Patent Publication Number: US-11656420-B2

Title: System and method of distributing ultra high power using optical fiber cable

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/140,736, filed on Jan. 22, 2021, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/266,144, filed on Dec. 29, 2021, the contents of each being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to optical fiber and more specifically, to optical fiber cables, systems for distributing power using optical fiber cables or otherwise using said cables, and techniques for refining the optical fibers included in such cables. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Optical fiber cables can be used to transmit power from a power source to a remote endpoint. The term “power over fiber” typically refers to systems in which power generated by an electric power source is converted into optical power using a laser source, which is then transported over an optical fiber cable to an optical detector that converts the optical power back to electrical power and supplies the electrical power to an electric load. As an example, a typical power over fiber system contains a laser diode, a multimode optical fiber made of silica fiber, and a photovoltaic cell or other semiconductor device comprised of materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), or indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs). 
     Power over fiber systems offer several advantages over typical electrical power systems including, for example, little to no risk of electrical interference, service interruptions due to lightning, and explosions ignited by an electric spark. In addition, optical fiber cables have significantly higher power densities, can tolerate higher temperatures, and are far lighter than electrical cables. Moreover, unlike electrical wires, the same optical fiber may be used to transmit optical power one way and send data back the other way, for example, using a different wavelength or channel. 
     However, conventional power over fiber systems utilizing silica-based fiber suffer transmission and distribution losses, conversion efficiencies at both the transmit end (i.e. optical to electrical) and the receive end (i.e. optical to electrical), and large amounts of attenuation in the transport medium itself, thus limiting the broader applicability of such systems. For example, transmission of high power across large distances (e.g., 800 kilometers (km) overhead or 50 km undersea) is typically achieved using high voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems (also known as a power or electrical superhighway) that use copper or aluminum cables, instead of silica-based fiber. Even still, the conversion efficiency from alternating current (AC) to HVDC may be as low as 60%, and some existing subsea systems experience a total power loss of 65% or more. 
     Another known type of fiber is zirconium fluoride-barium fluoride-lanthanum fluoride-aluminum fluoride-sodium fluoride (ZrF 4 —BaF 2 —LaF 3 —AlF 3 —NaF), otherwise known as “ZBLAN” fiber. ZBLAN is a type of fluoride glass that has superior infrared transmissibility and a significantly lower loss profile than standard silica. For example, as shown in  FIG.  1   , at 1550 nanometers (nm), standard silica fiber has a minimum loss of approximately 0.25 dB/km, while ZBLAN fiber has a theoretical loss limit of approximately 0.0001 dB/km, which is three orders of magnitude lower. However, this loss limit is difficult to achieve because ZBLAN often contains undesired impurities or crystallites that are formed during the manufacturing process and can inhibit the material&#39;s transmissibility. 
     More specifically, as shown in  FIG.  2   , ZBLAN has a relatively small temperature difference between the temperature at which ZBLAN fiber transitions from solid glass to a liquid or viscose state (i.e. the glass transition temperature T g ) and the temperature at which crystallization occurs (i.e. the crystallization temperature T x ). This provides a narrow working range for ZBLAN, thus allowing crystallites to form relatively easily during the drawing process. It has been shown that the crystallites can be suppressed or reduced by growing ZBLAN in zero or micro gravity (i.e. in outer space), rather than unit gravity (i.e. on Earth), due to a reduction in convective processes when in micro gravity conditions. However, conventional techniques for manufacturing ZBLAN in micro gravity conditions are extremely costly, time consuming, and/or difficult to implement on a large scale, for example, because they require space travel or the use of old mining shafts on Earth. 
     Accordingly, there is still a need in the art for an optical fiber cable and overall power over fiber system capable of efficiently transporting ultra high power across great distances with significantly low loss. 
     SUMMARY 
     The invention is intended to solve the above-noted and other problems through systems, methods, and apparatus configured to provide: (1) an optical fiber cable comprising a plurality of individual ZBLAN fibers capable of transmitting ultra high power laser energy over great distances with substantially low loss; (2) techniques for removing imperfections from said optical fibers that include annealing the fiber in a microgravity environment created on Earth; and (3) a power over fiber system comprising the optical fiber cable, an ultra-high power laser source coupled to a first end of the optical fiber cable, and a photodiode detector coupled to a second end of the optical fiber cable. 
     One exemplary embodiment provides a power over fiber system, comprising: a laser source configured to emit high power laser energy; an optical detector configured to convert detected light into electrical energy; and an optical fiber cable comprising: a first end coupled to the laser source, an opposing second end coupled to the optical detector, a length extending between the first and second ends, and a plurality of optical fibers, each optical fiber extending the length of the cable, and having a thermal filler surrounding the fiber. 
     Another exemplary embodiment provides a method of managing power delivery in a power over fiber system comprising a transmit unit having a laser source, a receive unit having an optical detector, and an optical fiber cable coupled between the units and comprising a plurality of optical fibers, each fiber extending the length of the optical fiber cable, the method comprising: transmitting high power laser energy from the transmit unit to the receive unit using a number of the optical fibers included in the optical fiber cable; receiving, at a processor, a data signal comprising information pertaining to a power requirement of an electric load coupled to the receive unit, the data signal being transmitted from the receive unit to the transmit unit using the optical fiber cable; and controlling, using the processor, the high power laser energy output by the transmit unit by adjusting the number of optical fibers used to transmit the laser energy based on the power requirement of the electric load. 
     As will be appreciated, this disclosure is defined by the appended claims. The description summarizes aspects of the embodiments and should not be used to limit the claims. Other implementations are contemplated in accordance with the techniques described herein, as will be apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detail description, and such implementations are intended to within the scope of this application. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the invention, reference may be made to embodiments shown in the drawings identified below. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale and related elements may be omitted, or in some instances proportions may have been exaggerated, so as to emphasize and clearly illustrate the novel features described herein. In addition, system components can be variously arranged, as known in the art. Further, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
         FIG.  1    is a graph illustrating known predicted loss profiles for silica and ZBLAN. 
         FIG.  2    is a graph illustrating known differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results for showing crystallization and glass transition temperatures for ZBLAN. 
         FIG.  3    is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplary power over fiber system comprising the optical fiber cable of  FIG.  3   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of an exemplary optical fiber cable, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a graph illustrating an acceleration profile used to refine optical fiber, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of removing imperfections from a length of optical fiber, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary refining system for reducing imperfections in optical fiber using the method of  FIG.  6   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary annealing unit included in the refining system of  FIG.  7 A , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a flow diagram of another exemplary method of removing imperfections from a length of optical fiber, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic diagram of an exemplary refining system for reducing imperfections in optical fiber using the method of  FIG.  8   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIGS.  10 A,  10 B, and  10 C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a front perspective view, a bottom perspective view, and a top view of an exemplary annealing unit included in the refining system of  FIG.  9   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIGS.  11 A and  11 B  are schematic diagrams of an exemplary clamping system for securing the optical fiber within the refining system of  FIG.  9   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  12    is a functional block diagram of another exemplary power over fiber system, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  13    is a functional block diagram of an exemplary optical power distribution system, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  14    is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of managing power transmission in a power over fiber system, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  15    is a functional block diagram of another exemplary power over fiber system configured for medical applications, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  16    is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of an exemplary optical fiber included in the system of  FIG.  15   , in accordance with certain embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     While the invention may be embodied in various forms, there are shown in the drawings, and will hereinafter be described, some exemplary and non-limiting embodiments, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. 
     In this application, the use of the disjunctive is intended to include the conjunctive. The use of definite or indefinite articles is not intended to indicate cardinality. In particular, a reference to “the” object or “a” and “an” object is intended to denote also one of a possible plurality of such objects. 
     In the following description, elements, circuits and functions may be shown in block diagram form in order to not obscure the present disclosure in unnecessary detail. Additionally, block definitions and partitioning of logic between various blocks is exemplary of a specific embodiment. Further, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that information and signals as depicted in the block diagrams may be represented using any variety of different technologies or techniques. For example, data, instructions, signals or commends may be represented in the figures, and which also would be understood as representing voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves or magnetic or optical fields, or combinations thereof. Additionally, some drawings may represent signals as a single signal for clarity of the description; and persons skilled in the art would recognize that the signal may represent a bus of signals. Various illustrative logic blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with one or more processors. As would be appreciated and understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, disclosure of separate processors in block diagrams may indicate a plurality of processors performing the functions or logic sequence disclosed herein, or may represent multiple functions or sequence performed on a single processor. 
     Systems, methods, and apparatus described herein provide techniques for refining ZBLAN fiber and providing an optical fiber cable comprised of multiple strands of modified ZBLAN fiber, the cable capable of transporting very large amounts of power over very large distances with substantially low loss. Also provided is a power over fiber system that utilizes the optical fiber cable as a transport medium between an optical source included in an electrical to optical conversion unit and an optical detector included in an optical to electrical conversion unit. 
     Various applications for the power over fiber system are contemplated, including optical power distribution systems and medical or surgical applications. Embodiments include an optical power distribution system that uses the optical fiber cable as an interconnector for transporting ultra high capacity optical power between continents under subsea or submarine conditions (e.g., enough to power a small country). For example, the optical power distribution system may be capable of distributing up to 1 gigawatt of power across distances as great as 1000 km at sea level, or 50 km subsea. Other embodiments provide optical power distribution systems that use the optical fiber cable to distribute power over an electrical grid between distribution stations, to power cellular towers in residential and commercial settings, in power over ethernet (POE) applications, and/or to distribute power in various automotive and aerospace applications. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an exemplary power over fiber system  100  comprising an optical source  102 , an optical fiber cable  104 , and an optical detector  106 , in accordance with embodiments. As shown, the optical fiber cable  104  comprises a first end  108  coupled to the optical source  102 , an opposing second end  110  coupled to the optical detector  106 , and a length, x, extending between the first and second ends. In embodiments, each of the optical source  102 , the optical fiber cable  104 , and the optical detector  106  can be optimally configured to maximize conversion efficiencies, maximize power transport distances, and minimize insertion losses. The power over fiber system  100  may be used in various applications requiring the transport of optical power between two locations, such as, for example, a power distribution system, (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  13   ) for commercial, residential, or other uses, a surgical apparatus (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  15   ), and others. 
     The optical source  102  comprises one or more laser diodes or other semiconductor devices capable of converting electrical energy into optical energy and emitting the optical energy. In some embodiments, the optical source  102  is part of a larger electrical to optical conversion unit, for example, as shown in  FIG.  12   . In preferred embodiments, the optical source  102  is a highly efficient laser source capable of emitting ultra high power laser energy with ultra-low threshold current. As an example, the optical source  102  (also referred to herein as a “laser source”) can include one or more high power laser diode bars (e.g., a GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb diode) operating at an approximate wavelength of 2.1 microns (μm). As another example, the laser diode in the optical source  102  may be a multi-emitter multimode laser diode with a wavelength of approximately 980 nanometer (nm) and an output power of approximately 420 watts (W), or any other appropriate laser diode. In one embodiment, the optical source  102  has a conversion efficiency of at least about 85 percent and peak power delivery per link of at least about 1 gigawatt (GW). In some embodiments, the optical source  702  comprises a plurality of laser diodes arranged in an array (e.g., a diode array). In such cases, each diode may be individually controllable (e.g., turned on or off) in order alter or control a total output power of the optical source  102 . The optical source  102  may further include one or more monitor diodes configured to stabilize an output of the optical source  102  (e.g., prevent fluctuations in laser energy). In some embodiments, the monitor diode of the optical source  102  is further configured to monitor signals received at the optical source  102  from the optical detector  106  (e.g., optical data signals) and provide the signals to a processor (e.g., processor  730  of  FIG.  7   ). 
     The optical detector  106  comprises a photodiode, a photovoltaic cell, or other semiconductor device capable of detecting laser light or other optical energy and converting the detected light into electrical energy. In some embodiments, the optical detector  106  is part of a larger optical to electrical conversion unit, for example, as shown in  FIG.  12   . In preferred embodiments, the optical detector  106  comprises one or more highly efficient photodiode detectors (e.g., Four-Junction InGaAs). In one embodiment, the optical detector  106  has a conversion efficiency of at least about 85 percent, a peak power delivery per link of at least about 1 gigawatt (GW), and has a continuous power transmission of approximately one watt (W). 
