Patent Publication Number: US-2019175048-A1

Title: System and method for electro-cardiogram (ecg) medical data collection wherein physiological data collected and stored may be uploaded to a remote service center

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/409,521, entitled “Medical Data Collection Apparatus”, filed on Nov. 2, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Physiological activity of various organs, such as the heart or brain, can be monitored, and this physiological activity can be analyzed to look for patterns that may assist in diagnosing various conditions. For example, the electrical activity of the heart can be monitored to track various aspects of the functioning of the heart. Cardiac electrical activity can be indicative of disease states or other physiological conditions ranging from benign to fatal. Cardiac monitoring devices can sense the cardiac electrical activity of a living being. 
     SUMMARY 
     This document describes systems and techniques by which physiological data for an individual (e.g., a patient or test subject) can be obtained corresponding to a physiological characteristic such as cardiac activity and analysis of that physiological activity can be performed by a remote data processing center. For example, a subject can be provided with a physiological data collection device such as a monitoring device for monitoring a physiological signal for events (e.g. arrhythmia events, QRS data, etc.), a recording device, or the like. The physiological data collection device can obtain, for example, ECG data from the subject for a predefined period of time and can store the ECG data on a storage medium in the physiological data collection device. As described in more detail below, the physiological data collection device can include a data connector such as a USB connector so the subject can directly connect the physiological data collection device to a computer system such as the subject&#39;s personal computer. Also, the physiological data collection device can be provided with program code that allows the subject to automatically upload the obtained physiological data to a remote data processing center when the physiological data collection device is connected to a computer using the USB connector. 
     The uploaded data can be analyzed by a computer running an analysis program at the remote data processing center. A medical professional, such as a doctor or a technician, can provide feedback regarding the analysis. Based on the analysis and the feedback, a report can be provided to the subject from the data processing center indicating the extent to which abnormal and/or clinically significant events were detected during the predefined period of time. The report can also include a recommendation to consult further with a physician based on clinically significant events identified in the uploaded data. 
     The physiological data collection device can include a subject interface and a data collection unit. The subject interface can physically interface with the subject for obtaining physiological data from the subject. The subject interface can include, for example, a lead-wire set having multiple electrode leads that are removably connected to the data collection unit. Data can be obtained using electrodes attached to the electrode leads and stored on non-volatile memory in the data collection unit. The data collection unit and/or the lead-wire set can be configured so that when the lead-wire set is connected to the physiological data collection unit, a data connector on the data collection unit is prevented from being connected to an external device such as the subject&#39;s personal computer. 
     Also, data can be automatically obtained from the subject interface by the physiological data collection device upon the subject interface being physically connected to the physiological data collection unit. Also, the physiological data collection device can also include a power supply that powers the physiological data collection device. The data collection unit and the subject interface can be configured such that the power supply powers the physiological data collection device only when the subject interface is connected to the physiological data collection unit. In some examples, the power supply can be included in the subject interface. When the power supply (e.g. a battery) dies, the subject interface, including the power supply, can be disposed of and a new subject interface with a fresh battery can be connected to the data collection unit so that the data collection unit can be re-used. 
     In a first aspect, a physiological data collection device can include an electro-cardiogram (ECG) lead-wire set; a data collection unit including: a data connector for connecting to an external computing device, a lead-wire set connector for connecting to the ECG lead-wire set, and non-volatile memory coupled with the data connector and the lead-wire set connector, and a processor programmed to obtain ECG data from the ECG lead-wire set and store the obtained ECG data in the non-volatile memory; and wherein the ECG lead-wire set or the data collection unit or both have one or more structural components that prevent a connection between the data connector and the computer when the ECG lead-wire set is connected to the data collection unit and vice versa. 
     Implementations can include any or all of the following features. The data connector can include a male USB connector. The lead-wire set includes a female receptacle that is configured to receive the male USB connector when the lead-wire set is connected to the data collection unit. The lead-wire set includes an electrode connector having lead-wire set contacts; the lead-wire set interface includes an electrode connector receptacle having data collection unit contacts; and the electrode connector receptacle is configured to receive the electrode connector such that the lead-wire set contacts make contact with the data collection unit contacts when the lead-wire set is connected to the data collection unit. The USB connector is configured to rotate into a recess in the data collection unit; and when the USB connector is rotated into the recess, the lead-wire set interface is exposed so that the lead-wire set can be connected to the data collection unit via the lead-wire set interface and the recess blocks a connection of the USB connector to the computer. The male USB connector includes standard USB contacts and customized data collection unit contacts; and the lead-wire set connects to the male USB connector such that the lead-wire set interface interfaces with the lead-wire set via the customized data collection unit contacts in the USB connector. 
     In another aspect, an electro-cardiogram (ECG) self-assessment kit includes: an ECG subject interface including one or more electrode leads; multiple ECG electrodes configured to connect to the one or more electrode leads; a power source; a portable subject ECG data collection unit including: a USB connector configured to interface with a USB port on a computer, non-volatile memory coupled with the USB connector, and a processor powered by the power source and programmed to obtain ECG data from the electrode leads and to store the ECG data in the non-volatile memory; and a medium storing program code that when run by the computer supports access to a remote data processing center for uploading the ECG data from the non-volatile memory to the remote data processing center when the USB connector is connected to a computer connected to a network. 
