Patent Publication Number: US-2016225082-A1

Title: Automated financial interest trading process based on formation close

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
     Not Applicable. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosed embodiments broadly relate to the field of finance, and more particularly relates to the field of automated trading platforms. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Having a predefined investment and/or trading strategy is crucial in the volatile financial industry. When performing investment and trading activities, it is common for the novice investor to be swept up in the emotions of the market. In the case of a plunging market, mass panic can spread, causing investors to sell. In a bull market, investors buy in large quantities. Trading in a reactionary manner, however, is widely regarded as a poor investment strategy. A much more effective approach is to pre-plan an investment strategy so that an investor&#39;s activities are pre-determined and not subject to the emotions associated with the highs and lows of the market. 
     A commonly-used investment or trading strategy is to enter or exit a position when a particular scenario has occurred. The example investment or trading strategy may be to purchase a stock when said scenario has occurred. An example of such a scenario is when a stock reaches a particular support or resistance level along with a formation close. Currently, however, there are no widely available, automated solutions for implementing such a predefined investment strategy. Further, there are no current solutions that execute such trading activities with adequate speed and fidelity. Thus, today, an investor that seeks to implement the example investment or trading strategy defined above must wait for the scenario to occur, ascertain the price of the stock at formation close and place an order manually for said stock. The problem with this series of steps, however, is that the market moves at such as fast pace, that by the time the trader has finished executing the series of steps above, the price of the stock has moved significantly. This reduces the effectiveness of the predefined trading strategy and can lead to losses. 
     Therefore, a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art as discussed above, and particularly for a more efficient way of automating the process of implementing predefined investment or trading strategies in a trading environment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method on a server communicatively connected to a communications network, the server for facilitating automated trading activities is provided. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of disclosed concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description including the drawings provided. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this Summary intended to be used to limit the claimed subject matter&#39;s scope. 
     Briefly, according to an embodiment, an automated method, computer system and computer program product for performing automated trading activities is disclosed. The method on a server communicatively coupled with a communications network includes providing to a trader, over the communications network, a graphical user interface comprising a display for displaying a particular financial interest, a first button for purchasing long shares in the financial interest at a close of the current formation, a second button for selling short shares in the financial interest at the close of the current formation, and a third button for closing a predefined position in the financial interest at the close of the current formation. The method further includes receiving, over the communications network, market data associated with the financial interest, receiving, over the communications network, a message indicating that the trader has activated the first button, generating an order to purchase a predefined amount of long shares in the financial interest, and issuing said order at the close of the current formation. 
     The foregoing and other features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate various example embodiments. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the network architecture of a system for providing management of trading activities over a communications network, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  is a block diagram that shows the data flow of a process for providing management of trading activities over a communications network, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  is an illustration of a graphical user interface for providing management of trading activities over a communications network, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart that shows the control flow of a process for providing management of trading activities over a communications network, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a computer system for implementing one of the disclosed embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar elements. While embodiments of the invention may be described, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible. For example, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to the elements illustrated in the drawings, and the methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the proper scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. 
     The disclosed embodiments overcome problems with the prior art by allowing a trader to immediately place an order (buy, sell, close position, etc.) immediately upon close of a formation. Today an investor that seeks to implement a trading task (buy, sell, etc.) at the close of a formation must wait until the close of a formation, ascertain the current price of the financial interest, place an order manually for said financial interest and then issue the order. This series of steps take an inordinate amount of time and, seeing as the market moves at a fast pace, by the time the trader has finished placing the order manually, the price of the interest has moved significantly. The disclosed embodiments overcome these problems by allowing the investor to indicate he intends to place an order (buy, sell, close position, etc.) immediately upon close of a formation by pressing a single button, and then immediately placing said order at the close of the formation. This increases the effectiveness of the investor&#39;s trading activity and can increase gains. The disclosed embodiments further improves upon the prior art by providing decreasing risk and increasing return on investment. This feature adds to the versatility of existing investment strategies and does not replace or modify an existing investment strategy. 
     The present invention may be implemented in a computer system that may include a user/investor interface that connects with: 1) a trading entity (such as a financial services company), 2) a market, and 3) a market data provider that provides data about the market. Referring now to the drawing figures in which like reference designators refer to like elements, there is shown in  FIG. 1  an illustration of a block diagram showing the network architecture of a system and method for providing management of trading activities over a communications network in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  shows serer  102  and database  104 , which comprise a trading entity. A trading entity may be a trading platform, which is a computer system that can be used to place orders for financial products or financial interests over a network with a market, such as market  145 . Trading platforms allow electronic trading to be carried out by users from any location. The trading entity of  FIG. 1  may alternatively be a financial services company with an online presence. 
     The financial products handled by the trading entity of  FIG. 1  may include shares, bonds, equities, currencies, futures, stock, options, treasury notes, commodities and derivatives with a financial intermediary, such as brokers, market makers, investment banks or stock exchanges. Financial products may also include equity, fixed-income, financial derivatives, currency, and other investment instruments. Financial products may further include participating in other exchanges such as a put, a put option, short sell, a call or another type of offer or contract to buy or sell at certain predefined prices. Further, an investor may purchase short interests in a financial product (agreements that benefit the investor if the price of the financial interest drops) and long interests in a financial product (agreements that benefit the investor if the price of the financial interest increases). The aforementioned financial products are herein referred to collectively as “interests” or “financial interests.” 
     A long position in a financial interest, or equivalently to be long in a financial interest, means the holder of the position owns the interest and will profit if the price of the interest goes up. Going long or “buying long” is the more conventional practice of investing and is contrasted with going short. An options investor goes long on the underlying instrument by buying call options or writing put options on it. A long share refers to an instrument that holds a long position in a financial interest. 
     In contrast, a short position in a futures contract or similar derivative means that the holder of the position will profit if the price of the futures contract or derivative goes down. Thus, short selling (also known as shorting or going short) or “selling short” is the practice of selling a financial interest that is not currently owned, and subsequently repurchasing them (“covering”). In the event of an interim price decline, the short seller will profit, since the cost of (re)purchase will be less than the proceeds which were received upon the initial (short) sale. A short share refers to an instrument that holds a short position in a financial interest. Closing one&#39;s position refers to the act of completely vacating a position in a market, which may include selling all long shares and/or buying back all short shares for said position in the market. After closing one&#39;s position, the investor is no longer subject to the gains or losses of said position in the market. 
       FIG. 1  further shows market  145 , which may be any one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. Examples of a market include stock markets, stock exchanges (such as the New York Stock Exchange), bond markets, commodities markets, currency markets, foreign exchange markets, derivatives markets, prediction markets, and money markets.  FIG. 1  also includes market data provider  150 , which provides market data about one or more markets. Market data is quote and trade-related data associated with financial products and interests. Market data is numerical price data, reported from trading venues, such as stock exchanges. Market data provider  150  may be a financial data vendor that provides data to financial firms, traders, and investors. The data distributed is collected from sources such as stock exchange feeds, brokers and dealer desks or regulatory filings (e.g., an SEC filing). 
     The server  102  may be communicatively coupled with a communications network  106 , according to an example embodiment. The environment  100  may comprise a computing device  120 , which may communicate with server  102  via a communications network  106 . Computing device  120  may comprise computing devices such as desktop computers, laptops, and game consoles, for example, and mobile devices such as a cellular telephone, smart phone or tablet computer. The computing device  120  may be connected either wirelessly or in a wired or fiber optic form to the communications network  106 . Communications network  106  may be a packet switched network, such as the Internet, or any local area network, wide area network, enterprise private network, cellular network, phone network, mobile communications network, or any combination of the above. 
     The environment  100  shows that computing device  120  is operated by a user or trader  110  (i.e., an investor). As such, server  102 , and device  120  may each comprise a computing device  400 , described below in greater detail with respect to  FIG. 4 . 
     Server  102  includes a software engine that delivers applications, data, program code and other information to networked device  120 . The software engine of server  102  may perform other processes such as transferring multimedia data in a stream of packets that are interpreted and rendered by a software application as the packets arrive.  FIG. 1  further shows that server  102  includes a database or repository  104 , which may be a relational database comprising a Structured Query Language (SQL) database stored in a SQL server. Computing device  120  may also include its own database, either locally or via the cloud. The database  104  may serve financial data, as well as related information, which may be used by server  102  and computing device  120 . 
     Server  102  and computing device  120  may each include program logic comprising computer source code, scripting language code or interpreted language code that perform various functions of the disclosed embodiments. In one embodiment, the program logic is a scripting language such as ECMAScript, CSS, XML (Extensible Markup Language), XSLT (Extensible Style-sheet Language Transformations), Javascript, AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), XUL, JSP, PHP, and ASP (Active Server Pages). In another embodiment, the aforementioned program logic may comprise program module  407  in  FIG. 4 . 
     It should be noted that although server  102 , device  120 , market  145  and provider  150  are shown as single and independent entities, in one embodiment, these elements and their functionality can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system or in a distributed fashion wherein different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Alternatively, the functions of the aforementioned entities may be integrated with one another in different combinations and permutations. It should further be noted that although  FIG. 1  shows only one trader  110 , one computer  120 , one trading entity  102 , one market  145  and one market data provider  150 , the system of the disclosed embodiments supports any number of traders, computers, trading platforms, markets and market data providers connected via network  106 . 
     Environment  100  may be used when a trader&#39;s computing device  120  engages in trading activities that comprise buying or selling financial interests. Various types of data may be stored in the database  104  of server  102  (as well as data storage on device  120 ) with relation to each trader and/or each trading activity. 
     The database  104  may include a user record for each trader  110 . A user record may include: contact/identifying information for the trader (name, address, telephone number(s), email address, etc.), information pertaining to financial interests associated with the user, electronic payment information for the user, information pertaining to purchases made by the user, trading transaction data associated with the user, bank information for the user, etc. A user record may also include a unique identifier for each user, a residential address for each user, and a description of past financial interests purchased by each user. A user record may further include demographic data for each user, such as age, sex, income data, race, color, marital status, etc. 
     Trading transaction data may include one or more financial interest identifiers, one or more financial interest amounts and electronic payment information. In one embodiment, electronic payment information may comprise trader contact/identifying information, bank account information for the trader and any data garnered from a purchase card (i.e., purchase card data), as well as any authentication information that accompanies the bank account or purchase card. Purchase card data may comprise any data garnered from a purchase card and any authentication information that accompanies the purchase card. In one embodiment, electronic payment information may comprise user login data, such as a login name and password, or authentication information, which is used to access an account that is used to make a payment. 
     The disclosed embodiments will now be described with references to  FIGS. 3, 2A and 2B .  FIG. 3  is a flow chart that shows the control flow of the process for providing management of trading activities over the communications network  106 , while  FIG. 2A  is a block diagram that shows the data flow of the process for providing management of trading activities over the network.  FIG. 2B  is an illustration of a graphical user interface for providing management of the trading activities over the network  106 . 
     The process of the disclosed embodiments begins with optional step  302  (see flowchart  300 ), wherein the trader  110  may enroll or register with the trading entity or server  102 . In the course of enrolling or registering, trader  110  may enter enrollment data  202  into his device  120  by manually entering data into an application via keypad, touchpad, or via voice. In the course of enrolling or registering, the trader  110  may enter any data that may be stored in a user record, as defined above. Also in the course of enrolling or registering, the server  102  may generate a user record  208  for each registering user and store the user record in an attached database, such as database  104 . 
     In the next step  304 , the server  102  provides a graphical user interface (GUI)  250 , such as shown in  FIG. 2B , to the device  120  of trader  110  over network  106 . The GUI  250  may include a display for displaying a particular financial interest, such as its name, ticket symbol, or other unique identifier. The GUI  250  may also include a dynamic display  251  for displaying, in real time, a current price of a particular financial interest, wherein the current price is updated frequently, such as at least once per second. The server  102  periodically receives, over the communications network  106 , market data associated with the current price of the financial interest. Then, the server  102  updates, over the communications network  106 , the dynamic display to reflect the current price of the financial interest. The updating may occur in real time. The term real time, in telecommunications and computing, refers to the time delay introduced by automated data processing or network transmission between the occurrence of an event and the use of the processed data, such as for display. In the disclosed embodiments, the only delay introduced between the updating of the price of a financial interest at the market data provider  150  and the display of the updated price at a recipient&#39;s computer  120  is the time necessary for the data to travel between the two computers, which is a negligible time delay. 
     It should be noted that trader-selected financial interests (their prices, identifiers, and related financial data) may be displayed on the GUI  250 . The financial interests may be displayed in various chart styles, such as candlesticks, line on close, open high low close, box, high low, open-close, etc. The chart style determines what form incremental price movement will be displayed on the chart of a financial market. For example, price movement on a chart with a style of “open high low close” will trace out a stick with notches, grooves or flags that represent the high price, low price, open price and close price of the financial market over a pre-defined period. Price movement on a chart with a style of candlestick may display a candle stick with a body and a wick. The candle body would represent the price open and price close and the wick represent the price high and price low of the period. It should be noted that candlesticks have many morphological variations. Also, the aforementioned chart styles may be formatted into various chart types such as range, tick, volume, time [second(s), minute(s), day(s), week(s), month(s), year(s)], Kagi, Renko, point and figure, line break, etc. Each chart type utilizes different specific parameters to define itself. Such parameters may include time, volume, or a predefined change in market price, etc. For example, a tick bar will form every time the market changes a pre-determined number of ticks. A volume bar will form every time the market moves a pre-define volume. The combination of a chart type and a chart style define a formation. In the examples above, each tick bar is a formation and each volume bar is a formation. 
     For example, a chart with a chart type defined in seconds (in this case, 30 seconds) and a chart style defined as candlestick, will create a formation comprising a candlestick graphic once every 30 seconds. A chart with a chart type defined as range and a chart style defined as “open high low close”, will create a formation comprising an “open high low close” bar every time the financial market moves a pre-determined price. In another example, a chart type of Renko combined with a chart style of “open-close” (with a predefined change in market price) will create a formation comprising a brick shaped graphic every time the financial market moves either up or down the pre-defined amount. 
     The GUI  250  may further include a button  252  for buying long, or purchasing a long interest, in the financial interest at a close of the current formation, a button  253  for selling short, or purchasing a short interest, in the financial interest at the close of the current formation, a button for closing one or more positions in the financial interest at the close of the current formation, a field (such as a text field) for entering a trigger price and a number of ticks below a trigger price, a button for purchasing the financial interest at a close of the current formation at a specified number of ticks below a specified trigger price, a field (such as a text field) for entering a trigger price and a number of ticks above a trigger price, and a button for selling short in the financial interest at the close of the current formation at a specified number of ticks above a specified trigger price. 
     Returning to the flowchart  300 , in step  306 , the trader  110  may enter data into the text field for entering a trigger price and a number of ticks below a trigger price, and/or the text field for entering a trigger price and a number of ticks above a trigger price. The trader  110  may enter said text field data  204  using a keypad, touch screen, mouse or other method. Said data  204  entered by trader  110  may be transmitted to the server  102  over network  106 , for example, via HTTP. 
     Next, in step  308 , the trader  110  may issue an order command  206  by pressing the button  252  for buying long in the financial interest at a close of the current formation, the button  253  for selling short in the financial interest at the close of the current formation, the button for closing one or more positions in the financial interest at the close of the current formation, the button for purchasing the financial interest at a close of the current formation at a specified number of ticks below a specified trigger price, or the button for selling short in the financial interest at the close of the current formation at a specified number of ticks above a specified trigger price. 
     If trader  110  pushed the button  252  for buying long in the financial interest, then in step  310  the server  102  prepares an order  212  to purchase, for user  110 , a predefined amount of the financial interest (which is determined prior to the initiation of the trade). 
     If trader  110  pushed the button  253  for selling short in the financial interest, then in step  310  the server  102  prepares an order  212  to sell, for user  110 , a predefined amount of the short interest in the financial interest (which is also determined prior to the initiation of the trade). 
     If trader  110  pushed the button for closing its positions in the financial interest, then in step  310  the server  102  prepares an order  212  to sell, for user  110 , a predefined amount of the long shares in financial interest and/or to buy back, for user  110 , a predefined amount of the short shares of the financial interest. 
     If trader  110  pushed the button for purchasing the financial interest at a specified number of ticks below a specified trigger price, then in step  310  the server  102  prepares an order  212  to purchase, for user  110 , the financial interest at the number of ticks below the trigger price, wherein the number of ticks and the trigger price were previously defined by the trader  110  in the text fields of the GUI  250 . 
     If trader  110  pushed the button for selling short in the financial interest at a specified number of ticks above a specified trigger price, then in step  310  the server  102  prepares an order  212  to purchase, for user  110 , short shares in the financial interest at the number of ticks above the trigger price, wherein the number of ticks and the trigger price were previously defined by the trader  110  in the text fields of the GUI  250 . 
     In step  311 , the server  102  detects the close of the current formation, and once detected, in step  312  the server  102  immediately transmits the prepared order  212  to the market  145  for execution on the market. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a system including an example computing device  400  and other computing devices. Consistent with the embodiments described herein, the aforementioned actions performed by server  102  and device  120  may be implemented in a computing device, such as the computing device  400  of  FIG. 4 . Any suitable combination of hardware, software, or firmware may be used to implement the computing device  400 . The aforementioned system, device, and processors are examples and other systems, devices, and processors may comprise the aforementioned computing device. Furthermore, computing device  400  may comprise an operating environment for system  100  and process  300 , as described above. Process  300  may operate in other environments and are not limited to computing device  400 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 4 , a system consistent with an embodiment of the invention may include a plurality of computing devices, such as computing device  400 . In a basic configuration, computing device  400  may include at least one processing unit  402  and a system memory  404 . Depending on the configuration and type of computing device, system memory  404  may comprise, but is not limited to, volatile (e.g. random access memory (RAM)), non-volatile (e.g. read-only memory (ROM)), flash memory, or any combination or memory. System memory  404  may include operating system  405 , and one or more programming modules  406 . Operating system  405 , for example, may be suitable for controlling computing device  400 &#39;s operation. In one embodiment, programming modules  406  may include, for example, a program module  407  for executing the actions of server  102  and device  120 . Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may be practiced in conjunction with a graphics library, other operating systems, or any other application program and is not limited to any particular application or system. This basic configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 4  by those components within a dashed line  420 . 
     Computing device  400  may have additional features or functionality. For example, computing device  400  may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 4  by a removable storage  409  and a non-removable storage  410 . Computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory  404 , removable storage  409 , and non-removable storage  410  are all computer storage media examples (i.e. memory storage.) Computer storage media may include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, electrically erasable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store information and which can be accessed by computing device  400 . Any such computer storage media may be part of device  400 . Computing device  400  may also have input device(s)  412  such as a keyboard, a mouse, a pen, a sound input device, a camera, a touch input device, etc. Output device(s)  414  such as a display, speakers, a printer, etc. may also be included. Computing device  400  may also include a vibration device capable of initiating a vibration in the device on command, such as a mechanical vibrator or a vibrating alert motor. The aforementioned devices are only examples, and other devices may be added or substituted. 
     Computing device  400  may also contain a network connection device  415  that may allow device  400  to communicate with other computing devices  418 , such as over a network in a distributed computing environment, for example, an intranet or the Internet. Device  415  may be a wired or wireless network interface controller, a network interface card, a network interface device, a network adapter or a LAN adapter. Device  415  allows for a communication connection  416  for communicating with other computing devices  418 . Communication connection  416  is one example of communication media. Communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may describe a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein may include both computer storage media and communication media. 
     As stated above, a number of program modules and data files may be stored in system memory  404 , including operating system  405 . While executing on processing unit  402 , programming modules  406  (e.g. program module  407 ) may perform processes including, for example, one or more of the stages of the process  300  as described above. The aforementioned processes are examples, and processing unit  402  may perform other processes. Other programming modules that may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may include electronic mail and contacts applications, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, database applications, slide presentation applications, drawing or computer-aided application programs, etc. 
     Generally, consistent with embodiments of the invention, program modules may include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that may perform particular tasks or that may implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, embodiments of the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may be practiced in an electrical circuit comprising discrete electronic elements, packaged or integrated electronic chips containing logic gates, a circuit utilizing a microprocessor, or on a single chip (such as a System on Chip) containing electronic elements or microprocessors. Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced using other technologies capable of performing logical operations such as, for example, AND, OR, and NOT, including but not limited to mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies. In addition, embodiments of the invention may be practiced within a general purpose computer or in any other circuits or systems. 
     Embodiments of the present invention, for example, are described above with reference to block diagrams and/or operational illustrations of methods, systems, and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. The functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order as shown in any flowchart. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. 
     While certain embodiments of the invention have been described, other embodiments may exist. Furthermore, although embodiments of the present invention have been described as being associated with data stored in memory and other storage mediums, data can also be stored on or read from other types of computer-readable media, such as secondary storage devices, like hard disks, floppy disks, or a CD-ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM. Further, the disclosed methods&#39; stages may be modified in any manner, including by reordering stages and/or inserting or deleting stages, without departing from the invention. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.