Patent Publication Number: US-2022224840-A1

Title: Camera scope electronic variable prism

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/989,045, filed Aug. 10, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/445,101, filed on Jun. 18, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,032,481), and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/694,838, filed on Jul. 6, 2018, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, including but not limited to those portions that specifically appear hereinafter, the incorporation by reference being made with the following exception: In the event that any portion of the above-referenced applications is inconsistent with this application, this application supersedes said above-referenced applications. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to scopes of all types used to assist a surgeon during surgical procedures. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Endoscopic surgery is experiencing rapid growth in the medical field. Endoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that is used to analyze the interior of a body cavity or interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tubular member into the body cavity through a minor or minimal incision. A conventional endoscope is generally an instrument with a light source and an image sensor or device for visualizing the interior a body cavity. A wide range of applications have been developed for the general field of endoscopes including, but not necessarily limited to: arthroscope, angioscope, bronchoscope, choledochoscope, colonoscope, cytoscope, duodenoscope, enteroscope, esophagogastro-duodenoscope (gastroscope), laparoscope, laryngoscope, nasopharyngo-neproscope, sigmoidoscope, thoracoscope, and utererscope (hereinafter referred to generally as “endoscope” or “scope”). The advantages of endoscopy include smaller surgical incisions and less soft tissue damage. As a result, there is significantly less discomfort and pain for the patient as well as a decrease in recovery time. 
     The advantages of minimally invasive surgery performed with the help of an endoscope are well known and understood in the medical field. As a result, there have been a growing number of devices for use with endoscopes for delivering, for example, diagnostic, monitoring, treatment, operating instruments, tools, and accessories (collectively, “tools”) into the observation field and working space of the physician&#39;s endoscope. 
     As part of forming an image of the surgical site, the endoscope includes a light source and an image sensor. Endoscopes may also incorporate more than one tubular member for observation or operation within the body, such as a working channel for passing diagnostic, monitoring, treatment, or surgical tools through the endoscope. Endoscopes include glass lenses and an adjustable ocular or eye piece, a lateral connection for a light conductor, an adaptor that allows focusing, and a camera head. This configuration is also called a video endoscope. Conventional endoscopes use physical prisms to direct light into a surgical scene. Unfortunately, the use of a physical prism also causes the tips of an endoscope to be angled and requires the user to rotate the physical prism to allow a surgeon to see different portions of a surgical scene. 
     Most scopes are implemented with a particular size aperture, such as, for example, a 5 mm scope. A 5 mm scope has no parts to be inserted into a body that exceed a 5 mm diameter. Conventional 5 mm scopes, or other scopes, are implemented with a zero degree (blunt) shaft tip or an angled shaft tip (e.g., between a range of about a thirty degree shaft tip to about a seventy degree shaft tip). In certain circumstances it is possible that other tips could be used to provide a narrower or wider field of view. 
     One drawback of this conventional technology is that in order to change a field of view from thirty degrees to seventy degrees, for example, a surgeon must withdraw a scope from a body of a person, remove the affixed thirty degree tip and apply a seventy degree tip to the scope (or use two scopes, one with a thirty degree tip and one with a seventy degree tip). Constant tip (or scope) changing is undesirable, however, because changing tips (or scopes) causes surgical delays that extend a length of a surgical procedure. Further, withdrawing and re-inserting a scope several times (or different scopes) risks that tissue will be damaged during the surgical procedure (e.g., accidentally hitting a nerve while reinserting a scope). Frequently, surgeons find that they would rather have a less ideal, or at least less desirable, view of a scene than constantly adjusting a field of view for different parts of a surgical procedure because of undesirability of adjusting or changing the tip of the scope to see a different field of view. Thus, when given the option between a less ideal view of a scene or switching or adjusting a scope, the surgeons will often operate with a less ideal view of a scene. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for surgeons to obtain their desired view of a scene when operating with a scope without withdrawing a scope from a body or without having to change physical devices or tips. A need further exists to provide true high definition view of a scene while having an ability to selectively select a desirable field of view. 
     The features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the disclosure without undue experimentation. The features and advantages of the disclosure may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In one embodiment, a system is disclosed. The system includes a scope, which further includes a prism. The system further includes a handpiece. The system also includes an imaging sensor. The imaging sensor includes a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels. The system further includes interface elements that, when actuated, cause an angle of view provided through the prism to be changed in a single image readout frame. 
     In another embodiment, a scope is disclosed. The scope includes a prism disposed in a distal tip of the scope. The scope includes a hand piece. The scope also includes an imaging sensor. The imaging sensor includes a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels. The scope further includes interface elements which, when actuated, cause an angle of view provided through the prism to be changed in a single readout frame. 
     In another embodiment, a method is disclosed. The method includes providing a scope having a prism in a distal tip of the scope. The scope further has one or more interface elements. A processor receives an indication from one of the one or more interface elements to change an angle of view provided by the prism in the distal tip of the scope. The processor identifies a sub-portion, for example one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel, of the array of pixels corresponding to the indicated angle of view. The processor also receives imaging data from the sub-portion, such as one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel, of the array of pixels corresponding to the indicated angle of view and generates an image from the image data for display on a display device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from a consideration of the subsequent detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary scope for use with an electronic variable prism; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a 4K image sensor which may be connected to the exemplary scope shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism; 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 30° angle of view; 
         FIGS. 5A-5D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 70° angle of view; 
         FIGS. 6A-6D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 50° angle of view; 
         FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  provides a 30° angle of view using a digital prism; 
         FIGS. 8A-8D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  provides a 70° angle of view using a digital prism; 
         FIGS. 9A-9D  illustrate an embodiment of a view pattern implemented when the scope shown in  FIG. 1  provides a 50° angle of view using a digital prism; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a method for identifying a selection of pixels in an 4K array of pixels to provide a view at a particular angle of view; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of a system of a 4K sensor and an electromagnetic emitter in operation for use in producing an image in a light deficient environment using the scope shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a schematic view of complementary system hardware; 
         FIGS. 12A-12D  illustrate operational cycles of a sensor used to construct one image frame; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a graphical representation of the operation of an embodiment of an electromagnetic emitter; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a graphical representation of varying the duration and magnitude of the emitted electromagnetic pulse in order to provide exposure control; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a graphical representation of an embodiment of the disclosure combining the operational cycles of a sensor, the electromagnetic emitter and the emitted electromagnetic pulses of  FIGS. 12A-14 , which demonstrate the imaging system during operation; and 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a schematic of two distinct processes over a period of time from t( 0 ) to t( 1 ) for recording a frame of video for full spectrum light and partitioned spectrum light. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles in accordance with the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and any additional applications of the principles of the disclosure as illustrated herein, which would normally occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the disclosure claimed. 
     Before the devices, systems, methods and processes for providing single use imaging devices and an image or view optimizing assembly are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments, configurations, or process steps disclosed herein as such embodiments, configurations, or process steps may vary somewhat. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting since the scope of the disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims, if any, and equivalents thereof. 
     In describing and claiming the subject matter of the disclosure, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below. 
     It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     It must be understood that “field of view” as used herein is intended to contemplate how much of an image can be seen in terms of degrees or angles as diffracted in liquids. 
