Patent Publication Number: US-2011067754-A1

Title: Substrate structures for integrated series connected photovoltaic arrays and process of manufacture of such arrays

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/799,863 filed May 4, 2010 entitled Substrate Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/154,078 filed May 19, 2008 entitled Substrate Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,243, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/600,287 filed Jun. 21, 2003, entitled Methods and Structures for Production of Selectively Electroplated Articles, now abandoned, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/144,901 filed May 13, 2002, entitled Methods and Structures for Production of Selectively Electroplated Articles, now abandoned, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/498,102 filed Feb. 4, 2000, entitled Substrate Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,032. The entire contents of the above identified applications are incorporated herein by this reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Photovoltaic cells have developed according to two distinct methods. A first form produces cells employing a matrix of crystalline silicon appropriately doped to produce a planar p-n junction. An intrinsic electric field established at the p-n junction produces a voltage by directing solar photon produced holes and free electrons in opposite directions. Good conversion efficiencies and long-term reliability have been demonstrated for crystalline silicon cells. However, widespread energy collection using crystalline silicon cells is thwarted by the high cost of crystal silicon (especially single crystal silicon) material and interconnection processing. 
     A second approach to produce photovoltaic cells is by depositing thin photovoltaic semiconductor films on a supporting substrate. Many various techniques have been proposed for deposition of semiconductor thin films. The deposition methods include vacuum vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering, electroplating, chemical vapor deposition and printing of nanoparticle inks. These structures have become know in the art as “thin film” devices. Material requirements are minimized and technologies can be proposed for mass production. Typical semiconductors used for thin film photovoltaic devices include cuprous sulfide, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS), amorphous silicon, printed silicon, and dye sensitized polymeric materials. The thin film structures can be designed according to doped homojunction technology or can employ heterojunction approaches such as those using CdTe or chalcopyrite materials. 
     Despite significant improvements in individual cell conversion efficiencies for both single crystal and thin film approaches, photovoltaic energy collection has been generally restricted to applications having relatively low power requirements. One factor impeding development of bulk power systems is the problem of economically collecting the energy from an extensive collection surface. Photovoltaic cells can be described as high current, low voltage devices. Typically individual cell voltage is less than about two volts, and often less than 0.6 volt. The current component is a substantial characteristic of the power generated. Efficient energy collection from an expansive surface must minimize resistive losses associated with the high current characteristic. A way to minimize resistive losses is to reduce the size of individual cells and connect them in series. Thus, voltage is stepped through each cell while current and associated resistive losses are minimized. 
     Regardless of whether the cells are crystalline silicon or thin film, making effective, durable series connections among multiple small cells can be laborious, difficult and expensive. In order to approach economical mass production of series connected arrays of individual cells, a number of factors must be considered in addition to the type of photovoltaic materials chosen. These include the substrate employed and the process envisioned. A first problem which has confronted production of expansive surface photovoltaic modules is that of collecting the photogenerated current from the top, light incident surface. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers are normally employed to form a top surface. However, these TCO layers are relatively resistive compared to pure metals. Thus, efforts must be made to minimize resistive losses in transport of current through the TCO layer. One approach is simply to reduce the surface area of individual cells to a manageable amount. However, as cell widths decrease, the width of the area between individual cells (interconnect area) should also decrease so that the relative portion of inactive surface of the interconnect area does not become excessive. Typical cell widths of one centimeter or less are often taught in the art. These small cell widths demand very fine interconnect area widths, which dictate delicate and sensitive techniques to be used to electrically connect the top TCO surface of one cell to the bottom electrode of an adjacent series connected cell. Furthermore, achieving good stable ohmic contact to the TCO cell surface has proven difficult, especially when one employs those sensitive techniques available when using the TCO only as the top collector electrode. 
     One approach to expand the surface area of individual cells while avoiding excessive resistive losses in current collection is to form a current collector grid over the surface. This approach positions highly conductive material in contact with the surface of the TCO in a spaced arrangement such that the travel distance of current through the TCO is reduced. In the case of the classic single crystal silicon or polycrystal silicon cells, a common approach is to form a collector grid pattern of traces using a silver containing paste and then fuse the paste to sinter the silver particles into continuous conductive silver paths. These highly conductive traces normally lead to a collection buss such as a copper foil strip. One notes that this approach involves use of expensive silver and requires the photovoltaic semiconductors to tolerate the high fusion temperatures. The sintering temperatures involved are normally unsuitable for thin film photovoltaic structures. Another approach is to attach an array of fine copper wires to the surface of the TCO. The wires may also lead to a collection buss, or alternatively extend to an electrode of an adjacent cell. This wire approach requires positioning and fixing of multiple fine fragile wires which makes mass production difficult and expensive. Another approach commonly used for thin film photovoltaic cells is to print a collector grid array on the surface of the TCO using a conductive ink, usually one containing a heavy loading of fine particulate silver. The ink is simply dried or cured at mild temperatures to remove a solvent carrier. Compared to the high sintering temperatures associated with the silver pastes employed with crystal silicon cells, the milder curing temperatures for silver inks typically do not adversely affect thin film photovoltaic structures. However, the silver ink approaches require the use of relatively expensive inks because of the required high loading of finely divided silver. Furthermore, batch printing on the individual cells is laborious and expensive. 
     In addition to current collection from the top surface of cells, efficient photovoltaic power collection includes integration of multiple cells into arrays or modules to create a desired surface area. The multiple cells are typically electrically integrated in series arrangement such that the power is accumulated in voltage increments. Regarding crystalline silicon cells, the individual cells are normally initially discrete and comprise rigid wafers approximately 200 micrometers thick and approximately 230 square centimeters in area. A conventional way to harvest power from multiple such cells is to use a conventional “string and tab” arrangement. This technique involves first depositing fine conductive current collecting grid fingers over the light incident surface. As previously discussed, these fingers often are in the form of a fired silver paste or fine metal wires. Multiple grid fingers lead to a robust buss of substantial current carrying capacity. This buss material then extends and is electrically joined to the bottom electrode of an adjacent cell. Such methods for electrically integrating multiple discrete cells can be termed “discrete integration”. 
     A typical prior art “string and tab” arrangement for achieving series connections among crystalline silicon cells is embodied in  FIGS. 1A through 1C . It is in seen in  FIG. 1A  that conductive grid fingers  82  are attached to the light incident (top) surface  83  of cells  84 . These fingers  82  extend to buss material  85  positioned at opposite peripheral edges of cells  84 . The buss material extends to the bottom electrode  86  of an adjacent cell, as is shown in the bottom view of  FIG. 1B  and side view of  FIG. 1C . It is to be noted that the busses  85  in  FIGS. 1A through 1C  are depicted with section lines. This is done for contrast only and the views are not actually sectional views. While  FIGS. 1A through 1C  show the interconnection of two cells, in reality this connection is normally made among strings of many more cells (8 for example). This process is thus laborious, costly and subject to manufacturing error. Further, the strings of cells are physically turned over in order to access both top and bottom surfaces of the individual cells to accomplish the electrical connections. Such a process may lead to breaking of electrical connections and complicates efforts to achieve a continuous high volume production process for the integrated cells. 
     Thin film photovoltaic semiconductors can be deposited over expansive areas and often in a continuous roll-to-roll fashion. Thin film technologies may thus offer additional opportunities for mass production of interconnected arrays compared to inherently small, discrete single crystal silicon cells. For example, thin film photovoltaic cells may be subdivided and interconnected into arrays of multiple cells using a process generally referred to as “monolithic integration”. Monolithic integration envisions initially depositing photovoltaic cell structure over an expanded surface of supporting substrate. The expansive photovoltaic structure is subsequently subdivided into smaller, isolated, individual cells which are then serially interconnected while maintaining the cells on the initial common substrate. 
     A number of U.S. patents have issued proposing designs and processes to achieve such monolithic series integration among thin film photovoltaic cells. Examples of these proposed processes are presented in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,443,651, 4,724,011, and 4,769,086 to Swartz, Turner et al. and Tanner et al. respectively which taught monolithic integration techniques for photovoltaic cells supported by glass substrates. The process comprises deposition of photovoltaic materials on glass substrates followed by scribing to form smaller area individual cells. Multiple steps then follow to electrically connect the individual cells in series array. While expanding the opportunities for mass production of interconnected cell arrays compared with single crystal silicon approaches, glass substrates must inherently be processed on an individual batch basis. Further, when multiple individual cells are formed monolithically on a common monolithic glass substrate, there is no way to check the quality of individual cells and remove deficient cell regions. Thus variations in cell quality over an expansive surface may jeopardize the entire module. 
     More recently, developers have explored depositing wide area films using continuous roll-to-roll processing. This technology generally involves depositing thin films of photovoltaic material onto a continuously moving sheetlike web of insulating plastic or metal foil. However, a challenge still remains regarding monolithically subdividing the expansive films into individual cells followed by interconnecting into a series connected array. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,655 to Grimmer et. al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,041 to Okinawa teach processes employing insulating polymeric substrates requiring expensive laser scribing and interconnections achieved with laser heat staking. In addition, these two references teach a substrate of thin vacuum deposited metal on substrate films of relatively expensive polymers. The electrical resistance of thin vacuum metallized layers may significantly limit the active area of the individual interconnected cells. Finally, when multiple individual cells are formed on a common monolithic polymer support film it is difficult to check the quality of individual cells and remove deficient cell regions. Thus variations in cell quality over an expansive surface may jeopardize the entire module. 
     It has become well known in the art that the efficiencies of certain promising thin film photovoltaic junctions such as those based on copper-indium-gallium-diselenide or cadmium telluride can be substantially increased by high temperature treatments. These treatments involve temperatures at which even the most heat resistant and expensive plastics suffer rapid deterioration. Therefore, from a practical standpoint these thin film photovoltaic semiconductors are most often deposited on ceramic, glass, or metal substrates to support the thin film junctions. Use of a glass or ceramic substrates generally restricts one to batch processing and handling difficulty. Use of a metal foil, such as stainless steel, as a substrate allows continuous roll-to-roll manufacture of cell structure over an expansive surface. However, despite the fact that use of a metal foil allows high temperature processing in roll-to-roll fashion, the subsequent interconnection of individual cells effectively into an interconnected array has proven difficult, in part because the metal foil substrate is electrically conducting. For example, the monolithic integration techniques possible with insulating substrates are not possible using metal foil substrates, since the common substrate is a conducting metal and would not permit the required electrical isolation of individual cells prior to electrical series interconnection. 
     Many manufacturers of thin film photovoltaic devices supported on metal foil substrates choose to subdivide the material into discrete cells prior to assembly into an interconnected array. Typical of these methods is that which replicates the “string and tab” legacy approaches used for module assembly of crystalline silicon cells. Here the expansive metal foil/photovoltaic structure is subdivided into individual cells, typically of dimensions about 15 cm. by 15. cm, before subsequent assembly via the “string and tab” approach described above. 
