Patent Publication Number: US-2022216283-A1

Title: Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0000986, filed on Jan. 5, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, the usage of display apparatuses has diversified. In addition, because the thickness and the weight of the display apparatuses are decreasing, the range of use thereof is widening. 
     Various functions for connecting or linking to display apparatuses have been added while the area occupied by a display area in such display apparatuses has increased. As a method of adding various functions while expanding the display area, research into using a portion of the display area for a function other than providing an image is ongoing. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards a display apparatus having at least one opening in a display area, and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes preparing a substrate in which an opening area and a non-display area around (e.g., surrounding) at least a portion of the opening area are defined, forming, on the substrate, an insulating layer having an opening corresponding to the opening area and defining an irradiated region including a first area and a second area on the non-display area, forming a conductive pattern on the irradiated region of the insulating layer, covering the first area of the insulating layer, and exposing the second area of the insulating layer, forming an organic material layer on the insulating layer and the conductive pattern, forming an electrode layer on the organic material layer, and removing, by irradiating a laser beam to the irradiated region of the insulating layer, the conductive pattern, the organic material layer on the irradiated region, and the electrode layer on the irradiated region. 
     According to an example, the first area may include a plurality of line areas extending in a first direction and spaced from each other in a second direction. The second area may include a plurality of space areas extending in the first direction and spaced from each other in the second direction. The plurality of line areas and the plurality of space areas may be alternately arranged with each other along the second direction. 
     According to an example, the irradiated region may have a closed curve shape extending in the first direction in a plan view (e.g., on a plane). 
     According to an example, a planar shape of the irradiated region may be circular. The first direction may be a circumferential direction. The second direction may be a radial direction. 
     According to an example, the irradiated region may have a closed curve shape extending in the second direction in a plan view (e.g., on a plane). 
     According to an example, a planar shape of the irradiated region may be circular. The second direction may be a circumferential direction. The first direction may be a radial direction. 
     According to an example, the second area may include a plurality of dot areas surrounded by the first area. The conductive pattern may have a plurality of openings exposing the plurality of dot areas. 
     According to an example, a display area may be further defined on the substrate. The non-display area may be between the opening area and the display area. The method of manufacturing a display apparatus may further include forming, on the insulating layer, a pixel circuit including a transistor and a capacitor, forming a pixel electrode arranged on the display area and electrically connected to the pixel circuit, and forming the organic material layer on the pixel electrode. 
     According to an example, the pixel electrode and the conductive pattern may include a same conductive material by a same process. 
     According to an example, the irradiating the laser beam to the irradiated region of the insulating layer may include forming, in the organic material layer, a first opening exposing at least a portion of the insulating layer, and forming, in the electrode layer, a second opening corresponding to the first opening. 
     According to an example, the method of manufacturing a display apparatus may further include heat-treating the first area of the insulating layer. 
     According to an example, the irradiating the laser beam to the irradiated region of the insulating layer may be performed concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) with the heat-treating of the first area of the insulating layer. 
     According to an example, the method of manufacturing a display apparatus may further include forming, on the electrode layer, an encapsulation layer including an inorganic encapsulation layer and an organic encapsulation layer. 
     According to an example, the inorganic encapsulation layer may contact an upper surface of the irradiated region of the insulating layer and a sidewall of the organic material layer formed by removing the organic material layer on the irradiated region. 
     According to an example, the method of manufacturing a display apparatus may further include forming a plurality of dams arranged on the non-display area of the substrate, wherein the conductive pattern may be arranged between the plurality of dams. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a display apparatus includes a substrate having an opening area, a display area around (e.g., surrounding) at least a portion of the opening area, and a non-display area between the opening area and the display area, an insulating layer on the substrate, having an opening corresponding to the opening area, and defining a plurality of irradiated regions and a plurality of dam regions on the non-display area, an organic material layer on the insulating layer and exposing at least a portion of each of the plurality of irradiated regions of the insulating layer; and a plurality of dams respectively arranged on the plurality of dam regions of the insulating layer. The plurality of irradiated regions and the plurality of dam regions extend in a first direction, and are alternately arranged with each other along a second direction crossing the first direction. Each of the plurality of irradiated regions includes a first area and a second area. The first area has a higher density of film than the second area by thermal conduction treatment. 
     According to an example, each of the plurality of irradiated regions and the plurality of dam regions may have a closed curve shape extending in the first direction in a plan view (e.g., on a plane). 
     According to an example, the first area may include a plurality of line areas extending in a third direction and spaced from each other in a fourth direction crossing the third direction. The second area may include a plurality of space areas extending in the third direction and spaced from each other in the fourth direction. The plurality of line areas and the plurality of space areas may be alternately arranged with each other along the fourth direction. 
     According to an example, the second area may include a plurality of dot areas surrounded by the first area. 
     According to an example, the insulating layer may have a trench corresponding to the first area. 
     These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     These general and specific embodiments may be implemented by using a system, a method, a software (e.g., a computer program), or a combination thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects and features of certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an electronic device according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the electronic device, taken along the line I-I′ of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of one pixel of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5A  is an enlarged plan view of a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5B  is an enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 6A  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the display apparatus, taken along the line II-II′ of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 6B  is an enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 7  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  is an enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 9  is an enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  is an enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment; 
         FIGS. 11A-11D  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus, according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  is an enlarged plan view of a conductive pattern according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is an enlarged plan view of a conductive pattern according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  is an enlarged plan view of a conductive pattern according to another embodiment; and 
         FIG. 15  is an enlarged plan view of a conductive pattern according to another embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the present disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. 
     Because the present disclosure may have diverse modified embodiments, certain embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and are described in the detailed description. Advantages and features of the present disclosure, and implementation methods thereof will be clarified through following embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The d present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numerals are used to denote the same elements, and repeated descriptions thereof will be omitted. 
     It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     An expression used in the singular encompasses the expression of the plural, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context. 
     It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure”. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element, it may be directly on, connected, or coupled to the other element or one or more intervening elements may also be present. When an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     In the drawings, the relative sizes of elements, layers, and regions may be exaggerated and/or simplified for clarity. Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” “bottom,” “top,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the device in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” or “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “formed on” another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present. 
     Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     When a certain embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. 
     In the specification, the term “A and/or B” refers to the case of A or B, or A and B. In the specification, the term “at least one of A and B” refers to the case of A or B, or A and B. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is connected to another portion, the layer, region, or component may be directly connected to the portion, and/or an intervening layer, region, or component may exist, such that the layer, region, or component may be indirectly connected to the portion. For example, when a layer, region, or component is electrically connected to another portion, the layer, region, or component may be directly electrically connected to the portion and/or may be indirectly connected to the portion through another layer, region, or component. 
     An x-axis, a y-axis and a z-axis are not limited to three axes of the rectangular coordinate system and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein. 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an electronic device  1  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the electronic device  1  is a device that displays moving images or still images, and may be used as a display screen of various products such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, and the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, as well as portable electronic devices such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation, and an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC). 
     In addition, the electronic device  1  according to an embodiment may be used in a wearable device such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a spectacle-type display, and a head mounted display (HMD). 
     The electronic device  1  according to another embodiment may be used as a dashboard of a vehicle, a center information display (CID) on a center fascia or a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display that replaces side mirrors of a vehicle, and a display screen on a rear surface of a front seat as entertainment for a rear seat of a vehicle. In  FIG. 1 , for convenience of description, the electronic device  1  according to an embodiment is used as a smartphone. 
     The electronic device  1  may be formed in a rectangular shape in a plan view (e.g., on a plane defined by a ±x direction and a ±y direction). For example, the electronic device  1  may have a rectangular planar shape having a short side in a ±x direction and a long side in a ±y direction, as shown in  FIG. 1 . A corner where the short side in the ±x direction meets the long side in the ±y direction may be round (e.g., curved) to have a certain curvature or may be formed at a right angle. The planar shape of the electronic device  1  is not limited to a rectangle shape, and the electronic device  1  may be formed in a polygonal shape, an elliptical shape, or an irregular shape. 
     The electronic device  1  may include an opening area OA and a display area DA around (e.g., at least partially surrounding) the opening area OA. The electronic device  1  may include a non-display area NDA between the opening area OA and the display area DA, and a peripheral area PA around (e.g., at least partially surrounding) the display area DA. 
     The opening area OA may be located inside the display area DA. In an embodiment, the opening area OA may be on or at the upper left side of the display area DA, as shown in  FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the opening area OA may be variously arranged in a suitable manner, such as arranged in the center of the display area DA or at the upper right side of the display area DA. In a plan view of the present specification, “left”, “right”, “top”, and “bottom” refer to directions when looking at the electronic device  1  from a vertical direction of the electronic device  1 . For example, “left” refers to the −x direction, “right” refers to the +x direction, “up” refers to the +y direction, and “bottom” refers to the −y direction. In  FIG. 1 , one opening area OA is arranged, but as another embodiment, a plurality of opening areas OA may be provided. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the electronic device  1 , taken along the line I-I′ of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the electronic device  1  may include a display apparatus  10  and a component  70  arranged in the opening area OA of the display apparatus  10 . The display apparatus  10  and the component  70  may be accommodated in a housing HS. 
     The display apparatus  10  may include a display element layer  20 , an input sensing layer  40 , an optical functional layer  50 , and a cover window  60 . 
     The display element layer  20  may include display elements (or light-emitting elements) that emit light to display an image. The display elements may include a light-emitting diode, such as an organic light-emitting diode including an organic light-emitting layer. 
     In another embodiment, the light-emitting diode may be an inorganic light-emitting diode including an inorganic material. The inorganic light-emitting diode may include a PN junction diode including inorganic semiconductor-based materials. When a voltage is applied to the PN junction diode in the forward direction, holes and electrons are injected, and energy generated by recombination of the holes and electrons is converted into light energy to emit light of a certain color. The inorganic light-emitting diode may have a width of several micrometers to several hundred micrometers, and in some embodiments, the inorganic light-emitting diode may be referred to as a micro LED. In another embodiment, the display element layer  20  may include a quantum dot light-emitting diode. 
