Patent Publication Number: US-9901972-B2

Title: End closure with large opening ring pull tab

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/949,404, filed Mar. 7, 2014, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to containers and container end closures, and more specifically to metallic beverage container end closures with large openings and pull tabs. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Containers, and more specifically metallic beverage containers, generally contain a neck on an upper portion that is adapted for interconnection to a metallic end closure. The container end closure is formed from a flat sheet of metallic material and generally includes a pull tab, ring pull, or other form of opening device. Beverage containers commonly store carbonated beverages, thus, both the container body and the container end closure are required to withhold internal pressures up to 90 psi while under varying temperatures without catastrophic failure or permanent deformation. Further, the container end closure must be manufactured, stacked, shipped, and sent to a filler prior to being seamed onto a container body filled with a carbonated beverage. Thus, the container and end closure must be designed to resist deformation and failure while utilizing thin metallic materials and allowing compact stacking during shipping and manufacturing. 
     Food and beverage containers with pull tabs, stay on tabs (“SOTs”), ring pulls, and pull aperture openings are generally known. Ring pulls (also called pull rings), ring pull tabs, and pull tabs are generally secured to the end closure by a rivet located in the center of the central panel, which limits the size of the opening because the opening can only extend from the periphery of the central panel to the rivet at the center of the panel. Additionally, the initial opening point is generally adjacent to the rivet, which is traditionally located in the center of the end closure. SOTs are generally secured to the central panel and rotated by a user to push the nose of the SOT on the tear panel, which is fractured from the end closure along a score line. The ring pull is secured to the end closure within the tear panel, which is defined by a score line, such that when the user pulls the ring pull tab, the score line fractures and the tear panel with the pull ring tab is torn completely off and discarded. 
     Known end closures with center-located rivet ring pulls have reached the limit of opening size. Thus, the opening in the end closure cannot be increased beyond current designs if the ring pull rivet is located in the center of the end closure. 
     Additionally, end closures may buckle when under varying temperatures and internal pressure. If an end closure buckles near the score line and opening, then the score line may crack and release the contents of the container. This is called “peak and leak.” To prevent buckling and peak and leak, end closures may be made of thicker metal. However, this approach increases production cost and the amount of force needed to fracture the score line. 
     An important feature of end closures is their ability to resist abuse during transport and stacking. A particular problem in this regard is the possibility that when a filled container is stacked on top of another filled container, e.g., during transport, the base of the upper container pushes down on the tab of the lower container. This can cause the score formed around the tear panel of the lower container to fracture. A known solution to this problem is to form a pair of downwardly projecting points or nibs on either side of the tab that project downward slightly further than the point of the tab nose. These additional points typically contact the surface of the end closure in the unopened configuration and, in the event of an impact on the container (e.g., due to stacking), prevent the nose from coming into contact with the end closure. When the lift ring or tail of the tab is raised to open the end closure, however, the tab pivots about these points allowing the nose to impact the end closure and fracture the score. It is possible to achieve a similar effect by providing a pair of raised dimples on the end closure, under and in contact with the tab. However, in designs that provide a circumferential bead extending behind the nose of the tab, the bead will tend to interfere with the raised dimples. 
     Accordingly, there exists a significant need for a container end closure with a ring pull tab that has an increased opening size, allows for faster pouring, increases access to the scent of the container&#39;s contents, enhances the content&#39;s flavor, and resists abuse during transport and stacking. 
     Due to the numerous limitations associated with the prior art described above, the following disclosure describes an improved container end closure that is adapted for interconnection to a container body and that employs a large opening for faster pouring. This novel design provides buckle resistance, prevents inadvertent opening, and significantly improves the end closure&#39;s pour rate. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These and other needs are addressed by the various embodiments and configurations of the present invention. This invention relates to a novel system, device, and methods for providing a food and beverage container end closure with a large opening and faster pour rate than existing designs. 
     Features of the present invention may be employed in a wide range of food and beverage containers, including pressurized beverage containers with ring pull tabs secured by a rivet, pressurized beverage containers with stay on tabs (“SOTs”) secured by a rivet, food containers with tear away lids, and full-panel easy-open ends with tabs, to name a few. Although the invention generally relates to metallic end closures and containers, the invention and features described herein could easily be implemented on plastic containers and end closures. 
     Thus, it is one aspect of various embodiments of the present invention to provide a metallic end closure for a container with a larger opening, faster pouring features, and improved access to the scent of the container&#39;s contents. Specifically, the container may hold beer, carbonated beverages, other liquids, food, pasteurized products, vacuum-packed products, nutraceuticals, or infant formula. 
     One aspect of embodiments of the present invention is to provide an end closure that has satisfactory pressure performance and satisfactory opening performance, whilst still being able to accommodate abuse resistance features. 
     Another aspect of the embodiment is to provide an end closure with a rigid panel and a ring pull tab interconnected to the tear panel that requires less force to open. Thus, the force required for a user to fracture the score and open the pour opening is reduced. 
     It is thus one aspect of embodiments of the present invention to provide an end closure with a ring pull or pull tab secured by a rivet offset from the center of the end closure. One advantage of some embodiments is that the opening size is increased, which increases the pour rate and improves the smoothness of the pour. Additionally, the larger opening allows more of the product&#39;s scent to reach the user&#39;s nose, which enhances the flavor of the product. Note that the terms “ring pull tab,” “pull tab,” and “tab” may be used interchangeably herein. 
     Another aspect of embodiments of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an end closure with an increased opening size. More specifically, a method for forming a beverage can end closure is provided, wherein the container end closure is provided with a ring pull tab or pull tab that is secured to the end closure by an offset rivet. In some embodiments, the end closure may also have beads and/or abuse resistance features. 
     One aspect of embodiments of the present invention is to provide a container end closure that is manufactured with conventional manufacturing equipment. It is a further aspect of embodiments of the present invention to provide an end closure that fits standard sizes of food and beverage containers. 
     In various embodiments, an end closure is provided with a ring pull, wherein the pull tab is riveted to the end closure central panel at a location offset from the tear panel. By offsetting the point at which the tab is riveted to the end closure, the size of the tear panel can extend beyond the center of the panel, thus allowing the tear panel to be significantly larger. Furthermore, by offsetting the rivet location, the initial opening point of the tear panel may be extended farther away from the final opening point of the tear panel, which increases the opening area. 
     In one embodiment, an end closure is provided with a SOT, wherein the tab is riveted to the end closure at a location offset from the center of the panel. By offsetting the point at which the tab is riveted to the end closure, the size of the tear panel can extend beyond the center of the panel, thus allowing the tear panel to be significantly larger. For example, the opening area can be between 40% and 50% of the area of the central panel. 
