Patent Publication Number: US-2019178698-A1

Title: Wireless remote sensing of changes in fluid filled containers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to, and is a 35 U.S.C. § 111(a) continuation of, PCT international application number PCT/US2017/035421 filed on Jun. 1, 2017, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/345,122 filed on Jun. 3, 2016, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Priority is claimed to each of the foregoing applications. 
     The above-referenced PCT international application was published as PCT International Publication No. WO 2017/210414 A1 on Dec. 7, 2017, which publication is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable 
     NOTICE OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 
     A portion of the material in this patent document may be subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.14. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The technology of this disclosure pertains generally to sensing systems, and more particularly to remote sensing to changes in fluid filled containers. 
     2. Background Discussion 
     Fluid management is a critical aspect of patient care, particularly for elderly patients and patients pre- and post-surgery. The UK&#39;s Care Quality Commission has described fluid management at many hospitals as “appalling”, with over 1,100 patient deaths in the past ten years due to poor fluid management. Hospitals attribute this poor care due to issues such as inadequate staffing, lack of time, and lack of training. Since fluid management is sensitive and time-intensive, a major challenge is the difficulty to monitor every patient&#39;s fluids to a sufficient level of attention with a finite staff. Trials of remote sensing of patient metrics, such as blood pressure, have been successful in reducing hospital visits and medical costs by increasing accuracy and amount of data, while lowering amount of staff time necessary to take the data. However, for accurate fluid management, staff must measure and analyze the fluids, their flow rates, and their compositions in order to ensure quality care. 
     Accordingly, an object of the present technology is a system and method to remotely monitor these metrics to reduce the costs, complications, and deaths related to fluid management. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     An aspect of the present technology is a device and methods for continuous and dynamic monitoring of patient fluids, which can monitor and quantify patient conditions. This technology can be used to quickly detect discrepancies which may be signs of complications before or after surgery. The data collected can be viewed or analyzed on a number of devices, including computers or mobile devices, and would decrease the necessary time for staff to attend patients and measure the necessary data. 
     One embodiment includes a wireless remote monitoring system for biomedical fluid management that addresses the urgent, unmet need for reliable, assured, low cost, compact, monitoring by providing one or more of the following functions: 1) air leak detection; 2) fluid accumulation rate; 3) fluid accumulation total; 4) fluid composition indication; and 5) tube blockage detection, etc. 
     In one aspect of technology described herein, the system uses one or more sensors to detect changes in fluid or air in any container attached to a patient in order to monitor pre-surgical or post-surgical progress or complications. The sensors may be configured to monitor any type of container used to collect fluid or air from the human body, to transmit the sensor signals wirelessly to any number of devices including, but not limited to, cell phones or dedicated Bluetooth or LAN devices which in turn can send data to a functional repository where it can be analyzed and potentially acted upon by either a central or distributed network of providers. 
     In preferred embodiments, the sensors are configured to detect one or more of the presence of fluid, its volume, its inflow, its outflow, and other dynamic features. The sensors may also be configured to analyze the fluid in terms of temperature, density, viscosity, vesicular matter, cell content, hemoglobin content, and any additional chemical, cellular or biological material of interest. 
     The technology described herein includes wireless sensor technology for monitoring continuously and in dynamic fashion, pre- and post-surgical patients who have some type of connected container for collecting some type bodily fluid. This is a major facilitator of reducing hospital stays, reducing costs, and reducing surgical complications. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the materials selected for the components of the present technology are those matching standard products meeting requirements for biocompatibility and cleaning and disinfection requirements and that are proven effective and safe, without introducing new materials that are in contact with the subject or with fluids or any part of the fluid management reservoir volume. 
     Further aspects of the technology described herein will be brought out in the following portions of the specification, wherein the detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodiments of the technology without placing limitations thereon. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
       The technology described herein will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only: 
         FIG. 1  is schematic diagram of a fluid-holding container comprising the wireless remote monitoring system of the present description. 