     Implementations can include any or all of the following features. The data collection unit includes the medium storing program code. The program code when run by the computer supports access to the remote data processing center for uploading the ECG data without installing a software application on the computer. The program code when run by the computer supports access to the remote data processing center by automatically initiating an application for uploading of the ECG data upon determining that the USB connector is connected to the computer. The program code including a link to a website where the ECG data can be uploaded. The program code supports access to the data processing center by supporting a download from a remote server system to the computer of a user application for uploading the ECG data to the remote data processing center. The subject interface is configured to be physically attached to the ECG data collection unit; and when the subject interface is connected to the ECG data collection unit, the USB connector is blocked so that the USB connector cannot be connected to the computer. The USB connector includes male USB connector that is received into a receptacle in the subject interface when the subject interface is connected to the data collection unit. 
     The non-volatile memory has sufficient memory to store ECG data for a predefined time period; and wherein the power source has sufficient power to power the data collection unit for the predefined time period. The program code, when run by the computer, obtains and presents an ECG assessment report from the data processing center. The subject interface includes: a clip for securing the subject interface to the data collection unit; and a lanyard that allows the data collection unit to be hung from the neck of a subject when the subject interface is secured to the data collection unit. The subject interface includes the power source. 
     In another aspect, a method of providing a data analysis service includes: providing a physiological data collection device to a subject, the physiological data collection device including: an electro-cardiogram (ECG) subject interface; a data collection unit including a USB data connector for connecting to a computer, an interface for connecting to the subject interface, non-volatile memory coupled with the data connector, and a processor programmed to obtain ECG data from the subject interface and store the ECG data in the non-volatile memory; obtaining, at a remote data processing center, the ECG data from the data collection unit when the data collection unit is connected to a USB data port on a computer having a network connection; analyzing the ECG data for arrhythmia events; obtaining a physician review of the ECG data; and providing a report over the network to the subject based on the analyzing the ECG data and based on the physician review. 
     Implementations can include any or all of the following features. The obtaining the ECG data includes obtaining the ECG data via a transmission of the ECG data over the network wherein the transmission initiates automatically upon a determining that the data collection unit is connected to the USB data port. The USB data connector includes a male USB data connector. Obtaining, at the remote data processing center, a unique identifier from the data collection unit; verifying based on the unique identifier that the physiological data collection device has been preauthorized for the steps of analyzing, obtaining a physician review, and providing; and performing the steps of analyzing, obtaining a physician review, and providing only upon successful verification. The verifying further includes determining that a data analysis service has not already been performed for the physiological data collection device. 
     The method further includes providing a medium storing program code that when run by the computer supports access to the remote data processing center for uploading the ECG data from the non-volatile memory to the remote data processing center when the USB data connector is connected to a computer connected to a network. The non-volatile memory includes the medium. 
     In another aspect, a subject electro-cardiogram (ECG) data collection device includes: a removable ECG subject interface having subject interface contacts; a power source; a data collection unit including: a processor programmed to obtain physiological data from the ECG subject interface and store the physiological data in non-volatile memory, a data connector configured to be physically connected to a universal data port on a computer, and data collection unit contacts configured to be physically connected to the subject interface contacts on the ECG subject interface; the physiological data collection device configured to provide power from the power source to the processor upon the ECG subject interface being connected to the data collection unit and to interrupt power from the power source upon disconnection of the ECG subject interface from the data collection unit. 
     Implementations can include any or all of the following features. The subject interface includes a lead-wire set. The ECG subject interface includes the power source. The data collection unit includes the non-volatile memory. The data connector includes a male USB connector. The physiological data collection device is further configured to detect power provided by the computer when the data connector is connected to the computer and to upload the physiological data stored in the non-volatile memory to a remote service center via the computer when the data connector is connected to the computer. The data collection unit is configured to stop providing power from the power source when the ECG subject interface is disconnected from the data collection unit. The subject interface contacts comprise a first subject interface contact and a second subject interface contact that: when not connected to a corresponding first data collection unit contact and a second data collection unit contact, are configured to create an open circuit, and when connected to the corresponding first data collection unit contact and a second data collection unit contact, are configured to create a closed circuit. The data collection unit is further configured to automatically obtain data from the ECG subject interface upon the ECG subject interface being connected to the data collection unit. The data collection unit is further configured to automatically stop obtaining data from the ECG subject interface upon the ECG subject interface being disconnected from the data collection unit. The first data collection unit contact is in series with the second data collection unit contact; and wherein the ECG subject interface, when connected to the data collection unit, is configured to bring the first data collection unit contact into electrical connection with the second data collection unit contact. The subject interface contacts include a third subject interface contact and a fourth subject interface contact for bringing electrodes on the ECG subject interface into electrical communication with the processor. The subject interface connector includes a fifth subject interface contact that is configured to interrupt the processor when the ECG subject interface is disconnected from data collection unit. 
