Patent Publication Number: US-11042210-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for power savings in communications equipment

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The subject disclosure relates to power savings systems to reduce power consumption in communications equipment. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments of the disclosure. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or delineate any scope of the particular embodiments or any scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein, devices, systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer program products that facilitate power savings in communications equipment are described. 
     According to an embodiment, a computer-implemented method comprises: identifying, by a device operatively coupled to a processor, one or more connectivity requirements of one or more nodes associated with a data center; determining, by the device, a defined graph that satisfies the one or more connectivity requirements; powering down, by the device, one or more nodes of the data center that are not required by the defined graph; and powering up, by the device one or more nodes of the data center, which are in any state other than power up, that ire required by the defined graph. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, a computer-implemented system that regulates power of nodes of a data center, comprises: a processing unit; a memory, operatively coupled to the processing unit, that stores computer executable components; a load analysis component that determines load of the data center, and generates a defined graph of a set of nodes of the data center required to fulfill system or capacity requirements of the data center; and a power regulation component that regulates power to respective nodes of the data center based at least in part on whether respective nodes fall within or outside of the defined graph. 
     In yet another embodiment, a computer program product that facilitates power regulation of network appliances of a data center, the computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to: identify, by a device operatively coupled to a processor, one or more connectivity requirements of one or more network appliances associated with the data center; determine, by the device, a defined graph that satisfies the one or more connectivity requirements of the network appliances, and interdependencies of the network appliances; power down, by the device, a subset of the network appliances that are not required by the defined graph; and powering up, by the device one or more nodes of the data center, which are in any state other than power up, that are required by the defined graph. 
     It is to be understood that the Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the description below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example, defined graph that reduces power consumption of nodes (e.g., network appliances) in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting redundant interconnection in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting power regulation system in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative embodiment of an example, non-limiting power regulation system in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an alternative embodiment of an example, non-limiting power regulation system in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of an example, defined graph of nodes (e.g., network appliances) in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram of an example, defined graph of nodes (e.g., network appliances) in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a block diagram of an example, defined graph of nodes (e.g., network appliances) in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 9  an example, non-limiting methodology in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 10  an example, non-limiting methodology in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example, non-limiting, system architecture in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
     
    
    
     Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit embodiments and/or application or uses of embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied information presented in the preceding Background or Summary sections, or in the Detailed Description section. 
     One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like referenced numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the one or more embodiments. It is evident, however, in various embodiments, that the one or more embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. 
     The number of large data centers continue to rapidly increase year over year. As power requirements to run such large data centers are becoming increasingly costly, research has been focused on mitigating unnecessary power consumption and some research shows that a significant amount, e.g., 15-30% of power in a data center is consumed by communications equipment depending on type of configuration employed. Although various developments are underway to consolidate servers and storages to reduce power consumption, there are few techniques available to reduce power consumption by communications equipment, mainly because one or more communications equipment come from different network vendors, and determining let alone navigating inter-dependencies associated therewith is difficult. In this disclosure, system(s) and method(s) to reduce the power consumption of nodes (e.g., servers, network appliances, communications equipment, devices, etc.) by powering down nodes not currently required to meet system capacity requirements is provided. 
     One particular concept of reducing power consumption in server racks is to minimize number of servers that need to be turned on using virtualization techniques. With respect to network equipment, similar techniques are difficult to apply since connectivity of different appliances and their respective functions play a role regarding whether the functions can be properly provided. However, if required connectivity of one or more network devices can respectively be provided so as to preserve respective functionalities, then set(s) of devices that should be powered on to maintain the required connectivity as well as set(s) of devices that can be powered down without losing required functionalities can be identified. 
     Embodiments described and claimed herein can be implemented via a series of acts. In a first act, type of connectivity that is required within a data center is determined. In a second act, a system can determine a minimum possible interconnectivity topology required to support proper operations; and in a third act the system can regulate power of elements to support a desired level of connectivity and system/capacity requirements. The connectivity in a data-center that is required can be one of the following, non-limiting examples: Connectivity among an access-point (e.g. Internet) and a set of servers. Connectivity among one or more tiers of which each tier consists of a set of servers or storage systems. In some embodiments, end-points of a desired connectivity can be identified. For example, the following can be enumerated: a set of applications and servers that need to be exposed to the external Internet; and a set of nodes that need to communicate with one another. 
