Patent Publication Number: US-2022232833-A1

Title: Methods of use of seed-origin endophyte populations

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/657,929, filed Oct. 18, 2019, allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/024,029, filed Jun. 29, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,499,652, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/436,592, filed Feb. 17, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,058,101, issued Aug. 28, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/145,687, filed May 3, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,622,485, issued Apr. 18, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/017,531, filed Feb. 5, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,532,573, issued Jan. 3, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/704,891, filed May 5, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,288,995, issued Mar. 22, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/316,469, filed Jun. 26, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,113,636, issued Aug. 25, 2015, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/957,255, filed Jun. 26, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,859, filed Sep. 4, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,847, filed Sep. 4, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,858, filed Sep. 4, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,854, filed Sep. 4, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,861, filed Sep. 4, 2013; Provisional Application No. 61/959,870, filed Sep. 4, 2013; and Provisional Application No. 61/935,761, filed Feb. 4, 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Oct. 1, 2021, is named IAI-001C13_Sequence_Listing.txt, includes 1470 sequences, and is 1,952,231 bytes in size. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to methods and materials for providing a benefit to a seed or seedling of an agricultural plant such as an agricultural grass plant, particularly a cereal, or an agricultural plant such as an agricultural grass plant derived from the seed or seedling. For example, this application provides purified bacterial populations that include novel seed-origin bacterial endophytes, and synthetic combinations of seeds and/or seedlings with heterologous seed-derived bacterial endophytes. Such seed-origin bacterial endophytes can provide beneficial properties to the seed, seedling, or the agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling, including metabolism, transcription, proteome alterations, morphology, and the resilience to a variety of environmental stresses, and combination of such properties. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Economically-, environmentally-, and socially-sustainable approaches to agriculture and food production are required to meet the needs of a growing global population. By 2050 the United Nations&#39; Food and Agriculture Organization projects that total food production must increase by 70% to meet the needs of the growing population, a challenge that is exacerbated by numerous factors, including diminishing freshwater resources, increasing competition for arable land, rising energy prices, increasing input costs, and the likely need for crops to adapt to the pressures of a drier, hotter, and more extreme global climate. The need to grow nearly twice as much food with less water in more arid climates is driving a critical need for innovations in crop water use efficiency and temperature tolerance. 
     Today, crop performance is optimized primarily via technologies directed towards the interplay between crop genotype (e.g., plant breeding, genetically-modified (GM) crops) and its surrounding environment (e.g., fertilizer, synthetic herbicides, pesticides). While these paradigms have assisted in doubling global food production in the past fifty years, yield growth rates have stalled in many major crops, and shifts in the climate have been linked to production instability and declines in important crops such as wheat, driving an urgent need for novel solutions to crop yield improvement. In addition to their long development and regulatory timelines, public fears of GM-crops and synthetic chemicals has challenged their use in many key crops and countries, resulting in a complete lack of acceptance for GM traits in wheat and the exclusion of GM crops and many synthetic chemistries from European markets. Thus, there is a significant need for innovative, effective, environmentally-sustainable, and publically-acceptable approaches to improving the yield and resilience of crops to severe drought and heat stresses. 
     Improvement of crop resilience to heat and drought stress has proven challenging for conventional genetic and chemical paradigms for crop improvement. This challenge is in part due to the complex, network-level changes that arise during exposure to these stresses. For example, plants under such stress can succumb to a variety of physiological and developmental damages, including dehydration, elevated reactive oxygen species, impairment of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, inhibition of translocation of assimilates, increased respiration, reduced organ size due to a decrease in the duration of developmental phases, disruption of seed development, and a reduction in fertility. 
     Like humans, who utilize a complement of beneficial microbial symbionts, plants have been purported to derive a benefit from the vast array of bacteria and fungi that live both within and around their tissues in order to support the plant&#39;s health and growth. As described in detail herein, endophytes are fungal or bacterial organisms that live within plants. Bacterial endophytes, such as Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia, appear to inhabit various host plant tissues and have been isolated from plant leaves, stems, and roots. 
     To date, a small number of these symbiotic endophyte-host relationships have been analyzed in limited studies to provide fitness benefits to model host plants within controlled laboratory settings, such as enhancement of biomass production (i.e., yield) and nutrition, increased tolerance to stress such as drought and pests. Yet, such endophytes have been demonstrated to be ineffective or of limited efficacy in conferring benefits to a variety of agriculturally-important plants such as modern cereals; as such, they do not adequately address the need to provide improved yield and tolerance to environmental stresses present in many agricultural situations for such crops, particularly drought and heat. 
     Thus, there is a need for compositions and methods of providing cereal crops with improved yield and resistance to various environmental stresses. Provided herein are novel compositions of symbionts, bacterial and fungal endophytes, as well as novel symbiont-plant compositions, created based on the analysis of the key properties that enhance the utility and commercialization of an endophytic composition. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery that endophytic microbes can be found in dry mature seeds of plants. The inventors have isolated and extensively characterized a large number of bacterial and fungal endophytes of seed-origin that are able to colonize agricultural grass plants and to provide beneficial traits to these plants. As such, provided herein are purified bacterial and fungal populations that contain one or more populations of seed-origin endophytes, particularly bacterial endophytes (herein referred to as seed-original bacterial endophytes), compositions (e.g., agricultural formulations and articles of manufacture) that include such purified bacterial populations, as well as synthetic combinations of such purified bacterial populations in association with seeds or seedlings of an agricultural cereal plant and other agricultural products, including seeds. In addition, provided herein are methods of using such seed-origin bacterial endophytes to prepare synthetic combinations, agricultural formulations, articles of manufacture, or other agricultural products, and to provide benefits to agricultural cereal plants. Seed-derived endophytes can confer significant advantages to cereal crops, spanning growth under normal and stressed conditions, altered expression of key plant hormones, altered expression of key transcripts in the plant, and other desirable features. 
     As described herein, beneficial microbes can be robustly derived from agricultural seeds, cultured, administered heterologously to agricultural cereal seeds or seedlings, and colonize the resulting plant tissues with high efficiency to confer multiple beneficial properties, that are durably retained in the plants and their progeny. This is surprising given the historical observed variability in microbe isolation from healthy seeds and the previous observations of inefficient seed pathogen colonization of a plant host&#39;s tissues. 
     Further, the ability of heterologously disposed seed-origin bacterial endophytes to colonize seeds and seedlings from the exterior surface of seeds is surprising given that such endophytes can be isolated from within internal seed tissues and therefore may not natively need the capacity to penetrate and invade into internal host tissues in their natural state. 
     Seed-origin bacterial endophytes are heterologously disposed onto seedlings of a distinct cultivar, species, or cereal crop type and confer benefits to those new recipients. For example, seed-origin bacterial endophytes from corn cultivars are heterologously provided to wheat cultivars to confer a benefit. This is surprising given the prior observations of distinct microbiome preferences in distinct plant and mammalian hosts and, in particular, the likelihood that microbes derived from seeds may have been co-evolved to be specialized to a particular host. 
     In one aspect, the invention features a method for treating seeds. The method includes contacting the surface of a plurality of Gramineae agricultural plant seeds with a formulation comprising a purified bacterial population at a concentration of at least about 10 2  CFU/ml in a liquid formulation or about 10 2  CFU/gm in a non-liquid formulation, where at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation comprise a preferred seed-origin bacterial endophyte, which exhibits: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount capable of providing a benefit to the plant seeds or to agricultural plants derived from the plant seeds; and packaging the contacted seeds in a container. The method can further include drying the contacted seed. The contacting can include spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seeds or seedlings with the formulation. 
     The invention also features a method for treating seedlings. The method includes contacting foliage or the rhizosphere of a plurality of Gramineae agricultural plant seedlings with a formulation comprising a purified bacterial population at a concentration of at least about 10 2  CFU/ml in a liquid formulation or about 10 2  CFU/g in a non-liquid formulation, wherein at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation comprise a seed-origin bacterial endophyte exhibiting production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, and wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount capable of providing a benefit to the seedlings or to agricultural plants derived from the seedlings; and growing the contacted seedlings. The contacting can include spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seeds or seedlings with the formulation. 
     In another aspect, a method for modulating a Gramineae plant trait is featured. The method includes applying to vegetation (e.g., corn, wheat, rice, or barley seedlings) or an area adjacent the vegetation, a formulation that includes a purified bacterial population at a concentration of at least about 10 2  CFU/ml in a liquid formulation or about 10 2  CFU/g in a non-liquid formulation, at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation comprising a seed-origin bacterial endophyte exhibiting: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, and combinations of two or more thereof, wherein the formulation is capable of providing a benefit to the vegetation, or to a crop produced from the vegetation. 
     A method for modulating a Gramineae plant trait is featured that includes applying a formulation to soil, the formulation comprising a purified bacterial population at a concentration of at least about 10 2  CFU/g, at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation comprising a seed-origin bacterial endophyte exhibiting: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, and combinations of two or more thereof, wherein the formulation is capable of providing a benefit to seeds planted within the soil, or to a crop produced from plants grown in the soil. 
     A method of making an article of manufacture also is featured. The method includes applying an agricultural formulation to Gramineae plant seeds, the formulation including a purified bacterial population and an agriculturally acceptable carrier, the bacterial population consisting essentially of a seed-origin bacterial endophyte that exhibits: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations of two or more thereof; and packaging the coated seeds in packaging material. 
     The invention also features a method of identifying a modulator of a plant trait. The method includes applying a bacterial population to seeds of an agricultural plant, the population comprising bacteria of one or more species of seed-origin bacterial endophytes; measuring a trait in seedlings or plants derived from the seeds, the trait selected from the group consisting of root biomass, root length, height, shoot length, leaf number, water use efficiency, overall biomass, grain yield, photosynthesis rate, tolerance to drought, heat tolerance, salt tolerance, resistance to nematode stress, resistance to a fungal pathogen, resistance to a bacterial pathogen, resistance to a viral pathogen, the level of a metabolite, and proteome expression; and identifying at least one of the traits for which the bacterial population results in a modulation of the trait, relative to reference seedlings or plants. 
     In another aspect, a method of identifying a modulator of a plant trait is featured. The method includes applying a bacterial population to seedlings of an agricultural plant, the population comprising bacteria of one or more species of seed-origin bacterial endophytes; measuring a trait in the seedlings or in plants derived from the seedlings, the trait selected from the group consisting of root biomass, root length, height, shoot length, leaf number, water use efficiency, overall biomass, grain yield, photosynthesis rate, tolerance to drought, heat tolerance, salt tolerance, resistance to nematode stress, resistance to a fungal pathogen, resistance to a bacterial pathogen, resistance to a viral pathogen; the level of a metabolite, and proteome expression; and identifying at least one of the traits for which the bacterial population results in a modulation of the trait, relative to reference seedlings or plants. The modulation can be an increase in root biomass, an increase in root length, an increase in height, an increase in shoot length, an increase in leaf number, an increase in water use efficiency, an increase in overall biomass, an increase in grain yield, an increase in photosynthesis rate, an increase in tolerance to drought, an increase in heat tolerance, an increase in salt tolerance, an increase in resistance to nematode stress, an increase in resistance to a fungal pathogen, an increase in resistance to a bacterial pathogen, an increase in resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, or a detectable modulation in the proteome. 
     This invention also features a method for treating a cereal seed or seedling. The method includes contacting the exterior surface of a cereal seed or seedling with a formulation comprising a purified bacterial population, the purified bacterial population comprising at a level of at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or acetoin production, or a combination of two or more, under conditions such that the formulation becomes disposed upon an exterior surface of the cereal seed or seedling in a manner effective for the seed-origin bacterial endophyte to provide a benefit to the cereal seed or seedling or to a cereal agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling, and wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of host colonization and/or replication within a tissue of the cereal agricultural plant; and packaging the contacted cereal seed or seedling in a container. In embodiments in which the cereal seed is contacted, the method further can include drying the contacted cereal seed. In embodiments in which the cereal seed is contacted, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be present at a concentration of at least 1 CFU/seed on the surface of the contacted cereal seed. Contacting can include spraying, immersing, coating, dusting, or dipping the cereal seed or seedling with the formulation. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment, e.g., the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling, or can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be heterologous to the microbial population within the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from the interior seed compartment of a different cultivar, variety or crop as compared to the seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a different cultivar, variety or crop as compared to the seed or seedling. The benefit can be heritable by progeny of the agricultural cereal plant derived from the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can include a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 97% identical to a 16S nucleic acid sequence of a bacterial endophyte set forth in Table 1. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from the seed of a rice, maize, wheat, or barley plant. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be capable of at least two of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and acetoin production. 
     A method for improving a plant trait in a cereal agricultural plant grown in a soil region also is featured. The method includes contacting at least a portion of the soil region with a formulation comprising a purified bacterial population, the purified bacterial population comprising at a level of at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and acetoin production, or a combination of two or more, under conditions such that the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of providing a benefit to a cereal seed or seedling planted within the soil region, or to an agricultural cereal plant derived from the cereal seed or seedling. The method can include planting a cereal seed or seedling in the soil region. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment, e.g., the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling, or can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be exogenous to the microbial population within the contacted cereal seed or seedling. 
     The invention also features a method for planting a field region with an agricultural cereal crop. The method includes obtaining a container comprising at least 10 synthetic combinations, wherein each synthetic combination comprises a purified bacterial population in association with a cereal seed or seedling, wherein the purified bacterial population comprises a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or acetoin production, or combinations of two or more thereof, and wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the cereal seed or seedling or the agricultural cereal plant derived from the cereal seed or seedling; and distributing the synthetic combinations from the container in the field region. In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment, e.g., the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling, or can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a heterologous seed or seedling to the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be exogenous to the microbial population within the contacted cereal seed or seedling. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be present at a concentration of at least 10 2  CFU/seed on the surface of the seeds after contacting. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from an interior seed compartment (e.g., cotyledon, plumule, embryo, or endosperm). 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a plant species other than the seeds with which the formulation is contacted. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a plant cultivar different from the cultivar of the seeds with which the formulation is contacted. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a surface sterilized seed. 
     In any of the methods, the benefit can be maternally inherited by progeny of the contacted plant seeds. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can include a 16S nucleic acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity to a 16S nucleic acid sequence of a bacterial endophyte selected from a genus provided in Table 1 or a family provided in Table 2. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can include a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is less than 97% identical to any 16S nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1. 
     In any of the methods, the bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a first 16S nucleic acid sequence and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a second 16S nucleic acid sequence, wherein the first and the second 16S nucleic acid sequences are less than 97% identical. 
     In any of the methods, the bacterial population can include two or more families of seed-origin bacterial endophytes. 
     In any of the methods, the bacterial population can include two or more species of seed-origin bacterial endophytes. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non- Bacillus  species and/or a non- Pseudomonas  species. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a rice, maize, wheat, or barley seed. 
     In any of the methods, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can exhibit at least two of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations thereof. 
     In any of the methods, the benefit can be selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome, relative to reference seeds or agricultural plants derived from reference seeds. The benefit can include a combination of at least two of such benefits. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a synthetic combination that includes a purified bacterial population in association with a plurality of seeds or seedlings of a Gramineae agricultural plant, wherein the purified bacterial population comprises a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof, and wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in the synthetic combination in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. For example, the effective amount can be 1×10 3  CFU/per seed or from about 1×10 2  CFU/seed to about 1×10 8  CFU/seed. The benefit can be heritable by progeny of plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. The benefit can be selected from the group consisting of increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, and combinations of two or more thereof. The synthetic combination further can include one or more additional seed-origin bacterial endophyte species. 
     The synthetic combination can include seeds and the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be associated with the seeds as a coating on the surface of the seeds (e.g., a substantially uniform coating on the seeds). The synthetic combination can include seedlings and the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be contacted with the seedlings as a spray applied to one or more leaves and/or one or more roots of the seedlings. 
     The synthetic combination can be disposed within a packaging material selected from a bag, box, bin, envelope, carton, or container. The synthetic combination can include 1000 seed weight amount of seeds, wherein the packaging material optionally comprises a desiccant, and wherein the synthetic combination optionally comprises an anti-fungal agent. The purified bacterial population can be localized on the surface of the seeds or seedlings. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from an interior seed compartment. 
     In another aspect, the invention features an agricultural product that includes a 1000 seed weight amount of a synthetic combination produced by the step of contacting a plurality of Gramineae agricultural plant seeds with a liquid formulation comprising a bacterial population at a concentration of at least 1 CFU per agricultural plant seed, wherein at least 10% of the CFUs present in the formulation are one or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes, under conditions such that the formulation is associated with the surface of the seeds in a manner effective for the seed-origin bacterial endophytes to confer a benefit to the seeds or to a crop comprising a plurality of agricultural plants produced from the seeds. The seed-origin bacterial endophytes can be present in a concentration of from about 10 2  to about 10 5  CFU/ml or from about 10 5  to about 10 8  CFU/seed. The formulation can be a liquid and the bacterial concentration can be from about 10 3  to about 10 11  CFU/ml. The formulation can be a gel or powder and the bacterial concentration can be from about 10 3  to about 10 11  CFU/gm. 
     The invention also features an agricultural formulation that includes a purified bacterial population and an agriculturally acceptable carrier, the bacterial population consisting essentially of a seed-origin bacterial endophyte that exhibits: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations of two or more thereof, where the seed-origin bacterial endophyte present in an amount effective to confer a benefit to a Gramineae agricultural plant seed to which the formulation is applied or to an agricultural plant seedling to which the formulation is applied. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a surface sterilized seed, from the surface of a seedling, or an unsterilized seed. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention features an article of manufacture that includes packaging material; Gramineae plant seeds within the packaging material, and at least one species of seed-origin bacterial endophyte associated with the seeds. The article can include two or more species of seed-origin bacterial endophytes. 
     A synthetic combination also is featured that includes a purified bacterial population in association with a seed or seedling of a cereal agricultural plant, wherein the purified bacterial population comprises a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and acetoin production, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in the synthetic combination in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seed or seedling or the cereal agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling. The synthetic combination can be disposed within a package and is shelf stable. The purified bacterial population can be localized on the surface of the seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be present at a concentration of at least 1 CFU/seed on the surface of a seed. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or can be obtainable from an interior seed compartment. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or can be obtainable from an interior seed compartment of a heterologous seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or can be obtainable from an exterior surface of a heterologous seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be exogenous to the microbial population within the seed or seedling. The benefit can be heritable by progeny of the agricultural plant. The benefit can include at least two benefits, wherein the synthetic combination comprises two or more seed-origin bacterial endophyte. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a synthetic combination of a purified bacterial population in association with a seed or seedling of a cereal agricultural plant, wherein the synthetic combination is produced by the step of contacting the seed or seedling with a formulation comprising a purified bacterial population, wherein the purified bacterial population comprises an effective amount of a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of conferring a benefit on the contacted seed or seedling or cereal agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling, the benefit selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, under conditions such that the formulation becomes disposed upon an exterior surface of the seed or seedling in a manner effective for the seed-origin bacterial endophyte to provide the benefit to the seed or seedling or to the cereal agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling, and wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of host colonization and/or replication within a tissue of the cereal agricultural plant. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention features an agricultural formulation comprising a purified bacterial population consisting essentially of a seed-origin bacterial endophyte capable of conferring on a seed, seedling, or agricultural plant a benefit selected from: increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, and increased salt tolerance, wherein the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is present in an amount effective to provide the benefit to a seed or seedling to which the formulation is administered or to an agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling to which the formulation is administered, and an agriculturally acceptable carrier. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte is obtained or obtainable from an interior seed compartment. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a seed. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be heterologous to the microbial population within the contacted cereal seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from the interior seed compartment of a different cultivar, variety or crop as compared to the seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or obtainable from an exterior surface of a different cultivar, variety or crop as compared to the seed or seedling. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or acetoin production, or a combination of two or more thereof. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be capable of generating a bacterial network in the agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling or in the seed or seedling to which the formulation is administered, or in the surrounding environment of the plant, seed, or seedling, and wherein the bacterial network is capable of causing a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite in the seed, seedling, or plant or a detectable modulation in the proteome of the agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling. The purified bacterial population can consist essentially of two seed-origin bacterial endophytes. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the purified bacterial population can consist essentially of two or more species of seed-origin bacterial endophytes. The purified bacterial population can consist essentially of seed-origin bacterial endophytes having a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 97% identical to a bacterial endophyte selected from a genus shown in Table 1 or from a family shown in Table 2. The purified bacterial population can consist essentially of a synergistic combination of two seed-origin bacterial endophytes. The bacterial population can be shelf-stable. The benefit can be selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, or a combination of two or more thereof. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non-spore forming bacterial species. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can exhibit: production of auxin, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations thereof. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can exhibit: production of auxin, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, but does not increase nitrogen fixation relative to a reference plant. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be shelf-stable. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non- Bacillus  species and/or a non- Pseudomonas  species. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a plant species other than the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a plant cultivar different from the cultivar of the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from a plant cultivar that is the same as the cultivar of the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained from an exterior surface of a heterologous seed or seedling. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include a seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is less than 97% identical to any 16S nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1. The bacterial population can include a seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to a 16S nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1. The bacterial population can include two or more families of seed-origin bacterial endophytes. The bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a first 16S nucleic acid sequence and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte having a second 16S nucleic acid sequence, wherein the first and the second 16S nucleic acid sequences are less than 97% identical. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte, wherein the first and second seed-origin bacterial endophytes are independently capable of at least one of production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte, wherein the first and second seed-origin bacterial endophytes are capable of synergistically increasing at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof, in an amount effective to increase tolerance to drought relative to a reference plant. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte, wherein the first and second seed-origin bacterial endophytes are obtained from the same cultivar. The bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte, wherein the first and second seed-origin bacterial endophytes are obtained from different cultivars of the same agricultural plant. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include a first seed-origin bacterial endophyte and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte, wherein the first seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of colonizing a first agricultural plant tissue and wherein the second seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of colonizing a second agricultural plant tissue not identical to the first agricultural plant tissue. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or can be obtainable from a barley, rice, maize, or wheat seed. For example, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be obtained or can be obtainable from an interior compartment of a corn, wheat, or barley seed. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non-spore forming bacterial species. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non- Bacillus  species and/or a non- Pseudomonas  species. 
     In any of the methods, the synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can exhibit production of auxin, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations of two or more thereof. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be shelf-stable. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can exhibit production of auxin. production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase. production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or combinations of two or more thereof, but does not increase nitrogen fixation relative to a reference plant. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the bacterial population can include two or more families of seed-origin bacterial endophytes or two or more seed-origin bacterial endophyte species. 
     In any of the methods, synthetic combinations, agricultural products, agricultural formulations, or articles of manufacture, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be a non- Bacillus  species and/or a non- Pseudomonas  species. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. The word “comprising” in the claims may be replaced by “consisting essentially of” or with “consisting of,” according to standard practice in patent law. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a graph of seed-origin microbes SYM00254 and SYM00284 were coated on the outside of surface sterilized corn seeds, planted in axenic conditions and incubated for 7 days to germinate. The dose delivered to the seed surface was quantified by serial dilution and plating of liquid inoculum, while the microbial population colonizing roots after 7 days of incubation was quantified by macerating roots, serial dilution, plating and colony counting to obtain CFUs per root. 
         FIG. 1B  depicts an alternative approach to observe plant colonization by seed-origin endophytes by tagging the microbes with a kanamycin resistance and GFP containing plasmid. These microbes were coated onto unsterilized maize seed, which was dried in a 50 mL conical tube and stored at room temperature for a week before being planted in cups containing sterile sand in a greenhouse. After a week of growth, shoots and roots were macerated using bead beating, serially diluted to 10× and 1,000× before plating and colony counting under UV to determine green fluorescing CFUs per plant on TSA plates containing kanamycin. Control plant extracts were plated on kanamycin free agar and developed non-GFP containing colonies of several un-described microbes. 
         FIG. 2  contains representative photographs of seedlings. The seedlings inoculated with SYM-00052 (right) outperformed un-inoculated control seedlings (left) under salt stress conditions with 100 mM NaCl in media. This provides an example of seed-origin microbes conferring growth promotion to wheat seeds grown under salt stress. 
         FIG. 3  contains representative photographs of seedlings. Improved vigor or growth of wheat (above) and corn (below) plants inoculated with seed-borne endophytes was observed. Top left: wheat seeds were inoculated with SYM00033 and germinated under normal conditions. Top right: wheat seedlings inoculated with SYM00107 show enhanced growth under drought stress compared to uninoculated controls. Bottom left: SYM00090 inoculated corn seeds show improved growth under heat stress when compared with controls. Bottom right: corn seedlings inoculated with SYM00596 display enhanced growth under salt stress. 
         FIG. 4  contains representative photographs depicting seeds of wheat (Briggs cultivar) that were inoculated with the endophyte SYM00057B and grown under normal conditions (left), grown in the presence of 100 mM NaCl (top right), or under heat stress (bottom right). Increase in root length of wheat plants inoculated with seed-borne endophytes. 
         FIG. 5  contains representative photographs depicting wheat seeds inoculated with a combination of SYM00057B and SYM00016B (bottom row) show enhanced growth under salt stress conditions when compared with controls (top row). Combinations of seed-origin microbes confer improved vigor to wheat. 
         FIG. 6  contains representative photographs of roots of plants that germinated from uninoculated (control) and inoculated seeds (Sym00090) and were exposed to A) normal, B) drought and C) cold conditions. For normal conditions, plants were kept on a growth chamber set up to 22° C., 60% relative humidity and 14 h light/10 dark cycle for 15 days after planting. For drought, water was removed from bottom container in double-decker Magenta box one week after planting and the sand was let to dry. Harvesting was done at 7 days after water was removed, when wilting symptoms appeared. For cold, the air temperature was set to 5° C., one week after planting and maintained for 7 days. The roots of the inoculated plant are not only larger but also show a larger amount of lateral roots and root-hairs. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph depicting that seed-origin microbes show beneficial effects across a wide range of administered doses. Sterilized wheat seeds were inoculated with 3.0×104, 3.0×105 and 3.0×106 CFU/seed of endophytic microbes SYM00011, SYM00033 and SYM00057B. Shown are root lengths of each treatment, represented as a percentage increase over mock-inoculated controls. 
         FIG. 8  contains three graphs depicting the field testing of seed-origin microbes for benefits to cereal crop emergence. Top panel: Number of wheat plants emerging in the middle 10′ section of the middle 2 rows of each test plot. Numbers reported are an average of counts of 6 replicate plots for each treatment. All SYM strains show improvement in emergence over the untreated control. Middle panel: Improvement in the number of corn plants emerging in the dryland test plots over the untreated control. Emergence numbers were calculated as an average of counts of 6 replicate plots for each treatment. All SYM strains show improvement in emergence over the untreated control, with SYM00260, SYM00290 and SYM00254 all showing improvements greater than 15%. Bottom panel: Improvement in the number of corn plants emerged in the irrigated test plots over the untreated control. Emergence numbers were calculated as an average of counts of 6 replicate plots for each treatment. All SYM strains show improvement in emergence over the untreated control, with SYM00292 showing an improvement of 15%. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     An “endophyte” or “endophytic microbe” is an organism that lives within a plant or is otherwise associated therewith. Endophytes can occupy the intracellular or extracellular spaces of plant tissue, including the leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, or roots. An endophyte can be either a bacterial or a fungal organism that can confer a beneficial property to a plant such as an increase in yield, biomass, resistance, or fitness in its host plant. As used herein, the term “microbe” is sometimes used to describe an endophyte. 
     In some embodiments, a bacterial endophyte is a seed-origin bacterial endophyte. As used herein, a “seed-origin bacterial endophyte” refers to a population of bacteria associated with or derived from the seed of a grass plant. For example, a seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be found in mature, dry, undamaged (e.g., no cracks, visible fungal infection, or prematurely germinated) seeds. The bacteria can be associated with or derived from the surface of the seed; alternatively, or in addition, it can be associated with or derived from the interior seed compartment (e.g., of a surface-sterilized seed). In some cases, a seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of replicating within the plant tissue, for example, the interior of the seed. Also, in some cases, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of surviving desiccation. 
     Seed-origin means that the bacterial entity is obtained directly or indirectly from the seed surface or seed interior compartment or is obtainable from a seed surface or seed interior compartment. For example, a seed-origin bacterial entity can be obtained directly or indirectly from a seed surface or seed interior compartment when it is isolated, or isolated and purified, from a seed preparation; in some cases, the seed-origin bacterial entity which has been isolated, or isolated and purified, may be cultured under appropriate conditions to produce a purified bacterial population consisting essentially of a seed-origin bacterial endophyte. A seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be considered to be obtainable from a seed surface or seed interior compartment if the bacteria can be detected on or in, or isolated from, a seed surface or seed interior compartment of a plant. 
     The compositions provided herein are preferably stable. The seed-origin bacterial endophyte is optionally shelf stable, where at least 10% of the CFUs are viable after storage in desiccated form (i.e., moisture content of 30% or less) for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or greater than 10 weeks at 4° C. or at room temperature. Optionally, a shelf stable formulation is in a dry formulation, a powder formulation, or a lyophilized formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation is formulated to provide stability for the population of bacterial endophytes. In one embodiment, the formulation is substantially stable at temperatures between about 0° C. and about 50° C. for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months, or one or more years. In another embodiment, the formulation is substantially stable at temperatures between about 4° C. and about 37° C. for at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or greater than 30 days. 
     An agricultural plant can be a monocotyledonous (i.e., an “agricultural grass plant”) or a dicotyledonous plant typically used in agriculture. An agricultural grass plant includes, but is not limited to, maize ( Zea mays ), common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), spelt ( Triticum spelta ), einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum ), emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccum ), durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), Asian rice ( Oryza sativa ), African rice ( Oryza glabaerreima ), wild rice ( Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, Zizania palustris, Zizania texana ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ), Finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ), Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ), Foxtail millet ( Setaria  italic), Oat ( Avena sativa ), Triticale ( Triticosecale ), rye ( Secale cereal ), Russian wild rye ( Psathyrostachys juncea ), bamboo ( Bambuseae ), or sugarcane (e.g.,  Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum barberi, Saccharum bengalense, Saccharum edule, Saccharum munja, Saccharum officinarum, Saccharum procerum, Saccharum ravennae, Saccharum robustum, Saccharum sinense , or  Saccharum spontaneum ). 
     A “host plant” includes any plant, particularly an agricultural plant, which an endophytic microbe such as a seed-origin bacterial endophyte can colonize. As used herein, a microbe is said to “colonize” a plant or seed when it can be stably detected within the plant or seed over a period time, such as one or more days, weeks, months or years; in other words, a colonizing microbe is not transiently associated with the plant or seed. A preferred host plant is a cereal plant. 
     As used herein, a “reference agricultural plant” is an agricultural plant of the same species, strain, or cultivar to which a treatment, formulation, composition or endophyte preparation as described herein is not administered/contacted. Exemplary reference agricultural plants are cereals. A reference agricultural plant, therefore, is identical to the treated plant with the exception of the presence of the endophyte and can serve as a control for detecting the effects of the endophyte that is conferred to the plant. 
     “Biomass” means the total mass or weight (fresh or dry), at a given time, of a plant tissue, plant tissues, an entire plant, or population of plants. Biomass is usually given as weight per unit area. The term may also refer to all the plants or species in the community (community biomass). 
     A “bacterial network” means a plurality of endophyte entities (e.g., bacteria, fungi, or combinations thereof) co-localized in an environment, such as on or within a cereal agricultural plant. Preferably, a bacterial network includes two or more types of endophyte entities that synergistically interact, such synergistic endophytic populations capable of providing a benefit to the agricultural seed, seedling, or plant derived thereby. 
     An “increased yield” can refer to any increase in biomass or seed or fruit weight, seed size, seed number per plant, seed number per unit area, bushels per acre, tons per acre, kilo per hectare, or carbohydrate yield. Typically, the particular characteristic is designated when referring to increased yield, e.g., increased grain yield or increased seed size. 
     A “transgenic plant” includes a plant or progeny plant of any subsequent generation derived therefrom, wherein the DNA of the plant or progeny thereof contains an exogenous DNA not naturally present in a non-transgenic plant of the same strain. The transgenic plant may additionally contain sequences that are native to the plant being transformed, but wherein the “exogenous” gene has been altered in order to alter the level or pattern of expression of the gene, for example, by use of one or more heterologous regulatory or other elements. 
     The terms “pathogen” and “pathogenic” in reference to a bacterium includes any such organism that is capable of causing or affecting a disease, disorder or condition of a host containing the organism. 
     A “spore” or a population of “spores” refers to bacteria that are generally viable, more resistant to environmental influences such as heat and bacteriocidal agents than vegetative forms of the same bacteria, and typically capable of germination and out-growth. Bacteria that are “capable of forming spores” are those bacteria containing the genes and other necessary abilities to produce spores under suitable environmental conditions. 
     As used herein, an “agricultural seed” is a seed used to grow a plant typically used in agriculture (an “agricultural plant”). The seed may be of a monocot or dicot plant, and may be planted for the production of an agricultural product, for example grain, food, fiber, etc. As used herein, an agricultural seed is a seed that is prepared for planting, for example, in farms for growing. 
     In some cases, the present invention contemplates the use of microbes that are “compatible” with agricultural chemicals, for example, a fungicide, an anti-bacterial compound, or any other agent widely used in agricultural which has the effect of killing or otherwise interfering with optimal growth of microbes. As used herein, a microbe is “compatible” with an agricultural chemical when the microbe is modified, such as by genetic modification, e.g., contains a transgene that confers resistance to an herbicide, or is adapted to grow in, or otherwise survive, the concentration of the agricultural chemical used in agriculture. For example, a microbe disposed on the surface of a seed is compatible with the fungicide metalaxyl if it is able to survive the concentrations that are applied on the seed surface. 
     In some embodiments, an agriculturally compatible carrier can be used to formulate an agricultural formulation or other composition that includes a purified bacterial preparation. As used herein an “agriculturally compatible carrier” refers to any material, other than water, which can be added to a seed or a seedling without causing or having an adverse effect on the seed (e.g., reducing seed germination) or the plant that grows from the seed, or the like. 
     As used herein, a “portion” of a plant refers to any part of the plant, and can include distinct tissues and/or organs, and is used interchangeably with the term “tissue” throughout. 
     A “population” of plants, as used herein, can refer to a plurality of plants that were subjected to the same inoculation methods described herein, or a plurality of plants that are progeny of a plant or group of plants that were subjected to the inoculation methods. In addition, a population of plants can be a group of plants that are grown from coated seeds. The plants within a population will typically be of the same species, and will also typically share a common genetic derivation. 
     A “reference environment” refers to the environment, treatment or condition of the plant in which a measurement is made. For example, production of a compound in a plant associated with a purified bacterial population (e.g., a seed-origin bacterial endophyte) can be measured in a reference environment of drought stress, and compared with the levels of the compound in a reference agricultural plant under the same conditions of drought stress. Alternatively, the levels of a compound in plant associated with a purified bacterial population (e.g., a seed-origin bacterial endophyte) and reference agricultural plant can be measured under identical conditions of no stress. 
     As used herein, a nucleic acid has “homology” or is “homologous” to a second nucleic acid if the nucleic acid sequence has a similar sequence to the second nucleic acid sequence. The terms “identity,” “percent sequence identity” or “identical” in the context of nucleic acid sequences refer to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. There are a number of different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide sequence identity. For instance, polynucleotide sequences can be compared using FASTA, Gap or Bestfit, which are programs in Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis. FASTA provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences. Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98 (1990). The term “substantial homology” or “substantial similarity,” when referring to a nucleic acid or fragment thereof, indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 76%, 80%, 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% 99%, 99.5% or 100% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed above. 
     As used herein, the terms “operational taxon unit,” “OTU,” “taxon,” “hierarchical cluster,” and “cluster” are used interchangeably. An operational taxon unit (OTU) refers to a group of one or more organisms that comprises a node in a clustering tree. The level of a cluster is determined by its hierarchical order. In one embodiment, an OTU is a group tentatively assumed to be a valid taxon for purposes of phylogenetic analysis. In another embodiment, an OTU is any of the extant taxonomic units under study. In yet another embodiment, an OTU is given a name and a rank. For example, an OTU can represent a domain, a sub-domain, a kingdom, a sub-kingdom, a phylum, a sub-phylum, a class, a sub-class, an order, a sub-order, a family, a subfamily, a genus, a subgenus, or a species. In some embodiments, OTUs can represent one or more organisms from the kingdoms eubacteria, protista, or fungi at any level of a hierarchal order. In some embodiments, an OTU represents a prokaryotic or fungal order. 
     As used herein, a “colony-forming unit” (“CFU”) is used as a measure of viable microorganisms in a sample. A CFU is an individual viable cell capable of forming on a solid medium a visible colony whose individual cells are derived by cell division from one parental cell. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As demonstrated herein, agricultural plants, in particular cereals, appear to associate with symbiotic microorganisms termed endophytes, particularly bacteria and fungi, that may have been important during evolution and may contribute to plant survival and performance. However, modern agricultural processes may have perturbed this relationship, resulting in increased crop losses, diminished stress resilience, biodiversity losses, and increasing dependence on external chemicals, fertilizers, and other unsustainable agricultural practices. There is a need for novel methods for generating plants with novel microbiome properties that can sustainably increase yield, stress resilience, and decrease fertilizer and chemical use. 
     Currently, the generally accepted view of plant endophytic communities focuses on their homologous derivation, predominantly from the soil communities in which the plants are grown (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Upon observing taxonomic overlap between the endophytic and soil microbiota in  A. thaliana , it was stated, “Our rigorous definition of an endophytic compartment microbiome should facilitate controlled dissection of plant-microbe interactions derived from complex soil communities” (Lundberg et al., (2012) Nature. 488, 86-90). There is strong support in the art for soil representing the repository from which plant endophytes are derived. New Phytologist (2010) 185: 554-567. Notable plant-microbe interactions such as mycorrhyzal fungi and bacterial rhizobia fit the paradigm of soil-based colonization of plant hosts and appear to primarily establish themselves independently of seed. As a result of focusing attention on the derivation of endophytes from the soil in which the target agricultural plant is currently growing, there has been an inability to achieve commercially significant improvements in plant yields and other plant characteristics such as increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. 
     In part, the present invention describes preparations of novel seed-derived endophytes, and the creation of synthetic combinations of cereal seeds and/or seedlings with heterologous seed-derived endophytes and formulations containing the synthetic combinations, as well as the recognition that such synthetic combinations display a diversity of beneficial properties present in the agricultural plants and the associated endophyte populations newly created by the present inventors. Such beneficial properties include metabolism, transcription, proteome alterations, morphology, and the resilience to a variety of environmental stresses, and the combination of a plurality of such properties. 
     Little attention has been provided in the art to understand the role of seeds as reservoirs for microbes that can efficiently populate the endosphere of cereal plants. While the concept that seeds may harbor plant pathogens was promoted by Baker and Smith (Annu Rev Phytopathol 14: 311-334(1966)), and the understanding that bacterial and fungal pathogens are known to be able to infect seed, the ability to harness endophytes derived from a broad spectrum of seeds to heterologously confer single or multiple advantages to cereal crops was previously unrecognized. As the presence of detectable pathogens in a seed lot can necessitate destruction of vast numbers of agricultural germplasm (Gitaitis, R. and Walcott, R. (2007) Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 45:371-97), safety concerns have surrounded the consideration of seed-associated microbes or non-soil endophytes. Moreover, when seed pathogens are detected, their transfer to the growing plant can be highly inefficient. For example, a study of seed-based transmission of the seed pathogen,  Pantoea stewartii , found that seed produced from a population of pathogen-infected plants gave rise to infected seedlings in only 0.0029% of cases (1 of 34,924 plants) and artificially infected kernels only gave rise to infected seedlings in 0.022% of cases (Block, C. C., el al., (1998). Plant disease. 82(7). 775-780). Thus, the efficiency with which plants introduce microbes into their seeds, and with which microbes within seeds propagate within the resulting plant tissues, has been previously thought to be low and often substantially variable. Thus, the potential for microbial content within cereal seeds to populate the resulting plant has been unclear. 
     The potential for agricultural cereal seeds to serve as reservoirs for non-pathogenic microbes also remains controversial (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Sato, et al., did not detect any bacteria inside rice seeds ((2003) In. Morishima, H. (ed.) The Natural History of Wild Rice—Evolution Ecology of Crop. p. 91-106) and Mundt and Hinkle only obtained endophytes from seed samples where seed coats had been broken or fractured in 29 kinds of plant seed (Appl Environ Microbiol. (1976) 32(5):694-8). Another group detected simply bacterial populations inside rice seeds ranging in population size from 10{circumflex over ( )}2 to 10{circumflex over ( )}6 CFU/g fresh weight (Okunishi, S., et al., (2005) Microbes and Environment. 20:168-177). Rosenblueth et al described seeds to harbor very simple microbial communities with significant variability of the microbial communities between individual maize seeds, including substantial variability between seeds taken from the same cobb (Rosenblueth, M. et al, Seed Bacterial Endophytes: Common Genera, Seed-to-Seed Variability and Their Possible Role in Plants; Proc. XXVIIIth IHC-IS on Envtl., Edaphic &amp; Gen. Factors; Affecting Plants, Seeds and Turfgrass; Eds.: G. E. Welbaum et al. Acta Hort. 938, ISHS 2012). 
     These findings demonstrate limitations recognized in the art regarding the attempted use of endophytes derived from seeds; i.e., maize seeds appear to contain limited taxonomic diversity, and that the microbiota of individual seeds produced by plants is often distinct, indicating that there may not be single seed-derived symbionts capable of providing benefits across a large population of agricultural plants and in specific, the utilization of endophytes on seed. For example, characterization of ˜15 pooled seeds from within various cultivars from the genus  Zea  showed that populations of maize seeds tend to harbor a very limited number of taxa that appear to be conserved across modern and ancestral variants, and that the maize seed content of such taxa is low and substantially variable. It is unclear whether the presence of such limited taxa resulted from common storage conditions, environmental contamination, or a potential vertical transmission of microbes via seeds, and also uncertain was the applicability of such limited taxa in increasing agricultural yield. Notably, 99% of these strains were shown to provide detrimental or to lack beneficial effects on agricultural plants, e.g., when tested in a potato growth assay (i.e., a non-cereal crop) (Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) Conservation and Diversity of Seed Associated Endophytes in  Zea  across Boundaries of Evolution, Ethnography and Ecology. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020396). Further, some of the microbes isolated bear close evolutionary relation to plant pathogens, making it possible that such microbes represent a latent reservoir of pathogens, rather than potentially beneficial constituents. 
     Surprisingly, it was discovered here that seed-derived endophytes can confer significant advantages to cereal crops, spanning growth under normal and stressed conditions, altered expression of key plant hormones, altered expression of key transcripts in the plant, and other desirable features. Provided are novel compositions, methods, and products related our invention&#39;s ability to overcome the limitations of the prior art in order to provide reliable increases in cereal yield, biomass, germination, vigor, stress resilience, and other properties to agricultural crops. 
     The invention described herein is surprising for multiple reasons based on the previous demonstrations in the art. Notably, there is a lack of clarity related to whether endophytes are associated with healthy cereal seeds, whether microbes isolated from cereal seeds could efficiently colonize the cereal host if disposed on the exterior of a seed or seedling, and whether such microbes would confer a beneficial or detrimental effects on cereal hosts. It is further unclear whether the heterologous application of such microbes to distinct cereal seeds from which they were derived could provide beneficial effects. 
     As described herein, beneficial microbes can be robustly derived from agricultural seeds, optionally cultured, administered heterologously to agricultural cereal seeds or seedlings, and colonize the resulting plant tissues with high efficiency to confer multiple beneficial properties. This is surprising given the variability observed in the art in microbe isolation from healthy seeds and the previous observations of inefficient seed pathogen colonization of plant host&#39;s tissues. Further, the ability of heterologously disposed seed-derived endophytes to colonize seeds and seedlings from the exterior of seeds is surprising, given that such endophytes can be isolated from within internal seed tissues and therefore do not natively need the capacity to externally penetrate and invade into host tissues. 
     Prior characterization of microbial content of seeds has indicated that microbial concentrations in seeds can be variable and are generally very low (i.e., less than 10, 100, 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5  CFUs/seed). As such, it was unclear whether altered or increased concentrations of microbes associated with seeds could be beneficial. We find that microbes can confer beneficial properties across a range of concentrations. 
     We find that seed-derived endophytes can be heterologously disposed onto seedlings of a distinct cultivar, species, or cereal crop type and confer benefits to those new recipients. For example, seed-derived endophytes from corn cultivars are heterologously provided to wheat cultivars to confer a benefit. This is surprising given the observations of distinct microbiome preferences in distinct plant and mammalian hosts and, in particular, the likelihood that microbes derived from seeds have been co-evolved to be specialized to a particular host. 
     We further find that combinations of heterologously disposed seed-derived endophytes confer additive advantages to plants, including multiple functional properties and resulting in seed, seedling, and plant hosts that display single or multiple improved agronomic properties. 
     In general, this application provides methods and materials for providing a benefit to a seed or seedling of an agricultural grass plant using purified bacterial populations that include novel seed-origin endophytes that are unique in that they have been isolated from seeds of grass plants. Such seed-origin bacterial endophytes can provide beneficial properties to the seed, seedling, or the agricultural grass plant derived from the seed or seedling, including benefits to metabolism, transcription, proteome alterations, morphology, and the resilience to a variety of environmental stresses, and combinations of such properties. 
     As described herein, synthetic combinations that include a host plant such as an agricultural grass plant associated with a purified bacterial population that contains an endophyte, e.g., a seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be used to provide the benefit to a seed, seedling, or agricultural plant derived from the seed or seedling. The synthetic combination may be produced, for example, by inoculation, application to foliage (e.g., by spraying) or to seeds (e.g., coating of seeds), grafting, root dips, soil drenches, or infection of a host plant, host plant tissues, or a seed, or combinations thereof, as described herein. In any of the methods, any of such techniques can be used to make synthetic combinations. Inoculation, application to foliage or seeds, or infection can be particularly useful. 
     In some embodiments, the invention uses microbes that are heterologous to a seed or plant in making synthetic combinations or agricultural formulations. A microbe is considered heterologous to the seed or plant if the seed or seedling that is unmodified (e.g., a seed or seedling that is not treated with a bacterial endophyte population described herein) does not contain detectable levels of the microbe. For example, the invention contemplates the synthetic combinations of seeds or seedlings of agricultural plants (e.g., agricultural grass plants) and an endophytic microbe population (e.g., a seed-origin bacterial endophyte), in which the microbe population is “heterologously disposed” on the exterior surface of or within a tissue of the agricultural seed or seedling in an amount effective to colonize the plant. A microbe is considered “heterologously disposed” on the surface or within a plant (or tissue) when the microbe is applied or disposed on the plant in a number that is not found on that plant before application of the microbe. For example, a bacterial endophytic population that is disposed on an exterior surface or within the seed can be an endophytic bacterium that may be associated with the mature plant, but is not found on the surface of or within the seed. As such, a microbe is deemed heterologously disposed when applied on the plant that either does not naturally have the microbe on its surface or within the particular tissue to which the microbe is disposed, or does not naturally have the microbe on its surface or within the particular tissue in the number that is being applied. Indeed, several of the endophytic microbes described herein have not been detected, for example, in any of the corn seeds sampled, as determined by highly sensitive methods. 
     In some embodiments, a microbe can be “endogenous” to a seed or plant. As used herein, a microbe is considered “endogenous” to a plant or seed, if the microbe is derived from, or is otherwise found in, the seed or the plant, or any plant or seed of the same species. In embodiments in which an endogenous microbe is applied, the endogenous microbe is applied in an amount that differs from the levels typically found in the plant. 
     Seed-Origin Bacterial Endophytes 
     In some embodiments, this application relates to purified bacterial populations that contain seed-origin bacterial endophytes from, for example, maize, wheat, rice, or barley, compositions such as agricultural formulations or articles of manufacture that include such purified bacterial populations, as well as methods of using such bacterial populations to make synthetic combinations or agricultural products. A seed-origin bacterial endophyte used in a composition or used to make a synthetic composition can be obtained from the same cultivar or species of agricultural plant to which the composition is being applied or can be obtained from a different cultivar or species of agricultural plant. 
     Many bacterial species are sensitive to conditions of drying and desiccation. Surprisingly, the bacterial endophytes described herein have been isolated from mature, dry seeds of grass plants, including maize, rice, and wheat seeds. The recovery of viable bacterial endophytes from these mature dry seeds demonstrates that, unlike most other bacteria, these seed-origin bacterial endophytes are capable of surviving conditions of desiccation. Therefore, in one embodiment, the purified bacterial population containing seed-origin bacterial endophytes is desiccation tolerant. For example, a substantial portion of the population (e.g., at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or greater than 99%) of the seed-origin bacterial endophytes can survive in moisture content levels of 30% or less, for example, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 12% or less, 10% or less, or 8% or less, for a period of at least 1 day, for example, at least 3 days, at least 5 days, at least 7 days, at least 10 days, at least 14 days, at least 21 days, at least 30 days, at least 45 days, at least 60 days, or more, within the seeds of a grass plant that are stored at between 1° C. and 35° C. 
     In another embodiment, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of forming spores. In still another embodiment, at least 1% of the population of the seed-origin bacterial endophyte, for example, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% or more, is used in spore form. 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can be cultured on a culture medium or can be adapted to culture on a culture medium. 
     In some embodiments, a purified bacterial population is used that includes two or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or greater than 25) different seed-origin bacterial endophytes, e.g., obtained from different families or different genera of bacteria, or from the same genera but different species of bacteria. The different seed-origin bacterial endophytes can be obtained from the same cultivar of agricultural plant (e.g., the same maize, wheat, rice, or barley plant), different cultivars of the same agricultural plant (e.g., two or more cultivars of maize, two or more cultivars of wheat, two or more cultivars of rice, or two or more cultivars of barley), or different species of the same type of agricultural plant (e.g., two or more different species of maize, two or more different species of wheat, two or more different species of rice, or two or more different species of barley). In embodiments in which two or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes are used, each of the seed-origin bacterial endophytes can have different properties or activities, e.g., produce different metabolites, produce different enzymes such as different hydrolytic enzymes, confer different beneficial traits, or colonize different parts of a plant (e.g., leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, or roots). For example, one seed-origin bacterial endophyte can colonize a first and a second seed-origin bacterial endophyte can colonize a tissue that differs from the first tissue. Combinations of bacterial endophytes are discussed in detail below. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte is an endophytic microbe isolated from a different plant than the inoculated plant. For example, in one embodiment, the endophyte is an endophyte isolated from a different plant of the same species as the inoculated plant. In some cases, the endophyte is isolated from a species related to the inoculated plant. 
     The breeding of plants for agriculture, as well as cultural practices used to combat microbial pathogens, may have resulted in the loss in modern cultivars of the endophytes present in their wild ancestors, or such practices may have inadvertently promoted other novel or rare plant-endophyte interactions, or otherwise altered the microbial population. We hypothesized that an altered diversity and titer of endophytes in the ancestor could correlate with an altered range of physiological responses derived from the symbiosis that allow the plant to better adapt to the environment and tolerate stress. In order to survey plant groups for potentially useful endophytes, seeds of their wild ancestors, wild relatives, primitive landraces, modern landraces, modern breeding lines, and elite modern agronomic varieties are screened for microbial endophytes by culture and culture independent methods as described herein. 
     In some cases, plants are inoculated with endophytes that are heterologous to the seed of the inoculated plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a plant of another species. For example, an endophyte that is normally found in dicots is applied to a monocot plant (e.g., inoculating corn with a soy bean-derived endophyte), or vice versa. In other cases, the endophyte to be inoculated onto a plant is derived from a related species of the plant that is being inoculated. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a related taxon, for example, from a related species. The plant of another species can be an agricultural plant. For example, an endophyte derived from  Hordeum irregulare  can be used to inoculate a  Hordeum vulgare  L., plant. Alternatively, it is derived from a ‘wild’ plant (i.e., a non-agricultural plant). For example, endophytes normally associated with the wild cotton  Gossypium klotzschianum  are useful to inoculate commercial varieties of  Gossypium hirsutum  plants. As an alternative example of deriving an endophyte from a ‘wild’ plant, endophytic bacteria isolated from the South East Asian jungle orchid,  Cymbidium eburneum , can be isolated and testing for their capacity to benefit seedling development and survival of agricultural crops such as wheat, maize, soy and others (Faria, D. C., et al., (2013)  World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.  29(2). pp. 217-221). In other cases, the endophyte can be isolated from an ancestral species of the inoculated plant. For example, an endophyte derived from  Zea diploperennis  can be used to inoculate a commercial variety of modern corn, or  Zea mays.    
     In some embodiments, a purified bacterial populations contains seed-origin bacterial endophytes from one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, or more families selected from the group consisting of Acidithiobacillaceae, Actinosynnemataceae, Aerococcaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Bdellovibrionaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Brucellaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Carnobacteriaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Cellulomonadaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Chromatiaceae, Clostridiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Deinococcaceae, Ectothiorhodospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Halomonadaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Neisseriaceae, Nocardiaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Paenibacillaceae, Planococcaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Tissierellaceae, Weeksellaceae, Xanthobacteraceae, and Xanthomonadaceae. 
     In one embodiment, the purified bacterial population includes seed-origin bacterial endophytes is from one or more families selected from the group consisting of Xanthomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Weeksellaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Paenibacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Bacillaceae. 
     In some embodiments, the purified bacterial population includes seed-origin bacterial endophytes from one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, or more) of the generas selected from the group consisting of  Achromobacter, Acidithiobacillus, Acidovorax, Acidovoraz, Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Agromyces, Ancylobacter, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Bdellovibrio, Bosea, Bradyrhizobium, Brevibacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Cellvibrio, Chryseobacterium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Curtobacterium, Curvibacter, Deinococcus, Desemzia, Devosia, Dokdonella, Dyella, Enhydrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Finegoldia, Flavisolibacter, Flavobacterium, Frigoribacterium, Hafnia, Halomonas, Herbaspirillum, Klebsiella, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Leclercia, Lentzea, Luteibacter, Luteimonas, Massilia, Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Microvirga, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oceanibaculum, Ochrobactrum, Oxalophagus, Paenibacillus, Panteoa, Pantoea, Plantibacter, Propionibacterium, Propioniciclava, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, Pseudoxanthomonas, Psychrobacter, Rheinheimera, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus, Roseateles, Ruminococcus, Sediminibacillus, Sediminibacterium, Serratia, Shigella, Shinella, Sphingobacterium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Sphingosinicella, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Strenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Tatumella, Tepidimonas, Thermomonas, Thiobacillus, Uncultured bacterium, Variovorax , and  Xanthomonas.    
     In some embodiments, the purified bacterial population does not include at least one of  Acetobacter  sp.,  Acidovorax facilis, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azospirillum  sp.,  Azotobacter  sp.,  Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  FZB42,  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  strain D747,  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  TJ1000,  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  TM45,  Bacillus chitinosporus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus firmus  NCIM 2637,  Bacillus firmus  1-1582,  Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus licheniformus, Bacillus marinus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus megaterium  var.  phosphaticum, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus oleronius, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus pumilus  QST 2808,  Bacillus  sp.,  Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis  FZB24,  Bacillus subtilis  MBI 600,  Bacillus subtilis  BSF4,  Bacillus subtilis  MBI600,  Bacillus subtilis  QST 713,  Bacillus thuringensis  var  Kurstaki  (NCIM 2514),  Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki  strain EG7841,  Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki  strain SA-11,  Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  kurstaki  ABTS-351,  Bacillus thuringiensis  SV  kurstaki  EG 2348,  Bacillus thuringiensis  var  Israelensis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Kurstaki  variety, serotype 3A 3B,  Bacillus thuringiensis , subsp.  aizawai , Strain ABTS-1857,  Bacillus thuringiensis , subsp.  israelensis , strain AM 65-52 , Chromobacterium subtsugae  strain PRAA4-1 , Delftia acidovorans, Frateuria aurantia, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactus, Methylobacterium mesophilicum, Methylobacterium organophilum, Methylobacterium extorquens, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pasteuria  spp.,  Pseudomonas  spp.,  Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobium  sp.,  Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Streptomyces lydicus  WYEC 108,  Streptomyces ray , or  Thiobacillus thiooxidans.    
     In some embodiments, the purified fungal population does not include at least one of  Acremonium butyri, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Ampelomyces quisqualis  (DSM 2222),  Ampelomyces quisqualis  M-10 , Arthrobotrys oligospora, Aspergillus oryzae, Beauvaria bassiana  strain ATCC 74040,  Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria bassiana  (NCIM 1216 ATCC 26851),  Beauveria bassiana  strain GHA,  Beauveria bassiana  strain GHA 1991,  Candida utilis, Chaetomium cupreum  (CABI 353812),  Chaetomium globosum, Clonostachys rosea  88-710,  Fusarium oxysporum  IF23,  Fusarium proliferatum  (NCIM 1101),  Gliocladium, Gliocladium catenulatum  strain J1446,  Gliocladium virens  GL-21 , Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Isaria fumosorosea  Apopka Strain 97 , Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium anisopliae  (NCIM 1311),  Metschnikowia fructicola, Myrothecium verrucaria, Neotyphodium lolii  AR1 , Neotyphodium lolii  AR37 , Neotyphodium lolii  AR6 , Neotyphodium lolii  NEA2 , Neotyphodium uncinatum, Paecilomyces fumorosoroseus  strain FE 9901,  Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paecilomyces lilacinus  (IIHR PL-2),  Penicillium bilaii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotinia minor, Trichoderma asperellum  TV1 , Trichoderma asperellum  strain ICC 012,  Trichoderma gamsii  strain ICC 080,  Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma harzianum  (IIHR-Th-2),  Trichoderma harzianum Rifai  strain T22,  Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma  sp.,  Trichoderma virens  Gl-3,  Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma viride  (TNAU),  Verticillium lecanii , or  Verticillium lecanii  (NCIM 1312). 
     In some embodiments, the purified bacterial population includes seed-origin bacterial endophytes from a non- Bacillus  and/or a non- Pseudomonas  genera and/or a non- Rhizobium  genera, e.g., from one or more of  Achromobacter, Acidithiobacillus, Acidovorax, Acidovoraz, Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Agromyces, Ancylobacter, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Bdellovibrio, Bosea, Bradyrhizobium, Brevibacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Cellvibrio, Chryseobacterium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Curtobacterium, Curvibacter, Deinococcus, Desemzia, Devosia, Dokdonella, Dyella, Enhydrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Finegoldia, Flavisolibacter, Flavobacterium, Frigoribacterium, Hafnia, Halomonas, Herbaspirillum, Klebsiella, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Leclercia, Lentzea, Luteibacter, Luteimonas, Massilia, Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Microvirga, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oceanibaculum, Ochrobactrum, Oxalophagus, Paenibacillus, Panteoa, Pantoea, Plantibacter, Propionibacterium, Propioniciclava, Pseudonocardia, Pseudoxanthomonas, Psychrobacter, Rheinheimera, Rhodococcus, Roseateles, Ruminococcus, Sediminibacillus, Sediminibacterium, Serratia, Shigella, Shinella, Sphingobacterium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Sphingosinicella, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Strenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Tatumella, Tepidimonas, Thermomonas, Thiobacillus, Uncultured bacterium, Variovorax , or  Xanthomonas.    
     In some embodiments, the purified bacterial population includes seed-origin bacterial endophytes from a genera selected from the group consisting of Luteibacter, Sphingobium,  Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Micrococcus, Sphingomonas, Microbacterium, Methylobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas , and  Bacillus . In some embodiments, the purified bacterial populations includes seed-origin bacterial endophytes from a non- Bacillus , and/or a non- Pseudomonas  genera and/or a non- Rhizobium  genera, e.g., from one or more of  Luteibacter, Sphingobium, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Micrococcus, Sphingomonas, Microbacterium, Methylobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter , or  Pantoea.    
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte includes a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to at least one of the nucleic acid sequences referenced in Table 1 or Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 521-1448). For example, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can include a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, or at least 99.5% identical to a 16S nucleic acid sequence referenced in Table 1 or Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 521-1448). In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence that is 100% identical to a 16S nucleic acid sequence referenced in Table 1 or Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 521-1448). In embodiments in which two or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes are used, the 16S nucleic acid sequence of each seed-origin bacterial endophyte can have more than 97% sequence identity to each other or can have less than 97% sequence identity to each other. In addition, in embodiments in which two or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes are used, the 16S nucleic acid sequence of one seed-origin bacterial endophyte can have more than 97% sequence identity to one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448, and one seed-origin bacterial endophyte can have less than 97% sequence identity to one of the 16S nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-1448. 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte includes a 16S nucleic acid sequence that has less than 97% sequence identity to at least one of the nucleic acid sequences referenced in Table 1 or Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Representative endophytes from grass seeds, including their 16S rRNA sequences, assignment within 
               