     In some embodiments of the end closure with an offset rivet, the tab is oriented in the opposite direction as traditional tabs. Thus, the tail end (or pull ring) of the tab will be positioned on the same side of the rivet as the tear panel and opening. This is because if the tab is offset from the center of the end closure and is riveted in the traditional configuration (i.e., the pull end is located on the opposite side of the rivet from the tear panel), then the tab would extend beyond the periphery of the central panel. In some embodiments, the tab may be oriented in the traditional configuration and would also be smaller in size than traditional pull rings and tabs. However, smaller pull rings and tabs may be more difficult to use and users may find it more difficult to open the container. Thus, other embodiments use a standard-sized tab and orient the tail end of the tab over the tear panel. 
     In one embodiment, one or more beads are formed in the central panel and adjacent to the score to provide rigidity to the central panel and to allow the tear panel to be removed after the score is propagated by utilizing the pull ring. The beads may be called “beads,” “stiffening beads,” “strengthening beads,” “linear beads,” and/or “tab beads” herein. The one or more beads can be raised or lowered with respect to a substantially horizontal plane of the panel. Additionally, strengthening beads make the panel rigid and reduce the force needed to open the opening. 
     In one embodiment with an offset rivet and a ring pull tab positioned above the tear panel, a user may open the container by pulling the ring upwardly and away from the user until the tab is in a vertical position. Then the user will pull the ring back toward the user to completely detach the tab and tear panel from the end closure. 
     In some embodiments, to open the container the user pulls the tab upwardly, which fractures the score. The score may be fractured at the 12 o&#39;clock position in one embodiment. The user then pulls the tab outwardly and away from the end closure to completely detach the score panel from the end closure, similar to the opening procedure of a full panel food end closure. 
     In one embodiment having an offset rivet and a SOT with the tail end positioned above the tear panel, the hinge on the tear panel may be positioned at the bottom (6 o&#39;clock position) of the opening. Thus, a user may open the container by pulling the tab upwardly and away from the user until the tab is in a vertical position, then pull the tab back toward the user and push the tab and tear panel into the container, bending the tear panel at the hinge. 
     In another embodiment, the user opens the end closure by raising the tail of the tab such that the nose of the tab is pressed against the upper surface of the end closure, which causes the score to fracture initially at a point. In one embodiment, the score line extends to the point at which the nose presses against the end closure and the initial fracture point will be directly under the nose (i.e., at the point at which the nose presses against the end closure). In other embodiments, the score line may not extend much past the rivet. In this embodiment, the score will fracture initially at a point closest to the point at which the nose presses against the end closure. In yet another embodiment, the score line may extend some distance beyond the point at which the nose presses against the end closure and the score will fracture initially at a point closest to the point at which the nose presses against the end closure. In these embodiments, the fracture will propagate along the score line to a second point and a third point, which may be equidistance from the initial fracture point and which may vary in location from embodiment to embodiment. To finish opening the end closure, the user must then pull the tab in a direction away from the initial fracture point and toward the opposite side of the end closure in order to completely fracture the score line. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the end closure comprises a central panel surrounded by a circumferential score and an outer seaming panel. The closure further comprises a tab fixed to the central panel or the tear panel by a rivet formed in the central panel such that lifting of a radially inner region of the tab forces a nose portion of the tab into contact with a region of the central panel adjacent to a radially inner edge of the circumferential score, thereby causing the score to fracture. In an alternate or additional embodiment, the tear panel further includes a bead. The tear panel bead may be shorter than the strengthening beads and/or positioned between the rivet and the center point of the central panel. 
     In one embodiment, a container end closure adapted for interconnection to a container body is provided. The end closure comprises a tab secured to the end closure by a rivet offset from the center of the end closure. The rivet may be produced using a known “bubble reform” process which generates a circular “witness” mark around the rivet. This process hardens the metal in the area of the rivet including the witness. In some embodiments, the rivet is made of the central panel material. 
     In one embodiment, a metallic end closure for a beverage container with improved pouring features is provided. The metallic end closure comprises: a peripheral curl which is adapted for interconnection to a neck of a beverage container; a chuck wall extending downwardly from the peripheral curl; a countersink interconnected to a lower end of the chuck wall; an inner panel wall extending upwardly from an interior portion of the countersink; a central panel interconnected to an upper portion of the inner panel wall, the central panel having a center point; a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end; and a score line in the central panel which defines a tear panel, wherein the tail end of the ring pull tab is positioned above the tear panel, and wherein the ring pull tab is operably interconnected to the tear panel at an interconnection point located a forward distance from the center point of the central panel. In a further embodiment, the tear panel may be completely detachable from the central panel. In one embodiment, the metallic end closure further comprises a first bead positioned proximate to one side of the score line and a second bead positioned proximate to an opposite side of the score line. In another embodiment, the tear panel of the metallic end closure defines a pour opening of at least about 1.05 square inches and/or the pour opening comprises at least about 41.6% of a total surface area of the central panel. In another embodiment, the pour opening comprises at least about 43.3% of a total surface area of the central panel. In one embodiment, the tear panel comprises a rounded, triangular shape and the tab interconnection point may be positioned proximate to an upper portion of the rounded, triangular-shaped tear panel. 
     In one embodiment, a metallic end closure for a beverage container with improved pouring features is provided. The metallic end closure comprises: a peripheral curl which is adapted for interconnection to a neck of a beverage container; a chuck wall extending downwardly from said peripheral curl; a countersink interconnected to a lower end of said chuck wall; an inner panel wall extending upwardly from an interior portion of said countersink; a central panel having a perimeter and a center point which is located at an intersection of a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, wherein said perimeter of said central panel is interconnected to an upper portion of said inner panel wall; a score line in said central panel which defines a tear panel, wherein said score line has a first substantially linear portion on a first side of said vertical axis and a second substantially linear portion on a second side of said vertical axis; and a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end, wherein said ring pull tab is operably interconnected to said tear panel at an interconnection point positioned on said vertical axis between said center point and said perimeter of said central panel, and wherein said tail end of said ring pull tab is positioned above said tear panel. 