     In another aspect, a method includes: powering an electro-cardiogram (ECG) data collection unit upon an ECG subject interface being physically connected to the ECG data collection unit, the connected ECG subject interface creating a closed circuit with a power source for powering the ECG data collection unit; obtaining, using a processor, data from the ECG subject interface and storing the data on non-volatile memory; and powering-off the ECG data collection unit upon the ECG subject interface being physically disconnected from the ECG data collection unit and thereby creating an open circuit with the power source. 
     Implementations can include any or all of the following features. The ECG subject interface includes a lead-wire set. The obtaining and the storing include obtaining and storing the data on non-volatile memory automatically upon the ECG subject interface being physically connected to the ECG data collection unit. The method further includes automatically initiating an upload, over a network, of the data stored on the non-volatile memory to a remote service center via a computer upon a data connector on the data collection unit being physically connected to the computer. The data connector includes a male USB connector; and wherein connecting the data connector on the ECG data collection unit with the computer includes connecting the USB connector with the computer. The ECG data collection unit includes a first data collection unit contact and a second data collection unit contact; wherein being physically connected includes bringing the first data collection unit contact into electrical communication with the second data collection unit contact via the ECG subject interface and thereby closing the circuit with the power source. The data collection unit includes a third data collection unit contact and a fourth data collection unit contact; and wherein being physically connected includes bringing a first and second electrodes on the ECG subject interface into electrical communication with the processor via the third data collection unit contact and the fourth data collection unit contact. The data collection unit includes a fifth data collection unit contact that contacts a fifth subject interface contact on the ECO subject interface when the ECG subject interface is connected to the data collection unit; and the method further includes sending an interrupt signal to the processor when the ECG subject interface is disconnected from the ECG data collection unit. The ECG subject interface includes the power source. 
     Details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and potential advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1-4  show various aspects of an example self-assessment kit for obtaining ECG data from a subject. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example system for uploading physiological data stored on a data collection unit. 
         FIG. 6  shows an example process for obtaining physiological data from a subject. 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  show an example data collection unit. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  show an example data collection unit. 
         FIG. 10  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device. 
         FIG. 11  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device. 
         FIG. 12  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device. 
         FIG. 13  shows an example process for powering an ECG data collection unit. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a self-assessment kit  100  for obtaining ECG data from a subject. The self-assessment kit  100  includes a data collection unit  105 , a lead-wire set  110 , electrodes  115  in the form of removable electrode patches, and program code  120  stored on a medium such as a CD-ROM. The self-assessment kit allows a subject to obtain his or her own ECG signal, upload ECG data to a remote data processing center, and obtain an assessment from the data processing center without the need to involve a third-party medical practitioner such as a prescribing physician. Also, the self-assessment kit can be configured to allow a subject to self-monitor his or her own ECG signal for a specified period of time such as 14 days. 
     The lead-wire set  110  has a connector head  125 , a first electrode lead  121 , and a second electrode lead  122 . The connector head  125  is configured to be connected to the data collection unit  105 . When connected, the data collection unit  105  can be hung from the neck of the subject using a lanyard  124  on the lead-wire set  110 . The connector head  125  also includes an electrode connector  170 . The electrode connector  170  is a male end with multiple lead-wire set contacts  171  at a distal end of the electrode connector  170 . 
     The electrodes  115  are disposable electrode patches that can be connected to distal ends of the first electrode lead  121  and the second electrode lead  122 . The electrodes  115  have adhesive backing so that they can be stuck to the chest of the subject. The self-assessment kit  110  can include enough disposable electrodes  115  for the specified period of time. 
     In use, the data collection unit  105  is connected to the connector head  125 , and one of the electrode patches is connected to the first electrode lead  121  and another of the electrode patches is connected to the second electrode lead  122 . A subject sticks the connected electrodes to his or her chest and wears the data collection unit  105  around his or her neck with the lanyard  124 . The data collection unit  105  obtains an electrical signal from the electrode patches connected to the first electrode lead  121  and the second electrode lead  122 . The electrical signal is converted to a digital signal and stored in the data collection unit  105  as ECG data. 
       FIG. 2  shows a side perspective view of the data collection unit  105  and the lead-wire set  110 . When the connector head  125  is connected to the data collection unit  105 , a clip  250  on a side of the connector head  125  clips into a clip receptacle  255  on the data collection unit  105  to securely fasten the lead-wire set  110  to the data collection unit  105 . The other side of the connector head  125  has a similar such clip. To remove the connector head  125  from the data collection unit  205 , a user can depress a thumb tab  256  on the clip  250  to disengage the clip  250  from the clip receptacle  255 . 
       FIG. 3  shows a front perspective view of a portion of the lead-wire set  110 , including the connector head  125 . The connector head  125  has a USB connector receptacle  390  adjacent to the electrode connector  170 .  FIG. 4  shows a front perspective view of the data collection unit  105 . The data collection unit  105  includes a male USB connector  280  and a female electrode connector receptacle  281  adjacent to the USB connector  280 . The data collection unit  105  has data collection unit contacts  489  inside the electrode connector receptacle  281 . The USB connector  280  also has standard USB contacts  499  inside the USB connector  280 . 
     When the lead-wire set  110  is connected to the data collection unit  105 , the electrode connector  170  on the connector head  175  is received into electrode connector receptacle  281  on the data collection unit  105 , and the lead-wire set contacts  171  make contact with the data collection unit contacts  489 . Also, when the connector head  125  is connected to the data collection unit  105 , the USB connector  280  is received into the USB connector receptacle  390  on the connector head  125 . In this manner, when the lead-wire set  110  is connected to the data collection unit  105 , the USB connector  280  cannot simultaneously be connected to an external device such as a personal computer. This helps to protect a subject from simultaneously being connected with a power source for the data collection unit  105  and with another power source in an external device. Accordingly, there is no need to provide the data collection unit  105  with galvanic isolation circuitry to isolate the subject from the power source of an external device connected to the data collection unit  105  while the subject is connected to the data collection unit  105 . 
     Also, when the lead-wire set  110  is connected to the data collection unit  105 , data can automatically be obtained from the lead-wire set  110  and stored on the data collection unit  105 . When the lead-wire set  110  is disconnected from the data collection unit  105 , the data obtaining and storing can be terminated automatically. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example system  500  for uploading the ECG data stored on the data collection unit  105 . The program code  120  can be run on a computer system  510  such as the subject&#39;s personal computer. The computer system  510  includes a computer and a display device. When the subject has completed the data collection period, the subject can disconnect the data collection unit  105  from the lead-wire set  110  and connect the USB connector  280  to the computer system  510 . The program code when run by the computer system  510 , supports access to a remote data processing center  520  so that the ECG data can be uploaded from the data collection unit  105  over a network  515  to the remote data processing center  520  where the physiological data is analyzed. The program code can support access to the remote data processing center  520  by automatically initiating a transmission of the ECG data stored on the data collection unit  105  upon detecting that the data collection unit  105  is connected to the computer system  510 . 
     In some examples, the data processing center can obtain demographic data about the subject. Demographic data can assist in the analysis of the physiological data obtained from the data collection unit. For example, a particular event detected in a physiological signal can be serious for one person and not serious for another based on demographics such as age. The program code, when run by the computer system  510 , can also facilitate the data processing center obtaining demographic data about the subject. 
     The data processing center  520  includes a computer  530  that analyzes the physiological data for abnormal and/or clinically significant events. The computer  530  can determine, using predefined algorithms, arrhythmias in the subject&#39;s ECG data and can provide a report to a medical professional  540 , such as a medical technician and/or a doctor. The medical professional can review the reported arrhythmias in the subject&#39;s ECG signal from a display device  533  connected the computer  530  and provide feedback via input device  534  to the computer  530  as to which events were accurately identified and which events were inaccurately identified. 
     A report of the reviewed arrhythmic events can be compiled at the data processing center  520  and provided to the subject. The report can be provided to the subject over the network  515 . The program code  120  can include code for a user application that presents the report to the subject from the subject&#39;s computer system  510 . 
     The program code  120  can be stored on a medium such as CD ROM as shown in  FIG. 1 . In some examples, the program code can be stored on a medium on the data collection unit  105  such as non-volatile memory. In such an example, when the subject plugs the data collection unit  105  into the subject&#39;s computer system  510 , the program code can be run by the subject&#39;s computer system  510  to support access to the remote data processing center  520  by automating the process of uploading the ECG from the data collection unit  105  to the data processing center  520 , or by directing the subject to download, from a remote server system, an application for uploading the subject&#39;s ECG data. The program code stored on the data collection unit  105  can also include program code that runs when the subject plugs the data collection unit  105  into the subject&#39;s computer system  510  and directs the subject to an external location such as a website for uploading the ECG data on the data collection unit  105  without installing an application on the subject&#39;s computer system  510 . 
     A subject can use the self-assessment kit  100  to self-monitor by plugging the lead-wire set  110  into the data collection unit  105  which in turn powers the data collection unit  105  and lead-wire set  110  and initiates recording of data from the lead-wire set  110  to memory on the data collection unit  105 . When the subject is ready to upload the data to the remote data processing center, the subject can unplug the lead-wire set from the data collection unit  105  which powers down the data collection unit  110  and lead-wire set and stops recording of data. The subject can then plug the data collection unit  105  into the computer  510  connected to the network  515 . The data can be automatically uploaded to the remote data processing center  520 . 
     In some examples, the computer  510  can include a public terminal such as a kiosk specifically provided for obtaining the subject data from the data collection unit and uploading the subject data to the data processing center  520 . The public terminal is provided in a public location such as in a health care facility like a doctor&#39;s office, a pharmacy, or the like. The public terminal can be pre-loaded with a program for obtaining the data from the data processing device and uploading the data over the network  515  to the data processing center  520 . The public terminal can also be configured to obtain the demographic information from the subject when the subject uploads the data. A report from the data processing center  520  can be viewed or printed directly from the public terminal. 
     In some examples, the subject can provide the data collection unit  110  to a third-party for uploading the data to the data processing center  520 . For example, the self-assessment kit can include a pre-paid package for mailing the data collection unit  110  to a third-party or directly to the data processing center. The kit  100  can also include a questionnaire for the subject to fill-out to provide demographic data to facilitated analysis by the data processing center  520  and to provide a location for a report to be sent to the subject either by mail or electronically. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example process  600  for obtaining physiological data from a subject. At  610 , a physiological data collection device is provided to a subject. For example, the subject can purchase the physiological data collection device as part of a self-assessment kit such as a one-time use self-assessment kit that is preauthorized to allow a subject to self-record his or her ECG signal for a predetermined time period and to receive an analysis service from a data processing center. The analysis service can include, for example, analysis of the ECG signal for that predetermined time period. The kit can include all the materials necessary for a subject to self-record his or her cardiac activity for the predetermined time period and to obtain a report from a data processing center—including, for example, a data collection unit, electrode leads, sufficient disposable electrodes for the predetermined time period, and program code for allowing the subject to upload data to the data processing center. The physiological data collection device can also include unused memory just sufficient to store ECG data for the predetermined time period, and a battery with just sufficient power for operating the physiological data collection device for the predetermined time period. The physiological data collection device is also configured to connect to a computer, such as a subject&#39;s personal computer. 
     At  620 , the physiological data collection device is powered. For example, the physiological data collection device can be powered by an internal battery when the subject connects the electrode leads to the data collection unit, as discussed in more detail below in connection with  FIGS. 10 and 13 . Also, the data acquisition from the electrode leads can be automatic upon the electrode leads being connected to the physiological data collection device. At  630 , ECG data from the subject is stored in memory in the physiological data collection device. At  640 , the subject connects the physiological data collection device to a computer. The subject can connect the physiological data collection device to the computer when the data collection is complete, such as when the memory is full, or when the battery dies. The subject connects the physiological data collection device to the computer using, for example, a USB connector on the physiological data collection device. 
     The ECG data can be uploaded to the data processing center automatically when the physiological data collection device is connected to the computer. For example, the computer can run a software application that obtains data from the memory, including ECG data, and transfers the ECG data to the data processing center. In some examples, such a software application can be installed on the computer. In some examples, program code can be stored on the memory of the physiological data collection device that auto-runs when the physiological data collection device is connected to the computer. The auto-run program code can prompt the user to download an application from a remote server for uploading the data from the physiological data collection device. In some examples, the auto-run program code can direct the subject to a remote application, such as a website, that directs the subject to upload data from the physiological data collection device without installing an application on the computer. 
     At  660 , data from the physiological data collection device is obtained by the data processing center. At  665 , the data processing center verifies, based on the uploaded data, whether the physiological data collection device is pre-authorized for an analysis service. For example, the data processing center can check a unique identifier of the physiological data collection device, such as a serial number, to determine if the physiological data collection device is preauthorized for the analysis service. The data processing center can also check to determine whether an analysis service has already been provided for the physiological data collection device. If the physiological data collection device is not pre-authorized, or if an analysis service has already been provided for the pre-authorized physiological data collection device, the data processing center can indicate as much to the subject and prompt the subject for payment for the analysis service. If authorization is verified and if a data processing service has not been provided for the physiological data collection device, the data processing center, at  670 , analyzes the ECG data from the physiological data collection device for arrhythmia events. Predetermined computer algorithms can be used to analyze the ECG data for arrhythmia events. 
     At  675 , the data processing center can obtain feedback from a medical professional, such as a medical technician and/or a doctor. For example, the identified arrhythmic events are provided to a medical professional for further analysis and/or review. The medical professional can determine the accuracy of the identified events and provide feedback to the data processing center. Based on the analysis performed at  670  and based on the feedback  675 , a report is provided to the subject at  680 . At  690 , the report is presented to the subject. The report can be provided to the subject in various ways, such as by mail, by phone, by fax, by email, or by a software application. An application on the subject&#39;s computer (such as an application used to upload ECG data to the data processing center), can be configured to obtain the report from the data processing center and to present the report to the subject. In some examples, the application can be a web-based application. The subject can be notified that his or her report is available. And, the subject can log-on to the web-based application, to view the report. The report can also contain a recommendation to the subject to consult his or her personal physician based on the results of the report, such as when the analysis identifies clinically significant arrhythmic events. 
       FIG. 7  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device  700 . The physiological data collection device  700  has a data collection unit  705  and a lead-wire set  710 . The data collection unit  705  includes a battery  716  that powers processor electronics in the data collection unit  705  including a processor  717  such as a multifunction processor, memory  719 , and an analog-to-digital (“A/D”) converter  725 . The battery  716  can be large enough to run the physiological data collection device  700  for a predefined time period. The memory can be non-volatile memory, such as flash memory. The lead-wire set  710  includes electrodes  711  and  712  which are connected to electrode leads  721  and  722 . The electrode leads  721  and  722  are connected to a lead-wire set connector  727  which in turn can be physically connected to the data collection unit  705  via a lead-wire set interface  730 . 
     Analog signal data is obtained from the lead-wire set  710  over the lead-wire set interface  730 . The analog signal is digitized by the A/D converter  725  and stored by the processor in the memory  719 . In order to reduce costs and size, the data collection unit  705  can have just sufficient memory  719  for storing the digitized data from a subject obtained over a predefined time period. In some examples, the data collection unit can have just sufficient memory for the digitized data and for program code necessary for supporting access to a remote data processing center so that the digitized data can be uploaded to the data processing center. 
     The data collection unit  705  can be plugged into a computer via a data connector  745 . The data connector  745  can be a USB data connector, a firewire connector, a serial port connector, or the like. When the data collection unit  705  is plugged into a computer such as via USB, computer power is sensed by the processor  717 . The processor  717  can then transfer the digitized data from the memory  719  to the computer for uploading to a remote data processing center. 
       FIGS. 8 a  and 8 b    show an example data collection unit  805 . The data collection unit  805  prevents a subject from connecting an electrode to the data collection unit  805  at the same time the data collection unit  805  is connected to an external device such as the subject&#39;s computer. As shown in  FIG. 8 a   , the data collection unit  805  has a USB connector  880  for connecting to an external computer. Data stored on the data collection unit  805 , such as ECG data, can be uploaded to a computer via the USB connector  880 . 
     When the data collection unit  805  is used to obtain ECG data, the USB connector  880  is rotated 180 degrees so that the USB connector  880  is nestled in a recess  855  in the data collection unit  805  as shown in  FIG. 8 b   . When the USB connector  880  is nestled in the recess  855 , a female electrode connector receptacle  881  is exposed. The electrode connector receptacle  881  receives an electrode connector on a lead-wire set (not shown). The electrode connector has lead-wire set contacts that make contact with data collection unit contacts  889  in the electrode connector receptacle  881  when the lead-wire set is connected to the data collection unit  805 . The lead-wire set contacts make contact with the data collection unit contacts so that ECG data can be obtained from the lead-wire set. When the lead-wire set is connected to the data collection unit  805 , the USB connector  880  cannot be connected to a computer or any other external device because the USB connector  880  is nestled in the recess  855 . 
     In some implementations, a USB connector on a data collection unit can be customized to include data collection unit contacts (in addition to the USB contacts) so that a lead-wire set communicates with the data collection unit through the USB connector by making contact with the data collection unit contacts in the USB connector. The USB connector can still be used to connect the data collection unit to a computer because it has standard USB contacts. 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  show an example data collection unit  905 . The data collection unit  905  has a female electrode connector receptacle  981 . Data collection unit contacts  989  are located inside the electrode connector receptacle  981 . When a lead-wire set (not shown) is connected to the data collection unit  905 , an electrode connector on the lead-wire set is received into the electrode connector receptacle  981  on the data collection unit  905 , and lead-wire set contacts on the electrode connector make contact with the data collection unit contacts  989  so that ECG data can be obtained by the data collection unit  905 . The ECG data can be digitized and stored on a removable USB device  948  in the data collection unit  905 . During data collection from the subject, the USB device  948  is connected to the data collection unit  905  as shown in  FIG. 9A . When the ECG data stored on the USB device needs to be uploaded to a computer, the USB device is removed from the data collection unit  905  as shown in  FIG. 9B . This configuration physically prevents a subject hooked-up to the data collection unit  905  from being electrically connect to an external device via USB device  948  because the USB device  948  must be removed from the data collection unit  905  in order to be connected to a computer. 
       FIG. 10  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device  1000 . The physiological data collection device  1000  includes a data collection unit  1005  and a lead-wire set  1010 . The data collection unit  1005  includes a power source  1015  that provides power to an apparatus load  1047 . The apparatus load can include, for example, processor electronics for obtaining and storing ECG data from the lead-wire set  1010 , such as a processor, an A/D converter, non-volatile memory, etc. The data collection unit  1005  also includes a lead-wire set interface  1030 . The lead-wire set interface  1030  has five data collection unit contacts—a first data collection unit contact  1089   a,  a second data collection unit contact  1089   b,  a third data collection unit contact  1089   c,  a fourth data collection unit contact  1089   d,  and a fifth data collection unit contact  1089   e.    
     The lead-wire set  1010  has a lead-wire set connector  1027 , a first and second electrode leads  1021  and  1022 , and electrodes  1011  and  1012 . The lead-wire set connector  1027 , when connected to the data collection unit  1005 , has five lead-wire set contacts a first lead-wire set contact  1071   a,  a second lead-wire set contact  1071   b,  a third lead-wire set contact  1071   c,  a fourth lead-wire set contact  1071   d,  and a fifth lead-wire set contact  1071   e —that make contact with the first data collection unit contact  1089   a,  the second data collection unit contact  1089   b,  the third data collection unit contact  1089   c,  the fourth data collection unit contact  1089   d,  and the fifth data collection unit contact  1089   e,  respectively. 
     Two of the lead-wire set contacts are for the electrode leads  1021  and  1022 , two are for powering the data collection unit  1005 , and one optional the lead wire set contact is for interrupting the processor when the lead-wire set  1010  has been disconnected from the data collection unit  1005 . For example, the fourth lead-wire set contact  1071   d  and the fifth lead-wire set contact  1071   e  are connected to the first electrode lead  1021  and the second electrode lead  1022 . When the fourth lead-wire set contact  1071   d  and the fifth lead-wire set contact  1071   e  are in contact with the fourth data collection unit contact  1089   d  and the fifth data collection unit contact  1089   e,  an ECG signal can be obtained by the data collection unit  1005  from the electrodes  1011  and  1012 . 
