Patent Publication Number: US-5295279-A

Title: Cup for use on a pipeline

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     It is frequently necessary to send mechanical devices through the interior of a pipeline. One reason for using a device that is transmitted through a pipeline, usually referred to as a &#34;pig&#34;, is for cleaning the interior surface of the pipeline. Another use for a pipeline pig is for separating one fluid medium from another. Sometimes pipeline pigs are used for pushing out entrapped liquids in a gas transmitting pipeline. Another and very important reason for sending pigs through a pipeline is for gaining information as to the condition of the pipeline. Such pigs are frequently referred to as &#34;instrumentation pigs&#34; and these type of devices can be used to provide information as to the ovality of the pipeline, the interior diameter of various sections of the pipeline, the occurrence of dents, buckles or bulges in the pipeline wall, the detections of bends or changes in direction of the pipeline and the occurrence of corrosion in the pipeline interior or exterior walls. 
     Pipeline pigs, particularly of the instrumentation type, normally employ cups formed of resilient material, such as urethane. The cups serve two basic functions, that is, (1) they support the body of the pig within the interior of the pipeline and (2) at least one cup for each pig provides a piston-like action so that the flow of the fluid medium, whether liquid or gas, through the pipeline serves to propel the pig within the pipeline. 
     While the improved cup of this disclosure may be employed on many types of pigs, such as those used for cleaning the interior of a pipeline, the advantages of the improved cup are particularly helpful and important when used on an instrumentation type pig, and the cup will be described as it is particularly applicable for this purpose. 
     2. The Prior Art 
     For background information relating to pipeline pigs that employ resilient cups reference may be had to the following U.S. patents: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
U.S. Pat. No.                                                             
         Title          Inventor  Issue Date                              
______________________________________                                    
4,984,322                                                                 
         Elastomeric Disc For                                             
                        Cho et al Jan 15, 1991                            
         Use On A Pipeline                                                
         Pig                                                              
4,953,412                                                                 
         Pipeline Caliper Pig                                             
                        Rosenberg Sep 04, 1990                            
4,930,223                                                                 
         Bend Detector Pig                                                
                        Smith     Jun 05, 1990                            
4,457,073                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig having                                              
                        Payne     Jul 03, 1984                            
         Improved Means Of                                                
         Sensing Changes In                                               
         The Internal Config-                                             
         uration Of A Pipeline                                            
4,524,526                                                                 
         Apparatus &amp; Method                                               
                        Levine    Jun 25, 1985                            
         For Inertial Measure-                                            
         ment Of Pipeline                                                 
         Deflection                                                       
4,880,028                                                                 
         Completion Machine                                               
                        Osburn et Nov 14, 1989                            
                        al                                                
4,522,063                                                                 
         Methods &amp; Apparatus                                              
                        VerNooy   Jun 11, 1985                            
         For Indicating Se-                                               
         lected Physical Par-                                             
         ameters In A Pipeline                                            
4,457,073                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig Having                                              
                        Payne     Jul 03, 1984                            
         Improved Means Of                                                
         Sensing Changes In                                               
         The Internal Con-                                                
         figuration Of A                                                  
         Pipeline                                                         
4,413,370                                                                 
         Unitary Pig For Use                                              
                        Payne et  Nov 08, 1983                            
         In A Pipeline  al                                                
4,365,379                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig Having                                              
                        Neff      Dec 28, 1982                            
         Improved end Plate                                               
         Retention                                                        
3,940,855                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Mar 02, 1976                            
                        et al                                             
3,887,983                                                                 
         Pipe Pulling Tool                                                
                        Province  Jun 10, 1975                            
3,868,773                                                                 
         Bean Removal Tool                                                
                        Province  Mar 04, 1975                            
3,862,497                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Jan 28, 1975                            
                        et al                                             
3,755,908                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Sep 24, 1973                            
3,732,625                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   May 15, 1973                            
3,704,478                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Dec 05, 1972                            