     In additional embodiments, the tear panel is completely detachable from said central panel. The metallic end closure can further comprise a first bead positioned proximate to said first substantially linear portion of said score line, said first bead including a substantially linear portion which is aligned substantially parallel to said first substantially linear portion of said score line. In one embodiment, the metallic end closure further comprises a second bead positioned proximate to said second substantially linear portion of said score line, said second bead including a substantially linear portion which is aligned substantially parallel to said second substantially linear portion of said score line, and wherein said central panel has increased rigidity. Additionally, the first bead has a length which is longer than a width of said first bead, and wherein said first bead is raised above a substantially horizontal surface of said central panel a height of between about 0.025 inches and 0.035 inches. In some embodiments, the tear panel defines a pour opening of at least about 1.05 square inches. In one embodiment, the tear panel defines a pour opening which comprises at least about 43.3% of a total surface area of the central panel. In various embodiments, the tear panel comprises a rounded, triangular shape. Further, the tab interconnection point is positioned proximate to an upper portion of said rounded, triangular-shaped tear panel, and wherein a lower portion of said rounded, triangular-shaped tear panel comprises a radius of curvature that is substantially the same as a radius of curvature of said perimeter of said central panel. 
     In one embodiment, a metallic end closure with an enlarged detachable tear panel is provided. The metallic end closure comprises: a peripheral curl which is adapted for interconnection to a neck of a beverage container; a chuck wall extending downwardly from said peripheral curl; a central panel having a perimeter and a center point which is located at an intersection of a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, wherein said perimeter of said central panel is interconnected to said chuck wall; a score line in said central panel which defines the enlarged detachable tear panel, said score line having a first linear leg interconnected by a first radius of curvature to a second linear leg which is interconnected to a third leg by a second radius of curvature, said third leg is interconnected to said first linear leg by a third radius of curvature which is substantially the same as the second radius of curvature; a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end, wherein said ring pull tab is operably interconnected to said tear panel at an interconnection point positioned on said vertical axis between said center point and said perimeter of said central panel; a first bead positioned proximate to a first portion of said score line, wherein said first bead is substantially parallel to said first portion of said score line; and a second bead positioned proximate to a second portion of said score line, wherein said second bead is substantially parallel to said second portion of said score line. 
     In some embodiments, the tail end of said ring pull tab is positioned above said tear panel. In additional embodiments, the metallic end closure further comprises a third bead positioned on said vertical axis between said interconnection point and said center point of said central panel. In various embodiments, the first bead has a length and a width, wherein said length of said first bead is longer than said width of said first bead, wherein said length of said first bead is less than approximately 0.57 inches, and wherein said first bead is raised above a substantially horizontal surface of said central panel a height. In one embodiment, the tear panel comprises a rounded, triangular shape, wherein said interconnection point is positioned proximate to an upper portion of said rounded, triangular-shaped tear panel, and wherein a lower portion of said rounded, triangular-shaped tear panel comprises a fourth radius of curvature that is substantially the same as a radius of curvature of said perimeter of said central panel. 
     Various methods of forming an end closure with improved pouring features are provided. In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing a metallic end closure adapted for interconnection to a neck of a container is provided comprising: providing a sheet metal material; cutting a disc from said sheet metal material; and forming said disc into said metallic end closure, wherein said metallic end closure comprises: a peripheral curl adapted for interconnection to said neck of said container; a chuck wall extending downwardly from said peripheral curl; a countersink interconnected to a lower end of said chuck wall; an inner panel wall extending upwardly from an interior portion of said countersink; a central panel interconnected to an upper portion of said inner panel wall, said central panel having a center point; a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end; and a score line in said central panel which defines a tear panel, wherein said tail end of said ring pull tab is positioned above said tear panel, and wherein said ring pull tab is operably interconnected to said tear panel at an interconnection point located a forward distance from said center point of the central panel. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise forming a first bead positioned proximate to one side of said score line; and forming a second bead positioned proximate to an opposite side of said score line. 
     Additional or alternative methods of forming an end closure with improved pouring features are also provided herein. In one embodiment, a method is provided comprising the steps of: providing a metallic end closure comprising: a peripheral curl which is adapted for interconnection to a neck of a beverage container; a countersink; an inner panel wall extending upwardly from the countersink; a central panel interconnected to an upper portion of the inner panel wall, the central panel having a center point; a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end, wherein the ring pull tab is operably interconnected to the central panel at an interconnection point and the interconnection point is a distance from the center point; and a score line in the central panel which defines a tear panel, wherein the tail end of the ring pull tab is positioned above the tear panel. 
     Various methods of forming an end closure with improved pouring features are provided. In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing a metallic end closure adapted for interconnection to a neck of a container is provided, comprising: providing a sheet metal material; cutting a blank from said sheet metal material; and forming said blank into said metallic end closure, wherein said metallic end closure comprises: a peripheral curl adapted for interconnection to said neck of said container; a chuck wall extending downwardly from said peripheral curl; a countersink interconnected to a lower end of said chuck wall; an inner panel wall extending upwardly from an interior portion of said countersink; a central panel having a perimeter and a center point which is located at an intersection of a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, wherein said perimeter of said central panel is interconnected to an upper portion of said inner panel wall; a score line in said central panel which defines a tear panel, wherein said score line has a first linear portion on a first side of said vertical axis and a second linear portion on a second side of said vertical axis; and a ring pull tab having a nose end and a tail end, wherein said tail end of said ring pull tab is positioned above said tear panel, and wherein said ring pull tab is operably interconnected to said tear panel at an interconnection point positioned proximate to an intersection of the first linear portion and the second linear portion of said score line. 
     In further embodiments, said tear panel is completely detachable from said central panel. Additionally, the method further comprises: forming a first bead positioned proximate to said first linear portion of said score line, wherein said first bead includes a linear portion which is substantially parallel to said first linear portion of said score line; and forming a second bead positioned proximate to said second linear portion of said score line, wherein said second bead includes a linear portion which is substantially parallel to said second linear portion of said score line, wherein said first bead and said second bead increase rigidity of said central panel. In a further embodiment, said first bead has a length and a width, wherein said length of said first bead is longer than said width of said first bead, and wherein said first bead is raised above a substantially horizontal surface of said central panel a height of at least about 0.025 inches and 0.035 inches. In some embodiments, the method further comprises forming a third bead positioned on said vertical axis between said interconnection point and said center point of said central panel. Further, the tear panel defines a pour opening of at least about 1.05 square inches. 
     In one embodiment, a method of opening a beverage container with a ring pull and improved pouring features is provided. The method comprises: pulling a tail end of a ring pull tab upwardly and away from the user; positioning the ring pull tab in a vertical position to fracture a score line; pulling the tail end of the ring pull tab back toward the user; completely detaching the ring pull tab and tear panel from the end closure. 
     For purposes of further disclosure, the following references generally related to end closures and ring pulls are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties: 
     Chinese Patent Publication Number CN103287663A; 
     Chinese Patent Publication Number CN103029888A; 
     European Patent No. EP0040277 to Kaneko; and 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,441,168 issued to Luviano on Apr. 29, 1969. 
     For purposes of further disclosure, the following references generally related to end closure panels and SOTs are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties: 
     Japanese Patent Publication Number JP2002145263 to Yoshihiko; 
     Japanese Patent Publication Number JP2000159229 to Yoshihiko; 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,623 issued to Otsuka et al. on Nov. 3, 1998; and 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,157,119 issued to Watson et al. on Apr. 17, 2012. 
     The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or”, as used herein, are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, dimensions, conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. 
     The term “a” or “an” entity, as used herein, refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. 
     The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Accordingly, the terms “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof can be used interchangeably herein. 
     It shall be understood that the term “means” as used herein shall be given its broadest possible interpretation in accordance with 35 U.S.C. §112(f). Accordingly, a claim incorporating the term “means” shall cover all structures, materials, or acts set forth herein, and all of the equivalents thereof. Further, the structures, materials, or acts and the equivalents thereof shall include all those described in the summary of the invention, brief description of the drawings, detailed description, abstract, and claims themselves. 
     These and other advantages will be apparent from the disclosure of the invention(s) contained herein. The above-described embodiments, objectives, and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. The Summary of the Invention is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present invention. Moreover, references made herein to “the present invention” or aspects thereof should be understood to mean certain embodiments of the present invention and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. The present invention is set forth in various levels of detail in the Summary of the Invention as well as in the attached drawings and the Detailed Description and no limitation as to the scope of the present invention is intended by either the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements, components, etc. in this Summary of the Invention. Additional aspects of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the Detailed Description, particularly when taken together with the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a top plan view of the public side of a prior art end closure; 
         FIG. 2  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure with a pull ring tab according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure without a tab according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows the end closure of  FIG. 3  with a pull ring tab; 
         FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional elevation view of a traditional SOT end closure; 
         FIG. 5B-B  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure of  FIG. 4  taken along a jagged cut line; 
         FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure of  FIG. 4  taken at line  5 B- 5 B; 
         FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure of  FIG. 4  taken at line  5 C- 5 C; 
         FIG. 6  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure without a tab according to a third embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 7  shows the end closure of  FIG. 6  with a pull ring tab. 
     
    
    
     To assist in the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention the following list of components and associated numbering found in the drawings is provided herein:
           2  End Closure     4  Central Panel     8  Hinge Line     12  Tab/Ring Pull     14  Tab Tail     16  Tab Nose     20  Chord     22  Tab Interconnection Point     24  Peripheral Curl     26  Chuck Wall     28  Countersink     30  Countersink Outer Panel Wall     32  Countersink Inner Panel Wall     34  Rivet     40  Score Line     42  Tear Panel/Pour Opening     44  Circumferential Bead     46  Wing-shaped Bead     48  Linear Bead     50  Bead     52  Tab Bead   H 1  Countersink Depth (Height Countersink to Curl)   H 2  Curl Height   L 1  Curl Diameter   L 2  Distance from Center Point to Rivet Center   R 1  First Radius of Curvature   R 2  Second Radius of Curvature   R 3  Third Radius of Curvature   R 4  Fourth Radius of Curvature       

     It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and various dimensions may be altered. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the invention or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Although the following text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the description is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this disclosure. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment since describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims. 
       FIGS. 1-7  show various embodiments of an end closure with a very large opening. In some embodiments, the end closure is a 202 B-64 very large opening end closure with a ring pull. In other embodiments, the end closure is a 206 B-64 very large opening end closure with a ring pull. In some embodiments, the end closure is made of an aluminum alloy. The end closure can resist buckling when the internal pressure of the contents is 620.5 KPA (90 PSI) or greater and may even resist buckling when the internal pressure of the contents is 634.3 KPA (92 PSI) or greater. Before seaming, between about 22 and 26 end closures may be stacked every 2 inches for shipping and throughout the manufacturing and filling processes. 
       FIG. 1  is a top plan view of the public side of a prior art full panel opening end closure  2  with a ring pull according to one embodiment of the prior art. The end closure illustrated in  FIG. 1  has a number of disadvantages. For example, while it does achieve a satisfactory pressure performance, its opening performance is not great primarily due to the short length of the chord  20  between the two points where the chord  9  intersects with the score  40 . This is caused by the presence of a circumferential strengthening bead  44  between the nose portion  16  of the tab  12  and the score  40 . The circumferential bead  44  tends to prevent an initial fracture of the score  40 , induced when the tab  12  is raised, from propagating around the score  44  to a sufficient extent. A solution to this problem is to terminate the circumferential bead  44  on each side of the tab  12  to provide a break in the circumferential bead  44  in the region behind the tab  12 . However, merely terminating the circumferential bead  44  results in an increased risk of peaking along the score line  40  in the region of the break in the circumferential bead  44 . A further solution that has been proposed is to maintain the circumferential bead  44  as shown in  FIG. 1  and introduce an additional pair of relatively short beads on either side of the rivet  34 , see European Patent No. EP 1577222, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. These beads project outwardly from the rivet region in a generally circumferential direction. The additional beads provide a fold line about which the closure tends to fold when the tab  12  is raised, counteracting the strengthening effect of the circumferential bead  44 . 
       FIG. 2  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure  2  according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The end closure may include a central panel  4 , a score line  40  defining a score panel (also called a tear panel herein)  42 , and a tab or ring pull tab  12 . In some embodiments the tab  12  is interconnected by a rivet  34 , which may be same material as central panel  4 . The tab  12  can be a SOT or a ring pull tab in various embodiments. Thus, the tab  12  can be interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet for a SOT or the tab  12  can be interconnected to the tear panel  42  via a rivet for a ring pull tab. The rivet  34  is offset from center point of the central panel  4  and, in order to accommodate the size of the tab  12 , the lift end of the tab  12  is positioned over the tear panel  42 . Further, the nose of the tab  12  is positioned proximate to an upper portion of the tear panel  42 , i.e., the portion of the tear panel  42  proximate to the 12 o&#39;clock position. In some embodiments, the nose of the tab  12  extends beyond the tear panel  42 . Having a rivet  34  offset from the center point of the central panel  4  allows the tear panel  42  to be larger than tear panels in traditional end closures. Additionally, the tear panel  42  shown has a rounded, triangular shape or a tear drop shape. The shape of the tear panel  42  accommodates one or more beads  48 ,  50 . In the embodiment shown, the end closure  2  comprises two linear beads  48  approximately parallel to straight portions of the tear panel  42  and one bead  50  positioned at the top (12 o&#39;clock) of the central panel  4 . The two linear beads  48 , and their location close to and parallel with a portion of the score  40 , add rigidity to the central panel  4  to allow the score line  40  to tear open more easily by lowering the pop force needed to open the tear panel  42 . Further, the linear beads  48  prevent the score line  40  from flexing rather than tearing. The linear beads  48  parallel to the straight portions of the tear panel  42  may also strengthen the end closure  2  in the region of the score  40 , tending to prevent unintended fracturing of the score  40 . In some embodiments, the beads  48  may follow a generally linear path in the region approaching the rivet  34  such that when the tab  12  is lifted away from the central panel  4 , a fold in the central panel  4  is created along that generally linear path. Additionally, the exact location at which the bead (or beads)  48  terminates may depend upon a number of factors. Thus, the termination location may be slightly before or after a witness periphery or may coincide with the periphery. 