     That is, a light-emitting layer of the display element layer  20  may include organic materials, inorganic materials, quantum dots, organic materials and quantum dots, and/or inorganic materials and quantum dots. 
     The input sensing layer  40  may obtain coordinate information according to an external input, for example, a touch event. The input sensing layer  40  may include a sensing electrode (or a touch electrode) and trace lines connected to the sensing electrode. The input sensing layer  40  may be on the display element layer  20 . The input sensing layer  40  may detect an external input using a mutual cap method (mutual capacitance method) and/or a self cap method (self capacitance method). 
     The input sensing layer  40  may be formed on (e.g., directly on) the display element layer  20  or may be formed separately and then coupled to the display element layer  20  through an adhesive layer such as optical clear adhesive (OCA). For example, the input sensing layer  40  may be continuously formed after the process of forming the display element layer  20  in which case the adhesive layer may not be between the input sensing layer  40  and the display element layer  20 . Although  FIG. 2  illustrates that the input sensing layer  40  is between the display element layer  20  and an optical functional layer  50 , in another embodiment, the optical functional layer  50  may be between the display element layer  20  and the input sensing layer  40 . In an embodiment, the input sensing layer  40  may be on the optical functional layer  50 . 
     The optical functional layer  50  may include an antireflective layer. The antireflective layer may reduce the reflectance of light (e.g., external light) incident from the outside toward the display apparatus  10  through the cover window  60 . The antireflective layer may include a retarder and a polarizer. The retarder may also be a film type (e.g., a film) or a liquid crystal coating type (e.g., a liquid crystal coating). The polarizer may also be of a film type (e.g., a film) or a liquid crystal coating type (e.g., a liquid crystal coating). A film-type polarizer may include a stretch-type synthetic resin film, and a liquid crystal coating type polarizer may include liquid crystals arranged in a certain arrangement. 
     In another embodiment, the antireflective layer may include a black matrix and color filters. The color filters may be arranged considering the color of light emitted from each of light-emitting diodes of the display element layer  20 . In another embodiment, the antireflective layer may include a destructive interference structure. The destructive interference structure may include a first reflective layer and a second reflective layer on respective layers. First reflected light and second reflected light respectively reflected by the first reflective layer and second reflective layer may destructively interfere (e.g., destructively interfere with each other), and thus, external light reflectance may be reduced. 
     The optical functional layer  50  may include a lens layer. The lens layer may improve the luminous efficiency of light emitted from the display element layer  20  or may reduce color deviation. The lens layer may include a layer having a concave lens shape or a convex lens shape and/or may include a plurality of layers having different refractive indices from each other. The optical functional layer  50  may include all or any one of the above-described antireflective layer and lens layer. 
     The display apparatus  10  may include an opening  10 H including a first opening  20 H, a second opening  40 H, and/or a third opening  50 H. In this regard,  FIG. 2  shows that the display element layer  20 , the input sensing layer  40 , and the optical functional layer  50  include first to third openings (a first opening  20 H, a second opening  40 H, and a third opening  50 H), respectively, and the first to third openings  20 H,  40 H, and  50 H overlap each other. 
     The first opening  20 H may penetrate from an upper surface of the display element layer  20  to the bottom surface thereof, the second opening  40 H may penetrate from an upper surface of the input sensing layer  40  to the bottom surface thereof, and the third opening  50 H may penetrate from an upper surface of the optical functional layer  50  to the bottom surface thereof. For example, the first opening  20 H may extend through the display element layer  20 , the second opening  40 H may extend through the input sensing layer  40 , and the third opening  50 H may extend through the optical functional layer  50 . 
     The first to third openings  20 H,  40 H, and  50 H of the opening  10 H may overlap each other in the opening area OA. Two or more of the first to third openings  20 H,  40 H, and  50 H may have the same size (or diameter) as each other. As another example, sizes (or diameters) of the first to third openings  20 H,  40 H, and  50 H may be different from each other. 
     In another embodiment, at least one of the display element layer  20 , the input sensing layer  40 , and the optical functional layer  50  may not include an opening. For example, any one or two of the display element layer  20 , the input sensing layer  40 , and the optical functional layer  50  may not include an opening. 
     The cover window  60  may be on the optical functional layer  50 . The cover window  60  may be coupled to the optical functional layer  50  through an adhesive layer such as an OCA therebetween. The cover window  60  may include a glass material or a plastic material. The plastic material may include polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyether imide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. 
     The cover window  60  may include a window having flexibility. For example, the cover window  60  may include a polyimide window or an ultra-thin glass window. 
     The opening area OA may be a kind of component area (e.g., a sensor area, a camera area, a speaker area, etc.) in which the component  70  for adding various suitable functions to the electronic device  1  is located. The component  70  may be arranged to overlap the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 . 
     The component  70  may include an electronic element. For example, the component  70  may be an electronic element using light or sound. For example, the electronic element may include a sensor that uses light such as an infrared sensor, a camera that captures an image by receiving light, a sensor that outputs and detects light or sound to measure a distance or recognize fingerprints, a small lamp that outputs light, a speaker that outputs sound, and the like. 
     An electronic element using light may use light of various suitable wavelength bands such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light. The opening area OA may be a transmission area through which light and/or sound that is output from the component  70  or traveling toward the electronic element from the outside may pass. 
     In another embodiment, when the electronic device  1  is used as a smart watch or a vehicle instrument panel, the component  70  may be a member including a clock needle or a needle indicating certain information (e.g., vehicle speed, etc.). In this case, the cover window  60  may include an opening located in the opening area OA unlike that shown in  FIG. 2  so that the component  70  in a needle form may be exposed to the outside. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, even when the electronic device  1  includes the component  70  such as a speaker, the cover window  60  may include an opening corresponding to the opening area OA. 
       FIG. 3  is a plan view of a display apparatus according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the display apparatus  10  may include the opening area OA, the display area DA, the non-display area NDA, and the peripheral area PA. The display apparatus  10  may include a plurality of pixels PX arranged in the display area DA, and may display an image using light (e.g., a red light, a green light, and/or a blue light) emitted from a light emitting diode of each of the pixels PX. 
     Because the display apparatus  10  includes a substrate  100 , it may be stated that the substrate  100  includes (or defines) the opening area OA, the display area DA, the non-display area NDA, and the peripheral area PA. 
     The light-emitting diode of each of the pixels PX may include an organic light-emitting diode OLED, as will be described below with reference to  FIG. 4 , and each organic light-emitting diode OLED may be connected (e.g., electrically connected) to a pixel circuit PC.  FIG. 4  shows that a light-emitting diode includes the organic light-emitting diode OLED, and as another embodiment, as described above, the display apparatus  10  may include the inorganic light-emitting diode described above instead of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. 
     The non-display area NDA may be around (e.g., surround) at least a portion of the opening area OA. The non-display area NDA is an area in which no display elements such as an organic light-emitting diode are arranged. Trace lines that provide signals to the pixels PX provided around the opening area OA may pass through the non-display area NDA. For example, data lines DL and/or scan lines SL cross the display area DA in the ±y direction and/or the ±x direction, as shown in  FIG. 3 , but portions of the data lines DL and/or the scan lines SL may bypass the opening area OA by extending through the non-display area NDA along an edge of the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10  formed in the opening area OA. 
     A scan driver  2100  providing a scan signal to each pixel PX, a data driver  2200  providing a data signal to each pixel PX, and a first main power line and a second main power line for a driving voltage ELVDD (e.g., see  FIG. 4 ) and a common voltage ELVSS (e.g., see  FIG. 4 ), respectively, may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. 
       FIG. 3  shows that the data driver  2200  is adjacent to a side of the substrate  100 . According to another embodiment, the data driver  2200  may be on a printed circuit board connected (e.g., electrically connected) to a pad on or at a side of the display apparatus  10 . The printed circuit board may be flexible, and a portion of the printed circuit board may be bent to be located under or face a rear surface of the substrate  100 . 
       FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of one pixel of a display apparatus according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the pixel PX may include the pixel circuit PC connected to a scan line SL and a data line DL, and the organic light-emitting diode OLED connected to the pixel circuit PC. 
     The pixel circuit PC may include a driving transistor T 1 , a scan transistor T 2 , and a storage capacitor Cst. The driving transistor T 1  and the scan transistor T 2  may be thin film transistors. 
     The scan transistor T 2  is connected to the scan line SL and the data line DL, and may transmit a data voltage Dm input through the data line DL to the driving transistor T 1  in synchronization with a scan signal Sn input through the scan line SL. 
     The storage capacitor Cst is connected to the scan transistor T 2  and a driving voltage line PL, and may store a voltage corresponding to a difference between the data voltage Dm received from scan transistor T 2  and the driving voltage ELVDD supplied to the driving voltage line PL. 
     The driving transistor T 1  is connected to the driving voltage line PL and the storage capacitor Cst, and may control a magnitude of a driving current flowing through the organic light-emitting diode OLED from the driving voltage line PL in response to a voltage value stored in the storage capacitor Cst. The organic light-emitting diode OLED may, according to the driving current, emit light with brightness or luminance corresponding to the magnitude of the driving current. 
     With reference to  FIG. 4 , an example in which the pixel circuit PC includes two transistors and one storage capacitor has been described, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, the pixel circuit PC may include three or more transistors and/or two or more storage capacitors. In an embodiment, the pixel circuit PC may include 7 transistors and 1 storage capacitor. 
       FIG. 5A  is an enlarged plan view of a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment, and  FIG. 5B  is an enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 5A . In more detail,  FIG. 5A  is an enlarged view of an opening area of the display apparatus and a periphery of the opening area, and  FIG. 5B  is an enlarged view of a portion of an irradiated region of a non-display area. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5A , the display apparatus  10  may include the opening area OA, the display area DA around (e.g., surrounding) the opening area OA, and the non-display area NDA between the open area OA and the display area DA. In  FIG. 5A , the display area DA is shown around (e.g., surrounding) the entire outer periphery of the opening area OA, but the display area DA may be around (e.g., surround) a portion of the outer periphery of the opening area OA. That is, the display area DA may be around (e.g., surround) at least a portion of the opening area OA. 
     The display apparatus  10  may include an insulating layer  201 . The insulating layer  201  may be on the substrate  100  (e.g., see  FIG. 3 ). The insulating layer  201  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon oxide, and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the inorganic insulating material described above. The insulating layer  201  may have an opening  201 H corresponding to the opening area OA. 
     In an embodiment, the insulating layer  201  may include a plurality of irradiated regions IR on the non-display area NDA, and a plurality of dam regions DR on the non-display area NDA. The plurality of irradiated regions IR on the non-display area NDA and the plurality of dam regions DR on the non-display area NDA may be defined on the insulating layer  201 . The irradiated regions IR may be areas to which a laser beam is irradiated, as shown in  FIG. 11B  to be described below. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates that respective widths of the irradiated regions IR and respective widths of the dam regions DR are the same, but as another example, respective widths of the irradiated regions IR and respective widths of the dam regions DR may be different from each other. 
     In addition,  FIG. 5A  illustrates three irradiated regions IR and three dam regions DR on the non-display area NDA, but the number of irradiated regions IR and dam regions DR may suitably vary. For example, the number of irradiated regions IR and the number of dam regions DR may be different from each other. For example, an irradiated region IR may be further defined between a third dam region DR 3  and the opening area OA on the insulating layer  201 , so that four irradiated regions IR and three dam regions DR may be included in the non-display area NDA. Therefore, in an embodiment, each of the plurality of dam regions DR may be between adjacent irradiated regions IR. 
     The irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR may extend in a first direction DIR 1  (e.g., see  FIG. 5B ). Each of the irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR may have a closed curve shape extending in the first direction DIR 1  in a plan view. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5A , a planar shape of the irradiated region IR and a planar shape of the dam region DR may be circular (e.g., a donut shape). In this case, the first direction DIR 1  may be a circumferential direction.  FIG. 5A  shows the planar shape of the irradiated region IR and the planar shape of the dam region DR in a circular shape, but the planar shape of the irradiated region IR and the planar shape of the dam region DR may be formed in a polygonal, elliptical, or irregular shape. 
     The irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR may be alternately arranged with each other along a second direction DIR 2  (e.g., see  FIG. 5B ). When the planar shape of the irradiated region IR and the planar shape of the dam region DR are circular, the second direction DIR 2  may be a radial direction. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5A , a first dam region DR 1 , which is one of the dam regions DR, may be between the first irradiated region IR 1  and the second irradiated region IR 2  adjacent to each other in the second direction DIR 2  from among the irradiated regions IR. A second dam region DR 2 , which is one of the dam regions DR, may be between the second irradiated region IR 2  and a third irradiated region IR 3  adjacent to each other in the second direction DIR 2  from among the irradiated regions IR. The third dam region DR 3 , which is one of the dam regions DR, may be between the third irradiated region IR 3  and the opening area OA. In an embodiment, the irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR may be spaced from each other in the second direction DIR 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5B  in which a portion of the irradiated region IR is enlarged, the irradiated region IR may include a first area AR 1  and a second area AR 2 . In this case, the first area AR 1  may be a heat conduction-treated area. The first area AR 1  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the first area AR 1 ) may have different physical and/or chemical properties from the second area AR 2  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the second area AR 2 ) due to a heat or thermal conduction treatment. For example, an amount of hydrogen gas, an amount of carbon gas, or a density of film of the first area AR 1  may be different from those of the second area AR 2 . 
     In an embodiment, because the first area AR 1  is a heat conduction-treated area, the amount of hydrogen gas in the first area AR 1  may be less than the amount of hydrogen gas in the second area AR 2 . Alternatively, the amount of carbon gas in the first area AR 1  may be less than the amount of carbon gas in the second area AR 2 . 
     In another embodiment, the first area AR 1  may have a higher density of film than that of the second area AR 2  due to the heat conduction treatment. In this case, the insulating layer  201  may partially have a high film density, and may effectively block impurities or foreign materials introduced from the outside. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11A  to be described below, a conductive pattern CP may be arranged on the first area AR 1 , and may not be arranged on the second area AR 2 . A laser beam may be irradiated to or directed to the irradiated region IR, and a laser beam penetrating the insulating layer  201  may reach the conductive pattern CP on the first area AR 1 . Heat may be transmitted to the first area AR 1  of the insulating layer  201  in contact with the conductive pattern CP through the conductive pattern CP heated by the laser beam. In other words, the first area AR 1  of the insulating layer  201  may receive radiant heat due to the laser beam and conductive heat due to the conductive pattern CP. 
     On the other hand, because the conductive pattern CP is not arranged on the second area AR 2  of the insulating layer  201 , the second area AR 2  of the insulating layer  201  does not receive the conductive heat due to the conductive pattern CP. Accordingly, the first area AR 1  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the first area AR 1 ) subjected to heat conduction treatment by the heated conductive pattern CP may have different physical and/or chemical properties from the second area AR 2  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the second area AR 2 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first area AR 1  may include a plurality of line areas LA, and the second area AR 2  may include a plurality of space areas SA. 
     The line areas LA may extend in the first direction DIR 1  and may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in the second direction DIR 2 . The space areas SA may extend in the first direction DIR 1  and may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in the second direction DIR 2 . The line areas LA and the space areas SA may be alternately arranged with each other along the second direction DIR 2 . 
     As described above, when the planar shape of the irradiated region IR is circular, planar shapes of the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  forming the irradiated region IR may also be circular. In this case, the first direction DIR 1  may be a circumferential direction, and the second direction DIR 2  may be a radial direction. 
       FIG. 5B  shows that the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  of the irradiated region IR respectively include the line areas LA and space areas SA extending in the first direction DIR 1 . However, this is only an embodiment, and shapes of the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  of the irradiated region IR may suitably vary. For example, an extending direction of the first area AR 1  may be different from an extending direction of the second area AR 2 , or the first area AR 1  may be around (e.g., surround) the second area AR 2 . Detailed descriptions thereof will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 8-10 . 
     Meanwhile, referring back to  FIG. 5A , a plurality of dams DAM may be arranged on the dam regions DR, respectively. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5A , a first dam DAM 1  may be on the first dam region DR 1 , a second dam DAM 2  may be on the second dam region DR 2 , and a third dam DAM 3  may be on the third dam region DR 3 .  FIG. 5A  shows that three dams DAM are on the non-display area NDA, but the number of dams DAM on the non-display area NDA may suitably vary. 
       FIG. 6A  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the display apparatus, taken along the line II-II′ of  FIG. 5A , and  FIG. 6B  is an enlarged plan view schematically showing a portion of  FIG. 6A . 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates the display element layer  20  and the input sensing layer  40  on the display element layer  20  by omitting the optical functional layer  50  (e.g., see  FIG. 2 ) and the cover window  60  (e.g., see  FIG. 2 ) in the display apparatus  10  for convenience of description. The display element layer  20  includes light-emitting diodes arranged on the substrate  100  to correspond to the display area DA, and in this regard,  FIG. 6A  shows one light-emitting diode, for example, the organic light-emitting diode OLED. 
     The display apparatus  10  may include the opening  10 H in the opening area OA. The opening  10 H may have a shape of a through hole penetrating upper and lower surfaces of the display apparatus  10 . 
     That the display apparatus  10  includes the opening  10 H in the opening area OA may indicate that a plurality of layers included in the display apparatus  10  also include an opening in the opening area OA. The substrate  100  may include an opening  100 H in the opening area OA, and the opening  100 H of the substrate  100  has a shape of a through hole penetrating upper and lower surfaces of the substrate  100 . Similarly, the insulating layer  201  on the substrate  100  may include the opening  201 H in the opening area OA, and the opening  201 H of the insulating layer  201  has a shape of a through hole penetrating upper and lower surfaces of the insulating layer  201 . The display element layer  20  including layers arranged on the substrate  100  may include the first opening  20 H having a through-hole shape located in the opening area OA, and the input sensing layer  40  may include the second opening  40 H having a through-hole shape located in the opening area OA. In an embodiment, the opening  10 H may include the opening  100 H, the opening  201 H, the first opening  20 H, and/or the second opening  40 H. 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the substrate  100 , the insulating layer  201 , the display element layer  20 , and the input sensing layer  40  include openings located in the opening area OA, respectively, but at least one of the substrate  100 , the insulating layer  201 , the display element layer  20 , and the input sensing layer  40  may not include an opening. 
     In an embodiment, as described above with reference to  FIG. 5A , the insulating layer  201  may include the irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR on the non-display area NDA. Each of the irradiated regions IR is an area to which a laser beam is irradiated when the display apparatus  10  is manufactured, and may include the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2 . The dams DAM may be arranged on the dam regions DR. 
     The display apparatus  10  may include an organic material layer  222   o  and a second electrode  223  (e.g., an electrode layer). The organic material layer  222   o  may be arranged on the insulating layer  201 , and the second electrode  223  may be arranged on the organic material layer  222   o . In this case, the organic material layer  222   o  may have first openings  222   oh  exposing at least a portion of each of the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201 . The second electrode  223  may have second openings  223   oh  corresponding to the first openings  222   oh , respectively. The first openings  222   oh  and the second openings  223   oh  may overlap each other (e.g., in a thickness direction of the insulating layer  201 ). 
     Hereinafter, the display apparatus  10  according to an embodiment will be described in more detail according to a stacking order shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
     First, looking at the display area DA of  FIG. 6A , the pixel circuit PC may be on the substrate  100 , and the organic light-emitting diode OLED may be on and/or connected to the pixel circuit PC. 
     The substrate  100  may include a glass material or a polymer resin. For example, the polymer resin may include polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyether imide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. The substrate  100  including the polymer resin may be flexible, rollable, or bendable. The substrate  100  may have a multilayer structure including a layer including the above-described polymer resin and an inorganic layer. 
     The insulating layer  201  may be on an upper surface of the substrate  100 . The insulating layer  201  may include a buffer layer, a barrier layer, or a buffer layer and a barrier layer. The insulating layer  201  may prevent or substantially prevent impurities from penetrating into a semiconductor layer Act of a thin-film transistor TFT. The insulating layer  201  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon oxide, and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the inorganic insulating material described above. 
     The pixel circuit PC may be on the insulating layer  201 . The pixel circuit PC includes the thin film transistor TFT and the storage capacitor Cst. The thin film transistor TFT may include the semiconductor layer Act, a gate electrode GE, a source electrode SE, and a drain electrode DE.  FIG. 6A  shows a top gate-type transistor in which the gate electrode GE is above the semiconductor layer Act with a gate-insulating layer  203  therebetween. However, according to another embodiment, the thin-film transistor TFT may also be a bottom gate-type transistor. 
     The semiconductor layer Act may include polysilicon. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer Act may include amorphous silicon, an oxide semiconductor, an organic semiconductor, or the like. The gate electrode GE may include a low-resistance metal material. The gate electrode GE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials. 
     The gate-insulating layer  203  between the semiconductor layer Act and the gate electrode GE may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, and the like. The gate-insulating layer  203  may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials. 
     The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a conductive material (e.g., a material having good conductivity). The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials. In an embodiment, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include multiple layers such as a Ti layer, an Al layer, and a Ti layer (Ti/Al/Ti). 
     The storage capacitor Cst may include a lower electrode CE 1  and an upper electrode CE 2  that overlap each other with a first interlayer insulating layer  205  therebetween. The storage capacitor Cst may overlap the thin film transistor TFT. In this regard,  FIG. 6A  shows that the gate electrode GE of the thin-film transistor TFT is the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. In another embodiment, the storage capacitor Cst may not overlap the thin film transistor TFT, and the gate electrode GE of the thin film transistor TFT and the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst may be formed separately. The storage capacitor Cst may be covered with a second interlayer insulating layer  207 . 
     The lower electrode CE 1  and/or the upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above materials. 
     The first interlayer insulating layer  205  and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, or the like. The first interlayer insulating layer  205  and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above materials. Alternatively, the first interlayer insulating layer  205  and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may include an organic insulating material. The organic insulating material may include a general polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), a polymer derivative including a phenolic group, an acrylic polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol polymer, or a blend thereof. 
     The pixel circuit PC including the thin-film transistor TFT and the storage capacitor Cst may be covered by a first intermediate insulating layer  209  (e.g., a first organic insulating layer) between the pixel circuit PC described above and a first electrode  221  (or a pixel electrode) to be described below. The first intermediate insulating layer  209  may include an approximately planar top surface. 
     The first electrode  221  may be on the pixel circuit PC. The first electrode  221  may be arranged for each pixel, and the first electrode  221  may be connected (e.g., electrically connected) to the pixel circuit PC. For example, as shown in  FIG. 6A , a contact metal layer CM may be between the thin film transistor TFT and the first electrode  221 . The contact metal layer CM may be connected to the thin film transistor TFT through a contact hole formed in the first intermediate insulating layer  209 , and the first electrode  221  may be connected to the contact metal layer CM through a contact hole formed in a second intermediate insulating layer  211  (e.g., a second organic insulating layer) on the contact metal layer CM. The contact metal layer CM may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials. In an embodiment, the contact metal layer CM may include multiple layers of Ti/Al/Ti. 
     The first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may include an organic insulation material such as a general commercial polymer such as PMMA or PS, a polymer derivative including a phenolic group, an acrylic polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol polymer, and/or a blend thereof. In an embodiment, the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may include polyimide. 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the contact metal layer CM is between the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , and connects (e.g., electrically connects) the pixel circuit PC to the first electrode  221 . However, in another embodiment, the contact metal layer CM may be omitted. In this case, the transistor TFT of the pixel circuit PC may be directly connected to the first electrode  221 , and one of the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may be omitted. For example, one intermediate insulating layer may be between the pixel circuit PC and the first electrode  221 , and the first electrode  221  may be connected to the transistor TFT of the pixel circuit PC through the one intermediate insulating layer. 
     The first electrode  221  may be formed on the second intermediate insulating layer  211 . The first electrode  221  may include a conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), indium gallium oxide (IGO), or aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). In another embodiment, the first electrode  221  may include a reflective layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), or a compound thereof. In another embodiment, the first electrode  221  may further include a film formed of ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  above and/or below the above-described reflective layer. In an embodiment, the first electrode  221  may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO. 
     An upper insulating layer  215  may be formed on the first electrode  221 . The upper insulating layer  215  may include an opening exposing an upper surface of the first electrode  221  and may cover an edge of the first electrode  221 . The upper insulating layer  215  may be a pixel-defining layer defining pixels. For example, a width of the opening of the upper insulating layer  215  exposing the upper surface of the first electrode  221  may correspond to a width of a light-emitting area from which light is emitted, or a width of a pixel. 
     The upper insulating layer  215  may include an organic insulating material. For example, the upper insulating layer  215  may include an organic insulation material such as a general commercial polymer such as PMMA or PS, a polymer derivative including a phenolic group, an acrylic polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol polymer, or a blend thereof. 
     A spacer  217  may be formed on the upper insulating layer  215 . The spacer  217  may include an organic insulating material. The spacer  217  may include a same material as that of the upper insulating layer  215  and may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same mask process. 
     An intermediate layer  222  includes a light-emitting layer  222   b . The light-emitting layer  222   b  may include a polymer organic material or a low molecular weight organic material that emits light of a certain color. The intermediate layer  222  may include a functional layer. The functional layer may include a first functional layer  222   a  arranged below the light-emitting layer  222   b  and/or a second functional layer  222   c  arranged above the light-emitting layer  222   b.    
     The first functional layer  222   a  may include a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the first functional layer  222   a  may include a hole injection layer (HIL) and/or a hole transport layer (HTL). 
     The second functional layer  222   c  may include a single layer or multiple layers. The second functional layer  222   c  may include an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL). 
     At least one organic material layer  222   o  (hereinafter referred to as organic material layer) included in the intermediate layer  222 , for example, the first functional layer  222   a  and/or the second functional layer  222   c  may be formed to cover the display area DA (e.g., cover the display area DA as a whole). In the display area DA, light-emitting layers  222   b  of different colors may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other according to the color of a corresponding pixel. However, the first functional layer  222   a  and/or the second functional layer  222   c  may be formed to cover the display area DA as a whole. Each of the first and second functional layers  222   a  and  222   c  may be shared by a plurality of pixels arranged in the display area DA. Accordingly, each of the first functional layer  222   a  and the second functional layer  222   c  may be formed to cover the plurality of first electrodes  221 . 
     The second electrode  223  may include a conductive material having a low work function. For example, the second electrode  223  may include a (semi) transparent layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second electrode  223  may further include a layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  on the (semi) transparent layer including the above-mentioned material. In an embodiment, the second electrode  223  may include Ag and/or Mg. The second electrode  223  may be formed to cover the display area DA (e.g., cover the display area DA as a whole). The second electrode  223  may be a common layer and may cover the plurality of first electrodes  221 . The second electrode  223  and the functional layer, which may be common layers covering the display area DA (e.g., covering the display area DA as a whole), may have different thicknesses from each other. A thickness of the second electrode  223  may be less than a thickness of the organic material layer  222   o  (e.g., a stack of the first and second functional layers  222   a  and  222   c ) included in the intermediate layer  222 . 
     The organic light-emitting diode OLED including the first electrode  221 , the intermediate layer  222 , and the second electrode  223  is covered with an encapsulation layer  300 . The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one organic encapsulation layer and at least one inorganic encapsulation layer.  FIG. 6A  shows that the encapsulation layer  300  includes first and second inorganic encapsulation layers  310  and  330  and an organic encapsulation layer  320  therebetween. In another embodiment, the number of organic encapsulation layers, the number of inorganic encapsulation layers, and a stacking order may be changed in a suitable manner. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include one or more inorganic materials selected from among aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above materials. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. Examples of the polymer-based material may include an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, polyimide, or polyethylene such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyacrylic acid. In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may include an acrylate polymer. 
     Materials of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may be different from each other. For example, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may include silicon oxynitride, and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include silicon nitride. Thicknesses of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may be different from each other. The thickness of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be greater than the thickness of the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 . Alternatively, the thickness of the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may be greater than the thickness of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , or the thickness of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be the same as that of the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 . 
     The input sensing layer  40  may be on the encapsulation layer  300 . The input sensing layer  40  may include first input insulating layers  41   a  and  41   b , a first conductive layer CML 1 , a second input insulating layer  43 , a second conductive layer CML 2 , and a third input insulating layer  45 . 
     The first input insulating layers  41   a  and  41   b  may include the first sub-insulating layer  41   a  and the second sub-insulating layer  41   b . The first sub-insulating layer  41   a  and the second sub-insulating layer  41   b  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. 
     The first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2  may include conductive materials, for example, respective metals. For example, the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2  may include Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above materials. In an embodiment, each of the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2  may have a structure in which a Ti layer, an Al layer, and a Ti layer are sequentially stacked (Ti/Al/Ti). The conductive materials of the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2  may be the same as or different from each other. 
     The first conductive layer CML 1  and/or the second conductive layer CML 2  may include a plurality of touch electrodes for sensing a touch input. In an embodiment, the input sensing layer  40  may include touch electrodes extending in the ±x direction and touch electrodes extending in the ±y direction in a plan view, and the touch electrodes may sense an input in a mutual cap method (mutual capacitance method) and may be provided on the first conductive layer CML 1  and/or the second conductive layer CML 2 . In another embodiment, a touch electrode may sense an input in a self-cap method (self-capacitance method), and may be provided on the first conductive layer CML 1  or the second conductive layer CML 2 . 
     The second input insulating layer  43  may be between the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2 . The second input insulating layer  43  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. 
     The third input insulating layer  45  may include an organic insulating material. For example, the third input insulating layer  45  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material described above may be transparent. For example, the third input insulating layer  45  may include a silicone resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, polyimide, polyethylene, or the like. 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the input sensing layer  40  includes the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2 . However, in another embodiment, the input sensing layer  40  may include any one of the first conductive layer CML 1  and the second conductive layer CML 2 . 
     Next, looking at the non-display area NDA of  FIG. 6A , the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may extend to the non-display area NDA. For example, the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may extend to the non-display area NDA, but may be apart from or spaced from the first dam DAM 1 . Similarly, each of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may extend to the non-display area NDA, but may be apart from or spaced from the first dam DAM 1 . 
     In this case, the first intermediate insulating layer  209  may extend further toward the first dam DAM 1  than the gate-insulating layer  203  extends toward the first dam DAM 1 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205  extends toward the first dam DAM 1 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  extends toward the first dam DAM 1 , and may cover an edge of each of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207 . The second intermediate insulating layer  211  may extend further toward the first dam DAM 1  than the first intermediate insulating layer  209  extends toward the first dam DAM 1  to cover an edge of the first intermediate insulating layer  209 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows that each of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  extends to the non-display area NDA, but is apart from or spaced from the first dam DAM 1 . However, as another example, the insulating layer  201 , the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and/or the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may be arranged to cover the non-display area NDA (e.g., cover the non-display area NDA as a whole). 
     In the non-display area NDA, bypass portions DL-C of data lines may be on the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second interlayer insulating layer  207 , respectively. The bypass portion DL-C of the data line on the first intermediate insulating layer  209  shown in  FIG. 6A  and the bypass portion DL-C of the data line on the second interlayer insulating layer  207  correspond to a portion (a portion curved along the opening area OA in  FIG. 3 ) of the data line DL described above with reference to  FIG. 3  located in the non-display area NDA. 
     As described above in  FIG. 5A , on the non-display area NDA, the insulating layer  201  may include the irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR. The irradiated regions IR and the dam regions DR may be alternately arranged with each other. 
     Each of the irradiated regions IR may include the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2 . The first area AR 1  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the first area AR 1 ) may have different physical and/or chemical properties from the second area AR 2  (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the second area AR 2 ) due to a heat or thermal conduction treatment. For example, the first area AR 1  may have a higher film density than the second area AR 2 , and may effectively block impurities or foreign materials introduced from the outside. Accordingly, the product stability of the display apparatus  10  may increase, and a defect rate may decrease. 
     At least one dam is in the non-display area NDA. In an embodiment,  FIG. 6A  shows that there are three dams, but in another embodiment, there may be two or more dams. The first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may be in (e.g., directly above) the dam region DR of the insulating layer  201 . As described above, when the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and/or the second interlayer insulating layer  207  covers (e.g., entirely covers) the non-display area NDA, the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may be on the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and/or the second interlayer insulating layer  207 . 
     The first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  are arranged in the non-display area NDA, but may be apart from or spaced from each other in a direction from the display area DA toward the opening area OA. The first dam DAM 1  may be closest to the display area DA, the third dam DAM 3  may be closest to the opening area OA, and the second dam DAM 2  may be between the first dam DAM 1  and the third dam DAM 3 . As shown in  FIG. 5A , each of the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may have a closed-loop shape around (e.g., surrounding) the opening area OA. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , the opening  100 H may be formed in the substrate  100  in correspondence with the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 , and the opening  201 H may also be formed in the insulating layer  201 . Accordingly, in the present specification, “the opening area OA”, “the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 ”, “the opening  100 H of the substrate  100 ”, and “the opening  201 H of the insulating layer  201 ” may be used interchangeably. For example, “around (e.g., surrounding) the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 ” may denote “around (e.g., surrounding) the opening  201 H of the insulating layer  201 ”, “around (e.g., surrounding) the opening  100 H of the substrate  100 ”, and/or “around (e.g., surrounding) the opening area OA”. 
     The first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may include an insulating material. For example, the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may include an organic insulating material. The first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may be formed together (or concurrently) in a process of forming a plurality of insulating material layers arranged in the above-described display area DA, and may include a same material as that of the plurality of insulating material layers described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , the first dam DAM 1  may include a plurality of first sub-dam layers  1110 ,  1120 , and  1130 . The first sub-dam layers  1110 ,  1120 , and  1130  may include a first-1 sub-dam layer  1110 , a first-2 sub-dam layer  1120 , and a first-3 sub-dam layer  1130  that are stacked (e.g., sequentially stacked). 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the first-2 sub-dam layer  1120  covers an upper surface and a sidewall of the first-1 sub-dam layer  1110 . However, as another example, the sidewall of the first-1 sub-dam layer  1110  and a sidewall of the first-2 sub-dam layer  1120  may be flush with the sidewall of the first-2 sub-dam layer  1120  and a sidewall of the first-3 sub-dam layer  1130 . 
     In an embodiment, the first-1 sub-dam layer  1110  may include a same material as that of the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , the first-2 sub-dam layer  1120  may include a same material as that of the upper insulating layer  215 , and the first-3 sub-dam layer  1130  may include a same material as that of the spacer  217 . The first-3 sub-dam layer  1130  may include a same material as that of the first-2 sub-dam layer  1120  and may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same mask process. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , the second dam DAM 2  may include a plurality of second sub-dam layers  1210 ,  1220 , and  1230 . The second sub-dam layers  1210 ,  1220 , and  1230  may include a second- 1  sub-dam layer  1210 , a second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220 , and a second- 3  sub-dam layer  1230  that are stacked (e.g., sequentially stacked). 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220  covers an upper surface and a sidewall of the second- 1  sub-dam layer  1210 . However, as another example, the sidewall of the second- 1  sub-dam layer  1210  and a sidewall of the second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220  may be flush with the sidewall of the second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220  and a sidewall of the second- 3  sub-dam layer  1230 . 
     In an embodiment, the second- 1  sub-dam layer  1210  may include a same material as that of the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , the second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220  may include a same material as that of the upper insulating layer  215 , and the second- 3  sub-dam layer  1230  may include a same material as that of the spacer  217 . The second- 3  sub-dam layer  1230  may include a same material as that of the second- 2  sub-dam layer  1220  and may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same mask process. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , the third dam DAM 3  may include a plurality of third sub-dam layers  1310  and  1320 . The third sub-dam layers  1310  and  1320  may include a third- 1  sub-dam layer  1310  and a third- 2  sub-dam layer  1320  that are stacked (e.g., sequentially stacked). 
     In an embodiment, the third- 1  sub-dam layer  1310  may include a same material as that of the upper insulating layer  215 , and the third- 2  sub-dam layer  1320  may include a same material as that of the spacer  217 . The third- 2  sub-dam layer  1320  may include a same material as that of the third- 1  sub-dam layer  1310  and may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same mask process. 
     The sub-dam layers of each of the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same mask process as that of at least one of the first intermediate insulating layer  209 , the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , the upper insulating layer  215 , and the spacer  217 , but are not limited thereto and may have various suitable configurations. 
     A height of at least one of the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3  may be different from each other. For example, as shown in  FIG. 6A , the heights of the first and second dams DAM 1  and DAM 2  may be greater than the height of the third dam DAM 3 . In other words, a vertical distance from the upper surface of the substrate  100  to upper surfaces of each of the first and second dams DAM 1  and DAM 2  may be greater than a vertical distance from the upper surface of the substrate  100  to an upper surface of the third dam DAM 3 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the first dam DAM 1  and second dam DAM 2  have substantially the same height, but in another embodiment, the first dam DAM 1  and the second dam DAM 2  may have different heights from each other. 
     One or more dams described above, such as the first dam DAM 1 , the second dam DAM 2 , and the third dam DAM 3 , may control a flow of materials constituting the organic encapsulation layer  320  in a process of forming the encapsulation layer  300 . For example, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be formed by applying a monomer on the display area DA through a process such as inkjet and then curing the monomer. A dam may control a location of the organic encapsulation layer  320  by controlling a flow of the monomer. In this regard,  FIG. 6A  shows that an edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  is located on or at one side of the first dam DAM 1 . 
     In another embodiment, because the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  is located on or at an upper surface of the first dam DAM 1 , a portion of the organic encapsulation layer  320  may overlap the upper surface of the first dam DAM 1 . In another embodiment, the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be on or at one side of the second dam DAM 2 , and in this case, a portion of the organic encapsulation layer  320  may overlap the upper surface of the first dam DAM 1 . A location of the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be confirmed using an image of the display apparatus  10  including the organic encapsulation layer  320 . The display apparatus  10  according to an embodiment may be used to monitor the location of the organic encapsulation layer  320 , for example, a location of the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  by having a plurality of dams as described above. 
     Because the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  is located on or at one side of any one dam, for example, the first dam DAM 1 , the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  in the non-display area NDA. For example, the first and second inorganic encapsulation layers  310  and  330  may contact (e.g., directly contact) each other in an area between the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  and the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 . In an embodiment,  FIG. 6A  shows that the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  contacts (e.g., directly contacts) the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  in an area between the first dam DAM 1  and the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 . 
     An insulating layer of the input sensing layer  40 , for example, the first input insulating layers  41   a  and  41   b , the second input insulating layer  43 , and the third input insulating layer  45  may also extend to cover the non-display area NDA. 
     A planarization-insulating layer  47  may be arranged to cover the non-display area NDA. The planarization-insulating layer  47  may be located only in the non-display area NDA to have a width ranging from a first edge  47 E 1  to a second edge  47 E 2 . 
     Accordingly, in a plan view, the planarization-insulating layer  47  may have a closed curve shape (e.g., a donut shape) around (e.g., surrounding) the opening  10 H. 
     The first edge  47 E 1  of the planarization-insulating layer  47  may face or define the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 , and the second edge  47 E 2  of the planarization-insulating layer  47  may be adjacent to the display area DA. A portion of the planarization-insulating layer  47  adjacent to the display area DA may overlap a portion of the organic encapsulation layer  320  while covering the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320 , and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  and the first sub-insulating layer  41   a  may be therebetween. 
