Patent Publication Number: US-8983532-B2

Title: Method and system for a wireless communication device to adopt varied functionalities based on different communication systems by specific protocol messages

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to communications between two entities and in particular to a telecommunications system in which a mobile station or user equipment is communicating with a network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In a mobile network, a user equipment may communicate with a network and utilize various functionalities set by standards groups for such communication. 
     Telecommunications standards are often evolving, and in certain situations new features and protocols are implemented as the telecommunications standard evolves. 
     A mobile device or user equipment may be configured to communicate with a certain protocol. If communications standards change, the mobile device may include the functionalities of the new protocol. Network entities may however be slower to adopt the new protocol and thus if a mobile device attempts to communicate using the newer protocol the communication may not be understood or be misunderstood by the network element, or the new protocol communication may lead to inefficiencies if the network element is not properly configured to utilize the new protocol. A mobile device could be unaware of the protocols a network entity has adopted. 
     Further, the network element may be aware of the new protocol but may return a result that is inefficient or does not fulfill the request of the UE. 
     Further a network may utilize an upgraded protocol that a mobile device might not understand. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will be better understood with reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a data flow diagram illustrating communication between a UE and a network element; 
         FIG. 2  is a data flow diagram illustrating communication in which a network element ignores an unsupported message; 
         FIG. 3  is a data flow diagram illustrating communication between a UE and network element in which an incompatibility indication is returned to a UE; 
         FIG. 4  is a process diagram showing a process in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing RRC states and transitions; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of a UMTS network showing various UMTS cells and a URA; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing the various stages in an RRC connection setup; 
         FIG. 8A  is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH connected mode state and an idle mode initiated by the UTRAN according to current method; 
         FIG. 8B  is a block diagram showing an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH state connected mode transition to an idle mode utilizing signaling release indications; 
         FIG. 9A  is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH inactivity to a CELL_FACH inactivity to an idle mode initiated by the UTRAN; 
         FIG. 9B  is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between CELL_DCH inactivity and an idle mode utilizing signaling release indications; 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a UMTS protocol stack; 
         FIG. 11  is an exemplary UE that can be used in association with the present method; 
         FIG. 12  is an exemplary network for use in association with the present method and system; 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram showing the steps of adding a cause for a signaling connection release indication at the UE; 
         FIG. 14  is a flow diagram showing the steps taken by a UE upon receipt of a signaling connection release indication having a cause; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a graphical representation of exemplary logical and physical channel allocation during exemplary operation of the network shown in  FIG. 12  in which multiple, concurrent packet data communication service sessions are provided with the UE; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a functional block diagram of UE and network elements that provide for radio resource release function to release radio resources of individual packet data services pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a message sequence diagram representative of signaling generated pursuant to operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure by which to release radio resource allocation to a PDP context; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a message sequence diagram, similar to that shown in  FIG. 17 , also representative of signaling generated pursuant to operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure by which to release radio resource allocation; 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a process diagram representative of the process of an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a method flow diagram illustrating the method of operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a method flow diagram, also illustrating the method of operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a method flow diagram of an embodiment in which transitioning decisions are made based on a Radio Resource Profile at a network element; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a network element apt to be used with the method of  FIG. 22 ; and 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a data flow diagram for the sending of a dedicated preferred state request. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure provides a method for allowing varied functionality between a sending entity and a receiving entity, the method comprising: sending a first message from the sending entity to the receiving entity utilizing a first protocol; detecting an indication that the receiving entity did not recognize the first message or that the receiving entity did not fulfill a request in the first message; and sending a second message from the sending entity to the receiving entity utilizing a second protocol. 
     The present disclosure further provides a sending entity configured to communicate with a receiving entity utilizing varied functionality, the sending entity comprising: a processor; and a communications subsystem; the processor and communications subsystem cooperating to: send a first message from the sending entity to the receiving entity utilizing a first protocol; detect an indication that the receiving entity did not recognize the first message or that the receiving entity did not fulfill a request in the message; and send a second message from the sending entity to the receiving entity utilizing a second protocol. 
     The examples and embodiments provided below describe various methods and systems. It is to be understood that other implementations in other types of networks are also possible. For example, the same teachings could also be applied to a Code-Division-Multiple-Access (CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP2 IS-2000), Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP UMTS/High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)), a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) network, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) network, an IEEE Network (e.g. 802.11a/b/g/u/n/), or by way of generalization, to any network based on communications between a mobile device (or user equipment) and the network in which the mobile device may not know all of the protocols adopted by the network. The specific examples and implementations described below although presented for simplicity in relation to UMTS networks are also applicable to these other network environments. Further, the network element is sometimes described below as the UTRAN. However, if other network types besides UMTS are utilized, the network element can be selected appropriately based on the network type. Further, the network element can be the core network in a UMTS system, where the core network is the one that makes transition decisions. The present methods and systems are applicable to systems where the method of triggering or requesting a functionality has been modified. 
     In a particular example, it could be that a new way of triggering or requesting the functionality is not “backward compatible” with regard to previous or “old” standards. That is, the new method for triggering or requesting the functionality is not a subset or particular case of the old method and logically may not be included in the old method. In this sense, a non-upgraded receiver cannot deduct a functionality that is triggered or requested from the new method. In other embodiments the backward compatibility of a new protocol message may exist, but because of the way the network element interprets or implements the new protocol message, inefficiencies may exist or results may be provided which do not fulfill the requirements of the UE. In other embodiments the network element may have implemented the new protocol, but may still provide a response to the UE that is inefficient or does not fulfill the request requirements. 
     In a particular example, in UMTS networks, methods for state or mode transitioning have evolved, as described below. A device which is able to trigger state/mode transitioning may wish to move to a more battery efficient and less network intensive state upon the termination of a data transmission, for example. 
     The method and system as used herein can, as an example, be applied when a sending entity such as a mobile device is unaware of the capability of the receiving entity such as the network to support a new way of receiving a trigger or request for a given functionality. In this example the receiving entity may not be able to support the trigger or request for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to, not being able to support the new method at all or not being able to support the new method for the given duration of time due to breakdowns, among other factors. 
     Further, the method of the present disclosure may be utilized in interim transitions where a device is transitioned at the beginning of a transition period and where network entities are being transitioned over time. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a method in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     In particular, a sending entity such as a mobile device  101  communicates with a network element  110 . 
     Generally, as seen in  FIG. 1 , a trigger/request  112  is sent from UE  101  to network element  110 . In response to trigger/request  112 , network element  110  sends a response  114  back to UE  101 . 
     As an example, if network element  110  does not recognize trigger/request  112  this may cause incompatibility or erroneous responses to UE  101 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 2 , UE  101  sends a trigger/request  212  to network element  110 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , network element  110  simply ignores triggers or request. Thus, in response to the receipt of trigger/request  212 , network element  110  does not send a response back and ignores trigger/request  212 . 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, UE  101  waits for a predetermined time period, as shown by arrow  214 , before performing or sending a further trigger/request  220 . Trigger/request  220  utilizes an older behavior or format for a trigger/request and provides such a request to a network element  110 . 
     Network element  110  recognizes the old behavior or format for trigger/request  220 , and in response sends a response  222  to the UE  101 . 
     As will be appreciated by those in the art, the time duration  214  that a UE  101  waits prior to sending an older version of the functionality may be predetermined based on a variety of factors. One factor may be the reaction time of the receiving entity along with an additional timing gap. The time is selected to avoid useless communications of the functionality if the receiving reacts to the newer protocol. Specifically, this “security gap” ensures that the UE waits long enough for the network element  110  to react as the UE does not want to trigger old functionality too early. 
     The time duration may be set based on a communication window when it is assumed that the response will come or may be extended beyond this for a greater margin of certainty. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  shows an alternative embodiment in which the original new protocol message may be responded to in an erroneous, inefficient, non-responsive or unexpected fashion or with an incompatibility message by network element  110 . 
     In particular, UE  101  sends a trigger/request  312  utilizing a new protocol to network element  110 . Network element  110  as an example does not recognize the trigger/request of message  312 , and as an example sends response  314  to the UE  101 . Response  314  may be an incompatibility message or may be provided in a format that is not recognized by UE  101 . Specifically, the response  314  may be a garbage message that UE  101  is not expecting. 
     Alternately, response  314  may be a valid response but not one that does not fulfill a request from the UE, including but not limited to providing an alternative response to that requested or providing a response that is deemed inefficient by the UE  101 . In one particular example, network element  110  may not have yet implemented the new protocol but the protocol may be backward compatible. Thus, the network element  110  may implement the new protocol of message  312  utilizing the backward compatibility and return a result that does not fulfill the request or that the UE  101  feels is not an efficient result. For example, if the UE  101  asks to be transitioned to an Idle Mode in accordance with the discussion below, but the network element  110  returns a result that transitions the device to a CELL_FACH state, the UE may not consider this efficient as the radio and battery resources are still being used more than required. Alternatively, even if the network element has implemented the new protocol, the response may still be considered inefficient or not fulfilling the UE request. 
     If the response  314  is a valid response but may not fulfill the request, including being considered inefficient, UE  101  may optionally implement the response, as shown by arrow  316 , prior to (or subsequent to in some embodiments) sending an older protocol message. 
     UE  101  sends a trigger/request  120  utilizing the older protocol (possibly in response to the receipt of response  314 ). Network element  110  receives the trigger/request  320  and provides the correct response in message  322 . 
     While the above describes the UE as the sending entity and the network as the receiving entity, the two may be reversed such that the UE is the receiving entity and the network is the sending entity. 
     The above may be summarized with regard to  FIG. 4 . In particular,  FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram showing a method from a sending entity perspective. 
     The process of  FIG. 4  starts at block  410  and proceeds to block  412  in which a first message is sent to the receiving entity utilizing a first protocol. The first protocol may be the “newer protocol” as described above. 
     From block  412 , the process proceeds to block  414  in which a check is made to determine whether a response to the first message was received within a predetermined time period. 
     If yes, the process proceeds to block  416  in which a check is made to determine whether the response received is an incompatibility message or a message in an unrecognized or unexpected format. 
     If no, the process proceeds to block  418  in which a check is made to determine whether the response received does not fulfill the request of the message, including being an inefficient response. As will be appreciated, inefficiency in the check of block  418  refers to a response that may unnecessarily utilize resources such as network capacity, battery life, among others. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the checks of blocks  414 ,  416  and  418  do not necessarily all need to be within a method and only one check or a combination of two checks from blocks  414 ,  416  and  418  may be implemented in some embodiments. 
     The checks of blocks  414 , and  416  may be individually or collectively referred to generally as checking or detecting an indication of whether a message of the first protocol is recognized. 
     The check of block  418  may be considered to be detecting an indication of whether the receiving entity sent a response that fulfills the request of the message of block  412 . This includes checking whether a response is an efficient response. 
     From block  418 , if it is detected that the receiving entity fulfilled the request and a response is efficient, the process proceeds to block  420  in which the response is handled. The process then proceeds to block  430  and ends. 
     From block  414  if no message is received within a predetermined time period, or from block  416  if the response received is an incapability message or in an unrecognized format, the process proceeds to block  424  in which the message is sent utilizing a second protocol. The second protocol may be the “older protocol” as described above. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the first and second protocols may, in one embodiment, be different versions of the same protocol. 
     From block  418 , if the response received is deemed inefficient or does not fulfill the request, the process proceeds to block  424  in which the message is sent utilizing a second protocol. Further, optionally the sending entity may implement or utilize the response received based on the first protocol message, as shown in block  419 . The implementation of the response of block  419  is done typically before the sending of the message utilizing the second protocol of block  424 , but may also be done after the sending of the message in the second protocol. 
     From block  424  the process proceeds to block  430  and ends. 
     In one implementation the above therefore provides for the attempt to communicate by a sending entity such as a mobile device with a receiving entity such as a network element utilizing a newer protocol. The failure to receive a response, the receipt of a response indicating incompatibility, or the receipt of a response which does not fulfill a request in the message of the first protocol, including a response which is deemed inefficient, results in the mobile device reverting to an older protocol for communication with the network element. In this way, a mobile device may be provisioned with the latest triggering and request calls and may still communicate with various network elements that may or may not have been upgraded and thus not have implement the newer protocol. Since the mobile device may not know which network elements have been upgraded or not, the use of the newer protocol first will allow the additional functionality or an enhanced functionality of the newer protocol trigger or request for those networks that support it but will still allow the mobile device to communicate with the network element utilizing an older protocol when required. 
     As will be appreciated, further functionality may be added within the sending entity so that if the receiver reacts on the new request or trigger then the old request or trigger is not sent. Other functionality may be added within the sending entity so that if the receiver reacts on the new request or trigger in a way that complies with the request from the sending entity then the old request or trigger is not sent. 
     Further, in one embodiment,  FIG. 4  may be expanded to wait for an indication that the request or message having the second protocol is accepted by the network, and may send a message with a third protocol if the message with the second protocol is incompatible, not answered, answered in an inefficient way or in a way that does not comply with the request from the sending entity. Thus the mobile device may fall back on older and older protocols. 
     The above may be described with an example utilizing a fast dormancy request in a UMTS network. However, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the use of such signalling could be performed in a variety of situations, and the example with regard to fast dormancy below is only meant to be exemplary to illustrate the principles of the present disclosure and is not meant to be limiting. 
     Fast Dormancy 
     A Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a broadband, packet based system for the transmission of text, digitized voice, video and multi-media. It is a highly subscribed to standard for third generation and is generally based on Wideband Coded Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA). 
     In a UMTS network, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) part of the protocol stack is responsible for the assignment, configuration and release of radio resources between the UE and the UTRAN. This RRC protocol is described in detail in the 3GPP TS 25.331 specifications. Two basic modes that the UE can be in are defined as “idle mode” and “UTRA RRC connected mode” (or simply “connected mode”, as used herein). UTRA stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access. In idle mode, the UE or other mobile device is required to request a RRC connection whenever it wants to send any user data or in response to a page whenever the UTRAN or the Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) pages it to receive data from an external data network such as a push server. Idle and Connected mode behaviors are described in details in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications TS 25.304 and TS 25.331. 
     When in a UTRA RRC connected mode, the device can be in one of four states. These are: 
     CELL-DCH: A dedicated channel is allocated to the UE in uplink and downlink in this state to exchange data. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331. 
     CELL_FACH: no dedicated channel is allocated to the user equipment in this state. Instead, common channels are used to exchange a small amount of bursty data. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304.
 