     The optical fiber cable  104  serves as a transport medium for carrying optical power from the optical source  102  to the optical detector  106 . The optical fiber cable  104  may also be configured to transport data signals, in addition to optical power, for example, as shown in  FIG.  13   . In preferred embodiments, the optical fiber cable  104  is a ultra high power cable comprising a plurality of optical fibers bundled together with a cooled center and a thermal acrylic filler surrounding each optical fiber, each fiber extending the length of the cable and comprising ZrF 4 —BaF 2 —LaF 3 —AlF 3 —NaF (ZBLAN). In one embodiment, the optical fiber cable  104  is capable of transmitting laser energy having a power of at least about one gigawatt (GW) over a distance of at least about 1000 kilometers (km) with a loss of about 0.1 decibels (dB) and a power density of 0.4 GW/cm 2 . 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary optical fiber cable  200 , in accordance with embodiments. The optical fiber cable  200  can be included in the power over fiber system  100  as the optical fiber cable  104 , or in any of the other systems described herein. In other embodiments, the optical fiber cable  200  can be configured to transport communication signals over large distances, instead of optical power. 
     As shown, the optical fiber cable  200  comprises a plurality of optical fibers  202  disposed radially around a central cooling tube  204  and encased by an outer protective cover  206 . According to certain embodiments, the optical fiber cable  200  can comprise any number of fibers  202  selected from a range of approximately 5 to 10 fibers, depending on a desired power capacity and transport distance. In one such embodiment, the optical fiber cable  200  comprises a bundle of eight optical fibers  202  and is capable of transmitting laser energy having a power of at least about one gigawatt (GW) over a distance of at least about 1000 kilometers (km) with a loss of about 0.1 decibels (dB) and a power density of 0.4 GW/cm 2 . In other embodiments, the optical fiber cable  200  comprises up to about 8000 of the optical fibers  202  to accommodate ultra high capacity power transport needs. 
     By bundling multiple fibers  202  into one optical fiber cable  200 , the cable  200  can be used to alter power distribution to an endpoint, or an electric load coupled thereto, by simply controlling the number of fibers that  202  are used to transport power. In this manner, the transported optical power can be temporarily tailored to the power distribution needs of the electric load. 
     The cooling tube  204  is configured to increase a power capacity of the cable  200  by countering or dissipating the thermal heat generated by the optical fibers  202  during power transport. For example, the cooling tube  204  can be configured to keep a temperature of the cable  200  below a thermal expansion temperature for ZBLAN fiber, and well below the ZBLAN glass transition temperature (e.g., about 315 degrees Celsius (° C.)). In one example embodiment, the cooling tube  204  is configured to keep or maintain an overall temperature of the cable  200  below 100° C. In other embodiments, the cooling tube  204  may be configured to maintain cable temperature at or below a different threshold temperature. 
     According to embodiments, the cooling tube  204  includes a hollow interior filled with a suitable cooling substance, or coolant  208 , such as, for example, air or other gas, or an appropriate oil or other liquid. For example, the coolant  208  may include mineral oils or alkylates, such as linear decyl benzene or branched nonyl benzene. In some embodiments, the coolant  208  is cool air, and the two ends of the cooling tube  204  (e.g., at either end of the cable  200 ) may be kept open to allow cool air to passively follow through the tube  204 . In other embodiments, the coolant  208  is a cool air or liquid that is actively pushed through the tube  204  using a coolant management pump (not shown) disposed at one or more ends of the cable  200  (e.g., within the connector). In addition to having cooling properties, the substance  208  may also be configured to maintain a threshold amount of pressure within the cooling tube  204  and thereby, maintain a mechanical integrity of the tube  204 . The exact amount of pressure required may vary depending on the number of fibers  202  included in the cable  200 , the type of coolant  208 , and the environment in which the cable  200  will be used (e.g., undersea or underground). 
     The cooling tube  204 , itself, can be made of aluminum, acrylic, or other suitable material. For example, the cooling tube  204  may be made of aluminum if thicker walls and/or greater mechanical stability is required (e.g., where the cable  200  includes a large number of fibers  202  and therefore, transports lots of power and generates lots of heat). As another example, the cooling tube  204  may be made of acrylic if thinner walls are acceptable (e.g., where the cable  200  includes a small number of fibers  202  and therefore, transports less power and generates less heat). In embodiments where the cable  200  is transporting a low amount of power, the cooling tube  204  may be very small in diameter, or excluded altogether. 
     The outer protective cover  206  (also referred to as a “protective jacket”) is comprised of Polyurethane (PUR) or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and is configured to protect and insulate the fibers  202  and the cooling tube  204  from external physical forces and chemical deterioration. The protective cover  206  also provides the housing for encasing the interior components of the cable  200 . In some embodiments, the outer protective cover  206  comprises multiple layers of materials concentrically arranged and bonded together to form the cover  206 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the optical fiber cable  200  further comprises an inner thermal filler  210  disposed between the outer protective cover  206  and the central cooling tube  204  and surrounding each of the optical fibers  202 . In embodiments, the thermal filler  210  is configured to maintain a spatial or mechanical integrity of the cable  200  and maintain a consistent temperature throughout the cable  200 . For example, by fully surrounding each of the optical fibers  202 , the thermal filler  210  isolates or prevents contact between individual fibers  202 , which avoids the creation of hot spots if there is thermal build up at one or more of the fibers  202 . Moreover, the thermal filler  210  can have a porous structure comprised of pores of different sizes to create variable insulation and structural integrity. As air flows through the pores, heat is transferred or moved throughout the filler  210 , thus reducing or preventing thermal build up around select fibers  202 . According to embodiments, the thermal filler  210  may be comprised of acrylic (such as, e.g., Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) or other suitable material. 
     The optical fiber cable  200  has a length extending between a first end and a second end (e.g., length x shown in  FIG.  3   ), and each of the central cooling tube  204 , the outer protective cover  206 , the inner thermal filler  210 , and the plurality of optical fibers  202  extends the length of the cable  200 . As such, each of the optical fibers  202  may extend substantially parallel to the central cooling tube  204 , and the outer protective cover  206  may be concentrically aligned with the cooling tube  204 . 
     According to embodiments, each optical fiber  202  is a multimode fiber having a fiber core  212  and a cladding  214  disposed around the fiber core  212 . The fiber core  212  may be disposed in a center of the cladding  214  and may be fused or bonded to the cladding  214 . The core  212  comprises ZBLAN fiber drawn in a microgravity environment and can be a step index fiber core with a diameter selected to optimize power transport along the length of the fiber  202 . In some embodiments, the fiber core  212  has a diameter selected from a range of about 200 μm to about 400 μm. In other embodiments, the fiber core  212  has a diameter selected from a range of about 300 μm to about 500 μm. In one example embodiment, the core diameter is about 600 μm. 
     The cladding  214  can be configured to confine light within the fiber core  212  by causing total internal reflection at the boundary between the cladding  214  and the core  212 . In embodiments, the cladding  214  can be made of a fluoride glass material that is similar to the ZBLAN fiber material but optically different. For example, the cladding  214  may be comprised of a material that has a lower refractive index than the refractive index of the fiber core  212 . A thickness of the cladding  214  may be selected based on the core diameter, a desired overall diameter for the optical fiber  202 , an optimal ratio between the two values for minimizing the thickness of the cladding  214  without comprising light transfer through the fiber  202 , and/or a desired amount of flexibility for the overall fiber  202 . As an example, in embodiments where the fiber core  212  has a diameter of about 400 μm, the cladding  214  (and therefore, the entire fiber  202 ) may have a diameter of about 460 μm. And in embodiments where the core diameter is small, the cladding diameter may be proportionally smaller as well. 
     An overall diameter of the optical fiber cable  200 , or a diameter of the outer protective cover  206 , can depend on the diameter of each individual fiber  202 , the number of fibers  202  included in the cable  200 , the diameters of the cooling tube  204  and the thermal filler  210 , and/or a thickness of the outer protective cover  206 . As an example, in the illustrated embodiment, the optical fiber cable  200  comprises a bundle of eight ZBLAN optical fibers  202 , each having a diameter of about 500 microns, with the outer protective cover  206  having a diameter of about five millimeters (mm). 
     Prior to manufacturing the optical fiber cable  200 , the ZBLAN optical fibers  202  are refined or modified using one or more annealing techniques, such as, e.g., method  300  shown in  FIG.  6    and/or method  500  shown in  FIG.  8   . These techniques are configured to remove or reduce imperfections in the ZBLAN core and cladding that create scattering losses, thereby optimizing the fibers  202  for longer transmissions. Moreover, while conventional methods for refining significant amounts of ZBLAN fiber require traveling to space (e.g., in LEO Satellites or the International Space Station) in order to obtain the requisite low or zero gravity environment, the annealing techniques described herein can be achieved without leaving Earth or using an aircraft. 
     Generally, the techniques include processing premade ZBLAN fiber, such as, e.g., the optical fibers  202  shown in  FIG.  4   , in very short segments to remove crystals and other imperfections in the fiber, thus improving the premade fiber. According to embodiments, this process comprises heating the fiber to a temperature that is well above a glass transition temperature (Tg) and above a crystallization temperature (T x ), but below a molten temperature (T m ) of ZBLAN. For example, in embodiments where the ZBLAN fiber has a T g  of about 260 degrees Celsius (° C.), a T x  of about 352° C., and a T m  of about 450° C., the ZBLAN fiber can be heated to an annealing temperature (Ta) of about 370° C. during said processing. The process further comprises, accelerating the ZBLAN fiber, while heated at the annealing temperature, to the speed of Earth&#39;s gravity (e.g., 9.8 meters per seconds squared (m/s 2 )), for a predetermined amount of time, so as to mimic free fall or a microgravity environment. Next, the process includes rapidly cooling or quenching the fiber to a quenching temperature (T q ) that is below the crystallization temperature. In some embodiments, the quenching temperature is about 10 to 20° C. below the annealing temperature. For example, in embodiments where the annealing temperature is about 370° C., the quenching temperature can be about 350° C. To help avoid introducing new crystallites during this process, the cooling step begins while the fiber is still in free fall, thus ensuring that the annealing step is complete before gravitational forces are present. 
     The process for perfecting the ZBLAN fiber can be monitored in-situ using a laser and photodetector combination, or other device capable of measuring a scattering profile of the fiber in real time, or the amount of incident light that is scattered away by imperfections in the material. The scattering profile indicates a crystallite percentage of the ZBLAN fiber and thus, can be used to determine an effectiveness of the annealing process. If the real-time monitoring results indicate a high crystallite percentage, the process may be repeated through multiple cycles until an optimal fiber loss metric is achieved. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary acceleration profile  250  of ZBLAN fiber during the processing techniques described herein, in accordance with embodiments. As shown, the acceleration profile  250  varies across three time periods. During a first time period t 1 , the fiber is accelerated from zero acceleration (a=0) to a standard freefall acceleration, or the acceleration due to gravity (g o ), which equals about 9.8 m/s 2 . Also during the first time period, the fiber is heated from a starting temperature to an annealing temperature Ta (e.g., 370° C.). This first time period t 1  may also be referred to as the “ramp up” period. During a second time period t 2 , the fiber continues to travel at the acceleration of gravity. Also during the second time period, the fiber continues to be heated to, or is held at, the annealing temperature for a predetermined length of time. During a third time period t 3 , the fiber is decelerated back to standstill. Also during the third time period, the fiber is cooled down to a quenching temperature T q  for a preset length of time. 
