Patent Publication Number: US-2023136802-A1

Title: Test apparatus and method for a semiconductor device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0149424, filed on Nov. 3, 2021 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     1. TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a test apparatus and methods for a semiconductor device. More particularly, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a test apparatus and methods for a semiconductor device including a plurality of conductive bumps. 
     2. DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART 
     In a semiconductor manufacturing process, a vertical direction test, such as a bump pull test, a horizontal direction test, such as a bump shear test, and various other tests may be used to confirm a quality of conductive bumps connecting semiconductor devices, such a chip package interaction. These tests may be applied by causing peelings of the conductive bump through the application of an instantaneous force in the chip mount process. However, these tests may not be applied in environmental reliability tests such as a temperature cycle test that causes peelings of the conductive bumps and back end of line (BEOL) wirings by a continuous force. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments provide a test apparatus for a semiconductor device including a gripper that grips a conductive bump and reciprocates the conductive bump to determine a reliability of a semiconductor device. 
     Example embodiments provide a method of testing a semiconductor device using the test apparatus for a semiconductor device. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of testing a semiconductor device includes forming conductive bumps respectively on a plurality of bonding pads of the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device having the conductive bumps is supported on a substrate stage. A gripper having first and second holders spaced apart from each other is positioned over the conductive bump. The conductive bump is clamped between the first and second holders. The gripper clamping the conductive bump is reciprocated at a constant speed with a predetermined stroke in a horizontal direction parallel with an upper surface of the substrate stage. A reliability of the semiconductor device is determined by measuring a time point at which a crack occurs in an upper wiring connected to the bonding pad. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of testing a semiconductor device includes supporting a semiconductor device having conductive bumps on a substrate stage. The conductive bumps are bonded respectively on a plurality of bonding pads of the semiconductor device. A gripper having first and second holders spaced apart from each other is positioned over the conductive bump. The first and second holders are rotated to be aligned in a first direction parallel with an upper surface of the substrate stage. The gripper is lowered in a vertical direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate stage so that the conductive bump is positioned between the first and second holders. The conductive bump is clamped between the first and second holders. A reliability of the semiconductor device is determined by reciprocating the gripper at a constant speed with a predetermined stroke in the first direction. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a test apparatus for a semiconductor device includes a frame including a substrate stage. The substrate stage supports a semiconductor device having conductive bumps respectively disposed on a plurality of bonding pads. A gripper clamps any one of the conductive bumps to determine a durability of the semiconductor device. A horizontal driving unit reciprocates the gripper at a constant speed with a predetermined stroke in a horizontal direction. A vertical driving unit moves the gripper in a vertical direction. An analysis unit measures an external force applied to the gripper to determine a reliability of the semiconductor device. The gripper includes an upper base, first and second holders respectively extending downward from the upper base for clamping the conductive bump and a rotation driving unit rotating the upper base. 
     Thus, the gripper clamping the conductive bumps may reciprocate in the horizontal direction, and it may be possible to check stress (e.g., Chip Package Interaction Stress) generated between a chip and a semiconductor package during a semiconductor product reliability test process. Accordingly, it may be possible to perform an environmental reliability test on the semiconductor package in a wafer stage, and cost and time consumed in tests may be reduced compared to a conventional test that can only be performed in a package stage. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  FIGS.  1  to  11    represent non-limiting, example embodiments as described herein. 
         FIG.  1    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a test apparatus for a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a perspective view illustrating a gripper in  FIG.  1    according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic view illustrating directions of a mechanical property test according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device to be tested by a test apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  5  and  6    are cross-sectional views illustrating semiconductor devices having various conductive bumps according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating a method of testing a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8  to  11    are cross-sectional views illustrating a process of a mechanical property test according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, example embodiments will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG.  1    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a test apparatus for a semiconductor device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  2    is a perspective view illustrating a gripper in  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  3    is a schematic view illustrating directions of a mechanical property test proceeds. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  to  3   , a test apparatus for a semiconductor device  10  may include a frame  20 , a gripper  100  for testing mechanical properties of a semiconductor device  12 , a horizontal driving unit  30  configured to move the gripper  100  in a first horizontal direction (hereinafter, an “X direction”) parallel with the ground and a second horizontal direction (hereinafter, a “Y direction”) parallel with the ground and perpendicular to the first horizontal direction, a vertical driving unit  40  configured to move the gripper  100  in a vertical direction (hereinafter, a “Z direction”) perpendicular to the X and Y directions, and an analysis unit  50  configured to extract experimental data on the mechanical properties of the semiconductor device  12  from the gripper  100 . The X direction and the Y direction may also be parallel to an upper surface of the substrate stage  22 . The Z direction may be a thickness direction of the substrate stage  22  that is perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate stage  22 . 
     The test apparatus  10  may determine whether cracks have occurred in an upper wiring (BEOL, Back End Of Line)  222  provided in an upper wiring layer  220  and connected to bonding pads  230 . The test apparatus  10  may inspect the mechanical properties related to a bonding force between a semiconductor chip and a package substrate by reproducing mechanical stress caused by a difference in a coefficient of thermal expansion (e.g., a CTE mismatch) between the semiconductor chip and the package substrate in a process of reliability testing such as temperature cycling (TC) test that changes hundreds to thousands of temperature cycles within a certain temperature range. The test apparatus  10  may inspect the mechanical properties of the semiconductor device  12  including the package substrate, an underfill member, a TIM Thermal Interface Material, heat slug, etc. For example, in an embodiment the semiconductor device  12  may be an electronic device having conductive bumps  300 , such as a semiconductor wafer, a printed circuit board (PCB), etc. 
     The test apparatus  10  may inspect the mechanical properties of the conductive bump  300  provided on the bonding pad  230  of the semiconductor device  12  by using the gripper  100 . The test apparatus  10  may check a quality of the conductive bump  300  for providing an interconnection (e.g., Chip Package Interaction) between semiconductor components. For example, in an embodiment the test apparatus  10  may measure shear stress and tensile stress related to the conductive bump  300 . 
     In an embodiment, the frame  20  may constitute an external skeleton of the test apparatus  10 . The frame  20  may protect the semiconductor device  12  from external impacts during a test process of the semiconductor device  12 . In an embodiment, the frame  20  may support the horizontal driving unit  30  and the vertical driving unit  40  so that the gripper  100  is stably moved by the horizontal driving unit  30  and the vertical driving unit  40 . 
     The frame  20  may include a substrate stage  22  configured to support the semiconductor device  12 . For example, in an embodiment the substrate stage  22  may serve as a susceptor for supporting the semiconductor device  12 . In an embodiment, the substrate stage  22  may include an electrostatic chuck for holding the semiconductor device  12  by an electrostatic force. The electrostatic chuck may adsorb and hold the semiconductor device  12  with the electrostatic force by a DC voltage supplied from a DC power source. 
     In an embodiment, the horizontal driving unit  30  may include a guide rail  32  fixed to the frame  20  and provided to be movable in the Y direction by a first moving body  34 , and a second moving body  36  provided on the guide rail  32  to be movable in the X direction. The horizontal driving unit  30  may move the gripper  100  in the X and Y directions. Accordingly, the gripper  100  may be moved horizontally to be positioned over the conductive bump  300  by the horizontal driving unit  30 . 
     The horizontal driving unit  30  may inspect the mechanical properties of the conductive bump  300  by horizontally reciprocating in the X and Y directions when the gripper  100  clamps the conductive bump  300 . The horizontal driving unit  30  may measure a horizontal external force applied to the gripper  100  while exchanging signals with the analysis unit  50  as will be described later. The horizontal external force may be the same as the shear stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . For example, in an embodiment the number of repetitions of the horizontal reciprocating motion by the horizontal driving unit  30  may be within a range of about 1,000 cycles to about 3,000 cycles. In an embodiment, a stroke (e.g., a reciprocating distance) L1 of the horizontal reciprocating motion by the horizontal driving unit  30  may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the vertical driving unit  40  may extend from the horizontal driving unit  30  in the vertical direction (e.g., the Z direction). The vertical driving unit  40  may adjust a length of a vertical extension unit  110  of the gripper  100  to move the gripper  100  in the Z direction. The vertical driving unit  40  may lower the gripper  100  in the Z direction such that the conductive bump  300  is pinched and fixed by holders  102 , such as the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  to be clamped by the gripper  100 . While an embodiment of  FIG.  2    shows the holders  102  including two holders, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto and the holders  102  may include various numbers of holders. 
