal case of zero residual monomer, all units derived from the terminator are exclusively disposed adjacent to units derived from the divinylbenzene. Recognizing however that some residual monomer may be present during coupling with divinylbenzene, in one embodiment, at least 90 percent of units derived from the terminator are adjacent to units derived from divinylbenzene in the functionalized elastomer. 
     The divinylbenzene-coupled living polymer can be functionalized by simply adding a stoichiometric amount of a terminator of formula I to a solution of the rubbery polymer (a rubber cement of the living polymer). In other words, approximately one mole of the terminator of formula I is added per mole of active metal groups (active sites) in the living rubbery polymer. The number of moles of metal groups in such polymers is assumed to be the number of moles of the metal utilized in the initiator. It is, of course, possible to add greater than a stoichiometric amount of the terminator of formula I. However, the utilization of greater amounts is not beneficial to final polymer properties. Nevertheless, in many cases it will be desirable to utilize a slight excess of the terminator of formula I to insure that at least a stoichiometric amount is actually employed or to control the stoichiometry of the functionalization reaction. In most cases from about 0.8 to about 1.1 moles of the terminator of formula I will be utilized per mole of metal groups in the living polymer being treated. In the event that it is not desired to functionalize all of the metal groups in a rubbery polymer then, of course, lesser amounts of the terminator of formula I can be utilized. 
     The terminator of formula I will react with the living polymer over a very wide temperature range. For practical reasons the functionalization of such living polymers will normally be carried out at a temperature within the range of 0° C. to 150° C. In order to increase reaction rates, in most cases it will be preferred to utilize a temperature within the range of 20° C. to 100° C. with temperatures within the range of 50° C. to 80° C. being most preferred. The capping reaction is very rapid and only very short reaction times within the range of 0.5 to 4 hours are normally required. However, in some cases reaction times of up to about 24 hours may be employed to insure maximum conversions. 
     After the functionalization reaction is completed, it will normally be desirable to “kill” any living polydiene chains which remain. This can be accomplished by adding an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, to the polymer cement after the functionalization reaction is completed in order to eliminate any living polymer that was not consumed by the reaction with the terminator of formula I. The end-group functionalized polydiene rubber can then be recovered from the solution utilizing standard techniques. 
     The functionalized polymer may be compounded into a rubber composition. 
     The rubber composition may optionally include, in addition to the functionalized polymer, one or more rubbers or elastomers containing olefinic unsaturation. The phrases “rubber or elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation” or “diene based elastomer” are intended to include both natural rubber and its various raw and reclaim forms as well as various synthetic rubbers. In the description of this invention, the terms “rubber” and “elastomer” may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms “rubber composition,” “compounded rubber” and “rubber compound” are used interchangeably to refer to rubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients and materials and such terms are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing or rubber compounding art. Representative synthetic polymers are the homopolymerization products of butadiene and its homologues and derivatives, for example, methylbutadiene, dimethylbutadiene and pentadiene as well as copolymers such as those formed from butadiene or its homologues or derivatives with other unsaturated monomers. Among the latter are acetylenes, for example, vinyl acetylene; olefins, for example, isobutylene, which copolymerizes with isoprene to form butyl rubber; vinyl compounds, for example, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile (which polymerize with butadiene to form NBR), methacrylic acid and styrene, the latter compound polymerizing with butadiene to form SBR, as well as vinyl esters and various unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and ethers, e.g., acrolein, methyl isopropenyl ketone and vinylethyl ether. Specific examples of synthetic rubbers include neoprene (polychloroprene), polybutadiene (including cis-1,4-polybutadiene), polyisoprene (including cis-1,4-polyisoprene), butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber such as chlorobutyl rubber or bromobutyl rubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, copolymers of 1,3-butadiene or isoprene with monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate, as well as ethylene/propylene terpolymers, also known as ethylene/propylene/diene monomer (EPDM), and in particular, ethylene/propylene/dicyclopentadiene terpolymers. Additional examples of rubbers which may be used include alkoxy-silyl end functionalized solution polymerized polymers (SBR, PBR, IBR and SIBR), silicon-coupled and tin-coupled star-branched polymers. The preferred rubber or elastomers are polyisoprene (natural or synthetic), polybutadiene and SBR. 
     In one aspect the at least one additional rubber is preferably of at least two of diene based rubbers. For example, a combination of two or more rubbers is preferred such as cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural or synthetic, although natural is preferred), 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, emulsion and solution polymerization derived styrene/butadiene rubbers, c is 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers and emulsion polymerization prepared butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers. 
     In one aspect of this invention, an emulsion polymerization derived styrene/butadiene (E-SBR) might be used having a relatively conventional styrene content of about 20 to about 28 percent bound styrene or, for some applications, an E-SBR having a medium to relatively high bound styrene content, namely, a bound styrene content of about 30 to about 45 percent. 
     By emulsion polymerization prepared E-SBR, it is meant that styrene and 1,3-butadiene are copolymerized as an aqueous emulsion. Such are well known to those skilled in such art. The bound styrene content can vary, for example, from about 5 to about 50 percent. In one aspect, the E-SBR may also contain acrylonitrile to form a terpolymer rubber, as E-SBAR, in amounts, for example, of about 2 to about 30 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the terpolymer. 
     Emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubbers containing about 2 to about 40 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the copolymer are also contemplated as diene based rubbers for use in this invention. 
     The solution polymerization prepared SBR (S-SBR) typically has a bound styrene content in a range of about 5 to about 50, preferably about 9 to about 36, percent. The S-SBR can be conveniently prepared, for example, by organo lithium catalyzation in the presence of an organic hydrocarbon solvent. 
     In one embodiment, c is 1,4-polybutadiene rubber (BR) may be used. Such BR can be prepared, for example, by organic solution polymerization of 1,3-butadiene. The BR may be conveniently characterized, for example, by having at least a 90 percent cis 1,4-content. 
     The cis 1,4-polyisoprene and cis 1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber are well known to those having skill in the rubber art. 
     The term “phr” as used herein, and according to conventional practice, refers to “parts by weight of a respective material per 100 parts by weight of rubber, or elastomer.” 
     The rubber composition may also include up to 70 phr of processing oil. Processing oil may be included in the rubber composition as extending oil typically used to extend elastomers. Processing oil may also be included in the rubber composition by addition of the oil directly during rubber compounding. The processing oil used may include both extending oil present in the elastomers, and process oil added during compounding. Suitable process oils include various oils as are known in the art, including aromatic, paraffinic, naphthenic, vegetable oils, and low PCA oils, such as MES, TDAE, SRAE and heavy naphthenic oils. Suitable low PCA oils include those having a polycyclic aromatic content of less than 3 percent by weight as determined by the IP346 method. Procedures for the IP346 method may be found in  Standard Methods for Analysis  &amp;  Testing of Petroleum and Related Products  and  British Standard  2000  Parts , 2003, 62nd edition, published by the Institute of Petroleum, United Kingdom. 
     The rubber composition may include from about 10 to about 150 phr of silica. In another embodiment, from 20 to 80 phr of silica may be used. 
     The commonly employed siliceous pigments which may be used in the rubber compound include conventional pyrogenic and precipitated siliceous pigments (silica). In one embodiment, precipitated silica is used. The conventional siliceous pigments employed in this invention are precipitated silicas such as, for example, those obtained by the acidification of a soluble silicate, e.g., sodium silicate. 
     Such conventional silicas might be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas. In one embodiment, the BET surface area may be in the range of about 40 to about 600 square meters per gram. In another embodiment, the BET surface area may be in a range of about 80 to about 300 square meters per gram. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the  Journal of the American Chemical Society , Volume 60, Page 304 (1930). 
     The conventional silica may also be characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 100 to about 400, alternatively about 150 to about 300. 
     The conventional silica might be expected to have an average ultimate particle size, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 micron as determined by the electron microscope, although the silica particles may be even smaller, or possibly larger, in size. 
     Various commercially available silicas may be used, such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas commercially available from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations 210, 243, etc; silicas available from Rhodia, with, for example, designations of Z1165MP and Z165GR and silicas available from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, etc. 
     Commonly employed carbon blacks can be used as a conventional filler in an amount ranging from 10 to 150 phr. In another embodiment, from 20 to 80 phr of carbon black may be used. Representative examples of such carbon blacks include N110, N121, N134, N220, N231, N234, N242, N293, N299, N315, N326, N330, N332, N339, N343, N347, N351, N358, N375, N539, N550, N582, N630, N642, N650, N683, N754, N762, N765, N774, N787, N907, N908, N990 and N991. These carbon blacks have iodine absorptions ranging from 9 to 145 g/kg and DBP number ranging from 34 to 150 cm 3 /100 g. 
     Other fillers may be used in the rubber composition including, but not limited to, particulate fillers including ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), crosslinked particulate polymer gels including but not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,534; 6,207,757; 6,133,364; 6,372,857; 5,395,891; or 6,127,488, and plasticized starch composite filler including but not limited to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,639. Such other fillers may be used in an amount ranging from 1 to 30 phr. 
     In one embodiment the rubber composition may contain a conventional sulfur containing organosilicon compound. In one embodiment, the sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are the 3,3′-bis(trimethoxy or triethoxy silylpropyl)polysulfides. In one embodiment, the sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide and/or 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide. 
     In another embodiment, suitable sulfur containing organosilicon compounds include compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,125. In one embodiment, the sulfur containing organosilicon compounds includes 3-(octanoylthio)-1-propyltriethoxysilane, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 C(═O) —S—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , which is available commercially as NXT™ from Momentive Performance Materials. 
     In another embodiment, suitable sulfur containing organosilicon compounds include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0130535. In one embodiment, the sulfur containing organosilicon compound is Si-363 from Degussa. 
     The amount of the sulfur containing organosilicon compound in a rubber composition will vary depending on the level of other additives that are used. Generally speaking, the amount of the compound will range from 0.5 to 20 phr. In one embodiment, the amount will range from 1 to 10 phr. 
     It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, sulfur donors, curing aids, such as activators and retarders and processing additives, such as oils, resins including tackifying resins and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants and peptizing agents. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur-vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts. Representative examples of sulfur donors include elemental sulfur (free sulfur), an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide and sulfur olefin adducts. In one embodiment, the sulfur-vulcanizing agent is elemental sulfur. The sulfur-vulcanizing agent may be used in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 8 phr, alternatively with a range of from 1.5 to 6 phr. Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 to about 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of processing aids comprise about 1 to about 50 phr. Typical amounts of antioxidants comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, those disclosed in  The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook  (1978), Pages 344 through 346. Typical amounts of antiozonants comprise about 1 to 5 phr. Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxide comprise about 2 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of waxes comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typical amounts of peptizers comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr. Typical peptizers may be, for example, pentachlorothiophenol and dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide. 
     Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. In one embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., primary accelerator. The primary accelerator(s) may be used in total amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 4, alternatively about 0.8 to about 1.5, phr. In another embodiment, combinations of a primary and a secondary accelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator being used in smaller amounts, such as from about 0.05 to about 3 phr, in order to activate and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Combinations of these accelerators might be expected to produce a synergistic effect on the final properties and are somewhat better than those produced by use of either accelerator alone. In addition, delayed action accelerators may be used which are not affected by normal processing temperatures but produce a satisfactory cure at ordinary vulcanization temperatures. Vulcanization retarders might also be used. Suitable types of accelerators that may be used in the present invention are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. In one embodiment, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used, the secondary accelerator may be a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuram compound. 
     The mixing of the rubber composition can be accomplished by methods known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. For example, the ingredients are typically mixed in at least two stages, namely, at least one non-productive stage followed by a productive mix stage. The final curatives including sulfur-vulcanizing agents are typically mixed in the final stage which is conventionally called the “productive” mix stage in which the mixing typically occurs at a temperature, or ultimate temperature, lower than the mix temperature(s) than the preceding non-productive mix stage(s). The terms “non-productive” and “productive” mix stages are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. The rubber composition may be subjected to a thermomechanical mixing step. The thermomechanical mixing step generally comprises a mechanical working in a mixer or extruder for a period of time suitable in order to produce a rubber temperature between 140° C. and 190° C. The appropriate duration of the thermomechanical working varies as a function of the operating conditions, and the volume and nature of the components. For example, the thermomechanical working may be from 1 to 20 minutes. 
     The rubber composition may be incorporated in a variety of rubber components of the tire. For example, the rubber component may be a tread (including tread cap and tread base), sidewall, apex, chafer, sidewall insert, wirecoat or innerliner. In one embodiment, the component is a tread. 
     The pneumatic tire of the present invention may be a race tire, passenger tire, aircraft tire, agricultural, earthmover, off-the-road, truck tire, and the like. In one embodiment, the tire is a passenger or truck tire. The tire may also be a radial or bias. 
     Vulcanization of the pneumatic tire of the present invention is generally carried out at conventional temperatures ranging from about 100° C. to 200° C. In one embodiment, the vulcanization is conducted at temperatures ranging from about 110° C. to 180° C. Any of the usual vulcanization processes may be used such as heating in a press or mold, heating with superheated steam or hot air. Such tires can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods which are known and will be readily apparent to those having skill in such art. 
     This invention is illustrated by the following examples that are merely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the invention or the manner in which it can be practiced. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, parts and percentages are given by weight. 
     Example 1 
     Co-Polymerization of Styrene and Isoprene 
     Polymerizations were done in 1 gallon reactor at 65° C. Monomer premix of isoprene (90 percent) and styrene (10 percent) was charged into reactor containing hexanes followed by addition of modifier (DTP, ditetrahydrofurylpropane) and initiator (n-butyl lithium). When conversion of the monomer was above 98%, divinylbenzene was added to the polymerization medium after conversion of the monomer but prior to termination. The ratio of divinylbenzene to lithium was 1.0 eq. After reaction with the divinylbenzene, the polymerization was terminated with isopropanol or a terminator of formula RCH═N(CH 2 ) X Si(OR 1 ) Y R 2   3-Y  with R as a phenyl group, x=3, y=3 and R 1  as ethyl, designated as imine-TEOS: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The ratio of terminator to lithium was 1.5 eq. Samples 1, 2, 7 and 8 also included 0.25 percent by weight of pyrrolidinoethylstyrene (PES) in the monomer premix. 
     The polymers obtained were characterized using different techniques, for example, GPC for determination of molecular weight, DSC for determination of Tg, radius of gyration and Mooney viscosity measurements, with results given in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 R gyr 
               
               
                 No. 
                 DVB/Li 
                 Terminator 
                 Mooney 
                 Mn 1   
                 Mw 1   
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 1.0 
                 Isopropanol 
                 59.5 
                 410.5 
                 866.0 
                 21.36 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.0 
                 Imine-TEOS 
                 73.1 
                 429.5 
                 931.9 
                 24.66 
               
               
                 3 
                 1.0 
                 Isopropanol 
                 43 
                 306.7 
                 699.0 
                 12.07 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.0 
                 Imine-TEOS 
                 48 
                 334.6 
                 786.9 
                 13.92 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.0 
                 Isopropanol 
                 60 
                 253.5 
                 864.3 
                 20.55 
               
               
                 6 
                 1.0 
                 Imine-TEOS 
                 66.7 
                 374.5 
                 903.9 
                 21.86 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 Isopropanol 
                 48.4 
                 263.5 
                 275.4 
                 14.33 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 Imine-TEOS 
                 54.1 
                 282.9 
                 305.9 
                 14.93 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Molecular weight in thousands 
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 1  shows the data of Table 1 for Mw versus Mooney viscosity. Mooney value for linear polymer generally follows a linear relationship with molecular weight. For a typical polymer, the molecular weight is typically in the range of 175K to 350K. A linear polymer with molecular weight near 1,000K would have extremely high Mooney value such that it would be difficult to process. As seen in  FIG. 1 , DVB cross-linked polymers show reasonable Mooney values, hence processability, even though the molecular weights are substantially higher than the linear polymers with similar Mooney values. 
       FIG. 2  shows the data of Table 1 for radius of gyration versus Mooney viscosity. As seen in  FIG. 2 , the dependency of Mooney and molecular weight is different for the DVB cross-linked polymers and linear polymers and the correlation between Mooney and the radius of gyration is quite good. The implication is that DVB cross-linked polymers are much more compact for their molecular weight. 
     Example 2 
     Four polymers from Example 1 were mixed into rubber compositions in a multi step mixing procedure, following the recipe shown in Table 2. The rubber compositions also included standard amounts of curatives. The rubber compositions were cured using standard cure conditions and tested for viscoelastic properties with results as shown in  FIG. 3 . Properties are shown indexed to a control compound sample 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample No. 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Polybutadiene 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
               
               
                 SSBR 2   
                 70 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Polymer Sample 3 
                 0 
                 70 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Polymer Sample 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 70 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Polymer Sample 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 70 
                 0 
               
               
                 Polymer Sample 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 70 
               
               
                 Silica 
                 65 
                 65 
                 65 
                 65 
                 65 
               
               
                 Silane polysulfide 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Oil 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   2 Thiol-siloxy functionalized SSBR as Sprintan ® SLR 4602 from Styron. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen in  FIG. 3 , Samples 11 and 13 containing the imine-TEOS/DVB polymer showed a lower tan delta than for sample 10 and 12 containing the isopropanol terminated polymer. A lower tan delta is indicative of better rolling resistance in a tire compound. 
     While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the subject invention.