     In embodiments, the second time period t 2  includes a first predetermined length of time for heating the fiber and a second predetermined length of time for cooling the fiber. The first length of time may be considered the fiber&#39;s annealing period, as it includes the time period during which the fiber is annealed, or heated at the annealing temperature. The second length of time forms part of the fiber&#39;s cooling period. This cooling period also includes at least a portion of the third time period t 3 , namely the preset length of time required to cool the fiber to the quenching temperature. According to embodiments, the second length of time is positioned at the end of the second time period t 2  so that the cooling period begins during acceleration. This ensures that the fiber is still in free fall when the fiber temperature drops below the annealing temperature, thus preventing new crystallites from forming while the fiber is cooling. In various embodiments, the first length of time is longer than the second length of time. In some embodiments, the annealing period and the cooling period are substantially equal in length. 
     The exact length of time for each of the three periods (t 1 , t 2 , and t 3 ) can be determined based on a number of factors. For example, the first time period may depend on an acceleration rate of the fiber and a heating rate of the element used to heat the fiber. The second time period may depend on a distance to be traveled by the fiber during acceleration (e.g., the free fall drop) and a length of the fiber to be annealed, in addition to the free fall acceleration. The third time period may depend on a critical cooling rate (CCR) associated with the ZBLAN fiber, as well as a deceleration rate of the fiber. As an example, in some embodiments, the ZBLAN fiber has a critical cooling rate of 40° C./s. In such cases, a fiber length of about one meter may require a second time period of about 320 milliseconds (ms), with the first and third time periods being much shorter (e.g., 100 ms). While  FIG.  5    depicts time periods t 1  and t 3  as being about equal, in other cases, the two time periods may vary or be different from each other, depending on the factors listed above, for example. 
     In some embodiments, the acceleration rate, or speed at which the fiber is accelerated during the first time period, can be determined based on certain properties of the ZBLAN fiber, such as, for example, the level of scattering and absorption of fiber lengths at a given wavelength (e.g., 650 nanometers (nm)), as well as the mechanism (e.g., actuator) used to the launch the fiber into free fall, or otherwise release the fiber into the gravitation field. Similarly, the deceleration rate, or speed at which the fiber is decelerated during the second time period, can be determined based on the same fiber properties, as well as the mechanism (e.g., grippers or brakes) used to apply frictional forces for slowing down the fiber movement. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a first exemplary process or method  300  of removing imperfections from a length of optical fiber comprising a fiber core and a cladding around the fiber core. In embodiments, the optical fiber may be the same as or substantially similar to the optical fiber  202  shown in  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  7 A  illustrates an exemplary fiber refining system  400  configured to remove imperfections in a length of ZBLAN fiber. In some embodiments, the system  400  can be used to carry out the process  300 . Accordingly, in the following paragraphs, process  300  will be described with reference to the system  400  for ease of illustration. However, it should be appreciated that the process  300  can be implemented using other systems or devices capable of annealing ZBLAN fiber, in other embodiments. 
     Referring initially to  FIG.  7 A , the fiber refining system  400  comprises a chamber or tower  402  (also referred to as a “drop tower”) and one or more annealing units  404  movably disposed within the tower  402  and configured to process a given segment of optical fiber  406 , in accordance with embodiments. The tower  402  can be configured to mimic a microgravity environment by placing each annealing unit  404  in free fall for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., the second time period shown in  FIG.  5   ). In one example embodiment, the tower  402  is about 44 meters tall and is configured to provide at least three seconds of free fall for processing a segment of optical fiber  406  that is about 10 meters long. While  FIG.  7 A  shows the tower  402  as comprising two annealing units  404   a  and  404   b , it should be appreciated that, in other embodiments, the tower  402  may include only one appealing unit  404  or more than two annealing units  404 . In embodiments, the fiber refining system  400  further comprises one or more processors in communication with the tower  402 , the one or more annealing units  404 , and/or various other components of the system  400 , the one or more processors being configured to carry out the process  300  or otherwise control the components of the system  400  in order to refine the optical fiber  406  in accordance with the techniques described herein. 
       FIG.  7 B  illustrates an exemplary annealing unit  404 , in accordance with embodiments. As shown, optical fiber  406  is disposed within the annealing unit  404  and is configured to experience free fall, or gravitational acceleration, when the unit  404  is dropped or released within the tower  402 . The optical fiber  406  comprises a ZBLAN fiber core and a cladding disposed around the fiber core and may be substantially similar to, or the same as, the optical fiber  202  shown in  FIG.  4   . Though  FIG.  7 B  shows the optical fiber  406  as being fully housed within the annealing unit  404 , in other embodiments, the annealing unit can be configured to house a portion of the optical fiber, the remaining portion being disposed outside the annealing unit. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  7 A , the tower  402  further comprises a moveable component  407  coupled to the one or more annealing units  404  and configured to cause each annealing unit  404  to move from an elevated height to a lower height in a free fall motion, for example, as shown by annealing unit  404   a . The moveable component  407  can be further configured to move the annealing unit(s)  404  from the lower height back up to the elevated height, for example, as shown by annealing unit  404   b . According to embodiments, a distance, h, between the elevated height and the lower height may be selected to ensure that the free fall motion lasts long enough to cause refinement of a given length of ZBLAN fiber at least once, or complete at least one cycle of the annealing and cooling process described herein (e.g., method  300  shown in  FIG.  6   ). In some embodiments, the distance h is selected in order to allow completion of several annealing cycles within one drop. The acceleration profile  250  shown in  FIG.  5    may be used to calculate the amount of time (e.g., number of milliseconds) required for the free fall period (e.g., the second time period t 2 ) in each cycle, as well as the lengths of the acceleration (or ramp up) and deceleration time periods (e.g., first and third time periods t 1  and t 3 ). The acceleration profile  250  may also determine the length of fiber that can be processed within one cycle. In one exemplary embodiment, the distance, h, is approximately 44 meters (m), the annealing unit  404  takes about three seconds to travel this distance, and in that time, the annealing unit  404  is configured to process about 10 meters of fiber (e.g., 10 m/cycle). 
     In some embodiments, the moveable component  407  includes a pulley system comprised of one or more pulleys  408  and one or more cables  410  slidably coupled to the pulley(s)  408 . Each cable  410  may be slidably coupled to at least one annealing unit  404 , and may be configured to carry and support the unit  404  as the pulley system  407  moves the unit  404  from the elevated height to the lower height and then back up to the elevated height. 
     For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the pulley system  407  comprises a first pulley  408   a  positioned at or adjacent to the elevated height and a second pulley  408   b  positioned at or adjacent to the lower height. As shown, the cable  410  may form a loop around the pulleys  408   a  and  408   b . The pulleys  408   a  and  408   b  can be configured to rotate in two directions: a first direction for causing the annealing unit  404  to travel from the elevated height to the lower height, and a second, opposite direction for causing the annealing unit  404  to move back up to the elevated height from the lower height. The pulley system  407  can be configured to place the annealing unit  404  in free fall as the unit  404  slides down the cable  410  towards the lower height. For example, the cable  410  may be configured to apply zero or minimal frictional force on the annealing unit  404  as the unit  404  travels towards the lower height. Upon reaching the lower height, the pulleys  408   a  and  408   b  may turn in unison in the second direction to pull the cable  410 , and the annealing unit  404  attached to it, back up the same path towards the elevated height. 
     In other embodiments, the pulley system  407  may comprise multiple independent pulley systems, each system being coupled to a separate annealing unit  404 . In such cases, the annealing units  404  may be independently dropped from the elevated height to the lower height on separate cables and independently pulled back up to the elevated height using separate pulleys. Other configurations for the movement component  407  are also contemplated, including, for example, a lift system configured to drop the annealing unit from the elevated height onto a platform disposed at the lower height and raise the platform and the annealing unit back up to the elevated height. 
     In embodiments, the tower  402  further includes a braking system  411  coupled to the moveable component  407  and configured to control a movement of the moveable component  407  and/or the annealing unit  404  coupled to said component  407 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the braking system  411  may be coupled to one or more of the pulleys  408  and/or the cable  410  and may be configured to stop a free fall acceleration of the annealing unit  404  by halting rotation of the pulley(s)  408  in the first direction, or otherwise preventing movement of the cable  410  between the first pulley  408   a  and the second pulley  408   b . As an example, the braking system  411  may include on one or more brakes (not shown) coupled to the cable  410  and/or the one or more pulleys  408  and may be configured to activate those brakes when a stopping motion is desired. In some cases, the braking system  411  can be used to stop the annealing unit  404  at the lower height when traveling in the first direction and also stop the annealing unit  404  at the elevated height when traveling in the second direction. In some embodiments, the braking system  411  is further configured to initiate the free fall movement of the annealing unit  404  by releasing the brakes so that the pulleys  408  are rotated in the first direction and/or the cable  410  is otherwise free to travel towards the lower height. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7 B , each annealing unit  404  comprises a heating chamber  412  for heating the optical fiber  406 , or more specifically, a given segment  406   a  of the optical fiber  406  that is disposed within the chamber  412 . The annealing unit  404  further comprises one or more components for feeding incremental portions of the optical fiber  406  through the heating chamber  412 . In particular, the annealing unit  404  includes a first spool  414  configured to hold or store an unmodified or pre-annealed length of the optical fiber  406  and feed the unmodified optical fiber  406  into the heating chamber  412 . In addition, the annealing unit  404  includes a second spool  416  configured to receive and store a modified or post-annealed length of the optical fiber  406 , including the modified segments of optical fiber  406  that exit the heating chamber  412 . Thus, the entire length of the optical fiber  406  may be stored on the first spool  414  initially and may gradually transition to the second spool  416  as more and more of the optical fiber  406  is processed by the system  400 . The annealing unit  404  may also include one or more pulleys or reels to help guide the optical fiber  406  between the first spool  414 , the heating chamber  412 , and the second spool  416 . According to embodiments, each segment  406   a  received at the heating chamber  412  may have a substantially uniform length, such as, for example, approximately ten meters (m). An exact length of the segment  406   a  can depend on the distance that is available for free fall (e.g., distance h in  FIG.  7 A ) and/or a physical limitation of the annealing unit  404 . 
     According to embodiments, as part of the process to remove imperfections from the optical fiber  406 , the heating chamber  412  is configured to heat the given segment  406   a  of the optical fiber  406  to a first temperature that is greater than a crystallization temperature (T x ) of the fiber core and much greater than a glass transition temperature (T g ) of the fiber core, but lower than a molten temperature (T m ) of the fiber. In this manner, the first temperature can be high enough to remove crystallizations in the fiber core and cladding, but low enough to avoid completely melting the glass. In embodiments, the ZBLAN fiber has a glass transition temperature of about 260° C., a crystallization temperature of about 352° C., and a molten temperature of about 450° C. Thus, the first temperature may be any value between 352° C. and 450° C. In one embodiment, the first temperature is about 370° C. 
     As described herein, the segment  406   a  remains at the first temperature while the annealing unit  404  is in free fall. For example, the heating chamber  412  may be configured to heat the given segment  406   a  to the first temperature just before the annealing unit  404  begins the free fall motion, and may continue to heat the given segment  406   a  during said free fall motion to keep the first segment  406   a  at the first temperature for a predetermined amount of time (i.e. the annealing period). According to embodiments, the predetermined amount of time can depend on the length of the fiber segment  406   a  as well as other factors, as described herein. 
     In embodiments, the heating chamber  412  comprises a heating coil or any other suitable heating element capable of being precisely controlled to a specific temperature. For example, the heating chamber  412  may include a ceramic or metal heating element that can be set to a desired temperature using an input value. In one example embodiment, the heating element has a specific heat capacity of about 0.888 J/g·° C. to ensure that the heating element can change temperature quickly enough. 
     In some embodiments, the heating chamber  412  further comprises a thermocouple or other device for monitoring a real time temperature of the heating element and causing the heating element to adjust its output temperature as needed. For example, the thermocouple may be electrically connected to the heating element and may cause the heating element to increase or decrease its output temperature depending on how the real-time temperature readings compare to the desired temperature value. 
     In some embodiments, the heating chamber  412  further comprises a separate processor for controlling these operations of the heating element and thermocouple. In other embodiments, the heating chamber  412  is electrically coupled to processor  418  of the annealing unit  404 , and processor  418  is configured to manage the heating functions of the heating chamber  412 . In still other embodiments, the heating chamber  412  may be electrically coupled to one or more other processors of the system  400  for carrying out the operations described herein. 
     As a next step in the process to remove imperfections, the annealing unit  404  can be further configured to rapidly cool or quench the heated segment  406   a  to a second temperature that is below the crystallization temperature (T x ) but above the glass transition temperature (T g ). In one example embodiment, the second temperature is about 350° C., or about 10 to 20° C. lower than the first temperature. In addition, the annealing unit  404  may be configured to cool the heated segment  406   a  at a critical cooling rate associated with the optical fiber, which determines how long the cooling process takes (i.e. the cooling period). In embodiments, the critical cooling rate of ZBLAN fiber is 40° C./s. In such cases, cooling the fiber segment  406   a , which is about 10 meters long, takes about two seconds. 
     In some embodiments, the fiber segment  406   a  may be cooled upon exiting the heating chamber  412 . For example, the second spool  416  may be configured to pull the given segment  406   a  of optical fiber  406  out of the heating chamber  412  at a rate or speed that is selected based on the critical cooling rate and an ambient temperature of the annealing unit  404 , so that the heated segment  406   a  cools to the second temperature upon reaching the second spool  416 . In other embodiments, the given fiber segment  406   a  may be cooled to the second temperature within the heating chamber  412 . For example, a temperature of the heating chamber  412  may be rapidly lowered to the second temperature in order to quench the heated segment  406   a . In such cases, the heating element may be lowered to the second temperature by, for example, reducing or removing an amount of current applied to the heating element. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7 B , the annealing unit  404  further comprises one or more processors  418  (also referred to herein as “processor  418 ”) configured to control one or more functions of the annealing unit  404 , for example, in accordance with process  300  of  FIG.  6   . In other embodiments, the one or more processors  418  may be included in another component of the system  400  and configured to be in communication with the annealing unit  404  and/or the components included therein for controlling the operations of the annealing unit  404 . 
     In some embodiments, the processor  418  is electrically coupled to the heating chamber  412  for controlling a temperature setting of the heating element within the chamber  412 . For example, the processor  418  may increase the temperature setting to the first temperature during annealing. The processor  418  may also be configured to increase or decrease the temperature setting based on temperature readings received from the heating chamber  412  or a sensor disposed therein (e.g., thermocouple). 
     In some embodiments, the processor  418  is electrically coupled to the first and second spools  414  and  416  in order to control movement of the spools, including a rotation speed and direction of the spools. For example, the processor  418  can be configured to cause the second spool  416  to turn in a first direction for pulling the given segment  406   a  out of the chamber  412  and drawing a subsequent segment  406   b  of the optical fiber  406  into the chamber  412 . The processor  418  can also be configured to cause the first spool  414  to turn in a second direction opposite the first direction, in order to reverse a direction of movement of the optical fiber  406 , for example, when the given segment  406   a  must be returned to the heating chamber  412  for additional processing. 
     In addition, the processor  418  can be configured to control a speed at which the first and/or second spools  414  and  416  rotate, thus controlling the rate or speed at which the optical fiber  406  enters and exits the heating chamber  412 . In some embodiments, the rotation speed of the second spool  416  is selected so that, as the heated segment  406   a  exits the chamber  412 , the segment  406   a  rapidly cools to the second temperature at the critical cooling rate associated with the optical fiber. For example, if the heated segment  406   a  has a length of one meter, and the spool size, or circumference, of the spool is also about one meter, the spool  414 ,  416  may be configured to rotate at a speed or rate of one rotation per second in order to deliver one meter of fiber (or one fiber segment  406   a ) to the heating chamber  412  per second. In such embodiments, the annealing unit  404  can be configured to process one meter of fiber every second. As will be appreciated, the rotation rate can be adjusted as needed to accommodate larger segments of fiber (e.g., 10 meters long). 
     In various embodiments, the annealing unit  404  conducts a post-annealing analysis of the given segment  406   a  to determine whether additional processing is required to obtain optimal results. In particular, the annealing unit  404  further comprises one or more lasers or other sensors for monitoring or measuring a scattering profile of the segment  406   a  after the cooling step is complete. The measured information can be provided to the processor  418  for real time analysis. The processor  418  can be configured to determine a fiber loss value of the annealed segment  406   a  based on the measured information and compare the measured value to a fiber loss threshold stored in a memory. If the threshold is not met, the processor  418  can be configured to return the given segment  406   a  to the heating chamber  412  for additional processing, for example, by causing the second spool  416  to rotate in a second direction (e.g., clockwise) that moves the segment  406   a  backwards. 
     More specifically, the lasers (e.g., a 632 nanometers (nm) laser) can be configured to direct light towards the fiber segment  406   a  after it exits the heating chamber  412  or while its inside the chamber  412 , depending on where the cooling process occurs. The lasers may be appropriately situated within the heating chamber  412  or in another location of the annealing unit  404 . The annealing unit  404  may also comprise a photodetector positioned opposite the laser, such that the fiber segment  406   a  passes between the laser and the photodetector, or crosses a line of sight established between the two devices. The photodetector can be configured to receive the light passing through the fiber segment  406   a  and generate an output representing an amount of detected laser power or light (e.g., a current value). For example, the photodetector may be configured to measure an amount of red light (e.g., 650 nm) that is not scattered away by crystallization, or is able to pass straight through the fiber glass. 
     The processor  418  may be electrically coupled to the photodetector and configured to compare the photodetector output to a threshold value, or expected amount of current. If the measured amount is too low, the processor  418  may send the fiber segment  406   a  back into the heating chamber  412  to be processed again. In some embodiments, the annealing and cooling process may be repeated until an optimal scattering coefficient or other fiber loss metric is achieved for a given wavelength of light (e.g., 0.1 decibels per kilometer (dB/km) at 650 nm). 
     Referring back to  FIG.  6   , process  300  will now be described with reference to the components of system  400 . In embodiments, the process  300  may be implemented using one or more processors of the system  400 , including, for example, the processor  418 . As shown, process  300  begins at block  302  with placing or positioning a given segment of optical fiber (e.g., fiber segment  406   a ) within a heating chamber (e.g., heating chamber  412 ) of an annealing unit (e.g., annealing unit  404 ) for processing or refining. The fiber segment may be moved into the heating chamber by rotating a spool carrying pre-annealed fiber (e.g., spool  414 ) in a first direction towards the heating chamber. At block  304 , the fiber segment is heated to a first temperature that is greater than the crystallization temperature (T x ) of the optical fiber but lower than a molten temperature (T m ) of the fiber. For example, the first temperature may be about 370° C. or any other value between 352° C. and 450° C. 
     At block  306 , the annealing unit is dropped or moved from an elevated height to a lower height using a free fall motion, such that the fiber segment within the annealing unit is accelerated at a rate of Earth&#39;s gravity (e.g., 9.8 m/s 2 ). The free fall motion may be achieved by controlling movement of a moveable component (e.g., pulley system  407 ) coupled to the annealing unit. In addition, the moveable component may be configured to maintain the free fall motion for a minimum amount of time (e.g., three seconds). At block  308 , a temperature of the fiber segment is maintained at the first temperature for a first time period during said free fall motion. (This first time period is also referred to herein as the “annealing period.”) 
     At block  310 , the fiber segment is cooled to a second temperature over a second time period (also referred to herein as the “cooling period”). The second temperature may be below the crystallization temperature (T x ) but above the glass transition temperature (T g ). In one example embodiment, the second temperature is about 350° C., or about 10 to 20° C. lower than the first temperature. The fiber processing cycle may be considered complete once the second time period comes to an end. 
     According to embodiments, the second time period may begin while the fiber segment is in free fall motion and may end after the free fall motion has stopped, or while the fiber segment is in deceleration (e.g., in the third time period t 3  in  FIG.  5   ). Thus, the amount of time allotted for free fall may be spent both heating and, at least partially, cooling the fiber segment. In some embodiments, the first time period is substantially equal to the second time period. In other embodiments, the second time period may be longer than the first time period. As will be appreciated, the exact length of the first time period may be determined based on a physical length of the fiber segment, as well as other factors, as described herein. 
     At block  312 , the annealing unit is moved from the lower height to the elevated height using the moveable component. At block  314 , one or more processors (e.g., processor  418 ) of the annealing unit determines whether the processed fiber segment meets a fiber loss threshold stored in a memory of the unit. If the determination at block  314  is no (i.e. the threshold is not met), the process  300  moves back to block  304  to begin re-processing the fiber segment (i.e. repeat blocks  304  through  314 ). If the determination at block  314  is yes (i.e. the threshold is met or exceeded), the process  300  continues to block  316 . 
     At block  316 , the one or more processors determines whether subsequent fiber segments remain in the pre-annealed fiber spool (e.g., first spool  414 ). If the determination at block  316  is no, the process  300  ends. If the determination at block  316  is yes, the process  300  moves back to block  302  to begin processing a next segment of fiber. Thus, the process  300  may be repeated over and over until the entire length of pre-annealed fiber is sufficiently improved, or meets a target fiber loss threshold (e.g., less than 0.1 dB/km at 650 nm). 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a second exemplary method or process  500  of removing imperfections from a length of optical fiber comprising a fiber core and a cladding around the fiber core, in accordance with embodiments. As an example, the optical fiber may be the same as or similar to the optical fiber  202  shown in  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  9    illustrates another exemplary fiber refining system  600  configured to remove imperfections in a length of ZBLAN fiber. In some embodiments, the system  600  can be used to carry out the process  500 . Accordingly, in the following paragraphs, process  500  will be described with reference to the system  600  for ease of illustration. However, it should be appreciated that the process  500  can be implemented using other systems or devices capable of annealing ZBLAN fiber, in other embodiments. 
     Referring initially to  FIG.  9   , the fiber refining system  600  comprises an accelerating chamber  602  and an annealing unit  604  movably disposed within the chamber  602  and configured to process a given length of optical fiber  606 , in accordance with embodiments. The optical fiber  606  comprises a ZBLAN fiber core and a cladding disposed around the fiber core and is substantially similar to, or the same as, the optical fiber  202  shown in  FIG.  4   . The accelerating chamber  602  can be configured to mimic a microgravity environment by placing the annealing unit  604  (also referred to as a “spindle”) in free fall for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., second time period t 2  shown in  FIG.  5   ). In one example embodiment, the accelerating chamber  602  is about 0.5 meter tall and is configured to provide about 320 milliseconds of free fall for processing a segment of optical fiber  606  that is about three inches long. 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , the annealing unit  604  has a generally cylindrical shape with a central opening for receiving the optical fiber  606 . In addition, the annealing unit  604  comprises a clamping system  608  and a heating chamber  612  positioned within the central opening adjacent each other, as described in more detail herein with respect to  FIG.  11   . In embodiments, the clamping system  608  can be configured to grab or hold a given segment  606   a  of the optical fiber  606  within a hollow interior  613  of the heating chamber  612  as the annealing unit  604  free falls through the accelerating chamber  602 . Once the segment  606   a  is sufficiently processed (e.g., annealed and quenched), the clamping system  608  can be configured to release the processed segment  606   a  and grab a new or next segment of optical fiber for processing. This release and grab action may occur at any appropriate time or location of the accelerating chamber  602 , such as, for example, as the annealing unit  604  returns to a top or starting location of the accelerating chamber  602 , after the annealing unit  604  reaches the top location, or while the annealing unit  604  is still at a bottom location of the chamber  602 . In this manner, the optical fiber  606  can be processed segment by segment with each drop or free fall acceleration of the annealing unit  604 . 
     As illustrated, the system  600  further comprises a first spool  614  configured to hold or store a pre-annealed length of the optical fiber  606  and a second spool  616  configured to hold or store a post-annealed length of the optical fiber  606 . The system  600  also includes one or more processors  618  (also referred to herein as “the processor  618 ) configured to control operation of one or more components of the system  600 , such as, for example, the accelerating chamber  602 , the annealing unit  604 , the heating chamber  612 , the clamping system  608 , and/or the spools  614 ,  616 , as described in more detail herein. In some embodiments, the one or more processors  618  are configured to carry out the process  500  shown in  FIG.  8    or otherwise control the components of the system  600  in order to refine the optical fiber  606  in accordance with the techniques described herein. 
