Patent Publication Number: US-2016230186-A1

Title: Compositions and methods for controlling diabrotica

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/782,931, filed Mar. 14, 2013, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTINGS 
     The sequence listing that is contained in the file named “MONS356US.txt”, which is 27.7 megabytes (as measured in Microsoft Windows®) and was created on Mar. 11, 2014, is filed herewith by electronic submission and is incorporated by reference herein. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention discloses methods for controlling invertebrate pest infestations, particularly in plants, and compositions and polynucleotides useful in such methods. More specifically, this invention is related to polynucleotides and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an invertebrate pest, particularly through RNA interference. Particular pest species of interest include  Diabrotica  species, especially those that infest crop plants. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Commercial crops are often the targets of attack by invertebrate pests such as insects. Compositions for controlling insect infestations in plants have typically been in the form of chemical insecticides. However, there are several disadvantages to using chemical insecticides. For example, chemical insecticides are generally not selective, and applications of chemical insecticides intended to control insect pests in crop plants can exert their effects on non-target insects and other invertebrates as well. Chemical insecticides often persist in the environment and can be slow to degrade, thus potentially accumulating in the food chain. Furthermore the use of persistent chemical insecticides can result in the development of resistance in the target insect species. Thus there has been a long felt need for more environmentally friendly methods for controlling or eradicating insect infestation on or in plants, i. e., methods which are species-selective, environmentally inert, non-persistent, and biodegradable, and that fit well into pest resistance management schemes. 
     Insecticidal compositions that include  Bacillus thuringiensis  (“Bt”) bacteria have been commercially available and used as environmentally safe and acceptable insecticides for more than thirty years. The effectiveness of these compositions is due to insecticidal proteins that are produced exclusively by Bt bacteria. The insecticidal Bt proteins do not persist in the environment, are highly selective as to the target species affected, exert their effects only upon ingestion by a target insect, and have been shown to be harmless to plants and other non-targeted organisms, including humans and other vertebrates. Transgenic plants containing one or more recombinant genes encoding insecticidal Bt proteins are also available in the art and are resistant to insect pest infestation. One positive environmental result of the use of transgenic plants expressing Bt proteins is a decrease in the amount of chemical insecticides that are applied to control pest infestation in such transgenic crop fields, resulting in decreased contamination of soil and waters by non-degraded or excess chemical insecticides. In addition, there has been a noticeable increase in the numbers of beneficial insects in fields in which Bt protein-expressing transgenic crop plants are grown because of the decrease in the use of non-selective chemical insecticides. 
     RNA interference (RNAi, RNA-mediated gene suppression) is another approach used for pest control. In invertebrates RNAi-based gene suppression was first demonstrated in nematodes (Fire et al., (1998)  Nature,  391:806-811; Timmons &amp; Fire (1998)  Nature,  395:854). Subsequently, RNAi-based suppression of invertebrate genes using recombinant nucleic acid techniques has been reported in a number of species, including agriculturally or economically important pests from various insect and nematode taxa, such as: root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne  spp.), see Huang et al. (2006)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  103:14302-14306; cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ), see Mao et al. (2007)  Nature Biotechnol.,  25:1307-1313; Western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  LeConte), see Baum et al. (2007)  Nature Biotechnol.,  25:1322-1326; sugar beet cyst nematode ( Heterodera schachtii ), see Sindhu et al. (2008)  J. Exp. Botany,  60:315-324; mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ), see Pridgeon et al. (2008)  J. Med. Entomol.,  45:414-420; fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ), flour beetles ( Tribolium castaneum ), pea aphids ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ), and tobacco hornworms ( Manduca sexta ), see Whyard et al. (2009)  Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.,  39:824-832; diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ), see Gong et al. (2011)  Pest Manag. Sci.,  67: 514-520; green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ), see Pitino et al. (2011)  PLoS ONE,  6:e25709; brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens ), see Li et al. (2011)  Pest Manag. Sci.,  67:852-859; and whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ), see Upadhyay et al. (2011)  J. Biosci.,  36:153-161. 
     This invention is related to methods of controlling insect pests, in particular  Diabrotica  spp. which infest crop plants. This invention is further related to polynucleotides and recombinant DNA molecules and constructs useful in such methods. This invention is further related to insecticidal compositions, as well as to transgenic plants resistant to infestation by  Diabrotica  spp. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related to control of  Diabrotica  species, especially those that are economically or agriculturally important pests. The compositions and methods of this invention include recombinant polynucleotide molecules, such as recombinant DNA constructs for making transgenic plants resistant to infestation by  Diabrotica  species and single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA “triggers” that are useful, e. g., as topically applied agents for causing RNAi-mediated suppression of a target gene in a  Diabrotica  species and thus controlling or preventing infestation by that  Diabrotica  species. A particular utility of this invention is providing maize plants, such as transgenic maize plants expressing a polynucleotide of this invention, or maize plants that have been topically treated with a polynucleotide of this invention, that are resistant to infestation by corn rootworm varieties of  Diabrotica  species. Another particular utility of this invention is a polynucleotide-containing composition that is topically applied to a  Diabrotica  species or to a plant to be protected from infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. 
     In one aspect, this invention provides a method for controlling a  Diabrotica  species infestation of a plant including contacting the  Diabrotica  species with a polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides method for controlling a  Diabrotica  species infestation of a plant including providing in the diet of a  Diabrotica  species an agent including a polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof, wherein the agent functions upon ingestion by the  Diabrotica  species to inhibit a biological function within the  Diabrotica  species thereby controlling infestation by the  Diabrotica  species. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a method of causing mortality or stunting in  Diabrotica  species larvae including providing in the diet of  Diabrotica  species larvae at least one recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene of the  Diabrotica  species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof, and wherein ingestion of the recombinant RNA by the  Diabrotica  species larvae results in mortality or stunting in the  Diabrotica  species larvae. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation including topically applying to the plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species including at least one recombinant polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation including expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides a transgenic maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA encoding RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a  Diabrotica  species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the RNA includes at least one silencing element complementary to the target gene, and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof. 
     In another aspect, this invention provides an isolated recombinant RNA molecule that causes mortality or stunting of growth in a  Diabrotica  species when ingested or contacted by the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the recombinant RNA molecule includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In related aspects, this invention provides compositions including the polynucleotide of this invention, such as formulations useful for topical application to a plant or substance in need of protection from a  Diabrotica  species infestation, recombinant constructs and vectors useful for making transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants, formulations and coatings useful for treating seeds, seeds treated with or containing a polynucleotide of this invention as well as commodity products and foodstuffs produced from such seeds (especially commodity products and foodstuffs having a detectable amount of a polynucleotide of this invention). A further aspect of this invention are polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a protein encoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624; such antibodies are made by routine methods as known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example using routine protocols as described in “Antibody Methods and Protocols” (Proetzel and Ebersbach, editors, 2012, Humana Press, New York) or “Making and Using Antibodies” (Howard and Kaser, editors, 2006, CRC Press, Boca Raton). 
     Other aspects and specific embodiments of this invention are disclosed in the following detailed description. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used and the manufacturing or laboratory procedures described below are well known and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general references. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects of the invention described by the plural of that term. Where there are discrepancies in terms and definitions used in references that are incorporated by reference, the terms used in this application shall have the definitions given. Other technical terms used have their ordinary meaning in the art in which they are used, as exemplified by various art-specific dictionaries, for example, “The American Heritage® Science Dictionary” (Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, 2011, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York), the “McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms” (6 th  edition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York), or the “Oxford Dictionary of Biology” (6 th  edition, 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York). The inventors do not intend to be limited to a mechanism or mode of action. Reference thereto is provided for illustrative purposes only. 
     Unless otherwise stated, nucleic acid sequences in the text of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′ direction. One of skill in the art would be aware that a given DNA sequence can be understood to define a corresponding RNA sequence which is identical to the DNA sequence except for replacement of the thymine (T) nucleotides of the DNA with uracil (U) nucleotides. Thus, providing a specific DNA sequence is understood to define the exact RNA equivalent. A given first polynucleotide sequence, whether DNA or RNA, further defines the sequence of its exact complement (which can be DNA or RNA), i. e., a second polynucleotide that hybridizes perfectly to the first polynucleotide by forming Watson-Crick base-pairs. By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” to a target gene or a segment of a target gene is meant that a polynucleotide strand (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) is designed to hybridize (generally under physiological conditions such as those found in a living plant or animal cell) to a target gene or to a segment of a target gene or to the transcript of the target gene or the segment of a target gene; one of skill in the art would understand that such hybridization does not necessarily require 100% sequence identity or complementarity. A first nucleic acid sequence is “operably” connected or “linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter sequence is “operably linked” to DNA if the promoter provides for transcription or expression of the DNA. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous. 
     The term “polynucleotide” commonly refers to a DNA or RNA molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides in length) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides. Polynucleotides also include molecules containing multiple nucleotides including non-canonical nucleotides or chemically modified nucleotides. Generally, polynucleotides of this invention, whether DNA or RNA or both, and whether single- or double-stranded, include at least 18 contiguous nucleotides (or, in the case of double-stranded polynucleotides, at least 18 contiguous base-pairs) that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent size of the DNA of a target gene or the target gene&#39;s RNA transcript. Throughout this disclosure, “at least 18 contiguous” means “from about 18 to about 10,000, including every whole number point in between”. Thus, embodiments of this invention include compositions including oligonucleotides having a length of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where a polynucleotide is double-stranded, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs. 
     Controlling  Diabrotica  Infestations by Contacting with a Polynucleotide 
     A first aspect of this invention provides a method for controlling a  Diabrotica  species infestation of a plant including contacting the  Diabrotica  species with a polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     The polynucleotide of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. 
     In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     Polynucleotides of use in this method include at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The polynucleotide of this invention is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). The term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A “gene” thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, and 3′ untranslated regions. Thus, the target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the polynucleotide of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In various embodiments the polynucleotide of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin). 
     The polynucleotide of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In many embodiments the polynucleotide of this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein). 
     In various embodiments of the method, the contacting includes application to a surface of the  Diabrotica  species of a suitable composition including the polynucleotide of this invention; such a composition can be provided, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. The contacting can be in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the contacting includes providing the polynucleotide in a composition that further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the contacting includes providing the polynucleotide in a composition that further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. In one embodiment the contacting includes providing the polynucleotide in a composition that can be ingested or otherwise absorbed internally by the  Diabrotica  species. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more polynucleotides of this invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus  laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically improved prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     Controlling  Diabrotica  Infestations by Providing a Dietary Polynucleotide 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a method for controlling a  Diabrotica  species infestation of a plant including providing in the diet of a  Diabrotica  species an agent including a polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof, wherein the agent functions upon ingestion by the  Diabrotica  species to inhibit a biological function within the  Diabrotica  species thereby controlling infestation by the  Diabrotica  species. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     In various embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the agent can include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the agent including a polynucleotide includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension. 