     Embodiments described and claimed herein can utilize machine learning systems that have been explicitly or implicitly trained to learn, determine or infer system needs, capacity requirements, interdependencies of nodes, and dynamically determine or infer graphs of nodes that achieve current and/or anticipated system/capacity requirements. Links in a standard network represent connectivity, providing information about how one node can be reached from another. Dependency links represent a need for support from one node to another. This relationship is often, though not necessarily, mutual and thus the links can be directed or undirected. Crucially, a node loses its ability to function as soon as the node it is dependent on ceases to function while it may not be so severely effected by losing a node it is connected to. In percolation theory, a node is considered active as long as it is connected to a giant component. The introduction of dependency links adds another condition: that the node that it depends on is also active. Dependency can be defined between different networks and also within a same network. Interdependent networks have markedly different percolation properties than single-networks. If a single network is subjected to random attack, the largest connected component decreases continuously with a divergence of its derivative at the percolation threshold, a second-order phase transition. However, when multiple networks are interdependent, cascading failures emerge due to the positive feedback caused by dependency links. This family of processes causes a discontinuous or first order phase transition. Surprisingly, it has been shown that—contrary to the results for single networks—interdependent random networks with broader degree distributions are more vulnerable than those with narrow degree distributions. The high degree which is an asset in single networks can be a liability in interdependent networks. This is because the hubs which increase robustness in single networks can be dependent on vulnerable low-degree nodes. 
     Embodiments described herein learn interdependencies of nodes within a data center, e.g., utilizing machine learning systems that learn the set of nodes and respective linkages and interdependencies, and can build models that are explicitly or implicitly trained to generate robust defined graphs of sets of nodes that provide desired functionalities. These defined graphs converge a superset of nodes to a subset of nodes that are required to provide a desired complete set of operations and functionalities. Accordingly, such defined graphs provide opportunity to apply power conservation techniques (e.g., powering down, standby mode, low power consumption mode, etc.) to nodes that are not within the subset of nodes of the defined graph. In other words, such nodes outside of the defined graph are not necessary to fulfill operational requirements of the data center for a current period of time, and this do not need to be fully powered, which provides cost-savings and device life extension advantages. 
     The subject disclosure is directed to computer processing systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer program products that facilitate efficiently and automatically (e.g., without direct human involvement) regulating node utilization. Humans are also unable to perform the embodiments described here as they include, and are not limited to, performing e.g., complex Markov processes, Bayesian analysis, or other artificial intelligence based techniques based on probabilistic analyses and evaluating electronic information indicative of node utilization, determining whether countless multitudes of probability values assigned to node utilization exceed or fall below various probability values. 
     The computer processing systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer program products employ hardware and/or software to solve problems that are highly technical in nature. For example, problems are related to automated processing, determining or inferring node utilization. These problems are not abstract and cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by a human. For example, a human, or even thousands of humans, cannot efficiently, accurately and effectively manually apply countless thousands of node utilization variables to input points and perform analysis to determine that a probability value assigned to a node utilization level exceeds a defined probability value. 
     In order to provide for or aid in the numerous inferences described herein (e.g. inferring node utilization requirements), components described herein can examine the entirety or a subset of data to which it is granted access and can provide for reasoning about or inferring states of a system, environment, etc. from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. 
     Such inference can result in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources. Various classification (explicitly and/or implicitly trained) schemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusion engines, etc.) can be employed in connection with performing automatic and/or inferred action in connection with the claimed subject matter. 
     A classifier can map an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, as by f(x)=confidence(class). Such classification can employ a probabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring into the analysis utilities and costs) to prognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automatically performed. A support vector machine (SVM) is an example of a classifier that can be employed. The SVM operates by finding a hyper-surface in the space of possible inputs, where the hyper-surface attempts to split the triggering criteria from the non-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classification correct for testing data that is near, but not identical to training data. Other directed and undirected model classification approaches include, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification models providing different patterns of independence can be employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statistical regression that is utilized to develop models of priority. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting topology of communications equipment in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. The identification of communication characteristics typically involves calling out nodes (e.g., servers, storage, network appliances, devices, equipment, access points, etc.) that need to be able to communicate with each other. The path for communication between these nodes can pass through several intermediary nodes.  FIG. 1  discloses an example, non-limiting desired connectivity for a two-tiered data center. 
     Connectivity one and connectivity two are example, non-limiting desired connectivity in a network configuration. Connectivity one can provide a connection between Internet access router  110  and a group of three web servers  152 ,  154 , and  156 . Connectivity two can provide a connection between a group of three web servers  152 ,  154 , and  156  and a group of two database servers  162  and  164 . A firewall  132 , network switches  120 ,  122 , and  124 , and a load balancer  140  that are shown herein are examples of communications equipment available in different paths. 
     Using knowledge of type of desired connectivity, a topology of an interconnection among different points can be optimized to reduce power consumption. In some embodiments, there can be redundant components, e.g., firewall  2  and firewall  3 . In this regard, an analysis of the network topology as well as system capacity requirements, e.g., low external communications activity, can reveal that power savings can be achieved by powering down redundant firewall  3   136  since firewall  2   134  performs the same function. However, as system capacity requirements change, e.g., external communications increase or higher threat of security breaches is inferred or detected, firewall  3   136  can be powered up based on the new system requirements and associated desired graph to satisfy such requirements. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting topology that utilizes a redundant interconnection in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. There can be redundant paths along two different end-points  210 ,  212 . This redundant path situation can arise commonly when Internet access router  110  are used to provide redundant paths among the two different end-points  210 ,  212 .  FIG. 2  shows one such situation. 
     In some embodiments, acts can be taken to reduce power consumed by respective nodes devices. For example, in response to identified redundant paths, only a shortest path among end-points  210  and  212  is required to be maintained. The alternative paths, and devices there among can be placed in standby mode to reduce power consumption. In certain instances where several different elements in the aggregate perform a particular function, network paths can be reconfigured to provide such function. As an example, if the network connectivity is provided by virtual LANs, then the VLANs can be configured so that they all utilize a single device for reliability. As an example, the different network switches of  FIG. 1  can be replaced with a single network switch. When there are several network appliance functions along a single path, then those functions can be consolidated on a single device. If the devices are implemented as a consolidated appliance on a multi-core platform, then such a consolidation is feasible. 
     Based on the result of these transformations, a topology of appliances can be identified which comprises a minimum set that can provide desired connectivity among the different end-points  210  and  212  of a communication path. The other devices can then be turned off or placed in power savings mode to conserve power as well as reduce device operating hours. The techniques described herein can also be implemented in a planning tool to design deployments of new networks, or during operation as a tool to adjust the configuration of different network appliances available. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting power savings system in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. The system  300  includes a bus  302  that provides for interconnection of various components of the system  300 . It is to be appreciated that in other embodiments one or more system components can communicate wirelessly with other components, through a direct wired connection or integrated on a chipset. 
     The system  300  includes a set of nodes  304  (e.g., servers, network appliances, communication equipments, general purpose computers, motors, pumps, devices, equipment, a mobile computer, a control system, a global positioning system (GPS), a tracking system, a weather computer, an emergency system, a communication system, a warning system, a radar system, or any other suitable computing device, etc.). 
     A processor  308  executes computer executable components/software stored thereon or in memory  310 . A power regulation component  310  can include or otherwise be associated with at least one power control device. Non-limiting examples include a relay, a voltage regulator, and/or any other power interrupting device that can be controlled locally and/or remotely. In some embodiments, power regulation components are implemented within an external AC-to-DC adapter and within power regulation circuitry so that a motherboard switching regulator, a primary regulator within the main computer casing, is not required to regulate power before being transmitted to the network. 
     The various components (e.g., processor  308 , memory  310 , and/or other components) of system  300  can be connected to a communications component  312  either directly or via one or more networks  314 . Such networks  314  can include wired and wireless networks, including, but not limited to, a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local area network (LAN), non-limiting examples of which include cellular, WAN, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Wi-Max, WLAN, radio communication, microwave communication, satellite communication, optical communication, sonic communication, electromagnetic induction communication, or any other suitable communication technology. 
