Patent Publication Number: US-2020279100-A1

Title: Unmanned aerial vehicle with biometric verification

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 14/971,891 (Attorney Docket No. 3210.0850000), filed on Dec. 16, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,579,863 titled “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle With Biometric Verification,” and the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of unmanned aerial vehicle systems used in law enforcement, penal institutions, or similar facilities. In particular, the present invention relates to an unmanned aerial vehicle in communication with a computer-based system with the capacity to capture, record, monitor, and identify biometric features of a persons of interest. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     In the 1993 film “The Fugitive”, actor Tommy Lee Jones famously related the following quote: “[o]ur fugitive has been on the run for 90 minutes. Average foot speed over uneven ground, barring injuries, is 4 miles-an-hour. That gives us a radius of six miles. What I want out of each and every one of you is a hard-target search of every gas station, residence, warehouse, farmhouse, henhouse, outhouse and doghouse in that area. Checkpoints go up at fifteen miles.” Whether the data quoted by Mr. Jones is accurate or not, it is generally well known that in the event of a prison escape, a robbery, a child abduction, a person reported missing, etc., time is very critical. The more time a person has to get away, the larger the search area becomes. As the search area grows, the price and cost of the search increases exponentially. 
     During the summer of 2015, two men escaped from an upstate New York Prison. 
     Initially, search dogs, helicopters, and hundreds of police officer and corrections officers searched the wilderness and local communities, going house to house in neighborhoods. Two days after the fugitives escaped, the State of New York offered a $100,000 reward for information that lead to the fugitives capture. One week into the search, the 16-square-mile search area produced no results. It is reported that over 1,000 police officers, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, and United States Marshalls assisted in the 23-day search. It is further reported that the manhunt cost the state approximately $23 million dollars. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present disclosure provides an improved subject monitoring system, comprising an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a global positioning system receiver capable of determining the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle, a microphone capable of capturing a voice sample associated with a monitored subject (or person), and a communications port capable of transmitting and receiving electronic data over a communications medium. The subject monitoring system further includes a computing system that can transmit and receive data to/from the unmanned aerial vehicle. As described herein, the computing system has a user interface, a processor, and a number of modules implemented to control and perform various functionalities. For example, a steering module may be used. The steering module may be configured to control the movements of the unmanned aerial vehicle based on electronic data received at the user interface. In an embodiment, a voice analysis module is used to authenticate the identity of the monitored subject. 
     It is a further object of this disclosure to deploy an unmanned aerial vehicle, operate the UAV in accordance with the mode of operation of the UAV, determine whether a subject has been detected, capture a first voice sample associated with the subject, authenticate the identity of the subject, and transmit the GPS location of the unmanned aerial vehicle to a computing device. 
     The main objective of the present disclosure is to provide a UAV with the capabilities of locating, identifying, and tracking a known criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest, as well as providing general law enforcement support functions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the present disclosure can be obtained by reference to the preferred embodiment and alternate embodiments set forth in the illustrations of the accompanying drawings. Although the illustrated embodiments are merely exemplary of systems for carrying out the present invention, both the organization and method of operation of the invention, in general, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, may be more easily understood by reference to the drawings and the following description. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure, which is set forth with particularity in the claims as appended or as subsequently amended, but merely to clarify and exemplify the invention. For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a functional block diagram of an exemplary monitoring system; 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  depict functional block diagrams of exemplary monitoring systems; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a flow chart diagram of an exemplary method for locating a person of interest, using a UAV; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a flow chart diagram of an exemplary method for locating and tracking a person of interest, using a UAV; 
         FIG. 5  depicts an exemplary method for authenticating the identity of a person of interest, using UAV; 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  depict an exemplary methods for authenticating the identity of a person of interest, using a UAV; 
         FIG. 7  depicts an exemplary method for authenticating the identity of a person of interest, using a UAV; 
     
    
    
     In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical or similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As required, a detailed illustrative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed herein. However, techniques, systems and operating structures in accordance with the present disclosure may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and modes, some of which may be quite different from those in the disclosed embodiment. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative, yet in that regard, they are deemed to afford the best embodiment for purposes of disclosure and to provide a basis for the claims herein, which define the scope of the present invention. The following presents a detailed description of a preferred embodiment as well as alternate embodiments such as a simpler embodiment or more complex embodiments for alternate devices of the present invention. 
