Patent Publication Number: US-11024147-B2

Title: System and method for surveillance

Description:
This application claims the benefit of European Application No. 18174176.0, filed on May 24, 2018, which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a system and a method for surveillance, and, in particular, for a system and a method for surveillance support in smart assistant systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Systems that employ speech recognition, for example, Amazon® Alexa®, Google® Home®, Apple® Homeport®, Microsoft® Cortana® are well-known in the art. It would be appreciated, if smart speaker systems and similar systems would provide surveillance functionality for a room in which these systems used. Even though voice recognition systems may, e.g., comprise the necessary audio processing capabilities to detect audio events resulting from, for example, burglary actions, audio processing alone may not be sufficient to make conclusive decision on whether, for example, a burglary is about to occur. 
     Different algorithms to detect a specific audio event. Algorithms that detect a specific audio event may e.g., be used to detect a glass break or a gun shot. These algorithms may predict an event, such as a glass break, with different accuracy. However, these algorithms cannot differentiate between burglaries and accident. For example, these algorithms cannot differentiate between a break of a window during a burglary and an accident, where a glass table or a drinking glass is broken. Instead, these algorithms simply may detect that glass is broken. 
     Thus, according to one solution, acoustic sensing with microphones is conducted. Conducting such audio processing for the detection of a burglary would, however, be unreliable due to the unreliable recognition of various glass break audio patterns. As a result, a plurality of false alarms would be triggered, as a differentiation between the different glass break situations would not be possible (a table glass break caused by an accident and a window glass break caused by a burglary would be interpreted in the same way), or no alarm at all would be triggered. 
     Another solution would be to attach sensors directly to each window that shall be protected against a burglary. A special infrastructure would be needed which would result in high costs. 
     Regarding the sensing of gunshots, no technical solution available today for indoors in private homes. Someone must hear the shot and call the police. 
     SUMMARY 
     A system for surveillance is provided in accordance with an embodiment. The system includes an audio signal analyzer, wherein the audio signal analyzer is configured to receive one or more audio microphone signals, wherein the audio signal analyzer is configured to determine a pattern matching result by determining whether the one or more microphone signals comprise at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. Moreover, the system comprises an air pressure change determiner, wherein the air pressure change determiner is configured to receive an air pressure change signal indicating an air pressure change; or wherein the air pressure change determiner is configured to receive an air pressure signal indicating a current air pressure and is configured to determine the air pressure change from the signal indicating the current air pressure and from a previously received air pressure. Furthermore, the system comprises an evaluator, wherein the evaluator is configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a method includes receiving one or more audio microphone signals; determining a pattern matching result by determining whether the one or more microphone signals comprise at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns; receiving an air pressure change signal indicating an air pressure change; or receiving an air pressure signal indicating a current air pressure and determining the air pressure change from the air pressure signal indicating the current air pressure and from a previously received air pressure, and indicating, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     In accordance with a further embodiment, a computer program is configured to implement the above-described method when being executed on a computer or signal processor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the following, embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail with reference to the figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a system for surveillance according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a system for surveillance according to another embodiment, wherein the system further comprises an alarm call unit; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a system for surveillance according to a further embodiment, wherein the system further comprises an alarm signal unit; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a system for surveillance according to another embodiment, wherein the system further comprises a mode setting module; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a system for surveillance according to a further embodiment, wherein the system further comprises an air pressure sensor module; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a system for surveillance according to a further embodiment, wherein the system further comprises an air pressure sensor module; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a system level diagram of a smart speaker system using a pressure sensor for surveillance support according to an embodiment; and 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate automatic categorization versus user categorization according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a system for surveillance according to an embodiment. 
     The system comprises an audio signal analyzer no, wherein the audio signal analyzer no is configured to receive one or more audio microphone signals, wherein the audio signal analyzer no is configured to determine a pattern matching result by determining whether the one or more microphone signals comprise at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. 
     Moreover, the system comprises an air pressure change determiner  120 , wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  is configured to receive an air pressure change signal indicating an air pressure change; or wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  is configured to receive an air pressure signal indicating a current air pressure and is configured to determine the air pressure change from the signal indicating the current air pressure and from a previously received air pressure. 
     Furthermore, the system comprises an evaluator  130 , wherein the evaluator  130  is configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     The predefined event may, for example, be that the evaluator  130  assesses that a burglary takes place. 
     Or, the predefined event may, e.g., be defined more specific. The predefined event may, e.g., be that the evaluator  130  detects a window break, or may, e.g., be that the evaluator  130  detects a gun shot. 
     Some embodiments combine a low failure rate that can today only be reached by physical attachment of a sensor to each window, with a flexibility of a microphone-only system that works from distance, but lacks reliability. 
     In particular, some embodiments provide a significant reduction of false alarms compared to a microphone only solution. In some embodiments, an alarm may, e.g., be raised only when a detected audio profile matches a signature, and if there is at same time a characteristic pressure pulse, e.g., as a consequence from inflowing/outflowing air. 
     Some embodiments exhibit the advantage of a simple installation. In such embodiments, no new infrastructure may, e.g., be needed, as one, for example, battery driven “device”, may, e.g., be placeable almost anywhere in a room can cover all windows in a room. 
     In embodiments, a pressure sensor pattern in combination with an acoustical glass break pattern may, e.g., provide a very reliable way to detect that a window was broken to enter a house in an unauthorized way. 
     In addition to the surveillance mode, in some embodiments, the smart assistant device may, e.g., be configured to also detect other acoustic events, for example, a gunshot. 
     In embodiments, the audio signal analyzer no may e.g., employ pattern matching concepts/pattern recognition concepts, in particular, e.g., pattern matching algorithms/pattern recognition algorithms. 
     According to an embodiment, the air pressure change determiner  120  may, e.g., be configured to receive the air pressure change signal indicating the air pressure change being a barometric air pressure change; or wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  may, e.g., be configured to receive the air pressure signal indicating the current air pressure being a current barometric air pressure and is configured to determine the air pressure change being the barometric air pressure change from the signal indicating the current barometric air pressure and from a previously received barometric air pressure being the previously received air pressure change. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the barometric air pressure change that the predefined event occurred. 
     Barometric air pressure, sometimes referred to as barometric pressure or sometimes referred to as atmospheric pressure, may, e.g., be defined to be the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. In most circumstances, atmospheric pressure may, e.g., be closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. 
     Some embodiments may, e.g., use a high resolution pressure sensor chip in combination with acoustic algorithms to detect a glass break to have a safe interpretation of a burglary action. 
     A high resolution pressure sensor, for example, Infineon®&#39;s DPS310, may, e.g., be employed to detect door openings and window openings with the characteristic dynamic barometric pressure change that these events trigger. 
     Thus, e.g., a high resolution pressure sensor, for example, Infineon®&#39;s DPS310, may, e.g., be employed to detect door openings and window openings with the characteristic dynamic barometric pressure change. 
     The DPS310 is a miniaturized Digital Barometric Air Pressure Sensor with a high accuracy level and low current consumption. The DPS310 comprises a pressure sensor element, which is based on a capacitive principle which guarantees high precision during temperature changes. The small package makes the DPS310 ideal for mobile applications and wearable devices. 
     The DPS310&#39;s internal signal processor converts the output from the pressure sensor elements to a 24-bit result. Each pressure sensor has been calibrated individually and contains calibration coefficients. The coefficients are used in the application to convert the measurement results to true pressure values. 
     The DPS310 sensor has a FIFO that can store the latest 32 measurements. Since the host processor can remain in a sleep mode for a longer period between readouts, a FIFO can reduce the system power consumption. 
     In the DPS310 sensor, sensor measurements and calibration coefficients are available via the serial I2C/SPI interface. 
     In an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred depending on the pattern matching result and depending on whether the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     The threshold value may, e.g., make sure that insignificant air pressure changes do not lead to a false alarm. Air pressure changes may, e.g., only be considered, if an air pressure change value that indicates the air pressure change is greater than the threshold value. 
     According to an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result such that the pattern matching result indicates that one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found, if at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals comprises said one of one or more predefined audio patterns. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred depending on the air pressure change and depending on whether the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found. 
     In an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result such that the pattern matching result indicates that one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found, if at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals comprises said one of one or more predefined audio patterns. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred, if the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found in said at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals and if the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     In an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result such that the pattern matching result indicates that a predefined audio pattern of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found, if an audio microphone signal of the one or more audio microphone signals comprises said predefined audio pattern of the one or more predefined audio patterns. In such an embodiment, if the pattern matching result indicates that said predefined audio pattern of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found and if the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred, if said predefined audio pattern occurred at a same time in said audio microphone signal as said air pressure change, being greater than said threshold value, occurred in the air pressure change signal. By this, certainty is increased that the same root event (e.g. a window glass break) has caused both events, if it is determined that the pressure change and the audio event pattern happen at exactly the same time. 
     According to an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to receive two or more audio microphone signals as the one or more audio microphone signals. In such an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result by determining whether each one of the two or more audio microphone signals comprises said at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. Moreover, in such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred, if the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found in each of the two or more audio microphone signals, and if the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, the smart assistant device may, e.g., be configured to actively trigger alarm calls. 
     For example, in an embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 2 , the system further comprises an alarm call unit  141 . In such an embodiment, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm call unit  141  may, e.g., be configured to conduct an automatic phone call, said automatic phone call by which the alarm call unit  141  informs a recipient of the automatic phone call that the predefined event occurred. Or, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm call unit  141  may, e.g., be configured to send an alarm signal using wired communications or wireless communications, said alarm signal informing the recipient of the automatic phone call that the predefined event occurred. 
     According to an embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 3 , the system may, e.g., further comprise an alarm signal unit  142 . In such an embodiment, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm signal unit  142  may, e.g., be configured to output at least one of an acoustic alarm signal and an optical alarm signal. 
     An acoustic alarm signal may, e.g., be a siren sound. 
     An optical alarm signal may, e.g., be a flashing light. 
     In an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  and the air pressure change determiner  120  and the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be wirelessly connected. 
     So, in some embodiments, the device, e.g., (for example, high resolution) pressure sensor may, e.g., be wirelessly connected to the smart assistant. 
     According to another embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  and the air pressure change determiner  120  and the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be integrated into one device. 
     In some embodiments, the device  120 , e.g., the (for example, high resolution) pressure sensor may, e.g., be implemented into the smart assistant. 
     In an embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 4 , the system may, e.g., further comprise a mode setting module  150 , being configured to set the system into a first mode, in which surveillance is active, and into a different, second more, in which surveillance is not active. In such an embodiment, if the system is in the first mode, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that the predefined event occurred. Moreover, in such an embodiment, if the system is in the second mode, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to not indicate that the predefined event occurred, irrespective of the pattern matching result and irrespective of the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     A smart assistant system may, for example, be set in a defined mode (for example, in a first mode in which surveillance is active, compared to a different, second mode, in which, for example, surveillance is not active) to ensure that the smart assistant system is not triggering a false alarm in case of an accident (e.g. a football that breaks a window, is not triggering a false alarm, if the smart assistant system has been set in a mode, where surveillance is not active). 
     According to an embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 5 , the system may, e.g., comprise an air pressure sensor module  160 , wherein the air pressure sensor module  160  may, e.g., be configured to measure a current air pressure to generate the air pressure signal; or wherein the air pressure sensor module  160  may, e.g., be configured to generate the air pressure change signal by measuring the current air pressure and by determining the air pressure change from the current air pressure and from a previous air pressure. 
     Such an air pressure sensor module  160  may, e.g., be Infineon®&#39;s DPS310. 
     In an embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 6 , the system may, e.g., comprise one or more microphones  171 ,  172 ; wherein the one or more microphones  171 ,  172  may, e.g., be configured to record the one or more audio microphone signals. 
     In the following, particular embodiments are provided. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a system level diagram of a smart speaker system using a pressure sensor for surveillance support according to an embodiment. 
     In particular,  FIG. 7  shows a system level diagram of a smart speaker system having an additional high accuracy pressure sensor readout path in combination with the conventional audio path. In the pressure sensor path, digital signal processing is used to detect barometric air pressure changes resulting from opening a door or a window. 
     The second path is the audio path with  1  to n microphones. Conventional audio processing used in conventional one or more smart speaker systems.  FIG. 7  an additional building block (e.g., a unit) for detecting a specified acoustic event (like glass break or gunshot). 
     In particular,  FIG. 7  illustrates an additional logic that triggers actively a processing loop (e.g., skill) in case a pressure event indicates a change in air pressure and at the same time the acoustic event trigger detects a glass break. 
     This logic can be activated with a specific alarm mode that the user can activate as soon as he leaves the room or house. 
     The combination of pressure sensor data with acoustic data provides a safe indication of a burglary event that will result in an appropriate action (e.g. alarm call). 
     Embodiments may be used in all smart speaker, smart assistance systems that are today in the market (including smart TVs) if an additional pressure sensor is added/linked to the system. 
     Some embodiments are configured to use a pressure sensor event detection together with an audio event detection to conclude on a glass break that results from burglary actions. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates automatic categorization versus user categorization according to an embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , three scenarios, namely scenario (a), scenario (b) and scenario (c) are illustrated. 
     In scenario (a), an acoustic audio event is detected by the system, but no pressure event is detected by the system. In such a scenario, in the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the system sends no notification to a user, because it can be concluded that the acoustic audio event was likely created by a drinking glass break or a table glass break, because no pressure event occurred. 
     In scenario (b), an acoustic audio event is detected by the system, and, at the same time, a pressure event is detected by the system. In such a scenario, in the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the system sends an alarm notification to the user, because it can be concluded that the acoustic audio event and the pressure event were likely created by a window glass break or door glass break, because, in addition to the acoustic audio event, the pressure event occurred. 
     In scenario (c), an acoustic audio event is detected by the system, and an unspecific deviation in the pressure signal is detected by the system, wherein the unspecific deviation in the pressure signal did not start at exactly the same time as the acoustic audio event. In such a scenario, in the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the system sends an “unclear event” notification to the user, and the user may, e.g., evaluate the information from the system. After evaluation, the user may, e.g., ignore the “unclear event” notification or may, e.g., add the “unclear event” notification to (e.g., a list of) alert notifications. 
     In the following, particular embodiments are provided. 
     A system for surveillance according to an embodiment is provided. 
     The system comprises an audio signal analyzer  110 , wherein the audio signal analyzer  110  is configured to receive one or more audio microphone signals, wherein the audio signal analyzer  110  is configured to determine a pattern matching result by determining whether the one or more microphone signals comprise at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. 
     Moreover, the system comprises an air pressure change determiner  120 , wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  is configured to receive an air pressure change signal indicating an air pressure change; or wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  is configured to receive an air pressure signal indicating a current air pressure and is configured to determine the air pressure change from the signal indicating the current air pressure and from a previously received air pressure. 
     Furthermore, the system comprises an evaluator  130 , wherein the evaluator  130  is configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     According to an embodiment, the air pressure change determiner  120  may, e.g., be configured to receive the air pressure change signal indicating the air pressure change being a barometric air pressure change; or wherein the air pressure change determiner  120  may, e.g., be configured to receive the air pressure signal indicating the current air pressure being a current barometric air pressure and is configured to determine the air pressure change being the barometric air pressure change from the signal indicating the current barometric air pressure and from a previously received barometric air pressure being the previously received air pressure change. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the barometric air pressure change that the predefined event occurred. 
     In an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred depending on the pattern matching result and depending on whether the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     According to an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result such that the pattern matching result indicates that one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found, if at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals comprises said one of one or more predefined audio patterns. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred depending on the air pressure change and depending on whether the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found. 
     In an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result such that the pattern matching result indicates that one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found, if at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals comprises said one of one or more predefined audio patterns. In such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred, if the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found in said at least one of the one or more audio microphone signals and if the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     According to an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to receive two or more audio microphone signals as the one or more audio microphone signals. In such an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  may, e.g., be configured to determine the pattern matching result by determining whether each one of the two or more audio microphone signals comprises said at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. Moreover, in such an embodiment, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate that the predefined event occurred, if the pattern matching result indicates that said one of the one or more predefined audio patterns is found in each of the two or more audio microphone signals, and if the air pressure change is greater than a threshold value. 
     In an embodiment, the system further comprises an alarm call unit  141 . In such an embodiment, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm call unit  141  may, e.g., be configured to conduct an automatic phone call, said automatic phone call by which the alarm call unit  141  informs a recipient of the automatic phone call that the predefined event occurred. Or, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm call unit  141  may, e.g., be configured to send an alarm signal using wired communications or wireless communications, said alarm signal informing the recipient of the automatic phone call that the predefined event occurred. 
     According to an embodiment, the system may, e.g., further comprise an alarm signal unit  142 . In such an embodiment, if the evaluator  130  indicates that the predefined event occurred, the alarm signal unit  142  may, e.g., be configured to output at least one of an acoustic alarm signal and an optical alarm signal. 
     In an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  and the air pressure change determiner  120  and the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be wirelessly connected. 
     According to an embodiment, the audio signal analyzer  110  and the air pressure change determiner  120  and the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be integrated into one device. 
     In an embodiment, the system may, e.g., further comprise a mode setting module  150 , being configured to set the system into a first mode, in which surveillance is active, and into a different, second more, in which surveillance is not active. In such an embodiment, if the system is in the first mode, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to indicate, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change that the predefined event occurred. Moreover, in such an embodiment, if the system is in the second mode, the evaluator  130  may, e.g., be configured to not indicate that the predefined event occurred, irrespective of the pattern matching result and irrespective of the air pressure change that a predefined event occurred. 
     According to an embodiment, the system may, e.g., comprise an air pressure sensor module  160 , wherein the air pressure sensor module  160  may, e.g., be configured to measure a current air pressure to generate the air pressure signal; or wherein the air pressure sensor module  160  may, e.g., be configured to generate the air pressure change signal by measuring the current air pressure and by determining the air pressure change from the current air pressure and from a previous air pressure. 
     In an embodiment, the system may, e.g., comprise one or more microphones  171 ,  172 ; wherein the one or more microphones  171 ,  172  may, e.g., be configured to record the one or more audio microphone signals. 
     Moreover, a method for surveillance is provided. The method comprises: Receiving one or more audio microphone signals. Determining a pattern matching result by determining whether the one or more microphone signals comprise at least one audio pattern of one or more predefined audio patterns. Receiving an air pressure change signal indicating an air pressure change. Or, receiving an air pressure signal indicating a current air pressure and determining the air pressure change from the air pressure signal indicating the current air pressure and from a previously received air pressure. And: Indicating, depending on the pattern matching result and depending on the air pressure change, that a predefined event occurred. 
     Moreover, a computer program is provided, wherein the computer program is configured to implement the above-described method when being executed on a computer or signal processor. 
     Although some aspects have been described in the context of a system or an apparatus, it is clear that these aspects also represent a description of the corresponding method, where a block or device corresponds to a method step or a feature of a method step. Analogously, aspects described in the context of a method step also represent a description of a corresponding block or item or feature of a corresponding system or a corresponding apparatus. Some or all of the method steps may be executed by (or using) a hardware apparatus, like for example, a microprocessor, a programmable computer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, one or more of the most important method steps may be executed by such an apparatus. 
     Depending on certain implementation requirements, embodiments of the invention can be implemented in hardware or in software or at least partially in hardware or at least partially in software. The implementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, for example a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, having electronically readable control signals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with a programmable computer system such that the respective method is performed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computer readable. 
     Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrier having electronically readable control signals, which are capable of cooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of the methods described herein is performed. 
     Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product with a program code, the program code being operative for performing one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer. The program code may for example be stored on a machine readable carrier. 
     Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier. 
     In other words, an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a computer program having a program code for performing one of the methods described herein, when the computer program runs on a computer. 
     A further embodiment of the inventive methods is, therefore, a data carrier (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium) comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data carrier, the digital storage medium or the recorded medium are typically tangible and/or non-transitory. 
     A further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a data stream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data stream or the sequence of signals may for example be configured to be transferred via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet. 
     A further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example a computer, or a programmable logic device, configured to or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein. 
     A further embodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. 
     A further embodiment according to the invention comprises an apparatus or a system configured to transfer (for example, electronically or optically) a computer program for performing one of the methods described herein to a receiver. The receiver may, for example, be a computer, a mobile device, a memory device or the like. The apparatus or system may, for example, comprise a file server for transferring the computer program to the receiver. 
     In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example a field programmable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of the functionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a field programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor in order to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, the methods are preferably performed by any hardware apparatus. 
     The system described herein may be implemented using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer. 
     The methods described herein may be performed using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer. 
     The above described embodiments are merely illustrative for the principles of the present invention. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and the details described herein will be apparent to others skilled in the art. It is the intent, therefore, to be limited only by the scope of the impending patent claims and not by the specific details presented by way of description and explanation of the embodiments herein. 
     While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.