               
                 OTU numbers, Genus, species, strain information, as well as GenBank Accession numbers. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID NO. 
                 OTU # 
                 Genus 
                 Species 
                 Strain 
                 Accession No. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   fungorum 
                 
                   
                 JF753273 
               
               
                 2 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   fungorum 
                 
                   
                 JF753274 
               
               
                 3 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   gladioli 
                 
                   
                 JF753275 
               
               
                 4 
                 21 
                 
                   Citrobacter 
                 
                 
                   freundii 
                 
                   
                 JF753276 
               
               
                 5 
                 21 
                 
                   Citrobacter 
                 
                 
                   freundii 
                 
                   
                 JF753277 
               
               
                 6 
                 61 
                 
                   Clostridium 
                 
                 
                   acetobutylicum 
                 
                   
                 JF753278 
               
               
                 7 
                 61 
                 
                   Clostridium 
                 
                 
                   beijerinckii 
                 
                   
                 JF753279 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   absuriae 
                 
                   
                 JF753280 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   absuriae 
                 
                   
                 JF753281 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   aerogenes 
                 
                   
                 JF753282 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   aerogenes 
                 
                   
                 JF753283 
               
               
                 12 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753284 
               
               
                 13 
                 156 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753285 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753286 
               
               
                 15 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753287 
               
               
                 16 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753288 
               
               
                 17 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753289 
               
               
                 18 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 J2S4 
                 JF753290 
               
               
                 19 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 MY2 
                 JF753291 
               
               
                 20 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 MY2 
                 JF753292 
               
               
                 21 
                 21 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 J2S4 
                 JF753293 
               
               
                 22 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                   
                 JF753294 
               
               
                 23 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                   
                 JF753295 
               
               
                 24 
                 177 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   ludwigii 
                 
                 AR1.22 
                 JF753296 
               
               
                 25 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 Nj-68 
                 JF753297 
               
               
                 26 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                   
                 JF753298 
               
               
                 27 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                   
                 JF753299 
               
               
                 28 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                   
                 JF753300 
               
               
                 29 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753301 
               
               
                 30 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753302 
               
               
                 31 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753303 
               
               
                 32 
                 18 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 342 
                 JF753304 
               
               
                 33 
                 82 
                 
                   Luteibacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JF753305 
               
               
                 34 
                 81 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JF753306 
               
               
                 35 
                 31 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   caespitis 
                 
                   
                 JF753307 
               
               
                 36 
                 49 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   ruminocola 
                 
                 G22 
                 JF753308 
               
               
                 37 
                 18 
                 
                   Panteoa 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753309 
               
               
                 38 
                 109 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753310 
               
               
                 39 
                 146 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753311 
               
               
                 40 
                 109 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753312 
               
               
                 41 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753313 
               
               
                 42 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753314 
               
               
                 43 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753315 
               
               
                 44 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753316 
               
               
                 45 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 BJCP2 
                 JF753317 
               
               
                 46 
                 58 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 BJCP2 
                 JF753318 
               
               
                 47 
                 146 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753319 
               
               
                 48 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753320 
               
               
                 49 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753321 
               
               
                 50 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753322 
               
               
                 51 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753323 
               
               
                 52 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753324 
               
               
                 53 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753325 
               
               
                 54 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753326 
               
               
                 55 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753327 
               
               
                 56 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753328 
               
               
                 57 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753329 
               
               
                 58 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753330 
               
               
                 59 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753331 
               
               
                 60 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753332 
               
               
                 61 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753333 
               
               
                 62 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 TX4CB_114 
                 JF753334 
               
               
                 63 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 TX4CB_114 
                 JF753335 
               
               
                 64 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753336 
               
               
                 65 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753337 
               
               
                 66 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753338 
               
               
                 67 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753339 
               
               
                 68 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753340 
               
               
                 69 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 48b/90 
                 JF753341 
               
               
                 70 
                 127 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 48b/90 
                 JF753342 
               
               
                 71 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 48b/90 
                 JF753343 
               
               
                 72 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 BJCP2 
                 JF753344 
               
               
                 73 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 BJCP2 
                 JF753345 
               
               
                 74 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 AN3 
                 JF753346 
               
               
                 75 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753347 
               
               
                 76 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753348 
               
               
                 77 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753349 
               
               
                 78 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753350 
               
               
                 79 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753351 
               
               
                 80 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 new*47con 
                 JF753352 
               
               
                 81 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753353 
               
               
                 82 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753354 
               
               
                 83 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753355 
               
               
                 84 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753356 
               
               
                 85 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753357 
               
               
                 86 
                 173 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753358 
               
               
                 87 
                 199 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753359 
               
               
                 88 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753360 
               
               
                 89 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753361 
               
               
                 90 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753362 
               
               
                 91 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753363 
               
               
                 92 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753364 
               
               
                 93 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753365 
               
               
                 94 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753366 
               
               
                 95 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20106 
                 JF753367 
               
               
                 96 
                 158 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 SK-1 
                 JF753368 
               
               
                 97 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 SK-1 
                 JF753369 
               
               
                 98 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753370 
               
               
                 99 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753371 
               
               
                 100 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753372 
               
               
                 101 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753373 
               
               
                 102 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753374 
               
               
                 103 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753375 
               
               
                 104 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753376 
               
               
                 105 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753377 
               
               
                 106 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753378 
               
               
                 107 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                 GJT-8 
                 JF753379 
               
               
                 108 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   fluorescens 
                 
                   
                 JF753380 
               
               
                 109 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   oleovarans 
                 
                   
                 JF753381 
               
               
                 110 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   oryzihabitans 
                 
                   
                 JF753382 
               
               
                 111 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753383 
               
               
                 112 
                 105 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753384 
               
               
                 113 
                 40 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753385 
               
               
                 114 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753386 
               
               
                 115 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753387 
               
               
                 116 
                 185 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753388 
               
               
                 117 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753389 
               
               
                 118 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753390 
               
               
                 119 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753391 
               
               
                 120 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753392 
               
               
                 121 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753393 
               
               
                 122 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753394 
               
               
                 123 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753395 
               
               
                 124 
                 153 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753396 
               
               
                 125 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753397 
               
               
                 126 
                 10 
                 
                   Strenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753398 
               
               
                 127 
                 86 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 SP6-0 
                 JF753399 
               
               
                 128 
                 188 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 X-50 
                 JF753400 
               
               
                 129 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753401 
               
               
                 130 
                 179 
                 
                   Rhodococcus 
                 
                 
                   fascians 
                 
                   
                 JF753402 
               
               
                 131 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   oryzihabitans 
                 
                   
                 JF753403 
               
               
                 132 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753404 
               
               
                 133 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753405 
               
               
                 134 
                 25 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   radiotolerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753406 
               
               
                 135 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753407 
               
               
                 136 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 TSSAS2-21 
                 JF753408 
               
               
                 137 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 FMB-1 
                 JF753409 
               
               
                 138 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 TSSAS2-21 
                 JF753410 
               
               
                 139 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 sp. 
                 BF14 
                 JF753411 
               
               
                 140 
                 18 
                 
                   Hafnia 
                 
                 
                   alvei 
                 
                   
                 JF753412 
               
               
                 141 
                 149 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753413 
               
               
                 142 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   gladioli 
                 
                 pv. Agaricicola 
                 JF753414 
               
               
                 143 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753415 
               
               
                 144 
                 25 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   radiotolerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753416 
               
               
                 145 
                 194 
                 
                   Micrococcus 
                 
                 
                   luteus 
                 
                 NBSL29 
                 JF753417 
               
               
                 146 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
                 PsJN 
                 JF753418 
               
               
                 147 
                 38 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 
                   warneri 
                 
                 R-36520 
                 JF753419 
               
               
                 148 
                 160 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   fluorescens 
                 
                   
                 JF753420 
               
               
                 149 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 C111 
                 JF753421 
               
               
                 150 
                 161 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753422 
               
               
                 151 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   gladioli 
                 
                 pv. agaricicola 
                 JF753423 
               
               
                 152 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 NBRI1707 
                 JF753424 
               
               
                 153 
                 16 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 SRC_DSF7 
                 JF753425 
               
               
                 154 
                 67 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 
                   epidermitis 
                 
                   
                 JF753426 
               
               
                 155 
                 64 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753427 
               
               
                 156 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753428 
               
               
                 157 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
                 PsJN 
                 JF753429 
               
               
                 158 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753430 
               
               
                 159 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 sp. 
                 P5-5 
                 JF753431 
               
               
                 160 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 CLJ1 
                 JF753432 
               
               
                 161 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753433 
               
               
                 162 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                 CIP 102701 
                 JF753434 
               
               
                 163 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 R10-1A 
                 JF753435 
               
               
                 164 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753436 
               
               
                 165 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753437 
               
               
                 166 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753438 
               
               
                 167 
                 143 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753439 
               
               
                 168 
                 65 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753440 
               
               
                 169 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   tolaasii 
                 
                 IExb 
                 JF753441 
               
               
                 170 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753442 
               
               
                 171 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   oryzihabitans 
                 
                   
                 JF753443 
               
               
                 172 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753444 
               
               
                 173 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753445 
               
               
                 174 
                 143 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753446 
               
               
                 175 
                 164 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753447 
               
               
                 176 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 MY2 
                 JF753448 
               
               
                 177 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 NFSt10 
                 JF753449 
               
               
                 178 
                 25 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   radiotolerans 
                 
                   
                 JF753450 
               
               
                 179 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                 NCPPB 2285 
                 JF753451 
               
               
                 180 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753452 
               
               
                 181 
                 72 
                 
                   Cellulomonas 
                 
                 
                   denverensis 
                 
                   
                 JF753453 
               
               
                 182 
                 102 
                 
                   Arthrobacter 
                 
                 
                   ramosus 
                 
                   
                 JF753454 
               
               
                 183 
                 72 
                 
                   Cellulomonas 
                 
                 
                   denverensis 
                 
                   
                 JF753455 
               
               
                 184 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753456 
               
               
                 185 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                 LMG 20103 
                 JF753457 
               
               
                 186 
                 102 
                 
                   Arthrobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 XY9 
                 JF753458 
               
               
                 187 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                   
                 JF753459 
               
               
                 188 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloaceae 
                 
                   
                 JF753460 
               
               
                 189 
                 196 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   hormaechei 
                 
                   
                 JF753461 
               
               
                 190 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                 NCPPB 2285 
                 JF753462 
               
               
                 191 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 TU 
                 JF753463 
               
               
                 192 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753464 
               
               
                 193 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753465 
               
               
                 194 
                 21 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 342 
                 JF753466 
               
               
                 195 
                 0 
                 
                   Citrobacter 
                 
                 
                   freundii 
                 
                 GM1 
                 JF753467 
               
               
                 196 
                 31 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   caespitis 
                 
                   
                 JF753468 
               
               
                 197 
                 31 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   graminis 
                 
                   
                 JF753469 
               
               
                 198 
                 178 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 P117 
                 JF753470 
               
               
                 199 
                 178 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 MK17 
                 JF753471 
               
               
                 200 
                 72 
                 
                   Cellulomonas 
                 
                 
                   denverensis 
                 
                   
                 JF753472 
               
               
                 201 
                 28 
                 
                   Microbacterium 
                 
                 sp. 
                 13635I 
                 JF753473 
               
               
                 202 
                 31 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   caespitis 
                 
                   
                 JF753474 
               
               
                 203 
                 31 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   caespitis 
                 
                   
                 JF753475 
               
               
                 204 
                 196 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 J2S4 
                 JF753476 
               
               
                 205 
                 66 
                 
                   Rhizobium 
                 
                 sp. 
                 HGR13 
                 JF753477 
               
               
                 206 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753478 
               
               
                 207 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753479 
               
               
                 208 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 Sc-1 
                 JF753480 
               
               
                 209 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 KJPB2 
                 JF753481 
               
               
                 210 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753482 
               
               
                 211 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 sp. 
                 TE9 
                 JF753483 
               
               
                 212 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753484 
               
               
                 213 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   synxantha 
                 
                   
                 JF753485 
               
               
                 214 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   fluorescens 
                 
                   
                 JF753486 
               
               
                 215 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 CM5002 
                 JF753487 
               
               
                 216 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   fluorescens 
                 
                 PGPR1 
                 JF753488 
               
               
                 217 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   vagans 
                 
                 C9-1 
                 JF753489 
               
               
                 218 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753490 
               
               
                 219 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753491 
               
               
                 220 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
                 PSjN 
                 JF753492 
               
               
                 221 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
                 PsJN 
                 JF753493 
               
               
                 222 
                 92 
                 
                   Streptomyces 
                 
                 sp. 
                 KN-0260 
                 JF753494 
               
               
                 223 
                 64 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753495 
               
               
                 224 
                 53 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 IHB B 2257 
                 JF753496 
               
               
                 225 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753497 
               
               
                 226 
                 82 
                 
                   Luteibacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 MDA0897 
                 JF753498 
               
               
                 227 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753499 
               
               
                 228 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                 NCPPB 2285 
                 JF753500 
               
               
                 229 
                 18 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 sp. 
                 EH47 
                 JF753501 
               
               
                 230 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753502 
               
               
                 231 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753503 
               
               
                 232 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753504 
               
               
                 233 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753505 
               
               
                 234 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753506 
               
               
                 235 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 1.2244 
                 JF753507 
               
               
                 236 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753508 
               
               
                 237 
                 192 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 MY2 
                 JF753509 
               
               
                 238 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                   
                 JF753510 
               
               
                 239 
                 22 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   megaterium 
                 
                 NBAII-63 
                 JF753511 
               
               
                 240 
                 202 
                 
                   Deinococcus 
                 
                 
                   grandis 
                 
                 DSM 
                 JF753512 
               
               
                 241 
                 204 
                 
                   Azospirillum 
                 
                 
                   zea 
                 
                 Gr24 
                 JF753513 
               
               
                 242 
                 30 
                 
                   Rhodococcus 
                 
                 
                   fascians 
                 
                 NKCM8906 
                 JF753514 
               
               
                 243 
                 28 
                 
                   Microbacterium 
                 
                 sp. 
                 VKM Ac-1389 
                 JF753515 
               
               
                 244 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                   
                 JF753516 
               
               
                 245 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                 TAT1-8 
                 JF753517 
               
               
                 246 
                 118 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   asahai 
                 
                 NBPP91 
                 JF753518 
               
               
                 247 
                 64 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753519 
               
               
                 248 
                 74 
                 
                   Bradyrhizobium 
                 
                 
                   japonicum 
                 
                   
                 JF753520 
               
               
                 249 
                 53 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 IB-1067 
                 JF753521 
               
               
                 250 
                 120 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   polymyxa 
                 
                   
                 JF753522 
               
               
                 251 
                 145 
                 
                   Brevibacillus 
                 
                 
                   agri 
                 
                   
                 JF753523 
               
               
                 252 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 ZFJ-6 
                 JF753524 
               
               
                 253 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 pp9c 
                 JF753525 
               
               
                 254 
                 110 
                 
                   Sediminibacterium 
                 
                 sp. 
                 I-28 
                 JF753526 
               
               
                 255 
                 200 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                 ustb-06 
                 JF753527 
               
               
                 256 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                 PhyCEm-115 
                 JF753528 
               
               
                 257 
                 76 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   circulans 
                 
                 WZ12 
                 JF753529 
               
               
                 258 
                 76 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   nealsonii 
                 
                 PAB1C3 
                 JF753530 
               
               
                 259 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 ZFJ-6 
                 JF753531 
               
               
                 260 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                 CT3 
                 JF753532 
               
               
                 261 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                 G-2-10-2 
                 JF753533 
               
               
                 262 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 BJTZ1 
                 JF753534 
               
               
                 263 
                 120 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   polymyxa 
                 
                   
                 JF753535 
               
               
                 264 
                 119 
                 
                   Enterococcus 
                 
                 
                   gallinarum 
                 
                   
                 JF753536 
               
               
                 265 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 M16 
                 JF753537 
               
               
                 266 
                 56 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 WAB1925 
                 JF753538 
               
               
                 267 
                 113 
                 
                   Microbacterium 
                 
                 
                   schleiferi 
                 
                   
                 JF753539 
               
               
                 268 
                 71 
                 
                   Sediminibacterium 
                 
                 sp. 
                 I-28 
                 JF753540 
               
               
                 269 
                 119 
                 
                   Enterococcus 
                 
                 
                   gallinarum 
                 
                   
                 JF753541 
               
               
                 270 
                 64 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753542 
               
               
                 271 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 M-5 
                 JF753543 
               
               
                 272 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                 CT3 
                 JF753544 
               
               
                 273 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                   
                 JF753545 
               
               
                 274 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 M-5 
                 JF753546 
               
               
                 275 
                 0 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
                 M-5 
                 JF753547 
               
               
                 276 
                 50 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   hormaechei 
                 
                 skg0061 
                 JF753548 
               
               
                 277 
                 170 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JF753549 
               
               
                 278 
                 64 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   brachiatum 
                 
                   
                 JF753550 
               
               
                 279 
                 106 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   asburiae 
                 
                 M16 
                 JF753551 
               
               
                 280 
                 176 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                 NBJ7 
                 JF753552 
               
               
                 281 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   protegens 
                 
                 CHA0 
                 JN110435 
               
               
                 282 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                 IAM 12423 
                 JN110431 
               
               
                 283 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                 IAM 12423 
                 JN110437 
               
               
                 284 
                 9 
                 
                   Ochrobactrum 
                 
                 
                   tritici 
                 
                 SCII 24 
                 JN110432 
               
               
                 285 
                 9 
                 
                   Ochrobactrum 
                 
                 
                   grignonense 
                 
                 OgA9a 
                 JN110441 
               
               
                 286 
                 46 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yanoikuyae 
                 
                 IFO 15102 
                 JN110436 
               
               
                 287 
                 104 
                 
                   Flavobacterium 
                 
                 
                   johnsoniae 
                 
                 DSM 2064 
                 JN110440 
               
               
                 288 
                 24 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   humicus 
                 
                 PC-147 
                 JN110433 
               
               
                 289 
                 169 
                 
                   Agromyces 
                 
                 
                   mediolanus 
                 
                 DSM 20152 
                 JN110439 
               
               
                 290 
                 3 
                 
                   Curtobacterium 
                 
                 
                   citreum 
                 
                 DSM 20528 
                 JN110438 
               
               
                 291 
                 3 
                 
                   Curtobacterium 
                 
                 
                   herbarum 
                 
                 DSM 14013 
                 JN110445 
               
               
                 292 
                 121 
                 
                   Frigoribacterium 
                 
                 
                   faeni 
                 
                 DSM 10309 
                 JN110443 
               
               
                 293 
                 134 
                 
                   Microbacterium 
                 
                 
                   oleivorans 
                 
                 DSM 16091 
                 JN110444 
               
               
                 294 
                 142 
                 
                   Mycobacterium 
                 
                 
                   abscessus 
                 
                 CIP 104536 
                 JN110430 
               
               
                 295 
                 142 
                 
                   Mycobacterium 
                 
                 
                   abscessus 
                 
                 CIP 104536 
                 JN110434 
               
               
                 296 
                 201 
                 
                   Plantibacter 
                 
                 
                   flavus 
                 
                 DSM 14012 
                 JN110442 
               
               
                 297 
                 83 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                   cloacae subsp. 
                 ATCC 13047 
                 JN110446 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   cloacae 
                 
               
               
                 298 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   oryzihabitans 
                 
                 IAM 1568 
                 JN110447 
               
               
                 299 
                 193 
                 
                   Aeromonas 
                 
                   hydrophila subsp. 
                 LMG 19562 
                 JN110448 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   dhakensis 
                 
               
               
                 300 
                 180 
                 
                   Herbaspirillum 
                 
                 
                   rubrisubalvicans 
                 
                 ICMP 5777T 
                 JN110449 
               
               
                 301 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   beijerinckii 
                 
                 LUH 4759 
                 JN110450 
               
               
                 302 
                 66 
                 
                   Rhizobium 
                 
                 
                   radiobacter 
                 
                 IAM 12048 
                 JN110451 
               
               
                 303 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   arachidis 
                 
                 Ah-143 
                 JN110452 
               
               
                 304 
                 83 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                 O111:H str. 11128 
                 JN110453 
               
               
                 305 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   maltophilia 
                 
                 IAM 12423 
                 JN110454 
               
               
                 306 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                 DSM3493 
                 JN110455 
               
               
                 307 
                 63 
                 
                   Neisseria 
                 
                 
                   meningitidis 
                 
                 M01-240149 
                 JN110456 
               
               
                 308 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   protegens 
                 
                 CHA0 
                 JN110457 
               
               
                 309 
                 89 
                 
                   Dyella 
                 
                 
                   ginsengisoli 
                 
                 Gsoil 3046 
                 JN110458 
               
               
                 310 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   putida 
                 
                 BIRD-1 
                 JN110459 
               
               
                 311 
                 19 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   psychrosaccharolyticus 
                 
                 S156 
                 JN110460 
               
               
                 312 
                 129 
                 
                   Deinococcus 
                 
                 
                   ficus 
                 
                 CC-FR2-10 
                 JN110461 
               
               
                 313 
                 13 
                 
                   Achromobacter 
                 
                 
                   spanius 
                 
                 LMG 5911 
                 JN110462 
               
               
                 314 
                 0 
                 
                   Tatumella 
                 
                 
                   morbirosei 
                 
                   
                 JN167639 
               
               
                 315 
                 56 
                 
                   Leclercia 
                 
                 
                   adecarboxylata 
                 
                   
                 JN167641 
               
               
                 316 
                 18 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   dissolvens 
                 
                   
                 JN167642 
               
               
                 317 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cancerogenus 
                 
                   
                 JN167646 
               
               
                 318 
                 21 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   marcescens 
                 
                   
                 JN167643 
               
               
                 319 
                 0 
                 
                   Erwinia 
                 
                 
                   cypripedi 
                 
                   
                 JN167644 
               
               
                 320 
                 7 
                 
                   Erwinia 
                 
                 
                   aphidicola 
                 
                   
                 JN167651 
               
               
                 321 
                 46 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yanoikuyae 
                 
                   
                 JN167645 
               
               
                 322 
                 0 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   anthophila 
                 
                   
                 JN167647 
               
               
                 323 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                   
                 JN167640 
               
               
                 324 
                 15 
                 
                   Oxalophagus 
                 
                 
                   oxalicus 
                 
                   
                 JN167648 
               
               
                 325 
                 14 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   nanensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167650 
               
               
                 326 
                 5 
                 
                   Bosea 
                 
                 
                   vestrisii 
                 
                   
                 JN167652 
               
               
                 327 
                 69 
                 
                   Rheinheimera 
                 
                 
                   soli 
                 
                   
                 JN167653 
               
               
                 328 
                 26 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   baumannii 
                 
                   
                 JN167654 
               
               
                 329 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   johnsonii 
                 
                   
                 JN167660 
               
               
                 330 
                 208 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   beijerinckii 
                 
                   
                 JN167680 
               
               
                 331 
                 208 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   schindleri 
                 
                   
                 JN167685 
               
               
                 332 
                 116 
                 
                   Roseateles 
                 
                 
                   depolymerans 
                 
                   
                 JN167655 
               
               
                 333 
                 116 
                 
                   Roseateles 
                 
                 
                   terrae 
                 
                   
                 JN167663 
               
               
                 334 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   diffusa 
                 
                   
                 JN167657 
               
               
                 335 
                 211 
                 
                   Sphingopyxis 
                 
                 
                   panaciterrae 
                 
                   
                 JN167658 
               
               
                 336 
                 98 
                 
                   Massilia 
                 
                 
                   aerolata 
                 
                   
                 JN167682 
               
               
                 337 
                 51 
                 
                   Massilia 
                 
                 
                   albidiflava 
                 
                   
                 JN167661 
               
               
                 338 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   poae 
                 
                   
                 JN167662 
               
               
                 339 
                 75 
                 
                   Ancylobacter 
                 
                 
                   rudongensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167664 
               
               
                 340 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   pavanii 
                 
                   
                 JN167665 
               
               
                 341 
                 83 
                 
                   Shigella 
                 
                 
                   flexneri 
                 
                   
                 JN167666 
               
               
                 342 
                 91 
                 
                   Bdellovibrio 
                 
                 
                   bacteriovorus 
                 
                   
                 JN167671 
               
               
                 343 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cancerogenus 
                 
                   
                 JN167674 
               
               
                 344 
                 130 
                 
                   Enhydrobacter 
                 
                 
                   aerosaccus 
                 
                   
                 JN167675 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 345 
                 100 
                 
                   Variovorax 
                 
                 
                   boronicumulans 
                 
                 JN167676 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 346 
                 128 
                 
                   Oceanibaculum 
                 
                 
                   pacificum 
                 
                   
                 JN167677 
               
               
                 347 
                 46 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yanoikuyae 
                 
                   
                 JN167683 
               
               
                 348 
                 157 
                 
                   Devosia 
                 
                 
                   riboflavina 
                 
                   
                 JN167684 
               
               
                 349 
                 18 
                 
                   Escherichia 
                 
                 
                   coli 
                 
                   
                 JN167686 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 350 
                 190 
                 
                   Sphingosinicella 
                 
                 
                   xenopeptidilytica 
                 
                 JN167688 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 351 
                 120 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   daejeonensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167679 
               
               
                 352 
                 6 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   xylanilyticus 
                 
                   
                 JN167687 
               
               
                 353 
                 163 
                 
                   Sediminibacillus 
                 
                 
                   halophilus 
                 
                   
                 JN167689 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 354 
                 44 
                 
                   Corynebacterium 
                 
                 
                   pseudogenitalium 
                 
                 JN167659 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 355 
                 123 
                 
                   Nocardia 
                 
                 
                   soli 
                 
                   
                 JN167670 
               
               
                 356 
                 206 
                 
                   Lentzea 
                 
                 
                   flaviverrucosa 
                 
                   
                 JN167672 
               
               
                 357 
                 198 
                 
                   Flavobacterium 
                 
                 
                   degerlachei 
                 
                   
                 JN167656 
               
               
                 358 
                 165 
                 
                   Flavobacterium 
                 
                 
                   aquatile 
                 
                   
                 JN167669 
               
               
                 359 
                 62 
                 
                   Chryseobacterium 
                 
                 
                   hominis 
                 
                   
                 JN167678 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 360 
                 186 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 JN167667 
               
               
                 361 
                 195 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                 JN167681 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 362 
                 21 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 
                   variicola 
                 
                   
                 JN167690 
               
               
                 363 
                 18 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                   
                 JN167691 
               
               
                 364 
                 1 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   plecoglossicida 
                 
                   
                 JN167693 
               
               
                 365 
                 10 
                 
                   Stenotrophomonas 
                 
                 
                   pavanii 
                 
                   
                 JN167694 
               
               
                 366 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167695 
               
               
                 367 
                 66 
                 
                   Rhizobium 
                 
                 
                   massiliae 
                 
                   
                 JN167696 
               
               
                 368 
                 0 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   marcescens 
                 
                   
                 JN167697 
               
               
                 369 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167698 
               
               
                 370 
                 114 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   dokdonensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167701 
               
               
                 371 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                   
                 JN167699 
               
               
                 372 
                 82 
                 
                   Luteibacter 
                 
                 
                   anthropi 
                 
                   
                 JN167700 
               
               
                 373 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   gladioli 
                 
                   
                 JN167702 
               
               
                 374 
                 56 
                 
                   Leclercia 
                 
                 
                   adecarboxylata 
                 
                   
                 JN167703 
               
               
                 375 
                 167 
                 
                   Tepidimonas 
                 
                 
                   aquatic 
                 
                   
                 JN167705 
               
               
                 376 
                 0 
                 
                   Tatumella 
                 
                 
                   morbirosei 
                 
                   
                 JN167706 
               
               
                 377 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cancerogenus 
                 
                   
                 JN167707 
               
               
                 378 
                 124 
                 
                   Thermomonas 
                 
                 
                   brevis 
                 
                   
                 JN167708 
               
               
                 379 
                 79 
                 
                   Lactobacillus 
                 
                 
                   iners 
                 
                   
                 JN167704 
               
               
                 380 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                   
                 JN167709 
               
               
                 381 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167710 
               
               
                 382 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                   
                 JN167784 
               
               
                 383 
                 84 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   agglomerans 
                 
                   
                 JN167785 
               
               
                 384 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167786 
               
               
                 385 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167713 
               
               
                 386 
                 18 
                 
                   Shigella 
                 
                 
                   flexneri 
                 
                   
                 JN167714 
               
               
                 387 
                 0 
                 
                   Leclercia 
                 
                 
                   adecarboxylata 
                 
                   
                 JN167716 
               
               
                 388 
                 29 
                 
                   Pseudoxanthomonas 
                 
                 
                   kaohsiungensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167717 
               
               
                 389 
                 57 
                 
                   Psychrobacter 
                 
                 
                   pulmonis 
                 
                   
                 JN167718 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 390 
                 100 
                 
                   Variovorax 
                 
                 
                   boronicumulans 
                 
                 JN167720 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 391 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JN167721 
               
               
                 392 
                 181 
                 
                   Microvirga 
                 
                 
                   aerophilus 
                 
                   
                 JN167727 
               
               
                 393 
                 132 
                 
                   Microvirga 
                 
                 
                   aerilata 
                 
                   
                 JN167734 
               
               
                 394 
                 7 
                 
                   Erwinia 
                 
                 
                   aphidicola 
                 
                   
                 JN167725 
               
               
                 395 
                 162 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   platani 
                 
                   
                 JN167729 
               
               
                 396 
                 0 
                 
                   Tatumella 
                 
                 
                   morbirosei 
                 
                   
                 JN167730 
               
               
                 397 
                 37 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
                   
                 JN167732 
               
               
                 398 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JN167723 
               
               
                 399 
                 36 
                 
                   Acidovorax 
                 
                 
                   temperans 
                 
                   
                 JN167733 
               
               
                 400 
                 0 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   marcescens 
                 
                   
                 JN167743 
               
               
                 401 
                 56 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   ureilytica 
                 
                   
                 JN167737 
               
               
                 402 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   beijerinckii 
                 
                   
                 JN167738 
               
               
                 403 
                 26 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   junii 
                 
                   
                 JN167739 
               
               
                 404 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   johnsonii 
                 
                   
                 JN167724 
               
               
                 405 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   kyonggiensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167726 
               
               
                 406 
                 152 
                 
                   Halomonas 
                 
                 
                   daqingensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167741 
               
               
                 407 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   dispersa 
                 
                   
                 JN167736 
               
               
                 408 
                 79 
                 
                   Lactobacillus 
                 
                 
                   iners 
                 
                   
                 JN167712 
               
               
                 409 
                 22 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   aryabhattai 
                 
                   
                 JN167715 
               
               
                 410 
                 67 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 
                   hominis 
                 
                   
                 JN167722 
               
               
                 411 
                 67 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 
                   capitis 
                 
                   
                 JN167728 
               
               
                 412 
                 85 
                 
                   Finegoldia 
                 
                 
                   magna 
                 
                   
                 JN167735 
               
               
                 413 
                 20 
                 
                   Ruminococcus 
                 
                 
                   bromii 
                 
                   
                 JN167740 
               
               
                 414 
                 42 
                 
                   Aerococcus 
                 
                 
                   urinaeequi 
                 
                   
                 JN167742 
               
               
                 415 
                 32 
                 
                   Propioniciclava 
                 
                 
                   tarda 
                 
                   
                 JN167711 
               
               
                 416 
                 70 
                 
                   Propionibacterium 
                 
                 
                   acnes 
                 
                   
                 JN167719 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 417 
                 107 
                 Uncultured bacterium 
                   
                 JN167731 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 418 
                 99 
                 
                   Brevundimonas 
                 
                 
                   diminuta 
                 
                   
                 JN167744 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 419 
                 99 
                 
                   Brevundimonas 
                 
                 
                   naejangsanensis 
                 
                 JN167764 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 420 
                 101 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167745 
               
               
                 421 
                 126 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   koreensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167756 
               
               
                 422 
                 191 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   humi 
                 
                   
                 JN167758 
               
               
                 423 
                 100 
                 
                   Acidovorax 
                 
                 
                   facilis 
                 
                   
                 JN167746 
               
               
                 424 
                 36 
                 
                   Acidovoraz 
                 
                 
                   temperans 
                 
                   
                 JN167757 
               
               
                 425 
                 136 
                 
                   Shinella 
                 
                 
                   zoogloeoides 
                 
                   
                 JN167747 
               
               
                 426 
                 116 
                 
                   Roseateles 
                 
                 
                   depolymerans 
                 
                   
                 JN167748 
               
               
                 427 
                 116 
                 
                   Roseateles 
                 
                 
                   terrae 
                 
                   
                 JN167752 
               
               
                 428 
                 69 
                 
                   Rheinheimera 
                 
                 
                   chironomi 
                 
                   
                 JN167749 
               
               
                 429 
                 69 
                 
                   Rheinheimera 
                 
                 
                   soli 
                 
                   
                 JN167775 
               
               
                 430 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   johnsonii 
                 
                   
                 JN167750 
               
               
                 431 
                 208 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   schindleri 
                 
                   
                 JN167761 
               
               
                 432 
                 23 
                 
                   Acinetobacter 
                 
                 
                   lwoffii 
                 
                   
                 JN167765 
               
               
                 433 
                 2 
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 
                   stutzeri 
                 
                   
                 JN167751 
               
               
                 434 
                 184 
                 
                   Thermomonas 
                 
                 
                   koreensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167753 
               
               
                 435 
                 27 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JN167754 
               
               
                 436 
                 18 
                 
                   Shigella 
                 
                 
                   flexneri 
                 
                   
                 JN167760 
               
               
                 437 
                 97 
                 
                   Cellvibrio 
                 
                 
                   mixtus 
                 
                   
                 JN167766 
               
               
                 438 
                 21 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   marcescens 
                 
                   
                 JN167767 
               
               
                 439 
                 131 
                 
                   Thiobacillus 
                 
                 
                   aquaesulis 
                 
                   
                 JN167768 
               
               
                 440 
                 133 
                 
                   Luteimonas 
                 
                 
                   aestuarii 
                 
                   
                 JN167769 
               
               
                 441 
                 197 
                 
                   Sphingosinicella 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JN167772 
               
               
                 442 
                 108 
                 
                   Acidithiobacillus 
                 
                 
                   albertensis 
                 
                   
                 JN167773 
               
               
                 443 
                 36 
                 
                   Curvibacter 
                 
                 
                   gracilis 
                 
                   
                 JN167774 
               
               
                 444 
                 47 
                 
                   Devosia 
                 
                 
                   insulae 
                 
                   
                 JN167777 
               
               
                 445 
                 93 
                 
                   Cupriavidus 
                 
                 
                   gilardii 
                 
                   
                 JN167778 
               
               
                 446 
                 140 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   rhodesianum 
                 
                   
                 JN167779 
               
               
                 447 
                 89 
                 
                   Dokdonella 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 JN167780 
               
               
                 448 
                 150 
                 
                   Desemzia 
                 
                 
                   incerta 
                 
                   
                 JN167763 
               
               
                 449 
                 68 
                 
                   Kocuria 
                 
                 
                   rosea 
                 
                   
                 JN167770 
               
               
                 450 
                 123 
                 
                   Nocardia 
                 
                 
                   ignorata 
                 
                   
                 JN167771 
               
               
                 451 
                 182 
                 
                   Pseudonocardia 
                 
                 
                   aurantiaca 
                 
                   
                 JN167776 
               
               
                 452 
                 104 
                 
                   Flavobacterium 
                 
                 
                   johnsoniae 
                 
                   
                 JN167755 
               
               
                 453 
                 203 
                 
                   Flavobacterium 
                 
                 
                   mizutaii 
                 
                   
                 JN167762 
               
               
                 454 
                 73 
                 
                   Flavisolibacter 
                 
                 
                   ginsengiterrae 
                 
                   
                 JN167781 
               
               
                 455 
                 33 
                 
                   Sphingobacterium 
                 
                 
                   daejeonense 
                 
                   
                 JN167759 
               
               
                 456 
                 0 
                 
                   Leclercia 
                 
                 
                   adecarboxylata 
                 
                   
                 JN167782 
               
               
                 457 
                 56 
                 
                   Enterobacter 
                 
                 
                   cancerogenus 
                 
                   
                 JN167783 
               
               
                 458 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   altitudinis 
                 
                   
                 HQ432811 
               
               
                 459 
                 19 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   simplex 
                 
                   
                 HQ432812 
               
               
                 460 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   thuringiensis 
                 
                   
                 HQ432813 
               
               
                 461 
                 6 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   amylolyticus 
                 
                   
                 HQ432814 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 462 
                 103 
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                   aureus  subsp.  aureus   
                 HQ432815 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 463 
                 146 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB178169 
               
               
                 464 
                 56 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB178170 
               
               
                 465 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178171 
               
               
                 466 
                 59 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB178172 
               
               
                 467 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178173 
               
               
                 468 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 AB178174 
               
               
                 469 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 AB178175 
               
               
                 470 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   echinoides 
                 
                   
                 AB178176 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 471 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   parapaucimobilis 
                 
                 AB178177 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 472 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178178 
               
               
                 473 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178179 
               
               
                 474 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178192 
               
               
                 475 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178193 
               
               
                 476 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178194 
               
               
                 477 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178195 
               
               
                 478 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178196 
               
               
                 479 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178197 
               
               
                 480 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178198 
               
               
                 481 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178199 
               
               
                 482 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178200 
               
               
                 483 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178201 
               
               
                 484 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178214 
               
               
                 485 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178215 
               
               
                 486 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178216 
               
               
                 487 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178217 
               
               
                 488 
                 12 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   cereus 
                 
                   
                 AB178218 
               
               
                 489 
                 29 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 
                   translucens 
                 
                 pv. poae 
                 AB242936 
               
               
                 490 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242937 
               
               
                 491 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242938 
               
               
                 492 
                 8 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   aquaticum 
                 
                   
                 AB242939 
               
               
                 493 
                 8 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   aquaticum 
                 
                   
                 AB242940 
               
               
                 494 
                 172 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   melonis 
                 
                   
                 AB242941 
               
               
                 495 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yabuuchiae 
                 
                   
                 AB242942 
               
               
                 496 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yabuuchiae 
                 
                   
                 AB242943 
               
               
                 497 
                 8 
                 
                   Methylobacterium 
                 
                 
                   aquaticum 
                 
                   
                 AB242944 
               
               
                 498 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242945 
               
               
                 499 
                 7 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242946 
               
               
                 500 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                   
                 AB242958 
               
               
                 501 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                   
                 AB242959 
               
               
                 502 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                   
                 AB242960 
               
               
                 503 
                 41 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   subtilis 
                 
                   
                 AB242961 
               
               
                 504 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                   
                 AB242962 
               
               
                 505 
                 59 
                 
                   Micrococcus 
                 
                 
                   luteus 
                 
                   
                 AB242963 
               
               
                 506 
                 45 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yabuuchiae 
                 
                   
                 AB242964 
               
               
                 507 
                 148 
                 
                   Sphingomonas 
                 
                 
                   yabuuchiae 
                 
                   
                 AB242965 
               
               
                 508 
                 212 
                 
                   Acidovorax 
                 
                 sp. 
                   