     As shown, the first spool  614  may be disposed adjacent to an entrance of the accelerating chamber  602 , and the second spool  616  may be disposed adjacent to an exit of the accelerating chamber  602 . During operation, the first spool  614  may be rotated in a first direction so that the optical fiber  606  can travel from the first spool  614  through the accelerating chamber  602  and onto the second spool  616  after being processed. As shown, the fiber  606  passes through the entire chamber  602 , including the annealing unit  604  and the heating chamber  612  disposed therein. In some cases, the second spool  616  and/or the first spool  614  may be rotated in a second direction opposite the first direction in order to move the optical fiber  606  backwards through the accelerating chamber  602 , for example, in cases wherein a segment of fiber  606  must be re-processed or further refined, as described herein. 
     Referring additionally to  FIGS.  10 A through  10 C , the annealing unit  604  has a generally annular outer wall  619  that extends between the top and bottom ends  615  and  617  of the unit  604  and has an open center  620  configured to house the heating chamber  612  and clamping system  608 . In some embodiments, a distance y between the top end  615  and the bottom end  617  is about three inches. In other embodiments the annealing unit  604  may be longer or shorter in length, depending on, for example, a height of the accelerating chamber  602  and/or a length of optical fiber  606  to be processed in a given cycle. Though not shown, the heating chamber  612  may be coupled to at least one of the open top end  615 , the open bottom end  617 , and/or the outer wall  619  of the annealing unit  604 . 
     The heating chamber  612  can be configured to receive the optical fiber  606  through its hollow interior  613  as the fiber  606  passes through the annealing unit  604 . The hollow interior  613  may be defined by an open top for receiving the fiber segment within the chamber  612  and an open bottom for allowing the fiber segment exit the chamber  612 . The heating chamber  612  further comprises a heating coil or other suitable heating element capable of being precisely controlled to a desired temperature. The heating element may be configured to form the hollow interior  613  or otherwise surround the fiber segment  606   a  disposed within the heating chamber  612 . For example, in some embodiments, the heating element may be annularly arranged so that the walls of the heating element form the hollow interior  613 . 
     In some embodiments, the heating chamber  612  comprises a ceramic heating element. In other embodiments, the heating chamber  612  comprises a metal heating element. In one exemplary embodiment, the heating element is configured to have a specific heat capacity of about 0.888 J/g·° C. to ensure that the heating element can change temperature quickly. Like the heating chamber  412  in  FIG.  7 B , the heating chamber  612  can be configured to heat a given segment of the optical fiber  606  to a first temperature that is greater than the crystallization temperature of the optical fiber  606  and less than the molten temperature of the fiber  606 . For example, in some embodiments, the first temperature is about 370° C. 
     In some embodiments, the outer wall  619  of the annealing unit  604  includes a plurality of longitudinal openings  622  that extend from the open top end  615  to the open bottom end  617  and are substantially evenly distributed around an entire circumference of the wall  619 , giving the annealing unit  604  a basket-like appearance, as shown in  FIGS.  10 A through  10 C . (In  FIG.  9   , the outer wall  619  is shown with a plain surface for ease of illustration.) An exact width of each opening  622  may depend on the circumference of the outer wall  619  and a desired number of openings  622 , or a desired ratio of solid structure to open space for the outer wall  619 . In some embodiments, the heating chamber  612  may have a partially open (or non-solid) structure as well. The open walls of the annealing unit  604  and/or the heating chamber  612  can be configured to enable airflow through the annealing unit  604  to help quench a heated segment of fiber  606  during a cooling portion of the process  500 . During such periods, the heating chamber  612  can be configured to turn off the heating element, so that the given fiber segment  606   a  is no longer being heated to the first temperature. In some embodiments, air passing through the openings  622  of the annealing unit  604  and/or the heating chamber  612  as the annealing unit  604  continues to free fall may be sufficient to rapidly cool the fiber segment  606   a  to a second temperature that is less than the crystallization temperature but still greater than the glass transition temperature. For example, the second temperature may be about 350° C., or about 10 to 20° C. less than the first temperature. In other embodiments, the annealing unit  604  may be configured to enable a suitable gas or liquid to flow through the open walls of the annealing unit  604  and/or the heating chamber  612  for such rapid cooling purposes. 
       FIGS.  11 A and  11 B  are partial close-up views of an interior portion of the annealing unit  604 , with the walls of the annealing unit  604  and the heating chamber  612  removed to better illustrate the exemplary clamping system  608 . As shown, the clamping system  608  comprises two moveable components  624  positioned opposite each other (or at opposites sides of the heating chamber  612 ) and adjacent to the hollow interior  613  of the heating chamber  612 . The two components  624  are pivotably coupled to the outer wall  619  and/or the heating chamber  612  and are configured to move between an inactive position, shown in  FIG.  11 A , and an active position, shown in  FIG.  11 B . As also shown, the two moveable components  624  are positioned adjacent to the fiber segment  606   a  disposed within the heating chamber  612  and are configured to engage, or press against, opposites sides of the fiber segment  606   a  when in the active position, and leave the fiber segment  606   a  untouched when in the inactive position. 
     According to embodiments, each moveable component  624  (also referred to as an “actuator”) comprises a gripping portion  626  for engaging the fiber segment  606   a  once the component  624  is moved to an active position. In some cases, each gripping portion  626  comprises a pad, cushion, or other suitable component for enabling the movement component  624  to press against the fiber  606  without causing damage. The gripping portions  626  may be configured to apply enough frictional force to the fiber segment  606   a  to keep or hold the segment  606   a  within the heating chamber  612  while the clamping system  608  is active. For example, in some cases, the first spool  614  and/or the second spool  616  may apply a downward force on the optical fiber  606  that is sufficient to continuously pull the fiber  606  towards the second spool  616 . In such cases, the gripping portions  626  must be configured to counter said downward force, for example, by applying enough frictional force, in total, to overcome the downward force, or otherwise stopping the fiber  606  from moving or sliding towards the second spool  616 . In this manner, a given fiber segment  606   a  can be secured (or trapped) within the heating chamber  612  and made available for processing during the active position. 
     By contrast, when the clamping system  608  is in the inactive or rest position, the components  624  are positioned substantially parallel to each other and the fiber  606 , such that the gripping portions  626  are positioned a distance away from the fiber segment  606   a  to avoid contact therewith. In such rest position, the fiber  606  is free to move through the heating chamber  612  and the remainder of the annealing unit  604 . 
     In some embodiments, the gripping portions  626  (also referred to as “grippers” or “stoppers”) are located at or near a bottom end of each moveable component  624 . For example, in  FIG.  11 A , the component  624  terminates at the gripping portion  626 . In such cases, the active position may be achieved by pressing or moving the bottom end of each component  624  inwards, for example, as shown in  FIG.  11 B . In other embodiments, the gripping portions  626  may be located at or near the top end of each moveable component  624 , in which case the gripping portions  636  may be activated by press the top end of each component  624  inwards. Other types of devices for grabbing a segment of optical fiber  606  and holding the fiber segment within the heating chamber  612  during processing are also contemplated. 
     In embodiments, the clamping system  608  can be configured to hold onto a single fiber segment  606   a  during each free falling cycle, i.e. as the annealing unit  604  travels from a top of the accelerating chamber  602  to a bottom of the chamber  602 . Upon reaching the bottom, the clamping system  608  can be configured to release the given fiber segment  606   a  and grab a second or next segment of fiber  606 . For example, if the heating chamber  612  is configured to process three inches of fiber at a time, the clamping system  608  may be configured to grasp or clamp onto the fiber  606  at three inch intervals. In this manner, the entire length of optical fiber  606  may be methodically processed or refined using the system  600 . 
     In embodiments, the processor  618  can be configured to control one or more functions of the annealing unit  404 , the accelerating chamber  402 , the spools  614  and  616 , and/or other component of the system  600 . For example, in some embodiments, the processor  618  is electrically coupled to the first and second spools  614  and  616  to control a movement or rotation of the spools, including rotation speed and direction, similar to the processor control of spools  414  and  416 . In some embodiments, the processor  618  can be electrically coupled to the clamping system  608  for controlling a movement of the moveable components  624  between the active and inactive positions. 
     The processor  618  may also be electrically coupled to the heating chamber  612  for controlling a temperature setting of the heating element within the chamber  612 . For example, the processor  618  may set a temperature of the heating element to the first temperature during annealing, and may increase or decrease this temperature as needed to maintain the first temperature during free fall, for example, based on real time temperature readings from a sensor (e.g., thermocouple) within the chamber  412 . 
     In some embodiments, the processor  618  may be electrically coupled to the accelerating chamber  602  in order to control a release of the annealing unit  604  at the start of a processing cycle or at the top of the chamber  602 , and a deceleration and stopping of the annealing unit  604  at the end of the cycle or upon reaching the bottom of the chamber  602 . For example, the accelerating chamber  602  may include a frictionless track (not shown) or other device capable of moving the annealing unit  604  up and down the accelerating chamber  602 , and a braking system (not shown) capable of stopping movement of the annealing unit  604  along the track. In such cases, the processor  618  may be electrically coupled to the braking system in order to stop a motion of the annealing unit  604  at the bottom of the chamber  602  and electrically coupled to the track system for moving the annealing unit  604  in a first direction towards the bottom of the unit  604  and in a second, opposite direction towards the top of the unit  604 . Other devices or systems for moving the annealing unit  604  within the accelerating chamber  602  are al so contemplated. 
     In some embodiments, the system  600  further includes one or more components for conducting a post-annealing analysis of the processed segment  606   a  to determine whether additional processing is required to obtain optimal results. In such cases, the system  600  may include one or more lasers and photodetectors, similar to those included in the annealing unit  404 . Moreover, like the processor  418 , the processor  618  may be electrically coupled to said components and may be configured to monitor or measure a scattering profile of the processed segment  606   a  (after completion of the cooling process) and determine a fiber loss value of the processed segment  606   a  in real time based on the measured information. The determined fiber loss value may be compared to a fiber loss threshold and if the threshold is not met, the processor  618  may send the fiber segment  606   a  back through the accelerating chamber  602  for additional processing. In one example embodiment, the processor  618  may continue repeating the annealing and cooling process until an optimal scattering coefficient or other fiber loss metric is achieved for a given wavelength of light (e.g., 0.1 decibels per kilometer (dB/km) at approximately 650 nm). 
     Referring back to  FIG.  8   , process  500  will now be described with reference to the components of system  600 . The process  500  may be implementing using one or more processors included in the system  600 , including, for example, the processor  618 . As shown, the processor  500  begins at block  502  with securing a segment of optical fiber (e.g., fiber segment  606   a ) within an annealing unit (e.g., annealing unit  604 ). More specifically, the fiber segment may be secured within a heating chamber (e.g., heating chamber  612 ) of the annealing unit, or adjacent to a heating element of said heating chamber, using a clamping system (e.g., clamping system  608 ) disposed adjacent to the heating chamber. The clamping system may be configured to secure or grab a fiber segment of uniform length (e.g., three inches) for each processing cycle (e.g., annealing and cooling). At block  504 , the fiber segment is heated to a first temperature that is greater than the crystallization temperature (T x ) of the optical fiber but lower than the molten temperature (T m ) of the fiber. For example, the first temperature may be about 370° C. or any other value between 352° C. and 450° C. 
     At block  506 , the annealing unit is dropped or moved from a first or starting location of an accelerating chamber (e.g., accelerating chamber  602 ) to a second or ending location of the same chamber at the speed of gravity (e.g., 9.8 m/s′) or using free fall motion. In embodiments, the accelerating chamber  602  is configured to maintain the free fall motion for a minimum amount of time (e.g., 320 milliseconds). At block  508 , a temperature of the fiber segment is maintained at the first temperature for a first period of time during said free fall motion. At block  510 , the fiber segment is cooled to a second temperature for a second period of time. The second temperature may be below the crystallization temperature (T x ) but above the glass transition temperature (T g ). In one example embodiment, the second temperature is about 350° C., or about 10 to 20° C. lower than the first temperature. The fiber processing cycle may be considered complete once the second period of time comes to an end. 
     According to embodiments, the second period of time (also referred to herein as the “cooling period”) may begin while the fiber segment is in free fall motion, but may end after free fall motion has stopped, or while the fiber segment is in deceleration (e.g., in the third time period t 3  of  FIG.  5   ). Thus, the amount of time allotted for free fall may be spent both heating and, at least partially, cooling the fiber segment. In some embodiments, the first period of time and the second period of time may be substantially equal in length. In other embodiments, the second period of time may be longer than the first period of time. As will be appreciated, the exact length of the first period of time will depend on a physical length of the fiber segment, as well as other factors, as described herein. 
     At block  512 , the annealing unit is moved from the second location of the accelerating chamber  602  back to the first location of the chamber  602 . At block  514 , the one or more processors (e.g., processor  618 ) of the system  600  determine whether the processed fiber segment meets a fiber loss threshold stored in a memory of the unit. If the determination at block  514  is no (i.e. the threshold is not met), the process  500  moves back to block  504  to begin re-processing the fiber segments (i.e. repeat blocks  504  through  514 ). If the determination at block  514  is yes (i.e. the threshold is met or exceeded), the process  500  continues to block  516 . 
     At block  516 , the one or more processors determine whether subsequent fiber segments remain in the pre-anneal fiber spool (e.g., first spool  614 ). If the determination at block  516  is no, the process  500  ends. If the determination at block  516  is yes, the process  500  continues to block  518  where the processed fiber segment is released from the heating chamber of the annealing unit. For example, the one or more processors may cause the clamping system to release its grip on the fiber, or move to the inactive state. From block  518 , the process  500  moves back to block  502  to begin processing a next segment of fiber. Thus, the process  500  may be repeated over and over until the entire length of pre-annealed fiber is sufficiently improved, or meets a target fiber loss threshold (e.g., less than 0.1 dB/km at 650 nm). 
     In embodiments, each of the processes  300  and  500  can be implemented, at least in part, by at least one data processor executing software stored in a memory, such as, for example, processor  418  and memory (not shown) included in the annealing unit  404  shown in  FIG.  7 B , or processor  618  and memory (not shown) included in the acceleration chamber  602  shown in  FIG.  9   . In order to carry out the operations of a given process  300 / 500 , the processor  418 / 618  may interact with one or more other components of the system  400 / 600 , respectively. The processor  418 / 618  can be any appropriate hardware device for executing software instructions retrieved from the memory, such as, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or another type of microprocessor. 
     Each processor  418 / 618  is communicatively coupled to a memory, which can be any appropriate memory device suitable for storing software instructions, such as, for example, a volatile memory element (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), a nonvolatile memory element (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, etc.), or any combination thereof. Moreover, the memory may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. In some embodiments, the memory includes a non-transitory computer readable medium for implementing all or a portion of one or more of the methods described herein and shown in  FIGS.  5  and  8   . The memory can store one or more executable computer programs or software modules comprising a set of instructions to be performed, such as, for example, one or more software applications that may be executed by the processor  418 / 618  to carry out the principles disclosed herein (e.g., processes  300 / 500 ). The executable programs can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates an exemplary power over fiber system  700 , in accordance with embodiments. Components of the system  700  may be similar to the power over fiber system  100  shown in  FIG.  3   . For example, the system  700  comprises an optical source  702  that is substantially similar to the optical source  102  of  FIG.  3   , an optical fiber cable  704  that is substantially similar to the optical fiber cable  104  of  FIG.  3   , and an optical detector  706  that is substantially similar to the optical detector  106  shown in  FIG.  3   . In some embodiments, like the cable  104 , the optical fiber cable  704  may have a first end  708  coupled to the optical source  702 , a second end  710  coupled to the optical detector  706 , and a plurality of optical fibers that extend the length of the cable  704 , i.e. the full length between the first end  708  and the second end  710 , for example, substantially similar to the ZBLAN optical fibers  202  shown in  FIG.  4   . For the sake of brevity, the optical detector  706 , optical source  702  (also referred to as a “laser source”), and optical fiber cable  704  will not be described in great detail here in light of these similarities. 
     In embodiments, the power over fiber system  700  can be used or included in an optical fiber network for supplying power to various loads, each load connected to, or including, an optical to electrical converter. For example, the optical fiber network may terminate at various pieces of machinery and equipment in industrial applications, or at various electronics and other devices that are powered using standard wall outlets in residential or commercial applications. One example of such a network may be the optical power distribution system  800  shown in  FIG.  13   . 
     In some embodiments, the optical fiber cable  704  may be coupled to the optical source  702  and/or the optical detector  706  via respective fiber optic couplers or connectors  712  and  714  and fiber optic splices  716  and  717  (e.g., mechanical splice, fusion splice, or any other suitable type of splicing device). For example, as shown in  FIG.  12   , the first end  708  of the cable  704  may be coupled to a first splice  716 , which may be connected to a first connector  712  via a second optical fiber cable  713  that is similar to the optical fiber cable  704 . The first connector  712  is also coupled to the optical source  702  and is configured to pass or transmit optical energy or power from the optical source  702  to the optical fiber cables  713  and/or  704 . Likewise, the second end  710  of the cable  704  may be coupled to a second splice  717 , which may be connected to a second connector  714  via a third optical fiber cable  715  that is similar to the optical fiber cable  704 . The second connector  714  is also coupled to the optical detector  706  and is configured to pass the optical power received via the optical fiber cables  715  and/or  704  to the optical detector  706 . As will be appreciated, additional splices  716  may be included if more optical fiber cables are joined together in order to deliver power across the power over fiber system  700 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  12   , the optical source  702  is included in a transmit unit  718  (also referred to herein as an electrical to optical (“E-O”) conversion unit) and is configured to convert electrical energy into optical energy (e.g., high power laser energy) for transmission over the optical fiber cable  704  (like the optical source  102  of  FIG.  1   ). In embodiments, the electrical energy is electric power received from an external power source (e.g., DC power supply, AC power supply, etc.) coupled to the transmit unit  718 . The transmit unit  718  also includes a driver  720  (e.g., laser diode driver) coupled between the power source and the optical source  702  for driving operation of the optical source  702  (e.g., laser diode) with the electrical power signal received from the power source (or other power input). In some embodiments, the transmit unit  718  may be coupled to an external control device (e.g., power control unit  836  shown in  FIG.  13   ) that serves as an intermediary between the transmit unit  718  and the external power source. In such cases, the external control device may manage the amount of power being supplied to the transmit unit  718  and control other operational aspects of the unit  718 , for example, in accordance with method  900  of  FIG.  14   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  12   , the optical detector  706  is included in a receive unit  722  (also referred to herein as an optical to electrical (“O-E”) conversion unit) and is configured to convert the optical energy (or power) received via the optical fiber cable  704  into electrical energy (or power). In embodiments, the electrical energy is used to power one or more electric loads coupled to the receive unit  722  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  13   ). 
     In embodiments, the receive unit  722  is also configured to send control signals, status signals, feedback signals, and/or other data signals to the transmit unit  718  via the same optical fiber cable  704  coupled therebetween. The information contained in such data signals may be received from the one or more electric loads coupled to the receive unit  722  (e.g., as described with respect to  FIG.  13   ), or from a control unit (not shown) coupled to multiple electric loads. In such embodiments, the optical fiber cable  704  may include, or may be coupled to, one or more optical circulators (not shown) for enabling bi-directional transmission of optical signals over the cable  704  as a whole, or over one or more of the individual fibers included in the cable  704 . 
     As shown, the receive unit  722  can further comprise a first processor  724  (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller, or the like) configured to generate one or more digital data signals based on the received information. The receive unit  722  can also include an optical transmitter  726  coupled to the first processor  724  and the optical fiber cable  704 . The optical transmitter  726  can be configured to convert the digital data signal into an optical data signal, or other signal capable of being transmitted over the optical fiber cable  704 . The optical transmitter  726  can be further configured to provide the optical data signal to the optical fiber cable  704  for transmission to the transmit unit  718 . The optical transmitter  726  may be a laser diode (or diode laser) or any other optical device capable of transmitting the optical data signal over the optical fiber cable  704 . In some embodiments, the optical transmitter  726  is a laser diode included in the photodiode package of the optical detector  706 . 
     Likewise, the transmit unit  718  can further comprise an optical receiver  728  coupled to the optical fiber cable  704  and a second processor  730  (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller, or the like) also included in the transmit unit  718 . The optical receiver  728  can be configured to receive the optical data signal transmitted over the optical fiber cable  704  and convert the received signal back to digital form. The optical receiver  728  may be a photodiode or other optical device capable of monitoring the optical cavity of the laser diode  702  for the optical data signal. In some embodiments, the optical receiver  728  is a monitor diode integrated into the laser diode package of the optical source  702 . The optical receiver  728  can provide the digital data signal to the second processor  730  for processing, for example, as described with respect to  FIG.  13   . In embodiments, the second processor  730  may provide the data extracted from the optical data signal to an external device, such as, for example, a controller or control unit of the external power source (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  13   ). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  13   , shown is an exemplary optical power distribution system  800  that uses the optical fiber cable described herein (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  4   ) as transmission lines for transporting optical power, in the form of high power laser energy, to multiple locations or loads, in accordance with embodiments. The optical power distribution system  800  may be used to distribute power in any industrial, commercial, residential, or personal setting, including, for example, within an airplane, automobile, or home; across great distances (e.g., between continents, countries, cities, etc.); and/or in highly volatile areas, for example, where electrical power distribution may be risky. 
     In embodiments, the optical power distribution system  800  can include an n number of power over fiber systems  801 , each of which is substantially similar to the power over fiber system  700  shown in  FIG.  12   . For example, as shown in  FIG.  13   , the system  800  can comprise a plurality of electrical to optical (“E-O”) conversion units  818 , a plurality of optical to electrical (“O-E”) conversion units  820 , and a plurality of optical fiber cables  804 , wherein each E-O unit  818  is substantially similar to the transmit unit  718  of  FIG.  12   , each O-E unit  822  is substantially similar to the receive unit  722  of  FIG.  12   , and each optical fiber cable  804  is substantially similar to the optical fiber cable  704  of  FIG.  12   . Moreover, each E-O unit  818  can be coupled to a respective one of the O-E units  822  via a corresponding optical fiber cable  804  and can be configured to transmit optical power (“OPP”) to the respective O-E unit  822  over said cable  804 , as in the power over fiber system  700 . Given these similarities with  FIG.  12   , the E-O units  818 , O-E units  822 , and optical fiber cables  804  will not be described in great detail here for the sake of brevity. 
     As shown in  FIG.  13   , each power over fiber system  801  can be coupled to a respective one of a plurality of electric loads  832  and to a common power source  834 . In addition, each of the plurality of E-O units  818  can be coupled to a power control unit  836  (or power controller) that is electrically connected to the power source  834 . The power source  834  may be any type of electric power supply (e.g., DC or AC) or any other device capable of generating enough power to support the electric loads  832 . The power control unit  836  (also referred to as a “master power control unit”) can manage distribution or transmission of the power generated by the power source  834  to the E-O units  818  and control various other aspects of the power distribution system  800 , as described herein. While  FIG.  13    illustrates a single power source  834  for generating electric power and a single power control unit  836  coupled thereto, in other embodiments the system  800  may include multiple power sources and/or multiple control units coupled to the plurality of E-O units  818 . 
     According to embodiments, the power control unit  836  can be configured to control operation of the power source  834  (e.g., turn on or off, increase or decrease amount of power generated, etc.), control operation of each E-O unit  818  (e.g., turn on or off, etc.), manage electrical power distribution to individual E-O units  818 , and/or control other aspects of the power distribution system  800 . In some cases, the power control unit  836  manages power distribution by distributing the generated power evenly among all of the E-O units  818 . In other cases, the power control unit  836  is configured to optimize the distribution of generated power among the E-O units  818  based on the electric load  832  coupled to each E-O unit  818 . 
     For example, the power control unit  836  may adjust or control the optical power distributed to a given O-E unit  822  according to a power rating or requirement of the corresponding electric load  832  (i.e. the load  832  that is electrically connected to that O-E unit  822 ), or other status information received from the load  832 . In such cases, the power control unit  836  determines a power requirement of each electric load  832  based on data provided by the electric loads  832 , and controls one or more characteristics of the optical power output by each corresponding E-O unit  818  accordingly, so that the electrical power ultimately received at the corresponding electric load  832  matches or complies with the power requirement of that load  832 . 
     The electric loads  832  may be any type of device or system requiring electrical power, including, for example, a home or building, an electronic device, a power station, a vehicle, and others. Each electric load  832  may be electrically coupled to a respective O-E unit  822  using a wired connection (e.g., electric cable or the like) or a wireless connection (e.g., a wireless power transfer system). In embodiments, each electric load  832  can be configured to send data to the O-E unit  822  connected to that load  832 , for example, using the same wired or wireless connection, or a separate link or connection for data transmission. The data may include status information, connection information, power requirement information, and/or any other information pertinent to managing power delivery. The status information may include a power factor of the electric load  832  (or ratio of real power to apparent power), power utilization or other measurement for indicating an energy efficiency of the load  832 , as well as any other information related to an operation or status of the load  832 , for example. The connection information may include a connection validator or other indication that the load  832  is connected to, and/or receiving power from, the O-E unit  822 , as well as other information pertaining to the electrical connection between the load  832  and the O-E unit  822 , for example. The power requirement information may include a power rating of the electric load  832 , or an amount of power required to operate, or otherwise support, the load  832 , as well as other information relevant to the power-related needs of the load  832 , for example. 
     Referring additionally to  FIG.  12   , the O-E units  822  can be configured to receive the data provided by the electric loads  832  and process the received data using individual processors (e.g., processor  724  of  FIG.  12   ) or other computing devices included in the units  822 . The O-E processor can be further configured to generate a data signal (or digital data signal) based on the received data and provide the data signal to an optical transmitter (e.g., optical transmitter  726  of  FIG.  12   ) for transmitting the data to the E-O unit  818 . As described with respect to  FIG.  12   , the optical transmitter may convert the digital data signal into an optical data signal (also referred to herein as an optical status signal (“OSS”)) suitable for transmission over the optical fiber cable  804 , as shown in  FIG.  13   . 
     In embodiments, the power control unit  836  can be configured to analyze each data signal (or “OSS”) received from the E-O units  818  to determine whether the optical power provided to each electric load  832  meets the power requirement of that load  832 , or otherwise identify any power or load shedding needs of the system  800 . For example, if a given electric load  832  requires more than the currently-supplied optical power (or “OPP”), the power control unit  836  can determine whether additional optical power can be supplied to the corresponding O-E unit  822  by increasing the number of optical fibers within the optical fiber cable  804  that are used to transmit optical power to that O-E unit  822 . Additionally, or alternatively, the power control unit  836  can determine whether the power source  834  can supply more generated power to the corresponding E-O unit  818 , so as to increase the overall amount of power available to the load  832 . In other cases, the power control unit  836  may control or adjust other characteristics of the E-O units  818 , and/or the optical power transmitted therefrom, in order to increase the amount of power delivered to the load  832 . In any case, if additional power is available, the power control unit  836  can control the E-O units  818  and/or power source  834  to ensure that additional power is delivered to each electric load  832  as needed. 
     If additional power is not available, for example, because all of the optical fibers of the optical fiber cable  804  are already in use and the power source  834  is already operating at maximum capacity, the power control unit  836  may determine that the power source  834  cannot accommodate the power requirement of the given electric load  832 , and may terminate the optical link between the corresponding E-O unit  818  and O-E unit  822  as a result. For example, the power control unit  836  may turn off the optical source included in the corresponding E-O unit  818 , or otherwise stop transmitting optical power over the optical fiber cable  804  coupled thereto. 
     In some embodiments, the power control unit  836  can be configured to use similar techniques as those described herein when the load  832  requires less than the supplied amount of power. For example, the power control unit  836  may decrease the number of optical fibers being used, reduce the amount of generated power being supplied by the power source  834  to the laser source of the E-O unit  818 , reduce the amount of optical power being output by the E-O unit  818 , and/or control one or more other characteristics of the E-O unit  818  and/or the optical fiber cable  804 . 
     Thus, the system  800  can be configured to match the power requirements of each load  832  and thereby, avoid grid inefficiency, but also use power shedding techniques to prevent charge build up and ensure efficient utilization of the O-E/E-O infrastructure, as further described herein with respect to method  900  of  FIG.  14   . 
     The power control unit  836  can comprise one or more appropriate hardware devices for carrying out the operations described herein, such as, for example, a processing device (or processor) and a memory device. The processor can be any appropriate hardware device for executing software instructions retrieved from the memory device, such as, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or another type of microprocessor. 
     The memory device can be any appropriate memory device suitable for storing software instructions, such as, for example, a volatile memory element (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.), a nonvolatile memory element (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, etc.), or any combination thereof. Moreover, the memory device may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. In some embodiments, the memory includes a non-transitory computer readable medium for implementing all or a portion of one or more of the method described herein and shown in  FIG.  14   . The memory can store one or more executable computer programs or software modules comprising a set of instructions to be performed, such as, for example, one or more software applications that may be executed by the processor to carry out the principles disclosed herein (e.g., process  900 ). The executable programs can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates an exemplary process or method  900  of managing power delivery in a power over fiber system, wherein the power over fiber system comprises a transmit unit having a laser source, a receive unit having an optical detector, and an optical fiber cable coupled between the units, in accordance with embodiments. In some embodiments, the power over fiber system may be substantially similar to any of the power over fiber systems described herein, such as, for example, the power over fiber system  700  shown in  FIG.  12   . In some embodiments, the power over fiber system may be an optical power distribution system, such as, for example, the optical power distribution system  800  shown in  FIG.  13   , or may form part of a larger optical power distribution system (e.g., similar to the power over fiber system  801  of  FIG.  13   ). 
     The method  900  can be carried out by one or more electronic devices or components of the power over fiber system, alone or in combination with one or more other electronic devices. Said devices may include, for example, the power control unit  836  shown in  FIG.  13   , the transmit unit  718  shown in  FIG.  12   , and/or the receive unit  722  shown in  FIG.  12   . The functionalities of the method  900  can be implemented, at least in part, by a processor of the device (e.g., a processor of the power control unit  836  and/or the processors  724  and  730  of  FIG.  12   ) executing a software application stored in a memory of the device. In some embodiments, the application may be a computer program stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium that is executable by a processor of the device. To further carry out the operations of the method  900 , the electronic device(s) can interact or interface with one or more external devices or components coupled thereto, such as, for example, an external power source (e.g., power source  834  of  FIG.  13   ) and an external electric load (e.g., electric loads  832  of  FIG.  13   ), as well as employ one or more internal devices (e.g., laser source  702  and optical receiver  728  of the transmit unit, optical detector  706  and optical transmitter  726  of the receive unit  722 , etc.). In some embodiments, the method  900  may be carried out by the power control unit  836  in order to manage power delivery within each power over fiber system  801  included in the optical power distribution system  800 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  14   , the method  902  can begin at step  902 , which includes transmitting high power laser energy from the transmit unit to the receive unit using a first number, n, of the optical fibers included in the optical fiber cable. In embodiments, the optical fiber cable comprises a plurality of optical fibers, wherein each fiber extends the length of the optical fiber cable and is surrounded by a thermal filler. For example, the optical fiber cable may be substantially similar to the optical fiber cable  200  shown in  FIG.  4    and comprised of optical fibers  202 , or any other optical fiber cable capable of transmitting laser energy having a power of about one gigawatt over a distance of about 1000 kilometers (km) with a loss of about 0.1 decibels (dB). In such embodiments, the transmit unit can use all, some, or any other number of the optical fibers in the optical fiber cable to transmit optical power to the receive unit. In some embodiments, the transmit unit is configured to initially use a first number of the optical fibers, the first number being selected based on a preset value (e.g., one fiber, 50% of the fibers, etc.). In other embodiments, the first number of optical fibers can be selected by a user or operator of the system. 
     Step  904  of method  900  includes receiving, at a processor, a data signal comprising information pertaining to a power requirement of an electric load coupled to the receive unit, wherein the data signal is transmitted from the receive unit to the transmit unit using the same optical fiber cable used to transmit the high power laser energy. The power requirement information may include, for example, a power rating of the electric load or other indication of an amount of power required to operate the electric load. In some embodiments, the data signal may include additional information as well, such as, for example, connection information confirming power delivery to the electric load, status information indicating a power factor or power utilization of the electric load, or other indication of an amount of power being used by, or received at, the load, feedback information comprising a message from the electric load and/or receive unit, and/or other information described herein. 
     According to embodiments, the data signal is an optical data signal generated by an optical transmitter included in the receive unit (e.g., optical transmitter  726  of  FIG.  12   ) and transmitted over the optical fiber cable. In such embodiments, step  904  further comprises receiving the optical data signal at an optical receiver included in the transmit unit (e.g., optical receiver  728  of  FIG.  12   ). At step  906 , the optical data signal is converted into a digital data signal, for example, using the optical receiver (e.g., a monitor diode), and provided to the processor. 
     In embodiments, the method  900  further comprises analyzing the data signal using the processor, and controlling the high power laser energy output by the transmit unit based on said analysis. For example, if the data signal includes power requirement information for the electric load, the method  900  includes controlling the high power laser energy output by the transmit unit based on the power requirement of the electric load. In various embodiments, the method  900  includes adjusting or controlling one or more characteristics of the transmit unit and/or the optical fiber cable in order to control the high power laser energy output. 
     More specifically, analysis of the data signal may include, at step  908 , identifying the power requirement information included in the data signal, and determining whether the power requirement included in the data signal exceeds a threshold amount of power. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of power may be associated with an external power source coupled to the transmit unit (e.g., power source  834  of  FIG.  13   ), such as, for example, a maximum amount of electric power that can be generated by the external power source, or other threshold value of the external power source. In other embodiments, the threshold amount of power may be associated with the optical source (e.g., laser source) of the transmit unit, such as, for example, a maximum amount of optical power that can be output by the laser, other threshold value of the optical source. In still other embodiments, the threshold amount of power may be associated with the optical fiber cable, such as, for example, a maximum amount of power that can be carried by the cable across the entire length of the cable, or other threshold value of the optical fiber cable. Other threshold amounts associated with the power over fiber system are also contemplated. 
     If the determination at step  908  is positive, i.e. the power requirement of the electric load exceeds the threshold amount of power, the method  900  continues to step  910 , which includes controlling the high power laser energy output transmitted by the transmit unit by halting the transmission of high power laser energy from the transmit unit. That is, the power over fiber system will halt operation of the optical source or otherwise stop supplying optical power over the optical fiber cable if the power required to operate the electric load is greater than the available amount of power. 
     If the determination at step  908  is negative, i.e. the power requirement does not exceed the threshold, the method  900  continues to step  912 , which includes determining whether the power requirement of the electric load is met by the high power laser energy being output by the transmit unit, or received at the receive unit. For example, the processor may compare the amount of optical power that is detected by the receive unit with the amount of power required to operate the electric load to determine if there is a gap or shortage at the receiving end. If the determination at step  912  is positive, i.e. the power requirement of the electric load is being met, the method  900  may end. 
     If, on the other hand, the determination at step  912  is negative, i.e. the power requirement is not met by the received laser energy, the method  900  can include controlling or adjusting the high power laser energy output by the transmit unit so that the power requirement is met, or otherwise tailoring the laser output to meet the needs of the corresponding electric load. Exactly how the laser energy output of the transmit unit is tailored will vary depending on a variety of factors, including, for example, the power requirement of the electric load, the total number of optical fibers included in the optical fiber cable, the power characteristics of the laser source, and the maximum power capacity of each fiber. 