         FIG. 2  is a top section view of the container of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a system schematic view of the wireless sensor system of the present description with an external wireless device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a fluid-holding container  12  comprising the wireless remote monitoring system  10  of the present description. Wireless remote monitoring system  10  is shown in  FIG. 1  with a number of sensing modalities, such as 1) air leak detection; 2) fluid accumulation rate; 3) fluid accumulation total; 4) fluid composition indication; and 5) tube blockage detection, etc. It is appreciated that the sensing modalities are not limited to those shown in  FIG. 1 , and that the wireless remote monitoring system  10  may include a subset of the sensing modalities shown (e.g., one embodiment may comprise only the fluid accumulation sensors). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the wireless remote monitoring system  10  is shown integrated with the container  12  (e.g. sensors are disposed within container walls  18 ). However, it is appreciated that the wireless remote monitoring system  10  may comprise a completely independent device that may be attached to the container  12 , e.g. as a patch or releasable layer that may adhesively or otherwise attach to one or more surfaces (external or internal) of the container  12  or feeding/delivery tube  14 . 
     Each of the primary sensing modalities of the wireless remote monitoring system  10  will be discussed individually in greater detail below. 
     1. Capacitive Monitoring of Fluid Level and Accumulation Rate 
     In the wireless remote monitoring system  10 , monitoring of total fluid accumulation or fluid level is preferably achieved through capacitive monitoring via two arrays  20  and  22  of electrodes that are disposed on opposite sides of the fluid reservoir  16  of the container  12 . The electrode arrays  20 ,  22  are configured to exploit a physical property known as capacitance to determine the existence of liquid in the space between the electrodes. 
     In its simplest form, a capacitor is embodied as two conductive plates separated by an electrical insulator. If a voltage is applied to one of the plates, charge accumulates on that plate, and an equal and opposite charge accumulates on the opposite plate. The amount of charge that accumulates in response to a unit change in applied voltage is governed by the capacitance, C, given by: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     where A is the area of the plates, d is the distance between the two plates, and ε represents the dielectric constant, a physical property of the material (fluid) in the space between the plates. 
     In the remote monitoring system  10 , electrode area and separation distance remain constant (so long as their attachment remains stable and the container  12  does not flex), so any change in measured capacitance is caused by a change in the makeup of the material between the plates. Thus, measurement of the capacitance between the two plates or electrodes can provide information regarding the volume between the plates. For example, the dielectric constant of fluids that may accumulate in the reservoir have an elevated dielectric constant relative to air, so accumulation of such fluid would increase the capacitance observed between two electrodes as the fluid level rises into the space between them. 
     By integrating a pair of electrode arrays  20 ,  22  on opposite sides of the reservoir  16 , and measuring the capacitance between them, fluid level in the reservoir can be accurately measured in an entirely non-invasive manner that introduces no new materials or objects into the reservoir volume. 
       FIG. 1  shows one side of container  12 , with an array  20  of horizontally-oriented, elongate dielectric electrodes  20   a  through  20   h  disposed in a parallel fashion from the bottom of the reservoir  16 . The electrodes are preferably placed at increments corresponding to a desired fluid measurement. For example, each electrode  20   a  through  20   h  may be at a vertical position on the container  12  such that when fluid is detected at that electrode, a specific fluid volume is identified. Each spaced apart increment between the vertically disposed electrodes may correspond to a volume of fluid based on the reservoir  16  cross-section (e.g. in cc&#39;s, milliliters etc.). For example, a positive reading of fluid by electrode  20   a  (and corresponding paired electrode  22   a  opposite the container) indicates a reading for the smallest possible volume increment in the container (e.g. 25 mL). If no other electrodes in the array have a positive fluid measurement, than the total fluid volume in the container  12  is that increment (e.g. 25 mL). If electrode  20   h  shows a positive fluid measurement, than the total fluid in the container would be 8× the increment (e.g. 200 mL). Measurements made over time may also be used to calculate the fluid accumulation rate within the reservoir  16 . It is appreciated that any number of electrodes may be disposed in varying increments on or in the container walls  18 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a cross-section view of the container  12  at about the second electrode up from the bottom of the reservoir  16 . Electrode  20   b  from array  20  is disposed on wall  18   b , with corresponding electrode  22   b  from array  20  being disposed opposite the reservoir  16 . The electrodes  20   b  and  22   b  are shown in  FIG. 2  on the inside surface of the reservoir. However, it is appreciated that electrodes  20   b  and  22   b  may also be positioned within or on an external surface of walls  18   a ,  18   b . In one configuration, the electrode arrays  20  and  22  are disposed within a sleeve or laminate (not shown) surrounding the container  12 . 
     It is appreciated that measurement of capacitance can be implemented using small, low-cost components. Further, while the orientation of the reservoir can impact the extent to which fluid occurs between pairs of electrodes, an accelerometer  45  ( FIG. 2 ) may be integrated into the device at the reservoir wall to measure the angle of the reservoir  16  relative to gravity/vertical, and thus enable compensation for this angle in determination of reservoir filling level. This allows for accurate computation of fluid volume independent of reservoir orientation. The system  10  may further include optional gyroscope micro-sensor systems (not shown) for detection of motion and orientation to enable detection of events that may compromise operation of the chest tube drainage process. 
     As described above, capacitance can be thought of as the amount of charge that accumulates on an electrode in response to application of a voltage to that electrode. While capacitance may be measured using this principle, other methods are also available. One such method is to apply a sinusoidal voltage to the capacitor through a known resistance. The resistor and capacitor form a circuit known as an RC circuit wherein the phase and amplitude of the signal arriving at the capacitor relative to that applied to the resistor can be used to compute capacitance. 
     For an idealized capacitor, the computed capacitance would remain constant across all input frequencies. However, this assumption of an idealized capacitor depends on a perfect dielectric between plates. In practice, as input frequency increases, measured capacitance can undergo changes based on the properties of this dielectric. This property, known as frequency dispersion, provides a probe into the dielectric properties of the fluid or air in the reservoir. Thus, characteristics such as salinity and pH may be modeled based on this approach using the dielectric electrode arrays  20 ,  22 . 
     2. Monitoring of Fluid Composition 
     In one embodiment, the remote monitoring system  10  comprises sensors for multispectral LED and photodiode transmittance. In the system shown in  FIG. 1 , an array of light sources (e.g. Light Emitting Diodes (LED&#39;s))  24  are coupled to one side of the container  12 , and a set of optical detectors (e.g. photodiodes and/or photoresistors)  26  is coupled to or integrated onto the opposite side of the container  12  from reservoir  16  (see also  FIG. 2  showing LED  24  and optical detector  26  embedded in opposite walls of the container  12 ). Photodiodes are semiconductor devices that generate current when exposed to light, whereas photoresistors undergo a change in electrical resistance in response to light. Either may be incorporated where appropriate for a given application. While the LED  24  and optical detector  26  are shown disposed within container walls in  FIG. 2 , it is appreciated that the LED  24  and optical detector  26  arrays may be disposed within a sleeve or laminate (not shown) surrounding a translucent container  12 . 
     By transmitting light from the LEDs  24  in a controlled manner and measuring the response in the optical detectors  26  on the opposite side, optical characteristics of the reservoir  16  can be quantified. For example, if red light is transmitted through the reservoir efficiently, resulting in significant change in output by the corresponding photo detector devices  26 , but blue and green light is absorbed, resulting in minimal change in the photo detector devices, then it can be determined that the fluid in the reservoir is red in color. This approach, known as absorbance spectrophotometry, may be used further characterize fluid in the reservoir in an entirely non-invasive manner. For example, the sensors may be configured to sense blood in the reservoir. The LEDs  24  and corresponding photo detector devices  26  may also be used to characterize fluid accumulation if disposed in an incremented vertical fashion similar to the dielectric electrodes  20 ,  22 . 
     Fluid characterization may be configured to monitor changes in blood, pH, enzymes, inflammatory/infection markers, metabolites, and other characteristics. 
