Patent Publication Number: US-11388638-B2

Title: Signaling design of enhanced handover support for drones in a cellular network

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/274,865, filed Feb. 13, 2019, which claims the benefit of priority to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/631,325, filed Feb. 15, 2018, and entitled “METHOD AND SIGNALING DESIGN OF ENHANCED HANDOVER SUPPORT FOR DRONES IN A CELLULAR NETWORK,” which patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Aspects pertain to wireless communications. Some aspects relate to wireless networks including 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) networks, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks, 3GPP LTE-A (LTE Advanced) networks, and fifth-generation (5G) networks including 5G new radio (NR) (or 5G-NR) networks and 5G-LTE networks. Other aspects are directed to systems and methods for signaling design of enhanced handover support for aerial user equipment (UE), such as a drone US, in a cellular network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile communications have evolved significantly from early voice systems to today&#39;s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. With the increase in different types of devices communicating with various network devices, the usage of 3GPP LTE systems has increased. The penetration of mobile devices (user equipment or UEs) in modern society has continued to drive demand for a wide variety of networked devices in a number of disparate environments. Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems are forthcoming and are expected to enable even greater speed, connectivity, and usability. Next generation 5G networks (or NR networks) are expected to increase throughput, coverage, and robustness and reduce latency and operational and capital expenditures. 5G-NR networks will continue to evolve based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced with additional potential new radio access technologies (RATs) to enrich people&#39;s lives with seamless wireless connectivity solutions delivering fast, rich content and services. As current cellular network frequency is saturated, higher frequencies, such as millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency, can be beneficial due to their high bandwidth. 
     Potential LTE operation in the unlicensed spectrum includes (and is not limited to) the LTE operation in the unlicensed spectrum via dual connectivity (DC), or DC-based LAA, and the standalone LTE system in the unlicensed spectrum, according to which LTE-based technology solely operates in the unlicensed spectrum without requiring an “anchor” in the licensed spectrum, called MulteFire. MulteFire combines the performance benefits of LTE technology with the simplicity of Wi-Fi-like deployments. 
     Further enhanced operation of LTE systems in the licensed as well as unlicensed spectrum is expected in future releases and 5G systems. Such enhanced operations can include techniques to address the signaling design of enhanced handover support for aerial UEs, such as drones, in a cellular network. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       In the figures, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The figures illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various aspects discussed in the present document. 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an architecture of a network, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1B  is a simplified diagram of an overall next generation (NG) system architecture, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates a functional split between next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) and the 5G Core network (5GC), in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates an example Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) New Radio Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) architecture, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a geographical heat map of UE reference signal received power (RSRP) from a 1 st  sector (boresight pointing 30° towards upper right) of a central base station (BS) site for UEs at 0 m and 300 m altitudes. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a communication flow diagram for handover using measurement reporting with enhanced signaling design for drones in a cellular network, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example measurement report that can be configured using enhanced signaling design for drones, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of a communication device such as an evolved Node-B (eNB), a new generation Node-B (gNB), an access point (AP), a wireless station (STA), a mobile station (MS), or a user equipment (UE) such as a drone, in accordance with some aspects. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate aspects to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other aspects may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some aspects may be included in, or substituted for, those of other aspects. Aspects set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an architecture of a network in accordance with some aspects. The network  140 A is shown to include user equipment (UE)  101  and UE  102 . The UEs  101  and  102  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks) but may also include any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as Personal Data Assistants (PDAs), pagers, laptop computers, desktop computers, wireless handsets, drones, or any other computing device including a wired and/or wireless communications interface. The UEs  101  and  102  can be collectively referred to herein as UE  101 , and UE  101  can be used to perform one or more of the techniques disclosed herein. 
     Any of the radio links described herein (e.g., as used in the network  140 A or any other illustrated network) may operate according to any exemplary radio communication technology and/or standard. 
     LTE and LTE-Advanced are standards for wireless communications of high-speed data for UE such as mobile telephones. In LTE-Advanced and various wireless systems, carrier aggregation is a technology according to which multiple carrier signals operating on different frequencies may be used to carry communications for a single UE, thus increasing the bandwidth available to a single device. In some aspects, carrier aggregation may be used where one or more component carriers operate on unlicensed frequencies. 
     There are emerging interests in the operation of LTE systems in the unlicensed spectrum. As a result, an important enhancement for LTE in 3GPP Release 13 has been to enable its operation in the unlicensed spectrum via Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), which expands the system bandwidth by utilizing the flexible carrier aggregation (CA) framework introduced by the LTE-Advanced system. Rel-13 LAA system focuses on the design of downlink operation on the unlicensed spectrum via CA, while Rel-14 enhanced LAA (eLAA) system focuses on the design of uplink operation on the unlicensed spectrum via CA. 
     Aspects described herein can be used in the context of any spectrum management scheme including, for example, dedicated licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, (licensed) shared spectrum (such as Licensed Shared Access (LSA) in 2.3-2.4 GHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz, and further frequencies and Spectrum Access System (SAS) in 3.55-3.7 GHz and further frequencies). Applicable exemplary spectrum bands include IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) spectrum (including 450-470 MHz, 790-960 MHz, 1710-2025 MHz, 2110-2200 MHz, 2300-2400 MHz, 2500-2690 MHz, 698-790 MHz, 610-790 MHz, 3400-3600 MHz, to name a few), IMT-advanced spectrum, IMT-2020 spectrum (expected to include 3600-3800 MHz, 3.5 GHz bands, 700 MHz bands, bands within the 24.25-86 GHz range, for example), spectrum made available under the Federal Communications Commission&#39;s “Spectrum Frontier” 5G initiative (including 27.5-28.35 GHz, 29.1-29.25 GHz, 31-31.3 GHz, 37-38.6 GHz, 38.6-40 GHz, 42-42.5 GHz, 57-64 GHz, 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz and 92-94 GHz, etc), the ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) band of 5.9 GHz (typically 5.85-5.925 GHz) and 63-64 GHz, bands currently allocated to WiGig such as WiGig Band 1 (57.24-59.40 GHz), WiGig Band 2 (59.40-61.56 GHz), WiGig Band 3 (61.56-63.72 GHz), and WiGig Band 4 (63.72-65.88 GHz); the 70.2 GHz-71 GHz band; any band between 65.88 GHz and 71 GHz; bands currently allocated to automotive radar applications such as 76-81 GHz; and future bands including 94-300 GHz and above. Furthermore, the scheme can be used on a secondary basis on bands such as the TV White Space bands (typically below 790 MHz) wherein particular the 400 MHz and 700 MHz bands can be employed. Besides cellular applications, specific applications for vertical markets may be addressed, such as PMSE (Program Making and Special Events), medical, health, surgery, automotive, low-latency, drones, and the like. 
     Aspects described herein can also be applied to different Single Carrier or OFDM flavors (CP-OFDM, SC-FDMA, SC-OFDM, filter bank-based multicarrier (FBMC), OFDMA, etc.) and in particular 3GPP NR (New Radio) by allocating the OFDM carrier data bit vectors to the corresponding symbol resources. 
     In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can comprise an Internet-of-Things (IoT) UE or a Cellular IoT (CIoT) UE, which can comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can include a narrowband (NB) IoT UE (e.g., such as an enhanced NB-IoT (eNB-IoT) UE and Further Enhanced (FeNB-IoT) UE). An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communications (MTC) for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network includes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     In some aspects, NB-IoT devices can be configured to operate in a single physical resource block (PRB) and may be instructed to retune two different PRBs within the system bandwidth. In some aspects, an eNB-IoT UE can be configured to acquire system information in one PRB, and then it can retune to a different PRB to receive or transmit data. 
     In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can include enhanced MTC (eMTC) UEs or further enhanced MTC (FeMTC) UEs. 
     The UEs  101  and  102  may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple, with a radio access network (RAN)  110 . The RAN  110  may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. The UEs  101  and  102  utilize connections  103  and  104 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below); in this example, the connections  103  and  104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. 
     In some aspects, the network  140 A can include a core network (CN)  120 . Various aspects of NG RAN and NG Core are discussed herein in reference to, e.g.,  FIG. 1B ,  FIG. 1C , and  FIG. 1D . 
     In an aspect, the UEs  101  and  102  may further directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  105 . The ProSe interface  105  may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface comprising one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSDCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSDCH). 
     The UE  102  is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP)  106  via connection  107 . The connection  107  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as, for example, a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, according to which the AP  106  can comprise a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP  106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). 
     The RAN  110  can include one or more access nodes that enable the connections  103  and  104 . These access nodes (ANs) can be referred to as base stations (BSs), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), Next Generation NodeBs (gNBs), RAN nodes, and the like, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). In some aspects, communication nodes  111  and  112  can be transmission/reception points (TRPs). In instances when the communication nodes  111  and  112  are NodeBs (e.g., eNBs or gNBs), one or more TRPs can function within the communication cell of the NodeBs. The RAN  110  may include one or more RAN nodes for providing macrocells, e.g., macro RAN node  111 , and one or more RAN nodes for providing femtocells or picocells (e.g., cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells), e.g., low power (LP) RAN node  112 . 
     Any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  101  and  102 . In some aspects, any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. In an example, any of the nodes  111  and/or  112  can be a new generation node-B (gNB), an evolved node-B (eNB), or another type of RAN node. 
     In accordance with some aspects, the UEs  101  and  102  can be configured to communicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe for sidelink communications), although such aspects are not required. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some aspects, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  to the UEs  101  and  102 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation may be used for OFDM systems, which makes it applicable for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid may correspond to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain may correspond to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid may be denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid may comprise a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block may comprise a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may, in some aspects, represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There may be several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  101  and  102 . The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  101  and  102  about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  102  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  101  and  102 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  101  and  102 . 
     The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some aspects may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some aspects may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs according to some arrangements. 
     The RAN  110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network (CN)  120  via an S1 interface  113 . In aspects, the CN  120  may be an evolved packet core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN (e.g., as illustrated in reference to  FIGS. 1B-1I ). In this aspect, the S1 interface  113  is split into two parts: the S1-U interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and the serving gateway (S-GW)  122 , and the S1-mobility management entity (MME) interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and MMEs  121 . 
     In this aspect, the CN  120  comprises the MMEs  121 , the S-GW  122 , the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)  123 , and a home subscriber server (HSS)  124 . The MMEs  121  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN). The MMEs  121  may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS  124  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The CN  120  may comprise one or several HSSs  124 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  124  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. 
     The S-GW  122  may terminate the S1 interface  113  towards the RAN  110 , and routes data packets between the RAN  110  and the CN  120 . In addition, the S-GW  122  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities of the S-GW  122  may include a lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The P-GW  123  may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN. The P-GW  123  may route data packets between the EPC network  120  and external networks such as a network including the application server  184  (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface  125 . The P-GW  123  can also communicate data to other external networks  131 A, which can include the Internet, IP multimedia subsystem (IPS) network, and other networks. Generally, the application server  184  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this aspect, the P-GW  123  is shown to be communicatively coupled to an application server  184  via an IP interface  125 . The application server  184  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  101  and  102  via the CN  120 . 
     The P-GW  123  may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)  126  is the policy and charging control element of the CN  120 . In a non-roaming scenario, in some aspects, there may be a single PCRF in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE&#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with a local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE&#39;s IP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  126  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  184  via the P-GW  123 . The application server  184  may signal the PCRF  126  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF  126  may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  184 . 
     In an example, any of the nodes  111  or  112  can be configured to communicate to the UEs  101 ,  102  (e.g., dynamically) an antenna panel selection and a receive (Rx) beam selection that can be used by the UE for data reception on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) as well as for channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements and channel state information (CSI) calculation. 
     In an example, any of the nodes  111  or  112  can be configured to communicate to the UEs  101 ,  102  (e.g., dynamically) an antenna panel selection and a transmit (Tx) beam selection that can be used by the UE for data transmission on a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) as well as for sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission. 
     In some aspects, the communication network  140 A can be an IoT network. One of the current enablers of IoT is the narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT). NB-IoT has objectives such as coverage extension, UE complexity reduction, long battery lifetime, and backward compatibility with the LTE network. In addition, NB-IoT aims to offer deployment flexibility allowing an operator to introduce NB-IoT using a small portion of its existing available spectrum, and operate in one of the following three modalities: (a) standalone deployment (the network operates in re-farmed GSM spectrum); (b) in-band deployment (the network operates within the LTE channel); and (c) guard-band deployment (the network operates in the guard band of legacy LTE channels). In some aspects, such as with further enhanced NB-IoT (FeNB-IoT), support for NB-IoT in small cells can be provided (e.g., in microcell, picocell or femtocell deployments). One of the challenges NB-IoT systems face for small cell support is the UL/DL link imbalance, where for small cells the base stations have lower power available compared to macro-cells, and, consequently, the DL coverage can be affected and/or reduced. In addition, some NB-IoT UEs can be configured to transmit at maximum power if repetitions are used for UL transmission. This may result in large inter-cell interference in dense small cell deployments. 
     In some aspects, the UE  101  can support connectivity to a 5G core network (5GCN) and can be configured to operate with Early Data Transmission (EDT) in a communication architecture that supports one or more of Machine Type Communications (MTC), enhanced MTC (eMTC), further enhanced MTC (feMTC), even further enhanced MTC (efeMTC), and narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) communications. When operating with EDT, a physical random access channel (PRACH) procedure message 3 (MSG3) can be used to carry the short uplink (UL) data and PRACH procedure message 4 (MSG4) can be used to carry short downlink (DL) data (if any is available). When a UE wants to make a new RRC connection, it first transmits one or more preambles, which can be referred to as PRACH procedure message 1 (MSG1). The MSG4 can also indicate UE to immediately go to IDLE mode. For this purpose, the transport block size (TBS) scheduled by the UL grant received for the MSG3 to transmit UL data for EDT needs to be larger than the TBS scheduled by the legacy grant. In some aspects, the UE can indicate its intention of using the early data transmission via MSG1 using a separate PRACH resource partition. From MSG1, eNB knows that it has to provide a grant scheduling TBS values that may differ from legacy TBS for MSG3 in the random-access response (RAR or MSG2) so that the UE can transmit UL data in MSG3 for EDT. However, the eNB may not exactly know what would be the size of UL data the UE wants to transmit for EDT and how large a UL grant for MSG3 would be needed, though a minimum and a maximum TBS for the UL grant could be defined. The following two scenarios may occur: (a) The UL grant provided in RAR is larger than the UL data plus header. In this case, layer 1 needs to add one or more padding bits in the remaining grant. However, transmitting a large number of padding bits (or useless bits) is not power efficient especially in deep coverage where a larger number of repetitions of transmission is required. (b) Similarly, when the UL grant provided in RAR is large but falls short to accommodate the UL data for the EDT, the UE may have to send only the legacy RRC message to fallback to legacy RRC connection. In this case, UE may again need to transmit a number of padding bits, which can be inefficient. 
     As used herein, the term “PRACH procedure” can be used interchangeably with the term “Random Access procedure” or “RA procedure”. 
     In some aspects and as described hereinbelow, the UE  101  (and  102 ) can be configured for aerial communications in a cellular network. In this regard, UE  101  can be implemented within a vehicle or it can be a drone. In some aspects, techniques disclosed herein can be used for enhanced handover support when the UE  101  is configured for aerial communications (e.g., when the UE  101  is a drone) in a cellular network. More specifically, UE  101  can be configured for measurement reporting using measurement configuration information  190 A received from eNB  111 . In response, UE  101  can perform measurement reporting and generate a measurement report  192 A for communication to the eNB  111 . The measurement report  192 A can include signaling, as discussed hereinbelow, which can be used for enhanced handover support. Additionally, core network  120  can include a database  194 A with 3D signal environment properties which can be used for enhanced handover support as discussed herein. 
       FIG. 1B  is a simplified diagram of a next generation (NG) system architecture  140 B in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1B , the NG system architecture  140 B includes RAN  110  and a 5G network core (5GC)  120 . The NG-RAN  110  can include a plurality of nodes, such as gNBs  128  and NG-eNBs  130 . 
     The core network  120  (e.g., a 5G core network or 5GC) can include an access and mobility function (AMF)  132  and/or a user plane function (UPF)  134 . The AMF  132  and the UPF  134  can be communicatively coupled to the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  via NG interfaces. More specifically, in some aspects, the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be connected to the AMF  132  by NG-C interfaces, and to the UPF  134  by NG-U interfaces. The gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be coupled to each other via Xn interfaces. 
     In some aspects, a gNB  128  can include a node providing new radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol termination towards the UE and is connected via the NG interface to the 5GC  120 . In some aspects, an NG-eNB  130  can include a node providing evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE and is connected via the NG interface to the 5GC  120 . 
     In some aspects, the NG system architecture  140 B can use reference points between various nodes as provided by 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 23.501 (e.g., V15.4.0, 2018-12). 
     In some aspects, each of the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be implemented as a base station, a mobile edge server, a small cell, a home eNB, and so forth. 
     In some aspects, node  128  can be a master node (MN) and node  130  can be a secondary node (SN) in a 5G architecture. The MN  128  can be connected to the AMF  132  via an NG-C interface and to the SN  128  via an XN-C interface. The MN  128  can be connected to the UPF  134  via an NG-U interface and to the SN  128  via an XN-U interface. 
       FIG. 1C  illustrates a functional split between NG-RAN and the 5G Core (5GC) in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1C , there is illustrated a more detailed diagram of the functionalities that can be performed by the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  within the NG-RAN  110 , as well as the AMF  132 , the UPF  134 , and the SMF  136  within the 5GC  120 . In some aspects, the 5GC  120  can provide access to the Internet  138  to one or more devices via the NG-RAN  110 . 
     In some aspects, the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be configured to host the following functions: functions for Radio Resource Management (e.g., inter-cell radio resource management  129 A, radio bearer control  129 B, connection mobility control  129 C, radio admission control  129 D, dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling)  129 F); IP header compression, encryption and integrity protection of data; selection of an AMF at UE attachment when no routing to an AMF can be determined from the information provided by the UE; routing of User Plane data towards UPF(s); routing of Control Plane information towards AMF; connection setup and release; scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the AMF); scheduling and transmission of system broadcast information (originated from the AMF or Operation and Maintenance); measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling  129 E; transport level packet marking in the uplink; session management; support of network slicing; QoS flow management and mapping to data radio bearers; support of UEs in RRC_INACTIVE state; distribution function for non-access stratum (NAS) messages; radio access network sharing; dual connectivity; and tight interworking between NR and E-UTRA, to name a few. 
     In some aspects, the AMF  132  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: NAS signaling termination; NAS signaling security  133 A; access stratum (AS) security control; inter-core network (CN) node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks; idle state/mode mobility handling  133 B, including mobile device, such as a UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission); registration area management; support of intra-system and inter-system mobility; access authentication; access authorization including check of roaming rights; mobility management control (subscription and policies); support of network slicing; and/or SMF selection, among other functions. 
     The UPF  134  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: mobility anchoring  135 A (e.g., anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility); packet data unit (PDU) handling  135 B (e.g., external PDU session point of interconnect to data network); packet routing and forwarding; packet inspection and user plane part of policy rule enforcement; traffic usage reporting; uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network; branching point to support multi-homed PDU session; QoS handling for user plane, e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement; uplink traffic verification (SDF to QoS flow mapping); and/or downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, among other functions. 
     The Session Management function (SMF)  136  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: session management; UE IP address allocation and management  137 A; selection and control of user plane function (UPF); PDU session control  137 B, including configuring traffic steering at UPF  134  to route traffic to proper destination; control part of policy enforcement and QoS; and/or downlink data notification, among other functions. 