     The beads  48 ,  50  can either be raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or lowered below the surface of the central panel  4 . The end closure  2  can include any number of beads,  48 ,  50 . Thus, the end closure  2  can have one linear bead  48 , one linear bead and one bead  50 , only one bead  50 , two linear beads  48 , two linear beads  48  and a bead  50 , and so on. Furthermore, the shapes of the beads  48 ,  50  can vary depending on the embodiment and specific requirements of the end closure  2 . For example, the linear beads  48  may be circular or square-shaped rather than a long oval shape as shown in  FIG. 2 . Further, the bead  50  can be shaped similar to the linear beads  48  or can be more circular or even square-shaped. Thus, the beads  48 ,  50  can be any shape or size depending on the specific embodiment. 
       FIG. 3  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure  2  shown without a pull ring tab according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The end closure  2  may include a central panel  4 , a score line  40  defining a tear panel  42 , one or more beads  48 ,  52 , a countersink  28 , and a peripheral curl  24 . The tab is interconnected to the central panel  4  at a tab interconnection point  22 . The tab interconnection point  22  is positioned along the vertical centerline (also called the vertical axis herein) of the end closure  2 , but is not positioned on the horizontal centerline (also called the horizontal axis herein) of the end closure  2 . In one embodiment, distance L 2  of the tab interconnection point  22  from the center point of the central panel  4  is between about 12.06 mm (0.475 inches) and about 16.06 mm (0.632 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is between about 13.06 mm (0.514 inches) and about 15.06 mm (0.593 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is about 14.06 mm (0.5534 inches). Thus, the tab interconnection point  22  is offset from the center point of the central panel  4 , which allows the tear panel  42  to be larger than tear panels in traditional end closures. 
     Additionally, the tear panel  42  shown has a rounded, triangular shape or a tear drop shape. The tear panel  42  has a vertical length extending along the vertical centerline of the end closure  2  of about 1.355 inches. Additionally, the tear panel  42  has two substantially linear sides (also called linear legs herein), one on either side of the vertical centerline, a curved bottom portion, and one or more radii of curvature R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 . The substantially linear sides have substantially the same length, which is about 0.917 inches. The first radius of curvature R 1  of the tear panel  42  is proximate to the tab interconnection point  22 , between the first substantially linear side and the second substantially linear side, and is between about 0.100 inches and about 0.200 inches. The second radius of curvature R 2  is proximate to a lower left-hand portion of the tear panel  42 , between the first substantially linear side and the curved bottom, and is between about 0.270 inches and about 0.310 inches. The third radius of curvature R 3  is proximate to a lower center portion of the tear panel  42 , between the second substantially linear side and the curved bottom, and is between about 1.00 inches and about 1.40 inches. Further, the third radius of curvature R 3  is larger than the radius of curvature of the central panel  4  (i.e., the perimeter or peripheral edge of the central panel  4 ), which allows the tear panel  42  to be positioned farther from the central panel  4  perimeter or peripheral edge than other embodiments (e.g.,  FIGS. 2 and 6 ). Additionally, the second embodiment of the end closure  2  ( FIG. 3 ) does not include a bead positioned proximate to the 12 o&#39;clock position of the central panel  4 , which allows the tab interconnection point  22  to be further from the center point of the end closure  2  than the first embodiment ( FIG. 2 ). The fourth radius of curvature R 4  is proximate to a lower right-hand portion of the tear panel  42  and is between about 0.270 inches and about 0.310 inches. In some embodiments, the second radius of curvature R 2  and the fourth radius of curvature R 4  are substantially the same. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the area of the opening (formed by the tear panel  42 ) is between about 35% and 45% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . In a preferred embodiment, the area of the opening is between about 40% and 42% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . In a more preferred embodiment, the area of the opening is about 41% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . Thus, in one embodiment, the pour opening may have an area between about 1.040 sq. in. and about 1.060 sq. in. In a preferred embodiment, the end closure may have a pour opening with an area of about 1.05036 sq. in. 
     The shape of the tear panel  42  also accommodates one or more beads  48 ,  52  or forms. In the embodiment shown, the end closure  2  comprises two linear beads  48  approximately parallel to a portion of the tear panel  42 , which can be a straight portion of the tear panel  42 . The two linear beads  48 , and their location close to and substantially parallel with a linear portion of the score  40 , add rigidity to the central panel  4  to allow the score line  40  to tear open more easily by lowering the pop force needed to open the tear panel  4 . Further, the linear beads  48  prevent the score line  40  from flexing rather than tearing. The linear beads  48  can also strengthen the end closure  2  in the region of the score  40 , tending to prevent unintended fracturing of the score  40 . In some embodiments, the beads  48  may follow a generally linear path in the region approaching the tab interconnection point  22  such that when the tab  12  is lifted away from the central panel  4 , a fold in the central panel  4  is created along that generally linear path. Additionally, the exact location at which the bead (or beads)  48  terminates may depend upon a number of factors. Thus, the termination location may be slightly before or after a witness periphery or may coincide with the periphery. 
     The end closure  2  may also comprise a bead  52 , form, protuberance, or tamper indicator under the tab  12 . In the embodiment shown, the end closure  4  comprises a tab bead  52  positioned between the tab interconnection point  22  and the center point of the end closure  2 . In some embodiments, the bead  52  has an oval shape and is oriented with its long axis positioned radially from the center of the end closure  2 . Thus, the bead  52  is positioned along the vertical axis of the end closure  2 . In one embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.010 inches and about 0.050 inches. In a preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.023 inches (0.58 mm) and about 0.033 inches (0.83 mm). In more preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.025 inches (0.63 mm) and about 0.031 inches (0.78 mm). 