     The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     In various embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide of this invention is provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in a form suitable for ingestion, for example, as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. The agent including a polynucleotide can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species by applying the agent to a plant subject to infestation by the  Diabrotica  species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. The agent including a polynucleotide can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the polynucleotide obtained from a separate source such as chemical synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes. In some embodiments the agent including a polynucleotide is provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the agent including a polynucleotide is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The agent including a polynucleotide can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can be included in the agent, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain polynucleotides of use in agents of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more polynucleotides of this invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically improved prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations when provided to the  Diabrotica  species in a diet. 
     The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. 
     In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     Polynucleotides of use in agents of this invention include at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). The term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A “gene” thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, and 3′ untranslated regions. Thus, the target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In various embodiments the polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin). 
     The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In many embodiments the polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein). 
     Controlling  Diabrotica  Infestations by Providing a Dietary Recombinant RNA 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a method of causing mortality or stunting in  Diabrotica  species larvae including providing in the diet of  Diabrotica  species larvae at least one recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element, wherein the at least one silencing element is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene of the  Diabrotica  species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof, and wherein ingestion of the recombinant RNA by the  Diabrotica  species larvae results in mortality or stunting in the  Diabrotica  species larvae. A related aspect of this invention is the recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element, wherein the at least one silencing element is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene of the  Diabrotica  species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     In various embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant RNA includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the diet providing the recombinant RNA can include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the diet providing the recombinant RNA includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension. 
     In one embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species, wherein the recombinant RNA is contained in or on the plant. Such plants can be stably transgenic plants that express the recombinant RNA, or non-transgenic plants that transiently express the recombinant RNA. Stably transgenic plants generally contain integrated into their genome a recombinant construct that encodes the recombinant RNA. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     In various embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant RNA is provided in a form suitable for ingestion by the  Diabrotica  species, for example, as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. The diet providing the recombinant RNA can be provided by applying the diet to a plant subject to infestation by the  Diabrotica  species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. In one embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The diet providing the recombinant RNA can be an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the recombinant RNA obtained from a separate source such as chemical synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes. In some embodiments the diet providing the recombinant RNA is provided in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The diet providing the recombinant RNA can be provided in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can be included in the diet, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant RNA further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant RNA further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant RNAs of this invention (e. g., the dsRNA triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the recombinant RNA alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more recombinant RNAs of this invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically improved prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     The recombinant RNA of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the recombinant RNA is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense single-stranded (ssRNA), or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA); a mixture of recombinant RNAs of any of these types can be used. In one embodiment a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid can be used. 
     The at least one recombinant RNA of this invention includes at least one silencing element, wherein the silencing element is essentially identical (as the RNA equivalent) or essentially complementary to a target gene of the  Diabrotica  species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the silencing element has a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the silencing element is exactly (100%) identical (as the RNA equivalent) to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the silencing element has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the silencing element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% with a segment of equivalent length of the target gene. In some embodiments the silencing element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the silencing element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000 contiguous nucleotides. In some embodiments the silencing element includes more than 18 contiguous nucleotides, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300 contiguous nucleotides. 
     The recombinant RNA of this invention is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the recombinant RNA is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the recombinant RNA is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA includes multiple silencing elements each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each silencing element can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple silencing elements in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each silencing element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the silencing elements. 
     The total length of the recombinant RNA of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the silencing element having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the recombinant RNA can be greater than the length of the silencing element designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the recombinant RNA can have nucleotides flanking the “active” silencing element of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active silencing element, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In various embodiments the recombinant RNA of this invention consists of naturally occurring ribonucleotides. In other embodiments the recombinant RNA is chemically modified, or includes chemically modified nucleotides. The recombinant RNA is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the recombinant RNA is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In many embodiments the recombinant RNA of this invention is provided as an isolated RNA fragment. Such RNAs can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded RNAs of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded RNAs) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded RNAs). Alternatively the recombinant RNA can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., including additional RNA encoding an aptamer or ribozyme or an insecticidal protein. 
     Methods of Providing Plants Having Improved Resistance to  Diabrotica  Infestations, and the Plants and Seeds Thus Provided 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation including topically applying to the plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof, whereby the plant treated with the polynucleotide composition exhibits improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, relative to an untreated plant. In an embodiment the at least one polynucleotide includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. 
     The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     By “topical application” is meant application to the surface or exterior of an object, such as the surface or exterior of a plant, such as application to the surfaces of a plant part such as a leaf, stem, flower, fruit, shoot, root, seed, tuber, flowers, anthers, or pollen, or application to an entire plant, or to the above-ground or below-ground portions of a plant. Topical application can be carried out on non-living surfaces, such as application to soil, or to a surface or matrix by which a  Diabrotica  insect can come in contact with the polynucleotide. In various embodiments of the method, the composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to the plant in a suitable form, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Topical application of the polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In one embodiment the polynucleotide-containing composition can be ingested or otherwise absorbed internally by the  Diabrotica  species. For example, the polynucleotide-containing composition can be in the form of bait. In embodiments, the polynucleotide-containing composition further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the topically applied composition further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus  laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77, followed by a second topical application of the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain polynucleotides useful in compositions of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a transgenic plant expressing one or more polynucleotides of this invention and one or more genes encoding a non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to exhibit synergistically improved resistance to  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     In some embodiments of the method, the composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to above-ground parts of the plant, e. g., sprayed or dusted onto leaves, stems, and flowering parts of the plant. In other embodiments, the composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to below-ground parts of the plant, such as to the roots, e. g., by means of a soil drench. In other embodiments, the composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to a seed that is grown into the plant. 
     The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. 
     In various embodiments the polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin). 
     The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In many embodiments the polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein). 
     The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention (i. e., the polynucleotide of this invention that is topically applied to the plant) has at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In an embodiment the polynucleotide that is topically applied to the plant includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention (i. e., the polynucleotide of this invention that is topically applied to the plant) includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The topically applied polynucleotide is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the topically applied polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the topically applied polynucleotide includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the topically applied polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the topically applied polynucleotide can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the topically applied polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the topically applied polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the topically applied polynucleotide can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, provided by this method which includes topically applying to the plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof, whereby the plant treated with the polynucleotide composition exhibits improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, relative to an untreated plant. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product produced by the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a plant. 
     Compositions for Controlling  Diabrotica  Species 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species including at least one recombinant polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In an embodiment the recombinant polynucleotide has at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In this context “controlling” includes inducement of a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. 
     In various embodiments, the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species is in the form of at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can be included in the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the recombinant polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more recombinant polynucleotides of this invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically improved prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     The composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species by applying the composition to a plant or surface subject to infestation by the  Diabrotica  species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. The composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the recombinant polynucleotide obtained from a separate source such as chemical synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes. In some embodiments the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species is provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a seed treatment. 
     In various embodiments, the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species can include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species to be controlled is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     In some embodiments the  Diabrotica  species to be controlled infests a plant. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     The recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the recombinant polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. 
     The recombinant polynucleotide of the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In an embodiment the recombinant polynucleotide has at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     Recombinant polynucleotides of use in the composition for controlling a  Diabrotica  species include at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The recombinant polynucleotide is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). The term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A “gene” thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, and 3′ untranslated regions. Thus, the target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In various embodiments the recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin). 
     The recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In many embodiments the recombinant polynucleotide is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein). 
     Methods of Providing Plants Having Improved Resistance to  Diabrotica  Species Infestations, and the Plants and Seeds Thus Provided 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation including expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, whereby the resulting plant has improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species when compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not expressed. In an embodiment the method includes expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. By “expressing a polynucleotide in the plant” is generally meant “expressing an RNA transcript in the plant”. However, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can also be DNA, e. g., a DNA produced in the plant during genome replication. 
     The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. 
     In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     The method includes expressing at least one polynucleotide in a plant. In many embodiments, a first polynucleotide can be provided to a plant in the form of DNA (e. g., in the form of an isolated DNA molecule, or as an expression construct, or as a transformation vector), and the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is a second polynucleotide (an RNA transcript) in the plant. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide is expressed in the plant by transgenic expression, i. e., by stably integrating the polynucleotide into the plant&#39;s genome from where it can be expressed in a cell or cells of the plant. In an embodiment, a first polynucleotide (e. g., a recombinant DNA construct including a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA silencing element for suppressing a target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624) is stably integrated into the plant&#39;s genome from where secondarily produced polynucleotides (e. g., an RNA transcript including the RNA silencing element for suppressing the target gene) can be expressed in a cell or cells of the plant. Methods of providing stably transformed plant are provided in the section headed “Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants”. 
     In another embodiment the polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention is expressed by transient expression. In such embodiments the method can include a step of introducing a polynucleotide into the plant by routine techniques known in the art. For example, transient expression can be accomplished by infiltration of a polynucleotide solution using a needle-less syringe into a leaf of a plant. 
     In some embodiments where the polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention is expressed by transient expression, a first polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide is transiently expressed in the plant. In embodiments, the first polynucleotide is one or more selected from: (a) a single-stranded RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, and (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, a first polynucleotide is introduced into the plant by topical application to the plant of a polynucleotide-containing composition in a suitable form, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Topical application of the polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the polynucleotide-containing composition further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the topically applied composition further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77, followed by a second topical application of the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a transgenic plant expressing one or more polynucleotides of this invention and one or more genes encoding a non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to exhibit synergistically improved resistance to  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     In embodiments where the polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention is expressed by transient expression, a first polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide is transiently expressed in the plant; the site of application of the first polynucleotide need not be the same site where the second polynucleotide is transiently expressed. For example, a first polynucleotide can be provided to a plant by topical application onto a leaf, or by injection into a stem, and the second polynucleotide can be transiently expressed elsewhere in the plant, e. g., in the roots or throughout the plant. In some embodiments of the method, a composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to above-ground parts of the plant, e. g., sprayed or dusted onto leaves, stems, and flowering parts of the plant. In other embodiments, a composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to below-ground parts of the plant, such as to the roots, e. g., by means of a soil drench. In other embodiments, a composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to a seed that is grown into the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation. 
     The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. 
     In some embodiments a first polynucleotide (DNA or RNA or both) is provided to a plant and a second polynucleotide having a sequence corresponding to the first polynucleotide is subsequently expressed in the plant. In such embodiments the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is an RNA transcript which can be ssRNA or dsRNA or both. In some embodiments where the polynucleotide is expressed by transient expression, a first polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide is transiently expressed in the plant. In embodiments, the first polynucleotide may be one or more of the following: (a) a single-stranded RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, and (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments the first polynucleotide consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In other embodiments the first polynucleotide is chemically modified, or includes chemically modified nucleotides. The first polynucleotide is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the first polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. The first polynucleotide can be provided as an RNA or DNA fragment. Alternatively the first polynucleotide can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus vector; such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein). 
     In many embodiments the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is an isolated RNA fragment and can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded RNAs of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded RNAs) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded RNAs). 
     The polynucleotide expressed in the plant has at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In an embodiment the polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     The polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The polynucleotide expressed in the plant is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can be greater than the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, provided by expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, whereby the resulting plant has improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation when compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not expressed. In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, provided by expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof, whereby the resulting plant has improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation when compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not expressed. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product produced by the plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a plant. 