       FIG. 1D  illustrates an example Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) New Radio Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) architecture, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1D , the EN-DC architecture  140 D includes radio access network (or E-TRA network, or E-TRAN)  110  and EPC  120 . The EPC  120  can include MMEs  121  and S-GWs  122 . The E-UTRAN  110  can include nodes  111  (e.g., eNBs) as well as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access New Radio (EN) next generation evolved Node-Bs (en-gNBs)  128 . 
     In some aspects, en-gNBs  128  can be configured to provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE  102  and acting as Secondary Nodes (or SgNBs) in the EN-DC communication architecture  140 D. The eNBs  111  can be configured as master nodes (or MeNBs) and the eNBs  128  can be configured as secondary nodes (or SgNBs) in the EN-DC communication architecture  140 D. As illustrated in  FIG. 1D , the to eNBs  111  are connected to the EPC  120  via the S1 interface and to the EN-gNBs  128  via the X2 interface. The EN-gNBs (or SgNBs)  128  may be connected to the EPC  120  via the S1-U interface, and to other EN-gNBs via the X2-U interface. The SgNB  128  can communicate with the UE  102  via a UU interface (e.g., using signaling radio bearer type 3, or SRB3 communications as illustrated in  FIG. 1D ), and with the MeNB  111  via an X2 interface (e.g., X2-C interface). The MeNB  111  can communicate with the UE  102  via a UU interface. 
     Even though  FIG. 1D  is described in connection with EN-DC communication environment, other types of dual connectivity communication architectures (e.g., when the UE  102  is connected to a master node and a secondary node) can also use the techniques disclosed herein. 
     In some aspects, the MeNB  111  can be connected to the MME  121  via S1-MME interface and to the SgNB  128  via an X2-C interface. In some aspects, the MeNB  111  can be connected to the SGW  122  via S1-U interface and to the SgNB  128  via an X2-U interface. In some aspects associated with dual connectivity (DC) and/or MultiRate-DC (MR-DC), the Master eNB (MeNB) can offload user plane traffic to the Secondary gNB (SgNB) via split bearer or SCG (Secondary Cell Group) split bearer. 
     There is growing interest in utilizing cellular networks to provide communications for emerging drone applications. However, cellular networks were developed to serve user equipment (UE) on the ground and hence there are multiple challenges to support drone communications via cellular links. For example, the path loss for ground-to-air channel decays slower than a ground-to-ground channel. Thus, drones can experience severe co-channel interference from multiple neighbor cells. It is possible that there are certain regions in the air where the signal quality (e.g., signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio or SINR) is very low to maintain a control channel connection causing radio link failure (RLF). In addition, base station (BS) antennas are typically tilted downwards for better ground coverage. Due to the fact that drones are supported by the side lobes of the BS antennas, BS-drone link qualities can fluctuate from side lobe to side lobe as drones travel in the sky. Depending on its speed, the drone may encounter ping-pong issues in handover (HO), i.e. HO back and forth with the same BS. Without carefully considering the anticipated cell quality fluctuation, an unnecessary HO procedure may be triggered. This is also true when a drone does fast maneuvers like flipping/rotation with directional antenna patterns. In most instances, the handover failure rate increases with drone speed and altitude. As maintaining a reliable command and control channel is essential for drone operation, it is of critical importance to improve the handover performance for drones. 
     Techniques disclosed herein can use characteristics of drone communication channels for enhancing HO support of drones. In this regard, both BS/network-initiated and UE-initiated enhancement procedures are disclosed herein, with proposed new signaling that can be useful for handover support for drones. More specifically, two kinds of drone handover enhancement approaches are disclosed hereinbelow: (a) Base station/network-initiated mobility enhancements; and (b) UE-initiated specific mobility enhancement. For both enhancements, new handover algorithms are designed addressing special drone channel properties, and new signaling can be used to cope with the mobility management for drones. 
     Drone Special Channel Properties 
     Although the channel environment for drones is more hostile, it is more predictable as there are fewer objects in the sky. Therefore, there are more opportunities to take advantage of these predictable features.  FIG. 2  illustrates a geographical heat map of UE reference signal received power (RSRP) from a 1 st  sector (boresight pointing 30° towards upper right) of a central base station (BS) site for UEs at 0 m and 300 m altitudes. We can observe that, for aerial UEs (at 300 m height illustrated at graph  204 ), signal attenuates slower as the distance to BS increases than ground UEs (at 0 m illustrated at graph  202 ), i.e., a BS can cause strong interference to UEs located in neighboring cells that are one or two tiers beyond. In addition, there can be drops in signal level due to elevation null from BS antenna pattern. Failure to timely detect the sudden signal drop can result in handover failure or RLF. On the other hand, since the signals may quickly recover once the UE travels back to regions with good signal quality, there can be unnecessary HO being triggered. The frequent transition between high and low signal strength can translate to more cell boundaries a UE observes while moving around. Therefore, aerial UEs (or drones) can experience more frequent handovers than ground UEs and may suffer from ping-pong effect. 
     Nevertheless, we can observe clear signal strength variation pattern from  FIG. 2  for aerial UEs. This implies that we can make use of extra information, such as UE geolocation, speed, and travel direction, to predict the corresponding channel response and enhance the handover procedure for drones. In the following paragraphs, there is provided additional information regarding techniques for enhancing handover for drones. 
     Base Station/Network—Initiated Mobility Enhancement: 
     Algorithm: 
     In some aspects, a cell can maintain 3-dimensional signal environment properties in a database (e.g., database  194 A), which records the quality of the signal in the air. The database can be based on, e.g., past UE measurements, or antenna specifications for identifying elevation nulls. 
     In some aspects, for each region in the air, the BSs (e.g., eNB  111 ) can characterize each of location, speed, and/or direction into different categories such as normal and fast-fluctuation. The BS can further divide the aerial region into several categories based on what functionalities are typical for the region, e.g., normal, fast-fluctuation, ping-pong, dead zone. For different zones, different enhancement procedures can be adopted which can include one or more of the following: 
     In fast-fluctuation zones, the handover parameters can be set with a scaling factor to match the anticipated cell quality change rate. Time to trigger (TTT) can be based on speed and/or elevation and/or direction from the base station. Timer T 310  (which is related to RLF) can be based on speed and/or elevation and/or direction from the base station. In ping-pong zones, the serving cell can instruct the drone to increase the A3 bias, to neglect measurements from a specific set of neighbor cells, or to temporally deactivate a typical reporting mechanism based on measurements. In some aspects, before the drone enters a ‘dead zone’, the serving cell can alert the drone to prepare for handover. The BS can also inform the drone of dead zones such that the drone can avoid traveling in such areas. 
     In some aspects, when a serving cell knows the drone&#39;s route, the serving cell can prepare the drone&#39;s handover by sending a ‘suggested HO list’—a list of cells the drone can consider connecting with priority. Such list can be generated by the serving cell based on route information or flight path information, current height, current travel direction and speed, and/or future route and speed as can be reported to the serving cell by the drone. One possible enhancement is that once any cell within the list is beyond a minimal threshold, the drone can promptly report with a modified TTT. In addition, if route information for longer time duration is available, the serving cell may signal in advance to instruct the drone UE how the TTT can be adjusted along its trajectory. 
     In some aspects, the serving cell may prioritize the HO transition before what is needed in a traditional procedure as it can estimate in real-time the time needed for the HO to happen. 
     In some aspects, dual connectivity between the drone, the source eNB, and the target eNB may be enabled as well in a fast fluctuation region for stability. 
     In some aspects, once the serving cell receives the measurement report from the UE, the serving cell may send an HO request to multiple target cells, the serving cell may combine multiple target cells HO ACK into a single HO command, and forward such HO command to the UE. The drone UE may select one target cell based on signal quality at the time of receiving the HO command. Once the UE handover to the selected target cell is completed, the target cell can signal the serving cell that the HO is completed. The serving cell can then signal the other unused target cells to release the resources. 
     In some aspects, the route information may be included in the measurement report (MR) or RRC connection setup message, or other RRC messaging. In some aspects, the route information may contain the current location and final destination. In some aspects, the route information may contain multiple points of the path of flying. In some aspects, the route information may be forward to the target cell upon handover. The network may use this information to prepare the target cell sooner and configure corresponding measurement events. As soon as the measurement report (MR) is received by the serving cell, the serving cell can forward the HO command to the UE without waiting for X2 delay of the HO request and acknowledgment (ACK). In some aspects, the network may also prepare the target cell along the flying path and send HO command in advance to the UE without measurement report. The advance HO command may contain an HO trigger condition where the UE will not execute the HO immediately but rather when the condition is met, then the UE can perform the HO to the target cell. 
     Signaling 
     In some aspects, an information message can be sent from the drone UE to the serving cell. More specifically, a drone can periodically (or upon request) include in the measurement report the following information: 
     Current height: For example, the height information may be encoded in 1-2 bits mapping to predefined height. One example is the vertical height can be divided into several regions such as below 40 m, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100-120, and above 120 m. The request message may also contain a request to the UE when a change of height, the drone UE to report the elevation. In some aspects, a new measurement report may also be introduced with height evaluation triggering as a condition. For example, it is X meters higher than the last reporting, or it reaches Y meters as an absolute value. In some aspects, one or more height threshold values can be communicated to the UE during the measurement control configuration. The UE can then trigger reporting its aerial height (or altitude) when such height is above a first threshold or below a second threshold. 
     Current travel direction and speed: in some aspects, the measurement reports may contain the heading direction and speed of the drone. In some aspects, a threshold can be set to trigger this report. For example, a drone can only inform a BS the travel direction and speed information if the travel direction and/or speed will remain unchanged for more than T 0  second, or over a distance more than S 0  meters, where both T 0  and S 0  are threshold values set by the serving cell. In some aspects, a drone can further report its future route and speed to its serving cell, if such information is available. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a communication flow diagram  300  for handover using measurement reporting with enhanced signaling design for drones in a cellular network, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the communication flow illustrated in diagram  300  can take place in connection with a handover procedure between a drone UE  101 , a source eNB  302 , and a target eNB  304 . At operation  306 , measurement control and configuration signaling  308  (or  190 A in  FIG. 1A ) can be communicated from the source eNB  302  to the drone UE  101 . The configuration signaling  308  can include, for example, one or more thresholds for triggering drone height or altitude measurements for inclusion in a measurement report. At operation  310 , the measurement report  312  can be generated based on the configuration information  308 . 
     At operation  314 , the source eNB  302  can perform a handover decision  314  based on the received measurement report  312 . At operation  316 , the source eNB  302  communicates a handover request  318  to the target eNB  304 , passing necessary information to prepare the HO at the target side (UE X2 signalling context reference at source eNB, UE S1 EPC signalling context reference, target cell ID, KeNB*, RRC context including the C-RNTI of the UE in the source eNB, AS-configuration, E-RAB context and physical layer ID of the source cell, and short MAC-I for possible RLF recovery). UE X2/UE S1 signaling references enable the target eNB to address the source eNB and the EPC. The E-RAB context includes necessary RNL and TNL addressing information, and QoS profiles of the E-RABs. 
     At operation  320 , admission control may be performed by the target eNB  304  dependent on the received E-RAB QoS information to increase the likelihood of a successful HO, if the resources can be granted by target eNB. The target eNB configures the required resources according to the received E-RAB QoS information and reserves a C-RNTI and optionally a RACH preamble. The AS-configuration to be used in the target cell can either be specified independently (i.e. an “establishment”) or as a delta compared to the AS-configuration used in the source cell (i.e. a “reconfiguration”). 
     At operation  322 , the target eNB  304  communicates a handover request acknowledgment  324  to the source eNB  302 . At operation  326 , the source eNB  302  communicates a handover command  328  to the drone UE  101 . More specifically, the target eNB  304  can generate the RRC message to perform the handover, i.e. RRCConnectionReconfiguration message including the mobilityControlInformation, to be sent by the source eNB  302  towards the drone UE  101 . The source eNB  302  performs the necessary integrity protection and ciphering of the message. 
     The drone UE  101  receives the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message with necessary parameters (i.e. new C-RNTI, target eNB security algorithm identifiers, and optionally dedicated RACH preamble, target eNB SIBs, etc.) and is commanded by the source eNB  302  to perform the HO. If RACH-less HO is configured, the RRCConnectionReconfiguration includes timing adjustment indication and optionally preallocated uplink grant for accessing the target eNB. If the preallocated uplink grant is not included, the UE should monitor PDCCH of the target eNB to receive an uplink grant. The UE does not need to delay the handover execution for delivering the HARQ/ARQ responses to source eNB. 
     At operation  330 , handover completion  332  can take place and can include multiple operations such as synchronization, uplink allocation, RRC connection reconfiguration completion report, and so forth in order to complete their handover to the target eNB  304 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example measurement report that can be configured using enhanced signaling design for drones, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated a more detailed view of the measurement report  312  generated during the drone handover process described in  FIG. 3 . More specifically, the measurement report  312  can include the following information associated with the drone UE  101 : current height information (or altitude)  402 , route or flight path information  404 , travel/flight direction information  412 , and travel velocity information  414 . The route information  404  can further include a current location information  406 , a final destination location  408 , as well as one or more waypoints or intermediate locations  410  along the route from the current location to the final destination. Other drone-related information can also be included in the measurement report  312 , which information can be used to facilitate handover between cells. 
     UE-Initiated Mobility Enhancements 
     In some aspects, the drone UE can collect geographical and BS information from higher layers, such as application servers, and utilize such information to enhance handover. Information gathered from higher layers can include 3-dimensional geographical coverage holes, BS locations and elevation nulling angles, and so forth. Based on the collected information, the drone UE can perform various handover enhancements. 
     In some aspects, the drone UE can deter mine locally whether to shorten or increase TTT for handover measurement based on its location and height estimate. Furthermore, the drone UE can independently determine the measurement granularity. For example, based on the database (e.g.,  194 A), the drone UE can obtain measurement more frequently from certain candidate cells. Also, the drone UE can measure the links between certain “good” (or “optimal”) cells identified as such in the database. 
     In some aspects, the drone UE can predict whether it is currently in a coverage hole (or a dead zone) based on its own geolocation, angle direction, and past channel quality measurement, as well as a database containing BS information. Once the drone UE detects that it is in a dead zone, it can navigate away from the dead zone. Also, the drone can inform the BS of a potential handover attempt. 
     In some aspects, the drone UE  101  can utilize higher-layer information to obtain a signal region map from an application layer or a network layer, and locally store and update the database (e.g.,  194 A). 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of a communication device such as an evolved Node-B (eNB), a new generation Node-B (gNB), an access point (AP), a wireless station (STA), a mobile station (MS), or a user equipment (UE) such as a drone, in accordance with some aspects and to perform one or more of the techniques disclosed herein. In alternative aspects, communication device  500  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other communication devices. 
     Circuitry (e.g., processing circuitry) is a collection of circuits implemented intangible entities of the device  500  that include hardware (e.g., simple circuits, gates, logic, etc.). Circuitry membership may be flexible over time. Circuitries include members that may, alone or in combination, perform specified operations when operating. In an example, the hardware of the circuitry may be immutably designed to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In an example, the hardware of the circuitry may include variably connected physical components (e.g., execution units, transistors, simple circuits, etc.) including a machine-readable medium physically modified (e.g., magnetically, electrically, moveable placement of invariant massed particles, etc.) to encode instructions of the specific operation. 
     In connecting the physical components, the underlying electrical properties of a hardware constituent are changed, for example, from an insulator to a conductor or vice versa. The instructions enable embedded hardware (e.g., the execution units or a loading mechanism) to create members of the circuitry in hardware via the variable connections to carry out portions of the specific operation when in operation. Accordingly, in an example, the machine-readable medium elements are part of the circuitry or are communicatively coupled to the other components of the circuitry when the device is operating. In an example, any of the physical components may be used in more than one member of more than one circuitry. For example, under operation, execution units may be used in a first circuit of a first circuitry at one point in time and reused by a second circuit in the first circuitry, or by a third circuit in a second circuitry at a different time. Additional examples of these components with respect to the device  500  follow. 
     In some aspects, device  500  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other devices. In a networked deployment, the communication device  500  may operate in the capacity of a server communication device, a client communication device, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the communication device  500  may act as a peer communication device in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The communication device  500  may be a UE, eNB, PC, a tablet PC, a STB, a PDA, a mobile telephone, a smartphone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any communication device capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that communication device. Further, while only a single communication device is illustrated, the term “communication device” shall also be taken to include any collection of communication devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), and other computer cluster configurations. 
     Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a communication device-readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations. 
     Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. The software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time. 
     Communication device (e.g., UE)  500  may include a hardware processor  502  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory  504 , a static memory  506 , and mass storage  507  (e.g., hard drive, tape drive, flash storage, or other block or storage devices), some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus)  508 . 
     The communication device  500  may further include a display device  510 , an alphanumeric input device  512  (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device  514  (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display device  510 , input device  512  and UI navigation device  514  may be a touchscreen display. The communication device  500  may additionally include a signal generation device  518  (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device  520 , and one or more sensors  521 , such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or another sensor. The communication device  500  may include an output controller  528 , such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). 
     The storage device  507  may include a communication device-readable medium  522 , on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions  524  (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. In some aspects, registers of the processor  502 , the main memory  504 , the static memory  506 , and/or the mass storage  507  may be, or include (completely or at least partially), the device-readable medium  522 , on which is stored the one or more sets of data structures or instructions  524 , embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor  502 , the main memory  504 , the static memory  506 , or the mass storage  516  may constitute the device-readable medium  522 . 
     As used herein, the term “device-readable medium” is interchangeable with “computer-readable medium” or “machine-readable medium”. While the communication device-readable medium  522  is illustrated as a single medium, the term “communication device-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions  524 . 
     The term “communication device-readable medium” is inclusive of the terms “machine-readable medium” or “computer-readable medium”, and may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions (e.g., instructions  524 ) for execution by the communication device  500  and that cause the communication device  500  to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting communication device-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of communication device-readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples, communication device-readable media may include non-transitory communication device-readable media. In some examples, communication device-readable media may include communication device-readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. 
     The instructions  524  may further be transmitted or received over a communications network  526  using a transmission medium via the network interface device  520  utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols. In an example, the network interface device  520  may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network  526 . In an example, the network interface device  520  may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input-multiple-output (SIMO), MIMO, or multiple-input-single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device  520  may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. 
     The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the communication device  500 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or another intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software. In this regard, a transmission medium in the context of this disclosure is a device-readable medium. 
     A communication device-readable medium may be provided by a storage device or other apparatus which is capable of hosting data in a non-transitory format. In an example, information stored or otherwise provided on a communication device-readable medium may be representative of instructions, such as instructions themselves or a format from which the instructions may be derived. This format from which the instructions may be derived may include source code, encoded instructions (e.g., in compressed or encrypted form), packaged instructions (e.g., split into multiple packages), or the like. The information representative of the instructions in the communication device-readable medium may be processed by processing circuitry into the instructions to implement any of the operations discussed herein. For example, deriving the instructions from the information (e.g., processing by the processing circuitry) may include: compiling (e.g., from source code, object code, etc.), interpreting, loading, organizing (e.g., dynamically or statically linking), encoding, decoding, encrypting, unencrypting, packaging, unpackaging, or otherwise manipulating the information into the instructions. 
     In an example, the derivation of the instructions may include assembly, compilation, or interpretation of the information (e.g., by the processing circuitry) to create the instructions from some intermediate or preprocessed format provided by the machine-readable medium. The information, when provided in multiple parts, may be combined, unpacked, and modified to create the instructions. For example, the information may be in multiple compressed source code packages (or object code, or binary executable code, etc.) on one or several remote servers. The source code packages may be encrypted when in transit over a network and decrypted, uncompressed, assembled (e.g., linked) if necessary, and compiled or interpreted (e.g., into a library, stand-alone executable etc.) at a local machine, and executed by the local machine. 
     Although an aspect has been described with reference to specific exemplary aspects, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these aspects without departing from the broader scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various aspects is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.