Patent Publication Number: US-11638728-B2

Title: Microbiome biomarkers immunotherapy responsiveness: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a § 371 U.S. National Entry Application of PCT/US2018/036052, filed Jun. 5, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/515,366 filed Jun. 5, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/577,454, filed Oct. 26, 2017, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     This invention was made with government support under Grant Number CA210098 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The text of the computer readable sequence listing filed herewith, titled “35305-253_Sequence_Listing_ST25”, created Dec. 2, 2019, having a file size of 7,000 bytes, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD 
     Provided herein are compositions and methods comprising microbiome biomarkers of responsiveness/resistance to immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy), and diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof. In particular, the amount, identity, presence, and/or ratio of microflora in the microbiome of a subject is used to determine the responsiveness/resistance of the subject to immunotherapy, and/or the microbiome of a subject is manipulated to enhance the responsiveness of the subject to various immunotherapies and co-therapies. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The responsiveness of patients to cancer immunotherapies, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies (Hodi et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 363, 711-723 (2010); Hamid et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 369, 134-144 (2013); incorporated by reference in their entireties), is enhanced in patients who show evidence of an endogenous T cell response ongoing in the tumor microenvironment at baseline (Tumeh et al. Nature 515, 568-571 (2014); Spranger et al. Science Translational Medicine 5, 200ra116 (2013); Ji et al. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy: CII 61, 1019-1031 (2012); Gajewski et al. Cancer Journal 16, 399-403 (2010); herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). What is needed are biomarkers for characterizing a patient&#39;s responsiveness/resistance to immunotherapy and treatments for inducing T cell inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. 
     SUMMARY 
     Provided herein are compositions and methods comprising microbiome biomarkers of responsiveness/resistance to immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy), and diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof. In particular, the amount, identity, presence, and/or ratio of microflora in the microbiome of a subject is used to determine the responsiveness/resistance of the subject to immunotherapy, and/or the microbiome of a subject is manipulated to enhance the responsiveness of the subject to various immunotherapies and co-therapies. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing cancer in a subject, comprising modulating levels of one or more commensal microbes within the subject to: (A) enhance an immune response by the subject, (B) inhibit the growth or spread of the cancer, (C) inhibit immune evasion by the cancer, and/or (D) enhance the efficacy of a therapeutic. In some embodiments, the levels of one or more commensal microbes are modulated within the gut of the subject. In some embodiments, modulating the levels of one or more commensal microbes comprises increasing and/or decreasing levels of bacteria strains, species, and/or families described herein. In some embodiments, the level is modulated of bacteria strains from one or more families selected from the group consisting of Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, the bacterial strains or species are selected from the OTU 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae. In some embodiments, levels are modulated of a bacteria with variable importance score of 25 or greater (e.g., 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or greater, or ranges therebetween (e.g., 60 or greater). In some embodiments, levels are modulated of a bacteria identified on Table 6. In some embodiments, levels are modulated of a bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum.    
     In some embodiments, modulating the levels of one or more commensal microbes comprises administering a beneficial microbes to the subject. In some embodiments, the beneficial microbes are bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, the beneficial microbes are administered as a probiotic composition or via microflora transplant from a donor. 
     In some embodiments, modulating the levels of one or more commensal microbes comprises administering one or more antimicrobials. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial kills detrimental microbes. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial is an antibiotic. In some embodiments, methods further comprise administration of beneficial microbes to the subject (e.g., following antibiotic administration). 
     In some embodiments, methods herein comprise administering to a subject a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria described herein. In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject a cancer therapy. In some embodiments, modulating levels of one or more commensal microbes within the subject (e.g., by administering a bacterial formulation, by administering an antibiotic, etc.) enhances an immune response by the subject and/or inhibits immune evasion by the cancer, and the cancer therapy is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the immunotherapy comprises administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and/or anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibodies. In some embodiments, modulating levels of one or more commensal microbes within the subject enhances the efficacy of a therapeutic, and the cancer therapy is said therapeutic. In some embodiments, the therapeutic comprises a chemotherapeutic. In some embodiments, methods further comprise testing the subject for immune evasion by the cancer. In some embodiments, methods further comprise surgical, radiation, and/or chemotherapeutic cancer intervention. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are kits or compositions comprising a beneficial commensal microbe and a cancer therapeutic, said compositions or components of said kits formulated for therapeutic delivery to a subject. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are beneficial commensal microbes for use as a medicament in the treatment of cancer, inhibition of immune evasion, and/or enhance immune response. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria selected from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, at least 50% of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, at least 90% of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the genera families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, at least 50% of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are selected from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, at least 90% of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are selected from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum.    
     In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of OTU 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, 325850, OTU 352933, OTU 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae. 
     In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum.    
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a human subject comprising administering to the subject an immune checkpoint inhibitor and a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum.    
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of characterizing the degree of responsiveness/non-responsiveness of a tumor within a subject to immunotherapy treatment, comprising determining the presence, absence, or level of one or more bacteria, wherein increased levels of bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum  in a subject are indicative of tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy treatment, and wherein increased levels of bacteria of the species  Ruminococcus obeum  and/or  Roseburia intestinalis  in a subject are indicative of tumor non-responsiveness to immunotherapy treatment. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject with cancer by administering an immunotherapy to a subject with increased levels of  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum  bacteria. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject with cancer by administering an immunotherapy and a bacterial formulation comprising one or more of  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum  bacteria, wherein prior to treatment the subject has increased levels of  Ruminococcus obeum  and/or  Roseburia intestinalis  bacteria and/or decreased levels of  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum  bacteria. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject by administering an immunotherapy wherein the subject has a ratio of beneficial:nonbenefical microbes greater than 1.0. In some embodiments, the ratio is equal to or greater than 1.5. 
     In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, aleukocythemic leukemia, basophilic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross&#39; leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling&#39;s leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, undifferentiated cell leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiennoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniform carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma villosum, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher&#39;s carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, naspharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, Abemethy&#39;s sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms&#39; tumor sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin&#39;s sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen&#39;s sarcoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, telangiectaltic sarcoma, Hodgkin&#39;s Disease, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman&#39;s melanoma, S91 melanoma, nodular melanoma subungal melanoma, and superficial spreading melanoma. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered by oral administration, rectal administration, topical administration, inhalation or injection. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is a food product. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation comprises at least about 5×10 6  CFU of bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject in two or more doses. In some embodiments, the administration of at least two of the two or more doses are separated by at least 1 day. In some embodiments, the administration of at least two of the two or more doses are separated by at least 1 week. 
     In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject an antibiotic. In some embodiments, the antibiotic is administered to the subject before the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the antibiotic is administered to the subject at least 1 day before the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject. 
     In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a protein or polypeptide that specifically binds to an immune checkpoint protein. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint protein is selected from the group consisting of CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, TIM-3 or VISTA. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or protein is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an interfering nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the interfering nucleic acid molecule is a siRNA molecule, a shRNA molecule or an antisense RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, BMS-936558, MK-3475, CT 011, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered before the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered at least one day before the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint is administered at about the same time as the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered on the same day as the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered after the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered at least one day after the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered by injection. In some embodiments, the injection is an intravenous, intramuscular, intratumoral or subcutaneous injection. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a human subject comprising administering to the subject an immune checkpoint inhibitor and a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the OTU group consisting of 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae. In some embodiments, at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more, or ranges therebetween) of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or more or ranges therebetween) of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae. In some embodiments, the bacteria of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae comprise bacteria of the strains or species from the OTU 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a human subject comprising administering to the subject an immune checkpoint inhibitor and a bacterial formulation comprising bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more, or ranges therebetween) of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or more or ranges therebetween) of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum.    
     In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered by oral administration or rectal administration. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered by oral administration. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation comprises at least 5×10 6  CFU (e.g., 5×10 6  CFU, 1×10 7  CFU, 2×10 7  CFU, 5×10 7  CFU, 1×10 8  CFU, 2×10 8  CFU, 5×10 8  CFU, 1×10 9  CFU, 2×10 9  CFU, 5×10 9  CFU, 1×10 10  CFU, 2×10 10  CFU, 5×10 10  CFU, 1×10 11  CFU, 2×10 11  CFU, 5×10 11  CFU, 1×10 12  CFU, 2×10 12  CFU, 5×10 12  CFU, or more or ranges therebetween) of bacteria of the species described herein In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject in two or more doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, or ranges therebetween). In some embodiments, the administration of doses are separated by at least 1 week. In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject an antibiotic prior to the administration of the bacterial formulation. In some embodiments, the antibiotic is administered to the subject at least 1 day before the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a protein or polypeptide that binds to an immune checkpoint protein. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to an immune checkpoint protein. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint protein is CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, TIM-3 or VISTA. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint protein is PD-1 or PD-L1. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, BMS-936558, MK-3475, CT 011, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered by intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intratumoral injection or subcutaneous injection. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a bacterial formulation comprising at least 5×10 6  CFU (e.g., 5×10 6  CFU, 1×10 7  CFU, 2×10 7  CFU, 5×10 7  CFU, 1×10 8  CFU, 2×10 8  CFU, 5×10 8  CFU, 1×10 9  CFU, 2×10 9  CFU, 5×10 9  CFU, 1×10 10  CFU, 2×10 10  CFU, 5×10 10  CFU, 1×10 11  CFU, 2×10 11  CFU, 5×10 11  CFU, 1×10 12  CFU, 2×10 12  CFU, 5×10 12  CFU, or more or ranges therebetween) of bacteria of there species described herein. In some embodiments, at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or more or ranges therebetween) of the bacteria in the bacterial formulation are of the species described herein. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered by oral administration or rectal administration. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered by oral administration. In some embodiments, the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject in two or more doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, or ranges therebetween). In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject an antibiotic before the bacterial formulation is administered to the subject. In some embodiments, methods further comprise administering to the subject an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, TIM-3 or VISTA. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds to PD-1 or PD-L1. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, BMS-936558, MK-3475, CT 011, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of characterizing the degree of responsiveness/non-responsiveness of a tumor within a subject to immunotherapy treatment, comprising determining the presence, absence, or level of one or more bacteria described herein. In some embodiments, bacteria are of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae, wherein the bacteria in a subject are indicative of tumor responsiveness or non-responsiveness to immunotherapy treatment. In some embodiments, bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and/or  Bifidobacterium longum . In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected from the bacteria listed in Table 6. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise strains or species selected from the group consisting of 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae. In some embodiments, methods provide a diagnosis (e.g., T-cell inflamed tumor, non-T-cell-inflammed tumor, etc), prognosis (e.g., tumor will respond (or likely to respond) to immunotherapy, tumor will not respond (or unlikely to respond) to immunotherapy), or treatment course of action (e.g., proceed with immunotherapy, proceed with co-therapy or immunotherapy and beneficial bacteria, proceed by manipulating microbiome to achieve responsive tumor microenvironment, etc). In some embodiments, such methods find use with other embodiments (e.g., cancers, treatments, etc.) described herein. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of predicting a clinical response of a subject to a cancer treatment comprising: (a) characterizing the make-up of the gut microflora of the subject, wherein characterizing the make-up of the gut microflora comprising determining the amounts of various beneficial bacterial and non-beneficial bacteria in the gut of the subject; (b) determining whether the subject is a likely responder of likely non-responder to the cancer treatment based on the relative amounts of the beneficial and non-beneficial bacteria in the gut of the subject. In some embodiments, methods comprise calculating a ratio of beneficial bacterial to non-beneficial bacteria in the gut of the subject. In some embodiments, metgods comprise determining that the subject is a likely responder if the ratio of beneficial bacterial to non-beneficial bacteria is above a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value is 1.0 or greater (e.g., 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, or greater, or ranges therebetween (e.g., 1.5 or greater)). In some embodiments, the cancer treatment is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject with cancer by comprising: (a) predicting a clinical response of a subject to a cancer treatment by the methods herein; and (b) if the subject is determined to be a likely responder to the cancer treatment, administering the cancer treatment of the subject. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG.  1 A-B . Distinct commensal microbial communities in anti-PD-1 responders and non-responders as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. (A) Relative abundance of differentially abundant taxa in responders vs. non-responders; 62 OTUs were identified as different with P&lt;0.05 (unadjusted, non-parametric t test). An additional OTU 559527 (arrow) identified as Bifidobacteriaceae approached significance (P&lt;0.058). Supervised hierarchical clustering of the different taxa was performed based on clinical outcome. Individual samples are organized in columns, labeled with patient identification number. Asterisks indicate samples used in further in-vivo experiments. (B) Principal component analysis of relative abundance of the 63 OTUs shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
         FIG.  2 A-E . Integration of sequencing methods and qPCR for the identification of commensal bacterial species associated with clinical response to anti-PD-1 therapy. (A) Ranked Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficients between the relative abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae OTU 559527 from the 16S data set and species-level identities predicted by shotgun sequencing. The species profiled with shotgun sequencing were compared to the taxonomy of OTUs generated from 16S sequencing at family level. (B) Spearman&#39;s correlation between abundance of OTU 559527 from the 16S dataset and  B. longum  identified by metagenomics shotgun sequencing analysis (left) and qPCR (right). Shaded band indicates 95% CI of the values fitted by linear regression. (C) Relative abundance in responders (R) vs. non-responders (NR) of OTU 559527 (16S sequencing; left),  Bifidobacterium longum  (shotgun sequencing; middle), and  Bifidobacterium longum  (qPCR; right). (D) qPCR score representing an aggregate data for the relative abundances of 10 species correlated to OTUs with differential abundance in responders vs. non-responders. (E) Ratio of beneficial to non-beneficial OTU numbers for each patient vs. the patient&#39;s RECIST aggregate tumor measurement change. Dashed lines label RECIST %=−30 and ratio=1.5. Only the 43 16S OTUs confirmed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing were included. 
         FIG.  3 A-G . Human commensal communities modulate anti-tumor immunity in a mouse melanoma model. Germ-free mice were gavaged with fecal material from 3 responder (P28, P34, P09) and 3 non-responder (P06, P21, P11) patient donors. (A) B16.SIY melanoma was injected subcutaneously 2 weeks post-gavage; tumor growth data is from one (groups C, D, E, and F) or two experiments (groups A and B) with 7-11 mice per group per experiment. Error bars represent Mean+SEM. (B) Relative abundance of 207 OTUs from patient donors that colonized in mice, and were differentially abundant between slow and fast tumor growth groups. Columns depict individual mice arranged in groups A through F. Groups A, B, A2, and B2 are from 2 independent duplicate experiments. Rows indicate individual OTUs with exact reference ID match between human and mouse 16S rRNA data sets. (C) In groups A and B, 20 days after B16.SIY injection, ex-vivo activation of splenocytes by SIY peptide was measured with IFN-γ ELISPOT 3 weeks after tumor injection. Tumor-infiltrating SIY-specific CD8 +  T cells (D) and FoxP3 +  regulatory T cells (E) were enumerated with flow cytometry. (F) Efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy was determined in groups A and B. Data are from one experiment with 7-8 mice per group. (G) Relative abundance in mouse groups A and B of key species validated for qPCR scoring. Six out the ten species are shown that gave positive PCR signals. Tumor growth curves were analyzed with two-way ANOVA using Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons post-test, flow cytometry data was analyzed using unpaired, two-tailed Student&#39;s t-test, and qPCR data was analyzed using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant; *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0.001, ****P&lt;0.0001. 
         FIG.  4 A-C . Workflow schematic indicating (A) the integration of methods for microbial identification, (B) analyses of tumor-associated biomarkers, and (C) 16S rRNA sequencing-based identification of human fecally-derived bacteria with a potential role in modulating anti-tumor immunity in a mouse melanoma model. 
         FIG.  5   . Segregation of responder and non-responder samples based on relative abundance data for the 63 differentially abundant OTUs determined with 16S sequencing using unadjusted, non-parametric t test. (62 OTUs were significantly different with P&lt;0.05; 1 OTU, Bifidobacteriaceae OTU 559527 indicated with arrow, approached significance with P&lt;0.058). Columns depict individual patients clustered using unsupervised hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance. Asterisks indicate samples used in further in-vivo experiments. Annotation bar above the heatmap indicates clinical response to immunotherapy. The ID of de-novo assembled OTUs (new clean-up reference OTUs picked by QIIME) were abbreviated to show only the unique identifier digits, and the full OTU IDs are provided in Table 2. 
         FIG.  6 A-B . Performance assessment of the support vector machine (SVM) final models and relative variable importance of 42 OTU predictors. (A) Combined ROC curve produced by 100 iterative runs of model training and testing. The model performance metrics are shown as the Mean±SEM for area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), precision, and balanced accuracy. (B) Variable importance estimation of the predictors across 100 iterative runs. The upper panel represents a histogram of the mean variable importance of each predictor. The bottom panel shows the variable importance distribution, with each line representing one predictor, and vertical line representing the mean variable importance for each predictor. Different colors indicate different predictors. 
         FIG.  7 A-B . Ranked species-level identities of 16S OTUs predicted with shotgun sequencing. OTUs picked by 16S sequencing analysis were first matched to species identified by shotgun sequencing at the family level. Then, pairwise tie-corrected Spearman&#39;s correlation was computed for each matching pair and the species matched to each OTU were ranked based on the p value. A complete list of the 63 OTU-to-species matching between the 16S and shotgun sequencing datasets is included in Table S4. 
         FIG.  8 A-B . Use of species-specific qPCR for additional confirmation of the OTU-to-species matches determined by 16S and shotgun sequencing data comparisons. OTUs and their best-match species as measured with 16S and shotgun sequencing, respectively, were correlated by Spearman&#39;s test against the relative abundance of the corresponding species measured with qPCR. Depicted are correlations for OTUs (and their best-match species), which are more abundant in non-responders (A) or in responders (B) and are used for computation of the qPCR score. OTU 1107027 (identified as  Lactobacillus ruminis  with 16S sequencing analysis) was best matched to  Lactobacillus animalis  (from the shogun sequencing data set) with P&lt;0.1 (Table 3B) and was included in the qPCR score, because a primer set with a broader  Lactobacillus  sp. specificity was used (Table 4A-B). 
         FIG.  9   . Visual representation of the presence/absence-based ratio of beneficial/non-beneficial OTUs. The bar graphs represent the total number of potentially beneficial OTUs (more abundant in responders; depicted in red) and potentially non-beneficial OTUs (more abundant in non-responders; depicted in blue) in each patient. The grid map represents presence (green) or absence (white) of beneficial and non-beneficial OTUs in each patient sample. Columns depict individual patients grouped based on clinical response to immunotherapy in the same order as in  FIG.  1 A . Rows indicate the 43 OTUs from 16S sequencing that were confirmed by shotgun sequencing (Table. 3). Asterisks indicate samples used in further in-vivo experiments. The ID of de novo assembled OTUs (new clean-up reference OTUs picked by QIIME) were abbreviated to show only the unique identifier digits, and the full OTU IDs are provided in Table 2. 
         FIG.  10 A-F . The qPCR score and the beneficial/non-beneficial OTU ratio as candidate predictors of clinical response to immunotherapy. The qPCR score (A) and the ratio of beneficial-to-non-beneficial OTUs (B) were more distinct between non-responders (NR) and responders (R), compared to the non-synonymous somatic mutational (NSSM) load (C), expression levels of PD-L1 (D) and PD-1 (E), as determined by whole transcriptome sequencing of tumor samples, and intra-tumoral CD8 T cell infiltration (F) as determined with immunohistochemistry of tumor samples. This analysis was limited to subset of 5 responders and 10 non-responders from the original 42 patient cohort, whose samples passed quality control for RNA sequencing. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric) was used for comparing qPCR score, OTU ratio, and NSSM in NR and R groups, which does not assume data follow normal distribution. Student&#39;s t-test was used for the rest of the markers. 
         FIG.  11 A-B . Donor samples used in mouse colonization experiments are representative of the responder and non-responder patient groups with respect to qPCR score (A) and ratio of beneficial to non-beneficial OTUs (B) as in  FIG.  2   . 
         FIG.  12   . Germ-free mice and Taconic SPF mice show similar tumor growth rates. Standard specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were purchased from Taconic. Germ-free (GF) mice, originally purchased from Taconic were bred in the University of Chicago gnotobiotic facility. The GF mice were divided into two groups, and housed in two separate isolators in the same room. One group (black line; n=11) was colonized by oral gavage with fecal material from the SPF mice. The other group remained GF (grey line; n=10). Standard Taconic SPF mice were housed in ventilated cages in a standard barrier facility. All mice were maintained on the same diet. Two weeks later, the mice were injected with B16.SIY melanoma and tumor growth was measured. 
         FIG.  13   . Relative abundance of 207 OTUs from patient donors that colonized in mice, and were differentially abundant between slow and fast tumor growth groups. Columns depict individual mice arranged in groups A through F, with donor patient samples added at the beginning of each group. Rows indicate individual OTUs with exact reference ID match between human and mouse 16S rRNA data sets. 
         FIG.  14   . Exemplary data-driven feature (e.g., OTUs) selection workflow. Experiments were conducted during development of embodiments herein to select important features (e.g., OTUs) in a data-driven manner. The goal was to build a model with the least number of features possible (to reduce the likelihood of overfitting), at the cost of none or limited performance decrease. Models were validated using independent test set, to evaluate performance and to identify potential overfitting problems. 100 random seeds were tested to verify: (i) the stability of variable importance (e.g., that it is not tied to certain “lucky” or “unlucky” seeds), (ii) the stability of model performance (e.g., that it is not tied to a “good” or “bad” resampling; evaluation metric=‘ROC’), and (iii) consistent performance. Features were selected by iterative resampling and validation. First, consensus elimation is used, running multiple runs (e.g., 100 runs), changing random seeds for different resampling. In each run, model training &amp; validation are performed, variable importance is estimated. After all runs are finished, features are eliminated based on consensus variable importance across the runs. 
         FIG.  15   . Consensus variable important of 24 OTUs across 100 runs. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing the particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments described herein. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. However, in case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Accordingly, in the context of the embodiments described herein, the following definitions apply. 
     As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a microbiome biomarker” is a reference to one or more microbiome biomarkers of resistance to immunotherapy and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. 
     As used herein, the term “comprise” and linguistic variations thereof denote the presence of recited feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc. without the exclusion of the presence of additional feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc. Conversely, the term “consisting of” and linguistic variations thereof, denotes the presence of recited feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc. and excludes any unrecited feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc., except for ordinarily-associated impurities. The phrase “consisting essentially of” denotes the recited feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc. and any additional feature(s), element(s), method step(s), etc. that do not materially affect the basic nature of the composition, system, or method. Many embodiments herein are described using open “comprising” language. Such embodiments encompass multiple closed “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” embodiments, which may alternatively be claimed or described using such language. 
     As used herein, the term “microbe” refers to cellular microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, and encompasses both individual organisms and populations comprising any number of the organisms. 
     As used herein, the term “tumor microenvironment” refers to the tissues, cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor cell. A tumor&#39;s microenvironment is dynamic and a tumor can change its microenvironment, and the microenvironment can affect how a tumor grows and spread. 
     As used herein, the terms “microbiota” and “microflora” refer to an assemblage of microorganisms localized to a distinct environment. Microflora may include, for example, populations of various bacteria, fungi, and/or archaea that inhabit a particular environment. For example, “gut microflora,” “vaginal microbiota,” and “oral microflora” are an assemblage of one or more species of microorganisms that are localized to, or found in, the gut, vagina, or mouth, respectively. “Normal microflora” refers to a population of microorganisms that localize in a particular environment in a normal, non-pathological state (e.g., a sample of gut microflora from a subject without cancer). “Pathologic microflora” refers to a population of various microorganisms that localize in a particular environment in pathological state and differs from normal microflora in terms of identify, absolute amount, or relative amount of the various microbes. 