     Recombinant DNA Constructs for Controlling a  Diabrotica  Species 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The recombinant DNA constructs are useful in providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, e. g., by expressing in a plant a transcript of such a recombinant DNA construct. The recombinant DNA constructs are also useful in the manufacture of polynucleotides useful in making compositions that can be applied to a plant or surface in need of protection from a  Diabrotica  species infestation. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides has a sequence with about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the DNA has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention therefore includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides designed to suppress expression of a target gene having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides of the segment number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the recombinant DNA construct can include a heterologous promoter operably linked to multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA which can have a total length that is greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the DNA can be greater than the length of the segment of the DNA designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the DNA can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the DNA can include or encode additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     In recombinant DNA constructs of this invention, the heterologous promoter is operably linked to DNA that encodes a transcript that can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) or a combination of both. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the DNA encodes a transcript including sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense ssRNA, or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or a combination of any of these. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the recombinant DNA construct is synthesized in vitro, produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     The heterologous promoter of use in recombinant DNA constructs of this invention is selected from the group consisting of a promoter functional in a plant, a promoter functional in a prokaryote, a promoter functional in a fungal cell, and a baculovirus promoter. Non-limiting examples of promoters are described in the section headed “Promoters”. 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a second promoter also operably linked to the DNA. For example, the DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides can be flanked by two promoters arranged so that the promoters transcribe in opposite directions and in a convergent manner, yielding opposite-strand transcripts of the DNA that are complementary to and capable of hybridizing with each other to form double-stranded RNA. In one embodiment, the DNA is located between two root-specific promoters, which enable transcription of the DNA in opposite directions, resulting in the formation of dsRNA. 
     In some embodiments the recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes other DNA elements in addition to the heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. Such DNA elements are known in the art, and include but are not limited to introns, recombinase recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes, additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences (e. g., to express additional suppression elements). Inclusion of one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows for more precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression of the recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA is expressed. 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this invention is provided in a recombinant vector. By “recombinant vector” is meant a recombinant polynucleotide molecule that is used to transfer genetic information from one cell to another. Embodiments suitable to this invention include, but are not limited to, recombinant plasmids, recombinant cosmids, artificial chromosomes, and recombinant viral vectors such as recombinant plant virus vectors and recombinant baculovirus vectors. 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this invention is provided in a plant chromosome or plastid, e. g., in a transgenic plant cell or a transgenic plant. Thus, also encompassed by this invention is a transgenic plant cell having in its genome the recombinant DNA construct, as well as a transgenic plant or partially transgenic plant including such a transgenic plant cell. Partially transgenic plants include, e. g., a non-transgenic scion grafted onto a transgenic rootstock including the transgenic plant cell. In various embodiments the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of maize. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNA construct of this invention. Also contemplated is a commodity product produced by such a transgenic plant, and a commodity product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a transgenic plant. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention can be provided in a composition for topical application to a surface of a plant or of a plant seed, or for topical application to any substrate needing protection from a  Diabrotica  species infestation. Likewise, the recombinant DNA construct can be provided in a composition for topical application to a  Diabrotica  species, or in a composition for ingestion by a  Diabrotica  species. In various embodiments, such compositions containing the recombinant DNA construct are provided in the form of at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can be included in the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant DNA constructs of this invention (e. g., recombinant DNA constructs including the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples), whether transgenically expressed or topically applied, with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents, whether transgenically expressed or topically applied, will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the recombinant DNA constructs alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct for expressing one or more polynucleotides of this invention as well as one or more genes encoding a non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein, is found to provide synergistically improved resistance to  Diabrotica  species infestations in plants expressing the recombinant DNA construct. 
     The composition containing the recombinant DNA construct of this invention can be provided for dietary uptake by a  Diabrotica  species by applying the composition to a plant or surface subject to infestation by the  Diabrotica  species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. The composition containing the recombinant DNA construct can be provided for dietary uptake by a  Diabrotica  species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the recombinant DNA construct obtained from a separate source such as in vitro synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation or other biological source; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective treatment regimes. In some embodiments the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct is provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The composition containing the recombinant DNA construct can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a seed treatment. 
     In various embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the composition for containing the recombinant DNA construct can include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension. 
     The recombinant DNA construct of this invention is particularly useful for making plants having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  infestation as well as for making compositions for controlling a  Diabrotica  species. In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species to be controlled is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     Transgenic Maize Plant Cells 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a plant cell expressing any of the recombinant DNA constructs of this invention. Such plant cells include, for example: a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a recombinant RNA comprising at least one silencing element essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene of said  Diabrotica  species larvae, wherein said target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA comprising at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a recombinant DNA encoding RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a  Diabrotica  species that contacts or ingests said RNA, wherein said RNA comprises at least one silencing element complementary to said target gene, and wherein said target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof; or a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a recombinant RNA molecule comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. Such plant cells are useful in providing a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation when compared to a control plant lacking such plant cells. The plant cell can be an isolated plant cell, or a plant cell grown in culture, or a cell of any plant that is subject to infestation by a  Diabrotica  species. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the plant cell is a cell of a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant cell selected from the group consisting cells of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. Of particular interest is a cell of maize plants, and embodiments include those wherein the plant cell is a cell of an ungerminated maize seed, or of a maize plant in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or of a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes cells of maize plants in a field of maize. 
     In an embodiment, the recombinant DNA is stably integrated into the plant&#39;s genome from where it can be expressed in a cell or cells of the plant according to this invention. Methods of providing stably transformed plants are provided in the section headed “Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants”. Thus, one specific aspect of this invention provides a transgenic maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA encoding RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a  Diabrotica  species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the RNA includes at least one silencing element complementary to the target gene, and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof. Such transgenic maize plant cells are useful in providing a maize plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation when compared to a control maize plant lacking such transgenic maize plant cells. 
     Where embodiments where the plant cell of this invention is used in providing a plant exhibiting improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     One specific aspect of this invention provides a transgenic maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA encoding RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a  Diabrotica  species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the RNA includes at least one silencing element complementary to the target gene, and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the complement thereof. In embodiments, the RNA element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In embodiments, the RNA element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides capable of hybridizing in vivo or of hybridizing under physiological conditions (e. g., such as physiological conditions normally found in the cells of a  Diabrotica  species) to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. 
     The RNA element useful in plant cells of this invention can include sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or anti-sense ssRNA (where “sense” and “anti-sense” is in reference to the coding sequences of a target gene such as those with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624), or can include double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or any combination of these. 
     The RNA element useful in plant cells of this invention includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The RNA element useful in plant cells of this invention is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the RNA element is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the RNA element is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the RNA element includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the RNA element can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The total length of the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct useful in plant cells of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the RNA element having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct can be greater than the length of the RNA element designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct can have nucleotides flanking the “active” RNA element of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     The transcript of the recombinant DNA construct useful in plant cells of this invention has at least one RNA element of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In an embodiment the RNA element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA element has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     In embodiments, the plant cell is further capable expressing additional heterologous DNA sequences. For example, a transgenic maize plant cell can have a genome that further includes recombinant DNA encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus  laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     In a related aspect, this invention is directed to a plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, such as a transgenic maize plant including a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a recombinant DNA construct encoding an RNA element for suppressing one or more target genes with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the transgenic maize plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product produced by the transgenic maize plant having improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a transgenic maize plant. 
     Recombinant RNA Molecules for Controlling  Diabrotica  Species 
     Another aspect of this invention provides a recombinant RNA molecule that causes mortality or stunting of growth in a  Diabrotica  species when ingested or contacted by the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the recombinant RNA molecule includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In one embodiment the recombinant RNA molecule includes at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In this context “controlling” includes inducement of a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. Generally the recombinant RNA molecule has been isolated, that is, substantially purified from a mixture such as from a fermentation or from an in vitro synthesis mixture. Such a purified recombinant RNA molecule can of course be combined with other components to form compositions wherein the recombinant RNA molecule is an active agent, or can be combined with other nucleic acid elements, e. g., in a chimeric RNA molecule. 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is useful in the manufacture of compositions that can be applied to a plant or other surface in need of protection from a  Diabrotica  species infestation. The recombinant RNA molecule is useful in the manufacture of compositions for controlling a  Diabrotica  species that contacts or ingests such a composition. In various embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species to be controlled is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera , and  Diabrotica viridula . In specific embodiments, the  Diabrotica  species is at least one selected from the group consisting of  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule of this invention include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides has a sequence with about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the DNA has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. 
     Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule of this invention include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides designed to suppress expression of a target gene having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides of the segment number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300. 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is generally designed to suppress one or more genes (“target genes”). Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the recombinant RNA molecule is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In various embodiments, the recombinant RNA molecule is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these genes. Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides having a sequence designed to suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA molecule includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the recombinant RNA molecule includes multiple sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof; “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections. 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can have a total length that is greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the recombinant RNA molecule can be greater than the length of the segment of the recombinant RNA molecule which is designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. For example, the recombinant RNA molecule can have nucleotides flanking the “active” segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include “spacer” nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5′ end, or at the 3′ end, or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA molecule can include or encode additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure. 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) or a combination of both. Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule include sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense ssRNA, or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or a combination of any of these. 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the recombinant RNA molecule is synthesized in vitro, produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. 
     In some embodiments the recombinant RNA molecule of this invention includes other RNA elements, such as RNA aptamers or ribozymes, additional non-coding RNA (e. g., additional suppression elements), or one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue). 
     The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can be provided in a composition for topical application to a surface of a plant or of a plant seed, or for topical application to any substrate needing protection from a  Diabrotica  species infestation. Likewise, the recombinant RNA molecule can be provided in a composition for topical application to a  Diabrotica  species, or in a composition for ingestion by a  Diabrotica  species. In various embodiments, such compositions containing the recombinant RNA molecule are provided in the form of at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can included in the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule, as is known to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus  laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     The composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can be provided for dietary uptake by a  Diabrotica  species by applying the composition to a plant or surface subject to infestation by the  Diabrotica  species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. The composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule can be provided for dietary uptake by a  Diabrotica  species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the  Diabrotica  species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the recombinant RNA molecule obtained from a separate source such as in vitro synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation or other biological source; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective treatment regimes. In some embodiments the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule is provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the  Diabrotica  species. The composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule can be provided for dietary uptake by the  Diabrotica  species in the form of a seed treatment. 
     In various embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule of this invention includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the composition for containing the recombinant RNA molecule can include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension. 
     Related Techniques 
     Embodiments of the polynucleotides and nucleic acid molecules of this invention can include additional elements, such as promoters, small RNA recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes, additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences (e. g., to express additional suppression elements). For example, an aspect of this invention provides a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 or the DNA complement thereof. In another embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct including a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding: (a) an RNA silencing element for suppressing a target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624), and (b) an aptamer, is stably integrated into the plant&#39;s genome from where RNA transcripts including the RNA aptamer and the RNA silencing element are expressed in cells of the plant; the aptamer serves to guide the RNA silencing element to a desired location in the cell. In another embodiment, inclusion of one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows for more precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression of the recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA is expressed. Such additional elements are described below. 