     Recent advances in LEDs have enabled controlled emission of light with a wide variety of spectral characteristics. LED&#39;s  24  may be implemented as small, low-cost LED Red-Green-Blue (RGB) packages on or within container  12  walls  18 . These devices may be configured to emit a controlled combination of RGB light, or infrared light depending on the application. 
     Shielding (not shown) may also be included to prevent interference resulting from external contact or signal sources. 
     3. Flow Sensing for Tubular Blockage. 
     Flow of fluid travelling into the container  12  via tube  14  may also be measured. In one embodiment, a sleeve  40  is disposed around tube  14 , the sleeve containing a plurality of spaced apart thermal flow sensors  42  used to non-invasively measure the flow of liquid or gas through the tube  14 . 
     In one embodiment, the amount of heat transferred from a heating element  42  into the gas or liquid is used to estimate the flow rate. If the gas or liquid is flowing at a high rate, the heating element constantly encounters new, unheated material, and thereby delivers a relatively large amount of heat into it. Thus, the amount of energy provided to the heating element increases. This quantity can be readily measured and yields a measure of the flow in the tube  14 . Alternatively, if there is little or no flow in the tube, the material in contact with the heating element  42  remains stagnant and rapidly achieves thermal equilibrium. This reduces the amount of thermal transfer from the heating element  42 , thereby reducing the amount of power applied to the element. This quantity then indicates a reduced rate of flow through the tube. 
     One of the primary advantages of this sensing modality is that it can be implemented entirely external to the system being monitored. The heating element  42  can be applied external to the tube  14 , and the systems used to heat the element and measure power dissipation are also external to the tube  14 . Further, the heating element  42  does not need to be heated to a particularly high temperature, ensuring safe operation. Thus, this sensing modality is ideal for monitoring the flow of fluid through device tabulation into the reservoir  16 . No new materials are introduced into the reservoir  16 , and user safety is not compromised. 
     Tube blockage and fluid accumulation events may also be monitored by the using an array of dielectric property, capacitance-sensing electrodes (similar to electrode arrays  20 ,  22 , but disposed at the locations of the heating elements  42 ) within the sleeve  40  and external to the tube material  14 . Shielding (that may be transparent and conductive) may also be employed to prevent interference resulting from external contact or signal sources. 
     4. Gas Pressure Monitoring/Air Leak Detection 
     In one embodiment, the remote monitoring system  10  is coupled to a chest drain reservoir, and comprises an air pressure indicator (which may be in the form of an absolute pressure sensor  36  or differential pressure sensor  34 ) that is used to optically indicate loss of the preferred weak-vacuum state in which reservoirs are desirably maintained. In one such embodiment, in the case of a change in air pressure, a colored indicator (not shown) that is typically held in place by the vacuum is released and becomes flush against the inside of the reservoir. This indicator subsequently becomes visible through the translucent reservoir  16 , indicating a loss of desired air pressure. 
     This configuration may integrate LED emitter/receiver pairs (such as LED  24  and photodiode  26 ) to monitor the state of such indicators, thereby provided vigilant monitoring of reservoir pressure conditions. As such, there is no need for monitoring by the patient or clinical staff. 
     In a further embodiment, the remote monitoring system  10  may comprise one or more air leak detection sensors at valve  30 . For example, a pair of dielectric electrode plates  32  may be disposed on opposing sides of the valve  30  seat for capacitive sensing of the valve seal via methods similar to those disclosed for the capacitive sensing of electrode pairs  20 ,  22 . 
     5. Sensor Fusion and Classification Systems 
       FIG. 3  shows a schematic system view of a wireless sensor system  50  coupled with an external wireless device in accordance with the present description. The remote monitoring system  10  may include wireless communication circuitry for receiving sensor data  46  from the various sensors (e.g. one or more of sensors  20 ,  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  42  and  45 ) and transmitting the sensor data  46  to an external computing device  52  (e.g. computer, smart phone, or like device). Application programming  56  may be stored in memory  58 , and executable on processor  54  for analyzing sensor data  46  to output fluid characteristics of the system  10  in the form of output data  60 . 
     In one embodiment, application programming  56  may include routines for machine learning methods applied to generate reliable classification of system state. For example, the system  10  gathers sensor data  46  associated with one or more of reservoir  16  orientation, optical characteristics of reservoir fluids, capacitive coupling and frequency dispersion in the reservoir, flow of liquid through tabulation into the reservoir  16 , gas pressure, and gas flow. There may be several instances of each sensor in use. Thus, the number of sensor inputs (e.g. from one or more of sensors  20 ,  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  42  and  45 ) may grow quite large, and a traditional classification system based on hard thresholds may grow intractable. However, advanced machine learning techniques, such as Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines offer high-performance sensor fusion capabilities applicable to this system. In a preferred embodiment, all data streams will serve as inputs into a classifier, which would inform a decision based on system state. Further, the set of classified states might include, for example, normal, elevated concern, and critical concern. Thus, the large volume of data from the reservoir monitor can be used to guide patient care through advanced sensor fusion techniques. 
     The system  10  may also include the capability for providing notification of conditions associated with the one or more sensors (e.g. one or more of sensors  20 ,  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  42  and  45 ), such as air leak, fluid accumulation rate and accumulation total, blockage, orientation, and motion. 
     In one embodiment, the application programming  56  may be configured to provide status and event notifications. This includes: 
     a. Local display: A local display  62  integrated in the system  10  (or use display of device  52 ) to indicate status and events. 
     b. Local wireless or wired display: Display  62  may be in the form of a compact display unit may also be included with the system  10  for display of status. This compact display unit may include a wireless tablet device. 
     c. Remote monitoring: System sensor data  46  may be transported over wireless and Internet data transport to remote systems  52  that provide Web-based access, messaging and alert systems, and also include constantly vigilant services that ensure device access and operation. 
     In one embodiment, the wireless communications circuit  44  may be configured as one or more NFC tags that are compatible with the Near Field Communications (NFC) platform to achieve low cost data transmission and logging. Remote processing device  52  may comprise an NFC enabled smart phone  52  that serves as the NFC reader, which automatically receives data from in range NFC tags. The NFC tags may be configured to harvest energy from the smart phone  52 . 
     The system  10  may also include a battery pack system (not shown) or other wireless inductively coupled energy recharge, enabling multiday operation. 
     Also, one embodiment of the remote monitoring system  10  may be integrated with a container system (e.g. embedded sensors within container walls  18 ), as provided by vendors, that is generally a polymer system with polymer standard tubing, both of which have proven sterility and safety. Add-on remote monitoring system  10  configurations may be added to an existing container  12  or tube  14  (at the time of manufacture or in the field, e.g. via adhesive or other attachment means), and do not degrade this sterility since they are external. In one embodiment, the components of the remote monitoring system  10  may be in the form of a smart clip or smart tape for attaching to the container  12 . 
     In some embodiments, sterile electrochemical sensors may be use on inside surface, while other circuitry  44  and external interrogator device  52  are disposed outside. 
     While the embodiments detailed above are illustrated primarily for medical uses, such as systems and methods disclosed herein may be used for a variety of applications where remote sensing is desired. 
     Embodiments of the present technology may be described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations of methods and systems according to embodiments of the technology, and/or procedures, algorithms, steps, operations, formulae, or other computational depictions, which may also be implemented as computer program products. In this regard, each block or step of a flowchart, and combinations of blocks (and/or steps) in a flowchart, as well as any procedure, algorithm, step, operation, formula, or computational depiction can be implemented by various means, such as hardware, firmware, and/or software including one or more computer program instructions embodied in computer-readable program code. As will be appreciated, any such computer program instructions may be executed by one or more computer processors, including without limitation a general purpose computer or special purpose computer, or other programmable processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the computer program instructions which execute on the computer processor(s) or other programmable processing apparatus create means for implementing the function(s) specified. 
     Accordingly, blocks of the flowcharts, and procedures, algorithms, steps, operations, formulae, or computational depictions described herein support combinations of means for performing the specified function(s), combinations of steps for performing the specified function(s), and computer program instructions, such as embodied in computer-readable program code logic means, for performing the specified function(s). It will also be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations, as well as any procedures, algorithms, steps, operations, formulae, or computational depictions and combinations thereof described herein, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computer systems which perform the specified function(s) or step(s), or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer-readable program code. 
     Furthermore, these computer program instructions, such as embodied in computer-readable program code, may also be stored in one or more computer-readable memory or memory devices that can direct a computer processor or other programmable processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory or memory devices produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s). The computer program instructions may also be executed by a computer processor or other programmable processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer processor or other programmable processing apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer processor or other programmable processing apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s), procedure (s) algorithm(s), step(s), operation(s), formula(e), or computational depiction(s). 
     It will further be appreciated that the terms “programming” or “program executable” as used herein refer to one or more instructions that can be executed by one or more computer processors to perform one or more functions as described herein. The instructions can be embodied in software, in firmware, or in a combination of software and firmware. The instructions can be stored local to the device in non-transitory media, or can be stored remotely such as on a server, or all or a portion of the instructions can be stored locally and remotely. Instructions stored remotely can be downloaded (pushed) to the device by user initiation, or automatically based on one or more factors. 
     It will further be appreciated that as used herein, that the terms processor, hardware processor, computer processor, central processing unit (CPU), and computer are used synonymously to denote a device capable of executing the instructions and communicating with input/output interfaces and/or peripheral devices, and that the terms processor, hardware processor, computer processor, CPU, and computer are intended to encompass single or multiple devices, single core and multicore devices, and variations thereof. 
     From the description herein, it will be appreciated that that the present disclosure encompasses multiple embodiments which include, but are not limited to, the following: 
     1. An apparatus for detecting changes in fluid or air in a container, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of sensors configured to be attached to a container of a type used to collect fluid or air from a human body; said sensors configured to monitor changes in fluid or air in the container; and a wireless communications interface configured for receiving data from the plurality of sensors and sending the data to a remote processor configured to analyze the data. 
     2. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment: wherein the plurality of sensors comprise first and second arrays of paired sensors; wherein a first array is disposed on a first side of the container and a second array is disposed on a second side of the container opposite a reservoir disposed between the first side and second side; and wherein each sensor in the first array is paired with a corresponding sensor in the second array to form a sensor pair configured to measure a characteristic of a fluid or air within the reservoir. 
     3. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensor pairs are disposed at incremental elevation locations within the reservoir such that the sensors detect the fluid or air characteristic at the incremental elevation locations. 
     4. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the incremental elevation locations corresponding to a volume increment to indicate a volume of a liquid within the reservoir. 
     5. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the at least two electrode pairs are configured to simultaneously acquire sensor data to measure a fluid flow rate within the container. 
     6. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensor pairs comprise dielectric electrodes configured to measure capacitance within the reservoir. 
     7. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment: wherein the sensor pairs comprise an LED disposed on the first side of the container, and a photo-detector on the second side of the container; and wherein the sensor pairs are configured to determine the composition of the fluid or air inside the reservoir. 
     8. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, further comprising: a tube coupled to the reservoir; wherein the plurality of sensors comprise one or more sensors disposed at spaced apart locations on said tube to measure flow rate of a fluid in the tube for delivery to or from the container. 
     9. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors are disposed within a sleeve surrounding an external surface of the tube. 
     10. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors comprise thermal sensors configured to measure dissipation of heat within the fluid; said heat dissipation relating to the flow rate of the fluid. 
     11. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors are configured to analyze said fluid for one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of temperature, density, viscosity, vesicular matter, cell content, hemoglobin content, and any additional chemical, cellular or biological material of interest. 
     12. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a leak within the sensor. 
     13. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the container comprises a valve having a valve seat; wherein the plurality of sensors comprise a pair of dielectric electrodes disposed on opposing sides of the valve seat to measure capacitance across the valve seat. 