     When the lead-wire set  1010  and the data collection unit  1005  are connected, the second lead-wire set contact  1071   b  makes contact with the second data collection unit contact  1089   b  and the third lead-wire set contact  1071   c  makes contact with the third data collection unit contact  1089   c.  The second and third lead-wire set contacts  1071   b  and  1071   c  close an open circuit in the data collection unit  1005  when the lead-wire set connector is connected to the data collection unit  1005 , allowing power to be supplied from the power source  1015  so that the subject&#39;s ECG data can be obtained. This allows the data collection unit  1005  to operate as soon as the lead-wire set  1010  is connected. When the lead-wire set  1010  is disconnected, an open circuit is created, terminating power supplied to the apparatus load from the power source  1015 . This helps prevent power leakage when the lead-wire set  1010  is disconnected from the data collection unit  1005 . 
     When the lead-wire set  1010  and the data collection unit  1005  are connected, the first lead-wire set contact  1071   a  makes contact with the first data collection unit contact  1089   a.  When the lead-wire set  1010  and the data collection unit  1005  are disconnected, contact is broken between the first lead-wire set contact  1071   a  and the first data collection unit contact  1089   a,  which in turn sends an interrupt signal to the processor in the data collection unit  1005 . The interrupt signal stops the processor from recording data to the non-volatile memory before the capacitance in the opened circuit is lost. The interrupt signal helps prevent the non-volatile memory from becoming corrupted. 
     In some implementations, other circuitry, such as a real-time clock, can be separately connected to the power source  1015  such that power is supplied to the other circuitry even upon the lead-wire set  1010  being disconnected from the data collection unit  1005 . This allows an accurate determination of elapsed time for ECG data obtained by the lead-wire set  1010 . The elapsed time from the beginning of recording can be stored with the ECG data obtained from the lead-wire set  1010 . In some examples, components not included in the apparatus load can be connected to the power source  1015  separately, but in response to the lead-wire set  1010  being disconnected from the data collection unit  1005 , those components can be placed into a standby mode—powered down to a lower operational state to conserve power. 
       FIG. 11  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device  1100 . The physiological data collection device  1100  has a data collection unit  1105  and a lead-wire set  1110 . The lead-wire set includes a lead-wire set connector  1127  for connecting the lead-wire set  1110  to the data collection unit  1105 . The lead-wire set  1110  includes electrodes  1111  and  1112  which are connected to electrode leads  1121  and  1122 . The electrode leads  1121  and  1122  are connected to a lead-wire set connector  1127  which in turn can be physically connected to the data collection unit  1105  via a lead-wire set interface  1130 . The lead-wire set also includes a battery  1116  in the lead-wire set connector  1127  that powers the physiological data collection device  1100 , including processor electronics in the data collection unit  1105  such as a processor  1117 , memory  1119  (e.g. non-volatile memory), and an analog-to-digital (“A/D”) converter  1125 . The battery  1116  can be large enough to run the physiological data collection device  1100  for a predefined time period. For example, the battery can be large enough to run the physiological data collection device  1100  for a long enough period of time to fill the memory  1119  with data obtained from the lead-wire set  1110 . When the battery dies after the predefined time period, it can be disposed of with the disposal of the lead-wire set  1110 . As a result, the data collection unit  1105  can be reused for another predefined time period, upon the connection of another lead-wire set with a fresh battery. In some examples, upon the batter dying, the lead-wire set  1110  can be interchanged with another interchangeable lead-wire set with a new battery so that data collection can continue. In some examples, the battery can be removable; when the removable battery dies, the removable battery can be replaced. 
     Analog signal data is obtained from the lead-wire set  1110  over the lead-wire set interface  1130 . The analog signal is digitized by the A/D converter  1125  and stored by the processor  1117  in the memory  1119 . In order to reduce costs and size, the data collection unit  1105  can have just sufficient memory  1119  for storing the digitized data from a subject obtained over a predefined time period. In some examples, the data collection unit  1105  can have lust sufficient memory for the digitized data and for program code necessary for supporting access to a remote data processing center so that the digitized data can be uploaded to the data processing center. 
     The data collection unit  1105  can be plugged into a computer via a data connector  1145 , The data connector  1145  can be a USB data connector, a firewire connector, a serial port connector, or the like. When the data collection unit  1105  is plugged into a computer such as via USB, computer power is sensed by the processor  1117 . The processor  1117  can then transfer the digitized data from the memory  1119  to the computer for uploading to a remote data processing center. 
       FIG. 12  shows a schematic of an example physiological data collection device  1200 . The physiological data collection device  1200  includes a data collection unit  1205  and lead-wire set  1210 . The lead-wire set  1210  includes a power source  1215  that provides power to an apparatus load  1247  when the lead-wire set  1210  is connected to the data collection unit  1205 . The apparatus load can include, for example, processor electronics for obtaining and storing ECG data from the lead-wire set  1210 , such as a processor, an A/D converter, non-volatile memory, etc. The data collection unit  1205  also includes a lead-wire set interface  1230 . The lead-wire set interface  1230  has five data collection unit contacts—a first data collection unit contact  1289   a,  a second data collection unit contact  1289   b,  a third data collection unit contact  1289   c,  a fourth data collection unit contact  1289   d,  and a fifth data collection unit contact  1289   e.    