     The first sub-insulating layer  41   a  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the second sub-insulating layer  41   b  in the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, the first sub-insulating layer  41   a  and the second sub-insulating layer  41   b  may be apart from or spaced from each other in a thickness direction (e.g., a z direction) by the planarization-insulating layer  47  therebetween. 
     At least one organic material layer  222   o  included in the intermediate layer  222 , for example, the first functional layer  222   a  and/or the second functional layer  222   c  may be disconnected from or at the non-display area NDA. In other words, a portion of the organic material layer  222   o  may be removed from or at the non-display area NDA. 
     For example, the organic material layer  222   o  may have a first opening  222   oh  located in the non-display area NDA. The first opening  222   oh  may overlap the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 . In this regard,  FIG. 6A  shows the plurality of first openings  222   oh  in the non-display area NDA. The first openings  222   oh  may partially expose the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201 , respectively. 
     The organic material layer  222   o  may include the first functional layer  222   a  and the second functional layer  222   c , and an opening  222   ah  of the first functional layer  222   a  and an opening  222   ch  of the second functional layer  222   c  may overlap each other to form the first opening  222   oh . The opening  222   ah  of the first functional layer  222   a  and the opening  222   ch  of the second functional layer  222   c  may be formed while a portion of the first functional layer  222   a  and a portion of the second functional layer  222   c  are removed, respectively, and the first functional layer  222   a  and the second functional layer  222   c  may be discontinuous in the non-display area NDA by or at the openings  222   ah  and  222   ch , respectively. 
     At least a portion of the insulating layer  201  under the first opening  222   oh  may be exposed through the first opening  222   oh , and the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the insulating layer  201  through or in the first opening  222   oh . For example, the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  under the first opening  222   oh  may be exposed through the first opening  222   oh , and the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  through or in the first opening  222   oh . The insulating layer  201  may include an inorganic insulating material, and contact between the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the insulating layer  201  may block (e.g., locally block) a progress of moisture. 
     Because at least one organic material layer  222   o  included in the intermediate layer  222  is formed to cover the display area DA (e.g., cover the display area DA as a whole), the organic material layer  222   o  may provide a path for moisture to flow through the opening  10 H of the display apparatus  10 . However, according to an embodiment, because the organic material layer  222   o  includes the first opening  222   oh  located in the non-display area NDA, the progress of moisture through the organic material layer  222   o  may be prevented, reduced, or minimized. 
     The first openings  222   oh  of the organic material layer  222   o  may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in correspondence with the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201 . For example,  FIG. 6A  shows the first opening  222   oh  between the first dam DAM 1  and the display area DA, the first opening  222   oh  between the first dam DAM 1  and the second dam DAM 2 , and the first openings  222   oh  between the second dam DAM 2  and the third dam DAM 3 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the organic material layer  222   o  include the plurality of first openings  222   oh  so that portions of the organic material layer  222   o  are around (e.g., surround) the first to third dams (the first DAM 1 , the second DAM 2 , and the third DAM 3 ), respectively. However, as another example, the organic material layer  222   o  may include one first opening  222   oh . The organic material layer  222   o  may include a single first opening  222   oh . In this case, the portions of the organic material layers  222   o  respectively around (e.g., surrounding) the first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3  may be omitted. 
     The first opening  222   oh  may be around (e.g., surround) the opening  10 H in a plan view. For example, the first opening  222   oh  may extend along the edge of the opening  10 H, and may have a closed loop shape surrounding (e.g., completely surrounding) the opening  10 H in a plan view. 
     The second electrode  223  on the organic material layer  222   o  may be disconnected from or at the non-display area NDA. In other words, a portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed from or at the non-display area NDA. 
     For example, the second electrode  223  may have a second opening  223   oh  located in the non-display area NDA. The second opening  223   oh  may overlap the first opening  222   oh  and the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 . In this regard,  FIG. 6A  shows the plurality of second openings  223   oh  in the non-display area NDA. The second openings  223   oh  may overlap the first openings  222   oh , respectively. The second openings  223   oh  may partially expose the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201 , respectively. 
     At least a portion of the insulating layer  201  under the second openings  223   oh  may be exposed through the second opening  223   oh , and the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the insulating layer  201  through the second opening  223   oh . For example, the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  under the second opening  223   oh  may be exposed through the second opening  223   oh , and the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  through the second opening  223   oh . The insulating layer  201  may include an inorganic insulating material, and contact between the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the insulating layer  201  may block (e.g., locally block) a progress of moisture. 
     The second openings  223   oh  of the second electrode  223  may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in correspondence with the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201 . For example,  FIG. 6A  shows the second opening  223   oh  between the first dam DAM 1  and the display area DA, the second opening  223   oh  between the first dam DAM 1  and the second dam DAM 2 , and the second opening  223   oh  between the second dam DAM 2  and the third dam DAM 3 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows that the second electrode  223  includes the plurality of second openings  223   oh  so that portions of the second electrode  223  are around (e.g., surround) the first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3 , respectively. However, as another example, the second electrode  223  may include one (or a single) second opening  223   oh . In this case, the portions of the second electrode  223  respectively around (e.g., surrounding) the first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3  may be omitted. 
     The second opening  223   oh  may be around (e.g., surround) the opening  10 H in a plan view. For example, the second opening  223   oh  may extend along the edge of the opening  10 H, and may have a closed loop shape surrounding (e.g., completely surrounding) the opening  10 H in a plan view. 
     After the second electrode  223  is formed to cover the display area DA and the non-display area NDA (e.g., the entire display area DA and the non-display area NDA), a portion of the second electrode  223  located in the non-display area NDA may be removed. The portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed through a laser lift-off process, and an edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may have an irregular shape due to a laser beam. For example, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may include a burr formed by the laser lift-off process. The edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may extend in an oblique direction away from the upper surface of the substrate  100 , and a cross-section of the edge portion  223   ep  may have irregularities. Because the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may have an irregular shape by a laser beam, the second opening  223   oh  and the irradiated region IR may not be aligned. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  has relatively excellent step coverage, but the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  under the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  has an irregular shape, so that the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may include a portion having a small density and/or a portion having a reduced thickness locally. In this case, cracks may occur in the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , and the cracks may be transmitted to the surroundings. 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 11B  to be described below, during a laser lift-off process, the conductive pattern CP exposing a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  may be used. As the conductive pattern CP exposes a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 , a portion of the second electrode  223  arranged on the insulating layer  201  may be irradiated (e.g., directly irradiated) with a laser beam. That is, a portion of the second electrode  223  arranged on the irradiated region IR may be heated by a laser beam and vaporized, and another portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed together (or concurrently) with the conductive pattern CP. 
     In this way, because a portion of the second electrode  223  is vaporized in the irradiated region IR, a size (or a length) s of the edge portion  223   ep  of the remaining second electrode  223  may be less than a width w 1  of the irradiated region IR. Alternatively, the size (or length) s of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be equal to or less than a width w 2  of the first area AR 1 . For example, the size (or length) s of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be about 5 μm or less. 
     When the conductive pattern CP exposes a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 , the size (or length) s of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be reduced compared to when the conductive pattern CP covers the irradiated region IR. Accordingly, the occurrence of cracks in the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  due to the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be prevented or reduced. In addition, the conductive pattern CP removed by a laser beam may remain as particles, and because a size (or an area) of the conductive pattern CP decreases, a size of the particles may also decrease. Accordingly, the product stability of the display apparatus  10  may increase, and a defect rate may decrease. 
       FIG. 7  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment.  FIG. 7  is a modified embodiment of  FIGS. 6A and 6B , which differs from  FIGS. 6A and 6B  in a structure of an insulating layer. Hereinafter, redundant content based on the description of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  may not be repeated, and differences from the description of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  may be primarily described. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the insulating layer  201  on the substrate  100  may include the irradiated region IR. The irradiated region IR may include the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the insulating layer  201  may have a trench  201   t  corresponding to the first area AR 1 . As the insulating layer  201  has the trench  201   t , a thickness t 1  of a portion of the first area AR 1  may be less than a thickness t 2  of the second area AR 2 . 
     As described above in  FIG. 5B , when the first area AR 1  includes the plurality of line areas LA, the insulating layer  201  may have a plurality of trenches  201   t  respectively corresponding to the line areas LA. 
     When the insulating layer  201  has the trench  201   t  as in an embodiment, a surface area of the insulating layer  201  may increase. As a result, a penetration path of moisture or oxygen introduced from the outside may increase, and the organic light-emitting diode OLED may be protected from moisture or oxygen. 
       FIG. 8  is an enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment. In more detail,  FIG. 8  is an enlarged view of a portion of an irradiated region of a non-display area, and shows another embodiment of the irradiated region. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , an irradiated region IR′ may include a first area AR 1 ′ and a second area AR 2 ′. In this case, the first area AR 1 ′ may be a heat conduction-treated area. The first area AR 1 ′ (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the first area AR 1 ′) may have different physical and/or chemical properties from the second area AR 2 ′ (e.g., a portion of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the second area AR 2 ′) due to a heat or thermal conduction treatment. 
     In an embodiment, the first area AR 1 ′ may include a plurality of line areas LA′, and the second area AR 2 ′ may include a plurality of space areas SA′. 
     The line areas LA′ may extend in the second direction DIR 2  and may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in the first direction DIR 1 . The space areas SA′ may extend in the second direction DIR 2  and may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in the first direction DIR 1 . The line areas LA′ and the space areas SA′ may be alternately arranged with each other along the first direction DIR 1 . 
     As described above in  FIG. 5A , when a planar shape of the irradiated region IR′ is circular (e.g., a donut shape), planar shapes of the first area AR 1 ′ and the second area AR 2 ′ forming the irradiated region IR′ may also be circular. In this case, the first direction DIR 1  may be a circumferential direction, and the second direction DIR 2  may be a radial direction. 
       FIG. 8  shows that the line areas LA′ and the space areas SA′ extend in the second direction DIR 2  but the line areas LA′ and the space areas SA′ may extend in a third direction crossing the first direction DIR 1  and the second direction DIR 2 . 
       FIGS. 9 and 10  are enlarged plan views of a display apparatus according to another embodiment. In more detail, each of  FIGS. 9 and 10  is an enlarged view of a portion of an irradiated region in a non-display area, and shows another embodiment of the irradiated region. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , irradiated region IR″ may include a first area AR 1 ″ and second areas AR 2 ″, and irradiated region IR′″ may include a first area AR 1 ′″ and second areas AR 2 ′″. In this case, the first areas AR 1 ″ and AR 1 ′″ may be heat conduction-treated areas. The first areas AR 1 ″ and AR 1 ′″ (e.g., portions of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the first areas AR 1 ″ and AR 1 ′″) may have different physical and/or chemical properties from the second areas AR 2 ″ and AR 2 ′″ (e.g., portions of the insulating layer  201  corresponding to the second areas AR 2 ″ and AR 2 ′″) due to a heat or thermal conduction treatment. 
     In an embodiment, the second areas AR 2 ″ may include a plurality of dot areas DTA surrounded by the first area AR 1 ″, and the second areas AR 2 ′″ may include a plurality of dot areas DTA′ surrounded by the first area AR 1 ′″. A number of dot areas DTA and DTA′ and a shape thereof may suitably vary. For example, as shown in  FIG. 9 , a planar shape of the dot areas DTA may be circular, or as shown in  FIG. 10 , a planar shape of the dot areas DTA′ may be rectangular. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIG. 9 , the dot areas DTA may be arranged to be shifted from each other. In another example, as shown in  FIG. 10 , the dot areas DTA′ may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other at regular intervals. 
     Although only a display apparatus has been described so far, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, a method of manufacturing the display apparatus is also within the scopes of the present disclosure. 
       FIGS. 11A-11D  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, and  FIG. 12  is an enlarged plan view schematically showing a conductive pattern according to an embodiment. 
     First, referring to  FIG. 11A , the pixel circuit PC, the first electrode  221  on the pixel circuit PC, and at least one dam DAM are formed on the substrate  100 . Before forming the pixel circuit PC, the insulating layer  201  may be formed to cover the upper surface (e.g., the entire upper surface) of the substrate  100 . Thereafter, a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, the gate-insulating layer  203 , a gate electrode of the thin film transistor and a lower electrode of a storage capacitor, the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , an upper electrode of the storage capacitor, the second interlayer insulating layer  207 , a source electrode and a drain electrode, the first intermediate insulating layer  209 , a contact metal layer, and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  may be formed (e.g., sequentially formed). 
     While the insulating layer  201  covers the substrate  100  (e.g., cover the substrate  100  as a whole), a portion of at least one layer on the insulating layer  201  may be removed. For example, each of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , the second interlayer insulating layer  207 , the first intermediate insulating layer  209 , and the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , which are formed in the opening area OA and a partial area of the non-display area NDA adjacent to the opening area OA, may be removed. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 11A , edges  203   e ,  205   e , and  207   e  of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  facing and/or adjacent to the opening area OA may be apart from or spaced from the first dam DAM 1  and be covered with the first intermediate insulating layer  209 . Similarly, edges  209   e  and  211   e  of the first intermediate insulating layer  209  and the second intermediate insulating layer  211  facing and/or adjacent to the opening area OA may be apart from or spaced from the first dam DAM 1 . The edge  209   e  of the first intermediate insulating layer  209  may be covered with the second intermediate insulating layer  211 . 
       FIG. 11A  shows that a portion of each of the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , and the second interlayer insulating layer  207  is removed on the non-display area NDA. However, as another example, like the insulating layer  201 , the gate-insulating layer  203 , the first interlayer insulating layer  205 , or the second interlayer insulating layer  207  may cover the non-display area NDA as a whole. 
     The first electrode  221  may be formed on the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , and the upper insulating layer  215  and the spacer  217  may be formed on the first electrode  221 . When the first electrode  221  is formed in the display area DA, a plurality of conductive patterns CP may be formed in the non-display area NDA, and when insulating material layers including an organic insulating material are formed in the display area DA, at least one dam DAM may be formed in the non-display area NDA. 
     In this case, the conductive pattern CP may be formed on the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 , and the dam DAM may be formed on the dam region DR of the insulating layer  201 . As described above with reference to  FIG. 5A , the irradiated regions IR of the insulating layer  201  and the dam regions DR of the insulating layer  201  may be alternately arranged with each other. In this case, the conductive patterns CP and the dams DAM may be alternately arranged with each other. 
     In an embodiment, as described above in  FIG. 5B , the irradiated region IR may include the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2 , and the conductive pattern CP may be formed on the first area AR 1  in the irradiated region IR. That is, the conductive pattern CP may cover the first area AR 1  of the insulating layer  201  and expose the second area AR 2  of the insulating layer  201 . The conductive pattern CP may expose a portion of the irradiated region IR. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 12 , the first area AR 1  may include a plurality of line areas LA, and the second area AR 2  may include a plurality of space areas SA. Because the conductive patterns CP are formed on the first area AR 1  in the irradiated region IR, as shown in the enlarged view of  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 12 , the conductive patterns CP may be formed on the line areas LA, respectively. The conductive patterns CP may cover the line areas LA, respectively, and may expose the space areas SA, respectively. 
     The conductive patterns CP may extend in the first direction DIR 1  along shapes of the line areas LA, respectively, and may be apart from or spaced from each other in the second direction DIR 2 . For example, one conductive pattern CP may be between the display area DA and the first dam DAM 1 , one conductive pattern CP may be between the first dam DAM 1  and the second dam DAM 2  adjacent to each other, and one conductive pattern CP may be between second dams DAM 2  and the third dams DAM 3  adjacent to each other. 
     As described above in  FIG. 5A , when the planar shape of the irradiated region IR is circular (e.g., a donut shape), planar shapes of the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  forming the irradiated region IR may also be circular. A planar shape of the conductive pattern CP following the shape of the first area AR 1  may also be circular. In this case, the first direction DIR 1  may be a circumferential direction, and the second direction DIR 2  may be a radial direction. 
       FIG. 12  shows that the first area AR 1  is around (e.g., surrounds) an outer periphery of the conductive pattern CP, but the first area AR 1  and the conductive pattern CP may be aligned. 
     In addition,  FIG. 12  shows that the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  of the irradiated region IR respectively include the line areas LA and the space areas SA extending in the first direction DIR 1 . However, this is only an embodiment, and shapes of the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  of the irradiated region IR may suitably vary as described above with reference to  FIGS. 8-10 . Accordingly, the shape of the conductive pattern CP may also be variously modified according to the shape of the first area AR 1 . Detailed descriptions thereof will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 13-15 . 
     The conductive patterns CP may include a same material (e.g., a conductive material) as that of the first electrode  221  and may be formed together (or concurrently) in a same process. For example, the conductive pattern CP may include a metal and a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO/Ag/ITO. 
     At least one dam DAM, for example, the first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3  may have a cross-sectional shape in which a width of a lower portion is greater than a width of an upper portion. The first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3  may include a plurality of sub-layers, and each of the sub-layers may be formed together (or concurrently) in a process of forming the first intermediate insulating layer  209 , the second intermediate insulating layer  211 , the upper insulating layer  215 , and/or the spacer  217 . Specific materials of the sub-layers of the first to third dams DAM 1 , DAM 2 , and DAM 3  are as described above with reference to  FIG. 6A . 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 11B , the first functional layer  222   a , the light-emitting layer  222   b , the second functional layer  222   c , and the second electrode  223  may be formed on the first electrode  221 . The light-emitting layer  222   b  may be formed to correspond to the first electrode  221  arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other in the display area DA, whereas the organic material layer  222   o  as a common layer (e.g., a first functional layer and/or a second functional layer) and the second electrode  223  may be formed to cover the substrate  100  (e.g., the entire substrate  100 ) as shown in  FIG. 11B . 
     When the organic material layer  222   o  as a common layer and the second electrode  223  as an electrode layer cover the upper surface (e.g., the entire upper surface) of the substrate  100 , there is a problem that a crack occurs or moisture flows into a light-emitting diode. Accordingly, a portion of the organic material layer  222   o  and a portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed from the non-display area NDA. To this end, the substrate  100  is irradiated with a laser beam. The laser beam may be irradiated in a direction from a rear surface  100   b  of the substrate  100  toward an upper surface  100   t . An output of the laser beam may be set based on a band gap of the second electrode  223 . The laser beam may be irradiated once or multiple times (e.g., the substrate  100  may be irradiated once or multiple times by the laser beam), and when the laser beam is irradiated multiple times, a type, an output, and/or an irradiation range (or a size) of the laser beam may change in a suitable manner. A portion of the organic material layer  222   o  and a portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed by the above-described laser beam (e.g., during a laser lift-off process). 
     As shown in  FIG. 11B , the laser beam may be irradiated (e.g., locally irradiated) to the non-display area NDA. For example, the laser beam may be irradiated to the irradiated region IR of the non-display area NDA. 
       FIG. 11B  shows that the laser beam is irradiated only to the irradiated region IR, but the laser beam may also be irradiated to the dam region DR. 
     During the above-described laser lift-off process, the conductive pattern CP may be heated to a certain temperature by absorbing the laser beam, and a portion of the second electrode  223  that does not overlap the conductive pattern CP may also be heated to a certain temperature by absorbing the laser beam. 
     The conductive pattern CP heated to a certain temperature may be separated from the insulating layer  201 , and portions of the organic material layer  222   o , for example, of the first functional layer  222   a  and the second functional layer  222   c , on the conductive pattern CP and a portion of the second electrode  223  on the conductive pattern CP may be separated and removed together (or concurrently). A portion of the organic material layer  222   o  on the conductive pattern CP and a portion of the second electrode  223  on the conductive pattern CP may be partially vaporized through heat received from the conductive pattern CP. The conductive pattern CP is a kind of sacrificial layer, and after portions of the organic material layer  222   o  are removed (e.g., after the first openings  222   oh  are formed in the organic material layer  222   o ), the conductive pattern CP may be removed as illustrated in  FIG. 11C . 
     A portion of the second electrode  223  heated to a certain temperature without overlapping the conductive pattern CP may be vaporized and removed. While a portion of the second electrode  223  is vaporized, a portion of the organic material layer  222   o  below the second electrode  223  may also be vaporized by receiving heat. 
     Heat of a laser beam may be conducted to the organic material layer  222   o  or the second electrode  223  on the irradiated region IR through the conductive pattern CP and a portion of the second electrode  223 . As a result, portions of the organic material layer  222   o  on the irradiated region IR may be removed. 
     Meanwhile, an energy level of a laser beam irradiated to the irradiated region IR may be different depending on a location of the irradiated region IR. For example, the energy level of the laser beam irradiated to a center of the irradiated region IR may be greater than an energy level of a laser beam irradiated to outside the irradiated region IR. In this case, because heat transmitted to the conductive pattern CP outside the irradiated region IR or the second electrode  223  is less than heat transmitted to the center of the irradiated region IR, the organic material layer  222   o  and/or the second electrode  223  outside the irradiated region IR may not be completely removed. In a case of the second electrode  223 , as described above with reference to  FIG. 6B , a portion of the second electrode  223  may be torn off, and a burr may be formed. Therefore, the irradiated region IR to which a laser beam is irradiated and an area from which the organic material layer  222   o  and/or the second electrode  223  is/are removed (e.g., a first opening and/or a second opening) may not be exactly the same and may be different from each other. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11C , by the above-described laser lift-off process, the organic material layer  222   o  may include the first openings  222   oh  located in the non-display area NDA, and the second electrode  223  may include the second openings  223   oh  located in the non-display area NDA. When the organic material layer  222   o  includes the first and second functional layers  222   a  and  222   c , the first opening  222   oh  of the organic material layer  222   o  may include the opening  222   ah  of the first functional layer  222   a  and the opening  222   ch  of the second functional layer  222   c.    
       FIG. 11C  illustrates that the first opening  222   oh  and the second opening  223   oh  are located in the non-display area NDA, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Locations of the first opening  222   oh  and the second opening  223   oh  may suitably vary according to a number, a location, and/or an irradiation range of a laser beam irradiated to or directed to the conductive patterns CP. For example, a laser beam may be irradiated to the irradiated region IR and the dam region DR, and in this case, the organic material layer  222   o  and the second electrode  223  around (e.g., surrounding) the dam DAM may be removed. 
     In an embodiment, the amount of hydrogen gas, the amount of carbon gas, or a film density of each of the first area AR 1  and the second area AR 2  may be different. During the laser lift-off process of  FIG. 11B , the first area AR 1  of the insulating layer  201  may receive radiant heat due to the laser beam and conductive heat due to the conductive pattern CP. That is, unlike the second area AR 2 , the first area AR 1  is subjected to heat conduction treatment by the conductive pattern CP. 
     Accordingly, the first area AR 1  may have a higher film density than that of the second area AR 2  by the thermal conduction treatment. 
     After performing the laser lift-off process, the encapsulation layer  300  and the input sensing layer  40  may be formed on the substrate  100 . 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  of the encapsulation layer  300  may be formed to cover the substrate  100  (e.g., cover the substrate  100  as a whole). The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be formed by a chemical vapor deposition method or the like. As described above, because the conductive pattern CP between adjacent dams DAM is removed, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may contact (e.g., directly contact) an inorganic insulating layer therebelow, for example, the insulating layer  201 . 
     As described above in  FIG. 11B , during the laser lift-off process, the conductive pattern CP exposing a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201  may be used. As the conductive pattern CP exposes a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 , a portion of the second electrode  223  arranged on the insulating layer  201  may be irradiated (e.g., directly irradiated) with a laser beam. That is, a portion of the second electrode  223  arranged on the irradiated region IR may be heated by a laser beam and vaporized, and another portion of the second electrode  223  may be removed together (or concurrently) with the conductive pattern CP. 
     In this way, because a portion of the second electrode  223  is vaporized in the irradiated region IR, a size (or a length) of the edge portion  223   ep  of the remaining second electrode  223  may be less than a width of the irradiated region IR. 
     Alternatively, the size (or length) of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be equal to or less than a width of the first area AR 1 . For example, the size (or length) of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be about 5 μm or less. 
     When the conductive pattern CP exposes a portion of the irradiated region IR of the insulating layer  201 , the size (or length) of the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be reduced compared to when the conductive pattern CP covers the irradiated region IR. Accordingly, the occurrence of cracks in the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  due to the edge portion  223   ep  of the second electrode  223  may be prevented or reduced. 
     In addition, the conductive pattern CP removed by a laser beam may remain as particles, and because a size (or an area) of the conductive pattern CP decreases, a size of the particles may also decrease. 
     The organic encapsulation layer  320  may be formed by applying a monomer through an inkjet method or the like and then curing the monomer, and may include a resin formed while the monomer is cured. Specific materials of the organic encapsulation layer  320  are as described above. Meanwhile, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may cover particles remaining on the second electrode  223  from among particles generated in the laser lift-off process. 
     The second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may be formed on the organic encapsulation layer  320  by a chemical vapor deposition method like the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 . The second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  in a portion of the non-display area NDA in which the organic encapsulation layer  320  is not formed and the opening area OA. For example, the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  between the edge  320   e  of the organic encapsulation layer  320  and the opening area OA, thus further reducing or preventing the possibility of moisture permeation. 
     Thereafter, the first sub-insulating layer  41   a  may be formed, and the planarization-insulating layer  47  may be formed on the first sub-insulating layer  41   a . The planarization-insulating layer  47  may be formed in the non-display area NDA and the opening area OA. While the organic encapsulation layer  320  is arranged to cover the display area DA, the planarization-insulating layer  47  may not cover the display area DA. In a manufacturing process shown in  FIG. 11C , the planarization-insulating layer  47  may exist or be provided only in the non-display area NDA and the open area OA. 
     Next, the second sub-insulating layer  41   b  may be formed, and the first conductive layer CML 1 , the second input insulating layer  43 , the second conductive layer CML 2 , and the third input insulating layer  45  may be formed (e.g., sequentially formed). 
     Thereafter, when the opening area OA is cut along a cutting line SCL using a method such as laser cutting, as illustrated in  FIG. 11D , the display apparatus  10  may include the opening  10 H formed in the opening area OA. 
       FIG. 13  is an enlarged plan view of a conductive pattern according to another embodiment. In more detail,  FIG. 13  shows a conductive pattern arranged on the irradiated region of  FIG. 8 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , as described above with reference to  FIG. 8 , the irradiated region IR′ may include the first area AR 1 ′ and the second area AR 2 ′. The first area AR 1 ′ may include the plurality of line areas LA′, and the second area AR 2 ′ may include the plurality of space areas SA′. In this case, the line areas LA′ and the space areas SA′ may extend in the second direction DIR 2  and may be apart from or spaced from each other in the first direction DIR 1 . 
     Because a conductive pattern CP′ may cover the first area AR 1 ′ of the insulating layer  201  and expose the second area AR 2 ′ of the insulating layer  201 , as illustrated in  FIG. 13 , conductive patterns CP′ may be formed on the line areas LA′, respectively. The conductive patterns CP′ may cover the line areas LA′ and may expose the space areas SA′, respectively. 
     The conductive patterns CP′ may extend in the second direction DIR 2  along shapes of the line areas LA′, respectively, and may be apart from or spaced from each other in the first direction DIR 1 . In this case, when the planar shape of the irradiated region IR′ is circular (e.g., a donut shape) as shown in  FIG. 5A , the first direction DIR 1  may be a circumferential direction, and the second direction DIR 2  may be a radial direction. 
       FIG. 13  shows that the conductive patterns CP′ extend in the second direction DIR 2  but the conductive patterns CP′ may extend in the third direction crossing the first direction DIR 1  and the second direction DIR 2 . 
       FIGS. 14 and 15  are enlarged plan views of a conductive pattern according to another embodiment. In more detail,  FIG. 14  shows a conductive pattern arranged on the irradiated region of  FIG. 9 , and  FIG. 15  shows a conductive pattern arranged on the irradiated region of  FIG. 10 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14 and 15 , as described above in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the irradiated region IR″ may include a first area AR 1 ″ and second areas AR 2 ″, and the irradiated region IR″ may include the first area AR 1 ′″ and the second areas AR 2 ′″. The second areas AR 2 ″ may include the plurality of dot areas DTA surrounded by the first area AR 1 ″, and AR 2 ″ may include the plurality of dot areas DTA′ surrounded by the first area AR 1 ′″. A number of dot areas DTA and DTA′ and a shape thereof may suitably vary. For example, as shown in  FIG. 14 , a planar shape of the dot areas DTA may be circular, or as shown in  FIG. 15 , a planar shape of the dot areas DTA′ may be rectangular. In addition, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the dot areas DTA may be arranged to be shifted or offset from each other. In another example, as shown in  FIG. 15 , the dot areas DTA′ may be arranged to be apart from or spaced from each other at regular intervals. 
     Because conductive pattern CP″ covers the first area AR 1 ″ of the insulating layer  201  and conductive pattern CP′″ covers the first area AR 1 ′″ of the insulating layer  201 , and the second areas AR 2 ″ and AR 2 ″ of the insulating layer  201  may be exposed, as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the conductive patterns CP″ and CP′″ may have a plurality of openings CPh and CPh′ exposing the dot areas DTA and DTA′, respectively. According to planar shapes of the dot areas DTA and DTA′, planar shapes of the openings CPh and CPh′ may be circular as illustrated in  FIG. 14  or may be rectangular as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
     According to embodiments, moisture permeation and generation of cracks in a display apparatus including an opening may be prevented, reduced, or minimized. However, the effects described above are illustrative, and effects according to the embodiments may be described in more detail below. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims, and equivalents thereof.