     An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that may be manually controlled at a remote location or can fly autonomously based on programmed flight. Currently, UAV&#39;s cannot verify or authenticate the identity of a monitored subject such as a known criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for an improved method and apparatus for locating, identifying, and tracking a known criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a functional block diagram of an exemplary monitoring system  100 , useful for implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure. As depicted, an unmanned aerial vehicle (“UAV”)  102  is in electronic communication with at least one computing system  118  over communications link  116 . In an embodiment, the UAV  102  includes one or more features to provide additional functionality. For example, the UAV  102  may include, for example, global positioning system (“GPS”) receiver  104 , directional control system  106 , microphone  108 , camera  110 , payload deployment system/mechanism  112 , and communications port  114 . The computing system  118  likewise includes one or more features to provide additional functionality. For example, computing system  118  may include at least one processor  120 , user interface  130 , and memory  134 . In an embodiment, the processor(s) may additionally include steering module  122 , voice analysis module  124 , facial recognition module  126 , and payload deployment module  128 . In an embodiment, user interface  130  may further include user input/output device(s)  132 . 
     For purposes of this discussion, the term “module” shall be understood to include at least one of software, firmware, and hardware (such as one or more circuit, microchip, processor, or device, or any combination thereof), and any combination thereof. In addition, it will be understood that each module may include one, or more than one, component within an actual device, and each component that forms a part of the described module may function either cooperatively or independently of any other component forming a part of the module. Conversely, multiple modules described herein may represent a single component within an actual device. Further, components within a module may be in a single device or distributed among multiple devices in a wired or wireless manner. As such, one or more modules may be used alone (or in combination) to provide an improved systems and methods for locating, identifying, authenticating, and/or tracking the location and movements of a law enforcement officer, search and rescue team member, a known criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     UAV  102  is an unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously, i.e., on auto-pilot, based on a pre-programmed flight pattern and/or that can be controlled by a remote operator/pilot. In an embodiment, the UAV is flown semi-autonomously. In an embodiment, the UAV may be implemented as a helicopter having at least one rotor to lift and propel the aircraft, each rotor having a plurality of blades; a quad-copter, having four rotors to lift and propel the aircraft; or any other type of unmanned flying machine capable of performing the methods described herein. 
     In an embodiment, the UAV includes GPS receiver  104 . GPS receiver  104  may be implemented using either global navigation satellite system (GNSS) type receivers or any other GPS receiver capable of providing the UAV&#39;s real-time location. 
     In an embodiment, UAV  102  further includes directional control system  106 . 
     Directional control system  106  can be implanted as circuitry, a microprocessor, a processor, or any other means that can convert data signals into an electronic signals that cause components of the UAV to lift, propel and steer the UAV. In an embodiment, direction control system sends and receives data with GPS receiver  104  in order to direct, i.e., fly, the UAV to either a desired or pre-programmed location. Further, the direction control system sends and receives data with communications port  114 . As will be discussed in greater detail below, a remote operator (or pilot) sends movement commands to the UAV through communications port  114 . Communications port  114  provides the commands to the directional control system in order to fly the UAV to a desired location. 
     In an embodiment UAV  102  further includes microphone  108 . The microphone  108  can be any of one or more of traditional microphones, a parabolic microphone, a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), or any other microphone or combination of microphones capable of capturing voice signals. In an embodiment, microphone  108  further includes a cone, a parabolic dish, or is placed about a gimbal or a piezoelectric motor system. In such embodiments the gimbal (and/or piezoelectric motor system) is programmed to point the microphone toward a desired subject. Alternatively, the gimbal (and/or piezoelectric motor system) is be controlled remotely by an operator (or pilot) through a communications port (such as communications port  114  of  FIG. 1 ). 
     The microphone further includes an internal/embedded digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP may be programmed to perform audio signal analysis, to automatically adjust gain control, to compensate for variations in the level of incoming audio signals, to compress digitized voice data compression, to send and/or receive dual tone multi frequency signals (DTMF) or in-band signaling, to monitor channel conditions and status, to detect presence of tones, and to detect silence/quiet. 
     In an embodiment UAV  102  further includes camera  110 . The camera  110  may be a digital camera capable of capturing facial images of a subject. The camera must provide images with a high enough quality, or definition, in order to perform facial recognition tasks. In an embodiment, the camera provides still digital images. In alternative embodiments, the camera provides video. In yet additional embodiments, the camera provides a real-time video feed to an operator (or pilot) through a communications port  114 . The camera may be secured to a gimbal and/or a piezoelectric motor system. In such embodiments the gimbal (and/or piezoelectric motor system) may be programmed to point the camera toward a desired subject in order to capture a facial image of the subject. Alternatively, the gimbal (and/or piezoelectric motor system) may be controlled remotely by an operator (or pilot) through the communications port. As shown, the camera additionally exchanges data with GPS receiver  104 . In such embodiments the captured images further include metadata related to the GPS location of the photographed (or filmed) subject and/or the GPS location of the UAV while the images were captured. 
     In an embodiment, the camera may additionally comprises thermo-graphic, infrared, night-vision, and/or thermal imaging capabilities in order to identify and/or authenticate the identity of an individual, such as a law enforcement officer, a known criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     In an embodiment, the camera may additionally comprise magnification capabilities, where the camera can automatically (or manually) zoom-in or zoom-out in order to obtain images of a person to identify and/or authenticate the identity of an individual in the captured image. 
     In an embodiment, the camera further includes an image processor. The image processor may be programmed to perform image analysis, to automatically adjust brightness, saturation, contrast, or other image features, to compensate for variations in lighting, definition, pixilation, etc. of varying between captured images, to compress image/video files, to frame identifying features within an image/video, to decompress stored image data, to compress image, video, and/or live feed data for playback, to adjust the rate/speed of video playback. 
     In an embodiment, UAV  102  further includes payload deployment system/mechanism  112 . Payload deployment system/mechanism  112  may include circuitry, a microprocessor, processor or any other means capable of controlling the deployment of a payload. In an embodiment where the payload is a pressurized gas (such as pepper spray or tear gas), the payload deployment system/mechanism includes a cavity designed to receive a pressurized gas canister, including any required mechanism for controlling the release of the pressurized gas. In an embodiment where the payload is a projectile (such as rubber bullets, bean-bags, or other non-lethal ammunition) the payload delivery system includes a suitable gun, firearm, or launcher to project the ammunition toward a desired location. In an embodiment where the payload is a deployable canister (such as tear gas, a flash canister, or pepper spray), the payload delivery system may include releasable hooks, a releasable door, a sliding door, or any other means capable of releasing and/or activating the payload. In embodiments where the payload is an aid kit, food, water, firearms, rope, or any other supply that may be needed, the payload delivery system may include releasable hooks, a releasable door, a sliding door, or any other means capable of releasing the payload. 
     In an embodiment, the payload deployment system/mechanism (such as payload deployment system/mechanism  112  of  FIG. 1 ) is pre-programmed to activate upon the occurrence of an event, when the UAV has reached a desired location, when the identity of a subject has been authenticated, or at the occurrence of any other foreseeable event commonly encountered while chasing a known criminal, a fugitive, or when rescuing someone in need. Further, the payload deployment system/mechanism may be activated by an operator (or pilot) by sending a command to the payload deployment system/mechanism through a communications port (such as communications port  114  of  FIG. 1 ). 
     In an embodiment, the UAV further includes a speaker and/or flashing lights. In such embodiments, the speaker may be used to allow an operator (or pilot) to communicate with the monitored subject. Further, the microphone may be used to attempt to bait, or entice, the monitored subject to speak, so a voice signal sample may be collected. Further, the speaker and/or the flashing lights may be used to catch the attention of the monitored subject in order to bait, or entice, the monitored subject to look at the camera, so a facial image may be collected. 
     In an embodiment, the UAV is equipped with a noise cancellation system to cancel, attenuate, or eliminate any noise created by the operation of the UAV and/or the UAV propellers. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 1 , UAV  102  is electronically coupled to computer system  118  through communications link  116 . In an embodiment, communications port  114  of UAV  102  sends/receives data across communications link  116  to/from communications port  115  of computer system  118 . A communications link (such as communications link  116  of  FIG. 1 ) may be implemented using at least one mobile or wireless communications protocol, such as: long term evolution (LTE), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, radio-frequency, first generation (1G) wireless technology, second generation (2G) wireless technology, third generation (3G) wireless technology, fourth generation (4G) wireless technology, code-division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), generic access network (GAN), global system for mobile (GSM), or any other wireless protocol capable of creating a communications link between a UAV and at least one computer system. In an embodiment, the communications link is implemented using a wired connection. In such embodiments, at least one computing system may be located onboard the UAV. In an alternative embodiment, the UAV may be tethered to at least one computing system using a cable, wire, or other means for passing data through a wired connection. Various example, non-limiting embodiments, of contemplated monitoring system configurations shall now be discussed. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 1 , computing system  118  is implemented on a single device. As mentioned above, the computing system may include one of more features to provide additional functionality. In an embodiment, the computing system may further include input/output device(s)  132 , such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, joysticks, throttles, buttons, wheels, touchscreens, graphical user interface buttons (GUI), etc., that communicate with a processor through user interface  130 . 
     A user interface (such as user interface  130  of  FIG. 1 ) and applicable input/output devices (such as input/output device(s)  132  of  FIG. 1 ) may be used to manually control various functional features of a monitoring system. For example, in an embodiment, a joystick is used to control the direction, location, and/or movement of the UAV (such as UAV  102  of  FIG. 1 ). In an embodiment, a monitor is used to view images, video, or watch a live feed provided by a UAV. In an additional embodiment, a touchscreen is used to display authentication results provided by a processor. 
     In an embodiment, computing system  118  further includes memory  134 . Memory  134  is implemented as a main or primary memory, such as random access memory (RAM). Memory  134  may include one or more levels of cache. The memory may have stored therein control logic, such as computer software, and/or data. In additional embodiments, memory may also include one or more secondary storage devices or memory such as a hard disk drive and/or a removable storage device or drive. The removable storage drive may include a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, and/or any other storage device/drive. 
     In an embodiment, the computing system further includes at least one processor. As depicted in  FIG. 1 , processor  120  further includes steering module  122 , voice analysis module  124 , facial recognition module  126 , payload deployment module  128 , and/or any other module necessary to perform the functionality described herein. In additional embodiments processor  120  includes only a single module or any modules contemplated herein. Each module may be implemented as logic embodied in software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system implementations in order to perform or carry-out a desired function. Further, as used herein, a module may also be implemented a collection of software instructions. One or more software instructions in the modules may be embedded in firmware, such as in an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM). The modules described herein may also be stored in any type of non-transitory computer-readable medium or other storage device. 
     In an embodiment, the modules are incorporated using a single computing system and processor. In other embodiments, the modules are incorporated using more than one computing system and/or processor. Referring now to  FIG. 2A , shown is non-limiting functional block diagram of monitoring system  200   a , useful for implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, UAV  202  is in electronic communication with network  219  through communications link  216 . Network  219  may be comprised of computer systems  218   a - d , each having at least one processor  220   a - d , respectively. The processors  220   a - d  may send and receive data to other processors within the network and/or the UAV through communications infrastructure  217 . For example, in an embodiment, facial recognition module  226 , located within computing system  218   c  and processor  220   c , communicates with UAV  202  by transmitting data through communications infrastructure  217  and communications link  216 . In another non-limiting example, voice analysis module  224  located within computing system  218   b  and processor  220   b , sends and receives data with steering module  222  through communications infrastructure  217 . 
     A network (such as network  219  of  FIG. 2A ) may be implemented as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or any other network capable of performing the functionality described herein. As such, a communications infrastructure (such as communications infrastructure  217  of  FIG. 2A ) may be a wired and/or wireless connection. Further, the communications infrastructure may operate using a communications protocol such as: long term evolution (LTE), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, radio-frequency, first generation (1G) wireless technology, second generation (2G) wireless technology, third generation (3G) wireless technology, fourth generation (4G) wireless technology, code-division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), generic access network (GAN), global system for mobile (GSM), or any other network protocol capable of sending and receiving data between nodes within a network and/or a UAV. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2B , shown is non-limiting functional block diagram of monitoring system  200   b , useful for implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, UAV  202  is in electronic communication with multiple computing systems  218   e - h  over communications link  216 , each computing system having at least one processor  220   e - h  therein. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 2B , each processor  220   e - h  contains one module therein. In other embodiments, however, a processor  120  may comprise multiple modules. For example, a monitoring system may be implemented using one computing system having multiple processors, each processor having at least one module therein. For example, in an embodiment where the monitoring system (such as monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) only requires a steering module and a voice analysis module, the steering module may be implemented using a first computing system while the voice analysis module may be implemented using a second computing system. In another non-limiting embodiment, where the monitoring system only requires a steering module, a facial recognition module, and a payload deployment, the steering module and payload deployment module are implemented using a first computing system or processor while the facial recognition module is implemented using a second computing system or processor. In an embodiment, where only one module is necessary, that module may be implemented using a plurality of computing systems or processors, each acting as a node within a network. 
     Various example, non-limiting embodiments, of contemplated software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system modules shall now be discussed. 
     A steering module (such as steering module  122  of  FIG. 1  or steering module  222  of  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) may provide directional commands to a UAV. The steering module may perform directional commands, including: providing the UAV with real-time route and GPS coordinates, analyzing a map and providing the UAV with a desired auto-pilot travel route, and/or analyzing geographic features of the area and providing instructions to ensure the UAV avoids any nearby obstacles. In an embodiment, the steering module performs directional commands in response to operator (or pilot) instructions received from input/output devices  132  through a user interface. The steering module may perform the directional commands using software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system implementations. 
     Voice analysis module  124  and/or voice analysis module  224  may be implemented to compare voice signals against stored voiceprints in order to identify and/or authenticate the identity of a subject, such as a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. Further, the voice analysis module may code captured voice signals into digitized voice files (or voiceprints) for recording and use for authentication. The voice analysis module may also decode user digitized voice files and convert the digital signals to audio signals for playback. In an embodiment, the voice analysis module receives a voice signal captured using a UAV, converts the capture voice signals into a digitized voice file, and compares the digitized voice signal against voiceprints stored in a voiceprint database in order to identify a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. In an embodiment, the voiceprint database comprises at least one voice signal sample of a subject along with the subject&#39;s identifying information. 
     Voice analysis module  124  and/or voice analysis module  224  further includes an internal/embedded digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP may be programmed to perform audio signal analysis, to automatically adjust gain control, to compensate for variations in the level of incoming audio signals, to compress digitized voice data compression, to send and/or receive dual tone multi frequency signals (DTMF) or in-band signaling, to monitor channel conditions and status, to detect presence of tones, detect silence/quiet, to decompress stored audio data, to compress audio data for playback, to adjust the volume and rate of speed of playback, in order to identify and/or authenticate the voice of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     In an embodiment, the voiceprint database comprises voice signal samples provided willingly by any subject, i.e., person, at any time. In an additional embodiment, the voice signal sample may be provided by a family member of the subject. For example, in an embodiment where monitoring system  100  or monitoring systems  200   a  and  200   b  is used to locate and identify a missing person, voice signal samples of the missing person may be provided by friends and/or family members. In an embodiment, the voiceprint database may comprise voice signal samples provided by an inmate, a convicted criminal, or other family members during registration and/or any other time in order to identify and/or authenticate the voiceprint of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. A national voice database may also be used to access voice signal samples of wanted criminals. 
     Upon storing a voice signal sample in the voiceprint database, the voice analysis module analyzes a characteristic of the voice signal data such as, in one non-limiting example, the pitch (i.e., tonal quality) over a period of time. However, in other non-limiting examples, the voice analysis module may analyze duration, loudness, stress, emotion, mixed-frequencies, timbre, or other similar types of characteristics in the voice data, or a combination of these characteristics. Based on an analysis of these characteristics, the system generates a voiceprint—a unique biometric measurement of the person&#39;s voice—that can be compared to other voiceprints to determine a statistical “match” for identifying a person such as criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. In one example, the voice data of the speaker would be measured and recorded after, for as few as 3-5 seconds. 
     Calculated voiceprints are stored in the voiceprint database. In an embodiment, to obtain a baseline pitch with which to compare, a subject might be required to read a script for a period of time during registration or other time so an average value of pitch could be established for future use. In an embodiment the voice sample files may be stored in format where a user may replay the sample. In other embodiments, only the extracted pitch, tonal quality, loudness, timbre, etc., may be stored as a voiceprint. 
     Digital voice sample files and/or voiceprint database may be stored in memory  134 . In another embodiment, however, the digital voice sample files and/or voiceprint database are stored anywhere accessible to the monitoring system, whether local or remote. The voice analysis module may perform its operations using software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system implementations. 
     Facial recognition module  126  and/or facial recognition module  226  are implemented to compare an image of a subject&#39;s face, i.e., facial image, against stored images and/or faceprint data in order to identify and/or authenticate the identity of a subject such as a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. In an embodiment, the facial recognition module receives an image, video, or live feed captured using a UAV and compare the received image, video, or live feed against facial images stored in an image database. In an embodiment, the image database comprises at least one facial image of a subject along with the subject&#39;s identifying information. For example, the image database 
     In an embodiment, the facial recognition module further includes an image processor. The image processor may be programmed to perform image analysis, to automatically adjust brightness, saturation, contrast, or other image features, to compensate for variations in lighting, definition, pixilation, etc. of varying between captured images, to compress image/video files, to frame identifying features within an image/video, to decompress stored image data, to compress image, video, and/or live feed data for playback, and to adjust the rate/speed of video playback in order identify and/or authenticate the facial image of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     In an embodiment, the image database comprises sample images taken of, or provided by, any subject at any time. In an embodiment, the image sample may be provided by the family member of a subject. For example, in an embodiment where the monitoring system  100  or monitoring systems  200   a  and  200   b  are used to locate and identify a missing person, image samples of the missing person may be provided by friends and/or family members. In an embodiment, the image database may comprise image samples taken of an inmate, a convicted criminal, or other family members during registration and/or any other time. A national image database may also be used to access image samples of wanted criminals. 
     Upon storing an image sample in the image database, the facial recognition module may analyze at least characteristic of the image data. For example, the facial recognition module may identify facial features by extracting landmarks, or features, from an image of the subject&#39;s face to create a faceprint. For example, the facial recognition module may analyze the relative position, size, and/or shape of the eyes, nose, cheekbones, and jaw. In another embodiment, the facial recognition module may normalize and compress the facial image data, only saving the data in the image that is useful for face recognition. In such embodiments, an image provided by the UAV may then then compared with the stored facial data in order to identify and/or authenticate the facial image of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. 
     The facial recognition module may be implemented as: a geometric system, which looks at distinguishing features; as a photometric system, which is a statistical approach that distills an image into values and compares the values with templates to eliminate variances; as a 3-dimensional system, which uses 3D sensors to capture information about the shape of a face, including distinctive features on the surface of a face, such as the contour of the eye sockets, nose, and chin; or as a skin texture system, which turns the unique lines, patterns, and spots apparent in a person&#39;s skin into a mathematical space. Further, the facial recognition module employs any combination of these implementations. 
     Image/video files and/or image database may be stored in memory (such as memory  134  of  FIG. 1 ). In another embodiment, however, the image sample files and/or image database may be stored anywhere accessible to the monitoring system (such as monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1  or monitoring systems  200   a  and  200   b  of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , respectively), whether local or remote. The facial recognition module may perform its operations using software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system implementations. 
     Payload deployment module  128  and/or payload deployment module  228  provides payload deployment commands to the UAV. The payload deployment module may perform commands, including: providing the UAV with real-time payload deployment commands, providing the UAV with pre-programmed payload deployment commands, and/or providing the UAV with situational payload deployment commands based on the occurrence of an event. The steering module may perform payload deployment commands in response to operator (or pilot) instructions received from input/output devices (such as input/output devices  132  of  FIG. 1 ). The payload deployment module may perform the payload deployment commands using software, firmware, hardware, and/or operating system implementations. 
     Various example, non-limiting embodiments, of contemplated monitoring system methods shall now be discussed. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates method  300 , a method for locating a person of interest, using a UAV. At step  340 , the UAV is deployed. The UAV may be deployed by launching the UAV and/or preparing to launch the UAV. 
     At step  342 , it is determined whether the UAV is in auto-pilot mode or whether it is in manual operation mode. If the UAV is in auto-pilot mode, at step  346 , the UAV follows a received pre-programmed auto-pilot flight path. As mentioned above, the auto-pilot flight path may include geographic obstacles that the UAV must negotiate around. Additionally, the auto-pilot flight path may include a “swath” path, where the UAV will fly in pre-determined lines in order to fly over a specific plot of land. At any time, an operator may interrupt the auto-pilot flight and begin operating the UAV in manual operation mode (not illustrated in  FIG. 3 ). For example, when the UAV is flying in auto-pilot mode and an operator would like to observe something from a different distance, angle, or for a longer period of time, he or she may take control of the UAV. In an embodiment, the pilot may press a button or sequence of buttons to initialize a new pre-programmed flight maneuver. Further, the operator (or pilot) may modify the programmed flight path at any time during operation. At any time, the operator may return the UAV to auto-pilot mode and the UAV returns to the GPS location where the operator interruption took place and resume the predetermined flight path. 
     Now returning to step  342 . If at step  342 , the UAV has been deployed in manual operation mode, the operator controls of the UAV. At step  350 , the operator (or pilot) controls the movements of the UAV using input/output devices (such as input/output device(s)  132  of  FIG. 1 ) through a user interface (such as user interface  130  of  FIG. 1 ). In an embodiment, the operator may manually control every single movement. In an additional embodiment, the operator may control movements by selecting buttons that correspond to preprogrammed maneuvers, such as: change altitude, change speed, go to a desired longitude and/or latitude, return “home”, and more. 
     At step  348 , based on observed data, the UAV and/or a computing system (such as computing system  118  of  FIG. 1 ) determines whether a potential subject, i.e., human, has been detected. The UAV continues flying until a potential subject has been detected. In an embodiment, components on board the UAV continuously transmit signals to the computing system. As noises and/or images are captured using microphone(s) and/or camera(s) onboard the UAV, the system continuously monitors for sounds and images that indicate the presence of a human (or potential subject). 
     When it is determined that a potential subject has been located, at step  352  the UAV attempts to capture an audio signal of the monitored subject using an onboard microphone (such as microphone  108  of  FIG. 1 ). 
     At step  354 , the voice analysis module, located within the processor, attempts to authenticate an identity of the monitored subject, as described above. For example, the voice analysis module compares the captured voiceprint against the voiceprint database in order to identify and/or authenticate the voice of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest. If the identity of the monitored subject is not authenticated, subject monitoring method  300  returns to step  342 . If the identity of the monitored subject is authenticated, at step  356  the UAV transmits either the current GPS coordinates of the UAV or estimated GPS coordinates of the monitored subject, i.e., the identified criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest based on the GPS coordinates of the UAV. At step  358 , a payload carried on board the UAV is deployed. 
     In an embodiment, the estimated GPS coordinates of the monitored subject are determined/estimated based on the GPS coordinates of the UAV and at least one other data point. Additional data points may include, for example: camera angle, camera direction, camera zoom, measured voice signal strength, triangulated coordinates based on the UAV position and other geographic features in the surrounding area, digital maps having GPS coordinates, or sonar pulses. In an embodiment, the estimated GPS coordinates of the monitored subject are determined after receiving, at a computing system, the GPS coordinates of the UAV and the angle, direction, and zoom of camera used to capture a facial image of the monitored subject. The computing system compares the received data against GPS coordinates associated with the general geographic location using a map to estimate the monitored subject&#39;s location. In an additional embodiment, the estimated GPS coordinates may be calculated on board the UAV. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates method  400 , a method for locating and tracking a person of interest, using a UVA. At step  440 , the UAV is deployed. As described above, the UAV may be deployed by launching the UAV and/or preparing to launch the UAV. 
     At step  442 , it is determined whether the UAV is in auto-pilot mode or whether it is in manual operation mode. If the UAV is in auto-pilot mode, at step  444 , the UAV follows a received pre-programmed auto-pilot flight path. As mentioned above, the auto-pilot flight path may include geographic obstacles that the UAV must negotiate around. Additionally, the auto-pilot flight path may include a “swath” path, where the UAV will fly in pre-determined lines in order to fly over a specific plot of land. At any time, an operator may interrupt the auto-pilot flight and begin operating the UAV in manual operation mode (not illustrated in  FIG. 4 ). For example, when the UAV is flying in auto-pilot mode and an operator would like to observe something from a different distance, angle, or for a longer period of time, he or she may take control of the UAV. In an embodiment, the pilot may press a button or sequence of buttons to initialize a new pre-programmed flight maneuver. Further, the operator (or pilot) may modify the programmed flight path at any time during operation. At any time, the operator may return the UAV to auto-pilot mode and the UAV returns to the GPS location where the operator interruption took place and resume the predetermined flight path. 
     Now returning to step  442 . If at step  442 , the UAV has been deployed in manual operation mode, the operator controls of the UAV. At step  450 , the operator (or pilot) controls the movements of the UAV using input/output devices through the user interface. 
     At step  448 , based on observed data, the UAV and/or a computing system determines whether a potential subject, i.e., human, has been detected. 
     When it is determined that a potential subject has been located, at step  451  the UAV attempts to capture an image, video, and/or live feed of the monitored subject using an onboard camera (such as camera  110  of  FIG. 1 ). At step  453 , the facial recognition module, located within the, determines whether the captured image is of sufficient quality in order to authenticate the monitored subject&#39;s identity. If the captured image, video, or live feed does not meet the quality needed, at step  455  the UAV may be repositioned and additional mechanisms such as flashing lights and/or noised may be used to entice the monitored subject to look at the UAV. Subject monitoring method  400  then returns to step  451 . 
     If at step  453  it is determined that the image, video, and/or live feed is sufficient, the facial recognition module attempted to authenticate an identity of the monitored subject, as described above. For example the facial recognition module may identify and/or authenticated the facial image of a criminal, fugitive, missing person, and/or any other person of interest by comparing the captured image(s) against stored images. If the identity of the monitored subject is not authenticated, subject monitoring method  400  returns to step  342 . If at step  453  the identity of the monitored subject is authenticated, at step  456  the UAV transmits the estimated GPS coordinates of the monitored subject. In an embodiment not shown, at step  456 , the UAV may alternatively transmit the current GPS coordinates of the UAV. At step  460 , the UAV tracks the movements of the identified monitored subject and continues to transmit the updated coordinate estimates of the monitored subject as he/she moves relative to the UAV. In an embodiment the UAV transmits the updated coordinates continuously. In an additional embodiment the UAV transmits the updated coordinates at pre-determined intervals. In an embodiment, the UAV transmits the current GPS coordinates of the UAV as it tracks the monitored subject. 
     Various example, non-limiting embodiments, of contemplated monitoring system implementations shall now be discussed. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a method for authenticating the identity of a persona of interest  500 , useful for illustrating various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , UAV  502  is controlled by operator  565  using input/output devices (not labeled) on user interface  530   b  over communications link  516 . Monitored subject  564   a , i.e., person of interest, is traversing geographic terrain  568 . As illustrated, monitored subject  564   a  may be a search and rescue team member, a fugitive, a known criminal, a law enforcement officer in need of supplies, a missing person, a person of interest, a kidnapped child, or any other person. As the monitored subject traverses the terrain, the UAV captures a facial image of monitored subject as well as voice signals  562   a.    
     Upon capturing the images and voice signals, UAV  502  transmits the captured data to a computing system (not labeled) and a corresponding processor (not labeled) over communications link  516 . 
     A facial recognition module (such as facial recognition module  126  of  FIG. 1  or facial recognition module  226  of  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) analyzes captured image  564   b  (or faceprint), while the captured image is displayed on user interface  530   a . A voice analysis module (such as voice analysis module  124  of  FIG. 1  or facial recognition module  224  of  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) converts the captured voice signals into digital files and analyze digital voice signals  562   b  (or voiceprints), while the voice signal analysis is displayed on user interface  530   b.    
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a method for authenticating the identity of a persona of interest  600 , useful for illustrating various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6A , operator  665  controls UAV  602  with user interface  630   b  over communications link  616 . As illustrated, monitored subject  670   a  may be a fugitive, a known criminal, a law enforcement officer in need of supplies, a missing person, a person of interest, a kidnapped child, an injured rescuer, and injured hiker, or any other person. As the monitored subject lies on the terrain, the UAV captures a facial image of monitored subject as well as voice signals  662   a . Further illustrated, the UAV broadcasts voice signals  672 . Voice signals  672  may include: a voice message from the operator (or pilot), a pre-recorded message requesting the monitored subject turn him or herself in to the authorities, a conversation taking place between the operator and the monitored subject, or any other audio signal appropriate for the occasion. For example, in an embodiment where the monitored subject  670  is a law enforcement officer seeking additional supplies (such as more ammunition, a firearm, etc.) the UAV may ask the monitored subject specific questions and/or require a voiceprint password in order to authenticate the identity of the subject before, for example, deploying the payload, i.e., ammunition, firearm, etc. 
     Upon capturing the images and voice signals, UAV  602  transmits the captured data to a computing system (not labeled) and a corresponding processor (not labeled) over communications link  616 . 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates a method for authenticating the identity of a persona of interest  630   b , useful for illustrating various embodiments of the present disclosure. User interface  630   b  comprises a number of input/output devices  632  for controlling various functional features of a monitoring system. For example, in an embodiment, a joystick is used to control the direction, location, and/or movement of the UAV. 
     Facial recognition module  126  or facial recognition module  226  analyze captured image  664   b , while user interface  630   b  displays the captured image. 
     Voice analysis module  124  or voice module  224  converts the captured voice signals into digital files (and/or voiceprints) and analyze digital voice signals  662   b , while the user interface  530   b  displays the voice signal analysis. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , operator  765  controls UAV  702  using input/output devices (not labeled) on user interface  730   b  over communications link  716 . As illustrated, monitored subjects  776  may include: inmates fighting in the prison yard, known criminals engaging in a drug exchange, or any other suspicious activity. As the monitored subjects engage in the suspicious behavior, the UAV captures a facial image of monitored subject as well as voice signals. 
     Upon capturing the images and voice signals, UAV  702  transmits the captured data to a computing system (not labeled) and a corresponding processor (not labeled) over communications link  716 . At the occurrence of a detected event, or at the command of the operator (or pilot), the payload deployment module causes the UAV to deploy an onboard payload. As illustrated, the payload may be pepper spray or tear gas. In other embodiments, where the payload is a projectile (such as rubber bullets, bean-bags, or other non-lethal ammunition) the UAV may fire the projectile toward monitored subjects  776 . In an embodiment where the payload is a deployable canister (such as tear gas, a flash canister, or pepper spray), the UAV may release and/or activate at, or near, monitored subjects  776 . 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections (if any), is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections (if any) may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the invention or the appended claims in any way. 
     While the invention has been described herein with reference to exemplary embodiments for exemplary fields and applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Other embodiments and modifications thereto are possible, and are within the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, and without limiting the generality of this paragraph, embodiments are not limited to the software, hardware, firmware, and/or entities illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Further, embodiments (whether or not explicitly described herein) have significant utility to fields and applications beyond the examples described herein. 
     Embodiments have been described herein with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined as long as the specified functions and relationships (or equivalents thereof) are appropriately performed. Also, alternative embodiments may perform functional blocks, steps, operations, methods, etc. using orderings different than those described herein. 
     References herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” or similar phrases, indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of persons skilled in the relevant art(s) to incorporate such feature, structure, or characteristic into other embodiments whether or not explicitly mentioned or described herein. 
     The breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.