     As used herein, the term “commensal microbe” refers to a microorganism that is non-pathogenic to a host and is part of the normal microflora of the host. 
     As used herein, the term “co-administration” refers to the administration of at least two agents (e.g., commensal microflora and a cancer therapy) or therapies to a subject. In some embodiments, the co-administration of two or more agents/therapies is concurrent. In other embodiments, the co-administration of two or more agents/therapies is sequential (e.g., a first agent/therapy is administered prior to a second agent/therapy). 
     As used herein, the term “beneficial microbe” refers to a microbe (e.g., bacterium) strain or species that inhibits the growth of cancer/tumor cells and/or facilitates treatment of cancer/tumor cells (e.g., inhibits immune evasion). Beneficial microbes may function by, for example, creating an anti-cancer/anti-tumor environment, microenvironment and/or metabolome, and/or by creating an environment, microenvironment and/or metabolome that inhibits immune evasion or other mechanisms by which cancer cells resist therapy. 
     As used herein, the term “detrimental microbe” refers to a microbe (e.g., bacterium) strain or species that facilitates the growth of cancer/tumor cells and/or prevents or reduces the effectiveness of treatment of cancer/tumor cells. Detrimental microbes may function by, for example, creating an environment, microenvironment and/or metabolome that facilitates immune evasion or other mechanisms by which cancer cells resist therapy and/or enhance cancer/tumor growth. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical agent” refers to a compound, macromolecule, or other chemical/non-biological entity that is administered to a subject to elicit a desired biological response. A pharmaceutical agent may be a “drug” or another entity which is biologically active in a human being or other mammal, locally and/or systemically. Examples of drugs are disclosed in the Merck Index and the Physicians Desk Reference, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. 
     As used herein, the terms “microbial agent,” “commensal microbial agent,” and “probiotic” refer to compositions comprising a microbe or population of multiple different microbes for administration to a subject. 
     As used herein, the term “antimicrobial agent” is used to describe a therapeutic compound or bioactive agent which treats a microbial infection, for example, an infection caused by a bacteria, virus, protozoa or fungus. The antimicrobial agent may be an antibiotic, an antifungal agent, an antiviral or an antiprotozoal or antiparasitic agent (which may also be used to treat multicellular parasites). 
     As used herein, the terms “antibiotic” and “antibacterial agent” refer to a chemical agent which is active against bacteria. In common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Anti-bacterial antibiotics can be categorized based on their target specificity: “narrow-spectrum” antibiotics target particular types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, while broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Antibiotics which target the bacterial cell wall (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, cephems), or cell membrane (e.g., polymixins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (e.g., quinolones, sulfonamides) usually are bactericidal in nature. Those which target protein synthesis such as the aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines are usually bacteriostatic. Three newer classes of antibiotics include: cyclic lipopeptides (e.g., daptomycin), glycylcyclines (e.g., tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (e.g., linezolid). Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, while the two others are useful for Gram-positive infections. 
     As used herein, the term “antiviral agent” refers to a chemical agent which is used to treat a viral infection. Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections, specific antivirals are useful for treating infection by specific viruses. Antivirals typically only inhibit virus development. 
     As used herein, the term “antifungal agent” refers to a therapeutic compound or bioactive agent which may be used to treat a fungal infection in a patient. An antifungal drug is a medication used to treat fungal infections such as athlete&#39;s foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and related fungal infections. Antifungal agents include, for example, polyene antifungals, imidazole, triazole and thiazole antifungals, allylamines, echinocandins, griseofulvin, flycystosine, undecylenic acid, among others. 
     As used herein, the term “antiparasitic agent” refers to a therapeutic compound or bioactive agent that is used to treat parasitic diseases including nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, infectious protozoa, and amoebas. Exemplary antiparasitic agents include: antinematodes (e.g., mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, thiabendazole, diethycarbazine), anticestodes (e.g., niclosamide, praziquantel), antitrematodes (e.g., praziquantel), antiamoebics (e.g., rifampin and amphotericin B), antiprotozoals (e.g., melarsoprol, eflornithine, metronidazole and tinidazole), among others. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to at least one pharmaceutical agent and/or microbial agent in combination with one or more additional components that assist in rendering the agent(s) suitable for achieving the desired effect upon administration to a subject. The pharmaceutical formulation may include one or more additives, for example pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, penetration enhancers, coatings, stabilizers, buffers or other materials physically associated with the pharmaceutical/microbial agent to enhance the administration, release (e.g., timing of release), deliverability, bioavailability, effectiveness, etc. of the dosage form. The formulation may be, for example, a liquid, a suspension, a solid, a nanoparticle, emulsion, micelle, ointment, gel, emulsion, coating, etc. A pharmaceutical formulation may contain a single agent or multiple agents (e.g., microbial agent and pharmaceutical agent). 
     As used herein, the term “subject” broadly refers to any animal, including but not limited to, human and non-human animals (e.g., dogs, cats, cows, horses, sheep, poultry, fish, crustaceans, etc.). As used herein, the term “patient” typically refers to a subject that is being treated for a disease or condition (e.g., cancer, solid tumor cancer, non-T cell-infiltrated tumor cancer, etc.). 
     As used herein, an “immune response” refers to the action of a cell of the immune system (e.g., T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, etc.) and soluble macromolecules produced by any of these cells or the liver (including Abs, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective targeting, binding to, damage to, destruction of, and/or elimination from a subject of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, or cancerous or other abnormal cells. 
     As used herein, the term “immunoregulator” refers to an agent or a signaling pathway (or a component thereof) that regulates an immune response. “Regulating,” “modifying” or “modulating” an immune response refers to any alteration of the immune system or in the activity of such cell. Such regulation includes stimulation or suppression of the immune system which may be manifested by an increase or decrease in the number of various cell types, an increase or decrease in the activity of these cells, or any other changes which can occur within the immune system. Both inhibitory and stimulatory immunoregulators have been identified, some of which may have enhanced function in a cancer microenvironment. 
     As used herein, the term “immune evasion” refers to inhibition of a subject&#39;s immune system or a component thereof (e.g., endogenous T cell response) by a cancer or tumor cell in order to maximize or allow continued growth or spread of the cancer/tumor. 
     As used herein, the term “immunotherapy” refers to the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition (e.g., cancer) by a method comprising inducing, enhancing, suppressing or otherwise modifying an immune response. 
     As used herein, “potentiating an endogenous immune response” means increasing the effectiveness or potency of an existing immune response in a subject. This increase in effectiveness and potency may be achieved, for example, by overcoming mechanisms that suppress the endogenous host immune response or by stimulating mechanisms that enhance the endogenous host immune response. 
     As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a whole antibody molecule or a fragment thereof (e.g., fragments such as Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)2), it may be a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a human antibody, etc. 
     A native antibody typically has a tetrameric structure. A tetramer typically comprises two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one light chain (in certain embodiments, about 25 kDa) and one heavy chain (in certain embodiments, about 50-70 kDa). In a native antibody, a heavy chain comprises a variable region, VH, and three constant regions, CH1, CH2, and CH3. The VH domain is at the amino-terminus of the heavy chain, and the CH3 domain is at the carboxy-terminus. In a native antibody, a light chain comprises a variable region, VL, and a constant region, CL. The variable region of the light chain is at the amino-terminus of the light chain. In a native antibody, the variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair typically form the antigen binding site. The constant regions are typically responsible for effector function. 
     In a native antibody, the variable regions typically exhibit the same general structure in which relatively conserved framework regions (FRs) are joined by three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The CDRs from the two chains of each pair typically are aligned by the framework regions, which may enable binding to a specific epitope. From N-terminus to C-terminus, both light and heavy chain variable regions typically comprise the domains FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4. The CDRs on the heavy chain are referred to as H1, H2, and H3, while the CDRs on the light chain are referred to as L1, L2, and L3. Typically, CDR3 is the greatest source of molecular diversity within the antigen-binding site. H3, for example, in certain instances, can be as short as two amino acid residues or greater than 26. The assignment of amino acids to each domain is typically in accordance with the definitions of Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Publication No. 91-3242, vols. 1-3, Bethesda, Md.); Chothia, C., and Lesk, A. M. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917; or Chothia, C. et al. Nature 342:878-883 (1989). In the present application, the term “CDR” refers to a CDR from either the light or heavy chain, unless otherwise specified. 
     As used herein, the term “heavy chain” refers to a polypeptide comprising sufficient heavy chain variable region sequence to confer antigen specificity either alone or in combination with a light chain. 
     As used herein, the term “light chain” refers to a polypeptide comprising sufficient light chain variable region sequence to confer antigen specificity either alone or in combination with a heavy chain. 
     As used herein, when an antibody or other entity “specifically recognizes” or “specifically binds” an antigen or epitope, it preferentially recognizes the antigen in a complex mixture of proteins and/or macromolecules, and binds the antigen or epitope with affinity which is substantially higher than to other entities not displaying the antigen or epitope. In this regard, “affinity which is substantially higher” means affinity that is high enough to enable detection of an antigen or epitope which is distinguished from entities using a desired assay or measurement apparatus. Typically, it means binding affinity having a binding constant (Ka) of at least 10 7  M −1  (e.g., &gt;10 7  M −1 , &gt;10 8  M −1 , &gt;10 9  M −1 , &gt;10 10  M −1 , &gt;10 11  M −1 , &gt;10 12  M −1 , &gt;10 13  M −1 , etc.). In certain such embodiments, an antibody is capable of binding different antigens so long as the different antigens comprise that particular epitope. In certain instances, for example, homologous proteins from different species may comprise the same epitope. 
     As used herein, the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody which is a member of a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies that specifically bind to the same epitope. In certain embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is secreted by a hybridoma. In certain such embodiments, a hybridoma is produced according to certain methods known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495-499; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is produced using recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). In certain embodiments, a monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody fragment isolated from a phage display library. See, e.g., Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352: 624-628; and Marks et al. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. The modifying word “monoclonal” indicates properties of antibodies obtained from a substantially-homogeneous population of antibodies, and does not limit a method of producing antibodies to a specific method. For various other monoclonal antibody production techniques, see, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     As used herein, the term “antibody fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, including at least a portion antigen binding region or a variable region. Antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, Fd, diabodies, and other antibody fragments that retain at least a portion of the variable region of an intact antibody. See, e.g., Hudson et al. (2003) Nat. Med. 9:129-134; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, antibody fragments are produced by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies (e.g., papain digestion and pepsin digestion of antibody) produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical polypeptide synthesis. 
     For example, a “Fab” fragment comprises one light chain and the CH1 and variable region of one heavy chain. The heavy chain of a Fab molecule cannot form a disulfide bond with another heavy chain molecule. A “Fab′” fragment comprises one light chain and one heavy chain that comprises additional constant region, extending between the CH1 and CH2 domains. An interchain disulfide bond can be formed between two heavy chains of a Fab′ fragment to form a “F(ab′)2” molecule. 
     An “Fv” fragment comprises the variable regions from both the heavy and light chains, but lacks the constant regions. A single-chain Fv (scFv) fragment comprises heavy and light chain variable regions connected by a flexible linker to form a single polypeptide chain with an antigen-binding region. Exemplary single chain antibodies are discussed in detail in WO 88/01649 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778 and 5,260,203; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. In certain instances, a single variable region (e.g., a heavy chain variable region or a light chain variable region) may have the ability to recognize and bind antigen. 
     Other antibody fragments will be understood by skilled artisans. 
     As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody made up of components from at least two different sources. In certain embodiments, a chimeric antibody comprises a portion of an antibody derived from a first species fused to another molecule, e.g., a portion of an antibody derived from a second species. In certain such embodiments, a chimeric antibody comprises a portion of an antibody derived from a non-human animal fused to a portion of an antibody derived from a human. In certain such embodiments, a chimeric antibody comprises all or a portion of a variable region of an antibody derived from a non-human animal fused to a constant region of an antibody derived from a human. 
     A “humanized” antibody refers to a non-human antibody that has been modified so that it more closely matches (in amino acid sequence) a human antibody. A humanized antibody is thus a type of chimeric antibody. In certain embodiments, amino acid residues outside of the antigen binding residues of the variable region of the non-human antibody are modified. In certain embodiments, a humanized antibody is constructed by replacing all or a portion of a complementarity determining region (CDR) of a human antibody with all or a portion of a CDR from another antibody, such as a non-human antibody, having the desired antigen binding specificity. In certain embodiments, a humanized antibody comprises variable regions in which all or substantially all of the CDRs correspond to CDRs of a non-human antibody and all or substantially all of the framework regions (FRs) correspond to FRs of a human antibody. In certain such embodiments, a humanized antibody further comprises a constant region (Fc) of a human antibody. 
     The term “effective dose” or “effective amount” refers to an amount of an agent, e.g., an antibody, that results in the reduction of symptoms in a patient or results in a desired biological outcome. In certain embodiments, an effective dose or effective amount is sufficient to treat or reduce symptoms of a disease or condition. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Provided herein are compositions and methods comprising microbiome biomarkers of responsiveness/resistance to immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy), and diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof. In particular, the amount, identity, presence, and/or ratio of microflora in the microbiome of a subject is used to determine the responsiveness/resistance of the subject to immunotherapy, and/or the microbiome of a subject is manipulated to enhance the responsiveness of the subject to various immunotherapies and co-therapies. 
     In some embodiments, the effectiveness of an endogenous immune response, immunotherapy, chemotherapeutic, or other treatment (e.g., surgery, radiation, etc.) in the treatment or prevention of reoccurrence of cancer and/or tumor is dependent upon conditions within the subject (e.g., the tumor microenvironment). In particular, the identity or characteristics (e.g., concentration or level) of the microflora within a subject affects the effectiveness of cancer treatments (e.g., generally or specific treatments) and/or the effectiveness of the subject&#39;s own immune response to cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the presence or increased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject potentiates cancer/tumor growth, spread (e.g., malignancy), and/or evasion of treatment/immune response. In some embodiments, the presence or increased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject inhibits treatment (e.g., immunotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) and/or the subject&#39;s endogenous immune response to cancer and/or tumor cells. In some embodiments, the absence and/or decreased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject potentiates cancer/tumor growth, spread, and/or evasion of treatment/immune response. In some embodiments, the absence or decreased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject inhibits treatment (e.g., immunotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) and/or the subject&#39;s endogenous immune response to cancer and/or tumor cells. 
     In some embodiments, the presence or increased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject discourages cancer/tumor growth, spread, and/or evasion of treatment/immune response. In some embodiments, the presence or increased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject facilitates treatment (e.g., immunotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) and/or the subject&#39;s endogenous immune response to cancer and/or tumor cells. In some embodiments, the absence and/or decreased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject discourages cancer/tumor growth, spread, and/or evasion of treatment/immune response. In some embodiments, the absence or decreased level of one or more microbes (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) in a subject facilitates treatment (e.g., immunotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) and/or the subject&#39;s endogenous immune response to cancer and/or tumor cells. 
     In some embodiments, the presence of beneficial microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer treatment) in a subject creates an environment or microenvironment (e.g., metabolome) that is conducive to the treatment of cancer and/or inhibits cancer/tumor growth. In some embodiments, the presence of detrimental microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer/tumor growth and/or prevent treatment) in a subject creates an environment or microenvironment (e.g., metabolome) that is conducive to the treatment of cancer and/or inhibits cancer/tumor growth. 
     Experiments conducted during development of embodiments described herein demonstrate that the responsiveness/resistance of a tumor to immunotherapies can be assessed by assaying the bacteria present in the microbiome of a subject. Particular microbes identified in experiments herein (e.g., bacteria of Table 6, bacteria of the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichacea, bacteria are selected from the OTU group consisting of 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae; etc.) correlate, are indicative of, contribute to, and/or are causivite of responsiveness or resistance of tumors to immunotherapies. Characterization of the identity of microbes with a subject finds use in determining the likelihood that a tumor within the subject will respond to particular immunotherapies. In some embodiments, treatment course of action (e.g., immunotherapy, chemotherapy, microbial therapy, combinations thereof, etc.) is determined based on the methods herein. 
     Experiments conducted during development of embodiments described herein demonstrate that modulation of levels and/or identity of the microflora in a subject facilitates treatment of cancer/tumor within the subject, enhances the endogenous immune response, decreases immune evasion or other inhibitory mechanisms to treatment of endogenous immune response, and/or improves cancer outcomes for the subject. Modulation of microflora levels and/or identity may comprise encouraging or facilitating growth of one or more types of beneficial microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer treatment), discouraging or inhibiting growth of one or more types of detrimental microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer/tumor growth and/or prevent treatment), administering one or more types of beneficial microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer treatment) to the subject, and/or combinations thereof. Embodiments within the scope herein are not limited by the mechanisms for introducing one or more microbes (e.g., fecal transplant, probiotic administration, etc.), encouraging growth of beneficial microbes (e.g., administering agents that skew the environment within the subject toward growth conditions for the beneficial microbes), discouraging or inhibiting growth of detrimental microbes (e.g., administering agents that skew the environment within the subject away from growth conditions for the detrimental microbes, administration of antimicrobial(s), etc.), and combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, methods are provided for the treatment or prevention of cancer by the manipulation of the presence, amount, or relative ratio of commensal microflora (e.g., gut microflora). In some embodiments, the presence, amount, or relative ratio of particular bacteria, fungi, and/or archaea within a subject is manipulated. In some embodiments, the levels of one or more bacterial list in Table 6 are manipulated. For example, in some embodiments, the presence, amount, or relative ratio of one or more bacteria from the familes Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and/or Erysipelotrichaceae are manipulated. In some embodiments, the presence, amount, or relative ratio of one or more of 365181 Coriobacteriaceae, 197562 Ruminococcaceae, 363794 Coriobacteriaceae, 295085 Lachnospiraceae, 659361 Lachnospiraceae, 461795 Ruminococcaceae, 592139 Clostridiaceae, 813479 Bifidobacteriacae, OTU 325850, OTU 352933, 559527 Bifidobacteriacae, 808486 Enterobacteriacae, 830346 Enterobacteriacae, 198928 Lachnospiraceae, 367215 Erysipelotrichaceae, 1973443 Lachnospiraceae, and 367092 Lachnospiraceae are manipulated. 
     In some embodiments, the presence and/or levels of one or more commensal microbes are manipulated in a subject suffering from cancer, at heightened risk of cancer, and/or receiving treatment for cancer. Exemplary commensal microbes include  Lactococcus  (e.g.,  Lactococcus cremoris  and  Lactococcus lactis ),  Lactobacillus  (e.g.,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii  and  Lactobacillus jensenii ),  Leuconostoc, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Propionibacteium, Pediococcus, Bifidobacterium  (e.g.,  Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidium, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacteriumangulatum , etc.),  Streptococcus  (e.g.,  Streptococcus thermophiles, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus rattus , etc.);  Escherichia coli, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lansii , Yeast (e.g.,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii , etc.); and combinations thereof. 
     In experiments conducted during development of embodiments herein, baseline stool samples were analyzed from metastatic melanoma patients prior to immunotherapy treatment, through an integration of 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and quantitative PCR for selected bacteria. A significant association between commensal microbial composition and clinical response was observed. Bacterial species more abundant in responders included  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum . Bacterial species more abundant in non-responders included  Ruminococcus obeum  and  Roseburia intestinalis . The experiments indicate that reconstitution of germ-free subjects with fecal material from responding patients provides improved tumor control, augmented T cell responses, and/or greater efficacy of immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD-L1 therapy). The experimental results demonstrate a mechanistic impact of the commensal microbiota on anti-tumor immunity in cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the presence and/or levels of one or more commensal microbes are manipulated in a subject suffering from cancer, at heightened risk of cancer, and/or receiving treatment for cancer. 
     In some embodiments, one or more species, genera, and/or types of microbes are administered and/or the growth thereof is facilitated. In some embodiments, the growth of one or more species, genera, and/or types of microbes is inhibited. In some embodiments, one or more species, genera, and/or types of microbes are administered and/or the growth thereof is facilitated; and the growth of one or more other species, genera, and/or types of microbes is inhibited. 
     In some embodiments, the level or presence of one or more beneficial microbes (e.g., microbes that inhibit cancer/tumor growth or spread, enhance cancer/tumor treatment, etc.) is modulated by the administration of such microbes to a subject. 
     In some embodiments, microflora-modulation utilizes prepared probiotic compositions for administration to/by a subject. Probiotic compositions comprise one or more beneficial microbes (e.g., bacteria) formulated such that administration of the probiotic (e.g., orally, rectally, by inhalation, etc.) results in population of the subject by the beneficial microbes. 
     In some embodiments, probiotic compositions comprise cultured microbes that are combined and/or formulated for administration to a subject. In some embodiments, probiotics contain microbes of known genera, species, etc. and/or at known concentrations (cfus). Probiotic compositions may be in the form of a pharmaceutical-type composition (e.g., capsule, tables, liquid, aerosol, etc.) or in the form of a food supplement. 
     In some embodiments, probiotic microbes (e.g., bacteria) are formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition for delivery to a subject. In some embodiments, probiotics are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for a solid or semi-solid formulation. In some embodiments, probiotic microbes are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for a liquid or gel formulation. Probiotic formulations may be formulated for enteral delivery, e.g., oral delivery, or delivery as a suppository, but can also be formulated for parenteral delivery, e.g., vaginal delivery, inhalational delivery (e.g., oral delivery, nasal delivery, and intrapulmonary delivery), and the like. 
     The probiotic compositions that find use in embodiments described herein may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the probiotic microbes. In tablets, the microbes are mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Other forms suitable for oral administration include liquid form preparations such as emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, or solid form preparations which are intended to be converted shortly before use to liquid form preparations. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the probiotic microbes in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents. 
     The probiotic compositions (e.g., microbes (e.g., bacteria)) may be formulated for administration as suppositories. A low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the probiotic microbes are dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into conveniently sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify. 
     The probiotic compositions (e.g., microbes (e.g., bacteria)) may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays, may contain agents in addition to the bacteria, such carriers, known in the art to be appropriate. 
     In some embodiments, probiotic compositions (e.g., microbes (e.g., bacteria)) may be formulated for delivery by inhalation. As used herein, the term “aerosol” is used in its conventional sense as referring to very fine liquid or solid particles carries by a propellant gas under pressure to a site of therapeutic application. The term “liquid formulation for delivery to respiratory tissue” and the like, as used herein, describe compositions comprising probiotic microbes with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in flowable liquid form. Such formulations, when used for delivery to a respiratory tissue, are generally solutions, e.g. aqueous solutions, ethanolic solutions, aqueous/ethanolic solutions, saline solutions and colloidal suspensions. 
     Rather than pharmaceutical-type formulation, probiotic compositions may be formulated as food additive and/or food product and incorporated into a variety of foods and beverages. Suitable foods and beverages include, but are not limited to, yogurts, ice creams, cheeses, baked products such as bread, biscuits and cakes, dairy and dairy substitute foods, soy-based food products, grain-based food products, starch-based food products, confectionery products, edible oil compositions, spreads, breakfast cereals, infant formulas, juices, power drinks, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, a probiotic composition is administered over a dosing time period (e.g., &lt;1 minute, &lt;1 hour, &lt;2 hours, &lt;4 hours, &lt;6 hours, &lt;12 hours, &lt;24 hours, etc.) in an amount that is sufficient to provide a desired therapeutic benefit (e.g., as a single dose, in combination with other doses, in combination with a co-administered therapeutic, etc.) In some embodiments, the dose of the probiotic composition administered for the dosing time period is concentration of from about 10 to about 1×10 14  colony forming units (cfu) of the commensal microbial agent(s) (e.g., 10 cfu, 100 cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, or any suitable ranges therein (e.g., from about 10 2  cfu to about 10 13  cfu, about 1×10 4  to about 1×10 11  cfu, about 1×10 6  to about 1×10 9  cfu, about 1×10 10  to about 1×10 12  cf, etc.), etc.). 
     In some embodiments, the microbial make-up of a probiotic composition consists or consists essentially of one or more beneficial microbes (e.g., bacteria). In some embodiments, the microbial make-up of a probiotic composition consists or consists essentially of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or any ranges therein (e.g., 1-4, 5-10, 8-20, etc.) strains and/or species of microbes. In some embodiments, fewer than 50 microbial strains (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or any ranges therein (e.g., 1-4, 5-10, 8-20, etc.) are at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%. 99.9%, 99.99%) of the microbial population (e.g., by mass, by cfu, etc.) of a probiotic composition. For example, in some embodiments, a single species or strain of bacteria selected from the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and Erysipelotrichaceae, and/or from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum , is at least 95% of the microbial population, as measured by colony forming units, of a particular probiotic composition. As another example, in some embodiments, a single species or strain of bacteria selected from the families Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bifidobacteriacae, Enterobacteriacae, and Erysipelotrichaceae, and/or from the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum  is at least 40% of the microbial population (e.g., 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more, or ranges therebetween), as measured by mass, of a particular probiotic composition. These examples are not limiting. 
     In some embodiments, microflora in a subject (e.g., a subject suffering from cancer, a subject with microflora that promotes cancer growth, a subject with microflora that promotes evasion of cancer treatment (e.g., by immunotherapy), etc.) are modulated by transplantation of microbiota from a subject with favorable characteristics (e.g., a subject without cancer, a subject with microflora that inhibits cancer growth, a subject with microflora that promotes treatment of cancer (e.g., by immunotherapy), etc.) into the recipient subject. 