     The vertical driving unit  40  may inspect the mechanical properties of the conductive bump  300  by vertically reciprocating in the Z direction when the gripper  100  clamps the conductive bump  300 . The vertical driving unit  40  may inspect a vertical external force applied to the gripper  100  while exchanging signals with the analysis unit  50  as will be described later. The vertical external force may be the same as the tensile stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . For example, in an embodiment the number of repetitions of the vertical reciprocating motion by the vertical driving unit  40  may be within a range of about 1,000 cycles to about 3,000 cycles. A stroke (e.g., a reciprocating distance) L2 of the vertical reciprocating motion by the vertical driving unit  40  may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the analysis unit  50  may measure a time point at which a crack occurs in the upper wiring  222  connected to the bonding pad  230  and provided in the upper wiring layer  220 . The time of occurrence of the crack may be measured by using a change in the external force applied by the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . 
     The analysis unit  50  may exchange data with the horizontal driving unit  30  and the vertical driving unit  40 . The analysis unit  50  may measure the horizontal external force generated in the horizontal driving unit  30 . The horizontal external force may be the same as the shear stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . The analysis unit  50  may measure the vertical external force generated in the vertical driving unit  40 . The vertical external force may be the same as the tensile stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . 
     In an embodiment, the analysis unit  50  may receive data from a micro-vibrating unit  108  as will be described later. In an embodiment, the micro-vibrating unit  108  may be embedded in the gripper  100  to generate micro-vibrations, and may measure minute vertical and horizontal external forces by applying the micro-vibrations to the conductive bump  300 . 
     The analysis unit  50  may measure ductile-brittle strain. The analysis unit  50  may measure elongation rates of stress-strain plots for the horizontal and vertical reciprocating motions from a plurality of semiconductor devices  12 . For example, the analysis unit  50  may measure an axial force and a displacement of the conductive bump  300  by using a change of a force applied by the gripper  100  while changing the speed of the horizontal or vertical reciprocating motion within a range of about 0.1 mm/s to about 400 mm/s. 
     The analysis unit  50  may measure a fracture characteristic between the conductive bump  300  and the bonding pad  230 . The analysis unit  50  may measure the fracture characteristic of the upper wiring  222  inside the semiconductor device  12 . The analysis unit  50  may accurately measure a breaking point of the upper wiring  222 . The fracture characteristic may include at least one of the yield stress and the elongation rate of the semiconductor device  12 . 
     The analysis unit  50  may measure the fracture characteristics based on at least one of an axial force-strain plot and a stress-strain plot measured during the vertical or horizontal reciprocating motion. The analysis unit  50  may determine through the elongation that ductile fracture or brittle fracture has occurred in the conductive bump  300  and the upper wiring  222  of the semiconductor device  12 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , in an embodiment the gripper  100  may include an upper base  104 , the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  extending from the upper base  104  respectively to clamp the conductive bump  300 , the vertical extension unit  110  connecting the upper base  104  and the vertical driving unit  40  to transmit a force to the gripper  100 , and a rotation driving unit  106  configured to rotate the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . The gripper  100  may further include the micro-vibrating unit  108  for generating micro-vibrations. 
     The gripper  100  may rotate the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  in a circumferential direction by using the rotation driving unit  106  such that the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  align in a test progress direction of the conductive bump  300 . 
     The gripper  100  may clamp the conductive bump  300  between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . For example, in an embodiment a gap between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may have a first width D1, and the first width D1 may be within a range of about  40  µm to about 600 µm. The first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may change the first width D1 to clamp the conductive bump  300 . 
     The gripper  100  may perform the horizontal reciprocating motion at a constant speed with a predetermined stroke in the horizontal directions (e.g., the X and Y directions) by using the horizontal driving unit  30  when the conductive bump  300  is held between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . For example, the predetermined stroke may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. The constant speed may be within a range of about 0.1 mm/s to about 400 mm/s. 
     The gripper  100  may apply the horizontal external force to the conductive bump  300  by the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  performing the horizontal reciprocating motion. The horizontal driving unit  30  may measure the horizontal external force applied to the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  and transmit the horizontal external force to the analysis unit  50 . The horizontal external force may be the same as the shear stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . For example, in an embodiment the number of repetitions of the horizontal reciprocating motion of the gripper  100  may be within a range of about 1,000 cycles to about 3,000 cycles. The stroke L1 of the horizontal reciprocating motion of the gripper  100  may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. 