     It must be understood that “angle of view” as used herein is intended to contemplate an angle at which a field of view is angled in degrees or angles as diffracted in liquids. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. 
     As used herein, the phrase “consisting of” and grammatical equivalents thereof exclude any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. 
     As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of” and grammatical equivalents thereof limit the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic or characteristics of the claimed disclosure. 
     As used herein, the term “active” as used in relation to a device or to electronic communication refers to any device or circuit, driven by hardware or software, that has decision making or logic processing capabilities regarding its operation and/or its condition. Conversely, the term “passive” as used in relation to an imaging device or to electronic communication refers to a hardware device that is written to and read from only, or a device that does not have any memory or other electronic, or physical tracking components and does not include any decision making or logic processing capabilities regarding its operation and/or its condition. 
     Referring now to the drawings, and specifically to  FIG. 1 , an embodiment of the features of the disclosure will be discussed generally.  FIG. 1  illustrates a scope system  100  which provides a scope  125  for surgical use. Scope system  100  includes a hand piece  105  which connects to scope  125 . Hand piece  105  may implement an image sensor, such as a CMOS sensor (not shown in  FIG. 1  but discussed below). Hand piece  105  may further implement interactive elements  110 , which may be implemented as buttons, dials, touch screens, or other conventional interactive elements known in the art. Handpiece  105  may be further connected to image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  by cable  115  which serves to communicate information from the CMOS sensor, pulses of light, and other information between image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  and hand piece  105 . Image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may include elements such as a light engine, a laser light engine, an image processor, a display unit for displaying images obtained from the CMOS image sensor, and other elements necessary to provide light pulses to a surgical scene at a distal tip of a scope and receive image information obtained by the CMOS sensor. 
     Scope  125  may include an optional handle  130  and various elements configured to transmit light to a distal end of scope  125  and obtain information from a surgical scene at a distal end of an endoscope. For example, various wires, transmission lines, fiber optic cables, lumens, and other elements may be disposed within scope  125  and may extend through a tube  135  to a distal end of scope  125 . 
     At a distal end of tube  135 , a prism (or a lens as will be discussed below)  140  may be disposed. For example, a prism  140  may be implemented to offset a field of view at a certain degree or angle. In one embodiment a 50° prism may be used to angle light being emitted from scope  125  into a surgical scene although any prism may be used to angle or diffract light such that light is directed at a particular angle between 0° and 90°. However, since most surgeons seem to prefer a view angle of 30° or 70°, a 50° prism is particularly suitable in this implementation because 30° and 70° are each 20° away from 50°. This particular implementation will be further discussed below. The image sensor, such as a CMOS sensor (not shown in  FIG. 1  but discussed below), may be implemented within the distal end of the tube or scope  135 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a 4K image sensor  200  which may be connected to the exemplary scope shown in  FIG. 1 . Image sensor  200  may be a CMOS sensor and may be referred to as a 4K sensor because image sensor  200  includes four million pixels arranged to have at least a height  205  of two thousand pixels and a width  210  of two thousand pixels. In other words, image sensor  200  may be a square sensor having a pixel array with four million individual pixels arranged to include a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel square. The sensor  200  may be located within the scope  125  at the distal end of tube  135 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , image sensor  200  may be subdivided into smaller portions. That is to say, in an array of four million pixels, there exist a virtually limitless number of one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel arrays of pixels.  FIG. 2  illustrates a first pixel array  215  of one thousand pixels by one thousand pixels that occupies an upper left portion of a sensor and includes exactly one quarter of the total pixels in image sensor  200 .  FIG. 2  further illustrates a second pixel array  220 , a third pixel array  225 , and a fourth pixel array  230  which are each non-overlapping arrays occupying different portions of image sensor  200  and which are all one thousand pixels high by one thousand pixels wide. A fifth pixel array  235  is illustrated as occupying a center portion of image sensor  200  in that a left side of pixel array  235  is the same distance from a left edge of image sensor  200  as a right side of pixel array  235  is from a right edge of image sensor  200 . Further, fifth pixel array  235  is identified such that a top side of pixel array  235  is the same distance from a top edge of image sensor  200  as a bottom side of pixel array  235  is from a bottom edge of image sensor  200 . 
     First pixel array  215 , second pixel array  220 , third pixel array  225 , fourth pixel array  230 , and fifth pixel array  235  are merely instructive of five sub-pixel arrays that may be created from a two thousand by two thousand pixel array in image sensor  200 . However, as previously discussed, a total number of unique one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel arrays may be virtually limitless. In other words, each individual pixel in image sensor  200  may be part of a unique one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array that is different from every and any other array of one thousand pixels by one thousand pixels. Thus, the number of unique one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel arrays that may be selected from a two thousand by two thousand pixel array is quite large. Thus, a 4 k image sensor, such as image sensor  200 , may be particularly suitable to provide a significant variety of one thousand by one thousand pixel arrays which may be selected to be used for a particular purpose, as will be discussed below. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  300  implemented when scope  125 , which is shown and described with respect to  FIG. 1  above, incorporates a 50° prism  305  which may be disposed in a distal end of scope  125 . View pattern  300  from prism  305  may be projected onto a 4 k sensor, such as image sensor  200 , discussed above with respect to  FIG. 2  at a wide field of view  310 . Field of view  310  may be wide enough to incorporate a 30° angle of view  315 , a 50° angle of view  320 , and a 70° angle of view  325 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . Further, in an embodiment that uses a 50° prism, an 85° field of view may be obtained in liquids such as, for example, saline which is frequently the case in surgical situations. An 85° field of view also corresponds to a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels on a four million pixel array of pixels. Thus, information derived from each of 30° angle of view  315 , 50° angle of view  320 , and 70° angle of view  325  may be entirely captured by a 4 k image sensor, such as image sensor  200 , discussed above. Specific implementations of view pattern  300  will be discussed below. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  400 , which may be similar to view pattern  300  shown in  FIG. 3 , implemented when scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 30° angle of view. View pattern  400  includes a representation of an image sensor  405  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  405  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  400  includes a wide field of view  410  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a 50° prism. As shown in  FIG. 4A , field of view  410  is laid on image sensor  405  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  405 . View pattern  400  further illustrates a center focal point  415  which represents a center portion of image sensor  405 . 
     View pattern  400  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a  that corresponds to a 30° of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  425 . By manipulation of scope  125  using interface elements  110 , shown in  FIG. 1 , a surgeon may change or rotate a particular 30° angle of view to view different 30° portions of a surgical scene. Notch  425  provides an orientation point to a surgeon for which 30° portion of a surgical scene the surgeon is looking at such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     However, as the surgeon rotates an angle of view, the corresponding positions of pixels on pixel array  405  which are receiving the desired image information change. In other words, a particular one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a  may be associated with a particular angle of view designated by notch  425 . As shown in  FIG. 4A , a 30° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a  that is disposed on image sensor  405  directly opposite of notch  425 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  405  which is desired by a surgeon at a 30° view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. Effectively, the focus point of the 50° prism is shifted by 20° to the left (based on the position of notch  425 ) in  FIG. 4A  to focus on a 30° field of view identified by the circular area within one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a.    
