Patent Publication Number: US-10332009-B2

Title: Predicting user navigation events

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/136,136, filed on Dec. 20, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/174,925 filed Jul. 1, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,650,139, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The advent of the World Wide Web has placed more information at the fingertips of today&#39;s users than ever before. Various websites cater to nearly every need and interest, providing access to reference information, business and financial documents, social networking, and more. Widespread broadband Internet access provides faster access to these sites than ever before. 
     However, as fast as current high-speed Internet services are, the act of browsing the web is not instantaneous. When a user selects a link on a page or enters a uniform resource locator (URL) in a text field, there is a delay while data is requested from the host, sent to the client, and rendered in the browser. The user is typically idle while waiting for their requested site to load. While high-speed Internet access may limit this delay to a few seconds, even this short delay can add up to thousands of man-hours of lost productivity each year. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     A method and system for predicting user navigation events are described. Aspects of the disclosure minimize the delay in accessing web content by predicting a user navigation event on a web page. The navigation event may be predicted by various indicators, including but not limited to a user&#39;s navigation history, aggregate navigation history, text entry within a data entry field, or a mouse cursor position. Users can be provided with an opportunity to op in/out of functionality that may collect personal information about users. In addition, certain data can be anonymized and aggregated before it is stored or used, such that personally identifiable information is removed. 
     Aspects of the disclosure provide a computer-implemented method for predicting a user navigation event. The method may include tracking a first text input to a text field using a computer processor, the text field functioning to direct network navigation operations of a web browser, consulting a set of probability data to determine a most likely network navigation destination using the text input, and prerendering the most likely network navigation destination using the web browser. The method may also include generating the set of probability data by a method comprising, monitoring one or more previous text inputs to the text field, displaying one or more potential network navigation destinations associated with each of the previous text inputs in response to the one or more previous text inputs, and storing selection data indicating whether the displayed one or more potential network navigation destinations were selected, the data associating each of the one or more previous text inputs with the one or more potential network navigation destinations. The probability data may be indexed by the previous text inputs. In some aspects, the probability data may be indexed by an identifier comprising one of the previous text inputs and a likely network navigation destination. The method may include updating the set of probability data after every navigation event. In some aspects, the method may include determining a probability value for a given network navigation destination associated with the text entry by using the probability data, determining that the probability value exceeds a threshold value, and prerendering the given network navigation destination in response to the probability value exceeding the threshold value. The method may include determining that a plurality of probability values associated with a plurality of network navigation destinations exceed the threshold value, and prerendering each of the plurality of network navigation destinations for which the associated probability value exceeds the threshold value. The text field may include a web browser address bar. In some aspects, the method may include repeating the tracking, the consulting, and the prerendering method as each of a plurality of characters is entered in the text field. 
     Aspects of the disclosure provide a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method. The method may include tracking a first text input to a text field using a computer processor, the text field functioning to direct network navigation operations of a web browser, consulting a set of probability data to determine a most likely network navigation destination using the text input, and prerendering the most likely network navigation destination using the web browser. The instructions may also include generating the set of probability data by a method including monitoring one or more previous text inputs to the text field, displaying one or more potential network navigation destinations associated with each of the previous text inputs in response to the one or more previous text inputs, and storing selection data indicating whether the displayed one or more potential network navigation destinations were selected, the data associating each of the one or more previous text inputs with the one or more potential network navigation destinations. The probability data may be indexed by the previous text inputs. In some aspects, the probability data may be indexed by an identifier comprising one of the previous text inputs and a likely network navigation destination. The instructions may include updating the set of probability data after every navigation event. In some aspects, the instructions may include determining a probability value for a given network navigation destination associated with the text entry by using the probability data, determining that the probability value exceeds a threshold value, and prerendering the given network navigation destination in response to the probability value exceeding the threshold value. The instructions may further include determining that a plurality of probability values associated with a plurality of network navigation destinations exceed the threshold value, and prerendering each of the plurality of network navigation destinations for which the associated probability value exceeds the threshold value. The text field may include a web browser address bar. In some aspects, the instructions may include repeating the tracking, the consulting, and the prerendering method as each of a plurality of characters is entered in the text field. 
     Aspects of the disclosure may provide a processing system for predicting a user navigation event. The processing system may include at least one processor, and a memory, coupled to the processor, for storing a set of probability data, the set of probability data comprising one or more text entries, one or more network navigation destinations associated with the text entries, and a probability that a given network navigation destination will be selected for each of the text entries. The processor may be configured to process text input in a text field, the text field functioning to direct network navigation operations of a web browser, determine one or more possible network navigation destinations from the text input, determine a most likely network navigation destination using the set of probability data, and execute the web browser to prerender the most likely network navigation destination. The processor may be further configured to monitor one or more previous text inputs to the text field, display one or more potential network navigation destinations associated with each of the previous text inputs in response to the one or more previous text inputs, and store selection data indicating whether the displayed one or more potential network navigation destinations were selected, the selection data associating each of the one or more previous text inputs with the one or more potential network navigation destinations. In some aspects, the processor may be configured to determine a probability value for a given network navigation destination associated with the text entry by using the probability data, determine that the probability value exceeds a threshold value, and prerender the given network navigation destination in response to the probability value exceeding the threshold value. The processing system may be configured to update the set of probability data after every navigation event. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a system diagram depicting an example of a server in communication with example client devices in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is block diagram depicting an example computing device in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for prerendering a web page based upon a predicted navigation event in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for predicting a navigation event based on a client navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for computing a confidence value for a URL using a client navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for predicting a navigation event based on an aggregate navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for computing a confidence value for a URL using an aggregate navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 8A  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for predicting a navigation event based on an aggregate navigation history using hash values to anonymously manage link data in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 8B  is an illustration of an example web browser employing an example method for predicting a user navigation event based on an aggregate navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for predicting a navigation event based on data entered within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is an illustration of an example web browser employing an example method for predicting a user navigation event based on data entered within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for generating navigation history data used to predict a user navigation event in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram depicting an example method for predicting a user navigation event using navigation history data based on text entry within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of a system and method for predicting user navigation events are described herein. Aspects of this disclosure minimize the delay between a navigation event and a network response by predicting the next navigation event. The system and method may prerender content associated with the next navigation event. For example, the method and system may predict a likely next uniform resource locator during web browsing to preemptively request content from the network before the user selects the corresponding link, thus reducing or eliminating the wait time when a user selects a hyperlink on a web page. Various methods describing a variety of manners of predicting the next navigation event, including examining individual and aggregate historical data, text entry prediction, and cursor input monitoring are described. Aspects of the disclosure relate to the prediction of the immediate user navigation (e.g. the next link the user is likely to select when viewing a particular web page, such as within the next 30 seconds, the next minute, or the next 5 minutes). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , an example system  100  in accordance with one embodiment includes a server  104  in communication (via a network  112 ) with one or more client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  displaying web browser interfaces  114 ,  116 ,  118 . 
     The client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  are operable to perform prerendering operations during the execution of a web browser application. The server  104  may transmit navigation history data to the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110 , to enable prediction of a next navigation event. In some aspects, the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  determine a next navigation event using a local navigation history and generate a web request to the server  104  to prerender the content associated with the next navigation event. For example, the user of the client device  106  may browse to a web page located at “www.fakeaddress.com” as displayed on the web browser interface  112 . That page includes content selectable by the user. Based on the user&#39;s navigation history, the client device  106  may determine which of the selectable content the user is likely to select, and then prerender the content associated with the selectable content by requesting the content from the server  104 . 
     As another example, the client device  108  may display www.fakeaddress.com within a browser  114 . The client device  108  may receive an aggregate set of navigation statistics from the server  104 , and then determine which selectable content the user is likely to select based upon the aggregate set of navigation statistics. As yet another example, the client device  110  may display www.fakeaddress.com within a browser  116 . The client device  108  may determine which selectable content the user is likely to select based upon a cursor position within the browser  114 . 
     While the concepts described herein are generally discussed with respect to a web browser, aspects of the disclosure can be applied to any computing node capable of managing navigation events over a network, including a server  104 . 
     The client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  may be any device capable managing data requests via a network  112 . Examples of such client devices include a personal computer (PC)  108 , a mobile device  110 , or a server  104 . The client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  may also comprise personal computers, personal digital assistants (“PDA”): tablet PCs, netbooks, etc. Indeed, client devices in accordance with the systems and methods described herein may comprise any device operative to process instructions and transmit data to and from humans and other computers including general purpose computers, network computers lacking local storage capability, etc. 
     The client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  are operable to predict navigation events to assist in data access on the network  112 . For example, the client devices may predict a likely navigation event to facilitate prerendering of a web page in order to improve the user&#39;s browsing experience. In some aspects, the server  104  provides navigation data that may be used by the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  to predict a likely navigation event (See  FIGS. 6-8 ). In some aspects, the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  predict a likely navigation event using local data. (See  FIGS. 3-5, 9-12 ). 
     The network  112 , and the intervening nodes between the server  104  and the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110 , may comprise various configurations and use various protocols including the Internet, World Wide Web, intranets, virtual private networks, local Ethernet networks, private networks using communication protocols proprietary to one or more companies, cellular and wireless networks (e.g., Wi-Fi), instant messaging, hypertext transfer protocol (“HTTP”) and simple mail transfer protocol (“SMTP”), and various combinations of the foregoing. It should be appreciated that a typical system may include a large number of connected computers. 
     Although certain advantages are obtained when information is transmitted or received as noted above, other aspects of the system and method are not limited to any particular manner of transmission of information. For example, in some aspects, information may be sent via a medium such as an optical disk or portable drive. In other aspects, the information may be transmitted in a non-electronic format and manually entered into the system. 
     Although some functions are indicated as taking place on the server  104  and other functions are indicated as taking place on the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110 , various aspects of the system and method may be implemented by a single computer having a single processor. It should be appreciated that aspects of the system and method described with respect to the client may be implemented on the server, and vice-versa. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting an example of a computing device  200 , such as one of the client devices  106 ,  108 ,  110  described with respect to  FIG. 1 . The computing device  200  may include a processor  204 , a memory  202  and other components typically present in general purpose computers. The memory  202  may store instructions and data that are accessible by the processor  204 . The processor  204  may execute the instructions and access the data to control the operations of the computing device  200 . 
     The memory  202  may be any type of memory operative to store information accessible by the processor  120 , including a computer-readable medium, or other medium that stores data that may be read with the aid of an electronic device, such as a hard-drive, memory card, read-only memory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), digital versatile disc (“DVD”) or other optical disks, as well as other write-capable and read-only memories. The system and method may include different combinations of the foregoing, whereby different portions of the instructions and data are stored on different types of media. 
     The instructions may be any set of instructions to be executed directly (such as machine code) or indirectly (such as scripts) by the processor  204 . For example, the instructions may be stored as computer code on a computer-readable medium. In that regard, the terms “instructions” and “programs” may be used interchangeably herein. The instructions may be stored in object code format for direct processing by the processor  204 , or in any other computer language including scripts or collections of independent source code modules that are interpreted on demand or compiled in advance. Functions, methods and routines of the instructions are explained in more detail below (See  FIGS. 3-12 ). 
     Data may be retrieved, stored or modified by processor in accordance with the instructions. For instance, although the architecture is not limited by any particular data structure, the data may be stored in computer registers, in a relational database as a table having a plurality of different fields and records, Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) documents or flat files. The data may also be formatted in any computer readable format such as, but not limited to, binary values or Unicode. By further way of example only, image data may be stored as bitmaps comprised of grids of pixels that are stored in accordance with formats that are compressed or uncompressed, lossless (e.g., BMP) or lossy (e.g., JPEG), and bitmap or vector-based (e.g., SVG), as well as computer instructions for drawing graphics. The data may comprise any information sufficient to identify the relevant information, such as numbers, descriptive text, proprietary codes, references to data stored in other areas of the same memory or different memories (including other network locations) or information that is used by a function to calculate the relevant data. 
     The processor  204  may be any suitable processor, such as various commercially available general purpose processors. Alternatively, the processor may be a dedicated controller such as an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”). 
     Although  FIG. 2  functionally illustrates the processor and memory as being within a single block, it should be understood that the processor  204  and memory  202  may comprise multiple processors and memories that may or may not be stored within the same physical housing. Accordingly, references to a processor, computer or memory will be understood to include references to a collection of processors, computers or memories that may or may not operate in parallel. 
     The computing device  200  may be at one node of a network and be operative to directly and indirectly communicate with other nodes of the network. For example, the computing device  200  may comprise a web server that is operative to communicate with client devices via the network such that the computing device  200  uses the network to transmit and display information to a user on a display of the client device. 
     In some examples, the system provides privacy protections for the client data including, for example, anonymization of personally identifiable information, aggregation of data, filtering of sensitive information, encryption, hashing or filtering of sensitive information to remove personal attributes, time limitations on storage of information, and/or limitations on data use or sharing. Data can be anonymized and aggregated such that individual client data is not revealed. 
     In order to facilitate the navigation event prediction operations of the computing device  200 , the memory  202  may further comprise a browser  206 , a navigation prediction module  208 , a prerender module  210 , a client navigation history  212 , and an aggregate navigation history  214 . Although a number of discrete modules (e.g.,  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212  and  214 ) are identified in connection with  FIG. 2 , the functionality of these modules can overlap and/or exist in a fewer or greater number of modules than what is shown, with such modules residing at one or more processing devices, which may be geographically dispersed. The browser  206  provides for the display of a web page  216  to a user of the client device by sending and receiving data across a computer network. The web page  216  may be received in response to a network request, such as a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) GET request. The web page  216  may be provided in a markup language, such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). The web page  216  may also include various scripts, data, forms, and the like, including interactive and executable content such as ADOBE FLASH content, JAVASCRIPT content, and the like. 
     The browser  206  may further comprise a prerendered web page  218 . The prerendered web page  218  represents a web page that was requested and accessed by the prerender module  210  in response to a predicted navigation event provided by the navigation prediction module  208 . In the event the user inputs a navigation event as predicted by the prediction module  208 , the browser  206  may swap the prerendered web page  218  with the web page  216 , thus providing the content associated with the navigation event without the need to send another network request. In some aspects, the swap may occur before the prerendered web page  218  has finished loading. In such cases, the partially loaded prerendered web page  218  may be swapped in to continue loading as the active page. 
     The memory  202  may further comprise a prerender module  210  to perform fetching of a next web page as identified by the navigation prediction module  208 . The prerender module  210  sends a network request for the web page identified to be the likely next navigation destination that the user will select. The web page received in response to this request is then stored in the browser  206  as the prerendered web page  218 . In some aspects, the web page request generated by the prerender module  210  is identical to a standard web page request. In some aspects, the web page request generated by the prerender module  210  comprises certain features to facilitate the prerender process. 
     The memory  202  may also store a client navigation history  212  and an aggregate navigation history  214 . The client navigation history  212  comprises a set of navigation events associated with past activity of the browser  206 . The client navigation history  212  may track a set of visited URLs, also known as a “clickstream,” which tracks an order in which the user typically visits URLs (e.g. when the user visits a news website, they tend to next select a URL corresponding to the top story of the day), a set of access times associated with the URLs, and the like. In some aspects, the client navigation history  212  comprises a set of URLs and a frequency with which the user has visited each URL. In some aspects, the client navigation history comprises a set of URL pairs, representing a source URL and a destination URL. The aggregate navigation history  214  may comprise similar data as the client navigation history  212 , but keyed to multiple users rather than a single user. As with the client navigation history  212 , the aggregate navigation history  214  may be stored as a set of URLs and a frequency for each, or a set of URL pairs representing a transition from a source URL to a destination URL. 
     The client navigation history  212  and aggregate navigation history  214  may represent data collected using one or more browser add-ons, scripts, or toolbars. In some aspects, the client navigation history  212  and/or aggregate navigation history  214  are maintained on a remote server, such as the server  104 , and provided to the computing device  200 . The computing device  200  may maintain separate records to facilitate the predicting of a next likely navigation event, or it may act in concert with remotely stored data. In some aspects, only aggregate navigation history  214  pertaining to the particular web page the user is currently viewing is provided to the computing device  200  (See  FIGS. 6 and 8 ). 
     As described above, the aggregate navigation history data  214  can be maintained in an anonymous fashion, with privacy protections for the individual client data that comprises the aggregate navigation history, including, for example, anonymization of personally identifiable information, aggregation of data, filtering of sensitive information, encryption, hashing or filtering of sensitive information to remove personal attributes, time limitations on storage of information, and/or limitations on data use or sharing. The aggregate navigation history  214  data can be anonymized and aggregated such that individual client data is not revealed. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  300  for prerendering a web page based upon a predicted navigation event in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. Aspects of the method  300  operate to identify one or more likely navigation destinations from a set of navigation indicators, and then prerender the identified navigation destinations. The method  300  may be performed by a computing device, such as the computing device  200 , to eliminate delays in the user web browsing experience by prerendering web pages that are identified as likely navigation targets by the user. For example, the method  300  may be performed by elements of the browser  206 , the navigation prediction module  208 , and the prerender module  210  acting together. While aspects of the method  300  are described with respect to the computing device  200 , the method  300  may also be performed by the server  104 , or any device with hardware and/or software designed to accept instructions. 
     At stage  302 , the computing device  200  receives one or more indicators of navigational intent. Navigational intent may be any action that would tend to indicate that the user will generate a particular network request, such as a request for a particular web page. For example, the indicators may provide metrics by which to determine what the particular request will be, such as a confidence value. For example, the user may navigate to a certain web page, from which they generally navigate to another certain web page based upon their browsing history, or the user may move his mouse cursor towards a particular hyperlink embedded within a web page. In some aspects, the indicator is received from a remote server, such as a search engine that embeds an indicator within search results, indicating that most users that submit a particular search query select a particular search result. 
     At stage  304 , after receiving the indicator of navigational intent, the computing device  200  attempts to predict the most likely navigation event. In short, the computing device  200  makes a best guess of to where the user is likely to navigate next, based upon the indicator. Methods of performing this prediction are described below. (See  FIGS. 4-12 ). 
     At stage  306 , the computing device  200  prerenders the content from the predicted next navigation event as determined at stage  304 . The prerendering process may include storing a prerendered web page within a browser, such as the prerendered web page  218 . The computing device  200  may prerender a single web page predicted as the most likely navigation event, or the computing device  200  may prerender multiple pages. In some aspects, the computing device  200  determines the number of pages to prerender based upon one or more system capabilities of the computing device  200 , such as available system resources, available network bandwidth, processor speed, installed memory, and the like. In some aspects, the number of pages to prerender may be configurable in one or more user settings. After prerendering the content associated with the navigation event(s), the method  300  ends. 
     Multiple methods for predicting a next navigation event are provided below. While each method is described separately, it should be appreciated that aspects of the methods may be combined to improve navigation prediction operations. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  400  for predicting a navigation event based on a client navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  400  provides for storing a navigation history for a user, and predicting a next navigation event based upon a navigation history of a particular user. As above, the method  400  may be performed by a computing device such as the computing device  200 . In particular, the method  400  may be performed by a navigation prediction module executing on a processor, such as the navigation prediction module  208 . 
     At stage  402 , the computing device  200  tracks a user navigation history. For example, the computing device  200  may store records of web pages visited by the user, such as the browsing history commonly maintained in web browsers. The browsing history may comprise the URLs of the web pages visited by the user, the order in which the URLs were visited, and the manner in which the user selected the URL (e.g. whether the URL was a clicked hyperlink, typed into an address bar, a redirect operation from another web page, etc.). 
     At stage  404 , the computing device  200  determines a most likely navigation event or events based upon the user navigation history. The most likely navigation events may be determined by identifying the globally most visited pages for the user, or the navigation events may be associated with one or more current criteria. For example, the computing device  200  may examine the user&#39;s navigation history to determine that, when the user is viewing a particular news web page, they almost always select a link to the top news story on that page, or that when the user first opens the browser in the morning, they are likely to navigate to their bank account page to check their daily balance. The computing device  200  may employ various rules, heuristics, and filters to determine the most likely navigation event from the user history. The computing device  200  may associate each navigation event with a particular confidence value, indicating the likelihood that the user will select each navigation event. These confidence values may then be used to sort the navigation events to determine the most likely navigation event. A method to determine a confidence value for a given navigation event is described further below (See  FIG. 5 ). 
     At stage  406 , the computing device  200  reports the most likely navigation event as the predicted navigation event. For example, these predicted most likely navigation event may then be employed by the method described above (See  FIG. 3 ) to facilitate prerendering of the web pages associated with the most likely navigation event. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  500  for computing a confidence value for a URL using a user navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  500  is operable to track navigation events input by the user and to maintain a frequency value for each stored event. The method  500  may be employed to build a client navigation history as used by the method  400 , and stored on the computing device  200  as the client navigation history  212 . 
     At stage  502 , the computing device  200  tracks the selection of a particular URL. For example, the user may type a URL for a news site into the browser, or click a link on a page. The computing device  200  may monitor the navigation events using functionality built into the browser  206 , through a browser extension such as a plug-in or toolbar, or via a third party application executing in tandem with the browser. 
     At stage  504 , the computing device  200  increments a frequency value associated with the URL selected at stage  502 . For example, the computing device  200  may track a frequency value associated with each URL selected by a user. The frequency value is a data metric used to rank a number of visits to a particular web site or the number of times a particular navigation event is selected. In response to a selection operation, the computing device  200  may increment the frequency value associated with the URL, for example by 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 0.5, or any other value. The frequency value associated with the URL represents how often the user has selected the particular URL, and thus is an indicator of how likely the user is to select the URL in the future. 
     At stage  506 , the computing device  200  time decays the stored frequency values for the URLs after a given “sweep interval”. Decaying the URL frequency values in this manner allows for current browsing habits to be more heavily weighted than previous browsing habits. As an example, the computing device  200  may execute the sweep every 30 seconds, every minute, or every 5 minutes during which the user has selected at least one URL. The sweep interval may be conducted in response to the selection of at least one URL during a particular sweep interval to ensure that the navigation history values are not decayed below a threshold value during periods where the user is inactive. The sweep may decay the stored frequency value associated with the URL by a particular value, such as 0.99, 0.5, or 1.0, or by a percentage value, such as 5%, 10%, or 50%. Once the value associated with the URL drops below a given threshold, for example, 0.3, 1.0, or 5.0, the URL may be removed from the list of possible navigation destinations to avoid the list growing too large. After conducting the decay process, the frequency values for the URLs may be persisted to a local storage on the computing device  200 , or sent to a remote storage such as provided by the server  104 . 
     At stage  508 , the stored frequency values may be used to determine the relative frequency with which the user visits particular web sites. The frequency value thus provides a basis from which a confidence value associated with a navigation event leading to each web site may be derived. In some aspects, the frequency value itself may be provided as the confidence value. In some aspects, the confidence value is determined by comparing a frequency value for a particular web page with the entire user navigation history. For example, the navigation event with the higher frequency value may be associated with a particular percentage confidence value, the second highest frequency value a lower percentage, and the like. In some aspects, the confidence value is determined by frequency value by the total number of logged navigation events. For example, the frequency value of a particular URL may be divided by the sum of all frequency values to determine a confidence value. 
     For example, a user may be in the process of buying a home, and thus regularly checking financial and banking websites for mortgage rates. During this time, these financial and banking sites would have high values and thus be more likely to be prerendered, thus improving the user experience while searching for a mortgage rate. After completing the home purchase process, the user is likely to lose interest in day to day rate fluctuations, and thus it is no longer optimal to prerender these websites, since the user is unlikely to visit them. As such, providing for a time decay value allows these sites to fall off of the list over time. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  600  for predicting a navigation event based on an aggregate navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  600  is operable to track navigation events voluntarily submitted by users to determine likely navigation patterns. The navigation patterns are then analyzed, such as by a server  104 , and supplied to the user to facilitate navigation event prediction during the browsing process. For example, a server, such as the server  104 , may send updates to a computing device, such as the computing device  200 , as the user browses to different pages, to provide information on which link displayed on a given page is most likely to be selected based on the aggregate navigation history. 
     At stage  602 , the server  104  receives a set of navigation information comprising a browsing history. The browsing history is preferably provided by using an “opt-in/out” method, where the user specifically enables (or disables) reporting functionality to provide elements of their browsing history to the server  104 . In addition, personally identifying data can be anonymized and aggregated before it is stored or used, such that no personal information is stored or accessible. A browsing history may be tracked and provided to the server  104  via a browser plug-in or toolbar installed on the user&#39;s computing device which tracks the user&#39;s browsing history, or by the web browser itself. The browsing history may be combined with other received browsing histories to create a set of aggregate data used in a similar manner as the client navigation history described with respect to  FIG. 4 , to predict a likely navigation event. The received navigation history may be anonymized to remove any personally identifying information. In some aspects, the received navigation history is received with individual URLs and/or transitional URL pairs provided in a hashed data format to remove any personally identifying information prior to transmission to the server  104 . 
     At stage  604 , the server  104  determines a confidence value for each URL on a particular web page, based on the navigation information received at stage  602 . For example, the server may employ a method similar to that disclosed above with respect to  FIG. 5  for generating confidence values for URLs on a page, except the navigation events are determined based upon aggregated data instead of specific user data. As above, the server  104  may compute confidence values based upon the frequency values derived from the navigation information. In some aspects, confidence values are determined by the percentage of the time that users selected a particular navigation event when they were presented with the choice to select the particular navigation event. The transitional URL pairs provide for the determination of a confidence value by dividing a frequency value of a source/destination URL pair by a total number of appearances of the source URL. In some aspects, the server may determine navigation events based upon transitions from a first page to a second page, rather than from a pure visit frequency metric. The server  104  may maintain an index of web pages and associated URLs and confidence values for each link on the web page, such as in a database. For example, a news site may have five URLs pointing to different news stories. The server  104  may receive aggregate data indicating that one of the five news stories is selected 60% of the time, with the other four being selected 10% of the time each. As such, the server  104  would index the page in a database with a 60% likelihood for the first story link, and 10% likelihoods for each of the other four story links. 
     In some aspects, the server  104  maintains history data in a confidential manner, such as by converting each URL to a hash value at stage  606 . In this manner, the server  104  may provide predicted URL data to a client device without disclosing any personal user data. For example, a user may visit a banking web page that has a particular user name and password login. Depending upon the user, the banking web page may provide URLs to each account the user possesses. Each user accessing the page may have a different set of links provided, depending upon the accounts the user has with the bank. By converting the links on the page to non-reversible hash values, the server  104  may provide confidence values that are not associable to links on the page unless the user also possesses access to the same links (e.g., the client can apply the hash function to links they already possess on the currently viewed page to determine if the confidence values apply). As described above, in some aspects, the hash value is computed by the computing device  200  prior to sending navigation history data to the server  104 . In this manner, the server  104  may receive the navigation history data in the hashed format, without the need to compute a hash value. 
     At stage  608 , the server  104  transmits the hash values and confidence values associated with the hash values to a client device, such as the computing device  200 . The transmittal may be in response to a request from the computing device  200  for a particular URL. In some aspects, the server  104  may transmit the hash values and confidence values in response to a request for such values from a service executing on the client device  200 . For example, when the computing device  200  requests the news web page described above, the server  104  provides the hash values and confidence values for the five story links present on that page. The computing device  200  may also request data for particular link hash values by first generating a hash value on the client side, then requesting a confidence value for the particular hash value from the server  104 . 
       FIG. 7  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  700  for computing a confidence value for navigation events associated with a URL using an aggregate navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  700  serves to compare navigation events from a given URL received from a plurality of users, in order to determine how likely each individual navigation event is. The confidence values may be determined in relation to a particular “source” web page, with different confidence values for each URL depending upon the page the user is currently viewing. For example, the confidence values may be used above as described with respect to stage  604  of the method  600  (see  FIG. 6 ). 
     At stage  702 , the server  104  examines received browsing histories and computes a number of instances for each navigation event as associated with a particular URL. As described above, the instance value may be a percentage or a raw number. 
     At stage  704 , the server  104  may determine if the number of visits to the URL exceeds a minimum threshold of statistical significance. For example, five visits to a particular URL may not provide statistically significant data sufficient to reasonably predict a likely navigation event away from the URL. For example, if the number of instances of the event is less than 1000, the server  104  may proceed to stage  710 , and not calculate a probability for the event because the sample size is insufficient. 
     At stage  706 , the server  104  may determine if a minimum number of users have submitted data regarding the URL to provide statistically significant data. For example, the method  700  may require that at least 50 users have provided data in order to compute and store a confidence value for the navigation event. Otherwise the method  700  may proceed to stage  710  and disregard the event until a sufficient number of users have provided data. As above, the threshold value may fluctuate depending upon the size of the dataset. 
     At stage  708 , the server  104  determines a window size of recent instances. The window size refers to the number of latest visits to the URL that will be examined to determine the confidence value, or a length of time to search back through the instances. The window size may be determined based on the amount of traffic the URL receives, how often the content of the URL changes. For example, a news website that has constantly changing content might require a small instance window, because links from the regularly changing URL would grow stale. A website with a small amount of traffic would typically require a longer window size in order to gather enough results for statistical significance. The window size might be set at 50 instances, 100 instances, 1000 instances, all instances within the last hour, within the last day, within the last week, or the like. 
     At stage  712 , the server  104  computes the number of times each particular navigation event, such as the next URL visited for the current URL, occurs within the instances defined by the window size determined at stage  710 . For example, out of 1000 visits to a news website, a particular article might be selected 600 times, resulting in a confidence value of 60% for navigating to that article from the URL. While the present example primarily relates to determination of a navigation event based upon a number of accesses as a percentage of total navigation events, additional heuristics may also be used to derive the likely event based upon information supplied by the user, such as the previous navigation event (e.g. the website that led to the currently analyzed URL), the time of day (e.g. users are more likely to check news sites when in the morning when they arrive at work), the user&#39;s location (e.g. users in a particular geographic region are likely to check sports scores for local teams), or other demographic information. 
     At stage  714 , the server  104  optionally compares the confidence values for the navigations events from the URL with a threshold value. If the confidence values do not meet the threshold value, the server  104  may identify a subset of available navigation events, as possible predicted likely navigation events. In this manner the server  104  avoids predicting navigation events when the event does not have a statistically significant likelihood of occurring, thus potentially saving bandwidth on prerender operations on pages that are unlikely to be visited. The threshold may be set at a variety of different values, such as 5%, 25%, 50%, or 75%. In some aspects, the threshold may be dynamically altered based upon the number of navigation links present at the URL, the type of URL, the traffic of the URL, the speed at which content changes at the URL, and the like. If the confidence values do not meet the minimum threshold, the server  104  may filter out the possible events that do not meet the minimum threshold. 
     If the navigation event or events meet the minimum threshold, or the method  700  does not check for a minimum threshold, the most likely navigation event or events and the likelihood for each event are stored along with the URL at stage  716 . The navigation events and confidence values may be supplied in response to a request to the user, such as occurs at stage  608  described with respect to  FIG. 6 . The method  700  ends after computing and storing the confidence values for the navigation events associated with the URL. 
       FIG. 8A  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  800  for predicting a navigation event based on an aggregate navigation history using hash values to anonymously manage link data in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  800  provides logic by which a computing device  200  may predict a navigation event based upon data received from a server  104 , such as the data generated by the method  700  described with respect to  FIG. 7 . 
     At stage  802 , the computing device  200  receives a set of data from a remote server  104 , the set of data comprising information associated with an aggregate browsing history of a web page. This aggregate data may be received in response to a request made by the computing device  200  in response to navigating to a particular web page. The aggregate data may represent a collection of data received by a remote server from a plurality of users. For example, a web browser plug-in may allow the user to “opt-in/out” of functionality that may send their anonymized navigation history to a remote server. The remote server may then collect navigation histories from a plurality of users, stored as an aggregate navigation history, such as described above (see  FIG. 7 ). For example, the navigation prediction module  208  may generate a request to the server  104  every time the user navigates to a web page, for the aggregate browsing data associated with that web page. The navigation prediction module  208  may then predict a likely next navigation event using the received data, so as to supply the prerender module with a next page to prerender to improve the browsing experience. 
     Due to the data&#39;s aggregate nature, it can be provided as a series of hash values to protect individual user information, as described above with respect to  FIG. 6 . As such, the computing device  200  associates the received hash values and confidence values with the links present on the current URL. To begin this process, at stage  804 , the computing device computes a hash value for each link on the current page using the same hash function as used by the server  104  to anonymize the link data. As described above, in some aspects the hash value is computed on the computing device prior to sending navigation history data to the server. In such cases, the hash value would match the original computed value determined by the computing device prior to the navigation event being transmitted to the server, rather than a value computed on the server. 
     At stage  806 , the computing device  200  compares the computed hash values with the received hash values from the server  104 . In this manner, the computing device  200  may match the confidence values and hash values received from the server  104  with the links available for the user to select on the currently viewed web page. The confidence values indicate a likelihood that a particular navigation event associated with the hash value will be selected. The computing device  200  may thus map the currently viewable links with the received confidence values. 
     At stage  808 , the computing device  200  identifies the link or links with the highest confidence value or values as the predicted next navigation event. The method  800  ends after predicting the next navigation event. 
       FIG. 8B  is an illustration of an example interface  810  of a web browser employing an example method for predicting a user navigation event based on a navigation history in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The illustration depicts a web browser interface  810  displaying a web site and a set of navigation history data  812 . The web page  810  comprises one or more links  814 ,  816 ,  818 ,  820 . These links  814 ,  816 ,  818 ,  820  may be URLs that, when selected by a user, direct the web browser to display a set of content associated with the selected link. 
     The navigation history data  812  comprises data associated with the links  814 ,  816 ,  818 , and two other links, Link E and Link F that are not present for the current user viewing the page. The navigation history data  812  may represent an analysis of the individual user&#39;s navigation history (See  FIGS. 4-5 ), or an aggregate navigation history (See  FIGS. 6-8 ). The navigation history  812  comprises information about the links  814 ,  816 ,  818 , and a confidence value associated with each link. 
     The navigation history  812  may be used by other aspects of a computing device  200 , such as the navigation prediction module  208 , to predict the next navigation event. For example, in the present illustration, according to the navigation history  812 , there is a 30% chance the user will select Link A  814 , a 60% chance the user will select Link B  816 , and a 5% chance the user will select Link C  818 . Link D  820  does not have any associated data stored in the navigation history  812 . The lack of data for Link D  820  may be explained in a variety of manners, such as that the chance of selection of Link D  820  is below a threshold value, or that no data has been submitted for Link D  820 . The navigation history  812  also displays a non-zero chance of selecting two links that are not present, Link E and Link F. These links may have been removed from the web page in an update, or they may not be visible to all users, such as the user currently accessing the page. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, the navigation prediction module  208  identifies Link B  814  as a predicted next navigation event because the confidence value of Link B  814  is greater than the values for Link A  812  and Link C  818 . 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  900  for predicting a navigation event based on data entered within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  900 , when executed by a client device such as the computing device  200 , is operable to predict a next navigation event based upon text entry. The client device  200  may then predict the next likely navigation event by comparing the entered text with a set of historical navigation data. 
     At stage  902 , the computing device  200  monitors entry within a text field, such as a URL navigation bar in a web browser, or a query entry field on a search engine page. The text entry may comprise a destination, such as a typed URL, a search query to be submitted to a search engine, or other data entered within a web form. 
     At stage  904 , the computing device  200  predicts a navigation event based upon the entered text. For example, the computing device  200  may compare the entered text with a user browsing history. As the user enters text, the computing device  200  may search the user browsing history to compare the partially entered text with previously visited web pages. For example, the user may enter “www.goo” and the computing device  200  may predict that the user has begun typing “www.google.com” based upon the user&#39;s past visits to www.google.com. In another aspect, the user may enter a partial query into a search engine query entry field. As the user enters the query, the browser may begin prerendering a results page for the most likely queries associated with the text that the user has entered. 
     At stage  906 , the navigation events as identified at stage  906  are provided as the predicted navigation events to be used elsewhere, such as provided by the navigation prediction module  208  and used by the prerender module  210  to prerender the predicted content. 
       FIG. 10  is an illustration of an example web browser interface  1000  employing an example method for predicting a user navigation event based on data entered within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The illustration depicts a web browser interface  1000  and a set of links associated with confidence values  1002 . For example, a web browser associated with the web browser interface  1000  may execute on the computing device  200  as described above. The web browser interface  1000  comprises a text entry field  1004 . In some aspects, the text entry field  1004  is an address bar for entering a URL. In some aspects, the text entry field  1004  may be part of a web page, such as a search string entry field on a search engine web site. 
     As the user enters text within the text entry field  1004 , the computing device  200  determines a most likely destination from the entered text. For example, the user may enter the word “Pizza” in the text entry field  1004 . Based upon the user&#39;s intent to navigate to a page related to Pizza, the system determines there is an 80% chance the user wishes to navigate to “joespizza.com”, and a 10% chance to navigate to each of “davespizza.com” or “stevespizza.com”. The percentage values for each link may be determined by a variety of data analysis methods, taking into account factors such as the user&#39;s navigation history, an aggregate navigation history, sponsorship from various result web pages, and the like. In the previous example, “joespizza.com” would be identified as the predicted navigation event based upon the fact that it is associated with the highest percentage. 
       FIG. 11  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  1100  for generating navigation history data used to predict a user navigation event in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  1100  collects data regarding user browsing habits to assist with the prediction of navigation events used in a prerender operation. The method  1100  locally stores text that a user enters within a text field to perform navigation operations. As the user enters the text, the text field prompts the user with possible destinations associated with the entered text. For example, if the user begins to type “www.goo” in the text field, the text field may prompt the user with a link to navigate to “www.google.com”. Aspects of the method  1100  track the text that the user entered and whether or not the user selected a particular link in order to assist with the prediction of later link selections based on text entry. 
     For example, web browsers typically allow a user to enter text in an address field. Some web browsers display possible destinations in response to text entries within this address field. The possible destinations may be determined by a variety of methods, such as by examining a user&#39;s personal browsing history, querying a search engine, using an aggregate browsing history, or any other method of identifying possible destinations based on text input. 
     At stage  1102 , the text entered into a text field, such as the text entry field  1004  (see  FIG. 10 ), is tracked. For example, the user may enter “www.g” in the text field. 
     At stage  1104 , potential destinations are displayed to the user based on the entered text. For example, the user may be presented with a list of URLs that begin with the letter “G” in response to the text “www.g”. 
     At stage  1106 , one of the displayed links may be selected. For example, the user may select a link for one of the websites beginning with the letter “G” if the website to which the user intends to navigate is displayed from among the displayed destinations. 
     If the user selects one of the displayed destinations, then at stage  1108  the text input and the selected destination are stored for later reference. This pair of inputs may be saved in a probability map. For example, this probability map may be updated for every navigation event. The probability map may include data for every text input to the text field, a top selected suggested destination displayed in response to the text input, and a frequency of the number of times the user has selected the top suggested destination and the number of times the user has not selected the top selected destination. The frequency data is thus indexed by the text entry. Such data may be used to determine a probability that the user will visit the displayed top destination when a given set of text is entered into the text field. The probability map may also be indexed by a pair of values corresponding to the text entry and the displayed top destination, where the displayed destination is determined based on user browsing history, results received from a search engine, or another method. The probability map may also be indexed by a more complex key. For example, the key may also contain information as to whether the user explicitly requested a search query (e.g., by prefixing the text entry with ‘?’), or if the text query is determined to be a search query by other means. 
     If the user does not select one of the displayed destinations, then at stage  1110  the text input and the fact that the user did not select any of the displayed destinations are saved in the probability map. Additional text input continues to be tracked, such that a text entry of “www.go” is indexed as a different value in the probability map from “www.g” with a corresponding unique probability value associated with displayed results. 
       FIG. 12  is a flow diagram depicting an example method  1200  for predicting a user navigation event using navigation history data based on text entry within a text field in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method  1200  functions to determine a most likely destination based on text input to a text field. Aspects of the method  1200  may utilize probability map data, such as the data captured by the method  1100  as described above (see  FIG. 11 ). Aspects of the method  1200  may predict a particular destination link as a viable prerendering candidate by comparing the probability of a particular destination with a threshold value. 
     At stage  1202 , text input to a text field, such as the text entry field  1004 , is tracked to correlate the entered text with a probability map. 
     At stage  1204 , the text entered is correlated to the text entries by which the probability map is indexed. When the user types a character in the text field, the probability map may be consulted to retrieve the counts for the given text input and/or displayed top result. For example, the probability of a given website may be determined in response to a text entry by looking up the data associated with the text entry in the probability map. In another aspect, the text entry may result in the display of one or more possible destinations, and the text entry and the top displayed possible destination may be used to look up the data within the probability map. 
     The probability that the user will select a particular web page may be determined by examining the frequency with which the user has selected the particular page. For example, the probability data may include the frequency with which the user has selected a web page in response to a particular text input. The probability that the user will select the particular web page may be determined by examining the number of times the user has selected the web page, divided by the sum of the number of times the user has selected the web page, and the number of times the user has not selected the web page. A formula for determining a probability of selection of a given displayed link may be determined as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   p 
                   = 
                   
                     selected 
                     
                       selected 
                       + 
                       unselected 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     P is the probability that the particular page will be selected in response to the text entry. Selected is the number of times the particular page was selected when displayed in response to the text entry. Unselected is the number of times the page was not selected when displayed in response to the text entry. 
     At stage  1206 , the probability value is compared to a threshold value. A threshold value may be used in this manner to ensure that the particular page is only preloaded when there is a reasonable likelihood that the user intends to navigate to the particular page. This process saves system resources and bandwidth by not prerendering pages that the user is unlikely to access. 
     At stage  1208 , the particular web page identified by the probability map is prerendered if the probability value exceeds the threshold value. For example, the web page may be prerendered when the probability value p exceeds 0.5, 0.95, 0.99, or any other value as determined by the prerender module  210  or configuration settings. The threshold value may be configurable by the user, such as by a configuration setting, or dynamically determined based on a system resource level. In some aspects, all destination web pages that have a probability value greater than the threshold value may be prerendered. In some aspects, the decision to prerender a web page may be determined by available system resources, such as memory, processor utilization, network bandwidth, and the like. 
     If the probability value does not exceed the threshold value, the method  1200  ends. The method  1200  may continuously repeat as additional characters are entered and removed from the text entry field. Pages that are prerendered via this process may be discarded as additional characters are entered. 
     The stages of the illustrated methods described above are not intended to be limiting. The functionality of the methods may exist in a fewer or greater number of stages than what is shown and, even with the depicted methods, the particular order of events may be different from what is shown in the figures. 
     The systems and methods described above advantageously provide for an improved browsing experience. By predicting the next navigation event, the browser can perform prerender operations to minimize the amount of time users wait for web pages to load. Multiple methods to perform the prerender operations provide a flexible and robust system for determining the next navigation event. 
     As these and other variations and combinations of the features discussed above can be utilized without departing from the disclosure as defined by the claims, the foregoing description of the embodiments should be taken by way of illustration rather than by way of limitation of the disclosure as defined by the claims. It will also be understood that the provision of examples of the disclosure (as well as clauses phrased as “such as,” “e.g.”, “including” and the like) should not be interpreted as limiting the disclosure to the specific examples; rather, the examples are intended to illustrate only some of many possible embodiments.