     Promoters 
     Promoters of use in the invention are functional in the cell in which the construct is intended to be transcribed. Generally these promoters are heterologous promoters, as used in recombinant constructs, i. e., they are not in nature found to be operably linked to the other nucleic elements used in the constructs of this invention. In various embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of a constitutive promoter, a spatially specific promoter, a temporally specific promoter, a developmentally specific promoter, and an inducible promoter. In many embodiments the promoter is a promoter functional in a plant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV promoter, or a pol V promoter. 
     Non-constitutive promoters suitable for use with the recombinant DNA constructs of this invention include spatially specific promoters, temporally specific promoters, and inducible promoters. Spatially specific promoters can include organelle-, cell-, tissue-, or organ-specific promoters (e. g., a plastid-specific, a root-specific, a pollen-specific, or a seed-specific promoter for expression in plastids, roots, pollen, or seeds, respectively). In many cases a seed-specific, embryo-specific, aleurone-specific, or endosperm-specific promoter is especially useful. Temporally specific promoters can include promoters that tend to promote expression during certain developmental stages in a plant&#39;s growth cycle, or during different times of day or night, or at different seasons in a year. Inducible promoters include promoters induced by chemicals or by environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, biotic or abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit or drought, heat, cold, high or low nutrient or salt levels, high or low light levels, or pest or pathogen infection). MicroRNA promoters are useful, especially those having a temporally specific, spatially specific, or inducible expression pattern; examples of miRNA promoters, as well as methods for identifying miRNA promoters having specific expression patterns, are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publications 2006/0200878, 2007/0199095, and 2007/0300329, which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. An expression-specific promoter can also include promoters that are generally constitutively expressed but at differing degrees or “strengths” of expression, including promoters commonly regarded as “strong promoters” or as “weak promoters”. 
     Promoters of particular interest include the following examples: an opaline synthase promoter isolated from T-DNA of  Agrobacterium ; a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; enhanced promoter elements or chimeric promoter elements such as an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter linked to an enhancer element (an intron from heat shock protein 70 of  Zea mays ); root specific promoters such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,848; 6,437,217 and 6,426,446; a maize L3 oleosin promoter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252; a promoter for a plant nuclear gene encoding a plastid-localized aldolase disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189; cold-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,089; salt-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078; light-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714; pathogen-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138; and water deficit-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0123347 A1. All of the above-described patents and patent publications disclosing promoters and their use, especially in recombinant DNA constructs functional in plants are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Plant vascular- or phloem-specific promoters of interest include a rolC or rolA promoter of  Agrobacterium rhizogenes , a promoter of a  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  T-DNA gene 5, the rice sucrose synthase RSs1 gene promoter, a Commelina yellow mottle badnavirus promoter, a coconut foliar decay virus promoter, a rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter, the promoter of a pea glutamine synthase GS3A gene, a invCD111 and invCD141 promoters of a potato invertase genes, a promoter isolated from  Arabidopsis  shown to have phloem-specific expression in tobacco by Kertbundit et al. (1991)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.,  88:5212-5216, a VAHOX1 promoter region, a pea cell wall invertase gene promoter, an acid invertase gene promoter from carrot, a promoter of a sulfate transporter gene Sultr1;3, a promoter of a plant sucrose synthase gene, and a promoter of a plant sucrose transporter gene. 
     Promoters suitable for use with a recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention include polymerase II (“pol II”) promoters and polymerase III (“pol III”) promoters. RNA polymerase II transcribes structural or catalytic RNAs that are usually shorter than 400 nucleotides in length, and recognizes a simple run of T residues as a termination signal; it has been used to transcribe siRNA duplexes (see, e. g., Lu et al. (2004)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  32:e171). Pol II promoters are therefore preferred in certain embodiments where a short RNA transcript is to be produced from a recombinant DNA construct of this invention. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a pol II promoter to express an RNA transcript flanked by self-cleaving ribozyme sequences (e. g., self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes), resulting in a processed RNA, such as a single-stranded RNA that binds to the transcript of the  Diabrotica  target gene, with defined 5′ and 3′ ends, free of potentially interfering flanking sequences. An alternative approach uses pol III promoters to generate transcripts with relatively defined 5′ and 3′ ends, i. e., to transcribe an RNA with minimal 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. In some embodiments, Pol III promoters (e. g., U6 or H1 promoters) are preferred for adding a short AT-rich transcription termination site that results in 2 base-pair overhangs (UU) in the transcribed RNA; this is useful, e. g., for expression of siRNA-type constructs. Use of pol III promoters for driving expression of siRNA constructs has been reported; see van de Wetering et al. (2003)  EMBO Rep.,  4: 609-615, and Tuschl (2002)  Nature Biotechnol.,  20: 446-448. 
     The promoter element can include nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally occurring promoters or promoter elements or homologues thereof but that can regulate expression of a gene. Examples of such “gene independent” regulatory sequences include naturally occurring or artificially designed RNA sequences that include a ligand-binding region or aptamer (see “Aptamers”, below) and a regulatory region (which can be cis-acting). See, for example, Isaacs et al. (2004)  Nat. Biotechnol.,  22:841-847, Bayer and Smolke (2005)  Nature Biotechnol.,  23:337-343, Mandal and Breaker (2004)  Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.,  5:451-463, Davidson and Ellington (2005)  Trends Biotechnol.,  23:109-112, Winkler et al. (2002)  Nature,  419:952-956, Sudarsan et al. (2003)  RNA,  9:644-647, and Mandal and Breaker (2004)  Nature Struct. Mol. Biol.,  11:29-35. Such “riboregulators” could be selected or designed for specific spatial or temporal specificity, for example, to regulate translation of DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a  Diabrotica  target gene only in the presence (or absence) of a given concentration of the appropriate ligand. One example is a riboregulator that is responsive to an endogenous ligand (e. g., jasmonic acid or salicylic acid) produced by the plant when under stress (e. g., abiotic stress such as water, temperature, or nutrient stress, or biotic stress such as attach by pests or pathogens); under stress, the level of endogenous ligand increases to a level sufficient for the riboregulator to begin transcription of the DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a  Diabrotica  target gene. 
     Recombinase Sites 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding one or more site-specific recombinase recognition sites. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes at least a pair of loxP sites, wherein site-specific recombination of DNA between the loxP sites is mediated by a Cre recombinase. The position and relative orientation of the loxP sites is selected to achieve the desired recombination; for example, when the loxP sites are in the same orientation, the DNA between the loxP sites is excised in circular form. In another embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding one loxP site; in the presence of Cre recombinase and another DNA with a loxP site, the two DNAs are recombined. 
     Aptamers 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA that is processed to an RNA aptamer, that is, an RNA that binds to a ligand through binding mechanism that is not primarily based on Watson-Crick base-pairing (in contrast, for example, to the base-pairing that occurs between complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure). See, for example, Ellington and Szostak (1990)  Nature,  346:818-822. Examples of aptamers can be found, for example, in the public Aptamer Database, available on line at aptamer.icmb.utexas.edu (Lee et al. (2004)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  32(1):D95-100). Aptamers useful in the invention can, however, be monovalent (binding a single ligand) or multivalent (binding more than one individual ligand, e. g., binding one unit of two or more different ligands). 
     Ligands useful in the invention include any molecule (or part of a molecule) that can be recognized and be bound by a nucleic acid secondary structure by a mechanism not primarily based on Watson-Crick base pairing. In this way, the recognition and binding of ligand and aptamer is analogous to that of antigen and antibody, or of biological effector and receptor. Ligands can include single molecules (or part of a molecule), or a combination of two or more molecules (or parts of a molecule), and can include one or more macromolecular complexes (e. g., polymers, lipid bilayers, liposomes, cellular membranes or other cellular structures, or cell surfaces). Examples of specific ligands include vitamins such as coenzyme B 12  and thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin mononucleotide, guanine, adenosine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, coenzyme A, lysine, tyrosine, dopamine, glucosamine-6-phosphate, caffeine, theophylline, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and neomycin, herbicides such as glyphosate and dicamba, proteins including viral or phage coat proteins and invertebrate epidermal or digestive tract surface proteins, and RNAs including viral RNA, transfer-RNAs (t-RNAs), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and RNA polymerases such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). One class of RNA aptamers useful in the invention are “thermoswitches” that do not bind a ligand but are thermally responsive, that is to say, the aptamer&#39;s conformation is determined by temperature; see, for example, Box 3 in Mandal and Breaker (2004)  Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.,  5:451-463. 
     Transgene Transcription Units 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes a transgene transcription unit. A transgene transcription unit includes DNA sequence encoding a gene of interest, e. g., a natural protein or a heterologous protein. A gene of interest can be any coding or non-coding sequence from any species (including, but not limited to, non-eukaryotes such as bacteria, and viruses; fungi, protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Particular genes of interest are genes encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus  laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. The transgene transcription unit can further include 5′ or 3′ sequence or both as required for transcription of the transgene. 
     Introns 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding a spliceable intron. By “intron” is generally meant a segment of DNA (or the RNA transcribed from such a segment) that is located between exons (protein-encoding segments of the DNA or corresponding transcribed RNA), wherein, during maturation of the messenger RNA, the intron present is enzymatically “spliced out” or removed from the RNA strand by a cleavage/ligation process that occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes. The term “intron” is also applied to non-coding DNA sequences that are transcribed to RNA segments that can be spliced out of a maturing RNA transcript, but are not introns found between protein-coding exons. One example of these are spliceable sequences that that have the ability to enhance expression in plants (in some cases, especially in monocots) of a downstream coding sequence; these spliceable sequences are naturally located in the 5′ untranslated region of some plant genes, as well as in some viral genes (e. g., the tobacco mosaic virus 5′ leader sequence or “omega” leader described as enhancing expression in plant genes by Gallie and Walbot (1992)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  20:4631-4638). These spliceable sequences or “expression-enhancing introns” can be artificially inserted in the 5′ untranslated region of a plant gene between the promoter but before any protein-coding exons. Examples of such expression-enhancing introns include, but are not limited to, a maize alcohol dehydrogenase (Zm-Adh1), a maize Bronze-1 expression-enhancing intron, a rice actin 1 (Os-Act1) intron, a Shrunken-1 (Sh-1) intron, a maize sucrose synthase intron, a heat shock protein 18 (hsp18) intron, and an 82 kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp82) intron. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874 and 5,859,347, specifically incorporated by reference herein, describe methods of improving recombinant DNA constructs for use in plants by inclusion of an expression-enhancing intron derived from the 70 kilodalton maize heat shock protein (hsp70) in the non-translated leader positioned 3′ from the gene promoter and 5′ from the first protein-coding exon. 
     Ribozymes 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes. Ribozymes of particular interest include a self-cleaving ribozyme, a hammerhead ribozyme, or a hairpin ribozyme. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes that serve to cleave the transcribed RNA to provide defined segments of RNA, such as silencing elements for suppressing a  Diabrotica  target gene. 
     Gene Suppression Elements 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding additional gene suppression element for suppressing a target gene other than a  Diabrotica  target gene. The target gene to be suppressed can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. 