     In some embodiments, donor microflora are obtained sampling microflora from the desired region of the donor subject body (e.g., colon, oral cavity, vagina, etc.). In particular embodiments, fecal material (e.g., 100 g-500 g) is obtained from a donor. The material may be administered to a recipient subject with or without subsequent preparation steps (e.g., diluting, mixing, oxygenating, filtering, supplementing (e.g., with prebiotics, with growth media, etc.), testing (e.g., for pathogens or detrimental microbes), etc.). The donor microflora (e.g., fecal material) may be administered without preservation (e.g., administered within 12 hours (e.g., &lt;6 hours, &lt;4 hours, &lt;2 hours, &lt;1 hour, etc.)) or may be preserved (e.g., frozen, freeze dried, etc.), for example, to allow for delay (e.g., 1 day, 2, days, 1 week, 1 month, or more) before delivery to the subject. 
     In some embodiments, donor microflora are processed to remove one or more components. For example, parasitic of detrimental microbes may be removed or killed. Contaminants within the donor sample may be removed. In some embodiments, donor microflora is enriched for one or more specific microbes (e.g., 2-fold, 3-fold, 4 fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, or more enrichment). In some embodiments, donor microflora is enriched such that at least 1% of the microbes in the population are the desired beneficial microbes (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more). In some embodiments, donor microflora are doped with one or more cultured beneficial microbes. 
     In particular embodiments, transplanted microflora may be administered to the recipient subject by any suitable delivery mechanism, including but not limited to enema, colonoscope, nasogastric or nasoduodenal tube, lavage or irrigation, or orally (e.g., in the form of a capsule). 
     In some embodiments, a commensal microbial agent or population of microbial agents is administered (e.g., via probiotic composition or microflora transplant) over a dosing time period (e.g., &lt;1 minute, &lt;1 hour, &lt;2 hours, &lt;4 hours, &lt;6 hours, &lt;12 hours, &lt;24 hours, etc.) in an amount that is sufficient to provide a desired therapeutic benefit (e.g., as a single dose, in combination with other doses, in combination with a co-administered therapeutic, etc.) In some embodiments, the dose of commensal microbial agent(s) administered for the dosing time period is concentration of from about 10 to about 1×10 14  colony forming units (cfu) of the commensal microbial agent(s) (e.g., 10 cfu, 100 cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, 10 13  cfu, or any suitable ranges therein (e.g., from about 10 2  cfu to about 10 13  cfu, about 1×10 4  to about 1×10 11  cfu, about 1×10 6  to about 1×10 9  cfu, about 1×10 10  to about 1×10 12  cf, etc.), etc.). 
     The dose can be administered in a single unit dose administered at any time during a day. Alternatively the loading dose can be administered in two or more doses administered at a single time of day or at two or more separate times of day. 
     Over the course of multiple dosing periods, the dose can be tapered from an initial dose to a higher dose (or increased from an initial dose to a higher dose), on predetermined timing or by the when the subject and/or clinician based on the results of the treatment. The appropriate dosage amount will vary by, for example, an individual subject&#39;s age, weight, condition or disease, severity of disease, etc. 
     In some embodiments, microbes for probiotic compositions are obtained from culture. In some embodiments, strains of beneficial microbes are genetically engineered to enhance one or more of production (e.g., at scale), formulation, delivery, or the biological effect of the microbe. In some embodiments, microbes are engineered to express a detectable marker that allows tracking of the microbes within a subject, or confirmation that the microbe has integrated into a subject&#39;s microflora. In some embodiments, microbes are engineered to express a cancer therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, antibodies, etc.), anti-inflammatory agent, of other drug. 
     In some embodiments, one or more prebiotics are administered to a subject as an independent treatment (e.g., to increase the level of a beneficial microbe) or in conjunction with other treatments described herein. Prebiotics are agents that increase the in vivo growth rate or activity of commensal microbes. In some embodiments, prebiotics are soluble fiber sources. In some embodiments, when prebiotics are administered (e.g., fed) to a subject they are not digested or are not fully digested by the subject&#39;s digestive enzymes, but rather support the intestinal health of the subject and provide an energy source for the beneficial microbes and enhance the growth thereof. Prebiotics include, for example, naturally occurring lecithins and/or oleic acid, and are described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,449,878 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In some embodiments, the level or presence of one or more detrimental microbes (e.g., microbes that facilitate cancer/tumor growth or spread, inhibit cancer/tumor treatment, etc.) is modulated, for example, by the administration of one or more antimicrobial agents to a subject or modulation of conditions within the subject to disfavor growth of the detrimental microbes. In some embodiments, antimicrobial agents are administered. 
     In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is an antibiotic. Exemplary antibiotics that may find use in some embodiments include, but are not limited to: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, paromycin, geldanamycin, herbimycin, loracarbef, ertapenem, doripenem, imipenem, meropenem, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotoxin, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftobirprole, vancomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin, telithromycin, spectinomycin, aztreonam, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azociling, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, mezlocillin, meticillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, peperacillin, ticarcillin, bacitracin, colistin, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, clavulanic acid, enoxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, nonfloxacin, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, AL-15469A, AL-38905, OP-145, afenide, prontosil, sulfacetamide, sulfamethiazole, sulfanamide, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetraycline, linezolid, arsogebanubem chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, ethambutol, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, furazolidone, isoniazid, linezolid, metronidazole, mupirocin, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, thamphenicol, tinidazole, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, Maximin H5, Dermcidin, Cecropins, andropin, moricin, ceratotoxin, melittin, Magainin, dermaseptin, bombinin, brevinin-1,esculentins and buforin II, CAP 18, LL37, abaecin, apidaecins, prophenin, indolicidin, brevinins, protegrin, tachyplesins, defensins, drosomycin, alamethicin, pexiganan or MSI-78, MSI-843, MSI-594, polyphemusin, colicin, pyocin, klebicin, subtilin, epidermin, herbicolacin, brevicin, halocin, agrocin, alveicin, carnocin, curvaticin, divercin, enterocin, enterolysin, erwiniocin, glycinecin, lactococin, lacticin, leucoccin, mesentericin, pediocin, plantaricin, sakacin, sulfolobicin, vibriocin, warnerinand, nisin, or a salt or cocrystal, or prodrug or solvate thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the antimicrobial is an antifungal agent. Exemplary antifungals that may find use in some embodiments include, but are not limited to: amrolfine, utenafine, naftifine, terbinafine, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, terconazole, tioconazole, nikkomycin Z, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, amphotericin B, liposomal nystastin, pimaricin, griseofulvin, ciclopirox olamine, haloprogin, tolnaftate, undecylenate, clioquinol, and combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the antimicrobial is an antiparasitic. Exemplary antiparasitics that may find use in some embodiments include, but are not limited to: amitraz, amoscanate, avermectin, carbadox, diethylcarbamizine, dimetridazole, diminazene, ivermectin, macrofilaricide, malathion, mitaban, oxamniquine, permethrin, praziquantel, prantel pamoate, selamectin, sodium stibogluconate, thiabendazole, and combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, methods and compositions for reduction of detrimental microbe levels are co-administered (e.g., serially, concurrently, etc.) with methods and compositions for increasing beneficial microbe levels. In some embodiments, by reducing overall microbe levels or by reducing the levels of specific microbes (e.g., detrimental microbes, high population microbes, etc.), the population of beneficial microbes can more effectively be modulated (e.g., increased). 
     In some embodiments, in order to develop a microflora population within a subject that facilitates cancer treatment or inhibits cancer growth/spread, antimicrobial agents are first administered to eliminate or reduce the microflora within the subject, and then the microflora population is reestablished using the methods and compositions described herein (e.g., administration of beneficial microbes). In some embodiments, antimicrobials (e.g., antibiotics) that reduce the microbe (e.g., bacteria) population generally are employed. In some embodiments, antimicrobials that target detrimental microbes preferentially are employed. 
     In some embodiments, modulating the microflora composition is sufficient on its own to allow the endogenous immune system of a subject to respond to the presence of cancer cells and or tumor growth. However, in other embodiments, microflora composition is manipulated along with one or more other cancer therapies. In some embodiments, manipulation of the microflora composition (e.g., identity and/or level) treats cancer by a mechanism independent of one or more additional cancer treatments. In other embodiments, modulation of microflora composition facilitates (e.g., increases the effectiveness of) the cancer treatment. In some embodiments, one or more cancer treatments enhance the effectiveness of the modulation of microflora composition. Embodiments herein are not limited by the types of cancer treatments (e.g., surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapeutic, etc.) unless specifically noted. 
     In some embodiments, immunotherapeutic cancer treatment encompasses blockade of immune-inhibitory receptors, for example using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 (Wolchok, J. D. et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 369, 122-133 (2013); Topalian, S. L. et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, 1020-1030 (2014); Topalian, S. L. et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 366, 2443-2454 (2012); Hodi, F. S. et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 363, 711-723 (2010); herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). 
     In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes the administration of an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Immune checkpoint inhibition broadly refers to inhibiting the checkpoint markers that cancer cells can produce to prevent or downregulate an immune response. Examples of immune checkpoint proteins include, but are not limited to, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, TIM-3, IDO or VISTA. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can be antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof that bind to and inhibit an immune checkpoint protein. Examples of immune checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, BMS-936558, MK-3475, CT 011, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor may be administered via injection (e.g., intravenously, intratumorally, subcutaneously, or into lymph nodes), but may also be administered orally, topically, or via aerosol. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions for and/or methods of modulating microflora in a subject overcome immune invasion of cancer cells, tumor, tumor microenvironment, etc. In some embodiments, one or more additional cancer immunotherapies are employed (e.g., concurrently or serially) to make use of the induced immune-responsiveness treated cells/tumor. Suitable immunotherapies may include, but are not limited to: cell-based therapies (e.g., dendritic cell or T cell therapy, etc.), monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy (e.g., naked mAbs, conjugated mAbs), cytokine therapy (e.g., interferons, interleukins, etc.), adjuvant treatment (e.g., polysaccharide-K, CpG oligonucleotides), etc. 
     Examples of antibodies that may find use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein, particularly for use in immunotherapies include, but are not limited, to antibodies such as trastuzumab (anti-HER2/neu antibody); pertuzumab (anti-HER2 mAb); cetuximab (chimeric monoclonal antibody to epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR); panitumumab (anti-EGFR antibody); nimotuzumab (anti-EGFR antibody); zalutumumab (anti-EGFR mAb); Necitumumab (anti-EGFR mAb); MDX-210 (humanized anti-HER-2 bispecific antibody); MDX-210 (humanized anti-HER-2 bispecific antibody); MDX-447 (humanized anti-EGF receptor bispecific antibody); rituximab (chimeric murine/human anti-CD20 mAb); obinutuzumab (anti-CD20 mAb); ofatumumab (anti-CD20 mAb); tositumumab-1131 (anti-CD20 mAb); ibritumomab tiuxetan (anti-CD20 mAb); bevacizumab (anti-VEGF mAb); ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR2 mAb); ranibizumab (anti-VEGF mAb); aflibercept (extracellular domains of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 fused to IgG1 Fc); AMG386 (angiopoietin-1 and -2 binding peptide fused to IgG1 Fc); dalotuzumab (anti-IGF-1R mAb); gemtuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD33 mAb); alemtuzumab (anti-Campath-1/CD52 mAb); brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30 mAb): catumaxomab (bispecific mAb that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule and CD3); naptumomab (anti-5T4 mAb); girentuximab (anti-Carbonic anhydrase ix); or farletuzumab (anti-folate receptor). Other examples include antibodies such as Panorex™ (17-1A) (edrecolomab, murine monoclonal antibody); BEC2 (ami-idiotypic mAb, mimics the GD epitope) (with BCG); Oncolym (Lym-1 monoclonal antibody); SMART M195 Ab, humanized 13′ 1 LYM-1 (Oncolym); Ovarex (B43.13, anti-idiotypic mouse mAb); 3622W94 mAb that binds to EGP40 (17-1A) pancarcinoma antigen on adenocarcinomas; Zenapax (SMART Anti-Tac (IL-2 receptor); SMART M195 Ab, humanized Ab, humanized); NovoMAb-G2 (pancarcinoma specific Ab); TNT (chimeric mAb to histone antigens); Gliomab-H (Monoclonals—Humanized Abs); GNI-250 Mab; EMD-72000 (chimeric-EGF antagonist); LymphoCide (humanized IL.L.2 antibody); and MDX-260 bispecific, targets GD-2, ANA Ab, SMART IDIO Ab, SMART ABL 364 Ab, or ImmuRAIT-CEA. 
     In some embodiments, an immunotherapy, utilized as a co-therapy with the microflora modulation described herein, directly or indirectly targets one of more of: a regulatory T cell, myeloid suppressor cell, or dendritic cell. In another aspect, an immunotherapy specifically targets one of the following molecules: CD4; CD25 (IL-2α receptor; IL-2αR); cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152); Interleukin-10 (IL-10); Transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-βR); Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β); Programmed Death-1 (PD-1); Programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1 or PD-L2); Receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB (RANK); Receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB (RANK) ligand (RANKL); LAG-3; glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR; TNFRSF18); indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R). In some embodiments, the immunotherapy acts as an agonist that increases the function of the targeted molecule. In other embodiments, the immunotherapy is an antagonist that inhibits the function of the targeted molecule. 
     In some embodiments, an immunotherapy, utilized as a co-therapy with the microflora modulation described herein, directly or indirectly targets one of more of a specific cytokine, cytokine receptor, co-stimulatory molecule, co-inhibitory molecule, or immunomodulatory receptor that modulates the immune system. In another aspect, one of the following molecules are targeted by co-treatment with microflora modulation: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily; Interleukin-12 (IL-12); IL-12 receptor; 4-IBB (CD137); 4-IBB ligand (4-1BBL; CD137L); OX40 (CD134; TNR4); OX40 ligand (OX40L; CD40; CD40 ligand (CD40L); CTLA-4; Programmed death-1 (PD-1); PD-1 ligand I (PD-L1: B7-H1); or PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2; B7-DC); B7 family; B7-1 (CD80); B7-2 (CD86); B7-H3; B7-H4; GITR/AITR: GITRL/AITRL; BTLA; CD70; CD27; LIGHT; HVEM: Toll-like receptor (TLR) (TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). 
     In some embodiments, the compositions for and/or methods of modulating microflora in a subject sensitize the cancer cells and/or tumor to treatment by one or more chemotherapeutic agents. In some embodiments, one or more chemotherapies are employed in addition to microflora modulation (e.g., concurrently or serially) to make use of the induced chemotherapeutic sensitivity. In other embodiments, one or more chemotherapeutics are provided as co-therapies with microflora modulation, with or without (known) synergism between the microflora modulation and the chemotherapy. 
     In some embodiments, exemplary anticancer agents suitable for use in compositions and methods described herein (e.g., co-administered with a β-catenin inhibitor) include, but are not limited to: 1) alkaloids, including microtubule inhibitors (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, and vindesine, etc.), microtubule stabilizers (e.g., paclitaxel (Taxol), and docetaxel, etc.), and chromatin function inhibitors, including topoisomerase inhibitors, such as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide (VP-16), and teniposide (VM-26), etc.), and agents that target topoisomerase I (e.g., camptothecin and isirinotecan (CPT-11), etc.); 2) covalent DNA-binding agents (alkylating agents), including nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, and busulfan (MYLERAN), etc.), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomustine, and semustine, etc.), and other alkylating agents (e.g., dacarbazine, hydroxymethylmelamine, thiotepa, and mitomycin, etc.); 3) noncovalent DNA-binding agents (antitumor antibiotics), including nucleic acid inhibitors (e.g., dactinomycin (actinomycin D), etc.), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (daunomycin, and cerubidine), doxorubicin (adriamycin), and idarubicin (idamycin), etc.), anthracenediones (e.g., anthracycline analogues, such as mitoxantrone, etc.), bleomycins (BLENOXANE), etc., and plicamycin (mithramycin), etc; 4) antimetabolites, including antifolates (e.g., methotrexate, FOLEX, and MEXATE, etc.), purine antimetabolites (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP, PURINETHOL), 6-thioguanine (6-TG), azathioprine, acyclovir, ganciclovir, chlorodeoxyadenosine, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA), and 2′-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin), etc.), pyrimidine antagonists (e.g., fluoropyrimidines (e.g., 5-fluorouracil (ADRUCIL), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) (floxuridine)) etc.), and cytosine arabinosides (e.g., CYTOSAR (ara-C) and fludarabine, etc.); 5) enzymes, including L-asparaginase, and hydroxyurea, etc; 6) hormones, including glucocorticoids, antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, etc.), nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., flutamide, etc.), and aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole (ARIMIDEX), etc.); 7) platinum compounds (e.g., cisplatin and carboplatin, etc.); 8) monoclonal antibodies (e.g., conjugated with anticancer drugs, toxins, and/or radionuclides, etc; neutralizing antibodies; etc.); 9) biological response modifiers (e.g., interferons (e.g., IFN-.alpha., etc.) and interleukins (e.g., IL-2, etc.), etc.); 10) adoptive immunotherapy; 11) hematopoietic growth factors; 12) agents that induce tumor cell differentiation (e.g., all-trans-retinoic acid, etc.); 13) gene therapy techniques; 14) antisense therapy techniques; 15) tumor vaccines; 16) therapies directed against tumor metastases (e.g., batimastat, etc.); 17) angiogenesis inhibitors; 18) proteosome inhibitors (e.g., VELCADE); 19) inhibitors of acetylation and/or methylation (e.g., HDAC inhibitors); 20) modulators of NF kappa B; 21) inhibitors of cell cycle regulation (e.g., CDK inhibitors); and 22) modulators of p53 protein function. 
     In some embodiments, compositions and methods herein comprise multiple modes for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer. In some embodiments, beneficial microbes are provided/administered (e.g., by a probiotic composition, fecal transplant, etc.) with prebiotics and/or other agents that facilitate the growth of the beneficial microbes. In some embodiments, beneficial microbes are provided/administered (e.g., by a probiotic composition, fecal transplant, etc.) with antimicrobial(s) (e.g., antibiotics) directed to kill or inhibit the growth of detrimental microbes. In some embodiments, prebiotics and/or other agents that facilitate the growth of the beneficial microbes are provided/administered with antimicrobial(s) (e.g., antibiotics) directed to kill or inhibit the growth of detrimental microbes. In some embodiments, beneficial microbes, prebiotics and/or other agents that facilitate the growth of the beneficial microbes, and an antimicrobial(s) (e.g., antibiotics) directed to kill or inhibit the growth of detrimental microbes are all co-administered. 
     In some embodiments, the co-administered agents are formulated into a single dose and/or composition. In some embodiments, the co-administered agents are in separate doses and/or compositions. In some embodiments in which separate doses and/or compositions are administered, the doses and/or compositions are administered simultaneously, consecutively, or spaced over a time span (e.g., &lt;30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, or more, or any suitable ranges therebetween). 
     In some embodiments, beneficial microbes, prebiotics and/or other agents that facilitate the growth of the beneficial microbes, antimicrobial(s) (e.g., antibiotics) directed to kill or inhibit the growth of detrimental microbes, or any of the above mentioned combinations thereof are administered with a treatment for cancer. In some embodiments, in which the modulation of microflora itself provides treatment for cancer, suitable co-treatments include immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery (e.g., tumor removal), radiation, etc. In other embodiments, in which the modulation of microflora sensitizes a subject or the tumor microenvironment to a particular cancer therapy (e.g., an immunotherapy, a chemotherapy, etc.), the particular cancer therapy is administered (e.g., optionally in addition to one or more other cancer therapies to which the subject is not directly sensitized to by the modulation). 
     In some embodiments, microflora modulation is provided as a co-therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy, etc.) with one or more additional therapies that target and/or bind to specific cancer or tumor cell markers. Such markers may be selected from the group including but not limited to, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, EGFR1, ErbB-1, HER1). ErbB-2 (HER2/neu), ErbB-3/HER3, ErbB-4/HER4, EGFR ligand family; insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) family, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), IGFR ligand family (IGF-1R); platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, PDGFR ligand family; fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, FGFR ligand family, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family, VEGF family; HGF receptor family: TRK receptor family; ephrin (EPH) receptor family: AXL receptor family; leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) receptor family; TIE receptor family, angiopoietin 1, 2; receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) receptor family; discoidin domain receptor (DDR) family; RET receptor family; KLG receptor family; RYK receptor family; MuSK receptor family; Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), TGF-α receptor; Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), TGF-β receptor; Interleukin β receptor alpha2 chain (IL13Ralpha2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 1L-6 receptor, interleukin-4, IL-4 receptor, Cytokine receptors, Class I (hematopoietin family) and Class II (interferon/1L-10 family) receptors, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNTRSF), death receptor family, TRAIL-receptor; cancer-testis (CT) antigens, lineage-specific antigens, differentiation antigens, alpha-actinin-4, ARTC1, breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (Bcr-abl) fusion products, B-RAF, caspase-5 (CASP-5), caspase-8 (CASP-8), beta-catenin (CTNNB1), cell division cycle 27 (CDCl27), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDKN2A, COA-1, dek-can fusion protein, EFTUD-2, Elongation factor 2 (ELF2), Ets variant gene 6/acute myeloid leukemia 1 gene ETS (ETC6-AML1) fusion protein, fibronectin (FN), GPNMB, low density lipid receptor/GDP-L fucose: beta-Dgalactose 2-alpha-Lfucosyltraosferase (LDLR/FUT) fusion protein, HLA-A2, MLA-A11, heat shock protein 70-2 mutated (HSP70-2M), KIAA0205, MART2, melanoma ubiquitous mutated 1, 2, 3 (MUM-1, 2, 3), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), neo-PAP, Myosin class 1, NFYC, OGT, OS-9, pml-RARalpha fusion protein, PRDXS, PTPRK, K-ras (KRAS2), N-ras (NRAS), HRAS, RBAF600, SIRT12, SNRPD1, SYT-SSX1 or -SSX2 fusion protein, Triosephosphate Isomerase, BAGE, BAGE-1, BAGE-2, 3, 4, 5, GAGE-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, GnT-V (aberrant N-acetyl glucosaminyl transferase V, MGATS), HERV-K MEL, KK-LC, LAGE, LAGE-1, CTL-recognized antigen on melanoma (CAMEL), MAGE-A1 (MAGE-1). MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-AS, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A8, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A10. MAGE-A11, MAGE-A12, MAGE-3, MAGE-B1, MAGE-B2, MAGE-B5. MAGE-B6, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, mucin 1 (MUC1), MART-1/Melan-A (MLANA), gp100, gp100/Pme117 (S1LV), tyrosinase (TYR), TRP-1, HAGE, NA-88, NY-ESO-1, NY-ESO-1/LAGE-2, SAGE, Sp17. SSX-1, 2, 3, 4, TRP2-1NT2, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), Kallikrein 4, mammaglobin-A, OA1, prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen, TRP-1/, 75. TRP-2 adipophilin, interferon inducible protein absent in melanoma 2 (AIM-2). BING-4, CPSF, cyclin D1, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM), EpbA3, fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF-5), glycoprotein 250 (gp250intestinal carboxyl esterase (iCE), alpha-feto protein (AFP), M-CSF, mdm-2, MUCI, p53 (TP53), PBF, PRAME, PSMA, RAGE-1, RNF43, RU2AS, SOX10, STEAP1, survivin (BIRCS), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), telomerase, Wilms&#39; tumor gene (WT1), SYCP1, BRDT, SPANX, XAGE, ADAM2, PAGE-5, LIP1, CTAGE-1, CSAGE, MMA1, CAGE, BORIS, HOM-TES-85, AF15q14, HCA66I, LDHC, MORC, SGY-1, SPO11, TPX1, NY-SAR-35, FTHLI7, NXF2 TDRD1, TEX 15, FATE, TPTE, immunoglobulin idiotypes, Bence-Jones protein, estrogen receptors (ER), androgen receptors (AR), CD40, CD30, CD20, CD19, CD33, CD4, CD25, CD3, cancer antigen 72-4 (CA 72-4), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), cancer antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, 1-2 microglobulin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, neuron-specific enolase, heat shock protein gp96. GM2, sargramostim, CTLA-4, 707 alanine proline (707-AP), adenocarcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 4 (ART-4), carcinoembryogenic antigen peptide-1 (CAP-1), calcium-activated chloride channel-2 (CLCA2), cyclophilin B (Cyp-B), human signet ring tumor-2 (HST-2), etc. 
     Non-limiting examples of cancers that may be treated with the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: cancer cells from the bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, colon, esophagus, gastrointestine, gum, head, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx, neck, ovary, prostate, skin, stomach, testis, tongue, or uterus. In addition, the cancer may specifically be of the following histological type, though it is not limited to these: neoplasm, malignant; carcinoma; carcinoma, undifferentiated; giant and spindle cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; papillary carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; lymphoepithelial carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma; pilomatrix carcinoma; transitional cell carcinoma; papillary transitional cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; gastrinoma, malignant; cholangiocarcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma; trabecular adenocarcinoma; adenoid cystic carcinoma; adenocarcinoma in adenomatous polyp; adenocarcinoma, familial polyposis coli; solid carcinoma; carcinoid tumor, malignant; branchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma; papillary adenocarcinoma; chromophobe carcinoma; acidophil carcinoma; oxyphilic adenocarcinoma; basophil carcinoma; clear cell adenocarcinoma; granular cell carcinoma; follicular adenocarcinoma; papillary and follicular adenocarcinoma; nonencapsulating sclerosing carcinoma; adrenal cortical carcinoma; endometroid carcinoma; skin appendage carcinoma; apocrine adenocarcinoma; sebaceous adenocarcinoma; ceruminous adenocarcinoma; mucoepidermoid carcinoma; cystadenocarcinoma; papillary cystadenocarcinoma; papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous adenocarcinoma; signet ring cell carcinoma; infiltrating duct carcinoma; medullary carcinoma; lobular carcinoma; inflammatory carcinoma; paget&#39;s disease, mammary; acinar cell carcinoma; adenosquamous carcinoma; adenocarcinoma w/squamous metaplasia; thymoma, malignant; ovarian stromal tumor, malignant; thecoma, malignant; granulosa cell tumor, malignant; and roblastoma, malignant; sertoli cell carcinoma; leydig cell tumor, malignant; lipid cell tumor, malignant; paraganglioma, malignant; extra-mammary paraganglioma, malignant; pheochromocytoma; glomangiosarcoma; malignant melanoma; amelanotic melanoma; superficial spreading melanoma; malig melanoma in giant pigmented nevus; epithelioid cell melanoma; blue nevus, malignant; sarcoma; fibrosarcoma; fibrous histiocytoma, malignant; myxosarcoma; liposarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; stromal sarcoma; mixed tumor, malignant; mullerian mixed tumor; nephroblastoma; hepatoblastoma; carcinosarcoma; mesenchymoma, malignant; brenner tumor, malignant; phyllodes tumor, malignant; synovial sarcoma; mesothelioma, malignant; dysgerminoma; embryonal carcinoma; teratoma, malignant; struma ovarii, malignant; choriocarcinoma; mesonephroma, malignant; hemangiosarcoma; hemangioendothelioma, malignant; kaposi&#39;s sarcoma; hemangiopericytoma, malignant; lymphangiosarcoma; osteosarcoma; juxtacortical osteosarcoma; chondrosarcoma; chondroblastoma, malignant; mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; giant cell tumor of bone; ewing&#39;s sarcoma; odontogenic tumor, malignant; ameloblastic odontosarcoma; ameloblastoma, malignant; ameloblastic fibrosarcoma; pinealoma, malignant; chordoma; glioma, malignant; ependymoma; astrocytoma; protoplasmic astrocytoma; fibrillary astrocytoma; astroblastoma; glioblastoma; oligodendroglioma; oligodendroblastoma; primitive neuroectodermal; cerebellar sarcoma; ganglioneuroblastoma; neuroblastoma; retinoblastoma; olfactory neurogenic tumor; meningioma, malignant; neurofibrosarcoma; neurilemmoma, malignant; granular cell tumor, malignant; malignant lymphoma; Hodgkin&#39;s disease; Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma; paragranuloma; malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic; malignant lymphoma, large cell, diffuse; malignant lymphoma, follicular; mycosis fungoides; other specified non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas; malignant histiocytosis; multiple myeloma; mast cell sarcoma; immunoproliferative small intestinal disease; leukemia; lymphoid leukemia; plasma cell leukemia; erythroleukemia; lymphosarcoma cell leukemia; myeloid leukemia; basophilic leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia; monocytic leukemia; mast cell leukemia; megakaryoblastic leukemia; myeloid sarcoma; and hairy cell leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is a melanoma (e.g., metastatic malignant melanoma), renal cancer (e.g. clear cell carcinoma), prostate cancer (e.g. hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma), pancreatic cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, colon cancer, gallbladder cancer, lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung cancer), esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, glioma, leukemia, lymphoma, and other neoplastic malignancies. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the methods provided herein relate to the treatment and/or prevention of a leukemia. The term “leukemia” is meant broadly progressive, malignant diseases of the hematopoietic organs/systems and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Non-limiting examples of leukemia diseases include, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophilic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross&#39; leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling&#39;s leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, undifferentiated cell leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytic leukemia, and promyelocytic leukemia. 
     In some embodiments, the methods provided herein relate to the treatment and/or prevention of a carcinoma. The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues, and/or resist physiological and non-physiological cell death signals and gives rise to metastases. Non-limiting exemplary types of carcinomas include, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiennoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniform carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma villosum, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher&#39;s carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, naspharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, and carcinoma scroti. 
     In some embodiments, the methods provided herein relate to the treatment and/or prevention of a sarcoma. The term “sarcoma” generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar, heterogeneous, or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas include, but are not limited to, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, Abemethy&#39;s sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms&#39; tumor sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin&#39;s sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen&#39;s sarcoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and telangiectaltic sarcoma. 
     Additional exemplary neoplasias that can be treated and/or prevented using the methods described herein include Hodgkin&#39;s Disease, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and adrenal cortical cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the cancer treated and/or prevented is a melanoma. The term “melanoma” is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Non-limiting examples of melanomas are Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman&#39;s melanoma, S91 melanoma, nodular melanoma subungal melanoma, and superficial spreading melanoma. 
     Particular categories of tumors that can be treated and/or prevented using methods described herein include lymphoproliferative disorders, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, bone cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the thyroid, head and neck cancer, cancer of the central nervous system, cancer of the peripheral nervous system, skin cancer, kidney cancer, as well as metastases of all the above. Particular types of tumors include hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, esophageal carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, ganglioblastoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, Ewing&#39;s tumor, leimyosarcoma, rhabdotheliosarcoma, invasive ductal carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, melanoma, pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hypernephroma, hypernephroid adenocarcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms&#39; tumor, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma including small cell, non-small and large cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, glioma, astrocyoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, colon carcinoma, rectal carcinoma, hematopoietic malignancies including all types of leukemia and lymphoma including: acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mast cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloid lymphoma, Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma. 
     Cancers prevented and/or treated in certain embodiments also include precancerous lesions, e.g. actinic keratosis (solar keratosis), moles (dysplastic nevi), acitinic chelitis (farmer&#39;s lip), cutaneous horns, Barrett&#39;s esophagus, atrophic gastritis, dyskeratosis congenita, sideropenic dysphagia, lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, actinic (solar) elastosis and cervical dysplasia. 
     Cancers prevented and/or treated in some embodimentsinclude non-cancerous or benign tumors, e.g. of endodermal, ectodermal or mesenchymal origin, including, but not limited to cholangioma, colonic polyp, adenoma, papilloma, cystadenoma, liver cell adenoma, hydatidiform mole, renal tubular adenoma, squamous cell papilloma, gastric polyp, hemangioma, osteoma, chondroma, lipoma, fibroma, lymphangioma, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, astrocytoma, nevus, meningioma, and ganglioneuroma. 
     Some embodiments described herein are particularly useful for the treatment of tumors that do not otherwise respond to immunotherapeutic approaches. In some embodiments, such tumors are non-responsive (or have a reduced response) to T cells (e.g., prevent infiltration of one or more T cell types (e.g., CD8 +  T cells) or antigen presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells (e.g., CD103 + DCs, etc.), etc.). In some embodiments, compositions and methods described herein find use in the treatment of cancers in which T cells are not appropriately primed against tumor-associated antigens. 
     In some embodiments, methods are provided for testing sample (e.g., cell, tissue, population of cells, tumor, blood, urine, saliva, etc.) from a subject for one or more biomarkers of cancer, immune evasion, cancer promoting microenvironment, malignancy-promoting microenvironment, etc. Such biomarkers may comprise nucleic acids, small molecules, proteins, peptides, etc., and may be detected using any suitable assay of technique. In some embodiments, provided herein are DNA-, RNA-, small molecule, and/or protein-based diagnostic methods that either directly or indirectly detect the biomarkers of the evasion of immune response or immunotherapy by cancer cells or tumors. The present invention also provides compositions, reagents, and kits for such diagnostic purposes. 
     In some embodiments, biomarkers are detected at the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, 16s rRNA) level. For example, the presence or amount of biomarker nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) in a sample is determined (e.g., to determine the presence or level of biomarker expression). Biomarker nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, amplified cDNA, etc.) may be detected/quantified using a variety of nucleic acid techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to nucleic acid sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, nucleic acid amplification (e.g., by PCR, RT-PCR, qPCR, etc.), micorarray, Southern and Northern blotting, sequencing, etc. Non-amplified or amplified nucleic acids can be detected by any conventional means. For example, in some embodiments, nucleic acids are detected by hybridization with a detectably labeled probe and measurement of the resulting hybrids. Nucleic acid detection reagents may be labeled (e.g., fluorescently) or unlabeled, and may by free in solution or immobilized (e.g., on a bead, well, surface, chip, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, biomarkers are detected at the protein level. For example, the presence or amount of biomarker protein in a sample is determined (e.g., to determine the presence or level of biomarker expression or localization). In some embodiments, reagents are provided for the detection and/or quantification of biomarker proteins. Suitable reagents include primary antibodies (e.g., that bind to the biomarkers), secondary antibodies (e.g., that bind primary antibodies), antibody fragments, aptamers, etc. Protein detection reagents may be labeled (e.g., fluorescently) or unlabeled, and may by free in solution or immobilized (e.g., on a bead, well, surface, chip, etc.). 
     In particular embodiments, biomarkers are microbiome biomarkers. In some embodiments, the microbiome of a subject is assayed and depending on the particular microbial population, the responsiveness/resistance of the subject to immunotherapy is characterized. In some embodiments, the presence, absence, or level of one or more bacteria determined during experiments conducted during development of embodiments herein to be indicative and/or causative of immunotherapy responsiveness/resistance (e.g., indicative and/or causative of T cell inflammation) is determined. In some embodiments, bacteria of the species  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum  indicate responsiveness (e.g., levels above a threshold). In some embodiments, bacteria of the species  Ruminococcus obeum  and  Roseburia intestinalis  indicate non-responsiveness (e.g., levels above a threshold). 
     In some embodiments, samples are obtained from a subject (e.g., a patient or a subject in need of treatment according to the technology provided herein) at any suitable interval of time, varying from minutes to hours apart, days to weeks apart, or even weeks to months apart. Biomarker samples may be obtained multiple times a day, week, month or year. The duration of sampling can also vary. For example, the duration of sampling may be for about a month, about 6 months, about 1 year, about 2 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, about 6 years, about 7 years, about 8 years, about 9 years, about 10 years, about 11 years, about 12 years, about 13 years, about 14 years, about 15 years, about 16 years, about 17 years, about 18 years, about 19 years, about 20 years, about 30 years, or more. In some embodiments, the sampling is taken prior to or after administration of treatment according to the technology provided herein. 
     In one embodiment, the sample is taken from a subject being treated for cancer with an immunotherapy. Based on the level of bacteria in the sample, the subject may receive a second immunotherapy that is different from the first immunotherapy. Additionally, the subject may be treated with a mixture of bacteria including but not limited to  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum  prior to administration of the first or second immunotherapy. 
     In some embodiments, the subject&#39;s biomarker (e.g., bacteria) level is compared to a threshold wherein the threshold is determined by the average level of such biomarkers within a population of patients. In particular, the patient population size may include 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and ranges in between of patients who have responded or have not responded to an immunotherapy treatment. 
     In some embodiments, kits are provided comprising, for example, the probiotic or microflora transplant compositions described herein. Kits may further comprise instructions, cancer treatments, other probiotics, agents to enhance integration of microbes into the subject&#39;s microflora, etc. 
     EXPERIMENTAL 
     Example 1 
     Materials and Methods 
     Patient Fecal Sample Collection 
     Stool samples were collected from 42 metastatic melanoma patients prior to immunotherapy initiation. Eligible patients were provided an EasySampler Collection Kit (ALPCO) to collect stool sample at home. The stool samples were brought to the lab within 24 hours after collection. DNA was immediately isolated from 250 mg of stool and the rest of the sample was aliquoted and stored at −80° C. Of the 42 patients 38 were thereafter subjected to anti-PD-1 therapy and 4 were given anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Exclusion of the latter 4 patients did not change the downstream conclusions, so they were retained in the analysis. 
     Microbial DNA Isolation 
     Patient stool samples were handled under BSL2 laminar flow hood using sterile technique. The technician wore gloves, gown, face mask and hair net to prevent contamination of the samples. Isolation of microbial DNA from patient and mouse fecal samples was performed using QIAamp PowerFecal DNA Kit and QIAmp DNA Stool Mini Kit, respectively (Qiagen, Germantown, Md.). DNA concentration was measured using a Nanodrop-nd1000 and the DNA was stored at −80° C. 
     16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Library Preparation and Sequencing 
     16S rRNA gene amplicon library preparation and sequencing was performed at the Argonne National Laboratory. PCR amplicon libraries targeting the 16S rRNA encoding gene were produced using a barcoded primer set adapted for the Illumina HiSeq2000 and MiSeq (Ref 9A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). DNA sequence data were then generated using Illumina paired-end sequencing at the Environmental Sample Preparation and Sequencing Facility (ESPSF) at Argonne National Laboratory. Specifically, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (515F-806R) was PCR-amplified with region-specific primers that include sequencer adapter sequences used in the Illumina flowcell (refs. 9A, 10A; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). The forward amplification primer also contains a twelve-base barcode sequence that supports pooling of up to 2,167 different samples in each lane. Each 25 μL PCR reaction contained 9.5 μL of MO BIO PCR Water (Certified DNA-Free), 12.5 μL of QuantaBio&#39;s AccuStart II PCR ToughMix (2× concentration, 1× final), 1 μL Golay barcode tagged Forward Primer (5 μM concentration, 200 pM final), 1 μL Reverse Primer (5 μM concentration, 200 pM final), and 1 μL of template DNA. The conditions for PCR were as follows: 94° C. for 3 minutes to denature the DNA, with 35 cycles at 94° C. for 45 s, 50° C. for 60 s, and 72° C. for 90 s; with a final extension of 10 min at 72° C. to ensure complete amplification. Amplicons were then quantified using PicoGreen (Invitrogen) and a plate reader (Infinite® 200 PRO, Tecan). Once quantified, volumes of each of the products were pooled into a single tube so that each amplicon was represented in equimolar amounts. This pool was then cleaned up using AMPure XP Beads (Beckman Coulter) and quantified using a fluorometer (Qubit, Invitrogen). The pool was diluted down to 2 nM, denatured, and further diluted to a final concentration of 6.75 pM with a 10% PhiX spike for sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq. Amplicons were sequenced on a 151 bp×12 bp×151 bp MiSeq run using previously described sequencing primers and procedures. The average sequencing depth for the patient samples was 51,029, ranging from 28,040 to 68,928 reads; the average sequencing depth for mouse samples was 158,728, ranging from 54,632 to 327,216 reads per sample. 
     Microbial 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Analysis 
     The microbial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data from human and mouse facet collections were processed separately using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) (version 1.91) (Refs. 3A, 11A; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). Raw reads were trimmed to remove low quality bases and paired-end 3′ overlapping mates were merged using SeqPrep (github.com/jstjohn/SeqPrep). The open reference OTU picking protocol was used at 97% sequence identity against the Greengenes database (08/2013 release) (Ref 12A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). PyNAST was used to align sequences (Ref 13A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) and RDP Classifier was used for taxonomic assignment (Ref 14A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
     Analysis of the mouse 16S dataset revealed 519 OTUs differentially abundant between the fast and slow tumor growth groups at FDR-adjusted p&lt;0.05. Among these, 298 OTUs were assigned with known reference IDs and 221 with new reference ID. The new reference OTU IDs are not comparable between different cohorts, hence we focused on the OTUs with known reference IDs. Out of 298 OTUs, 207 OTUs were matched with human donors and used for generation of the heatmap depicted in  FIG.  3 B . In addition, binary Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index was computed for each donor-mouse sample pair based on presence/absence of matched OTUs. For each pair, OTUs of relative abundance &gt;0.0001 in the donor or the mouse sample was included for the calculation. 
     BLASTN Methodology 
     To investigate the identity of the OTUs differentially abundant between responders and non-responder patients, the assembled 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences were characterized by a BLAST search against NCBI bacterial nucleotide sequence database. Using the blastn command line tool and the “megablast” program selection method, the top hits with ≥98% identity to the query sequence were returned from the nucleotide collection database restricted to bacteria, and excluding environmental or uncultured sample sequences. Results are shown in Table 2. For some OTUs there were no hits with ≥98% identity and the top 10 hits are listed with regardless of the % identity value. 
     Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing 
     Metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed at the Marine Biological Laboratory affiliated with the University of Chicago. The quantity of the DNA sample was measured using Picogreen (Invitrogen). DNA was then sheared using a Covaris and the libraries were constructed with the Nugen Ovation Rapid DR Multiplex System (PCR-free). The aimed insert size is between 400-600 bp. Amplified libraries were visualized on an Agilent DNA1000 chip or Caliper HiSens Bioanalyzer assay, pooled at equimolar concentrations and size selected using a Sage PippinPrep 2% cassette. The library pool was quantified using a Kapa Biosystems qPCR library quantification protocol, then sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq in a 2×150 paired-end sequencing run using dedicated read indexing. The samples were demultiplexed with bcl2fastq. An average of 80.4 million reads were generated per sample, ranging from 38.9 to 156.7 million reads. 
     Microbial Shotgun Metagenomics Analysis 
     The microbial shotgun metagenome sequencing data from human facet collections were taxonomically profiled using Metagenomic Phylogenetic Analysis (MetaPhlAn 2) (Ref 15A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). The average sequencing depth was 80369403 (±33712841), ranging from 38841706 to 156677784 reads per sample. Species-level taxonomic relative abundances were inferred for all samples (Ref 16A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Metagenomic reads were mapped against a catalog of ˜1 million clade-specific marker sequences identified from 17000 reference genomes currently spanning bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and virus phylogenies to assign reads to microbial clades. The relative abundance of each taxonomic unit in each sample was estimated by normalizing read counts assigned to each clade by the nucleotide length of its markers and by the sum of all weighted read counts in this clade including all subclades. To compare species identified from 16S and shotgun sequencing, the profiled bacterial species were then compared to the taxonomy of OTUs generated from 16S sequencing at family level, and the statistical dependence between the relative abundance of 16S OTUs and each matched shotgun species was determined using Spearman&#39;s rank correlation tests, followed by filtering for those with positive correlation and at P&lt;0.05. 
     Model Training and Validation 
     To evaluate the predictive power of 63 OTUs differentially present between NR (n=26) and R (n=16) groups, a support vector machine (SVM) model with radial basis function (RBF) kernel and estimated the variable importance of each predictor using Caret (version 6.0-76) (CRAN.R-project.org/package=caret) was built. 21 OTUs with near zero-variance, highly correlated (Spearman&#39;s ρ&gt;0.75), and/or of potential linear dependencies were identified and removed using functions nearZeroVar, findCorrelation, and findLinearCombos, respectively. 42 OTUs were carried on for further analysis. The 42 patient samples were randomly split into training and test sets by 60% (n=25) to 40% ratio (n=17). The mean and standard deviation of the training set was computed and used to center and scale the training and test data separately by the preProcess function. The training set was then used to tune the parameters and select the best model using 5-fold cross validation with ROC metrics to evaluate model performance. Relative importance of each predictor was estimated by ROC curve analysis using function filterVarImp. After training, the test set was used to independently assess the performance of the final model, and metrics such as balanced accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive prediction value (PPV), negative prediction value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) were computed using the confusionMatrix function from caret package. The above model training and testing procedure was performed iteratively 100 times with 100 different random seeds to evaluate the robustness and stability of the OTU predictors in the classification of NR and R groups from the study cohort. 
     qPCR Validation of Metagenomic and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of Fecal Samples 
     The abundance of some of the bacterial species identified with the metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approaches were further measured by qPCR using previously validated subgroup- or species-specific primers and probes (Refs. 17A-29A; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) and SYBR Green or TaqMan PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems). The primers and probes were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa) and Life Technologies, respectively. qPCR was performed on StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and analyzed with StepOnePlus Software. The primer concentrations were as previously described (Table 5). The cycling conditions for the TaqMan-based reactions were 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95° for 15 secs, 60-65° C. for 1 min, with varying annealing temperatures depending on the primer pair. The cycling conditions for the SYBR Green-based reactions were 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95° for 15 sec, 60-75° C. for 10-40 sec, 72° C. for 20-50 sec, with varying annealing temperatures and times depending on the primer pair. Fluorescence signal was detected at the end of each cycling stage. For some reactions, fluorescence detection was done during an additional 15 sec step at a higher temperature to minimize signal from primer dimers and minor non-target products (Ref 18A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Melt curve analysis was performed to confirm amplification specificity. The results were expressed as relative abundance normalized to the total bacterial load. Specifically, to calculate the total bacterial load, qPCR was performed using previously described universal bacterial primers (Ref 30A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). A standard curve was generated using the PCR blunt vector (Invitrogen) containing a single copy of the 16S rRNA gene derived from a member of the Porphyromonadaceae family (Ref 31A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) and the total 16S rRNA gene copies per ng DNA was calculated for each sample. Relative abundance for each species was expressed as 2 −Ct  normalized to the number of total 16S rRNA gene copies per ng DNA in each sample. A summation qPCR score was computed per individual sample taking into consideration the abundance of 10 validated qPCR targets ( Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella  sp.,  Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp.,  Bifidobacterium longum, Ruminococcus obeum  and  Roseburia intestinalis ). First, data transformation was applied on the relative abundance to bring signal close to Gaussian distribution. The relative abundance of each species was multiplied by a constant (7.3×10{circumflex over ( )}19) to bring all values larger than 1, log 10 transformed, and scaled by dividing the value by their root mean square across samples. The abundance of  Ruminococcus obeum  and  Roseburia intestinalis  (more abundant in non-responders) were multiplied by (−1). The sum of the transformed abundance of the 10 qPCR results was calculated to generate the score, and compared between groups of interest using two-sided Student&#39;s t-test. 
     RNAseq of Tumor Samples and Data Analysis 
     RNA was isolated from tumor samples using the QIAGEN AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The quality of RNA was measured on Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA). cDNA was reverse transcribed from RNA and used for library preparation following dUTP strand-specific protocol by the University of Chicago Genomics Core Facility. Ribosome RNA was removed using the Ribo-Zero rRNA Removal Kit (Human) (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Sequence reads were generated on an Illumina HiSeq 4000 instrument at the Functional Genomics Facility. An average of 133.3 million 2×100 bp paired-end (PE) reads were generated for each sample, ranging from 93.2 to 208.0 million reads. The quality of raw reads was assessed by FastQC (Ref 32A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v0.11.5). Reads were aligned to human reference transcriptome with Gencode gene annotation (v26, GRCh38) by Kallisto (Ref 33A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v0.43.1) with the strand-specific mode, which implements kmer-based pseudoalignment algorithm for accurate quantification of transcripts from RNAseq data and is robust to errors in the reads. Transcript abundance was quantified at transcript level specifying strand-specific protocol, summarized into gene level using tximport (Ref 34A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v1.4.0), normalized by trimmed mean of M values (TMM) method, and log 2-transformed for further analysis. Selected transcripts (PD-L1 and PD-1) were compared between responders and non-responders. 
     Whole Exome+UTR Sequencing of Tumor Samples and Data Analysis 
     Tumor DNA were isolated from tumor samples using the QIAGEN AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the integrity and quantification were evaluated on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA) and qubit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, USA), respectively. 200 ng of DNA was used for whole exome+UTR capture using the Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V6 plus UTR kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA). Sequence reads were generated on an Illumina NextSeq 500 instrument (Illumina, San Diego, USA) at the University of Chicago Functional Genomics Facility. An average of 62.2 million 2×100 bp paired-end (PE) reads were generated for each sample, ranging from 51.9 to 70.9 million reads. 
     The raw sequencing data were analyzed by an in-house pipeline constructed for WES analyses of paired or unpaired cancer genomes. The quality of raw reads is assessed by FastQC (ref 32A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v0.11.5), and preprocessed to trim adaptors and merge 3′ overlapping mates using SeqPrep (v1.2). Reads were aligned to human reference genome (GRCh37) using BWA-MEM (Ref 35A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v0.7.15) with soft-clipping option activated by default. Read duplicates were marked using Sambamba (Ref 36A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v0.6.3) and alignments of mapping quality&lt;30 were removed. Reads alignment was further refined using insertions/deletions realignment and base quality score recalibration (BQSR) using GATK (Ref 37A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v3.8.0). Callable loci were collected from the alignment using GATK CallableLoci program, and merged with Agilent V6+UTR exome capture target regions provided by the vendor. Putative somatic mutations were detected by MuTect2 (Ref 38A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) (v3.8.0), which identifies somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels from high-quality bases using the tumor-only mode. Stringent filters were applied on variants that passed the default setting of the caller to further remove potential germline variants identified as those present in dbSNP database, or at allele frequency (AF)≥0.0001 in 1000 Genomes Project (G1000) (Ref 39A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), the NHLBI Grand Opportunity Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) (Ref 40A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), or the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) (Ref 42A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) on non-TCGA samples. Variants that passed all filters were carried on for annotation using ANNOVAR. The somatic mutation burden was calculated by the total number of mutations that were predict to cause protein sequencing change, including non-synonymous, stopgain, and stoploss SNVs, frameshift and non-frameshift indels, and variants that modify splicing sites. 
     Immunohistochemistry of Tumor Samples 
     Tissue sections were prepared from paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 5 responders and 10 non-responder patients. The slides were stained using Leica Bond RX automatic stainer. Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution I (Leica Biosystems, CatNo: AR9961) was applied for 20 minutes. A primary anti-CD8 antibody (clone C8/144B from Dako; 1:400 dilution) was applied for 25 minutes. The primary antibody was then detected with Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection kit (Leica Biosystems, CatNo: DS9800). The CD8 +  cell density was expressed as a ratio of CD8 +  cells/pixel to total cells/pixel using inForm Cell Analysis software (PerkinElmer). 
     Animals, Fecal Transfer, and Tumor Model 
     Specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Taconic Biosciences (Hudson, N.Y.). SPF mice were fed Teklad irradiated 2918 diet (Envigo), or in some cases autoclaved 5K67 diet (Lab Diet, St. Louis, Mo.), and housed in the University of Chicago SPF animal facility. Germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 mice were initially purchased from Taconic biosciences, then bred and housed in flexible-film isolators in the University of Chicago Gnotobiotic Research Animal Facility and fed autoclaved 5K67 diet. Some GF mice were gifted by Dr. Eugene Chang at the University of Chicago. For all experiments, 6-8-week-old mice were used. The C57BL/6-derived melanoma cell line B16.F10.SIY (henceforth referred to as B16.SIY) was generated (Ref 43A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). For tumor growth experiments, some GF mice were colonized with fecal microbiota from 3 responders and 3 non-responder patients, or microbiota from SPF mice by oral gavage. 200 mg of human stool was thawed and suspended in 3 ml of PBS or mouse fecal pellets were collected fresh and suspended in 1 ml of PBS per pellet. After settling of the particulate material, each mouse was gavaged with 10 ml/kg body weight (approximately 200 μl per mouse) of the fecal supernatant. Two weeks after gavage, the colonized mice were injected subcutaneously with 1×10 6  B16.SIY tumor cells. Some mice were injected i.p. 7, 10, 13, and 16 days after tumor inoculation with 100 μg of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (BioXCell, 10F.9G2). Tumor size was measured three times per week until the endpoint and tumor volume was determined as length×width 2 ×0.5. Microbiota composition of the colonized mice was assessed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of DNA extracted from fecal samples collected 4 weeks after colonization. Taconic SPF mice were used as a reference control. The experimental animal procedures were approved by the University of Chicago Animal Care and Use Committee. 
     SIY Pentamer Analyses 
     For immune profiling, cells were labeled with a PE-MHC class I pentamer (Proimmune) consisting of murine H-2K b  complexed to SIYRYYGL (SIY) peptide or to an irrelevant SIINFEKL peptide. Tumor cell suspensions were subsequently stained with CD3-AX700 (Ebioscience, 17A2), CD8α-Pacific Blue (Biolegend, 53-6.7), CD4-BV711 (Biolegend, RM4-5), CD44-FITC (BD, IM7), and Fixable Viability Dye-eFluor780 (Ebioscience). Once stained, cells were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde and analyzed on LSRFortessa flow cytometer with FACSDiva software (BD). Data analysis was performed using FlowJo software (Tree Star). 
     IFN-γ ELISPOT 
     ELISPOT was carried out using anti-IFN-γ capture/detection antibody pair from BD Biosciences. ELISPOT plates (Millipore, MAIP 54510) were coated with capture antibody (CatNo: 51-2525KD) overnight at 4° C. and then blocked with DMEM+10% FBS for 2 hours at room temperature. Splenocytes were enumerated using flow cytometry, plated at 10 6  cells per well and stimulated with 160 nM SIY peptide or irrelevant OVA peptide as negative control, or 500 ng/ml ionomycin+50 ng/ml PMA as positive control, overnight at 37° C. The following day, IFN-γ spots were detected with biotinylated detection antibody (CatNo: 51-1818KZ), followed by streptavidin-HRP and AEC substrate kit (all from BD Biosciences). The spot number and size were quantified using an Immunospot Series 3 Analyzer and ImmunoSpot software (Cellular Technology). 
     Statistical Analysis 
     Tumor growth curves were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons post-test using GraphPad PRISM. For other comparisons between two groups, including evaluating significance in immune profiling or quantitative PCRs, unpaired, two-tailed Student&#39;s t-test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used as indicated in the figure legends. Microbial composition comparisons were performed using non-parametric t-tests. For multiple comparisons, p-value was adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (Ref 44A; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Spearman&#39;s rank correlation coefficient ρ was used for measuring statistical dependence between relative abundance of bacteria produced by different platforms. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant and denoted as follows: *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0.001, ****P&lt;0.0001. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad PRISM and R. 
     Results 
     To evaluate whether commensal bacterial composition might be associated with clinical efficacy of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, stool samples were collected from 42 patients prior to treatment as part of a multi-dimensional biomarker analysis in metastatic melanoma. Clinical response rate was determined in a blinded fashion from biomarker results, using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. There were 16 responders (from here on, referred to as R) and 26 non-responders (NR), giving a response rate of 38% in line with published clinical data with anti-PD-1 agents in metastatic melanoma (Refs. 1B, 2B; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). No major differences in patient characteristics were observed in R vs. NR, except a borderline difference in prior (but not current) smoking history (Table 1). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baseline patient characteristics with Responders Vs. Non Responders 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Non 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (N = 42) 
                 Responders 
                 Responders 
                 P-value 
                 OR (95% CI) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Gender 
                 Female 
                 22 
                 8 
                 14 
                 1.00 
                 0.86 (0.21, 3.56) 
               
               
                   
                 Male 
                 20 
                 8 
                 12 
                 1.00 
                 1.16 (0.28, 4.84) 
               
               
                 Race 
                 White 
                 39 
                 15 
                 24 
                 1.00 
                 1.24 (0.06, 78.56) 
               
               
                   
                 Other Race t   
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1.00 
                 0.8 (0.01, 16.73) 
               
               
                 Age 
                 &lt;50 
                 4 
                 2 
                 2 
                 0.63 
                 1.69 (0.11, 25.78) 
               
               
                   
                 51-70 
                 28 
                 12 
                 16 
                 0.51 
                 1.85 (0.4, 10.11) 
               
               
                   
                 71+ 
                 10 
                 2 
                 8 
                 0.27 
                 0.33 (0.03, 2.03) 
               
               
                 BMI* 
                 Underweight 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 0 (0, 63.31) 
               
               
                   
                 Normal 
                 14 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1.00 
                 0.86 (0.18, 3.85) 
               
               
                   
                 Overweight 
                 17 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1.00 
                 0.82 (0.18, 3.46) 
               
               
                   
                 Obese 
                 10 
                 5 
                 5 
                 0.46 
                 1.88 (0.35, 10.22) 
               
               
                 Smoking 
                 Never 
                 25 
                 7 
                 18 
                 0.12 
                 0.36 (0.08, 1.5) 
               
               
                   
                 Former 
                 13 
                 8 
                 5 
                 0.05 
                 4.04 (0.87, 21.18) 
               
               
                   
                 Current 
                 4 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1.00 
                 0.52 (0.01, 7.18) 
               
               
                 EtOH** 
                 No Current Use 
                 18 
                 7 
                 11 
                 1.00 
                 1.06 (0.25, 4.42) 
               
               
                   
                 Occasional 
                 17 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1.00 
                 0.82 (0.18, 3.46) 
               
               
                   
                 Moderate 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                 1.00 
                 0.79 (0.06, 6.4) 
               
               
                   
                 Heavy 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0.38 
                 NE (0.04, NE) 
               
               
                 ECOG PS 
                 0 
                 25 
                 9 
                 16 
                 0.76 
                 0.81 (0.19, 3.45) 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 17 
                 7 
                 10 
                 0.76 
                 1.24 (0.29, 5.24) 
               
               
                 Prior Therapy 
                 None 
                 27 
                 11 
                 16 
                 0.75 
                 1.36 (0.31, 6.59) 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 10 
                 4 
                 6 
                 1.00 
                 1.11 (0.19, 5.85) 
               
               
                   
                 &gt; 1 
                 5 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.63 
                 0.37 (0.01, 4.29) 
               
               
                 LDH*** 
                 Normal 
                 32 
                 11 
                 21 
                 0.46 
                 0.53 (0.1, 2.86) 
               
               
                   
                 Elevated 
                 10 
                 5 
                 5 
                 0.46 
                 1.88 (0.35, 10.22) 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 Cutaneous 
                 35 
                 14 
                 21 
                 0.69 
                 1.65 (0.23, 19.6) 
               
               
                 sub-type 
                 Mucosal 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                 1.00 
                 0.79 (0.06, 6.4) 
               
               
                   
                 Uveal 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 0 (0, 63.31) 
               
               
                 Mutation**** 
                 BRAF 
                 16 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.00 
                 0.96 (0.21, 4.1) 
               
               
                   
                 RAS 
                 9 
                 4 
                 5 
                 0.71 
                 1.39 (0.23, 7.93) 
               
               
                   
                 Other 
                 4 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1.00 
                 0.52 (0.01, 7.18) 
               
               
                   
                 None 
                 10 
                 4 
                 6 
                 1.00 
                 1.11 (0.19, 5.85) 
               
               
                   
                 Unknown 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1.00 
                 0.8 (0.01, 16.73) 
               
               
                 M stage 
                 M1a 
                 7 
                 3 
                 4 
                 1.00 
                 1.26 (0.16, 8.81) 
               
               
                   
                 M1b 
                 11 
                 3 
                 8 
                 0.49 
                 0.53 (0.08, 2.77) 
               
               
                   
                 M1c 
                 24 
                 10 
                 14 
                 0.75 
                 1.42 (0.34, 6.29) 
               
               
                 Sites of 
                 ≥3 
                 10 
                 6 
                 4 
                 0.14 
                 3.2 (0.6, 19.19) 
               
               
                 metastatic 
                 &lt;3 
                 32 
                 10 
                 22 
                 0.14 
                 0.31 (0.05, 1.66) 
               
               
                 disease 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Prior brain 
                 Yes 
                 4 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1.00 
                 0.52 (0.01, 7.18) 
               
               
                 metastases 
                 No 
                 38 
                 15 
                 23 
                 1.00 
                 1.93 (0.14, 109.39) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ECOG; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, 
               
               
                 LDH; Lactate Dehydrogenase; 
               
               
                 PS; Performance status 
               
               
                 *BMI; Body Mass Index, Underweight (&lt;18.5), Normal (18.5 to 24.9), Overweight (25 to 29.9), Obese (&gt;30) 
               
               
                 **EtOH, alcohol consumption reported; occasional (0.1-4), moderate (5-11), heavy (12+) drinks per week 
               
               
                 ***LDH institutional upper limit of normal is 245 units/liter 
               
               
                 ****Other mutations include: NF1, KIT, GNAQ, GNA11 
               
               
                   t Other Race Than White include: Black, African-American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Patient Decline Information 
               
               
                 NE = not evaluable. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To determine whether the composition of the commensal microbiota is associated with clinical response, three methods for DNA sequence-based bacterial identification were integrated ( FIG.  4 A ). First, using 16S rRNA sequencing, genus-level taxa present at different abundance in R vs. NR we identified (Table 2). A BLAST search of the 16S rRNA sequences against the NCBI database was utilized to reveal species-level identities. Further level of confidence in species identification was gained by matching the genus-level taxa from the 16S rRNA dataset to species-level identities revealed by metagenomic shotgun sequencing (Table 3A-B). Species-specific qPCR was employed for those candidate species having previously validated primers (Table 4A-B). Compared to the 16S rRNA analysis, the metagenomic sequencing yielded a smaller number of species differentially represented in R vs. NR, which significantly overlapped with the 16S results (Table 5). Treating these assays as a screen for maximizing the number of candidate species, the 16S rRNA sequencing method was utilized as a starting point in analysis. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 16S rRNA sequencing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 OTU 
                 Statistic 
                 P value 
                 NonResponder_mean 
                 Responder_mean 
                 taxonomy 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1111582 
                 −1.591732208 
                 0.000999001 
                 0.576923077 
                 71.3125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Lactobacillales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterococcaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Enterococcus; s_ 
               
               
                 4333897 
                 −3.274533619 
                 0.001998002 
                 0.038461538 
                 0.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 363794 
                 −1.839972439 
                 0.003996004 
                 4.846153846 
                 56.9375 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Coriobacteriia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Coriobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Collinsella; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_aerofaciens 
               
               
                 3867172 
                 −3.115289034 
                 0.005994006 
                 0.115384615 
                 0.9375 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU49633 
                 −2.863148132 
                 0.005994006 
                 0.153846154 
                 0.875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 365181 
                 −1.719135039 
                 0.006993007 
                 3.423076923 
                 37.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Coriobacteriia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Coriobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Collinsella; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_aerofaciens 
               
               
                 4451251 
                 −2.958594851 
                 0.006993007 
                 0.076923077 
                 0.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Coriobacteriia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Coriobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Atopobium; s_ 
               
               
                 1684221 
                 2.903506373 
                 0.007992008 
                 0.692307692 
                 0.1875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Deltaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Desulfovibrionales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Desulfovibrionaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Desulfovibrio; s_ 
               
               
                 813479 
                 −2.424212194 
                 0.007992008 
                 0.038461538 
                 0.6875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bifidobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bifidobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bifidobacterium; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU24351 
                 3.071336285 
                 0.00999001 
                 0.5 
                 0 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 659361 
                 −2.029898573 
                 0.010989011 
                 0.153846154 
                 20.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Dorea; s_ 
               
               
                 187623 
                 −2.236097332 
                 0.011988012 
                 0.192307692 
                 1.1875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 198183 
                 2.53390364 
                 0.011988012 
                 0.692307692 
                 0.0625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; f_; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 358333 
                 2.414385239 
                 0.011988012 
                 1.038461538 
                 0.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Blautia; s_ 
               
               
                 325977 
                 −2.399267823 
                 0.012987013 
                 1.384615385 
                 9.8125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_[Ruminococcus]; s_ 
               
               
                 197562 
                 −2.464382476 
                 0.013986014 
                 0.076923077 
                 0.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 289452 
                 2.602400195 
                 0.013986014 
                 0.307692308 
                 0 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 461795 
                 −2.046964459 
                 0.014985015 
                 0.076923077 
                 2.0625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Oscillospira; s_ 
               
               
                 185186 
                 −2.659855246 
                 0.015984016 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Verrucomicrobia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Verrucomicrobiae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Verrucomicrobiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Verrucomicrobiaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Akkermansia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_muciniphila 
               
               
                 220970 
                 −2.681219889 
                 0.015984016 
                 0 
                 0.375 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Klebsiella; s_ 
               
               
                 4391262 
                 −2.544079887 
                 0.015984016 
                 0.192307692 
                 0.75 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 786449 
                 −2.872972025 
                 0.015984016 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 1077373 
                 −2.667487558 
                 0.016983017 
                 0 
                 0.3125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Prevotellaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Prevotella; s_ 
               
               
                 295085 
                 −2.031498001 
                 0.017982018 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Blautia; s_ 
               
               
                 181155 
                 −1.44077663 
                 0.01998002 
                 0.076923077 
                 6 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Veillonellaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Veillonella; s_dispar 
               
               
                 325850 
                 −2.480422027 
                 0.01998002 
                 0.076923077 
                 17.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Alphaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_RF32; f_; g_; s_ 
               
               
                 367092 
                 2.416382368 
                 0.01998002 
                 13.88461538 
                 2.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU75977 
                 −2.659855246 
                 0.01998002 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 174842 
                 −2.370319725 
                 0.020979021 
                 0.423076923 
                 1.3125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Porphyromonadaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Parabacteroides; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_distasonis 
               
               
                 180082 
                 −2.219337047 
                 0.021978022 
                 109.3846154 
                 253.75 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Porphyromonadaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Parabacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 808486 
                 −2.189498747 
                 0.021978022 
                 0.5 
                 1.875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 339905 
                 2.407682083 
                 0.022977023 
                 0.384615385 
                 0.0625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; f_S24- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7; g_; s_ 
               
               
                 592139 
                 −1.321911854 
                 0.024975025 
                 0.115384615 
                 40.875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Clostridiaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Clostridium; s_ 
               
               
                 922761 
                 −1.755181534 
                 0.024975025 
                 3.653846154 
                 47.875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU3631 
                 −2.585685376 
                 0.024975025 
                 0.038461538 
                 0.375 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Blautia; s_ 
               
               
                 199524 
                 2.384248595 
                 0.027972028 
                 1.269230769 
                 0.1875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales 
               
               
                 2063400 
                 2.065375831 
                 0.02997003 
                 0.923076923 
                 0.0625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 4448331 
                 −2.143054695 
                 0.031968032 
                 0.115384615 
                 0.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 352933 
                 1.836190984 
                 0.032967033 
                 0.807692308 
                 11.6875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; f_; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU50254 
                 2.394751585 
                 0.032967033 
                 1.192307692 
                 0.3125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_[Odoribacteraceae]; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Odoribacter; s_ 
               
               
                 176337 
                 2.39665494 
                 0.034965035 
                 0.423076923 
                 0 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 842596 
                 2.08340893 
                 0.034965035 
                 3.307692308 
                 0.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Coprococcus; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU21685 
                 2.172568314 
                 0.034965035 
                 0.653846154 
                 0 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU60967 
                 2.223328377 
                 0.035964036 
                 0.423076923 
                 0 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Erysipelotrichi; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Erysipelotrichales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Erysipelotrichaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 198928 
                 −1.841787835 
                 0.038961039 
                 1.461538462 
                 7.8125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_[Ruminococcus]; s_ 
               
               
                 197343 
                 2.136989115 
                 0.041958042 
                 0.961538462 
                 0.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 328617 
                 2.04397235 
                 0.041958042 
                 0.807692308 
                 0.1875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides 
               
               
                 328905 
                 −1.885076484 
                 0.041958042 
                 0.5 
                 8.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Oscillospira; s_ 
               
               
                 759751 
                 1.863649835 
                 0.041958042 
                 43.19230769 
                 17.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Dorea; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU77070 
                 2.168565819 
                 0.041958042 
                 0.653846154 
                 0.1875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 4174963 
                 2.083768333 
                 0.043956044 
                 2.307692308 
                 0.875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 New.CleanUp.ReferenceOTU33851 
                 −2.345446101 
                 0.043956044 
                 0.115384615 
                 0.5 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ovatus 
               
               
                 367215 
                 2.128877321 
                 0.044955045 
                 6 
                 2.625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Erysipelotrichi; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Erysipelotrichales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Erysipelotrichaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Holdemania; s_ 
               
               
                 975306 
                 1.868365208 
                 0.044955045 
                 3.615384615 
                 1.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 1928156 
                 1.830574658 
                 0.045954046 
                 0.538461538 
                 0.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Roseburia; s_ 
               
               
                 495396 
                 −2.024760012 
                 0.045954046 
                 0 
                 0.3125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_[Tissierellaceae]; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Anaerococcus; s_ 
               
               
                 820346 
                 −1.654631254 
                 0.046953047 
                 4.692307692 
                 72.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 360238 
                 −1.903434004 
                 0.047952048 
                 0.076923077 
                 0.5625 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Erysipelotrichi; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Erysipelotrichales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Erysipelotrichaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 1107027 
                 −1.830397468 
                 0.048951049 
                 0.884615385 
                 8.75 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Lactobacillales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Lactobacillaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Lactobacillus; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ruminis 
               
               
                 528652 
                 2.047565304 
                 0.048951049 
                 1.884615385 
                 0.75 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Firmicutes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Clostridia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Clostridiales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 s_ 
               
               
                 141145 
                 −2.039936818 
                 0.04995005 
                 1.730769231 
                 5.125 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Proteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Gammaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Enterobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_; s_ 
               
               
                 197537 
                 −1.994647776 
                 0.04995005 
                 0.346153846 
                 0.9375 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Bacteroidetes; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Bacteroidia; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bacteroidales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bacteroides; s_ 
               
               
                 559527 
                 −1.651499936 
                 0.057942058 
                 20.80769231 
                 84.6875 
                 k_Bacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 c_Actinobacteria; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 o_Bifidobacteriales; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 f_Bifidobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 g_Bifidobacterium; s_ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 16S rRNA data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Non- 
                 Non- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Direction  
                 parametric 
                 parametric 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 
                 T test 
                 T test P 
               
               
                 Family 16S 
                 Species 16S 
                 change 
                 statistic 
                 value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −3.274534 
                 0.001998 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −3.115289 
                 0.005994 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.958595 
                 0.006993 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.872972 
                 0.015984 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.863148 
                 0.005994 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.681220 
                 0.015984 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.667488 
                 0.016983 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                   Akkermansia _ muciniphila   
                 UP in R 
                 −2.659855 
                 0.015984 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.659855 
                 0.019980 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.585685 
                 0.024975 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.544080 
                 0.015984 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.480422 
                 0.019980 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.464382 
                 0.013986 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.424212 
                 0.007992 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.399268 
                 0.012987 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                   Parabacteroides _ distasonis   
                 UP in R 
                 −2.370320 
                 0.020979 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                   Bacteroides _ ovatus   
                 UP in R 
                 −2.345446 
                 0.043956 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.236097 
                 0.011988 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.219337 
                 0.021978 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.189499 
                 0.021978 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.143055 
                 0.031968 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.046964 
                 0.014985 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.039937 
                 0.049950 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.031498 
                 0.017982 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.029899 
                 0.010989 
               
               
                 Tissierellaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −2.024760 
                 0.045954 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.994648 
                 0.049950 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.903434 
                 0.047952 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.885076 
                 0.041958 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.841788 
                 0.038961 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                   Collinsella _ aerofaciens   
                 UP in R 
                 −1.839972 
                 0.003996 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.836191 
                 0.032967 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                   Lactobacillus _ ruminis   
                 UP in R 
                 −1.830397 
                 0.048951 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.755182 
                 0.024975 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                   Collinsella _ aerofaciens   
                 UP in R 
                 −1.719135 
                 0.006993 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.654631 
                 0.046953 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.651500 
                 0.057942 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.591732 
                 0.000999 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                   Veillonella _ dispar   
                 UP in R 
                 −1.440777 
                 0.019980 
               
               
                 Clostridiaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in R 
                 −1.321912 
                 0.024975 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 1.830575 
                 0.045954 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 1.863650 
                 0.041958 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 1.868365 
                 0.044955 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.043972 
                 0.041958 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.047565 
                 0.048951 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.065376 
                 0.029970 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.083409 
                 0.034965 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.083768 
                 0.043956 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.128877 
                 0.044955 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.136989 
                 0.041958 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.168566 
                 0.041958 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.172568 
                 0.034965 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.223328 
                 0.035964 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.384249 
                 0.027972 
               
               
                 Odoribacteraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.394752 
                 0.032967 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.396655 
                 0.034965 
               
               
                 S24-7 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.407682 
                 0.022977 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.414385 
                 0.011988 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.416382 
                 0.019980 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.533904 
                 0.011988 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.602400 
                 0.013986 
               
               
                 Desulfovibrionaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 2.903506 
                 0.007992 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 NA 
                 UP in NR 
                 3.071336 
                 0.009990 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Shotgun sequencing data. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Inclusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SVM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 model 
               
               
                   
                 Spearman 
                 Spearman 
                 Confirmed 
                 BLAST 
                 training 
               
               
                   
                 correlation 
                 correlation 
                 by shotgun 
                 agree- 
                 and 
               
               
                 Species shotgun 
                 rho 
                 P value 
                 sequencing 
                 ment 
                 validation 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Escherichia _coli 
                 0.550530 
                 0.000282 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Escherichia _coli 
                 0.629962 
                 0.000017 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Atopobium _parvulum 
                 0.576876 
                 0.000121 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Dorea _formicigenerans 
                 0.334512 
                 0.037394 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Faecalibacterium _prausnitzii 
                 0.414561 
                 0.008692 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Klebsiella _pneumoniae 
                 0.533469 
                 0.000470 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Akkermansia _muciniphila 
                 0.410041 
                 0.009528 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Klebsiella _oxytoca 
                 0.413549 
                 0.008873 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Anaerostipes _caccae 
                 0.311151 
                 0.053845 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Escherichia _coli 
                 0.646825 
                 0.000009 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Faecalibacterium _prausnitzii 
                 0.362051 
                 0.023519 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bifidobacterium _adolescentis 
                 0.566864 
                 0.000168 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_6_1_63FAA 
                 0.536065 
                 0.000436 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Parabacteroides _distasonis 
                 0.398512 
                 0.011978 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _eggerthii 
                 0.301822 
                 0.061851 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _xylanisolvens 
                 0.270799 
                 0.095427 
                 NE 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Parabacteroides _merdae 
                 0.899720 
                 6.86E−15 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Escherichia _coli 
                 0.644850 
                 0.000009 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Escherichia _unclassified 
                 0.496450 
                 0.001307 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Anaerotruncus _unclassified 
                 0.420373 
                 0.007710 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Escherichia _coli 
                 0.755701 
                 2.68E−08 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_8_1_57FAA 
                 0.250059 
                 0.124705 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_9_1_43BFAA 
                 0.455202 
                 0.003594 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _ovatus 
                 0.279476 
                 0.084877 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Solobacterium _moorei 
                 0.311151 
                 0.053845 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Ruminococcus _callidus 
                 0.498926 
                 0.001225 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_6_1_63FAA 
                 0.493379 
                 0.001420 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Collinsella _aerofaciens 
                 0.909381 
                 1.15E−15 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus _animalis 
                 0.269342 
                 0.097300 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Klebsiella _pneumoniae 
                 0.681088 
                 0.000002 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Collinsella _aerofaciens 
                 0.884610 
                 8.07E−14 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Klebsiella _pneumoniae 
                 0.776955 
                 6.05E−09 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bifidobacterium _longum 
                 0.827885 
                 7.96E−11 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Enterococcus _faecium 
                 0.540876 
                 0.000378 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Veillonella _parvula 
                 0.466233 
                 0.002780 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Clostridium _perfringens 
                 0.153504 
                 0.351000 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Roseburia _intestinalis 
                 0.541337 
                 0.000373 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Dorea _unclassified 
                 0.483302 
                 0.001830 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Ruminococcus _obeum 
                 0.452795 
                 0.003799 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Faecalibacterium _prausnitzii 
                 0.419746 
                 0.007811 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _thetaiotaomicron 
                 0.485656 
                 0.001720 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Marvinbryantia _formatexigens 
                 0.325481 
                 0.043184 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _vulgatus 
                 0.492837 
                 0.001435 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Holdemania _filiformis 
                 0.684482 
                 0.000002 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Dorea _longicatena 
                 0.558706 
                 0.000218 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _finegoldii 
                 0.281691 
                 0.082334 
                 NE 
                 NA 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Ruminococcus _obeum 
                 0.510578 
                 0.000897 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Holdemania _unclassified 
                 0.151990 
                 0.355654 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   Ruminococcus _sp_5_1_39BFAA 
                 0.338589 
                 0.034995 
                 Yes 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_9_1_43BFAA 
                 0.378586 
                 0.017475 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_5_1_63FAA 
                 0.680934 
                 0.000002 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Roseburia _inulinivorans 
                 0.432282 
                 0.005991 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NE 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _salyersiae 
                 0.355278 
                 0.026453 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 Removed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 qPCR data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in R 
                 Up in NR 
                 Up in NR 
               
               
                 Sample 
                   
                 
                   V. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   B. 
                 
                 
                   B. 
                 
                 
                   K. 
                 
                 
                   L. ruminis 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
                 
                   R. 
                 
                 
                   R. 
                 
               
               
                 Name 
                 R/NR 
                 
                   parvula 
                 
                 
                   faecium 
                 
                 
                   aerofaciens 
                 
                 
                   adolescentis 
                 
                 
                   longum 
                 
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 subgroup 
                 
                   merdae 
                 
                 
                   intestinalis 
                 
                 
                   obeum 
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P01 
                 NR 
                 11,475 
                 0 
                 62,725 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1,597,873 
                 13 
                 0 
               
               
                 P02 
                 R 
                 24,078 
                 0 
                 22,452 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5.513956 
                 97,020 
                 516 
                 482 
               
               
                 P03 
                 NR 
                 36 
                 168 
                 16 
                 0 
                 15,995 
                 0 
                 0 
                 260,671 
                 45,708 
                 0 
               
               
                 P04 
                 NR 
                 2,433 
                 0 
                 0 
                 8,003 
                 102,209 
                 0 
                 0 
                 42,860 
                 3,849 
                 9,634 
               
               
                 P05 
                 NR 
                 15 
                 0 
                 0 
                 10,480 
                 82,559 
                 0 
                 132.1112 
                 0 
                 13,676 
                 9,072 
               
               
                 P06 
                 NR 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 111 
                 0 
                 0 
                 319 
                 2,141 
                 29,679 
               
               
                 P07 
                 R 
                 1,779 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 316,456 
                 2,539 
                 5,416 
               
               
                 P08 
                 NR 
                 4,103 
                 0 
                 11,231 
                 16 
                 43,243 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 10,940 
                 20,678 
               
               
                 P09 
                 NR 
                 945 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 78.39282 
                 346,039 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 P10 
                 NR 
                 543 
                 0 
                 10,150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 15 
                 23 
                 2,797 
               
               
                 P11 
                 NR 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 193 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 54,846 
                 860 
               
               
                 P12 
                 NR 
                 177 
                 0 
                 44,697 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5,184 
                 0 
                 0 
                 11,575 
                 2,836 
               
               
                 P13 
                 R 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 ND 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 ND 
               
               
                 P14 
                 NR 
                 5,340 
                 0 
                 16,232 
                 0 
                 11,295 
                 0 
                 0 
                 50,976 
                 1,170 
                 2,850 
               
               
                 P15 
                 NR 
                 119 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 88,445 
                 0 
                 34.14117 
                 39 
                 28 
                 0 
               
               
                 P16 
                 R 
                 1,587 
                 133,010 
                 246,723 
                 145,416 
                 9,352 
                 435 
                 120019 
                 0 
                 2,647 
                 925 
               
               
                 P17 
                 NR 
                 0 
                 0 
                 64,284 
                 0 
                 164,311 
                 0 
                 0 
                 67,195 
                 1,441 
                 0 
               
               
                 P18 
                 NR 
                 71 
                 0 
                 4,493 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 126,522 
                 29 
                 11 
               
               
                 P19 
                 NR 
                 576 
                 0 
                 9,559 
                 4,611 
                 909 
                 4 
                 0 
                 175,857 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 P20 
                 R 
                 212 
                 10,831 
                 2,967,175 
                 128,639 
                 3,901,078 
                 0 
                 46600.89 
                 17,967 
                 1,581 
                 0 
               
               
                 P21 
                 NR 
                 55 
                 0 
                 39,673 
                 28,122 
                 12,003 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3,341 
                 5,039 
               
               
                 P22 
                 NR 
                 209 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 42 
                 0 
                 58.23432 
                 0 
                 19 
                 8,365 
               
               
                 P23 
                 R 
                 6 
                 0 
                 477,784 
                 33,745 
                 243,696 
                 0 
                 0 
                 43,826 
                 2,597 
                 6,693 
               
               
                 P24 
                 R 
                 95 
                 648 
                 7 
                 0 
                 59,624 
                 0 
                 0 
                 99,812 
                 164 
                 22,048 
               
               
                 P25 
                 NR 
                 0 
                 0 
                 62,221 
                 0 
                 80 
                 0 
                 8.494507 
                 440,357 
                 18,236 
                 15,102 
               
               
                 P26 
                 NR 
                 914 
                 0 
                 64,251 
                 15,483 
                 37,583 
                 0 
                 9.874153 
                 142,228 
                 184 
                 6,696 
               
               
                 P27 
                 R 
                 1,737 
                 820 
                 0 
                 0 
                 218,452 
                 0 
                 0 
                 330,927 
                 266 
                 2,965 
               
               
                 P28 
                 R 
                 17,842 
                 0 
                 103,390 
                 5 
                 92,534 
                 2,532 
                 38943.37 
                 64,752 
                 3,582 
                 5 
               
               
                 P29 
                 R 
                 8,259 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 23 
                 0 
                 0 
                 686,549 
                 62,125 
                 11,876 
               
               
                 P30 
                 NR 
                 64 
                 139 
                 2,530 
                 ND 
                 2,788 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                 0 
                 1,253 
                 14,685 
               
               
                 P31 
                 NR 
                 36 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 869,370 
                 1,066 
                 22,889 
               
               
                 P32 
                 NR 
                 272 
                 0 
                 45,490 
                 0 
                 46 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1,247,815 
                 19,038 
                 8,921 
               
               
                 P33 
                 R 
                 3,458 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 258 
                 959 
               
               
                 P34 
                 R 
                 512 
                 121 
                 43,590 
                 1,419 
                 64,464 
                 0 
                 8.103439 
                 89,046 
                 63 
                 2,981 
               
               
                 P35 
                 NR 
                 58 
                 0 
                 79,197 
                 0 
                 0 
                 19 
                 0 
                 442,665 
                 61 
                 10,102 
               
               
                 P36 
                 R 
                 265 
                 0 
                 6,651 
                 5,618 
                 12,852 
                 0 
                 0 
                 384,166 
                 22 
                 571 
               
               
                 P37 
                 R 
                 300 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2,794 
                 638 
                 0 
                 67,680 
                 5 
                 2,590 
               
               
                 P38 
                 NR 
                 74 
                 0 
                 6,556 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 402,480 
                 904 
                 0 
               
               
                 P39 
                 R 
                 0 
                 0 
                 423,770 
                 0 
                 265 
                 0 
                 0 
                 17,056 
                 53 
                 0 
               
               
                 P40 
                 NR 
                 8,479 
                 0 
                 91,856 
                 0 
                 21,494 
                 278 
                 8.091473 
                 53,714 
                 3,553 
                 5,657 
               
               
                 P41 
                 R 
                 2,425 
                 2,501 
                 25,124 
                 0 
                 11,689 
                 58,503 
                 0 
                 61,827 
                 984 
                 1,441 
               
               
                 P42 
                 NR 
                 1,036 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 115,017 
                 0 
                 718.3709 
                 1,012 
                 11,668 
                 17,655 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 qPCR primers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                   
                   
                 fluorescence 
               
               
                 Target species 
                 Primer sequence (5′-&gt;3′) 
                 NO: 
                 SYBR/TaqMan 
                 Annealing 
                 detection 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Akkermansia 
                 
                 Forward: CAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC 
                 1 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./40 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                 
                   muciniphila 
                 
                 Reverse: CCTTGCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Bacteroides 
                 
                 Forward: AAGGGAGCGTAGATGGATGTTTA 
                 3 
                 TaqMan 
                 65° C./60 s 
               
               
                 
                   vulgatus 
                 
                 Reverse: CGAGCCTCAATGTCAGTTGC 
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe (FAM/TAMRA): 
                 5 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTGCCTCAACTGCACTCAAGATATCCAGTA 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Bifidobacterium 
                 
                 Forward: CTCCGCCGCTGATCCGGAAGTCG 
                 6 
                 SYBR 
                 75° C./15 s 
                 72° C./15 s 
               
               
                 
                   adolescentis 
                 
                 Reverse: AACCAACTCGGCGATGTGGACGACA 
                 7 
                   
                   
                 83° C./15 s 
               
               
                 
                   Bifidobacterium 
                 
                 Forward: TTCCAGTTGATCGCATGGTC 
                 8 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./30 s 
                 85° C./60 s 
               
               
                 
                   longum 
                 
                 Reverse: TC(G/C)CGCTTGCTCCCCGAT 
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Collinsella 
                 
                 Forward: CCCGACGGGAGGGGAT 
                 10 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./40 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                 
                   aerofaciens 
                 
                 Reverse: CTTCTGCAGGTACAGTCTTGA 
                 11 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Enterococcus 
                 
                 Forward: CGAGAAGAGCTGCAAAATGCTTTAGC *** 
                 12 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./40 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                 
                   faecium 
                 
                 Reverse: GCGCGCTTCAATTCCTTGT 
                 13 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Faecalibacetrium 
                 
                 Forward: CCCTTCAGTGCCGCAGT 
                 14 
                 SYBR 
                 61° C./40 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                 
                   prausnitzii 
                 
                 Reverse: GTCGCAGGATGTCAAGAC 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 Forward: GCG TGG CGG TAG ATC TAA GTC ATA 
                 16 
                 SYBR 
                 58° C./10 s 
                 72° C./40 s 
               
               
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 Reverse: TTC AGC TCC GCC ACA AAG GTA 
                 17 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus 
                 
                 Forward: CACCGAATGCTTGCAYTCACC 
                 18 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./20 s 
                 72° C./50 s 
               
               
                 
                   ruminis 
                 
                 Reverse: GCCGCGGGTCCATCCAAAA 
                 19 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 subgroup ** 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Parabacteroides 
                 
                 Forward: TGCCTATCAGAGGGGGATAAC 
                 20 
                 TaqMan 
                 60° C./60 s 
               
               
                 
                   distasonis 
                 
                 Reverse: GCAAATATTCCCATGCGGGAT 
                 21 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe (FAM/TAMRA): 
                 22 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAAAGTCGGACTAATACCGCATGAAGC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Parabacteroides 
                 
                 Forward: AGGGTGCGTAGGTGGTGAT 
                 23 
                 TaqMan 
                 65/60 s 
               
               
                 
                   merdae 
                 
                 Reverse: TTCACCGCTACACCACGC 
                 24 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe (FAM/TAMRA): 
                 25 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTACTTGAGTGTGTTTGAGGTAGGCGG 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Roseburia 
                 
                 Forward: TTCGCAGCTCAGTCTATCGC *** 
                 26 
                 SYBR 
                 55° C./30 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                 
                   intestinalis 
                 
                 Reverse: GCAATCCCCGGGAAGTCATT *** 
                 27 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Ruminococcus 
                 
                 Forward: GCAGATTTGGTCTGTTTC 
                 28 
                 TaqMan 
                 60° C./60 s 
               
               
                 
                   obeum 
                 
                 Reverse: CGGTATTAGCAACCATTTC 
                 29 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe (FAM/TAMRA): 
                 30 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGTATAAGGCAGGTTACCCACGC 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   Veillonella  spp.* 
                 Forward: A(C/T)CAACCTGCCCTTCAGA 
                 31 
                 SYBR 
                 60° C./40 s 
                 72° C./30 s 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse: CGTCCCGATTAACAGAGCTT 
                 32 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Universal 
                 Forward: AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 
                 33 
                 SYBR 
                 52° C./30 s 
                 72° C./60 s 
               
               
                 bacterial primers 
                 Reverse: TGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAG 
                 34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Target species include  V. parvula ,  V. dispar ,  V. atypica ,  V. ratti ,  V. criceti ,  V. rodentium ,  V. caviae   
               
               
                 ** This subgroup was specified based on similaritie in 16S rRNA gene sequence in the cited study. The primers amplify  L. ruminis ,  L. animalis ,  L. mali ,  L. salivarius ,  L. satsumensis ,  L. graminis ,  L. panis   
               
               
                 *** The sequence of this primer was modified from the originally reported sequence 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Metagenomic sequencing. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Direction 
                 Non- 
                 Non- 
                 Overlap with 
               
               
                   
                 of 
                 parametric T 
                 parametric T 
                 the 63 16S 
               
               
                 Species shotgun 
                 change 
                 test statistic 
                 test P value 
                 OTUs 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   Enterococcus _ faecalis   
                 Up in R 
                 −2.392458368 
                 0.014985015 
                 . 
               
               
                   Escherichia _ coli   
                 Up in R 
                 −2.210901572 
                 0.016983017 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Escherichia _ unclassified   
                 Up in R 
                 −2.14017738 
                 0.032967033 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _ ovatus   
                 Up in R 
                 −2.005216423 
                 0.043956044 
                 NE 
               
               
                   Turicibacter _ sanguinis   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.857270068 
                 0.033966034 
                 . 
               
               
                   Collinsella _ aerofaciens   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.833005718 
                 0.017982018 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Clostridium _ scindens   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.811319782 
                 0.076923077 
                 . 
               
               
                   Clostridium _ nexile   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.801806225 
                 0.007992008 
                 . 
               
               
                   Actinomyces _ graevenitzii   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.741014848 
                 0.091908092 
                 . 
               
               
                   Eubacterium _ siraeum   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.729111828 
                 0.091908092 
                 . 
               
               
                   Lachnospiraceae _ bacterium _7_1_58FAA 
                 Up in R 
                 −1.716806138 
                 0.095904096 
                 . 
               
               
                   Bifidobacterium _ longum   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.701918723 
                 0.023976024 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Haemophilus_parainfluenzae 
                 Up in R 
                 −1.669086484 
                 0.071928072 
                 . 
               
               
                   Veillonella _ parvula   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.502989879 
                 0.011988012 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Lachnospiraceae _ bacterium _6_1_63FAA 
                 Up in R 
                 −1.42054428 
                 0.084915085 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Klebsiella _ oxytoca   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.401188635 
                 0.046953047 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Enterococcus _ faecium   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.378987414 
                 0.000999001 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Campylobacter _ gracilis   
                 Up in R 
                 −1.330045919 
                 0.043956044 
                 . 
               
               
                   Burkholderiales _ bacterium _1_1_47 
                 Up in NR 
                 1.831387273 
                 0.051948052 
                 . 
               
               
                   Bacteroides _ intestinalis   
                 Up in NR 
                 1.864425356 
                 0.064935065 
                 . 
               
               
                   Adlercreutzia _ equolifaciens   
                 Up in NR 
                 1.93586273 
                 0.062937063 
                 . 
               
               
                   Holdemania _ filiformis   
                 Up in NR 
                 2.071359703 
                 0.056943057 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   Coprococcus _ comes   
                 Up in NR 
                 2.097221049 
                 0.027972028 
                 . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed 62 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of different abundance in R vs. NR (Table 2). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on abundance similarity of these OTUs revealed that most samples were accurately grouped according to clinical response ( FIG.  2   ). Supervised clustering according to clinical outcome is depicted in  FIG.  1 A . Thirty-nine OTUs were more abundant in R and twenty-three were more abundant in NR. One Bifidobacteriaceae OTU was significantly more abundant in R and a second Bifidobacteriaceae OTU (559527) had borderline significance and was included in the analyses (total=63 OTUs). This observation recapitulates the previous results that associated Bifidobacteriaceae family members with improved immune-mediated tumor control and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in mice (Ref. 3B; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
     A principal component analysis (PCA) of the 63 OTUs revealed separation of R from NR ( FIG.  1 B ). Predictive modeling was performed to assess the robustness of the data. The 63 OTUs (predictors) were evaluated to remove those of small variance, high correlation, and/or high collinearity, leaving 42 OTUs for the predictive modeling analysis (Table 3). Iterative modeling was performed by randomly splitting the samples into 60% as a training set model selection with 5-fold cross-validation, and 40% as a test set for independent assessment of model performance. A receiver-operator characteristic curve revealed an average of 87% positive and 98% negative predictive value for response as a function of 16S OTU predictors ( FIG.  6 A ). A frequency plot of each of the 42 OTUs across these iterative runs revealed an overlapping range of importance of each of the features without any OTU dominating the model ( FIG.  6 B ). These results indicate that stability of the data is not skewed based on disproportionate influence of a small number of elements. 
     A BLAST search of the 63 OTUs against the NCBI database of bacterial sequences returned multiple species corresponding to each OTU with ≥98% identity. To gain more accurate species-level characterization, the same samples were subjected to metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Illumina paired-end reads were assigned to microbial clades and analyzed for closest matches to the 63 OTUs identified by 16S sequencing. Potential species matches were identified for 43 of the original 63 OTUs (Table 3). Species-specific qPCR assays were performed as an additional approach to assess the identity of species, for which sufficiently validated qPCR primers were available (Table 4A-B). Thus, integration of the three methods led to the selection of 10 species differentially enriched in R vs. NR. Eight of these were more abundant in R:  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, Lactobacillus  sp. and  Bifidobacterium longum , whereas 2 were more abundant in NR:  Ruminococcus obeum  and  Roseburia intestinalis . As an example, the integrative analysis for  B. longum  (OTU 559627) is depicted in  FIG.  2 A-C . Similar correlation analyses for the remaining 9 species are depicted in  FIGS.  7  and  8   . PCR results for these 10 species were integrated into a summation PCR score for each patient, which was significantly higher in responders (P=0.004;  FIG.  2 D ). The list of species is likely an underestimate of the total number of entities showing differential abundance in R vs. NR, because of the stringency of this composite analysis. For example,  Akkermansia muciniphila  was detected in 4 patients by 16S sequencing and all were responders, but statistical analysis of the entire cohort did not reach significance. As an alternative way to represent the aggregate data towards development of a candidate predictive biomarker, the total numbers of potentially “beneficial” and “non-beneficial” OTUs were scored for each patient ( FIG.  9   ), and a ratio was calculated). When plotted against the absolute change in tumor size as assessed by RECIST, a clean correlation was observed such that patients with a ratio over 1.5 all showed clinical response ( FIG.  2 E ). These results suggest that the commensal microbiota composition might be useful as a biomarker to predict response to checkpoint blockade therapy, which motivated comparison to other candidate predictive biomarkers. Archived pre-treatment tumor specimens that passed quality control were available for 15 patients (5 R, 10 NR). Microbial composition remained significantly different in R vs. NR for this subset ( FIGS.  10 A  and B). Exome sequencing followed by enumeration of non-synonymous somatic mutations (NSSM) showed a trend of higher frequency in R, as did levels of PD-L1 and PD-1 mRNA ( FIG.  10 C-E ) and enumeration of baseline CD8 +  T cells by immunohistochemistry ( FIG.  10 F ). While these statistical trends not meeting significance were likely limited by sample size, it is noteworthy that the microbiota parameters still markedly separated responders and non-responders. 
     The strong correlation between commensal bacteria and clinical response to immunotherapy indicates a causal effect, in light of data demonstrating an immune-potentiating impact of the microbiome in mouse tumor models (Refs. 3B, 5B, 6B; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). To investigate the capability of human commensal microbes to potentiate anti-tumor T cell responses, germ-free (GF) mice were employed as recipients. In setting up this model, it was found that tumor growth in GF mice was similar to that in Taconic SPF mice and in GF mice colonized with Taconic feces ( FIG.  12   ), indicating reduced spontaneous immune-mediated tumor control in GF mice as had been seen in Taconic compared to Jackson mice previously (ref. 3B; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Improved tumor control had been achieved previously with transfer of Jackson fecal material, suggesting that GF mice are suitable hosts for human-derived microbiota with an opportunity to similarly detect improved anti-tumor immunity. Fecal material was transferred from 3 R and 3 NR (indicated in  FIGS.  1 A,  5 ,  9 , and  11   ) into cohorts of GF mice, followed by implantation of B16.SIY melanoma cells. The human microbiota-colonized mouse groups segregated into 2 phenotypes with respect to tumor growth rate—a faster growing group and a slower growing group ( FIG.  3 A ). Two of three mouse cohorts reconstituted with R fecal material had slower tumor growth, and two of the three cohorts reconstituted from NR showed faster tumor growth. Thus, the ability of the human microbiota to support improved tumor control in mice usually, but not always, paralleled the clinical response to anti-PD-1 seen in the donor patient. Achieving slower tumor growth with fecal transplant alone is similar to previous mouse studies, in which transfer of feces from Jackson into Taconic mice was sufficient for a partial therapeutic effect (Ref. 3; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
     Patterns of bacteria that successfully reconstituted mice and fidelity to the original human donor were assessed with 16S rRNA sequencing. There were significant differences in microbiota composition between the slow and fast tumor growth phenotypes, which were both distinct from Taconic mice ( FIG.  3 B ). Groups C and D, which did not show the same pattern of tumor control as the original human donors, showed a large degree of difference of microbiota composition from the original human donors ( FIG.  13   ). In agreement, a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index for each donor/recipient pair was highest, at 0.7, for cohorts C and D vs. 0.5-0.6 for the rest of the groups. 
     Mouse groups A and B were used for further mechanistic studies. There was a high level of consistency between repeated experiments, both with respect to tumor growth rate and microbial colonization (A vs. A2 and B vs. B2 comparisons in  FIG.  3 B ). To determine whether the difference in tumor control could be attributed to host immunity, IFN-γ ELISPOT of ex-vivo SIY-stimulated splenocytes was performed and indicated an increased frequency of activated T cells from R microbiota-reconstituted mice 3 weeks after inoculation with B16.SIY melanoma cells ( FIG.  3 C ). Analysis of the tumor microenvironment also showed a significantly greater number of SIY-specific CD8 +  T cells, but not of FoxP3 + CD4 +  regulatory T cells, in these mice ( FIGS.  3 D  and E), consistent with increased priming of tumor antigen-specific CD8 +  T cells. Anti-PD-L1 was markedly therapeutic in mice colonized with R microbiota, yet completely ineffective in NR-derived mice ( FIG.  3 F ), demonstrating a profound impact of the commensal microbiota on immunotherapy efficacy in vivo. qPCR interrogation of fecal DNA from these mice recapitulated the results from the analysis of patients. Of the 10 PCR reactions validated in patients, 6 gave a signal in reconstituted mice, with the same pattern of being enriched in R or NR recipient mice as was seen in the original patients ( FIG.  3 G ). 
     The experiments conducted during development of embodiments herein indicate that the composition of the commensal microbiota in patients is associated with therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. While  Bifidobacterium longum  was one commensal identified in the current study that had also been found in mouse models to be associated with improved immune-mediated tumor control (Ref. 3B; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), it is likely that multiple specific bacteria may contribute to improved anti-tumor immunity in patients. In addition to the panel of bacteria over-represented in responders, several OTUs were over-represented in non-responders, and prior work in mice has indicated that some commensals have the potential to be immune-inhibitory, for example through the induction of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Refs. 7B, 8B; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) In addition, in the current cohort, a ratio of “beneficial” OTUs to “non-beneficial” OTUs was the strongest predictor of clinical response, indicating that a higher frequency of beneficial bacteria combined with a lower frequency of bacteria of negative impact may combine for the most favorable clinical outcome. 
     Several of the bacterial species identified in the current study to be differentially abundant in responding vs. non-responding patients have been examined previously for mechanistic impact on host immune responses in germ-free mice in vivo (Ref. 9B; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Monocolonization with several species found to be at increased frequency in our responders, including  Enterococcus faecium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bifidobacterium adolescentis , and  Parabacteroides merdae , were reported to result in a decreased frequency of peripherally-derived colonic regulatory T cells compared to other bacterial species. An increased frequency of the Batf3-lineage DCs and greater Th1 responses were also found with bacteria currently identified to be more abundant in responders (Ref. 9B; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Decreased Tregs, increased Batf3 DCs, and augmented Th1 responses would all be expected to improve immune-mediated tumor control. 
     Example 2 
     Data were generated by 16S rRNA sequencing of patient stool samples (pre-treatment). The reads were assigned to microbe taxa using open-reference OTU picking protocol from QIIME package. About 10,000 OTUs were generated; after filtering those not present in more than 10% of the samples, 2000 OTUs remained. The abundance of OTUs in each sample was estimated, normalized and compared between non-responder (NR) and responder (R) groups. 62 significant OTUs were identified to be differentially present in NR vs R (p&lt;0.05), plus one  Bifidobacterium  OTU with p=0.59 were include this for subsequent analysis. OTUs identified by the 16S sequencing are listed in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Responder/non-responder bacteria identified by 16S sequencing OTUs. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Family 
                 Subject Seq-ID 
                 Source 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1158620683|gb|KY129997.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain LM13 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1158620682|gb|KY129996.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain LM5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1158620681|gb|KY129995.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain LM2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1153161578|gb|KY697085.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain Cp5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1153161577|gb|KY697084.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain Cp4 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1153161576|gb|KY697083.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain Cp3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1153161575|gb|KY697082.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecali s strain Cp2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1153161574|gb|KY697081.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain Cp1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1158645201|gb|CP019992.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  isolate 2014- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VREF-268, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1158642123|gb|CP019988.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  isolate 2014- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VREF-63, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1154289756|gb|CP019970.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  isolate 2014- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VREF-114, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1154289756|gb|CP019970.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  isolate 2014- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VREF-114, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1150406800|gb|CP019208.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain 2014-VREF- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 41, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1149032865|gb|KY486862.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain C52 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1149032864|gb|KY486861.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain C7 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1149032863|gb|KY486860.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain C100 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1149032562|gb|KX575840.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain DES-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1148879018|gb|KY630672.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain UFVCC1189 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1148879014|gb|KY630668.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain UFVCC1181 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1148879008|gb|KY630662.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecalis  strain UFVCC1180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Enterococcaceae 
                 gi|1148303219|gb|KX832370.1| 
                   Enterococcus faecium  strain 27321 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1005392054|gb|KU851139.1| 
                   Atopobium parvulum  strain R42.12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1139267198|emb|LT681140.1| 
                   Shuttleworthia satelles  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 523N_6554 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|158263915|gb|EU186380.1| 
                   Atopobium  sp. DMCT15023 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1139287456|emb|LT699560.1| 
                   Prevotella melaninogenica  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, isolate R161T_24978 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1139268302|emb|LT682126.1| 
                   Prevotella melaninogenica  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, isolate 244T_7541 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|788262483|gb|KP192308.1| 
                   Atopobium deltae  strain DNF00019 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|784501155|dbj|LC037224.1| 
                   Atopobium fossor  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 9981 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|775465093|dbj|LC036309.1| 
                   Atopobium minutum  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 1118 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1173202442|emb|LT598591.2| 
                   Olsenella  sp. Marseille-P3256 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3256 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1182956107|ref|NR_146815.1| 
                   Olegusella massiliensis  strain KHD7 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666524|dbj|LC258149.1| 
                   Olsenella profusa  gene for 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA, partial sequence, strain: JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14553 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1152067376|emb|LT797539.1| 
                   Olsenella  sp. Marseille-P3359 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3359 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089980|gb|AY269023.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX102-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1005651670|gb|KU726641.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  strain DNF00180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|647404812|emb|LK021119.1| 
                 Bacterium OL-1 partial 16S rRNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 isolate OL-1 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089990|gb|AY269033.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX162-5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089988|gb|AY269031.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX119-5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089986|gb|AY269029.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX184-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089984|gb|AY269027.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX135-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|33089981|gb|AY269024.1| 
                   Atopobium vaginae  clone FX103-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1167601288|gb|KX658684.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  strain A3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1181557329|gb|KY950632.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain V 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1173512652|gb|CP015401.2| 
                   Bacteroides caecimuris  strain I48, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 complete genome 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1153695773|gb|KY703634.1| 
                   Anaerostipes  sp. strain KFT8 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1154066557|emb|LT598566.3| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3132 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3132 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1074125775|emb|LT622246.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  V975 genome 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assembly, chromosome: I 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570982|gb|KR364742.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. JJM0207-12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570981|gb|KR364741.1| 
                   Bacteroides caecimuris  strain I48 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570980|gb|KR364740.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain JJM0207- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|745311129|gb|KP202688.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. G25 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|728055098|gb|KM396275.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain G19 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|723001884|dbj|AB908394.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EFEL003 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|676402736|gb|KM043747.1| 
                 Bacterium P1C8 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|672228637|dbj|AB908392.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EFEL001 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|159159338|gb|EU136694.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM10556 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|636560121|ref|NR_116181.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain JCM5824 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides ovatus  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM5824 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|636559244|ref|NR_115301.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain CIP 103756 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides ovatus  16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|148791577|gb|EF608211.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. EBA5-17 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|343201773|ref|NR_042499.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  strain XB1A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides xylanisolvens   
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, type strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 XB1AT 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|46370580|gb|AY538687.1| 
                 Bacteroidaceae bacterium Smarlab 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3301643 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1181557324|gb|KY950627.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  strain Q 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1153695770|gb|KY703631.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. strain CT06 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1153695769|gb|KY703630.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. strain AT13 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|159159325|gb|EU136681.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM5825 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|149935098|gb|CP000140.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  ATCC 8503, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191772|dbj|AB238923.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13400 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|343200655|ref|NR_041342.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  strain JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5825 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides distasonis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence, strain: JCM 5825 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|173915|gb|M86695.1|BNRRR16S 
                   Bacteroides distasonis  16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides  sp. MC_17 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain DSM- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20701, isolate MC_17 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|988571022|gb|KR364782.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  strain SAB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 131-CoC-3 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191775|dbj|AB238926.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13403&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides distasonis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence, strain: JCM 13404 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191774|dbj|AB238925.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13402 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191773|dbj|AB238924.1| 
                   Parabacteroides distasonis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13401 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1154838059|emb|LT598573.4| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3236 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3136 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1046811522|gb|KX462878.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. strain B3181 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1024389103|emb|LT558809.1| 
                   Bacillus nealsonii  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P2085 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1008904221|emb|LT223609.1| 
                   Parabacteroides faecis  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-IHU_AA00074 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1142726810|emb|LT725663.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3668 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3668 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|159159329|gb|EU136685.1| 
                   Parabacteroides merdae  strain JCM9497 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|343200777|ref|NR_041464.1| 
                   Parabacteroides johnsonii  strain M-165 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides johnsonii   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191778|dbj|AB238929.1| 
                   Parabacteroides merdae  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13405 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1167601288|gb|KX658684.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  strain A3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1074125775|emb|LT622246.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  V975 genome 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assembly, chromosome: 1 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1074125775|emb|LT622246.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  V975 genome 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assembly, chromosome: I 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570982|gb|KR364742.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. JJM0207-12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|745311129|gb|KP202688.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. G25 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|672228637|dbj|AB908392.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EFEL001 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|148791577|gb|EF608211.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. EBA5-17 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|343201773|ref|NR_042499.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanisolvens  strain XB1A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides xylanisolvens   
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, type strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 XB1AT 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|46370580|gb|AY538687.1| 
                 Bacteroidaceae bacterium Smarlab 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3301643 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1173512652|gb|CP015401.2| 
                   Bacteroides caecimuris  strain I48, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570981|gb|KR364741.1| 
                   Bacteroides caecimuris  strain I48 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1181557329|gb|KY950632.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain V 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|1153695773|gb|KY703634.1| 
                   Anaerostipes  sp. strain KFT8 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|988570980|gb|KR364740.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain JJM0207- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|728055098|gb|KM396275.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain G19 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|723001884|dbj|AB908394.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EFEL003 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|676402736|gb|KM043747.1| 
                 Bacterium P1C8 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|159159338|gb|EU136694.1| 
                   Bacteroides acidifaciens  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM10556 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|636560121|ref|NR_116181.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain JCM5824 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides ovatus  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM5824 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|636559244|ref|NR_115301.1| 
                   Bacteroides ovatus  strain CIP 103756 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides ovatus  16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bacteroidaceae 
                 gi|83627372|dbj|AB222700.1| 
                   Bacteroides finegoldii  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA, partial sequence, strain: JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13346 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|34558694|gb|AY305307.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium M21/2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1031487358|gb|KX150462.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium  CM04-06 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1031486988|gb|KX146426.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium  AF52-21 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210693 |gb|KJ957877.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 78_10294632078_070 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210692|gb|KJ957876.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 67_10294632067_075 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210691|gb|KJ957875.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 63_10294632063_052 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210690|gb|KJ957874.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 59_10294632059_060 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210689|gb|KJ957873.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 56_10294632056_049 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210687|gb|KJ957871.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 51_10294632051_059 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210685|gb|KJ957869.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 45_10299630045_040 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210684|gb|KJ957868.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 31_10294632031_020 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210683|gb|KJ957867.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 29_10294632029_024 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210682|gb|KJ957866.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 28_10294632028_026 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210681|gb|KJ957865.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27_10294632027_028 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210680|gb|KJ957864.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25_10294632025_032 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210679|gb|KJ957863.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24_10297420024_017 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210678|gb|KJ957862.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24_10294632024_017 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210677|gb|KJ957861.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 23_10294632023_019 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210676|gb|KJ957860.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22_10294632022_021 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|685210675|gb|KJ957859.1| 
                   Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20_10294632020_025 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|823630656|emb|LN850732.1| 
                   Eubacterium  sp. SB2 partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain SB2 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|676402749|gb|KM043760.1| 
                 Bacterium P1B3 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|343198924|ref|NR_044048.1| 
                   Coprococcus comes  strain ATCC 27758 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Coprococcus  comes strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCC 27758 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558699|gb|AY305312.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium SL7/1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558692|gb|AY305305.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium A2-232 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1139937221|emb|LT722679.1| 
                   Lactonifactor  sp. Marseille-P3743 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3743 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1008904204|emb|LT223592.1| 
                   Lactonifactor longoviformis  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P2234 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|133779806|gb|EF451053.1| 
                   Clostridiaceae bacterium  END-2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988571010|gb|KR364770.1| 
                   Muricomes intestini  strain 2PG-424-CC- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1192786034|dbj|LC269264.1| 
                   Ruminococcus gauvreauii  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 14987 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|343205824|ref|NR_044265.1| 
                   Ruminococcus gauvreauii  strain CCRI- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16110 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Ruminococcus gauvreauii   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain CCRI-16110 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|631251356|ref|NR_112553.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  glycyrrhizinilyticum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ZM35 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete sequences&lt;&gt; Clostridium   
               
               
                   
                   
                   glycyrrhizinilyticum  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|57283069|emb|AJ518873.1| 
                 Uncultured bacterium clone p-2205-s959- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Lachnobacterium  sp. wal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14165 16S rRNA gene 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|73427036|gb|DQ144122.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PH05YB03 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1126366538|dbj|LC192831.1| 
                   Ruminococcus  sp. JCM 30896 gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: EGH7&lt;&gt; Ruminococcus  sp. JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30896 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence, strain: TSAH33 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1004171141|gb|KT889289.1| 
                 Bacterium 14(2016) 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|657357060|dbj|AB849410.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium CG22 gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|33242862|gb|AY269188.1| 
                 Human intestinal bacterium julong 601 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|90855248|emb|AM039822.1| 
                   Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens  16S rRNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain Mz3 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|55818570|gb|AY804152.1| 
                   Eubacterium rectale  strain S2Ss2/2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151220730|gb|CP019012.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain Ecol_AZ161, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151220730|gb|CP019012.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain Ecol_AZ161, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151220730|gb|CP019012.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain Ecol_AZ161, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1160538609|gb|CP011124.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain USML2, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154168274|gb|KY711200.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain AMuM12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154168267|gb|KY711193.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain AMuM2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1039023268|gb|KU744859.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain SFSA62 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522073|gb|KU923357.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain USTRW17 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522072|gb|KU923356.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain USTRW16 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522068|gb|KU923352.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain USTRW12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154504417|gb|CP019777.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  NU14, complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154835240|emb|LT795502.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain KV7 genome 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assembly, chromosome: I 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562860|gb|KY678505.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain WXL15 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562859|gb|KY678504.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain WXL13 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562858|gb|KY678503.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain WXL12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562857|gb|KY678502.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain WXL11 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562856|gb|KY678501.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain WHD 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562855|gb|KY678500.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain XH2H 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562854|gb|KY678499.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain B22H 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562853|gb|KY678498.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain 2H 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150562852|gb|KY678497.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  strain BDZH 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153112403|gb|CP019953.1| 
                   Escherichia coli  M8, complete genome 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|159159329|gb|EU136685.1| 
                   Parabacteroides merdae  strain JCM9497 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|89191778|dbj|AB238929.1| 
                   Parabacteroides merdae  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 13405 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|343200656|ref|NR_041343.1| 
                   Parabacteroides merdae  strain JCM 9497 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides merdae  gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: JCM 9497 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|343200777|ref|NR_041464.1| 
                   Parabacteroides johnsonii  strain M-165 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides johnsonii   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1181557323|gb|KY950626.1| 
                   Bacteroides  sp. strain P 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|816399474|gb|GQ456205.2| 
                   Parabacteroides goldsteinii  strain BS-C3- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|159159377|gb|EU136697.1| 
                   Parabacteroides goldsteinii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM13446 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|343202832|ref|NR_043317.1| 
                   Parabacteroides goldsteinii  strain WAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12034 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides goldsteinii   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain WAL 12034 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1046811522|gb|KX462878.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. strain B3181 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1142726810|emb|LT725663.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3668 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3668 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1024389103|emb|LT558809.1| 
                   Bacillus nealsonii  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P2085 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1008904221|emb|LT223609.1| 
                   Parabacteroides faecis  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-IHU_AA00074 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1154838059|emb|LT598573.4| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3236 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3136 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1139937223|emb|LT722681.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. Marseille-P3763 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3763 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|10946530|gb|AY008308.1| 
                   Bacteroides  cf.  forsythus  oral clone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BU063 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1061022501|gb|CP017038.1| 
                   Tannerella  sp. oral taxon BU063, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|751868059|dbj|LC021528.1| 
                   Dysgonomonas alginatilytica  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: HUA-2 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|677007119|gb|KJ888430.1| 
                   Dysgonomonas  sp. DT183 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|173915|gb|M86695.1|BNRRR16S 
                   Bacteroides distasonis  16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA&lt;&gt; Parabacteroides  sp. MC_17 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, strain DSM- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20701, isolate MC_17 
               
               
                 Porphyromonadaceae 
                 gi|1153695770|gb|KY703631.1| 
                   Parabacteroides  sp. strain CT06 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683744|gb|KY705021.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  subsp.  suis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain VB-5/9 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683742|gb|KY705019.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain VB-TA1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683740|gb|KY705017.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain VB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ES42 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357803|gb|KY448280.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR815k 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357802|gb|KY448279.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR56 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357801|gb|KY448278.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357800|gb|KY448277.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR24 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357799|gb|KY448276.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357789|gb|KU297199.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain 815j 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357788|gb|KU297198.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain 142 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1143275817|gb|CP019596.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain LMC520, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292025|gb|KY523590.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292022|gb|KY523587.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S42 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292017|gb|KY523582.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium  sp. strain S35 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291996|gb|KY523561.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain S53 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291995|gb|KY523560.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291993|gb|KY523558.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S47 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291991|gb|KY523556.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain S34 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137647753|ref|NR_145535.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  subsp.  suillum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain Su 851 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1024389105|emb|LT558811.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P830 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683744|gb|KY705021.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  subsp.  suis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain VB-5/9 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683742|gb|KY705019.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain VB-TA1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153683740|gb|KY705017.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain VB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ES42 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357803|gb|KY448280.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR815k 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357802|gb|KY448279.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR56 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357801|gb|KY448278.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357800|gb|KY448277.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR24 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357799|gb|KY448276.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain CFR 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357789|gb|KU297199.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain 815j 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1141357788|gb|KU297198.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain 142 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1143275817|gb|CP019596.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium breve  strain LMC520, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292025|gb|KY523590.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292022|gb|KY523587.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S42 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137292017|gb|KY523582.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium  sp. strain S35 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291996|gb|KY523561.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain S53 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291995|gb|KY523560.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291993|gb|KY523558.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  strain S47 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137291991|gb|KY523556.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  strain S34 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1137647753|ref|NR_145535.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium longum  subsp.  suillum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain Su 851 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Bifidobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1024389105|emb|LT558811.1| 
                   Bifidobacterium adolescentis  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P830 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|82618889|gb|DQ278861.1| 
                   Prevotella  sp. 152R-1a 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|343198858|ref|NR_043894.1| 
                   Prevotella timonensis  strain 4401737 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Prevotella timonensis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4401737 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|343200677|ref|NR_041364.1| 
                   Prevotella stercorea  strain CB35 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Prevotella stercorea  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: CB35 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139287453|emb|LT699557.1| 
                   Streptococcus anginosus  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, isolate R161T_24975 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|166063928|dbj|AB298732.2| 
                   Prevotellaceae bacterium  WR041 gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S rRNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|343200237|ref|NR_040924.1| 
                   Prevotella paludivivens  strain KB7 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Prevotella paludivivens  gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: KB7 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|343198484|ref|NR_041907.1| 
                   Prevotella marshii  strain E9.34 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Prevotella marshii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 E9.34 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139291348|emb|LT677943.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 219N_3357 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139291337|emb|LT677932.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 219N_3346 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139291306|emb|LT677901.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 219N_3315 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139290143|emb|LT676740.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 492N_2154 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139290140|emb|LT676737.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 492N_2151 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139289788|emb|LT676439.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W731N_1853 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139289722|emb|LT676373.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W731N_1787 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139288883|emb|LT675486.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W731T_900 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139288535|emb|LT675139.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescen  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 256N_553 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139287425|emb|LT699529.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate R161T_24947 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139285456|emb|LT699586.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate R161T_25004 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139284226|emb|LT698245.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W066N_23663 
               
               
                 Prevotellaceae 
                 gi|1139284222|emb|LT698241.1| 
                   Prevotella nigrescens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W066N_23659 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1148994964|gb|CP019721.1| 
                   Veillonella parvula  strain UTDB1-3, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1148994964|gb|CP019721.1| 
                   Veillonella parvula  strain UTDB1-3, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1148994964|gb|CP019721.1| 
                   Veillonella parvula  strain UTDB1-3, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139270738|emb|LT684451.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 189N_9866 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|17017249|gb|AF439645.1| 
                   Veillonella  sp. ADV 360.00 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|17017246|gb|AF439642.1| 
                   Veillonella  sp. ADV 360.00 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|45861433|gb|AY571668.1| 
                   Veillonella  sp. ADV 269.01 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1175700537|gb|CP020566.1| 
                   Veillonella atypica  strain OK5, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genome 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139289771|emb|LT676422.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W731N_1836 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139281643|emb|LT695664.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 468N_21082 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139281465|emb|LT695486.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 39T_20904 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139276978|emb|LT691051.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 210T_16467 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139272749|emb|LT686946.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W153N_12361 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139271787|emb|LT685808.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate W297T_11223 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139269990|emb|LT684009.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 377N_9424 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139269916|emb|LT683633.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 482T_9048 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139269897|emb|LT683614.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 482T_9029 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1005392159|gb|KU851244.1| 
                   Veillonella atypica  strain TCD56.9 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|343201163|ref|NR_041879.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  strain ATCC 17748 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Veillonella dispar  16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1139289571|emb|LT675824.1| 
                   Veillonella dispar  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate 467N_1238 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1005392160|gb|KU851245.1| 
                   Veillonella atypica  strain TCD60.3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Veillonellaceae 
                 gi|1005392161|gb|KU851246.1| 
                   Veillonella atypica  strain R39.8 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1158444432|emb|LT799971.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. Marseille-P2378 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P2378 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1008904189|emb|LT223578.1| 
                   Ruminococcus  sp. Marseille-P328 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P328 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|162949827|gb|EU305624.1| 
                 Clostridiaceae bacterium K10 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558701|gb|AY305314.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium SM4/1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558696|gb|AY305309.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium M62/1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1047487928|gb|KX356509.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium KNHs209 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone 2574497994 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1047487919|gb|KX356507.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium KNHs209 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone 2574499676 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1047487915|gb|KX356506.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium KNHs209 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone 2574499865 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1154838044|emb|LT631543.2| 
                   Blautia  sp. Marseille-P3441 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3441 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1147668874|gb|KY621471.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. strain CS1GBYEI2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1047487923|gb|KX356508.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium KNHs209 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone 2574499031 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1047487911|gb|KX356505.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium KNHs209 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone 2574501149 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1023747088|gb|KX009920.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW22 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1023747086|gb|KX009918.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW17 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1008904263|emb|LT223651.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  amygdalinum  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P2095 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1004171138|gb|KT889286.1| 
                 Bacterium 11(2016) 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1004171136|gb|KT889284.1| 
                 Bacterium 9(2016) 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|985742338|gb|KT633847.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  celerecrescens  strain MCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B565 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|630257004|gb|KJ722511.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. Nesulana3-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|630256999|gb|KJ722506.1| 
                   Desulfotomaculum  sp. Gec1-7ana4-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558709|gb|AY305322.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium SR1/5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|34558708|gb|AY305321.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium SR1/1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|73427042|gb|DQ144128.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PH07BW09 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|115607479|gb|DQ986224.1| 
                   Clostridiales bacterium  A2-162 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1193829152|ref|NR_147395.1| 
                   Blautia marasmi  strain Marseille-P2377 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1173534576|gb|CP015405.2| 
                   Blautia  sp. YL58, complete genome 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1153695771|gb|KY703632.1| 
                   Blautia  sp. strain KB1 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1046552739|gb|KX594322.1| 
                   Blautia coccoides  strain Ga-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1023747089|gb|KX009921.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW28 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988571034|gb|KU196081.1| 
                   Blautia coccoides  strain DSM 29138 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988570987|gb|KR364747.1| 
                   Blautia  sp. YL58 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|816399476|gb|GQ456208.2| 
                   Blautia  sp. A-C6-0 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|676402738|gb|KM043749.1| 
                 Bacterium P1G4 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|122725186|gb|EF025906.1| 
                   Clostridium coccoides  strain 8F 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|133779805|gb|EF451052.1| 
                   Ruminococcus  sp. END-1 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|62865582|gb|AY937379.1| 
                   Ruminococcus productus  strain SECO- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mt75m3 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|55975496|gb|AY653234.1| 
                   Ruminococcus  sp. MLG080-3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1079701574|emb|LT623891.1| 
                   Blautia  sp. Marseille-P3201T partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P3201T 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1004171139|gb|KT889287.1| 
                 Bacterium 12(2016) 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988570986|gb|KR364746.1| 
                   Blautia caecimuris  strain SJ18 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|1173526690|gb|CP015409.2| 
                   Akkermansia muciniphila  strain YL44, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|988570971|gb|KR364731.1| 
                   Akkermansia muciniphila  strain YL44 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343202494|ref|NR_042817.1| 
                   Akkermansia muciniphila  strain Muc 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Akkermansia muciniphila   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain Muc 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200984|ref|NR_041671.1| 
                   Haloferula rosea  strain 06SJR1-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Haloferula rosea  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 06SJR1-1 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200983|ref|NR_041670.1| 
                   Haloferula harenae  strain YM23-227 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Haloferula harenae  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YM23-227 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200986|ref|NR_041673.1| 
                   Haloferula helveola  strain 05IJR53-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Haloferula helveola  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 05IJR53-1 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|152002650|dbj|AB331894.1| 
                   Luteolibacter algae  gene for 16S rRNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence, strain: A5J-40 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200937|ref|NR_041624.1| 
                   Luteolibacter algae  strain A5J-41-2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Luteolibacter algae  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: A5J- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 41-2 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|163937810|dbj|AB372857.1| 
                   Haloferula sargassicola  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA, partial sequence, strain: MN1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1047 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200987|ref|NR_041674.1| 
                   Haloferula sargassicola  strain MN1-1037 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Haloferula sargassicola  gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MN1-1037 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|163929779|dbj|AB373024.1| 
                 Verrucomicrobia bacterium MN 1-1006 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200849|ref|NR_041536.1| 
                   Rubritalea squalenifaciens  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HOact23 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence&lt;&gt; Rubritalea   
               
               
                   
                   
                   squalenifaciens  gene for 16S rRNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200985|ref|NR_041672.1| 
                   Haloferula phyci  strain AK18-024 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Haloferula phyci  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AK18-024 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200943|ref|NR_041630.1| 
                   Rubritalea sabuli  strain YM29-052 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Rubritalea sabuli  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200938|ref|NR_041625.1| 
                   Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis  strain A4T-83 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: A4T-83 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|760303835|gb|KP030837.1| 
                 Verrucomicrobia bacterium PAORIC-16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|760303834|gb|KP030836.1| 
                 Verrucomicrobia bacterium PAORIC-15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|152002643|dbj|AB331887.1| 
                   Persicirhabdus sediminis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA, partial sequence, strain: YM21- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 151 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|343200933|ref|NR_041620.1| 
                   Persicirhabdus sediminis  strain YM20- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 087 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Persicirhabdus sediminis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: YM20-087 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobiaceae 
                 gi|164510703|emb|AJ966882.1| 
                   Prosthecobacter debontii  16S rRNA gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (partial), 23 S rRNA gene (partial), tRNA- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ala gene, tRNA-Ile gene and ITS1, strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DSM 14044 
               
               
                   
                 gi|165929482|emb|AM932460.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium Jbg30 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, isolate Jbg30 
               
               
                   
                 gi|74052580|gb|DQ167235.1| 
                   Brucella  sp. HJ114 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|115529818|gb|DQ869302.1| 
                   Roseospira  sp. JL052 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1179766740|ref|NR_146690.1| 
                   Dongia soli  strain D78 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|760303826|gb|KP030828.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium SAORIC-614 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|165929480|emb|AM932458.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium Jbg28 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, isolate Jbg28 
               
               
                   
                 gi|343205857|ref|NR_044315.1| 
                   Insolitispirillum peregrinum  subsp. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   integrum  strain LMG 5407 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Aquaspirillum peregrinum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 subsp.  integrum  strain LMG 5407 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|343205856|ref|NR_044314.1| 
                   Insolitispirillum peregrinum  strain LMG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4340 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Aquaspirillum peregrinum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 subsp.  peregrinum  strain LMG 4340 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|111185844|emb|AM180478.1| 
                   Rhodospirillum  sp. C2T-PP-R1 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, isolate C2T-PP-R1 
               
               
                   
                 gi|729042038|emb|LN650457.1| 
                   Novispirillum itersonii  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate TOSS-106 
               
               
                   
                 gi|156968444|gb|EF616604.1| 
                 Bacterium HTCC8037 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|148509101|gb|EF587969.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium UST061013-025 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|343200914|ref|NR_041601.1| 
                   Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NBRC 103193 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequences&lt;&gt; Tanticharoenia   
               
               
                   
                   
                   sakaeratensis  gene for 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA, partial sequence, strain: NBRC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 103193&lt;&gt; Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence, strain: NBRC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 103194&lt;&gt; Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence, strain: NBRC 103195 
               
               
                   
                 gi|157170576|emb|AM411930.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium P-20 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain P-20 
               
               
                   
                 gi|157170575|emb|AM411929.1| 
                 Alpha proteobacterium P-4 partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain P-4 
               
               
                   
                 gi|37905460|gb|AY225460.1| 
                 Acetobacteraceae bacterium SASB-15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|37905426|gb|AY225458.1| 
                 Acetobacteraceae bacterium SASB-2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt;Acetobacteraceae bacterium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SASB-4 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1018583283|gb|KU865461.1| 
                   Candidatus Neoehrlichia arcana  isolate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HT136 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1015829900|gb|KT946836.1| 
                   Gluconobacter oxydans  strain G-1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1005742402|gb|KT283053.1| 
                   Acetobacter pasteurianus  strain DY-5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|988571035|gb|KU196082.1| 
                   Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DSM 29355 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|988570994|gb|KR364754.1| 
                   Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SRB509-5-F-B 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|631252045|ref|NR_113243.1| 
                   Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 1298 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequences  Clostridium ramosum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence, strain: JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1298&lt;&gt; Clostridium ramosum  gene for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: JCM 5235&lt;&gt; Clostridium   
               
               
                   
                   
                   ramosum  gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence, strain: JCM 5234 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|645322231|ref|NR_119030.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  spiroforme  strain DSM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1552 16S ribosomal RNA gene, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|631253195|ref|NR_114393.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  spiroforme  strain JCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1432 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Clostridium spiroforme  gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain: JCM 1432 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|51512137|gb|AY699288.1| 
                   Clostridium ramosum  isolate M91 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|752910213|emb|LN713275.1| 
                 Clostridiaceae bacterium GM1 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain GM1 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|1187200865|gb|KY992931.1| 
                   Erysipelatoclostridium  sp. SNUG30099 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|1187200864|gb|KY992930.1| 
                   Erysipelatoclostridium  sp. SNUG30370 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|988571005|gb|KR364765.1| 
                   Longibaculum muris  strain MT10-315- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CC-1.2-2 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|647404815|emb|LK021123.1| 
                 Bacterium LF-3 partial 16S rRNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 isolate LF-3 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|1179666511|dbj|LC258136.1| 
                   Sharpea azabuensis  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 14210 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544027|gb|AY265465.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuD2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544026|gb|AY265464.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuC23 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544025|gb|AY263508.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuO28 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544024|gb|AY263507.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuO25 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544023|gb|AY263506.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuO17 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544022|gb|AY263505.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium SNU-NiuO16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544021|gb|AY263503.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuO6 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Erysipelotrichaceae 
                 gi|121544020|gb|AY263502.2| 
                 Bovine rumen bacterium niuD4 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666521|dbj|LC258146.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10808 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666520|dbj|LC258145.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10803 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666519|dbj|LC258144.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10800 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666518|dbj|LC258143.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10799 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666517|dbj|LC258142.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10798 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666516|dbj|LC258141.1 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10797 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666515|dbj|LC258140.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10795 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666514|dbj|LC258139.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10794 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1179666513|dbj|LC258138.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 JCM 10793 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1024389107|emb|LT558813.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P1069 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1008904268|emb|LT223656.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P1069 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628439|gb|KP233454.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D9-82 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628433|gb|KP233448.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D9-111 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Collinsella aerofaciens  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 D9-136 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628432|gb|KP233447.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D9-108 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628431|gb|KP233446.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D9-101 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Collinsella aerofaciens  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 D9-76 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628430|gb|KP233445.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D8-75 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628429|gb|KP233444.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D8-61 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628428|gb|KP233443.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D8-40 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628427|gb|KP233442.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D8-146 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Coriobacteriaceae 
                 gi|745628426|gb|KP233441.1| 
                   Collinsella aerofaciens  strain D8-124 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1023747096|gb|KX009928.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW60 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|743404488|emb|LN626356.1| 
                   Herbinix  sp. RK1P partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate RK1P 
               
               
                   
                 gi|743404487|emb|LN626357.1| 
                   Herbinix  sp. SD1I partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate SD1I 
               
               
                   
                 gi|743404486|emb|LN626358.1| 
                   Herbinix  sp. SD1G partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate SD1G 
               
               
                   
                 gi|743404485|emb|LN626359.1| 
                   Herbinix  sp. SD1D partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, isolate SD1D 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1040567056|ref|NR_137405.1| 
                   Anaerobium acetethylicum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GluBS11 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Anaerobium acetethylicum   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain GluBS11 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|1024974678|ref|NR_136763.1| 
                   Herbinix hemicellulosilytica  strain T3/55 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Herbinix hemicellulosilytica   
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, isolate T3/55 
               
               
                   
                 gi|605097974|gb|KJ016028.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. Pao32 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|166063939|dbj|AB298768.2| 
                   Anaerotaenia torta  gene for 16S rRNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|343202586|ref|NR_042953.1| 
                   Anaerosporobacter mobilis  strain IMSNU 
               
               
                   
                   
                 40011 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|775444676|emb|LN794845.1| 
                   Lachnotalea glycerini  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, type strain DLD10T 
               
               
                   
                 gi|664616078|emb|LK391571.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium V37_10_1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, isolate V37_10_1 
               
               
                   
                 gi|664616076|emb|LK391569.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium V37_06_2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, isolate V37_06_2 
               
               
                   
                 gi|664616071|emb|LK391564.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium V37_02_2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, isolate V37_02_2 
               
               
                   
                 gi|160426828|gb|CP000885.1| 
                   Clostridium phytofermentans  ISDg, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                   
                 gi|751868028|dbj|LC020504.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. TB5 gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|664616057|emb|LK391550.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium S37_06_2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial 16S rRNA gene, isolate S37_06_2 
               
               
                   
                 gi|343198925|ref|NR_044049.1| 
                   Coprococcus entactus  strain ATCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27759 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Coprococcus eutactus  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCC 27759 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|2258201|gb|U68616.1|UEU68616 
                 Unidentified eubacterium from the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amazon 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                   
                 gi|37993572|gb|AY350746.1| 
                 Butyrate-producing bacterium ART55/1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|820661309|emb|LN846907.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. GD3 partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain GD3 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|806475686|gb|KP114242.1| 
                   Intestinimonas  sp. FSAA-17 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|676402756|gb|KM043767.1| 
                 Bacterium P1D11 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1193829127|ref|NR_147370.1| 
                   Pseudoflavonifractor phocaeensis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Marseille-P3064 16S ribosomal RNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1173509597|gb|CP015406.2| 
                   Flavonifractor plautii  strain YL31, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1150560357|dbj|LC175305.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. 19-20 gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, isolate: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19-20 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|988571039|gb|KU196086.1| 
                   Flavonifractor plautii  strain DSM 29136 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|988571013|gb|KR364773.1| 
                   Flavonifractor plautii  strain YL31 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|988571012|gb|KR364772.1| 
                   Flavonifractor plautii  strain mOs-SRB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10A-2011 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|343198636|ref|NR_043142.1| 
                   Flavonifractor plautii  strain Prevot S1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Eubacterium plautii  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCUG 28093 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence&lt;&gt;Uncultured bacterium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone CFT19A5 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|52355230|gb|AY730665.1| 
                   Clostridium orbiscindens  strain NML 01- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A-077 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|52355229|gb|AY730664.1| 
                   Clostridium orbiscindens  strain NML 00- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A-095 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|52355228|gb|AY730663.1| 
                   Clostridium orbiscindens  strain NML 00- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A-082 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|52355227|gb|AY730662.1| 
                   Clostridium orbiscindens  strain NML 98- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A-029 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|676402757|gb|KM043768.1| 
                 Bacterium P2C2 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|219846080|ref|NR_025670.1| 
                   Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCC 29799 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence&lt;&gt; Bacteroides capillosus   
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|676402750|gb|KM043761.1| 
                 Bacterium P1C2 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|50982374|gb|AY654967.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM81 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|1193829132|ref|NR_147375.1| 
                   Colidextribacter massiliensis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Marseille-P3083 16S ribosomal RNA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Ruminococcaceae 
                 gi|676402755|gb|KM043766.1| 
                 Bacterium P2G6 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|775444730|emb|LN828944.1| 
                 Ruminococcaceae bacterium GD1 partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, strain GD1 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|676402759|gb|KM043770.1| 
                 Bacterium P1A6 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|50982382|gb|AY654975.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CDDN44 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|50982361|gb|AY654954.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|50982365|gb|AY654958.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM58 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|747220154|gb|KC331157.2| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium BTY6 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|50982356|gb|AY654949.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1008904264|emb|LT223652.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  lavalense  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P2117 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|50982373|gb|AY654966.1| 
                 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM79 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1023747088|gb|KX009920.1| 
                 Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW22 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|631251356|ref|NR_112553.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  glycyrrhizinilyticum  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ZM35 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete sequence&lt;&gt; Clostridium   
               
               
                   
                   
                   glycyrrhizinilyticum  gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1193829163|ref|NR_147406.1| 
                   Mordavella massiliensis  strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P3246 16S ribosomal RNA, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1173536882|gb|CP015399.2| 
                   Lachnoclostridium  sp. YL32, complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genome 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|983963892|gb|KU569989.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. V1 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1008904250|emb|LT223638.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanolyticus  partial 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rRNA gene, strain Marseille-P2455 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|1005925626|emb|LT161895.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. Marseille-P2415T partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S rRNA gene, type strain Marseille- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P2415T 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988570995|gb|KR364755.1| 
                   Clostridium  sp. MT10-315-CC-82 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|988570990|gb|KR364750.1| 
                 [ Clostridium ]  clostridioforme  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YL32 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|985742343|gb|KT633852.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanolyticus  strain MCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B570 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lachnospiraceae 
                 gi|985742341|gb|KT633850.1| 
                   Bacteroides xylanolyticus  strain MCM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B568 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1158626387|gb|KX929840.1| 
                   Klebsiella pneumoniae  strain GPKP 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1158622117|gb|KX377574.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain YM29 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1158499421 |gb|KY750246.1| 
                   Klebsiella  sp. strain QIUP 1 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154259114|gb|KY595448.1| 
                   Enterobacter cloacae  strain S12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1154259110|gb|KY595444.1| 
                   Enterobacter hormaechei  strain M55B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1062337936|gb|KX817276.1| 
                   Enterobacter cloacae  strain AA4 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1062327603|gb|KX817271.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain AA25 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1062327580|gb|KX817248.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain AA13 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1039023274|gb|KU744864.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. SFSA65 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522084|gb|KU923368.1| 
                   Enterobacter cloacae  strain UBGSS3 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522081|gb|KU923365.1| 
                   Enterobacter cancerogenus  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TBGSS4 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522079|gb|KU923363.1| 
                   Bacillus andreesenii  strain TBGSS2 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1015522063|gb|KU923347.1| 
                   Erwinia persicina  strain USTRW7 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1153684959|gb|KY706100.1| 
                   Klebsiella pneumoniae  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NGR/A/2016 16S ribosomal RNA gene, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151099307|gb|KY684230.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain FYP1101 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1158824263|gb|CP018785.1| 
                   Enterobacter cloacae  strain AA4, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complete genome 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151331582|gb|KY476172.1| 
                   Pantoeasp . strain FA1-263 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151331579|gb|KY476169.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain FA1-153 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1151124876|gb|KX709881.1| 
                   Lelliottia  sp. strain FOL02 16S ribosomal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Enterobacteriaceae 
                 gi|1150318051|gb|KY673185.1| 
                   Enterobacter  sp. strain MF90 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|770114072|gb|KP178095.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain 1313_A06 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|770114071|gb|KP178094.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain 1292_G05 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|756130194|gb|KP159619.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain CCFM8418 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|756130193|gb|KP159618.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain CCFM8417 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|723451374|gb|KM269714.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1291(LBF2)H02 16S ribosomal RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|343200924|ref|NR_041611.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain NBRC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 102161 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence&lt;&gt; Lactobacillus ruminis  gene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NBRC 102161 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|1008904203|emb|LT223591.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  partial 16S rRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene, strain Marseille-P908 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|1185965445|dbj|LC259012.1| 
                   Lactobacillus  sp. C-1 gene for 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|1062982723|gb|KX826967.1| 
                   Lactobacillus ruminis  strain M1/34 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|723451366|gb|KM269706.1| 
                   Lactobacillus  sp. 1280(LBF2)G02 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352297|gb|KP317728.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L64 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352294|gb|KP317725.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L61 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352288|gb|KP317719.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L52 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352253|gb|KP317685.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L14 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352252|gb|KP317684.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L13 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352251|gb|KP317683.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L12 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352249|gb|KP317681.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L8 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352247|gb|KP317679.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L6 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|937352246|gb|KP317678.1| 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  strain L5 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                 Lactobacillaceae 
                 gi|1024252056|gb|KU163336.1| 
                   Lactobacillus  sp. YANG-11 16S 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     REFERENCES 
     The following references, some of which are cited above by number, as herein incorporated by reference in theior entireties.
     1A. J. G. Caporaso et al., Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms. The ISME journal 6, 1621-1624 (2012). 1. S. L. Topalian et al., Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. The New England journal of medicine 366, 2443-2454 (2012).   2A. C. Robert et al., Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. The New England journal of medicine 372, 2521-2532 (2015).   3A. A. Sivan et al., Commensal  Bifidobacterium  promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science 350, 1084-1089 (2015).   4A. R. Daillere et al.,  Enterococcus hirae  and  Barnesiella intestinihominis  Facilitate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Effects. Immunity 45, 931-943 (2016).   5A. N. Iida et al., Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science (New York, N.Y.) 342, 967-970 (2013).   6A. K. Atarashi et al., Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous  Clostridium  species. Science (New York, N.Y.) 331, 337-341 (2011).   7A. J. L. Round, S. K. Mazmanian, Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 12204-12209 (2010).   8A. N. Geva-Zatorsky et al., Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms. Cell 168, 928-943 e911 (2017).   9A. J. G. Caporaso et al., Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms. The ISME journal 6, 1621-1624 (2012).   10A. J. G. Caporaso et al., Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 Suppl 1, 4516-4522 (2011).   11A. J. G. Caporaso et al., QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods 7, 335-336 (2010).   12A. D. McDonald et al., An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea. ISME J 6, 610-618 (2012).   13A. J. G. Caporaso et al., PyNAST: a flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template alignment. Bioinformatics 26, 266-267 (2010).   14A. Q. Wang, G. M. Garrity, J. M. Tiedje, J. R. Cole, Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol 73, 5261-5267 (2007).   15A. N. Segata et al., Metagenomic microbial community profiling using unique clade-specific marker genes. Nat Methods 9, 811-814 (2012).   16A. C. Human Microbiome Project, A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 486, 215-221 (2012).   17A. M. C. Collado, M. Derrien, E. Isolauri, W. M. de Vos, S. 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