CELL_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. The UE must perform the CELL UPDATE procedure after cell reselection.
 
URA_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 including the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. This state is similar to CELL_PCH, except that URA UPDATE procedure is only triggered via UTRAN Registration Area (URA) reselection.
 
     The transition from an idle to the connected mode and vise-versa is controlled by the UTRAN. When an idle mode UE requests an RRC connection, the network decides whether to move the UE to the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state. When the UE is in an RRC connected mode, again it is the network that decides when to release the RRC connection. The network may also move the UE from one RRC state to another prior to releasing the connection or in some cases instead of releasing the connection. The state transitions are typically triggered by data activity or inactivity between the UE and network. Since the network may not know when the UE has completed data exchange for a given application, it typically keeps the RRC connection for some time in anticipation of more data to/from the UE. This is typically done to reduce the latency of call set-up and subsequent radio resource setup. The RRC connection release message can only be sent by the UTRAN. This message releases the signal link connection and all radio resources between the UE and the UTRAN. Generally, the term “radio bearer” refers to radio resources assigned between the UE and the UTRAN. And, the term “radio access bearer” generally refers to radio resources assigned between the UE and, e.g., an SGSN (Serving GPRS Service Node). The present disclosure shall, at times, refer to the term radio resource, and such term shall refer, as appropriate, to either or both the radio bearer and/or the radio access bearer. 
     An issue with the above is that even if an application on the UE has completed its data transaction and is not expecting any further data exchange, it still waits for the network to move it to the correct state. The network may not be even aware of the fact that the application on the UE has completed its data exchange. For example, an application on the UE may use its own acknowledgement-based protocol to exchange data with its application server, which is accessed through the UMTS core network. Examples are applications that run over User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) implementing their own guaranteed delivery. In such a case, the UE knows whether the application server has sent or received all the data packets or not and is in a better position to determine if any further data exchange is to take place and hence decide when to terminate the RRC connection associated with Packet Service (PS) domain. Since the UTRAN controls when the RRC connected state is changed to a different state or into an idle mode, and the fact that UTRAN is not aware of the status of data delivery between the UE and external server, the UE is forced to stay in a higher data rate and intensive battery state than the required state or mode, thereby draining battery life. This also results in wasting network resources due to the fact that the radio resources are unnecessarily kept occupied. 
     One solution to the above is to have the UE send a signaling release indication to the UTRAN when the UE realizes that it is finished with data transaction. Pursuant to section 8.1.14.3 of the 3GPP TS 25.331 specification, the UTRAN may release the signaling connection upon receipt of the signaling release indication from the UE, causing the UE to transition to an idle mode. A problem with the above is that the signaling release indication may be considered an alarm. A network typically only expects the signaling release indication when a GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) service request failure, a Routing Area Update (RAU) failure, or a attach failure occurs. The raising of an alarm when the UE request signaling release results in the raising of an alarm at the network, and the raising of the alarm is erroneous behavior when no abnormal condition has otherwise arisen. 
     A UE operable in a UMTS, as well as other mobile nodes operable in radio communication systems constructed pursuant to other communication standards, is sometimes capable of providing multiple, concurrent packet data services each pursuant to a packet data communication session. While use of a signaling release indication by a UE sent to a UTRAN would provide a manner by which to request release of a signaling connection provided for all of the packet data services with the UE, there is a need to provide more refined control over the resources. That is to say, there might well be a need, to provide continued radio resources for one of the packet data services which is currently active while releasing the radio resources provided for another of the concurrent packet data services which no longer requires radio resource. This results in efficient usage of network resource as well as optimal utilization of the processor on the UE, as the processor power will not be wasted in processing resources that are not required. A network element may alternatively make a decision concerning the release of resources or the transition between states/modes. 
     In a particular example, the present system and method may provide for the transitioning from an RRC connected mode to a more battery efficient or radio resource efficient state or mode while providing for decision making capabilities at the network. In particular, the present method and apparatus may provide for transitioning based on receipt of an indication from a UE indicating, either implicitly or explicitly, that a transition for the RRC state or mode associated with a particular signaling connection with radio resources should occur from one state or mode to another. As will be appreciated, such an indication or request could be for example an existing communication under current standards, for example a signaling connection release, a signaling connection release with new cause value appended, or a new dedicated message to change the state or mode of the UE, such as a “preferred RRC state request”. As used herein, an indication could refer to either scenario, and could incorporate a request. 
     The transition indication originated by the UE can be sent in some situations when one or more applications on the UE have completed an exchange of data and/or when a determination is made that the UE application(s) are not expected to exchange any further data. The network element can then use the indication and any information provided therein, as well as other information related to the radio resource, such a quality of service, Access Point Name (APN), Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context, historical information, among others, defined herein as a radio resource profile, to make a network specific decision about whether to transition the mobile device to another mode or state, or do nothing. The transition indication provided by the UE or mobile device can take several forms and can be sent under different conditions. In a first example, the transition indication can be sent based on a composite status of all of the applications residing on the UE. Specifically, in a UMTS environment, if an application on the UE determines that it is done with the exchange of data, it can send a “done” indication to a “connection manager” component of UE software. The connection manager can, in one embodiment, keep track of all existing applications (including those providing a service over one or multiple protocols), associated Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts, associated packet switched (PS) radio resources and associated circuit switched (CS) radio resources. A PDP Context is a logical association between a UE and PDN (Public Data Network) running across a UMTS core network. One or multiple applications (e.g. an e-mail application and a browser application) on the UE may be associated with one PDP context. In some cases, one application on the UE is associated with one primary PDP context and multiple applications may be tied with secondary PDP contexts. The Connection Manager receives “done” indications from different applications on the UE that are simultaneously active. For example, a user may receive an e-mail from a push server while browsing the web. After the e-mail application has sent an acknowledgment, it may indicate that it has completed its data transaction. The browser application may behave differently and instead make a predictive determination (for e.g. using an inactivity timer) of when to send a “done” indication to the connection manager. 
     Based on a composite status of such indications from active applications, UE software can decide to send a transition indication to indicate or request the network that a transition from one state or mode to another should occur. Alternatively, the UE software can instead wait before it sends the transition indication and introduce a delay to ensure that the application is truly finished with data exchange and does not require to be maintained in a battery or radio resource intensive state or mode. The delay can be dynamic based on traffic history and/or application profiles. Whenever the connection manager determines with some probability that no application is expected to exchange data, it can send a transition indication to the network to indicate that a transition should occur. In a specific example, the transition indication can be a signaling connection release indication for the appropriate domain (e.g. PS domain) to request a idle mode transition. Alternatively, the transition indication could be a request for state transition within connected mode to the UTRAN. 
     As described below in further detail, based on the receipt of a transition indication and on a radio resource profile, a network element such as the UTRAN in a UMTS environment can decide to transition the UE from one state or mode to another. 
     Other transition indications are possible. For example, instead of relying on a composite status of all active applications on the UE, the UE software can, in an alternative embodiment, send a transition indication every time a UE application has completed an exchange or data and/or the application is not expected to exchange further data. In this case, the network element (e.g. the UTRAN), based on a radio resource profile for the UE as described with reference to  FIG. 18  below, can utilize the indication to make a transitioning decision. 
     In yet another example, the transition indication could simply indicate that one or more applications on the UE completed a data exchange and/or that the UE application(s) are not expected to exchange any further data. Based on that indication and a radio resource profile for the UE, the network (e.g. UTRAN), can decide whether or not to transition the UE to a more appropriate state or mode or operation. 
     In a further example, the transition indication could be implicit rather than explicit. For example, the indication may be part of a status report sent periodically. Such a status report could include information such as whether a radio link buffer has data or could include information on outbound traffic. 
     In a further embodiment, a timer could exist on the UE to ensure that a transition indication may not be repeated until a time duration has elapsed (inhibit duration). In an embodiment this inhibit duration may apply only to a given type of protocols (e.g. only “old” or “new” standards for example) This avoids the UE sending the transition indication message too frequently and further allows the network to make a determination by relying on messages that are triggered only under a given maximum frequency. The time duration could be measured by a timer whose value is preconfigured, or set by a network (indicated or signaled). 
     If the value is set by a network, it could be conveyed in existing messages such as RRC Connection Request, RRC Connection release, Radio Bearer Setup or a System Information Broadcast, among others, and could be an information element in those messages. 
     The inhibit duration above may be based on the state the UE would like to transition to. For example the inhibit duration may be different, whether the mobile indicated its last preference for some RRC States/modes versus others. For example, it could be different if the mobile indicated a preference for idle mode, versus Cell_FACH, or versus Cell_PCH/URA PCH States. In the case where the Inhibit Duration is set by the network, this may be achieved by the network indicating/sending two (or more) sets of values to the mobile, to be used depending on the scenario. Alternatively, the indication could be done in such a way that the appropriate Inhibit duration value only is indicated/signaled to the mobile: for example, if the UE wants to transition to Cell_PCH, a different elapsed time duration could be set than if the UE wants to transition to Idle. 
     The inhibit duration from above may be different, depending on which RRC State/mode the mobile currently is in (e.g. Cell_DCH/Cell_FACH versus Cell_PCH/URA_PCH, or in Cell_DCH versus Cell_FACH, or Cell_PCH/URA_PCH). 
     The inhibit duration from above may be different, depending if the network has already acted on preference RRC State information from the mobile. Such recognition may be happen on the network, or on the mobile side. In the first case, this may affect the Inhibit values indicated/signaled by the network to the mobile. In this second case, different sets of Inhibit duration values may be preconfigured or indicated/signaled by the network. As a particular case, the inhibit duration/functionality may be reduced or cancelled if the network has acted on preference RRC State information from the mobile, e.g. has initiated a state transition to a state indicated by the UE. 
     A maximum number of message per time-window (e.g. “no more than 15 messages every 10 minutes”) may be used/specified instead of, or in addition to, the Inhibit duration. 
     Combinations of the above inhibition durations/maximum messages per time-window are possible. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing the various modes and states for the radio resource control portion of a protocol stack in a UMTS network. In particular, the RRC can be either in an RRC idle mode  510  or an RRC connected mode  520 . 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a UMTS network consists of two land-based network segments. These are the Core Network (CN) and the Universal Terrestrial Radio-Access Network (UTRAN) (as illustrated in  FIG. 12 ). The Core Network is responsible for the switching and routing of data calls and data connections to the external networks while the UTRAN handles all radio related functionalities. 
     In idle mode  510 , the UE must request an RRC connection to set up the radio resource whenever data needs to be exchanged between the UE and the network. This can be as a result of either an application on the UE requiring a connection to send data, or as a result of the UE monitoring a paging channel to indicate whether the UTRAN or SGSN has paged the UE to receive data from an external data network such as a push server. In addition, the UE also requests an RRC connection whenever it needs to send Mobility Management signaling messages such as Location Area Update. 
     Once the UE has sent a request to the UTRAN to establish a radio connection, the UTRAN chooses a state for the RRC connection to be in. Specifically, the RRC connected mode  520  includes four separate states. These are CELL_DCH state  522 , CELL_FACH state  524 , CELL_PCH state  526  and URA_PCH state  528 . 
     From idle mode  510  the UE autonomously transitions to the CELL_FACH state  524 , in which it makes its initial data transfer, subsequent to which the network determines which RRC connected state to use for continued data transfer. This may include the network either moving the UE into the Cell Dedicated Channel (CELL_DCH) state  522  or keeping the UE in the Cell Forward Access Channel (CELL_FACH) state  524 . 
     In CELL_DCH state  522 , a dedicated channel is allocated to the UE for both uplink and downlink to exchange data. This state, since it has a dedicated physical channel allocated to the UE, typically requires the most battery power from the UE. 
     Alternatively, the UTRAN can maintain the UE in a CELL_FACH state  524 . In a CELL_FACH state no dedicated channel is allocated to the UE. Instead, common channels are used to send signaling in a small amount of bursty data. However, the UE still has to continuously monitor the FACH, and therefore it consumes more battery power than in a CELL_PCH state, a URA_PCH state, and in idle mode. 
