Patent Publication Number: US-2013235245-A1

Title: Managing two or more displays on device with camera

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure generally relates to electronic devices that have a display and a camera, and more particularly to managing such electronic devices that have a plurality of displays. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic devices with cameras generally have a front facing display mounted on the opposite side of the device than the camera faces to show the user what the camera is seeing. However, other electronic devices with cameras often include more than one display. For example, some cameras use a back facing display that is on the same side as the camera faces to show a preview for self-portraits. Another use of the back facing display is to display a count-down timer when a self-timer function is enabled. 
     However, displays consume power and reduce battery life. The use of multiple displays consumes power at a quicker rate. Balancing the increase functionality of using more than one display while maintaining longer battery life is difficult. Moreover, when taking group photos and self-portraits, the time period of count-down timers is often either too long or too short, thereby resulting in the photograph being taken at a time when the subject may not be prepared for the photo. Settable count-down time periods are often cumbersome for users to manage. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various examples and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present disclosure, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a front view of an electronic device according to one example; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a back view of the electronic device of  FIG. 1  according to one example; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a functional diagram of a display control circuit according to one example; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a table of previously associated images with facial identification according to one example; 
         FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  is a flow diagram illustrating the display cooperation processes according to one example; and 
         FIG. 7  is one example of a block diagram of an electronic device and associated components in which the systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As required, detailed examples are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and that the systems and methods described below can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the disclosed subject matter in virtually any appropriately detailed structure and function. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather, to provide an understandable description. 
     The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term “coupled,” as used herein, is defined as “connected,” although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The term “configured to” describes hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software that is adapted to, set up, arranged, built, composed, constructed, designed or that has any combination of these characteristics to carry out a given function. The term “adapted to” describes hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software that is capable of, able to accommodate, to make, or that is suitable to carry out a given function. 
     Described below are systems and methods for reducing power consumption in electronic devices that have cameras and more than one display. In one example, an electronic device includes a first side with a first display and a second side with a second display and a camera. A facial detection circuit detects a presence of a human face in an image captured by the camera. In response to a human face being detected, a signal is sent to a power control circuit to turn on one or more of the displays. In operation, a display that is mounted on the same side of a device as the camera is able to be activated only when an image captured by the camera indicates that a person is on that side of the device and is therefore likely to view the display. Conversely, if a face is not detected in an image captured by the camera, the display on the same side of the device as the camera is not powered on, and therefore electrical energy is not wasted in operating that display when it is unlikely that a person is in front of the camera, and therefore viewing that display. 
     In a further example, when a human face is detected, a matching algorithm is used to determine if the human face detected matches a previously stored human face. In response to a match being found, an image associated with the previously stored human face is presented on one or more of the displays. For example, in response to the stored human face being matched as being “grandma”, an image associated with “grandma” is displayed. This image may be locally stored on the electronic device or retrieved, for example wirelessly, from a social networking site of favorite pictures of “grandma”. Examples of pictures associated with “grandma” include grandchildren, family, vacation photos, pets, etc. 
     In another example, a facial detection circuit analyzes images captured by a camera to detect a presence of a human face in the image. An audio recognition is used to detect an audio command, such as a “hand clap” or a voice command such as saying “cheese.” In response to a face being detected while an audio command is recognized, a signal is sent to capture and record a photo. 
     In a further example, facial detection is performed on images captured by the camera to determine the presence of a group of two or more human faces in front of the camera. In such an example, a count-down timer is activated in response to an audio command being recognized. Once the count-down timer completes, a signal is sent to capture and record a photo. This example allows a group of people to assemble, setup, and pose for the count-down time to snap a picture in response to an audio command. In one example, the count-down time is able to be adjusted based upon, for example, a number of faces detected in the image. 
     In yet another example, facial detection is used to determine a group of two or more human faces in front of the camera. A silhouette identifier is used to snap a picture when the silhouette of the group is centered in front of the camera with or without the use of a count-down timer. 
     Example Electronic Device 
       FIG. 1  depicts a front view  100  of an electronic device  120  according to one example. The electronic device  120  includes a housing  102  to enclose electronic circuits, power sources, and possibly other components of the electronic device. The electronic device  120  has a keyboard  116  and various user interface components  110  mounted on its front side  104 . Examples of the user interface components  110  mounted on the front side  104  of the electronic device  120  include trackballs, track pads, function keys that have a fixed definition, reconfigurable, programmable definitions, or both, etc. 
     The electronic device of this example includes a display  106  mounted on its front or first side  104 . The display  106  of various examples is able to include a graphical display that presents images in a color or in a monochrome format. In one example, the display  106  is a liquid crystal display (LCD) that presents graphical data, including alpha-numeric data. 
     The illustrated electronic device  120  includes a front facing camera  112  and a front light sensor  114 . Front facing camera  112  is generally used to capture images as photographs or as video to support, for example, video conferencing. The light sensor  114  of one example produces an output in proportion to the amount of ambient light incident on the light sensor  114 . In some examples, the light sensor  114  is a photo diode, phototransistor, or other light sensitive electronic device that produces an output that is measured to determine an estimate of ambient light. In various examples, an electronic device or other electronic device includes only one ambient light detecting device, two ambient light sensing devices, or any number of ambient light sensing devices to support the below-described operations. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a back view  200  of the electronic device  120  discussed above with regard to  FIG. 1 . The back view  200  shows a back side  204  of housing  102 . The back side  204  has a back facing camera  212  and back light sensor  214 . In various examples, the back facing camera  212  captures images and video that are typically displayed on display  106 . Also shown is a second display  206 . The second display  206  of various examples is able to include a graphical display that presents images in a color or in a monochrome format. In one example, the second display  206  is a liquid crystal display (LCD) that presents graphical data, including alpha-numeric data. In various examples the type, resolution, and capabilities of the first display  106  and the second display  206  are similar to each other. In other examples, the characteristics of the first display  106  and the second display  206  are different. Moreover in one example, the characteristics of the front facing camera  112  and back facing camera  212  are similar. In another example, the characteristics of the front facing camera  112  and back facing camera  212  are different. Examples of camera characteristics include camera detector/lens types, resolution, other capabilities, or a combination thereof. 
     Example Display Control Circuit 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of a display control circuit  300  according to one example. The display control circuit  300  includes a camera  302 , a microphone  304  and two displays: a front display  320  and a back display  324 . In other examples, the invention is implemented with more than two displays. 
     The camera  302  operates to capture images for either still pictures or video. Images captured by camera  302  are managed by processor  308 . Images received by the processor  308  are provided to and analyzed by a facial detector  306  to identify human faces located in front of the camera  302  and captured by the camera  302 . As discussed above with regard to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the camera  302  may be a front facing camera  112 , a back facing camera  212 , or a combination of both. The facial detector  306  analyses images captured by the camera  302  and determines locations and sizes of human faces in those arbitrary captured digital images. In an example, the facial detector  302  detects facial features and excludes other features, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Various algorithms implementing a binary pattern-classification task are incorporated into the facial detector  306 . That is, the content of a given part of an image is transformed into features, after which a classifier decides whether that particular region of the image is a face, or not. Classifiers in one example operate by being trained with images of example faces and are configured to identify similar characteristics in arbitrary images. In some examples, the facial detector  306  is used with facial recognition to match features by comparing selected facial features from the captured image to features stored in a facial database  310  as further describe below. The facial detector  306 in one example is configured to detect the presence of only one face in a captured image. In another example, the facial detector  306  is configured to detect the presence of two or more human faces in a group. 
     A power control circuit  316  is coupled to the front display  320  or the back display  324  or both. In response to the facial detector  306  detecting the presence of a human face in an image captured by the camera  302 , the processor  308  sends a signal to the power control circuit  316  to turn on the front display  320  or the back display  324  or both. The management of the displays  320 ,  324  prolongs battery life. In one example, the detection of at least one face in an image captured by the camera  302  that is on a second side of a device causes a display on the same second side of the device to turn on. Conversely, the lack of a detected presence of a human face in an image captured by the camera  302  causes the display on the same side of the device as the camera  302  to turn off. Turning on a display that is located on the same side of the device that contains the camera  302  causes the display to automatically turn on when someone is likely to be present to observe the display, and causes the display to automatically turn off when it is unlikely that someone is likely to observe the display. 
     In another example, the processor  308  uses facial recognition to match features by comparing selected facial features from the captured image to features stored in a facial database  312 . The image storage  322  in one example further stores images in association with specific human faces. In this example, in response to recognizing a particular human face in the captured image, previously stored images in the image storage  322  that are associated with the specific detected human face are displayed on the first display  320  or the second display  324  or both. This image may be locally stored on the electronic device or wirelessly retrieved from a social networking site. 
     Example Image Association Table 
     Table  400  of  FIG. 4  is an example of associations of images to human faces that have been identified. Column  402  includes examples of persons with stored image features to allow identification by the processor  308  as is discussed above. Column  402  includes several individuals, who are identified as “Grandma”, “Dad”, and “Baby”. Column  404  includes one or more images associated with each person whose image can be identified. For example, if a detected human face in a captured image is identified as “Grandma,” who is listed in row  416 , an image of grandchildren, a favorite pet, or other image previously associated with Grandma is displayed. In row  418 , a human face identified as “Dad” is stored in association with an image of Mom or an award, such as for golf. In response to identifying a face in an image as “baby,” an animated video, such as a cartoon, is able to be presented on a display on the same side as the camera to focus the attention of the young child. In order to present such an entertaining video, captured images containing detected faces identified as children or babies are associated with such animated cartoons, such as is shown in row  420 . The stored images that are associated with particular individuals are able to include images of the particular identified person as well as images of other persons or of other objects. By displaying personalized images to a particular person being photographed, it is more likely that the person will react with a positive response (e.g., smile, laughing, etc.) which may be captured in subsequent images. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , a microphone  304  is used to capture sound and provide a representation of the sound to processor  308 . The sound may be captured during operation of the camera  302 , such as during capture of video. Sounds are also able to be captured independently of the operation of the camera  302 . A sound detector circuit  310  is used to match features by comparing selected sound characteristics to characteristics stored in a sound database  314 . The PATENT sound may be a human hand clap or a specific spoken word such as “Cheese”. In general, sounds stored in the sound database  314  are selected to be long enough and distinct enough to provide a high degree of confidence that a particular sound has been identified in the sound signals captured by the microphone  304 . In one example, identification of a stored sound is used to trigger recording an image by the camera  302 . In this context, recording an image refers to preserving an image captured by the camera  302 , such as by storing into a memory, transmitting the image over a communications link, or preserving the image for any other use. 
     In an example, the processor  308 , in response to detecting an audio command such as a human hand clap, can signal the camera  302  to record an image, such as by providing an image capture trigger or operating a shutter release mechanism. In a further example, when a presence of a human face is detected in an image captured by the camera  302 , the processor  316  sends a signal to the power control circuit  316  to turn on the front display  106  or the back display  206 , or both. The display control  300  then waits to receive a hand clap or other audio command to further capture an image. This is particularly useful in group photos in which the time to get everyone lined up in front of the camera can vary widely. The time can be very long for large formal group portraits and shorter for candid shots of a couple. Once the facial detector  306  detects one or more faces, the group is allowed time to settle and then to “clap” or yell “cheese” or a combination thereof, to capture the image. Further examples include starting a count-down timer in response to the audio command being received. The current value of the count-down timer is also able to be displayed on the display that is on the same side as the camera being controlled such as the back display  324  when capturing images with the back facing camera  212 . Upon expiration of the count-down timer in one example, the processor  308  signals the camera  302  to record a captured image. 
     In another example, when one or more human faces are detected, a centering algorithm is used. The relative position of each detected face in an image is detected along a given axes in a field of view of the camera  302 . For example, if three faces are detected, the centering algorithm detects eyes or other facial features relative to the field of view of the camera. Once all the faces are centered along a given axis within the field of view, the image is automatically captured, recorded, or both. Stated differently, in a landscape mode, the eyes of each detected human must be within a settable position or distance along the horizontal axis from a centerline in the field of view. The typical pupillary distance (i.e. the distance between eyes) for adults is around 54-68 mm, while measurements generally fall between 48 and 73 mm. As an example using 70 mm pupillary distance, a default settable distance (2.5×70 mm) from a center line in one example is that all eyes are within: 
       Humans Centered≦2.5×70 mm× N,  
 
     where N is the number of humans detected. In other examples, the centering algorithm can be combined with a count-down time or sound detector and the automatic turning on of the back display. 
     In another example, the processor  308  detects the presence of a human face in images captured by a back facing camera  212  with the facial detector  306 . The processor  308  is configured to display the last recorded image on the front facing display  320 , which is an example of a first display, or the back facing display  324 , which is an example of a second display, or both. In an example, the front facing display  320  shows the previous captured and recorded image, while the back display  324  displays the live images being captured. This permits the user to quickly check previously captured images by flipping over the electronic device  120  without having to interfere with the presentation of live images on the back display  324 , which is being used as a view finder by persons facing the lens of the camera. 
     Further examples cooperatively use the front display  320  and the back display  324  without incorporating facial detection. Rather, in such examples, the electronic device is placed in a camera mode through selection of one or more buttons on keyboard  116 . The front display  320  acts as a live view finder for the front facing camera  112 , which is the camera  302  in  FIG. 3 , when the front facing camera  112  is on. The back display  324  is then used to concurrently render the previously captured image. 
     Example Flow Diagram 
       FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  are flow diagrams  500  and  600  illustrating a display management and image capture process. The process begins in step  502  and immediately proceeds to an operating mode selection, at  504 . Shown are four paths related to user selection of a mode: “Preview Mode”, “Detect Mode A”, “Detect Mode B” and “Exit.” Starting with the leftmost path in the flow diagram  500  is the “Preview Mode.” In this mode the front display is set to turn on and render a live viewfinder, at  506 , while the back display is set to turn on render the last image captured, at  508 . The process proceeds to test, at  510 , if this operating mode has been turned off. If the mode is not turned off, i.e., it is still enabled, the process loops on this test, at  510 , otherwise, the process returns to determine the operating mode, at  504 . 
     The first center path in the flow diagram  500  and  600  is “Detect Mode A”. In this mode, the process determines, at  520 , if a human face is detected in a captured image. If a human face is not detected, the process loops on determining the operating mode, at  504 , and determining if a human face is detected, at  520 . Once a human face is detected, a determination is made, at  524 , whether detect sound mode is enabled. 
     In the case where detect sound mode is not enabled, the back display is turned on, at  534 , and the process returns to determining operating mode, at  504 . Otherwise, when the detect sound mode is enabled, a determination is made, at  526 , if the association mode is enabled. When the association mode is enabled, facial recognition is used, at  528 , to retrieve a stored image associated with the human face detected in the captured image. Otherwise, when the association mode is not enabled, the back display is turned on, at  530 . In this example, the back display is on the same side as the camera being used to capture the images being processed, recorded, or both. 
     After using facial recognition or turning on the back display, a loop is entered, at  532 , to determine if sound, such as a “clap” or a word “cheese,” has been detected. Once the sound is detected, the process continues to flow  600  of  FIG. 6  as denoted by “B.” After sound has been detected, a determination is made, at  534 , as to whether a count-down mode is set. In the case the count-down mode is not set, a trigger is sent, at  540 , to the camera to capture the image. Otherwise, when the count-down mode is set, the process loops, at  536 , until the count-down timer is expired. After the count-down timer has expired, the image is captured and recorded, at  540 . In one example the current value of the count-down timer is displayed on the back display. After the image is captured in response to the human face being detected, at  540 , along with other optional modes i.e. Detect Sound Mode, Association Mode, Count-Down Mode, the process returns to step  504 . 