3,649,983                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Mar 21, 1972                            
3,604,041                                                                 
         Pipeline Cleaning                                                
                        VerNooy   Sep 14, 1968                            
         Device                                                           
3,600,010                                                                 
         Pipeline Coupling                                                
                        Downs et  Aug 17, 1971                            
                        al                                                
3,576,043                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig With                                                
                        Zongler   Apr 27, 1971                            
         Spring-Mounted                                                   
         Scrapers                                                         
3,496,588                                                                 
         Pipeline Pig   VerNooy   Jun 26, 1967                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In addition to the instrumentation type pigs as exemplified by these patents, examples of pigs employing cups that are primarily intended for other purposes, such as cleaning or for fluid separation, are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,413,370 and 4,365,379. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a cup having improvements over cups exemplified by these previously issued patents. The cup to be hereinafter described includes the basic capabilities of the cups illustrated in these patents, that is, for supporting a pipeline pig centrally within a pipeline and for impeding fluid flow therepast so that the pig will be propelled through the pipeline. In addition, the cup to be described has improved strength for supporting a pig body centrally within a pipeline while, at the same time, the cup has greater flexibility. That is, the improved cup of this disclosure more readily flexes inwardly to pass a protrusion in the pipeline wall. In addition, the configuration of the cup is such that it is less likely to catch on or hang up on an object extending within the pipeline wall. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to an improved cup for use on pipeline pigs, such as an instrumentation pig or the like, in which a pig body having one or more cups thereon is propelled through the interior of a pipeline by the force of fluid flow within the pipeline. The cup is formed of unitary resilient material, such as urethane, and has a central axis. At the forward end of the cup is an integral radially extending circumferential flange portion with an axial opening therethrough, the flange portion serving as a means to secure the cup on a pipeline pig body. Rearwardly extending from the flange portion is an intermediate portion of frustro-conical internal and external configuration. At the rearward end of the cup is a rearward portion of increased diameter having an external surface that curves arcuately from the intermediate frustro-conical external surface to form substantially a cylindrical surface, while the interior of the cup rearward portion is a continuation of the intermediate frustro-conical surface. Formed in the cup rearward portion are a plurality of spaced apart slits each in a plane of the cup&#39;s central axis and in the preferred arrangement a V-shaped groove or notch is formed at each slit. The cup provides increased strength for supporting a pig body centrally but, at the same time, the cup has flexibility that enables it to deflect inwardly as protruding objects from the pipeline interior wall are encountered as the cup travels in a pipeline. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an external view, shown partially in cross-section, of a cup as used on an instrumentation-type pipeline pig that is representative of the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is an elevational view, shown partially in cross-section, of a cup that is an improvement over the cup of FIG. 1 and that employs the principles of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a rearward view of the improved cup taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 4 is a rearward view of an improved embodiment of the cup of FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the improved embodiment taken along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a cup that is representative of the prior art is shown. This is a typical cup that is used on instrumentation pigs or similar pigs for transporting through a pipeline. The prior art cup 10 has a forward end 12 and a rearward end 14. The forward end is formed by an integral flange portion 16 having openings 18 therethrough that can receive bolts by which the cup is held in place on a pig body. The cup has an intermediate portion inclining outwardly and rearwardly towards the rearward end 14. The exterior of the cup is formed by a frustro-conical surface 20 that intersects a second frustro-conical surface 22, the point of intersection providing a circumferential knee 24. The second frustro-conical surface 22 is frequently arranged so that when the cup of FIG. 1 is in position in a pipeline, surface 22 fits against the interior wall of the pipeline and becomes a cylindrical surface, that is, wherein it is cylindrical about the cup central axis 26. 
     The cup of FIG. 1 works satisfactorily in practice for many applications but it has some problems and limitations. One of the problems is that the circumferential knee 24, being an abrupt angle change in the exterior surface of the pig can tend to catch on or &#34;hang up&#34; on objects or surfaces within the interior of a pipeline. Such objects can be interior weld beads, bolts or other objects extending into the interior of the pipeline. A branch fitting or the like sometimes forms interior surface that can be engaged by the circumferential knee 24. Any change in the circumferential interior surface of a pipeline can represent a point of interference that can catch on knee 24. 
     Another problem with the cup of FIG. 1 is that the cup is relatively stiff and inflexible. The cup must be engineered so as to provide support for the pipeline pig body that is attached to flange portion 16 and when so engineered and constructed the cup tends to fit tightly and inflexibly against the wall of a pipeline in which it is positioned; that is, it is not inherently flexible at its rearward portion adjacent the rearward end 14. 
     FIG. 2, taken in conjunction with FIG. 3, shows an improved cup for supporting an instrument-type pig in a pipeline. The cup of FIG. 2, generally indicated by the numeral 28, has a forward end 30, a rearward end 32, an integral flange portion 34 with openings 36 providing means for attachment to the body of an instrument-type pig and an intermediate portion 38. Intermediate portion 38 has an exterior frustro-conical surface 40 and an interior frustro-conical surface 42. Thus, the improved cup of FIG. 2 and all portions described up to this point is substantially the same as the prior art cup represented by FIG. 1. 
     The cup of FIG. 2 includes a rearward portion 44 that is of increased diameter adjacent rearward end 32 and has an external arcuate surface 46 when seen in cross-section as in FIG. 2, or which may be described as semi-cylindrical as a three-dimensional portion of the cup is considered. The arcuate surface 46 merges into a substantially cylindrical exterior surface 48 immediately adjacent the cup rearward end 32. The cup rearward portion 44 has an interior surface 50 that is frustro-conical and, in the preferred embodiment illustrated, is coincident with the intermediate portion interior frustro-conical surface 42. The intermediate portion 38 of improved cup 28 has diverging exterior and interior frustro-conical surfaces 40, 42 in the rearward direction. 
     The improved cup of FIG. 3, that is, the view of the rearward end of the cup of FIG. 2, is therefore substantially identical to the rearward view of the prior art cup of FIG. 1. 
     The important aspect of cup 28 is the arcuate exterior surface 46 that interconnects the intermediate frustro-conical exterior surface 40 with the rearward cylindrical surface 48 at the rearward end of the cup. Thus, cup 28 has no &#34;knee&#34; as does the prior art cup--that is, it has no abrupt change in the configuration of the exterior surface that would tend to become engaged with or caught on an object extending into the interior of a pipeline. 
     Cups having completely spherical external surfaces have been known, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,908 wherein there is no sharp transition in the external surface from the cup intermediate portion to the cup rearward portion. However, spherical-type cups of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,908 do not have the inherent strength to effectively support a heavy pig body. In the alternative, spherical cups of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,908, if of sufficient wall thickness to provide such strength to support a heavy pig body, become inflexible and the cup must be relatively thick throughout, requiring substantially more material than the cup of FIG. 2. 
     One problem that has been encountered with cups used to support instrumentation pigs is the need for the combination of strength to support a pig body plus flexibility to permit the cup to safely pass objects protruding into the interior cylindrical surface of a pipeline. FIGS. 4 and 5 show an alternate embodiment of the cup of FIG. 2. In this embodiment the cup rearward portion 44 is provided with a plurality of spaced apart slits 52. Each of the slits 52 is in a plane of the cup axis 54. The slits 52 preferably are of a depth as measured from the cup rearward end 32 toward forward end 30 to reach intermediate portion 38 where exterior surface 40 is frustro-conical, that is, slits 52 extend through the cup rearward portion 44 having the arcuate surface 46 therein. 
     The number of and spacing of slits 52 can vary. Larger diameter cups have more numerous slits. Further, when a cup is designed for a pig body that is of lighter weight, then more slits 52 may be employed, whereas if the cup must support a relatively heavier pig body then relatively fewer slits 52 are employed. Flexibility of the cup is increased by the number of slits 52 and, therefore, the number of slits is a trade-off between increased flexibility and slightly decreased weight supporting capability. 
     To further enhance the flexibility of the improved cup of FIGS. 4 and 5, grooves are placed in the exterior and interior surfaces at each of the slits 52. Grooves 52 are formed, as shown in FIG. 5, in the interior surface 50 of the cup rearward portion 44 and grooves 58, as seen in FIG. 5, are formed in exterior surface 46 of the cup rearward portion. The interior and exterior grooves 56, 58 formed at each slit 52 substantially increases the flexibility of the cup, allowing the cup to pass restrictions within a pipeline in which the cup is used or objects protruding into the pipeline. 
     The use of slits in a cup of the cylindrical type is shown in FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,908. However, the combination of slits 52 with grooves 56, 58 further improves the flexibility of the cup. Exterior grooves 58 permit the cup to flex or fold inwardly since the grooves relieve compression that would otherwise be required in the exterior surface for an inward fold. Correspondingly, interior grooves 56 relieve strengthening of interior surface 50 as the cup folds inwardly. 
     FIGS. 4 and 5 show the arrangement wherein the grooves are provided both in the interior and exterior surface of the cup at each slit. It can be seen that only interior grooves 56 may be employed or only exterior grooves 58, however, the combination of interior and exterior grooves produces superior cup flexibility. 
     The claims and the specification describe the invention presented and the terms that are employed in the claims draw their meaning from the use of such terms in the specification. The same terms employed in the prior art may be broader in meaning than specifically employed herein. Whenever there is a question between the broader definition of such terms used in the prior art and the more specific use of the terms herein, the more specific meaning is meant. 
     While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claim or claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled.