Patent Publication Number: US-2023143492-A1

Title: Ultrasonic phased array transducer for the nde inspection of the jet pump riser welds and welded attachments

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/940,581, filed Feb. 17, 2014, entitled Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducer for the NDE Inspection of the Jet Pump Riser Welds and Welded Attachments. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     This invention relates generally to nondestructive examination transducers and, more particularly, to ultrasonic phased array transducers for inspecting components in restricted areas. 
     2. Related Art 
     A boiling water reactor (BWR) produces electrical power by heating water in a reactor pressure vessel that contains a nuclear fuel core in order to generate steam which is used to drive a steam turbine. Various components and structures in a nuclear reactor are examined periodically to assess their structural integrity and determine the need for repair. Ultrasonic inspection is a known technique for detecting cracks in nuclear reactor components. A number of the inspection areas in a nuclear reactor, such as a BWR, have limited access and, therefore, are difficult to assess using an inspection tool. A jet pump in a BWR is one such component. 
     The jet pump riser pipe welds are periodically inspected for cracking. The presence of cracking can diminish the structural integrity of the jet pump riser pipe and elbow; however, the jet pump riser pipe welds are difficult to access. Access to the jet pump riser pipe welds is limited to the annular space between the outside of the shroud and the inside of the reactor pressure vessel, between adjacent jet pumps. The ability to scan the pipe welds is additionally restricted within the narrow space between the jet pump riser pipe and vessel, shroud, or welded attachments such as the riser brace or restrainer brackets. The jet pump riser assembly is comprised of fillet welds in which attachments are welded to the riser pipe or butt welds in which elbows and pipes are amalgamated through welding. 
     Weldments including the weld and the heat affected zone adjacent to the weld are ultrasonically inspected, otherwise referred to as the “weld volume.” Cracking orientation may be of two classifications; circumferential (parallel to the weld) or axial (perpendicular to the weld). The inspection of the weld volume for the detection of circumferential and axial orientated cracking is commonly performed by a combination of scans that involve transducer rotations or a combination of transducers positioned such that the ultrasonic sound beam(s) interrogates the weldment&#39;s heat affected zone in multiple directions (clockwise, counter-clockwise and perpendicular to the weld). 
     Ultrasonic testing is a method of characterizing the internal structure of a test piece through the use of high frequency sound waves. The frequencies used for ultrasonic testing are many times higher than the limit of human hearing, most commonly in the range from 500 KHz to 20 MHz. High frequency sound waves are directional, and can travel through a steel medium until the beam strikes a boundary from another medium (such as a crack or void), at which point the beam is reflected back to be characterized. 
     Previous ultrasonic weldment inspection technology typically employed a single or dual element piezoelectric crystal transducer that generates a single beam on a specified wedge to create a predetermined angle in which the beam would travel through the medium. Multiple probes would be necessary to examine the weld volume in varying directions, angles or require the complexity of remote tooling for individual transducer rotation. Phased array probes utilized for weld inspections are advantageous as fewer transducers are needed, and more importantly they require less transducer manipulation. Phased array transducers have the advantage of being able to generate numerous ultrasonic beams from a single transducer assembly containing a row or rows of sensor elements in which each can be pulsed separately creating a single beam or multiple beams at various angles (array) in a sweeping manner in a first direction. Some phased array technology enables the transducers to steer the beam(s) generation in a second direction without rotation of the phased array transducer. The phased array sweeping and steering capabilities are driven by an ultrasonic operating system, the number of piezoelectric elements and the element&#39;s positioning within the housing. 
     Inspections using ultrasonic testing techniques can be difficult due to the complexity of the geometry of the object to be inspected or the limited access to the component. In such cases the transducer may be contoured to increase the coupling between the contact surface of the transducer and the component being inspected. Problems sometimes arise with the automated tooling that is used to maneuver the transducers and, more specifically, with the ability to maintain contact between the transducers and the component being examined. Maintaining contact between the flat surfaces of a transducer with the concave or convex surface of a pipe system can be challenging. Poor coupling may result in missed detection of a flaw or lack of data quality to satisfy the inspection requirements. 
     Furthermore, inspecting and repairing nuclear reactors, such as boiling water reactors, typically can require complex tooling in order to position or move the phased array transducer to complete the examination. Plant utilities have a desire to reduce the number of manipulator installations and removals to reduce radiological exposure as well as cost and plant outage impact. Tooling with less complexity typically has the advantage of added reliability and a smaller tooling design enables access to areas with limited proximities. 
     Accordingly, a new ultrasonic phased array transducer assembly is desired that is relatively small in size and uncomplicated. 
     Additionally, such a transducer is desired that requires less movement to fully interrogate a jet pump weld. 
     SUMMARY 
     These and other objects are achieved by an ultrasonic phased array transducer assembly having a single housing in which a plurality of phased array transducer subassemblies are mounted at skewed angles relative to a leading face of the housing and to each other, with each transducer mounted on a composite wedge within the housing. Preferably, the housing has a contoured face to substantially match the surface of a pipe to be inspected. Desirably, a conductor from each of the phased array transducers are tethered together into a single cable assembly which exits the housing at a single port. In one embodiment the housing has at least one mounting hole or shoulder for gimbal attachments. 
     The invention also contemplates a method of inspecting a jet pump riser pipe in a boiling water nuclear reactor with each riser pipe having at least one welded attachment such as a riser brace. The method positions at least one ultrasonic phased array probe assembly adjacent to the surface of the pipe wherein a front leading face of the probe assembly is positioned adjacent to a weld or weld volume to be inspected. The method then scans the jet pump riser with at least one ultrasonic phased array probe so that the scanned volume of the ultrasonic beam comprises an area extending from the weld down the pipe and extends from the scan surface down at least partially towards the opposing surface of the pipe. The ultrasonic phased array probe assembly contains at least two independent phased array transducers mounted on composite wedges and set at skewed angles relative to each other and the front leading face of the probe assembly. Preferably, the scanning angles are capable of detecting flaws oriented axially and circumferentially relative to the pipe welds without rotating the probe assembly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic view of one embodiment of the ultrasonic phased array transducer assembly, including element position, of this invention; 
         FIG.  2    is a top perspective view of the housing of the transducer assembly of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3    is a perspective view of the housing of the transducer assembly of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic view of the transducer assembly of  FIGS.  1 ,  2  and  3    positioned over a pipe adjacent a weld to be inspected; 
         FIG.  5    is a rear view of the transducer assembly of  FIG.  4    showing the curved face of the transducer housing similarly matching the curvature of the pipe; and 
         FIG.  6    shows the transducer of  FIG.  1    positioned over a weld. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     As can be seen in  FIGS.  1 - 6   , the phase array transducer assembly  10  of this invention contemplates a single housing  12  containing at least two independent phased array transducers utilized for the ultrasonic inspection of a jet pump riser pipe and associated riser pipe attachment welds in a boiling water reactor. An advantage of a single housing containing multiple phased array transducer subassemblies mounted in different positions and angles, whose outputs are coordinated, but independently controlled, is that such a design would eliminate the need to utilize multiple probes for the detection of various flaws which may differ in their orientation. This invention allows the number of tool reconfigurations, and the number of tools and/or probes required to perform inspections to be minimized. Further, when scanning on a contoured surface such as a pipe  36 , the phased array transducer assembly  10  must have a contoured surface  18  to maintain a fixed sound path distance from the transducer elements within each of the subassemblies to the area to be inspected. This requirement further explains the desire to minimize the number of custom transducer housings that are needed to be employed for a weld inspection. In addition, due to the unique placement and orientation of the phased array subassemblies  22 ,  24 , and  26 , a compact overall housing  12  can be fabricated which allows maximum access to the weld around adjacent obstructions in the surrounding areas. The housing  12  includes a side wall and an opposing second side wall, an end wall and an opposing face  38 . The side walls, the end wall and the face define a housing cavity  28  in which the phased array transducers are mounted. 
     Phased array transducers contain a row or multiple rows of elements referred to as the phased array subassembly that establish the parameters of the ultrasonic sound beam&#39;s steering or sweeping capabilities. Phased array transducer housings typically contain phased array subassemblies that are mounted on individual wedges which classically function in unity with one another to generate the desired beams. A more detailed understanding of the operation of ultrasonic phased array transducers can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,149,420 and 5,563,346. The novel probe assembly  10  of this invention utilizes phased array subassemblies  22 ,  24  and  26  mounted on separate wedges  38  positioned at dissimilar orientations within the housing, functioning as independent transducers and is not reliant on a plural wedge combination to generate the desired ultrasonic beams. Alternately, the phased array subassemblies may be mounted on a single piece of material with individual wedge surfaces machined to orient the subassemblies in their proper position. 
     The independent transducer conductors are tethered together in a joint cable  16  through a single port  14  in the housing  12 . The port  14  is located such that it will not impede the face or front of the transducer from positioning at or near the weld toe. The housing  12  may contain shoulder mounts  20  for hardware gimbals on each side such that the face or front  18  of the transducer  10  can be positioned at or near a weld toe. The housing face  18  in contact with the surface of the jet pump piping  36  is a contoured such as to maximize coupling to the piping, as can be seen in  FIG.  5   . 
     Each transducer  22 ,  24  and  26 , contained within the housing cavity  28  is fixed on at least one composite wedge  38  such as to generate at least one ultrasonic sound beam. The wedge  38  provides a means to set the transducer array at an angle relative to the inspection surface such that different elements of the array are fixed at different elevations relative to the inspection surface. 
     The transducer claimed herein has at least two phased array assemblies mounted at a skewed angle from each other and relative to the front leading edge  18  of the transducer housing  12 . In one preferred embodiment, the single housing  12  contains three phased array transducers  22 ,  24  and  26 . The center transducer  24  and the corresponding wedge is mounted such that its primary or center ultrasonic beam is directed in a plane perpendicular to the leading edge/face  18  of the housing  12 . The two transducers  22  and  26  mounted on the clockwise and counter clockwise side of the centered transducer  24  are positioned inside the housing such that their primary or center ultrasonic beam is directed at an angle skewed from a plane perpendicular to the leading edge/face  18  of the housing  12 , where the primary ultrasonic beams face away from each other, oriented approximately ninety degrees apart (at approximately reciprocal angles). Alternative configurations such as two, four, or more independent transducers can be utilized in a single housing  12  and would be considered to be within the concept claimed hereafter. In addition, alternative positions of each array may be utilized such that the array perpendicular to the leading edge/face is not the center array. 
       FIG.  4    shows the phased array transducer assembly  10  positioned adjacent a weld volume, i.e., the weldment  34  and the heat effected zone  30 . The base metal  32  of the pipe  36  is shown on either side of the weld volume. As previously mentioned  FIG.  5    shows the face  18  of the transducer assembly  10  being closely matched with the curvature of the pipe  36 .  FIG.  6    shows the view of the transducer assembly  10 , shown in  FIG.  1   , adjacent the pipe  36 . 
     While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular embodiments disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.