                 AB242966 
               
               
                 509 
                 3 
                 
                   Curtobacterium 
                 
                 
                   flaccumfaciens 
                 
                 pv. Basellae 
                 AB242967 
               
               
                 510 
                 6 
                 
                   Paenibacillus 
                 
                 
                   amylolyticus 
                 
                   
                 AB242978 
               
               
                 511 
                 146 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242979 
               
               
                 512 
                 77 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242980 
               
               
                 513 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                   
                 AB242981 
               
               
                 514 
                 77 
                 
                   Pantoea 
                 
                 
                   ananatis 
                 
                   
                 AB242982 
               
               
                 515 
                 29 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 
                   translucens 
                 
                   
                 AB242983 
               
               
                 516 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                   
                 AB242984 
               
               
                 517 
                 3 
                 
                   Curtobacterium 
                 
                 
                   flaccumfaciens 
                 
                 pv. Basellae 
                 AB242985 
               
               
                 518 
                 29 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 
                   translucens 
                 
                 pv. poae 
                 AB242986 
               
               
                 519 
                 39 
                 
                   Bacillus 
                 
                 
                   pumilus 
                 
                   
                 AB242987 
               
               
                 520 
                 29 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 
                   translucens 
                 
                 pv. poae 
                 AB242988 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Endophytic bacteria isolated from corn, rice and wheat seeds, including assignment to specific OTUs, corresponding 
               
               
                 Sequence ID numbers, Family, Genus, Taxonomic information and plant source from which the microbe was derived. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                 Seed-Origin 
                 Seed-Origin 
                 Source of seed- 
                 Family of Seed- 
                 Taxonomy of Seed- 
               
               
                 Strain 
                 OTU# 
                 ID NO: 
                 Crop Type 
                 Cultivar Type 
                 origin microbes 
                 Origin Microbe 
                 Origin Microbe 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SYM00033 
                 0 
                 541 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00173 
                 0 
                 593 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00176 
                 0 
                 596 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00284 
                 0 
                 633 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 
                   Pantoea ananatis 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00605 
                 0 
                 716 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00607 
                 0 
                 717 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00608 
                 0 
                 718 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00620 
                 0 
                 720 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00658 
                 0 
                 736 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00985 
                 0 
                 851 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01006 
                 0 
                 866 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01035 
                 0 
                 887 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01041 
                 0 
                 892 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01158 
                 0 
                 937 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01173 
                 0 
                 943 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01231 
                 0 
                 980 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00472 
                 1 
                 636 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00660 
                 1 
                 737 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                 522 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00011b 
                 2 
                 523 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00013 
                 2 
                 524 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00014 
                 2 
                 526 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00062 
                 2 
                 557 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00067 
                 2 
                 562 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00068 
                 2 
                 563 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00069 
                 2 
                 564 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00646 
                 2 
                 730 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00649 
                 2 
                 733 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00650 
                 2 
                 734 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00657 
                 2 
                 735 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00672 
                 2 
                 738 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00709 
                 2 
                 747 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00926 
                 2 
                 804 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00927 
                 2 
                 805 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00946 
                 2 
                 821 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00955 
                 2 
                 828 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00970 
                 2 
                 839 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00971 
                 2 
                 840 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00973 
                 2 
                 842 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00993 
                 2 
                 857 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01007 
                 2 
                 867 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01024 
                 2 
                 880 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01032 
                 2 
                 885 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01036 
                 2 
                 888 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01164 
                 2 
                 940 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01171 
                 2 
                 942 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01177 
                 2 
                 947 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01178 
                 2 
                 948 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01225 
                 2 
                 975 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01245 
                 2 
                 988 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01251 
                 2 
                 989 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01254 
                 2 
                 990 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Pseudomonadaceae 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00013b 
                 3 
                 525 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 588 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00171 
                 3 
                 591 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00174 
                 3 
                 594 
                 Rye 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00178 
                 3 
                 598 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00180 
                 3 
                 600 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00181 
                 3 
                 601 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00235 
                 3 
                 622 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00244 
                 3 
                 626 
                 Barley 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00525 
                 3 
                 654 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00625 
                 3 
                 724 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00645 
                 3 
                 729 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00647 
                 3 
                 731 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00673b 
                 3 
                 739 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00690 
                 3 
                 740 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00691 
                 3 
                 741 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00693 
                 3 
                 742 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00694b 
                 3 
                 744 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00712 
                 3 
                 748 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00716 
                 3 
                 752 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00722 
                 3 
                 753 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00722B 
                 3 
                 754 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00731B 
                 3 
                 756 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00749 
                 3 
                 758 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00784 
                 3 
                 773 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00947 
                 3 
                 822 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00949 
                 3 
                 823 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00952 
                 3 
                 826 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00964 
                 3 
                 834 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00976 
                 3 
                 844 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00980 
                 3 
                 847 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00984 
                 3 
                 850 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00996 
                 3 
                 859 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01013 
                 3 
                 872 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01022 
                 3 
                 879 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01025 
                 3 
                 881 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01142 
                 3 
                 928 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01144 
                 3 
                 929 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01148 
                 3 
                 931 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01151 
                 3 
                 932 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01155 
                 3 
                 935 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01156 
                 3 
                 936 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01179 
                 3 
                 949 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01181 
                 3 
                 951 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01182 
                 3 
                 952 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01183 
                 3 
                 953 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01184 
                 3 
                 954 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01185 
                 3 
                 955 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01188 
                 3 
                 957 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01198 
                 3 
                 962 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01199 
                 3 
                 963 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01201 
                 3 
                 964 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01202 
                 3 
                 965 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01204 
                 3 
                 966 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01205 
                 3 
                 967 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01207 
                 3 
                 969 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01215 
                 3 
                 971 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01218 
                 3 
                 973 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01222 
                 3 
                 974 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                 605 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00190 
                 6 
                 607 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00195 
                 6 
                 610 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00217 
                 6 
                 616 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00227 
                 6 
                 619 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00292 
                 6 
                 634 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                 
                   Paenibacillus taichungensis 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00597 
                 6 
                 711 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01108 
                 6 
                 915 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01109 
                 6 
                 916 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01110 
                 6 
                 917 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01111 
                 6 
                 918 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01112 
                 6 
                 919 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01114 
                 6 
                 921 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01117 
                 6 
                 922 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01118 
                 6 
                 923 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01127 
                 6 
                 925 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01256 
                 6 
                 991 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00014b 
                 7 
                 527 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00017b 
                 7 
                 532 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00018 
                 7 
                 534 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00020 
                 7 
                 535 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00022 
                 7 
                 537 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00025 
                 7 
                 538 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00026 
                 7 
                 539 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00043 
                 7 
                 544 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00047 
                 7 
                 546 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 547 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00055 
                 7 
                 553 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00057 
                 7 
                 554 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00058 
                 7 
                 555 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00078 
                 7 
                 568 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00081 
                 7 
                 569 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00082a 
                 7 
                 570 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00085 
                 7 
                 571 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00086 
                 7 
                 572 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00087 
                 7 
                 573 
                 Maize 
                 Maize PI 485356 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00088 
                 7 
                 574 
                 Maize 
                 Maize PI 485356 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00094 
                 7 
                 576 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00095 
                 7 
                 577 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00096 
                 7 
                 578 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00100 
                 7 
                 579 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00101 
                 7 
                 580 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00502 
                 7 
                 639 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00506 
                 7 
                 641 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00506b 
                 7 
                 642 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00511 
                 7 
                 647 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00514b 
                 7 
                 649 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00514C 
                 7 
                 650 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00514D 
                 7 
                 651 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00731A 
                 7 
                 755 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00785 
                 7 
                 774 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01056 
                 7 
                 903 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01235 
                 7 
                 984 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01238 
                 7 
                 986 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00967 
                 8 
                 837 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01233 
                 8 
                 982 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00544 
                 9 
                 663 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00545B 
                 9 
                 665 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00548 
                 9 
                 667 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00552 
                 9 
                 670 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00558 
                 9 
                 675 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580A 
                 9 
                 688 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580b 
                 9 
                 689 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580d 
                 9 
                 691 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00581d 
                 9 
                 698 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00583 
                 9 
                 699 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00584 
                 9 
                 700 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00588 
                 9 
                 705 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00596 
                 9 
                 710 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00600 
                 9 
                 713 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00746 
                 9 
                 757 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00752 
                 9 
                 759 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00756 
                 9 
                 761 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00763 
                 9 
                 767 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00783 
                 9 
                 772 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00812 
                 9 
                 775 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00902 
                 9 
                 783 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00923 
                 9 
                 802 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00935 
                 9 
                 810 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00937 
                 9 
                 812 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00954 
                 9 
                 827 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01029 
                 9 
                 883 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01043 
                 9 
                 894 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01047 
                 9 
                 896 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01052 
                 9 
                 899 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01054 
                 9 
                 901 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01055 
                 9 
                 902 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01058 
                 9 
                 904 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01064 
                 9 
                 906 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01066 
                 9 
                 908 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01069 
                 9 
                 909 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01079 
                 9 
                 913 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Brucellaceae 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00064a 
                 10 
                 560 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00183 
                 10 
                 603 
                 
                   Oryza glumipatula 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00184 
                 10 
                 604 
                 
                   Oryza glumipatula 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00905 
                 10 
                 786 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00543 
                 12 
                 662 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00595 
                 12 
                 709 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01227 
                 12 
                 977 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00547 
                 13 
                 666 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00551 
                 13 
                 669 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00560 
                 13 
                 676 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00565B 
                 13 
                 681 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580C 
                 13 
                 690 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580i 
                 13 
                 694 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00585 
                 13 
                 701 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00586b 
                 13 
                 702 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00588b 
                 13 
                 706 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00591 
                 13 
                 708 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00602 
                 13 
                 715 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00758 
                 13 
                 763 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00761 
                 13 
                 765 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00764 
                 13 
                 768 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00765 
                 13 
                 769 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00824 
                 13 
                 777 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00828 
                 13 
                 778 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00830 
                 13 
                 779 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00831 
                 13 
                 780 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00901 
                 13 
                 782 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00903 
                 13 
                 784 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00904 
                 13 
                 785 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00907 
                 13 
                 787 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00908 
                 13 
                 788 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00909 
                 13 
                 789 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00910 
                 13 
                 790 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00914 
                 13 
                 794 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00917 
                 13 
                 796 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00929 
                 13 
                 806 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00930 
                 13 
                 807 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00938 
                 13 
                 813 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00957 
                 13 
                 829 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00959 
                 13 
                 830 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01017 
                 13 
                 875 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01020 
                 13 
                 877 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01021 
                 13 
                 878 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01030 
                 13 
                 884 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Alcaligenaceae 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                 540 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                 550 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00053 
                 18 
                 551 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00054 
                 18 
                 552 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00175 
                 18 
                 595 
                 Winter rye 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00627 
                 18 
                 725 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00715 
                 18 
                 751 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00189 
                 19 
                 606 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                 608 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00197 
                 19 
                 611 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00201 
                 19 
                 612 
                 Maize 
                 Maize 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00202 
                 19 
                 613 
                 Maize 
                 Maize 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00215 
                 19 
                 615 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00233 
                 19 
                 621 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00260 
                 19 
                 632 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                 
                   Bacillus simplex 
                 
               
               
                 SYM01113 
                 19 
                 920 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01119 
                 19 
                 924 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00016b 
                 25 
                 529 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00236 
                 25 
                 623 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00237 
                 25 
                 624 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00240 
                 25 
                 625 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00924 
                 25 
                 803 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00936 
                 25 
                 811 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00950 
                 25 
                 824 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00968 
                 25 
                 838 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00986 
                 25 
                 852 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00998 
                 25 
                 861 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00999 
                 25 
                 862 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01003 
                 25 
                 864 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01008 
                 25 
                 868 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Methylobacteriaceae 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00501 
                 27 
                 638 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00504 
                 27 
                 640 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00536 
                 27 
                 656 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00536A 
                 27 
                 657 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00538E 
                 27 
                 659 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00566A 
                 27 
                 682 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00568 
                 27 
                 683 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00570 
                 27 
                 684 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00574 
                 27 
                 685 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00575 
                 27 
                 686 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00578 
                 27 
                 687 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00621 
                 27 
                 721 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00623 
                 27 
                 722 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00624 
                 27 
                 723 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00633 
                 27 
                 727 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00822 
                 27 
                 776 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01010 
                 27 
                 869 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01012 
                 27 
                 871 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01015 
                 27 
                 873 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01037 
                 27 
                 889 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00037 
                 28 
                 543 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00051 
                 28 
                 549 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00104 
                 28 
                 582 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00177 
                 28 
                 597 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00514A 
                 28 
                 648 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00523 
                 28 
                 652 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00538H 
                 28 
                 660 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00542 
                 28 
                 661 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00556 
                 28 
                 674 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00581A 
                 28 
                 695 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00586c 
                 28 
                 703 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00587 
                 28 
                 704 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00598 
                 28 
                 712 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00757 
                 28 
                 762 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00760 
                 28 
                 764 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00780 
                 28 
                 771 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00832 
                 28 
                 781 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00911 
                 28 
                 791 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00912 
                 28 
                 792 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00913 
                 28 
                 793 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00915 
                 28 
                 795 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00918 
                 28 
                 797 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00919 
                 28 
                 798 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00920 
                 28 
                 799 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00921 
                 28 
                 800 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00922 
                 28 
                 801 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00931 
                 28 
                 808 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00933 
                 28 
                 809 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00939 
                 28 
                 814 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00944 
                 28 
                 819 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00962 
                 28 
                 832 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01000 
                 28 
                 863 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01034 
                 28 
                 886 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01206 
                 28 
                 968 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00015 
                 29 
                 528 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00021 
                 29 
                 536 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00179 
                 29 
                 599 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00182 
                 29 
                 602 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00252 
                 29 
                 630 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00977 
                 29 
                 845 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00988 
                 29 
                 854 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00997 
                 29 
                 860 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01018 
                 29 
                 876 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01028 
                 29 
                 882 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01146 
                 29 
                 930 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01153 
                 29 
                 933 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01154 
                 29 
                 934 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01162 
                 29 
                 939 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01190 
                 29 
                 959 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00565A 
                 30 
                 680 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580G 
                 30 
                 693 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00753 
                 30 
                 760 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00762 
                 30 
                 766 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00775 
                 30 
                 770 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00943 
                 30 
                 818 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00951 
                 30 
                 825 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01039 
                 30 
                 890 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01040 
                 30 
                 891 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01042 
                 30 
                 893 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01046 
                 30 
                 895 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01048 
                 30 
                 897 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01053 
                 30 
                 900 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01063 
                 30 
                 905 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01065 
                 30 
                 907 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01070 
                 30 
                 910 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01071 
                 30 
                 911 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01078 
                 30 
                 912 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Nocardiaceae 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00589 
                 31 
                 707 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00991 
                 36 
                 855 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Comamonadaceae 
                   Acidovorax  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01236 
                 36 
                 985 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Comamonadaceae 
                   Acidovorax  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00057B 
                 37 
                 1446 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Burkholderiaceae 
                 
                   Burkholderia phytofirmans 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00102 
                 38 
                 581 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Staphylococcaceae 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00072 
                 39 
                 566 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                 567 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00249 
                 39 
                 628 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00507 
                 39 
                 645 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00553 
                 39 
                 671 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00562 
                 39 
                 677 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00564 
                 39 
                 679 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00580E 
                 39 
                 692 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00581b 
                 39 
                 696 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00581c 
                 39 
                 697 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00601 
                 39 
                 714 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00036 
                 41 
                 542 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00110 
                 41 
                 586 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00193 
                 41 
                 609 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00218 
                 41 
                 617 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00250 
                 41 
                 629 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00697 
                 41 
                 745 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00704 
                 41 
                 746 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                 533 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00062b 
                 45 
                 558 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00065 
                 45 
                 561 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00168 
                 45 
                 589 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00169 
                 45 
                 590 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00942 
                 45 
                 817 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00994 
                 45 
                 858 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01016 
                 45 
                 874 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01174 
                 45 
                 944 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01176 
                 45 
                 946 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01187 
                 45 
                 956 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01191 
                 45 
                 960 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01214 
                 45 
                 970 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01216 
                 45 
                 972 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                 620 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingobium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00975 
                 51 
                 843 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Oxalobacteraceae 
                   Herbaspirillum  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00506c 
                 53 
                 643 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00506D 
                 53 
                 644 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00545 
                 53 
                 664 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00549 
                 53 
                 668 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00554 
                 53 
                 672 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00555 
                 53 
                 673 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Paenibacillaceae 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                 1447 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                 
                   Microbacterium binotii 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00046 
                 56 
                 545 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00050 
                 56 
                 548 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00628 
                 56 
                 726 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01049 
                 56 
                 898 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00106 
                 59 
                 583 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Micrococcaceae 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00107 
                 59 
                 584 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Micrococcaceae 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00108 
                 59 
                 585 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Micrococcaceae 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00254 
                 59 
                 631 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Micrococcaceae 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 575 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Flavobacteriaceae 
                   Chryseobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                 521 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00017a 
                 66 
                 531 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00326 
                 66 
                 635 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Roots 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                 
                   Agrobacterium tumefaciens 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00714 
                 66 
                 750 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00983 
                 66 
                 849 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01004 
                 66 
                 865 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Rhizobiaceae 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00060 
                 67 
                 556 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Staphylococcaceae 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00113 
                 67 
                 587 
                 Maize 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Staphylococcaceae 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01257 
                 67 
                 992 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Staphylococcaceae 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01259 
                 67 
                 993 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Staphylococcaceae 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                 565 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00204 
                 76 
                 614 
                 Maize 
                 Maize 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00563 
                 76 
                 678 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00617 
                 76 
                 719 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00016c 
                 82 
                 530 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Luteibacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00960 
                 82 
                 831 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Luteibacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00965 
                 82 
                 835 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Luteibacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01167 
                 82 
                 941 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Xanthomonadaceae 
                   Luteibacter  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00940 
                 83 
                 815 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00941 
                 83 
                 816 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00963 
                 83 
                 833 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00972 
                 83 
                 841 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00987 
                 83 
                 853 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00713 
                 84 
                 749 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00945 
                 84 
                 820 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01103 
                 84 
                 914 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01138 
                 84 
                 926 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01139 
                 84 
                 927 
                 
                   Oryza latifolia 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01180 
                 84 
                 950 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01189 
                 84 
                 958 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01193 
                 84 
                 961 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01226 
                 84 
                 976 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01229 
                 84 
                 978 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01230 
                 84 
                 979 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00992 
                 126 
                 856 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00063 
                 134 
                 559 
                 Teosinte 
                 Wild relative 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00226 
                 134 
                 618 
                 Soybean 
                 Modern 
                 Leaves 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00246 
                 134 
                 627 
                 Barley 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00524 
                 134 
                 653 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00694a 
                 134 
                 743 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01234 
                 134 
                 983 
                 
                   Oryza officinalis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Microbacteriaceae 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                 1448 
                 Maize 
                 Maize 
                 Roots 
                 Bacillaceae 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00172 
                 146 
                 592 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00527 
                 146 
                 655 
                 
                   Oryza nivara 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00644 
                 146 
                 728 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00648 
                 146 
                 732 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00966 
                 146 
                 836 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00978 
                 146 
                 846 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00981 
                 146 
                 848 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01011 
                 146 
                 870 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Surface sterilized seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM01159 
                 146 
                 938 
                 
                   Avena sterilis 
                 
                 Wild relative 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01175 
                 146 
                 945 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01232 
                 146 
                 981 
                 Rice 
                 Modern 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM01244 
                 146 
                 987 
                 Rice 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Roots &amp; Seeds 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 SYM00538A 
                 172 
                 658 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Sphingomonadaceae 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
               
               
                 SYM00508 
                 196 
                 646 
                 Maize 
                 Ancient Landrace 
                 Seed surface wash 
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Legend: For “Source of seed-origin microbe” “Surface sterilized seeds” = seed-origin microbes isolated from seeds that were surface sterilized as described in the Examples; “Seed surface wash” = microbes derived from the surface of seeds as described in the Examples; “Roots” = seed-origin microbes isolated from roots of seeds that were germinated in sterile culture; “Roots &amp; Seeds” = seed-origin microbes isolated from roots and residual seed material that was generated by germinating seeds under sterile conditions; “Leaves” = seed-origin microbes isolated from shoots and leaves that emerged from seeds that were germinated under sterile conditions. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As used herein, seed-origin endophytes can be obtained from seeds of many distinct plants. In one embodiment, the endophyte can be obtained from the seed of the same or different crop, and can be from the same or different cultivar or variety as the seed onto which it is to be coated. For example, seed endophytes from a particular corn variety can be isolated and coated onto the surface of a corn seed of the same variety. In one particular embodiment, the seed of the first plant that is to be coated with the endophyte can comprise a detectable amount of the same endophyte in the interior of the seed. In another embodiment, the seed of the first plant that is to be coated with the endophyte can comprise a detectable amount of the same endophyte in the exterior of the seed. For example, an uncoated reference seed may contain a detectable amount of the same endophyte within its seed. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte to be coated onto the seed of the plant is a microbe or of a microbial taxa that is detectably present in the interior and exterior of the seed from which the endophyte is derived. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte can be obtaine from a related species (e.g., an endophyte isolated from  Triticum monococcum  (einkorn wheat) can be coated onto the surface of a  T. aestivum  (common wheat) seed; or, an endophyte from  Hordeum vulgare  (barley) can be isolated and coated onto the seed of a member of the Triticeae family, for example, seeds of the rye plant,  Secale cereale ). In still another embodiment, the endophyte can be isolated from the seed of a plant that is distantly related to the seed onto which the endophyte is to be coated. For example, a tomato-derived endophyte is isolated and coated onto a rice seed. 
     In some embodiments, the present invention contemplates the use of endophytes that can confer a beneficial agronomic trait upon the seed or resulting plant onto which it is coated. In another embodiment, the seed endophytes useful for the present invention can also be isolated from seeds of plants adapted to a particular environment, including, but not limited to, an environment with water deficiency, salinity, acute and/or chronic heat stress, acute and/or chronic cold stress, nutrient deprived soils including, but not limited to, micronutrient deprived soils, macronutrient (e.g., potassium, phosphate, nitrogen) deprived soils, pathogen stress, including fungal, nematode, insect, viral, bacterial pathogen stress. In one example, the endophyte is isolated from the seed of a plant that grows in a water deficient environment. 
     The synthetic combination of the present invention contemplates the presence of an endophyte on the surface of the seed of the first plant. In one embodiment, the seed of the first plant is coated with at least 10 CFU of the endophyte per seed, for example, at least 20 CFU, at least 50 CFU, at least 100 CFU, at least 200 CFU, at least 300 CFU, at least 500 CFU, at least 1,000 CFU, at least 3,000 CFU, at least 10,000 CFU, at least 30,000 or more per seed. In another embodiment, the seed is coated with at least 10, for example, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 500, at least 1,000, at least 3,000, at least 10,000, at least 30,000, at least 100,000, at least 300,000, at least 1,000,000 or more of the endophyte as detected by the number of copies of a particular endophyte gene detected, for example, by quantitative PCR. 
     In some cases, the seed-origin endophyte is of monoclonal origin, providing high genetic uniformity of the endophyte population in an agricultural formulation or within a synthetic seed or plant combination with the endophyte. 
     In some cases, the bacterial endophytes described herein are capable of moving from one tissue type to another. For example, the present invention&#39;s detection and isolation of seed-origin endophytes within the mature tissues of cereal plants after coating on the exterior of a seed demonstrates their ability to move from seed exterior into the vegetative tissues of a maturing plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the population of bacterial endophytes is capable of moving from the seed exterior into the vegetative tissues of a grass plant. In one embodiment, the seed endophyte which is coated onto the seed of a plant is capable, upon germination of the seed into a vegetative state, of localizing to a different tissue of the plant. For example, the endophyte can be capable of localizing to any one of the tissues in the plant, including: the root, adventitious root, seminal root, root hair, shoot, leaf, flower, bud, tassel, meristem, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit, stolon, rhizome, nodule, tuber, trichome, guard cells, hydathode, petal, sepal, glume, rachis, vascular cambium, phloem, and xylem. In one embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root and/or the root hair of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the photosynthetic tissues, for example, leaves and shoots of the plant. In other cases, the endophyte is localized to the vascular tissues of the plant, for example, in the xylem and phloem. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the reproductive tissues (flower, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit) of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root, shoots, leaves and reproductive tissues of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte colonizes a fruit or seed tissue of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is able to colonize the plant such that it is present in the surface of the plant (i.e., its presence is detectably present on the plant exterior, or the episphere of the plant). In still other embodiments, the endophyte is capable of localizing to substantially all, or all, tissues of the plant. In certain embodiments, the endophyte is not localized to the root of a plant. In other cases, the endophyte is not localized to the photosynthetic tissues of the plant. 
     In some cases, the bacterial endophytes are capable of replicating within the host grass plant and colonizing the grass plant. 
     In addition, the bacterial endophytes described herein provide several key significant advantages over other plant-associated microbes. 
     Different environments can contain significantly different populations of endophytes and thus may provide reservoirs for desired seed-origin endophytes. Once a choice environment is selected, seeds of choice plants to be sampled can be identified by their healthy and/or robust growth, and can then be sampled at least 5 at a time by excavating the entire plants plus small root ball including roots and associated soil and any seeds or fruit present on the plant. The excavated material can be placed in a cool (4° C. environment) for storage, and then extraction of endophytes and DNA can be performed using methods described herein. Identification of choice environments or ecosystems for bioprospecting of plant associated endophytes from either wild plants or crop plants growing in the choice environments or ecosystems follows protocols described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from a soil type different than the normal soil type that the crop plant is grown on, for example from a gelisol (soils with permafrost within 2 m of the surface), for example from a histosol (organic soil), for example from a spodosol (acid forest soils with a subsurface accumulation of metal-humus complexes), for example from an andisol (soils formed in volcanic ash), for example from a oxisol (intensely weathered soils of tropical and subtropical environments), for example from a vertisol (clayey soils with high shrink/swell capacity), for example from an aridisol (CaCO 3 -containing soils of arid environments with subsurface horizon development), for example from a ultisol (strongly leached soils with a subsurface zone of clay accumulation and &lt;35% base saturation), for example from a mollisol (grassland soils with high base status), for example from an alfisol (moderately leached soils with a subsurface zone of clay accumulation and &gt;35% base saturation), for example from a inceptisol (soils with weakly developed subsurface horizons), or for example from a entisol (soils with little or no morphological development). 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an ecosystem where the agricultural plant is not normally found, for example, a tundra ecosystem as opposed to a temperate agricultural farm, for example from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid), for example from tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid), for example from tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid), for example from temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid), for example from temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid), from for example from boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid), for example from tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid), for example from temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid), for example from flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated), for example from montane grasslands and shrublands (alpine or montane climate), for example from Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall), for example from mangrove forests, and for example from deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid). 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from a soil with an average pH range that is different from the optimal soil pH range of the crop plant, for example the plant may be harvested from an ultra acidic soil (&lt;3.5), from an extreme acid soil (3.5-4.4), from a very strong acid soil (4.5-5.0), from a strong acid soil (5.1-5.5), from a moderate acid soil (5.6-6.0), from an slight acid soil (6.1-6.5), from an neutral soil (6.6-7.3), from an slightly alkaline soil (7.4-7.8), from an moderately alkaline soil (7.9-8.4), from a strongly alkaline soil (8.5-9.0), or from an very strongly alkaline soil (&gt;9.0). 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average air temperatures lower than the normal growing temperature of the crop plant, for example 2-5° C. colder than average, for example, at least 5-10° C. colder, at least 10-15° C. colder, at least at least 15-20° C. colder, at least 20-25° C. colder, at least 25-30° C. colder, at least 30-35° C. colder, at least 35-40° C. colder, at least 40-45° C. colder, at least 45-50° C. colder, at least 50-55° C. colder or more, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average air temperatures higher than the normal growing temperature of the crop plant, for example 2-5° C. hotter than average, for example, at least 5-10° C. hotter, at least 10-15° C. hotter, at least at least 15-20° C. hotter, at least 20-25° C. hotter, at least 25-30° C. hotter, at least 30-35° C. hotter, at least 35-40° C. hotter, at least 40-45° C. hotter, at least 45-50° C. hotter, at least 50-55° C. hotter or more, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average rainfall lower than the optimal average rainfall received by the crop plant, for example 2-5% less rainfall than average, for example, at least 5-10% less rainfall, at least 10-15% less rainfall, at least 15-20% less rainfall, at least 20-25% less rainfall, at least 25-30% less rainfall, at least 30-35% less rainfall, at least 35-40% less rainfall, at least 40-45% less rainfall, at least 45-50% less rainfall, at least 50-55% less rainfall, at least 55-60% less rainfall, at least 60-65% less rainfall, at least 65-70% less rainfall, at least 70-75% less rainfall, at least 80-85% less rainfall, at least 85-90% less rainfall, at least 90-95% less rainfall, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average rainfall higher than the optimal average rainfall of the crop plant, for example 2-5% more rainfall than average, for example, at least 5-10% more rainfall, at least 10-15% more rainfall, at least 15-20% more rainfall, at least 20-25% more rainfall, at least 25-30% more rainfall, at least 30-35% more rainfall, at least 35-40% more rainfall, at least 40-45% more rainfall, at least 45-50% more rainfall, at least 50-55% more rainfall, at least 55-60% more rainfall, at least 60-65% more rainfall, at least 65-70% more rainfall, at least 70-75% more rainfall, at least 80-85% more rainfall, at least 85-90% more rainfall, at least 90-95% more rainfall, at least 95-100% more rainfall, or even greater than 100% more rainfall, or even greater than 200% more rainfall, or even greater than 300% more rainfall, or even greater than 400% more rainfall, or even greater than 500% more rainfall, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from a soil type with different soil moisture classification than the normal soil type that the crop plant is grown on, for example from an aquic soil (soil is saturated with water and virtually free of gaseous oxygen for sufficient periods of time, such that there is evidence of poor aeration), for example from an udic soil (soil moisture is sufficiently high year-round in most years to meet plant requirement), for example from an ustic soil (soil moisture is intermediate between udic and aridic regimes; generally, plant-available moisture during the growing season, but severe periods of drought may occur), for example from an aridic soil (soil is dry for at least half of the growing season and moist for less than 90 consecutive days), for example from a xeric soil (soil moisture regime is found in Mediterranean-type climates, with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers). 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average rainfall lower than the optimal average rainfall of the crop plant, for example 2-95% less rainfall than average, for example, at least 5-90% less rainfall, at least 10-85% less rainfall, at least 15-80% less rainfall, at least 20-75% less rainfall, at least 25-70% less rainfall, at least 30-65% less rainfall, at least 35-60% less rainfall, at least 40-55% less rainfall, at least 45-50% less rainfall, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average rainfall higher than the optimal average rainfall of the crop plant, for example 2-5% more rainfall than average, for example, at least 5-10% more rainfall, at least 10-15% more rainfall, at least 15-20% more rainfall, at least 20-25% more rainfall, at least 25-30% more rainfall, at least 30-35% more rainfall, at least 35-40% more rainfall, at least 40-45% more rainfall, at least 45-50% more rainfall, at least 50-55% more rainfall, at least 55-60% more rainfall, at least 60-65% more rainfall, at least 65-70% more rainfall, at least 70-75% more rainfall, at least 80-85% more rainfall, at least 85-90% more rainfall, at least 90-95% more rainfall, at least 95-100% more rainfall, or even greater than 100% more rainfall, or even greater than 200% more rainfall, or even greater than 300% more rainfall, or even greater than 400% more rainfall, or even greater than 500% more rainfall, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an agricultural environment with a crop yield lower than the average crop yield expected from the crop plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% lower yield than average, for example, at least 5-10% lower yield, at least 10-15% lower yield, at least 15-20% lower yield, at least 20-25% lower yield, at least 25-30% lower yield, at least 30-35% lower yield, at least 35-40% lower yield, at least 40-45% lower yield, at least 45-50% lower yield, at least 50-55% lower yield, at least 55-60% lower yield, at least 60-65% lower yield, at least 65-70% lower yield, at least 70-75% lower yield, at least 80-85% lower yield, at least 85-90% lower yield, at least 90-95% lower yield, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In a related embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an agricultural environment with a crop yield lower than the average crop yield expected from the crop plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-95% lower yield than average, for example, at least 5-90% lower yield, at least 10-85% lower yield, at least 15-80% lower yield, at least 20-75% lower yield, at least 25-70% lower yield, at least 30-65% lower yield, at least 35-60% lower yield, at least 40-55% lower yield, at least 45-50% lower yield, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average crop yield higher than the optimal average crop yield of the crop plant, for example 2-5% more yield than average, for example, at least 5-10% more yield, at least 10-15% more yield, at least 15-20% more yield, at least 20-25% more yield, at least 25-30% more yield, at least 30-35% more yield, at least 35-40% more yield, at least 40-45% more yield, at least 45-50% more yield, at least 50-55% more yield, at least 55-60% more yield, at least 60-65% more yield, at least 65-70% more yield, at least 70-75% more yield, at least 80-85% more yield, at least 85-90% more yield, at least 90-95% more yield, at least 95-100% more yield, or even greater than 100% more yield, or even greater than 200% more yield, or even greater than 300% more yield, or even greater than 400% more yield, or even greater than 500% more yield, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In a related embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment with average crop yield higher than the optimal average crop yield of the crop plant, 2-500% more yield than average, 2-400% more yield than average, 2-300% more yield than average, 2-200% more yield than average, 2-95% more yield than average, for example, at least 5-90% more yield, at least 10-85% more yield, at least 15-80% more yield, at least 20-75% more yield, at least 25-70% more yield, at least 30-65% more yield, at least 35-60% more yield, at least 40-55% more yield, at least 45-50% more yield, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total nitrogen than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less nitrogen than average, for example, at least 5-10% less nitrogen, at least 10-15% less nitrogen, at least 15-20% less nitrogen, at least 20-25% less nitrogen, at least 25-30% less nitrogen, at least 30-35% less nitrogen, at least 35-40% less nitrogen, at least 40-45% less nitrogen, at least 45-50% less nitrogen, at least 50-55% less nitrogen, at least 55-60% less nitrogen, at least 60-65% less nitrogen, at least 65-70% less nitrogen, at least 70-75% less nitrogen, at least 80-85% less nitrogen, at least 85-90% less nitrogen, at least 90-95% less nitrogen, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains higher total nitrogen than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% more nitrogen than average, for example, at least 5-10% more nitrogen, at least 10-15% more nitrogen, at least 15-20% more nitrogen, at least 20-25% more nitrogen, at least 25-30% more nitrogen, at least 30-35% more nitrogen, at least 35-40% more nitrogen, at least 40-45% more nitrogen, at least 45-50% more nitrogen, at least 50-55% more nitrogen, at least 55-60% more nitrogen, at least 60-65% more nitrogen, at least 65-70% more nitrogen, at least 70-75% more nitrogen, at least 80-85% more nitrogen, at least 85-90% more nitrogen, at least 90-95% more nitrogen, at least 95-100% more nitrogen, or even greater than 100% more nitrogen, or even greater than 200% more nitrogen, or even greater than 300% more nitrogen, or even greater than 400% more nitrogen, or even greater than 500% more nitrogen, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total phosphorus than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less phosphorus than average, for example, at least 5-10% less phosphorus, at least 10-15% less phosphorus, at least 15-20% less phosphorus, at least 20-25% less phosphorus, at least 25-30% less phosphorus, at least 30-35% less phosphorus, at least 35-40% less phosphorus, at least 40-45% less phosphorus, at least 45-50% less phosphorus, at least 50-55% less phosphorus, at least 55-60% less phosphorus, at least 60-65% less phosphorus, at least 65-70% less phosphorus, at least 70-75% less phosphorus, at least 80-85% less phosphorus, at least 85-90% less phosphorus, at least 90-95% less phosphorus, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains higher total phosphorus than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% more phosphorus than average, for example, at least 5-10% more phosphorus, at least 10-15% more phosphorus, at least 15-20% more phosphorus, at least 20-25% more phosphorus, at least 25-30% more phosphorus, at least 30-35% more phosphorus, at least 35-40% more phosphorus, at least 40-45% more phosphorus, at least 45-50% more phosphorus, at least 50-55% more phosphorus, at least 55-60% more phosphorus, at least 60-65% more phosphorus, at least 65-70% more phosphorus, at least 70-75% more phosphorus, at least 80-85% more phosphorus, at least 85-90% more phosphorus, at least 90-95% more phosphorus, at least 95-100% more phosphorus, or even greater than 100% more phosphorus, or even greater than 200% more phosphorus, or even greater than 300% more phosphorus, or even greater than 400% more phosphorus, or even greater than 500% more phosphorus, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total potassium than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less potassium than average, for example, at least 5-10% less potassium, at least 10-15% less potassium, at least 15-20% less potassium, at least 20-25% less potassium, at least 25-30% less potassium, at least 30-35% less potassium, at least 35-40% less potassium, at least 40-45% less potassium, at least 45-50% less potassium, at least 50-55% less potassium, at least 55-60% less potassium, at least 60-65% less potassium, at least 65-70% less potassium, at least 70-75% less potassium, at least 80-85% less potassium, at least 85-90% less potassium, at least 90-95% less potassium, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains higher total potassium than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% more potassium than average, for example, at least 5-10% more potassium, at least 10-15% more potassium, at least 15-20% more potassium, at least 20-25% more potassium, at least 25-30% more potassium, at least 30-35% more potassium, at least 35-40% more potassium, at least 40-45% more potassium, at least 45-50% more potassium, at least 50-55% more potassium, at least 55-60% more potassium, at least 60-65% more potassium, at least 65-70% more potassium, at least 70-75% more potassium, at least 80-85% more potassium, at least 85-90% more potassium, at least 90-95% more potassium, at least 95-100% more potassium, or even greater than 100% more potassium, or even greater than 200% more potassium, or even greater than 300% more potassium, or even greater than 400% more potassium, or even greater than 500% more potassium, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total sulfur than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less sulfur than average, for example, at least 5-10% less sulfur, at least 10-15% less sulfur, at least 15-20% less sulfur, at least 20-25% less sulfur, at least 25-30% less sulfur, at least 30-35% less sulfur, at least 35-40% less sulfur, at least 40-45% less sulfur, at least 45-50% less sulfur, at least 50-55% less sulfur, at least 55-60% less sulfur, at least 60-65% less sulfur, at least 65-70% less sulfur, at least 70-75% less sulfur, at least 80-85% less sulfur, at least 85-90% less sulfur, at least 90-95% less sulfur, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains higher total sulfur than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% more sulfur than average, for example, at least 5-10% more sulfur, at least 10-15% more sulfur, at least 15-20% more sulfur, at least 20-25% more sulfur, at least 25-30% more sulfur, at least 30-35% more sulfur, at least 35-40% more sulfur, at least 40-45% more sulfur, at least 45-50% more sulfur, at least 50-55% more sulfur, at least 55-60% more sulfur, at least 60-65% more sulfur, at least 65-70% more sulfur, at least 70-75% more sulfur, at least 80-85% more sulfur, at least 85-90% more sulfur, at least 90-95% more sulfur, at least 95-100% more sulfur, or even greater than 100% more sulfur, or even greater than 200% more sulfur, or even greater than 300% more sulfur, or even greater than 400% more sulfur, or even greater than 500% more sulfur, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total calcium than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less calcium than average, for example, at least 5-10% less calcium, at least 10-15% less calcium, at least 15-20% less calcium, at least 20-25% less calcium, at least 25-30% less calcium, at least 30-35% less calcium, at least 35-40% less calcium, at least 40-45% less calcium, at least 45-50% less calcium, at least 50-55% less calcium, at least 55-60% less calcium, at least 60-65% less calcium, at least 65-70% less calcium, at least 70-75% less calcium, at least 80-85% less calcium, at least 85-90% less calcium, at least 90-95% less calcium, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains lower total magnesium than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% less magnesium than average, for example, at least 5-10% less magnesium, at least 10-15% less magnesium, at least 15-20% less magnesium, at least 20-25% less magnesium, at least 25-30% less magnesium, at least 30-35% less magnesium, at least 35-40% less magnesium, at least 40-45% less magnesium, at least 45-50% less magnesium, at least 50-55% less magnesium, at least 55-60% less magnesium, at least 60-65% less magnesium, at least 65-70% less magnesium, at least 70-75% less magnesium, at least 80-85% less magnesium, at least 85-90% less magnesium, at least 90-95% less magnesium, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is harvested from an environment where soil contains higher total sodium chloride (salt) than the optimum levels recommended in order to achieve average crop yields for a plant grown under average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example 2-5% more salt than average, for example, at least 5-10% more salt, at least 10-15% more salt, at least 15-20% more salt, at least 20-25% more salt, at least 25-30% more salt, at least 30-35% more salt, at least 35-40% more salt, at least 40-45% more salt, at least 45-50% more salt, at least 50-55% more salt, at least 55-60% more salt, at least 60-65% more salt, at least 65-70% more salt, at least 70-75% more salt, at least 80-85% more salt, at least 85-90% more salt, at least 90-95% more salt, at least 95-100% more salt, or even greater than 100% more salt, or even greater than 200% more salt, or even greater than 300% more salt, or even greater than 400% more salt, or even greater than 500% more salt, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. 
     Plants Useful for the Present Invention 
     In some embodiments, a bacterial endophyte of seed-origin can be introduced into an agricultural grass plant, i.e., a plant of the family Graminae (grasses). The grass plants into which the bacterial endophyte of seed-origin can be introduced may be any of the useful grasses belonging to the genera  Agropyron, Agrostis, Andropogon, Anthoxanthum, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Brachypodium, Bromus, Chloris, Cynodon, Dactylis, Elymus, Eragrostis, Festuca, Glyceria, Hierochloe, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, Paspalum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum, Zea  and  Zoysia.    
     In another embodiment, the target plant is selected from the wheats, including,  Triticum monococcum, Triticum durum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum timopheevi  ( Timopheevs  Wheat) and  Triticum aestivum  (Bread Wheat). 
     In another embodiment, the target plant is a corn of the genus  Zea. Zea  is a genus of the family Graminae (Poaceae), commonly known as the grass family. The genus consists of some four species:  Zea mays , cultivated corn and teosinte;  Zea diploperennis  Iltis et at., diploperennial teosinte;  Zea luxurians  (Durieu et Asch.) Bird; and  Zea perennis  (Hitchc.) Reeves et Mangelsd., perennial teosinte. 
     Accordingly, in one embodiment, the plant is selected from the group of Graminae (grasses), including grasses of the genera  Agropyron, Agrostis, Andropogon, Anthoxanthum, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Brachypodium, Bromus, Chloris, Cynodon, Dactylis, Elymus, Eragrostis, Festuca, Glyceria, Hierochloe, Hordeum , including  Hordeum vulgare  L.,  Hordeum distichon  L., and  Hordeum irregulare, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, Paspalum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum, Zea , especially  Zea mays , cultivated corn and teosinte,  Zea diploperennis  Iltis et at., diploperennial teosinte,  Zea luxurians  (Durieu et Asch.) Bird; and  Zea perennis  (Hitchc.) Reeves et Mangelsd., perennial teosinte, and  Zoysia ; wheats, including  Triticum monococcum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum timopheevi  ( Timopheevs  Wheat) and  Triticum aestivum  (Bread Wheat); rye grasses and bluegrasses, especially Kentucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass, rough meadow grass, bulbous meadow grass, alpine meadow grass, wavy meadow grass, wood meadow grass, Balforth meadow grass, swamp meadow grass, broad leaf meadow grass, narrow leaf meadow grass, smooth meadow grass, spreading meadow grass and flattened meadow grass. 
     Commercial cultivars of agricultural plants can be used in the methods and compositions as described herein. Non-limiting examples of commercial cultivars are provided below. 
     Maize 
     Exemplary  Zea  cultivars provided herein include 39V07, 38H03AM1, P9675, P9675YXR, P9630AM1, P9990AM1, P9917, P9917AM1, P9910AM1, P9910AMRW, P9910AMX, P9910XR, P0062AMX, P0062XR, P0193AM, P0193HR, P0216HR, P0210HR, 36V51, 36V52, 36V53, 36V59, P0313AM1, P0313XR, P0463AM1, P0461AMX, P0461EXR, P0461XR, P0453AM, P0453HR, P0448, P0448AMRW, P0448AMX, P0448E, P0448EHR, P0448R, P0413AM1, P0413E, P0407AMXT, P0533AM1, P0533EXR, P0528AMX, P0528YXR, 35F40, P0652AMX, P0636AM1, P0636HR, P0621HR, P0621R, P0717HR, P0832AM1, P0832E, P0832EXR, P0832XR, 34F29, P0993AM1, P0993HR, P0993XR, P0987AM1, P0987HR, P0916EHR, 34R6, 7P1023AM-R, P1018EHR, P1018HR, 34F06, 34F07, P1184, P1162AM1, P1162AMRW-R, P1162AMX-R, P1162EXR, P1162XR, P1151AM, P1151AM1, P1151R, P1142AMX, 33W80, 33W82, 33W84, 33W88AM1, P1281HR, P1253E, P1248AM, P1221AMX, P1221AMXT, P1215AM1, P1395, P1395AM1, P1395HR, P1395R, P1376XR, P1365AMX, P1360CHR, P1360HR, P1339AM1, P1324HR, 33Z74, 33T56, 33T57, 33M16, P1498, P1498AM, P1498HR, P1498R, P1480HR, P1477WHR, P1431W, P1431WR, P1420HR, 33G61, 33F12, P1555CHR, 33D42, 33D46, 33D49, P1659W, P1659WHR, 32D78, P1745HR, 32B16, P1995W, and P2088HR from Pioneer Hi-Bred, which are grown in geographical entities including Iowa. Exemplary  Zea  cultivars provided herein include P0115AM1, P0392AMX, P0496AMX, P0432AM1, P0413AM1, P0413AMRW, P0413E, P0413R, P0533AM1, P0636AM1, P0636YXR, 35K01, 35K02, 35K08, 35K09AM1, 35K10AMRW, 34M78, P0858AMX, P0832AMRW, P0832AMX, P0832E, P0832EXR, P0832R, P0993AM1, P0993HR, P0987AM1, P0987YXR, P0945YXR, P0916EHR, 34R65, P1023AM-R, P1023AMX-R, P1018AM, P1018AM1, P1018AMX, P1018E, P1018R, P1184, P1184AM, P1184AM1, P1184AMRW, P1184R, P1162AM1, P1162AMRW-R, P1162AMX-R, P1162EXR, P1151AM, P1151AM1, 34P91, P1292AMX, P1241AMX, P1221AMX, P1221AMXT, P1215AM1, P1395AM1, P1395AMRW, P1376XR, P1360CHR, P1360HR, P1352AMX, P1339AM1, P1319, P1319AM1, P1319HR, 33T55, 33T56, P1498, P1498AM, P1498CHR, P1498HR, P1498R, P1477W, P1477WHR, P1449XR, P1431W, P1431WR, 33F12, 33D42, P1690HR, P1659W, 32B09, 32B10, 32B16, P1995W, P1995WR, and P2088AM from Pioneer Hi-Bred, which are grown in geographical entities including Illinois. 
     Exemplary  Zea  cultivars provided herein include P8917XR, P9690AM, P9690HR, P0125R, P0231HR, P0365YHR, P0302CHR, P0474AM1, P0461EXR, P0591AM1, P0541AM1, P0541HR, 35F37, 35F38, 35F48AM1, 35F50AM, P0636AM1, P0636HR, P0636YXR, P0621HR, 35K01, P0876AM, P0876CHR, P0876HR, P0987, P0987AM, P0987AM1, P0987HR, P0987R, P0987YXR, P0916EHR, P0902AM1, P1023AM-R, P1023AMX-R, P1018EHR, P1173AM, P1173CHR, P1173HR, P1173R, P1151AM, P1151AM1, P1151HR, P1151R, P1151YXR, P1105YHR, P1292ER, P1266YHR, P1395AM, P1395AM1, P1395R, P1376XR, P1360HR, P1324HR, P1498AM, P1498AM1, P1498HR, P1498R, P1477W, P1477WHR, P1449XR, P1431W, 33G60, 33G61, 33F12, P1508CHR, 32T16, 33D42, 33D46, 33D47, 33D49, 33D53AM-R, 32T82, 32T84, P1690AM, P1690CHR, P1690HR, P1659W, P1659WHR, P1625CHR, P1625HR, P1768AMX, 32N74AM1, 32B09, 32B10, 32B11, 32B16, P1995W, P1995WR, 31G67AM1, 31G71, P2088AM, P2088YHR, and P2088YXR from Pioneer Hi-Bred, which are grown in geographical entities including Nebraska. 
     Exemplary  Zea  cultivars provided herein include P9690HR, P0115AM1, P0216HR, P0448E, P0432AM1, P0413AM1, P0413E, P0636AM1, P0636HR, P0636YHR, P0621HR, 35K01, 35K02, 35K08, 35K09AM1, 35K10AMRW, 34M78, P0858AMX, P0832AMX, P0832E, P0832R, P0993AM1, P0993HR, P0987, P0987AM, P0987AM1, P0987HR, P0987YXR, P0945YXR, P0916EHR, P1023AM-R, P1023AMX-R, P1018AM, P1018AM1, P1018AMX, P1018E, P1018R, P1184, P1184AM, P1184AM1, P1184R, P1162AM1, P1162AMRW-R, P1162AMX-R, P1151AM, P1151AM1, P1105YHR, 34P91, P1253E, P1221AMX, P1221AMXT, P1395, P1395AMRW, P1395HR, P1395R, P1376XR, P1360AM, P1360HR, P1352AMX, P1339AM1, P1319, P1319AM1, P1319HR, 33T54, 33T55, 33T56, 33T57, 33N58, P1498, P1498AM, P1498CHR, P1498HR, P1498R, P1477W, P1477WHR, P1449XR, P1431W, P1431WR, 33G60, 33F12, P1659W, P1659WHR, P1646YHR, P1636AM, P1636YHR, P1602YHR, 32D78, 32D79, P1745HR, 32B09, 32B10, 32B16, P1995W, P1995WR, 31P41, and P2088AM from Pioneer Hi-Bred, which are grown in geographical entities including Indiana. 
     Exemplary  Zea  cultivars provided herein include Gentry® SmartStax® RIB Complete®, including DKC48-12RIB Brand, DKC49-29RIB Brand, DKC53-56RIB Brand, DKC62-08RIB Brand, DKC63-33RIB Brand; DEKALB® Genuity® DroughtGard™ Hybrids, including DKC47-27RIB Brand, DKC50-57RIB Brand, DKC51-20RIB Brand, DKC63-55RIB Brand, DKC65-81RIB Brand; &lt;89 Relative Maturity, including DKC31-10RIB Brand, DKC32-92RIB Brand, DKC33-78RIB Brand, DKC38-03RIB Brand, DKC39-07RIB Brand; 90-99 Relative Maturity, including DKC43-10RIB Brand, DKC44-13RIB Brand, DKC46-20RIB Brand, DKC48-12RIB Brand, DKC49-29RIB Brand; 101-103 Relative Maturity, including DKC51-20RIB Brand, DKC52-30RIB Brand, DKC53-56RIB Brand, DKC53-58RIB Brand, DKC53-78RIB Brand; 104-108 Relative Maturity, including DKC54-38RIB Brand, DKC57-75RIB Brand, DKC57-92RIB Brand, DKC58-87RIB Brand, DKC58-89RIB Brand; 110-111 Relative Maturity, including DKC60-63RIB Brand, DKC60-67RIB Brand, DKC61-16RIB Brand, DKC61-88RIB Brand, DKC61-89RIB Brand; 112-113 Relative Maturity, including DKC62-08RIB Brand, DKC62-97RIB Brand, DKC63-07RIB Brand, DKC63-33RIB Brand, DKC63-55RIB Brand; 114-116 Relative Maturity, including DKC64-69RIB Brand, DKC64-87RIB Brand, DKC65-19RIB Brand, DKC65-79RIB Brand, DKC66-40RIB Brand; 117+Relative Maturity, including DKC67-57RIB Brand, DKC67-58RIB Brand, DKC67-88RIB Brand, DKC68-05 Brand, and DKC69-29 Brand from DEKALB®, which are grown in geographical entities including the United States. 
     Wheat 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include Everest, TAM 111, Armour, TAM 112, Fuller, Duster, T158, Postrock, Endurance, Jagger, Winter Hawk, Art, Overley, Jagalene, Jackpot, Hatcher, Santa Fe, Danby, Billings, T81, TAM 110, AP503 CL2, Aspen, 2137, TAM 113, Hitch, TAM 101, CJ, Centerfield, SY Gold, and Above, which are grown in geographical entities including Kansas. 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include Barlow, Glenn, SY Scren, Faller, Prosper, Kelby, Brennan, RB07, Vantage, WB Mayville, Freyr, Jenna, Mott, Select, Steele-ND, Briggs, Howard, Reeder, Alsen, Rollag, Divide, Alkabo, Mountrail, Tioga, Lebsock, Grenora, Dilse, Ben, DG Max, Pierce, Monroe, DG Star, Jerry, Decade, Hawken, Wesley, Overland, CDC Falcon, SY Wolf, Harding, Darrell, WB Matlock, Millennium, and Boomer, which are grown in geographical entities including N. Dakota. 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include Yellowstone, Genou, CDC Falcon, Rampart, Ledger, Jerry, AP503 CL2, Hawken, Norris, Pryor, Jagalene, Carter, Morgan, Decade, WB Quake, Tiber, Willow Creek, Radiant, Neeley, Vanguard, Promontory, Overland, and Redwin, which are grown in geographical entities including Montana. 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include Duster, Endurance, Jagger, Fuller, OK Bullet, Jackpot, Everest, Billings, TAM 112, TAM 111, Big Max, Overley, Doans, Armour, Santa Fe, Garrison, Deliver, TAM 110, CJ, 2157, Custer, 2137, Scout, Centerfield, Triumph varieties, Dumas, TAM 401, Gallagher, Cutter, T-158, Ike, WB Hitch, Greer, AP 503 CL2, Ruby Lee, Pioneer 2548, Pioneer 2571, and Coker 762, which are grown in geographical entities including Oklahoma. 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include UI Stone, Diva, Petit, Jubilee, Louise, Alturas, Whit, Babe, Cataldo, Alpowa, BrundageCF, Brundage96, Bitterroot, Kaseberg, Amber, Bruneau, AP Legacy, Salute, Ladd, Junction, ORCF101, Mary, Masami, SY Ovation, Skiles, Rod, WB523, Legion, Eltan, WB528, Stephens, Otto, ORCF103, Rosalyn, Madsen, AP Badger, LCS Artdeco, ORCF102, Lambert, Goetze, WB456, WB1020M, AP700CL, Xerpha, Tubbs06, WB1066CL, Eddy, Finley, Juniper, Whetstone, Sprinterl, Paladin, DW, Buchanan, Farnum, Northwest 553, Peregrine, Rimrock, Declo, Esperia, Boundary, Bauermeister, Residence, Symphony, and Estica, which are grown in geographical entities including Washington state. 
     Exemplary  Triticum  cultivars provided herein include Wesley, Overland, Expedition, Clearfield, Smoky Hill, Arapahoe, Lyman, Hawken, Millennium, Jagalene, CDC Falcon, Alliance, Nekota, Briggs, RB07, Brick, Faller, Howard, Select, Traverse, Steele ND, Forge, Barlow, Butte86/Butte, Granger, Brennan, which are grown in geographical entities including South Dakota. 
     Barley 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include Azure, Beacon, Bere, Betzes, Bowman, Celebration, Centennial, Compana, Conlon, Diamant, Dickson, Drummond, Excel, Foster, Glenn, Golden Promise, Hazen, Highland barley, Kindred, Kindred L, Larker, Logan, Lux, Manchurian, Manscheuri, Mansury, Maris Otter, Morex, Nordal, Nordic, Optic, Park, Plumage Archer, Pearl, Pinnacle, Proctor, Pioneer, Rawson, Robust, Sioux, Stark, Tradition, Traill, Tregal, Trophy, Windich, and Yagan, which are grown throughout the world. 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include Tradition, Lacey, Robust, Celebration, Conlon, Pinnacle, Haybet, Legacy, Stellar-D, Innovation, Hays, Quest, Bowman, and Logan, which are grown in geographical entities including North Dakota. 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include AC METCALFE, HARRINGTON, CONRAD (B5057), LEGACY (B2978), MORAVIAN 69 (C69), MERIT (B4947), TRADITION (B2482), MORAVIAN 83 (C83), and CHARLES, which are grown in geographical entities including Idaho. 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include Harrington, Haybet, B 1202, Moravian, Baronesse, Hector, Bowman, Westford, B Merit, Gallatin, Horsford, Lewis, Stark, Piroline, Valier, B 2601, Legacy, Menuet, Robust, Chinook, and Clark, which are grown in geographical entities including Montana. 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include Champion, Bob, Baronesse, Radiant, Haybet, Belford, Camelot, BG, Camas, Gallatin, Copeland, AC Metcalfe, and Harrington, which are grown in geographical entities including Washington state. 
     Exemplary barley cultivars provided herein include Moravian 69, C-115, C-128, Scarlett, Baronesse, Hays, and Steptoe, which are grown in geographical entities including Colorado. 
     Transgenic Plants 
     The methods described herein can also be used with transgenic plants containing one or more exogenous transgenes, for example, to yield additional trait benefits conferred by the newly introduced endophytic microbes. Therefore, in one embodiment, a seed or seedling of a transgenic maize, wheat, rice, or barley plant is contacted with an endophytic microbe. 
     Methods of Using Seed-Origin Bacterial Endophytes 
     As described herein, purified bacterial populations that include one or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes and compositions containing the same (e.g., agricultural formulations) can be used to confer beneficial traits to the host plant including, for example, one or more of the following: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. For example, in some embodiments, a purified bacterial population that includes a seed-origin bacterial endophyte can improve two or more such beneficial traits, e.g., water use efficiency and increased tolerance to drought. Such traits can be heritable by progeny of the agricultural plant to which the seed-origin bacterial endophyte was applied or by progeny of the agricultural plant that was grown from the seed associated with the seed-origin bacterial endophyte, 
     In some cases, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte may produce one or more compounds and/or have one or more activities that are beneficial to the plant, e.g., one or more of the following: production of a metabolite, production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, nitrogen fixation, or mineral phosphate solubilization, For example, a seed-origin bacterial endophyte can producea phytohormone selected from the group consisting of an auxin, a cytokinin, a gibberellin, ethylene, a brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid. In one particular embodiment, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte produces auxin (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)). Production of auxin can be assayed as described herein. Many of the microbes described herein are capable of producing the plant hormone auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when grown in culture. Auxin plays a key role in altering the physiology of the plant, including the extent of root growth. Therefore, in another embodiment, the bacterial endophytic population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to detectably induce production of auxin in the agricultural plant. For example, the increase in auxin production can be at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the increased auxin production can be detected in a tissue type selected from the group consisting of the root, shoot, leaves, and flowers. 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can produce a compound with antimicrobial properties. For example, the compound can have antibacterial properties, as determined by the growth assays provided herein. In one embodiment, the compound with antibacterial properties shows bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity against  E. coli  and/or  Bacillus  sp. In another embodiment, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte produces a compound with antifungal properties, for example, fungicidal or fungistatic activity against  S. cerevisiae  and/or  Rhizoctonia.    
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of nitrogen fixation, and is thus capable of producing ammonium from atmospheric nitrogen. The ability of bacteria to fix nitrogen can be confirmed by testing for growth of the bacteria in nitrogen-free growth media, for example, LGI media, as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the seed origin bacterial endophyte can produce a compound which increases the solubility of mineral phosphate in the medium, i.e., mineral phosphate solubilization, for example, using the growth assays described herein. In one embodiment, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte n produces a compound which allows the bacterium to grow in growth media containing Ca 3 HPO 4  as the sole phosphate source. 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can produce a siderophore. Siderophores are small high-affinity iron chelating agents secreted by microorganisms that increase the bioavailability of iron. Siderophore production by the bacterial endophyte can be detected, for example, using the methods described herein, as well as elsewhere (Perez-Miranda et al., 2007, J Microbiol Methods. 70:127-31, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte can produce a hydrolytic enzyme. For example, in one embodiment, a bacterial endophyte can produce a hydrolytic enzyme selected from the group consisting of a cellulase, a pectinase, a chitinase and a xylanase. Hydrolytic enzymes can be detectedusing the methods described herein (see also, cellulase: Quadt-Hallmann et al., (1997) Can. J. Microbiol., 43: 577-582; pectinase: Soares et al. (1999). Revista de Microbiolgia 30(4): 299-303; chitinase: Li et al., (2004) Mycologia 96: 526-536; and xylanase: Suto et al., (2002) J Biosci Bioeng. 93:88-90, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
     In some embodiment, purified bacterial populations contain synergistic endophytic populations, e.g., synergistic seed-origin bacterial endophytes. As used herein, synergistic endophytic populations refer to two or more endophyte populations that produce one or more effects (e.g., two or more or three or more effects) that are greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, in some embodiments, a purified bacterial population contains two or more different seed-origin bacterial endophytes that are capable of synergistically increasing at least one of e.g., production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, nitrogen fixation, or mineral phosphate solubilization in an agricultural grass plant. Synergistically increasing one or more of such properties can increase a beneficial trait in an agricultural grass plant, such as an increase in drought tolerance. 
     In some embodiments, a purified bacterial population containing one or more seed-origin bacterial endophytes can increase one or more properties such as production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or mineral phosphate solubilization in an agricultural grass plant., without increasing nitrogen fixation in the agricultural grass plant. 
     In some embodiments, metabolites in grass plants can be modulated by making synthetic combinations of purified bacterial populations containing endophytic microbes such as seed-origin bacterial endophytes and a seed or seedling of an agricultural grass plant. For example, a bacterial endophyte described herein can cause a detectable modulation (e.g., an increase or decrease) in the level of various metabolites, e.g., indole-3-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, abscisic acid, phaseic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-acrylic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid methyl ester, dihydrophaseic acid, gibberellin A3, salicylic acid, upon colonization of a grass plant. 
     In some embodiments, the endophytic microbe modulates the level of the metabolite directly (e.g., the microbe itself produces the metabolite, resulting in an overall increase in the level of the metabolite found in the plant). In other cases, the agricultural grass plant, as a result of the association with the endophytic microbe (e.g., a seed-origin bacterial endophyte), exhibits a modulated level of the metabolite (e.g., the plant reduces the expression of a biosynthetic enzyme responsible for production of the metabolite as a result of the microbe inoculation). In still other cases, the modulation in the level of the metabolite is a consequence of the activity of both the microbe and the plant (e.g., the plant produces increased amounts of the metabolite when compared with a reference agricultural plant, and the endophytic microbe also produces the metabolite). Therefore, as used herein, a modulation in the level of a metabolite can be an alteration in the metabolite level through the actions of the microbe and/or the inoculated plant. 
     The levels of a metabolite can be measured in an agricultural plant, and compared with the levels of the metabolite in a reference agricultural plant, and grown under the same conditions as the inoculated plant. The uninoculated plant that is used as a reference agricultural plant is a plant which has not been applied with a formulation with the endophytic microbe (e.g., a formulation comprising a population of purified bacterial endophytes). The uninoculated plant used as the reference agricultural plant is generally the same species and cultivar as, and is isogenic to, the inoculated plant. 
     The metabolite whose levels are modulated (e.g., increased or decreased) in the endophyte-associated plant may serve as a primary nutrient (i.e., it provides nutrition for the humans and/or animals who consume the plant, plant tissue, or the commodity plant product derived therefrom, including, but not limited to, a sugar, a starch, a carbohydrate, a protein, an oil, a fatty acid, or a vitamin). The metabolite can be a compound that is important for plant growth, development or homeostasis (for example, a phytohormone such as an auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, a brassinosteroid, ethylene, or abscisic acid, a signaling molecule, or an antioxidant). In other embodiments, the metabolite can have other functions. For example, in one embodiment, a metabolite can have bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic, fungicidal or antiviral properties. In other embodiments, the metabolite can have insect-repelling, insecticidal, nematode-repelling, or nematicidal properties. In still other embodiments, the metabolite can serve a role in protecting the plant from stresses, may help improve plant vigor or the general health of the plant. In yet another embodiment, the metabolite can be a useful compound for industrial production. For example, the metabolite may itself be a useful compound that is extracted for industrial use, or serve as an intermediate for the synthesis of other compounds used in industry. A level of a metabolite can be increased by 1%, for example, at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. In a particular embodiment, the level of the metabolite is increased within the agricultural plant or a portion thereof such that it is present at a concentration of at least 0.1 μg/g dry weight, for example, at least 0.3 μg/g dry weight, 1.0 μg/g dry weight, 3.0 μg/g dry weight, 10 μg/g dry weight, 30 μg/g dry weight, 100 μg/g dry weight, 300 μg/g dry weight, 1 mg/g dry weight, 3 mg/g dry weight, 10 mg/g dry weight, 30 mg/g dry weight, 100 mg/g dry weight or more, of the plant or portion thereof. 
     Likewise, the modulation can be a decrease in the level of a metabolite. The reduction can be in a metabolite affecting the taste of a plant or a commodity plant product derived from a plant (for example, a bitter tasting compound), or in a metabolite which makes a plant or the resulting commodity plant product otherwise less valuable (for example, reduction of oxalate content in certain plants, or compounds which are deleterious to human and/or animal health). The metabolite whose level is to be reduced can be a compound which affects quality of a commodity plant product (e.g., reduction of lignin levels). The level of metabolite in the agricultural grass plant or portion thereof can be, for example, decreased by at least 1%, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant in a reference environment. 
     In some embodiments, the seed-origin bacterial endophyte is capable of generating a bacterial network in the agricultural grass plant or surrounding environment of the plant, which network is capable of causing a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite in the host plant. 
     In a particular embodiment, the metabolite can serve as a signaling or regulatory molecule. The signaling pathway can be associated with a response to a stress, for example, one of the stress conditions selected from the group consisting of drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress. 
     The inoculated agricultural plant is grown under conditions such that the level of one or more metabolites is modulated in the plant, wherein the modulation is indicative of increased resistance to a stress selected from the group consisting of drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress. The increased resistance can be measured at about 10 minutes after applying the stress, for example about 20 minutes, 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, or about a week after applying the stress. 
     The metabolites or other compounds described herein can be detected using any suitable method including, but not limited to gel electrophoresis, liquid and gas phase chromatography, either alone or coupled to mass spectrometry (See, for example, the Examples sections below), NMR (See e.g., U.S. patent publication 20070055456, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), immunoassays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)), chemical assays, spectroscopy and the like. In some embodiments, commercial systems for chromatography and NMR analysis are utilized. 
     In other embodiments, metabolites or other compounds are detected using optical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CAT scans, ultra sound, MS-based tissue imaging or X-ray detection methods (e.g., energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence detection). 
     Any suitable method may be used to analyze the biological sample (e.g., seed or plant tissue) in order to determine the presence, absence or level(s) of the one or more metabolites or other compounds in the sample. Suitable methods include chromatography (e.g., HPLC, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography), mass spectrometry (e.g., MS, MS-MS), LC-MS, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody linkage, other immunochemical techniques, biochemical or enzymatic reactions or assays, and combinations thereof. The levels of one or more of the recited metabolites or compounds may be determined in the methods of the present invention. For example, the level(s) of one metabolites or compounds, two or more metabolites, three or more metabolites, four or more metabolites, five or more metabolites, six or more metabolites, seven or more metabolites, eight or more metabolites, nine or more metabolites, ten or more metabolites, or compounds etc., including a combination of some or all of the metabolites or compounds including, but not limited to those disclosed herein may be determined and used in such methods. 
     As shown in the Examples and otherwise herein, endophyte-inoculated plants display increased thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased protein content, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. Therefore, in one embodiment, the bacterial endophytic population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the biomass of the plant, or a part or tissue of the plant grown from the seed or seedling. The increased biomass is useful in the production of commodity products derived from the plant. Such commodity products include an animal feed, a fish fodder, a cereal product, a processed human-food product, a sugar or an alcohol. Such products may be a fermentation product or a fermentable product, one such exemplary product is a biofuel. The increase in biomass can occur in a part of the plant (e.g., the root tissue, shoots, leaves, etc.), or can be an increase in overall biomass. Increased biomass production, such an increase meaning at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or greater than 100% when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Such increase in overall biomass can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in biomass can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress. In one particular embodiment, the bacterial endophytic population is disposed in an amount effective to increase root biomass by at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. 
     In another embodiment, the bacterial endophytic population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the rate of seed germination when compared with a reference agricultural plant. For example, the increase in seed germination can be at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. 
     In other cases, the endophytic microbe is disposed on the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the average biomass of the fruit or cob from the resulting plant by at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. 
     As highlighted in the Examples section, plants inoculated with a bacterial endophytic population also show an increase in overall plant height. Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention provides for a seed comprising a bacterial endophytic population which is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the height of the plant. For example, the bacterial endophytic population is disposed in an amount effective to result in an increase in height of the agricultural plant such that is at least 10% greater, for example, at least 20% greater, at least 30% greater, at least 40% greater, at least 50% greater, at least 60% greater, at least 70% greater, at least 80% greater, at least 90% greater, at least 100% greater, at least 125% greater, at least 150% greater or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Such an increase in height can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in height can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, or viral pathogen stress. 
     The host plants inoculated with the bacterial endophytic population also show dramatic improvements in their ability to utilize water more efficiently. Water use efficiency is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance. Water use efficiency (WUE) is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance, and is the CO2 assimilation rate per water transpired by the plant. An increase in biomass at low water availability may be due to relatively improved efficiency of growth or reduced water consumption. In selecting traits for improving crops, a decrease in water use, without a change in growth would have particular merit in an irrigated agricultural system where the water input costs were high. An increase in growth without a corresponding jump in water use would have applicability to all agricultural systems. In many agricultural systems where water supply is not limiting, an increase in growth, even if it came at the expense of an increase in water use also increases yield. 
     When soil water is depleted or if water is not available during periods of drought, crop yields are restricted. Plant water deficit develops if transpiration from leaves exceeds the supply of water from the roots. The available water supply is related to the amount of water held in the soil and the ability of the plant to reach that water with its root system. Transpiration of water from leaves is linked to the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis through the stomata. The two processes are positively correlated so that high carbon dioxide influx through photosynthesis is closely linked to water loss by transpiration. As water transpires from the leaf, leaf water potential is reduced and the stomata tend to close in a hydraulic process limiting the amount of photosynthesis. Since crop yield is dependent on the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, water uptake and transpiration are contributing factors to crop yield. Plants which are able to use less water to fix the same amount of carbon dioxide or which are able to function normally at a lower water potential have the potential to conduct more photosynthesis and thereby to produce more biomass and economic yield in many agricultural systems. An increased water use efficiency of the plant relates in some cases to an increased fruit/kernel size or number. 
     Therefore, in one embodiment, the plants described herein exhibit an increased water use efficiency (WUE) when compared with a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. For example, the plants grown from the seeds comprising the bacterial endophytic population can have at least 5% higher WUE, for example, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher, at least 100% higher WUE than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. Such an increase in WUE can occur under conditions without water deficit, or under conditions of water deficit, for example, when the soil water content is less than or equal to 60% of water saturated soil, for example, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 10% of water saturated soil on a weight basis. 
     In a related embodiment, the plant comprising the bacterial endophyte can have at least 10% higher relative water content (RWC), for example, at least 20% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher, at least 100% higher RWC than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. 
     Synthetic Combinations and Methods of Making 
     As shown in the Examples section below, the bacterial endophytic populations described herein are capable of colonizing a host plant. Successful colonization can be confirmed by detecting the presence of the bacterial population within the plant. For example, after applying the bacteria to the seeds, high titers of the bacteria can be detected in the roots and shoots of the plants that germinate from the seeds. In addition, significant quantities of the bacteria can be detected in the rhizosphere of the plants. Detecting the presence of the endophytic microbe inside the plant can be accomplished by measuring the viability of the microbe after surface sterilization of the seed or the plant: endophytic colonization results in an internal localization of the microbe, rendering it resistant to conditions of surface sterilization. The presence and quantity of the microbe can also be established using other means known in the art, for example, immunofluorescence microscopy using microbe specific antibodies, or fluorescence in situ hybridization (see, for example, Amann et al. (2001) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12:231-236, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Alternatively, specific nucleic acid probes recognizing conserved sequences from the endophytic bacterium can be employed to amplify a region, for example by quantitative PCR, and correlated to CFUs by means of a standard curve. 
     In another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed, for example, on the surface of a seed of an agricultural grass plant, in an amount effective to be detectable in the mature agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed in an amount effective to be detectable in an amount of at least about 100 CFU, at least about 200 CFU, at least about 300 CFU, at least about 500 CFU, at least about 1,000 CFU, at least about 3,000 CFU, at least about 10,000 CFU, at least about 30,000 CFU, at least about 100,000 CFU or more in the mature agricultural plant. 
     In some cases, the endophytic microbe is capable of colonizing particular tissue types of the plant. In one embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed on the seed or seedling in an amount effective to be detectable within a target tissue of the mature agricultural plant selected from a fruit, a seed, a leaf, or a root, or portion thereof. For example, the endophytic microbe can be detected in an amount of at least about 100 CFU, at least about 200 CFU, at least about 300 CFU, at least about 500 CFU, at least about 1,000 CFU, at least about 3,000 CFU, at least about 10,000 CFU, at least about 30,000 CFU, at least about 100,000 CFU or more, in the target tissue of the mature agricultural plant. 
     Endophytes Compatible with Agrichemicals. 
     In certain embodiments, the endophyte is selected on the basis of its compatibility with commonly used agrichemicals. As mentioned earlier, plants, particularly agricultural plants, can be treated with a vast array of agrichemicals, including fungicides, biocides (anti-bacterial agents), herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, rodenticides, fertilizers, and other agents. 
     In some cases, it can be important for the endophyte to be compatible with agrichemicals, particularly those with fungicidal or antibacterial properties, in order to persist in the plant although, as mentioned earlier, there are many such fungicidal or antibacterial agents that do not penetrate the plant, at least at a concentration sufficient to interfere with the endophyte. Therefore, where a systemic fungicide or antibacterial agent is used in the plant, compatibility of the endophyte to be inoculated with such agents will be an important criterion. 
     In one embodiment, natural isolates of endophytes which are compatible with agrichemicals can be used to inoculate the plants according to the methods described herein. For example, fungal endophytes which are compatible with agriculturally employed fungicides can be isolated by plating a culture of the endophytes on a petri dish containing an effective concentration of the fungicide, and isolating colonies of the endophyte that are compatible with the fungicide. In another embodiment, an endophyte that is compatible with a fungicide is used for the methods described herein. For example, the endophyte can be compatible with at least one of the fungicides selected from the group consisting of: 2-(thiocyanatomethylthio)-benzothiazole, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, ametoctradin, amisulbrom, antimycin,  Ampelomyces quisqualis , azaconazole, azoxystrobin,  Bacillus subtilis , benalaxyl, benomyl, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, benzylaminobenzene-sulfonate (B ABS) salt, bicarbonates, biphenyl, bismerthiazol, bitertanol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boscalid, bromuconazole, bupirimate, calcium polysulfide, captafol, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, carvone, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chlozolinate,  Coniothyrium minitans , copper hydroxide, copper octanoate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, copper sulfate (tribasic), cuprous oxide, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dazomet, debacarb, diammonium ethylenebis-(dithiocarbamate), dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, diclocymet, diclomezine, dichloran, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, difenzoquat ion, diflumetorim, dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinobuton, dinocap, diphenylamine, dithianon, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodine, dodine free base, edifenphos, enestrobin, epoxiconazole, ethaboxam, ethoxyquin, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fentin, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, ferimzone, fluazinam, fludioxonil, flumorph, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluoroimide, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furametpyr, guazatine, guazatine acetates, GY-81, hexachlorobenzene, hexaconazole, hymexazol, imazalil, imazalil sulfate, imibenconazole, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesilate), ipconazole, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, isotianil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, kresoxim-methyl, mancopper, mancozeb, mandipropamid, maneb, mepanipyrim, mepronil, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, metalaxyl, mefenoxam, metalaxyl-M, metam, metam-ammonium, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metconazole, methasulfocarb, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, mildiomycin, myclobutanil, nabam, nitrothal-isopropyl, nuarimol, octhilinone, ofurace, oleic acid (fatty acids), orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxine-copper, oxpoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, pefurazoate, penconazole, pencycuron, penflufen, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorophenyl laurate, penthiopyrad, phenylmercury acetate, phosphonic acid, phthalide, picoxystrobin, polyoxin B, polyoxins, polyoxorim, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate, probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, propiconazole, propineb, proquinazid, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyributicarb, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyroquilon, quinoclamine, quinoxyfen, quintozene,  Reynoutria sachalinensis  extract, sedaxane, silthiofam, simeconazole, sodium 2-phenylphenoxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, spiroxamine, sulfur, SYP-Z071, SYP-Z048, tar oils, tebuconazole, tebufloquin, tecnazene, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thifluzamide, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tiadinil, tolclofos-methyl, tolylfluanid, triadimefon, triadimenol, triazoxide, tricyclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, triticonazole, validamycin, valifenalate, valiphenal, vinclozolin, zineb, ziram, zoxamide,  Candida oleophila, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium  spp.,  Phlebiopsis gigantea, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma  spp., (RS)—N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-succinimide, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone hydrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene, 1-chloro-2-nitropropane, 2-(2-heptadecyl-2-imidazolin-1-yl)ethanol, 2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1,4-dithi-ine 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide, 2-methoxyethylmercury acetate, 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-methoxyethylmercury silicate, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine, 4-(2-nitroprop-1-enyl)phenyl thiocyanateme, ampropylfos, anilazine, azithiram, barium polysulfide, Bayer 32394, benodanil, benquinox, bentaluron, benzamacril; benzamacril-isobutyl, benzamorf, binapacryl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, buthiobate, cadmium calcium copper zinc chromate sulfate, carbamorph, CECA, chlobenthiazone, chloraniformethan, chlorfenazole, chlorquinox, climbazole, cyclafuramid, cypendazole, cyprofuram, decafentin, dichlone, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, dimethirimol, dinocton, dinosulfon, dinoterbon, dipyrithione, ditalimfos, dodicin, drazoxolon, EBP, ESBP, etaconazole, etem, ethirim, fenaminosulf, fenapanil, fenitropan, 5-fluorocytosine and profungicides thereof, fluotrimazole, furcarbanil, furconazole, furconazole-cis, furmecyclox, furophanate, glyodine, griseofulvin, halacrinate, Hercules 3944, hexylthiofos, ICIA0858, isopamphos, isovaledione, mebenil, mecarbinzid, metazoxolon, methfuroxam, methylmercury dicyandiamide, metsulfovax, milneb, mucochloric anhydride, myclozolin, N-3,5-dichlorophenyl-succinimide, N-3-nitrophenylitaconimide, natamycin, N-ethylmercurio-4-toluenesulfonanilide, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), OCH, phenylmercury dimethyldithiocarbamate, phenylmercury nitrate, phosdiphen, picolinamide UK-2A and derivatives thereof, prothiocarb; prothiocarb hydrochloride, pyracarbolid, pyridinitril, pyroxychlor, pyroxyfur, quinacetol; quinacetol sulfate, quinazamid, quinconazole, rabenzazole, salicylanilide, SSF-109, sultropen, tecoram, thiadifluor, thicyofen, thiochlorfenphim, thiophanate, thioquinox, tioxymid, triamiphos, triarimol, triazbutil, trichlamide, urbacid, XRD-563, and zarilamide, IK-1140. 
     In still another embodiment, an endophyte that is compatible with an antibacterial compound is used for the methods described herein. For example, the endophyte can be compatible with at least one of the antibiotics selected from the group consisting of: Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Tobramycin, Paromomycin, Spectinomycin, Geldanamycin, Herbimycin, Rifaximin, streptomycin, Loracarbef, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefalotin or Cefalothin, Cefalexin, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Ceftaroline fosamil, Ceftobiprole, Teicoplanin, Vancomycin, Telavancin, Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Daptomycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Troleandomycin, Telithromycin, Spiramycin, Aztreonam, Furazolidone, Nitrofurantoin, Linezolid, Posizolid, Radezolid, Torezolid, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Mezlocillin, Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Piperacillin, Penicillin G, Temocillin, Ticarcillin, Amoxicillin/clavulanate, Ampicillin/sulbactam, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Ticarcillin/clavulanate, Bacitracin, Colistin, Polymyxin B, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Temafloxacin, Mafenide, Sulfacetamide, Sulfadiazine, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamethizole, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfanilimide (archaic), Sulfasalazine, Sulfisoxazole, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX), Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic), Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Clofazimine, Dapsone, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin (Rifampin in US), Rifabutin, Rifapentine, Streptomycin, Arsphenamine, Chloramphenicol, Fosfomycin, Fusidic acid, Metronidazole, Mupirocin, Platensimycin, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Thiamphenicol, Tigecycline, Tinidazole, and Trimethoprim. Fungicide compatible endophytes can also be isolated by selection on liquid medium. The culture of endophytes can be plated on petri dishes without any forms of mutagenesis; alternatively, the endophytes can be mutagenized using any means known in the art. For example, microbial cultures can be exposed to UV light, gamma-irradiation, or chemical mutagens such as ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) prior to selection on fungicide containing media. Finally, where the mechanism of action of a particular fungicide is known, the target gene can be specifically mutated (either by gene deletion, gene replacement, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) to generate an endophyte that is resilient against that particular fungicide. It is noted that the above-described methods can be used to isolate fungi that are compatible with both fungistatic and fungicidal compounds. 
     It will also be appreciated by one skilled in the art that a plant may be exposed to multiple types of fungicides or antibacterial compounds, either simultaneously or in succession, for example at different stages of plant growth. Where the target plant is likely to be exposed to multiple fungicidal and/or antibacterial agents, an endophyte that is compatible with many or all of these agrichemicals can be used to inoculate the plant. An endophyte that is compatible with several fungicidal agents can be isolated, for example, by serial selection. An endophyte that is compatible with the first fungicidal agent is isolated as described above (with or without prior mutagenesis). A culture of the resulting endophyte can then be selected for the ability to grow on liquid or solid media containing the second antifungal compound (again, with or without prior mutagenesis). Colonies isolated from the second selection are then tested to confirm its compatibility to both antifungal compounds. 
     Likewise, bacterial endophytes that are compatible to biocides (including herbicides such as glyphosate or antibacterial compounds, whether bacteriostatic or bactericidal) that are agriculturally employed can be isolated using methods similar to those described for isolating fungicide compatible endophytes. In one embodiment, mutagenesis of the microbial population can be performed prior to selection with an antibacterial agent. In another embodiment, selection is performed on the microbial population without prior mutagenesis. In still another embodiment, serial selection is performed on an endophyte: the endophyte is first selected for compatibility to a first antibacterial agent. The isolated compatible endophyte is then cultured and selected for compatibility to the second antibacterial agent. Any colony thus isolated is tested for compatibility to each, or both antibacterial agents to confirm compatibility with these two agents. 
     Compatibility with an antimicrobial agent can be determined by a number of means known in the art, including the comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the unmodified and modified endophyte. Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention discloses an isolated modified endophyte derived from an endophyte isolated from within a plant or tissue thereof, wherein the endophyte is modified such that it exhibits at least 3 fold greater, for example, at least 5 fold greater, at least 10 fold greater, at least 20 fold greater, at least 30 fold greater or more MIC to an antimicrobial agent when compared with the unmodified endophyte. 
     In one particular aspect, disclosed herein are bacterial endophytes with enhanced compatibility to the herbicide glyphosate. In one embodiment, the bacterial endophyte has a doubling time in growth medium containing at least 1 mM glyphosate, for example, at least 2 mM glyphosate, at least 5 mM glyphosate, at least 10 mM glyphosate, at least 15 mM glyphosate or more, that is no more than 250%, for example, no more than 200%, no more than 175%, no more than 150%, or no more than 125%, of the doubling time of the endophyte in the same growth medium containing no glyphosate. In one particular embodiment, the bacterial endophyte has a doubling time in growth medium containing 5 mM glyphosate that is no more than 150% the doubling time of the endophyte in the same growth medium containing no glyphosate. 
     In another embodiment, the bacterial endophyte has a doubling time in a plant tissue containing at least 10 ppm glyphosate, for example, at least 15 ppm glyphosate, at least 20 ppm glyphosate, at least 30 ppm glyphosate, at least 40 ppm glyphosate or more, that is no more than 250%, for example, no more than 200%, no more than 175%, no more than 150%, or no more than 125%, of the doubling time of the endophyte in a reference plant tissue containing no glyphosate. In one particular embodiment, the bacterial endophyte has a doubling time in a plant tissue containing 40 ppm glyphosate that is no more than 150% the doubling time of the endophyte in a reference plant tissue containing no glyphosate. 
     The selection process described above can be repeated to identify isolates of the endophyte that are compatible with a multitude of antifungal or antibacterial agents. 
     Candidate isolates can be tested to ensure that the selection for agrichemical compatibility did not result in loss of a desired microbial bioactivity. Isolates of the endophyte that are compatible with commonly employed fungicides can be selected as described above. The resulting compatible endophyte can be compared with the parental endophyte on plants in its ability to promote germination. 
     The agrichemical compatible endophytes generated as described above can be detected in samples. For example, where a transgene was introduced to render the endophyte compatible with the agrichemical(s), the transgene can be used as a target gene for amplification and detection by PCR. In addition, where point mutations or deletions to a portion of a specific gene or a number of genes results in compatibility with the agrichemical(s), the unique point mutations can likewise be detected by PCR or other means known in the art. Such methods allow the detection of the microbe even if it is no longer viable. Thus, commodity plant products produced using the agrichemical compatible microbes described herein can readily be identified by employing these and related methods of nucleic acid detection. 
     Beneficial Attributes of Synthetic Combinations of Cereal Seeds and Seed-origin Endophytes 
     Improved attributes conferred by the endophyte. The present invention contemplates the establishment of a microbial symbiont in a plant. In one embodiment, the microbial association results in a detectable change to the seed or plant. The detectable change can be an improvement in a number of agronomic traits (e.g., improved general health, increased response to biotic or abiotic stresses, or enhanced properties of the plant or a plant part, including fruits and grains). Alternatively, the detectable change can be a physiological or biological change that can be measured by methods known in the art. The detectable changes are described in more detail in the sections below. As used herein, an endophyte is considered to have conferred an improved agricultural trait whether or not the improved trait arose from the plant, the endophyte, or the concerted action between the plant and endophyte. Therefore, for example, whether a beneficial hormone or chemical is produced by the plant or endophyte, for purposes of the present invention, the endophyte will be considered to have conferred an improved agronomic trait upon the host plant. 
     In some aspects, provided herein, are methods for producing a seed of a plant with a heritably altered trait. The trait of the plant can be altered without known genetic modification of the plant genome, and comprises the following steps. First, a preparation of an isolated endophyte which is exogenous to the seed of the plant is provided, and optionally processed to produce a microbial preparation. The microbial preparation is then contacted with the plant. The plants are then allowed to go to seed, and the seeds, which contain the endophytes on and/or in the seed are collected. The endophytes contained within the seed are viably incorporated into the seed. 
     The method of the present invention can facilitate crop productivity by enhancing germination, seedling vigor and biomass in comparison with a non-treated control. Moreover, the introduction of the beneficial microorganisms to within the seed instead of by, e.g., seed coating, makes the endophytes less susceptible to environmental perturbation and more compatible with chemical seed coatings (e.g., pesticides and herbicides). Using endophyte colonized seeds, the plant growth and biomass increases are statistically similar to those obtained using conventional inoculation methods e.g., exogenous seed soaking and soil inoculation (that are more laborious and less practicable in certain circumstances). 
     Improved general health. Also described herein are plants, and fields of plants, that are associated with beneficial bacterial and/or fungal endophytes, such that the overall fitness, productivity or health of the plant or a portion thereof, is maintained, increased and/or improved over a period of time. Improvement in overall plant health can be assessed using numerous physiological parameters including, but not limited to, height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, or any combination thereof. Improved plant health, or improved field health, can also be demonstrated through improved resistance or response to a given stress, either biotic or abiotic stress, or a combination of one or more abiotic stresses, as provided herein. 
     Other abiotic stresses. Disclosed herein are endophyte-associated plants with increased resistance to an abiotic stress. Exemplary abiotic stresses include, but are not limited to: 
     Drought and heat tolerance. In some cases, a plant resulting from seeds containing the endophyte can exhibit a physiological change, such as a decreased change in photosynthetic activity (expressed, for example, as ΔFv/Fm) after exposure to heat shock or drought conditions as compared to a corresponding control, genetically identical plant that does not contain the endophytes grown in the same conditions. In some cases, the endophyte-associated plant as disclosed herein can exhibit an increased change in photosynthetic activity ΔFv(ΔFv/Fm) after heat-shock or drought stress treatment, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days or more after the heat-shock or drought stress treatment, or until photosynthesis ceases, as compared with corresponding control plant of similar developmental stage but not containing the endophytes. For example, a plant having an endophyte able to confer heat and/or drought-tolerance can exhibit a ΔFv/Fm of from about 0.1 to about 0.8 after exposure to heat-shock or drought stress or a ΔFv/Fm range of from about 0.03 to about 0.8 under one day, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or over 7 days post heat-shock or drought stress treatment, or until photosynthesis ceases. In some embodiments, stress-induced reductions in photosynthetic activity can be reduced by at least about 0.25% (for example, at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3, at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99% or at least 100%) as compared to the photosynthetic activity decrease in a corresponding reference agricultural plant following heat shock conditions. Significance of the difference between the endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can be established upon demonstrating statistical significance, for example at p&lt;0.05 with an appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistic, e.g., Chi-square test, Student&#39;s t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or F-test based on the assumption or known facts that the endophyte-associated plant and reference agricultural plant have identical or near identical genomes. 
     In some embodiments, the plants contain endophytes able to confer novel heat and/or drought-tolerance in sufficient quantity, such that increased growth under conditions of heat or drought stress is observed. For example, a heat and/or drought-tolerance endophyte population described herein can be present in sufficient quantity in a plant, resulting in increased growth as compared to a plant that does not contain the endophyte, when grown under drought conditions or heat shock conditions, or following such conditions. Growth can be assessed with physiological parameters including, but not limited to, height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, or any combination thereof. 
     In some cases, a plant resulting from seeds containing an endophyte that includes a novel heat and/or drought tolerance endophyte population described herein exhibits a difference in the physiological parameter that is at least about 5% greater, for example at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or greater than a reference agricultural plant grown under similar conditions. 
     In various embodiments, the endophytes introduced into altered seed microbiota can confer in the resulting plant thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased protein content, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. A difference between endophyte-associated plant and a reference agricultural plant can also be measured using other methods known in the art (see, for example, Haake et al. (2002)  Plant Physiol.  130: 639-648) 
     Salt Stress. In other embodiments, endophytes able to confer increased tolerance to salinity stress can be introduced into plants. The resulting plants containing the endophytes can exhibit increased resistance to salt stress, whether measured in terms of survival under saline conditions, or overall growth during, or following salt stress. The physiological parameters of plant health recited above, including height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, or any combination thereof, can be used to measure growth, and compared with the growth rate of reference agricultural plants (e.g., isogenic plants without the endophytes) grown under identical conditions. In some cases, a plant resulting from seeds containing an endophyte able to confer salt tolerance described herein exhibits a difference in the physiological parameter that is at least about 5% greater, for example at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or greater than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same sodium concentration in the soil. 
     In other instances, endophyte-associated plants and reference agricultural plants can be grown in soil or growth media containing different concentration of sodium to establish the inhibitory concentration of sodium (expressed, for example, as the concentration in which growth of the plant is inhibited by 50% when compared with plants grown under no sodium stress). Therefore, in another embodiment, a plant resulting from seeds containing an endophyte able to confer salt tolerance described herein exhibits an increase in the inhibitory sodium concentration by at least 10 mM, for example at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM, at least 30 mM, at least 40 mM, at least 50 mM, at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM, at least 80 mM, at least 90 mM, at least 100 mM or more, when compared with the reference agricultural plants. 
     High Metal Content. Plants are sessile organisms and therefore must contend with the environment in which they are placed. While plants have adapted many mechanisms to deal with chemicals and substances that may be deleterious to their health, heavy metals represent a class of toxins which are highly relevant for plant growth and agriculture. Plants use a number of mechanisms to cope with toxic levels of heavy metals (for example, nickel, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, or aluminum) in the soil, including excretion and internal sequestration. For agricultural purposes, it is important to have plants that are able to tolerate otherwise hostile conditions, for example soils containing elevated levels of toxic heavy metals. Endophytes that are able to confer increased heavy metal tolerance may do so by enhancing sequestration of the metal in certain compartments. Use of such endophytes in a plant would allow the development of novel plant-endophyte combinations for purposes of environmental remediation (also known as phytoremediation). Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant containing the endophyte able to confer increased metal tolerance exhibits a difference in a physiological parameter that is at least about 5% greater, for example at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or greater than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same heavy metal concentration in the soil. 
     Alternatively, the inhibitory concentration of the heavy metal can be determined for the endophyte-associated plant and compared with a reference agricultural plant under the same conditions. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plants resulting from seeds containing an endophyte able to confer heavy metal tolerance described herein exhibit an increase in the inhibitory sodium concentration by at least 0.1 mM, for example at least 0.3 mM, at least 0.5 mM, at least 1 mM, at least 2 mM, at least 5 mM, at least 10 mM, at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM, at least 30 mM, at least 50 mM or more, when compared with the reference agricultural plants. 
     Finally, plants inoculated with endophytes that are able to confer increased metal tolerance exhibits an increase in overall metal accumulation by at least 10%, for example at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300% or more, when compared with uninoculated plants grown under the same conditions. 
     Low Nutrient Stress. The endophytes described herein may also confer to the plant an increased ability to grow in nutrient limiting conditions, for example by solubilizing or otherwise making available to the plants macronutrients or micronutrients that are complexed, insoluble, or otherwise in an unavailable form. In one embodiment, a plant is inoculated with an endophyte that confers increased ability to liberate and/or otherwise provide to the plant with nutrients selected from the group consisting of phosphate, nitrogen, potassium, iron, manganese, calcium, molybdenum, vitamins, or other micronutrients. Such a plant can exhibit increased growth in soil containing limiting amounts of such nutrients when compared with reference agricultural plant. Differences between the endophyte-associated plant and reference agricultural plant can be measured by comparing the biomass of the two plant types grown under limiting conditions, or by measuring the physical parameters described above. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant containing the endophyte able to confer increased tolerance to nutrient limiting conditions exhibits a difference in a physiological parameter that is at least about 5% greater, for example at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or greater than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same heavy metal concentration in the soil. 
     Cold Stress. In some cases, endophytes can confer to the plant the ability to tolerate cold stress. Many known methods exist for the measurement of a plant&#39;s tolerance to cold stress (as reviewed, for example, in Thomashow (2001) Plant Physiol. 125: 89-93, and Gilmour et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124: 1854-1865, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). As used herein, cold stress refers to both the stress induced by chilling (0° C.-15° C.) and freezing (&lt;0° C.). Some cultivars of agricultural plants can be particularly sensitive to cold stress, but cold tolerance traits may be multigenic, making the breeding process difficult. Endophytes able to confer cold tolerance would potentially reduce the damage suffered by farmers on an annual basis. Improved response to cold stress can be measured by survival of plants, the amount of necrosis of parts of the plant, or a change in crop yield loss, as well as the physiological parameters used in other examples. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant containing the endophyte able to confer increased cold tolerance exhibits a difference in a physiological parameter that is at least about 5% greater, for example at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or greater than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions of cold stress. 
     Biotic Stress. In other embodiments, the bacterial endophyte protects the plant from a biotic stress, for example, insect infestation, nematode infestation, bacterial infection, fungal infection, oomycete infection, protozoal infection, viral infection, and herbivore grazing, or a combination thereof. 
     Insect herbivory. There is an abundance of insect pest species that can infect or infest a wide variety of plants. Pest infestation can lead to significant damage. Insect pests that infest plant species are particularly problematic in agriculture as they can cause serious damage to crops and significantly reduce plant yields. A wide variety of different types of plant are susceptible to pest infestation including commercial crops such as cotton, soybean, wheat, barley, and corn. 
     In some cases, the endophytes described herein may confer upon the host plant the ability to repel insect herbivores. In other cases, the endophytes may produce, or induce the production in the plant of, compounds which are insecticidal or insect repellant. The insect may be any one of the common pathogenic insects affecting plants, particularly agricultural plants. Examples include, but are not limited to:  Leptinotarsa  spp. (e.g.,  L. decemlineata  (Colorado potato beetle),  L. juncta  (false potato beetle), or  L. texana  (Texan false potato beetle));  Nilaparvata  spp. (e.g.,  N. lugens  (brown planthopper));  Laode/phax  spp. (e.g.,  L. striatellus  (small brown planthopper));  Nephotettix  spp. (e.g.,  N. virescens  or  N. cincticeps  (green leafhopper), or  N. nigropictus  (rice leafhopper));  Sogatella  spp. (e.g.,  S. furcifera  (white-backed planthopper));  Chilo  spp. (e.g.,  C. suppressalis  (rice striped stem borer),  C. auricilius  (gold-fringed stem borer), or  C. polychrysus  (dark-headed stem borer));  Sesamia  spp. (e.g.,  S. inferens  (pink rice borer));  Tryporyza  spp. (e.g.,  T. innotata  (white rice borer), or  T. incertulas  (yellow rice borer));  Anthonomus  spp. (e.g.,  A. grandis  (boll weevil));  Phaedon  spp. (e.g.,  P. cochleariae  (mustard leaf beetle));  Epilachna  spp. (e.g.,  E. varivetis  (Mexican bean beetle));  Tribolium  spp. (e.g.,  T. castaneum  (red floor beetle));  Diabrotica  spp. (e.g.,  D. virgifera  (western corn rootworm),  D. barberi  (northern corn rootworm),  D. undecimpunctata howardi  (southern corn rootworm),  D. virgifera zeae  (Mexican corn rootworm);  Ostrinia  spp. (e.g.,  O. nubilalis  (European corn borer));  Anaphothrips  spp. (e.g.,  A. obscrurus  (grass thrips));  Pectinophora  spp. (e.g.,  P. gossypiella  (pink bollworm));  Heliothis  spp. (e.g.,  H. virescens  (tobacco budworm));  Trialeurodes  spp. (e.g.,  T. abutiloneus  (banded-winged whitefly)  T. vaporariorum  (greenhouse whitefly));  Bemisia  spp. (e.g.,  B. argentifolii  (silverleaf whitefly));  Aphis  spp. (e.g.,  A. gossypii  (cotton aphid));  Lygus  spp. (e.g.,  L. lineolaris  (tarnished plant bug) or  L. hesperus  (western tarnished plant bug));  Euschistus  spp. (e.g.,  E. conspersus  (consperse stink bug));  Chlorochroa  spp. (e.g.,  C. sayi  (Say stinkbug));  Nezara  spp. (e.g.,  N. viridula  (southern green stinkbug));  Thrips  spp. (e.g.,  T. tabaci  (onion thrips));  Frankliniella  spp. (e.g.,  F. fusca  (tobacco thrips), or  F. occidentalis  (western flower thrips));  Acheta  spp. (e.g.,  A. domesticus  (house cricket));  Myzus  spp. (e.g.,  M. persicae  (green peach aphid));  Macrosiphum  spp. (e.g.,  M. euphorbiae  (potato aphid));  Blissus  spp. (e.g.,  B. leucopterus  (chinch bug));  Acrosternum  spp. (e.g.,  A. hilare  (green stink bug));  Chilotraea  spp. (e.g.,  C. polychrysa  (rice stalk borer));  Lissorhoptrus  spp. (e.g.,  L. oryzophilus  (rice water weevil));  Rhopalosiphum  spp. (e.g.,  R. maidis  (corn leaf aphid)); and  Anuraphis  spp. (e.g.,  A. maidiradicis  (corn root aphid)). 
     The endophyte-associated plant can be tested for its ability to resist, or otherwise repel, pathogenic insects by measuring, for example, overall plant biomass, biomass of the fruit or grain, percentage of intact leaves, or other physiological parameters described herein, and comparing with a reference agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants). In other embodiments, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater fruit or grain yield, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more fruit or grain yield, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants). 
     Nematodes. Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that feed on the roots, fluids, leaves and stems of more than 2,000 row crops, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants, causing an estimated $100 billion crop loss worldwide and accounting for 13% of global crop losses due to disease. A variety of parasitic nematode species infect crop plants, including root-knot nematodes (RKN), cyst- and lesion-forming nematodes. Root-knot nematodes, which are characterized by causing root gall formation at feeding sites, have a relatively broad host range and are therefore parasitic on a large number of crop species. The cyst- and lesion-forming nematode species have a more limited host range, but still cause considerable losses in susceptible crops. 
     Signs of nematode damage include stunting and yellowing of leaves, and wilting of the plants during hot periods. Nematode infestation, however, can cause significant yield losses without any obvious above-ground disease symptoms. The primary causes of yield reduction are due to underground root damage. Roots infected by SCN are dwarfed or stunted. Nematode infestation also can decrease the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots, and may make the roots more susceptible to attacks by other soil-borne plant nematodes. 
     In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant has an increased resistance to a nematode when compared with a reference agricultural plant. As before with insect herbivores, biomass of the plant or a portion of the plant, or any of the other physiological parameters mentioned elsewhere, can be compared with the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. Particularly useful measurements include overall plant biomass, biomass and/or size of the fruit or grain, and root biomass. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge). In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater root biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more root biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge). In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater fruit or grain yield, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more fruit or grain yield, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge). 
     Fungal Pathogens. Fungal diseases are responsible for yearly losses of over $10 Billion on agricultural crops in the US, represent 42% of global crop losses due to disease, and are caused by a large variety of biologically diverse pathogens. Different strategies have traditionally been used to control them. Resistance traits have been bred into agriculturally important varieties, thus providing various levels of resistance against either a narrow range of pathogen isolates or races, or against a broader range. However, this involves the long and labor intensive process of introducing desirable traits into commercial lines by genetic crosses and, due to the risk of pests evolving to overcome natural plant resistance, a constant effort to breed new resistance traits into commercial lines is required. Alternatively, fungal diseases have been controlled by the application of chemical fungicides. This strategy usually results in efficient control, but is also associated with the possible development of resistant pathogens and can be associated with a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, in certain crops, such as barley and wheat, the control of fungal pathogens by chemical fungicides is difficult or impractical. 
     The present invention contemplates the use of endophytes which are able to confer resistance to fungal pathogens to the host plant. Increased resistance to fungal inoculation can be measured, for example, using any of the physiological parameters presented above, by comparing with reference agricultural plants. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen). In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater fruit or grain yield, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more fruit or grain yield, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen). In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least a 5% reduction in for hyphal growth, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90% reduction or more, in hyphal growth, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen). 
     Viral Pathogens. Plant viruses are estimated to account for 18% of global crop losses due to disease. There are numerous examples of viral pathogens affecting agricultural productivity. Examples include the American wheat striate mosaic virus (AWSMV) (wheat striate mosaic), Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Brome mosaic virus (BMV), Cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), Corn chlorotic vein banding virus (CCVBV), Brazilian maize mosaic virus, Corn lethal necrosis Virus complex from Maize chlorotic mottle virus, (MCMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), A or B Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cynodon chlorotic streak virus (CCSV), Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV), Maize bushy stunt Mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) associated virus, Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV), Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), strains A, D, E and F, Maize leaf fleck virus (MLFV), Maize line virus (MLV), Maize mosaic (corn leaf stripe, Maize mosaic virus (MMV), enanismo rayado), Maize mottle and chlorotic stunt virus, Maize pellucid ringspot virus (MPRV), Maize raya gruesa virus (MRGV), Maize rayado fino (fine striping) virus (MRFV), Maize red stripe virus (MRSV), Maize ring mottle virus (MRMV), Maize rio cuarto virus (MRCV), Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV), Cereal tillering disease virus, Maize sterile stunt virus, barley yellow striate virus, Maize streak virus (MSV), Maize stripe virus, Maize chloroticstripe virus, maize hoja blanca virus, Maize stunting virus; Maize tassel abortion virus (MTAV), Maize vein enation virus (MVEV), Maize wallaby ear virus (MWEV), Maize white leaf virus, Maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV), Millet red leaf virus (MRLV), Northern cereal mosaic virus (NCMV), Oat pseudorosette virus, (zakuklivanie), Oat sterile dwarf virus (OSDV), Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), Rice stripe virus (RSV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strains H, 1 and M, Sugarcane Fiji disease virus (FDV), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strains A, B, D, E, SC, BC, Sabi and MB (formerly MDMV-B), and Wheat spot mosaic virus (WSMV). In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant provides protection against viral pathogens such that there is at least 5% greater biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater fruit or grain yield, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more fruit or grain yield when challenged with a virus, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% lower viral titer, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% lower viral titer when challenged with a virus, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. 
     Bacterial Pathogens. Likewise, bacterial pathogens are a significant problem negatively affecting agricultural productivity and accounting for 27% of global crop losses due to plant disease. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant described herein provides protection against bacterial pathogens such that there is at least 5% greater biomass, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more biomass, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% greater fruit or grain yield, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more fruit or grain yield when challenged with a bacterial pathogen, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits at least 5% lower bacterial count, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% lower bacterial count when challenged with a bacteria, than the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. 
     Improvement of other traits. In other embodiments, the inoculated endophyte can confer other beneficial traits to the plant. Improved traits can include an improved nutritional content of the plant or plant part used for human consumption. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is able to produce a detectable change in the content of at least one nutrient. Examples of such nutrients include amino acid, protein, oil (including any one of Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Alpha-linolenic acid, Saturated fatty acids, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Trans fats), carbohydrate (including sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, starch, or dietary fiber), Vitamin A, Thiamine (vit. B1), Riboflavin (vit. B2), Niacin (vit. B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, Folate (vit. B9), Choline, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant or part thereof contains at least 10% more nutrient, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300% or more, of the nutrient when compared with reference agricultural plants. 
     In other cases, the improved trait can include reduced content of a harmful or undesirable substance when compared with reference agricultural plants. Such compounds include those which are harmful when ingested in large quantities or are bitter tasting (for example, oxalic acid, amygdalin, certain alkaloids such as solanine, caffeine, nicotine, quinine and morphine, tannins, cyanide). As such, in one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant or part thereof contains at least 10% less of the undesirable substance, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% less of the undesirable substance when compared with reference agricultural plant. In a related embodiment, the improved trait can include improved taste of the plant or a part of the plant, including the fruit or seed. In a related embodiment, the improved trait can include reduction of undesirable compounds produced by other endophytes in plants, such as degradation of  Fusarium  produced deoxynivalenol (also known as vomitoxin and a virulence factor involved in  Fusarium  head blight of maize and wheat) in a part of the plant, including the fruit or seed. 
     In other cases, the improved trait can be an increase in overall biomass of the plant or a part of the plant, including its fruit or seed. 
     The endophyte-associated plant can also have an altered hormone status or altered levels of hormone production when compared with a reference agricultural plant. An alteration in hormonal status may affect many physiological parameters, including flowering time, water efficiency, apical dominance and/or lateral shoot branching, increase in root hair, and alteration in fruit ripening. 
     The association between the endophyte and the plant can also be detected using other methods known in the art. For example, the biochemical, metabolomics, proteomic, genomic, epigenomic and/or trasncriptomic profiles of endophyte-associated plants can be compared with reference agricultural plants under the same conditions. 
     Metabolomic differences between the plants can be detected using methods known in the art. For example, a biological sample (whole tissue, exudate, phloem sap, xylem sap, root exudate, etc.) from the endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can be analyzed essentially as described in Fiehn et al., (2000) Nature Biotechnol., 18, 1157-1161, or Roessner et al., (2001) Plant Cell, 13, 11-29. Such metabolomic methods can be used to detect differences in levels in hormone, nutrients, secondary metabolites, root exudates, phloem sap content, xylem sap content, heavy metal content, and the like. Such methods are also useful for detecting alterations in microbial content and status; for example, the presence and levels of bacterial/fungal signaling molecules (e.g., autoinducers and pheromones), which can indicate the status of group-based behavior of endophytes based on, for example, population density (see, for example Daniels et al., (2006). PNAS 103: 14965-14970. Eberhard et al., (1981). Biochemistry 20 (9): 2444-2449). Transcriptome analysis (reviewed, for example, in Usadel &amp; Fernie, (2013). Front Plant Sci. 4:48) of endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can also be performed to detect changes in expression of at least one transcript, or a set or network of genes upon endophyte association. Similarly, epigenetic changes can be detected using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (Vining et al., (2013) BMC Plant Biol. 13:92). 
     Combinations of Endophytic Microbes 
     Combinations of endophytic microbes such as seed-origin bacterial endophytes can be selected by any one or more of several criteria. In one embodiment, compatible endophytic populations are selected. As used herein, compatibility refers to microbial populations which do not significantly interfere with the growth and propagation of the other. Incompatible microbial populations can arise, for example, where one of the populations produces or secrets a compound which is toxic or deleterious to the growth of the other population(s). Incompatibility arising from production of deleterious compounds/agents can be detected using methods known in the art, and as described herein elsewhere. Similarly, the distinct populations can compete for limited resources in a way that makes co-existence difficult. 
     In another embodiment, combinations are selected on the basis of compounds produced by each population. For example, the first population is capable of producing siderophores, and another population is capable of producing anti-fungal compounds. In one embodiment, the first population of bacterial endophytes is capable of a function selected from the group consisting of auxin production, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, siderophore production, mineral phosphate solubilization, cellulase production, chitinase production, xylanase production, and acetoin production. In another embodiment, the second population of bacterial endophytes is capable of a function selected from the group consisting of auxin production, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, siderophore production, mineral phosphate solubilization, cellulase production, chitinase production, xylanase production, and acetoin production. In still another embodiment, the first and second populations are capable of at least one different function. 
     In still another embodiment, the combinations are selected which display distinct localization in the plant after colonization. For example, the first population can colonize, and in some cases preferentially colonize, the root tissue, while a second population can be selected on the basis of its preferential colonization of the aerial parts of the agricultural plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the first population is capable of colonizing one or more of the tissues selected from the group consisting of a root, shoot, leaf, flower, and seed. In another embodiment, the second population is capable of colonizing one or more tissues selected from the group consisting of root, shoot, leaf, flower, and seed. In still another embodiment, the first and second populations are capable of colonizing a different tissue within the agricultural grass plant. 
     In still another embodiment, the combinations of endophytes are selected which confer one or more distinct fitness traits on the inoculated agricultural plant, either individually or in synergistic association with other endophytes. Alternatively, two or more endophytes induce the colonization of a third endophyte. For example, the first population is selected on the basis that it confers significant increase in biomass, while the second population promotes increased drought tolerance on the inoculated agricultural plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the first population is capable of conferring at least one trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the second population is capable of conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. In still another embodiment, each of the first and second population is capable of conferring a different trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. 
     The combinations of endophytes can also be selected based on combinations of the above criteria. For example, the first population can be selected on the basis of the compound it produces (e.g., its ability to fix nitrogen, thus providing a potential nitrogen source to the plant), while the second population is selected on the basis of its ability to confer increased resistance of the plant to a pathogen (e.g., a fungal pathogen). 
     Formulations/Seed Coating Compositions 
     The purified bacterial populations described herein can be formulated using an agriculturally compatible carrier. The formulation useful for these embodiments generally typically include at least one member selected from the group consisting of a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a dessicant, and a nutrient. 
     In some cases, the purified bacterial population is mixed with an agriculturally compatible carrier. The carrier can be a solid carrier or liquid carrier, and in various forms including microsphres, powders, emulsions and the like. The carrier may be any one or more of a number of carriers that confer a variety of properties, such as increased stability, wettability, or dispersability. Wetting agents such as natural or synthetic surfactants, which can be nonionic or ionic surfactants, or a combination thereof can be included in a composition of the invention. Water-in-oil emulsions can also be used to formulate a composition that includes the purified bacterial population (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,451, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Suitable formulations that may be prepared include wettable powders, granules, gels, agar strips or pellets, thickeners, and the like, microencapsulated particles, and the like, liquids such as aqueous flowables, aqueous suspensions, water-in-oil emulsions, etc. The formulation may include grain or legume products, for example, ground grain or beans, broth or flour derived from grain or beans, starch, sugar, or oil. 
     In some embodiments, the agricultural carrier may be soil or a plant growth medium. Other agricultural carriers that may be used include water, fertilizers, plant-based oils, humectants, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the agricultural carrier may be a solid, such as diatomaceous earth, loam, silica, alginate, clay, bentonite, vermiculite, seed cases, other plant and animal products, or combinations, including granules, pellets, or suspensions. Mixtures of any of the aforementioned ingredients are also contemplated as carriers, such as but not limited to, pesta (flour and kaolin clay), agar or flour-based pellets in loam, sand, or clay, etc. Formulations may include food sources for the cultured organisms, such as barley, rice, or other biological materials such as seed, plant parts, sugar cane bagasse, hulls or stalks from grain processing, ground plant material or wood from building site refuse, sawdust or small fibers from recycling of paper, fabric, or wood. Other suitable formulations will be known to those skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the formulation can include a tackifier or adherent. Such agents are useful for combining the bacterial population of the invention with carriers that can contain other compounds (e.g., control agents that are not biologic), to yield a coating composition. Such compositions help create coatings around the plant or seed to maintain contact between the microbe and other agents with the plant or plant part. In one embodiment, adherents are selected from the group consisting of: alginate, gums, starches, lecithins, formononetin, polyvinyl alcohol, alkali formononetinate, hesperetin, polyvinyl acetate, cephalins, Gum Arabic, Xanthan Gum, Mineral Oil, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Arabino-galactan, Methyl Cellulose, PEG 400, Chitosan, Polyacrylamide, Polyacrylate, Polyacrylonitrile, Glycerol, Triethylene glycol, Vinyl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Gum Ghatti, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene block copolymers. Other examples of adherent compositions that can be used in the synthetic preparation include those described in EP 0818135, CA 1229497, WO 2013090628, EP 0192342, WO 2008103422 and CA 1041788, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The formulation can also contain a surfactant. Non-limiting examples of surfactants include nitrogen-surfactant blends such as Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N (US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm) and Patrol (Helena); esterified seed oils include Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm) and Mes-100 (Drexel); and organo-silicone surfactants include Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyne-Amic (Helena), Kinetic (Helena), Sylgard 309 (Wilbur-Ellis) and Century (Precision). In one embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.01% v/v to 10% v/v. In another embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.1% v/v to 1% v/v. 
     In certain cases, the formulation includes a microbial stabilizer. Such an agent can include a desiccant. As used herein, a “desiccant” can include any compound or mixture of compounds that can be classified as a desiccant regardless of whether the compound or compounds are used in such concentrations that they in fact have a desiccating effect on the liquid inoculant. Such desiccants are ideally compatible with the bacterial population used, and should promote the ability of the microbial population to survive application on the seeds and to survive desiccation. Examples of suitable desiccants include one or more of trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, and Methylene glycol. Other suitable desiccants include, but are not limited to, non reducing sugars and sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol). The amount of desiccant introduced into the formulation can range from about 5% to about 50% by weight/volume, for example, between about 10% to about 40%, between about 15% and about 35%, or between about 20% and about 30%. 
     In some cases, it is advantageous for the formulation to contain agents such as a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, or a nutrient. Such agents are ideally compatible with the agricultural seed or seedling onto which the formulation is applied (e.g., it should not be deleterious to the growth or health of the plant). Furthermore, the agent is ideally one which does not cause safety concerns for human, animal or industrial use (e.g., no safety issues, or the compound is sufficiently labile that the commodity plant product derived from the plant contains negligible amounts of the compound). 
     In the liquid form, for example, solutions or suspensions, the bacterial endophytic populations of the present invention can be mixed or suspended in water or in aqueous solutions. Suitable liquid diluents or carriers include water, aqueous solutions, petroleum distillates, or other liquid carriers. 
     Solid compositions can be prepared by dispersing the bacterial endophytic populations of the invention in and on an appropriately divided solid carrier, such as peat, wheat, bran, vermiculite, clay, talc, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, fuller&#39;s earth, pasteurized soil, and the like. When such formulations are used as wettable powders, biologically compatible dispersing agents such as non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric, or cationic dispersing and emulsifying agents can be used. 
     The solid carriers used upon formulation include, for example, mineral carriers such as kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and pearlite, and inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. Also, organic fine powders such as wheat flour, wheat bran, and rice bran may be used. The liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as soybean oil and cottonseed oil, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, etc. 
     In one particular embodiment, the formulation is ideally suited for coating of the endophytic microbial population onto seeds. The bacterial endophytic populations described in the present invention are capable of conferring many fitness benefits to the host plants. The ability to confer such benefits by coating the bacterial populations on the surface of seeds has many potential advantages, particularly when used in a commercial (agricultural) scale. 
     The bacterial endophytic populations herein can be combined with one or more of the agents described above to yield a formulation suitable for combining with an agricultural seed or seedling. The bacterial population can be obtained from growth in culture, for example, using a synthetic growth medium. In addition, the microbe can be cultured on solid media, for example on petri dishes, scraped off and suspended into the preparation. Microbes at different growth phases can be used. For example, microbes at lag phase, early-log phase, mid-log phase, late-log phase, stationary phase, early death phase, or death phase can be used. 
     The formulations comprising the bacterial endophytic population of the present invention typically contains between about 0.1 to 95% by weight, for example, between about 1% and 90%, between about 3% and 75%, between about 5% and 60%, between about 10% and 50% in wet weight of the bacterial population of the present invention. It is preferred that the formulation contains at least about 10 3  CFU per ml of formulation, for example, at least about 10 4 , at least about 10 5 , at least about 10 6 , at least 10 7  CFU, at least 10 8  CFU per ml of formulation. 
     Population of Seeds 
     In another aspect, the invention provides for a substantially uniform population of seeds comprising a plurality of seeds comprising the bacterial endophytic population, as described herein above. Substantial uniformity can be determined in many ways. In some cases, at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the seeds in the population, contains the bacterial endophytic population in an amount effective to colonize the plant disposed on the surface of the seeds. In other cases, at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the seeds in the population, contains at least 1, 10, or 100 CFU on the seed surface or per gram of seed, for example, at least 200 CFU, at least 300 CFU, at least 1,000 CFU, at least 3,000 CFU, at least 10,000 CFU, at least 30,000 CFU, at least 100,000 CFU, at least 300,000 CFU, or at least 1,000,000 CFU per seed or more. 
     In a particular embodiment, the population of seeds is packaged in a bag or container suitable for commercial sale. Such a bag contains a unit weight or count of the seeds comprising the bacterial endophytic population as described herein, and further comprises a label. In one embodiment, the bag or container contains at least 1,000 seeds, for example, at least 5,000 seeds, at least 10,000 seeds, at least 20,000 seeds, at least 30,000 seeds, at least 50,000 seeds, at least 70,000 seeds, at least 80,000 seeds, at least 90,000 seeds or more. In another embodiment, the bag or container can comprise a discrete weight of seeds, for example, at least 1 lb, at least 2 lbs, at least 5 lbs, at least 10 lbs, at least 30 lbs, at least 50 lbs, at least 70 lbs or more. The bag or container comprises a label describing the seeds and/or said bacterial endophytic population. The label can contain additional information, for example, the information selected from the group consisting of: net weight, lot number, geographic origin of the seeds, test date, germination rate, inert matter content, and the amount of noxious weeds, if any. Suitable containers or packages include those traditionally used in plant seed commercialization. The invention also contemplates other containers with more sophisticated storage capabilities (e.g., with microbiologically tight wrappings or with gas- or water-proof containments). 
     In some cases, a sub-population of seeds comprising the bacterial endophytic population is further selected on the basis of increased uniformity, for example, on the basis of uniformity of microbial population. For example, individual seeds of pools collected from individual cobs, individual plants, individual plots (representing plants inoculated on the same day) or individual fields can be tested for uniformity of microbial density, and only those pools meeting specifications (e.g., at least 80% of tested seeds have minimum density, as determined by quantitative methods described elsewhere) are combined to provide the agricultural seed sub-population. 
     The methods described herein can also comprise a validating step. The validating step can entail, for example, growing some seeds collected from the inoculated plants into mature agricultural plants, and testing those individual plants for uniformity. Such validating step can be performed on individual seeds collected from cobs, individual plants, individual plots (representing plants inoculated on the same day) or individual fields, and tested as described above to identify pools meeting the required specifications. 
     In some embodiments, methods described herein include planting a synthetic combination described herein. Suitable planters include an air seeder and/or fertilizer apparatus used in agricultural operations to apply particulate materials including one or more of the following, seed, fertilizer and/or inoculants, into soil during the planting operation. Seeder/fertilizer devices can include a tool bar having ground-engaging openers thereon, behind which is towed a wheeled cart that includes one or more containment tanks or bins and associated metering means to respectively contain and meter therefrom particulate materials. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,990. 
     In certain embodiments, a composition described herein may be in the form of a liquid, a slurry, a solid, or a powder (wettable powder or dry powder). In another embodiment, a composition may be in the form of a seed coating. Compositions in liquid, slurry, or powder (e.g., wettable powder) form may be suitable for coating seeds. When used to coat seeds, the composition may be applied to the seeds and allowed to dry. In embodiments wherein the composition is a powder (e.g., a wettable powder), a liquid, such as water, may need to be added to the powder before application to a seed. 
     In still another embodiment, the methods can include introducing into the soil an inoculum of one or more of the endophyte populations described herein. Such methods can include introducing into the soil one or more of the compositions described herein. The inoculum(s) or compositions may be introduced into the soil according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Non-limiting examples include in-furrow introduction, spraying, coating seeds, foliar introduction, etc. In a particular embodiment, the introducing step comprises in-furrow introduction of the inoculum or compositions described herein. 
     In one embodiment, seeds may be treated with composition(s) described herein in several ways but preferably via spraying or dripping. Spray and drip treatment may be conducted by formulating compositions described herein and spraying or dripping the composition(s) onto a seed(s) via a continuous treating system (which is calibrated to apply treatment at a predefined rate in proportion to the continuous flow of seed), such as a drum-type of treater. Batch systems, in which a predetermined batch size of seed and composition(s) as described herein are delivered into a mixer, may also be employed. Systems and apparati for performing these processes are commercially available from numerous suppliers, e.g., Bayer CropScience (Gustafson). 
     In another embodiment, the treatment entails coating seeds. One such process involves coating the inside wall of a round container with the composition(s) described herein, adding seeds, then rotating the container to cause the seeds to contact the wall and the composition(s), a process known in the art as “container coating”. Seeds can be coated by combinations of coating methods. Soaking typically entails using liquid forms of the compositions described. For example, seeds can be soaked for about 1 minute to about 24 hours (e.g., for at least 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 80 min, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr). 
     Population of Plants/Agricultural Fields 
     A major focus of crop improvement efforts has been to select varieties with traits that give, in addition to the highest return, the greatest homogeneity and uniformity. While inbreeding can yield plants with substantial genetic identity, heterogeneity with respect to plant height, flowering time, and time to seed, remain impediments to obtaining a homogeneous field of plants. The inevitable plant-to-plant variability are caused by a multitude of factors, including uneven environmental conditions and management practices. Another possible source of variability can, in some cases, be due to the heterogeneity of the microbial population inhabit the plants. By providing bacterial endophytic populations onto seeds and seedlings, the resulting plants generated by germinating the seeds and seedlings have a more consistent microbial composition, and thus are expected to yield a more uniform population of plants. 
     Therefore, in another aspect, the invention provides a substantially uniform population of plants. The population can include at least 100 plants, for example, at least 300 plants, at least 1,000 plants, at least 3,000 plants, at least 10,000 plants, at least 30,000 plants, at least 100,000 plants or more. The plants are grown from the seeds comprising the bacterial endophytic population as described herein. The increased uniformity of the plants can be measured in a number of different ways. 
     In one embodiment, there is an increased uniformity with respect to the microbes within the plant population. For example, in one embodiment, a substantial portion of the population of plants, for example at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the seeds or plants in a population, contains a threshold number of the bacterial endophytic population. The threshold number can be at least 10 CFU, at least 100 CFU, for example at least 300 CFU, at least 1,000 CFU, at least 3,000 CFU, at least 10,000 CFU, at least 30,000 CFU, at least 100,000 CFU or more, in the plant or a part of the plant. Alternatively, in a substantial portion of the population of plants, for example, in at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the plants in the population, the bacterial endophyte population that is provided to the seed or seedling represents at least 0.1%, at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% of the total microbe population in the plant/seed. 
     In one embodiment, there is increased genetic uniformity of a substantial proportion or all detectable microbes within the taxa, genus, or species of the seed-origin microbe relative to an uninoculated control. This increased uniformity can be a result of the seed-origin microbe being of monoclonal origin or otherwise deriving from a seed-origin microbial population comprising a more uniform genome sequence and plasmid repertoire than would be present in the microbial population a plant that derives its microbial community largely via assimilation of diverse soil symbionts. 
     In another embodiment, there is an increased uniformity with respect to a physiological parameter of the plants within the population. In some cases, there can be an increased uniformity in the height of the plants when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions. For example, there can be a reduction in the standard deviation in the height of the plants in the population of at least 5%, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or more, when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions. In other cases, there can be a reduction in the standard deviation in the flowering time of the plants in the population of at least 5%, for example, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or more, when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions. 
     Commodity Plant Product 
     The present invention provides a commodity plant product, as well as methods for producing a commodity plant product, that is derived from a plant of the present invention. As used herein, a “commodity plant product” refers to any composition or product that is comprised of material derived from a plant, seed, plant cell, or plant part of the present invention. Commodity plant products may be sold to consumers and can be viable or nonviable. Nonviable commodity products include but are not limited to nonviable seeds and grains; processed seeds, seed parts, and plant parts; dehydrated plant tissue, frozen plant tissue, and processed plant tissue; seeds and plant parts processed for animal feed for terrestrial and/or aquatic animal consumption, oil, meal, flour, flakes, bran, fiber, paper, tea, coffee, silage, crushed of whole grain, and any other food for human or animal consumption; and biomasses and fuel products; and raw material in industry. Industrial uses of oils derived from the agricultural plants described herein include ingredients for paints, plastics, fibers, detergents, cosmetics, lubricants, and biodiesel fuel. Soybean oil may be split, inter-esterified, sulfurized, epoxidized, polymerized, ethoxylated, or cleaved. Designing and producing soybean oil derivatives with improved functionality and improved oliochemistry is a rapidly growing field. The typical mixture of triglycerides is usually split and separated into pure fatty acids, which are then combined with petroleum-derived alcohols or acids, nitrogen, sulfonates, chlorine, or with fatty alcohols derived from fats and oils to produce the desired type of oil or fat. Commodity plant products also include industrial compounds, such as a wide variety of resins used in the formulation of adhesives, films, plastics, paints, coatings and foams. 
     The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Isolation of Bacterial Endophytes from Seeds, Seedlings, and Plants 
     In order to better understand the role played by seed-borne endophytic microbes in improving the vigor, general health and stress resilience of host plants, a systematic screen was initiated to isolate and characterize endophytic microbes from seeds of commercially significant grass plants. 
     Diverse types of maize, wheat, rice, and other seeds were acquired and screened for cultivatable microbes. 49 distinct cultivars of maize and teosinte accessions were sourced from the USDA via GRIN (National Genetic Resources Program at http://www.ars-grin.gov/) or purchased from the Sustainable Seed Company (Covelo, Calif.). Similarly, 5 distinct wheat cultivars and wheat relatives were sourced from the USDA via GRIN (National Genetic Resources Program at http://www.ars-grin.gov/) or purchased from a Whole Foods in Cambridge, Mass. Seeds of rice and rice relatives (23 in total) were sourced from the USDA via GRIN (National Genetic Resources Program at http://www.ars-grin.gov/) or purchased from a Whole Foods in Cambridge, Mass. Seeds of several other species of plants, including sorghum, millet, oat, rye, teff, etc., were sourced from the USDA via GRIN (National Genetic Resources Program at the world wide web at ars-grin.gov/), the Sustainable Seed Company or purchased from a Whole Foods in Cambridge, Mass. 
     Pools of 5 seeds were soaked in 10 mL of sterile water contained in sterile 15 mL conical tubes for 24 hours. Some maize and rice accessions were sampled for seed surface microbes. In these cases, after 24 hours of soaking, 50 μL aliquots of undiluted, 100× dilute and 10000× dilute soaking water was plated onto R2A agar [Proteose peptone (0.5 g/L), Casamino acids (0.5 g/L), Yeast extract (0.5 g/L), Dextrose (0.5 g/L) Soluble starch (0.5 g/L), Dipotassium phosphate (0.3 g/L), Magnesium sulfate 7H 2 O (0.05 g/L), Sodium pyruvate (0.3 g/L), Agar (15 g/L), Final pH 7±0.2 @ 25° C.] to culture oligotrophic bacteria, while the same volumes and dilutions were also plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) [Potato Infusion from 200 g/L, Dextrose 20 g/L, Agar 15 g/L, Final pH: 5.6±0.2 at 25° C.] to culture copiotrophic bacteria and fungi. All seeds in the study were sampled for endophytes by surface sterilization, trituration, and culturing of the mash. Seeds were surface sterilized by washing with 70% EtOH, rinsing with water, then washing with a 3% solution of sodium hypochlorite followed by 3 rinses in sterile water. All wash and rinse steps were 5 minutes with constant shaking at 130 rpm. Seeds were then blotted on R2A agar which was incubated at 30° C. for 7 days in order to confirm successful surface sterilization. Following the sterilization process, batches of seeds were ground with a sterile mortar and pestle in sterile R2A broth, while seeds of maize, rice and soy were also grown in sterile conditions and the roots or shoots of seedlings (without further sterilization) were crushed by bead beating in a Fastprep24 machine with 3 carbide beads, 1 mL of R2A broth in a 15 mL Falcon tube shaking at 6M/s for 60 seconds. Extracts of surface washes, crushed seed, or macerated seedling tissue were serially diluted by factors of 1 to 10 −3  and spread onto quadrants on R2A, PDA, LGI or V8 juice agar in order to isolate cultivable seed-borne microorganisms. Plates were incubated at 28° C. for 7 days, monitoring for the appearance of colonies daily. After a week, plates were photographed and different morphotypes of colonies were identified and labeled. These were then selected for identification by sequencing, backing up by freezing at −80° C. as glycerol stock, and assaying for beneficial functions as described herein. 
     Plating and Scoring of Microbes 
     After 7 days of growth, most bacterial colonies had grown large and distinct enough to allow differentiation based on colony size, shape, color and texture. Photographs of each plate were taken, and on the basis of color and morphotype, different colonies were identified by number for later reference. These strains were also streaked out onto either R2A or PDA to check for purity, and clean cultures were then scraped with a loop off the plate, resuspended in a mixture of R2A and glycerol, and frozen away in quadruplicate at −80° C. for later. 
     Example 2—Sequence Analysis &amp; Phylogenetic Assignment 
     To accurately characterize the isolated bacterial endophytes, colonies were submitted for marker gene sequencing, and the sequences were analyzed to provide taxonomic classifications. Colonies were subjected to 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification using a 27f/1492r primer set, and Sanger sequencing of paired ends was performed at Genewiz (South Plainfield, N.J.). Raw chromatograms were converted to sequences, and corresponding quality scores were assigned using TraceTuner v3.0.6beta (U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,186, incorporated herein by reference). These sequences were quality filtered using PRINSEQ v0.20.3 [Schmieder and Edwards (2011) Bioinformatic s. 2011; 27:863-864, incorporated herein by reference] with left and right trim quality score thresholds of 30 and a quality window of 20 bp. Sequences without paired reads were discarded from further processing. Paired end quality filtered sequences were merged using USEARCH v7.0 [Edgar (2010) Nature methods 10:996-8]. Taxonomic classifications were assigned to the sequences using the RDP classifier [Wang et al., (2007) Applied and environmental microbiology 73:5261-7, incorporated herein by reference] trained on the Greengenes database [McDonald et al. (2012), ISME journal 6:610-8, incorporated herein by reference]. The resulting 473 microbes, representing 44 distinct OTUs (using a 97% similarity threshold) are provided in Table 2. 
     Example 3—In-Vitro Testing of Bacterial Endophytes 
     A total of 242 seed-origin bacterial endophytes representing 44 distinct OTUs as described above were seeded onto 96 well plates and tested for various activities and/or production of compounds, as described below. Colonies or wells with no detectable activity were scored as “-”, low activity as “1,” moderate activity as “2” and strong activity as “3.” The results of these in vitro assays are summarized in Table 3. 
     Production of Auxin (SD) 
     To allow isolates to grow and accumulate auxin, bacterial strains were inoculated into 250 μL of R2A broth supplemented with with L-tryptophan (5 mM) in 350 μL deep, transparent flat bottom, 96 well culture plates. The plates were sealed with a breathable membrane and incubated at 28° C. under static conditions for 3 days. After 3 days the OD600 and OD530 nm were measured on a plate reader to check for bacterial growth. After measuring these ODs, 50 μL of yellowish Salkowski reagent (0.01 M FeCl3 in 35% HClO4 perchloric acid, #311421, Sigma) were added to each well and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes before measuring the OD530 nm measured to detect pink/red color. 
     Auxin is an important plant hormone, which can promote cell enlargement and inhibit branch development (meristem activity) in above ground plant tissues, while below ground it has the opposite effect, promoting root branching and growth. Interestingly, plant auxin is manufactured above ground and transported to the roots. It thus follows that plant and especially root inhabiting microbes which produce significant amounts of auxin will be able to promote root branching and development even under conditions where the plant reduces its own production of auxin. Such conditions can exist for example when soil is flooded and roots encounter an anoxic environment which slows or stops root metabolism. 
     Seed-origin bacteria were screened for their ability to produce auxins as possible root growth promoting agents. A very large number of bacteria showed a detectable level of pink or red colour development (the diagnostic feature of the assay suggesting auxin or indolic compound production)—169 out of 247. 89 strains had particularly strong production of auxin or indole compounds.  Erwinia  and  Pantoea  species are very similar if not identical taxonomic groups and can thus be considered together—of a total of 38 isolates, 23 had moderate or strong production of auxin or indole compounds in vitro. Many of these  Erwinia  and  Pantoea  strains were isolated from inside surface sterilized seeds, suggesting they may be able to colonize the inside of the emerging root (first plant part to emerge the seed) and stimulate root growth for by producing auxins on the inside of the plant. 
     Another important group of auxin producing seed-origin bacteria were  Pseudomonas  species, 9 of the 14 isolated showed significant production of indoles in this assay. Ochrobactrum species were also detected as strong producers of indolic compounds in this assay, with 15 of 18 showing moderate to strong color change (although all 18 had detectable colour change in this assay). Strongly auxin producing strains of  Pseudomonas  and Ochrobactrum species were isolated from seed surfaces. 
     Mineral Phosphate Solubilization 
     Microbes were plated on tricalcium phosphate media as described in Rodriguez et al., (2001) J Biotechnol 84: 155-161 (incorporated herein by reference). This was prepared as follows: 10 g/L glucose, 0.373 g/L NH 4 NO 3 , 0.41 g/L MgSO 4 , 0.295 g/L NaCl, 0.003 FeCl3, 0.7 g/L Ca 3 HPO 4 , 100 mM Tris and 20 g/L Agar, pH 7, then autoclaved and poured into square Petri plates. After 3 days of growth at 28° C. in darkness, clear halos were measured around colonies able to solubilize the tricalcium phosphate. This was an agar based assay looking for halos around colonies which signify the solubilization of opaque tri-calcium phosphate, which resulted in a large number (95) of isolates having detectable levels of phosphate solubilization (Table 3). Of these, at least 36 had moderate to high levels of phosphate solubilization, including several  Enterobacter  and  Pantoea  species. 
     Growth on Nitrogen Free LGI Media 
     All glassware was cleaned with 6 M HCl before media preparation. A new 96 well plate (300 ul well volume) was filled with 250 ul/well of sterile LGI broth [per L, 50 g Sucrose, 0.01 g FeCl3-6H 2 O, 0.8 g K 3 PO 4 , 0.2 g CaCl 2 , 0.2 g MgSO 4 -7H 2 O, 0.002 g Na 2 MoO 4 -2H 2 O, pH 7.5]. Bacteria were inoculated into the 96 wells simultaneously with a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator. The plate was sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 28° C. without shaking for 5 days, and OD 600  readings taken with a 96 well plate reader. 
     A nitrogen fixing plant associated bacterium is able theoretically to add to the host&#39;s nitrogen metabolism, and the most famous beneficial plant associated bacteria, rhizobia, are able to do this within specially adapted organs on the roots of leguminous plants. The seed associated bacteria in this study may be able to fix nitrogen in association with the developing seedling, whether they colonize the plant&#39;s surfaces or interior and thereby add to the plant&#39;s nitrogen nutrition. 
     In total, of the 247 isolates there were 34 (14%) which had detectable growth under nitrogen limiting conditions (Table 3). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Functional assays to examine the potential for seed-origin microbes to confer novel functions to crops. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Growth 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Antag- 
                 Shows 
                 Shows 
                 Se- 
                 Phos- 
                 Nitro- 
                 ACC 
                 Pro- 
                 Pro- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
                 Antag- 
                 onizes 
                 Cellu- 
                 Pecti- 
                 cretes 
                 phate 
                 gen 
                 Deam- 
                 duces 
                 duces 
               
               
                 Sym Strain 
                 OTU 
                 ID 
                   
                 onizes 
                 
                   S. 
                 
                 lolytic 
                 nolytic 
                 sidero- 
                 Solubi- 
                 Free 
                 inase 
                 Auxin/ 
                 Acet- 
               
               
                 ID 
                 # 
                 NO: 
                 Taxonomy 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 cerevisciae 
                 activity 
                 activity 
                 phores 
                 lization 
                 LGI 
                 Activity 
                 Indoles 
                 oin 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SYM00033 
                 0 
                 541 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00173 
                 0 
                 593 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00176 
                 0 
                 596 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00605 
                 0 
                 716 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00607 
                 0 
                 717 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00608 
                 0 
                 718 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00620 
                 0 
                 720 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00658 
                 0 
                 736 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00660 
                 1 
                 737 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                 522 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00011b 
                 2 
                 523 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00013 
                 2 
                 524 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00014 
                 2 
                 526 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00062 
                 2 
                 557 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00068 
                 2 
                 563 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00069 
                 2 
                 564 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00646 
                 2 
                 730 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00649 
                 2 
                 733 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00650 
                 2 
                 734 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00657 
                 2 
                 735 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00672 
                 2 
                 738 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00709 
                 2 
                 747 
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00013b 
                 3 
                 525 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 588 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00171 
                 3 
                 591 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00174 
                 3 
                 594 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00178 
                 3 
                 598 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00180 
                 3 
                 600 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00181 
                 3 
                 601 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00235 
                 3 
                 622 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00244 
                 3 
                 626 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00525 
                 3 
                 654 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00625 
                 3 
                 724 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00645 
                 3 
                 729 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00647 
                 3 
                 731 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00690 
                 3 
                 740 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00691 
                 3 
                 741 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00693 
                 3 
                 742 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00712 
                 3 
                 748 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00716 
                 3 
                 752 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00722 
                 3 
                 753 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00731B 
                 3 
                 756 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00784 
                 3 
                 773 
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                 605 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00190 
                 6 
                 607 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00195 
                 6 
                 610 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00217 
                 6 
                 616 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00227 
                 6 
                 619 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00597 
                 6 
                 711 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00017b 
                 7 
                 532 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00018 
                 7 
                 534 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00020 
                 7 
                 535 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00022 
                 7 
                 537 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00025 
                 7 
                 538 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00043 
                 7 
                 544 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00047 
                 7 
                 546 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 547 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00055 
                 7 
                 553 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00057 
                 7 
                 554 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00058 
                 7 
                 555 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00078 
                 7 
                 568 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00081 
                 7 
                 569 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00082a 
                 7 
                 570 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00085 
                 7 
                 571 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00086 
                 7 
                 572 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00088 
                 7 
                 574 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00094 
                 7 
                 576 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00095 
                 7 
                 577 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00096 
                 7 
                 578 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00100 
                 7 
                 579 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00101 
                 7 
                 580 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00502 
                 7 
                 639 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00506 
                 7 
                 641 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00506b 
                 7 
                 642 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00511 
                 7 
                 647 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00514b 
                 7 
                 649 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00514C 
                 7 
                 650 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00514D 
                 7 
                 651 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00731A 
                 7 
                 755 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00785 
                 7 
                 774 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00544 
                 9 
                 663 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00545B 
                 9 
                 665 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00548 
                 9 
                 667 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00552 
                 9 
                 670 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00558 
                 9 
                 675 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00580b 
                 9 
                 689 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00580d 
                 9 
                 691 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00583 
                 9 
                 699 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00584 
                 9 
                 700 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00588 
                 9 
                 705 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00596 
                 9 
                 710 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00600 
                 9 
                 713 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00746 
                 9 
                 757 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00752 
                 9 
                 759 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00756 
                 9 
                 761 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00763 
                 9 
                 767 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00783 
                 9 
                 772 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00812 
                 9 
                 775 
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00064a 
                 10 
                 560 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00183 
                 10 
                 603 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00184 
                 10 
                 604 
                   Stenotrophomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00543 
                 12 
                 662 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00595 
                 12 
                 709 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00580C 
                 13 
                 690 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00547 
                 13 
                 666 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00551 
                 13 
                 669 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00560 
                 13 
                 676 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00565B 
                 13 
                 681 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00580i 
                 13 
                 694 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00585 
                 13 
                 701 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00586b 
                 13 
                 702 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00588b 
                 13 
                 706 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00591 
                 13 
                 708 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00602 
                 13 
                 715 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00758 
                 13 
                 763 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00761 
                 13 
                 765 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00764 
                 13 
                 768 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00765 
                 13 
                 769 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00824 
                 13 
                 777 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00828 
                 13 
                 778 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00830 
                 13 
                 779 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00831 
                 13 
                 780 
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                 540 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                 550 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00053 
                 18 
                 551 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00054 
                 18 
                 552 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00175 
                 18 
                 595 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00627 
                 18 
                 725 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00715 
                 18 
                 751 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00189 
                 19 
                 606 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                 608 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00197 
                 19 
                 611 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00201 
                 19 
                 612 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00202 
                 19 
                 613 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00215 
                 19 
                 615 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00233 
                 19 
                 621 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00016b 
                 25 
                 529 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00236 
                 25 
                 623 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00237 
                 25 
                 624 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00240 
                 25 
                 625 
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00501 
                 27 
                 638 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00504 
                 27 
                 640 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00536 
                 27 
                 656 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00538E 
                 27 
                 659 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00566A 
                 27 
                 682 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00568 
                 27 
                 683 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00570 
                 27 
                 684 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00574 
                 27 
                 685 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00575 
                 27 
                 686 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00578 
                 27 
                 687 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00621 
                 27 
                 721 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00623 
                 27 
                 722 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00624 
                 27 
                 723 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00633 
                 27 
                 727 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00822 
                 27 
                 776 
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00037 
                 28 
                 543 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00051 
                 28 
                 549 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00104 
                 28 
                 582 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00177 
                 28 
                 597 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00514A 
                 28 
                 648 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00523 
                 28 
                 652 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00538H 
                 28 
                 660 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00542 
                 28 
                 661 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00556 
                 28 
                 674 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00581A 
                 28 
                 695 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00586c 
                 28 
                 703 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00587 
                 28 
                 704 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00598 
                 28 
                 712 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00757 
                 28 
                 762 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00760 
                 28 
                 764 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00780 
                 28 
                 771 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00832 
                 28 
                 781 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00015 
                 29 
                 528 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00021 
                 29 
                 536 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00179 
                 29 
                 599 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00182 
                 29 
                 602 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00252 
                 29 
                 630 
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00565A 
                 30 
                 680 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00580G 
                 30 
                 693 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00753 
                 30 
                 760 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00762 
                 30 
                 766 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00775 
                 30 
                 770 
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00589 
                 31 
                 707 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00057B 
                 37 
                 1446 
                 
                   Burkholderia 
                 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   phytofirmans 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00102 
                 38 
                 581 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00072 
                 39 
                 566 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                 567 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00249 
                 39 
                 628 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00507 
                 39 
                 645 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00553 
                 39 
                 671 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00562 
                 39 
                 677 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00564 
                 39 
                 679 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00580E 
                 39 
                 692 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00581b 
                 39 
                 696 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00581c 
                 39 
                 697 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00601 
                 39 
                 714 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00036 
                 41 
                 542 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00110 
                 41 
                 586 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00193 
                 41 
                 609 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00218 
                 41 
                 617 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00250 
                 41 
                 629 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00697 
                 41 
                 745 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00704 
                 41 
                 746 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                 533 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00062b 
                 45 
                 558 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00065 
                 45 
                 561 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00168 
                 45 
                 589 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00169 
                 45 
                 590 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                 620 
                   Sphingobium  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00975 
                 51 
                 843 
                   Herbaspirillum  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00506c 
                 53 
                 643 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00506D 
                 53 
                 644 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00545 
                 53 
                 664 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00549 
                 53 
                 668 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00554 
                 53 
                 672 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00555 
                 53 
                 673 
                   Paenibacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                 1447 
                 
                   Microbacterium 
                 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   binotii 
                 
               
               
                 SYM00046 
                 56 
                 545 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00050 
                 56 
                 548 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00628 
                 56 
                 726 
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00106 
                 59 
                 583 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00107 
                 59 
                 584 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00108 
                 59 
                 585 
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 575 
                   Chryseobacterium  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                 521 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00017a 
                 66 
                 531 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00714 
                 66 
                 750 
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00060 
                 67 
                 556 
                   Staphylococcus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                 565 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00204 
                 76 
                 614 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00563 
                 76 
                 678 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00617 
                 76 
                 719 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00960 
                 82 
                 831 
                   Luteibacter  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00940 
                 83 
                 815 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00713 
                 84 
                 749 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00992 
                 126 
                 856 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00063 
                 134 
                 559 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00226 
                 134 
                 618 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00246 
                 134 
                 627 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00524 
                 134 
                 653 
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                 1448 
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00172 
                 146 
                 592 
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00527 
                 146 
                 655 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00644 
                 146 
                 728 
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00648 
                 146 
                 732 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00538A 
                 172 
                 658 
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00508 
                 196 
                 646 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Legend: 
               
               
                 “—” indicates no significant increase; 
               
               
                 “1” = low activity; 
               
               
                 “2” = medium activity; 
               
               
                 “3” = high activity 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All of these groups are known to have representatives with the potential to fix atmospheric nitrogen; however chief among these were  Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Methylobacteria , and  Pseudomonas . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Seed-origin isolates 
               
               
                   
                 Genus 
                 growing on N Free Media 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Micrococcus  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Sphingobium  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Sphingomonas  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     ACC Deaminase Activity 
     Microbes were assayed for growth with ACC as their sole source of nitrogen. Prior to media preparation all glassware was cleaned with 6 M HCl. A 2 M filter sterilized solution of ACC (#1373A, Research Organics, USA) was prepared in water. 2 μl/mL of this was added to autoclaved LGI broth (see above), and 250 μL aliquots were placed in a brand new (clean) 96 well plate. The plate was inoculated with a 96 pin library replicator, sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 28° C. without shaking for 5 days, and OD600 readings taken. Only wells that were significantly more turbid than their corresponding nitrogen free LGI wells were considered to display ACC deaminase activity. 
     Plant stress reactions are strongly impacted by the plant&#39;s own production and overproduction of the gaseous hormone ethylene. Ethylene is metabolized from its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) which can be diverted from ethylene metabolism by microbial and plant enzymes having ACC deaminase activity. As the name implies, ACC deaminase removes molecular nitrogen from the ethylene precursor, removing it as a substrate for production of the plant stress hormone and providing for the microbe a source of valuable nitrogen nutrition. It is somewhat surprising, but this microbial ability to inhibit ethylene production is very important for plant health as damage to growth and productivity under various stress conditions is believed to result from the plant&#39;s own over-production of ethylene (Journal of Industrial Microbiology &amp; Biotechnology, October 2007, Volume 34, Issue 10, pp 635-648). 
     In total, of the 247 isolates there were 68 (28%) which had greater growth on nitrogen free LGI media supplemented with ACC, than in nitrogen free LGI. Of these, only 11% had very high ACC deaminase activity and these were mostly strains of  Achromobacter, Burkholderia , and  Pseudomonas . Chief amongst these were  Burkholderia  species which held ACC deaminase as their most distinctive in vitro characteristic—94% or 15 out of 16  Burkholderia  isolates had ACC deaminase activity. Of  Burkholderia  isolates, 81% had strong ACC deaminase activity, while only 42% of  Achromobacter  species (5 of 12 isolates) had strong ACC deaminase activity, and next were  Pseudomonas  where only 5 of 14 isolates (42%) had strong activity. Many  Curtobacteria  isolates appeared to have ACC deaminase activity as well, however these were all rated low (as 1) and thus of less interest than the preceeding groups of isolates. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Seed-Origin Isolates growing on 
               
               
                   
                 Genus 
                 ACC as the sole Nitrogen Source 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   Agrobacterium  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Bacillus  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Erwinia  sp. 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   Methylobacterium  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   Ochrobactrum  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Acetoin and Diacetyl Production 
     The method was adapted from Phalip et al., (1994) J Basic Microbiol 34: 277-280. (incorporated herein by reference). 250 ml of autoclaved R2A broth supplemented with 0.5% glucose was aliquoted into a 96 well plate (#07-200-700, Fisher). The bacterial endophytes from a glycerol stock plate were inoculated into the plate using a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator, sealed with a breathable membrane, then incubated for 3 days without shaking at 28° C. At day 5, 50 μl/well was added of freshly blended Barritt&#39;s Reagents A and B [5 g/L creatine mixed 3:1 (v/v) with freshly prepared ∝-naphthol (75 g/L in 2.5 M sodium hydroxide)]. After 15 minutes, plates were scored for red or pink coloration relative to a copper colored negative control (measured as 525 nm absorption on a plate reader). 
     A large number of seed-origin bacteria showed a detectable level of pink or red color development (126 out of 247; See Table 3). 70 of 247 isolates had strong production of acetoin or butanediol as detected by this assay.  Bacillus  (13 of 33),  Enterobacter  (8 or 16) and  Microbacterium  (12 of 21) species were the most intense producers of acetoin/butanediol in this collection. In addition, two of the three isolates of  Stenotrophomonas  included in this study were also strong acetoin/butanediol producers. 
     Siderophore Production 
     To ensure no contaminating iron was carried over from previous experiments, all glassware was deferrated with 6 M HCl and water prior to media preparation [Cox (1994) Methods Enzymol 235: 315-329, incorporated herein by reference]. In this cleaned glassware, R2A broth media, which is iron limited, was prepared and poured (250 ul/well) into 96 well plates and the plate then inoculated with bacteria using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of incubation at 28° C. without shaking, to each well was added 100 ul of O-CAS preparation without gelling agent [Perez-Miranda et al. (2007), J Microbiol Methods 70: 127-131, incorporated herein by reference]. One liter of O-CAS reagent was prepared using the cleaned glassware by mixing 60.5 mg of chrome azurol S (CAS), 72.9 mg of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA), 30.24 g of finely crushed Piperazine-1,4-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) with 10 ml of 1 mM FeCl 3 .6H 2 O in 10 mM HCl solvent. The PIPES had to be finely powdered and mixed gently with stirring (not shaking) to avoid producing bubbles, until a deep blue color was achieved. 15 minutes after adding the reagent to each well, color change was scored by looking for purple halos (catechol type siderophores) or orange colonies (hydroxamate siderophores) relative to the deep blue of the O-CAS. 
     Siderophore production by bacteria on a plant surface or inside a plant may both show that a microbe is equipped to grow in a nutrient limited environment, and perhaps protect the plant environment from invasion by other, perhaps undesirable microbes. We searched for two types of siderophore which result in purple color change (catechol type siderophores) or orange color change (hydroxamate siderophores) after addition of the blue O-Cas reagent to 96 well plates. A large number of bacteria showed a detectable level of color change relative to the deep blue of the O-CAS; 80 out of 247. Notably, 32 of 247 strains had strong production of siderophores. Interestingly, strong siderophore producers included a large number (14) of the 16  Burkholderia  isolates. Many isolates of  Achromobacter  (9 of 12) and  Pantoea  (15 of 26) were able to induce weak colour change in the O-CAS material. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Seed-origin Isolates Producing 
               
               
                   
                 Genus 
                 Strong Siderophores 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   Achromobacter  sp. 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   Burkholderia  sp. 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   Curtobacterium  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   Enterobacter  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Microbacterium  sp. 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   Pantoea  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   Pseudomonas  sp. 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   Rhodococcus  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   Xanthomonas  sp. 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Pectinase Activity 
     Iodine reacts with pectin to form a dark blue-colored complex, leaving clear halos as evidence of extracellular enzyme activity. Adapting a previous protocol [Soares et al. (1999) Rev de Microbiol 30: 299-303, incorporated herein by reference] 0.2% (w/v) of citrus pectin (#76280, Sigma) and 0.1% triton X-100 were added to R2A media, autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Bacteria were inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of culturing in the darkness at 25° C., pectinase activity was visualized by flooding the plate with Gram&#39;s iodine. Positive colonies were surrounded by clear halos. In our study, a large number, roughly 83 of the 247 isolates, had detectable pectinase activity, and 21 of these isolates had moderate to strong results visualized as medium to large halos—caused by copious diffusion of enzyme away from the bacteria. 
     Cellulase Activity 
     Iodine reacts with cellulose to form a dark brown/blue-colored complex, leaving clear halos as evidence of extracellular enzyme activity. Adapting a previous protocol [Kasana et al. (2008), Curr Microbiol 57: 503-507, incorporated herein by reference] 0.2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sodium salt (#C5678, Sigma) and 0.1% triton X-100 were added to a starch free variant of R2A media, autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Bacteria were inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of culturing in the darkness at 25° C., cellulose activity was visualized by flooding the plate with Gram&#39;s iodine. Positive colonies were surrounded by clear halos. 
     In our study, a large number, roughly 83 of the 247 isolates, had detectable cellulose activity, and 21 of these isolates had moderate to strong results visualized as medium to large halos—caused by copious diffusion of enzyme away from the bacteria. 
     Antibiosis 
     Briefly, colonies of either  E. coli  DH5a (bacterial tester) or yeast strain  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  AH109 (fungal tester) were resuspended in 1 mL R2A broth to an OD600 of 0.2, and 40 μL of this was mixed with 40 mL of warm R2A agar for pouring a single rectangular Petri dish. Seed derived bacteria were inoculated onto plates using a flame sterilized 96 pin plate replicator, incubated for 3 days at 28° C. Antibiosis was scored by observing clear halos around endophyte colonies. 
     A total of 59 and 72 isolates showed antibiosis activity against either  E. coli  or yeast, respectively (Table 3). Antibiotic production by bacteria on a plant surface or inside a plant may both show that a microbe is ecologically aggressive (a survivor) and it may mean that it can help protect a plant against pathogens. Interestingly, three groups of bacteria, the Bacilli, Enterobacters and  Burkholderia  both had a large proportion of isolates (up to 45%, 50% and 88% respectively) which were inhibiting growth of  E. coli  and yeast, suggestive of a common mechanism of antiobiosis such as production and secretion of a broad spectrum antibiotic. As antibiosis effects were detected in the same 14 strains of  Burkholderia  that produced siderophores,  Burkholderia  mediated antibiosis may have been be caused by localized iron starvation, inhibiting both yeast and  E. coli  growth. A large number of Ochrobacterum isolates also had antagonism towards yeast growth. 
     Example 4—Seed Endophyte Establishment and Persistence in Corn and Wheat 
     Seed endophytes colonize plant tissues and as part of their life cycle they can establish inside roots and disperse systemically throughout the plant vascular system and colonize stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. In order to track the fate of individual strains they are labeled with a marker such as Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP) encoded in a multi copy plasmid. A strain is transformed with the plasmid encoding the expression of GFP that can be detected by flow cytometry with excitation with a blue laser at 488 nm and light emission at 530 nm or fluorescent microscopy. The transformed strain will fluoresce green and thus can be readily discriminated from the native microbial community as indigenous green fluorescence does not occur in seed endophytes or microbial species associated with the rhizosphere or soils. Seeds are inoculated with such bacteria which colonize the germinating seed allowing the establishment, detection and enumeration of the GFP-labeled strain in specific tissues such as roots, stems and flowers as the plants develop and mature. Through the plant&#39;s life cycle and reproductive stages the tissues can be analyzed for the presence of the GFP labeled seed-origin endophyte. This demonstrates that bacteria&#39;s ability to colonize and persist in vegetative plant tissues, in addition to seed surfaces and interiors where it was originally inoculated. Seed endophytes will be capable of propagation outside the seed and to be re-established on seeds to colonize new plant generations. 
     A strain of  Pantoea  representing OTU #7 and an  Enterobacter  representing OTU #56 were successfully electroporated with the broad gram negative host range plasmid, pDSK-GFPuv [Wang et al. (2007), New Phytol 174(1): 212-23, incorporated herein by reference]. This is a low copy plasmid, driving constitutive expression of very bright fluorescing GFP under UV light, in addition to carrying a constitutively expressed kanamycin resistance gene which can allow for selection against background, non-tagged microbes inherent in plant samples. These pDSK-GFPuv transformed bacteria were grown overnight in a volume of 10 mL of 50% TSB and the next day, CFUs were counted by serial dilution and plating on 50% TSA plates. At this time, 10 g of 58PM36 seed (Blue River Hybrid maize) in a sterile 50 mL conical tube was flooded with a mixture of 10 μl of plantability polymer Flo Rite 1706 and 500 μl of the GFP plasmid containing OTU #7 or OTU #56 bacteria in R2A broth. After vigorous shaking to ensure even coating of seed with bacteria, tubes were sealed and left at 25° C. for 7 days, at which time CFUs of bacteria still surviving on seed were assessed by carbide bead beating with a Fastprep24 machine for 60 seconds at 5M/seconds. Each 15 mL Falcon tube contained 3 seeds, 2 beads and 1 mL of sterile R2A broth in the. After agitation, 20 μL of the supernatant was then serially diluted, and 50 μL of the 10× diluted and 50 μL of the 1,000× diluted plated on halves of 50% TSA plates. Two of each seed type including untreated, OTU #7-GFP and OTU #56-GFP inoculated seeds were then planted 3 cm deep in 70% ethanol cleaned pots containing heat sterilized quartz sand, and watered daily with autoclaved water for 7 days as seedlings developed. At this time, seedlings were removed and shaken free from sand, cut into roots or shoots, weighed, placed in 15 mL Falcon tubes along with two carbide beads and either 1 mL of 50% TSB for shoots or 2 mL of 50% TSB for roots. These were then homogenized by shaking on the Fastprep24 for 120 seconds at 5M/second. 20 μL of shoot and root homogenates were then serially diluted, and 50 μL of the 10× diluted and 50 μL of the 1,000× diluted plated on halves of 50% TSA plates. Uninoculated seed were plated on antibiotic free TSA, but OTU #7-GFP and OTU #56-GFP plant extracts were placed on TSA plates containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin. See  FIG. 1B  for an example of the two GFP fluorescing strains on kanamycin containing TSA plates. 
     Based on colony counting of serial dilutions, OTU #7-GFP inoculum was at a level of 2.74×10 9  CFU/mL (approximately 5.08×10 7  CFU/seed) when applied to seeds, and after 7 days at room temperature each seed still had about 4.44×10 5  CFUs per seed. After 7 days of growth in a greenhouse exposed to fluctuations in light, heat, moisture and atmosphere, OTU #7-GFP inoculated seeds developed into a seedling with an average of 1.24×10 6  CFU/g of root tissue and 7.93×10 5 CFU/g of shoot tissue. Thus after planting seeds with approximately 4.44×10 5  CFU of OTU #7-GFP each, seedlings germinated and grew into plantlets containing an average of 1.02×10 6  CFU GFP labelled bacteria. This represents an almost three fold increase of bacterial numbers and suggests active growth and colonization of these bacteria in the plant, rather than passive survival for a week until the time of harvest. 
     OTU #56-GFP inoculum was at a level of 1.69×10 9  CFU/mL (approximately 3.13×10 7  CFU/seed) when applied to seeds, and 7 days later each seed still had about 2.21×10 6  CFUs living on its surface. After 7 days of growth in a greenhouse exposed to fluctuations in light, heat, moisture and atmosphere, OTU #56-GFP inoculated seeds developed into seedlings with an average of 4.71×10 6 CFU/g of root tissue and 2.03×10 4  CFU/g of shoot tissue. Thus after planting seeds with approximately 2.21×10 6  CFU of OTU #7-GFP each, seedlings germinated and grew into plantlets containing an average of 6.06×10 5  CFU GFP labelled bacteria. 
     Taken together, these two experiments successfully showed that seed derived endophytes are able to survive on a maize seed surface in large numbers under non-sterile greenhouse conditions for at least a week and are able to colonize and persist on the developing plant over time where they will have ongoing opportunities to influence and improve plant growth, health and productivity. 
     Example 5—Colonization of Grass Plants 
     The establishment of plant-microbe interactions is contingent on close proximity. The microbiome of the host plant consists of microorganisms inside tissues as well as those living on the surface and surrounding rhizosphere. The present invention describes, among other methods, the colonization of the plant by application of endophytic microbes of the seed surface. The experiments described in this section are aimed at confirming successful colonization of plants by endophytic bacteria by direct recovery of viable colonies from various tissues of the inoculated plant. The experiments were designed to reduce background microbes by the use of surface-sterilized seeds, and planting and growing the seeds in a sterile environment, to improve the observable colonization of the plant with the inoculated bacterium. 
     Experimental Description 
     Corn seeds of cultivar 58PM36 (Blue River Hybrid) were surface-sterilizing by exposing them to chlorine gas overnight, using the methods described elsewhere. Sterile seeds were then inoculated with submerged in 0.5 OD overnight cultures [Tryptic Soy Broth] of strains SYM00254 (a  Micrococcus  sp. of OTU 59), SYM00284 (a  Pantoea  sp. of OTU 0), SYM00290 (an  Actinobacter  of OTU 154), or SYM00292 (a  Paenibacillus  sp. of OTU 6) and allowed to briefly air dry. The seeds were then placed in tubes filled partially with a sterile sand-vermiculite mixture [(1:1 wt/wt)] and covered with 1 inch of the mixture, watered with sterile water, sealed and incubated in a greenhouse for 7 days. After this incubation time, various tissues of the grown plants were harvested and used as donors to isolate bacteria by placing tissue section in a homogenizer [TSB 20%] and mechanical mixing. The slurry was then serially diluted in 10-fold steps to 10 −3  and dilutions 1 through 10 −3  were plated on TSA 20% plates (1.3% agar). Plates were incubated overnight and pictures were taken of the resulting plates as well as colony counts for CFUs. 
     Experimental Results 
     Successful inoculation of corn plants by the endophytic bacteria allowed the recovery of viable, culturable cells as identified on TSA agar plates. Controls experiments using uninoculated, surface sterilized seeds were conducted and showed few, if any, bacterial cells were cultivatable from the inside suggesting inoculation with extra microbes would be easily detectable by culturing. Non surface sterilized seeds meanwhile showed a large diversity of colony types including both bacteria and fungi which drowned out the detection by culturing of inoculated bacteria, whereas the plants grown from surface-sterilized seeds showed a dominance of the inoculated strains readily identified by the colony morphology. 
     Finally, significant quantities of viable colonies were recovered from roots, shoots or seeds of corn plants inoculated with SYM00254, SYM00284, SYM00290, or SYM00292 (Table 10,  FIG. 1A ), confirming the successful colonization of these tissues of corn plants inoculated with the various strains. Microbes living on the seed surface can be eliminated by surface sterilization as was done here. The elimination of this background allows for the quantitation of the cells of interest. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Confirmed colonization of seed origin strains in corn 
               
               
                 shoot and root tissue at 7 days after seed inoculation. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Seed-origin 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 microbes 
                 Shoot tissue 
                 Root tissue 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SYM00254 
                 ++ 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00284 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00290 
                 + 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00292 
                 ++ 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 + - &lt;10 4  cells per tissue type; 
               
               
                   
                 ++ - 10 4  to 10 6  cells per tissue type; 
               
               
                   
                 +++ - &gt;10 6  cells per tissue type. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6—Testing of Seed-Origin Bacterial Endophyte Populations on Plants 
     The results shown above demonstrate that many of the endophytic bacteria described herein possess activities that could impart beneficial traits to a plant upon colonization. First, many of the bacteria described here are capable of producing compounds that could be beneficial to the plant, as detected using the in vitro assays described above. In addition, several representative bacteria were tested and found to successfully colonize corn plants as demonstrated in the example above. The aim of the experiments in this section addresses the ability of the bacterial endophytes to confer beneficial traits on a host plant. Several different methods were used to ascertain this. First, plants inoculated with bacteria were tested under conditions without any stress to determine whether the microbe confers an increase in vigor. Second, endophyte-inoculated plants were tested under specific stress conditions (e.g., salt stress, heat stress, drought stress, and combinations thereof) to test whether the bacteria confer an increase in tolerance to these stresses. These growth tests were performed using three different means: using growth assays on water-agar plates; using growth assays on sterile filter papers; and growth assays on magenta boxes. 
     Experimental Description 
     Surface sterilization of seeds—Un-treated organic maize seeds (Blue River hybrids, 40R73) and wheat seeds (Briggs, developed by South Dakota University) were sterilized overnight with chlorine gas as follows: 200 g of seeds were weighed and placed in a 250 mL glass bottle. The opened bottle and its cap were placed in a dessicator jar in a fume hood. A beaker containing 100 mL of commercial bleach (8.25% sodium hypochlorite) was placed in the dessicator jar. Immediately prior to sealing the jar, 3 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (34-37.5%) was carefully added to the bleach. The sterilization was left to proceed for 18-24 h. After sterilization, the bottle was closed with its sterilized cap, and reopened in a sterile flow hood. The opened bottle was left in the sterile hood for a couple hours to air out the seeds and remove chlorine gas leftover. The bottle was then closed and the seeds stored at room temperature in the dark until use. 
     Seedling Vigor Assessment in Normal and Stressed Conditions on Water Agar 
     Bacterial endophytes isolated from seeds as described herein were tested for their ability to promote plant growth under normal and stressed conditions by inoculating maize and wheat seeds with those endophytes and germinating them on water agar. For each bacterial endophyte tested, 5 mL of liquid R2A medium was inoculated with a single colony and the culture grown at room temperature on a shaker to an OD (600 nm) of between 0.8 and 1.2. 
     Sterilized maize and wheat seeds were placed on water agar plates (1.3% bacto agar) in a laminar flow hood, using forceps previously flamed. A drop of inoculum with an OD comprised between 0.8 and 1.2 (corresponding to about 10 8  CFU/mL) was placed on each seed (50 uL for maize, 30 uL for wheat, representing approximately 5·10 6  and 3·10 6  CFUs for maize and wheat, respectively). For each treatment, 3 plates were prepared with 12 seeds each, arranged as show in on  FIG. 2  to insure position uniformity. Plates were sealed with surgical tape, randomized to avoid position effects and placed in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for four days. After four days, a picture of each plate was taken and the root length of each seedling was measured using the imaging software ImageJ. The percentage difference between the treated plants and the mock-treated (R2A control) was then calculated. For growth under salt stress, the water agar plates were supplemented with 100 mM NaCl. For growth under heat stress, the plates were placed at 40° C., 60% humidity after two days of growth, and left for an additional two days. 
     Seedling Vigor Assays Under Normal and Stressed Conditions on Filter Paper 
     Filter papers were autoclaved and placed into Petri dishes, and then presoaked with treatment solutions. To simulate normal conditions, 3-4 mL sterile water was added to the filters. Drought and saline stresses were induced by adding 3-4 mL 8% PEG 6000 solution or 50 or 100 mM NaCl to the filter papers. Surface sterilized seeds were incubated in bacterial inocula for at least one hour prior to plating. Nine seeds were plated in triplicate for each condition tested, including room temperature and heat stress (40° C.) for both normal and saline conditions. During initial stages of the experiment, plates were sealed with parafilm to inhibit evaporative water loss and premature drying of the filter papers. Plates were incubated in the dark at room temperature for two days following which heat treatment plates were shifted to 40° C. for 4-6 days. Parafilm was removed from all plates after 3-5 days. After 5-8 days, seedlings were scored by manually measuring root length for corn and shoot length for wheat and recording the mass of pooled seedlings from individual replicates. 
     Experimental Results 
     Plant vigor and improved stress resilience are important components of providing fitness to a plant in an agricultural setting. These can be measured in germination assays to test the improvement on the plant phenotype as conferred by microbial inoculation. The collection of seed-origin endophytes produced a measurable response in corn (Tables 4a and 4b), and wheat (Table 5a and Table 5b) when inoculated as compared to non-inoculated controls. For example, from 48 bacterial strains, representing 44 OTUs tested in these germination assays, only 2 did not produce a favorable phenotype in any of the measured multiple parameters such as root length, weight, or shoot length in wheat. This suggests that the strains play an intimate role modulating and improving plant vigor and conferring stress resilience to the host plant. In wheat under normal conditions (vigor), 73% of the strains tested showed some level of effect and 43% a strong plant response suggesting the physiology and ecological niches of the strain collection can be associated to a beneficial plant role. The stress responses in the strain collection can be seen by the ability of a subgroup to confer a beneficial response under different conditions such as heat and salt and drought. These can be applicable to products for arid and marginal lands. In a large proportion of cases for the tested strains, the beneficial effect was measurable in both crops indicating that the strains are capable of colonizing multiple varieties and plant species. This can play a role in their mechanisms for dispersal and colonization from one seed into a mature plant but also as part of the life cycle to establish an ample distribution range and ecological persistence in nature. This may translate also into relevant features in agriculture. For drought responses in corn it was found that 73% of the strains were improving in the filter paper assay as measured by root length and weight. In some cases it was possible to see additive effects for stress responses comparing heat, salt and the combination of heat and salt in the same assay, however not always in a cumulative benefit. For vigor in corn 81% of the strains showed improvements when tested in filter paper or water agar assays. 
     The phenotypes conferred by the inoculation and improvement in plant development are visible by comparing for example the root length, shoot length and weight of the seedling with non-inoculated controls as illustrated by  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 . 
     Individual tests for stress response for corn showed in average 57% of the strains an increase in weight over control in heat and salt, 51% for heat-salt and 40% for drought on weight gain. For wheat under salt conditions 54% of the strains produced an effect on root length, 77% of the strains a shoot length effect and 50% a weight gain. Drought tests were scored for shoot length and weight with a 59% of the strains showing increase in shoot length and 43% weight increase. 
     Table 4. Systematic assessment of effects of seed-origin microbes on corn seed vigor under normal and stressed conditions. Legend: “-” indicates no significant increase relative to uninoculated control; “1”=0-5% increase relative to uninoculated control; “2”=5-10% increase relative to uninoculated control; “3”=&gt;10% increase relative to uninoculated control 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4(a) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Assay for seedling vigor in water agar conditions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Corn cultivar A 
                 Corn-organic 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Root length 
                 Root Length 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Strain 
                 OTU# 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 normal 
                 salt 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                   
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00057b 
                 37 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00060 
                 67 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00064a 
                 10 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                 2 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                   
                   
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                   
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4(b) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Assay for seedling vigor on filter paper. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ROOT LENGTH 
                 SEEDLING WEIGHT 
               
               
                   
                 Corn organic Filter paper 
                 Corn organic Filter paper 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 heat- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 heat- 
                   
               
               
                 Strain 
                 OTU # 
                 normal 
                 heat 
                 salt 
                 salt 
                 drought 
                 normal 
                 heat 
                 salt 
                 salt 
                 drought 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00033 
                 0 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00057b 
                 37 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00102 
                 38 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00107 
                 59 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00172 
                 146 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00218 
                 41 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00508 
                 196 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00547 
                 13 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00554 
                 53 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00589 
                 31 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00595 
                 12 
                 1 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00596 
                 9 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00660 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00713 
                 84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00775 
                 30 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00940 
                 83 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00967 
                 8 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00975 
                 51 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00991 
                 36 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00992 
                 126 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5(a) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wheat seedling vigor assessment using water agar assay. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Root Length 
               
               
                   
                 Wheat Briggs Water-agar 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 OTU# 
                 Normal 
                 Heat 
                 Salt 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00015 
                 29 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00016b 
                 25 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00021 
                 29 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00033 
                 0 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00046 
                 56 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00057b 
                 37 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00060 
                 67 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00063 
                 134 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00064a 
                 10 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 3 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00102 
                 38 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00107 
                 59 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00168 
                 45 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00183 
                 10 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00218 
                 41 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00508 
                 196 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00538A 
                 172 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00547 
                 13 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00589 
                 31 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00595 
                 12 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00596 
                 9 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00660 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00713 
                 84 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00775 
                 30 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00940 
                 83 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00965 
                 82 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00967 
                 8 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00975 
                 51 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00992 
                 126 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Legend: 
               
               
                   
                 “—” indicates no significant increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “1” = 0-5% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “2” = 5-10% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “3” = &gt;10% increase relative to uninoculated control 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5(b) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wheat seedling vigor using filter paper assay. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 WHEAT BRIGGS FILTER PAPER 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Shoot Length 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Nor- 
                   
                   
                 Nor- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Strain 
                 OTU # 
                 mal 
                 Salt 
                 Drought 
                 mal 
                 Salt 
                 Drought 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SYM00002 
                 66 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00011 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00012 
                 55 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00016b 
                 25 
               
               
                 SYM00017c 
                 45 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00028 
                 18 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00033 
                 0 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00049 
                 7 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00052 
                 18 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00057b 
                 37 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00064a 
                 10 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00071 
                 76 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM00075 
                 39 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00102 
                 38 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00107 
                 59 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00168 
                 45 
               
               
                 SYM00172 
                 146 
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00188 
                 6 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00192 
                 19 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00199 
                 135 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00218 
                 41 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM00508 
                 196 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00538A 
                 172 
               
               
                 SYM00547 
                 13 
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00554 
                 53 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00589 
                 31 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00595 
                 12 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00596 
                 9 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM00660 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00713 
                 84 
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00965 
                 82 
               
               
                 SYM00967 
                 8 
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00975 
                 51 
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM00992 
                 126 
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Legend: 
               
               
                 “—” indicates no increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “1” = 0-5% increase; 
               
               
                 “2” = 5-10% increase; 
               
               
                 “3” = &gt;10% increase 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Growth Test of Inoculated Plants in Magenta Boxes 
     Representative endophytes isolated from seeds as described herein were tested for their ability to promote plant growth under normal and stressed conditions by inoculating maize seeds with those endophytes and growing them inside Conviron Growth chambers (Conviron Corp., Asheville, N.C.) on double-decker Magenta boxes essentially as described in Rodriguez et al. ISME Journal (2008) 2, 404-416, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, the double-deckers were made by drilling a hole 8 mm in diameter in the center of a GA-7 plant culture vessel (Magenta boxes, Sigma, St. Louis), top-knotting and weaving through a 14 cm length of cotton rope to the bottom chamber to act as a wick and adding a defined amount of playground sand in the upper chamber. Peter&#39;s 20:20:20 plant nutrient solution (Peters Fertilizer Co., Fogelsville, Pa.) is added to the bottom chamber and a tight-fitting lid is added to the top and the whole system autoclaved and sterilized prior to planting with not-inoculated or endophyte-treated seeds. 
     Maize seeds were surface sterilized with chlorine gas as described herein. Sterilized maize seeds were soaked for one hour on the appropriate bacterial culture before planting. Each bacterial culture was grown on a shaking incubator 20% Tryptic soy broth (TSB) until reaching ˜0.5 optical density, measured at 600 nm wavelength. Non-inoculated controls were soaked on sterile 20% TSB. Three seeds were planted on each double-decker Magenta box and three boxes were used per treatment (endophytic bacteria x environmental condition). The double-deckers were placed inside a Conviron Growth chamber with a setting of 60% humidity and kept in the dark for four days, until they started germinating. Upon germination, plants were grown in a cycle of light (˜400 mE×m{circumflex over ( )}-2×s{circumflex over ( )}-1) for 14 hrs. and dark for 10 hrs. When the leaves were fully expanded, approximately 8 days after seeding, the plants were assigned to one of 3 chambers were conditions were as follows: for Control conditions, plants were kept at 22° C.; for cold, plants were subjected to 5° C. during the light part of the daily cycle and near zero degrees during the dark part; for drought, the plants were maintained in the control chamber, but the liquid from the lower part of the double decker was emptied and the soil was allowed to dry; for heat conditions, the light intensity was set to a maximum of ˜600 mE×m{circumflex over ( )}-2×s{circumflex over ( )}-1, while the temperature was set to 40° C. for 12 hrs. out of the 14 hrs. of light and 45 degrees during the two hrs. around noon, during the dark cycle the temperature was set to 30° C. The air humidity was maintained at 60% in all chambers. The conditions were maintained for one week at the end of which conductance was measured using an SC-1 Leaf Porometer (Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, Wash.) in the plants maintained under control and drought conditions and all the plants were harvested, photographed and dried in a convention oven at 45° C. to estimate dried biomass. Shoot and root lengths were measured digitally using the software ImageJ version 1.48u4 (Rasband http://imagej.nih.gov). 
     Average measurements were compared against those for uninoculated controls for each treatment. The results obtained with the water agar assay are summarized in Table 7. Several bacterial endophytes provided significant plant growth improvement under normal and/or stressed conditions in maize. Notably, strain SYM90 provided growth improvement under normal, drought and cold conditions, mainly in the form of increased root length. Strains SYM00183, SYM00015, SYM00167 and SYM00168 also increased root length under drought conditions relative to non-inoculated controls. Almost all the endophytic bacteria tested provided increase gain in biomass under cold conditions. The magnitude of the difference in the conductance between normal conditions and drought conditions was significantly larger in the plants inoculated with SYM231 relative to the non-inoculated controls, suggesting an improved water balance potentially related to closure of stomata. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of results of testing synthetic combinations of seed-origin 
               
               
                 endophytes and corn in plant growth tests on Magenta boxes. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Plant vigor and stress resilience in Corn 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Root length 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 OTU# 
                 normal 
                 drought 
                 cold 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SYM00090 
                 62 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00016b 
                 25 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00231 
                 46 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00183 
                 10 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00015 
                 29 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00167 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 SYM00168 
                 45 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Legend: 
               
               
                   
                 “—” indicates no significant increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “1” = 0-5% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “2” = 5-10% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                   
                 “3” = &gt;10% increase relative to uninoculated control. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dose Response 
     Initial experiments described above were conducted to determine whether the microbe conferred beneficial traits to the colonized plant. We next sought to determine the amount of the microbe that is effective to confer any such benefit. In this example, selected microbial cultures were diluted to OD 600  of 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 (approximately 10 8 , 10 7 , 10 6  CFUs/mL respectively) and applied onto wheat seeds (Briggs) using the water agar assay previously described. 
     SYM00011, SYM00033 and SYM00057B cultures were grown from a single colony in 5 mL of liquid R2A medium at room temperature on a shaker to stationary phase. The absorbance at 600 nm was measured and adjusted to an OD 600  of 1.0 (˜10 8  CFUs/mL) in R2A media. Two additional dilutions at OD 0.1 and 0.01 (˜10 7  and 10 6  CFUs/mL respectively) were prepared by diluting the initial inoculum 10 and 100 times, again in R2A media. 
     Wheat seeds (Briggs) were sterilized overnight with chlorine gas and placed on water agar plates as described above. A 30 μL drop of inoculum was placed on each seed, representing approximately 3.0×10 6 , 3.0×10 5  and 3.0×10 4  CFUs per seed for OD1, OD0.1 and OD0.01 inoculums, respectively. For each treatment, 3 plates were prepared with 12 seeds each. Plates were sealed with surgical tape, randomized to avoid position effects and placed in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for four days. After four days, a picture of each plate was taken and the root length of each seedling was measured using the imaging software ImageJ (NIH). The percentage difference between the treated plants and the mock-treated (R2A control) was then calculated. 
     All doses of the microbes at different concentration provided an increase in root length over the mock-treated controls as shown in  FIG. 7 . The optimal dose of microbes to confer a growth benefit to wheat varied for SYM00011, SYM00033 and SYM00057B. For SYM00011, we observed a positive correlation between the bacterial concentration of the inoculum and the growth benefits conferred to the plant, with ˜3.0×10 6  CFUs/seed (30 μL of OD 600  of 1.0) being the most effective bacterial amount with a 35% increase in growth. For SYM00057B, plants treated with all three doses had similar root lengths, with the least concentrated inoculum (3×10 4  CFUs/seed), being the most effective amount, suggesting saturation at a lower concentration. Similarly, all three concentrations of SYM00033 provided similar benefits, also suggesting saturation at 3×10 4  CFU/seed. 
     Inoculation with Strain Combinations 
     Microbial species colonizing habitats such as the seed-origin endophytic microbes described herein are likely to interact with other microbes as well as with the host in exchanging carbon, energy and other metabolites. The electron flow and metabolism may involve multiple species for complete transfer, which would support the establishment of synergistic communities or assemblages. In certain cases, the beneficial effect of a single microbial inoculant from seeds can be magnified by the presence of a second synergistic strain favoring the establishment and persistence of the binary assemblage and their competence. To create assemblages or combinations of available strains in a collection, several approaches were followed, including: 
     1. Strains with similar or differing functionalities identified by in vitro testing. Plant growth promoting activities encompass multiple microbial mechanisms to affect plant physiology. These microbial attributes can be tested in vitro such as auxin production, production of glycosylhydrolases (such as xylanase, cellulase, pectinase, and chitinase, ACC deaminase activity), mineral phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, nitrogen fixation and antibiosis against plant pathogens among others. By combining strains with similar or differing functionalities, the plant benefit are improved as compared to the individual members. 
     2. Combinations based on strain origin or co-occurrence. Based on their isolation from the same seed two strains may form an efficient microbial assemblage that can be provided heterologously to novel hosts. 
     3. Strains with demonstrated germination vigor and/or stress resilience. Seedling germination assays allow testing plant early development, establishment of the seed endophytes in the plant and quantifiable beneficial effect in root length, weight or shoot length as compared to non-inoculated controls and the same strains inoculated as singles. 
     4. Strains isolated from different hosts that may work synergistically. We isolated seed-origin endophytes from multiple plant hosts. Members of this group are capable of showing beneficial effects on inoculated plants when combined as compared to their individual effects. 
     5. One member from 3 and one member of 4. Seed endophytes showing increased plant vigor and stress resilience are combined with novel seed endophyte strains and their synergistic interaction amplifies the individual responses. 
     These combinations were tested with the collection of seed endophytes representing the 44 OTUs in vigor and stress resilience assays in corn (Table 6a) and wheat (Table 6b). 
     Table 6. Assessing the Effects of Creating Synthetic Combinations of Multiple Seed-Origin Endophytes with Seeds 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6(a) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Corn seedling vigor assessment using filter paper assay. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Root Length 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Heat- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Heat- 
                   
               
               
                 Strain 1 
                 Strain 2 
                 Norm 
                 Heat 
                 Salt 
                 salt 
                 Drought 
                 Norm 
                 Heat 
                 Salt 
                 salt 
                 Drought 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM33 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM49 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM172 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM50 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM33 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM49 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM172 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 2 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM90 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM231 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM90 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM16b 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM90 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM102 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM188 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM16b 
                 SYM90 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM90 
                 SYM102 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM102 
                 SYM188 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM589 
                 SYM90 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM596 
                 SYM90 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM218 
                 SYM90 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM90 
                 1 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM589 
                 SYM231 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM596 
                 SYM231 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM102 
                 SYM231 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM231 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Legend: 
               
               
                 “—” indicates no significant increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “1” = 0-5% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “2” = 5-10% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “3” = &gt;10% increase relative to uninoculated control. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6(b) 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Wheat seedling vigor assessment using filter paper assay. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Root Length 
                 Shoot Length 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Strain 1 
                 Strain 2 
                 Normal 
                 Heat 
                 Salt 
                 Normal 
                 Salt 
                 Drought 
                 Normal 
                 Salt 
                 Drought 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SYM 175 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM63b 
                 SYM50 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM63b 
                 SYM192 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM17c 
                 3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM167 
                 SYM17c 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM188 
                 SYM16b 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM49 
                 SYM16b 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM16b 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM192 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM46 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM46 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM33 
                 SYM46 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM49 
                 SYM46 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM46 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM172 
                 SYM46 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM46 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM33 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM49 
                 SYM50 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM50 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM172 
                 SYM50 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM50 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM965 
                 SYM17c 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM965 
                 SYM90 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM965 
                 SYM231 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM17c 
                 SYM231 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM231 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM16b 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM102 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM11 
                 SYM188 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM16b 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM16b 
                 SYM102 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM16b 
                 SYM188 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM90 
                 SYM102 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM90 
                 SYM188 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM102 
                 SYM188 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM589 
                 SYM90 
                 — 
               
               
                 SYM596 
                 SYM90 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM218 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM90 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM2 
                 SYM231 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM589 
                 SYM231 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM596 
                 SYM231 
                 3 
               
               
                 SYM218 
                 SYM231 
                 2 
               
               
                 SYM102 
                 SYM231 
                 1 
               
               
                 SYM57b 
                 SYM231 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Legend: 
               
               
                 “—” indicates no significant increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “1” = 0-5% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “2” = 5-10% increase relative to uninoculated control; 
               
               
                 “3” = &gt;10% increase relative to uninoculated control 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A total of 50 binary combinations of strains were tested for vigor and stress resilience for heat, salt, heat-salt or drought and scored for improved vigor and/or stress resilience. Visible increase in shoot length for wheat was observed when the binaries were paired based on their seed origin for isolation and also based on the selection from the vigor and stress resilience assays suggesting that additive effects can be observed as compared to the effect from individual stresses. Other interesting response was observed for corn when inoculated with the binary formed by SYM00090 related to  Chryseobacterium , a representative member of OTU 62 and and SYM00231 related to Sphingobium and a representative member of OTU 46 provided protection against heat-salt stress in corn and vigor in wheat as measured for root length in both assays. Other combinations with strains was based on the production of auxin for strains SYM00011, SYM00017c, SYM00033, SYM00049, SYM00002, SYM00062b, SYM00172 and SYM00231 paired with cellulolytic and petcinolytic from strain SYM00050 showed an enhancement in the heat-salt resilience as compared to the same set of auxin producing strains paired with SYM00046 where drought stress was enhanced compared to the previous set. The drought resilience enhancement seen in seedling phenotypes in wheat as compared to controls is the result of the plant response to inoculation and molecular mechanisms for interaction between plant and bacteria. One example is the up-regulation of the protein pectin esterase on inoculated plants and the recognition of that protein in drought protection in plants. In addition, combinations of the 4 strains SYM00017b, SYM00049, SYM00057b and SYM00188 in corn increased dramatically the production of the plant hormone Abscisic acid as compared to individual strains indicating a more beneficial effect at molecular level with assemblages. 
     Example 7—Proteomic Analysis of Inoculated Plants 
     As shown in some of the earlier examples, endophytic microbes described herein are capable of conferring significant beneficial traits on the inoculated agricultural plant. In order to explore the pathways augmented or otherwise modified by the endophyte, we performed proteomic analysis on extracts of wheat and corn plants grown on water agar. Sterilized wheat and corn seeds were either mock-inoculated with R2A medium, or inoculated with selected endophytes SYM00011, SYM00016, SYM00057B, SYM00218, using conditions previously described. The seeds were subjected to the growth parameters as summarized below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Crop 
                 Test 
                 Condition 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 R2A (mock control) 
                 Normal 
               
               
                 2 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 SYM00218 
                 Normal 
               
               
                 3 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 R2A (mock control) 
                 Heat 
               
               
                 4 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 SYM00011 
                 Heat 
               
               
                 5 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 SYM00016 
                 Heat 
               
               
                 6 
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 SYM00057B 
                 Heat 
               
               
                 7 
                 Corn (40R73) 
                 R2A (mock control) 
                 Normal 
               
               
                 8 
                 Corn (40R73) 
                 SYM00057B 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sample Collection: 
     After 4 days of growth, 12 whole seedlings (including roots, seeds and hypocotyls) per treatment were collected in a 50 mL falcon tube using sterile forceps and immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen to minimize protein degradation and proteomic changes during sample collection (such as wound responses from using the forceps). The frozen samples were then homogenized using a pestle and mortar previously cooled in liquid nitrogen and transferred to a 15 mL falcon tube on dry ice. The homogenized samples were stored at −80° C. until further processing. 
     Sample Preparation 
     1 mL of 5% SDS 1 mM DTT was added to 1 mL of homogenized tissue and the samples were boiled for 5 mins. The samples were cooled on ice and 2 mL of 8M urea solution was added. The samples were spun for 20 mins. at 14,000 rpm and the soluble phase recovered. A 25% volume of 100% TCA solution was added to the soluble phase, left on ice for 20 mins. and centrifuged for 10 mins. at 14,000 rpm. The protein pellet was washed twice with ice-cold acetone and solubilized in 125 μL 0.2M NaOH and neutralized with 125 μL of 1M Tris-Cl pH 8.0. Protein solutions were diluted in THE (50 mM Tris-Cl pH8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) buffer. RapiGest SF reagent (Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.) was added to the mix to a final concentration of 0.1% and samples were boiled for 5 min. TCEP (Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine) was added to 1 mM (final concentration) and the samples were incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. Subsequently, the samples were carboxymethylated with 0.5 mg/ml of iodoacetamide for 30 min at 37° C. followed by neutralization with 2 mM TCEP (final concentration). Proteins samples prepared as above were digested with trypsin (trypsin:protein ratio—1:50) overnight at 37° C. RapiGest was degraded and removed by treating the samples with 250 mM HCl at 37° C. for 1 h followed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 30 min at 4° C. The soluble fraction was then added to a new tube and the peptides were extracted and desalted using Aspire RP30 desalting columns (Thermo Scientific). The trypsinized samples were labeled with isobaric tags (iTRAQ, ABSCIEX, Ross et al 2004), where each sample was labeled with a specific tag to its peptides. 
     Mass Spectrometry Analysis 
     Each set of experiments (samples 1 to 6; samples 7 and 8) was then pooled and fractionated using high pH reverse phase chromatography (HPRP-Xterra C18 reverse phase, 4.6 mm×10 mm 5 μm particle (Waters)). The chromatography conditions were as follows: the column was heated to 37° C. and a linear gradient from 5-35% B (Buffer A-20 mM ammonium formate pH10 aqueous, Buffer B-20 mM ammonium formate pH10 in 80% ACN-water) was applied for 80 min at 0.5 ml/min flow rate. A total of 30 fractions of 0.5 ml volume where collected for LC-MS/MS analysis. Each of these fractions was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) using nano-spray ionization. The nanospray ionization experiments were performed using a TripleTof 5600 hybrid mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX Concord, Ontario, Canada)) interfaced with nano-scale reversed-phase HPLC (Tempo, Applied Biosystems (Life Technologies), CA, USA) using a 10 cm-180 micron ID glass capillary packed with 5 μm C18 Zorbax™ beads (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.). Peptides were eluted from the C18 column into the mass spectrometer using a linear gradient (5-30%) of ACN (Acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 550 μl/min for 100 min. The buffers used to create the ACN gradient were: Buffer A (98% H 2 O, 2% ACN, 0.2% formic acid, and 0.005% TFA) and Buffer B (100% ACN, 0.2% formic acid, and 0.005% TFA). MS/MS data were acquired in a data-dependent manner in which the MS1 data was acquired for 250 ms at m/z of 400 to 1250 Da and the MS/MS data was acquired from m/z of 50 to 2,000 Da. For Independent data acquisition (IDA) parameters MS1-TOF 250 ms, followed by 50 MS2 events of 25 ms each. The IDA criteria, over 200 counts threshold, charge state +2-4 with 4s exclusion. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Protein Pilot 4.0 (AB SCIEX) for peptide identifications and quantification. 
     Results: 
     The proteomics analysis of wheat inoculated with endophytic bacteria (SYM11, SYM16B and SYM57B) grown under heat stress and maize inoculated with SYM57B grown under normal condition revealed three major pathways augmented or otherwise modified by the endophyte: growth promotion, resistance against oxidative stress and mechanisms involved in symbiosis enhancement (Table 8 and Table 9). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins showing differential levels of expression under heat stress in endophyte- 
               
               
                 inoculated wheat (var. Briggs) seedlings relative to not-inoculated control seedlings. 
               
               
                 UP-REGULATED PROTEINS IN RESPONSE TO ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Growth promotion 
                   
                 Ratio Treatment/Control 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
               
               
                 number 
                 Gene name 
                 Pathway 
                 00011 
                 00016B 
                 00057B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gi|474293349 
                 Acid beta-fructofuranosidase 
                 mobilization of sucrose 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|473798701 
                 ATP synthase subunit beta, 
                 ATP synthesis 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                 mitochondrial 
               
               
                 gi|473945263 
                 Fructan 1-exohydrolase 
                 mobilization of fructans 
                   
                   
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|473798921 
                 Glutamine synthetase cytosolic 
                 Amino acid biosynthesis 
                   
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                 isozyme 1-2 
               
               
                 gi|474427549 
                 Dynamin-related protein 1E 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474154210 
                 Histone H1 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474396419 
                 Histone H1 
                 Cell division 
                   
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474315053 
                 Histone H2A 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474114390 
                 Histone H2A 
                 Cell division 
                   
                   
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474408930 
                 Histone H2A.1 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                   
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474247555 
                 Protein H2A.7 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474400621 
                 Histone H4 
                 Cell division 
                 1-2Fold 
                   
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474160133 
                 Serine carboxypeptidase-like protein 
                 Amino acid release 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474397165 
                 Serine carboxypeptidase-like 51 
                 Amino acid release 
                 &gt;2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474449933 
                 Pectinesterase 1 
                 Cell wall remodeling 
                 1-2Fold 
                   
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474193958 
                 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase 
                 Juvenile phase of 
                 1-2Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                   
                 CYP40 
                 vegetative development 
               
               
                 gi|473956589 
                 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate 
                 DNA synthesis 
                 0.1-0.5Fold 
                 0.1-0.5Fold 
                 &gt;10Fold 
               
               
                   
                 reductase 
               
               
                 gi|474326915 
                 Villin-4 
                 Cell elongation 
                 &gt;2Fold 
                 &gt;10Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474156626 
                 Glutenin, low molecular weight 
                 Protein storage - affected 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                 subunit 
                 by heat 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Resistance against abiotic stress 
                 Ratio Treatment/Control 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
               
               
                 number 
                 Gene name 
                 Function 
                 00011 
                 00016B 
                 00057B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gi|474449933 
                 Pectinesterase 1 
                 Resistance to drought 
                 1-2Fold 
                   
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                 gi|474381202 
                 Peroxiredoxin Q, chloroplastic 
                 Resistance to oxidative 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stress 
               
               
                 gi|474299547 
                 Glutathione S-transferase DHAR3, 
                 Resistance to oxidative 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
               
               
                   
                 chloroplastic 
                 stress 
               
               
                 gi|474276683 
                 Peroxidase 12 
                 Resistance to oxidative 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stress 
               
               
                 gi|474414579 
                 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase 1 
                 Degradation of toxic 
                 1-2Fold 
                 &gt;2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 organic compounds 
               
               
                 gi|474323467 
                 BAHD acyltransferase DCR 
                 Cutin formation - 
                 1-2Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
                 0.1-0.5Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dessication resistance 
               
               
                 gi|473999626 
                 5′-methylthioadenosine/S- 
                 Negative feedback on 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                   
                 adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase 
                 ethylene production 
               
               
                 gi|474326305 
                 Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 
                 Controls acetaldehyde 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                   
                 member C4 
                 accumulation 
               
               
                 gi|474041937 
                 putative protein phosphatase 2C 45 
                 Regulates ABA signaling 
                   
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                 gi|473894812 
                 DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA 
                 mRNA decay and 
                   
                 0.1-0.5Fold 
               
               
                   
                 helicase 40 (“DEAD” disclosed as 
                 ribosome biogenesis 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 1449) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Symbiosis enhancement 
                   
                 Ratio Treatment/Control 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
                 SYM- 
               
               
                 number 
                 Gene name 
                 Function 
                 00011 
                 00016B 
                 00057B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gi|474407144 
                 Enolase 1 
                 Glycolisis of sugars 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 required by endophyte 
               
               
                 gi|474119301 
                 Protochlorophyllide reductase B, 
                 Affected by symbiosis 
                   
                 0.5-1Fold 
               
               
                   
                 chloroplastic 
               
               
                 gi|474213532 
                 Elicitor-responsive protein 1 
                 Microbe response 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 0.5-1Fold 
                 1-2Fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 signaling 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins showing differential levels of expression under normal condition in endophyte- 
               
               
                 inoculated corn (40R73) seedlings relative to not-inoculated control seedlings. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Growth promotion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SYM- 
               
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
                 00057B/ 
               
               
                 number 
                 Gene name 
                 Pathway 
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gi|1413950290 
                 putative peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans 
                 Organ development 
                     &gt;2-fold 
               
               
                   
                 isomerase 
               
               
                 gi|1414876902 
                 ATP-dependent Clp protease 
                 Chloroplast component 
                     &gt;2-fold 
               
               
                   
                 proteolytic subunit 
               
               
                 gi|1413948820 
                 Translation elongation factor Tu 
                 Protein biosynthesis 
                  1-2 fold 
               
               
                   
                 isoform 3 
               
               
                 gi|1414878150 
                 Chaperone protein dnaJ 15 
                 Positive gravitropism 
                 &lt;0.5-fold 
               
               
                 gi|1413954599 
                 translation elongation/initiation 
                 Embryo development ends 
                 &lt;0.5-fold 
               
               
                   
                 factor 
                 seed dormancy 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SYM- 
               
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
                 00057B/ 
               
               
                 number 
                 Gene name 
                 Function 
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Resistance against abiotic stress 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 gi|1414867473 
                 Glutathione S-transferase GSTU6 
                 Resistance to oxidative 
                     1-2 fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stress 
               
               
                 gi|1414876903 
                 Calmodulin2 
                 ABA-induced antioxidant 
                  &lt;0.5-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 defense 
               
               
                 gi|1413920116 
                 Ras protein Rab-18 
                 ABA inducible, accumulates 
                 0.5-1 fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in cold stress 
               
               
                 gi|1413926351 
                 DNA repair protein RAD23-1 isoform 3 
                 Nucleotide-excision repair 
                 0.5-1 fold 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Symbiosis enhancement 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 gi|1413920282 
                 Hydroquinone glucosyltransferase 
                 Upregulated in Rhizobia 
                  &gt;10-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 symbiosis 
               
               
                 gi|1413939151 
                 replication factor C subunit 3 
                 Negative regulation of 
                  &gt;10-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 defense response 
               
               
                 gi|1413946904 
                 NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic 
                 Protein neddylation - 
                  &gt;10-fold 
               
               
                   
                 subunit 
                 microbe response 
               
               
                 gi|1413951445 
                 delta3,5-delta2,4-dienoyl-CoA 
                 Peroxisome component - 
                  &gt;10-fold 
               
               
                   
                 isomerase 
                 defense 
               
               
                 gi|1413925737 
                 Proteasome subunit alpha type 
                 Response to compatible 
                  &gt;2-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 symbiotic bacteria 
               
               
                 gi|1413957021 
                 Ras protein RHN1 
                 Legume homolog involved 
                  &gt;2-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in nodulation 
               
               
                 gi|1414875813 
                 Early nodulin 20 
                 Root nodule formation 
                  &gt;2-fold 
               
               
                 gi|1414886632 
                 Putative plant regulator RWP-RK 
                 Nodule inception protein 
                     1-2 fold 
               
               
                   
                 family protein 
               
               
                 gi|1413955359 
                 putative metacaspase family protein 
                 Programmed cell death 
                 0.5-1 fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 regulation 
               
               
                 gi|1413920552 
                 win1 
                 Defense response to 
                  &lt;0.5-fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bacteria and fungi 
               
               
                 gi|1413948744 
                 protein brittle-1 
                 Response to nematodes 
                  &lt;0.5-fold 
               
               
                 gi|1414869634 
                 Proteasome subunit beta type 
                 Regulation of 
                 0.5-1 fold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hypersensitive response 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Growth Promotion: 
     Proteins involved in the breakdown of seed stored reserves and playing important roles in the stimulation of continued growth during germination were up-regulated by endophytes. This class of proteins includes beta-fructofuranosidases, fructan 1-exohydrolases and carboxypeptidases involved in the mobilization of sucrose, fructans and insoluble proteins respectively, for the release of glucose, fructose and amino acids [Fincher (1989). Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:305-46, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. Those results show that bacterial endophytes induce a faster release of nutrients from the seed, leading to augmented growth at early stage of plant development. The levels of proteins playing a role in cell proliferation and elongation were also increased in endophyte-inoculated seedlings. This class of proteins includes dynamins, histones, a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, pectinesterases and villins, involved in cell division, chromatin structure, DNA synthesis, cell wall remodeling and elongation respectively [Hepler et al. (2001) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2001. 17:159-87, Kang et al. (2003) The Plant Cell 15: 899-913, Imoto et al. (2005) Plant Mol. Biol. 58:177-192, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Those results demonstrate that, in response to the endophytic bacteria tested, the two types of plant growth, proliferation and elongation, are promoted, leading to substantial growth enhancement. 
     Resistance Against Stress: 
     A number of proteins involved in resistance against stress were significantly up-regulated in wheat under stress induction and the presence of endophytes. The level of several proteins playing a role in resistance against oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species was higher in inoculated plants including glutathione S-transferases (GST), peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase [Apel and Hirt (2004) Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55:373-99, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. Those results shows that in addition to plant growth, the endophytes tested promoted the general pathways involved in resistance against oxidative stress. The proteomics data-set also revealed the strong induction of a pectinesterase by SYM11 and SYM57B in wheat that might play a role in drought resistance as previously described (NV02013122473, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). 
     Symbiosis Enhancement: 
     In corn under normal conditions, only GST was up-regulated, while other abscisic acid (ABA) and stress inducible proteins were down-regulated. The down-regulation of ABA and stress inducible proteins in corn was positively correlated with the down-regulation of proteins associated to programmed cell death, pathogen resistance and hypersensitive response. Moreover, the replication factor C, subunit 3 that negatively regulates plant defense was significantly overexpressed in the SYM57b inoculated corn seedlings. Those results are consistent with the conventional wisdom that, under normal condition, the establishment of symbioses with beneficial microbes involves decrease in the expression of genes associated to the plant defense system [Samac and Graham (2007) Plant Physiol. 144:582-587, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. 
     In addition, several proteins directly associated with beneficial symbioses are up-regulated in the wheat and corn. It is intriguing that several of these proteins are homologous to proteins involved in nodule formation in legumes. Many genes involved in nodulation, such as nodulation receptor kinases are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom, even in plants incapable of forming nodules, as is the case of maize [Endre et al. (2002) Nature 417:962-966, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. Some of these conserved receptors may sense bacterial signals in symbiotic associations other than Legume-Rhizobia and this may explain why the nodulation factors from  Badyrhizobium japonicum  are able to enhance seed germination and root growth in corn [Suleimanov et al. (2002) J. Exp. Bot. 53:1929-1934, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. 
     Example 8—Analysis of Hormone Levels in Inoculated Plants 
     As shown in some of the earlier examples, endophytic microbes described herein are capable of conferring significant beneficial traits on the inoculated agricultural plant. In order to explore the possibility that seed endosymbionts augment or modify hormone levels in planta, a metabolomic analysis was performed of 12 phytohormones (indole-3-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, abscisic acid, phaseic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-acrylic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid methyl ester, dihydrophaseic acid, gibberellin A3, salicylic acid) in wheat and corn plants grown on water agar under normal condition and inoculated by SYM57B or a mix of selected endophytes (see table below). The mixes of endophytes inoculums were obtained by mixing equal volume of the different bacterial cultures. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Crop 
                 Treatment 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 R2A (mock control) 
               
               
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 SYM57B 
               
               
                 Wheat (Briggs) 
                 Mix (SYM11 + SYM17C + SYM49 + SYM57B) 
               
               
                 Corn (40R73) 
                 R2A (mock control) 
               
               
                 Corn (40R73) 
                 SYM57B 
               
               
                 Corn (40R73) 
                 Mix (SYM17C + SYM49 + SYM57B + SYM188) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Samples Analyzed for Plant Hormone Profiling 
     Methods 
     Sample Preparation 
     4-day old whole wheat and corn seedlings (including roots, seed and hypocotyl) were finely ground in liquid nitrogen by mortar and pestle then aliquoted into 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes and weighed. Phytohormones were extracted from ground sprouts using a protein precipitation protocol where cold extraction solvent (80% aqueous methanol with 1% acetic acid) containing internal standards was added to the finely ground plant material (400 μL solvent for every 100 mg ground plant tissue). Samples were kept on ice during the addition of extraction solvent. Samples were then vortexed for 60 min at medium-high speed at 4° C., then centrifuged for 15 min at 13,000 g at 4° C. The resultant supernatant was removed and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. 
     LC-MS/MS 
     Phytohormones were chromatographically separated using a Waters nanoAcquity UPLC system on a Waters Atlantis dC18 column (3 μM, 300 μM×150 mm) held at 40° C. Samples were held at 4° C. in the auto-sampler. Water (buffer A) and acetonitrile (buffer B), both with 0.1% formic acid, were used as buffers. The flow rate was 11.5 μL/min and injection volume 1 μL. Each sample was injected twice and hormone levels averaged. Phytohormones were analyzed by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) on a Waters Xevo TQ-S mass spectrometer in both negative and positive ion modes. The UPLC gradient was as follows: time (t)=0 min, 10% B; t=0.5 min, 10% B; t=5.5 min, 95% B; t=7.5 min, 95% B; t=8 min, 10% B. The column was equilibrated for three minutes before each injection. 
     Results 
     Inoculation of wheat and corn with seed-origin endophytes significantly altered the level of several plant hormones, including indole-3-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, abscisic acid, phaseic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. In addition, the combination of multiple seed endosymbionts further modified the plant hormone profiling of inoculated plants. In particular, the level of abscisic acid and indole-3-carboxylic acid, the decarboxylated form of auxin, was augmented by 63% and 98% respectively in corn inoculated with the mixed endophytes. 
     Example 9—Field Trial Planting &amp; Assessment of Plant Health Under Stress 
     Planting &amp; Setup of Field Trials in Normal and Stressed Conditions 
     To determine whether a microbe or combination of microbes is capable of promoting plant growth in the field, a field trial was conducted using representative endophytic microbes described herein. The trial involved testing individual microbial strains and combinations of strains by treating and planting the seeds of a variety of plants (including, but not limited to maize, wheat, cotton, and barley), with one or two varieties or cultivars of each plant tested. A typical trial was laid out as a randomized complete block design, with each combination microbial treatment and plant variety replicated six times in the trial. 
     Trials were conducted across various geographies including field sites in major producing regions of South Dakota, Nebraska, Saskatchewan and Austria, on both dry and irrigated land to test responses in both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Trials may also be conducted in geographies with hotter growing seasons, where temperatures can reach up to 95° F. for five or more consecutive days, in order to assess responses under heat stress. Trials may also be conducted in geographies prone to higher levels of microbial, nematode or insect pathogens in order to assess responses under pathogen stress 
     Fertilizer and herbicides are applied according to soil test results and locally recommended practice. Fertilizer may be applied at 25%, 50% or 75% of recommended levels to assess responses under nutrient stress. 
     For maize, typical field plots were 10′×‘40’ with 4 evenly spaced rows, seeded at a rate of approximately 34,000 seeds per acre. Each randomized complete block trial included an untreated control and a mock-formulation control, as well as additional untreated border plots on the 40′ ends. For wheat, typical field plots were 5′×50′ with 7 evenly spaced rows, seeded at a rate of approximately 90 lbs per acre. Each randomized complete block trial included an untreated control and a mock-formulation control. 
     Measurement of Biomass 
     Biomass of field plots is assessed by selecting 10 plants per plot for maize or 20 plants per plot for wheat at random from the middle two rows at harvest, removing the plants from the soil and cleaning off any residual soil. Plants are then divided into aerial and root sections and weighed to obtain fresh weight. Plants are then be dried in a vacuum oven overnight and weighed again to obtain dry weight. 
     Measurement of Yield, Grain Moisture, Test Weight 
     Yield of field plots is measured at the end of the growing season by harvesting the plots with an appropriate harvester. For maize, only the middle two rows are harvested. For wheat, all 7 rows may be harvested, or only the middle 5 may be used. Test weight and moisture of the grain may be recorded by the harvester, or subsamples of the harvested grain may be used for manual test weight assessment and moisture analysis in a DICKEY-John® grain moisture analyzer (Dickey-John Corp., Chatham, Ill.), using parameters recommended by the manufacturer. 
     Measurement of Emergence &amp; Plant Height 
     Emergence in the field plots was assessed for wheat by counting the number of emerged plants in the middle 10′ section of the middle two rows and reporting the total number plants emerged. Emergence counts were done every four days starting with the day of emergence of the first plants and ending when 50% or more of the plants in the plot had reached Feekes scale 2. Emergence in the field was assessed for maize by doing a full count of all emerged plants in the plot and reporting the number of emerged plants as a percentage of the number of seeds planted in that plot. Two emergence counts were done, one at the emergence of the first plants and a second count five days later. 
     Emergence of wheat in a field trial on four different days is shown in the top panel of  FIG. 8 . The numbers reported are an average of emergence counts of 6 replicate plots for each treatment. All SYM strains show improvement in emergence over the untreated control, with SYM00028 showing the greatest improvement. 
     Emergence of corn in a field trial is shown in the middle panel of  FIG. 8  (for a dryland trial) and in the bottom panel  FIG. 8  (for an irrigated trial). The numbers are reported as a percent increase over an untreated control and were calculated as an average of emergence counts of 6 replicate plots for each treatment. All SYM strains show improvement in emergence over the untreated control. SYM00260, SYM00290 and SYM00254 showed the best performance in the dryland trial, and SYM00292 showed the best performance in the irrigated trial. 
     Measurement of Flowering Time 
     The day of flowering for a particular plot is recorded when 50% or more of the plants in the plot have reached the flowering stage. 
     SPAD Measurement 
     Chlorophyll values, for example, SPAD readings are conducted on wheat by measuring 10 plants per plot at random from the middle two rows. The first measurement is done at flowering, with a second measurement done two weeks later on the same 10 plants in each plot. The SPAD reading is taken on the flag leaf on each plant, for example, as measured with SPAD502 supplied by Minolta Co., Ltd., at approximately three quarters of the leaf length from the leaf base and avoiding the midrib of the leaf. SPAD readings are conducted on maize by measuring 10 plants per plot at random from the middle two rows. The first measurement is done at flowering (VT stage), with a second measurement done two weeks later on the same 10 plants in each plot. The SPAD reading is taken on the topmost leaf under the tassel, approximately 0.5 inch from the edge of the leaf and three quarters of the leaf length from the leaf base. 
     Stand Count &amp; Lodging Assessment 
     Stand count and percent lodging are assessed in wheat by counting the total number of tillers and the number of broken stalks in the middle two rows on the day of harvest. Stand count and percent lodging are assessed in maize by counting the number of standing plants and the number of stalks broken below the ear in the middle two rows on the day of harvest. 
     Sterilization of Seed Surfaces from Microorganisms Using Disinfecting Chemicals 
     Example Description 
     In order to isolate and characterize endophytic microorganisms, all microorganisms living on the surface of the plant, plant tissue, or plant structure must be removed. After a pre-wash to remove all loosely attached microorganisms, the surfaces are sterilized with disinfecting chemicals, and the plant tissue is tested for sterility. 
     Experimental Description 
     Surface sterilization of seeds is performed as described by Bacon and Hinton, “Isolation, In Planta Detection, and Uses of Endophytic Bacteria for Plant Protection”, Chapter in  Manual of Environmental Microbiology,  3rd Edition (2007): 638-647, with some modifications. Briefly, batches of seeds are first given a prewash to remove as many of the surface bacteria as possible by vigorously washing them in sterile 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). If the seeds have been treated with pesticides, the prewash buffer contains 0.01% Tween 20 or 0.05% Triton X-100, and is followed by 3-5 washes in 75-90% ethanol. They then are allowed to imbibe in 1× sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4° C. for 24 h (or different times depending on the seed variety). After imbibing, they are surface sterilized by immersion in 70% ethanol for 5 min, 10% bleach solution for 3-15 minutes (depending on seed), and rinsed twice with autoclaved distilled water. Alternatively, samples can be surface-sterilized by using 1% chloramine for 3 minutes followed by 70% ethanol for 5 minute and rinsed twice with sterile distilled water. Alternatively, seeds can be sterilized by submerging them in 10% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min-1 hour and then rinsed twice with sterile distilled water. Samples are blotted dry using autoclaved paper towels. Once sterilized, a few seeds of each batch are aseptically imprinted onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) in a Petri dish using sterile forceps: one of the sides of the seed is pressed first, then the seed is turned onto its other side on another part of the plate, and then removed. These plates are stored in the dark for five days and checked daily for bacterial and/or fungal growth. If the batch of seeds proves to retain microbes, the whole batch is destroyed and the experiment re-started with new seeds. 
     Other plant tissues are surface-sterilized and tested for sterility essentially as described for seeds, with some modifications: 
     1. Leaves: Leaves are detached and pre-washed as described for seeds. Then they are placed in 1% chloramine for 30 minutes, or in full strength commercial bleach for 5 minutes, and washed twice in 3-5 times in distilled sterile water for 3 minutes. Samples are blotted dry using autoclaved paper towels. 5 grams of leaf tissue are then transferred to a sterile blender and processed as described for seeds with 50 mL of R2A broth. 
     2. Roots: Roots are removed from the plants and pre-washed twice as described for seeds to remove all attached soil. Roots are surface-sterilized in 1% chloramine solution for up to 30 minutes (or alternatively 10% bleach) and washed 3-5 times in distilled sterile water for 3 minutes. The roots are then immersed for 30 minutes in sterile 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and then rinsed several times. 5 g of root tissue are then transferred to an sterile blender and processed as described for seeds with 50 mL of R2A broth 
     3. Stems: A portion of the plant stem is cut from the plant pre-washed as described for seeds. It is then surface sterilized as described for the roots and washed twice in distilled sterile water for 3 minutes. 5 g from the inside of the stem are removed by cutting the outside layer with a sterile blade and processed as described for seeds. 
     Sterilization of Seed or Plant Surface from Bacteria Using Antibiotic Agents 
     Seeds are surface sterilized with antibacterial compounds such as sodium hypochlorite, copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate, chlorothalonil, cuprous oxide, streptomycin, copper ammonium carbonate, copper diammonia diacetate complex, copper octanoate, oxytetracycline, fosetyl-AL or chloropicrin. Seed is soaked in an aqueous solution or commercial formulation containing one or more of these compounds for 30 seconds to 12 hours in a plastic container. The solution may also be administered to seedlings or plants by spraying or soaking leaves or other aerial parts of the plant, after which the plant tissues are sprayed or rinsed with water to remove residual fungicide. After surface sterilization, the seed is removed from the antibacterial formulation and washed 3-5 times with sterile distilled water. 
     Sterilization of Seed or Plant Surface from Fungi Using Fungicidal Agents 
     Seeds are surface sterilized by use of contact fungicides such as captan, maneb, thiram, fludioxonil, and others. Seed is soaked in an aqueous solution or commercial formulation containing one or more of these compounds for 30 seconds to 12 hours in a plastic container. After surface sterilization, the seed is removed from the fungicide solution and washed 3-5 times with sterile distilled water. The solution of fungicides may also be administered to seedlings or plants by spraying or soaking leaves or other aerial parts of the plant, after which the plant tissues are sprayed or rinsed with water to remove residual fungicide. Systemic fungicides such as azoxystrobin, carboxin, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, thiabendazole, trifloxystrobin, difenoconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole or triticonazole may also be used only when it is desirable to also sterilize interior tissues. 
     Isolation of Bacteria and Fungi from the Interior of Seeds 
     Example Description 
     Isolation of fungi and bacteria (including endophytes) from the interior of surface-sterilized seeds is done using techniques known in the art. Surface sterilized seeds are ground, diluted in liquid media, and this suspension is used to inoculate solid media plates. These are incubated under different conditions at room temperature. 
     Experiment Description 
     Approximately fifty surface-sterilized seeds are transferred aseptically to a sterile blender and ground. The ground seeds are resuspended in 50 mL of sterile R2A broth, and incubated for 4 h at room temperature. Ten 1 mL aliquots of the seed homogenates are collected and centrifuged, their supernatants discarded and the pellets gently resuspended in 1 mL of sterile 0.05 phosphate buffer; 0.5 mL of 50% glycerol is added to each of five tubes. These are stored at −80 C for possible further characterization (i.e. if the plates become too overcrowded with one microorganism, the frozen aliquots can be used to plate lower dilutions of the homogenate). The remaining aliquots are diluted down twice in hundred-fold dilutions to 10 −4 . 100 microliters of the 1, 10 −2 , and 10 −4  dilutions are used to inoculate three Petri dishes containing the following media in order to isolate of bacteria and/or fungi:
         1. Tryptic Soy agar   2. R2A agar   3. Potato dextrose agar   4. Sabouraud Agar   5. Other media depending on target microorganism       

     The plates are divided into three sets comprising each media type and incubated in different environments. The first set is incubated aerobically, the second under anaerobic conditions, and the third under microaerophilic conditions and all are inspected daily for up to 5 days. 1-2 individual colonies per morphotype are isolated and streaked for purity onto fresh plates of the same media/environment from which the microorganism was isolated. Plates are incubated at room temperature for 2-5 days. Once an isolate grows it is streaked once more for purity onto a fresh plate of the same media to ensure purity and incubated under the same environmental conditions. 
     From the second streaked plate, isolates are stored in Tryptic soy broth +15% glycerol at −80° C. for further characterization, by first scraping 2-3 colonies (about 10 μL) from the plate into a cryogenic tube containing 1.5 mL of the above-mentioned media and gently resuspending the cells. Alternatively, isolates are propagated in specialized media as recommended for the particular taxon of microorganism. The microbes obtained represent those that live in the seeds of the plant accession. 
     Isolation of Bacteria and Fungi from Plant Interior Tissues 
     Example Description 
     Isolation of fungi and bacteria (including endophytes) from surface-sterilized plant tissues is done using techniques known in the art. Surface sterilized plant tissues are ground, diluted in liquid media, and then this suspension is used to inoculate solid media plates. These are incubated under different environmental conditions at room temperature. 
     Experiment Description 
     Approximately fifty grams of surface-sterilized plant tissue are transferred aseptically to a sterile blender and ground. The ground tissue is resuspended in 50 mL of sterile R2A broth, and incubated for 4 h at room temperature. Ten 1 mL aliquots of the plant tissue homogenates are collected and centrifuged, their supernatants discarded and the pellets gently resuspended in 1 mL of sterile 0.05 phosphate buffer. 0.5 mL of 50% Glycerol is added to each of five tubes. These are stored at −80° C. for possible further characterization (i.e. if the plates become too overcrowded with one microorganism, the frozen aliquots can be used to plate lower dilutions of the homogenate). The remaining aliquots are diluted down twice in hundred-fold dilutions to 10 −4 . One hundred microliters of the 1, 10 −2 , and 10 −4  dilutions are used to inoculate three Petri dishes containing the following media in order to isolate of bacteria and/or fungi:
         1. Tryptic Soy agar   2. R2A agar   3. Potato dextrose agar   4. Sabouraud Agar   5. Other media depending on target microorganism       

     Plates are divided into three sets comprising each media type and incubated in different environments. The first set is incubated aerobically, the second under anaerobic conditions, and the third under microaerophilic conditions and all are inspected daily for up to 5 days. 1-2 individual colonies per morphotype are isolated and streaked for purity onto fresh plates of the same media/environment from which the microorganism was isolated. Plates are incubated at room temperature for 2-5 days. Once an isolate grows it is streaked once more for purity onto a fresh plate of the same media to ensure purity and incubated under the same environmental conditions. 
     From the second streaked plate, isolates are stored in Tryptic soy broth +15% glycerol at −80° C. for further characterization, by first scraping 2-3 colonies (about 10 μL) from the plate into a cryogenic tube containing 1.5 mL of the above-mentioned media and gently resuspending the cells. Alternatively, isolates are propagated in specialized media as recommended for the particular taxon of microorganism. The catalog of microbes thus isolated constitutes a good representation of the microbes found in the growing plant tissues. 
     Isolation of bacteria and fungi from plant or seed surfaces 
     To collect phyllosphere, rhizosphere, or spermosphere material for culturing of microbes, unwashed shoot, roots or seeds are shaken free/cleaned of any attached soil and stuffed into sterile 50 mL Falcon tubes. To these, 10 mL of sterile 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer is added and shaken, followed by 5 minutes of sonication to dislodge microbes from plant surfaces, with the resulting cloudy or muddy wash collected in a separate 15 mL Falcon tube. 100 μL of this microbe filled wash can be directly spread onto agar plates or nutrient broth for culturing and enrichment, or it can be further diluted with sterile 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer by 10×, 100×, 1,000×, 10,000× and even 100,000×, before microbial culturing on agar plates or nutrient broth. Glycerol stock preparations of the plant surface wash solution should be made at this point by mixing 1 mL of the soil wash solution and 0.5 mL of sterile, 80% glycerol, flash freezing the preparation in a cryotube dipped in liquid nitrogen, and storing at −80° C. Nutrient broth inoculated with a mixture of plant surface bacteria should form a stable, mixed community of microbes which can be used in plant inoculation experiments described herein, subcultured in subsequent broth incubations, or spread on agar plates and separated into individual colonies which can be tested via methods described herein. 
     Characterization of Fungal and Bacterial Isolates 
     Example Description 
     Characterization of fungi and bacteria isolated from surface-sterilized or non-sterilized plant or seed tissues is done using techniques known in the art. These techniques take advantage of differential staining of microorganisms, morphological characteristics of cells, spores, or colonies, biochemical reactions that provide differential characterization, and DNA amplification and sequencing of diagnostic regions of genes, among other methods. 
     Experimental Description 
     Isolates of bacteria and/or fungi isolated as described herein (including endophytic bacteria and fungi) are categorized into three types: bacterial isolates, fungal isolates, and unknown isolates (since yeast colonies can resemble bacterial colonies in some cases) based on colony morphology, formation of visible mycelia, and/or formation of spores. To determine if an unknown isolate is bacterial or fungal, microscopic analysis of the isolates is performed. Some of the analyses known to the art to differentiate microorganisms include the 10% KOH test, positive staining with Lactophenol cotton blue, Gram staining, and growth on media with selective agents. The distinguishing features observed by these tests are relative cell size (yeast size is much larger than bacterial size), formation of hyphae and spores (filamentous bacteria form smaller hyphae than fungi, and do not form structures containing spores), or growth under selection agents (most bacteria can grow in the presence of antifungal compounds like nystatin, while most fungi cannot; likewise, most fungi are unaffected by the presence of broad-spectrum antibiotics like chloramphenicol and spectinomycin). 
     To identify the isolates, DNA sequence analysis of conserved genomic regions like the ribosomal DNA loci is performed. To obtain DNA to perform PCR amplifications, some cellular growth from solid media (approximately 5-10 μL) is resuspended in 30 μL of sterile Tris/EDTA buffer (pH 8.0). Samples are heated to 98° C. for 10 minutes followed by cooling down to 4° C. for 1 minute in a thermocycler. This cycle is repeated twice. Samples are then centrifuged at ˜13,000 RCF for 1-5 minutes and used as DNA template for PCR reactions. Below is a series of primer combinations that can be used to identify isolates to a genus level. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer 1 
                 Primer 2 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 V4_515F (5′- 
                 V4_806R (5′- 
                 The 4 th  Variable region of the bacterial 16S rDNA 
               
               
                 GTGCCAGCMGC 
                 GGACTACHVGGG 
                 (Caporaso, J. Gregory, et al.  The ISME journal  6.8 
               
               
                 CGCGGTAA-3′) 
                 TWTCTAAT-3′) 
                 (2012): 1621-1624.) 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1450) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1451) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27F (5′- 
                 1492R (5′- 
                 Full length of the bacterial 16S rDNA, from 
               
               
                 AGAGTTTGATCC 
                 GGTTACCTTGTT 
                 position 8-1507. 
               
               
                 TGGCTCAG-3′) 
                 ACGACTT-3′) 
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1452) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1453) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITS1 (5′- 
                 ITS2 (5′- 
                 ~240 bp ITS1 region of fungal genome 
               
               
                 TCCGTAGGTGA 
                 GCTGCGTTCTTC 
                   
               
               
                 ACCTGCGG-3′) 
                 ATCGATGC-3′) 
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1454) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1455) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SR1R (5′- 
                 SR6 (5′- 
                 Small subunit (18s) of the fungal rDNA gene 
               
               
                 TACCTGGTTGAT 
                 TGTTACGACTTTT 
                   
               
               
                 TCTGCCAGT-3′) 
                 ACTT-3′) (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1456) 
                 NO: 1457) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITS1F (5′- 
                 ITS4 (5′- 
                 ~600-1000 bp ITS region of fungal genomes (J 
               
               
                 CTTGGTCATTTA 
                 TCCTCCGCTTATT 
                 Microbiol Methods. 2007 Oct;71(1):7-14. Epub 
               
               
                 GAGGAAGTAA- 
                 GATATGC-3′) (SEQ 
                 2007 Jul 5. 
               
               
                 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 
                 ID NO: 1459) 
                   
               
               
                 1458) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To decrease background noise due to the non-specific binding of primers to DNA, the thermocycler is programmed for a touchdown-PCR, which increases specificity of the reaction at higher temperatures and increases the efficiency towards the end by lowering the annealing temperature. Below is an example of the conditions for a typical Touchdown PCR. 
                                         Step #   Cycle   Temperature   Time                                                    1   Initial Denaturalization   98° C.*   5   m       2   Denaturalization   98° C.*   30   s       3   Annealing   Predicted optimal   30   s               Tm for the               primer set +10° C.,               minus 1° C./cycle                             4   Elongation   72° C.*   1 m/1 Kb                                 5   GoTo Step 2 x 10 times                   6   Denaturalization   98° C.*   30   s       7   Annealing   Predicted optimal   30   s               Tm for the               primer set                             8   Elongation   72° C.*   1 m/1 Kb                                 9   GoTo Step 6 x 20 times                   10   Final Elongation   72° C.*   5   m       11   Cool Down   4° C.   5   m               *Or the temperature specified by the DNA polymerase manufacturer for this step.            
PCR reactions are purified to remove primers, dNTPs, and other components by methods known in the art, for example by the use of commercially available PCR clean-up kits, or 3M sodium acetate and chilled absolute ethanol as described below:
         1. For each 20 μL of PCR product, the following mixture is prepared and maintained cool in a 1.5 mL Tube.
           2 μL of 3M sodium acetate (NaOAc) pH 4.5   40 μL chilled absolute ethanol.   
           2. Transfer the PCR product (20 μl) into the tube containing the mixture.   3. Vortex the tube and then store it at ˜20 for 30-50 min.   4. Spin for 30 min at maximum speed 14.000 rpm.   5. Remove the supernatant carefully without disturbing the pellet. (Do not touch the bottom of the tube)   6. Wash the pellet with 100 μl of chilled 70% ethanol and centrifuge at ˜13,000RCF for 5 min.   7. Remove the supernatant and then dry the pellet using a vacuum centrifuge or by leaving the tube open in a biosafety hood.   8. Resuspend the pellet in 30 μL in sterile water.       

     DNA amplicons are sequenced using methods known in the art, for example Sanger sequencing (Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396 using one of the two primers used for amplification. 
     The resulting sequences are aligned as query sequences with the publicly available databases GenBank nucleotide, RDP (Wang, Q, G. M. Garrity, J. M. Tiedje, and J. R. Cole. 2007. Appl Environ Microbiol. 73(16):5261-7), UNITE (Abarenkov, Nilsson et al. New Phytologist 2010; Volume 186: 281-285.) and PlutoF (Evol Bioinform Online. 2010; 6: 189-196). RDP is specifically compiled and used for bacterial 16s classification. UNITE and PlutoF are specifically compiled and used for identification of fungi. In all the cases, the strains are identified to species level if their sequences are more than 95% similar to any identified accession from all databases analyzed (Zimmerman, Naupaka. B., and Peter M. Vitousek. 109.32 (2012): 13022-13027). When the similarity percentage is between 90-97%, the strain is classified at genus, family, order, class, subdivision or phylum level depending on the information displayed in databases used. Isolates with lower similarity values (from 30-90%) are classified as unknown or uncultured depending on the information displayed after BLAST analysis. To support the molecular identification, fungal taxa are confirmed by inducing sporulation on PDA or V8 agar plates and using reported morphological criteria for identification of fruiting bodies structure and shape (Ainsworth, G. Geoffrey Clough.  Ainsworth and Bishy&#39;s Dictionary of the Fungi . CABI, 2008). Bacterial taxa are confirmed by using reported morphological criteria in specialized differential media for the particular taxon, or by biochemical differentiation tests, as described by the Bergey&#39;s Manual of Systematic Microbiology (Whitman, William B., et al., eds. Bergey&#39;s Manual® of systematic bacteriology. Vols. 1-5. Springer, 2012). 
     Culture-Independent Characterization of Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Seeds or Plants 
     Example Description 
     To understand the diversity of culturable and unculturable microbial (bacterial and fungal) taxa that reside inside of seeds or plants of agriculturally-relevant cultivars, landraces, and ancestral wild varieties, microbial DNA is extracted from surface sterilized seed or plant parts, followed by amplification of conserved genomic regions like the ribosomal DNA loci. Amplified DNA represents a “snapshot” of the full microbial community inside seeds or plants. 
     Experimental Description 
     To obtain microbial DNA from seeds, plants or plant parts, the seeds, plants or plant parts are surface sterilized under aseptic conditions as described herein. Microbial DNA from seeds, plants, or plant parts is extracted using methods known in the art, for example using commercially available Seed-DNA or plant DNA extraction kits, or the following method.
         1. A sample of each kind of seed or plant tissue is placed in a cold-resistant container and 10-50 mL of liquid nitrogen is applied. The seeds or plant tissues are then macerated to a powder.   2. Genomic DNA is extracted from each seed or plant tissue preparation, following a chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 24:1 protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989).       

     Fungal-specific primers are used to amplify the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (Schoch, Conrad L., et al.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  109.16 (2012): 6241-6246). Bacterial specific primers are used to amplify region of the 16s rDNA gene of the bacterial genome (Caporaso, J. Gregory, et al. The ISME journal 6.8 (2012): 1621-1624). Sequences obtained through NGS platforms are analyzed against databases, such as the ones mentioned herein. 
     Some of the primer pairs used for this analysis are detailed below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer 1 
                 Primer 2 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 V4_515F  
                 V4_806R (see above) 
                 The 4th Variable region of the bacterial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rDNA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27F (see above) 
                 1492R (see above) 
                 Full length of the bacterial 16S rDNA, from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 position 8-1507. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITS1 (see above) 
                 ITS2 (see above) 
                 ~240 bp ITS1 region of fungal genome 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SR1R (see above) 
                 SR6 (see above) 
                 Small subunit (18s) of the fungal rDNA gene 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITS1F (5′- 
                 ITS4 (5′- 
                 ~600-1000 bp ITS region of fungal genomes 
               
               
                 CTTGGTCATTTAGAG 
                 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATAT 
                 (J Microbiol Methods. 2007 Oct;71(1):7-14. 
               
               
                 GAAGTAA-3′) 
                 GC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 1459) 
                 Epub 2007 Jul 5. 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1458) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ITS5 (Universal) 
                 ITS4Asco (Ascomycota- 
                 ~500 bp fragment from different fungal 
               
               
                 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCG 
                 specific): 5′ 
                 Phyla depending on primer combination 
               
               
                 TAACAAGG-3′) (SEQ 
                 CGTTACTRRGGCAATCCC 
                 used. Liliya G. Nikolcheva, Felix Bärlocher 
               
               
                 ID NO: 1460) 
                 TGTTG3′ (SEQ ID NO: 
                 Mycological Progress 01/2004; 3(1):41-49. 
               
               
                   
                 1461) or 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ITS4Basidio 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Basidiomycota-specific): 5′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCRCGGAARACGCTTCTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3′(SEQ ID NO: 1462); or 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ITS4Chytrid 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Chytridiomycota-specific): 5′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTTTCCCGTTTCATTCGCC 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 3′(SEQ ID NO: 1463); or 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ITS4Oo (Oomycota-specific): 5′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATAGACTACAATTCGCC 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3′(SEQ ID NO: 1464); or 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ITS4Zygo (Zygomycota- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 specific): 5′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAACGTWTCTTCAAA 3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1465). 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SSUmAf - (equimolar 
                 LSUmAr (equimolar mix of 4 
                 1000-1600 bp fragment of the Glomerycota 
               
               
                 mix of 2 degenerate 
                 degenerate primers) and 
                 (arbuscular mycorrhizae) genome comprising 
               
               
                 primers) and SSUmCf 
                 LSUmBr (equimolar mix of 5 
                 partial SSU, whole internal transcribed 
               
               
                 equimolar mix of 3 
                 degenerate primers) 
                 spacer (ITS) rDNA region and partial LSU. 
               
               
                 degenerate primers) 
                   
                 Manuela Krüger, Herbert, Claudia Krüger 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and Arthur Schüβler. (2009) DNA-based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 species level detection of Glomeromycota: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 one PCR primer set for all arbuscular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mycorrhizal fungi. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 New Phytol. 183(1):212-23. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arch 340F (5′- 
                 Arch 1000R (5′- 
                 ~660 bp product of the 18S from Archaea 
               
               
                 CCCTAYGGGGYGCA 
                 GAGARGWRGTGCATGGC 
                 (Gantner, S., et al. (2011). Journal of 
               
               
                 SCAG-3′) (SEQ ID 
                 C-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 1467) 
                 microbiological methods, 84(1), 12-18.) 
               
               
                 NO: 1466) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27F-Degen (5′- 
                 27F-Degen (5′- 
                 Full length of the bacterial 16S rDNA, 
               
               
                 AGRRTTYGATYMTG 
                 HGGHTACCTTGTTACGAC 
                 from position 8-1507. 
               
               
                 GYTYAG-3′) (SEQ ID 
                 TT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 1469) 
                 Johnston-Monje D, Raizada MN (2011) 
               
               
                 NO: 1468) 
                   
                 PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396. 
               
               
                 and 799f (5′- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AACMGGATTAGATA 
                   
                   
               
               
                 CCCKG-3′) (SEQ ID 
                   
                   
               
               
                 NO: 1470) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As an alternative to next generation sequencing, Terminal Restricition Fragment Length Polymorphism, (TRFLP) can be performed, essentially as described in Johnston-Monje, D. and Raizada et al [PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396 (2011)]. Group specific, fluorescently labeled primers are used to amplify diagnostic regions of genes in the microbial population. This fluorescently labeled PCR product is cut by a restriction enzyme chosen for heterogeneous distribution in the PCR product population. The enzyme cut mixture of fluorescently labeled and unlabeled DNA fragments is then submitted for sequence analysis on a Sanger sequence platform such as the Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer. 
     Determination of the Plant Pathogenic Potential of Microbial Isolates 
     Since a microbe which confers positive traits to one cultivar might be a pathogenic agent in a different plant species, a general assay is used to determine the pathogenic potential of the isolates. Surface and interior-sterilized seeds are germinated in water agar, and once the plant develops its first set of leaves, are inoculated with the isolate. Alternatively, the plants are inoculated as seeds. For inoculation the microbial isolate is grown on solid media, and inoculated into a plant or onto a seed via any of the methods described herein. Plants are allowed to grow under ideal conditions for 2-3 weeks and any pathogenic effect of the introduced microbe is evaluated against uninoculated control plants. 
     Testing for Microbial Traits In Vitro 
     Examples below are adapted from: Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Assay for growth on nitrogen free LGI media. All glassware is cleaned with 6 M HCl before media preparation. A new 96 deep-well plate (2 mL well volume) is filled with 1 mL/well of sterile LGI broth [per L, 50 g Sucrose, 0.01 g FeCl 3 -6H 2 O, 0.8 g K 3 PO 4 , 0.2 g MgSO 4-7 H 2 O, 0.002 g Na 2 MoO 4 -2H 2 O, pH 7.5]. Bacteria are inoculated with a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator. The plate is sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 25° C. with gentle shaking for 5 days, and OD 600  readings taken. 
     ACC deaminase activity assay. Microbes are assayed for growth with ACC as their sole source of nitrogen. Prior to media preparation all glassware is cleaned with 6 M HCl. A 2 M filter sterilized solution of ACC (#1373A, Research Organics, USA) is prepared in water. 1 μl/mL of this is added to autoclaved LGI broth (see above), and 1 mL aliquots are placed in a new 96 well plate. The plate is sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 25° C. with gentle shaking for 5 days, and OD600 readings taken. Only wells that are significantly more turbid than their corresponding nitrogen free LGI wells are considered to display ACC deaminase activity. 
     Mineral phosphate solubilization assay. Microbes are plated on tricalcium phosphate media. This is prepared as follows: 10 g/L glucose, 0.373 g/L NH 4 NO 3 , 0.41 g/L MgSO 4 , 0.295 g/L NaCl, 0.003 FeCl 3 , 0.7 g/L Ca 3 HPO 4  and 20 g/L Agar, pH 6, then autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. After 3 days of growth at 25° C. in darkness, clear halos are measured around colonies able to solubilize the tricalcium phosphate. 
     RNAse activity assay. 1.5 g of torula yeast RNA (#R6625, Sigma) is dissolved in 1 mL of 0.1 M Na 2 HPO 4  at pH 8, filter sterilized and added to 250 mL of autoclaved R2A agar media which is poured into 150 mm plates. The bacteria from a glycerol stock plate are inoculated using a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator, and incubated at 25° C. for 3 days. On day three, plates are flooded with 70% perchloric acid (#311421, Sigma) for 15 minutes and scored for clear halo production around colonies. 
     Acetoin and diacetyl production assay. 1 mL of autoclaved R2A broth supplemented with 0.5% glucose is aliquoted into a 96 deep well plate (#07-200-700, Fisher). The bacteria from a glycerol stock plate are inoculated using a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator, sealed with a breathable membrane, then incubated for 5 days with shaking (200 rpm) at 25° C. At day 5, 100 μl aliquots of culture are removed and placed into a 96 well white fluorometer plate, along with 100 μl/well of Barritt&#39;s Reagents A and B which are prepared by mixing 5 g/L creatine mixed 3:1 (v/v) with freshly prepared alpha-naphthol (75 g/L in 2.5 M sodium hydroxide). After 15 minutes, plates are scored for red or pink colouration against a copper coloured negative control. 
     Auxin production assay. R2A agar media, supplemented with L-tryptophan to a final concentration of 5 mM, is autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Using a 96 pin plate replicator, all microbes are inoculated onto the fresh plate from a 96 well plate glycerol stock. The plate is incubated at 25° C. for 3 days, then overlaid with a nitrocellulose membrane, and put in a fridge at 4° C. overnight, allowing bacteria and their metabolites to infiltrate into the paper. The next day, the nitrocellulose membrane is removed and placed for 30 min on Whatman #2 filter papers saturated with Salkowski reagent (0.01 M ferric chloride in 35% perchloric acid, #311421, Sigma). Dark pink halos around colonies are visualized in the membrane by background illumination using a light table. 
     Siderophore production assay. To ensure no contaminating iron is carried over from previous experiments, all glassware is deferrated with 6 M HCl and water prior to media preparation. In this cleaned glassware, R2A agar media, which is iron limited, is prepared and poured into 150 mm Petri dishes and inoculated with bacteria using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of incubation at 25° C., plates are overlaid with O-CAS overlay. Again using the cleaned glassware, 1 liter of O-CAS overlay is made by mixing 60.5 mg of Chrome azurol S (CAS), 72.9 mg of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA), 30.24 g of finely crushed Piperazine-1,4-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) with 10 mL of 1 mM FeCl 3 .6H 2 O in 10 mM HCl solvent. The PIPES had to be finely powdered and mixed gently with stirring (not shaking) to avoid producing bubbles, until a dark blue colour is achieved. Melted 1% agarose is then added to pre-warmed O-CAS just prior pouring the overlay in a proportion of 1:3 (v/v). After 15 minutes, colour change is scored by looking for purple halos (catechol type siderophores) or orange colonies (hydroxamate siderophores). 
     Pectinase activity assay. Adapting a previous protocol 0.2% (w/v) of citrus pectin (#76280, Sigma) and 0.1% triton X-100 are added to R2A media, autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Bacteria are inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of culturing in the darkness at 25° C., pectinase activity is visualized by flooding the plate with Gram&#39;s iodine. Positive colonies are surrounded by clear halos. 
     Cellulase activity assay. Adapting a previous protocol, 0.2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sodium salt (#C5678, Sigma) and 0.1% triton X-100 are added to R2A media, autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Bacteria are inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of culturing in the darkness at 25° C., cellulose activity is visualized by flooding the plate with Gram&#39;s iodine. Positive colonies are surrounded by clear halos. 
     Antibiosis assay. Bacteria are inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator onto 150 mm Petri dishes containing R2A agar, then grown for 3 days at 25° C. At this time, colonies of either  E. coli  DH5a (gram negative tester),  Bacillus subtillus  ssp.  Subtilis  (gram positive tester), or yeast strain AH109 (fungal tester) are resuspended in 1 mL of 50 mM Na 2 HPO 4  buffer to an OD 600  of 0.2, and 30 μl of this is mixed with 30 mL of warm LB agar. This is quickly poured completely over a microbe array plate, allowed to solidify and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. Antibiosis is scored by looking for clear halos around microbial colonies. 
     Generating/Isolating Endophytes Compatible with Agrochemicals 
     The application of pesticides against fungal pathogens of agriculturally-relevant plants is a common practice in agriculture to ensure higher yields. One method of pesticide delivery is to cover the seeds with a coating with pesticides. Although pesticides are meant to deter the growth and propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, they may also affect endophyte populations residing inside of the seed. For this purpose, conferring compatibility mechanisms to endophytic fungi providing beneficial properties which are sensitive to these compounds is desirable for the maintenance of endophytes in the seeds. 
     Compatibility with pesticides can be intrinsic (naturally pesticide compatible fungi, for example) or acquired (due to mutations in the genetic material of the microorganism, or to the introduction of exogenous DNA by natural DNA transfer). 
     Fungicides used as protectants are effective only on the seed surface, providing protection against seed surface-borne pathogens and providing some level of control of soil-borne pathogens. These products generally have a relatively short residual. Protectant fungicides such as captan, maneb, thiram, or fludioxonil help control many types of soil-borne pathogens, except root rotting organisms. Systemic fungicides are absorbed into the emerging seedling and inhibit or kill susceptible fungi inside host plant tissues. Systemic fungicides used for seed treatment include the following: azoxystrobin, carboxin, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, thiabendazole, trifloxystrobin, and various triazole fungicides, including difenoconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole, and triticonazole. Mefenoxam and metalaxyl are primarily used to target the oomycetes such as species of  Pythium  and  Phytophthora.    
     Strobilurin analogues, such as azoxystrobin, inhibit mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer at the cytochrome bc1 complex. Phenylamides, including metalaxyl, interfere with RNA synthesis in target fungi. Oxathiin systemic fungicides like carboxin inhibits the incorporation of phenylalanine into protein and of uracil into RNA. Azole fungicides BAS 480F, flusilazole, and tebuconazole are inhibitors of sterol 14α-demethylase, and block sterol biosynthesis. 
     Determination of Intrinsic Resilience Against Agrochemicals of Bacteria Cultured from Seeds 
     To test the intrinsic resilience pesticides of bacteria isolated as described herein, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays are performed on all isolated bacteria of interest, as described in Wiegand, Irith, Kai Hilpert, and Robert E W Hancock. Nature protocols 3.2 (2008): 163-175, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, known concentrations of bacterial cells or spores are used to inoculate plates containing solid media with different concentrations of the pesticide, or to inoculate liquid media containing different concentrations of the pesticide (in a 96-well plate). The pesticides are used at the concentration recommended by the manufacturer for seed coating, and two-fold dilutions down to 0.000125 (12 two-fold dilutions). Growth is assessed after incubation for a defined period of time (16-20 h) and compared to cultures grown in the same manner without any pesticides as control. The MIC value is determined as described in Wiegand, Irith, Kai Hilpert, and Robert E W Hancock. Nature protocols 3.2 (2008): 163-175. 
     Determination of Intrinsic Resilience Against Agrochemicals of Fungi Cultured from Seeds 
     To test the intrinsic resilience against pesticides of the fungi isolated as described in this application, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays are performed on all isolated fungi of interest, as described in Mohiddin, F. A., and M. R. Khan. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8.43 (2013): 5331-5334 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), with the following changes: Briefly, double strength potato dextrose agar is prepared containing different concentrations of each pesticide. The pesticides are applied at the concentration recommended by the manufacturer, and also in two fold dilutions to 0.000125× (12 two-fold dilutions). Thereafter, the plates are seeded centrally with a 3 mm disc of 4 days old culture of each fungus that had been centrifuged and rinsed twice in sterile phosphate buffer. PDA plates without a fungicide but inoculated with the fungi serve as a control. The inoculated plates are incubated at 25±2° C. for 5 days. The radial growth of the colony in each treatment is measured and the percent inhibition of growth is calculated as described by Mohiddin, F. A., and M. R. Khan. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8.43 (2013): 5331-5334 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Fungal isolates are classified as resilience against the particular pesticide if their maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) is 2× or above the concentration of pesticides recommended to be used in seed coatings. 
     Generating Fungal Species with Compatibility with Commercial Pesticides Coated onto Seeds 
     When a fungal strain of interest that provides a beneficial property to its plant host is found to be sensitive to a commercially-relevant pesticide, pesticide-compatible variants of the strains need to be generated for use in this application. Generation of compatibility to multiple pesticides or cocktails of pesticides is accomplished by sequentially selecting compatible variants to each individual pesticide and then confirming compatibility with a combination of the pesticides. After each round of selection, fungi are tested for their ability to form symbiotic relationships with the plants and to confirm that they provide a beneficial property on the plant as did the parental strain, with or without application of the pesticide product as described herein. 
     Generation and isolation of pesticide-compatible strains derived from endophytic strains isolated from seeds and shown to provide beneficiary traits to plants is performed as described by Shapiro-Ilan, David I., et al. Journal of invertebrate pathology 81.2 (2002): 86-93 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), with some changes. Briefly, spores of the isolated fungi are collected and solutions containing between ˜1×10 3  spores are used to inoculate potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing 2, 5, and 10 times the MTC of the particular strain. Plates are incubated for 1-5 days and a single colony from the highest concentration of pesticide which allows growth is inoculated onto a fresh plate with the same pesticide concentration 7 consecutive times. After compatibility has been established, the strain is inoculated onto PDA plates 3 consecutive times and then inoculated onto a PDA plate containing the pesticide to confirm that the compatibility trait is permanent. 
     Alternatively, if this method fails to provide a compatible strain, a spore suspension is treated with ethyl methanesulfonate to generate random mutants, similarly as described by Leonard, Cory A., Stacy D. Brown, and J. Russell Hayman. International journal of microbiology 2013 (2013), Article ID 901697 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and spores from this culture are used in the experiment detailed above. 
     To develop fungal endophytes compatible with multiple pesticides or cocktails of pesticides, spores of a strain compatible with one or more pesticides are used to select for variants to a new pesticide as described above. Strains developed this way are tested for retention of the pesticide-compatibility traits by inoculating these strains onto PDA plates containing each single pesticide or combinations of pesticides. 
     Generating Bacterial Species with Compatibility to Commercial Pesticides Coated onto Seeds 
     When a bacterial strain of interest is found to be sensitive to a commercially-relevant pesticide, generation of pesticide-compatible variants of the strains can be generated for use in this application. Generation of compatible with multiple pesticides or cocktails of pesticides is accomplished by first sequentially selecting variants compatible with incrementally higher concentrations of each individual pesticide (as described by Thomas, Louise, et al. Journal of Hospital Infection 46.4 (2000): 297-303, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). To develop bacterial endophytes compatible with multiple pesticides or cocktails of pesticides, bacterial cells of a strain compatible with one or more pesticides is used to select for variants to a new pesticide as described above. Strains developed this way are tested for retention of the pesticide-compatible traits by inoculating these strains onto PDA plates containing each single pesticide or combinations of pesticides. 
     After each round of selection, bacteria are tested for their ability to live within plants and for their ability to provide the same beneficial property to the plant as did the parental strain, with or without application of the pesticide product to the plants as described herein. 
     Generation of Pesticide-Compatible Bacteria by Insertion of a Resistance Plasmid 
     Many bacterial plasmids that confer compatible pesticides have been described in the literature (Don, R. H., and J. M. Pemberton. Journal of Bacteriology 145.2 (1981): 681-686; and Fisher, P. R., J. Appleton, and J. M. Pemberton.  Journal of bacteriology  135.3 (1978): 798-804, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) 
     For cases in which obtaining naturally occurring compatible bacteria is not feasible, use of these plasmids is a possible way to develop endophytic strains compatible with multiple pesticides. 
     For example, a  Pseudomonas fluorescens  strain that provides anti-nematode properties to plants but is sensitive to the pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic can be transformed with the plasmid pJP2 (isolated from  Alcaligenes eutrophus ) which provides transmissible compatible with these compounds, as described by Don and Pemberton, 1981. Briefly, plasmids are transferred by conjugation to  Pseudomonas , using the method described in Haas, Dieter, and Bruce W. Holloway.  Molecular and General Genetics  144.3 (1976): 243-251 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). 
     After the generation of bacteria carrying pesticide-compatibility conferring plasmids, these endophytes are tested for their ability to live inside plant tissues and for their ability to provide the same beneficial property to the plant as it did for the parental strain, with or without application of the pesticide product to the plants as described herein. 
     Growth &amp; Scale-Up of Bacteria for Inoculation on Solid Media 
     The bacterial isolates are grown by loop-inoculation of a single colony into R2A broth (supplemented with appropriate antibiotics) in 100 mL flasks. The bacterial culture is incubated at 30±2° C. for 2 days at 180 rpm in a shaking incubator (or under varying temperatures and shaking speeds as appropriate). This liquid suspension is then used to inoculate heat sterilized vermiculite powder which is premixed with sterile R2A broth (without antibiotics), resulting in a soil like mixture of particles and liquid. This microbial powder is then incubated for an additional couple of days at 30±2° C. with daily handshaking to aerate the moist powder and allow bacterial growth. Microbially inoculated vermiculite powder is now ready for spreading on to soil or onto plant parts. Alternatively, the R2A broth is used to inoculate Petri dishes containing R2A or another appropriate nutrient agar where lawns of bacteria are grown under standard conditions and the solid colonies scraped off, resuspended in liquid and applied to plants as desired. 
     Growth &amp; Scale-Up of Fungi for Inoculation on Solid Media 
     Once a fungal isolate has been characterized, conditions are optimized for growth in the lab and scaled-up to provide sufficient material for assays. For example, the medium used to isolate the fungus is supplemented with nutrients, vitamins, co-factors, plant-extracts, and other supplements that can decrease the time required to grow the fungal isolate or increase the yield of mycelia and/or spores the fungal isolate produces. These supplements can be found in the literature or through screening of different known media additives that promote the growth of all fungi or of the particular fungal taxa. 
     To scale up the growth of fungal isolates, isolates are grown from a frozen stock on several Petri dishes containing media that promotes the growth of the particular fungal isolate and the plates are incubated under optimal environmental conditions (temperature, atmosphere, light). After mycelia and spore development, the fungal growth is scraped and resuspended in 0.05M Phosphate buffer (pH 7.2, 10 mL/plate). Disposable polystyrene Bioassay dishes (500 cm 2 , Thermo Scientific Nunc UX-01929-00) are prepared with 225 mL of autoclaved media with any required supplements added to the media, and allowed to solidify. Plates are stored at room temperature for 2-5 days prior to inoculation to confirm sterility. 5 mL of the fungal suspension is spread over the surface of the agar in the Bioassay plate in a biosafety cabinet, plates are allowed to dry for 1 h, and they are then incubated for 2-5 days, or until mycelia and/or spores have developed. 
     A liquid fungal suspension is then created via the following. Fungal growth on the surface of the agar in the Bioassay plates are then scraped and resuspended in 0.05M Phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). OD 600  readings are taken using a spectrometer and correlated to previously established OD 600 /CFU counts to estimate fungal population densities, and the volume adjusted with additional sodium phosphate buffer to result in 100 mL aliquots of fungi at a density of approximately 10 6 -10 11  spores/mL. This suspension may or may not be filtered to remove mycelia and can be used to create a liquid microbial formulation as described herein to apply the fungal isolate onto a plant, plant part, or seed. 
     Growth &amp; Scale-Up of Bacteria for Inoculation in Liquid Media 
     Bacterial strains are grown by loop-inoculation of one single colony into R2A broth (amended with the appropriate antibiotics) in 100 L flasks. The bacterial culture is incubated at 30±2° C. for 2 days at 180 rpm in a shaking incubator (or under varying temperatures and shaking speeds as appropriate). The bacteria are pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in sterile 0.1 M sodium phosphate. OD 600  readings are taken using a spectrometer and correlated to previously established OD 600 /CFU counts to estimate bacterial population densities, and the volume adjusted with additional sodium phosphate buffer to result in 100 mL aliquots of bacteria at a density of 1×10 8  cells/mL. To help break surface tension, aid bacterial entry into plants and provide microbes for some energy for growth, 10 μL of Silwet L-77 surfactant and 1 g of sucrose is added to each 100 mL aliquot (resulting in 0.01% v/v and 1% v/v concentrations, respectively) in a similar way as in the protocol for  Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation of  Arabidopsis thaliana  seed [Clough, S., Bent, A. (1999) The Plant Journal 16(6): 735-743]. 
     Growth &amp; Scale-Up of Fungi for Inoculation in Liquid Media 
     Once a fungal isolate has been characterized, conditions are optimized for growth in the lab and scaled-up to provide enough material for assays. For example, the medium used to isolate the fungi is supplemented with nutrients, vitamins, co-factors, plant-extracts, and/or other supplements that can decrease the time required to grow the fungal isolate and/or increase the yield of mycelia and/or spores the fungal isolate produces. These supplements can be found in the literature or through screening of different known media additives that promote the growth of all fungi or of the particular fungal taxa. 
     To scale up the growth of fungal isolates, isolates are grown from a frozen stock on Petri dishes containing media that promotes the growth of the particular fungal isolate and the plates are incubated under optimal environmental conditions (temperature, atmosphere, light). After mycelia and spore development, the fungal growth is scraped and resuspended in 0.05M Phosphate buffer (pH 7.2, 10 mL/plate). 1 liter of liquid media selected to grow the fungal culture is prepared in 2 L glass flasks and autoclaved and any required supplements added to the media. These are stored at room temperature for 2-5 days prior to inoculation to confirm sterility. 1 mL of the fungal suspension is added aseptically to the media flask, which is then incubated for 2-5 days, or until growth in the liquid media has reached saturation. OD 600  readings are taken using a spectrometer and correlated to previously established OD 600 /CFU counts to estimate fungal population densities, and the volume adjusted with additional sodium phosphate buffer to result in 100 mL aliquots of fungi at a density of approximately 10 6 -10 11  spores/mL. This suspension may or may not be filtered to remove mycelia and can be used to create a liquid microbial formulation as described herein to apply the fungal isolate onto a plant, plant part, or seed. 
     Creation of Liquid Microbial Formulations or Preparations for the Application of Microbes to Plants 
     Bacterial or fungal cells are cultured in liquid nutrient broth medium to between 10 2 -10 12  CFU/mL. The cells are separated from the medium and suspended in another liquid medium if desired. The microbial formulation may contain one or more bacterial or fungal strains. The resulting formulation contains living cells, lyophilized cells, or spores of the bacterial or fungal strains. The formulation may also contain water, nutrients, polymers and binding agents, surfactants or polysaccharides such as gums, carboxymethylcellulose and polyalcohol derivatives. Suitable carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and include natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, thickeners, binders or fertilizers. Compositions can take the form of aqueous solutions, oil-in-water emulsions, or water-in-oil emulsions. Small amounts of insoluble material can optionally be present, for example in suspension in the medium, but it is generally preferred to minimize the presence of such insoluble material. 
     Inoculation of Plants by Coating Microbes Directly onto Seed 
     Seed is treated by coating it with a liquid microbial formulation (prepared as described herein) comprising microbial cells and other formulation components, directly onto the seed surface at the rate of 10 2 -10 8  microbial CFU per seed. Seeds are soaked in liquid microbial formulation for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12, 18 or 24 hours or 2, 3, or 5 days. After soaking in microbial formulation, seeds are planted in growing containers or in an outdoor field. Seeds may also be coated with liquid microbial formulation by using an auger or a commercial batch treater. One or more microbial formulations or other seed treatments are applied concurrently or in sequence. Treatment is applied to the seeds using a variety of conventional treatment techniques and machines, such as fluidized bed techniques, augers, the roller mill method, rotostatic seed treaters, and drum coaters. Other methods, such as spouted beds may also be useful. The seeds are pre-sized before coating. Optionally the microbial formulation is combined with an amount of insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, bactericide, or plant growth regulator, or plant micro- or macro-nutrient prior to or during the coating process. After coating, the seeds are typically dried and then transferred to a sizing machine for grading before planting. Following inoculation, colonization of the plants or seeds produced therefrom is confirmed via any of the various methods described herein. Growth promotion or stress resilience benefits to the plant are tested via any of the plant growth testing methods described herein. 
     Inoculation of Plants with a Combination of Two or More Microbes 
     Seeds can be coated with bacterial or fungal endophytes. This method describes the coating of seeds with two or more bacterial or fungal strains. The concept presented here involves simultaneous seed coating of two microbes (e.g., both a gram negative endophytic bacterium  Burkholderia phytofirmans  and a gram positive endophytic bacterium  Bacillus mojavensis ). Optionally, both microbes are genetically transformed by stable chromosomal integration as follows.  Bacillus mojavensis  are transformed with a construct with a constitutive promoter driving expression of a synthetic operon of GFPuv and spectinomycin resistance genes, while  Burkholderia phytofirmans  are transformed with a construct with a constitutive promoter driving expression of the lac operon with an appended spectinomycin resistance gene. Seeds are coated with a prepared liquid formulation of the two microbes the various methods described herein. Various concentrations of each endophyte in the formulation is applied, from 10 2 /seed to about 10 8 /seed. Following inoculation, colonization of the plants or seeds produced therefrom may be confirmed via any of the various methods described herein. Growth promotion or stress resilience benefits to the plant are tested via any of the plant growth testing methods described herein. 
     Culturing to Confirm Colonization of Plant by Bacteria 
     The presence in the seeds or plants of GFPuv or gusA-labeled endophytes can be detected by colony counts from mashed seed material and germinated seedling tissue using R2A plates amended with 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-glucuronide (X-glcA, 50 μg/mL), IPTG (50 μg/mL) and the antibiotic spectinomycin (100 μg/mL). Alternatively, bacterial or fungal endophytes not having received transgenes can also be detected by isolating microbes from plant, plant tissue or seed homogenates (optionally surface-sterilized) on antibiotic free media and identified visually by colony morphotype and molecular methods described herein. Representative colony morphotypes are also used in colony PCR and sequencing for isolate identification via ribosomal gene sequence analysis as described herein. These trials are repeated twice per experiment, with 5 biological samples per treatment. 
     Culture-Independent Methods to Confirm Colonization of the Plant or Seeds by Bacteria or Fungi 
     Example Description 
     One way to detect the presence of endophytes on or within plants or seeds is to use quantitative PCR (qPCR). Internal colonization by the endophyte can be demonstrated by using surface-sterilized plant tissue (including seed) to extract total DNA, and isolate-specific fluorescent MGB probes and amplification primers are used in a qPCR reaction. An increase in the product targeted by the reporter probe at each PCR cycle therefore causes a proportional increase in fluorescence due to the breakdown of the probe and release of the reporter. Fluorescence is measured by a quantitative PCR instrument and compared to a standard curve to estimate the number of fungal or bacterial cells within the plant. 
     Experimental Description 
     The design of both species-specific amplification primers, and isolate-specific fluorescent probes are well known in the art. Plant tissues (seeds, stems, leaves, flowers, etc.) are pre-rinsed and surface sterilized using the methods described herein. 
     Total DNA is extracted using methods known in the art, for example using commercially available Plant-DNA extraction kits, or the following method.
         1. Tissue is placed in a cold-resistant container and 10-50 mL of liquid nitrogen is applied. Tissues are then macerated to a powder.   2. Genomic DNA is extracted from each tissue preparation, following a chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 24:1 protocol (Sambrook, Joseph, Edward. F. Fritsch, and Thomas Maniatis.  Molecular cloning . Vol. 2. New York: Cold spring harbor laboratory press, 1989).       

     Quantitative PCR is performed essentially as described by Gao, Zhan, et al.  Journal of clinical microbiology  48.10 (2010): 3575-3581 with primers and probe(s) specific to the desired isolate using a quantitative PCR instrument, and a standard curve is constructed by using serial dilutions of cloned PCR products corresponding to the specie-specific PCR amplicon produced by the amplification primers. Data are analyzed using instructions from the quantitative PCR instrument&#39;s manufacturer software. 
     As an alternative to qPCR, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, (TRFLP) can be performed, essentially as described in Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396. Group specific, fluorescently labelled primers are used to amplify a subset of the microbial population, especially bacteria, especially fungi, especially archaea, especially viruses. This fluorescently labelled PCR product is cut by a restriction enzyme chosen for heterogeneous distribution in the PCR product population. The enzyme cut mixture of fluorescently labelled and unlabeled DNA fragments is then submitted for sequence analysis on a Sanger sequence platform such as the Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer. 
     Immunological Methods to Detect Microbes in Seeds and Vegetative Tissues 
     A polyclonal antibody is raised against specific bacteria X or fungus Y strains via standard methods. A polyclonal antibody is also raised against specific GUS and GFP proteins via standard methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunogold labeling is also conducted via standard methods, briefly outlined below. 
     Immunofluorescence microscopy procedures involve the use of semi-thin sections of seed or seedling or adult plant tissues transferred to glass objective slides and incubated with blocking buffer (20 mM Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride (TBS) plus 2% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.4) for 30 min at room temperature. Sections are first coated for 30 min with a solution of primary antibodies and then with a solution of secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit antibodies) coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for 30 min at room temperature. Samples are then kept in the dark to eliminate breakdown of the light-sensitive FITC. After two 5-min washings with sterile potassium phosphate buffer (PB) (pH 7.0) and one with double-distilled water, sections are sealed with mounting buffer (100 mL 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) plus 50 mL double-distilled glycerine) and observed under a light microscope equipped with ultraviolet light and a FITC Texas-red filter. 
     Ultrathin (50- to 70-nm) sections for TEM microscopy are collected on pioloform-coated nickel grids and are labeled with 15-nm gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody. After being washed, the slides are incubated for 1 h in a 1:50 dilution of 5-nm gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody in IGL buffer. The gold labeling is then visualized for light microscopy using a BioCell silver enhancement kit. Toluidine blue (0.01%) is used to lightly counterstain the gold-labeled sections. In parallel with the sections used for immunogold silver enhancement, serial sections are collected on uncoated slides and stained with 1% toluidine blue. The sections for light microscopy are viewed under an optical microscope, and the ultrathin sections are viewed by TEM. 
     Characterization of Uniformity of Endophytes in a Population of Seeds 
     To test for the homogeneity of endophytes either on the surface or colonizing the interior tissues in a population of seeds, seeds are tested for the presence of the microbes by culture-dependent and/or—independent methods. Seeds are obtained, surface sterilized and pulverized, and the seed homogenate is divided and used to inoculate culture media or to extract DNA and perform quantitative PCR. The homogeneity of colonization in a population of seeds is assessed through detection of specific microbial strains via these methods and comparison of the culture-dependent and culture-independent results across the population of seeds. Homogeneity of colonization for a strain of interest is rated based on the total number of seeds in a population that contain a detectable level of the strain, on the uniformity across the population of the number of cells or CFU of the strain present in the seed, or based on the absence or presence of other microbial strains in the seed. 
     Experimental Description 
     Surface sterilized seeds are obtained as described herein. For culture-dependent methods of microbial-presence confirmation, bacterial and fungi are obtained from seeds essentially as described herein with the following modification. Seed homogenate is used to inoculate media containing selective and/or differential additives that will allow to identification of a particular microbe. 
     For qPCR, total DNA of each seed is extracted using methods known in the art, as described herein. 
     Characterization of Homogeneity of Colonization in Population of Plants 
     To test for the homogeneity of microorganisms (including endophytes) colonizing the interior in a population of plants, tissues from each plant are tested for the presence of the microbes by culture-dependent and/or—independent methods. Tissues are obtained, surface sterilized and pulverized, and the tissue material is divided and used to inoculate culture media or to extract DNA and perform quantitative PCR. The homogeneity of colonization in a population of plants is assessed through detection of specific microbial strains via these methods and comparison of the culture-dependent and culture-independent results across the population of plants or their tissues. Homogeneity of colonization for a strain of interest is rated based on the total number of plants in a population that contain a detectable level of the strain, on the uniformity across the population of the number of cells or CFU of the strain present in the plant tissue, or based on the absence or presence of other microbial strains in the plant. 
     Experimental Description 
     Surface sterilized plant tissues are obtained as described herein. For culture-dependent methods of microbial-presence confirmation, bacterial and fungi are obtained from plant tissues essentially as described herein with the following modification. Plant tissue homogenate is used to inoculate media containing selective and/or differential additives that will allow identification of a particular microbe. 
     For qPCR, total DNA of each plant tissue is extracted using methods known in the art, as described herein. 
     Testing for Beneficial and Inhibitory Effects of Endophytes 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement in Normal Conditions 
     Standard Germination Tests are used to assess the ability of the endophyte to enhance the seeds&#39; germination and early growth. Briefly, 400 seeds which are coated with the endophyte as described elsewhere are placed in between wet brown paper towels (8 replicates with 50 seeds each). An equal number of seeds obtained from control plants that do not contain the microbe is treated in the same way. The paper towels are placed on top of 1×2 feet plastic trays and maintained in a growth chamber set at 25° C. and 70% humidity for 7 days. The proportion of seeds that germinate successfully is compared between the seeds coming from microbe-colonized plants with those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement Under Biotic Stress 
     A modification of the method developed by Hodgson [Am. Potato. J. 38: 259-264 (1961)] is used to test germination enhancement in microbe-colonized seeds under biotic stress. Biotic stress is understood as a concentration of inocula in the form of cell (bacteria) or spore suspensions (fungus) of a known pathogen for a particular crop (e.g.,  Pantoea stewartii  or  Fusarium graminearum  for  Zea mays  L.). Briefly, for each level of biotic stress, 400 seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains, and 400 seed controls (lacking the microbial strains), are placed in between brown paper towels: 8 replicates with 50 seeds each for each treatment (microbe-colonized and control). Each one of the replicates is placed inside a large petri dish (150 mm in diameter). The towels are then soaked with 10 mL of pathogen cell or spore suspension at a concentration of 10 4  to 10 8  cells/spores per mL. Each level corresponds with an order of magnitude increment in concentration (thus, 5 levels). The petri dishes are maintained in a growth chamber set at 25° C. and 70% humidity for 7 days. The proportion of seeds that germinate successfully is compared between the seeds coming from microbe-colonized plants with those coming from controls for each level of biotic stress. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement Under Drought Stress 
     Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an inert, water-binding polymer with a non-ionic and virtually impermeable long chain [Couper and Eley, J. Polymer Sci., 3: 345-349 (1984)] that accurately mimics drought stress under dry-soil conditions. The higher the concentration of PEG, the lower the water potential achieved, thus inducing higher water stress in a watery medium. To determine germination enhancement in seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains, the effect of osmotic potential on germination is tested at a range of water potential representative of drought conditions following Perez-Fernandez et al. [J. Environ. Biol. 27: 669-685 (2006)]. The range of water potentials simulates those that are known to cause drought stress in a range of cultivars and wild plants, (−0.05 MPa to −5 MPa) [Craine et al., Nature Climate Change 3: 63-67 (2013)]. The appropriate concentration of polyethylene glycol (6000) required to achieve a particular water potential is determined following Michel and Kaufmann (Plant Physiol., 51: 914-916 (1973)) and further modifications by Hardegree and Emmerich (Plant Physiol., 92, 462-466 (1990)). The final equation used to determine amounts of PEG is: Ψ=0.130 [PEG] 2  T−13.7 [PEG] 2 ; where the osmotic potential (Ψ) is a function of temperature (T). Germination experiments are conducted in 90 mm diameter petri dishes. Replicates consist of a Petri dish, watered with 10 mL of the appropriate solution and 20 seeds floating in the solution. 400 seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains are tested, in addition to 400 seed controls (lacking the microbial strains), totaling 40 petri dishes. To prevent large variations in Ψ, dishes are sealed with parafilm and the PEG solutions are renewed weekly by pouring out the existing PEG in the petri dish and adding the same amount of fresh solution. Petri dishes are maintained in a growth chamber set at 25° C., 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and least 120 μE/m 2 /s light intensity. The proportion of seeds that germinate successfully after two weeks is compared between the seeds coming from inoculated plants and those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement in Heat Conditions 
     Standard Germination Tests are used to determine if a microbe colonizing the interior of a seed protects maize against heat stress during germination. Briefly, 400 seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains are placed in between wet brown paper towels (8 replicates with 50 seeds each). An equal number of seeds obtained from control plants that lack the microbe is treated in the same way. The paper towels are placed on top of 1×2 ft plastic trays and maintained in a growth chamber set at 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and at least 120 μE/m2/s light intensity for 7 days. A range of high temperatures (from 35° C. to 45° C., with increments of 2 degrees per assay) is tested to assess the germination of microbe-colonized seeds at each temperature. The proportion of seeds that germinate successfully is compared between the seeds coming from microbe-colonized plants and those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement in Cold Conditions 
     Standard Germination Tests are used to determine if a microbe colonizing the interior of a seed protects maize against cold stress during germination. Briefly, 400 seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains are placed in between wet brown paper towels (8 replicates with 50 seeds each). An equal number of seeds obtained from control plants that lack the microbe is treated in the same way. The paper towels are placed on top of 1×2 ft plastic trays and maintained in a growth chamber set at 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and at least 120 μE/m2/s light intensity for 7 days. A range of low temperatures (from 0° C. to 10° C., with increments of 2 degrees per assay) is tested to assess the germination of microbe-colonized seeds at each temperature. The proportion of seeds that germinate successfully is compared between the seeds coming from microbe-colonized plants and those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement in High Salt Concentrations 
     Germination experiments are conducted in 90 mm diameter petri dishes. Replicates consist of a Petri dish, watered with 10 mL of the appropriate solution and 20 seeds floating in the solution. 400 seeds, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains, and 400 seed controls (lacking the microbial strains) are tested in this way (40 petri dishes total). To prevent large variations in salt concentration due to evaporation, dishes are sealed with parafilm and the saline solutions are renewed weekly by pouring out the existing saline solution in the petri dish and adding the same amount of fresh solution. A range of saline solutions (100-500 mM NaCl) is tested for to assess the germination of microbe-colonized seeds at varying salt levels. Petri dishes are maintained in a growth chamber set at 25° C., 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and at least 120 μE/m2/s light intensity. The proportion of seeds that germinates successfully after two weeks is compared between the seeds coming from inoculated plants and those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Germination Enhancement in Soils with High Metal Content 
     Standard Germination Tests are used to determine if a microbe colonizing the interior of a seed protects maize against stress due to high soil metal content during germination. Briefly, 400 seeds of maize, the interiors of which are colonized by microbial strains, are placed in between wet brown paper towels (8 replicates with 50 seeds each). An equal number of seeds obtained from control plants that lack the microbe (microbe-free) is treated in the same way. The paper towels are placed on top of 1×2 ft plastic trays with holes to allow water drainage. The paper towels are covered with an inch of sterile sand. For each metal to be tested, the sand needs to be treated appropriately to ensure the release and bioavailability of the metal. For example, in the case of aluminum, the sand is watered with pH 4.0+˜1 g/Kg soil Al+3 (−621 uM). The trays are maintained in a growth chamber set at 25° C. and 70% humidity for 7 days. The proportion of seeds that germinates successfully is compared between the seeds coming from microbe-colonized plants and those coming from controls. 
     Testing for Growth Promotion in Growth Chamber in Normal Conditions 
     Soil is made from a mixture of 60% Sunshine Mix #5 (Sun Gro; Bellevue, Wash., USA) and 40% vermiculite. To determine if a particular microbe colonizing the interior of seeds is capable of promoting plant growth under normal conditions, 24 pots are prepared in two 12-pot no-hole flat trays with 28 grams of dry soil in each pot, and 2 L of filtered water is added to each tray. The water is allowed to soak into the soil and the soil surface is misted before seeding. For each seed-microbe combination, 12 pots are seeded with 3-5 seeds colonized by the microbe and 12 pots are seeded with 3-5 seeds lacking the microbe (microbe-free plants). The seeded pots are covered with a humidity dome and kept in the dark for 3 days, after which the pots are transferred to a growth chamber set at 25° C., 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and at least 120 μE/m2/s light intensity. The humidity domes are removed on day 5, or when cotyledons are fully expanded. After removal of the domes, each pot is irrigated to saturation with 0.5× Hoagland&#39;s solution, then allowing the excess solution to drain. Seedlings are then thinned to 1 per pot. In the following days, the pots are irrigated to saturation with filtered water, allowing the excess water to drain after about 30 minutes of soaking, and the weight of each 12-pot flat tray is recorded weekly. Canopy area is measured at weekly intervals. Terminal plant height, average leaf area and average leaf length are measured at the end of the flowering stage. The plants are allowed to dry and seed weight is measured. Significance of difference in growth between microbe-colonized plants and controls lacking the microbe is assessed with the appropriate statistical test depending on the distribution of the data at p&lt;0.05. 
     Testing for Growth Promotion in Growth Chamber Under Biotic Stress 
     Soil is made from a mixture of 60% Sunshine Mix #5 (Sun Gro; Bellevue, Wash., USA) and 40% vermiculite. To determine if a particular microbe colonizing the interior of seeds is capable of promoting plant growth in the presence of biotic stress, 24 pots are prepared in two 12-pot no-hole flat trays with 28 grams of dry soil in each pot, and 2 L of filtered water is added to each tray. The water is allowed to soak into the soil before planting. For each seed-microbe combination test, 12 pots are seeded with 3-5 seeds colonized by the microbe and 12 pots are seeded with 3-5 seeds lacking the microbe (microbe-free plants). The seeded pots are covered with a humidity dome and kept in the dark for 3 days, after which the pots are transferred to a growth chamber set at 25° C., 16:8 hour light:dark cycle, 70% humidity, and at least 120 μE/m2/s light intensity. The humidity domes are removed on day 5, or when cotyledons are fully expanded. After removal of the domes, each pot is irrigated to saturation with 0.5× Hoagland&#39;s solution, allowing the excess solution to drain. Seedlings are then thinned to 1 per pot. In the following days, the pots are irrigated to saturation with filtered water, allowing the excess water to drain after about 30 minutes of soaking. 
     Several methods of inoculation are used depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen. For leaf pathogens (e.g.,  Pseudomonas syringeae  or  Colletotrichum graminicola ), a suspension of cells for bacteria (10 8  cell/mL) or spores for fungi (10 7  spores/mL) is applied with an applicator on the adaxial surface of each of the youngest fully expanded leaves. Alternatively for fungal pathogens that do not form conidia easily, two agar plugs containing mycelium (˜4 mm in diameter) are attached to the adaxial surface of each of the youngest leaves on each side of the central vein. For vascular pathogens (e.g.,  Pantoea stewartii  or  Fusarium moniliforme ), the suspension of cells or spores is directly introduced into the vasculature (5-10 μL) through a minor injury inflected with a sterile blade. Alternatively, the seedlings can be grown hydroponically in the cell/spore or mycelium suspension. To test the resilience of the plant-microbe combination against insect stresses, such as thrips or aphids, plants are transferred to a specially-designated growth chamber containing the insects. Soil-borne insect or nematode pathogens are mixed into or applied topically to the potting soil. In all cases, care is taken to contain the fungal, insect, nematode or other pathogen and prevent release outside of the immediate testing area. 
     The weight of each 12-pot flat tray is recorded weekly. Canopy area is measured at weekly intervals. Terminal plant height, average leaf area and average leaf length are measured at the cease of flowering. The plants are allowed to dry and seed weight is measured. Significance of difference in growth between microbe-colonized plants and controls lacking the microbe is assessed with the appropriate statistical test depending on the distribution of the data at p&lt;0.05. 
     OTHER EMBODIMENTS 
     It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.