       FIGS. 4B-4D  illustrate view patterns  400  which are altered by a surgeon rotating notch  425  to view specific 30° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 4B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view.  FIG. 4C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 4D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may still rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired. However, a surgeon may also switch an angle of view from 30° to 50° or 70°, for example, implemented as one of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a  within image sensor  405  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may identify minute rotations of notch  425  and recalculate a location of a new one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  420   a  as scope  100  is rotated. In other words, a new one thousand by one thousand pixel array  420   a  may be identified with each one of the 240 frames and still provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while rotating notch  425 . 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  500 , which may be similar to view pattern  300  shown in  FIG. 3 , implemented when scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 70° angle of view. View pattern  500  includes a representation of an image sensor  505  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  505  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  500  includes a wide field of view  510  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a 50° prism. As shown in  FIG. 5A , field of view  510  is laid on image sensor  505  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  505 . View pattern  500  further illustrates a center focal point  515  which represents a center portion of image sensor  505 . 
     View pattern  500  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a  that corresponds to a 70° of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  525 . By manipulation of scope  125  using interface elements  110 , shown in  FIG. 1 , a surgeon may change or rotate a particular 70° angle of view to view different 70° portions of a surgical scene. Notch  525  provides an orientation point to a surgeon for which 70° portion of a surgical scene the surgeon is looking at such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     However, as the surgeon rotates an angle of view, the corresponding positions of pixels on pixel array  505  which are receiving the desired image information change. In other words, a particular one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a  may be associated with a particular angle of view designated by notch  525 . As shown in  FIG. 5A , a 70° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a  that is disposed on image sensor  505  directly on (e.g., bisected by) notch  525 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  505  which is desired by a surgeon at a 70° view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. Effectively, the focus point of the 50° prism is shifted by 20° to the right (based on the position of notch  525 ) in  FIG. 5A  to focus on a 70° field of view identified by the circular area within one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a.    
       FIGS. 5B-5D  illustrate view patterns  500  which are altered by a surgeon rotating notch  525  to view specific 70° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 5B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view.  FIG. 5C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 5D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may still rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired. However, a surgeon may also switch an angle of view from 70° to 50° or 30° with nothing more than a press of a button, for example, implemented as one of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a  within image sensor  505  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may identify minute rotations of notch  525  and recalculate a location of a new one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  520   a  as scope  100  is rotated. In other words, a new one thousand by one thousand pixel array  520   a  may be identified with each one of the 240 frames and still provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while rotating notch  525 . 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  600 , which may be similar to view pattern  300  shown in  FIG. 3 , implemented when scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  incorporates a 50° prism and is adjusted to provide a 50° angle of view. View pattern  600  includes a representation of an image sensor  605  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  605  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  600  includes a wide field of view  610  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a 50° prism. As shown in  FIG. 6A , field of view  610  is laid on image sensor  605  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  605 . View pattern  600  further illustrates a center focal point  615  which represents a center portion of image sensor  605 . 
     View pattern  600  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620   a  that corresponds to a 50° view of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  625 . By manipulation of scope  125  using interface elements  110 , shown in  FIG. 1 , a surgeon may change or rotate a particular 50° angle of view to view different 50° portions of a surgical scene. Notch  625  provides an orientation point to a surgeon for which 50° portion of a surgical scene the surgeon is looking at such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     In this unique embodiment, as the surgeon rotates an angle of view, the corresponding positions of pixels on image sensor  605  which are receiving the desired image information remain in the same place on image sensor  605  because a 50° prism is installed on scope  125 . Thus, a 50° angle of view may always be associated with one particular thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620   a  regardless of the position of notch  625 . While notch  625  may direct scope to identify different 50° angles of view (e.g., 50° looking up or 50° looking down), the location of pixels receiving image data remains the same by use of a 50° prism. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 6A , a 50° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620   a  that is disposed such that a center pixel of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620  is a center pixel of the two thousand by two thousand pixel array that makes up image sensor  605 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  605  which is desired by a surgeon at a 50° view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. 
       FIGS. 6B-6D  illustrate view patterns  600  which are altered by a surgeon rotating notch  625  to view specific 50° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 6B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view.  FIG. 6C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 6D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may still rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired. However, a surgeon may also switch an angle of view from 50° to 30° or 70° with nothing more than a press of a button, for example, implemented as one of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620   a  within image sensor  605  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may identify minute rotations of notch  625  and read the known location of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  620   a  associated with a 50° angle of view as scope  100  is rotated. In other words, a the one thousand by one thousand pixel array  620   a  may be read with each one of the 240 frames and provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while rotating notch  625 . 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  700 , which corresponds to an implementation of scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  which does not, as before, incorporate a 50° prism. Rather, in the embodiment of  FIG. 7A , scope  125  is fitted with a wide field of view lens, such as a 180° lens with a 0° offset. Other lenses may be substituted for a 180° lens. Typically, any lens between 125° and 180° is suitable in this implementation. Lenses used in this embodiment may or may not be fisheye lenses. However, it is to be noted that this embodiment does not use a prism to bend an angle of view and there is a 0° offset in this embodiment. However, by identifying certain portions of an image sensor, such as image sensor  705 , a particular angle of view within the field of view of the lens may be provided in a manner that is consistent with a surgeon&#39;s expectations and experience with a scope, using the techniques discussed below. 
     View pattern  700  includes a representation of an image sensor  705  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  705  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  700  includes a wide field of view  710  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a wide field of view lens. As shown in  FIG. 7A , field of view  710  is laid on image sensor  705  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  705 . View pattern  700  further illustrates a center focal point  715  which represents a center portion of image sensor  705 . 
     View pattern  700  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  that corresponds to a 30° of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  725 . In this embodiment, however, no physical rotation of scope  125  is necessary. Rather, a surgeon interfacing with interface elements  110  may digitally alter both the angle of view and field of view. In response, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may identify a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  to produce a desired view which, in  FIG. 7A  is a 30° angle of view looking to the right. Image sensor  705  effectively captures every 30° angle of view and can selectively produce a corresponding image by reading out portions of image sensor  705  that contain data corresponding to a desired 30° angle of view. Notch  725  may still be provided on a display to provide a surgeon with a reference point in the surgical scene such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     However, as the surgeon digitally rotates an angle of view by use of interface elements  110  on scope  125 , the corresponding positions of pixels on pixel array  705  which are receiving the desired image information change. In other words, a particular one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  may be associated with a particular angle of view designated by notch  725 . As shown in  FIG. 7A , a 30° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  that is disposed on image sensor  705  may include a center portion of image sensor  705  be centered vertically about the center point of image sensor  705  and extend one thousand pixels in a direction towards notch  725 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  705  which is desired by a surgeon at a 30° angle of view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. Effectively, the focus point of a lens may be digitally shifted by 30° to provide a selected 30° angle of view in a field of view defined by the lens. 
       FIGS. 7B-7D  illustrate view patterns  700  which are altered by a surgeon digitally rotating notch  725  to view specific 30° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 7B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view.  FIG. 7C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 7D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may digitally rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired while also digitally switching an angle of view from 70° to 0° or 30°, for example, using one or more of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  within image sensor  705  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may react to minute digital rotations of notch  725  and recalculate a location of a new one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  720   a  as scope  100  is digitally rotated. In other words, a new one thousand by one thousand pixel array  720   a  may be identified with each one of the 240 frames and still provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while digitally rotating notch  725 . 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  800 , which corresponds to an implementation of scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  which does not, as before, incorporate a prism. Rather, in the embodiment of  FIG. 8A , scope  125  is fitted with a wide field of view lens, such as a 180° lens with a 0° offset. Other lenses may be substituted for a 180° lens. Typically, any lens between 125° and 180° is suitable in this implementation. Lenses used in this embodiment may or may not be fisheye lenses. However, it is to be noted that this embodiment does not use a prism to bend an angle of view and there is a 0° offset in this embodiment. However, by identifying certain portions of an image sensor, such as image sensor  805 , a particular angle of view within the field of view of the lens may be provided in a manner that is consistent with a surgeon&#39;s expectations and experience with a scope, using the techniques discussed below. 
     View pattern  800  includes a representation of an image sensor  805  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  805  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  800  includes a wide field of view  810  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a wide field of view lens. As shown in  FIG. 8A , field of view  810  is laid on image sensor  805  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  805 . View pattern  800  further illustrates a center focal point  815  which represents a center portion of image sensor  805 . 
     View pattern  800  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  that corresponds to a 70° of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  825 . In this embodiment, however, no physical rotation of scope  125  is necessary. Rather, a surgeon interfacing with interface elements  110  may digitally alter both the angle of view and field of view. In response, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may identify a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  to produce a desired view which, in  FIG. 7A  is a 70° angle of view looking to the right. Image sensor  805  effectively captures every 70° angle of view and can selectively produce a corresponding image by reading out portions of image sensor  805  that contain data corresponding to a desired 70° angle of view. Notch  825  may still be provided on a display to provide a surgeon with a reference point in the surgical scene such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     However, as the surgeon digitally rotates an angle of view by use of interface elements  110  on scope  125 , the corresponding positions of pixels on pixel array  705  which are receiving the desired image information change. In other words, a particular one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  may be associated with a particular angle of view designated by notch  825 . As shown in  FIG. 8A , a 70° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  that is disposed on image sensor  805  may include a center pixel of image sensor  705  being disposed in a center of a vertical edge of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array and extending one thousand pixels from that vertical edge in a direction towards notch  725 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  805  which is desired by a surgeon at a 70° angle of view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. Effectively, the focus point of a lens may be digitally shifted by 70° to provide a selected 70° angle of view in a field of view defined by the lens. 
       FIGS. 8B-8D  illustrate view patterns  800  which are altered by a surgeon digitally rotating notch  825  to view specific 70° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 8B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view (the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array being defined by a center point of image sensor  805  disposed in a center of a horizontal edge of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array).  FIG. 8C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 8D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may digitally rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired while also digitally switching an angle of view from 70° to 0° or 30°, for example, using one or more of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  within image sensor  805  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may react to minute digital rotations of notch  825  and recalculate a location of a new one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  820   a  as scope  100  is digitally rotated. In other words, a new one thousand by one thousand pixel array  820   a  may be identified with each one of the 240 frames and still provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while digitally rotating notch  825 . 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates an embodiment of a view pattern  900 , which corresponds to an implementation of scope  125  shown in  FIG. 1  which does not, as before, incorporate a prism. Rather, in the embodiment of  FIG. 8A , scope  125  is fitted with a wide field of view lens, such as a 180° lens with a 0° offset. Other lenses may be substituted for a 180° lens. Typically, any lens between 125° and 180° is suitable in this implementation. Lenses used in this embodiment may or may not be fisheye lenses. However, it is to be noted that this embodiment does not use a prism to bend an angle of view and there is a 0° offset in this embodiment. However, by identifying certain portions of an image sensor, such as image sensor  905 , a particular angle of view within the field of view of the lens may be provided in a manner that is consistent with a surgeon&#39;s expectations and experience with a scope, using the techniques discussed below. 
     View pattern  900  includes a representation of an image sensor  905  which may be a 4K image sensor. Image sensor  905  may be implemented in a manner similar in implementation and description to image sensor  200 , discussed above. View pattern  900  includes a wide field of view  910  which encompasses a total field of view that may be viewed through a lens. As shown in  FIG. 9A , field of view pattern  910  is laid on image sensor  905  to illustrate an approximate position for each pixel collecting image information from a scene on image sensor  905 . View pattern  900  further illustrates a center focal point  915  which represents a center portion of image sensor  905 . 
     View pattern  900  further includes a representation of a specific one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  920   a  that corresponds to a 0° view of a scene at a particular portion of the view identified by notch  925 . By manipulation of scope  125  using interface elements  110 , shown in  FIG. 1 , a surgeon may digitally change or digitally rotate a particular 0° angle of view to view different 0° portions of a surgical scene. Notch  925  provides an orientation point to a surgeon for which 0° portion of a surgical scene the surgeon is looking at such that the surgeon may identify which direction is up, down, left, or right. 
     In this unique embodiment, as the surgeon digitally rotates an angle of view, the corresponding positions of pixels on image sensor  905  which are receiving the desired image information remain in the same place on image sensor  905  because a lens which does not bend an angle of light is installed on scope  125 . Thus, a 0° angle of view may always be associated with one particular thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  920   a  regardless of the position of notch  925 . While notch  925  may direct scope to identify different 0° angles of view (e.g., 0° looking up or 0° looking down), the location of pixels receiving image data remains the same by use of a lens. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 9A , a 0° angle of view may cause image information to be stored in a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  920   a  that is disposed such that a center pixel of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  920  is a center pixel of the two thousand by two thousand pixel array that makes up image sensor  905 . In this manner, a location of image data in image sensor  905  which is desired by a surgeon at a 0° view may be identified and displayed on a display for the surgeon using techniques further described below. 
       FIGS. 9B-9D  illustrate view patterns  900  which are altered by a surgeon digitally rotating notch  925  to view specific 0° portions of a field of view.  FIG. 9B  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a top portion of a field of view.  FIG. 9C  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a right portion of a field of view.  FIG. 9D  illustrates a view where a surgeon is looking at a bottom portion of a field of view. 
     One further advantage of this implementation is that a surgeon may digitally rotate an angle of view through a field of view as desired while also digitally switching an angle of view from 0° to 30° or 70°, for example, using one or more of interface elements  110 . A further advantage is that one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array  920   a  within image sensor  905  may be read at approximately 240 frames per second. Since desired image quality may be obtained with a vastly slower read out rate than 240 frames per second, image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  may react to minute digital rotations of notch  925 . The one thousand by one thousand pixel array  920   a  associated with a 0° may be read out with each one of the 240 frames and still provide a desirable image output. This allows a surgeon to maintain a constant view while digitally rotating notch  925 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a method  1000  for identifying a selection of pixels in an 4K array of pixels to provide a view at a particular angle of view in a field of view. Method  1000  begins at step  1005  at which image acquisition and processing circuitry  120 , shown in  FIG. 1 , may by use of a processor, which will be described in more detail below, receive an indication of a desired field of view angle for scope  125 . For example, a surgeon may manipulate interface elements  110  to indicate that the surgeon desires a 0°, a 30°, a 50° or a 70° field of view angle, depending on embodiment. As part of step  1005  and receiving an identification of a desired field of view angle for scope  125 , the processor may receive an indication of an angle of view by physical or digital manipulation of a notch, such as notch  425  described in  FIGS. 4A-4D  and other notches described in other figures. Once the processor has determined a desired field of view and angle of view for scope  125 , the processor may, at step  1010  identify a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels in a 4 k pixel array on an image sensor which within which image information for the particular selected field of view and angle of view has been identified. 