     The beads  48 ,  52  can either be raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or lowered below the surface of the central panel  4 . The end closure  2  can include any number of beads,  48 ,  52 . Thus, the end closure  2  can have one linear bead  48 , one linear bead and one tab bead  52 , only one tab bead  52 , two linear beads  48 , two linear beads  48  and a tab bead  52 , and so on. Furthermore, the shapes of the beads  48 ,  52  can vary depending on the embodiment and specific requirements of the end closure  2 . For example, the linear beads  48  may be circular or square-shaped rather than a long oval shape as shown in  FIG. 3 . Further, the tab bead  52  can be shaped similar to the linear beads  48  or can be more circular or even square-shaped. Thus, the beads  48 ,  52  can be any shape or size depending on the specific embodiment. 
     In some embodiments, the bead  52 , form, protuberance, or tamper indicator may elevate the pull ring of the tab  12  and provide a user with finger access to the pull ring. Thus, in one embodiment, the protuberance or form  52  may be flat before the end closure  2  is interconnected to the container body and the protuberance or form  52  may pop up after the end closure  2  is sealed onto the pressurized container. Thus, the protuberance or form  52  will not interfere with stacking and shipping, but it will assist the user in opening the end closure  2 . The form or bead  52  under the tab  12  may additionally add rigidity to the tear panel  42  and lower the pop force needed to open the tear panel  42 . The form or bead  52  may be positioned above the center point of the central panel  4  and below the rivet or the tab interconnection point  22 . In addition to the bead  52  or as an alternative to the bead  52 , the end closure  2  may include a finger access panel under the tab  12 . 
     In some embodiments, a tamper indicator may be provided on the end closure  2 . Thus, if the end closure  2  is used with containers for food, the bead  52  or protuberance may be pulled inwardly after filling and cooling when a vacuum is created in the container. If the container is compromised during shipping or handling, the bead  52  acts as a tamper indicator and will be raised upwardly, indicating that the container is no longer in a vacuum. The tamper indicator could be positioned anywhere on the end closure  2  and could be positioned under the tab  12  to raise the tab  12  as a further indicator to the consumer. As previously mentioned, the tamper indicator pops up if the container has been opened or some pressure has been released. This is especially important in vacuum packed products such as infant formula and nutraceuticals. 
       FIG. 4  shows the end closure according to the second embodiment with a pull ring tab  12 . The pull ring tab  12  has a tab tail (or lift end)  14  and a nose  16  opposite the tail  14 . The pull ring tab  12  can be interconnected to the tear panel  42  and be completely detachable with the tear panel  42 , i.e., it is not a SOT. In one embodiment, the pull ring tab  12  is interconnected to the tear panel  42  by a rivet  34 , which may be the same material as the central panel  4 . In other embodiments, the tab  12  is interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet for a SOT. In some embodiments, the rivet  34  is positioned along a vertical axis of the end closure  2  and is offset from center point of the central panel  4 . Additionally, the lift end of the tab  12  is positioned over the tear panel  42  in order to accommodate the size of the tab  12  and such that the tab  12  fits within the perimeter (i.e., the peripheral edge) of the central panel  4 . Further, the nose of the tab  12  is positioned proximate to an upper portion of the tear panel  42 , i.e., the portion of the tear panel  42  proximate to the 12 o&#39;clock position. In some embodiments, the nose of the tab  12  extends beyond the tear panel  42 .  FIG. 4  also shows a tab bead  52  positioned on the vertical centerline of the end closure  2 . 
     In an alternate embodiment,  FIG. 4  may be an end closure with an offset rivet and a SOT. Thus, the tear panel may not completely tear off and may instead bend at a hinge line  8  shown in  FIG. 4 . In the SOT embodiment, the tail end  14  of the pull tab  12  is positioned above the tear panel  42  and the hinge  8  on the tear panel  42  is positioned at the bottom (6 o&#39;clock position) of the opening. Accordingly, a user may open the container by pulling the tab  12  upwardly and away from the user until the tab  12  is in a vertical position, then pull the tab  12  back toward the user and push the tab  12  and tear panel  42  into the container, bending the tear panel  42  at the hinge  8 . 
       FIG. 5A  shows a cross-sectional view of a traditional end closure with a SOT. The end closure comprises a tab  12  interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet  34  positioned at approximately the center of the central panel  4 . The end closure further comprises a peripheral curl  24 , a chuck wall  26 , and a countersink  28  having an inner panel wall  32  and an outer panel wall  30 . 
       FIG. 5B-B  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure  2  of  FIG. 4  taken at a jagged cut line. The end closure comprises a peripheral curl  24  interconnected on a lower end to a chuck wall  26 , which is interconnected on a lower end to an outer panel wall  30  of the counter sink  28 . The counter sink  28  also includes an inner panel wall  32 , which is interconnected on an upper end to the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, the curl height H 2  is between about 1.53 mm (0.060 inches) and about 2.53 mm (0.100 inch). In a preferred embodiment, the curl height H 2  is between about 1.90 mm (0.075 inches) and about 2.16 mm (0.085 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the curl height H 2  is about 2.03 mm (0.080 inches). In one embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  (i.e., the height from the countersink  28  to the top of the peripheral curl  24 ) is between about 6.36 mm (0.250 inches) and about 7.36 mm (0.290 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  is between about 6.73 mm (0.265 inches) and about 6.99 mm (0.275 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  is about 6.86 mm (0.270 inches). 
     The central panel  4  comprises a score line  40  defining a tear panel, a tab  12  interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet  34 , and a linear bead  48 . The tab  12  has a tail end  14  positioned over the tear panel and has a nose end  16  positioned opposite the tail end  14 . The score  40  can have a score residual between about 0.0024 inches and about 0.0075 inches in one embodiment. In a preferred embodiment, the score  40  has a score residual between about 0.0034 inches and about 0.0065 inches. In a more preferred embodiment, the score  40  has a score residual between about 0.0044 inches and about 0.0055 inches. The rivet  34  is positioned a distance L 2  from the center point of the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, distance L 2  of the rivet  34  from the center point of the central panel  4  is between about 12.06 mm (0.475 inches) and about 16.06 mm (0.632 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is between about 13.06 mm (0.514 inches) and about 15.06 mm (0.593 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is about 14.06 mm (0.5534 inches). 
     In one embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is between approximately 58.44 mm (2.300 inches) and approximately 60.44 mm (2.380 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is between approximately 59.19 mm (2.330 inches) and approximately 59.69 mm (2.350 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is approximately 59.44 mm (2.340 inches). In another embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is between approximately 63.77 mm (2.510 inches) and approximately 65.77 mm (2.590 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is between approximately 64.516 mm (2.540 inches) and approximately 65.024 mm (2.560 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the curl diameter L 1  is approximately 64.77 mm (2.550 inches). 