     The second center path in the flow diagram  500  and  600  is “Detect Mode B”. In this mode, the process continues to flow  600  of  FIG. 6  as denoted by “C” and “C′”. In this mode, the process loops, at  550 , until at least one human face is detected in images captured by the camera. Once a human face is detected, a determination is made, at  552 , of the relative position of each detected human face along a given axes in a field of view of the camera. Next, a loop is entered, at  554 , that is performed until the detected face(s) are centered along the given axes within the field of view. Once the faces are centered, the image is ready to be captured and the optional Count-down Timer mode is tested, at  554 , and the process continues to await count-down timer expiration, at  536 , or to trigger image capture and recording, at  540 , as is described above. 
     Lastly, the right most path in the flow diagram  500  is “Exit” and the process terminates in step  560 . 
     Example Hardware of an Electronic Device 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of an electronic device and associated components  700  in which the systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented. In this example, an electronic device  752  is a wireless two-way communication device that is able to provide one or both of voice and data communication capabilities. Such electronic devices communicate with a wireless voice or data network  750  via any suitable wireless communication protocol or protocols. Wireless voice communication is performed using either analog or digital wireless communication protocols according to the network  750  to which the wireless communication device is connected. Data communication to and from the electronic device  752  support exchanging data with other computer systems through any suitable network, such as the Internet. Examples of electronic devices that are able to incorporate the above described systems and methods include data pagers, data messaging devices, cellular telephones, or a data communication device that may or may not include telephony capabilities. 
     The illustrated electronic device  752  is an example electronic wireless communication device includes two-way wireless communication components to provide wireless data communication with a wireless data network, a wireless voice network, or both. Such electronic devices incorporate a wireless communication component that includes communication subsystem elements such as a wireless transmitter  710 , a wireless receiver  712 , and associated components such as one or more antenna elements  714  and  716 . A digital signal processor (DSP)  708  performs processing to extract data from received wireless signals and to generate signals to be transmitted. The particular design of the communication subsystem is dependent upon the communication network and associated wireless communication protocols with which the device is intended to operate. 
     Data communication with the electronic device  752  generally includes receiving data, such as a text message or web page download, through the receiver  712  and providing that received data to the processor  702 . The processor  702  is then able to further process the received data for output to the display  734  or to other devices such as an auxiliary I/O device  738  or through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) port  732 . The electronic device  752  also allows a user to create data items, such as e-mail messages, using the keyboard  736  in conjunction with the display  734  and possibly with data received through an auxiliary I/O device  738 . Such composed items are then able to be transmitted over a communication network through the transmitter  710 . 
     The electronic device  752  performs voice communications by providing received signals from the receiver  712  to the audio subsystem  728  for reproduction by speakers  726 . A user&#39;s voice is able to be converted to electrical signals from microphone  730  for transmission by transmitter  710 . 
     A short-range communication subsystem  720  provides communication between the electronic device  752  and different systems or devices. Examples of short-range communication subsystems  720  include an infrared device and associated circuits and components, or a Radio Frequency based communication subsystem such as a BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Wi-Fi or Wi-MAX communication subsystem to provide for communication with similarly-enabled systems and devices. 
     The electronic device  752  includes a processor  702  that controls device operations for the electronic device  752 . The processor  702  interacts with the above described communication subsystem elements to implement and control wireless communication with the network  750 . The processor  702  further performs control and data exchange functions by interacting with, for example, flash memory  706 , random access memory (RAM)  704 , auxiliary input/output (I/O) device  738 , Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port  732 , display  734 , light sensor  718 , camera  740 , keyboard  736 , audio subsystem  728 , microphone  730 , a short-range communication subsystem  720 , a power subsystem  722 , and any other device subsystems. 
     Light sensor  718  and camera  740  in one example correspond to the light sensor  304  and camera  302 , respectively, discussed above. The processor  702  of one example performs the functions of the ambient light processor  306 , ambient light level detector  308  and image generation processor  312 . Display  734  in one example corresponds to the display  320  or  324  or both also discussed above. 
     The processor  702 , in another example, performs the facial detection  306  with facial database  312 . The processor  703  may also be configured to perform the sound detection  310  with sound database  314 . 
     An internal power pack, such as a battery  724 , is connected to a power subsystem  722  to provide power to the circuits of the electronic device  752 . The power subsystem  722  includes power distribution circuitry to supply electric power to the various components of the electronic device  752  and also includes battery charging circuitry to support recharging the battery  724 . An external power supply  754  is able to be connected to the power subsystem  722 . The power subsystem  722  includes a battery monitoring circuit that provide a status of one or more battery conditions, such as remaining capacity, temperature, voltage, current draw, and the like. 
     The USB port  732  provides data communication between the electronic device  752  and one or more external devices. Data communication through USB port  732  enables various user data, such as data files or configuration parameters for the electronic device  752  to be exchanged between the electronic device  752  and an external device. The USB port  732  is also able to be used to convey external power to the power subsystem  722  from a suitable external power supply. 
     Operating system software used by the processor  702  is stored in flash memory  706 . In addition to, or in place of, flash memory  706 , a battery backed-up RAM or other non-volatile storage data elements are able to store operating systems, other executable programs, or both. As an example, a computer executable program configured to perform the display cooperation process  500 ,  600 , as described above, is included in a software module stored in flash memory  706 . 
     Flash memory  706  is also able to store data that is used by programs executing on the processor  702 . RAM memory  704  is also used to store data produced or used by processor  702 . RAM memory is further able to temporarily store program data from flash memory  706  or from other storage locations. RAM  704  is also used to store data received via wireless communication signals or through wired communication. 
     The processor  702 , in some examples executes operating system software as well as various other software applications such as user applications, small, special purpose applications referred to as “apps,” and the like. Some software, such as operating system and other basic user functions such as address books are able to be provided as part of the manufacturing process for the electronic device. 
     In addition to loading applications as part of a manufacturing process, further applications are able to be loaded onto the electronic device  752  through, for example, the wireless network  750 , an auxiliary I/O device  738 , USB port  732 , short-range communication subsystem  720 , or any combination of these interfaces. Once these applications are loaded into the electronic device  752 , these applications are executed by the processor  702 . 
     A media reader  760  is able to be connected to an auxiliary I/O device  738  to allow, for example, loading computer readable program code of a computer program product into the electronic device  752  for storage into flash memory  706 . One example of a media reader  760  is an optical drive such as a CD/DVD drive, which may be used to store data to and read data from a computer readable medium or storage product such as computer readable storage media  762 . Examples of suitable computer readable storage media include optical storage media such as a CD or DVD, magnetic media, or any other suitable data storage device. The media reader  760  is alternatively able to be connected to the electronic device through the USB port  732  or computer readable program code is alternatively able to be provided to the electronic device  752  through the wireless network  750 . 
     NON-LIMITING EXAMPLES 
     The present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. A system can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system—or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein—is suitable. 
     The present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which—when loaded in a computer system—is able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or, notation; and b) reproduction in a different material form. 
     Each computer system may include, inter alia, one or more computers and at least a computer readable medium allowing a computer to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium may include computer readable storage medium embodying non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, disk drive memory, CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. Additionally, a computer medium may include volatile storage such as RAM, buffers, cache memory, and network circuits. Non-Limiting Examples 
     Although specific examples of the invention have been disclosed, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes can be made to the specific examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific examples, and it is intended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications, modifications, and examples within the scope of the present invention.