     In some embodiments, said adjustment may be achieved at step  914  by adjusting the number of optical fibers used to transmit the laser energy from the transmit unit, based on the power requirement of the electric load, so as to control a form of the optical power (OPP) being transmitted over the optical fiber cable. For example, in some cases, the transmit unit may increase the first number of optical fibers that were initially used to transmit laser energy to a second number of optical fibers that is greater than the first number. In other cases, the transmit unit may decrease the number of optical fibers being used to a third number that is less than the first number in order to reduce the amount of optical power being transmitted to the receiving end. Accordingly, step  914  may further include determining, using the processor, the number of optical fibers that are needed to meet the power requirement of the electric load, and instructing the transmit unit (or the laser source included therein) to use the determined number of optical fibers for optical power transmission to the receive unit. 
     In some cases, adjustment of the laser energy output at step  916  may be achieved by adjusting not only the number of optical fibers but also, the amount of power that is transmitted over each optical fiber. As an example, initially, each optical fiber in the first number of fibers may be operated at about 75% of the fiber&#39;s maximum power capacity (e.g., about 10 kilowatts (kW)). If more power is required, one or more of those fibers may be operated at a higher capacity (e.g., 80%), or an additional fiber may be used, but only up to the capacity that is needed to meet the power requirement. Likewise, if less power is required, the total power output may be reduced by controlling or decreasing the amount of optical power that is transmitted over one or more of the fibers. 
     In some cases, adjustment of the laser energy output, or a form of the optical power, may be achieved at step  916  by adjusting the amount of power that is output by the laser source according to the power requirement of the electric load. For example, a power setting of the laser source, or an optical power conversion setting of the overall transmit unit, may be increased or adjusted from a first setting to a second setting in order to increase the amount of optical power that is transmitted to the receive unit. As another example, in embodiments where the laser source is a diode array comprised of a plurality of laser diodes, the laser energy output of the laser source may be adjusted by controlling the number of laser diodes that are being used to output the optical power. For example, the transmit unit may be configured to turn on or turn off one or more of the laser diodes in the array depending on the amount of power needed to meet the power requirement of the electric load. 
     In some cases, a combination of steps  914  and  916  may be used to meet the power requirement of the electric load. For example, if the power requirement of the electric load is not met by using all of the optical fibers in the optical fiber cable, the amount of optical power output by the laser source may be increased as well, up to a maximum power capacity of each fiber. In some cases, the high power laser energy output by the transmit unit is controlled or adjusted based on the power requirement of the electric load by both increasing the amount of optical power output by the laser source and increasing the number of optical fibers used to transmit the laser energy from the first number of fibers to a second number of fibers that is equal to the total number of optical fibers included in the optical fiber cable. 
     In some embodiments, the laser energy output by the transmit unit can be adjusted on a temporal basis, or for only a set period of time, for example, in order to meet peak load demand (e.g., during daytime hours) or other temporal needs of the power over fiber system. For example, step  914  may further comprise increasing the number of optical fibers used from the first number to the second number at a first point in time ( ), and decreasing the number of optical fibers back to the first number at a second point in time, or after the set period of time has passed. Likewise, step  916  may further comprise, at a first point in time, increasing the amount of optical power being output by the laser source by changing a first setting to a second setting, and at a second point in time, or after passage of a certain time period, reverting back to the first setting in order to decrease the amount of optical power being output by the laser source. Other techniques for temporarily adjusting the form of the optical power being transported over the optic fiber cable may also be used, as will be appreciated. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates an exemplary power over fiber system  1000  configured for use in medical applications, in accordance with embodiments. In some embodiments, the power over fiber system  1000  can be used to remove or ablate tumors or other undesirable objects located in a human body without extensive surgery. As an example, the power over fiber system  100  may be used for laser-induced thermal therapy, percutaneous laser ablation of certain tumors (e.g., primary and secondary malignant lung tumors, and the like), as well as other appropriate medical procedures (e.g., ureteral stone removal, etc.). Like the other power over fiber systems described herein, the power over fiber system  1000  can tailor its laser energy output according to the needs of the receiving end, or in this case, the particular medical procedure being performed, even as those needs change throughout the procedure. For example, when used to ablate or eliminate an undesired object in a patient&#39;s body, the system  1000  can be configured to adjust one or more characteristics of the laser energy output as the size and/or shape of the object changes in response to the laser treatment. As a result, the power over fiber system  1000  can provide a more efficient and precise ablation technique than existing laser-induced thermal therapy techniques and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG.  15   , the system  1000  comprises an optical source  1002  (or laser source) for emitting ultra-high power laser energy, similar to the optical source  102  shown in  FIG.  3   . The system  1000  further comprises at least one optical fiber  1004  coupled to the laser source  1002  at a first end. During an ablation procedure, a second end of the at least one optical fiber  1004  may be inserted into a body area of a patient  1006  that is adjacent to an object  1008  to be removed or ablated. The optical fiber  1004  can serve as a transmission line for directing high power laser energy from the laser source  1002  towards the object  1008 . Once the procedure is complete, all or a portion of the optical fiber  1004  may be removed from the patient&#39;s body and disposed. 
     In general, the laser energy emitted over the optical fiber  1004  may be tailored or optimized for achieving ablation of the particular object  1008 . For example, the high power laser energy output by the laser source  1002  may be configured to have a wavelength of about 2 to 3 micrometers (μm), or other appropriate wavelength, depending on the object  1042  to be ablated. For example, the wavelength may be set to 2.1 μm for tumor ablation and 2.0 μm for ablation of ureteral stones. In some embodiments, the laser source  1002  can be configured to emit pulses of laser energy at a specific rate depending on the type of medical procedure and/or object  1008 . For example, the laser source  1002  may be configured to send pulses of laser energy at a repetition rate of 50 Hertz (Hz) when dusting ureteral stones. In addition, the laser source  1002  can be configured to transmit pulses of light energy having a specific amount of power (e.g., at a pulse power of about 1 Joule (J) per pulse) depending on the particular medical application. 
     In embodiments, the laser energy output is adjusted during the ablation procedure in order to tailor the high power laser energy according to not only the particular type of object  1008 , but also a changing physical structure of the object  1008  as ablation occurs. For example, an intensity of the laser energy being directed towards the object  1008  may be reduced as the object  1008  becomes smaller in size and/or breaks up into multiple smaller pieces. In embodiments, such tailoring can be achieved by controlling one or more characteristics or properties of the laser energy output, such as, for example, a power level of the laser energy output by the laser source  1002 . In some cases, such tailoring may initially occur before the procedure begins, for example, based on information obtained about an initial size and/or shape of the object  1008 , and may continue to occur during the procedure based on status or feedback information pertaining to the object  1008 , or what remains of it. 
     To that end, the power over fiber system  1000  further includes a spectrometer  1010  coupled to a second optical fiber  1012  having a distal end located within the body of the patient  1006 , at or near the same location as the first optical fiber  1004  (i.e. adjacent to the object  1008 ). The second optical fiber  1012  can be configured to transport light energy detected at the location of the object  1008  back to the spectrometer  1010 . In embodiments, the second optical fiber  1012  may be substantially similar to one of the optical fibers  202  shown in  FIG.  4   . The spectrometer  1010  may be a near infrared (or “NIR) spectrometer or other optical spectrometry device capable of analyzing or measuring various properties of the returned light (or light pulses) and determining a status of the object  1008 , or other incident object, based on said analysis. For example, after an initial application of laser energy, the spectrometer  1010  can measure an intensity of the returned light and otherwise analyze a spectral signature of the returned pulses, to determine whether the laser energy output ablated the object  1008  entirely or ablated only a portion of the object  1008  and/or caused the object  1008  to sever into multiple smaller pieces. The spectrometer  1010  can also analyze the signatures of the returned pulses to determine a size of the remaining pieces of the object  1008 . In some cases, the spectrometer  1010  is configured to analyze the returned light by identifying a signature of each returned pulse and comparing said signatures to a previously-obtained signature of the object  1008 , or other prior information, to determine how much of the original object  1008  remains, if any. The spectrometer  1010  can also monitor the signatures of the returned pulses to evaluate the effectiveness or thoroughness of the ablation procedure, including tissue morphology and absorption characteristics. The spectrometer  1010  may identify and analyze the different colors of light included in the returned pulses and a spectral structure of the returned pulses in order to make these determinations, as will be appreciated. 
     The power over fiber system  1000  further includes a control unit  1014  for adjusting at least one characteristic of the laser energy output based on the status information determined by the spectrometer  1012 . In embodiments, the control unit  1014  can control one or more properties of the power over fiber system  1000  that are capable of impacting an intensity of the laser energy directed towards the object  1008 . For example, the control unit  1014  can be configured to adjust the amount of optical power or energy emitted from the optical source  1002 . As another example, the control unit  1014  can be configured to adjust a shape of the laser energy pulses that are incident on the object  1008 , or otherwise change or affect one or more properties of the optical fiber  1004  that is used to transport the laser energy towards the patient  1006 , as described herein with respect to  FIG.  16   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  15   , in some embodiments, the control unit  1014  is a standalone computing device that is communication with both the spectrometer  1012  and the laser source  1002 , via a wired or wireless connection. In other embodiments, the control unit  1014  may be a microcontroller or the like that is included within the spectrometer  1012 , in which case the spectrometer  1012  may be in direct communication with the laser source  1002 . Regardless, the control unit  1014  may comprise a processor and memory (e.g., similar to those of the receive unit  722  shown in  FIG.  12   ) for carrying out the operations described herein, as will be appreciated. 
     Referring additionally to  FIG.  16   , shown is a cross-sectional view of the optical fiber  1004  included in the power over fiber system  1000  of  FIG.  15   . In embodiments, the optical fiber  1004  can be configured to enable control of the pulse shape and/or other properties of the laser energy being delivered via the optical fiber  1004 . As shown, the optical fiber  1004  comprises a ZBLAN core  1016 , which may be substantially similar to the fiber core  212  shown in  FIG.  4    and described herein. The optical fiber  1004  further comprises a cladding  1018  disposed around the ZBLAN core  1016 . The cladding  1018  may be fused or bonded to the core  1016 , like the cladding  214  of  FIG.  4   . The optical fiber cable  1004  further comprises a protective coating  1020  configured to protect and insulate the ZBLAN fiber core  1016  and cladding  1018 . The coating  1020  may be comprised of Polyvinyl Fluoride (“PVF”) or other suitable polymer. 
     In embodiments, the cladding  1018  and coating  1020  can be configured to enable specific control or adjustment of one or more properties of the laser energy traveling through the core  1016  of the optical fiber  1004 . For example, the cladding  1018  may have a periodic structure configured to guide or direct propagation of the laser energy towards the object  1008 . The coating  1020  may be an electroactive polymer that can change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field, such as, e.g., an electric field applied to the cladding  1018  by the control unit  1014  of  FIG.  15   . As the coating  1020  expands and/or contracts in response to the electric field, a period of the periodic structured cladding  1018  changes as well. This causes a corresponding change in the pulse shape of the laser energy traveling through the core  1016 , as well as the amplitude or intensity of each light pulse, thus controlling the type of light that can pass through the optical fiber  1004 . In embodiments, the control unit  1014  can be configured to apply a specific electric field to the cladding  1018  such that the pulse shape and intensity level of the laser energy incident on the object  1008  is tailored as needed, or according to a current status of the object  1008  (e.g., number and size of remaining pieces, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, the type of optical source  1002  included in the power over fiber system  1000  may be changed or modified depending on the particular medical procedure. For example, a Ho:YAG laser may be used for dusting ureteral stones, as is standard for such a surgical procedure. 
     In certain embodiments, the process descriptions or blocks in the figures, such as  FIGS.  6 ,  8 , and  14   , can represent modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Any alternate implementations are included within the scope of the embodiments described herein, in which functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments, particularly, any “preferred” embodiments, are possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) without substantially departing from the spirit and principles of the techniques described herein. All such modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.