     14. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, further comprising: a tri-axial accelerometer coupled to the reservoir wall to measure angle of the reservoir with respect to vertical and thus enable compensation for reservoir orientation in determination of the volume of liquid within the reservoir. 
     15. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors are disposed within a sleeve surrounding an external surface of the reservoir. 
     16. A system for detecting changes in fluid or air in a container, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of sensors configured to be attached to a container of a type used to collect fluid or air from a human body; said sensors configured to monitor changes in fluid or air in the container; and a wireless communications interface configured for receiving data from the plurality of sensors and sending the data to a remote computing device; said remote computing device comprising: a processor; a non-transitory memory storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein said instructions, when executed by the processor, are configured to analyze the data from the plurality of sensors to measure a characteristic of a fluid or air within the reservoir. 
     17. The system of any preceding embodiment: wherein the plurality of sensors comprise first and second arrays of paired sensors; wherein a first array is disposed on a first side of the container and a second array is disposed on a second side of the container opposite a reservoir disposed between the first side and second side; and wherein each sensor in the first array is paired with a corresponding sensor in the second array to form a sensor pair configured to measure the characteristic of a fluid or air within the reservoir. 
     18. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensor pairs are disposed at incremental elevation locations within the reservoir such that the sensors detect the fluid or air characteristic at the incremental elevation locations. 
     19. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the incremental elevation locations corresponding to a volume increment to indicate a volume of a liquid within the reservoir. 
     20. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the at least two electrode pairs are configured to simultaneously acquire sensor data to measure a fluid flow rate within the container. 
     21. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensor pairs comprise dielectric electrodes configured to measure capacitance within the reservoir. 
     22. The system of any preceding embodiment: wherein the sensor pairs comprise an LED disposed on the first side of the container, and a photo-detector on the second side of the container; and wherein the sensor pairs are configured to determine the composition of the fluid or air inside the reservoir. 
     23. The system of any preceding embodiment, further comprising: a tube coupled to the reservoir; wherein the plurality of sensors comprise one or more sensors disposed at spaced apart locations on said tube to measure flow rate of a fluid in the tube for delivery to or from the container. 
     24. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors are disposed within a sleeve surrounding an external surface of the tube. 
     25. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors comprise thermal sensors configured to measure dissipation of heat within the fluid; said heat dissipation relating to the flow rate of the fluid. 
     26. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a leak within the sensor. 
     27. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the container comprises a valve having a valve seat; wherein the plurality of sensors comprise a pair of dielectric electrodes disposed on opposing sides of the valve seat to measure capacitance across the valve seat. 
     28. The system of any preceding embodiment, further comprising: a tri-axial accelerometer coupled to the reservoir wall to measure angle of the reservoir with respect to vertical and thus enable compensation for reservoir orientation in determination of the volume of liquid within the reservoir. 
     29. The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of sensors are disposed within a sleeve surrounding an external surface of the reservoir. 
     30. An apparatus for detecting changes in fluid or air in a container, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of sensors configured to be attached to a container of a type used to collect fluid or air from a human body; said sensors configured to monitor changes in fluid or air in the container; and a wireless communications interface configured for receiving data from one or more of the sensors and sending the data to a remote processor configured to analyze the data. 
     31. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensors are configured to sense one or more characteristics of the container selected from the group consisting of: the presence of fluid in container, volume of fluid in the container, container inflow, container outflow, and other dynamic features. 
     32. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the sensors are configured to analyze said fluid for one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: temperature, density, viscosity, vesicular matter, cell content, hemoglobin content, and any additional chemical, cellular or biological material of interest. 
     33. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein the apparatus is configured to monitor continuously and in dynamic fashion, pre- and post-surgical patients who have some type of connected container for collecting some type bodily fluid. 
     Although the description herein contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the disclosure fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art. 
     In the claims, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the disclosed embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed as a “means plus function” element unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for”. No claim element herein is to be construed as a “step plus function” element unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “step for”.