     The gripper  100  may perform the vertical reciprocating motion in the vertical direction (e.g., the Z direction) by using the vertical driving unit  40  when the conductive bump  300  is held between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . The gripper  100  may apply a friction force to the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  by the conductive bump  300  in the vertical reciprocating motion. The vertical driving unit  40  may measure the friction force applied to the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  and transmit the friction force to the analysis unit  50 . The vertical external force may be the same as the tensile stress applied to the conductive bump  300 . For example, in an embodiment the number of repetitions of the vertical reciprocating motion of the gripper  100  may be within a range of about 1,000 cycles to about 3,000 cycles. The stroke L2 of the vertical reciprocating motion of the gripper  100  may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may include an elastomer to prevent damage to the conductive bumps  300 . The first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may stably clamp the conductive bump  300  without damaging the conductive bump  300 . For example, in an embodiment the elastomer may include SBR rubber, BR synthetic rubber, HBR rubber, nitrile rubber, fluoro rubber, CR rubber, EPM rubber, silicone rubber, and the like. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the gripper  100  may clamp the conductive bump  300  after rotating the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  in the test progress direction. The test progress direction may be defined as a third horizontal direction (hereinafter, the “P direction”). The P direction may have a predetermined angle θ with respect to the X direction. Accordingly, the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may be arranged to be spaced apart from each other in the P direction, and may clamp the conductive bump  300  in the P direction. 
     The gripper  100  may clamp the conductive bump  300  between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  arranged in the X direction. In this embodiment, the gripper  100  may perform the horizontal reciprocating motion in the X direction to measure an adhesive force between the conductive bump  300  and the semiconductor device  12  in the X direction. The gripper  100  may perform the horizontal reciprocating motion in the X direction to determine a durability of the semiconductor device  12 . 
     In an embodiment, the grippers  100  may then rotate the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  such that the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  are arranged to be spaced apart from each other in the P direction that forms the predetermined angle θ with respect to the X direction. The gripper  100  may clamp the conductive bump  300  between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  arranged in the P direction. In this embodiment, the gripper  100  may then perform the horizontal reciprocating motion in the P direction to measure the adhesive force between the conductive bump  300  and the semiconductor device  12  in the P direction. The gripper  100  may perform the horizontal reciprocating motion in the P direction to determine the durability of the semiconductor device  12 . For example, in an embodiment the predetermined angle θ may be within a range of about 0 degrees to about 360 degrees. Accordingly, the gripper  100  may perform the test on the conductive bump  300  in all directions. 
       FIG.  4    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device to be tested by a test apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , a semiconductor device  12  may include a substrate  200 , a circuit pattern layer  210 , an upper wiring layer  220 , a plurality of bonding pads  230 , and a plurality of conductive bumps  300 . 
     In an embodiment, the circuit pattern layer  210  may be provided on an upper surface of the substrate  200 . Circuit patterns may be provided in the circuit pattern layer  210 . For example, in an embodiment the circuit patterns may include transistors, diodes, capacitors, and the like. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto. The circuit patterns may constitute circuit elements. Thus, the semiconductor device  12  may be a semiconductor chip having a plurality of the circuit elements formed therein. An interlayer insulating layer covering the circuit patterns may be provided on the upper surface of the substrate  200 . For example, an etch stop layer may be provided on the interlayer insulating layer. In an embodiment, the circuit patterns may be provided on the substrate  200  by performing a wafer process referred to as a front end of line (FEOL). 
     The circuit element may include a plurality of memory elements. Examples of the memory elements include a volatile semiconductor memory element and a non-volatile semiconductor memory element. Examples of the volatile semiconductor memory element include DRAM and SRAM. Examples of the non-volatile semiconductor memory element include EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash EEPROM. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto. 
     In an embodiment, the semiconductor device  12  may include the upper wiring layer  220  provided on the circuit pattern layer  210 . The upper wiring layer  220  may be provided by performing a wiring process referred to as a back end of line (BEOL). 
     In an embodiment, the upper wiring layer  220  may include a plurality of insulating layers  224  and upper wirings  222  provided in the insulating layers. In an embodiment, the upper wirings  222  may include first to fifth upper wirings  222   a ,  222   b ,  222   c ,  222   d  and  222   e . However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto and the number of the upper wirings  222  may vary. For example, in an embodiment the upper wirings  222  may include aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), or an alloy thereof. The upper wirings  222  may be formed by a plating process, an electroless plating process, a vapor deposition process, etc. 
     The insulating layers  224  may include first to fifth insulating layers  224   a ,  224   b ,  224   c ,  224   d  and  224   e . For example, the insulating layer  224  may include a polymer, a dielectric layer, etc. The insulating layer  224  may be formed by a vapor deposition process, a spin coating process, etc. 
     In an embodiment, the bonding pad  230  may be electrically connected to the upper wirings  222 . The bonding pad  230  may be exposed from an upper surface of the upper wiring layer  220 , such as a first surface  220   a . For example, the first insulating layer  224   a  provided in the upper wiring layer  220  may have a first opening through which an upper surface of the first upper wiring  222   a  is exposed. The first upper wiring  222   a  may be connected to the bonding pad  230  through the first opening. For example, in an embodiment, the bonding pad  230  may include copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), or an alloy thereof. 
     The semiconductor device  12  may further include a passivation layer  250  exposing a portion of the bonding pad  230 . The passivation layer  250  may have a second opening that exposes an upper surface of the bonding pad  230 . For example, in an embodiment the passivation layer  250  may include a polyimide material. 
     In an embodiment, the conductive bump  300  may include a copper pillar bump  320  and a solder bump  310  disposed on the copper pillar bump  320  (e.g., disposed directly thereon in the Z direction). The copper pillar bump  320  may be disposed on the upper surface of the bonding pad  230 . For example, in an embodiment a second width D2 of the conductive bump  300  may be within a range of about 50 µm to about 500 µm. 
     The semiconductor device  12  may be mounted on a module substrate through the conductive bumps  300  to constitute a memory module. For example, in an embodiment the copper pillar bump  320  may include copper (Cu), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), or an alloy thereof. The solder bump  310  may include tin (Sn), lead (Pb), or an alloy thereof. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto. 
     Although only some substrates, some bonding pads and some wirings are illustrated in the drawings, it may be understood that the number and arrangement of the substrates, the bonding pads and the wirings are exemplary, and embodiments of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited thereto. Since the wirings as well as the substrates are well known in the art to which the present disclosure pertains, illustration and description concerning the above elements will be omitted. 
       FIGS.  5  and  6    are cross-sectional views illustrating semiconductor devices having various conductive bumps in accordance with embodiments. The semiconductor device may be substantially the same as or similar to the semiconductor device described with reference to  FIG.  4    except for a configuration of a conductive bump. Thus, same or similar components are denoted by the same or similar reference numerals, and repeated descriptions of the same components will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , in an embodiment, a conductive bump  300  may be a solder bump  310 . The solder bump  310  may be directly attached to a bonding pad  230 . The conductive bump  300  may not include a copper pillar bump  320  as shown in an embodiment of  FIG.  4   . 
     A test apparatus for a semiconductor device  10  may clamp the solder bump  310  by using a gripper  100 . The test apparatus  10  may measure an adhesive force between the solder bump  310  and the bonding pad  230  in a horizontal direction, and may determine a durability of the semiconductor device  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , in an embodiment, a conductive bump  300  may be a copper pillar bump  320 . The copper pillar bump  320  may be directly attached to a bonding pad  230 . The conductive bump  300  may not include a solder bump  310  as shown in embodiments of  FIGS.  4 - 5   . 
     The test apparatus  10  may clamp the copper pillar bump  320  by using the gripper  100 . The test apparatus  10  may measure an adhesive force between the copper pillar bump  320  and the bonding pad  230  in a horizontal direction, and may determine the durability of the semiconductor device  12 . 
     As described above, the gripper  100  gripping the conductive bump  300  may move in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction, and may measure a stress (e.g., a Chip Package Interaction Stress) generated between the semiconductor chip and the package substrate during a semiconductor product reliability test process. Accordingly, it is possible to perform an environmental reliability test on the semiconductor package in a wafer stage, and cost and time consumed in tests may be reduced compared to a conventional test that can be performed only in a package stage. 
     Hereinafter, a method of testing a semiconductor device by using the test apparatus in  FIG.  1    will be explained. 
       FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating a method of testing a semiconductor device in accordance with example embodiments.  FIGS.  8  to  11    are cross-sectional views illustrating a process of a mechanical property test. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  to  11   , first, conductive bumps  300  may be formed on a plurality of bonding pads  230  of a semiconductor device  12 , respectively in block S 110 . For example, one conductive bump  300  of the conductive bumps may be formed on one bonding pad  230  of the plurality of bonding pads of the semiconductor device 
     In an embodiment, the semiconductor device  12  may include any electronic device having the conductive bumps  300 . such as a semiconductor wafer and a printed circuit board (PCB). 
     The semiconductor device  12  provided with the conductive bumps  300  may then be supported on a substrate stage  22  in block S 120 . 
     In an embodiment, the semiconductor device  12  may be loaded on the substrate stage  22 . For example, in an embodiment the substrate stage  22  may adsorb and hold the semiconductor device  12  with an electrostatic force by using an electrostatic chuck. The electrostatic chuck may adsorb and hold the semiconductor device  12  by an electrostatic attraction thereon. 
     A gripper  100  having first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  spaced apart from each other may then be positioned over the conductive bump  300  in block S 130 . For example, the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may be positioned at least partially above the conductive bump  300  in the Z direction. 
     In an embodiment, the gripper  100  may be positioned over a target conductive bump  300  by a horizontal driving unit  30 . For example, in an embodiment the target conductive bump  300  may be the conductive bump  300  positioned in a peripheral region, among a plurality of the conductive bumps  300  provided on the semiconductor wafer, a semiconductor substrate, and the like. The target conductive bump  300  may be the conductive bump  300  positioned in a portion of the semiconductor device  12  having relatively low reliability in adhesive strength, durability, and the like. Thus, the reliability of the semiconductor device  12  may be evaluated by performing a test on some of a plurality of the conductive bumps  300 . 
     The conductive bump  300  may then be clamped between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  in block S 140 . 
     In an embodiment, the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may rotate by a predetermined angle θ in a test progress direction. The first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may be rotated in the test progress direction by a rotation driving unit  106 . 
     The gripper  100  may be moved in the Z direction by a vertical driving unit  40  extending in the Z direction from the horizontal driving unit  30 . As illustrated in  FIG.  8   , the gripper  100  may be lowered such that the conductive bump  300  is positioned between the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . 
     In an embodiment, the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may move to be in proximity with each other to clamp the conductive bump  300 . As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may be placed in direct contact with the conductive bump  300  positioned therebetween. The first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may clamp the conductive bump  300  in the test progress direction for performing the test on the conductive bump  300 . For example, since the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  include an elastomer, the conductive bump  300  may be held without being damaged by the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . 
     In an embodiment, the gripper  100  clamping the conductive bump  300  may reciprocate at a constant speed with a predetermined stroke in a horizontal direction parallel with an upper surface of the substrate stage  22  in block S 150 . 
     In an embodiment, the gripper  100  may reciprocate repeatedly at the constant speed with the predetermined stroke in the horizontal direction by the horizontal driving unit  30 . The horizontal driving unit  30  may measure a horizontal external force applied to the gripper  100  while exchanging signals with an analysis unit  50 . For example, in an embodiment, the predetermined stroke may be within a range of about 1 mm to about 2 mm. The constant speed may be within a range of about 0.1 mm/s to about 400 mm/s. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , the gripper  100  may reciprocate in the X direction. The gripper  100  may also rotate in the P direction forming the predetermined angle θ with the X direction, and may reciprocate in the P direction. Thus, the gripper  100  may perform the test the conductive bump  300  at various angles. 
     In an embodiment, the gripper  100  clamping the conductive bump  300  may be vibrated in the X direction or the P direction by a micro-vibrating unit  108 . Thus, the gripper  100  may reciprocate with finer micro-vibration in a range that cannot be measured by the horizontal driving unit  30 , and the analysis unit  50  may measure a result of the micro-vibration. 
     The gripper  100  clamping the conductive bump  300  may reciprocate in the Z direction in block S 160 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  11   , the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  holding the conductive bump  300  may reciprocate in the Z direction. The vertical driving unit  40  may measure a vertical external force applied to the gripper  100  by exchanging signals with the analysis unit  50 . For example, a reciprocating motion of the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b  may be repeated until the conductive bump  300  is separated from the bonding pad  230 . 
     The reliability of the semiconductor device  12  may be determined by measuring a time point at which a crack occurs in an upper wiring  222  connected to the bonding pad  230  in block S 170  due to the force of the reciprocation of the gripper  100  on the conductive bump  300  in a horizontal direction (e.g., the X direction or the P direction) and/or the Z direction. 
     In an embodiment, the time point at which the crack occurs in the upper wiring (BEOL, Back End Of Line)  222  connected to the bonding pad  230  and provided in the upper wiring layer  220  may be measured. The time point at which the crack occurs may be measured by detecting a change in an external force applied to the first and second holders  102   a ,  102   b . 
     Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.