     Once the particular one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array associated with a particular selected field of view and angle of view has been identified, the identified one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array may be exposed to receive image data from a surgical scene at step  1015 . For example, light may be emitted into a surgical scene which may be sensed by the pixels in an image sensor, such as image sensor  200 , shown in  FIG. 2 . These pixels in the image sensor store light information which may be used to provide a video display of the surgical scene. This light information received by exposure of the pixels on the image sensor may be read out of the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array at step  1020 . At step  1025 , the processor may process the relevant read out data and generate a video image from the readout data at step  1030 . In this manner, the various frames captured at 240 frames per second may be assembled together to provide a video based view of a surgical scene at a field of view and angle of view determined by a surgeon. 
     Advantageously, since only one quarter of an image sensor, such as image sensor  200  shown in  FIG. 2  is needed to provide a particular field of view and angle of view at a particular surgical scene, when using a 4 k image sensor, other pixels that may receive image information may be used for other purposes. For example, if a frame rate was slowed from 240 frames per second, these pixels may be used to receiving additional information such as infrared information, color information, spectroscopy information, ultraviolet information, augmented reality information, or other information from a surgical scene. 
     It may be further possible to eliminate a data line connection to the camera head for receiving information from interface elements  110  by encoding the information from the interface elements in a video stream such that an image sensor, such as image sensor  200  encodes a button status and transmits the information to the image acquisition and processing circuitry, such as image acquisition and processing circuitry  120  shown in  FIG. 1 . The image acquisition and processing circuitry may therefore respond appropriately to interaction with interface elements  110 . 
     It is also possible that instead of reading just a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array, a processor may readout the entire 4K sensor albeit with a lower frame rate of 60 frames per second. However, using the foregoing techniques, it is possible to provide two angles of view for a particular field of view simultaneously by identifying pixels that overlap between two different angles of view, if any. In this manner a video stream for a first angle of view may be provided to a first display while a video stream for a second angle or view may be provided to a second display simultaneously. It is also possible that these different views may be overlaid on each other. For example, an augmented reality view may be captured by an image sensor while the desired angle of view is displayed such that the augmented reality view may be overlaid on the same display. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of a system of a 4K sensor and an electromagnetic emitter in operation for use in producing an image in a light deficient environment using the scope shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic view of a paired sensor and an electromagnetic emitter in operation for use in producing an image in a light deficient environment. Such a configuration allows for increased functionality in light controlled or ambient light deficient environments. 
     It should be noted that as used herein the term “light” is both a particle and a wavelength and is intended to denote electromagnetic radiation that is detectable by a pixel array and may include wavelengths from the visible and non-visible spectrums of electromagnetic radiation. The term “partition” is used herein to mean a pre-determined range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that is less than the entire spectrum, or in other words, wavelengths that make up some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. As used herein, an emitter is a light source that may be controllable as to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is emitted or that may operate as to the physics of its components, the intensity of the emissions, or the duration of the emission, or all of the above. An emitter may emit light in any dithered, diffused, or collimated emission and may be controlled digitally or through analog methods or systems. As used herein, an electromagnetic emitter is a source of a burst of electromagnetic energy and includes light sources, such as lasers, LEDs, incandescent light, or any light source that can be digitally controlled. 
     A pixel array of an image sensor may be paired with an emitter electronically, such that they are synced during operation for both receiving the emissions and for the adjustments made within the system. As can be seen in  FIG. 11 , an emitter  1100  may be tuned to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of a laser, which may be pulsed in order to illuminate an object  1110 . The emitter  1100  may pulse at an interval that corresponds to the operation and functionality of a pixel array  1122 . The emitter  1100  may pulse light in a plurality of electromagnetic partitions  1105 , such that the pixel array receives electromagnetic energy and produces a data set that corresponds (in time) with each specific electromagnetic partition  1105 . For example,  FIG. 11  illustrates a system having a monochromatic sensor  1120  having a pixel array (black and white)  1122  and supporting circuitry, which pixel array  1122  is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. Pixel array  1122  may be a 4 k pixel array implemented as a 4 k image sensor similar to, for example, image sensor  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . The light emitter  1100  illustrated in the figure may be a laser emitter that is capable of emitting a red electromagnetic partition  1105   a , a blue electromagnetic partition  1105   b , and a green electromagnetic partition  1105   c  in any desired sequence. It will be appreciated that other light emitters  1100  may be used in  FIG. 11  without departing from the scope of the disclosure, such as digital or analog based emitters. 
     During operation, the data created by the monochromatic sensor  1120  for any individual pulse may be assigned a specific color partition, wherein the assignment is based on the timing of the pulsed color partition from the emitter  1100 . Even though the pixels  1122  are not color dedicated they can be assigned a color for any given data set based on a priori information about the emitter. 
     In one embodiment, three data sets representing RED, GREEN and BLUE electromagnetic pulses may be combined to form a single image frame. It will be appreciated that the disclosure is not limited to any particular color combination or any particular electromagnetic partition, and that any color combination or any electromagnetic partition may be used in place of RED, GREEN and BLUE, such as Cyan, Magenta and Yellow; Ultraviolet; infra-red; any combination of the foregoing, or any other color combination, including all visible and non-visible wavelengths, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In the figure, the object  1110  to be imaged contains a red portion  1110   a , green portion  1110   b  and a blue portion  1110   c . As illustrated in the figure, the reflected light from the electromagnetic pulses only contains the data for the portion of the object having the specific color that corresponds to the pulsed color partition. Those separate color (or color interval) data sets can then be used to reconstruct the image by combining the data sets at  1130 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , implementations of the present disclosure may comprise or utilize a special purpose or general-purpose computer, including computer hardware, such as, for example, one or more processors and system memory, as discussed in greater detail below. Implementations within the scope of the present disclosure may also include physical and other computer-readable media for carrying or storing computer-executable instructions and/or data structures. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer system. Computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions are computer storage media (devices). Computer-readable media that carry computer-executable instructions are transmission media. Thus, by way of example, and not limitation, implementations of the disclosure can comprise at least two distinctly different kinds of computer-readable media: computer storage media (devices) and transmission media. 
     Computer storage media (devices) includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, solid state drives (“SSDs”) (e.g., based on RAM), Flash memory, phase-change memory (“PCM”), other types of memory, other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. 
     A “network” is defined as one or more data links that enable the transport of electronic data between computer systems and/or modules and/or other electronic devices. In an implementation, a sensor and camera control unit may be networked in order to communicate with each other, and other components, connected over the network to which they are connected. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a transmission medium. Transmissions media can include a network and/or data links, which can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Further, upon reaching various computer system components, program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures that can be transferred automatically from transmission media to computer storage media (devices) (or vice versa). For example, computer-executable instructions or data structures received over a network or data link can be buffered in RAM within a network interface module (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventually transferred to computer system RAM and/or to less volatile computer storage media (devices) at a computer system. RAM can also include solid state drives (SSDs or PCIx based real time memory tiered storage, such as FusionIO). Thus, it should be understood that computer storage media (devices) can be included in computer system components that also (or even primarily) utilize transmission media. 
     Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which, when executed at a processor, cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or even source code. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the described features or acts described above. Rather, the described features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure may be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including, personal computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, message processors, control units, camera control units, hand-held devices, hand pieces, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, mobile telephones, PDAs, tablets, pagers, routers, switches, various storage devices, and the like. It should be noted that any of the above mentioned computing devices may be provided by or located within a brick and mortar location. The disclosure may also be practiced in distributed system environments where local and remote computer systems, which are linked (either by hardwired data links, wireless data links, or by a combination of hardwired and wireless data links) through a network, both perform tasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Further, where appropriate, functions described herein can be performed in one or more of: hardware, software, firmware, digital components, or analog components. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can be programmed to carry out one or more of the systems and procedures described herein. Certain terms are used throughout the following description and Claims to refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, components may be referred to by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name, but not function. 
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device  1250 . Computing device  1250  may be used to perform various procedures, such as those discussed herein. Computing device  1250  can function as a server, a client, or any other computing entity. Computing device  1250  can perform various monitoring functions as discussed herein, and can execute one or more application programs, such as the application programs described herein. Computing device  1250  can be any of a wide variety of computing devices, such as a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, camera control unit, tablet computer and the like. 
     Computing device  1250  includes one or more processor(s)  1252 , one or more memory device(s)  1254 , one or more interface(s)  1256 , one or more mass storage device(s)  1258 , one or more Input/Output (I/O) device(s)  1260 , and a display device  1280  all of which are coupled to a bus  1262 . Processor(s)  1252  include one or more processors or controllers that execute instructions stored in memory device(s)  1254  and/or mass storage device(s)  1258 . Processor(s)  1252  may also include various types of computer-readable media, such as cache memory. 
     Memory device(s)  1254  include various computer-readable media, such as volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM)  1264 ) and/or nonvolatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM)  1266 ). Memory device(s)  1254  may also include rewritable ROM, such as Flash memory. 
     Mass storage device(s)  1258  include various computer readable media, such as magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical disks, solid-state memory (e.g., Flash memory), and so forth. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a particular mass storage device is a hard disk drive  1274 . Various drives may also be included in mass storage device(s)  1258  to enable reading from and/or writing to the various computer readable media. Mass storage device(s)  1258  include removable media  1276  and/or non-removable media. 
     I/O device(s)  1260  include various devices that allow data and/or other information to be input to or retrieved from computing device  1250 . Example I/O device(s)  1260  include digital imaging devices, electromagnetic sensors and emitters, cursor control devices, keyboards, keypads, microphones, monitors or other display devices, speakers, printers, network interface cards, modems, lenses, CCDs or other image capture devices, and the like. 
     Display device  1280  includes any type of device capable of displaying information to one or more users of computing device  1250 . Examples of display device  1280  include a monitor, display terminal, video projection device, and the like. 
     Interface(s)  1206  include various interfaces that allow computing device  1250  to interact with other systems, devices, or computing environments. Example interface(s)  1256  may include any number of different network interfaces  1270 , such as interfaces to local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, and the Internet. Other interface(s) include user interface  1268  and peripheral device interface  1272 . The interface(s)  1256  may also include one or more user interface elements  1268 . The interface(s)  1256  may also include one or more peripheral interfaces such as interfaces for printers, pointing devices (mice, track pad, etc.), keyboards, and the like. 
     Bus  1262  allows processor(s)  1252 , memory device(s)  1254 , interface(s)  1256 , mass storage device(s)  1258 , and I/O device(s)  1260  to communicate with one another, as well as other devices or components coupled to bus  1262 . Bus  1262  represents one or more of several types of bus structures, such as a system bus, PCI bus, IEEE 1394 bus, USB bus, and so forth. 
     For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable program components are shown herein as discrete blocks, although it is understood that such programs and components may reside at various times in different storage components of computing device  1250  and are executed by processor(s)  1252 . Alternatively, the systems and procedures described herein can be implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can be programmed to carry out one or more of the systems and procedures described herein. 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates the operational cycles of a sensor used in rolling readout mode or during the sensor readout  1200 . The frame readout may start at and may be represented by vertical line  1210 . The read out period is represented by the diagonal or slanted line  1202 . The sensor may be read out on a row by row basis, the top of the downwards slanted edge being the sensor top row  1212  and the bottom of the downwards slanted edge being the sensor bottom row  1214 . The time between the last row readout and the next readout cycle may be called the blanking time  1216 . It should be noted that some of the sensor pixel rows might be covered with a light shield (e.g., a metal coating or any other substantially black layer of another material type). These covered pixel rows may be referred to as optical black rows  1218  and  1220 . Optical black rows  1218  and  1220  may be used as input for correction algorithms. As shown in  FIG. 12A , these optical black rows  1218  and  1220  may be located on the top of the pixel array or at the bottom of the pixel array or at the top and the bottom of the pixel array.  FIG. 12B  illustrates a process of controlling the amount of electromagnetic radiation, e.g., light, that is exposed to a pixel, thereby integrated or accumulated by the pixel. It will be appreciated that photons are elementary particles of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are integrated, absorbed, or accumulated by each pixel and converted into an electrical charge or current. An electronic shutter or rolling shutter (shown by dashed line  1222 ) may be used to start the integration time by resetting the pixel. The light will then integrate until the next readout phase. The position of the electronic shutter  1222  can be moved between two readout cycles  1202  in order to control the pixel saturation for a given amount of light. It should be noted that this technique allows for a constant integration time between two different lines, but introduces a delay when moving from top to bottom rows.  FIG. 12C  illustrates the case where the electronic shutter  1222  has been removed. In this configuration, the integration of the incoming light may start during readout  1202  and may end at the next readout cycle  1202 , which also defines the start of the next integration.  FIG. 12D  shows a configuration without an electronic shutter  1222 , but with a controlled and pulsed light  1230  during the blanking time  1216 . This ensures that all rows see the same light issued from the same light pulse  1230 . In other words, each row will start its integration in a dark environment, which may be at the optical black back row  1220  of read out frame (m) for a maximum light pulse width and will then receive a light strobe and will end its integration in a dark environment, which may be at the optical black front row  1218  of the next succeeding read out frame (m+1) for a maximum light pulse width. In  FIG. 12D  for example, the image generated from the light pulse will be solely available during frame (m+1) readout without any interference with frames (m) and (m+2). It should be noted that the condition to have a light pulse to be read out only in one frame and not interfere with neighboring frames is to have the given light pulse firing during the blanking time  1216 . Because the optical black rows  1218 ,  1220  are insensitive to light, the optical black back rows  1220  time of frame (m) and the optical black front rows  1218  time of frame (m+1) can be added to the blanking time  1216  to determine the maximum range of the firing time of the light pulse  1230 . As illustrated in  FIG. 12A , a sensor may be cycled many times in order to receive data for each pulsed color (e.g., Red, Green, Blue). Each cycle may be timed. In an embodiment, the cycles may be timed to operate within an interval of 16.67 ms. In another embodiment, the cycles may be timed to operate within an interval of 8.3 ms. It will be appreciated that other timing intervals are contemplated by the disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. 
       FIG. 13  graphically illustrates the operation of an embodiment of an electromagnetic emitter. An emitter may be timed to correspond with the cycles of a sensor, such that electromagnetic radiation is emitted within the sensor operation cycle and/or during a portion of the sensor operation cycle.  FIG. 13  illustrates Pulse 1 at  1302 , Pulse 2 at  1304 , and Pulse 3 at  1306 . In an embodiment, the emitter may pulse during the read out portion  1202  of the sensor operation cycle. In an embodiment, the emitter may pulse during the blanking portion  1216  of the sensor operation cycle. In an embodiment, the emitter may pulse for a duration that is during portions of two or more sensor operational cycles. In an embodiment, the emitter may begin a pulse during the blanking portion  1216 , or during the optical black portion  1220  of the readout portion  1202 , and end the pulse during the readout portion  1202 , or during the optical black portion  1218  of the readout portion  1202  of the next succeeding cycle. It will be understood that any combination of the above is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure as long as the pulse of the emitter and the cycle of the sensor correspond. 
       FIG. 14  graphically represents varying the duration and magnitude of the emitted electromagnetic pulse (e.g., Pulse 1 at  1402 , Pulse 2 at  1404 , and Pulse 3 at  1406 ) to control exposure. An emitter having a fixed output magnitude may be pulsed during any of the cycles noted above in relation to  FIGS. 12D and 13  for an interval to provide the needed electromagnetic energy to the pixel array. An emitter having a fixed output magnitude may be pulsed at a longer interval of time, thereby providing more electromagnetic energy to the pixels or the emitter may be pulsed at a shorter interval of time, thereby providing less electromagnetic energy. Whether a longer or shorter interval time is needed depends upon the operational conditions. 
     In contrast to adjusting the interval of time that the emitter pulses a fixed output magnitude, the magnitude of the emission itself may be increased in order to provide more electromagnetic energy to the pixels. Similarly, decreasing the magnitude of the pulse provides less electromagnetic energy to the pixels. It should be noted that an embodiment of the system may have the ability to adjust both magnitude and duration concurrently, if desired. Additionally, the sensor may be adjusted to increase its sensitivity and duration as desired for optimal image quality.  FIG. 14  illustrates varying the magnitude and duration of the pulses. In the illustration, Pulse 1 at  1402  has a higher magnitude or intensity than either Pulse 2 at  1404  or Pulse 3 at  1406 . Additionally, Pulse 1 at  1402  has a shorter duration than Pulse 2 at  1404  or Pulse 3 at  1406 , such that the electromagnetic energy provided by the pulse is illustrated by the area under the pulse shown in the illustration. In the illustration, Pulse 2 at  1404  has a relatively low magnitude or intensity and a longer duration when compared to either Pulse 1 at  1402  or Pulse 3 at  1406 . Finally, in the illustration, Pulse 3 at  1406  has an intermediate magnitude or intensity and duration, when compared to Pulse 1 at  1402  and Pulse 2 at  1404 . 
       FIG. 15  is a graphical representation of an embodiment of the disclosure combining the operational cycles, the electromagnetic emitter and the emitted electromagnetic pulses of  FIGS. 12A-14  to demonstrate the imaging system during operation in accordance with the principles and teachings of the disclosure. As can be seen in the figure, the electromagnetic emitter pulses the emissions primarily during the blanking period  1216  of the sensor, such that the pixels will be charged and ready to read during the read out portion  1202  of the sensor cycle. The dashed line portions in the pulse (from  FIG. 13 ) illustrate the potential or ability to emit electromagnetic energy during the optical black portions  1220  and  1218  of the read cycle (sensor cycle)  1200  if additional time is needed or desired to pulse electromagnetic energy. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a schematic of two distinct processes over a period of time from t( 0 ) to t( 1 ) for recording a frame of video for full spectrum light and partitioned spectrum light. It should be noted that color sensors have a color filter array (CFA) for filtering out certain wavelengths of light per pixel commonly used for full spectrum light reception. An example of a CFA is a Bayer pattern. Because the color sensor may comprise pixels within the array that are made sensitive to a single color from within the full spectrum, a reduced resolution image results because the pixel array has pixel spaces dedicated to only a single color of light within the full spectrum. Usually such an arrangement is formed in a checkerboard type pattern across the entire array. 
     In contrast, when partitioned spectrums of light are used a sensor can be made to be sensitive or responsive to the magnitude of all light energy because the pixel array will be instructed that it is sensing electromagnetic energy from a predetermined partition of the full spectrum of electromagnetic energy in each cycle. Therefore, to form an image the sensor need only be cycled with a plurality of differing partitions from within the full spectrum of light and then reassembling the image to display a predetermined mixture of color values for every pixel across the array. Accordingly, a higher resolution image is also provided because there are reduced distances as compared to a Bayer sensor between pixel centers of the same color sensitivity for each of the color pulses. As a result, the formed colored image has a higher modulation transfer function (MTF). Because the image from each color partition frame cycle, has a higher resolution, the resultant image created when the partitioned light frames are combined into a full color frame, also has a higher resolution. In other words, because each and every pixel within the array (instead of, at most, every second pixel in a sensor with color filter) is sensing the magnitudes of energy for a given pulse and a given scene, just fractions of time apart, a higher resolution image is created for each scene with less derived (less accurate) data needing to be introduced. 
     For example, white or full spectrum visible light is a combination of red, green and blue light. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 16 , it can be seen that in both the partitioned spectrum process  1620  and full spectrum process  1610  the time to capture an image is t( 0 ) to t( 1 ). In the full spectrum process  1610 , white light or full spectrum electromagnetic energy is emitted at  1612 . At  1614 , the white or full spectrum electromagnetic energy is sensed. At  1616 , the image is processed and displayed. Thus, between time t( 0 ) and t( 1 ), the image has been processed and displayed. Conversely, in the partitioned spectrum process  1620 , a first partition is emitted at  1622  and sensed at  1624 . At  1626 , a second partition is emitted and then sensed at  1628 . At  1630 , a third partition is emitted and sensed at  1632 . At  1634 , the image is processed and displayed. It will be appreciated that any system using an image sensor cycle that is at least two times faster than the white light cycle is intended to fall within the scope of the disclosure. 
     As can be seen graphically in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 16  between times t( 0 ) and t( 1 ), the sensor for the partitioned spectrum system  1620  has cycled three times for every one of the full spectrum system. In the partitioned spectrum system  1620 , the first of the three sensor cycles is for a green spectrum  1622  and  1624 , the second of the three is for a red spectrum  1626  and  1628 , and the third is for a blue spectrum  1630  and  1632 . Thus, in an embodiment, wherein the display device (LCD panel) operates at 50-60 frames per second, a partitioned light system should operate at 150-180 frames per second to maintain the continuity and smoothness of the displayed video. 
     In other embodiments there may be different capture and display frame rates. Furthermore, the average capture rate could be any multiple of the display rate. 