     Within the RRC connected mode  520 , the RRC state can be changed at the discretion of the UTRAN. Specifically, if data inactivity is detected for a specific amount of time or data throughput below a certain threshold is detected, the UTRAN may move the RRC state from CELL_DCH state  522  to the CELL_FACH state  524 , CELL_PCH state  526  or URA_PCH state  528 . Similarly, if the payload is detected to be above a certain threshold then the RRC state can be moved from CELL_FACH state  524  to CELL_DCH state  522 . 
     From CELL_FACH state  524 , if data inactivity is detected for predetermined time in some networks, the UTRAN can move the RRC state from CELL_FACH state  524  to a paging channel (PCH) state. This can be either the CELL_PCH state  526  or URA_PCH state  528 . 
     From CELL_PCH state  526  or URA_PCH state  528  the UE must move to CELL_FACH state  524  in order to initiate an update procedure to request a dedicated channel. This is the only state transition that the UE controls. 
     Idle mode  510  and CELL_PCH state  526  and URA_PCH state  528  use a discontinuous reception cycle (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages by a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible. 
     The difference between CELL_PCH state  526  and URA_PCH state  528  is that the URA_PCH state  528  only triggers a URA Update procedure if the UE&#39;s current UTRAN registration area (URA) is not among the list of URA identities present in the current cell. Specifically, reference is made to  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  shows an illustration of various UMTS cells  610 ,  612  and  614 . All of these cells require a cell update procedure if reselected to a CELL_PCH state. However, in a UTRAN registration area, each will be within the same UTRAN registration area (URA)  620 , and thus a URA update procedure is not triggered when moving between  610 ,  612  and  614  when in a URA_PCH mode. 
     As seen in  FIG. 6 , other cells  618  are outside the URA  620 , and can be part of a separate URA or no URA. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, from a battery life perspective the idle state provides the lowest battery usage compared with the states above. Specifically, because the UE is required to monitor the paging channel only at intervals, the radio does not need to continuously be on, but will instead wake up periodically. The trade-off for this is the latency to send data. However, if this latency is not too great, the advantages of being in the idle mode and saving battery power outweigh the disadvantages of the connection latency. 
     Reference is again made to  FIG. 5 . Various UMTS infrastructure vendors move between states  522 ,  524 ,  526  and  528  based on various criteria. These criteria could be the network operator&#39;s preferences regarding the saving of signaling or the saving of radio resources, among others. Exemplary infrastructures are outlined below. 
     In a first exemplary infrastructure, the RRC moves between an idle mode and a Cell_DCH state directly after initiating access in a CELL_FACH state. In the Cell_DCH state, if two seconds of inactivity are detected, the RRC state changes to a Cell_FACH state  524 . If, in Cell_FACH state  524 , ten seconds of inactivity are detected then the RRC state changes to Cell_PCH state  526 . Forty five minutes of inactivity in Cell_PCH state  526  will result in the RRC state moving back to idle mode  510 . 
     In a second exemplary infrastructure, RRC transition can occur between an idle mode  510  and connected mode  520  depending on a payload threshold. In the second infrastructure, if the payload is below a certain threshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state  524 . Conversely, if the data payload is above a certain payload threshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state to a CELL_DCH state  522 . In the second infrastructure, if two minutes of inactivity are detected in CELL_DCH state  522 , the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state  524 . After five minutes of inactivity in the CELL_FACH state  524 , the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_PCH state  526 . In CELL_PCH state  526 , two hours of inactivity are required before moving back to idle mode  510 . 
     In a third exemplary infrastructure, movement between idle mode  510  and connected mode  520  is always to CELL_DCH state  522 . After five seconds of inactivity in CELL_DCH state  522  the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state  524 . Thirty seconds of inactivity in CELL_FACH state  524  results in the movement back to idle mode  510 . 
     In a fourth exemplary infrastructure the RRC transitions from an idle mode to a connected mode directly into a CELL_DCH state  522 . In the fourth exemplary infrastructure, CELL_DCH state  522  includes two configurations. The first includes a configuration which has a high data rate and a second configuration includes a lower data rate, but still within the CELL_DCH state. In the fourth exemplary infrastructure, the RRC transitions from idle mode  510  directly into the high data rate CELL_DCH sub-state. After 10 seconds of inactivity the RRC state transitions to a low data rate CELL_DCH sub-state. Seventeen seconds of inactivity from the low data sub-state of CELL_DCH state  122  results in the RRC state changing it to idle mode  510 . 
     The above four exemplary infrastructures show how various UMTS infrastructure vendors are implementing the states. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in each case, if the time spent on exchanging actual data (such as an email) is significantly short compared to the time that is required to stay in the CELL_DCH or the CELL_FACH states. This causes unnecessary current drain, making the user experience in newer generation networks such as UMTS worse than in prior generation networks such as GPRS. 
     Further, although the CELL_PCH state  526  is more optimal than the CELL_FACH state  524  from a battery life perspective, the DRX cycle in a CELL_PCH state  526  is typically set to a lower value than the idle mode  510 . As a result, the UE is required to wake up more frequently in the CELL_PCH state  526  than in an idle mode  510 . 
     The URA_PCH state  528  with a DRX cycle similar to that of the idle state  510  is likely the optimal trade up between battery life and latency for connection. However, URA_PCH state  528  is currently not implemented in the UTRAN. In some cases, it is therefore desirable to quickly transition to the idle mode as quickly as possible after an application is finished with the data exchange, from a battery life perspective. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 7 . When transitioning from an idle mode to a connected mode various signaling and data connections need to be made. Referring to  FIG. 7 , the first item to be performed is an RRC connection setup  710 . As indicated above, this RRC connection setup  710  can only be torn down by the UTRAN. 
     Once RRC connection setup  710  is accomplished, a signaling connection setup  712  is started. 
     Once signaling connection setup  712  is finished, a ciphering and integrity setup  714  is started. Upon completion of this, a radio bearer setup  716  is accomplished. At this point, data can be exchanged between the UE and UTRAN. 
     Tearing down a connection is similarly accomplished in the reverse order, in general. The radio bearer setup  716  is taken down and then the RRC connection setup  710  is taken down. At this point, the RRC moves into idle mode  510  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     Although the current 3GPP specification does not allow the UE to release the RRC connection or indicate its preference for RRC state, the UE can still indicate termination of a signaling connection for a specified core network domain such as the Packet Switched (PS) domain used by packet-switched applications. According to section 8.1.14.1 of 3GPP TS 25.331, the signaling connection release indication procedure is used by the UE to indicate to the UTRAN that one of its signaling connections has been released. This procedure may in turn initiate the RRC connection release procedure. 
     Thus staying within the current 3GPP specifications, signaling connection release may be initiated upon the tearing down of the signaling connection setup  712 . It is within the ability of the UE to tear down signaling connection setup  712 , and this in turn according to the specification “may” initiate the RRC connection release. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if signaling connection setup  712  is torn down, the UTRAN will also need to clean up deciphering and integrity setup  714  and radio bearer setup  716  after the signaling connection setup  712  has been torn down. 
     If signaling connection setup  712  is torn down, the RRC connection setup is typically brought down by the network for current vendor infrastructures if no CS connection is active. 
     Using this for one of the specific transition indication examples mentioned above, if the UE determines that it is done with the exchange of data, for example if a “connection manager” component of the UE software is provided with an indication that the exchange of data is complete, then the connection manager may determine whether or not to tear down the signaling setup  712 . For example, an email application on the device sends an indication that it has received an acknowledgement from the push email server that the email was indeed received by the push server. The connection manager can, in one embodiment, keep track of all existing applications, associated PDP contexts, associated PS radio resources and associated circuit switched (CS) radio bearers. In other embodiments a network element (e.g. the UTRAN) can keep track of existing applications, associated PDP contexts, QoS, associated PS radio resources and associated CS radio bearers. A delay can be introduced at either the UE or network element to ensure that the application(s) is (are) truly finished with data exchange and no longer require an RRC connection even after the “done” indication(s) have been sent. This delay can be made equivalent to an inactivity timeout associated with the application(s) or the UE. Each application can have its own inactivity timeout and thus the delay can be a composite of all of the application timeouts. For example, an email application can have an inactivity timeout of five seconds, whereas an active browser application can have a timeout of sixty seconds. A delay can further be introduced between repeated indications or state change requests. Based on a composite status of all such indications from active applications, as well as a radio resource profile and/or resend delay in some embodiments, the UE software decides how long it should wait before it sends a transition indication (for eg. a signaling connection release indication or state change request) for the appropriate core network (e.g. PS Domain). If the delay is implemented at the network element, the element makes a determination of whether to and how to transition the UE, but only operates the transition after the delay has run its course. 
     The inactivity timeout can be made dynamic based on a traffic pattern history and/or application profile. 
     If the network element transitions the UE to idle mode  510 , which can happen in any stage of the RRC connected mode  520  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the network element releases the RRC connection and moves the UE to idle mode  510  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . This is also applicable when the UE is performing any packet data services during a voice call. In this case, the network may chose to release only the PS domain, and maintain the CS domain or alternatively may chose not to release anything and instead maintain both the PS and CS domains. 
     In a further embodiment, a cause could be added to the transition indication indicating to the UTRAN the reason for the indication. In a preferred embodiment, the cause could be an indication that an abnormal state caused the indication or that the indication was initiated by the UE as a result of a requested transition. Normal (i.e. non-abnormal) transactions could also result in the sending of the transition indication (e.g. end of data, or no more likely data). 
     In a further preferred embodiment, various timeouts can cause a transition indication to be sent for an abnormal condition. The examples of timers below are not exhaustive, and other timers or abnormal conditions are possible. For example, 10.2.47 3GPP TS 24.008 specifies timer T3310 as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 TIMER T3310 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ON THE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAUSE 
                   
                 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 
               
               
                 TIMER 
                 TIMER 
                   
                 OF 
                 NORMAL 
                 4 th  EXPIRY  
               
               
                 NUM. 
                 VALUE 
                 STATE 
                 START 
                 STOP 
                 Note 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T3310 
                 15 s 
                 GMM- 
                 ATTACH  
                 ATTACH  
                 Retransmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REG- 
                 REQ sent 
                 ACCEPT 
                 of ATTACH  
               
               
                   
                   
                 INIT 
                   
                 received 
                 REQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTACH  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REJECT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 received 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This timer is used to indicate an attachment failure. The failure to attach could be a result of the network or could be a radio frequency (RF) problem such as a collision or bad RF. 
     The attachment attempt could occur multiple times, and an attachment failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection. 
     A second timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3330, which is specified as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 TIMER T3330 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ON THE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAUSE 
                   
                 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 
               
               
                 TIMER 
                 TIMER 
                   
                 OF 
                 NORMAL  
                 4 th  EXPIRY 
               
               
                 NUM.  
                 VALUE 
                 STATE 
                 START 
                 STOP 
                 Note 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T3330 
                 15 s 
                 GMM- 
                 ROUTING  
                 ROUTING  
                 Retrans- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ROUTING- 
                 AREA 
                 AREA 
                 mission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UPDAT- 
                 UPDATE 
                 UPDATE  
                 of the  
               
               
                   
                   
                 ING- 
                 REQUEST  
                 ACC received 
                 ROUTING 
               
               
                   
                   
                 INITIATED 
                 sent 
                 ROUTING  
                 AREA  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AREA 
                 UPDATE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 UPDATE  
                 REQUEST 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REJ received 
                 message 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This timer is used to indicate a routing area update failure. Upon expiry of the timer, a further routing area update could be requested multiple times and a routing area update failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection. 
     A third timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3340, which is specified as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 TIMER T3340 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ON THE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NOR- 
                 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 
               