     Suitable gene suppression elements are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, which disclosure is specifically incorporated herein by reference, and include one or more of:
         (a) DNA that includes at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (b) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (c) DNA that includes at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (d) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (e) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming double-stranded RNA and includes at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (f) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming a single double-stranded RNA and includes multiple serial anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple serial sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;   (g) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming multiple double strands of RNA and includes multiple anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed, and wherein the multiple anti-sense DNA segments and the multiple sense DNA segments are arranged in a series of inverted repeats;   (h) DNA that includes nucleotides derived from a plant miRNA;   (i) DNA that includes nucleotides of a siRNA;   (j) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand; and   (k) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand, and DNA that transcribes to regulatory RNA capable of regulating expression of the gene to be suppressed, wherein the regulation is dependent on the conformation of the regulatory RNA, and the conformation of the regulatory RNA is allosterically affected by the binding state of the RNA aptamer.       

     In some embodiments, an intron is used to deliver a gene suppression element in the absence of any protein-coding exons (coding sequence). In one example, an intron, such as an expression-enhancing intron (preferred in certain embodiments), is interrupted by embedding within the intron a gene suppression element, wherein, upon transcription, the gene suppression element is excised from the intron. Thus, protein-coding exons are not required to provide the gene suppressing function of the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein. 
     Transcription Regulatory Elements 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding a transcription regulatory element. Transcription regulatory elements include elements that regulate the expression level of the recombinant DNA construct of this invention (relative to its expression in the absence of such regulatory elements). Examples of suitable transcription regulatory elements include riboswitches (cis- or trans-acting), transcript stabilizing sequences, and miRNA recognition sites, as described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, specifically incorporated herein by reference. 
     Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants 
     Transformation of a plant can include any of several well-known methods and compositions. Suitable methods for plant transformation include virtually any method by which DNA can be introduced into a cell. One method of plant transformation is microprojectile bombardment, for example, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (soybean), U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,451 (soybean), U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,812 (wheat), U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,208 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,312 (rice), U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,807 (rice), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,861 (maize), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,865 (maize), all of which are incorporated by reference for enabling the production of transgenic plants. 
     Another useful method of plant transformation is  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation by means of  Agrobacterium  containing a binary Ti plasmid system, wherein the  Agrobacterium  carries a first Ti plasmid and a second, chimeric plasmid containing at least one T-DNA border of a wild-type Ti plasmid, a promoter functional in the transformed plant cell and operably linked to a polynucleotide or recombinant DNA construct of this invention. See, for example, the binary system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135, incorporated by reference. Also see De Framond (1983)  Biotechnology,  1:262-269; and Hoekema et al., (1983)  Nature,  303:179. In such a binary system, the smaller plasmid, containing the T-DNA border or borders, can be conveniently constructed and manipulated in a suitable alternative host, such as  E. coli , and then transferred into  Agrobacterium.    
     Detailed procedures for  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of plants, especially crop plants, include procedures disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,863, 5,159,135, and 5,518,908 (cotton); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,416,011, 5,569,834, 5,824,877 and 6,384,301 (soybean); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,616 and 5,981,840 (maize); U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174 (brassicas including canola), U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,528 (wheat), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,571 (rice), and in U.S. Patent Application Publications 2004/0244075 (maize) and 2001/0042257 A1 (sugar beet), all of which are specifically incorporated by reference for enabling the production of transgenic plants. U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0296555 discloses in Example 5 the transformation vectors (including the vector sequences) and detailed protocols for transforming maize, soybean, canola, cotton, and sugarcane) and is specifically incorporated by reference for enabling the production of transgenic plants. Similar methods have been reported for many plant species, both dicots and monocots, including, among others, peanut (Cheng et al. (1996)  Plant Cell Rep.,  15: 653); asparagus (Bytebier et al. (1987)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,  84:5345); barley (Wan and Lemaux (1994)  Plant Physiol.,  104:37); rice (Toriyama et al. (1988)  Bio/Technology,  6:10; Zhang et al. (1988)  Plant Cell Rep.,  7:379; wheat (Vasil et al. (1992)  Bio/Technology,  10:667; Becker et al. (1994)  Plant J.,  5:299), alfalfa (Masoud et al. (1996)  Transgen. Res.,  5:313); and tomato (Sun et al. (2006)  Plant Cell Physiol.,  47:426-431). See also a description of vectors, transformation methods, and production of transformed  Arabidopsis thaliana  plants where transcription factors are constitutively expressed by a CaMV35S promoter, in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0167537 A1, incorporated by reference. Various methods of transformation of other plant species are well known in the art, see, for example, the encyclopedic reference, “Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants”, edited by Chittaranjan Kole and Timothy C. Hall, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008; ISBN 978-1-405-16924-0 (available electronically at mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9781405181099/hpt/toc), which describes transformation procedures for cereals and forage grasses (rice, maize, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cool-season forage grasses, and bahiagrass), oilseed crops (soybean, oilseed brassicas, sunflower, peanut, flax, sesame, and safflower), legume grains and forages (common bean, cowpea, pea, faba bean, lentil, tepary bean, Asiatic beans, pigeonpea, vetch, chickpea, lupin, alfalfa, and clovers), temperate fruits and nuts (apple, pear, peach, plums, berry crops, cherries, grapes, olive, almond, and Persian walnut), tropical and subtropical fruits and nuts (citrus, grapefruit, banana and plantain, pineapple, papaya, mango, avocado, kiwifruit, passionfruit, and persimmon), vegetable crops (tomato, eggplant, peppers, vegetable brassicas, radish, carrot, cucurbits, alliums, asparagus, and leafy vegetables), sugar, tuber, and fiber crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, stevia, potato, sweet potato, cassava, and cotton), plantation crops, ornamentals, and turf grasses (tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, rubber tree, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and turf grasses), and forest tree species One of ordinary skill in the art has various transformation methodologies for production of stable transgenic plants. 
     Transformation methods to provide transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants containing stably integrated recombinant DNA are preferably practiced in tissue culture on media and in a controlled environment. “Media” refers to the numerous nutrient mixtures that are used to grow cells in vitro, that is, outside of the intact living organism. Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, callus, immature embryos or parts of embryos, and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm, and egg cells. Any cell from which a fertile plant can be regenerated is contemplated as a useful recipient cell for practice of this invention. Callus can be initiated from various tissue sources, including, but not limited to, immature embryos or parts of embryos, seedling apical meristems, microspores, and the like. Those cells which are capable of proliferating as callus can serve as recipient cells for genetic transformation. Practical transformation methods and materials for making transgenic plants of this invention (e. g., various media and recipient target cells, transformation of immature embryos, and subsequent regeneration of fertile transgenic plants) are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,636 and 6,232,526 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189, which are specifically incorporated by reference. 
     In general transformation practice, DNA is introduced into only a small percentage of target cells in any one transformation experiment. Marker genes are generally used to provide an efficient system for identification of those cells that are stably transformed by receiving and integrating a transgenic DNA construct into their genomes. Preferred marker genes provide selective markers which confer resistance to a selective agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Any of the antibiotics or herbicides to which a plant cell is resistant can be a useful agent for selection. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene is integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells can be tested further to confirm stable integration of the recombinant DNA. Commonly used selective marker genes include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin or paromomycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV) and gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance to herbicides such as glufosinate (bar or pat) and glyphosate (EPSPS). Examples of useful selective marker genes and selection agents are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,633,435, 5,780,708, and 6,118,047, all of which are specifically incorporated by reference. Screenable markers or reporters, such as markers that provide an ability to visually identify transformants can also be employed. Examples of useful screenable markers include, for example, a gene expressing a protein that produces a detectable color by acting on a chromogenic substrate (e. g., beta glucuronidase (GUS) (uidA) or luciferase (luc)) or that itself is detectable, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) (gfp) or an immunogenic molecule. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many other useful markers or reporters are available for use. 
     Detecting or measuring transcription of a recombinant DNA construct in a transgenic plant cell can be achieved by any suitable method, including protein detection methods (e. g., western blots, ELISAs, and other immunochemical methods), measurements of enzymatic activity, or nucleic acid detection methods (e. g., Southern blots, northern blots, PCR, RT-PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization). 
     Other suitable methods for detecting or measuring transcription in a plant cell of a recombinant polynucleotide of this invention targeting a  Diabrotica  species target gene include measurement of any other trait that is a direct or proxy indication of the level of expression of the target gene in the  Diabrotica  species, relative to the level of expression observed in the absence of the recombinant polynucleotide, e. g., growth rates, mortality rates, or reproductive or recruitment rates of the  Diabrotica  species, or measurements of injury (e. g., root injury) or yield loss in a plant or field of plants infested by the  Diabrotica  species. In general, suitable methods for detecting or measuring transcription in a plant cell of a recombinant polynucleotide of interest include, e. g., gross or microscopic morphological traits, growth rates, yield, reproductive or recruitment rates, resistance to pests or pathogens, or resistance to biotic or abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit stress, salt stress, nutrient stress, heat or cold stress). Such methods can use direct measurements of a phenotypic trait or proxy assays (e. g., in plants, these assays include plant part assays such as leaf or root assays to determine tolerance of abiotic stress). Such methods include direct measurements of resistance to an invertebrate pest or pathogen (e. g., damage to plant tissues) or proxy assays (e. g., plant yield assays, or bioassays such as the Western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  LeConte) larval bioassay described in International Patent Application Publication WO2005/110068 A2 and U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2006/0021087 A1, specifically incorporated by reference, or the soybean cyst nematode bioassay described by Steeves et al. (2006)  Funct. Plant Biol.,  33:991-999, wherein cysts per plant, cysts per gram root, eggs per plant, eggs per gram root, and eggs per cyst are measured. 
     The recombinant DNA constructs of this invention can be stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits (e. g., in the case of transformed plants, traits including herbicide resistance, pest resistance, cold germination tolerance, water deficit tolerance, and the like) for example, by expressing or suppressing other genes. Constructs for coordinated decrease and increase of gene expression are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0126845 A1, specifically incorporated by reference. 
     Seeds of fertile transgenic plants can be harvested and used to grow progeny generations, including hybrid generations, of transgenic plants of this invention that include the recombinant DNA construct in their genome. Thus, in addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA construct of this invention, transgenic plants of this invention can be prepared by crossing a first plant having the recombinant DNA with a second plant lacking the construct. For example, the recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant line that is amenable to transformation to produce a transgenic plant, which can be crossed with a second plant line to introgress the recombinant DNA into the resulting progeny. A transgenic plant of this invention can be crossed with a plant line having other recombinant DNA that confers one or more additional trait(s) (such as, but not limited to, herbicide resistance, pest or disease resistance, environmental stress resistance, modified nutrient content, and yield improvement) to produce progeny plants having recombinant DNA that confers both the desired target sequence expression behavior and the additional trait(s). 
     In such breeding for combining traits the transgenic plant donating the additional trait can be a male line (pollinator) and the transgenic plant carrying the base traits can be the female line. The progeny of this cross segregate such that some of the plant will carry the DNA for both parental traits and some will carry DNA for one parental trait; such plants can be identified by markers associated with parental recombinant DNA Progeny plants carrying DNA for both parental traits can be crossed back into the female parent line multiple times, e. g., usually 6 to 8 generations, to produce a homozygous progeny plant with substantially the same genotype as one original transgenic parental line as well as the recombinant DNA of the other transgenic parental line. 
     Yet another aspect of this invention is a transgenic plant grown from the transgenic seed of this invention. This invention contemplates transgenic plants grown directly from transgenic seed containing the recombinant DNA as well as progeny generations of plants, including inbred or hybrid plant lines, made by crossing a transgenic plant grown directly from transgenic seed to a second plant not grown from the same transgenic seed. Crossing can include, for example, the following steps:
         (a) plant seeds of the first parent plant (e. g., non-transgenic or a transgenic) and a second parent plant that is transgenic according to the invention;   (b) grow the seeds of the first and second parent plants into plants that bear flowers;   (c) pollinate a flower from the first parent with pollen from the second parent; and   (d) harvest seeds produced on the parent plant bearing the fertilized flower.       

     It is often desirable to introgress recombinant DNA into elite varieties, e. g., by backcrossing, to transfer a specific desirable trait from one source to an inbred or other plant that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing a superior inbred (“A”) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (“B”) (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate gene(s) for the trait in question, for example, a construct prepared in accordance with the current invention. The progeny of this cross first are selected in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent “B”, and then the selected progeny are mated back to the superior recurrent parent “A”. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny can be essentially hemizygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost all other genes. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give progeny which are pure breeding for the gene(s) being transferred, i. e., one or more transformation events. 
     Through a series of breeding manipulations, a selected DNA construct can be moved from one line into an entirely different line without the need for further recombinant manipulation. One can thus produce inbred plants which are true breeding for one or more DNA constructs. By crossing different inbred plants, one can produce a large number of different hybrids with different combinations of DNA constructs. In this way, plants can be produced which have the desirable agronomic properties frequently associated with hybrids (“hybrid vigor”), as well as the desirable characteristics imparted by one or more DNA constructs. 
     In certain transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants of this invention, it is sometimes desirable to concurrently express a gene of interest while also modulating expression of a  Diabrotica  target gene. Thus, in some embodiments, the transgenic plant contains recombinant DNA further including a gene expression element for expressing at least one gene of interest, and transcription of the recombinant DNA construct of this invention is preferably effected with concurrent transcription of the gene expression element. 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA constructs of this invention can be transcribed in any plant cell or tissue or in a whole plant of any developmental stage. Transgenic plants can be derived from any monocot or dicot plant, such as, but not limited to, plants of commercial or agricultural interest, such as crop plants (especially crop plants used for human food or animal feed), wood- or pulp-producing trees, vegetable plants, fruit plants, and ornamental plants. Examples of plants of interest include grain crop plants (such as wheat, oat, barley, maize, rye, triticale, rice, millet, sorghum, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat); forage crop plants (such as forage grasses and forage dicots including alfalfa, vetch, clover, and the like); oilseed crop plants (such as cotton, safflower, sunflower, soybean, canola, rapeseed, flax, peanuts, and oil palm); tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pecan, almond, and the like); sugarcane, coconut, date palm, olive, sugarbeet, tea, and coffee; wood- or pulp-producing trees; vegetable crop plants such as legumes (for example, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa, peanut), lettuce, asparagus, artichoke, celery, carrot, radish, the brassicas (for example, cabbages, kales, mustards, and other leafy brassicas, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, kohlrabi), edible cucurbits (for example, cucumbers, melons, summer squashes, winter squashes), edible alliums (for example, onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, chives), edible members of the Solanaceae (for example, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, peppers, groundcherries), and edible members of the Chenopodiaceae (for example, beet, chard, spinach, quinoa, amaranth); fruit crop plants such as apple, pear, citrus fruits (for example, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, and others), stone fruits (for example, apricot, peach, plum, nectarine), banana, pineapple, grape, kiwifruit, papaya, avocado, and berries; plants grown for biomass or biofuel (for example,  Miscanthus  grasses, switchgrass, jatropha, oil palm, eukaryotic microalgae such as  Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella  spp., and  Dunaliella  spp., and eukaryotic macroalgae such as  Gracilaria  spp., and  Sargassum  spp.); and ornamental plants including ornamental flowering plants, ornamental trees and shrubs, ornamental groundcovers, and ornamental grasses. 
     This invention also provides commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed of this invention, including, but not limited to, harvested leaves, roots, shoots, tubers, stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of a plant, meals, oils, extracts, fermentation or digestion products, crushed or whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any food or non-food product including such commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed of this invention. The detection of one or more of nucleic acid sequences of the recombinant DNA constructs of this invention in one or more commodity or commodity products contemplated herein is de facto evidence that the commodity or commodity product contains or is derived from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed of this invention. 
     Generally a transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNA construct of this invention exhibits increased resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation. In various embodiments, for example, where the transgenic plant expresses a recombinant DNA construct of this invention that is stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits, the transgenic plant has at least one additional altered trait, relative to a plant lacking the recombinant DNA construct, selected from the group of traits consisting of: 
     (a) improved abiotic stress tolerance; 
     (b) improved biotic stress tolerance; 
     (c) modified primary metabolite composition; 
     (d) modified secondary metabolite composition; 
     (e) modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition; 
     (f) improved yield; 
     (g) improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; 
     (h) modified agronomic characteristics; 
     (i) modified growth or reproductive characteristics; and 
     (j) improved harvest, storage, or processing quality. 
     In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is characterized by: improved tolerance of abiotic stress (e. g., tolerance of water deficit or drought, heat, cold, non-optimal nutrient or salt levels, non-optimal light levels) or of biotic stress (e. g., crowding, allelopathy, or wounding); by a modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition; a modified secondary metabolite (e. g., alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and secondary metabolites of mixed biosynthetic origin) composition; a modified trace element (e. g., iron, zinc), carotenoid (e. g., beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or other carotenoids and xanthophylls), or vitamin (e. g., tocopherols) composition; improved yield (e. g., improved yield under non-stress conditions or improved yield under biotic or abiotic stress); improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; modified agronomic characteristics (e. g., delayed ripening; delayed senescence; earlier or later maturity; improved shade tolerance; improved resistance to root or stalk lodging; improved resistance to “green snap” of stems; modified photoperiod response); modified growth or reproductive characteristics (e. g., intentional dwarfing; intentional male sterility, useful, e. g., in improved hybridization procedures; improved vegetative growth rate; improved germination; improved male or female fertility); improved harvest, storage, or processing quality (e. g., improved resistance to pests during storage, improved resistance to breakage, improved appeal to consumers); or any combination of these traits. 
     In another embodiment, transgenic seed, or seed produced by the transgenic plant, has modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition, a modified secondary metabolite composition, a modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition, an improved harvest, storage, or processing quality, or a combination of these. In another embodiment, it can be desirable to change levels of native components of the transgenic plant or seed of a transgenic plant, for example, to decrease levels of an allergenic protein or glycoprotein or of a toxic metabolite. 
     Generally, screening a population of transgenic plants each regenerated from a transgenic plant cell is performed to identify transgenic plant cells that develop into transgenic plants having the desired trait. The transgenic plants are assayed to detect an enhanced trait, e. g., enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein, and enhanced seed oil. Screening methods include direct screening for the trait in a greenhouse or field trial or screening for a surrogate trait. Such analyses are directed to detecting changes in the chemical composition, biomass, physiological properties, or morphology of the plant. Changes in chemical compositions such as nutritional composition of grain are detected by analysis of the seed composition and content of protein, free amino acids, oil, free fatty acids, starch, tocopherols, or other nutrients. Changes in growth or biomass characteristics are detected by measuring plant height, stem diameter, internode length, root and shoot dry weights, and (for grain-producing plants such as maize, rice, or wheat) ear or seed head length and diameter. Changes in physiological properties are identified by evaluating responses to stress conditions, e. g., assays under imposed stress conditions such as water deficit, nitrogen or phosphate deficiency, cold or hot growing conditions, pathogen or insect attack, light deficiency, or increased plant density. Other selection properties include days to pollen shed, days to silking in maize, leaf extension rate, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, stand, seedling vigor, internode length, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, tillering, brace roots, staying green, stalk lodging, root lodging, plant health, fertility, green snap, and pest resistance. In addition, phenotypic characteristics of harvested seed can be evaluated; for example, in maize this can include the number of kernels per row on the ear, number of rows of kernels on the ear, kernel abortion, kernel weight, kernel size, kernel density and physical grain quality. The following illustrates examples of screening assays useful for identifying desired traits in maize plants. These can be readily adapted for screening other plants such as canola, cotton, and soybean either as hybrids or inbreds. 
     Transgenic maize plants having nitrogen use efficiency are identified by screening in fields with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer being applied, e. g., low level (0 pounds/acre), medium level (80 pounds/acre) and high level (180 pounds/acre). Plants with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency provide higher yield as compared to control plants. 
     Transgenic maize plants having enhanced yield are identified by screening the transgenic plants over multiple locations with plants grown under optimal production management practices and maximum weed and pest control. A useful target for improved yield is a 5% to 10% increase in yield as compared to yield produced by plants grown from seed for a control plant. Selection methods can be applied in multiple and diverse geographic locations and over one or more planting seasons to statistically distinguish yield improvement from natural environmental effects. 
     Transgenic maize plants having enhanced water use efficiency are identified by screening plants in an assay where water is withheld for period to induce stress followed by watering to revive the plants. For example, a useful selection process imposes 3 drought/re-water cycles on plants over a total period of 15 days after an initial stress free growth period of 11 days. Each cycle consists of 5 days, with no water being applied for the first four days and a water quenching on the 5th day of the cycle. The primary phenotypes analyzed by the selection method are the changes in plant growth rate as determined by height and biomass during a vegetative drought treatment. 