     Some attempts have been advanced to achieve the advantages of continuous production of interconnected modules using continuously produced cell structure supported on a metal foil substrate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,618 to Nath et al. teaches a design and process to achieve interconnected arrays using roll-to-roll processing of a metal web substrate such as stainless steel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,618 is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The process includes multiple operations of cutting, selective deposition, material removal and riveting. These operations add considerably to the final interconnected array cost. U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,848 to Grimmer teaches roll-to-roll methods to achieve integrated series connections of adjacent thin film photovoltaic cells supported on an electrically conductive metal substrate. U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,848 is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The process includes mechanical or chemical etch removal of a portion of the photovoltaic semiconductor and transparent top electrode to expose an upper surface portion of the electrically conductive metal substrate. The exposed metal serves as a contact area for interconnecting adjacent cells. These material removal techniques are troublesome for a number of reasons. First, many of the chemical elements involved in the best photovoltaic semiconductors are expensive and environmentally unfriendly. This removal subsequent to controlled deposition involves containment, dust and dirt collection and disposal, and possible cell contamination. This is not only wasteful but considerably adds to expense since a significant amount of the valuable photovoltaic semiconductor is lost to the removal process. Ultimate module efficiencies are further compromised in that the spacing between adjacent cells grows, thereby reducing the effective active collector area for a given module area. 
     Yet another approach to achieve current collection and series interconnections among multiple cells while maintaining the flexible characteristic of many thin film structures is represented by the teachings of Yoshida et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,908. U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,908 is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. An embodiment of the current collection teachings of Yoshida et al. is presented in  FIGS. 2A through 2C . Yoshida et al. teach a process wherein a conductive rear “1 st ” electrode  94  is first deposited using vacuum processing onto a polymeric film  96  as shown in  FIG. 2A . Through holes  92  are then formed through the laminate. As shown in  FIG. 2B , an overlaying amorphous silicon photovoltaic film  97  and TCO “2 nd”  electrode layer  98  are deposited on the laminate and through the holes. As shown in  FIG. 2C , electrical communication between a top surface TCO “2 nd ” electrode  98  and a backside “3 rd ” electrode  99  is made through the holes when the “3 rd ” electrode  99  is deposited on the rear of the structure, as shown in  FIG. 2C . The rear “3 rd ” electrode  99  is deposited by vacuum processing which also may coat the side walls of the holes. As Yoshida et al. teach, the “2 nd ” and “3 rd ” electrode layers in the holes are insulated from the “1 st ” electrode  94  by the high resistance of the amorphous silicon semiconductor layer. One readily realizes that an appropriate insulating layer would have to coat the holes to separate these electrodes should a semiconductor of lower resistivity be employed. To complete a series connection to an adjacent cell, the “3 rd ” electrode  99  of a first cell is further electrically joined to rear “1 st ” electrode  94  of a adjacent cell through additional holes between scribe lines separating the adjoining cells. 
     The through holes taught by Yoshida represent means to transport current from the topside surface of a photovoltaic cell to a conductive material (“3 rd ” electrode) located remote from the top surface. Thus the through holes of Yoshida et al. are functionally equivalent to the silver grid lines and wire forms discussed above in relation to  FIGS. 1A through 1C . 
     A number of manufacturing and performance problems are intrinsic with the method and structure taught by Yoshida et al. First, both the “1 st ” rear cell electrode and the “3 rd ” backside electrode are relatively thin, being formed by vacuum sputtering. Vacuum processing is expensive and in practice yields relatively thin deposits. As taught by Yoshida et al. deposits of less than one half micrometer were employed. This relatively low practical thickness limits the current carrying ability of the deposited metal and thereby restricts the size of the individual cells. Moreover, absent additional conductive fill material in the holes, the connection between the backside “3 rd ” electrode and the rear “1 st ” electrode of adjacent cells is achieved only through a very restricted cross section. This is a result of the limited access to the “1 st ” electrode, since there is no access to the broad surface regions of the “1 st ” electrode, only its edge surface. The primary support for the Yoshida structure is the insulating polymeric film, which thus must be present during formation of the semiconductors. While perhaps acceptable when manufacturing amorphous silicon cells taught by Yoshida et al., it may be unlikely that the films taught would be suitable for the heat treatment requirements of other notable thin film semiconductors. The hole density taught by Yoshida et al. is quite large (15 mm centers) adding to complexity. However, even with the large hole density, the resistive losses expected in current transport to the holes would be quite large given the sheet resistance of a normal TCO. To address this issue, Yoshida et al. proposed a structure combining printed silver ink grid lines leading to a reduced number of through holes (see for example  FIG. 28A  of U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,908). Finally, many individual cells are formed on a common monolithic support film using the Yoshida et al. teaching. There is no way to check the quality of individual cells and remove deficient cell regions. Thus variations in cell quality over an expansive surface jeopardize the entire module. 
     One target feature associated with the integration of multiple cells is to create a multi-cell module which is flexible. Flexibility of a module promises a number of important benefits. For example, flexibility would allow convenient packaging of expansive area modules prior to deployment in an outer space application. This flexibility goal for modules was addressed using rigid crystalline silicon cells by Lebrun and Kurth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,553,030 and 4,019,924 respectively. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,553,030 and 4,019,924 are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference. These patents teach positioning of rigid crystal silicon cells on a flexible support substrate and interconnecting using conductive connectors applied to the substrate. Unfortunately because of the rigid nature of the crystal silicon cells, these modules taught by Lebrun and Kurth only achieved flexible interconnections between rigid silicon regions and therefore were not flexible over the entirety of the modular expanse. Thus the modules proposed by Lebrun and Kurth would not be suitable for many processes such as those associated with continuous web handling or roll-to-roll processes which require the structure to be substantially flexible over the entire expanse of its surface. Other applications such as many building integrated photovoltaic structures and unique installations cannot be considered when the structure does not have substantial flexibility over the entirety of its surface. 
     Thus there remains a need for manufacturing processes and articles which allow facile production of photovoltaic semiconductor structures while also offering unique means to achieve effective integrated connections to result in final modular array. 
     In a somewhat removed segment of technology, a number of electrically conductive fillers have been used to produce electrically conductive polymeric materials. This technology generally involves mixing of a conductive filler such as silver particles with the polymer resin prior to fabrication of the material into its final shape. Many choices exist for the conductive filler, including those comprising metals such as silver, copper and nickel, those comprising conductive metal oxides such as indium-tin oxide and zinc oxide, intrinsically conductive polymers, graphite, carbon black and the like. Conductive fillers may have high aspect ratio structure such as metal fibers such as stainless steel fibers or metallized polymer fibers. Other high aspect ratio materials such as metal flakes or powder, or highly structured carbon blacks may be appropriate, with the choice based on a number of cost/performance considerations. More recently, fine particles of intrinsically conductive polymers have been employed as conductive fillers within a resin binder. Electrically conductive polymers have been used as bulk thermoplastic compositions, or formulated into paints and inks. Their development has been spurred in large part by electromagnetic radiation shielding and static discharge requirements for plastic components used in the electronics industry. Other known applications include resistive heating fibers and battery components and production of conductive patterns and traces. The characterization “electrically conductive polymer” covers a very wide range of intrinsic resistivities depending on the filler, the filler loading and the methods of manufacture of the filler/polymer blend. Resistivities for filled electrically conductive polymers may be as low as 0.00001 ohm-cm. for very heavily filled silver inks, yet may be as high as 10,000 ohm-cm or even more for lightly filled carbon black materials or other “anti-static” materials. “Electrically conductive polymer” has become a broad industry term to characterize all such materials. In addition, it has been reported that recently developed intrinsically conducting polymers (absent conductive filler) may exhibit resistivities comparable to conductive metals 
     In yet another separate technological segment, coating plastic substrates with metal electrodeposits has been employed to achieve decorative effects on items such as knobs, cosmetic closures, faucets, and automotive trim. The normal conventional process actually combines two primary deposition technologies. The first is to deposit an adherent metal coating using chemical (electroless) deposition to first coat the nonconductive plastic and thereby render its surface highly conductive. This electroless step is then followed by conventional electroplating. ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) plastic dominates as the substrate of choice for most applications because of a blend of mechanical and process properties and ability to be uniformly etched. The overall plating process comprises many steps. First, the plastic substrate is chemically etched to microscopically roughen the surface. This is followed by depositing an initial metal layer by chemical reduction (typically referred to as “electroless plating”). This initial metal layer is normally copper or nickel of thickness typically one-half micrometer. The object is then electroplated with metals such as bright nickel and chromium to achieve the desired thickness and decorative effects. The process is very sensitive to processing variables used to fabricate the plastic substrate, limiting applications to carefully prepared parts and designs. In addition, the many steps employing harsh chemicals make the process intrinsically costly and environmentally difficult. Finally, the sensitivity of ABS plastic to liquid hydrocarbons has prevented certain applications. ABS and other such polymers have been referred to as “electroplateable” polymers or resins. This is a misnomer in the strict sense, since ABS (and other nonconductive polymers) are incapable of accepting an electrodeposit directly and must be first metallized by other means before being finally coated with an electrodeposit. The conventional technology for electroplating on plastic (etching, chemical reduction, electroplating) has been extensively documented and discussed in the public and commercial literature. See, for example, Saubestre, Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 1969, Vol. 47, or Arcilesi et al., Products Finishing, March 1984. 
     Many attempts have been made to simplify the process of electroplating on plastic substrates. Some involve special techniques to produce an electrically conductive film on the surface. Typical examples of this approach are taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,875 to Minklei, U.S. Pat. No. 3,682,786 to Brown et. al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,619,382 to Lupinski. The electrically conductive film produced was then electroplated. None of these attempts at simplification have achieved any recognizable commercial application. 
     A number of proposals have been made to make the plastic itself conductive enough to allow it to be electroplated directly thereby avoiding the “electroless plating” process. It is known that one way to produce electrically conductive polymers is to incorporate conductive or semiconductive fillers into a polymeric binder. Investigators have attempted to produce electrically conductive polymers capable of accepting an electrodeposited metal coating by loading polymers with relatively small conductive particulate fillers such as graphite, carbon black, silver or nickel powder or flake or small metal coated forms such as metal coated mica. When considering polymers rendered electrically conductive by loading with electrically conductive fillers, it may be important to distinguish between “microscopic resistivity” and “bulk” or macroscopic resistivity”. “Microscopic resistivity” refers to a characteristic of a polymer/filler mix considered at a relatively small linear dimension of for example 1 micrometer or less. “Bulk” or “macroscopic resistivity” refers to a characteristic determined over larger linear dimensions. To illustrate the difference between “microscopic” and “bulk, macroscopic” resistivities, one can consider a polymer loaded with conductive fibers at a fiber loading of 10 weight percent. Such a material might show a low “bulk, macroscopic” resistivity when the measurement is made over a relatively large distance. However, because of fiber separation (holes) such a composite might not exhibit consistent “microscopic” resistivity. When producing an electrically conductive polymer intended to be electroplated, one should consider “microscopic resistivity” in order to achieve uniform, “hole-free” deposit coverage. Thus, it may be advantageous to consider conductive fillers comprising those that are relatively small, but with loadings sufficient to supply the required conductive contacting. Such fillers include metals such as silver in the form of powders or flake, metal coated particles such as mica or spheres, particles comprising conductive metal oxides such as indium-tin oxide and zinc oxide, fine particles of intrinsically conductive polymers, graphite powder and conductive carbon black and the like. Heavy loadings of such filler may be sufficient to reduce volume resistivity to a level where electroplating may be considered. 
