Patent Publication Number: US-2023156353-A1

Title: Method of operating an image sensor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0057932, filed on May 11, 2022, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0157088, filed on Nov. 15, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to a method of operating an image sensor, and more particularly, to a method of performing pixel binning on pixels of the image sensor. 
     Pixel binning technology has been used to combine a plurality of pixel signals from a pixel array into a virtual single signal. Thus, the amount of data for an output image can be reduced by the pixel binning technology in image sensors. In the related art, pixel binning has been mainly performed by a Bayer binning process in which the color spectrums of a raw Bayer pattern are combined according to preset pixel binning criteria. 
     However, according to the related art pixel binning, as the gap distances between the sampling points of the binning pixels are different from one another, false colors and/or zigzag-shaped noise usually occurs in the output images. 
     SUMMARY 
     Provided are methods of operating image sensors for reducing the false colors and/or zigzag-shaped noise from output images by a pixel binning processes. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments. 
     According to an aspect of an example embodiment, a method of operating an image sensor, the image sensor including a pixel array of a plurality of red pixels, a plurality of green pixels, a plurality of blue pixels, and a plurality of white pixels, may include selecting a first green pixel and a second green pixel arranged on a first axis parallel to a first diagonal direction, selecting a third green pixel and a fourth green pixel arranged on a second axis parallel to a second diagonal direction, generating a first green binning pixel by performing a first diagonal binning operation on the first green pixel and the second green pixel, generating a second green binning pixel by performing a second diagonal binning operation on the third green pixel and the fourth green pixel, and generating image data corresponding to the first green binning pixel and the second green binning pixel. 
     According to an aspect of an example embodiment, a method of operating an image sensor, the image sensor including a pixel array of a plurality of red pixels, a plurality of green pixels, a plurality of blue pixels, and a plurality of white pixels, may include generating a rhombus green binning area by selecting a first green pixel, a second green pixel, a third green pixel, and a fourth green pixel from the pixel array, the first green pixel, the second green pixel, the third green pixel, and the fourth green pixel being positioned at corners of a rhombus, performing a rhombus pixel binning operation on the rhombus green binning area, and generating image data from the first green pixel, the second green pixel, the third green pixel, and the fourth green pixel. 
     According to an aspect of an example embodiment, a method of operating an image sensor, the image sensor including a plurality of red pixels, a plurality of green pixels, a plurality of blue pixels, and a plurality of white pixels that are arranged in a plurality of pixel columns and a plurality of pixel rows, may include selecting a first red pixel and a second red pixel from a first pixel column, selecting a third red pixel from a first pixel row positioned at a midpoint between the first red pixel and the second red pixel, generating a first isosceles triangular binning area, wherein the first red pixel, the second red pixel and the third red pixel are positioned at corners of the first isosceles triangular binning area, generating a red binning pixel by performing a red pixel binning operation on the first isosceles triangular binning area, selecting a first blue pixel and a second blue pixel from a second pixel column, selecting a third blue pixel from a second pixel row positioned at a midpoint between the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel, generating a second isosceles triangular binning area, wherein the first blue pixel, the second blue pixel, and the third blue pixel are positioned at corners of the second isosceles triangular binning area, generating a blue binning pixel by performing a blue pixel binning operation on the second isosceles triangular binning area, and generating image data from the red binning pixel and the blue binning pixel. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain example embodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an image sensor according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a flowchart of a method of generating a plurality of green binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a flowchart of a method of generating a plurality of red binning pixels and a plurality of blue binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a flowchart of a method of performing pixel binning on a green pixel, a red pixel, a blue pixel and a white pixel arranged in a rhombus binning area according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a diagram illustrating a diagonal binning area including green pixels selected from the pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 B  is a diagram illustrating a green binning pixel generated by the pixel binning on the diagonal binning area shown in  FIG.  5 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a diagram illustrating a plurality of binning areas of the pixel array regarding green pixels, red pixels, blue pixels, and white pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  6 B  is a diagram illustrating a red binning pixel, a blue binning pixel, a green binning pixel, and a white binning pixel by the pixel binning on the binning areas shown in  FIG.  6 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  7 A  is a diagram illustrating a plurality of rhombus binning areas regarding the green pixels, red pixels, blue pixels, and white pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  7 B  is a diagram illustrating green binning pixels, a red binning pixel, a blue binning pixel, and white binning pixels by the pixel binning on the rhombus binning areas shown in  FIG.  7 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method of selecting mismatch points from the image data according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    is a flowchart of a process for reading out a plurality of white binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram illustrating an output image after performing a rhombus pixel binning on the green pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    is a diagram illustrating an output image after performing an isosceles pixel binning on the red pixels and the blue pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  12    is a circuit diagram of the pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure; and 
         FIGS.  13  and  14    are diagrams illustrating a process of generating the binning areas in the pixel array and reading out pixel signals from the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an image sensor according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , an image sensor  100  may include a pixel array  110 , a row driver  120 , a readout unit  130 , a ramp signal generator  140 , a timing controller  150 , and an image processor  160 . 
     The pixel array  110  may include a plurality of pixels PX arranged into a matrix, a plurality of row lines RL connected to a plurality of the pixels PX in every row, respectively, and a plurality of column lines CL. Each of the pixels PX may include at least one photoelectric conversion element (which may be referred to as photo detective element). The photoelectric conversion element may detect light and the detected light may be converted into photo electrons in the photoelectric conversion element. In an example embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element may include a photo detective element that includes organic materials or inorganic materials. Examples of the photoelectric conversion element may include an inorganic photo diode, an organic photo diode, a perovskite photo diode, a photo transistor, a photo gate, a pined photo diode, etc. In an example embodiment, each of the pixels PX may include a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements. The plurality of the photoelectric conversion elements may be arranged on the same layer, or may be stacked in a vertical direction. 
     A plurality of micro lenses may be disposed over a plurality of pixels PX, respectively, or may be disposed over a plurality of pixel groups, respectively. A pixel group may include a number of neighboring pixels. Each of the pixels PX may detect a specific filter light that may be filtered from the light passing through the micro lenses to have a specific spectrum. 
     The pixel array  110  according to an example embodiment may include the plurality of pixels PX generating a red-green-blue (RGB) pattern or a red-green-blue-warm white-cool white (RGBWC) pattern. In an example embodiment, the pixel array  110  may include a plurality of red pixels converting red light having a red spectrum into electric signals, a plurality of green pixels converting green light having a green spectrum into electric signals and a plurality of blue pixels converting blue light having a blue spectrum into electric signals. Furthermore, the pixel array  110  may include a plurality of white pixels converting mixture light of red, green and blue spectrums into electric signals. A plurality of color filters may be disposed over each of the pixels PX, thus the specific filter light having the specific spectrum may only pass through the corresponding color filter. However, the pixel array  110  is not limited to the above-described structures, and may further include additional pixels for detecting any other light having a spectrum different from the red, green and blue spectrums. 
     In an example embodiment of the disclosure, each of the pixels PX may be configured into a multilayer structure. A multilayered pixel PX may include a plurality of photo detective elements that may be vertically stacked and may convert incident light having various spectra into various electric signals depending on each spectrum. Thus, each photo detective element may generate its own electrical signal corresponding to a specific color or a specific spectrum of the incident light. That is, a plurality of electrical signals corresponding to a plurality of colors, respectively, may be generated from a single pixel PX. 
     Furthermore, the pixel array  110  may include a plurality of row lines RL and a plurality of column lines CL. Each of the row lines RL may extend in a row direction and may be connected to a plurality of pixels PX that may be arranged in the row direction around the corresponding row line RL (which may be referred to as pixel row). In an example embodiment, each of the row lines RL may transfer control signals to the pixels PX in the same row from the row driver  120 . The control signals may be simultaneously transferred to a plurality of transistors of each pixel PX in the same row. 
     Each of the column lines CL may extend in a column direction, and a plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in the column direction around the corresponding column line CL (which may be referred to as pixel column). Each of the column lines CL may receive a plurality of pixel signals from the pixels PX in the same corresponding pixel row and may transfer the pixel signals to the readout unit  130  by the pixel row. The pixel signal may include a reset signal and a sensing signal generated from each pixel PX. 
     The row driver  120  may generate the control signals for driving the pixel array  110  under control by the timing controller  150 , and may transfer the control signals to each of the pixels PX through a plurality of the row lines RL. The row driver  120  may control the pixels PX to detect the incident light simultaneously by the pixel array  110  entirely or by the pixel row. Furthermore, the row driver  120  may select the pixels PX from the pixel array  110  by the single pixel row or by the row group having at least two pixel rows, and may control the pixel signals of the selected pixels PX to pass out through a plurality of column lines CL. 
     The readout unit  130  may read out a plurality of the pixel signals from a plurality of pixels PX in the pixel row(s) selected by the row driver  120 , and may convert analogue pixel signals into a plurality of digital pixel values. The readout unit  130  may include an analog-digital converter (ADC) circuit, and the pixel value may be generated as digital data by the ADC circuit. Hereinafter, a physical segment of the readout unit  130  having the ADC circuit is referred to as an ADC block. 
     The pixel signals may be detected from the pixel array  110  by the column lines CL and the readout unit  130  may convert the pixel signals into digital data based on ramp signals RAMP generated from the ramp signal generator  140 . Thus, the readout unit  130  may generate first image data or raw image data by the pixel row. 
     The readout unit  130  may include a plurality of ADC blocks corresponding to every column line CL. Each ADC block may receive the pixel signals from pixels PX in the corresponding column line CL and may compare the pixel signals with the ramp signals RAMP, to thereby obtain the digital pixel value from the comparison results between the pixel signals and the ramp signals RAMP. In an example embodiment, the ADC block may remove reset signals from the sensing signals by a correlated doubling sampling process. The ADC block may generate the pixel value indicating a light intensity of the light detected at the pixel PX. 
     The ramp signal generator  140  may generate the ramp signals RAMP having a positive or negative slope and may transfer the ramp signals RAMP to the readout unit  130 . 
     The timing controller  150  may control the operation timings of the row driver  120 , the readout unit  130 , the ramp signal generator  140 , and the image processor  160  in the image sensor  100 . Thus, the timing signals may be applied to the row driver  120 , the readout unit  130 , the ramp signal generator  140  and the image processor  160  at a proper operation time by the timing controller  150 . 
     The image processor  160  may receive a plurality of pixel values from the readout unit  130  and may process the plurality of pixel values, to thereby generate the output image. The image processor  160  may perform a data treatment process on image data, such as image quality compensation, pixel binning and downsizing. Thus, the raw image data may be processed into output image data OIDT by the image processor  160 , and the output image data OIDT may be output from the image sensor  100 . 
     In an example embodiment, the image processor  160  may perform the data treatment process on the image data by the color. In an example embodiment, when the image data includes the pixel values of red, green, and blue pixels, the image processor  160  may perform a parallel data process or a serial data process on the red, green, and blue pixels. Furthermore, the image processor  160  may perform the parallel data process on the image data by the color and may include a plurality of processing circuits. 
     The image processor  160  may perform a pixel binning process on the pixels PX of the pixel array  110 , to thereby reduce the data size for the output image data OIDT. 
     The output image data OIDT may be transferred to an external processor, for example, an application processor, and the external processor may store the output image data OIDT, perform a data processing on the output image data OIDT and display the output image data OIDT on a screen. 
     According to an example embodiment of the disclosure, in the image sensor  100 , a plurality of pixel signals may be simultaneously read out from the pixels PX in any one area shape of a slash, a back slash, a rhombus, a square and an isosceles triangle on the pixel array  110  and may be summed up in an analog way. The image data may be generated by the analog signal summation, and the image processor  160  may perform the pixel binning on the image data. Thus, the amount of data for the output image data OIDT may be reduced by the pixel binning, and the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise caused by the sampling frequency difference may also be alleviated by the pixel binning. 
     The image sensor  100  may be installed to various electric devices detecting light and images. In an example embodiment, the image sensor  100  may be installed to digital cameras, smartphones, wearable devices, devices for internet of things (IoT), electronic home appliances, tablets, personal computers (PC), personal digital assistants (PDA), portable multimedia players (PMP), digital navigation systems, drones, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), etc. In addition, the image sensor  100  may also be installed to various electric components of automobiles, furniture, manufacturing equipment, doors, measuring instruments, etc. 
     Hereinafter, the pixel binning is described in detail with reference to  FIGS.  2  to  4    according to an example embodiment of operating the image sensor in the disclosure. Hereinafter, the pixel binning may be performed by the image processor  160 . 
       FIG.  2    is a flowchart of a method of generating a plurality of green binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , in operation S 110 , a first green pixel and a second green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first and second green pixels may be arranged on an axis parallel to a first diagonal direction. The first diagonal direction may be defined as a slash direction. The slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 45° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . In an example embodiment, one pixel may be positioned between the first and second green pixels in the slash direction, although the pixel number between the first and second green pixels is not limited to one. 
     In operation S 120 , a third green pixel and a fourth green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the third and fourth green pixels may be arranged on an axis parallel to a second diagonal direction. The second diagonal direction may be defined as a back slash direction. The back slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 135° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . In the present example embodiment, one pixel may be positioned between the third and fourth green pixels in the back slash direction, although the pixel number between the third and fourth green pixels is not limited to one. 
     In operation S 130 , diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the first and second green pixels arranged in the first diagonal direction. Hereinafter, the pixel binning performed on the pixels in a diagonal direction may be referred to as diagonal pixel binning. Operation S 130  may be performed after completion of the selection of the first and the second green pixels. 
     In operation S 140 , diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the third green pixel and the fourth green pixel in the second diagonal direction. Operation S 140  may be performed after completion of the selection of the third green pixel and the fourth green pixel are selected. The diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the first and second green pixels, to generate a green binning pixel that may be positioned at a midpoint of the first and second green pixels in the first diagonal direction. In addition, the diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the third and fourth green pixels, to generate a green binning pixel that may be positioned at a midpoint of the third and fourth green pixels in the second diagonal direction. 
     In operation S 150 , a plurality of green binning pixels may be virtually generated corresponding to all the actual green pixels of the pixel array  110 . Operation S 150  may be performed based on the diagonal pixel binning being completed on a plurality of the first and second green pixels arranged in the first diagonal direction and on a plurality of the third and fourth green pixels arranged in the second direction across the pixel array  110 , entirely. In an example embodiment, the green binning pixels may be a half of the actual green pixels of the pixel array  110 . However, the number of green binning pixels is not limited to a half of the actual green pixels. 
     As the number of green binning pixels may be less than that of the actual green pixels, the amount of data for the output image data OIDT may be sufficiently reduced and the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise caused by the sampling frequency difference may also be alleviated. In addition, according to an example embodiment, the diagonal pixel binning may also be performed on the red pixels and the blue pixels that may be arranged in the binning areas in the first and second diagonal directions, to thereby generate a plurality of red binning pixels and a plurality of blue binning pixels. The binning areas in the first diagonal direction and the second diagonal direction are described in detail with reference to  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  hereinafter. 
       FIG.  3    is a flowchart of a method of generating a plurality of red binning pixels and a plurality of blue binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , in operation S 210 , a first isosceles triangular binning area may be generated by connecting a first red pixel, a second red pixel, and a third red pixel according to an example embodiment. 
     In the first isosceles triangular binning area, the first and second red pixels may be arranged in the same pixel column and the third red pixel may be arranged aside from the first and second pixels in a different pixel column. In an example embodiment, the first red pixel may be arranged at a cross point of the first pixel column and the first pixel row, and the second red pixel may be arranged at a cross point of the first pixel column and the second pixel row. In addition, the third red pixel may be arranged at a cross point of the second pixel column and the third pixel row. The third pixel row may be positioned at a midpoint of the first pixel row and the second pixel row. In an example embodiment, three pixels may be arranged between the first pixel row and the second pixel row, and one pixel may be arranged between the first pixel column and the second pixel column. 
     In an example embodiment, the first pixel row may be substantially perpendicular to the first pixel column and may be positioned at a midpoint of the first red pixel and the second red pixel. In addition, when the first red pixel and the second red pixel are arranged in the first pixel row, the third red pixel may be positioned in the first pixel column. In an example embodiment, the first pixel column may be substantially perpendicular to the first pixel row and may be positioned at a midpoint of the first red pixel and the second red pixel. Three pixels may be arranged between the first red pixel and the second red pixel. In addition, one pixel may be arranged between the first pixel column and the third red pixel. 
     In operation S 220 , a second isosceles triangular binning area may be generated by connecting a first blue pixel, a second blue pixel, and a third blue pixel according to an example embodiment. 
     In an example embodiment, the first and second blue pixels may be arranged in the second pixel column, and the third blue pixel may be arranged in the second pixel row. In an example embodiment, the second pixel row may be substantially perpendicular to the second pixel column and may be positioned at a midpoint of the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel. In addition, when the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel are arranged in the second pixel row, the third blue pixel may be arranged in the second pixel column. In an example embodiment, the second pixel column may be substantially perpendicular to the second pixel row and may be positioned at a midpoint of the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel. Three pixels may be arranged between the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel. In addition, one pixel may be arranged between the second pixel column and the third blue pixel. 
     In operation S 230 , pixel binning may be performed on the first isosceles triangular binning area to thereby generate a red binning pixel, and the pixel binning may be performed on the second isosceles triangular binning area to thereby generate a blue binning pixel. Hereinafter, the pixel binning performed on the isosceles triangular binning area is referred to as an isosceles pixel binning. When the isosceles pixel binning is performed on the red pixels and the blue pixels, the pixel binning on white pixels and blue pixels may be performed in a square binning area having a size of 3 pixels by 3 pixels. Hereinafter, the pixel binning performed on the square binning area is referred to as a square pixel binning. The isosceles triangular binning area and the square binning area are described in detail with reference to  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  hereinafter. 
       FIG.  4    is a flowchart of a method of performing pixel binning on a green pixel, a red pixel, a blue pixel and a white pixel arranged in a rhombus binning area according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , in operation S 310 , rhombus pixel binning may be performed on a rhombus area of the pixel array  110  (hereinafter, referred to as a green rhombus binning area) in which a first green pixel, a second green pixel, a third green pixel, and a fourth green pixel are positioned at each corner according to an example embodiment. 
     The first green pixel and the second green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first and second green pixels may be arranged in the first diagonal direction. In an example embodiment, one pixel may be arranged between the first and second green pixels in the first diagonal line. In addition, the third green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first green pixel and the third green pixel may be arranged in the second diagonal direction. One pixel may be arranged between the first green pixel and the third green pixel in the second diagonal direction. The fourth green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the second green pixel and the fourth green pixel may be arranged in the second diagonal direction and the third green pixel and the fourth green pixel may be arranged in the first diagonal direction. A gap distance between the first green pixel and the second green pixel in the first diagonal direction may be the same as the gap distance between the first green pixel and the third green pixel in the second diagonal direction. Furthermore, a gap distance between the second green pixel and the fourth green pixel in the second diagonal direction may be the same as the gap distance between the third green pixel and the fourth green pixel in the first diagonal direction. The first green pixel and the fourth green pixel may be arranged in the same pixel column and the second green pixel and the third green pixel may be arranged in the same pixel row. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth green pixels may generate the rhombus binning area of which a side length may be about 2√{square root over (2)} times the distance between one of the first to fourth pixels and a neighboring pixel thereof. In an example embodiment, the first diagonal direction may be the same as the slash direction. The slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 45° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . In addition, the second diagonal direction may be the back slash direction. The back slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 135° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . 
     In operation S 230 , rhombus pixel binning may be performed on a rhombus area of the pixel array  110  (hereinafter, referred to as a red rhombus binning area) in which a first red pixel, a second red pixel, a third red pixel, and a fourth red pixel may be positioned at each corner. 
     In operation S 330 , rhombus pixel binning may be performed on a rhombus area of the pixel array  110  (hereinafter, referred to as a blue rhombus binning area) in which a first blue pixel, a second blue pixel, a third blue pixel, and a fourth blue pixel may be positioned at each corner. 
     In operation S 340 , rhombus pixel binning may be performed on a rhombus area of the pixel array  110  (hereinafter, referred to as a white rhombus binning area) in which a first white pixel, a second white pixel, a third white pixel, and a fourth white pixel may be positioned at each corner. 
     The red, blue, and white rhombus binning areas may have the same shape and size as the green rhombus binning area. 
     In operation S 350 , a green binning pixel, a red binning pixel, a blue binning pixel, and a white binning pixel may be generated. Operation S 350  may be performed after the rhombus pixel binning is performed on the green, red, blue, and white rhombus binning areas. 
     Thus, as the number of the binning pixels may be less than that of actual pixels of the pixel array  110 , the amount of data for the output image data OIDT may be sufficiently reduced by the pixel binning. In addition, the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise caused by the sampling frequency difference may also be alleviated by the pixel binning. The rhombus binning area is described in detail with reference to  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  hereinafter. 
       FIG.  5 A  is a diagram illustrating a diagonal binning area including green pixels selected from the pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure.  FIG.  5 B  is a diagram illustrating a green binning pixel generated by the pixel binning on the diagonal binning area shown in  FIG.  5 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure.  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  are views illustrating a method of generating the green binning pixels in  FIG.  2   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 A , the pixel array  110  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure may include a plurality of pixels in which a plurality of red pixels, green pixels, blue pixels, and white pixels may be arranged into an RGBWC pattern. 
     A first green pixel and a second green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first green pixel and the second green pixel may be arranged on an axis parallel to a first diagonal direction, to thereby form a first green binning area BA 1 _ 1  in the first diagonal direction. The first diagonal direction may be defined as a slash direction. As described above, the slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 45° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . In an example embodiment, a pair of the green pixels Gr may be arranged in the first green binning area BA 1 _ 1  in the first diagonal direction. However, the number of green pixels in the first green binning area BA 1 _ 1  is not limited as such. 
     A third green pixel and a fourth green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the third and fourth green pixels may be arranged on an axis parallel to a second diagonal direction, to thereby form a second green binning area BA 1 _ 2  in the second diagonal direction. The second diagonal direction may be defined as a back slash direction. As described above, the back slash direction may be directed at an angle of about 135° counterclockwise from the row line RL of the pixel array  110 . In an example embodiment, a pair of the green pixels Gr may be arranged in the second green binning area BA 1 _ 2  in the second diagonal direction. However, the number of green pixels in the second green binning area BA 1 _ 2  is not limited as such. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 B , the diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the first green binning area BA 1 _ 1  and the second green binning area BA 1 _ 2 , to thereby generate a first green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 1  and a second green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 2 . In an example embodiment, the first green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 1  may be generated by the diagonal pixel binning on the first and second green pixels in the first green binning area BA 1 _ 1  and the second green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 2  may be generated by the diagonal pixel binning on the third and fourth green pixels in the second green binning area BA 1 _ 2 . The first green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 1  may be positioned at a midpoint of the first and second green pixels in the first diagonal direction, and the second green binning pixel OUT 1 _ 2  may be positioned at a midpoint of the third and fourth green pixels in the second diagonal direction. 
     The image data may be generated from the first and second green binning pixels, instead of from all the pixels in the first and second green binning areas BA 1 _ 1  and BA 1 _ 2 . The first, second, third, and fourth green pixels may be arbitrary pixels that may be arbitrarily selected from the green pixels Gr of the pixel array  110 . Thus, the first, second, third, and fourth green pixels are not particular green pixels Gr of the pixel array  110 . 
     The diagonal pixel binning may also be performed on a plurality of red pixels R of the pixel array  110  in the same way as the diagonal pixel binning on a plurality of green pixels Gr. In an example embodiment, a first red pixel and a second red pixel that may be arranged on an axis parallel to the second diagonal direction may be selected from a red binning area BA 1 _ 3  of the pixel array  110 . When the first red pixel and the second red pixel are selected from the pixel array  110 , the area connecting the first red pixel and the second red pixel in the second diagonal direction may be formed into the red binning area BA 1 _ 3 . Thereafter, the diagonal pixel binning may be performed on the first and second red pixels R in the red binning area BA 1 _ 3 , to thereby generate a red binning pixel OUT 1 _ 3 . In an example embodiment, the red binning pixel OUT 1 _ 3  may be positioned at a midpoint of the first red pixel and the second red pixel in the second diagonal direction. 
     The image data may be generated from the red binning pixel OUT 1 _ 3 , instead of from all the pixels in the red binning area BA 1 _ 3 . The diagonal pixel binning may also be performed on the red pixels in the first diagonal direction. 
     The diagonal pixel binning may also be performed on a plurality of blue pixels B of the pixel array  110  in the same way as the diagonal pixel binning on a plurality of green pixels Gr. In an example embodiment, a first blue pixel and a second blue pixel that may be arranged on an axis parallel to the first diagonal direction may be selected from a blue binning area BA 1 _ 4  of the pixel array  110 . When the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel are selected, the area connecting the first blue pixel and the second blue pixel in the first diagonal direction may be formed into the blue binning area BA 1 _ 4 . Once the blue binning area BA 1 _ 4  is generated, a blue binning pixel OUT 1 _ 4  may be generated corresponding to a diagonal binning operation performed on the first and second blue pixels B. The blue binning pixel OUT 1 _ 4  may be positioned at a midpoint of the first and second blue pixels B in the first diagonal direction. The image data may be generated from the blue binning pixel OUT 1 _ 4 , not from all the pixels in the blue binning area BA 1 _ 4 . The diagonal pixel binning may also be performed on the blue pixels in the second diagonal direction. In addition, the blue binning area BA 1 _ 4  may have the same shape and direction as the first green binning area BA 1 _ 1 . 
     When the diagonal pixel binning is performed on the green pixels Gr, the square pixel binning may be performed on a plurality of white pixels W of the pixel array  110 . In an example embodiment, a first white pixel, a second white pixel, a third white pixel, and a fourth white pixel W may be selected from the pixel array  110 , to thereby form a white binning area BA 1 _ 5 . Particularly, the first to fourth white pixels W may be positioned at four corners of a square, thus the white binning area BA 1 _ 5  may be formed into a square shape. The white binning area BA 1 _ 5  may be provided as a matrix of 3 pixels by 3 pixels, which should not be construed as limited to the number of pixels in the white binning area BA 1 _ 5 . Thereafter, the square pixel binning may be performed on the first to fourth white pixels W in the square-shaped white binning area BA 1 _ 5 , to thereby generate a first white binning pixel OUT 1 _ 5 . The first white binning pixel OUT 1 _ 5  may be positioned at a geometric center of the first to fourth white pixels W in the square-shaped white binning area BA 1 _ 5 . 
     According to an example embodiment, the rhombus pixel binning may be performed on a plurality of white pixels W in the rhombus white binning area. In an example embodiment, first to fourth white pixels may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first to fourth white pixels may be positioned at four corners of the rhombus white binning area. Once the first to fourth white pixels are selected, the rhombus pixel binning may be performed on the first to fourth white pixels in the rhombus white binning area, to thereby generate a second white binning pixel. The second white binning pixel may be positioned at a geometric center of the first to fourth white pixels W in the rhombus white binning area. 
     According to an example embodiment of the disclosure, the noise and resolution of the output image data may be controlled by adjusting the readout ratio of the white binning pixels. The operation of the read out of the white binning pixel is described in detail with reference to  FIG.  9    hereinafter. 
     A plurality of binning areas and a plurality of binning pixels may be generated at other areas of the pixel array  110 , as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
       FIG.  6 A  is a diagram illustrating a plurality of binning areas of the pixel array regarding green pixels, red pixels, blue pixels, and white pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure.  FIG.  6 B  is a diagram illustrating a red binning pixel, a blue binning pixel, a green binning pixel, and a white binning pixel by the pixel binning on the binning areas shown in  FIG.  6 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  6 A  is a plan view illustrating a plurality of binning areas BA 2 _ 1 , BA 2 _ 2 , BA 2 _ 3 , and BA 2 _ 4  of the pixel array  110  regarding green pixels Gr, red pixels R, blue pixels B, and white pixels W. Further,  FIG.  6 B  is a plan view illustrating a red binning pixel OUT 2 _ 1 , a blue binning pixel OUT 2 _ 2 , a green binning pixel OUT 2 _ 3  and a white binning pixel OUT 2 _ 4  by the pixel binning on the binning areas shown in  FIG.  6 A .  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  are plan views illustrating a method of generating the red binning pixels and blue binning pixels in  FIG.  3    in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 A , a first red pixel and a second red pixel may be selected from a first pixel column of the pixel array  110  having a plurality of pixel columns as a part of the corner pixels of the red binning area BA 2 _ 1  regarding the red pixels R. In an example embodiment, three pixels may be arranged between the first and second red pixels in the column direction. In addition, a third red pixel may be selected from a third pixel row that may be positioned at a midpoint of a first pixel row and a second pixel row, such that the red binning area may be shaped into an isosceles triangle at each corner of which the first to third red pixels may be arranged. The first red pixel may be arranged in the first pixel row, and the second red pixel may be arranged in the second pixel row. In addition, the third red pixel may be arranged in the second pixel column. In an example embodiment, one pixel may be positioned between the third red pixel (e.g., in the second pixel column) and the first pixel column. That is, the red binning area BA 2 _ 1  may be generated as an isosceles triangular shape in which the first to three red pixels R may be positioned at each corner. 
     In addition, a first blue pixel and a second blue pixel may be selected from a third pixel column of the pixel array  110  having a plurality of pixel columns as a part of the corner pixels of the blue binning area BA 2 _ 2  regarding the blue pixels B. In an example embodiment, three pixels may be arranged between the first and second blue pixels. In addition, a third blue pixel may be selected from a sixth pixel row that may be positioned at a midpoint of a fourth pixel row in which the first blue pixel may be arranged and a fifth pixel row in which the second blue pixel may be arranged. In addition, the third blue pixel may be arranged in the fourth pixel column. In an example embodiment, one pixel may be positioned between the third blue pixel (in the fourth pixel column) and the third pixel column. Thus, the blue binning area BA 2 _ 2  may be generated into the isosceles triangular shape in which the first to three blue pixels B may be positioned at each corner. 
     In an example embodiment of the disclosure, the first pixel row may be the same as the fourth pixel row and the second pixel row may be the same as the fifth pixel row. In addition, the third pixel row may be the same as the sixth pixel row. However, the above embodiments are not limited as such. 
     In addition, 4 green pixels may be selected from the pixel array  110 , to thereby generate a square-shaped green binning area BA 2 _ 3  regarding the green pixels Gr. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth green pixels may be selected from a plurality of green pixels Gr of the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first to fourth green pixels may be positioned at each corner of the square-shaped green binning area BA 2 _ 3 . The square green binning area BA 2 _ 3  may be provided as a matrix of 3 pixels by 3 pixels, which should not be construed as limited to the matrix size of the square green binning area BA 2 _ 3 . 
     In addition, 4 white pixels may be selected from the pixel array  110 , to thereby generate a square-shaped white binning area BA 2 _ 4  regarding the white pixels W. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth white pixels may be selected from a plurality of white pixels W of the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first to fourth white pixels may be positioned at each corner of the square-shaped white binning area BA 2 _ 4 . The square white binning area BA 2 _ 4  may be provided as a matrix of 3 pixels by 3 pixels, which should not be construed as limited to the matrix size of the square white binning area BA 2 _ 4 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 B , a red binning pixel OUT 2 _ 1 , a blue binning pixel OUT 2 _ 2 , a green binning pixel OUT 2 _ 3  and a white binning pixel OUT 2 _ 4  may be generated by the pixel binning according to an example embodiment. The red binning pixel OUT 2 _ 1  may be positioned at a central point of a line connecting a height point and a central point of a base line of the isosceles red binning area BA 2 _ 1 , and the blue binning pixel OUT 2 _ 2  may be positioned at a central point of a line connecting a height point and a central point of a base line of the isosceles blue binning area BA 2 _ 2 . The green binning pixel OUT 2 _ 3  may be positioned at a geometric center of the square green binning area BA 2 _ 3 , and the white binning pixel OUT 2 _ 4  may be positioned at a geometric center of the square white binning area BA 2 _ 4 . 
     Once the red binning pixel OUT 2 _ 1 , the blue binning pixel OUT 2 _ 2 , the green binning pixel OUT 2 _ 3 , and the white binning pixel OUT 2 _ 4  are generated, the image data may be generated from the red binning pixel OUT 2 _ 1 , the blue binning pixel OUT 2 _ 2 , the green binning pixel OUT 2 _ 3 , and the white binning pixel OUT 2 _ 4 , instead of from all the pixels in the red binning area BA 2 _ 1 , the blue binning area BA 2 _ 2 , the green binning area BA 2 _ 3 , and the white binning area BA 2 _ 4 . 
     A plurality of binning areas and a plurality of binning pixels may be generated at other areas of the pixel array  110 , as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. 
       FIG.  7 A  is a diagram illustrating a plurality of rhombus binning areas regarding the green pixels, red pixels, blue pixels, and white pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure.  FIG.  7 B  is a diagram illustrating green binning pixels, a red binning pixel, a blue binning pixel, and white binning pixels by the pixel binning on the rhombus binning areas shown in  FIG.  7 A  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  7 A  is a plan view illustrating a plurality of rhombus binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 2 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 4 , BA 3 _ 5 , BA 3 _ 6 , BA 3 _ 7 , and BA 3 _ 8  regarding the green pixels Gr, red pixels R, blue pixels B, and white pixels W of the pixel array  110  according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. Further,  FIG.  7 B  is a plan view illustrating green binning pixels OUT 3 _ 2  and OUT 3 _ 4 , a red binning pixel OUT 3 _ 5 , a blue binning pixel OUT 3 _ 7 , and white binning pixels OUT 3 _ 1 , OUT 3 _ 3 , OUT 3 _ 6  and OUT 3 _ 8  by the pixel binning on the rhombus binning areas shown in  FIG.  7 A . 
     In an example embodiment of the disclosure, a first green pixel, a second green pixel, a third green pixel and a fourth green pixel may be selected from the pixel array  110  in such a configuration that the first to fourth green pixels may be arranged at corners of a rhombus, respectively. The green binning pixels OUT 3 _ 2  and OUT 3 _ 4  may be generated by the pixel binning on the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4 . The rhombus may include a pair of first sides extending in the first diagonal direction and a pair of second sides extending in the second diagonal direction. The first green pixel and the second green pixel may be arranged in the first diagonal direction, and one pixel may be positioned between the first and second green pixels in the first diagonal direction. In an example embodiment of the disclosure, the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4  may have the same sides of which the length may correspond to a distance between the first green pixel and the second green pixel. The first green pixel and the third green pixel may be arranged in the first pixel column, and three pixels may be arranged between the first green pixel and the third green pixel. The second green pixel and the fourth green pixel may be arranged in the first pixel row, and three pixels may be arranged between the second green pixel and the fourth green pixel. Thus, the green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4  may be generated as the rhombus shape in which the first to fourth green pixels may be positioned at each corner. Once the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4  are generated with regard to the first to fourth green pixels, a pixel binning may be performed on green pixels Gr in the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4 . 
     When the rhombus pixel binning is performed on the green pixels Gr, a rhombus red binning area including red pixels R, a rhombus white binning area including white pixels W, and a rhombus blue binning area including blue pixels B may also be generated in the same shape as the rhombus green binning area. 
     In an example embodiment, the white binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 6 , and BA 3 _ 8  may be shaped into a rhombus that may be generated based on first to fourth white pixels. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth white pixels may generate a rhombus area of which a side length may be about 2√{square root over (2)} times the distance between one of the first to fourth white pixels and a neighboring pixel thereof. 
     In addition, the red binning areas BA 3 _ 5  may be shaped into a rhombus that may be generated based on first to fourth red pixels. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth red pixels may generate a rhombus area of which a side length may be about 2√{square root over (2)} times the distance between one of the first to fourth red pixels and a neighboring pixel thereof. 
     In addition, the blue binning areas BA 3 _ 7  may be shaped into a rhombus that may be generated based on first to fourth blue pixels. In an example embodiment, the first to fourth blue pixels may generate a rhombus area of which a side length may be about 2√{square root over (2)} times the distance between one of the first to fourth blue pixels and a neighboring pixel thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 B , when the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4  are generated to include four green pixels, a pixel binning may be performed on the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4 , to thereby generate green binning pixels OUT 3 _ 2  and OUT 3 _ 4 . Thus, the image data may be generated from the green binning pixels OUT 3 _ 2  and OUT 3 _ 4 , not from all the pixels in the green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4 . The green binning pixels OUT 3 _ 2  and OUT 3 _ 4  may be positioned at a geometric center of the rhombus green binning areas BA 3 _ 2  and BA 3 _ 4 , respectively. 
     In addition, when the rhombus white binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 6 , and BA 3 _ 8  are generated to include 4 white pixels, a pixel binning may be performed on the rhombus white binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 6 , and BA 3 _ 8 , to thereby generate white binning pixels OUT 3 _ 1 , OUT 3 _ 3 , OUT 3 _ 6 , and OUT 3 _ 8 . Thus, the image data may be generated from the white binning pixels OUT 3 _ 1 , OUT 3 _ 3 , OUT 3 _ 6 , and OUT 3 _ 8 , instead of from all the pixels in the white binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 6 , and BA 3 _ 8 . The white binning pixels OUT 3 _ 1 , OUT 3 _ 3 , OUT 3 _ 6 , and OUT 3 _ 8  may be positioned at a geometric center of the rhombus white binning areas BA 3 _ 1 , BA 3 _ 3 , BA 3 _ 6 , and BA 3 _ 8 , respectively. 
     In addition, when the rhombus red binning area BA 3 _ 5  is generated to include the first red pixel, the second red pixel, the third red pixel, and the fourth red pixel, a pixel binning may be performed on the rhombus red binning area BA 3 _ 5 , to thereby generate a red binning pixel OUT 3 _ 5 . Thus, the image data may be generated from the red binning pixel OUT 3 _ 5 , instead of from all the pixels in the red binning area BA 3 _ 5 . The red binning pixel OUT 3 _ 5  may be positioned at a geometric center of the rhombus red binning area BA 3 _ 5 . 
     In addition, when the rhombus blue binning area BA 3 _ 7  is generated to include the first blue pixel, the second blue pixel, the third blue pixel, and the fourth blue pixel, a pixel binning may be performed on the rhombus blue binning area BA 3 _ 7 , to thereby generate a blue binning pixel OUT 3 _ 7 . Thus, the image data may be generated from the blue binning pixel OUT 3 _ 7 , instead of from all the pixels in the blue binning area BA 3 _ 7 . The blue binning pixel OUT 3 _ 7  may be positioned at a geometric center of the rhombus blue binning area BA 3 _ 7 . 
     That is, the pixel binning may be performed on the rhombus red binning area, the rhombus white binning area, and the rhombus blue binning area corresponding to the red pixels R, the white pixels W, and the blue pixels B, respectively, to thereby generate the red binning pixel OUT 3 _ 5 , the blue binning pixel OUT 3 _ 7 , and a plurality of white binning pixels OUT 3 _ 1 , OUT 3 _ 3 , OUT 3 _ 6 , and OUT 3 _ 8 . 
     A plurality of binning areas and a plurality of binning pixels may be generated at other areas of the pixel array  110 , as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. 
       FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method of selecting mismatch points from the image data according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , in operation S 410 , the image processor  160  may control the readout unit  130  to read out the pixel signals from the pixels PX of the pixel array  110 . 
     In operation S 420 , the image processor  160  may compare the color of first image data with the color of second image data pixel-by-pixel. Operation S 420  may be performed after the plurality of pixel signals is read out from the pixel array  110 . The first image data may be generated by processing the pixel signals from the actual pixels PX of the pixel array  110  before the pixel binning may be performed. The second image data may be generated by processing the pixel signals from the binning pixels that may be generated by the pixel binning on the binning area including at least one of the green pixels Gr, the red pixels R, the blue pixels B and the white pixels W. 
     In operation S 430 , the image processor  160  may select the mismatch points of the binning pixels in the second diagonal direction. Operation S 430  may be performed after the color of the first image data and the color of the second image data are compared with each other pixel-by-pixel. The second diagonal direction may be the same as the back slash direction. The mismatch point may be defined as the pixel position at which the color of the first image data may be different from that of the second image data. 
     In operation S 440 , the image processor  160  may generate the output image data OIDT by processing the pixel signals from the binning pixels except for the mismatch points. Operation S 440  may be performed after the mismatch points are selected from all the binning pixels. According to the method disclosed herein, the amount of the output image data OIDT may be sufficiently reduced by comparing the images (colors) of the first and second image data and selecting the mismatch points of the binning pixels in the second diagonal direction. In addition, the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise caused by variations of the sampling frequency may also be alleviated by the pixel binning. 
       FIG.  9    is a flowchart of a process for reading out a plurality of white binning pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , in operation S 510 , the image processor  160  may select a plurality of white pixels W from the pixels PX of the pixel array  110  for the pixel binning on the white pixels W. 
     In operation S 520 , the image processor  160  may perform the square pixel binning, as described in detail with reference to  FIG.  6 A , on the selected white pixels W. Operation S 520  may be performed based on completing the selection of the white pixels W. 
     In operation S 530 , a plurality of white binning pixels may be generated by repeating the square pixel binning on the white pixels W. 
     In operation S 540 , the image processor  160  may select a part of the white binning pixels and may generate the output image data OIDT by processing the pixel signals from the selected white binning pixels. Operation S 540  may be performed based on the plurality of white binning pixels being generated. As a part of the white binning pixels may be selected for the output image data OIDT, the noise of the output image data OIDT may be sufficiently controlled in the image sensor  100 . In an example embodiment of the disclosure, a half of the white binning pixels may be selected for the output image data OIDT. Furthermore, the color of the output image may be corrected by adjusting a readout ratio of the white binning pixels, and the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise may be alleviated in the output image. The readout ratio of the white binning pixels for the output image data OIDT should not be limited to about ½, and may be controlled to a proper degree. 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram illustrating an output image after performing a rhombus pixel binning on the green pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. FIG.  11  is a diagram illustrating an output image after performing an isosceles pixel binning on the red pixels and the blue pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise may be reduced or alleviated at the green sampling point after the rhombus pixel binning according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to  FIG.  11   , the false color and the zigzag-shaped noise may be reduced or alleviated at the red sampling point and the blue sampling point after the isosceles pixel binning according to an example embodiment of an operating method of the image sensor  100 . 
       FIG.  12    is a circuit diagram of the pixels of the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , the pixel PX may include a photoelectric conversion element  11  and the circuit of the pixel PX may include a plurality of transistors, such as a transfer transistor TG, a driving transistor DX, and a switching transistor SX. A selection signal Sel for selecting the pixel PX may be transferred to the switching transistor SX. 
     In addition, the pixel PX may further include a readout unit such as an ADC circuit. A pixel row may be selected by the row driver, and the ADC circuit may receive a plurality of pixel signals that may be read out from the pixels PX in the selected pixel row. Then, the analog pixel signals may be converted to digital pixel values, respectively, by the ADC circuit. In addition, a plurality of pixel signals may be detected from the pixel array through a plurality of column lines CL and the ADC circuit may convert the pixel signals into digital data based on the ramp signals RAMP generated from the ramp signal generator. Thus, the ADC circuit may generate and transfer the first image data or the raw image data by the pixel row. 
     The column line CL may extend in a vertical direction, and a plurality of pixels PX vertically extending around the column line CL may be connected to the neighboring column line CL. A plurality of column lines CL may be arranged at the same gap distance in a horizontal direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical direction. In addition, the pixel signals, such as reset signals and sensing signals that may be generated from the pixels PX by the pixel row may be transferred to the ADC circuit through the corresponding column line Col[ 0 ] or Col[ 1 ]. 
       FIGS.  13  and  14    are diagrams illustrating a process of generating the binning areas in the pixel array and reading out pixel signals from the pixel array according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13    and (a), (b), (c) and (d) of  FIG.  14   , a selection line Sel and a column line Col may be connected to each of the pixels according to the binning area, thus the pixel data may be obtained pixel-by-pixel in the binning area. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , each pixel of the pixel array may be electrically connected to a plurality of selection lines Sel[ 0 ] to Sel[ 5 ] and a plurality of selection lines Sel[ 0 ] to Sel[ 5 ]. Each of the column lines Col[ 0 ] to Col[ 5 ] may be connected to its own current source and ADC circuit. The number of selection lines and the number of column lines is not limited to the numbers thereof illustrated in  FIGS.  13  and  14   . 
     The views of (a) and (d) of  FIG.  14    illustrate operations of performing square pixel binning on the white pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to (a) of  FIG.  14   , two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] may be selected, to thereby generate the square white binning area. The two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ]. The two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ]. When completing the selection of the selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and the column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ], the first to fourth white pixels may be positioned at four cross points of two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ]. Thus, the white binning area may be generated into a shape of a square in such a configuration that the first to fourth white pixels may be positioned at corners of the square, respectively. Thereafter, the pixel binning may be performed on the square-shaped white binning area. Referring to (d) of  FIG.  14   , other two selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ] and other two column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ] may be selected different from the selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and the column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] as shown in (a) of  FIG.  14   , as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. 
     The view of (b) of  FIG.  14    illustrates an operation of performing diagonal pixel binning on the green pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to (b) of  FIG.  14   , two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and two column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ] may be selected, to thereby generate the diagonal green binning area. Two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ]. Two column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between two column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ]. When completing the selection of the selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and the column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ], the first green pixel and the second green pixel may be positioned at cross points of two selection lines Sel[ 0 ] and Sel[ 2 ] and two column lines Col[ 1 ] and Col[ 3 ] in a diagonal direction. Thus, the green binning area may be generated into a shape of a diagonal line. Thereafter, the pixel binning may be performed on the diagonal green binning area. 
     The view of (c) of  FIG.  14    illustrates an operation of performing diagonal pixel binning on the red pixels according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to (c) of  FIG.  14   , two selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ] and two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] may be selected, to thereby generate the diagonal red binning area. Two selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between the selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ]. Two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] may be selected in such a configuration that one pixel may be positioned between two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ]. When completing the selection of the selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ] and the column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ], the first red pixel and the second red pixel may be positioned at cross points of two selection lines Sel[ 1 ] and Sel[ 3 ] and two column lines Col[ 0 ] and Col[ 2 ] in a diagonal direction. Thus, the red binning area may be generated into a shape of diagonal line. Thereafter, the pixel binning may be performed on the diagonal red binning area. 
     Although the disclosure been described in connection with some embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that variations in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and essential feature of the disclosure. The above disclosed embodiments should thus be considered illustrative and not restrictive.