Patent Publication Number: US-11642675-B2

Title: Fluidic device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/046,500, filed Jun. 30, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a device and method for fluid transport. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to ultra-high-throughput microfluidic devices and related methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Developed microfluidic devices and methods involve multiple channels or single channel ports. With both designs, velocity profiles across the channel of fluids passing through the respective devices vary in a predominant direction of flow producing a non-uniform velocity profile. The non-uniform velocity profiles undesirably reduce accuracy of sensors connected to the devices and impede throughput. Additionally, in some developed microfluidic devices, an active sensor area of the device may be separated from the inlet and outlet structures by a distance in channel length direction on the order of several millimeters (about 12 mm in one exemplary device). Further, in some developed microfluidic devices, in part due to the relatively large footprint of the inlet and outlet structures or branched-channel networks, an area of the substrate available for the sensor area is significantly reduced. 
     The present inventors developed improvements in microfluidics devices and methods that overcome at least the above-referenced problems with the devices of the related art. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more of the following features may be included in any feasible combination. 
     A device for fluid transport is provided. The device includes an inlet body including an inlet. The device includes a base supporting the inlet body, the base including or supporting a channel in fluid communication with the inlet. The device includes an outlet body including an outlet, the base supporting the outlet body, the outlet in fluid communication with the channel. The inlet is configured to receive the fluid at an inlet port. The inlet is configured to output the fluid through an opening in fluid communication with the channel. The inlet is configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of at least one dimension of the channel. 
     The at least one dimension may be one of a vertical plane and a horizontal plane. 
     The inlet, the channel, and the outlet may be configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal plane of the channel. 
     The inlet, the channel, and the outlet may be configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid through a substantial portion of a cubic area within the channel. 
     The device may be a microfluidic device. The channel may be a microfluidic channel. 
     The inlet body, the base, and the outlet body may form a unitary body. 
     The inlet may be a single inlet of the device. The channel may be a single channel of the device. The outlet may be a single outlet of the device. 
     A ratio of a cross-sectional area of the inlet port to a cross-sectional area of an entrance of the channel may be about 1 to about 7.5. 
     A ratio of a cross-sectional area of the inlet port to a cross-sectional area of the opening may be about 1 to about 50. 
     A ratio of a cross-sectional area of the opening to a cross-sectional area of an entrance of the channel may be about 6.67 to about 1. 
     A ratio of a depth of the inlet port to a depth at an end of the inlet may be about 1 to about 2. 
     A ratio of a depth of the inlet port to a depth at an end of the inlet to a height at or near the inlet port may be about 1 to about 2 to about 3. 
     A ratio of a height of the channel to a depth of the inlet port to a depth at an end of the inlet to a height at or near the inlet port may be about 1 to about 4 to about 8 to about 12. 
     A ratio of a width to a depth of the opening in a horizontal plane may be about 25 to about 1. 
     A ratio of a width to a height of the channel in a vertical plane may be about 180 to about 1. 
     A cross-sectional shape of at least one side of the inlet and/or the outlet in a horizontal plane may have a bowtie shape or a Venturi shape, the at least one side facing away from the channel. 
     Both sides of the inlet and/or the outlet in the horizontal plane may have a bowtie shape or a Venturi shape. 
     A cross-sectional shape of the inlet and/or the outlet in a vertical plane may be a bow shape or a bracket shape. 
     A cross-sectional shape of the inlet port in a horizontal plane may be a rectangular shape. 
     The base may include a parallel plate structure. 
     The device may be configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid at a volumetric flow rate of between about 1 μL/sec and about 500 μL/sec. 
     Additionally, a microfluidic system for fluid transport is provided. The microfluidic system includes a microfluidic device. The microfluidic device includes an inlet body including an inlet. The microfluidic device includes a base supporting the inlet body. The base includes or supports a channel in fluid communication with the inlet. The microfluidic device includes one or more sensors formed on a surface of the channel, or one or more sensors formed in one or more wells formed in the surface of the channel. The microfluidic device includes an outlet body including an outlet, the base supporting the outlet body, the outlet in fluid communication with the channel. 
     The channel may be configured to facilitate flow of the fluid. The fluid may include a plurality of solid beads, for example, suspended therein. The fluid may include a plurality of suspended cells. The inlet may be configured to receive the fluid at an inlet port. The inlet may be configured to output the fluid through an opening in fluid communication with the channel. The inlet may be configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal dimension of the channel. The device may be configured to compensate for edge effects otherwise present therein. 
     Each of the plurality of beads may have a maximum dimension, for example, a width or a diameter, of about 10 μm to about 160 μm. 
     Each of the plurality of suspended cells may have a maximum dimension, for example, a width or a diameter, of about 10 μm to about 50 μm. 
     About 150,000 sensors may be formed on the surface of the channel, or about 150,000 sensors may be formed in about 150,000 wells, respectively, the wells being formed in the surface of the channel. 
     The base may include a parallel plate structure. 
     The microfluidic device may be configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid at a volumetric flow rate of between about 1 μL/sec and about 500 μL/sec. 
     A method for fluid transport is provided. The method includes providing an inlet body including an inlet. The method includes providing a base supporting the inlet body, the base including or supporting a channel in fluid communication with the inlet. The method includes providing an outlet body including an outlet, the base supporting the outlet body, the outlet in fluid communication with the channel. The method includes receiving the fluid at an inlet port of the inlet. The method includes outputting the fluid through an opening of the inlet in fluid communication with the channel. The method includes providing, with the inlet, substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal dimension of the channel. 
     The method may include providing, with the inlet, the channel, and the outlet, substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal plane of the channel. 
     The base may include a parallel plate structure. 
     The method may include providing, with the inlet, the channel, and the outlet, substantially uniform flow of the fluid at a volumetric flow rate of between about 1 μL/sec and about 500 μL/sec. 
     A device for fluid transport is provided. The device includes an inlet body including an inlet. The device includes a base supporting the inlet body, the base including or supporting a channel in fluid communication with the inlet. The inlet is configured to receive the fluid at an inlet port. The inlet is configured to output the fluid through an opening in fluid communication with the channel. The inlet is configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of at least one dimension of the channel. 
     A microfluidic system for fluid transport is provided. The microfluidic system includes a microfluidic device. The microfluidic device includes an inlet body including an inlet. The microfluidic device includes a base supporting the inlet body. The base includes or supports a channel in fluid communication with the inlet. The base includes one or more sensors formed on a surface of the channel, or one or more sensors formed in one or more wells formed in the surface of the channel. The channel is configured to facilitate flow of the fluid. The fluid includes a plurality of beads. The fluid includes a plurality of suspended cells. The inlet is configured to receive the fluid at an inlet port. The inlet is configured to output the fluid through an opening in fluid communication with the channel. The inlet is configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal dimension of the channel. The device is configured to compensate for edge effects otherwise present therein. 
     These and other capabilities of the disclosed subject matter will be more fully understood after a review of the following figures, detailed description, and claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       These and other features will be more readily understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective wireframe view of a type-alpha (type-α) microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is a detailed perspective wireframe view of an inlet body and inlet or an outlet body and outlet of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  3    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting a fluid flow region in an inlet, an inlet transition, a channel, an outlet transition, and an outlet of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid (e.g., water) flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 0.1 microliters (μL)/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid (e.g., water) flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  6    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  7    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 500 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  9    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1,000 μL/sec (or about 1 milliliter (mL)/sec) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  10    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 5,000 μL/sec (or about 10 mL/sec) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  11    is a perspective wireframe view of a type-beta (type-β) microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  12    is detailed perspective wireframe view of an inlet body and inlet or an outlet body and outlet of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  13    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting a fluid flow region in an inlet, an inlet transition, a channel, an outlet transition, and an outlet of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  14    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  15    is a plan wireframe view highlighting the velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  16 A  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  16 B  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-β microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  17    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-gamma (type-γ) microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  18    is a perspective wireframe view of a type-delta (type-δ) microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  19    is a diagram of a process according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  20    is a perspective view of a multi-channel microfluidic device according to the related art; 
         FIG.  21    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1,000 μL/sec in the XZ plane of a conventional channel of a single-channel microfluidic device according to the prior art; 
         FIG.  22 A  is a cross-section highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XY plane through a first point of the channel of the type-α device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  22 B  is a zoomed-in center portion of the bottom of  FIG.  22 A ; 
         FIG.  23    is a zoomed-in portion of a cross-section highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XY plane through a second point of the channel of the type-α device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  24    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a half-scale (50%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  25    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device with the half-scale (50%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  26    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a three-quarter scale (75%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  27    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  28    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device with the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  29    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 2 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device with a full-scale (100%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  30    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a three-to-two scale (150%) inlet/outlet according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  31    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  32    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  33    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  34    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 0.1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  35    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  36    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 2 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  37    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 5 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  38    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG.  39    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of an alternative type-α microfluidic device having an inlet similar to other embodiments but having a relatively large volume unrestricted outlet structure according to an exemplary embodiment; and 
         FIG.  40    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the alternative type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     It is noted that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the structures, systems, devices, and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and that the scope of the present invention is defined solely by the claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  20    is a perspective view of a multi-channel microfluidic device  700 . The multi-channel microfluidic device  700  includes an inlet body  705 , a base  750 , an outlet body  795 , a plurality of inlets, i.e.,  800   a ,  800   b ,  800  . . . , and  800   n , a plurality of outlets, i.e.,  800   a ′,  800   b ′,  800 ′ . . . , and  800   n ′, and a plurality of channels  890  in the base  750 , each channel corresponding with the plurality of inlets  800  and outlets  800 ′, respectively. Implementation of the plurality of inlets  800  and outlets  800 ′ (or branched channels) may result in challenges in applications where the channels are not defined by a monolith (e.g., silicone elastomer casts bonded to glass), which is common in research laboratories. In addition, the plurality of inlets  800  and the plurality of outlets  800 ′ may require a significant part of a total area of the device available for an assay. Surface space may be lost in the divisions between channels, and the flow velocity may vary from the center to edge of each channel. 
       FIG.  21    is a contour plot top-view highlighting velocities of a fluid (e.g., water) flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1,000 μL/sec (about 1 mL/sec) in the XZ plane of a channel  1090  of a wide single-channel microfluidic device  900 . The single-channel microfluidic device  900  includes an inlet body  905 , a base  950 , an outlet body  995 , a single inlet  1000  within the inlet body  905 , a single outlet  1000 ′ within the outlet body  995 , and a channel  1090  within or atop the base  950 . The single inlet  1000  connects to the channel  1090 , which connects to the single outlet  1000 ′. The single inlet  1000 , the channel  1090 , and the single outlet  1000 ′ permit fluid to flow through the single-channel microfluidic device  900 . As used throughout the present specification, unless noted otherwise, as shown, for example, in  FIG.  21   , at an approximate center  1095  of the channel  1090 , an X-direction corresponds with a width of the device (up and down on the page), a Y-direction corresponds with a height of the device (into and out of the page), and a Z-direction corresponds with the predominant direction of flow (left to right of the page). The approximate center  1095  occurs within the XZ plane of the channel  1090 . 
     In general, fluid enters the single-channel microfluidic device  900  via the single inlet  1000 , drops downward in a predominantly negative Y-direction into the channel  1090 , flows generally across the channel  1090  in the Z-direction, flows into the single outlet  1000 ′, and rises upward in the predominantly Y-direction out of the single-channel microfluidic device  900 . However, due to the single inlet  1000  and the single outlet  1000 ′, substantial portions of the fluid propagate in the positive and negative X-directions particularly near the single inlet  1000  and the single outlet  1000 ′. The use of the single inlet  1000  and the single outlet  1000 ′ produces non-uniform velocity profiles of fluids flowing through the channel  1090 . 
     In this example, setting the volumetric flow-rate at about 1 mL/sec (roughly the volume occupied by the assay channel, i.e., about 0.675 mL per second), the velocity in the Z-direction of the fluid below or near the single inlet  1000  and the single outlet  1000 ′ is relatively high, i.e., on the order of about 0.4444 mm/sec (shown as “4.444444e-01”) to about 0.5000 mm/sec (shown as “5.000000e-01”); whereas, the velocity in the Z-direction of the fluid along edges of the channel  1090  is relatively low, i.e., on the order of about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.05556 mm/sec. The velocity in the Z-direction of fluid between the single inlet  1000  and the single outlet  1000 ′ within the channel  1090  varies, as shown, from on the order of about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.5000 mm/sec with various increments therebetween, i.e., about 0.05556 mm/sec, about 0.1111 mm/sec, about 0.1667 mm/sec, about 0.2222 mm/sec, about 0.2778 mm/sec, about 0.3333 mm/sec, about 0.3889 mm/sec, and about 0.4444 mm/sec. The velocity in the Z-direction of the fluid near a center  1095  of the channel  1090  is on the order of about 0.05556 mm/sec to about 0.1111 mm/sec. While one may use a device with this design to conduct analysis of the fluid, the effective usable area of the channel  1090  is significantly diminished, particularly if the analysis is sensitive to flow velocity, shear, or medium exchange. In addition, if sensors are provided in the periphery of the channel  1090  and near the single inlet  1000  or the single outlet  1000 ′, the non-uniform velocities in the Z-direction reduce accuracy of sensors in the single-channel microfluidic device  900 . Further, even if sensors are provided only in the region of the channel  1090  having the velocity in the Z-direction on the order of about 0.05556 mm/sec to about 0.1111 mm/sec, the velocities in the Z-direction may still be relatively non-uniform within the region and accuracy of sensors in the single-channel microfluidic device  900  is reduced. The relatively higher velocities (and shear stress) in the inlet may destroy living cells if used in the assay. 
     A microfluidic device including an inlet and an outlet is provided. The microfluidic device may be configured to minimize unused potential active sensor area, maximize uniform flow area in the active sensor area, offset frictional effects at a periphery of a channel in the active sensor area, and/or modify flow through the inlet and outlet structures to promote uniform flow in the channel of the active sensor area. 
     Each of the inlet and outlet may form an opening for predominantly vertical fluid flow in the Y-direction. Each of the inlet and outlet may be connected to respective ends of a channel for predominantly horizontal fluid flow in the Z-direction. The channel may be configured with sensors and/or wells for analysis. Devices according to the present disclosure may be applied to channels having one or more sensors at the bottom of one or more wells and/or having one or more sensors on relatively flat surfaces at the bottom and/or the top of the channel. Each of the inlet and outlet conduits may change in a length in the Y-direction (the vertical direction in the YZ plane) and a depth in the Z-direction (the horizontal direction in the XZ plane). The inlet conduit geometry may be configured to provide the fluid with a varying resistance (viscous drag) along the XY plane before entering the channel. The outlet conduit geometry may be configured in the same way with a varying resistance to receive the fluid exiting the channel along the width in the X-direction at a bottom of the outlet. Each of the inlet and outlet geometry may be configured to minimize a change in a planar (Z-direction) velocity profile upon entering the channel of the device. The inlet geometry may be configured to smoothen the planar velocity profile of the fluid. The inlet geometry may be configured to produce substantially even shear stress on planar walls and surfaces of the channel under laminar flow conditions. Various exemplary embodiments of the microfluidic device may circumvent a need for branched bifurcating channels, which, with developed microfluidic devices, were provided to even out fluid flow across a width of channels. 
     Additionally, the relatively short length (in the Y-direction) of the inlet relative to the channel may be configured to minimize sedimentation of particles (e.g., beads and cells) in the inlet under sufficiently rapid laminar flow velocity. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, beads may have a maximum dimension of about 25 μm to about 50 μm and suspended cells may have a maximum dimension of about 10 μm to about 30 μm. 
     Further, the inlet and outlet geometry of the present microfluidic devices may be configured to promote efficient manufacturability. The inlet and outlet geometry may be configured to produce a positive draft angle in the cavity that provides the varying resistance along the XY-plane. The inlet and outlet conduit geometry may be configured to promote large-scale manufacturing through injection molding. The inlet and outlet may be injection molded. The inlet and outlet may be formed as a top piece or pieces separate from the channel. Alternatively, the inlet and outlet may be formed together with a base or substrate enclosing the channel. The inlet, outlet and channel therebetween may be formed by injection molding in a unitary body. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a single-channel microfluidic device may be configured with a relatively large sensor region in the channel, with a single inlet and a single outlet (as opposed to multiple inlets and outlets), with each of the single inlet and the single outlet having a relatively minimal footprint with respect to the sensor region, and relatively even flow along the width (X-direction) of the channel. As noted above, some previously developed designs use branched bifurcating channel networks to even out planar velocity profiles, which take up a relatively large part of a total planar surface and which are inherently difficult to manufacture. In addition, the height of developed inlets and outlets is mostly fixed to the height of the channel and relatively short, resulting in undesirable sedimentation of heavy particles (e.g., beads and cells) in the inlets and outlets of developed devices, particularly in regions with relatively slower flow rates. Whereas, the length (in the Y-direction) of the inlet and outlet according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be roughly an order of magnitude longer than a height of the channel and the length (in the Y-direction) of the inlet and outlet corresponds with a direction of movement of sedimentation in the fluid. Further, the conduit geometry of the inlet and outlet of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure is configured to produce sufficient flow throughout the inlet and outlet allowing for particles to stay in suspension and reach the channel where surface shear is sufficiently high to promote the flow of particles through the device. 
     As noted above, in some developed microfluidic devices, the distance in the Z-direction between the inlet and outlet structures and the sensor area was on the order of about 12 mm and only about 50,000 wells were provided in the sensor area. Whereas, with the relatively small footprint of the inlets and outlets of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, substantially more wells may be provided in a comparably sized sensor area, e.g., on the order of about 150,000 wells and/or about 150,000 sensors. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the channel may be a parallel plate microfluidic channel. The following flow equations may be used to quantify attributes of flow through the channel. A volumetric flow of the parallel plate microfluidic channel may be expressed as Equation (1), as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Q 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         P 
                         · 
                         w 
                         · 
                         
                           h 
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       12 
                       · 
                       L 
                       · 
                       μ 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In the present equations, h=height (Y-direction), w=width (X-direction), L=length (Z-direction), μ=viscosity, ΔP=pressure difference, R=resistance, and Q=volumetric flow. Please note, in the parallel plate structure, the width (in the X-direction) is significantly greater than the length (in the Y-direction), i.e., w&gt;&gt;h. 
     A flow principle of the parallel plate microfluidic channel may be expressed as Equation (2), as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Q 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       P 
                     
                     R 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Flow resistance (or viscous drag) relations of the parallel plate microfluidic channel may be expressed as Equation (3), as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   R 
                   ∝ 
                   
                     
                       L 
                       · 
                       μ 
                     
                     
                       w 
                       · 
                       
                         h 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     That is, resistance is strongly dependent on the length (in the Y-direction). Specifically, resistance is inversely proportional to the cubic power of the length (in the Y-direction). 
     Any structure satisfying the functions and objectives disclosed herein is within the scope of the present disclosure. Below, exemplary embodiments satisfying the functions and objectives disclosed herein are provided in detail; however, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Although the exemplary embodiments herein are directed to microfluidic applications, the disclosed configurations may be scaled up or down to any suitable scale. Additionally, the exemplary embodiments herein may provide uniform flow of a fluid through and/or over a bed or a horizontal structure of any device. For example, the exemplary embodiments herein may provide uniform flow of a fluid through and/or over a region for causing a catalytic reaction. In some exemplary embodiments, the device may be configured to promote uniform fluid flow through and/or over a catalyst bed. 
     Type-α Microfluidic Devices 
       FIG.  1    is a perspective wireframe view of a type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. Please note a convention used herein: reference numbers beginning with odd numbers (e.g., 100, 150, etc.) denote structures, and reference numbers beginning with even numbers (e.g., 200, 290, etc.) denote openings or apertures in the structures (the convention does not apply to process  1100 ). The type-α microfluidic device  100  may include an inlet body  105 , a base  150 , and an outlet body  195 . An inlet  200  may be formed in the inlet body  105 . The inlet body  105  may be substantially similar to the outlet body  195 . Alternatively, the inlet body  105  may have variations compared to the outlet body  195 . The inlet body  105 , the base  150 , and the outlet body  195  may be a unitary body or separate components. In some exemplary embodiments, the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  are interchangeable. In some exemplary embodiments, the inlet  200  and an outlet  200 ′ are substantially identical and interchangeable, only inverted in orientation. The term “inlet” is not intended to be limiting and may, in some exemplary embodiments, be indicative of a direction of fluid flow; reversing the direction of fluid flow may result in reversing the terms “inlet” and “outlet.” 
     The outlet  200 ′ may be formed in the outlet body  195 . The inlet  200  may be substantially similar to the outlet  200 ′. Alternatively, the inlet  200  may have variations compared to the outlet  200 ′. A channel  290  may be provided in fluid connection between the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′. An inlet transition  285  may be provided between a bottom opening of the inlet  200  and an inlet side of the channel  290 . An outlet transition  295  may be provided between an outlet side of the channel  290  and a bottom opening of the outlet  200 ′. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, for a microfluidic application, the channel may have a parallel plate structure, and a height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction may be uniform and may be on the order of about 0.05 mm to about 0.50 mm. The channel  290  may have a rectangular prism shape. Specifically, the height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction may be on the order of about 0.25 mm. In some exemplary embodiments, the height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction is reduced to minimize volume consumption of transport fluid through the device  100 . In some exemplary embodiments, the height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction is optimized to account for shear stress over surfaces of the channel  290 . The shear stress over surfaces of the channel  290  is a direct linear function of the height of the channel  290  at a constant pressure difference. For example, for beads having the maximum dimension of about 25-50 μm and for suspended cells having the maximum dimension of about 10-20 μm, the height of the channel  290  of about 0.25 mm is observed as yielding sufficient and desirable shear stress when a fluid, such as oil, is introduced to the fluid (e.g., water) to isolate well arrays. In some exemplary embodiments, a width of the channel  290  in the X-direction may be on the order of about 45.0 mm. In other exemplary embodiments, a width of the channel  290  in the X-direction may be on the order of about 200 mm. In some exemplary embodiments, a ratio of the height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction to the width of the channel  290  in the X-direction may be about 1 to about 180. The height of the channel may be measured along the vertical plane, such as a plane  298  illustrated in  FIG.  1   . In some exemplary embodiments, a length of the channel  290  in the Z-direction may be on the order of about 70 mm. 
     The inlet body  105 , the base  150 , the outlet body  195 , the inlet  200 , the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , the outlet transition  295 , and the outlet  200 ′ may be formed by injection molding or any other suitable method. 
       FIG.  2    is detailed perspective wireframe view of the inlet body  105  and the inlet  200  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. Additionally, or alternatively, the outlet body  195  and the outlet  200 ′ may be implemented substantially similar to or same as the inlet body  105  and the inlet  200 , respectively. The inlet  200  may be configured to convert flow of fluid through the inlet  200  from an entry (e.g., a port  205 , examples described below) of the inlet  200  to an exit (e.g., an opening  240 , examples described below) of the inlet  200 . Specifically, the inlet  200  may be configured to convert flow of fluid at the entry of the inlet  200  (e.g., at the port  205 ) into substantially uniform flow at the exit of the inlet  200  (e.g., at the opening  240 ). As used herein, the term “substantially uniform” flow may be used to refer to fluid flow within a range defined as, for example, about 10% of a maximum observed value in a given region of a device in a given trial. Non-limiting examples of substantially uniform flow are provided hereinbelow. For example, the substantially uniform flow of the fluid may be provided across or along at least one direction of the channel  290 , such as, a horizontal, or z-direction  292 , and/or a width, or x-direction,  294 , as illustrated in  FIG.  1   . The substantially uniform flow may be provided along the XZ-plane, or horizontal plane, such as a plane  296  illustrated in  FIG.  1   . As the channel  290  may be formed with two opposing faces oriented along, or parallel to, the XZ-plane, two opposing faces oriented along, or parallel to, the XY-plane, and two opposing faces oriented along, or parallel to, the YZ-plane, the channel  290  may form a cubic area. For clarity, simulations are represented with 10-step graduations in velocity, thereby limiting the resolution of uniformity to within 10%. 
     Conversely, the outlet  200 ′ may be configured to convert flow of fluid through the outlet  200 ′ from an entry (e.g., the opening  240 ) of the outlet  200 ′ to an exit (e.g., the port  205 ) of the outlet  200 ′. Specifically, the outlet  200 ′ may be configured to convert substantially uniform flow of fluid at the entry of the outlet  200 ′ (e.g., at the opening  240 ) into flow suitable for fluid to exit the outlet  200 ′ (e.g., at the port  205 ). 
     As such, the inlet  200  is configured to provide substantially uniform flow of the fluid as the fluid enters the channel  290 . Substantially uniform flow into the channel  290  improves accuracy of sensors connected to the device  100  and/or throughput of the fluid through the device  100 . 
     As demonstrated, for example, on the left side of  FIGS.  4 A,  4 B, and  5 - 9    below (particularly  FIGS.  5 - 9   ), as represented by the dashed line arrows in  FIG.  2   , a velocity of the fluid is depicted by the dashed line arrows, and the velocity of the fluid at the end of each vector in the inlet  200  is substantially the same at substantially all points along the inlet  200  in the X-direction. The gradual increase in depth in the Z-direction of each of the inlet and outlet conduits from the top inlet-port towards the edge along the X-direction, strongly decreases the cross-sectional resistance as each of the inlet and outlet opens out to the edges of each of the inlet and outlet, such that the inversely proportional resistance contributed by the depth balances the linear resistance contributed by any path length from the inlet-port to the bottom of the inlet (refer to Equation 3). For example, when the structure is the inlet  200 , a cumulative resistance of flow paths (e.g., those marked with dashed line arrows in  FIG.  2   ) from the port  205  are at or near equal to the cumulative resistance of flow paths at the opening  240  on the bottom of the inlet  200 . The velocities of these flow paths at the bottom of the inlet are then also equally uniform. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG.  2   , one side of the inlet  200  may be substantially flat (approximately coplanar with the XY plane), corresponding with the XY plane on a side of the inlet  200  facing the channel  290  and facing the outlet  200 ′. Conversely, the outlet  200 ′ may be substantially flat (approximately coplanar with the XY plane), corresponding with the XY plane on a side of the outlet  200 ′ facing the channel  290  and facing the inlet  200 . 
     Conversely, the outlet  200 ′ is configured to receive substantially uniform flow of the fluid as the fluid exits the channel  290 . Substantially uniform flow from the channel  290  ensures the accuracy of the sensors connected to the device  100  and/or throughput of the fluid through the device  100 . As demonstrated, for example, on the right side of  FIGS.  4 - 9    below, the velocity in the Z-direction of the fluid exiting the channel  290  is substantially the same at substantially all points along the outlet  200 ′ in the X-direction. 
     The inlet  200  and/or the outlet  200 ′ may include the port  205 . The port  205  may have a depth  210  in the Z-direction. In some exemplary embodiments, the depth  210  in the Z-direction of the port  205  may be in a range between about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, and, in some embodiments, in a range between about 0.9 and about 1.0 mm. The port  205  may have substantially linear edges (as shown in  FIG.  1   ) or non-linear edges (not shown). The port  205  may be configured with an open top (in the XZ plane), an open bottom (in the XZ plane), and four closed sides (two each in the XY and YZ planes). 
     The port  205  may have a rectangular (including a square) cross section in one or more of each of the XY, YZ and XZ planes, as shown in  FIG.  2   . Other cross-sectional shapes in the XZ plane, such as circular or oval, are within the scope of the present disclosure (see, e.g.,  FIG.  18   ). 
     The inlet  200  and/or the outlet  200 ′ may include a tapered region  220 . The tapered region  220  may be tapered in the Z-direction. That is, when viewed from above (from the XZ plane), the tapered region  220  may have a relatively short depth in the Z-direction near the port  205 , and a relatively large depth in the Z-direction near an inflection point  225 . As shown in  FIG.  2   , when viewed from above (from the XZ plane), the tapered region  220  may be provided only on one side of the inlet  200 , i.e., a side  222  facing away from the channel  290 . Conversely, when viewed from above (from the XZ plane), the tapered region  220  may be provided only on one side of the outlet  200 ′, i.e., the side facing away from the channel  290 . In other words, the side of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ facing the channel  290  may not have the taper and may be relatively flat (approximately coplanar with the XY plane). (Cf., the exemplary embodiments of  FIGS.  11 - 15 ,  16 A, and  16 B , where both sides of the inlet  400  and the outlet  400 ′ are tapered.) 
     The tapered region  220  may have a height  215  in the Y-direction. In some exemplary embodiments, the height  215  in the Y-direction may be about 3.0 mm. In some exemplary embodiments, the height  215  in the Y-direction may be equal to about an eighth of the distance from the center of the inlet  200  and/or the outlet  200 ′ to the edge (at  235 ), such that the taper of the depth  235  in the Z-direction may gradually double. The inlet may be an essentially vertical channel (or conduit). 
     The inflection point  225  may be provided between the tapered region  220  and a curved and tapered region  230 . The curved and tapered region  230  may be curved in the Y-direction and tapered in the Z-direction. That is, when viewed from the side (from the XY plane), the curved and tapered region  230  may start to curve in the Y-direction at the inflection point  225 , and the curve in the Y-direction may terminate at an end of the curved and tapered region  230 . Also, when viewed from above (from the XZ plane), the curved and tapered region  230  may have a relatively short depth in the Z-direction at the inflection point  225 , and a relatively large depth  235  in the Z-direction at the end of the curved and tapered region  230 . In some exemplary embodiments, the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be in a range between about 1.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, and, in some embodiments, in a range between about 1.8 and about 2.0 mm. 
     The total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 1,168 μL, the volume of the channel  290  may be about 742.5 μL, the volume of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ may be about 212.75 μL, and the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may be about 425.5 μL. As such, a percentage of the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ to the total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 36.43%. 
     The curved and tapered region  230  may be a dead-volume area with relatively slow flow velocity (or a vortex forming region), which may be minimized for complete medium exchanges. In some exemplary embodiments, relatively sharp 90° intersections of adjacent surfaces may be avoided with chamfering and/or curved intersections (not shown). 
     In some exemplary embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  2   , the depth in the Z-direction may linearly vary, for example, from about 0.75 mm near the port  205  to about 1.5 mm at the end; from about 0.9 mm near the port  205  to about 1.8 mm at the end; from about 1.0 mm near the port  205  to about 2.0 mm at the end; or from about 1.5 mm near the port  205  to about 3.0 mm at the end. In the exemplary embodiment set forth in  FIG.  2   , for example, the depth varies by a ratio of 1:2 so that an inversely proportional resistance contributed by the depth changes by 8 (i.e., 2 3 ) thereby balancing a linear resistance contributed by the change in length (˜8) from the center of the inlet port to the bottom of the inlet edge, e.g., about 3.0 mm to about 24.0 mm (see, e.g., Equation 3). The inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may have one or more substantially linear edges, as shown, for example, in  FIG.  2   . In some exemplary embodiments, the depth in the Z-direction may increase from the port  205  to the end (at depth  235 ). The inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may have one or more curved edges (not shown). Alternatively, in some exemplary embodiments, the depth in the Z-direction may be substantially constant from the port to the end (e.g., not tapered) with a substantially linear edge (see,  FIG.  17   ). 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the tapering from about 1.0 mm of the depth  210  to about 2.0 mm (or about 0.75 mm to about 1.5 mm, or about 0.9 mm to about 1.8 mm, or about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm) of the depth  235  may be linear. The linear taper is sufficient to balance the flow resistance between the center of the port  205  and any point along opening  240 . Lengths of the fluid flow path (dashed lines in  FIG.  2   ) vary approximately from about 3.0 mm at the port  205  to about 24.0 mm between the port  205  and the end (at depth  235 ) (e.g., an 8-fold longer length from the center to the end), respectively the resistance contributed by the length increases by 8-fold. To balance the resistance, the taper in depth doubles from the center of the port  205  to the depth  235  effectively reduces the resistance contributed by the depth by 8-fold (2 3 ). In other exemplary embodiments, since with the linear taper, there is slightly lower resistance in the center (the maximum Z-direction velocity is reached relatively quickly) compared to the ends, the tapering may be non-linear or curved. The linear taper may produce sufficiently uniform velocity at the entrance of the assay channel  290 . In some exemplary embodiments, the opening  240  has a depth in the Z-direction in a range between about 1.5 mm and about 3.0, about 2.0 mm, greater than about 2.0 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm. 
     The opening  240  may be formed in a bottom surface of the inlet body  105  or a bottom surface of the outlet body  195 . That is, the opening  240  may be formed to provide fluid communication between an interior of inlet  200  and the inlet transition  285  or, on the other side of the device, the opening may be formed to provide fluid communication between the outlet transition  295  and an interior of the outlet  200 ′. The inlet transition  285  and/or the outlet transition may have a substantially rectilinear shape or any other suitable shape. The inlet transition  285  and/or the outlet transition  295  may have substantially linear edges (as shown in  FIG.  1   ) or non-linear edges (not shown). 
     The inlet transition  285  may function to change the predominant direction of flow of the fluid from a substantially vertical direction in the Y-direction and a substantially horizontal direction in the X-direction after exiting the inlet  200  to a substantially horizontal direction in the Z-direction before entering the channel  290 . Conversely, the outlet transition  295  may function to change the predominant direction of flow of the fluid from a substantially horizontal direction in the Z-direction in the channel  290  to a substantially vertical direction in the Y-direction and a substantially horizontal direction in the X-direction before entering the outlet  200 ′. 
       FIG.  3    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting a fluid flow region in the inlet  200 , an inlet transition  285 , a channel  290 , and an outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. The solid shape within  FIG.  3    represents the fluid flow region beginning, at the left side of  FIG.  3   , by entering at the port  205  of the inlet  200 , and flowing down (in the Y-direction) through the port  205 , down (in the Y-direction) and outwardly or laterally (in both of the X-directions) within the inlet  200 , out of the opening  240  at the bottom of the inlet  200 , into the inlet transition  285 , changing direction to flow to the right (in the Z-direction) before exiting the inlet transition  285 , entering the channel  290 , flowing left-to-right (in the Z-direction) through the channel  290 , exiting into the outlet transition  295 , changing direction so as to flow up into the opening  240  at the bottom of the outlet  200 ′, flowing up (in the Y-direction) and inwardly (in both of the X-directions) towards the port  205 , up (in the Y-direction) through the port  205 , and exiting out of the top of the port  205 . While the predominant direction of fluid flow as described herein is from the left-to-right, it is understood that the inlet and outlet could be reversed so that fluid flows from the right-to-left. 
     Table 1 summarizes velocity studies of various exemplary embodiments of microfluidic devices of the present disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Qualitative  
                 Range of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Grade of 
                 Predominant 
               
               
                   
                 Volu- 
                   
                 Viscosity 
                 Substantially  
                 Substantially  
               
               
                   
                 metric 
                   
                 of the 
                 Uniform Flow  
                 Uniform Velocity  
               
               
                   
                 Flow 
                   
                 Fluid 
                 at Midpoint 
                 at Midpoint 
               
               
                 FIG. 
                 Rate 
                 Device 
                 (relative to 
                 of the  
                 of the Channel 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (μL/sec) 
                 Type 
                 Water) 
                 Channel 
                 (mm/sec) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4A 
                 0.1 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 ++++ 
                 0.008793-0.009893 
               
               
                 4B 
                 1 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 0.08788-0.09886 
               
               
                 5 
                 10 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 0.9025-1.000  
               
               
                 6, 7 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 9.000-10.00 
               
               
                 8 
                 500 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 47.00-52.00 
               
               
                 9 
                 1,000 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++ 
                 98.00-110.0 
               
               
                 10 
                 5,000 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 ++ 
                 652.0-733.0 
               
               
                 14, 
                 100 
                 type-β 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 9.000-10.00 
               
               
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16A 
                 1 
                 type-β 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 0.08563-0.09634 
               
               
                 16B 
                 10 
                 type-β 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 0.8763-0.9858 
               
               
                 17 
                 10 
                 type-γ 
                    1× 
                 +++ 
                 0.07975-0.09115 
               
               
                 21 
                 1,000 
                 PRIOR 
                    1× 
                 + 
                 0.05556-0.1111  
               
               
                   
                   
                 ART 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++ 
                 9.000-10.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (50%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 1,000 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++ 
                 86.00-100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (50%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 ++++ 
                 9.000-10.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (75%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 11.00-13.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (90%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 1,000 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 ++++ 
                 114.0-130.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (90%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 2,000 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++ 
                 235.0-282.0 
               
               
                 30 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 ++++ 
                 8.000-10.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (150%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 1 
                 type-α 
                   100× 
                 ++++ 
                 0.1089-0.1226 
               
               
                 32 
                 10 
                 type-α 
                   100× 
                 ++++ 
                 0.9812-1.000  
               
               
                 33 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                   100× 
                 ++++ 
                 11.00-12.00 
               
               
                 34 
                 0.1 
                 type-α 
                 1,000× 
                 ++++ 
                 0.01088-0.01224 
               
               
                 35 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                 1,000× 
                 ++++ 
                 11.00-12.00 
               
               
                 36 
                 2,000 
                 type-α 
                 1,000× 
                 +++++ 
                 221.0-248.0 
               
               
                 37 
                 5,000 
                 type-α 
                 1,000× 
                 ++++ 
                 583.0-656.0 
               
               
                 38 
                 10,000 
                 type-α 
                 1,000× 
                 ++ 
                 1,203-1,444 
               
               
                 39, 
                 100 
                 type-α 
                    1× 
                 +++++ 
                 11.00-13.00 
               
               
                 40 
                   
                 (open 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 outlet) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  4 A  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid (e.g., water) flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 0.1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. In some exemplary embodiments, the velocity of the fluid may be measured at a point about halfway between an upper internal surface and a lower internal surface of the channel  290 . In the exemplary embodiments of  FIGS.  4 A,  4 B,  5 - 10 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 A,  16 B,  17  and  24 - 30   , inclusive, the height of the channel  290  in the Y-direction is about 0.25 mm, and the velocity of the fluid was measured at about 0.125 mm below the upper internal surface or about 0.125 mm above the lower internal surface of the channel  290 . At relatively low flow rates, such as that shown in  FIG.  4 A , the viscous effects of water may become more pronounced and minor edge effects are observed. The upper limit of the present exemplary design may be bound by a laminar flow constraint. With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  4 A , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.009893 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 0.009893 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 0.008793 mm/sec to about 0.009893 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  4 A , in four corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.007694 mm/sec to about 0.008793 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. As another depiction of the sensor region  293 , sensors  286 ,  287 ,  288 , and  289  positioned within the channel  290 , as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , may obtain measurements within narrow ranges of one another. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a first ratio of a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the port  205  to a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Y-dimension) of an entrance of the channel  290  is about 2.0 (e.g., 1.0 mm×2.0 mm) to about 15.0 (e.g., 0.25 mm×60.0 mm) or about 1.0 to about 7.5. In some exemplary embodiments, a second ratio of the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the port  205  to a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the opening  240  is about 2.0 (e.g., 1.0 mm×2.0 mm) to about 100.0 (2.0 mm×50.0 mm) or about 1.0 to about 50.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a third ratio of the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the opening  240  to the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Y-dimension) of the entrance of the channel  290  is about 100.0 (2.0 mm×50.0 mm) to about 15.0 (e.g., 0.25 mm×60.0 mm) or about 6.67 to about 1.00. In some exemplary embodiments, a fourth ratio of the depth  210  of the port  205  to the depth  235  at the end of the inlet  200  or outlet  200 ′ is about 1.0 to about 2.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a fifth ratio of the depth  210  of the port  205  to the depth  235  at the end of the inlet  200  or outlet  200 ′ to the height  215  at or near the port  205  is about 1.0 to about 2.0 to about 3.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a sixth ratio of the height of the channel  290  to the depth  210  of the port  205  to the depth  235  at the end of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ to the height  215  at or near the port  205  is about 0.25 to about 1.0 to about 2.0 to about 3.0, or about 1.0 to about 4.0 to about 8.0 to about 12.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a cross-sectional shape of one or both sides of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ in the XZ plane is a bowtie shape, i.e., resembling a piece of apparel worn about the neck known as a bowtie, or a Venturi shape. In some exemplary embodiments, a cross-sectional shape of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ in the XY plane is a bow shape, i.e., resembling a bow for a bow and arrow, or a bracket shape, i.e., resembling an open bracket (“{”) or resembling a closed bracket (“}”). In other words, when the inlet  200  is cut at or near its center using the vertical plane  298 , which may be plane parallel to the XY-plane, the resulting cross-section may resemble a bracket. 
       FIG.  4 B  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid (e.g., water) flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  4 B  is about 10 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  4 B , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.09886 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 0.09886 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is about 0.08788 mm/sec to about 0.09886 mm/sec. Unlike the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  4 A , in  FIG.  4 B , the velocity of all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is substantially uniform, i.e., between about 0.08788 mm/sec and about 0.09886 mm/sec, including regions along the side edges of the channel  290 . In other words, for the type-α microfluidic device  100 , a change of the volumetric flow rate from about 0.1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 A ) to about 1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 B ) is significant, because the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is mostly uniform at 0.1 μL/sec (see, the variation along the side edges in regions  291  in  FIG.  4 A ); whereas, the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform at 1 μL/sec (cf.,  FIG.  4 A  with  FIG.  4 B ). The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
       FIG.  5    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  5    is about 10 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIG.  4 B . 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  5   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 1.000 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 1.000 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is about 0.9025 mm/sec to about 1.000 mm/sec. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
       FIG.  6    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  6    is about 10 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIG.  5   . Similar to the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  5   , in  FIG.  6   , the velocity of all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is substantially uniform, i.e., between about 9.000 mm/sec and about 10.00 mm/sec, including regions along the side edges of the channel  290 . 
       FIG.  7    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. The only difference between  FIG.  6    and  FIG.  7    is the viewpoint. 
       FIG.  8    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 500 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  8    is about 5 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIGS.  6  and  7   . Similar to the exemplary embodiments of  FIGS.  4 B and  5 - 7   , inclusive, in  FIG.  8   , the velocity of all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is substantially uniform, i.e., between about 47.00 mm/sec and about 52.00 mm/sec, including regions along the side edges of the channel  290 . 
       FIG.  9    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1,000 μL/sec (or about 1 mL/sec) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  9    is about 2 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIG.  8   . In  FIG.  9   , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is significantly less than substantially uniform (even less uniform that the trial illustrated in  FIG.  4 A ). On the left side of  FIG.  9   , below the inlet body  105 , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  varies relatively widely. That is, the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the device  100  is between about 0.0000 mm/sec and about 110.0 mm/sec beneath the inlet body  105 ; between about 86.00 mm/sec and about 110.0 mm/sec in the channel  290 ; and between about 110.0 mm/sec and about 24.00 mm/sec beneath the outlet body  195 . The highest velocities are observed in an irregular, roughly elliptical area (as viewed in  FIG.  9   ) extending from a point to the right of the port  205  of the inlet  200  to a point to the left of the port  205  of the outlet  200 ′; and the lowest velocities are observed at the left side of  FIG.  9    in two zones on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 . Within the channel  290 , the highest velocities are observed in the center of the channel  290  as seen in  FIG.  9   . With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  9   , in four corners of the channel  290 , along side edges of the regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 86.00 mm/sec to about 98.00 mm/sec, lower than that exhibited in the irregular, roughly elliptical area. 
       FIG.  10    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 5,000 μL/sec (or about 5 mL/sec) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate of the trial illustrated in  FIG.  10    is about 5 times greater than that used in the trial illustrated in  FIG.  9   . Unlike the exemplary embodiments of  FIGS.  4 B and  5 - 8   , inclusive, in  FIG.  10   , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is significantly less than substantially uniform (even less uniform that the trial illustrated in  FIG.  4 A ). On the left side of  FIG.  10   , below the inlet body  105 , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  varies relatively widely. That is, the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the device  100  is between about 0.0000 mm/sec and about 733.0 mm/sec beneath the inlet body  105 ; between about 326.0 mm/sec and about 652.0 mm/sec in the channel  290 ; and between about 163.0 mm/sec and about 652.0 mm/sec beneath the outlet body  195 . The highest velocities are observed near the port  205  of the inlet  200 ; and the lowest velocities are observed at the left side of  FIG.  10    in two zones on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 . Within the channel  290 , the highest velocities are observed on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 , and a localized relatively slow spot occurs within the channel  290  immediately to the right (in the Z-direction) of the port  205  of the inlet  200  as seen in  FIG.  10   . 
       FIG.  22 A  is a cross-section in the XY plane through the channel  290  about 3.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  relative to the port  205  of the inlet  200  of the device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment. It is to be noted that the structure of the port  205  and the inlet  200  are shown for reference and do not form a part of the XY plane in the cross-section. The velocity of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane and flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  is illustrated at the bottom of  FIG.  22 A .  FIG.  22 B  includes a zoomed-in center portion the bottom of  FIG.  22 A .  FIG.  22 B  exhibits a parabolic velocity profile where a maximum velocity is in a middle portion of the plane where all measurements of planar velocity in the Z-direction are measured, i.e., about 0.125 mm from the bottom of the channel  290 .  FIGS.  22 A and  22 B  demonstrate that the velocity in the Z-direction is more uniform at about 3.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  compared to about 1.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  as shown in  FIG.  23   . In  FIGS.  22 A and  22 B , the velocity in the Z-direction at about 3.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  varies from a minimum velocity of about 6 mm/s to about 7 mm/s adjacent the upper and lower edges of the channel  290 , to a maximum velocity of about 11 mm/s to about 13 mm/s at a halfway point in the Y-direction of the channel, i.e., about 0.125 mm from the bottom of the channel. 
       FIG.  23    is a zoomed-in cross-section in the XY plane through a far-edge, left side of the channel  290  about 1.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  relative to the port  205  of the inlet  200  of the device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment, i.e., the cross-section is closer to the inlet  200  than the cross-sections of  FIGS.  22 A and  22 B . Only one side (the negative X-direction side) of the channel  290  of the device  100  is shown. The velocity of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane and flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  is illustrated at the bottom of  FIG.  23   .  FIG.  23    demonstrates that the velocity in the Z-direction is less uniform at 1.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  compared to 3.0 mm in the Z-direction into the channel  290  as shown in  FIGS.  22 A and  22 B . Also, please note,  FIG.  23    demonstrates that a maximum velocity in the channel  290  does not necessarily extend all the way to an edge of the channel  290 . The resolution of the analysis system used to generate  FIG.  23    in the XY plane does not result in data associated with and display of relatively slower velocities close to the edge of the channel in all XZ plane velocity profiles presented in the present specification. To the extent that  FIG.  23    may suggest that relatively high velocities (on the order of 13 mm/sec) extend all the way or very nearly all the way to the edge of the channel  290 , this may be an artifact of the resolution and analysis system used to generate  FIG.  23   . It is generally known with the present structure that relatively slower velocities occur relatively close to the edge of the channel  290  on the order of about half the height of the channel  290 , i.e., within about 0.000 mm to about 0.125 mm in an X-direction from the edge of the channel. The maximum velocity would not, in fact, physically reach the edges of the channel  290  as suggested by the extension of the velocities of about 11.00 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec on the left side of  FIG.  23   . In other words, the left and right side edges of the channel  290  could reasonably be expected to have graduated velocity profiles similar to the top and bottom edges of the channel  290 . 
     Further,  FIG.  23    illustrates that the most uniform velocity in the channel  290  continues to occur about halfway up the channel  290  in the Y-direction. For example, when the channel  290  has a length in the Y-direction of about 0.250 mm, the most uniform velocity occurs at about 0.125 mm from the bottom of the channel  290  in the Y-direction. On the right side of  FIG.  23 B , the predominant velocity in the Z-direction is between about 6.000 mm/sec and about 13.00 mm/sec. Whereas, at the leftmost side of  FIG.  23 B , corresponding with a side edge of the channel  290 , the velocity in the Z-direction is between about 6.000 mm/sec and about 11.00 mm/sec. Near the top of the channel  290 , the velocity in the Z-direction is between about 6.000 mm/sec and about 7.000 mm/sec. Near the bottom of the channel  290 , the velocity in the Z-direction is between about 4.000 mm/sec and about 6.000 mm/sec. In other words, there is greater variation of the velocity in the Z-direction near the edges of the channel  290  as compared to the center of the channel  290 . 
       FIGS.  24 - 28  and  30    illustrate velocity profiles in the XZ plane for the type-α microfluidic device having scaled-down ( FIGS.  24 - 28   ) inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′ structures, and scaled-up ( FIG.  30   ) inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′ structures.  FIG.  29    is another velocity profile in the XZ plane for the type-α microfluidic device having full-scale (100%) inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′ structures with fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of 2,000 μL/sec (or about 2 mL/sec), i.e., for the purpose of analyzing the full-scale (100%) inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′,  FIG.  29    may be viewed in sequence after  FIG.  9    (about 1 mL/sec) and before  FIG.  10    (about 5 mL/sec). 
     As used in this section, the terms “scaled-down”, “scaled-up”, “full-scale (100%)” and the like are intended to refer to differences in inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′ structures relative to those of the type-α microfluidic device having the depth  210  of the port  205  in the Z-direction of about 1.0 mm and having the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  of about 2.0 mm. The terms scaled-down, scaled-up, full-scale (100%) and the like should not be construed as qualitative. In other words, for example, the term “full-scale (100%)” is used as a matter of convenience to denote a reference design to which other designs were compared. Also, as used herein, the term “scale” and variants (i.e., half-scale, three-quarter scale (75%), etc.) may, in some embodiments, refer to changes of two dimensions of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′, i.e., e.g., the depth  210  of the port  205  in the Z-direction and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230 . In  FIGS.  24 - 28  and  30   , other than the depth  210  and the depth  235 , other features of the device  100  may be the same as those of the full-scale (100%) version described above, e.g., the exemplary embodiment of  FIGS.  1 - 3   . 
       FIG.  24    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device  100  with a half-scale (50%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. The depth  210  of the port  205  in the Z-direction may be about 0.5 mm, and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be about 1.0 mm. The total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 967 μL, the volume of the channel  290  may be about 742.5 μL, the volume of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ may be about 112.25 μL, and the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may be about 224.5 μL. As such, a percentage of the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ to the total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 23.21%. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  24   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 4.000 mm/sec to about 11.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 11.00 mm/sec to about 4.000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . The velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 8.000 mm/sec to about 11.00 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 10.00 mm/sec to about 11.00 mm/sec and occurs in two regions, one relatively close to the port  205  of the inlet  200  and the other relatively close to the port  205  of the outlet  200 ′. From the standpoint of substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction, at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec, the half-scale (50%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ is less ideal than other scales at the same or similar volumetric flow rates. 
       FIG.  25    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the half-scale (50%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate is about 10 times greater than that for the trial shown in  FIG.  24   . The design of the inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ of  FIG.  25    is identical to that of  FIG.  24   . 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  25   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 43.00 mm/sec to about 128.0 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 128.0 mm/sec to about 43.00 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . The velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 71.00 mm/sec to about 114.0 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 114.0 mm/sec to about 128.0 mm/sec and occurs in two regions, one relatively close to the port  205  of the inlet  200  and the other relatively close to the port  205  of the outlet  200 ′. From the standpoint of substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction, at the volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec, the half-scale (50%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ is less ideal than other scales at the same or similar volumetric flow rates. 
       FIG.  26    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a three-quarter scale (75%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. The depth  210  of the port  205  in the Z-direction may be about 0.75 mm, and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be about 1.5 mm. The total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 1,067 μL, the volume of the channel  290  may be about 742.5 μL, the volume of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ may be about 162.25 μL, and the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may be about 324.5 μL. As such, a percentage of the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ to the total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 30.41%. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  26   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 4.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 10.00 mm/sec to about 4.000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . The velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 8.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec. In four corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 8.000 mm/sec to about 9.000 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 9.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec and occurs across a substantial portion of the channel  290  and in portions of the device  100  below the inlet body  105  and below the outlet body  195  adjacent to the channel  290 . From the standpoint of substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction, at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec, the three-quarter scale (75%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ is closer to ideal than the relatively smaller scale device but less ideal than other scales at the same or similar volumetric flow rates. 
       FIG.  27    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. The depth  210  of the port  205  in the Z-direction may be about 0.9 mm, and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be about 1.8 mm. The total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 1,128 μL, the volume of the channel  290  may be about 742.5 μL, the volume of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ may be about 192.75 μL, and the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may be about 385.5 μL. As such, a percentage of the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ to the total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 34.18%. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  27   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 13.00 mm/sec to about 6.000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . That is, the velocity varies widely in the transitions  285  and  295 . In contrast, the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 11.00 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 11.00 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec and occurs across a substantial portion of or an entirety of the channel  290 . From the standpoint of substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction, at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec, the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ is closer to ideal than the relatively smaller scale devices and comparable with that of the designs with a full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ at the same or similar volumetric flow rates. 
       FIG.  28    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. That is, the volumetric flow rate is about 10 times greater than that for the trial shown in  FIG.  27   . 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  28   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 16.00 mm/sec to about 146.0 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 130.0 mm/sec to about 49.00 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . The velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 98.00 mm/sec to about 146.0 mm/sec. Over a substantial portion of the channel  290 , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 114.0 mm/sec to about 130.0 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 130.0 mm/sec to about 146.0 mm/sec and occurs in one region relatively close to the port  205  of the inlet  200 . From the standpoint of substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction, at the volumetric flow rate of about 1 mL/sec, the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ is less ideal than other scales at the same or similar volumetric flow rates but substantially closer to ideal than many of the relatively smaller scale devices. 
       FIG.  29    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 2 mL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of the type-α microfluidic device  100  with a full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. As noted in detail above, for the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′, the depth  210  in the Z-direction of the port  205  may be about 1.0 mm, and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be about 2.0 mm. 
     In  FIG.  29   , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the device  100  is between about 0.0000 mm/sec and about 424.0 mm/sec beneath the inlet body  105 ; between about 188.0 mm/sec and about 282.0 mm/sec in the channel  290 ; and between about 47.00 mm/sec and about 282.0 mm/sec beneath the outlet body  195 . The highest velocities, between about 377.0 mm/sec to about 424.0 mm/sec, are observed near the port  205  of the inlet  200 ; and the lowest velocities, between about 0.0000 mm/sec and about 47.00 mm/sec, are observed at the left side of  FIG.  29    in two zones on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 . Within the channel  290 , the highest velocities are observed in an irregular shaped region across a substantial portion of the channel  290  having velocities between about 235.0 mm/sec and about 282.0 mm/sec. 
     When  FIG.  29    is viewed in sequence after  FIG.  9    (about 1 mL/sec) and before  FIG.  10    (about 10 mL/sec), i.e., in a progression from  FIG.  4    to  FIG.  10   , inclusive, the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  at multiple volumetric flow rates including 1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 B ), 10 μL/sec ( FIG.  5   ), 100 μL/sec ( FIGS.  6  and  7   ), and 500 μL/sec ( FIG.  8   ). Between the volumetric flow rate of 0.1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 A ) and 1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 B ), the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  transitions from partially uniform to substantially uniform. Conversely, between the volumetric flow rate of 500 μL/sec ( FIG.  8   ) and 1 mL/sec ( FIG.  9   ), the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  transitions from substantially uniform to partially uniform. Between the volumetric flow rate of 1 mL/sec ( FIG.  9   ) and 2 mL/sec ( FIG.  29   ) and 5 mL/sec ( FIG.  10   ), the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  transitions from partially uniform to substantially non-uniform. That is, the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  at volumetric flow rates between about 0.5 μL/sec and about 750 μL/sec, more specifically between about 1 μL/sec and about 500 μL/sec. 
     A range of a maximum substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  of between about 47.00 mm/sec and about 52.00 mm/sec was achieved with the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ when the volumetric flow rate of the fluid was about 500 μL/sec ( FIG.  8   ). Also, a range of a minimum substantially uniform velocity in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  of between about 0.08788 mm/sec to about 0.09886 mm/sec was achieved with the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ when the volumetric flow rate of the fluid was about 1 μL/sec ( FIG.  4 B ). 
       FIG.  30    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition, the channel, and the outlet transition of a type-α microfluidic device with a three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ according to an exemplary embodiment. For the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′, the depth  210  in the Z-direction of the port  205  may be about 1.5 mm, and the depth  235  in the Z-direction of the end of the curved and tapered region  230  may be about 3.0 mm. The total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ may be about 1,370 μL, the volume of the channel  290  may be about 742.5 μL, the volume of the inlet  200  or the outlet  200 ′ may be about 313.75 μL, and the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ may be about 627.5 μL. As such, a percentage of the volume of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ to the total volume of the type-α microfluidic device  100  may be about 45.80%.  FIG.  30    is a velocity profile in the XZ plane for the type-α microfluidic device having the three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200  and outlet  200 ′ structures with fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec. 
     When  FIG.  30    is viewed in a progression from  FIG.  26    to  FIG.  27    to  FIG.  6    to  FIG.  30   , each of the type-α microfluidic device  100  with the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  27   ), with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  6   ), and with the three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  30   ) exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec. Between the three-quarter scale (75%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  26   ) and the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  27   ), the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  transitions from partially non-uniform to substantially or entirely uniform. The type-α microfluidic device  100  with the nine-tenths scale (90%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  27   ) at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  in a range of about 11.00 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec. The type-α microfluidic device  100  with the full-scale (100%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  6   ) at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  in a range of about 9.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec. The type-α microfluidic device  100  with the three-to-two scale (150%) inlet  200 /outlet  200 ′ ( FIG.  30   ) at the volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec exhibits substantially uniform velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  in a range of about 8.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec. 
     In the trials associated with  FIGS.  31 - 38   , the viscosity of the fluid is substantially greater than in the trials associated with  FIGS.  4 A,  4 B,  5 - 10 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 A,  16 B,  17 ,  22 A,  22 B,  23 - 30 ,  39  and  40   , inclusive.  FIGS.  31 - 33    are plan wireframe views highlighting velocities of a fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec, about 10 μL/sec and about 100 μL/sec, respectively, in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIGS.  34 - 38    are plan wireframe views highlighting velocities of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 0.1 μL/sec, about 100 μL/sec, about 2 mL/sec, about 5 mL/sec and about 10 mL/sec, respectively, in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the type-α microfluidic device  100  according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIGS.  31 - 36    demonstrate the ability of the type-α microfluidic device  100  to generate substantially uniform flow in the channel  290  for fluid at substantially relatively higher viscosities up to about 1,000 times greater than water and at a volumetric flow rate up to about 2 mL/sec. For purposes of comparison, the trial associated with  FIG.  31    could be compared with the trial of  FIG.  4 B  (about 1 μL/sec); the trial associated with  FIG.  32    could be compared with the trial of  FIG.  5    (about 10 μL/sec); each of the trials associated with  FIGS.  33  and  35    could be compared with each of the trials of  FIGS.  6 ,  7 ,  22 A,  22 B,  23 ,  24 ,  26 ,  27 ,  30 ,  39  and  40    (about 100 μL/sec); the trial of  FIG.  34    could be compared with the trial of  FIG.  4 A  (about 0.1 μL/sec); the trial of  FIG.  36    could be compared with the trial of  FIG.  29    (about 2,000 μL/sec); and the trial of  FIG.  37    could be compared with the trial of  FIG.  10    (about 5,000 μL/sec). 
     Specifically, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  31   , the velocity of a fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.1226 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 0.1226 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 0.1089 mm/sec to about 0.1226 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  31   , in two corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.09533 mm/sec to about 0.1089 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  32   , the velocity of a fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 1.000 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 1.000 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 0.9812 mm/sec and about 1.000 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  32   , in two corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.8586 mm/sec to about 0.9812 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  33   , the velocity of a fluid having 100 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 12.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 12.00 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 11.00 mm/sec to about 12.00 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  33   , in two corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 10.00 mm/sec to about 11.00 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  34   , the velocity of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 0.1 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.01224 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 0.01224 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 0.01088 mm/sec to about 0.01224 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  34   , in two corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.009520 mm/sec to about 0.01088 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  35   , the velocity of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 12.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 12.00 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 11.00 mm/sec to about 12.00 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  35   , in two corners of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 10.00 mm/sec to about 11.00 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  36   , the velocity of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 2,000 μL/sec (about 2 mL/sec) and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 248.0 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 248.0 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 221.0 mm/sec to about 248.0 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  200 ′. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  37   , the velocity of a fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 5,000 μL/sec (about 5 mL/sec) and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 656.0 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 656.0 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 . The velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  varies from about 510.0 mm/sec to about 656.0 mm/sec. In four corners of the channel  290  and along the side edges of the channel  290 , in regions  291  of the sensor region  293  of the device  100  located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195 , the velocity in the Z-direction is about 510.0 mm/sec to about 583.0 mm/sec. The peak velocity is about 583.0 mm/sec to about 656.0 mm/sec and occurs across a substantial portion of the channel  290  and in portions of the device  100  below the inlet body  105  and below the outlet body  195  adjacent to the channel  290 . The minimum velocity of about 0.000 mm/sec occurs in each of four corners of the device  100  below each of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′. 
     in  FIG.  38   , the velocity of the fluid having 1,000 times greater viscosity than water flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 10,000 μL/sec (about 10 mL/sec) and flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  at a height in the Z-direction of about 0.125 mm above the bottom surface of the channel  290  is significantly less than substantially uniform (even less uniform that the trial illustrated in  FIG.  37   ). On the left side of  FIG.  38   , below the inlet body  105 , the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100  varies relatively widely. That is, the velocity of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the device  100  is between about 0.0000 mm/sec and about 2,165 mm/sec beneath the inlet body  105 ; between about 481.0 mm/sec and about 1,684 mm/sec in the channel  290 ; and between about 241.0 mm/sec and about 1,684 mm/sec beneath the outlet body  195 . The highest velocities are observed near the port  205  of the inlet  200 ; and the lowest velocities are observed at the left side of  FIG.  10    in two zones on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 . Within the channel  290 , the highest velocities are observed on either side of the port  205  of the inlet  200 , and a localized relatively slow spot occurs within the channel  290  immediately to the right (in the Z-direction) of the port  205  of the inlet  200  as seen in  FIG.  38   . 
       FIG.  39    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of an alternative type-α microfluidic device  100 A having an inlet  200  similar to other embodiments, but, instead of an outlet  200 ′, the alternative type-α microfluidic device  100 A has a relatively large volume unrestricted outlet  200 A according to an exemplary embodiment. Specifically, the outlet  200 A may have a substantially rectilinear shape with an open bottom adjacent to the outlet transition and an open top accessible from above the device  100 A and four side walls defined by and within the outlet body  195 . The opening in the outlet  200 A may have a width in the X-direction substantially equal to the channel  290 , and a dimension in the Z-direction of about 2.0 mm. 
     With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  39   , the velocity of a fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec and flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  285  and the channel  290  located directly below the inlet body  105 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  105 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  varies from about 13.00 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  290  and the outlet transition  295  located directly below the outlet body  195 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  195 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100 A located between the inlet body  105  and the outlet body  195  measured at a height in the Y-direction about halfway between the lower and upper surfaces of the channel  290  is within a relatively narrow range, i.e., about 11.00 mm/sec to about 13.00 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  290  in the sensor region  293  of the device  100 A is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  200  and independent of the structure of the outlet  200 A. 
       FIG.  40    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  285 , the channel  290 , and the outlet transition  295  of the alternative type-α microfluidic device  100 A according to an exemplary embodiment. The only difference between  FIG.  39    and  FIG.  40    is the viewpoint. 
       FIGS.  39  and  40    collectively demonstrate that the inlet  200  of the type-α microfluidic devices  100  and  100 A may be sufficient (without a need for any particular constrictive structure for the outlet  200 ′ or outlet  200 A) to achieve substantially uniform flow in the Z-direction of the channel  290  as described and demonstrated hereinabove. 
     Type-β Microfluidic Devices 
       FIGS.  11 - 15 ,  16 A, and  16 B  illustrate a type-β microfluidic device  300  according to an exemplary embodiment. The type-β microfluidic device  300  in  FIGS.  11 - 15 ,  16 A, and  16 B  is substantially similar to the type-α microfluidic device  100  in  FIGS.  1 - 3 ,  4 A,  4 B, and  5 - 10   , except, in  FIGS.  1 - 3 ,  4 A,  4 B, and  5 - 10   , only one side of the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ is flat (approximately coplanar with the XY plane), i.e., the side facing the channel  290  is flat (approximately coplanar with the XY plane), and the side facing away from the channel  290  is tapered. Whereas, in  FIGS.  11 - 15 ,  16 A and  16 B , both sides of the inlet  400  and the outlet  400 ′ are tapered, i.e., both the side facing a channel  490  and the side facing away from the channel  490  are tapered. Otherwise, one or more features of the type-β microfluidic device  300  in  FIGS.  11 - 15 ,  16 A and  16 B  may be substantially similar to corresponding features of the type-α microfluidic device  100  in  FIGS.  1 - 3 ,  4 A,  4 B, and  5 - 10   . 
       FIG.  14    is a perspective wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of an inlet transition  485 , the channel  490 , and an outlet transition  495  of the type-β microfluidic device  300  according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  15    is a plan wireframe view highlighting the velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 100 μL/sec in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  485 , the channel  490 , and the outlet transition  495  of the type-β microfluidic device  300  according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     The velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  located directly below the inlet body  305 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  305 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  varies from about 10.00 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  located directly below the outlet body  395 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  395 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or an entirety of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490  in a sensor region  493  (i.e., a rectilinear region of the channel  490 ) of the device  300 , the sensor region  493  being located between the inlet body  305  and the outlet body  395  is about 9.000 mm/sec to about 10.00 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all or an entirety of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490  in the sensor region  493  of the device  300  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  400  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  400 ′. 
       FIG.  16 A  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a relatively low volumetric flow rate of about 1 μL/sec (about 100 times less than  FIGS.  14 - 15   ) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  485 , the channel  490 , and the outlet transition  495  of the type-α microfluidic device  300  according to an exemplary embodiment. With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  16 A , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.09634 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  located directly below the inlet body  305 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  305 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  varies from about 0.09634 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  located directly below the outlet body  395 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  395 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490  in the sensor region  493  of the device  300  located between the inlet body  305  and the outlet body  395  is about 0.08563 mm/sec to about 0.09634 mm/sec. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  400  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  400 ′. 
       FIG.  16 B  is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a relatively low volumetric flow rate of about 10 μL/sec (about 10 times less than  FIG.  15   ) in the XZ plane of the inlet transition  485 , the channel  490 , and the outlet transition  495  of the type-α microfluidic device  300  according to an exemplary embodiment. With the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  16 B , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  varies from about 0.0000 mm/sec to about 0.9858 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  485  and the channel  490  located directly below the inlet body  305 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the inlet body  305 . Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  varies from about 0.9858 mm/sec to about 0.0000 mm/sec in a region of the channel  490  and the outlet transition  495  located directly below the outlet body  395 , but this region of varying velocity is substantially contained to the region below the outlet body  395 . Conversely, the velocity of substantially all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490  in the sensor region  493  of the device  300  located between the inlet body  305  and the outlet body  395  is between about 0.8763 mm/sec to about 0.9858 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of substantially all or all of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490  in the sensor region  493  of the device  300  is substantially uniform. The substantially uniform flow of the fluid is an advantageous effect of the above-referenced exemplary configuration of the inlet  400  and the above-referenced configuration of the outlet  400 ′. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a first ratio of a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the port  405  to a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Y-dimension) of an entrance of the channel  490  is about 2.0 (e.g., 1.0 mm×2.0 mm) to about 11.25 (e.g., 0.25 mm×45.0 mm) or about 1.0 to about 5.625. In some exemplary embodiments, a second ratio of the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the port  405  to a cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the opening  440  is about 2.0 (e.g., 1.0 mm×2.0 mm) to about 45.0 ((2.0 mm×45.0 mm)/2) or about 1.0 to about 22.5. In some exemplary embodiments, a third ratio of the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Z-dimension) of the opening  440  to the cross-sectional area (i.e., X-dimension×Y-dimension) of the entrance of the channel  490  is about 100.0 (2.0 mm×50.0 mm) to about 15.0 (e.g., 0.25 mm×60.0 mm) or about 6.67 to about 1.00. In some exemplary embodiments, a fourth ratio of the depth  410  of the port  405  to the depth  435  at the end of the inlet  400  or outlet  400 ′ is about 1.0 to about 2.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a fifth ratio of the depth  410  of the port  405  to the depth  435  at the end of the inlet  400  or outlet  400 ′ to the height  415  at or near the port  405  is about 1.0 to about 2.0 to about 3.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a sixth ratio of the height of the channel  490  to the depth  410  of the port  405  to the depth  435  at the end of the inlet  400  or the outlet  400 ′ to the height  415  at or near the port  405  is about 0.25 to about 1.0 to about 2.0 to about 3.0 or about 1.0 to about 4.0 to about 8.0 to about 12.0. In some exemplary embodiments, a cross-sectional shape of the inlet  400  or the outlet  400 ′ in the XZ plane is a bowtie shape, i.e., resembling a piece of apparel worn about the neck known as a bowtie, or a Venturi shape. In some exemplary embodiments, a cross-sectional shape of the inlet  400  or the outlet  400 ′ in the XY plane is a bow shape, i.e., resembling a bow for a bow and arrow, or a bracket shape, i.e., resembling an open bracket (“{”) or resembling a closed bracket (“}”). 
     Type-γ Microfluidic Devices 
       FIG.  17    is a plan wireframe view highlighting velocities of the fluid flowing at a volumetric flow rate of about 1,000 μL/sec in the XZ plane of an inlet transition  485 A, a channel  490 A which may be an assay channel, and an outlet transition  495 A of a type-γ microfluidic device  300 A according to an exemplary embodiment. The type-γ microfluidic device  300 A may be substantially similar to type-α microfluidic device  300 ; as such, like structures are similarly numbered, and some like structures are omitted for brevity. One difference between the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A and the type-α microfluidic device  300  may be the lack of tapering in the XZ plane of the inlet  400 A and the outlet  400 ′A (as compared to the inlet  400  and the outlet  400 ′ of the type-α microfluidic device  300 ). That is, instead of being tapered from the port to the ends, each of the inlet  400 A and the outlet  400 ′A may have a uniform depth in the Z-direction. The depth of each of the inlet  400 A and the outlet  400 ′A (including their respective ports) may be about 1.0 mm. The present exemplary design demonstrates that the inlet conduit taper in the Z-direction may be provided to achieve uniform velocities in the channel  490 A. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  17   , the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the inlet transition  485 A and the channel  490 A varies from about 0.046 mm/sec to about 0.103 mm/sec in a region of the inlet transition  485 A and the channel  490 A located directly below the inlet body  305 A. Similarly, the velocity of fluid flowing in the Z-direction in the channel  490 A and the outlet transition  495 A varies from about 0.103 mm/sec to about 0.046 mm/sec in a region of the channel  490 A and the outlet transition  495 A located directly below the outlet body  395 A. In most of a sensor region  493 A of the device  300 A, the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.080 mm/sec to about 0.091 mm/sec. However, with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG.  17   , in roughly semicircular regions  491 A (marked with dashed lines) of the sensor region of the device  300 A located near the ports of the inlet  400 A and the outlet  400 ′A, the velocity in the Z-direction is about 0.091 mm/sec to about 0.103 mm/sec. In other words, the velocity of a majority of the fluid flowing in the Z-direction of the channel  490 A in the sensor region  493 A of the device  300 A is substantially uniform. By comparing  FIGS.  14 ,  15 ,  16 A, and  16 B  (particularly  FIGS.  14  and  15   ) with  FIG.  17   , an improvement in providing substantially uniform velocity in the channel  490  associated with the taper of the tapered region  420  and the curved and tapered region  430  (FIGS.  14 ,  15 ,  16 A, and  16 B, particularly  FIGS.  14  and  15   ) relative to the design omitting such taper ( FIG.  17   ) is demonstrated. Also, with the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A, there is a relatively small difference between the maximum observed velocity (about 0.103 mm/sec) and the minimum observed velocity (about 0.046 mm/sec) relative to the difference observed with the type-α microfluidic device  300 . 
     Type-δ Microfluidic Devices 
       FIG.  18    is a perspective wireframe view of a type-δ microfluidic device  500  according to an exemplary embodiment. The type-δ microfluidic device  500  may be substantially similar to type-α microfluidic device  100  or the type-β microfluidic device  300  or the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A; as such, like structures are similarly numbered, and some like structures are omitted for brevity. One difference between the type-δ microfluidic device  500  and the type-α microfluidic device  100  or the type-β microfluidic device  300  or the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A may be a shape of the ports. Instead of a generally rectilinear shape as provided for the type-α microfluidic device  100  and the type-β microfluidic device  300  or the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A, for the type-δ microfluidic device  500 , the port of the inlet  600  and the outlet  600 ′ may have a cylindrical shape. Like the type-β microfluidic device  300  or the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A, the type-δ microfluidic device  500  may include a lack of tapering in the XZ plane of the inlet  600  and the outlet  600 ′ (as compared to the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′ of the type-α microfluidic device  100 ). 
     Any one or more features of the type-α microfluidic device  100 , the type-β microfluidic device  300 , the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A, and the type-δ microfluidic device  500  may be combined in any combination without limitation. Any one or more features of the type-α microfluidic device  100 , the type-β microfluidic device  300 , the type-γ microfluidic device  300 A, and the type-δ microfluidic device  500  may be omitted or duplicated without limitation. 
       FIG.  19    is a diagram of a process  1100  (or method) according to an exemplary embodiment. Although the process  1100  below is described with reference to exemplary features of the type-α device  100 , the process  1100  may be applied to any of the devices described above including the alternative type-α device  100 A, the type-β device  300 , the type-γ device  300 A or the type-δ device  500 . The process  1100  may include a start  1105  and an end  1195 . The process  1100  may include providing an inlet body (e.g.,  105 ) including an inlet (e.g.,  200 ) (step  1110 ). The process  1100  may include providing a base (e.g.,  150 ) supporting the inlet body (e.g.,  105 ) (step  1115 ). The process  1100  may include providing the base (e.g.,  150 ) with a channel (e.g.,  290 ) in fluid communication with the inlet (e.g.,  200 ) (step  1120 ). The process  1100  may include providing an outlet body (e.g.,  195 ) including an outlet (e.g.,  200 ′) (step  1125 ). The process  1100  may include providing the base (e.g.,  150 ) supporting the outlet body (e.g.,  195 ) (step  1130 ). The process  1100  may include providing the outlet (e.g.,  200 ′) in fluid communication with the channel (e.g.,  290 ) (step  1135 ). The process  1100  may include receiving the fluid at an inlet port (e.g.,  205 ) of the inlet (e.g.,  200 ) (step  1140 ). The process  1100  may include outputting the fluid through an opening (e.g.,  240 ) of the inlet (e.g.,  200 ) in fluid communication with the channel (e.g.,  290 ) (step  1145 ). The process  1100  may include providing, with the inlet (e.g.,  200 ), substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a width (in the X-direction) of the channel (e.g.,  290 ) (step  1150 ). The process  1100  may include providing, with the inlet (e.g.,  200 ), the channel (e.g.,  290 ), and the outlet (e.g.,  200 ′), substantially uniform flow of the fluid across a substantial portion of a horizontal plane (the XZ plane) of the channel (e.g., 290) (step  1155 ), as demonstrated, for example, in at least  FIGS.  4 B,  5 - 8 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 A,  16 B,  27  and  36   , inclusive. The horizontal plane is illustrated as the plane  296  of  FIG.  1   . One or more steps of the process  1100  may be rearranged, omitted or duplicated without limitation. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the channel  290  may have a non-parallel plate structure. For example, between the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′, the channel  290  may have two or more non-parallel walls. The channel  290  may have a shape of a truncated pyramid, i.e., a pyramid with the tip removed and having rectilinear cross-sections along the entire length in the Z-direction. An inlet of the channel  290  may have a rectilinear shape, an outlet of the channel  290  may have a rectilinear shape, and angled walls may be provided between the inlet and the outlet of the channel  290 . The inlet  200  may be smaller or larger than the outlet  200 ′. For an exemplary embodiment with the channel  290  having a smaller inlet  200  and a larger outlet  200 ′ and a rectilinear shape, at least two of the four walls defining the channel  290  may linearly increase in size from the inlet  200  to the outlet  200 ′. For an exemplary embodiment with the channel  290  having a larger inlet  200  and a smaller outlet  200 ′ and a rectilinear shape, at least two of the four walls defining the channel  290  may linearly decrease in size from the inlet  200  to the outlet  200 ′. In some exemplary embodiments, all four walls of the rectilinear shape channel  290  may increase or decrease in size between the inlet  200  and the outlet  200 ′. The channel  290  may have a non-rectilinear cross-sectional shape in the XY plane, such as an elliptical, circular, regular or irregular shape. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the inlet  200  may have a structure similar to any of the inlets described hereinabove, i.e., type-α, type-β, type-γ, type-δ, or the like. An outlet of the channel may be a scaled up or scaled down version of the outlet  200 ′. For a truncated pyramidical channel  290  having rectilinear XY cross-sections, at least two of the four walls of the channel  290  may gradually increase or decrease in size. With such structure, when the inlet  200  is smaller than the outlet  200 ′, the channel  290  may gradually and consistently increase in size across the Z-direction, and the inlet  200  may be configured to deliver substantially uniform flow to the entrance of the channel  290 . The velocity profile of fluid flowing through the channel  290  substantially uniformly decreases as the fluid travels through the gradually and consistently larger channel  290  to the relatively large outlet  200 ′. Conversely, when the inlet  200  is larger than the outlet  200 ′, the channel  290  may gradually and consistently decrease in size across the Z-direction, and the inlet  200  may be configured to deliver substantially uniform flow to the entrance of the channel  290 . The velocity profile of fluid flowing through the channel  290  substantially uniformly increases as the fluid travels through the gradually and consistently smaller channel  290  to the relatively small outlet  200 ′. The walls of the channel  290  may be linear, curved or irregular in shape, which would have linear, curved or irregular changes in the velocity profile across the Z-direction of the channel  290 . In an exemplary embodiment where a width of the channel  290  is less than ten times a height of the channel  290 , with a non-parallel plate structure, the velocity across the width (Z-direction) of the channel would be substantially uniform except for a decrease by a relative change in cross-sectional area, assuming a constant volumetric flow rate. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Although at least one exemplary embodiment is described as using a plurality of units to perform the exemplary process, it is understood that the exemplary processes may also be performed by one or plurality of modules. 
     The use of the terms “first”, “second”, “third” and so on, herein, are provided to identify various structures, dimensions or operations, without describing any order, and the structures, dimensions or operations may be executed in a different order from the stated order unless a specific order is definitely specified in the context. 
     Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged, such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise. 
     Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from the context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about.” 
     In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible. 
     The subject matter described herein may be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. The embodiments set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all embodiments consistent with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the embodiments described above may be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims.