Patent Publication Number: US-2022214706-A1

Title: Electric heaters

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/134,240, filed Jan. 6, 2021. The entire content of this application is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Heaters are used in various manufacturing and climate control applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of the invention provides an electric heater including: a resistive heating element; a current transformer positioned around a portion of the resistive heating element or a lead thereto, the current transformer adapted and configured to produce a secondary induced current proportional to a primary current flowing through the resistive heating element; and a controller communicatively coupled to the resistive heating element and the current transformer. The controller is programmed to either: (i): detect a deviation between the secondary induced current and a reference value; and in response to the deviation, generate an alert; or (ii) communicate to a remote server programmed to detect a deviation between the secondary induced current and a reference value. 
     This aspect of the invention can have a variety of embodiments. The controller can include a microprocessor. 
     The electric heater can further include a housing surrounding the resistive heating element, the current transformer, and the controller. The controller can be mounted an internal wall of the housing. The housing can be fabricated from a plastic. 
     The electric heater can further include a temperature sensor along an output path. The controller can be communicatively coupled to the temperature sensor. The controller can be further programmed to implement a closed-loop feedback method to control the primary current to achieve a specified temperature along the output path. 
     The controller can be programmed to communicate the secondary induced current to the remote server. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides an electric heater including: a resistive heating element; a temperature sensor along an output path; a controller communicatively coupled to the resistive heating element and the current transformer, the controller programmed implement a closed-loop feedback method to control the primary current to achieve a specified temperature along the output path; and a housing surrounding the resistive heating element, the temperature sensor, and the controller. The controller is mounted an internal wall of the housing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a fuller understanding of the nature and desired objects of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures wherein like reference characters denote corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an electric heater according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a controller according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective external view of an electric heater according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 4-6  are perspective internal views of an electric heater according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective external view of an electric heater according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 8 and 9  are root mean square (RMS) graphs over time of current values measured by an electric heater according to embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     The instant invention is most clearly understood with reference to the following definitions. 
     As used herein, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about. 
     As used in the specification and claims, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing,” “having,” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like. 
     Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, the term “or,” as used herein, is understood to be inclusive. 
     Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 (as well as fractions thereof unless the context clearly dictates otherwise). 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , one aspect of the invention provides an electric heater  100  including a resistive heating element  102  and a controller  104 . 
     The resistive heating element  102  can heat a medium (e.g., air flowing through a channel  106 ) using the Ohmic heating produced when electrical current passes through the conductor. In one embodiment, the resistive heating element  102  is a nickel-chromium (nichrom) alloy. 
     Controller 
     Controller  104  can be a microcontroller (e.g., available under the ARDUINO® OR IOIO™ trademarks), a microprocessor, and the like. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the controller  200 , which can be an example of the controller  104  of  FIG. 1 , can include a processor device (e.g., a central processing unit or “CPU”)  202 , a memory device  204 , a storage device  206 , a user interface  208 , a system bus  210 , and a communication interface  212 . 
     The processor  202  can be any type of processing device for carrying out instructions, processing data, and so forth. 
     The memory device  204  can be any type of memory device including any one or more of random access memory (“RAM”), read-only memory (“ROM”), Flash memory, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (“EEPROM”), Secure Digital (“SD”), and the like. 
     The storage device  206  can be any data storage device for reading/writing from/to any removable and/or integrated optical, magnetic, and/or optical-magneto storage medium, and the like (e.g., a hard disk, a compact disc-read-only memory “CD-ROM”, CD-ReWritable CDRW,” Digital Versatile Disc-ROM “DVD-ROM”, DVD-RW, and so forth). The storage device  206  can also include a controller/interface for connecting to the system bus  210  (e.g., using the RS-485 standard). Thus, the memory device  204  and the storage device  206  are suitable for storing data as well as instructions for programmed processes for execution on the processor  202 . 
     The user interface  208  can include a touch screen, control panel, keyboard, keypad, display or any other type of interface, which can be connected to the system bus  210  through a corresponding input/output device interface/adapter. 
     The communication interface  212  can be adapted and configured to communicate with any type of external device, or with other components of the electric heater  100 . For example and referring again to  FIG. 1 , thin lines, such as line  120 , illustrate communications (e.g., wired or wireless) between the controller  104  of  FIG. 1  and another component of the electric heater  100  (e.g., current transformer  108 , inlet temperature sensor  110 , outlet temperature sensor  112 , and the like). The communication interface  212  can further be adapted and configured to communicate with any system or network, such as one or more computing devices (e.g., server  114 ) on a local area network (“LAN”), wide area network (“WAN”), the Internet, and so forth using various protocols such as MODBUS, BLUETOOTH, and the like. The communication interface  212  can be connected directly to the system bus  210  or can be connected through a suitable interface. 
     The control system  200  can, thus, provide for executing processes, by itself and/or in cooperation with one or more additional devices, that can include algorithms for controlling components of the electric heater  100  in accordance with the claimed invention. The control system  200  can be programmed or instructed to perform these processes according to any communication protocol and/or programming language on any platform. Thus, the processes can be embodied in data as well as instructions stored in the memory device  204  and/or storage device  206 , or received at the user interface  208  and/or communication interface  212  for execution on the processor  202 . 
     Inputs and Outputs 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , controller  104  can include a variety of inputs and outputs. 
     Controller  104  can receive electricity (e.g., alternating current or direct current), e.g., from a wall socket, cord, bus, and the like. The electricity can be of the form typical in the user&#39;s market (e.g., 110V, 120V, 127V, 220V, 230V, 240V, and the like). The electric heater  100  and/or controller  104  can include one or more transformers adapted and configured to accept multiple voltages. The controller  104  can be programmed to regulate the output of electricity to the resistive heating element  102 . 
     A desired temperature can be specified using user interface  116 , which can be accessible on an outer surface of housing  118 . In some embodiments, the user interface  116  includes an input device such as a dial, keypad, and the like. The user interface  116  can optionally include a display device such as a screen, a liquid-crystal display, an one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), an organic LED (OLED) screen, and the like. In some cases, user interface  208  of  FIG. 2  can be an example of the user interface  116 . A desired temperature can additionally or alternatively be specified remotely, e.g., using wired or wireless communications from a device such as a portal, computer, tablet, and/or smartphone. 
     For example, controller  104  can receive input from one or more temperature sensors  110 ,  112  (e.g., those that measure a temperature of air upstream and/or downstream from the resistive heating element  102 ) and use those inputs to produce the temperature specified by user input received at the user interface  116 . The principles of how to use feedback (e.g., from a temperature sensor) in order to modulate operation of a component are described, for example, in Karl Johan Astrom &amp; Richard M. Murray,  Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists  &amp;  Engineers  (2008). 
     The user interface  116  provide visual or audio feedback regarding the status of the electric heater  100 . For example, the user  116  can display blue to indicate that the heater is below the setpoint, green to indicate that the heater is at the set point, and red to indicate that the heater is above the setpoint. This feedback can be modified by a buffer (e.g., displaying green if within 5° C. of the setpoint). The user interface can also graphically display historical temperature data. 
     The user interface  116  can be lockable using a password, which can be entered using an optional dial in a manner similar to a combination padlock. 
     Integration of Components 
     Embodiments of the invention can advantageously be integrated into a single unit that includes closed-loop feedback without the cost (both equipment and installation) of an external controller. For example, all components of the heating system  100  can be integrated within a housing  118  (e.g., made from a plastic or metal). The controller  104  can be mounted on the housing  118  and spaced from the resistive heating element  102  to prevent thermally induced malfunctions or damage. 
     Prediction of Resistive Heating Element Failure 
     Embodiments of the invention can advantageously predict when resistive heating element  102  is likely to fail or has failed. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , a current transformer  108  can be positioned around a portion of the resistive heating element  102  or a lead thereto. The current transformer  108  can be adapted and configured to produce a secondary induced current proportional to a primary current flowing through the resistive heating element  102 . 
     One or more reference values can be stored, e.g., in controller  104  or server  114 . The reference value can be measured for a particular electric heater  100  (e.g., at design, at manufacture, at installation, at start-up, after servicing, and the like) or can be specified for a particular model or class of electric heater  100 . 
     Controller  104  and/or server  114  can be programmed to calculate a deviation between the reference value and a measured value. The controller  104  and/or server  114  can monitor data received corresponding to measured values from the current transformer  108 . In some cases, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can identify whether a given measurement reading from the current transformer falls below a defined threshold. For example, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can store a threshold in terms of absolute values (e.g. current values), or a value percentage. In some cases, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can store a lookup table of percentage values or absolute values of readings in relation to the age of the resistive heating element  102 . If the deviation exceeds a defined threshold (e.g., in absolute terms or percentage), the controller  104  and/or server  114  can predict that the resistive heating element  102  is likely to fail and generate a corresponding alert. 
     In some cases, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can monitor patterns of measurement readings. For example, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can collect multiple measurement readings from the current transformer  108  over time, which can depicted as a plot over time. Examples of this generated plot are depicted in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , which depict root mean square (RMS) current measurement readings of a current transformer (e.g., current transformer  108 ) over a period of time. The controller  104  and/or server  114  can store thresholds pertaining to measurement reading patterns that, if the reading plot of the current transformer readings exceeds, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can determine a fault condition. For example, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can monitor deviations between different data points corresponding to measurements of the current transformer  108  over a period of time. If the deviation between different data points exceeds the threshold, the controller  104  and/or server  114  can determine a fault condition. 
     In some cases, thresholds can be generated from monitoring measurements received from one or more electric heaters. For example, the server  114  can receive and store measurements from multiple electric heaters. The server  114  can monitor these measurements over a period of time, and can detect standard or typical measurement readings received from electric heaters (e.g., identify normal wear or degradation of the resistive heating element  102  over time). For example, as the resistive heating element  102  ages over time, the cross-section of the resistive heating element  102  can reduce due to oxidation. This can lead to an increase in resistance 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Reduction in Cross-Sectional Area can be inferred from the current measurement (assuming constant voltage) from Ohm&#39;s Law (V=IR). The server  114  and/or controller  104  can identify normal wear (e.g., typical cross-section reduction) of the resistive heating element via measurements received from one or more electric heaters  100 . In some embodiments, historical measurements and events (e.g., failures) can be used to train an artificial intelligence or machine learning algorithm to predict future failures. 
     Controller  104  and/or server  114  can also be programmed to detect other fault conditions such as overheating, temperature sensor failure, and the like. In some cases, resistance and/or voltage values may be measured directly in lieu of, or in combination with, the current measurements taken by the current transformer  108 . 
     EQUIVALENTS 
     Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications, and other references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.