               
                 TIMER 
                 TIMER 
                   
                 CAUSE OF 
                 MAL 
                 4th EXPIRY 
               
               
                 NUM. 
                 VALUE 
                 STATE 
                 START 
                 STOP 
                 Note 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T3340 
                 10 s 
                 GMM- 
                 ATTACH  
                 PS  
                 Release  
               
               
                 (lu 
                   
                 REG-INIT 
                 REJ, 
                 sig- 
                 the PS 
               
               
                 mode 
                   
                 GMM-DEREG- 
                 DETACH  
                 nalling 
                 signalling 
               
               
                 only) 
                   
                 INIT 
                 REQ, 
                 con- 
                 connection 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GMM-RA- 
                 ROUTING  
                 nection 
                 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UPDATING- 
                 AREA 
                 released 
                 proceed as 
               
               
                   
                   
                 INT 
                 UPDATE  
                   
                 described  
               
               
                   
                   
                 GMM-SERV- 
                 REJ or 
                   
                 in subclause 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REQ-INIT (lu 
                 SERVICE  
                   
                 4.7.1.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mode only) 
                 REJ 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GMM- 
                 with any of  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTEMPT- 
                 the causes 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ING-TO- 
                 #11, #12,  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 UPDATE- 
                 #13 or #15. 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MM 
                 ATTACH  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GMM-REG- 
                 ACCEPT 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 NORMAL- 
                 or ROUTING 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SERVICE 
                 AREA  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 UPDATE 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCEPT is 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 received with  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 “no follow-on  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 proceed” 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indication. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This timer is used to indicate a GMM service request failure. Upon expiry of the timer, a further GMM service request could be initiated multiple times and a GMM service request failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection. 
     Thus, instead of a transition indication cause limited to an abnormal condition and a release by the UE, the transition indication cause could further include information about which timer failed for an abnormal condition. In a specific example where a signaling connection release indication is used as a transition indication, the indication could be structured as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SIGNALING CONNECTION RELEASE INDICATION 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IE type 
                   
               
               
                 Information 
                   
                   
                 and 
                   
               
               
                 Element/Group name 
                 Need 
                 Multi 
                 reference 
                 Semantics description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Message Type 
                 MP 
                   
                 Message 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 type 
                   
               
               
                 UE Information Elements 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Integrity check info 
                 CH 
                   
                 Integrity 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 check info 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.3.3.16 
                   
               
               
                 CN information elements 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 CN domain identity 
                 MP 
                   
                 CN 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 domain 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 identity 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.3.1.1 
                   
               
               
                 Signaling Release 
                 OP 
                   
                 Signaling 
                 t3310 timeout, 
               
               
                 Indication Cause 
                   
                   
                 Release 
                 t3330 timeout, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Indication 
                 t3340 timeout, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Cause 
                 UE Requested Idle 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Transition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This message is used by the UE to indicate to the UTRAN a request to release an existing signaling connection. The addition of the signaling release indication cause allows the UTRAN or other network element to receive the cause of the signaling release indication, whether it was due to an abnormal condition, and what the abnormal condition was. Based on the receipt of the signaling connection release indication and a radio resource profile for the UE, an RRC connection release procedure is, in turn, permitted to be initiated at the UTRAN. 
     In one implementation of this example, the UE, upon receiving a request to release, or abort, a signaling connection from upper layers for a specific CN (core network) domain, initiates the signaling connection release indication procedure if a signaling connection is identified in a variable For example, a variable ESTABLISHED_SIGNALING_CONNECTIONS, for the specific CN domain identified with the IE (information element) “CN domain identity” exists. If the variable does not identify any existing signaling connection, any ongoing establishment of a signaling connection for that specific CN domain is aborted in another manner. Upon initiation of the signaling connection release indication procedures in the Cell_PCH or URA_PCH states, the UE performs a cell update procedure using a cause “uplink data transmission”. When a cell update procedure is completed successfully, the UE continues with the signaling connection release indication procedures that follow. 
     Namely, the UE sets the information element (IE) “CN domain identity” to the value indicated by upper logical layers. The value of the IE indicates the CN domain whose associated signaling connection the upper layers are marking to be released. If the CN domain identity is set to the PS domain, and if the upper layer indicates the cause to initiate this request, then the IE “signaling release indication cause” is accordingly set. The UE further removes the signaling connection with the identity indicated by upper layers from the variable “ESTABLISHED_SIGNALING_CONNECTIONS”. The UE transmits a signaling connection release indication message on, e.g., the Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) using acknowledged mode radio link control (AM RLC). Upon confirmation of successful delivery of the release indication message by the RLC, the procedure ends. 
     An IE “Signaling Release Indication Cause” is also used pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The release cause is aligned, for instance, with existing message definitions. The upper layer release cause message is structured, e.g., as: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IE type 
                   
               
               
                 Information 
                   
                   
                 and 
                 Semantics 
               
               
                 Element/Group name 
                 Need 
                 Multi 
                 reference 
                 description 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Signaling Release 
                 MP 
                   
                 Enumer- 
                   
               
               
                 Indication Cause 
                   
                   
                 ated (UE 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Requested 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PS Data 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 session 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 end, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T3310 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 expiry, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T3330 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 expiry, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T3340 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 expiry) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example, the T3310, T330, and T3340 expires correspond to expiration of correspondingly-numbered timers, identified previously. A cause value is settable, in one implementation, as a “UE Requested PS Data session end” rather than a “UE Requested idle transition” to remove the UE indication of a preference for an idle transition and provide for the UTRAN to decide upon the state transition, although the expected result corresponds to that identified by the cause value. The extension to the signaling connection release indication may be, but is not necessarily, a non-critical extension. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  is a flow chart of an exemplary UE monitoring whether or not to send a signaling connection release indication for various domains (e.g. PS or CS). The process starts in step  1310 . 
     The UE transitions to step  1312  in which it checks to see whether an abnormal condition exists. Such an abnormal condition can include, for example, timer T3310, timer T3320, or timer T3340 expiring as described above. If these timers expire a certain predetermined number of times or if an explicit rejection is received based on the expiry of any of these timers, the UE proceeds to step  1314  in which it sends a signaling connection release indication. The signaling connection release indication message is appended with a signaling release indication cause field. The signaling release indication cause field includes at least that the signaling release indication is based on an abnormal condition or state and one embodiment includes the specific timer that timed out to result in the abnormal condition. 
     Conversely, if in steps  1312  the UE finds that no abnormal condition exists, the UE proceeds to step  1320  in which it checks whether further data is expected at the UE. This can, as described above, include when an email is sent and confirmation of the sending of the email is received back at the UE. Other examples of where the UE will determine that no further data is expected would be known to those skilled in the art. 
     If in step  1320  the UE determines that the data transfer is finished (or in the case of a circuit switched domain that a call is finished) the UE proceeds to step  1322  in which it sends a signaling connection release indication in which the signaling release indication cause field has been added and includes the fact that the UE requested an idle transition or simply indicate an end to the PS session. 
     From step  1320 , if the data is not finished the UE loops back and continues to check whether an abnormal condition exists in step  1312  and whether the data is finished in step  1320 . 
     Once the signaling connection release indication is sent in step  1314  or step  1322 , the process proceeds to step  1330  and ends. 
     The UE includes functional elements, implementable, for instance, by applications or algorithms carried out through operation of a UE microprocessor or by hardware implementation, that form a checker and a transition indication sender. The checker is configured to check whether a transition indication should be sent. And, a transition indication sender is configured to send a transition indication responsive to an indication by the checker that the transition indication should be sent. The transition indication may include a transition indication cause field. 
     In one implementation, the network is, instead, implicitly made aware of timing out of a timer, and the UE need not send a cause value indicating the timing out of the timer. That is to say, the timer starts timing upon authorization of the network. Cause codes are defined, and the cause codes are provided by the network to the UE. Such cause codes are used by the UE to initiate the timer. The network is implicitly aware of the reason for subsequent timing out of the timer as the cause code sent earlier by the network causes the timer to start timing. As a result, the UE need not send a cause value indicating the timing out of the timer. 
     As suggested by  FIG. 13  as well as the foregoing description, a cause is includable and sent together with a transition indication (e.g. a signaling connection release indication) to indicate: 1.) an abnormal condition as well as 2.) a normal condition (not an abnormal condition such as for example a request for a PS data session end and/or a transition to an idle mode)). In various implementations, therefore, operations at the UE provide for the adding of the cause to the transition indication to indicate an abnormal condition, or, alternately, to indicate a preference for a request of an idle transition or of a PS data session end, i.e., normal operation. Such operation, of course, also includes UE operation in which a cause is added to the transition indication only when an indication of an abnormal condition is to be made. And, conversely, such operation also includes UE operation in which a cause is added to a transition indication only to indicate normal, i.e., non-abnormal, operations and transactions. That is to say, with respect to  FIG. 13 , in such alternative operation, if, at step  1312 , an abnormal condition exists, the yes branch is taken to the step  1314  while, if an abnormal condition does not exist, then the UE proceeds directly to the end step  1330 . Conversely, in the other such alternative operation, subsequent to the start step  1312  a path is taken directly to the data finished step  1320 . If the data is finished, the yes branch is taken to the step  1320  and, thereafter, to the step  1330 . If the data is not finished at the step  1320 , the no branch is taken back to the same step, i.e., step  1320 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , when a network element receives the transition indication in step  1410  (e.g. a signaling connection release indication as shown), the network element examines the transition indication cause field if present in step  1414  and in step  1416  checks whether the cause is an abnormal cause or whether it is due to the UE requesting an idle or state transition and/or PS data session end. If, in step  1416 , the signaling connection release indication is of abnormal cause, the network node proceeds to step  1420  in which an alarm is noted for performance monitoring and alarm monitoring purposes. The key performance indicator can be updated appropriately. 
     Conversely, if in step  1416  the cause of the transition indication (e.g. signaling connection release indication) is not a result of an abnormal condition, or in other words is a result of the UE requesting a PS data session end or idle or state transition, the network node proceeds to step  1430  in which no alarm is raised and the indication can be filtered from the performance statistics, thereby preventing the performance statistics from being skewed. From step  1420  or step  1430  the network node proceeds to step  1440  in which the process ends. 
     The reception and examination of the transition indication may, based on a radio resource profile for the UE, result in the initiation by the network element of packet switched data connection termination or alternatively to a transition into another more suitable state. 
     As suggested above, in some implementations, the absence of a cause in a transition indication may also be used to determine whether the transition indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition and whether an alarm must be raised. For example, if a cause is added only to denote normal conditions (ie. non-abnormal such as for e.g. a request for PS data session end and/or transition to idle mode), and the network element receives a transition indication with no cause added, the network element may infer from the absence of a cause that the transition indication is a result of an abnormal condition and raise an alarm. Conversely, in another example, if a cause is added only to denote abnormal conditions, and the network element receives a transition indication with no cause, the network element may infer from the absence of a cause that the transition indication is a result of a normal condition (e.g. request for PS data session end and/or transition to idle mode) and not raise an alarm. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, step  1420  can be used to further distinguish between various alarm conditions. For example, a T3310 time out could be used to keep a first set of statistics and a T3330 time out could be used to keep a second set of statistics. Step  1420  can distinguish between the causes of the abnormal condition, thereby allowing the network operator to track performance more efficiently. 
     The network includes functional elements, implementable, for instance, by applications or algorithms carried out through operation of a processor or by hardware implementation, that form an examiner and an alarm generator. The examiner is configured to examine a transition indication cause field of the transition indication. The examiner checks whether the transition indication cause field indicates an abnormal condition. The alarm generator is configured to selectably generate an alarm if examination by the examiner determines the signaling connection release indication cause field indicates the abnormal condition. 
     In one implementation, upon reception of a signaling connection release indication, the UTRAN forwards the cause that is received and requests, from upper layers, for the release of the signaling connection. The upper layers then are able to initiate the release of the signaling connection. The IE signaling release indication cause indicates the UE&#39;s upper layer cause to trigger the RRC of the UE to send the message. The cause is possibly the result of an abnormal upper layer procedure. Differentiation of the cause of the message is assured through successful reception of the IE. 
     A possible scenario includes a scenario in which, prior to confirmation by the RLC of successful delivery of the signaling connection release indication message, reestablishment of the transmitting side of the RLC entity on the signaling radio bearer RB2 occurs. In the event of such an occurrence, the UE retransmits the signaling connection release indication message, e.g., on the uplink DCCH using AM RLC on signaling radio bearer RB2. In the event that an inter-RAT (radio access technology) handover from UTRAN procedure occurs prior to confirmation by the RLC of the successful delivery of the signaling connection release indication or request message, the UE aborts the signaling connection when in the new RAT. 
     The use of an additional cause code may not be recognized by all network nodes. In this situation, a network node receiving the signaling connection release indication with a cause code may not recognize the message, and thus ignore it, return an indication to the UE, or respond in a way that does not fulfill a request or in an inefficient manner, as described with reference to  FIG. 4  above. 
     In a further embodiment, instead of a “signaling connection release indication or request”, a “preferred state request” could be utilized. Functionality similar to that described in  FIGS. 13 and 14  above would be applicable to this preferred state request indication. 
     In one embodiment, the preferred state request indication is used by the UE to give information to the UTRAN on a preferred RRC State, when it is aware for example that it is unlikely to need to send any more PS domain data for a prolonged duration, and in the case of no CS domain data for example. Another example would be that the remaining data transfer(s) corresponds to application(s) requiring only low latency, hence allowing to transit to a corresponding state. Such a message is sent from the UE to UTRAN on the DCCH using AM RLC, for example. An exemplary message is shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Preferred RRC State Request 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IE type 
                   
               
               
                 Information 
                   
                   
                 and 
                   
               
               
                 Element/Group name 
                 Need 
                 Multi 
                 reference 
                 Semantics description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Message Type 
                 MP 
                   
                 Message 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 type 
                   
               
               
                 UE Information Elements 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Preferred RRC state  
                 MP 
                   
                 Preferred 
                   
               
               
                 request cause 
                   
                   
                 RRC state 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indication 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cause 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A preferred RRC state indication cause information element is used by the UE to provide information to the UTRAN on a preferred RRC state following a trigger such as an application trigger, data transfer being complete, or other triggers as described herein. The IE could look like: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Information 
                   
                   
                 Type and 
                 Semantics 
               
               
                 Element/Group name 
                 Need 
                 Multi 
                 reference 
                 description 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Preferred RRC state 
                 MP 
                   
                 Enumerated 
                 1 spare value is 
               
               
                 indication cause 
                   
                   
                 (idle, 
                 needed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Cell_PCH, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 URA_PCH, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Cell_FACH) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 24 .  FIG. 24  illustrates the embodiment within which a preferred state request is sent from the UE to the UTRAN. The process starts at step  2410  and proceeds to step  2412  in which a check is made on the UE to determine whether the conditions at the UE are appropriate to send a change state request. Such conditions are described in the present disclosure, for example with reference to  FIG. 15  below, and could include one or more applications on the UE determining that they are finished with data exchange. 
     If, in step  2412 , the conditions are not appropriate to send the change state request the process loops on itself and continues to monitor until conditions are appropriate to send the change state request. 
     Once the conditions are appropriate the process proceeds to step  2420  in which a preferred state request is sent to the UTRAN. An exemplary preferred state request is shown in the tables above. 
     The process then proceeds to step  2422  in which a check is made to determine whether the preferred state request was successful. As would be appreciated by those skilled in the art this could mean that the UTRAN has successfully received the preferred state request and has initiated a state transition to a state indicated by the UE. If yes, the process proceeds to step  2430  and ends. 
     Conversely, if it is determined in step  2422  that the request was not successful the process proceeds to step  2424  and waits for a time period. Such a wait could be implemented using an “inhibit duration” that would not allow the mobile to send another preferred state request message before a given duration has elapsed. Alternatively, the process could limit the number of preferred state request messages within a given time period (e.g. no more than 15 messages in 10 minutes). A combination of the inhibition duration and limiting the number of messages in a time duration could also be combined. 
     The duration could be predetermined, such as a value defined in the standards, could be set by a network element, for example, as part of a RRC connection request, a RRC connection release, a radio bearer set up or system information broadcast message. Further, the duration could be set based on a parameter within the preferred state request message. Thus, the duration could be longer if the UE is requesting a transition to Cell_PCH rather than Idle. 
     The signaling of the duration by a network element could take the form of an information element such as: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibit Preferred RRC State Request 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Information 
                   
                   
                 Type and 
                 Semantics 
               
               
                 Element/Group name 
                 Need 
                 Multi 
                 reference 
                 description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibit Preferred RRC 
                 OP 
                   
                 Enumerated 
                   
               
               
                 State Request 
                   
                   
                 (30 secs, 1 min, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1 min 30 secs, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2 mins) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Once the process has waited for a predetermined time in step  2424  the process proceeds back to step  2412  to determine whether the conditions for sending a preferred state request still exist. If yes, the process loops back to step  2420  and  2422 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, step  2422  could be removed. In this case the process would proceed from step  2412  to step  2420  and step  2424 , at which point it loops back to step  2412 . 
     If the network element does not recognize the preferred state request, the UE may receive an incompatibility indication such as no response, an incompatibility message or a garbage message, and send a release indication utilizing a different, older protocol based on the method of  FIG. 4  above. 
     An exception may occur on RLC re-establishment or inter-RAT change. If a re-establishment of the transmitting side of the RLC entity occurs before the successful delivery of the preferred RRC state request message has been confirmed by the RLC, in one embodiment the UE retransmits the preferred RRC state request message on the uplink DCCH using AM RLC. 
     In one embodiment, if an inter-RAT handover from UTRAN procedure occurs before the successful delivery of the preferred RRC state request message has been confirmed by the RLC the UE aborts the signaling connection while in the new RAT. 
     On the network side, the process is handled similarly to that described with reference to  FIG. 22  below. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , in some cases it may be more desirable to be in the connected mode  520  in a state such as URA_PCH state  528  than in idle mode  510 . For example, if the latency for connection to the CELL_DCH state  522  or the CELL_FACH state  524  in connected mode  520  is required to be lower, it is preferable to be in a connected mode  520  PCH state. There are a number of ways of accomplishing this such as, for example, by changing the 3GPP specifications to allow for the UE to request the UTRAN move it to a specific state (e.g. in this case the URA_PCH state  528 ). 
     Alternatively, the connection manager may take into account other factors such as what state the RRC connection is currently in. If, for example, the RRC connection is in the URA_PCH state it may decide that it is unnecessary to move to idle mode  510  and thus no Signaling connection release procedure is initiated. 
     In a further alternative, the network element (e.g. the UTRAN) may itself take into account other factors such as what state the RRC connection is currently in and if, for example, the RRC connection is in the URA_PCH state it may decide that it is unnecessary to move to idle mode  510  and instead simply transition the UE into a more suitable state instead of releasing the connection. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8A  shows a current UMTS implementation according to the infrastructure “four” example above. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , time is across the horizontal axes. 
     The UE starts in RRC idle state  510  and based on local data needing to be transmitted or a page received from the UTRAN, starts to establish an RRC connection. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8A , RRC connection setup  710  occurs first, and the RRC state is in a connecting state  810  during this time. 
     Next, signaling connections setup  712 , ciphering an integrity setup  714 , and radio bearer setup  716  occurs. The RRC state is CELL_DCH state  522  during this. As illustrated in  FIG. 8A , the time for moving from RRC idle to the time that the radio bearer is setup is approximately two seconds in this example. 
     Data is next exchanged. In the example of  FIG. 8A  this is achieved in about two to four seconds and is illustrated by step  820 . 
     After data is exchanged in step  820 , no data is being exchanged except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required and thus the radio resource is reconfigured by the network to move into a lower data rate DCH configuration after approximately ten seconds. This is illustrated in steps  822  and  824 . 
     In the lower data rate DCH configuration, nothing is received for seventeen seconds, at which point the RRC connection is released by the network in step  828 . 
     Once the RRC connection release is initiated in step  828 , the RRC state proceeds to a disconnecting state  830  for approximately forty milliseconds, after which the UE is in a RRC idle state  510 . 
     Also illustrated in  FIG. 8A , the UE current consumption is illustrated for the period in which the RRC is in CELL_DCH state  522 . As seen, the current consumption is approximately 200 to 300 milliamps for the entire duration of the CELL_DCH state. During disconnect and idle, about 3 milliamps are utilized, assuming a DRX cycle of 1.28 seconds. However, the 35 seconds of current consumption at 200 to 300 milliamps is draining on the battery. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 8B .  FIG. 8B  utilizes the same exemplary infrastructure “four” from above, only now implementing the signaling connection release 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , the same setup steps  710 ,  712 ,  714  and  716  occur and this takes the same amount of time when moving between RRC idle state  510  and RRC CELL_DCH state  522 . 
     Further, the RRC data PDU exchange for the exemplary email at step  820  of  FIG. 8A  is also done at  FIG. 8B  and this takes approximately two to four seconds. 
     The UE in the example of  FIG. 8B  has an application specific inactivity timeout, which in the example of  FIG. 8B  is two seconds and is illustrated by step  840 . After the connection manager has determined that there is inactivity for the specific amount of time, the UE sends a transition indication, which in this case in a signaling connection release indication in step  842  and in step  848 , the network proceeds, based on the receipt of the indication and on a radio resource profile for the UE, to release the RRC connection. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , the current consumption during the CELL_DCH step  522  is still about 200 to 300 milliamps. However, the connection time is only about eight seconds. As will appreciated by those skilled in the art, the considerably shorter amount of time that the mobile stays in the cell DCH state  522  results in significant battery savings for an always on UE device. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  shows a second example using the infrastructure indicated above as Infrastructure “three”. As with  FIGS. 8A and 8B , a connection setup occurs which takes approximately two seconds. This requires the RRC connection setup  710 , the signaling connection setup  712 , the ciphering and integrity setup  714  and the radio bearer setup  716 . 
     During this setup, the UE moves from RRC idle mode  510  to a CELL_DCH state  522  with a RRC state connecting step  810  in between. 
     As with  FIG. 8A , in  FIG. 8A  RLC data PDU exchange occurs at step  820 , and in the example of  FIG. 9A  takes two to four seconds. 
     According to the infrastructure three, RLC signaling PDU exchange receives no data and thus is idle for period of five seconds in step  822 , except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required, at which point the radio resource reconfigures the UE to move into a CELL_FACH state  524  from CELL_DCH state  522 . This is done in step  850 . 
     In the CELL_FACH state  524 , the RLC signaling PDU exchange finds that there is no data except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required for a predetermined amount of time, in this case thirty seconds, at which point a RRC connection release by network is performed in step  828 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 9A , this moves the RRC state to idle mode  510 . 
     As further seen in  FIG. 9A , the current consumption during the DCH mode is between 200 and 300 milliamps. When moving into CELL_FACH state  524  the current consumption lowers to approximately 120 to 180 milliamps. After the RRC connector is released and the RRC moves into idle mode  510  the power consumption is approximately 3 milliamps. 
     The UTRA RRC Connected Mode state being CELL_DCH state  522  or CELL_FACH state  524  lasts for approximately forty seconds in the example of  FIG. 9A . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 9B .  FIG. 9B  illustrates the same infrastructure “three” as  FIG. 9A  with the same connection time of about two seconds to get the RRC connection setup  710 , signaling connection setup  712 , ciphering integrity setup  714  and radio bearer setup  716 . Further, RLC data PDU exchange  820  take approximately two to four seconds. 
     As with  FIG. 8B , a UE application detects a specific inactivity timeout in step  840 , at which point the transition indication (e.g. Signaling connection release indication  842 ) is sent by the UE and as a consequence, the network releases the RRC connection in step  848 . 
     As can be seen further in  FIG. 9B , the RRC starts in a idle mode  510 , moves to a CELL_DCH state  522  without proceeding into the CELL_FACH state. 
     As will be seen further in  FIG. 9B , current consumption is approximately 200 to 300 milliamps in the time that the RRC stage is in CELL_DCH state  522  which according to the example of  FIG. 9  is approximate eight seconds. 
     Therefore, a comparison between  FIGS. 8A and 8B , and  FIGS. 9A and 9B  shows that a significant amount of current consumption is eliminated, thereby extending the battery life of the UE. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the above can further be used in the context of current 3GPP specs. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  illustrates a protocol stack for a UMTS network. 
     As seen in  FIG. 10 , the UMTS includes a CS control plane  1010 , PS control plane  1011 , and PS user plane  1030   
     Within these three planes, a non-access stratum (NAS) portion  1014  and an access stratum portion  1016  exist. 
     NAS portion  1014  in CS control plane  1010  includes a call control (CC)  1018 , supplementary services (SS)  1020 , and short message service (SMS)  1022 . 
     NAS portion  1014  in PS control plane  1011  includes both mobility management (MM) and GPRS mobility management (GMM)  1026 . It further includes session management/radio access bearer management SM/RABM  1024  and GSMS  1028 . 
     CC  1018  provides for call management signaling for circuit switched services. The session management portion of SM/RABM  1024  provides for PDP context activation, deactivation and modification. SM/RABM  1024  also provides for quality of service negotiation. 
     The main function of the RABM portion of the SM/RABM  1024  is to connect a PDP context to a Radio Access Bearer. Thus SM/RABM  1024  is responsible for the setup, modification and release of radio resources. 
     CS control plane  1010  and PS control plane  1011 , in the access stratum  1016  sit on radio resource control (RRC)  1017 . 
     NAS portion  614  in PS user plane  1030  includes an application layer  1038 , TCP/UDP layer  1036 , and PDP layer  634 . PDP layer  1034  can, for example, include Internet Protocol (IP). 
     Access Stratum  1016 , in PS user plane  1030  includes packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)  1032 . PDCP  1032  is designed to make the WCDMA protocol suitable to carry TCP/IP protocol between UE and RNC (as seen in  FIG. 12 ), and is optionally for IP traffic stream protocol header compression and decompression. 
     The UMTS Radio Link Control (RLC)  1040  and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers  1050  form the data link sub-layers of the UMTS radio interface and reside on the RNC node and the User Equipment. 
     The Layer  1  (L 1 ) UMTS layer (physical layer  1060 ) is below the RLC/MAC layers  1040  and  1050 . This layer is the physical layer for communications. 
     While the above can be implemented on a variety of mobile or wireless devices, an example of one mobile device is outlined below with respect to  FIG. 11 . Reference is now made to  FIG. 11 . 
     UE  1100  is generally a two-way wireless communication device having voice and data communication capabilities. UE  1100  may have the capability to communicate with other computer systems on the Internet. Depending on the exact functionality provided, the wireless device may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, a wireless e-mail device, a cellular telephone with data messaging capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, a mobile device, a mobile station, or a data communication device, as examples. 
     Where UE  1100  is enabled for two-way communication, it incorporates a communication subsystem  1111 , including both a receiver  1112  and a transmitter  1114 , as well as associated components such as one or more antenna elements  1116  and  1118 , local oscillators (LOs)  1113 , and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP)  1120 . As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem  1111  will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate. For example, UE  1100  may include a communication subsystem  1111  designed to operate within the GPRS network or UMTS network. 
     Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type of network  1119 . For example, In UMTS and GPRS networks, network access is associated with a subscriber or user of UE  1100 . For example, a GPRS mobile device has a subscriber identity module (SIM) card in order to operate on a GPRS network. In UMTS a USIM or SIM module is included. In CDMA a RUIM card or module is included. These will be referred to as a UIM interface herein. Without a valid UIM interface, a mobile device may not be fully functional. Local or non-network communication functions, as well as legally required functions (if any) such as emergency calling, may be available, but UE  1100  will be unable to carry out any other functions involving communications over the network  1100 . The UIM interface  1144  is normally similar to a card-slot into which a card can be inserted and ejected like a diskette or PCMCIA card. The UIM card may hold many key configuration  1151 , and other information  1153  such as identification, and subscriber related information. 
     When network registration or activation procedures have been completed, UE  1100  may send and receive communication signals over the network  1119 . Signals received by antenna  1116  through communication network  1119  are input to receiver  1112 , which may perform such common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection and the like, and in the example system shown in  FIG. 11 , analog to digital (A/D) conversion. A/D conversion of a received signal allows more complex communication functions such as demodulation and decoding to be performed in the DSP  1120 . In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding for example, by DSP  1120  and input to transmitter  1114  for digital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission over the communication network  1119  via antenna  1118 . DSP  1120  not only processes communication signals, but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gains applied to communication signals in receiver  1112  and transmitter  1114  may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in DSP  1120 . 
     Network  1119  may further communicate with multiple systems, including a server  1160  and other elements (not shown). For example, network  1119  may communicate with both an enterprise system and a web client system in order to accommodate various clients with various service levels. 
     UE  1100  may include a microprocessor  1138 , which controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least data communications, are performed through communication subsystem  1111 . Microprocessor  1138  also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display  1122 , flash memory  1124 , random access memory (RAM)  1126 , auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems  1128 , serial port  1130 , keyboard  1132 , speaker  1134 , microphone  1136 , a short-range communications subsystem  1140  and any other device subsystems generally designated as  1142 . 
     Some of the subsystems shown in  FIG. 11  perform communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-device functions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard  1132  and display  1122 , for example, may be used for both communication-related functions, such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or task list. 
     Operating system software used by the microprocessor  1138  may be stored in a persistent store such as flash memory  1124 , which may instead be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile memory such as RAM  1126 . Received communication signals may also be stored in RAM  1126 . Further, a unique identifier is also preferably stored in read-only memory. 
     As shown, flash memory  1124  can be segregated into different areas for both computer programs  1158  and program data storage  1150 ,  1152 ,  1154  and  1156 . These different storage types indicate that each program can allocate a portion of flash memory  1124  for their own data storage requirements. Microprocessor  1138 , in addition to its operating system functions, may enable execution of software applications on the mobile device. A predetermined set of applications that control basic operations, including data and voice communication applications for example, may be installed on UE  1100  during manufacturing. One software application may be a personal information manager (PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user of the mobile device such as, but not limited to, e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. One or more memory stores would be available on the mobile device to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such PIM application would generally have the ability to send and receive data items, via the wireless network  1119 . In one embodiment, the PIM data items are seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wireless network  1119 , with the mobile device user&#39;s corresponding data items stored or associated with a host computer system. Further applications may also be loaded onto the mobile device  1100  through the network  1119 , an auxiliary I/O subsystem  1128 , serial port  1130 , short-range communications subsystem  1140  or any other suitable subsystem  1142 , and installed by a user in the RAM  1126  or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor  1138 . Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the device and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the UE  1100 . These applications will however, according to the above, in many cases need to be approved by a carrier. 
     In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message or web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem  1111  and input to the microprocessor  1138 , which may further process the received signal for output to the display  1122 , or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device  1128 . A user of UE  1100  may also compose data items such as email messages for example, using the keyboard  1132 , which may be a complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display  1122  and possibly an auxiliary I/O device  1128 . Such composed items may then be transmitted over a communication network through the communication subsystem  1111 . 
     For voice communications, overall operation of UE  1100  is similar, except that received signals would in one embodiment be output to a speaker  1134  and signals for transmission would be generated by a microphone  1136 . Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on UE  1100 . Although voice or audio signal output is generally accomplished primarily through the speaker  1134 , display  1122  may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other voice call related information for example. 
     Serial port  1130  in  FIG. 11  would normally be implemented in a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type mobile device for which synchronization with a user&#39;s desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable. Such a port  1130  would enable a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and would extend the capabilities of mobile device  1100  by providing for information or software downloads to UE  1100  other than through a wireless communication network. The alternate download path may for example be used to load an encryption key onto the device through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby enable secure device communication. 
     Alternatively, serial port  1130  could be used for other communications, and could include as a universal serial bus (USB) port. An interface is associated with serial port  1130 . 
     Other communications subsystems  1140 , such as a short-range communications subsystem, is a further optional component which may provide for communication between UE  1100  and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, the subsystem  1140  may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth™ communication module to provide for communication with similarly enabled systems and devices. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 12 .  FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a communication system  1200  that includes a UE  1202  which communicates through the wireless communication network. 
     UE  1202  communicates wirelessly with one of multiple Node Bs  1206 . Each Node B  1206  is responsible for air interface processing and some radio resource management functions. Node B  1206  provides functionality similar to a Base Transceiver Station in a GSM/GPRS networks. 
     The wireless link shown in communication system  1200  of  FIG. 12  represents one or more different channels, typically different radio frequency (RF) channels, and associated protocols used between the wireless network and UE  1202 . A Uu air interface  1204  is used between UE  1202  and Node B  1206 . 
     An RF channel is a limited resource that must be conserved, typically due to limits in overall bandwidth and a limited battery power of UE  1202 . Those skilled in art will appreciate that a wireless network in actual practice may include hundreds of cells depending upon desired overall expanse of network coverage. All pertinent components may be connected by multiple switches and routers (not shown), controlled by multiple network controllers. 
     Each Node B  1206  communicates with a radio network controller (RNC)  1210 . The RNC  1210  is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area. One RNC  1210  controls multiple Node Bs  1206 . 
     The RNC  1210  in UMTS networks provides functions equivalent to the Base Station Controller (BSC) functions in GSM/GPRS networks. However, an RNC  1210  includes more intelligence, including, for example, autonomous handovers management without involving MSCs and SGSNs. 
     The interface used between Node B  1206  and RNC  1210  is an lub interface  1208 . An NBAP (Node B application part) signaling protocol is primarily used, as defined in 3GPP TS 25.433 V3.11.0 (2002-09) and 3GPP TS 25.433 V5.7.0 (2004-01). 
     Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)  1220  comprises the RNC  1210 , Node B  1206  and the Uu air interface  1204 . 
     Circuit switched traffic is routed to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)  1230 . MSC  1230  is the computer that places the calls, and takes and receives data from the subscriber or from PSTN (not shown). 
     Traffic between RNC  1210  and MSC  1230  uses the lu-CS interface  1228 . lu-CS interface  1228  is the circuit-switched connection for carrying (typically) voice traffic and signaling between UTRAN  1220  and the core voice network. The main signaling protocol used is RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part). The RANAP protocol is used in UMTS signaling between the Core Network  1221 , which can be a MSC  1230  or SGSN  1250  (defined in more detail below) and UTRAN  1220 . RANAP protocol is defined in 3GPP TS 25.413 V3.11.1 (2002-09) and TS 25.413 V5.7.0 (2004-01). 
     For all UEs  1202  registered with a network operator, permanent data (such as UE  1202  user&#39;s profile) as well as temporary data (such as UE&#39;s  1202  current location) are stored in a home location registry (HLR)  1238 . In case of a voice call to UE  1202 , HLR  1238  is queried to determine the current location of UE  1202 . A Visitor Location Register (VLR)  1236  of MSC  1230  is responsible for a group of location areas and stores the data of those mobile stations that are currently in its area of responsibility. This includes parts of the permanent mobile station data that have been transmitted from HLR  1238  to the VLR  1236  for faster access. However, the VLR  1236  of MSC  1230  may also assign and store local data, such as temporary identifications. UE  1202  is also authenticated on system access by HLR  1238 . 
     Packet data is routed through Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN)  1250 . SGSN  1250  is the gateway between the RNC and the core network in a GPRS/UMTS network and is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the UEs within its geographical service area. lu-PS interface  1248  is used between the RNC  1210  and SGSN  1250 , and is the packet-switched connection for carrying (typically) data traffic and signaling between the UTRAN  1220  and the core data network. The main signaling protocol used is RANAP (described above). 
     The SGSN  1250  communicates with the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)  1260 . GGSN  1260  is the interface between the UMTS/GPRS network and other networks such as the Internet or private networks. GGSN  860  is connected to a public data network PDN  1270  over a Gi interface. 
     Those skilled in art will appreciate that wireless network may be connected to other systems, possibly including other networks, not explicitly shown in  FIG. 12 . A network will normally be transmitting at very least some sort of paging and system information on an ongoing basis, even if there is no actual packet data exchanged. Although the network consists of many parts, these parts all work together to result in certain behaviours at the wireless link. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a representation, shown generally at  1502 , representative of operation of the UE pursuant to multiple, concurrent packet data communication service sessions. Here, two packet data services, each associated with a particular PDP context designated as PDP 1  and PDP 2  are concurrently active. The plot  1504  represents the PDP context activated to the first packet data service, and the plot  1506  represents the radio resource allocated to the first packet data service. And, the plot  1508  represents the PDP context activated to the second packet data service, and the plot  1512  represents the radio resource allocated to the second packet data service. The UE requests radio access bearer allocation by way of a service request, indicated by the segments  1514 . And, the UE also requests radio bearer service release, indicated by the segments  1516  pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The service requests and service releases for the separate services are independent of one another, that is to say, are generated independently. In the exemplary illustration of  FIG. 15 , the PDP context and the radio resource for the associated PDP context are assigned at substantially concurrent times. And, the radio resource release is granted upon request by the UE, as shown, or when the RNC (Radio Network Controller) decides to release the radio resource. 
     Responsive to a radio resource release request, or other decision to release the radio resource, the network selectably tears down the radio resource associated with the packet data service. Radio release requests are made on a radio access bearer-by-radio access bearer basis and not on an entire signaling connection basis, thereby permitting improved granularity control of resource allocation. 
     In the exemplary implementation, a single packet data service is further formable as a primary service and one or more secondary services, such as indicated by the designations  1518  and  1522 . The radio resource release is further permitting of identifying which of one or more primary and secondary services whose radio resource allocations are no longer needed, or otherwise are desired to be released. Efficient radio resource allocation is thereby provided. In addition, optimal utilization of the processor on the UE is provided since the processor power that would have been allocated to unnecessary processing can now be better utilized for other purposes. 
     If the network element does not recognize the radio resource release request or utilizes an implementation that is unwanted or unexpected by the UE, an incompatibility indication, such as an explicit message or no response, or a response which does not fulfill the original request or that is inefficient can be provided to the UE and the UE may then utilize an older protocol for releasing radio resources, as indicated above with regards to  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates parts of the communication system  1200 , namely, the UE  1202  and the radio network controller (RNC)/SGSN  1210 / 1250  that operate pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure pertaining to the multiple, contiguous packet data service sessions. The UE includes apparatus  1626  and the RNC/SGSN includes apparatus  1628  of an embodiment of the present disclosure. The elements forming the apparatus  1626  and  1628  are functionally represented, implementable in any desired manner, including by algorithms executable by processing circuitry as well as hardware or firmware implementations. The elements of the apparatus  1628 , while represented to be embodied at the RNC/SGSN, are, in other implementations, formed elsewhere at other network locations, or distributed across more than one network location. 
     The apparatus  1626  includes a detector  1632  and a transition indication sender  1634 . In one exemplary implementation, the elements  1632  and  1634  are embodied at a session management layer, e.g., the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) layer defined in UMTS, of the UE. 
     In another exemplary implementation, the elements are embodied at an Access Stratum (AS) sublayer. When implemented at the AS sublayer, the elements are implemented as part of a connection manager, shown at  1636 . When implemented in this manner, the elements need not be aware of the PDP context behavior or of the application layer behavior. 
     The detector detects when a determination is made to send a transition indication associated with a packet communication service. The determination is made, e.g., at an application layer, or other logical layer, and provided to the session management layer and the detector embodied thereat. Indications of detections made by the detector are provided to the radio resource release indication sender. The sender generates and causes the UE to send a transition indication that forms the service release request  1516 , shown in  FIG. 15 . 
     In a further implementation, the transition indication includes a cause field containing a cause, such as any of the aforementioned causes described here and above, as appropriate or the cause field identifies a preferred state into which the UE prefers the network to cause the UE to be transitioned. 
     The apparatus  1628  embodied at the network includes an examiner  1642  and a grantor  1644 . The examiner examines the transition indication, when received thereat. And, the transition grantor  1644  operates selectably to transition the UE as requested in the transition indication. 
     In an implementation in which the signaling is performed at a radio resource control (RRC) layer, the radio network controller, rather than the SGSN performs the examination and transitioning of the UE. And, correspondingly, the apparatus embodied at the UE is formed at the RRC layer, or the apparatus otherwise causes the generated indication to be sent at the RRC level. 
     In an exemplary control flow, a higher layer informs the NAS/RRC layer, as appropriate, that the radio resource is allocated to a particular PDP context is no longer required. An RRC-layer indication message is sent to the network. The message includes an RAB ID or RB ID that, e.g., identifies the packet data service, to the radio network controller. And, in response, operation of the radio network controller triggers a procedure to resolve to end the radio resource release, radio resource reconfiguration, or radio resource control connection release message to be returned to the UE. The RNC procedure is, e.g., similar, or equivalent to, the procedure set forth in 3GPP document TS 23.060, Section 9.2.5. The RAB ID is, e.g., advantageously utilized as the ID is the same as the Network Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) which identifies the associated PDP context, and application layers are generally aware of the NSAPI. 
     In a specific example, a radio resource release indication formed at, or otherwise provided to the RRC layer, and sent at the RRC layer is represented, together with associated information, below. The indication when embodied at the RRC layer is also referred to as, e.g., a radio resource release indication. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
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     If the network element does not recognize the radio resource release indication or utilizes an implementation that is unwanted or unexpected by the UE, an incompatibility indication, such as an explicit message or no response, or a response which does not fulfill the original request or that is inefficient can be provided to the UE and the UE may then utilize an older protocol for releasing radio resources, as indicated above with regards to  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a message sequence diagram, shown generally at  1137 , representing exemplary signaling generated pursuant to release of radio resources associated with a PDP context, such as that shown graphically in part of the graphical representation shown in  FIG. 15 . Release is initiated either by the UE or at the RNC, or other UTRAN entity. When initiated at the UE, e.g., the UE sends a radio resource release indication to the UTRAN. 
     Upon initiation, a radio access bearer (RAB) release request is generated, and sent, indicated by the segment  1738  by the RNC/UTRAN and delivered to the SGSN. In response, an RAB assignment request is returned, indicated by the segment  1740 , to the RNC/UTRAN. And, then, as indicated by the segment  1742 , the radio resources extending between the UE  1202  and the UTRAN are released. A response is then sent, as indicated by segment  1744 . 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a message sequence diagram shown generally at  1847 , similar to the message sequence diagram shown in  FIG. 17 , but here in which resources of a final PDP context are released. Upon initiation, the RNC generates an lu release request  1850  is communicated to the SGSN and responsive thereto, the SGSN returns an lu release command, indicated by the segment  1852 . Thereafter, and as indicated by the segments  1854 , the radio bearer formed between the UE and the UTRAN is released. And, as indicated by the segment  1856 , the RNC/UTRAN returns an lu release complete to the SGSN. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a method flow diagram, shown generally at  1902 , representative of the process of an embodiment of the present disclosure to release radio resources allocated pursuant to a PDP context. 
     After start of the process, indicated by the block  1904 , a determination is made, indicated by the decision block  1906  as to whether a radio resource release indication has been received. If not, the no branch is taken to the end block  1920 . 
     If, conversely, a radio access bearer release has been requested, the yes branch is taken to the decision block  1908 . At the decision block  1908 , a determination is made as to whether the radio access bearer that is to be released is the final radio access bearer to be released. If not, the no branch is taken to the block  1910 , and the preferred state is set. Then radio access bearer release procedures are performed, such as that shown in  FIG. 17  or such as that described in 3GPP document Section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.1. 
     Conversely, if a determination is made at the decision block  1908  that the RAB is the last to be released, the yes branch is taken to the block  1914 , an lu release procedure, such as that shown in  FIG. 18  or such as that described in 3GPP document section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.2 is performed. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a method flow diagram, shown generally at  2002 , representative of the process of an embodiment of the present disclosure to release radio resources allocated pursuant to a PDP context. 
     After start of the process, indicated by the block  2004 , a determination is made, indicated by the decision block  2006  as to whether there is an RAB (Radio access Bearer) to release. If not, the no branch is taken to the end block  2030 . 
     If, conversely, a radio access bearer release has been requested, the yes branch is taken to the decision block  2008 . At the decision block  2008 , a determination is made as to whether the radio access bearer that is to be released is the final radio access bearer to be released. If not, the no branch is taken to the block  2010 , where the RAB list is set, block  2012  where the preferred state is set, and block  2014  where radio access bearer release procedures are performed, such as that shown in  FIG. 17  or such as that described in 3GPP document Section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.1. 
     Conversely, if a determination is made at the decision block  2008  that the RAB is the last to be released, the yes branch is taken to the block  2020 , and the domain is set to PC (Packet Switch). Then, as indicated by block  2022 , a release cause is set. And, as indicated by the block  2024 , a signaling connection release indication is sent on a DCCH. An lu release procedure, such as that shown in  FIG. 18  or such as that described in 3GPP document section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.2 is performed. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a method, shown generally at  2100 , representative of the method of operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method facilitates efficient utilization of radio resources in a radio communication system that provides for concurrent running of a first packet service and a second packet service. First, and as indicated by the block  2102 , detection is made of selection to release a radio resource associated with a selected packet service of the first packet service and the second packet service. Then, and as indicated by the block  2104 , a radio resource release indication is sent responsive to the detection of the selection to release the radio resource. 
     Then, at block  2106  the radio resource release indication is examined and then at block  2108  the grant of the release of the radio bearer is selectably granted. 
     In a further embodiment, the network may initiate a transition based on both the receipt of an indication from the user equipment or another network element and on a radio resource profile for the user equipment. 
     An indication as received from the user equipment or other network element could be any of the different transition indications described above. The indication can be passive and thus be merely a blank indication that a less battery intensive radio state should be entered. Alternatively the indication could be part of the regular indications sent from the UE which the network determines, possibly over time or a number of received indications, and the UE&#39;s radio resource profile that a less battery or radio resource intensive radio state should be entered. Alternatively, the indication could be dynamic and provide information to the network element about a preferred state or mode in which to transition. As with the above, the indication could contain a cause for the indication (e.g. normal or abnormal). In a further embodiment, the indication could provide other information about a radio resource profile, such as a probability that the user equipment is correct about the ability to transition to a different state or mode, or information about the application(s) that triggered the indication. 
     An indication from another network element could include, for example, a indication from a media or push-to-talk network entity. In this example, the indication is sent to the network entity responsible for transitioning (e.g. the UTRAN) when traffic conditions allow. This second network entity could look at traffic at an Internet protocol (IP) level to determine whether and when to send a transition indication. 
     In a further embodiment, the indication from the UE or second network element could be implicit rather than explicit. For example, a transition indication may be implied by the network element responsible for transitioning (e.g. the UTRAN) from device status reports on outbound traffic measurements. Specifically, status reporting could include a radio link buffer status where, if no outbound data exists, could be interpreted as an implicit indication. Such status reporting could be a measurement that can be repetitively sent from the UE that does not, by itself, request or indicate anything. 
     The indication could thus be any signal and could be application based, radio resource based, or a composite indication providing information concerning all of the user equipment&#39;s application and radio resources. The above is not meant to be limiting to any particular indication, and one skilled in the art would appreciate that any indication could be used with the present method and disclosure. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 22 . The process starts at step  2201  and proceeds to step  2210  in which a network element receives the indication. 
     Once the network receives the indication in step  2210 , the process proceeds to step  2220  in which a radio resource profile for the user equipment is checked. 
     The term “radio resource profile”, as used herein, is meant to be a broad term that could apply to a variety of situations, depending on the requirements of a network element. In broad terms, the radio resource profile includes information about radio resources utilized by the user equipment. 
     The radio resource profile could include either or both static profile elements and dynamic or negotiated profile elements. Such elements could include an “inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window” value, which could be part of the radio resource profile, either within or apart from the transition profile, and could be negotiated or static. 
     Static profile elements include one or more of the quality of service for a radio resource (e.g. RAB or RB), a PDP context, an APN that the network has knowledge of and a subscriber profile. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various levels of quality service could exist for a radio resource and the level of the quality of service could provide information to a network on whether to transition to a different state or mode. Thus if the quality of service is background, the network element may consider transitioning to idle more readily than if the quality of service is set to interactive. Further, if multiple radio resources have the same quality of service, this could provide an indication to the network on whether to transition the mobile device to a more suitable state or mode or to tear down the radio resources. In some embodiments, a primary and secondary PDP context could have a different quality of service, which could also affect the decision on whether to perform a state/mode transition. 
     Further, the APN could provide the network with information about the typical services that the PDP context utilizes. For example, if the APN is xyz.com, where xyz.com is typically used for the provision of data services such as email, this could provide an indication to the network about whether or not to transition to a different state or mode. This could further indicate routing characteristics. 
     In particular, the present method and apparatus can utilize the Access Point Name (APN) specified by the UE to set the transition profile between various states. This may be another way of describing the subscription of the UE. As will be appreciated, the Home Location Register (HLR) may store relevant information about subscribers, and could provide the radio network controller (RNC) with the subscription of the UE. Other network entities could also be used to store subscription information centrally. Whether using the HLR or other network entity, information is preferably pushed to other network components such as the RNC and SGSN, which map subscription information to relevant physical parameters used during data exchange. 
     The UTRAN could include or have access to a database or table in which various APNs or QoS parameters could be linked to a specific transition profile. Thus, if the UE is an always on device, this will be apparent from the APN and an appropriate transition profile for that APN could be stored at the UTRAN as part of the radio resource profile or be remotely accessible by the UTRAN. Similarly, if the QoS or a portion of the QoS parameter is used, or a dedicated message sent with a profile, this could signify to the UTRAN that a particular transition profile is desired based on a database query or a lookup in a table. Additionally, a multiplicity of behaviors beyond the RRC connected state transition profile can be specified by this means. These include, but are not limited to:
         rate adaptation algorithms (periodicity of step/step size);   initial granted radio bearer;   maximal granted radio bearer;   minimize call setup time (avoid unnecessary steps such as traffic volume measurements); and   the air interface (GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA/LTE).       

     Further, if there are multiple PDP contexts that have different QoS requirement but share the same APN IP address, such as a primary context, secondary context, and so forth, a different transition profile can be used for each context. This could be signaled to the UTRAN through QoS or dedicated messages. 
     If multiple active PDP contexts are concurrently utilized, the lowest common denominator between the contexts can be used. For RRC state transition, if one application has a first PDP context that is associated with a transition profile in which the system moves from CELL_DCH state to a CELL_PCH or Idle state quickly, and a second PDP context is associated with a transition profile in which the system is to stay in the CELL_DCH state longer, the second profile in which the CELL_DCH state is maintained longer will override the first profile. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the lowest common denominator can be considered in two different ways. Lowest common denominator, as used herein, implies a longest time required before transitioning to a different state. In a first embodiment, the lowest common denominator may be the lowest of the activated PDPs. In an alternative embodiment, the lowest common denominator may be the lowest of the PDPs that actually have active radio resources. The radio resources could be multiplexed in a number of different fashions but the end result is the same. 
     An exemplary case for such methods can be drawn for always on devices. As described, various APNs or QoS parameters can be linked to a specific behavior for always on. Consider initially granted radio resources that may be desirable based on an ‘always on’ profile. The network now has a means to ‘know’ that data bursts are short and bursty for always-on applications, such as email. For those skilled in the art, it is clearly seen that given this information, there is no incentive to save code space for trunking efficiency on the network. Thus a maximum rate may be allocated to an always-on device with little risk of not reserving enough code space for other users. Additionally the UE benefits in receiving data more rapidly and also saves on battery life due to shorter ‘on time’. Again, to those skilled in the art, high data rates have very little effect on current draw since power amplifiers are fully biased regardless of data rate. 
     In the above embodiment, a lookup table can be used by the UTRAN to determine the resource control profile for radio resources(s) to be assigned for different applications for a given RRC connection for the UE. The profile can be based on user subscription and stored on the network side at a network entity such as HLR or alternatively at the RNC since the RNC will have more up to date traffic resources available (i.e. data rates that can be granted). If higher data rates can be achieved shorter timeouts may be possible. 
     Instead of APN, other alternatives such the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters set in a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context activation or Modified PDP Context can be used. The QoS field can further include the QoS “allocation retention priority (Service data unit could be used to infer traffic data volumes)” in case of multiple PDP contexts sharing the same APN address or a subscription profile to set the transition profile. Further alternatives include dedicated messages such as the indication message above to signal a resource control profile and information such as an inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window value. 
     The transition profile included in the radio resource profile could further include whether the state of the UE should be transition at all based on the type of application. Specifically, if the user equipment is being used as a data modem, a preference may be set either on the user equipment so transition indications are not sent or if knowledge of the preference is maintained at the network, that any transition indication received from the UE while being used as a data modem should be ignored. Thus the nature of the applications that are being run on the user equipment could be used as part of the radio resource profile. 
     A further parameter of a transition profile could involve the type of transition. Specifically, in a UMTS network, the user equipment may prefer to enter a Cell_PCH state rather than entering an idle state for various reasons. One reason could be that the UE needs to connect to a Cell_DCH state more quickly if data needs to be sent or received, and thus moving to a Cell_PCH state will save some network signaling and battery resources while still providing for a quick transition to the Cell_DCH state. The above is equally applicable in non-UMTS networks and may provide for a transition profile between various connected and idle states. 
     The transition profile may also include various timers including, but not limited to, inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window, delay timers and inactivity timers. Delay timers provide a period which the network element will wait prior to transitioning to a new state or mode. As will be appreciated, even if the application has been inactive for a particular time period, a delay may be beneficial in order to ensure that no further data is received or transmitted from the application. An inactivity timer could measure a predetermined time period in which no data is received or sent by an application. If data is received prior to the inactivity timer expiring, typically the inactivity timer will be reset. Once the inactivity timer expires, the user equipment may then send the indication of step  2210  to the network. Alternatively, the user equipment may wait for a certain period, such as that defined for the delay timer, before sending the indication of step  2210 . 
     Further, the delay timer or inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window could vary based on a profile that is provided to the network element. Thus, if the application that has requested a transition to a different mode or state is a first type of application, such as an email application, the delay timer on the network element can be set to a first delay time, while if the application is of a second type such as an instant messaging application, the delay timer can be set to a second value. The values of the inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window, delay timer or inactivity timer could also be derived by the network based on the APN utilized for a particular PDP. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the inactivity timer could similarly vary based on the application utilized. Thus, an email application may have a shorter inactivity timer than a browser application since the email application is expecting a discrete message after which it may not receive data. Conversely the browser application may utilize data even after a longer delay and thus require a longer inactivity timer. 
     The transition profile may further include a probability that a user equipment is correct requesting a transition. This could be based on compiled statistics on the rate of accuracy of a particular user equipment or application on the user equipment. 
     The transition profile may further include various discontinuous reception (DRX) time values. Further, a progression profile for DRX times could be provided in a transition profile. 
     The transition profile could be defined on an application by application basis or be a composite of the various applications on the user equipment. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art the transition profile could be created or modified dynamically when a radio resource is allocated and could be done on subscription, PS registration, PDP activation, RAB or RB activation or changed on the fly for the PDP or RAB/RB. The transition profile could also be part of the indication of step  2210 . In this case, the network may consider the preferred RRC state indication to determine whether to allow the transition and to what state/mode. Modification could occur based on available network resources, traffic patterns, among others. 
     The radio resource profile is therefore comprised of static and/or dynamic fields. The radio resource profile used by a particular network may vary from other networks and the description above is not meant to limit the present method and system. In particular, the radio resources profile could include and exclude various elements described above. For example, in some cases the radio resource profile will merely include the quality of service for a particular radio resource and include no other information. In other cases, the radio resource profile will include only the transition profile. Still in other cases, the radio resource profile will include all of the quality of service, APN, PDP context, transition profile, among others. 
     Optionally, in addition to a radio resource profile, the network element could also utilize safeguards to avoid unnecessary transitions. Such safeguards could include, but are not limited to, the number of indications received in a predetermined time period, the total number of indications received, traffic patterns and historical data. 
     The number of indications received in a predetermined time period could indicate to the network that a transition should not occur. Thus, if the user equipment has sent, for example, five indications within a thirty second time period, the network may consider that it should ignore the indications and not perform any transitions. Alternatively the network may determine to indicate to the UE that it should not send any further indications either indefinitely or for some configured or predefined time period. This could be independent of any “inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages per time-window” on the UE. 
     Further, the UE could be configured not to send further indications for a configured, predefined or negotiated time period. The UE configuration could be exclusive of the safeguards on the network side described above. 
     The traffic patterns and historical data could provide an indication to the network that a transition should not occur. For example, if the user has received a significant amount of data in the past between 8:30 and 8:35 a.m. from Monday to Friday, if the indication is received at 8:32 a.m. on Thursday, the network may decide that it should not transition the user equipment since more data is likely before 8:35 a.m. 
     If multiple radio resources are allocated for the user equipment, the network may need to consider the complete radio resource profile for the user equipment. In this case, the radio resource profiles for each radio resource can be examined and a composite transition decision made. Based on the radio resource profile of one or multiple radio resources, the network can then decide whether or not a transition should be made. 
     In one embodiment, the network has a plurality of choices on how to proceed when it has received an indication in step  2210  and examined the radio resource profile or profiles in step  2220 . 
     A first option is to do nothing. The network may decide that a transition is not warranted and thus not accept the user equipment indication to transition. This may however result in a message being sent to the UE to avoid the UE resending a radio bearer release message if the method of  FIG. 4  is implemented. 
     A second option is to change the state of the device. For example, in a UMTS network, the state of the device may change from Cell_DCH to Cell_PCH. In non-UMTS networks the state transition may occur between connected states. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, changing states reduces the amount of core network signaling when compared with a transition to idle mode. Changing the state can also save radio resources since the Cell_PCH state does not require a dedicated channel. Also Cell_PCH is less battery intensive state enabling the UE to preserve battery power. 
     A third option for the network is to keep the UE in the same state but release the radio resources associated with a particular APN or PDP context. This approach saves radio resources and signaling as the connection is maintained in its current state and does not need to be re-established. However, it may be less suitable for situations where UE battery life is a concern. 
     A fourth option for the network is to transition the UE to an Idle mode. In particular, in both UMTS and non-UMTS, the network may move from a connected mode to an Idle mode. As will be appreciated, this saves radio resources since no connection at all is maintained. It further saves the battery life on the user equipment. However, a greater amount of core network signaling is required to reestablish the connection. 
     A fifth option for the network is to change a data rate allocation, which will save radio resources, typically allowing more users to use the network. 
     Other options would be evident to those skilled in the art. 
     The decision of the network on which of the five options to utilize will vary from network to network. Some overloaded networks may prefer to preserve radio resources and thus would choose the third, fourth or fifth options above. Other networks prefer to minimize signaling and thus may choose the first or second options above. 
     The decision is shown in  FIG. 22  at block  2230  and will be based on network preferences along with the radio resource profile for the user equipment. The decision is triggered by the network receiving an indication from the user equipment that the user equipment would like to transition into another state e.g. into a less battery intensive state. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 23 .  FIG. 23  illustrates the simplified network element adapted to make the decisions shown in  FIG. 22  above. Network element  2310  includes a communications subsystem  2320  adapted to communicate with user equipment. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art communications subsystem  2320  does not need to directly communicate with user equipment, but could be part of a communications path for communications to and from the user equipment. 
     Network element  2310  further includes a processor  2330  and a storage  2340 . Storage  2340  is adapted to store preconfigured or static radio resource profiles for each user equipment being serviced by network element  2310 . Processor  2330  is adapted to, upon receipt of an indication by communications subsystem  2320 , consider the radio resource profile for the user equipment and to decide on a network action regarding transitioning the user equipment. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the indication received by communications subsystem  2320  could further include a portion of or all of the radio resource profile for the user equipment that would then be utilized by processor  2330  to make the network decision concerning any transition. 
     Based  FIGS. 20 to 23 , a network element therefore receives an indication from the user equipment that a transition might be in order (such as for example when a data exchange is complete and/or that no further data is expected at the UE). If the network element recognizes the indication, then based on this indication, the network element checks the radio resource profile of the user equipment, which could include both static and dynamic profile elements. The network element may further check safeguards to ensure that unnecessary transitions are not occurring. Based on the checks, the network element could then decide to do nothing or to transition to a different mode or state, or to tear down a radio resource. As will be appreciated, this provides the network more control of its radio resources and allows the network to configure transition decisions based on network preferences rather than merely user equipment preferences. Further, in some cases the network has more information than the device concerning whether to transition. For example, the user equipment has knowledge of upstream communications and based on this may decide that the connection may be torn down. However, the network may have received downstream communications for the user equipment and thus realized that it cannot tear down the connection. In this case, a delay can also be introduced using the delay timer to provide the network with more certainty that no data will be received for user equipment in the near future. 
     Application to the Method of  FIG. 4   
     The fast dormancy examples above may be implemented based on the method of  FIG. 4 . That is, if the UE wants to transition to a less radio or battery intensive state or mode, an indication may be sent to the network element. This may be done based on the signaling release indication, with or without a cause code. For example, the UE may send the signaling release indication with a cause code to the network element. If the network element has not implemented the protocol to properly assess such an indication or has implemented the protocol in a way that is unexpected or unwanted by the UE, then the network element could either ignore the message or send a response which indicates the UE that the protocol has not been implemented, such as an explicit message or garbage message. Further, a response that does not fulfill a request of the UE or that the UE considers inefficient could be provided. 
     If no reply has been received by the UE after a predefined time duration or after a number of radio blocks, or if the request from the Network to transit to another state/mode is not good enough to save battery or does not comply with the request (whether or not the UE has acted on the response and changed state/mode), or as a result of the incompatibility indication the UE could then, for example, send a signaling release indication without a cause code, which may be recognized by the network. 
     Similarly, the UE may send a preferred state request (indicator) or a radio bearer release request (indicator) (first protocol message). If the network element does not recognize these, or if the request from the Network to transit to another state/mode is not good enough to save battery or network resources, or if the request from the Network to transit to another state/mode does not comply with the request from the UE (whether or not the UE has acted on the request and changed state/mode), or an indication of incompatibility (such as no response, an incompatibility message, or a garbage response) is returned to the UE, which may then try to send a signaling release indication (second protocol message), for example. 
     The embodiments described herein are examples of structures, systems or methods having elements corresponding to elements of the techniques of this disclosure. This written description may enable those skilled in the art to make and use embodiments having alternative elements that likewise correspond to the elements of the techniques of this disclosure. The intended scope of the techniques of this disclosure thus includes other structures, systems or methods that do not differ from the techniques of this disclosure as described herein, and further includes other structures, systems or methods with insubstantial differences from the techniques of this disclosure as described herein.