     Transgenic maize plants having enhanced cold tolerance are identified by screening plants in a cold germination assay and/or a cold tolerance field trial. In a cold germination assay trays of transgenic and control seeds are placed in a dark growth chamber at 9.7 degrees Celsius for 24 days. Seeds having higher germination rates as compared to the control are identified as having enhanced cold tolerance. In a cold tolerance field trial plants with enhanced cold tolerance are identified from field planting at an earlier date than conventional spring planting for the field location. For example, seeds are planted into the ground around two weeks before local farmers begin to plant maize so that a significant cold stress is exerted onto the crop. As a control, seeds also are planted under local optimal planting conditions such that the crop has little or no exposure to cold condition. At each location, seeds are planted under both cold and normal conditions preferably with multiple repetitions per treatment. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of sequences useful as target genes for controlling  Diabrotica  species and for making compositions and plants of this invention, and describes identification of such DNA sequences from  Diabrotica virgifera  virgifera. It is recognized that analogous sequences can be obtained from any other  Diabrotica  species referred to hereinabove. 
     cDNA libraries were generated from mid-guts of  Diabrotica virgifera  virgifera (Western corn rootworm, WCR) third instar larvae reared on corn plants, as follows. Disinfected WCR eggs were suspended in a 0.1% (w/v) agar solution and dispensed into petri dishes containing 2% (w/v) agar and filter paper. The WCR eggs were incubated first at 20 degrees Celsius and 60% relative humidity (“RH”) for 3 days and then at 25 degrees Celsius and 60% RH for 10 days. After 13 days of incubation, the eggs were washed from the dishes into sweater boxes containing soil (2 parts Metro-Mix 200:1 part Redi-Earth; steam-sterilized) and germinated corn mats, which were prepared by geminating corn seeds of Dekalb line DKC64-04 in sweater boxes containing germination paper wet with 1.0% (w/v) 3336F fungicide. Larvae were reared in sweater boxes in a growth chamber (25 degrees Celsius, 70% relative humidity, irrigated for 10 minutes every 2 days, and fertilized every 4 days). Third instar larvae were dissected to separate mid-guts from other body parts (cuticle, head, fore- and hind-gut, and fat body). The harvested mid-guts were placed in chilled microcentrifuge tubes with 25 millimolar Tris buffer (pH 7.4), thoroughly saturated with the buffer, and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14,000 g at 4 degrees Celsius. The supernatant was discarded and mid-gut pellets were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 degrees Celsius until used for total RNA preparation. Total RNA was purified, from which the cDNA library was obtained by high-throughput sequencing using commercially available 454 technology (454 Life Sciences, 15 Commercial St., Branford, Conn. 06405, USA), as described in Margulies et al. (2005)  Nature,  437:376-380. This provided approximately 1.27 million ˜300 base-pair reads, which were supplemented with 17,800 publicly available ˜520 base-pair Sanger reads from NCBI. The combined sequence data were assembled into contigs de novo using the Newbler (version 2.3) software package (454 Life Sciences, 15 Commercial St., Branford, Conn. 06405, USA). Approximately 16,130 genes were identified from the assembled sequence data, including the genes having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624. 
     Example 2 
     The polynucleotides of this invention are generally designed to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of a  Diabrotica  species target gene and are designed to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence of a  Diabrotica  species target gene (e. g., SEQ ID NOs:1-15624) or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from a  Diabrotica  species target gene, which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence. These effective polynucleotide molecules that modulate expression are referred to herein as a “trigger”, or “triggers”. This example describes non-limiting techniques useful in the design and selection of polynucleotides as “triggers” to modulate expression of a  Diabrotica  species target gene. 
     Selection of Polynucleotide Triggers by “Tiling” 
     Polynucleotides of use in the invention need not be of the full length of a target gene, and in many embodiments are of much shorter length in comparison to the target gene. An example of a technique that is useful for selecting effective triggers is “tiling”, or evaluation of polynucleotides corresponding to adjacent or partially overlapping segments of a target gene. 
     Effective polynucleotide “triggers” can be identified by “tiling” gene targets in selected length fragments, e. g., fragments of 200-300 nucleotides in length, with partially overlapping regions, e. g., of about 25 nucleotides, along the length of the target gene. To suppress a single gene, trigger sequences are designed to correspond to (have a nucleotide identity or complementarity with) regions that are unique to the target gene; the selected region of the target gene can include coding sequence or non-coding sequence (e. g., promoter regions, 3′ untranslated regions, introns and the like) or a combination of both. 
     Where it is of interest to design a target effective in suppressing multiple target genes, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with high sequence homology in common among the multiple targets. Conversely, where it is of interest to design a target effective in selectively suppressing one among multiple target sequences, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with no or low sequence homology in common among the multiple targets. 
     In a non-limiting example, anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers are designed for each of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 as follows. Multiple anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers, each of 200-300 nucleotides in length and with a sequence corresponding to (i. e., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to) a fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 are designed so that each trigger&#39;s sequence overlaps about 25 nucleotides of the next adjacent trigger&#39;s sequence, in such a way that the multiple triggers in combination cover the full length of the target gene. (Sense triggers are designed in an analogous fashion, where the trigger sequence is identical to a fragment of the target gene. Similarly, double-stranded triggers can be designed by providing pairs of sense and anti-sense triggers, each pair of triggers overlapping the next adjacent pair of triggers.) 
     The polynucleotide triggers are tested by any convenient means for efficacy in silencing the  Diabrotica  species target gene. An example of a suitable test is a diet bioassay such as the Western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  LeConte) larval bioassay described in International Patent Application Publication WO2005/110068 A2 and U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2006/0021087 A1, specifically incorporated by reference. Another test involves the topical application of the polynucleotide triggers either directly to  Diabrotica  individuals or to the surface of a plant to be protected from a  Diabrotica  species infestation. One desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide of this invention is prevention or control of a  Diabrotica  species infestation, e. g., by inducing in a  Diabrotica  insect a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. Another desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide of this invention is provision of a plant that exhibits improved resistance to a  Diabrotica  species infestation, such as a maize ( Zea mays ) plant that exhibits improved resistance to an infestation by  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii  (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR),  Diabrotica barberi  (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),  Diabrotica virgifera zeae  (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR),  Diabrotica balteata  (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of  Diabrotica viridula  and  Diabrotica speciosa.    
     The tiling procedure can be repeated, if desired. A polynucleotide trigger found to provide desired activity can itself be subjected to a tiling procedure. For example, multiple overlapping anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers are designed, each of 50-60 nucleotides in length and with a sequence corresponding to (i. e., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to) the fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 for which a single polynucleotide trigger of 300 nucleotides was found to be effective. Additional rounds of tiling analysis can be carried out, where triggers as short as 18 or 19 nucleotides are tested. 
     Effective polynucleotide triggers of any size can be used, alone or in combination, in the various methods of this invention. In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to make a composition of this invention (e. g., a composition for topical application, or a recombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotide triggers is used; in such cases the polynucleotide triggers can be for a single target gene or for multiple target genes. 
     Thermodynamic Considerations in Selecting Polynucleotide Triggers 
     Polynucleotide triggers can be designed or their sequence optimised using thermodynamic considerations. For example, polynucleotide triggers can be selected based on the thermodynamics controlling hybridization between one nucleic acid strand (e. g., a polynucleotide trigger or an individual siRNA) and another (e. g., a target gene transcript) 
     Methods and algorithms to predict nucleotide sequences that are likely to be effective at RNAi-mediated silencing of a target gene are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods and algorithms include “i-score”, described by Ichihara et al. (2007)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  35(18): 123e; “Oligowalk”, publicly available at ma.urmc.rochester.edu/servers/oligowalk and described by Lu et al. (2008)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  36:W104-108; and “Reynolds score”, described by Khovorova et al. (2004)  Nature Biotechnol.,  22:326-330. 
     Permitted Mismatches 
     By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant that the trigger polynucleotide (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) has sufficient identity or complementarity to the target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene (e. g., the transcript) to suppress expression of a target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript and/or encoded protein). Polynucleotides of this invention need not have 100 percent identity or complementarity to a target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene to suppress expression of the target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript or encoded protein, or to provide control of a  Diabrotica  species). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of at least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially identical” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially complementary” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene. 
     Polynucleotides containing mismatches to the target gene or transcript can be used in certain embodiments of the compositions and methods of this invention. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes at least 18 or at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 19 contiguous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript (i. e., 1 or 2 mismatches between the polynucleotide&#39;s 19 contiguous nucleotides and the segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript). In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 19 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene&#39;s transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. 
     In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to an endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene, mismatches of certain types and at certain positions that are more likely to be tolerated can be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, mismatches formed between adenine and cytosine or guanosine and uracil residues are used as described by Du et al. (2005)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  33:1671-1677. In some embodiments, mismatches in 19 base-pair overlap regions are located at the low tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and 12-17 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), and/or at the high tolerance positions at either end of the region of complementarity, i. e., positions 1, 2, 18, and 19 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target) as described by Du et al. (2005)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  33:1671-1677. Tolerated mismatches can be empirically determined in routine assays, e. g., in in vitro dietary assays on  Diabrotica  species larvae. 
     Embedding Active Triggers in Neutral Sequence 
     In an embodiment, a bioactive trigger (i. e., a polynucleotide with a sequence corresponding to the target gene and which is responsible for an observed suppression of the target gene) is embedded in “neutral” sequence, i. e., inserted into additional nucleotides that have no sequence identity or complementarity to the target gene. Neutral sequence can be desirable, e. g., to increase the overall length of a polynucleotide. For example, it can be desirable for a polynucleotide to be of a particular size for reasons of stability, cost-effectiveness in manufacturing, or biological activity. 
     It has been reported that for  Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  dsRNAs greater than or equal to approximately 60 base-pairs (bp) are required for biological activity in artificial diet bioassays; see Bolognesi et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7(10): e47534. Thus, in one embodiment, a 21-base-pair dsRNA trigger corresponding to a target gene having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 and found to provide control of a  Diabrotica  infestation is embedded in neutral sequence of an additional 39 base pairs, thus forming a polynucleotide of about 60 base pairs. In another embodiment, a single 21-base-pair trigger is found to be efficacious when embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence, e. g., where the total polynucleotide length is from about 60 to about 300 base pairs. 
     Example 3 
     This example illustrates a non-limiting assay useful for evaluating the  Diabrotica -controlling efficacy of a polynucleotide of this invention including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, or including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, or compositions including such polynucleotides. 
     Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers for each of the target genes with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-15624 are designed and selected as described in Example 2 and are tested in a bioassay. Each trigger is about 500 base pairs in length with a sequence of contiguous nucleotides corresponding to an open reading frame of a target gene with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-15624; where the open reading frame is shorter than 500 nucleotides, a shorter trigger is used. At least one trigger for each of the 450 target genes is tested; for selected target genes multiple triggers are tested. The triggers are chemically synthesized by in vitro transcription using a T7 RNA polymerase, using standard methodology. The RNA transcription products are purified from the T7 reaction mixture and are used either directly in the bioassay or are modified prior to the bioassay by digestion with RNAse III (Ambion Corporation, Austin, Tex.) or DICER (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) to produce twenty-one and twenty-two nucleotide duplexes containing 5′ phosphorylated ends and 3′ hydroxyl ends with 2-3 base overhangs. The dsRNA triggers for suppressing each of the 450 target genes are tested in a diet bioassay using  Diabrotica virgifera  virgifera larvae, wherein mortality or stunting of the larvae due to contact with or ingestion of the polynucleotide triggers is assayed, is carried out as follows. 
       Diabrotica virgifera virgifera  (WCR) eggs are obtained from Crop Characteristics, Inc., Farmington, Minn. The non-diapausing WCR eggs are incubated in soil for about 13 days at 24 degrees Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete darkness. On day 13 the soil containing WCR eggs is placed between #30- and #60-mesh sieves and the eggs are washed out of the soil with water from a hose. The eggs are surface-disinfected by soaking in a LYSOL® (Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Parsippany, N.J.) solution for three minutes, rinsed three times with sterile water, washed one time with a 10% formalin solution and then rinsed three additional times in sterile water. The eggs are then dispensed onto sterile coffee filters and hatched overnight at 27 degrees Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete darkness. 