     Additionally, at least one linear bead  48  is shown in  FIG. 5B-B . The linear beads  48  can be either raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or the linear beads  48  can be lowered below the surface of the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, the linear bead  48  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or is lowered below the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.010 inches and 0.050 inches. In a preferred embodiment, the linear bead  48  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or is lowered below the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.025 inches (0.63 mm) and 0.035 inches (0.89 mm). The linear beads  48  can vary in length depending on the requirements of the end closure. In one embodiment, the linear bead  48  is between about 0.450 inches and about 0.690 inches long. In a preferred embodiment, the linear bead  48  is between about 0.550 inches and about 0.590 inches long. In a more preferred embodiment, the linear bead  48  is about 0.5693 inches long. 
       FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure  2  of  FIG. 4  taken at a line  5 B- 5 B. The end closure comprises a peripheral curl  24  interconnected on a lower end to a chuck wall  26 , which is interconnected on a lower end to an outer panel wall  30  of the counter sink  28 . The counter sink  28  also includes an inner panel wall  32 , which is interconnected on an upper end to the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, the curl height H 2  is between about 1.53 mm (0.060 inches) and about 2.53 mm (0.100 inch). In a preferred embodiment, the curl height H 2  is between about 1.90 mm (0.075 inches) and about 2.16 mm (0.085 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the curl height H 2  is about 2.03 mm (0.080 inches). In one embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  (i.e., the height from the countersink  28  to the top of the peripheral curl  24 ) is between about 6.36 mm (0.250 inches) and about 7.36 mm (0.290 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  is between about 6.73 mm (0.265 inches) and about 6.99 mm (0.275 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the countersink depth H 1  is about 6.86 mm (0.270 inches). 
     The central panel  4  comprises a score line  40  defining a tear panel, a tab  12  interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet  34 , and a bead  52 . The tab  12  has a tail end  14  positioned over the tear panel and has a nose end  16  positioned opposite the tail end  14 . The score  40  can have a score residual between about 0.0024 inches and about 0.0075 inches in one embodiment. In a preferred embodiment, the score  40  has a score residual between about 0.0034 inches and about 0.0065 inches. In a more preferred embodiment, the score  40  has a score residual between about 0.0044 inches and about 0.0055 inches. The rivet  34  is positioned a distance L 2  from the center point of the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, distance L 2  of the rivet  34  from the center point of the central panel  4  is between about 12.06 mm (0.475 inches) and about 16.06 mm (0.632 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is between about 13.06 mm (0.514 inches) and about 15.06 mm (0.593 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is about 14.06 mm (0.5534 inches). 
     The bead  52  is positioned along the vertical centerline of the end closure  2 . In one embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.010 inches and about 0.050 inches. In a preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between 0.023 inches (0.58 mm) and about 0.033 inches (0.83 mm). In more preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.025 inches (0.63 mm) and about 0.031 inches (0.78 mm). 
       FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional elevation view of the end closure  2  of  FIG. 4  taken at line  5 C- 5 C. The end closure  2  comprises a central panel  4  with a tab  12  and two linear beads  48 . The linear beads  48  can be either raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or the linear beads  48  can be lowered below the surface of the central panel  4 . In one embodiment, the linear bead  48  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or is lowered below the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.010 inches and 0.050 inches. In a preferred embodiment, the linear bead  48  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or is lowered below the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.025 inches (0.63 mm) and 0.035 inches (0.89 mm). 
       FIG. 6  is a top plan view of the public side of an end closure  2  shown without a pull ring tab according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The end closure  2  may include a central panel  4 , a score line  40  defining a tear panel  42 , one or more beads  48 ,  52 , a countersink  28 , and a peripheral curl  24 . The tab (not shown) is interconnected to the central panel  4  at a tab interconnection point  22 . The tab interconnection point  22  is positioned along the vertical axis of the end closure  2 , but is not positioned on the horizontal axis of the end closure  2 . In one embodiment, distance L 2  of the tab interconnection point  22  from the center point of the central panel  4  is between about 12.06 mm (0.475 inches) and about 16.06 mm (0.632 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is between about 13.06 mm (0.514 inches) and about 15.06 mm (0.593 inches). In a more preferred embodiment, the distance L 2  is about 14.06 mm (0.5534 inches). Thus, the tab interconnection point  22  is offset from the center point of the central panel  4 , which allows the tear panel  42  to be larger than tear panels in traditional end closures. 
     Additionally, the tear panel  42  shown has a rounded, triangular shape or a tear drop shape. The tear panel  42  has a vertical length extending along the vertical centerline of the end closure  2  about 1.425 inches. Additionally, the tear panel  42  has two substantially linear sides (or linear legs), one on either side of the vertical centerline, a curved bottom portion, and one or more radii of curvature R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 . The substantially linear sides have substantially the same length, which is about 0.917 inches. The first radius of curvature R 1  of the tear panel  42  is proximate to the tab interconnection point  22 , between the first substantially linear side and the second substantially linear side, and is between about 0.100 inches and about 0.160 inches. The second radius of curvature R 2  is proximate to a lower left-hand portion of the tear panel  42  and is between about 0.250 inches and about 0.310 inches. The third radius of curvature R 3  is proximate to a lower center portion of the tear panel  42  and is between about 0.650 inches and about 0.850 inches. Further, the third radius of curvature R 3  is substantially the same as the radius of curvature of the central panel  4  (i.e., the perimeter or peripheral edge of the central panel  4 ), which allows the tear panel  42  to be larger than other embodiments (e.g.,  FIGS. 2 and 3 ). Thus, the lower portion of the tear panel  42  is substantially parallel to the perimeter of the central panel  4 . Additionally, the third embodiment of the end closure  2  ( FIG. 6 ) does not include a bead positioned proximate to the 12 o&#39;clock position of the central panel  4  (i.e., between the tab interconnection point  22  and the perimeter of the central panel  4  at the 12 o&#39;clock position), which allows the tab interconnection point  22  to be further from the center point of the end closure  2  than the first embodiment of the end closure ( FIG. 2 ). The fourth radius of curvature R 4  is proximate to a lower right-hand portion of the tear panel  42  and is between about 0.250 inches and about 0.310 inches. In some embodiments, the second radius of curvature R 2  and the fourth radius of curvature R 4  are substantially the same. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the area of the opening (formed by the tear panel  42 ) is between about 38% and 48% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . In a preferred embodiment, the area of the opening is between about 42% and 44% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . In a more preferred embodiment, the area of the opening is about 43.3% of the total surface area of the central panel  4 . Thus, in one embodiment, the pour opening may have an area between about 0.960 sq. in. and about 1.225 sq. in. In a preferred embodiment, the pour opening may have an area between about 1.000 sq. in. and about 1.185 sq. in. In a preferred embodiment, the end closure may have a pour opening with an area of about 1.093 sq. in. 
     The shape of the tear panel  42  also accommodates one or more beads  48 ,  52  or forms. In the embodiment shown, the end closure  2  comprises two linear beads  48  approximately parallel to a portion of the tear panel  42 , which can be a straight portion of the tear panel  42 . The two linear beads  48 , and their location close to and substantially parallel with a linear portion of the score  40 , add rigidity to the central panel  4  to allow the score line  40  to tear open more easily by lowering the pop force needed to open the tear panel  4 . Further, the linear beads  48  prevent the score line  40  from flexing rather than tearing. The linear beads  48  can also strengthen the end closure  2  in the region of the score  40 , tending to prevent unintended fracturing of the score  40 . In some embodiments, the beads  48  may follow a generally linear path in the region approaching the tab interconnection point  22  such that when the tab  12  is lifted away from the central panel  4 , a fold in the central panel  4  is created along that generally linear path. Additionally, the exact location at which the bead (or beads)  48  terminates may depend upon a number of factors. Thus, the termination location may be slightly before or after a witness periphery or may coincide with the periphery. 
     The end closure  2  may also comprise a bead  52 , form, protuberance, or tamper indicator under the tab  12 . In the embodiment shown, the end closure  4  comprises a tab bead  52  positioned between the tab interconnection point  22  and the center point of the end closure  2 . In some embodiments, the bead  52  has an oval shape and is oriented with its long axis positioned radially from the center of the end closure  2 . Thus, the bead  52  is positioned along the vertical centerline of the end closure  2 . In one embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.010 inches and about 0.050 inches. In a preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between 0.023 inches (0.58 mm) and about 0.033 inches (0.83 mm). In more preferred embodiment, the tab bead  52  is raised above the surface of the central panel  4  a height between about 0.025 inches (0.63 mm) and about 0.031 inches (0.78 mm). 
     The beads  48 ,  52  can either be raised above the surface of the central panel  4  or lowered below the surface of the central panel  4 . The end closure  2  can include any number of beads,  48 ,  52 . Thus, the end closure  2  can have one linear bead  48 , one linear bead and one tab bead  52 , only one tab bead  52 , two linear beads  48 , two linear beads  48  and a tab bead  52 , and so on. Furthermore, the shapes of the beads  48 ,  52  can vary depending on the embodiment and specific requirements of the end closure  2 . For example, the linear beads  48  may be circular or square-shaped rather than a long oval shape as shown in  FIG. 6 . Further, the tab bead  52  can be shaped similar to the linear beads  48  or can be more circular or even square-shaped. Thus, the beads  48 ,  52  can be any shape or size depending on the specific embodiment. 
     In some embodiments, the bead  52 , form, protuberance, or tamper indicator may elevate the pull ring of the tab  12  and provide a user with finger access to the pull ring. Thus, in one embodiment, the protuberance or form  52  may be flat before the end closure  2  is interconnected to the container body and the protuberance or form  52  may pop up after the end closure  2  is sealed onto the pressurized container. Thus, the protuberance or form  52  will not interfere with stacking and shipping, but it will assist the user in opening the end closure  2 . The form or bead  52  under the tab  12  may additionally add rigidity to the tear panel  42  and lower the pop force needed to open the tear panel  42 . The form or bead  52  may be positioned above the center point of the central panel  4  and below the rivet or the tab interconnection point  22 . In addition to the bead  52  or as an alternative to the bead  52 , the end closure  2  may include a finger access panel under the tab  12 . 
     In some embodiments, a tamper indicator may be provided on the end closure  2 . Thus, if the end closure  2  is used with containers for food, the bead  52  or protuberance may be pulled inwardly after filling and cooling when a vacuum is created in the container. If the container is compromised during shipping or handling, the bead  52  acts as a tamper indicator and will be raised upwardly, indicating that the container is no longer in a vacuum. The tamper indicator could be positioned anywhere on the end closure  2  and could be positioned under the tab  12  to raise the tab  12  as a further indicator to the consumer. As previously mentioned, the tamper indicator pops up if the container has been opened or some pressure has been released. This is especially important in vacuum packed products such as infant formula and nutraceuticals. 
       FIG. 7  shows the end closure according to the third embodiment with a pull ring tab  12 . The pull ring tab  12  has a tab tail (or lift end)  14  and a nose  16  opposite the tail  14 . The pull ring tab  12  can be interconnected to the tear panel  42  and be completely detachable with the tear panel  42 , i.e., it is not a SOT. In one embodiment, the pull ring tab  12  is interconnected to the tear panel  42  by a rivet  34 , which may be the same material as the central panel  4 . In other embodiments, the tab  12  is interconnected to the central panel  4  via a rivet for a SOT. In some embodiments, the rivet  34  is positioned along a vertical centerline of the end closure  2  and is offset from center point of the central panel  4 . Additionally, the lift end of the tab  12  is positioned over the tear panel  42  in order to accommodate the size of the tab  12  and such that the tab  12  fits within the perimeter of the central panel  4 . Further, the nose of the tab  12  is positioned proximate to an upper portion of the tear panel  42 , i.e., the portion of the tear panel  42  proximate to the 12 o&#39;clock position. In some embodiments, the nose of the tab  12  extends beyond the tear panel  42 . 
     In an alternate embodiment (not shown),  FIG. 7  may be an end closure with an offset rivet and a SOT. Thus, the tear panel may not completely tear off and may instead bend at a hinge line positioned at the bottom (6 o&#39;clock position) of the tear panel  42 . In the SOT embodiment, the tail end  14  of the pull tab  12  is positioned above the tear panel  42  and the hinge on the tear panel  42  is positioned at the bottom (6 o&#39;clock position) of the opening. Accordingly, a user may open the container by pulling the tab  12  upwardly and away from the user until the tab  12  is in a vertical position, then pull the tab  12  back toward the user and push the tab  12  and tear panel  42  into the container, bending the tear panel  42  at the hinge. 
     It should be understood that in some embodiments the end closure does not have a countersink. In additional or alternative embodiments, the end closure may not have a peripheral curl. Further, the end closure can have a variety of geometries, as appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and various dimensions may be altered. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the invention or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims. Further, the invention(s) described herein is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.