     The lead-wire set  1210  has a lead-wire set connector  1227 , a first and second electrode leads  1221  and  1222 , and electrodes  1211  and  1212 . The lead-wire set connector  1227 , when connected to the data collection unit  1205 , has five lead-wire set contacts—a first lead-wire set contact  1271   a,  a second lead-wire set contact  1271   b,  a third lead-wire set contact  1271   c,  a fourth lead-wire set contact  1271   d,  and a fifth lead-wire set contact  1271   e —that make contact with the first data collection unit contact  1289   a,  the second data collection unit contact  1289   b,  the third data collection unit contact  1289   c,  the fourth data collection unit contact  1289   d,  and the fifth data collection unit contact  1289   e,  respectively. 
     Two of the lead-wire set contacts are for the electrode leads  1221  and  1221 , two are for powering the data collection unit  1205 , and one optional lead-wire set contacts is for interrupting the processor when the lead-wire set  1210  has been disconnected from the data collection unit  1205 . For example, the fourth lead-wire set contact  1271   d  and the fifth lead-wire set contact  1271   e  are connected to the first electrode lead  1221  and the second electrode lead  1222 . When the fourth lead-wire set contact  1271   d  and the fifth lead-wire set contact  1271   e  are in contact with the fourth data collection unit contact  1289   d  and the fifth data collection unit contact  1289   e,  an ECG signal can be obtained by the data collection unit  1205  from the electrodes  1211  and  1212 . 
     When the lead-wire set  1210  and the data collection unit  1205  are connected, the second lead-wire set contact  1271   b  makes contact with the second data collection unit contact  1289   b,  and the third lead-wire set contact  1271   c  makes contact with the third data collection unit contact  1289   c.  The second and third lead-wire set contacts  1271   b  and  1271   c  close an open circuit in the data collection unit  1205  when the lead-wire set connector is connected to the data collection unit  1205 , allowing power to be supplied from the power source  1215  in the lead-wire set  1215  so that the subject&#39;s ECG data can be obtained. This allows the data collection unit  1205  to operate as soon as the lead-wire set  1210  is connected. This also prevents power leakage when the lead-wire set  1210  is disconnected. 
     When the lead-wire set  1210  and the data collection unit  1205  are connected, the first lead-wire set contact  1271   a  makes contact with the first data collection unit contact  1289   a.  When the lead-wire set  1210  and the data collection unit  1205  are disconnected, contact is broken between the first lead-wire set contact  1271   a  and the first data collection unit contact  1289   a,  which in turn sends an interrupt signal to the processor in the data collection unit  1205 . The interrupt signal stops the processor from recording data to the non-volatile memory before the capacitance in the opened circuit is lost. The interrupt signal helps prevent the non-volatile memory from becoming corrupted. 
       FIG. 13  shows an example process  1300  for powering a physiological data collection unit. At  1310 , a subject interface is connected to a data collection unit. When the subject interface is connected to the data collection unit, the data collection unit is powered on. The subject interface can power on the data collection unit by closing an open circuit between an apparatus load and a power supply. For example, the power supply can include the power needed to run processing electronics for obtaining ECG data from a subject. The power supply can be located in the data collection unit. In some examples, the power supply can be located in the subject interface. At  1320 , physiological data is obtained and stored by the data collection unit. The physiological data can be obtained automatically when the subject interface is connected to the data collection unit. Accordingly, the subject needs only connect the subject interface to the data collection unit to power the data collection unit and to start the data collection unit obtaining and storing data. At  1330 , the subject interface is disconnected. When the subject interface is disconnected, the data collection unit powers off. Disconnecting the subject interface can power off the data collection unit by creating an open circuit between the apparatus load and the power supply. Also, the process  1300  can optionally send an interrupt signal to a processor in the data collection unit when the subject interface is disconnected to interrupt storing data to memory in order to prevent the memory from being corrupted. Also, disconnecting the data collection unit stops the obtaining and recording of data from the subject interface. 
     The disclosed systems, techniques, and all of the functional operations described and illustrated in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of the forgoing. For example, one or more computers and/or circuitry can be operable to or configured and arranged to perform the functions and techniques disclosed herein. Apparatuses and/or systems can be implemented using a software product (e.g., a computer program code) tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor, and processing operations can be (performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Further, the system can be implemented advantageously in one or more software programs that are executable on a programmable system. This programmable system can include the following: 1) at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system; 2) at least one input device; and 3) at least one output device. Moreover, each software program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or an interpreted language. 
     Also, suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory, a random access memory, and/or a machine-readable signal (e.g., a digital signal received through a network connection). The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Such devices can include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying software program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, the following: 1) semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM (electrically programmable read-only memory); EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and flash memory devices; 2) magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; 3) magneto-optical disks; and 4) CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). 
     The disclosed systems and techniques, described and illustrated in this specification can be implemented using a communications network such as a wired or wireless network. Examples of communication networks include, e.g., a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), the Internet or any combinations of such. 
     To provide for interaction with a user (such as the health care provider), systems can be implemented on a computer system having a display device such as a monitor or LCD (liquid crystal display) screen for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer system. The computer system can be programmed to provide a graphical user interface through which computer programs interact with users. 
     A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.