     Insect diet is prepared essentially according to Pleau et al. (2002)  Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,  105:1-11, with some modifications. 9.4 grams of Serva agar is dispensed into 540 milliliters of purified water and agitated until the agar is thoroughly distributed. The water/agar mixture is heated to boiling to completely dissolve the agar, and poured into a Waring blender. The blender is maintained at low speed while 62.7 grams of Bio-Sery mix (F9757), 3.75 grams lyophilized maize root, 1.25 milliliters of green food coloring, and 0.6 milliliters of formalin are added to the hot agar mixture. The mixture is then adjusted to pH 9.0 with the addition of a 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The approximately 600 milliliter volume of liquid diet is continually mixed at high speed and maintained at from about 48 to about 60 degrees Celsius using a sterilized Nalgene-coated magnetic stir bar on a magnetic stirring hot plate while being dispensed in aliquots of 200 microliters into each well of FALCON 96-well round bottom microtiter plates. The diet in the plates is allowed to solidify and air dry in a sterile biohood for about ten minutes. 
     Thirty (30) microliter volumes of test samples, containing either control reagents or the polynucleotide (dsRNA triggers) to be tested in varying quantities, are overlayed onto the surface of the solidified insect diet in each well. The plates are allowed to stand in a sterile biohood for up to one half hour after application of test samples to allow the reagents to diffuse into the diet and to allow the surface of the diet to dry. One WCR neonate larva is deposited in each well with a fine paintbrush. Plates are then sealed with Mylar and ventilated using an insect pin. From 12 to 72 larvae are tested per dose, depending on the design of the assay. The bioassay plates are incubated at 27 degrees Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete darkness for 12-14 days. Mortality or stunting of the larvae is observed at the last (12-14) day time point: the number of surviving larvae per dose is recorded and larval mass is determined by weighing each surviving larva with an analytical balance. Data are analyzed using JMP©4 statistical software (SAS Institute, 1995) and a full factorial ANOVA is conducted with a Dunnett&#39;s test to look for treatment effects compared to the untreated control (P&lt;0.05). A Tukey-Kramer post hoc test is performed to compare all pairs of the treatments (P&lt;0.05). 
     It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant RNAs of this invention (e. g., the dsRNA triggers described herein) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of  Diabrotica  species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the recombinant RNA alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. Routine insect bioassays such as the bioassay employing an artificial diet described here are useful for defining dose-responses for larval mortality or growth inhibition using combinations of the polynucleotides of this invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents (e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein). One of skill in the art can test combinations of polynucleotides and non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents in routine bioassays to identify combinations of bioactives that are synergistic and desirable for use in protecting plants from  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     Example 4 
     This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of the use of polynucleotides of this invention in topically applied compositions for preventing or controlling  Diabrotica  species infestations. 
     Compositions containing one or more polynucleotides of this invention are useful as topical treatments of plants, animals, or environments wherein prevention or control of a  Diabrotica  species infestation is desired. In embodiments, a polynucleotide of this invention (e. g., a dsRNA trigger for each of the target genes with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-15624, as described in Examples 2 and 3 above) is included in an effective amount in a composition designed to be provided directly (e. g., by contact or ingestion) to a  Diabrotica  species, or a plant or environment wherein prevention or control of infestation by that  Diabrotica  species is desired. Such compositions are formulated and manufactured according to the art and can be in any convenient form, e. g., a solution or mixture of solutions, an emulsion, a suspension, a dispersible powder, a solid or liquid bait, a seed coating, or a soil drench. Embodiments of such compositions include those where the polynucleotide of this invention is provided in a living or dead microorganism such as a bacterium or fungal or yeast cell, or provided as a microbial fermentation product, or provided in a living or dead plant cell, or provided as a synthetic recombinant polynucleotide. In an embodiment the composition includes a non-pathogenic strain of a microorganism that contains a polynucleotide of this invention; ingestion or intake of the microorganism results in stunting or mortality of the  Diabrotica  species; non-limiting examples of suitable microorganisms include  E. coli, B. thuringiensis, Pseudomonas  sp.,  Photorhabdus  sp.,  Xenorhabdus  sp.,  Serratia entomophila  and related  Serratia  sp.,  B. sphaericus, B. cereus, B. laterosporus, B. popilliae, Clostridium bifermentans  and other  Clostridium  species, or other spore-forming gram-positive bacteria. In an embodiment, the composition includes a plant virus vector including a polynucleotide of this invention; feeding by a  Diabrotica  species on a plant treated with the plant virus vector results in stunting or mortality of the  Diabrotica  species. In an embodiment, the composition includes a baculovirus vector including a polynucleotide of this invention; ingestion or intake of the vector results in stunting or mortality of the  Diabrotica  species. In an embodiment, a polynucleotide of this invention is encapsulated in a synthetic matrix such as a polymer or attached to particulates and topically applied to the surface of a plant; feeding by a  Diabrotica  species on the topically treated plant results in stunting or mortality of the  Diabrotica  species. In an embodiment, a polynucleotide of this invention is provided in the form of a plant cell (e. g., a transgenic maize plant cell of this invention) expressing the polynucleotide; ingestion of the plant cell or contents of the plant cell by a  Diabrotica  species results in stunting or mortality of the  Diabrotica  species. 
     Such compositions can include the appropriate stickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well as UV protectants to protect polynucleotides such as dsRNAs from UV damage. Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are known to those skilled in the art. Compositions for soil application can include granular formulations that serve as bait for  Diabrotica  species larvae. Such compositions can include a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the composition further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     Such compositions are applied in any convenient manner, e. g., by spraying or dusting the  Diabrotica  species directly, or spraying or dusting a plant or environment wherein prevention or control of infestation by that  Diabrotica  species is desired, or by applying a coating to a surface of a plant, or by applying a coating to a seed in preparation for the seed&#39;s planting, or by applying a soil drench around roots of a plant for which prevention or control of infestation by that  Diabrotica  species is desired. 
     An effective amount of a polynucleotide of this invention is an amount sufficient to provide control of the  Diabrotica  species, or to prevent infestation by the  Diabrotica  species; determination of effective amounts of a polynucleotide of this invention are made using routine assays such as those described in Example 3 above. While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of a polynucleotide of this invention that can be useful in the methods and compositions provided herein, lower effective concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency. The concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume of spray or treatment applied to plant leaves or other plant part surfaces, such as flower petals, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In one embodiment, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-mer polynucleotides of this invention is about 1 nanomole (nmol) of polynucleotides per plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmol polynucleotides per plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plants include useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 to about 20 nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides per plant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of a ssDNA polynucleotide of this invention is applied. In certain embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of a dsRNA of this invention is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition containing about 0.5 to about 2.0 mg/mL, or about 0.14 mg/mL of a dsRNA or an ssDNA (21-mer) of this invention is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/mL of a dsRNA polynucleotide of this invention of about 50 to about 200 or more nucleotides is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol to about 5 nmol of a dsRNA of this invention is applied to a plant. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide composition as topically applied to the plant contains at least one polynucleotide of this invention at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.1 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter Very large plants, trees, or vines can require correspondingly larger amounts of polynucleotides. When using long dsRNA molecules of this invention that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides (e. g., multiple triggers encoded by a single recombinant DNA molecule of this invention), lower concentrations can be used. Non-limiting examples of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes include a treatment of between about 0.1 to about 1 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 10 nmol to about 100 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant. 
     Embodiments of compositions of this invention include a “transfer agent”, i. e., an agent that, when combined with a composition including a polynucleotide of this invention that is topically applied to the surface of an organism, enables the polynucleotide to enter the cells of that organism. Such transfer agents can be incorporated as part of the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention, or can be applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention. In embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that improves the uptake of a polynucleotide of this invention by a  Diabrotica  species. In embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that conditions the surface of plant tissue, e. g., seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, to permeation by a polynucleotide of this invention into plant cells. In embodiments, the transfer agent enables a pathway for a polynucleotide of this invention through cuticle wax barriers, stomata, and/or cell wall or membrane barriers into plant cells. 
     Suitable transfer agents include agents that increase permeability of the exterior of the organism or that increase permeability of cells of the organism to polynucleotides of this invention. Suitable transfer agents include a chemical agent, or a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) an organic solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organic solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g) enzymes, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, application of a composition of this invention and a transfer agent optionally includes an incubation step, a neutralization step (e. g., to neutralize an acid, base, or oxidizing agent, or to inactivate an enzyme), a rinsing step, or combinations thereof. Suitable transfer agents can be in the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition, or can cause the polynucleotide composition to take the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition. Embodiments of transfer agents include counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e. g., inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other cations. Embodiments of transfer agents include organic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, or other solvents miscible with water or that dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions). Embodiments of transfer agents include naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers, e. g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9 th  Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on-line at herbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine. 
     Embodiments of transfer agents include organosilicone preparations. For example, a suitable transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments where a Silwet L-77 organosilicone preparation is used as transfer agent in the form of a spray treatment (applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention) of plant leaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of a polynucleotide of this invention into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. One embodiment includes a composition that comprises a polynucleotide of this invention and a transfer agent including an organosilicone preparation such as Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent). One embodiment includes a composition that comprises a polynucleotide of this invention and a transfer agent including Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight (wt percent) or about 0.5 to about 1% by weight (wt percent). 
     Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, compounds that include: (a) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to, (b) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, (c) a polyglycol chain, that is covalently linked to, (d) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head groups of such organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but are not limited to, an n-propyl linker Polyglycol chains include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Polyglycol chains can comprise a mixture that provides an average chain length “n” of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” can vary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane. An example of a transfer agent for use in this invention is Compound I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in this invention are used, e. g., as freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent). 
     Embodiments of transfer agents include one or more salts such as ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and ammonium sulfate, provided in or used with a composition including a polynucleotide of this invention. In embodiments, ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate are used at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v), or about 1% to about 3% (w/v), or about 2% (w/v). In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes an ammonium salt at a concentration greater or equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes an organosilicone transfer agent in a concentration of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) as well as ammonium sulfate at concentrations from about 80 to about 1200 mM or about 150 mM to about 600 mM. 
     Embodiments of transfer agents include a phosphate salt. Phosphate salts useful in a composition including a polynucleotide of this invention include, but are not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a phosphate salt at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a phosphate salt in a range of about 1 mM to about 25 mM or in a range of about 5 mM to about 25 mM. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 5 millimolar, about 10 millimolar, or about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 1 mM to about 25 mM or in a range of about 5 mM to about 25 mM. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 10 mM to about 160 mM or in a range of about 20 mM to about 40 mM. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention includes a sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of about 6.8. 
     Embodiments of transfer agents include surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention is formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules. Non-limiting examples include, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention is formulated with a non-polynucleotide herbicide e. g., glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic acid herbicides including dicamba, chloramben, and TBA, glufosinate, auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicide, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline carboxylic acid herbicide, pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide, and benazolin-ethyl herbicide, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this invention is formulated with a non-polynucleotide pesticide, e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a  Bacillus thuringiensis  insecticidal protein, a  Xenorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Photorhabdus  insecticidal protein, a  Bacillus laterosporous  insecticidal protein, and a  Bacillus sphearicus  insecticidal protein. 
     All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and used without undue experimentation as instructed by the above disclosure. Although the materials and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the materials and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of this invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of this invention as defined by the appended claims.