     A load analysis component  316  can analyze system and/or capacity requirements and identify topologies or desired graphs to satisfy such requirements. For example, the load analysis components can analyze one or more connectivity requirements, determine a defined graph that satisfies the one or more connectivity requirements, drive power regulation component  320  to ensure that a subset of nodes  304  that fall within the defined graph remain powered on to satisfy system and capacity requirements, and nodes  304  that fall outside the graph are powered down or placed in standby or power savings mode to conserve overall power consumption by nodes  304 . It should be appreciated that in certain embodiments the defined graph(s) for applying power regulation are not static but rather dynamic and are updated based on changes in system and/or capacity requirements. Accordingly, nodes are selectively activated, deactivated, placed in standby or power savings mode as required. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative implementation of system  300  that includes an update component  450 . An update component  450  can update the graph generated by the load analysis component  316  based on revised system or capacity requirements. For example, if the system  300  was serving the European and Asian markets, and the time changed to 8:00 am EST where U.S. businesses have started working, system and capacity demand can increase and this update component  450  can coordinate with load analysis component  316  and power regulation component  320  to update the graph based on increased demand and thus activate nodes  304  that were previously powered down, in standby or in power savings mode for example. Likewise, as demand decreases, e.g., after business hours in Europe and the Americas, system and capacity requirements can decrease thus prompting the update component  450  to update the graph and causing a subset of active nodes  304  to be powered down, placed in standby mode or power savings mode in order to conserve power and/or minimize operating hours of the nodes to extend device life.  FIG. 5  illustrates an alternative implementation of system  300  that includes a utility component  550 . The utility component  550  can be employed to perform a cost/benefit analysis in connection with power regulation of the nodes  304  and pros/cons associated with powering up or down respective nodes  304 . A utility-based analysis can also be employed where the costs of taking a certain action are weighed against the benefits. For example, the utility component  550  can determine that the probability and cost of potentially failing to provision services to a set of customers outweighs the financial benefit of turning down certain nodes (e.g., equipment). 
       FIGS. 6-8  schematically illustrate a defined graph  602  as applied to a set of nodes  1 -N, wherein N is an integer. In  FIG. 6 , the defined graph  602  identifies a set of nodes (nodes:  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  8 ,  12 ,  16 ,  17 ,  21 ,  22 ,  23  and  24 ) that are deemed necessary to satisfy system and/or capacity requirements.  FIG. 7  illustrates a change in the defined graph  602  based on changes in system and/or capacity requirements. In this situation, there is peak demand requiring all nodes  1 -N to be fully operational.  FIG. 8  illustrates an alternative scenario where demand is at a lower level, and thus the graph indicates that only nodes  1 - 8  are necessary to fulfill changed system or capacity requirements. The load analysis component  316 , power regulation component  320 , update component  450  and utility component  550  can coordinate to adjust the graph based on current or anticipated needs, and accordingly power-up, power down, place in standby or power savings mode for example as needs of the system  300  change. Thus, significant power savings can be achieved through such selective control of nodes and in particular network appliances. The defined graph  602  provides for assessing network and connectivity requirements across the set of nodes and providing a mapping of nodes necessary to fulfill desired operations. It is to be appreciated that machine learning systems can be implemented in one or more of the components to generate explicitly and/or implicitly trained models that provide the desired graphs to map nodes necessary to provide respective functions. The machine learning systems can learn systems, networks, etc., identify interdependencies of respective nodes and correlations in order to determine or infer graphs that mitigate downtime and reliably achieve system objectives. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method  900  that reduces power consumption in nodes in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements employed in other embodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity. At  902 , a system  300  comprising a processor  308  can identify one or more connectivity requirements of one or more nodes (e.g., network appliances) associated with the system (e.g., data center). At  904 , a defined graph (e.g., defined graph  602 ) that satisfies the one or more connectivity requirements can be determined by the system  300  (e.g., employing load analysis component  316 , power regulation component  320 , update component  450  or utility component  550 ). At  906 , one or more nodes of the data center can be powered down, placed in standby or powering savings mode by the system  300 , in response to such nodes falling outside the graph and thus deemed not currently necessary to achieve present operational needs or goals of the data center. 
     For simplicity of explanation, the computer-implemented methodologies are depicted and described as a series of acts. It is to be understood and appreciated that the subject innovation is not limited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for example acts can occur in various orders and/or concurrently, and with other acts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts can be required to implement the computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that the computer-implemented methodologies could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram or events. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the computer-implemented methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such computer-implemented methodologies to computers. The term article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storage media. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a methodology  1000  for updating a graph in accordance with one or more embodiments herein. At  1002 , a determination is made regarding whether or not system or capacity requirements have changed (e.g., employing load analysis component  316 , power regulation component  320 , update component  450  or utility component  550 ). If no, the process returns to  1002 , maintains the current graph and operation of nodes within the graph, and continues monitoring change in system/capacity requirements. If yes, the process proceeds to  1004  where the graph is updated (e.g., by update component  450 ) to reflect new system/capacity requirements. For example, customer demands may have increased or decreased based on time or day. At  1006 , nodes that have been added to the updated graph are powered by (e.g., by the power regulation component  320 ). At  1008 , nodes that fall outside the graph are selectively powered down, placed in standby or power save mode (e.g., by power regulation component  320 ), for example, to conserve power, save money and wear &amp; tear on respective modes. The process then returns to  1002  to continue monitoring for changes in system/capacity requirements. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting operating environment in which one or more embodiments described herein can be facilitated. Repetitive description of like elements employed in other embodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity. With reference to  FIG. 11 , a suitable operating environment  1101  for implementing various aspects of this disclosure can also include a computer  1112 . The computer  1112  can also include a processing unit  1114 , a system memory  1116 , and a system bus  1118 . The system bus  1118  couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1116  to the processing unit  1114 . The processing unit  1114  can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit  1114 . The system bus  1118  can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Firewire (IEEE 1394), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI). The system memory  1116  can also include volatile memory  1120  and nonvolatile memory  1122 . The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements in the computer  1112 , such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory  1122 . By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory  1122  can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM). Volatile memory  1120  can also include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM. 
     Computer  1112  can also include removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media.  FIG. 11  illustrates, for example, a disk storage  1124 . Disk storage  1124  can also include, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-100 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. The disk storage  1124  also can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate connection of the disk storage  1124  to the system bus  1118 , a removable or non-removable interface is typically used, such as interface  1126 .  FIG. 11  also depicts software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in the suitable operating environment  1101 . Such software can also include, for example, an operating system  1128 . Operating system  1128 , which can be stored on disk storage  1124 , acts to control and allocate resources of the computer  1112 . System applications  1130  take advantage of the management of resources by operating system  1128  through program modules  1132  and program data  1134 , e.g., stored either in system memory  1116  or on disk storage  1124 . It is to be appreciated that this disclosure can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. A user enters commands or information into the computer  1112  through input device(s)  1136 . Input devices  1136  include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit  1114  through the system bus  1118  via interface port(s)  1138 . Interface port(s)  1138  include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s)  1140  use some of the same type of ports as input device(s)  1136 . Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to computer  1112 , and to output information from computer  1112  to an output device  1140 . Output adapter  1142  is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices  1140  like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices  1140 , which require special adapters. The output adapters  1142  include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device  1140  and the system bus  1118 . It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s)  1144 . 
     Computer  1112  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s)  1144 . The remote computer(s)  1144  can be a computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically can also include many or all of the elements described relative to computer  1112 . For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device  1146  is illustrated with remote computer(s)  1144 . Remote computer(s)  1144  is logically connected to computer  1112  through a network interface  1148  and then physically connected via communication connection  1150 . Network interface  1148  encompasses wire and/or wireless communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN), wide-area networks (WAN), cellular networks, etc. LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). Communication connection(s)  1150  refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface  1148  to the system bus  1118 . While communication connection  1150  is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer  1112 , it can also be external to computer  1112 . The hardware/software for connection to the network interface  1148  can also include, for exemplary purposes only, internal and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may be a system, a method, an apparatus and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present disclosure. The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium can also include the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network can comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium in the respective computing/processing device. Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of various aspects of the present disclosure can be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions can execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer can be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection can be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to customize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. These computer readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer readable program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program product that runs on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that this disclosure also can or can be implemented in combination with other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive computer-implemented methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. However, some, if not all aspects of this disclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “system,” “platform,” “interface,” and the like, can refer to and/or can include a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside in a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, respective components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmware application executed by a processor. In such a case, the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, wherein the electronic components can include a processor or other means to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. In an aspect, a component can emulate an electronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., in a cloud computing system.