     In an embodiment it may be desired that not all partitions be represented equally within the system frame rate. In other words, not all light sources have to be pulsed with the same regularity so as to emphasize and de-emphasize aspects of the recorded scene as desired by the users. It should also be understood that non-visible and visible partitions of the electromagnetic spectrum may be pulsed together within a system with their respective data value being stitched into the video output as desired for display to a user. 
     An embodiment may comprise a pulse cycle pattern as follows: 
     Green pulse; 
     Red pulse; 
     Blue pulse; 
     Green pulse; 
     Red pulse; 
     Blue pulse; 
     Infra-red (IR) pulse; 
     (Repeat) 
     As can be seen in the example, an IR partition may be pulsed at a rate differing from the rates of the other partition pulses. This may be done to emphasize a certain aspect of the scene, with the IR data simply being overlaid with the other data in the video output to make the desired emphasis. It should be noted that the addition of a fourth electromagnetic partition does not necessarily require the serialized system to operate at four times the rate of a full spectrum non-serial system because every partition does not have to be represented equally in the pulse pattern. As seen in the embodiment, the addition of a partition pulse that is represented less in a pulse pattern (IR in the above example), would result in an increase of less than 20% of the cycling speed of the sensor in order accommodate the irregular partition sampling. 
     In an embodiment, an electromagnetic partition may be emitted that is sensitive to dyes or materials that are used to highlight aspects of a scene. In the embodiment it may be sufficient to highlight the location of the dyes or materials without need for high resolution. In such an embodiment, the dye sensitive electromagnetic partition may be cycled much less frequently than the other partitions in the system in order to include the emphasized data. The partition cycles may be divided so as to accommodate or approximate various imaging and video standards. 
     It will be appreciated that various features disclosed herein provide significant advantages and advancements in the art. The following claims are exemplary of some of those features. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples pertain to features of further embodiments of the disclosure: 
     Example 1. A system comprising: 
     a scope including a prism; 
     a hand piece; 
     an imaging sensor, the imaging sensor including a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels; 
     interface elements which, when actuated, cause an angle of view provided through the prism to be changed in a single image readout frame. 
     Example 2. An exemplary embodiment includes example 1, wherein the prism is a 50° prism. 
     Example 3. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-2, wherein the angle of view may be changed to a 30° angle of view. 
     Example 4. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-3, wherein the angle of view may be changed to a 70° angle of view. 
     Example 5. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-4, further comprising image acquisition and processing circuitry which identifies a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels in the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels that corresponds to pixels that are exposed to image information for the angle of view. 
     Example 6. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-5, wherein when the angle of view provided through the prism is changed to a second angle of view, the image acquisition and processing circuitry identifies a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels in the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels that corresponds to pixels that are exposed to image information for the second angle of view. 
     Example 7. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-6, wherein the prism is rotatable. 
     Example 8. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-7, further comprising image acquisition and processing circuitry which identifies a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels in the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels that corresponds to the pixels that are exposed to image information for the prism at a first position. 
     Example 9. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-8, wherein the image acquisition and processing circuitry detects that the prism has been rotated to a second position and, in response, identifies a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels in the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels that corresponds to the pixels that are exposed to image information for the prism at the second position. 
     Example 10. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 1-5, further comprising a notch which is displayed on a display device along with information retrieved from the imaging sensor. 
     Example 11. A scope, comprising: 
     a prism disposed in a distal tip of the scope; 
     a hand piece; 
     an imaging sensor, the imaging sensor including a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels; 
     interface elements which, when actuated, cause an angle of view provided through the prism to be changed in a single image readout frame. 
     Example 12. An exemplary embodiment includes example 11, wherein the prism is a 50° prism. 
     Example 13. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-12, wherein the angle of view is 50°. 
     Example 14. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-13, wherein the angle of view is 30°. 
     Example 15. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-14, wherein the angle of view is 70°. 
     Example 16. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-15, wherein the imaging sensor identifies a first one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels which contains image information for a 50° angle of view. 
     Example 17. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-16, further comprising image acquisition and processing circuitry which detects a rotation of the prism and, in response, identifies a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array which contains image data representative of a rotated 50° angle of view. 
     Example 18. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-17, wherein the imaging sensor identifies a first one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand by two thousand pixel array of pixels which contains image information for a 30° angle of view. 
     Example 19. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-18, further comprising image acquisition and processing circuitry which detects a rotation of the prism and, in response, identifies a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array which contains image data representative of a rotated 30° angle of view. 
     Example 20. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-19, wherein the imaging sensor identifies a first one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand by two thousand pixel array of pixels which contains image information for a 70° angle of view. 
     Example 21. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 11-20, further comprising image acquisition and processing circuitry which detects a rotation of the prism and, in response, identifies a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels within the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array which contains image data representative of a rotated 70° angle of view. 
     Example 22. A method, comprising 
     providing a scope having a prism in a distal tip of the scope and having one or more interface elements; 
     receiving an indication, by a processor and from one of the one or more interface elements, to change an angle of view provided by the prism in the distal tip of the scope; 
     identifying, by a processor, a one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels on an image sensor having a two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels corresponding to the indicated angle of view; 
     receiving, by the processor, imaging data from the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels corresponding to the indicated angle of view; and 
     generating an image from the image data for display on a display device. 
     Example 23. An exemplary embodiment includes example 22, further comprising exposing the one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array corresponding to the indicated angle of view. 
     Example 24. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-23, wherein the two thousand pixel by two thousand pixel array of pixels provides a 4K imaging sensor. 
     Example 25. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-24, wherein the angle of view is changed from 50° to 30°. 
     Example 26. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-25, wherein the angle of view is changed from 50° to 70°. 
     Example 27. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-26, wherein the angle of view is changed from 30° to 70°. 
     Example 28. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-27, wherein the angle of view is changed from 30° to 50°. 
     Example 29. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-28, wherein the angle of view is changed from 70° to 50°. 
     Example 30. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-29, wherein the angle of view is changed from 70° to 30°. 
     Example 31. An exemplary embodiment includes any of examples 22-30, further comprising: receiving, by a processor, an indication of rotation of the prism in the distal tip of the scope and a second rotated angle of view corresponding to the degree of rotation of the prism and, in response, identifying, by a processor, a second one thousand pixel by one thousand pixel array of pixels corresponding to the second rotated angle of view. 
     It is to be understood that any features of the above-described arrangements, examples and embodiments may be combined in a single embodiment comprising any combination of features taken from any of the disclosed arrangements, examples and embodiments. 
     In the foregoing Detailed Description of the Disclosure, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. 
     It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the disclosure. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. 
     Thus, while the disclosure has been shown in the drawings and described above with particularity and detail, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein. 
     Further, where appropriate, functions described herein can be performed in one or more of: hardware, software, firmware, digital components, or analog components. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can be programmed to carry out one or more of the systems and procedures described herein. Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, components may be referred to by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name, but not function. 
     The foregoing description has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. Further, it should be noted that any or all of the aforementioned alternate implementations may be used in any combination desired to form additional hybrid implementations of the disclosure. 
     Further, although specific implementations of the disclosure have been described and illustrated, the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangements of parts so described and illustrated. The scope of the disclosure is to be defined by the claims appended hereto, any future claims submitted here and in different applications and their equivalents.