     However, attempts to make an acceptable electroplateable polymer using the small conductive fillers alone encounter a number of barriers. First, the most conductive fine metal containing fillers such as silver are relatively expensive. The loadings required to achieve the particle-to-particle proximity to achieve acceptable conductivity increases the cost of the polymer/filler blend dramatically. The metal containing fillers are accompanied by further problems. They tend to cause deterioration of the mechanical properties and processing characteristics of many resins. This significantly limits options in resin selection. All polymer processing is best achieved by formulating resins with processing characteristics specifically tailored to the specific process (injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, printing etc.). A required heavy loading of metal filler severely restricts ability to manipulate processing properties in this way. A further problem is that metal fillers can be abrasive to processing machinery and may require specialized screws, barrels, and the like. 
     Another major obstacle involved in the electroplating of electrically conductive polymers is a consideration of adhesion between the electrodeposited metal and polymeric substrate (metal/polymer adhesion). In most cases sufficient adhesion is required to prevent metal/polymer separation during extended environmental and use cycles. Despite being electrically conductive, a simple metal-filled polymer offers no assured bonding mechanism to produce adhesion of an electrodeposit since the metal filler particles may be encapsulated by the resin binder or oxide, often resulting in a resin-rich or oxide “skin”. 
     A number of methods to enhance electrodeposit adhesion to electrically conductive polymers have been proposed. For example, etching of the surface prior to plating can be considered. Etching can be achieved by immersion in vigorous solutions such as chromic/sulfuric acid. Alternatively, or in addition, an etchable species can be incorporated into the conductive polymeric compound. The etchable species at exposed surfaces is removed by immersion in an etchant prior to electroplating. Oxidizing surface treatments can also be considered to improve metal/plastic adhesion. These include processes such as flame or plasma treatments or immersion in oxidizing acids. 
     In the case of conductive polymers containing finely divided metal, one can propose achieving direct metal-to-metal adhesion between electrodeposit and filler. However, here the metal particle surface may be shielded by an aforementioned resin or oxide “skin”. To overcome this effect, one could propose methods to remove the “skin”, exposing active metal filler to bond to subsequently electrodeposited metal. For the reasons described above, electrically conductive polymers employing metal fillers have not been widely used as bulk substrates for electroplateable articles. Nevertheless, revived efforts and advances have been made recently to accomplish electroplating onto printed conductive patterns formed by silver filled inks and pastes. In addition, such metal containing polymers have found considerable applications as inks or pastes in production of printed conductive traces for electrical circuitry, antennas etc. 
     Another approach to impart adhesion between conductive resin substrates and electrodeposits is incorporation of an “adhesion promoter” at the surface of the electrically conductive resin substrate. This approach was taught by Chien et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,510 where maleic anhydride modified propylene polymers were taught as an adhesion promoter. Luch, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,699 taught that certain sulfur bearing chemicals could function to improve adhesion of initially electrodeposited Group VIII metals. 
     An additional obstacle confronting practical electroplating onto electrically conductive polymers is the initial “bridge” of electrodeposit onto the surface of the electrically conductive polymer. In electrodeposition, the substrate to be plated is often made cathodic through a pressure contact to a highly conductive member under cathodic potential. However, if the contact resistance is excessive or the substrate is insufficiently conductive, the electrodeposit current favors the highly conductive member to the point where the electrodeposit will not bridge to the substrate. 
     Moreover, a further problem is encountered even if specialized racking or cathodic contact successfully achieves electrodeposit bridging to the substrate. Many of the electrically conductive polymers have resistivities far higher than those of typical metal substrates. Also, many applications contemplate electroplating onto a thin printed conductive ink pattern of traces or “fingers”. The dry conductive ink thickness is typically less than 25 micrometer and often less than 6 micrometer. The conductive polymeric pattern may be relatively limited in the amount of electrodeposition current which it alone can convey. Thus, the conductive polymeric substrate pattern does not cover almost instantly with electrodeposit as is typical with metallic substrates. Except for the most heavily loaded and highly conductive polymer substrates, a large portion of the electrodeposition current must pass back through the previously electrodeposited metal growing laterally over the surface of the conductive plastic substrate. In a fashion similar to the bridging problem discussed above, the electrodeposition current favors the electrodeposited metal and the lateral growth can be extremely slow and erratic. This restricts the size and “growth length” of the conductive ink pattern, increases plating costs, and can also result in large non-uniformities in electrodeposit integrity and thickness over the pattern. 
     This lateral growth is dependent on the ability of the substrate to convey current. Thus, the thickness and resistivity of a conductive polymeric ink pattern can be defining factors in the ability to achieve satisfactory electrodeposit coverage rates. When dealing with selectively electroplated patterns long thin metal traces are often desired, deposited on a relatively thin electrically conductive polymer substrate patterns. These factors of course often work against achieving the desired result. 
     This coverage rate problem likely can be characterized by a continuum, being dependent on many factors such as the nature of the initially electrodeposited metal, electroplating bath chemistry, the nature of the polymeric binder and the resistivity of the electrically conductive polymeric substrate. As a “rule of thumb”, the instant inventor estimates that coverage rate issue would demand attention if the resistivity of a bulk conductive polymeric substrate rose above about 0.001 ohm-cm. Alternatively, as a “rule of thumb” appropriate for conductive thin film substrate patterns, coverage rate issues may require attention if the substrate pattern to be plated has a surface “sheet” resistance of greater than about 0.05 ohm per square. 
     The least expensive (and least conductive) of the readily available conductive fillers for plastics are carbon blacks. Attempts have been made to electroplate electrically conductive polymers using carbon black loadings. Examples of this approach are the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,038,042, 3,865,699, and 4,278,510 to Adelman, Luch, and Chien et al. respectively. 
     Adelman taught incorporation of conductive carbon black into a polymeric matrix to achieve electrical conductivity required for electroplating. The substrate was pre-etched in chromic/sulfuric acid to achieve adhesion of the subsequently electroplated metal. A fundamental problem remaining unresolved by the Adelman teaching is the relatively high resistivity of carbon loaded polymers. The lowest “microscopic resistivity” generally achievable with carbon black loaded polymers is about 1 ohm-cm. This is about five to six orders of magnitude higher than typical electrodeposited metals such as copper or nickel. Thus, the electrodeposit bridging and coverage rate problems described above remained unresolved by the Adelman teachings. 
     Luch in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,699 and Chien et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,510 also chose carbon black as a filler to provide an electrically conductive surface for the polymeric compounds to be electroplated. The Luch U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,699 and the Chien U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,510 are hereby incorporated in their entirety by this reference. However, these inventors further taught inclusion of materials to increase the rate of electrodeposit coverage or the rate of metal deposition on the polymer. These materials can be described herein as “electrodeposit growth rate accelerators” or “electrodeposit coverage rate accelerators”. An electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator is a material functioning to increase the electrodeposition coverage rate over the surface of an electrically conductive polymer independent of any incidental affect it may have on the conductivity of an electrically conductive polymer. In the embodiments, examples and teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,865,699 and 4,278,510, it was shown that certain sulfur bearing materials, including elemental sulfur, can function as electrodeposit coverage or growth rate accelerators to overcome problems in achieving electrodeposit coverage of electrically conductive polymeric surfaces having relatively high resistivity or thin electrically conductive polymeric substrates having limited current carrying capacity. 
     In addition to elemental sulfur, sulfur in the form of sulfur donors such as sulfur chloride, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, N-cyclohexyle-2-benzothiaozole sulfonomide, dibutyl xanthogen disulfide, and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide or combinations of these and sulfur were identified. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these sulfur donors are the materials which have been used or have been proposed for use as vulcanizing agents or accelerators. Since the polymer-based compositions taught by Luch and Chien et al. could be electroplated directly they could be accurately defined as directly electroplateable resins (DER). These directly electroplateable resins (DER) can be generally described as electrically conductive polymers with the inclusion of a growth rate accelerator. 
     Specifically for the present invention, specification, and claims, directly electroplateable resins, (DER), are characterized by the following features:
         (a) presence of an electrically conductive polymer;   (b) presence of an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator;   (c) presence of the electrically conductive polymer and the electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator in the directly electroplateable composition in cooperative amounts required to achieve direct coverage of the composition with an electrodeposited metal or metal-based alloy.       

     In his Patents, Luch identified elastomers such as natural rubber, polychloroprene, butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, polybutadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber etc. as suitable for the matrix polymer of a directly electroplateable resin. Other polymers identified by Luch as useful included polyvinyls, polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes. 
     When used alone, the minimum workable level of carbon black required to achieve “microscopic” electrical resistivities of less than 1000 ohm-cm. for a polymer/carbon black mix appears to be about 8 weight percent based on the combined weight of polymer plus carbon black. The “microscopic” material resistivity generally is not reduced below about 1 ohm-cm. by using conductive carbon black alone. This is several orders of magnitude larger than typical metal resistivities. 
     It is understood that in addition to carbon blacks, other well known, highly conductive fillers can be considered in DER compositions. Examples include but are not limited to metallic fillers such as silver powder or flake, metal coated forms such as metal coated mica or glass spheres, graphite powder and conductive metal oxides. In these cases the more highly conductive fillers can be used to augment or even replace the conductive carbon black. Furthermore, one may consider using intrinsically conductive polymers to supply the required conductivity. In this case, it may not be necessary to add conductive fillers to the polymer. 
     The “bulk, macroscopic” resistivity of fine conductive particle filled polymers can be further reduced by augmenting the filler with additional highly conductive, high aspect ratio forms such as metal containing fibers. This can be an important consideration in the success of certain applications. Furthermore, one should realize that incorporation of non-conductive fillers may increase the “bulk, macroscopic” resistivity of conductive polymers loaded with finely divided conductive fillers without significantly altering the “microscopic resistivity” of the conductive polymer “matrix” encapsulating the non-conductive filler particles. 
     Regarding electrodeposit coverage rate accelerators, both Luch and Chien et al. in the above discussed U.S. patents demonstrated that sulfur and other sulfur bearing materials such as sulfur donors and vulcanization accelerators function as electrodeposit coverage rate accelerators when using an initial Group VIII metal electrodeposit “strike” layer. Thus, an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator need not be electrically conductive, but may be a material that is normally characterized as a non-conductor. The coverage rate accelerator need not appreciably affect the conductivity of the polymeric substrate. As an aid in understanding the function of an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator the following is offered:
         a. A specific conductive polymeric structure is identified as having insufficient current carrying capacity to be directly electroplated in a practical manner.   b. A material is added to the conductive polymeric material forming said structure. Said material addition may have insignificant affect on the current carrying capacity of the structure (i.e. it does not appreciably reduce resistivity or increase thickness).   c. Nevertheless, inclusion of said material greatly increases the speed at which an electrodeposited metal laterally covers the electrically conductive surface.
 
It is contemplated that a coverage rate accelerator may be present as an additive, as a species absorbed on a filler surface, or even as a functional group attached to a polymer chain. One or more growth rate accelerators may be present in a directly electroplateable resin (DER) to achieve combined often synergistic results.
       

     A hypothetical example is an extended trace of conductive ink having a dry thickness of two micrometer. Such inks typically comprise a conductive filler such as silver, nickel, copper, conductive carbon etc. The limited thickness of the ink may reduce the current carrying capacity of this trace thus preventing direct electroplating in a practical manner. However, inclusion of an appropriate quantity of a coverage rate accelerator may allow the conductive trace to be directly electroplated in a practical manner. 
     One might expect that other Group  6 A elements, such as oxygen, selenium and tellurium, could function in a way similar to sulfur. In addition, other combinations of electrodeposited metals, such as copper and appropriate coverage rate accelerators may be identified. It is important to recognize that such an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator is important in order to achieve direct electrodeposition in a practical way onto polymeric substrates having low conductivity or very thin electrically conductive polymeric substrates having restricted current carrying ability. 
     It has also been found that the inclusion of an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator promotes electrodeposit bridging from a discrete cathodic metal contact to a DER surface. This greatly reduces the bridging problems described above. 
     Due to multiple performance problems associated with their intended end use, none of the attempts identified above to directly electroplate electrically conductive polymers or plastics has ever achieved any recognizable commercial success. Nevertheless, the current inventor has persisted in personal efforts to overcome certain performance deficiencies associated with the initial DER technology. Along with these efforts has come a recognition of unique and eminently suitable applications employing the DER technology. Some examples of these unique applications for electroplated articles include solar cell electrical current collection grids, electrodes, electrical circuits, electrical traces, circuit boards, antennas, capacitors, induction heaters, connectors, switches, resistors, inductors, batteries, fuel cells, coils, signal lines, power lines, radiation reflectors, coolers, diodes, transistors, piezoelectric elements, photovoltaic cells, emi shields, biosensors and sensors. One readily recognizes that the demand for such functional applications for electroplated articles is relatively recent and has been particularly explosive during the past decade. 
     It is important to recognize a number of important characteristics of directly electroplateable resins (DERs) which facilitate the current invention. One such characteristic of the DER technology is its ability to employ polymer resins and formulations generally chosen in recognition of the fabrication process envisioned and the intended end use requirements. A very wide choice of polymer resins and blends, additives and fillers is available with the directly electroplateable resin (DER) technology. Functional combinations of polymers and additives, such as curatives, stabilizers, and adhesion promoters can be widely chosen. In order to provide clarity, examples of some such fabrication processes are presented immediately below in subparagraphs 1 through 9.
         (1) Should it be desired to electroplate an ink, paint, coating, or paste which may be printed or formed on a substrate, a good film forming polymer, for example a soluble resin such as an elastomer, can be chosen to fabricate a DER ink (paint, coating, paste etc.). For example, in some embodiments thermoplastic elastomers having an olefin base, a urethane base, a block copolymer base or a random copolymer base may be appropriate. In some embodiments the coating may comprise a water based latex. Other embodiments may employ more rigid film forming polymers. The DER ink composition can be tailored for a specific process such flexographic printing, rotary silk screening, gravure printing, flow coating, spraying etc. Furthermore, additives can be employed to improve the adhesion of the DER ink to various substrates. One example would be tackifiers.   (2) Very thin DER traces often associated with electrical traces such as current collector grid structures can be printed and then electroplated due to the inclusion of the electrodeposit growth rate accelerator.   (3) Should it be desired to cure the DER substrate to a 3 dimensional matrix, an unsaturated elastomer or other “curable” resin may be chosen.   (4) DER inks can be formulated to form electrical traces on a variety of flexible substrates. For example, should it be desired to form electrical structure on a laminating film, a DER ink adherent to the sealing surface of the laminating film can be effectively electroplated with metal and subsequently laminated to a separate surface.   (5) Should it be desired to electroplate a fabric, a DER ink can be used to coat all or a portion of the fabric intended to be electroplated. Furthermore, since DER&#39;s can be fabricated out of the thermoplastic materials commonly used to create fabrics, the fabric itself could completely or partially comprise a DER. This would eliminate the need to coat the fabric.   (6) Should one desire to electroplate a thermoformed article or structure, DER&#39;s would represent an eminently suitable material choice. DER&#39;s can be easily formulated using olefinic materials which are often a preferred material for the thermoforming process. Furthermore, DER&#39;s can be easily and inexpensively extruded into the sheetlike structure necessary for the thermoforming process.   (7) Should one desire to electroplate an extruded article or structure, for example a sheet or film, DER&#39;s can be formulated to possess the necessary melt strength advantageous for the extrusion process.   (8) Should one desire to injection mold an article or structure having thin walls, broad surface areas etc. a DER composition comprising a high flow polymer can be chosen.   (9) Should one desire to vary adhesion between an electrodeposited DER structure supported by a substrate the DER material can be formulated to supply the required adhesive characteristics to the substrate. For example, the polymer chosen to fabricate a DER ink can be chosen to cooperate with an “ink adhesion promoting” surface treatment such as a material primer or corona treatment.       

     All polymer fabrication processes require specific resin processing characteristics for success. The ability to “custom formulate” DER&#39;s to comply with these changing processing and end use requirements while still allowing facile, quality electroplating is a significant factor in the teachings of the current invention. 
     Another important recognition regarding the suitability of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is the simplicity of the electroplating process. Unlike many conventional electroplated plastics, DER&#39;s do not require a significant number of process steps prior to actual electroplating. This allows for simplified manufacturing and improved process control. It also reduces the risk of cross contamination such as solution dragout from one process bath being transported to another process bath. The simplified manufacturing process will also result in reduced manufacturing costs. 
     Another important recognition regarding the suitability of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is the wide variety of metals and alloys capable of being electrodeposited. Deposits may be chosen for specific attributes. Examples may include copper or silver for conductivity and nickel or chromium for corrosion resistance, and tin or tin based alloys for solderability. 
     Yet another recognition of the benefit of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is the ability they offer to selectively electroplate an article or structure. The articles of the current invention often consist of metal patterns selectively positioned in conjunction with insulating materials. Such selective positioning of metals is often expensive and difficult. However, the attributes of the DER technology make the technology eminently suitable for the production of such selectively positioned metal structures. As will be shown in later embodiments, it is often desired to electroplate a polymer or polymer-based structure in a selective manner. DER&#39;s are eminently suitable for such selective electroplating. 
     Yet another recognition of the benefit of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is the ability they offer to continuously electroplate an article or structure. As will be shown in later embodiments, it is often desired to continuously electroplate articles. DER&#39;s are eminently suitable for such continuous electroplating. Furthermore, DER&#39;s allow for selective electroplating in a continuous manner. 
     Yet another recognition of the benefit of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is their ability to withstand the pre-treatments often required to prepare other materials for plating. For example, were a DER to be combined with a metal, the DER material would be resistant to many of the pre-treatments such as cleaning which may be necessary to electroplate the metal. 
     Yet another recognition of the benefit of DER&#39;s for the teachings of the current invention is that the desired plated structure often requires the plating of long and/or broad surface areas. As discussed previously, the coverage rate accelerators included in DER formulations allow for such extended surfaces to be covered in a relatively rapid manner thus allowing one to consider the use of electroplating of conductive polymers. 
     These and other attributes of DER&#39;s may contribute to successful articles and processing of the instant invention. However, it is emphasized that the DER technology is but one of a number of alternative metal deposition or positioning processes suitable to produce many of the embodiments of the instant invention. Other approaches, such as printing of conductive resin formulations, metal spraying, etching metal foils, stamping metal foils, laminating metal foils, positioning and affixing metal patterns, electroless metal deposition, vacuum metal evaporation and sputtering, or electroplating onto various conductive ink patterns such as those comprising silver may be suitable alternatives. These choices will become clear in light of the teachings to follow in the remaining specification, accompanying figures and claims. 
     In order to eliminate ambiguity in terminology, for the present invention the following definitions are supplied: 
     While not precisely definable, for the purposes of this specification, electrically insulating materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities greater than 10,000 ohm-cm. Also, electrically conductive materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities less than 10,000 ohm-cm. A subset of conductive materials, electrically resistive or semi-conductive materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities in the range of 0.001 ohm-cm to 10,000 ohm-cm. The term “electrically conductive polymer or resin” as used in the art and in this specification and claims extends to materials of a very wide range of resitivities from about 0.00001 ohm-cm. to about 10,000 ohm-cm and higher. 
     An “electroplateable material” is a material having suitable attributes that allow it to be coated with a layer of electrodeposited material, either directly or following a preplating process. 
     A “metallizable material” is a material suitable to be coated with a metal deposited by any one or more of the available metallizing process, including chemical deposition, vacuum metallizing, sputtering, metal spraying, sintering and electrodeposition. 
     “Metal-based” refers to a material or structure having at least one metallic property and comprising one or more components at least one of which is a metal or metal-containing alloy. 
     “Alloy” refers to a substance composed of two or more intimately mixed materials. 
     “Group VIII metal-based” refers to a substance containing by weight 50% to 100% metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements. 
     A “metal-based foil” refers to a thin structure of metal or metal-based material that may maintain its integrity absent a supporting structure. Generally, metal of thickness greater than about 2 micrometers may have this characteristic (i.e. 2 micrometers, 10 micrometers, 25 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 250 micrometers). 
     A “film” refers to a thin material form that is not necessarily self supporting. 
     In this specification and claims, the terms “monolithic” or “monolithic structure” are used as is common in industry to describe an object that is seamless and made or formed into or from a single item. 
     A “continuous” process is one wherein a continuous form of a material component is supplied to the process. The material feed can be continuous motion or repetitively intermittent, and the output is timed to remove product either by continuous motion or repetitively intermittent according to the rate of input. 
     A “roll-to-roll” process is one wherein a material component is fed to the process from a roll of material and the output of the process is accumulated in a roll form. 
     The “machine direction” is that direction in which material is transported through a process step. 
     The term “multiple” is used herein to mean “two or more”. 
     A “web” is a thin, flexible sheetlike material form often characterized as continuous in a length direction. 
     “Sheetlike” characterized a structure having surface dimensions far greater than the thickness dimension. 
     “Substantially planar” characterizes a surface structure which may comprise minor variations in surface topography but from an overall and functional perspective can be considered flat. 
     The terms “upper” and “top” surfaces of structure refer to those surfaces of structure facing toward the light incident side of the structure and are thus depicted in the drawing embodiments as facing upward. 
     The terms “lower” or “bottom” surface refer to surfaces facing away from the light incident side of the structure. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to eliminate the deficiencies in the prior art methods of producing expansive area, interconnected photovoltaic arrays. A further object of the present invention is to provide improved substrates to facilitate electrical interconnections among thin film cells. A further object of the invention is to permit inexpensive production of high efficiency thin film photovoltaic cells while simultaneously permitting the use of polymer based substrate materials and associated processing to effectively interconnect those cells. A further object of the present invention is to provide improved processes whereby expansive area, interconnected photovoltaic arrays can be economically mass produced. 
     Other objects and advantages will become apparent in light of the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings and embodiments. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention provides a solution to the stated need by first independently producing the active photovoltaic cell structure in a way to maximize efficiency and performance. An embodiment of the invention contemplates deposition of thin film photovoltaic junctions on bulk metal foil substrates which can be heat treated following deposition in a continuous fashion without deterioration of the metal support structure. In an embodiment of the invention the photovoltaic junction with its metal foil support can be produced in bulk using continuous roll-to-roll processing. The cell structure is subsequently combined with a unique interconnecting substrate to produce a desired expansive interconnected array or module of individual cells. In an embodiment of the invention, the unique interconnecting substrate may be produced using continuous processing. In an embodiment of the invention, combining of individual cells with the interconnecting substrate is accomplished using continuous or semi-continuous processing thereby avoiding the expensive and difficult batch assembly characteristic of many module assembly operations. 
     In an embodiment of invention the interconnection substrate structure can comprise a wide selection of polymer-based materials since it does not have to endure high temperature exposure. 
     The interconnecting substrates of the current invention are characterized as having a substantially planar or sheetlike structure of one or more units, each of said units comprising both electrically conductive and non-conductive surface regions. In an embodiment, multiple photovoltaic cells overlay an individual unit of interconnecting substrate. In this embodiment, a conductive region of the substrate unit is electrically joined to the overlaying metal foil substrate of a first cell. The metal foil substrate of a second cell overlays and is attached to the non-conductive surface region of the unit. This positioning thereby insulates the metal foil substrate of the second cell from the conductive region of the unit. Series connection is completed between the first and second cells by establishing current paths between the top surface of the second cell and the conductive material of the unit. A number of options exist to achieve the current paths. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, the positioning of multiple cells on a unit of substrate may be accomplished using continuous or semi-continuous processing. 
     In embodiments of the invention, photovoltaic cells can be combined with the interconnecting substrate structures of the invention to achieve electrical interconnections while minimizing the need to use expensive and intricate material removal operations currently taught in the art to achieve series interconnections. 
     The interconnecting substrate structures of the current invention permit making electrical connections from the top of a cell to the bottom electrode of an adjacent cell from above without the requirement to remove material to expose a top surface of the bottom electrode. This advantage also eliminates the need to turn over strings of multiple cells during the interconnection process. Finally, the ability to make both these contacts from the top is more conducive to automated, high volume production of integrated arrays. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The various factors and details of the structures and manufacturing methods of the present invention are hereinafter more fully set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a top plan view of a prior art arrangement for interconnecting multiple photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 1B  is a bottom plan view of the prior art arrangement embodied in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1C  is a side view of the prior art arrangement embodied in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
         FIG. 2A  embodies a step in the process of producing a prior art structure. 
         FIG. 2B  is a sectional view of a further step in a prior art process. 
         FIG. 2C  is a sectional view of yet a further step in the prior art process. 
         FIG. 3  is a top plan view of a thin film photovoltaic structure including its support structure. 
         FIG. 3A  is a top plan view of the article of  FIG. 3  following an optional processing step of subdividing the article of  FIG. 3  into cells of smaller dimension. 
         FIG. 4  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 4A  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  4 A- 4 A of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 4B  is a simplified sectional depiction of the structure embodied in  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 5  is an expanded sectional view showing a form of the structure of semiconductor  11  of  FIGS. 4 and 4A . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a possible process for producing the structure shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional view illustrating the problems associated with making series connections among thin film photovoltaic cells shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . 
         FIG. 8  is a top plan view of an embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 9  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  9 - 9  of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 9A  is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections among thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 9B  is a sectional view of another embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections among thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 10  is a sectional view showing an alternate embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 11  is a top plan view of an alternate embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 12  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  12 - 12  of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  is a top plan view of another embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
         FIG. 14  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  14 - 14  of  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 15A  is a side view depiction of a process for combining the foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 3 through 5  to an interconnecting substrate structure. 
         FIG. 15B  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  15 B- 15 B of  FIG. 15A . 
         FIG. 16A  is a top view of the structure resulting from the combination process of  FIGS. 15A and 15B  and using the substrate structure of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 16B  is a top view of the structure resulting from the combination process of  FIGS. 15A and 15B  and using the substrate structure of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 16C  is a top view of the structure resulting from the combination process of  FIGS. 15A and 15B  and using the substrate structure of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 17A  is a sectional view taken substantially along the lines  17 A- 17 A of  FIG. 16A . 
         FIG. 17B  is a sectional view taken substantially along the lines  17 B- 17 B of  FIG. 16B . 
         FIG. 17C  is a sectional view taken substantially along the lines  17 C- 17 C of  FIG. 16C . 
         FIG. 17D  is a sectional view similar to  FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrating an additional embodiment of structure resulting from a combining process such as that embodied in  FIGS. 15A and 15B  employing the substrate structure of  FIG. 9A . 
         FIG. 17E  is a sectional view similar to  FIGS. 17A-17D  illustrating an additional embodiment of structure resulting from the combination process of  FIGS. 15A and 15B  employing the substrate structure of  FIG. 9B . 
         FIG. 17F  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 17E  employing a variation of the substrate structure of  FIG. 9B . 
         FIG. 18  is a top plan view of the structure resulting from the combination process of  FIG. 15  and using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 13 and 14 . 
         FIG. 19  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  19 - 19  of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 20  is a top plan view of the structures of  FIGS. 16A and 17A  but following an additional step in manufacture of the interconnected cells. 
         FIG. 21  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  21 - 21  of  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 22  is a top plan view of an embodiment of a completed interconnected array. 
         FIG. 23  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  23 - 23  of  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 24  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 23  embodying an alternate structure for achieving an interconnected array. 
         FIG. 24A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle K of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 25  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 24  embodying another alternate structure for achieving an interconnected array. 
         FIG. 25A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle L of  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 26  is a sectional view similar to  FIGS. 24 and 25  embodying another alternate structure for achieving an interconnected array. 
         FIG. 26A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle M of  FIG. 26 . 
         FIG. 27  is a sectional view similar to  FIGS. 23-26  employing the interconnect substrate structure and cell combination of  FIG. 17F  to facilitate interconnection. 
         FIG. 27A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle N of  FIG. 27 . 
         FIG. 28  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 17A  but showing an alternate embodiment of the combined structure resulting from the combination process of  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 29  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 17A  but showing an alternate embodiment of the combined structure. 
         FIG. 30  is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment. 
         FIG. 31  is a sectional view of the embodiment of  FIG. 29  after a further processing step. 
         FIG. 32  is a sectional view of another embodiment of an article in the manufacture of series interconnected arrays. 
         FIG. 33  is a top plan view of a structure suitable for achieving facile electrical connections. 
         FIG. 34  combines a sectional view taken substantially from the perspective of lines  34 - 34  of  FIG. 33  shown juxtaposed with an additional article prior to combination. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals designate identical, equivalent or corresponding parts throughout several views and an additional letter designation is characteristic of a particular embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , an embodiment of a thin film photovoltaic structure is generally indicated by numeral  1 . It is noted here that “thin film” has become commonplace in the industry to designate certain types of semiconductor materials in photovoltaic applications. While the characterization “thin film” may be used to describe many of the embodiments of the instant invention, principles of the invention may extend to photovoltaic devices not normally considered “thin film” such as single crystal or polysilicon devices, as those skilled in the art will readily appreciate. Structure  1  has a light-incident top surface  59  and a bottom conductive surface  66 . Structure  1  has a width X- 1  and length Y- 1 . It is contemplated that length Y- 1  may be considerably greater than width X- 1  such that length Y- 1  can generally be described as “continuous” in the “Y” dimension or able to be processed in a roll-to-roll fashion in the “Y” direction.  FIG. 4  shows that structure  1  of the  FIG. 3  embodiment comprises a thin film semiconductor structure  11  supported by metal-based foil structure  12 . Foil structure  12  has a top surface  65 , bottom surface  66 , and thickness “Z”. Metal-based foil structure  12  may be of uniform composition or may comprise a multiple layers. For example, foil structure  12  may comprise a base layer of inexpensive and processable metal  13  with an additional metal-based layer  14  disposed between base layer  13  and semiconductor structure  11 . The additional metal-based layer  14  may be chosen to ensure good ohmic contact between the top surface  65  of foil structure  12  and photovoltaic semiconductor structure  11 . Bottom surface  66  of foil structure  12  may comprise a material  75  chosen to achieve good electrical and mechanical joining characteristics as will be shown. Foil structure  12  may also comprise additional conductive layers such as a conductive polymeric layer. The thickness “Z” of foil structure  12  is often between 5 micrometer and 250 micrometer (i.e. 5 micrometer, 10 micrometer, 25 micrometer, 100 micrometer, 250 micrometer) although thicknesses outside this range may be functional in certain applications. A foil thickness between 10 micrometer and 250 micrometer is often selected to provide adequate handling strength while still allowing flexibility for roll-to-roll processing, as further taught hereinafter. In the embodiment of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , foil structure  12  may also serve as a back electrode for the cell structure and bottom surface  66  is electrically conductive. 
     Should cell structure be produced having other forms of support, foil structure  12  may be replaced by alternate conductive structure to form a back electrode. For example, crystalline silicon cells or thin film cells supported by glass superstrates may be formed with conductive inks or pastes or very thin deposited metal layers as back electrodes. Normally, however, the back electrode will have an exposed portion to facilitate connection. 
     In its simplest form, a photovoltaic structure combines an n-type semiconductor with a p-type semiconductor to from a p-n junction. Most often a top surface electrode comprising an optically transparent conductive top layer such as a thin film of zinc or tin oxide is employed to minimize resistive losses involved in current collection. The transparent conductive layer is often combined with a pattern of traces formed of highly conductive material (not shown in  FIG. 5 ) to form a composite top surface electrode.  FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a typical photovoltaic structure in section. In  FIGS. 4 and 5  and other selected figures, an arrow labeled “hv” is used to indicate the light incident top surface of the structure. In  FIG. 5 ,  15  represents a thin film of a p-type semiconductor,  16  a thin film of n-type semiconductor and  17  the resulting photovoltaic junction. A top electrode  18  completes the typical photovoltaic structure. The top electrode normally comprises a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer  18 , sometimes referred to as a “window electrode”. The TCO is sometimes augmented with highly electrically conductive traces in the form of a grid (not shown in  FIG. 5 . The exact nature of the photovoltaic semiconductor structure  11  does not form the subject matter of the present invention. For example, cells can be multiple junction or single junction and comprise homo or hetero junctions. Semiconductor structure  11  may comprise any of the thin film structures known in the art, including but not limited to CIS, CIGS, CdTe, Cu2S, amorphous silicon, polymer based semiconductors and the like. Structure  11  may also comprise organic solar cells such as dye sensitized cells. The method used to deposit the thin film semiconductor material onto the foil  12  may be selected from processes known in the art. These include vacuum deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, sputtering, printing, electroplating and electroless plating and the like. Such processes are often suitable for high volume, continuous roll-to-roll deposition of the semiconductor materials onto the metal foil supporting substrate. Further, semiconductor structure  11  may also represent characteristically “non-thin film” cells such as those based on single crystal or polycrystal silicon since many embodiments of the invention may encompass such cells, as will be evident to those skilled in the art in light of the teachings to follow. 
     In the following, photovoltaic cells having a metal based support foil will be used to illustrate the embodiments and teachings of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that many of the embodiments of the instant invention do not require the presence of a “bulk” foil as represented in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . In many embodiments, other conductive substrate structures, such as conductive polymer films, metal meshes, vacuum, chemical or electrodeposited films and the like, as are known in the art may be suitable. Nevertheless, it is often advantageous for the back electrode of the basic cell to have an exposed conductive back surface as will be clear in the teachings to follow. 
       FIG. 6  refers to a method of manufacture of the bulk thin film photovoltaic structures generally illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . In the  FIG. 6  embodiment, a continuous form of self supporting metal-based foil structure  12  is moved in the direction of its length Y through a deposition process, generally indicated as  19 . Process  19  accomplishes deposition of the active photovoltaic structure onto metal foil  12 . Metal foil  12  is unwound from supply roll  20   a,  passed through deposition process  19  and rewound onto takeup roll  20   b.  Process  19  can comprise any of the processes well-known in the art for depositing thin film photovoltaic structures. These processes include electroplating, vacuum evaporation and sputtering, chemical deposition, and printing of nanoparticle ink precursors. Process  19  may also include treatments, such as heat treatments, intended to enhance photovoltaic cell performance. 
     One readily realizes that the foil structure  12  employed in a roll-to-roll process such as embodied in  FIG. 6  should have a thickness and integrity appropriate for the continuous processing while retaining flexibility for roll accumulation. Generally, foils having thickness greater than about 3 to 4 micrometer (i.e. 10 micrometer, 25 micrometer, 100 micrometer, 250 micrometer) may have this ability. Alternatively, in some cases the process depicted in  FIG. 6  may be accomplished with metal foil structures supported on a support structure such as a polymeric film. The polymeric film may be a surrogate support and removed after formation of the semiconductor layers. 
     Those skilled in the art will readily realize that the deposition process  19  of  FIG. 6  may most efficiently produce photovoltaic structure  1  having dimensions far greater than those suitable for individual cells in an interconnected array. Thus, the photovoltaic structure  1  may be subdivided into cells  10  having dimensions X- 10  and Y- 10  as indicated in  FIGS. 3A and 4A  for further fabrication. Such subdivision may be accomplished by well know methods of cutting and slitting. In  FIG. 3A , width X- 10  defines a first terminal edge  45  of cell  10  and a second terminal edge  46  of cell  10 . In one embodiment, for example, X- 10  of  FIG. 3A  may be from 0.20 inches to 12 inches and Y- 10  of  FIG. 3A  may be characterized as “continuous”. In other embodiments the final form of cell  10  may be rectangular, such as 6 inch by 6 inch, 4 inch by 3 inch or 8 inch by 2 inch. In other embodiments, the photovoltaic structure  1  of  FIG. 3  may be subdivided in the “X” dimension only thereby retaining the option of further processing in a “continuous” fashion in the “Y” direction. In the following, cells  10  in this (possibly subdivided) form having dimensions suitable for interconnection into a multi-cell array may be referred to as “cell stock” or simply as cells. “Cell stock” can be characterized as being either continuous or discrete. In this specification and claims, the surface dimensions cells or cell stock are taken to be the dimensions of the support metal foil. Such a definition may remove ambiguity should semiconductor be removed from edges of cells. The thickness of cells or cell stock is the aggregate total thickness of foil plus semiconductor plus TCO if present. 
       FIG. 4B  is a simplified depiction of cell  10  shown in  FIG. 4A . In order to facilitate presentation of the aspects of the instant invention, the simplified depiction of cell  10  shown in  FIG. 4B  will normally be used. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there are illustrated cells  10  as shown in  FIG. 4A . The cells have been positioned to achieve spatial positioning on the support substrate  21 . Support structure  21  is by necessity non-conductive at least in that distance indicated by numeral  70  separating the adjacent cells  10 . This insulating space prevents short circuiting from metal foil structure  12  of one cell to foil structure  12  of an adjacent cell. In order to achieve series connection, electrical communication must be made from the top surface of window electrode  18  to the foil structure  12  of an adjacent cell. This communication results in a net current flow in the direction of the arrow identified as “i” in  FIG. 7 . This net current flow direction is substantially in the direction of width X- 10  of photovoltaic cell  10 . Electrical communication from top surface of window electrode  18  to the foil structure  12  of an adjacent cell is shown in  FIG. 7  as a metal wire  41 . It is noted that foil structure  12  is normally relatively thin, on the order of 0.001 cm to 0.025 cm. Therefore connecting to its edge as indicated in  FIG. 7  would be impractical for inexpensive continuous production and is shown for illustration purposes only. Further, discrete electrical connections to the bottom of foil structure  12 , as suggested in the “string and tab” arrangement depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1C , is also inconvenient for high volume, rapid interconnection of photovoltaic cells since these connections to the bottom surface must be made individually prior to final assembly of the interconnected cells into a fixed modular arrangement. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , one embodiment of the interconnecting substrate structures of the current invention is generally indicated by  22 . As depicted in the  FIGS. 8 and 9  embodiments, unit of substrate  22  has a substantially planar upper surface having surface dimensions much greater than thickness dimension Z- 23  and thus unit  22  can be characterized as having a sheetlike form. Unit of substrate  22  comprises electrically conductive material  23 . Unit of substrate  22  also comprises electrically insulating material  25 . Material  25  normally comprises a polymeric material. However, other insulating materials such as wood or glass could serve the insulating function in some applications. Material  25  has non-conductive top surface  8 . Non-conductive top surface  8  extends between a first terminal edge  24  and second terminal edge  27 . Electrically conductive material  23  has a top side conductive surface portion  26  extending between a first terminal edge  29  and a second terminal edge  30  of conductive top surface  26 . Width X- 23  defines first and second terminal edges  29  and  30  respectively of conductive top surface portion  26 . Electrically conductive material  23  also has a bottom surface  28 , length Y- 23  and thickness Z- 23 . Top conductive surface portion  26  of conductive material  23  may be thought of as having top collector surface  47  and top contact surface  48  separated by imaginary insulating boundary  49 . 
     An alternate embodiment of a discrete unit of substrate, indicated as  22   a,  is illustrated in  FIG. 9A . In the  FIG. 9A  embodiment, the electrically insulating material  25  is positioned to overlay a portion of electrically conductive material  23 . One understands that insulating material  25  may advantageously exhibit adhesive characteristics. Alternatively, an adhesive medium (not shown) may be disposed between insulating material  25  and conductive material  23 . In this case, width dimension X- 23  extending between terminal edges  29  and  30  of the conductive top surface  26  is less than the full width of electrically conductive material  23 . The structure of substrate unit  22   a  embodied in  FIG. 9A  may have certain manufacturing advantages compared with the structure depicted in  FIG. 9 . It is clear that the relative extents of the conductive and non-conductive top surfaces of structure  22   a  may vary according to specific application. 
     A further embodiment of unit of substrate, indicated as  22   b,  is illustrated in  FIG. 9B . In the  FIG. 9B  embodiment, the electrically insulating material  25  is positioned on the bottom surface  28  of electrically conductive material  23 . 
     It is important to note that the thickness variations depicted in the sectional views of  FIGS. 9A and 9B  result from drawing scale and that small thickness variations of the actual article would not negate characterization of the articles as “sheetlike” or having substantially planar surfaces. 
     In the embodiments of  FIG. 9 through 9B , electrically conductive material  23  may comprise forms of most of the well know electrically conductive materials such as metals or electrically conductive polymers. Typically, electrically conductive polymers exhibit bulk resistivity values of less than 10,000 ohm-cm. Resistivities less than 10,000 ohm-cm can be readily achieved by compounding well-known conductive fillers into a polymer matrix binder. Material  23  may alternatively comprise a metal foil or film. 
     Substrate units  22  through  22   b  may be fabricated in a number of different ways. Electrically conductive material  23  can comprise an extruded film of electrically conductive polymer joined to a strip of compatible insulating polymer  25  at or near terminal edge  29  as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The structures embodied in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  may be formed by applying non-conductive material  25  to the top or bottom surface of conductive material sheet  23  respectively. 
     Alternatively, the conductive material  23  may comprise a layer  23   a  applied to an insulating support structure  31  as illustrated in section in  FIG. 10 . For example, conductive material  23   a  of  FIG. 10  may comprise a layer of electrically conductive polymer. In  FIG. 10 , electrically insulating regions  25   a  are simply those portions of insulating support structure  31  not overlaid by conductive material  23   a.  It is seen that the embodiment of  FIG. 10  consists of repetitive units, each unit comprising a conductive top surface region and a non-conductive top surface region. 
     It is contemplated that electrically conductive material  23 ,  23   a,  etc. may comprise multiple materials. For example, a metal may be electrodeposited onto an electrically conductive polymer for increased conductivity and electrical joining characteristics. Metals such as silver, copper, nickel, zinc, tin and chromium can be electrodeposited quickly and inexpensively. The thicknesses of electrodeposited metals can be closely controlled over a wide range, from for example 0.1 to hundreds of micrometers (i.e. 0.1 micrometer, 1 micrometer, 10 micrometer, 100 micrometer) to hundreds of micrometers. Thus, an electrodeposited metal may be produced as the electrical equivalent of a bulk metal foil. 
     When considering electroplating, the use of a directly electroplateable resin (DER) may be particularly advantageous. DER&#39;s cover with metal rapidly by lateral growth of electrodeposit. In addition, selective metal coverage of a multi-material structure is readily achieved when one of the materials is DER. For example, were conductive material  23  shown in  FIG. 9  to comprise a DER, exposing the  FIG. 9  structure to an electroplating bath would result in rapid metal electrodeposition of conductive material  23  only while insulating material  25  would remain unplated. The fact that DER&#39;s are readily fabricated either as bulk compositions or coatings qualifies DER&#39;s as being eminently suitable in this application. 
     A further embodiment of interconnecting substrate is illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12 . In  FIG. 11 , electrically conductive material  23   b  comprises electrically conductive polymer coating or impregnated into a fabric or web  32 . A number of known techniques can be used to achieve such coating or impregnation. Insulating joining region  25   b  in  FIG. 11  is simply an uncoated portion of the web  32 . Thus, the  FIGS. 11 and 12  embodiment consists of repetitive units, each unit comprising a conductive top surface region and a non-conductive surface region. Fabric or web  32  can be selected from a number of woven or non-woven fabrics, including non-polymeric materials such as fiberglass. Alternatively, the material forming  23   b  may comprise a fabric structure formed from a material which is itself conductive or capable of facilitating a subsequent metal deposition. Typical materials such as a fabric of metal or DER fibrils or a catalyzed ABS may be appropriate. In this case optional subsequent metal deposition would produce a highly conductive, monolithic surface to material  23   b.    
     Referring to the group of embodiments of interconnecting substrate structure of  FIGS. 9  though  12 , they all have a length indicated as the “Y” dimension. It is contemplated in all cases that the length may be much greater than a width and the structures may be manufactured and further processed using continuous processing. Should the structures be suitably flexible, roll-to-roll processing is further contemplated. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , an alternate embodiment for the substrate structures of the present invention is illustrated. In the  FIG. 13  embodiment, an insulating web or film  33  extends among and contributes to multiple individual units, generally designated by repeat structure  34 . In the  FIG. 13  embodiment, electrically conductive material  35  is positioned repetitively on sheetlike insulating web or film  33 . At the stage of overall manufacture illustrated in  FIG. 13 , electrically conductive material sheets  35  may simply comprise a metal foil. Using conductive monolithic sheets such as a “bulk” metal foil may have certain manufacturing advantages such as ease of preparation. It is readily understood that the electrically conductive material sheets  35  are analogous to and serve the same purpose as conductive material sheets  23  of  FIGS. 8 through 12 . The electrically conducting material sheets  35  normally will be attached to the insulating web or film  33  with integrity required to maintain positioning and dimensional control. This attachment may be accomplished with an adhesive, indicated by material  36  of  FIG. 14 . 
     Conductive material sheets  35  are shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14  as having length Y- 35 , width X- 35  and thickness Z- 35 . It is contemplated that length Y- 35  may be considerably greater than width X- 35  and length Y- 35  can generally be described as “continuous” or being able to be processed in roll-to-roll fashion. Width X- 35  defines a first terminal edge  53  and second terminal edge  54  of conductive material sheet  35 . 
     It is important to note that the thickness of the conductive material sheets  35 , Z- 35  must be sufficient to allow for continuous lamination to the insulating web  33  should such continuous lamination be employed. A bulk metal foil would normally be specified. More specifically, when using metal based foils for sheets  35 , thickness between 2.0 micrometer and 0.025 cm. may normally be appropriate. 
     As with the substrate structures of  FIGS. 8 through 12 , it may be helpful to characterize top surface  50  of conductive material sheets  35  as having a top collector surface  51  and a top contact surface  52  separated by an imaginary barrier  49 . Conductive material sheet  35  also is characterized as having a bottom surface  80 . 
     Yet another way to produce structure equivalent to that embodied in  FIGS. 13 and 14  is to choose material  36  of  FIG. 14  to be a material which promotes metal deposition. This material would be deposited in a desired pattern. Subsequent processing then deposits a metal film over the surface of material  36  in the pattern defined by material  36 . An example of such a suitable material  36  to perform this function would be a catalytically seeded ABS, which would catalyze chemical deposition of metal, such as is well known in the art. Chemical deposition of sufficient duration, or a combination of chemical deposition followed by electrodeposition, would result in a metal deposit having appropriate functionality as a “bulk” metal foil  35  described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 13 and 14 . 
     It is important to realize that the relative dimensions of the structures embodied in the sectional views of  FIGS. 9 ,  9 A,  9 B,  10 ,  12 , and  14  are not necessarily to scale. However, as is clear from the embodiments of  FIGS. 9 through 14 , it is anticipated that often these structures will have length and width dimensions (indicated by “Y” and “X′ in  FIGS. 8 through 14 ) far greater than the thickness dimension, and will be substantially “planar” or “sheetlike” in structure. While minor thickness variations may occur over the extended surface of the structures (as indicated for example in the sectional views of embodiments shown in  9 A,  9 B,  10 ,  12 ,  14 ) the overall surface topography of the structures is substantially “planar” or “sheetlike”. Also, these various structures may often be characterized as flexible. A material structure is considered flexible if it deforms in response to the application of force yet returns to substantially its original shape when the force is removed. In many cases the length may far exceed the width such that the structures may be processed in a continuous roll-to-roll fashion in the length direction. Finally, obvious variants of the materials of construction and structures described for the various embodiments of  FIGS. 9 ,  9 A,  9 B, and  10  through  14  are considered to be within the scope of the instant invention. 
     It is readily realized that the photovoltaic cell structure of  FIGS. 3 through 5  may be initially prepared separate and distinct from the interconnecting substrate structures taught in  FIGS. 8 through 14 . This initial separation allows elevated temperature processing of cell structure, possibly in bulk and having expansive surfaces, while permitting design of unique polymer containing interconnect substrate structures. The polymer containing substrates can be made flexible and be processed in continuous roll-to-roll fashion. In addition, the use of interconnecting substrates supplied separately and after manufacture of cell structure permits facile cell interconnection as will be taught in the following. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 15A and 15B , a process is shown for combining a continuous metal-based foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 3 through 5  with a continuous form of substrate structures taught in  FIGS. 8 through 14 . In the  FIGS. 15A and 15B  embodiment&#39;s continuous lamination is shown as one means to achieve the combination. Continuous roll lamination employing nip rollers as depicted in  FIG. 15A  has certain manufacturing benefits. However, one will understand that many other methods such as vacuum lamination or simple “layup” may be used to achieve the combination and the invention is not limited to the specific process embodiment of  FIGS. 15A and 15B . In  FIGS. 15A and 15B , photovoltaic cell structure as illustrated in  FIGS. 3 through 5  is indicated by numeral  10 . In this embodiment, cell structures  10  are shown to be in a “continuous” form in the machine direction. Substrate structures as taught in the  FIGS. 8 through 14  are indicated by the numeral  22 . In this embodiment, substrate structures  22  are shown to be supplied in a “continuous” form in the machine direction. Numeral  42  indicates an electrically conductive joining means such as an electrically conductive adhesive intended to join electrically conductive metal-based foil  12  of  FIGS. 3 through 5  to electrically conductive material  23  of  FIGS. 8 through 12  or electrically conductive sheets  35  of  FIGS. 13 and 14 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conductive adhesive  42  shown in  FIGS. 15A and 15B  is one of but a number of appropriate conductive joining techniques which would maintain required ohmic communication. For example, it is contemplated that methods such as application of a conductive resin prior to lamination, spot welding, soldering, joining with low melt temperature alloys, crimped mechanical contacts and mechanical surface contacts maintained with surface pressure would serve as alternate methods to accomplish the electrically conductive joining illustrated as achieved in  FIGS. 15A and 15B  with a strip of conductive adhesive  42 . Should material  23  itself include an adhesively active top surface portion, such as might be offered by an electrically conductive adhesive, the separate feed  42  might be eliminated. These equivalent methods can be generically referred to as conductive joining means. In  FIG. 15B , the process of  FIG. 15A  is illustrated using the substrate of  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
     It has been found that a particularly attractive conductive joining may be achieved through a technique described herein as a laminated contact. One structure involved in the laminated contact is a first portion of conductive structure which is to be electrically joined to a second conductive surface. The first portion comprises a conductive pattern positioned over a surface of a hot melt type of adhesive. A hot melt adhesive is one whose full adhesive affinity is activated by heating, normally to a temperature where the material softens or melts sufficiently for it to flow under simultaneously applied pressure. Many various hot melt materials, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), are well known in the art. 
     In the process of producing a laminated contact, the exposed surface of a conductive material pattern positioned on the surface of a hot melt adhesive is brought into facing relationship with a second conductive surface to which is electrically joining is intended. Heat and pressure are applied to soften the adhesive which then flows around edges or through openings in the conductive pattern to also contact and adhesively “grab” the exposed second surface portions adjacent the conductive pattern. When heat and pressure are removed, the adhesive adjacent edges of the conductive pattern now firmly fix features of conductive pattern in secure mechanical contact with the second surface. 
     The laminated contact is particularly suitable for the electrical joining requirements of many aspects of the instant invention. An embodiment of a starting structure to achieve laminated electrical joining is presented in  FIGS. 33 and 34 .  FIG. 33  shows a top plan view of an article  110 . Article  110  comprises a metal mesh  112  positioned on the surface of hot melt adhesive  114 . Numeral  122  indicates holes through the mesh. One will realize that many different patterns of conductive material will be suitable for a laminated contact as taught here, including comb-like patterns, serpentine traces, monolithic metal mesh patterns, etc. 
       FIG. 34  show a sectional view of article  110  juxtaposed in facing relationship to a mating conductive surface to which electrical joining is desired. In the embodiment, article  110  is seen to be a composite of the conductive material pattern positioned on a top surface of hot melt adhesive film  114 . In the embodiment, an additional support film  116  is included for structural and process integrity, and possibly barrier properties. Additional film  116  may be a polymer film of a material such as polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polycarbonate, etc. Article  110  can include additional layered materials (not shown) to achieve desired functional characteristics. Also depicted in  FIG. 34  is article  118  having a bottom surface  120 . Surface  120  may represent, for example, the bottom surface  66  of solar cell structure  10 . 
     In order to achieve the laminated contact, articles  110  and  118  are brought together in the facing relationship depicted and heat and pressure are applied. The adhesive layer softens and flows to contact surface  120 . In the case of the  FIG. 34  embodiment, flow occurs through the holes  122  in the mesh. Upon cooling and removal of the pressure, the metal mesh is held in secure and firm electrical contact with surface  120 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , there is shown the result of the combination process of  FIGS. 15A and 15B  using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 8 through 12 .  FIGS. 16A and 17A  correspond to the substrate structures of  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  FIGS. 16B and 17B  correspond to the substrate structure of  FIG. 10 .  FIGS. 16C and 17C  correspond to the substrate structures of  FIGS. 11 and 12 .  FIG. 17D  corresponds to the substrate structure of  FIG. 9A .  FIGS. 17E and 17F  correspond to the substrate structure of  FIG. 9B . 
       FIGS. 16A through 16C  show that the cells  10  have been positioned with first terminal edge  45  of one cell being substantially parallel to second terminal edge  46  of an adjacent cell. 
     In the  FIGS. 17A ,  17 B and  17 C, electrically conductive joining means  42  is shown as extending completely and contacting the entirety of the bottom electrode surface  66  of metal-based foil supported photovoltaic cells  10 . Such broad contact surface may allow the use of a conductive adhesive having a relatively high intrinsic resistivity, such as those containing primarily carbon black or graphite fillers. This complete surface coverage is not a requirement however in cases where the conductive joining means joining surface  66  with surface  26  is highly conductive. Metal foil structure  12  is normally highly conductive and able to distribute current over the expansive width X- 10  with minimal resistance losses. For example, the structure of  FIG. 28  shows an embodiment wherein electrical communication is achieved between a conductive material sheet  23  of  FIGS. 8 and 9  and bottom surface  66  of foil structure  12  through a narrow bead of a highly conductive joining means  61 . Examples of such a highly conductive joining means would be a metal based solder or a silver filled epoxy. An additional joining means  44  may be used to ensure spatial positioning and dimensional support for this form of structure. Joining means  44  may comprise an adhesive and the adhesive need not be electrically conductive. 
     In  FIG. 17D  discrete units of substrate structure  22   a  are joined through cells  10 . In addition an underlying insulating supporting material (not shown in  FIG. 17D ) may be used to facilitate spatial positioning of the multiple cells. In  FIG. 17D , it is seen that each individual cell overlays a non-conductive material  25  associated with a first unit of substrate  22   a.  In  FIG. 17D  joining means  42  is shown to attach bottom surface  66  of a first individual cell to non-conductive material  25  of a first unit  22   a.  In addition bottom surface  66  of the individual cell has ohmic electrical communication to conductive material  23  of a second unit of substrate  22   a.  The ohmic electrical communication is established thru conductive joining means  42 . In the  FIG. 17D  embodiment, conductive joining means  42  may comprise a conductive adhesive. Electrically conductive joining means  42  is shown in  FIG. 17D  to extend completely over the bottom surface  66  of cells  10 . This complete coverage is not required, as one understands that non-conductive material  25  may be attached to the individual cell using techniques and materials other than the conductive joining means  42  such as a non-conductive adhesive portion. Such an alternative is taught with reference to the  FIG. 32  embodiment. One further understands that the assembly of individual (cell  10 /unit  22   a ) combinations into a multi-cell integrated module as shown may be accomplished by first forming individual (cell  10 /unit  22   a ) combinations and then assembling the individual combinations into the series connected module shown in  FIG. 17D . 
     In  FIG. 17E , discrete units of substrate structure  22   b  are joined through cells  10 . In  FIG. 17F , multiple units of substrate structure  22   b  are joined in an overlapping fashion as embodied in the  FIG. 17F . One will readily understand that, while the structural variations depicted in  FIGS. 17A through 17F  employ the substrate structures embodied in  FIGS. 9 through 9B , structures similar or equivalent to those of  FIGS. 17A through 17F  could be prepared using the starting substrate structures of  FIGS. 10 through 14 . 
     In the  FIGS. 17A ,  17 B and  17 C, the conductive materials  23 ,  23   a  and  23   b  are shown to be slightly greater in width X- 23  than the width of foil X- 10 . As is shown in  FIG. 29 , this is not a requirement for satisfactory completion of the series connected arrays.  FIG. 29  is a sectional view of a form of the substrate structures of  FIGS. 8 and 9  combined by the process of  FIG. 15A  to the photovoltaic structures of  FIGS. 3 through 5 . In  FIG. 29 , width X- 10  is greater than width X- 23 . Electrical communication is achieved through conductive joining means  42  and additional joining means  44  to achieve dimensional stability may be employed. A common feature of the embodiments of the current invention shown in  FIGS. 17 ,  28 ,  29  and  31  is that the conductive material ( 23  or  35 ) of a substrate unit be electrically joined to the bottom electrode of a first cell  10  and also extend outward beyond a terminal edge ( 45  or  46 ) of that first cell. In this way individual cells can be positioned to overlay the substrate units using convenient processing such as laminating. The extension of the conductive material ( 23  or  35 ) beyond a terminal edge of the first cell essentially extends the bottom electrode of the first cell such that it is accessible from above. The conductive materials  23  or  35  of the substrate units are spaced apart from and do not actually extend to the top electrode of an adjacent cell. However, the extending material provides a convenient structure from which to form conductive paths to the top electrode of an adjacent cell, as will be seen. 
     In  FIG. 29 , insulating material  25  is shown as extending continuously from second terminal edge  30  of one conductive surface  26  to the first terminal edge  29  of an adjacent conductive surface. As shown in  FIG. 32 , this is not necessary. In  FIG. 32 , metal foil supported photovoltaic cell  10  is attached to a first conductive surface  26  through electrically conductive joining means  42  and also to insulating region  25  of an adjacent substrate structure through additional joining means  44 . Additional joining means  44  may comprise for example a non-conductive adhesive. Thus, the substrate structure  22  may be discrete. In the embodiment of  FIG. 32 , the foil based photovoltaic structure  10  is of sufficient strength to maintain proper spaced relationships and positioning among cells. It is understood that additional support (not shown in  FIG. 32 ) may be employed. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 18 and 19 , there is shown an alternate structure resulting from the combination process of  FIG. 15A  as applied to the photovoltaic cells of  FIGS. 3 through 5  and the substrate structure of  FIGS. 13 and 14 . The first terminal edge  53  of conductive material sheets  35  supported by insulating web  33  are slightly offset from the first terminal edge  45  of photovoltaic cells  10 . This offset allows a portion of top surface  50  of conductive material sheet  35  to be available for connecting to an electrode of an adjacent cell. Electrical and mechanical joining of conductive material sheets  35  with bottom surface  66  of metal-based foil structure  12  is shown in  FIG. 19  as being achieved with conductive joining means  42  as in previous embodiments. As in previous embodiments it is contemplated that this electrical and mechanical joining can be accomplished by means such as conductive adhesives, soldering, joining with compatible low melting point alloys, spot welding, mechanical crimping, and mechanical pressure contacts. 
     It should also be observed that alternate process sequences may be used to produce structures equivalent to those shown in  FIGS. 16 through 19 ,  28 ,  29  and  32 . For example, a structure equivalent to that of  FIGS. 18 and 19  can also be achieved by first joining photovoltaic cells  10  and conductive material sheets  35  with suitable electrically conductive joining means  42  to give the structure shown in  FIG. 30  and laminating these strips to an insulating web or film  33 . An example of such an equivalent structure is shown in  FIG. 31 , wherein the laminates of  FIG. 30  have been adhered to insulating web  33  in defined repeat positions with adhesive means  57  and  44 . As mentioned above and as shown in  FIGS. 30 and 31 , conductive material sheets  35  do not have to contact the whole of the bottom surface  66  of photovoltaic cell  10 . In addition, insulating web  33  need not be continuous among all the cells. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 20 through 23 , there is shown one method of forming the final interconnected array when employing the substrate structures embodied in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . In  FIGS. 20 and 21 , insulating materials  56  and  60  have been applied to the first and second terminal edges  45  and  46  respectively of photovoltaic cells  10 . While these materials  56  and  60  are shown as applied to the structure of  FIG. 17A , it is understood that appropriate insulating material are also envisioned as a subsequent manufacturing step for the structures of  17 B- 17 F,  19 ,  28 ,  29 ,  31 , and  32 . The purpose of the insulating materials is to protect the edge of the photovoltaic cells from environmental and electrical deterioration. In addition, the insulating materials may help prevent electrical shorting when interconnections to be made among adjacent cells. 
     It is noted that the application of insulating material  56  to first terminal edge  45  of photovoltaic cells  10  effectively divides the top conductive surfaces  26  and  50  of conductive materials  23  and  35  respectively into two regions. The first region (region  48  of surface  26  or region  52  of surface  50 ) can be considered as a contact region for series interconnects among adjacent cells. The second region (region  47  of surface  26  or region  51  of surface  50 ) can be considered as the contact or collector surface for interconnecting the substrate to the bottom surface  66  of photovoltaic cells  10 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 22 and 23 , grid fingers  58  of a highly electrically conductive material are deposited in the form of fingers to harvest current from the top surface  59  of the photovoltaic cell  10 . Conductive extensions  62  convey the harvested current to the contact regions  48  or  52  associated with an adjacent cell. It is contemplated that the fingers can be deposited by any of a number of processes to deposit metal containing or metal-based foils or films, including masked vacuum deposition, printing of conductive inks, electrodeposition or combinations thereof. The grid fingers are not considered to be a part of the substrate structure since they do not contribute to supporting and spatial positioning of the cells. They serve only to harvest current from the top surface  59  of the cell. The conductive extensions  62  may be applied simultaneously with the fingers or in a separate operation. The extensions  62  may be applied using a number of processes to deposit metal containing or metal-based films identified above. Alternatively, the extensions may comprise a separately formed article such as a strip of bulk metal foil or mesh. In the embodiment of  FIGS. 22 and 23 , the direction of net current flow through the interconnected array illustrated is indicated by the arrow identified as “i”, which direction is substantially parallel to width X- 23  of electrically conductive surface portion  26  of unit of substrate  22 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 24  and the exploded view of  FIG. 24A , there are embodied alternate structures for the final interconnected array when employing the substrate structure as embodied in  FIG. 9A . In  FIG. 24 , there is embodied multiple photovoltaic cells  10  positioned on interconnecting substrate units  22   a  as in  FIG. 17D .  FIG. 24A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle K of  FIG. 24 . A space identified as “P- 24 ” separates individual cells. In addition, insulating materials  56  and  60  have been deposited over the terminal edges  45  and  46  of the individual cells. A conductive ink pattern forms a grid pattern of fingers  58  positioned on the top surface of the cell. Conductive extensions, electrically joined to the fingers  58  and identified by numeral  62 , traverse over insulating material  60  and to the conductive top surface  26  of conductive material sheets  23 . The conductive extensions  62  may be applied as described for the embodiment of  FIGS. 22 and 23 . Extensions  62  need not be the same material as fingers  58  nor need they be applied at the same time as fingers  58 . Extensions  62  contact surface  26  using suitable conductive joining means (not shown) or through simple mechanical surface contact. In the  FIGS. 24 and 24A  embodiments, conductive material sheets  23  further communicate with conductive bottom surface  66  of an adjacent cell through electrically conductive joining means  42 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 25  and the exploded view of  FIG. 25A  there is embodied another interconnected structure employing the substrate units of  FIG. 9A .  FIG. 25A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle L of  FIG. 25 . In  FIGS. 25 and 25A  there is embodied multiple photovoltaic cells positioned on units of interconnecting substrate  22   a  as in  FIG. 17D . In the  FIGS. 25 and 25A  embodiment, conductive vias  72  establish communication between the top surface  59  of a cell  10  and the conductive material  23  of a unit of substrate  22   a.  Conductive material  103  fills the vias and makes electrical connection between the top surface  59  of cell  10  and conductive material  23 . Conductive material  103  may comprise, for example, an electrically conductive resin, a metal plug or rivet or staple. Conductive material sheet  23  further communicates with conductive bottom surface  66  of an adjacent cell through electrically conductive joining means  42 . The sidewalls of the via are insulated by material  104 . The insulating material  104  prevents contact of the conductive material  103  traversing the via with the foil structure  12  of the cell through which the via extends.  FIGS. 25 and 25A  also shows optional grid fingers  58  extending from the conductive material of the vias over the top surface  59  of cells  10 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 25 and 25A , individual cells are separated by a gap, identified by “P- 25 ”. This gap may be very small. This structural aspect may be important where space is of concern in that the amount of illuminated surface lost through interconnecting is reduced compared to alternate arrangements. 
     Using conductive vias to achieve electrical communication between a cell top surface and a remote conductive material is known in the art. See for example Yoshida et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,908, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. However, the Yoshida structure was essentially a monolithically integrated structure comprising thin conductive materials of limited current carrying capacity. In addition, a polymeric substrate was required to be present during initial cell manufacture in order to achieve the final interconnections. These factors and others significantly limited the Yoshida teachings. 
     One readily notes that the extensions  62  of the  FIGS. 23 and 24  embodiments and vias  72  of  FIG. 25  perform substantially the same function, that being to establish electrical communication between the top cell surface and the conductive material of sheet  23  of substrate unit  22   a.    
       FIGS. 26 and 26A  embody yet another structure for the final interconnected array employing the arrangement of  FIG. 17D .  FIG. 26A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle M of  FIG. 26 . In  FIG. 26 , insulating materials  60  and  56  protect edges of the cells. Also shown in  FIGS. 26 and 26A  is metal foil or metal containing mesh straps  73  extending from the conductive top surface of a first cell to the conductive material  23  of a unit of interconnecting substrate  22 A. The “conductive joining means” connecting the strap to the conductive surfaces is not shown in the drawing but may be any of the number of conductive joining means previously identified. As shown in the  FIG. 26  embodiment, such straps need not extend to the base electrode of one of the cells as is the case for the prior art arrangement embodied in  FIG. 1 . This facilitates assembly because a string of cells need not be “turned over” to make connection to the bottom electrode of an adjacent cell. Nor must any semiconductor material be removed to accomplish electrical joining to the bottom cell electrodes. Since there are a myriad of material and structural options to form the conductive surface region  26  of the interconnecting substrate unit of the instant invention, many different electrical joining techniques are available. Finally, the interconnecting substrate allows very high surface conductivity, thereby allowing current transport over an expansive surface of a back electrode while accomplishing secure positioning of the cells. This latter advantage permits facile and secure handling of multiple interconnected cells during final packaging of the multi-cell interconnected array. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 27 , a completed interconnected array is embodied using the substrate/cell arrangement embodied in  FIG. 17F .  FIG. 27A  is an exploded view of the structure contained within the circle N of  FIG. 27 . In  FIGS. 27 and 27A , electrical traces or “fingers”  58  positioned over the cell surface lead to a conductive extension  62 . The extension  62  may be as described above in the description of  FIGS. 24 and 24A . The extension  62  is further electrically joined to the conductive material  23  of a substrate unit associated with an adjacent cell. The  FIG. 27  arrangement allows insulating material  25  associated with an individual substrate unit to also function as a protection for a terminal edge of the abutting cell. 
     One notes that in the interconnected cell embodiments of  FIGS. 22 through 27 , one notes that the conductive material  23  of a unit of interconnecting substrate extends outside a peripheral edge of the cell whose bottom surface  66  is electrically joined to material  23  of the particular unit. In this way an upward facing conductive surface of conductive material  23  is accessible for electrical connection to additional conductive material contributing to a conductive path extending to the top electrode of another adjacent cell. This condition greatly facilitates making the final series connections in an efficient, high speed and automated process. 
     Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications, alternatives and equivalents may be included without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Such modifications, alternatives and equivalents are considered to be within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims.