Patent Publication Number: US-8531862-B2

Title: Generating and exploiting an asymmetric capacitance hysteresis of ferroelectric MIM capacitors

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an electric component comprising a ferroelectric MIM capacitor. A ferroelectric MIM capacitor is a capacitor of the metal-insulator-metal type with a ferroelectric insulator. The invention also relates to a method for detecting electrostatic discharge (ESD) events and to a corresponding a ESD sensor device comprising the subject electric component. Furthermore, the invention relates to a ferroelectric memory, which comprises the subject electric component, and to a method for reading from the ferroelectric memory. The subject matter disclosed in the document US 2002/0177326 A1 is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,092 describes a multilayered ferroelectric-semiconductor memory device, in which two different values of the capacitance of the device are available, depending on the direction of the polarization of the ferroelectric layer. To this end, a ferroelectric-semiconductor interface is provided. Determining the capacitance of the structure allows to derive the polarization state of the ferroelectric layer without changing it. This way, information can be stored and nondestructively read. However, the layer structure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,092 is rather complicated. Furthermore, it has been proven technologically difficult to fabricate layer structures with a semiconductor material such as silicon adjacent to a ferroelectric. This reduces the choice of materials and requires the use of materials, which are not typically integrated into an industrial fabrication process. This in turn increases the processing cost. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,983 discloses a memory comprising a ferroelectric capacitor. Application of an external voltage generates respective space charge regions proximate to a respective interface between the ferroelectric and each electrode. Sandwiched between the space charge regions, an uncharged region of the ferroelectric remains. The ratio of the extensions of the uncharged regions of the ferroelectric material and of the space charge regions in the direction of the layer sequence influences the capacitance. A hysteresis of the capacitance vs. voltage is effected by a superposition of the internal polarization of the ferroelectric and of the polarization of the space charge regions under application of an external electric field. A number of distinguishable, stable states for storing values can be provided this way. 
     A write signal has a bias voltage greater than the coercive voltage of the ferroelectric layer. Two situations can be distinguished:
     a) The bias voltage establishes an electric field that is additive with the internal polarization field. This increases the size of the space charge region, with a concomitant decrease in capacitance.   b) The bias voltage establishes an electric field that is subtractive to the internal polarization field. This decreases the size of the space charge region, with a concomitant increase in capacitance.   

     The actual capacitance value assumed by the capacitor depends on the history of the bias voltage. A larger capacitance is achieved after scanning the bias voltage to a negative voltage larger than the coercive field. A smaller capacitance is achieved by scanning the bias voltage to a positive value larger than the coercive field of opposite polarity. 
     There are several issues that render the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,983 undesirable for application in the field. 
     First, if the space charges are immobile at high frequency, then the full layer stack will always have the same capacitance. Accordingly, the space charge regions have to be electrically conductive at the desired frequency of operation. They in effect behave as semiconductor regions. It is known that ferroelectric materials can be made semiconductive. Semiconductor materials allow the formation of a depletion layer, which can act as a capacitance sensor. In other words, in the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,983, the capacitance is not defined by the neutral zone in the ferroelectric layer, but by the extension of the depletion layer in the space-charge region. As a result, the layer structure of this document resembles that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,092 and shares its disadvantage of high complexity. 
     Second, in the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,983, a non-zero bias voltage has to be applied in a read operation to differentiate between capacitance states. 
     It would be desirable to provide a capacitive structure for an electric component that does not require the application of a bias voltage for determining the capacitance state. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect of the invention, an electric component is provided that comprises:
         at least one first MIM capacitor having a layer structure including a ferroelectric insulator with a dielectric constant of at least 100 between a first capacitor electrode of a first electrode material and a second capacitor electrode of a second electrode material; wherein   the first and second electrode materials are selected such that the first MIM capacitor exhibits, as a function of a DC voltage applicable between the first and second electrodes, an asymmetric capacitance hysteresis that lets the first MIM capacitor, in absence of the DC voltage, assume one of at least two possible distinct capacitance values, in dependence on a polarity of a switching voltage last applied to the capacitor, the switching voltage having an amount larger than a threshold-voltage amount; and   a circuit, which is operably connectable to the MIM capacitor and which is configured to generate and provide an output signal, which depends on the capacitance value of the at least one first MIM capacitor assumed in absence of the DC voltage on the first MIM capacitor or at an amount of the DC voltage on the first MIM capacitor, which is smaller than a quarter of a voltage difference between a positive and a negative coercive voltage associated with the ferroelectric insulator layer of the first MIM capacitor.       

     The electric component of the invention achieves a particularly strong hysteresis asymmetry of the capacitance of the first MIM capacitor as a function of an applied DC bias voltage, meaning that the maximum of the capacitance-voltage curve occurs at different DC bias voltages depending on the bias history. This gives rise to a particularly strong capacitance contrast at and near a DC bias voltage of 0 V for the different bias histories. This in turn leads to the possibility of reading out a bias history of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor even without having to apply a bias voltage. A wide range of applications for the electric component is opened up, which will be described by way of embodiments hereinafter. 
     The electric component of the present invention has the further advantage that a particularly long lifetime of the MIM capacitor and thus of the electric component is achieved by generating and providing an output signal, which depends on the capacitance value of the at least one first MIM capacitor either assumed in absence of the DC voltage on the first MIM capacitor or at the very small DC voltage (i.e., in the above-mentioned meaning). 
     A DC voltage in the present context of a capacitance measurement is considered a voltage, which is constant throughout the capacitance measurement or, if changing in time at all, which has a rate of relative voltage change over the duration of the capacitance measurement, which is smaller than the reciprocal value of the duration of the capacitance measurement. The term “relative” refers to the maximum bias voltage applicable to the MIM capacitor as a reference. 
     The coercive voltage is a respective positive or negative voltage value, which is a characteristic of a given ferroelectric insulator layer in the first MIM capacitor. It is a technical parameter well known in the art. 
     The wording “in absence of a DC voltage” refers to a DC bias voltage of 0 V. A DC bias voltage smaller than a quarter of a voltage difference between a positive and a negative coercive voltage associated with ferroelectric insulator layer of the MIM capacitor will herein also be referred to as a “very small DC voltage” or a “very small DC bias voltage” or a “very small bias voltage”. 
     Furthermore, the electric component is suitable for applications even without external power supply. 
     In the following, embodiments of the electric component will be described by way of their features, which are provided in addition to those of the electric component of the present invention. Additional embodiments can be derived by combining the additional features of different embodiments with each other, unless such a combination is excluded explicitly or implicitly, namely by facts known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, that the additional features can only be realized as alternatives to each other. 
     The term “ferroelectric insulator” is to be understood as comprising in different embodiments a ferroelectric or an anti-ferroelectric material. In the art, the term ferroic is sometimes used as a generic term that encompasses both alternatives for spontaneous polarization, including a coupling to magnetic polarization. 
     The at least two capacitance values of the at least one first MIM capacitor that can be assumed in the absence of the DC voltage between the capacitor electrodes are distinct in the sense that they differ from each other by an amount that allows distinguishing between the assumed capacitance values in the output signal of the circuit, which output signal depends on the capacitance value assumed in absence of the DC voltage. In one embodiment, the capacitance values, in absence of the applied DC voltage, i.e., at zero voltage, differ by at least 5% from each other. That means, the lowest of the two or more possible capacitance values is at most 95% of the highest value. In another embodiment, they differ by at least 10% from each other. In a further embodiment, the difference between the lowest and he highest capacitance value is about 20% of the highest capacitance value. 
     The threshold-voltage amount required for changing the capacitance value, which is assumed in absence of the DC voltage, correlates with the coercive field that must applied to the ferroelectric insulator of the first MIM capacitor in a particular capacitor structure. Typical values for the threshold-voltage amount range between 1 and 20 V. However, this is not to be understood as a restriction. The first MIM capacitor may be designed to exhibit another desired threshold-voltage amount. 
     Typically, as is well known from the physics of ferroelectric materials, the switching voltage must also have a specific polarity, depending on the capacitance value currently assumed by the first MIM capacitor. If an unsuitable switching-voltage polarity is used, the capacitance value, as measured in the absence of the DC voltage or at the very small DC voltage, will not change. 
     One way to achieve a hysteresis with the characteristics of the MIM capacitor of the electric component of the present invention is to provide a first and a second capacitor electrode, the first and second electrode materials of which are metals and differ from each other at least by having different work functions. As is well known, the work function of a metal is the energy needed to move an electron from the Fermi energy level of the metal into a vacuum. This parameter that characterizes a given metal, is well known in the art for many metals. 
     In one particular form of this embodiment, the first capacitor electrode is made of Ti/Pt and the second capacitor electrode is made of TiW. TiW has a lower work function than Ti/Pt, and it is preferably used as a material for a top electrode as opposed to a bottom electrode disposed on a substrate. 
     However, this embodiment forms only a non-restrictive example. Other metals can be used. It should be noted that it is possible to even use the same metal and apply different fabrication conditions or different treatment to the electrodes in order to achieve different work functions in the respective electrode materials. This simplifies the fabrication of the first MIM capacitor in the context of the fabrication of the electric component. 
     For some applications, consideration should be given to the fact that many ferroelectric materials gradually change their hysteresis characteristics during the lifetime of the electric component. To avoid false interpretation of the output signal of the circuit, one embodiment of the electric component further comprises:
         a second MIM capacitor having a capacitance-voltage hysteresis of the same kind as the first MIM capacitor. In the electric component,   the first electrode of the first MIM capacitor and the second electrode of the second MIM capacitor are both connected to a reference potential;   the switching voltage is applicable in parallel to the second electrode of the first MIM capacitor and to the first electrode of the second MIM capacitor; and   the capacitance-sensor unit is configured to generate first and second capacitance sensor signals indicative of the capacitance values in the absence of the DC voltage, of the first and of the second MIM capacitors, respectively.       

     The referenced potential is in one embodiment a ground potential or mass. 
     The provision of two MIM capacitors with the described opposite connections allows applying the switching voltage between the second electrode of the first MIM capacitor and the first electrode of the second MIM capacitor. Since the capacitance of the MIM capacitor will only change if the applied switching voltage has a negative polarity, the two capacitors are put in an anti-parallel configuration. In this configuration, one of the two capacitors will always experience the applied switching voltage as negative and therefore change its capacitance value. In this way, it is possible to simultaneously register the sign and the energy of an applied switching signal. It is also possible to reset both capacitors after the application of a switching voltage in order to be able to register a next switching event. 
     Suitably, the circuit of the electric component forms a part of, or, in the alternative, fully forms a capacitance-sensor unit, which is configured to generate and provide at its output a capacitance-sensor signal. The capacitance-sensor signal is indicative of the momentaneous or current capacitance value in the absence of DC voltage of the at least one first MIM capacitor. With a capacitance-sensor unit, the electric component is suited for a wealth of applications that employ a switching of the capacitance value in the absence of the DC voltage in sensor device. 
     More specifically, as an example of a circuit that only is a part of a capacitance-sensor unit, the circuit may be configured to measure and provide at its output a momentaneous value of an electrical quantity of the first circuit that depends on the capacitance of the MIM capacitor. The capacitance-sensor unit in turn may be configured to derive from the measured momentaneous value of the electrical quantity a capacitance-sensor signal indicative of the momentaneous capacitance value of the MIM capacitor. This capacitance-sensor signal is provided as an output of the capacitance-sensor unit. 
     The electric component of this embodiment is useful in many applications, including memory applications and ESD sensor applications. This will be elucidated in the course of the description of further embodiments. 
     For some applications, a single first capacitor is enough. However, since a capacitance switching is achieved with a switching voltage of a predetermined switching-voltage polarity, a detection of an occurrence of a desired or of an undesired and unexpectedly high voltage of the polarity opposite to the switching-voltage polarity would not be possible if only a single first MIM capacitor is used. 
     If occurrence of a high voltage (i.e., larger than the switching voltage,) is to be detected with sensitivity also to the voltage polarity, a further embodiment of the electric component, which comprises a second MIM capacitor, is useful. The first and second MIM capacitors are connected to each other in an antiparallel configuration. By detecting the capacitances of the first and second MIM capacitors in their anti-parallel configuration, both voltage polarities can be detected. For a capacitance change is only observed if a switching voltage polarity (typically a negative voltage polarity) is applied. By providing two MIM capacitors in an antiparallel configuration, one of the two will always experience an applied voltage as negative, thus allowing to simultaneously register sign and energy of the (ESD) voltage. 
     In this anti-parallel configuration, the first electrode of the first MIM capacitor and the second electrode of the second MIM capacitor are suitably connected to ground. The switching (or ESD) voltage is applicable between the second electrode of the first MIM capacitor and the first electrode of the second MIM capacitor. The second MIM capacitor is suitably of the same type as the first MIM capacitor. 
     The capacitance-sensor unit of this type of embodiment of the electric component is configured to individually measure the capacitance of the first and second MIM capacitors and to derive first and second capacitance sensor signals indicative of the capacitance of the first and of the second MIM capacitor, respectively. 
     Preferably, the capacitance-sensor unit is additionally configured to derive and provide a polarity-sensor signal indicative of the polarity of the switching voltage, from the measured capacitances. The polarity information can for instance be determined from a comparison of the capacitance values of the first and second MIM capacitors. Thus, the capacitance-sensor unit is suitably configured to compare the capacitance values for the first and second MIM capacitors and to provide a polarity information indicative of the a polarity of the switching voltage last applied to the MIM capacitor, in dependence on the result of the comparison. Of course, the provided polarity information can be integrated into one of the capacitance sensor signals. 
     The measured capacitances of the first and, if of the same type according to the present invention, also the second MIM capacitor are indicative of the bias histories of the capacitors in the sense that an energy of a bias voltage last applied can be detected. For ESD sensor applications, a detection of an energy amount delivered by an ESD pulse may be useful to assess a probability of damage to an electronic circuit. To this end, one embodiment comprises an ESD evaluation unit. The ESD evaluation unit is connected with the capacitance-sensor unit of the electric component and configured to derive from the capacitance-sensor signals information on an energy amount and polarity provided to the ESD sensor by the electrostatic discharge event. 
     It is possible to reset the ESD sensor after an ESD event to be able to register the next ESD event based on the same voltage-dependent capacitance behavior. To this end, an embodiment of the ESD sensor comprises a reset unit, which is connected with the capacitance sensor unit. The reset unit is configured to provide, after a detection of the capacitance of the first MIM capacitor or the second MIM capacitor having assumed the respective lower capacitance value, a reset voltage of a reset-voltage amount and a reset voltage polarity to the first and/or second capacitor, respectively, such that the first and second MIM capacitors both re-assume their respective higher capacitance value. 
     In other applications, it may be desired to provide an electric component, which is able to provide different capacitance values, and to allow a switching between these capacitance values. Accordingly, one embodiment of the electric component comprises:
         a switching unit, which is either connected or connectable with the at least one first MIM capacitor and which is configured to provide one of two alternative switching voltages of suitable polarity and of a suitable amount for switching the capacitance of the at least one first MIM capacitor between a lower and a higher capacitance value, depending on the momentaneous capacitance value assumed by the first MIM capacitor. This way, a reversible switching between the lower and the higher capacitance values is achievable. The switching-voltage amount should be selected to exceed the coercive field.       

     This embodiment, if combined with the previously described embodiment, which additionally comprises a capacitance-sensor unit, allows building a ferroelectric memory. An advantage of this ferroelectric memory structure is that it allows a non-destructive readout. Furthermore, the memory is non-volatile. 
     A ferroelectric memory based on the present invention further comprises in one embodiment
         a plurality of first MIM capacitors, each associated with an address and each being configured to store at least one respective bit of information in the form of a respective capacitance value assumed in absence of a DC voltage applied between the capacitor electrodes,   a read unit, which comprises the capacitance-sensor unit and has an input for receiving address information indicative of at least one of the first MIM capacitors to be read; and   a write unit, which comprises the switching unit, and which has an input for receiving write information to be written to the memory, and address information indicative of at least one of the first MIM capacitors to be written to.       

     The read unit will in operation generate and provide at its output a capacitance-sensor signal for each of the MIM capacitors indicated by the address information. The output of the read unit is an information signal having information bits corresponding to the respective momentaneous capacitance values assumed in absence of a DC voltage. The write unit, in operation, provides a switching signal if a state of a memory cell is to be changed according to received write information and received address information. Further embodiments of a ferroelectric memory will be presented further below in the context of the description of the enclosed drawings. 
     A further application case of the electric component of the first aspect of the invention is a radio-frequency (RF) component. Two preferred application case of the RF component are described in the following:
     a) In a first preferred application case of the RF component, the circuit of the electric component of the first aspect of the present invention is configured to generate an output signal with a frequency that depends on the capacitance of the MIM capacitor in the absence of the DC voltage.   

     The RF component of this type allows tuning the frequency. This ability is advantages in many application contexts. Exemplary RF components of this type form or comprise oscillators, like for instance voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Mobile telephones for instance have to provide capability for operation at more and more different frequencies. Using the RF component of the present embodiment, a reconfigurability is achieved, which allows omitting dedicated receiving and transmitting circuitry for all different frequencies of operation. Instead, a single receiving and transmitting circuitry can be used and tuned to a desired frequency.
     b) In a second application case of the RF component, additionally or alternatively to the first application case, a response of the RF component to RF signals depends on the capacitance of the MIM capacitor in the absence of the DC voltage on the first MIM capacitor or at an amount of the DC voltage on the first MIM capacitor, which is smaller than a quarter of a voltage difference between a positive and a negative coercive voltage associated with the ferroelectric insulator layer of the first MIM capacitor. The response of the RF component can also be described as an output signal detectable at an output of the RF component. Exemplary RF components of this type form comprise filters or matching networks.   

     As has become clear from the previous description, the electric component of the present invention can be used in many application contexts. Correspondingly, different electronic components form embodiments of the present invention. The invention can thus be used to provide a technology platform for a large number of different electronic components containing integrated asymmetric ferroelectric MIM capacitors. 
     An electronic components according to a preferred embodiment advantageously comprises a semiconductor substrate with an integrated circuit having at least one electric component according to the first aspect of the invention or one of its embodiments disclosed, and one or more of the following components integrated in or on the substrate:
         a resistor;   a ferroelectric capacitor;   an ESD protection diode; or   an active integrated circuit.       

     The ferroelectric capacitor of the electronic component has in one embodiment a different structure than the first MIM capacitor of the electric component of the first aspect of the invention. In particular, such embodiments have ferroelectric MIM capacitors with a symmetric instead of an asymmetric capacitance hysteresis, implying particularly that at zero bias voltage there is only one capacitance value assumed irrespective of the voltage history the capacitor has experienced. 
     A preferred embodiment of the electronic component has the previously described ESD-sensor embodiment of the electric component (also defined in claim  6 ) integrated on the substrate. A further embodiment has an integrated memory forming the active integrated circuit. The memory can for instance take the form of the above-described ferroelectric-memory embodiment of the electric component (also defined in claim  11 ). The resistor can be formed as an integrated thin film resistor containing an alloy of one or more elements of Mo, Ni, Cr, Ti, Si or W or from a semiconducting material such as Si. Such resistors can be arranged on top of integrated ferroelectric MIM capacitors on the same substrate to save chip area. In particular, such thin-film resistors can at the same time form an electrical interface to the ferroelectric capacitor. 
     A further embodiment has the electric component in the form of an RF component as described in the previous description (also defined in claim  12 ) integrated on the substrate. It is understood that the electronic component may comprise a plurality of each of the components mentioned, or a combination of at least two different embodiments of the electric component of the first aspect of the invention. 
     The electronic component of the present invention provides an integration of the electric component with the integrated circuit on a single substrate. Of course, a combination of such a substrate with other substrates, for instance in a System-in-package, is possible, to form more complex IC packages. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is formed by a method for detecting an occurrence of an ESD event in an electronic component. The method comprises:
         providing the electronic component with an ESD sensor according one of the ESD-sensor embodiments described herein; and   ascertaining the capacitance of the at least one first MIM capacitor, in the absence of a DC voltage applied to the electrodes of the at least one first MIM capacitor.       

     A further aspect of the invention is formed by a method for reading from a ferroelectric memory. The method comprises:
         providing a ferroelectric memory according one of the ferroelectric-memory embodiments described herein;   receiving address information of at least one memory cell to be read from;   ascertaining the capacitance of the at least one first MIM capacitor of the at least one memory cell indicated by the address information, in the absence of a DC voltage applied to the electrodes of the at least one first MIM capacitor.       

     Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is further elucidated by the following Figures and examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The person skilled in the art will understand that various embodiments may be combined. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment(s) described hereinafter. In the following drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a section of an electronic component with a semiconductor substrate and an integrated circuit that comprises an electric component with at least one MIM capacitor. 
         FIG. 2  shows a simplified circuit diagram of a second embodiment of an electric component. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram, which plots the ratio between a measured capacitance of a MIM capacitor with a prior-art design having symmetric electrode properties and a reference capacitance value as a function of a bias DC voltage applied between the capacitor electrodes. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  show capacitance-voltage hysteresis curves for a MIM capacitor of an electric component in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a simplified circuit diagram of an electric component according to a further embodiment of the present invention, which can be used as an ESD sensor. 
         FIGS. 7 to 10  are simplified circuit diagrams of different embodiments of electric components implementing at least two ferroelectric MIM capacitors. 
         FIG. 11  is a simplified circuit diagram for illustrating an embodiment of an electric component of the present invention, which can be used as a capacitance detection circuit, a ferroelectric memory, or an ESD sensor. 
         FIG. 12  is a simplified circuit diagram of an example of a read-out circuit for use with a ferroelectric MIM capacitor in a ferroelectric memory. 
         FIG. 13  is a further alternative embodiment illustrating a circuit section for reading out a ferroelectric memory using a ferroelectric MIM capacitor according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  provides a further alternative embodiment of a read out circuitry for a ferroelectric memory using two ferroelectric MIM capacitors according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 15 and 16  are schematic and simplified circuit diagrams of ferroelectric memory devices according to further embodiments of an electric component of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a section of an electronic component with a semiconductor substrate and an integrated circuit that comprises an electric component with at least one MIM capacitor. The electronic component  100  has a semiconductor substrate  102 . The semiconductor substrate  102  may for instance be a silicon substrate. However, other substrate materials, such as III-V semiconductor substrates or other group-IV substrates such as SiGe or SiC substrates may be used, depending on the desired application. The substrate may also be a layered structure, such as in a silicon-on-insulator substrate. Only the uppermost substrate section of the substrate  102  is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The embodiment of  FIG. 1  comprises a capacitor  104 , a resistor  106  and a diode  108 . An insulating layer  110  is deposited on the substrate  102 . The insulating layer may for instance be formed of SiO 2  or SiN. A barrier layer  112  is deposited on the insulating layer  110 . The barrier layer  112  may for instance be made of SiN, SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , MgO, ZrO 2 , or a combination of these materials. On the barrier layer, a first capacitor electrode  114  of a first electrode material is formed. The first capacitor electrode is laterally structured and thus limited in its lateral extensions according to the needs of the specific capacitor design. The material of the first capacitor electrode  114  is metallic. In one embodiment, the first electrode comprises a Ti/Pt layer structure. For instance, a Ti layer with a thickness of 1-50 nm may by followed by Pt layer with a thickness of 20-600 nm. Alternatively, the first capacitor electrode  114  may be made of Pt only or Ti only. Furthermore, admixtures of W, Ru, Ir, N, Al, Ag, Rh, Cr, Si, alone or in combination, are suitable materials for the first capacitor electrode  114 . The overall thickness of the first electrode may be chosen between 50 nm and 1 μm. 
     On top of the first capacitor electrode layer  114 , a dielectric layer  116  is deposited. The dielectric layer  116  is made of a ferroelectric material having a dielectric constant of at least 100. The dielectric constant of a material is also known in the art as the relative permittivity. For the purpose of the present specification it is the relative-permittivity value at a given measurement frequency in the range between 0.1 kHz and 1000 kHz. 
     The material of the dielectric layer  116  may for instance be PbZr x Ti i-x O 3  (0≦x≦1) with or without dopants such as La and/or Mn and/or Nb, and with or without excess Pb. The dielectric layer  116  may also be formed of a layered structure of different materials, differing for instance in the fraction of the different atoms in the above mentioned PZT or PLZT materials. Other ferroelectric materials are well known in the art and can be used for the dielectric layer  116  as well. Reference is for instance made to paragraphs [0030] to [0037] of US 2002/0177326 A1, wherein on page 3, left column, suitable dielectric materials for a “first dielectric layer 7” are mentioned. The ferroelectric materials mentioned there can also be used for the dielectric layer  116  of the present embodiment. 
     On top of the ferroelectric layer  116 , a resistance layer  118  is provided, which together with a current supply lead  120  provides an electrical contact path to the bottom electrode  114 . The resistance layer  14  may comprise, for example, β-Ta, tantalum nitride, polysilicon, Ni x Cr y  (0≦x, y≦1), Ti x W y  (0≦x, y≦1), or other suitable resistance material known in the art. 
     In a lateral neighborhood of the current supply lead  118 / 120 , a second or top electrode  122  is arranged on the dielectric layer  116 . The top electrode layer  122  is suitably made of TiW. The material choice of the first and second electrode materials is such that the MIM capacitor  104  exhibits, as a function of a DC voltage applicable between the electrodes, an asymmetric capacitance hysteresis that lets the MIM capacitor, in absence of the DC voltage, assume one of at least two possible distinct capacitance values, in dependence on a polarity of a switching voltage last applied to the capacitor, the switching voltage having an amount larger than a threshold-voltage amount. The asymmetric capacitance hysteresis of the MIM capacitor  104  is described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 . A suitable choice of the second or top electrode material is TiW, whereas a suitable choice of the bottom electrode is Ti/Pt. However, it should be noted that other material combinations are suitable as well. In particular, it is not an essential feature to use different materials. The inventors have observed that the capacitance hysteresis according to the present invention can also be achieved by processing normally identical materials in a different way during the fabrication process. For instance, the layers of the first electrode  114  and of the second electrode  122  may be deposited at different temperatures. At present, it seems that it is enough to achieve a difference in the work functions of the electrode materials of the first and second electrode to provide the desired asymmetric capacitance hysteresis according to the present invention. 
     The top electrode is covered by a protective layer  124 , such as polyimide, SiO 2 , SiN(H), or polybenzocyclobutene. 
     In the diode section  108  of the electric component  100 , a diode is formed by adjacent p and n conductive layers  126 , and  128 , respectively. The diode is arranged in the silicon substrate  102  and contacted in very much the same way as the bottom electrode  114  of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  104 , namely, by a current lead  130 , in combination with a resistive layer  132 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a simplified circuit diagram of a second embodiment of an electric component  200 . The electronic component  200  has two MIM capacitors  202  and  204 , for instance of the type shown on  FIG. 1 , which are in anti-parallel connection with each other. That is, both MIM capacitors  202  and  204  have a capacitance-voltage hysteresis of the same kind as described for the MIM capacitor  104  of  FIG. 1 . The anti-parallel connection of the capacitors is realized by connecting a bottom electrode  202 . 1  of the MIM capacitor  202  to a top electrode  204 . 2  of the second MIM capacitor  204 . These two electrodes  202 . 1  and  204 . 2  are connected in parallel to a input terminal  206 . Both remaining electrodes, i.e. a top electrode  202 . 2  of MIM capacitor  202  and bottom electrode  204 . 1  of MIM capacitor  204  are connected to a reference potential, which for instance is ground potential. A capacitance-sensor unit, which is not shown in  FIG. 2  is configured to generate corresponding capacitance-sensor signals, which indicate the capacitance values in absence of a DC voltage of each of the MIM capacitors  202  and  204 , respectively. Because a capacitance change will only be observed, if an applied bias voltage applied via the input terminal  206  has a given polarity, typically a negative polarity, the anti-parallel configuration of the two-MIM capacitors  202  and  204  ensures that always one of the two capacitors will experience the applied voltage as negative and therefore change its capacitance value. In this way, it is possible to simultaneously register the sign and the energy of an input voltage received via the signal input terminal  206 , which could for instance an ESD pulse, or an otherwise applied bias voltage. As will be come apparent from the following description, it is possible to reset the capacitance of the MIM capacitor, which experienced a negative voltage, for instance after an ESD event. This way, the electric component  200  is able to register a next ESD event based on the same voltage dependent capacitance behavior. 
       FIG. 3  shows a diagram, which plots a measured capacitance density of a MIM capacitor with a prior-art design having equal electrode materials processed in an identical manner during fabrication as a function of a bias DC bias voltage applied between the capacitor electrodes. Small voltage pulses may be used in order to measure or probe the capacitance of a MIM capacitor. The voltage change that results on the capacitor itself must be lower than the coercive field to avoid switching of the capacitor. 
     The capacitance behavior is plotted for a voltage interval between −40 and +40 V. The capacitor used for this measurement has the following properties:
     electrode material: Pt for both the top and bottom electrodes,   capacitor dielectric: PZT, i.e., lead zirconate titanate (Pb[Zr x Ti 1-x ]O 3 , 0&lt;x&lt;1.   

     It should be noted that the specific dimensions of the capacitor do not much influence the capacitance-voltage hysteresis of the capacitor described in the following. 
     The general symmetric hysteresis curve of the type of  FIG. 3  is called a “butterfly curve” in the art. It has two maxima: one for each sweep direction of the DC bias voltage. The sweep directions associated with the respective curves are indicated in  FIG. 3  by arrows. 
     The curve representing the positive sweep direction (from negative to positive values) exhibits a resonance-like shape with a maximum at a DC voltage of approximately −3 Volt. At 0 V both curves, i.e., the one for the positive and the one for the negative sweep direction, cross each other at the same capacitance value. The capacitance difference is thus 0 nF/mm2 at or near a DC bias voltage of 0 V for the positive and negative sweep directions. 
     A difference between the capacitance values assumed in the two sweep directions becomes visible at a bias voltage of an amount larger than 0, such as the bias voltage values, at which the respective maxima occur. The measured capacitor shows only a very small hysteresis, i.e., has a small coercive field, which is desired for certain high-k applications. The hysteresis can be made stronger, while keeping the characteristic “butterfly” appearance with zero capacitance difference at 0 V, by choosing different electrode and ferroelectric materials. This is desired e.g., in FRAMs. 
     The hysteresis curve of this prior-art ferroelectric capacitor is symmetric in that the capacitance peaks for positive and negative sweep directions occur at the same voltage amounts and that at 0 V bias the difference in capacitance is 0 for typical capacitors. 
     In case of symmetric hysteresis curves, the polarity can be reversed without changing the capacitance at 0 V (the symmetry axis). The capacitance at 0 V is therefore also less sensitive to the voltage history than the capacitance next to the coercive voltage. The value at 0 V has been observed to differ by at most a few percent in other capacitors of the symmetric type as that used for  FIG. 3 . This capacitance difference is not significant enough to draw information on the voltage history of the capacitor in an electric component. 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  show capacitance-voltage hysteresis curves for a MIM capacitor of an electric component in accordance with the present invention. The same dielectric material was used as in the above case to clearly show the effect that is used within this invention. 
     A typical capacitor used for such measurements has the following parameters:
     electrode material: Pt for the bottom electrode and WTi for the top electrode,   electrode area: 0.2 mm 2      capacitor dielectric: PZT   electrode distance: 360 nm   

     The hysteresis curve of  FIG. 4  is observable during operation with a bias voltage not exceeding +15 V or −15 V. The hysteresis curve of  FIG. 5  shows the effects of an application of a 50 V pulse, as it can occur in ESD events, to the MIM capacitor on the hysteresis cycle. It should be noted that for the measurement of the hysteresis curves of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , one of the capacitor electrode, typically the bottom electrode of a MIM capacitor as shown in  FIG. 1 , was connected to ground as a reference potential. 
     First turning to the hysteresis curve of  FIG. 4 , a capacitor according to the present invention exhibits a capacitance-voltage hysteresis, which significantly differs from that of a prior-art capacitor shown in  FIG. 3 . The capacitance curve for a semi-cycle of the voltage change between −15 V and +15 V exhibits a capacitance increase from slightly below 40% at −15 V to only about 80% at 0 V and back down to slightly below 40% at +15 V. In contrast, decreasing the voltage again from +15 V to 0 V, the capacitance increases strongly to almost 100% and reaches its maximum at 100% at a negative voltage of about −3 V, and then decreases with further increasing amount of the negative voltage from 100% to slightly below 40% at −15 V, thus completing the hysteresis cycle. Not only are the respective maxima of the capacitance-voltage dependency found at different voltage values. For application purposes it is much more important that the capacitance values in absence of the bias voltage differ very strongly, depending on the voltage history of the capacitor. If an applied bias voltage was positive, the capacitance sensed in absence of the bias voltage is significantly higher than in the case of a previously applied negative bias voltage. The capacitance difference between the two cases is about 20%. Thus, the MIM capacitor of the electric component of the present invention allows detecting the polarity of a bias voltage last applied to the capacitor. To achieve this effect, the bias voltage must exceed a certain threshold voltage, so as to exceed the coercive field of the well-known hysteresis of the electrical polarization in dependence on an applied electric field of a ferroelectric capacitor. 
       FIG. 5  shows a hysteresis curve of a ferroelectric MIM capacitor of the present invention exhibits when subjected to a voltage pulse of suitable polarity and voltage amount. In the present example, the same capacitor as that used for measuring the hysteresis curve of  FIG. 4  has been used for the measurement. Dashed curve sections correspond to the hysteresis behavior observable under the conditions explained in  FIG. 4 , i.e. a variation of the DC bias voltage between −15 V and +15 V. For the present measurement, however, the voltage was initially turned from 0 V (achieving a reference capacitance value of 100%) to plus +50 V (the voltage range between +15 and +50 V is not plotted in the diagram). When returning from the “flashing voltage” of +50 V to 0 V, the capacitance value returns to its original value of 100%, but further increases strongly to a value of 120% at the maximum position of about −3 V. This extra increase can be used to discriminate the strength of ESD events. It then decreases again with increasing amount of negative bias voltage, down to a capacitance value of slightly less than 40%, very much the same as for the “normal” hysteresis cycle observed for a voltage variation between −15 and +15 V. From then on, varying the applied DC bias voltage between −15 and +15 V will result in the same capacitance-voltage hysteresis that has been described with reference to  FIG. 4  and is indicated in  FIG. 5  by dashed curve sections. 
     The diagrams of  FIGS. 4 and 5  show that the application of a negative voltage to the MIM capacitor of the present invention leads to a significant decrease in capacitance, as measured in absence of a DC bias voltage. The capacitance can be restored by application of a positive DC bias voltage. The capacitance change observed does not only depend on a suitable polarity of the DC bias voltage applied to the capacitor, but also on its amount. This way, it becomes possible to also determine the energy of a voltage pulse applied to the capacitors, using the capacitance change measured in absence of a bias voltage. 
       FIG. 6  shows a simplified circuit diagram of an electric component  600  according to a further embodiment of the present invention. The electric component  600  has a ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602  of the type described in connection with  FIG. 1  and exhibiting a capacitance-voltage hysteresis of the type shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . A first electrode  602 . 1  of the capacitor  602  is connected to an input terminal  604 . A second capacitor electrode  602 . 2  of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602  is connected to ground. The electric component further comprises a capacitance-sensor unit  606 . The capacitance-sensor unit  606  is connected in parallel to the capacitor to the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602  between the input terminal  604  and ground. A controllable switch  608  is switched between the input terminal  604  and the capacitance-sensor unit  606  and allows disconnecting the capacitance-sensor unit from the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602 . A control unit  610  is connected with the controllable switch  608  and serves to open or close the switch  608 , depending on either self-generated control signals or on an external input (not shown). 
     In operation, the controllable switch  608  will be in its open position as long as the capacitance of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602  shall not be measured. If the capacitance shall be measured, the switch  608  is closed and a capacitance measurement is initiated. According to the present invention, the capacitance measurement is performed in absence of a DC bias voltage applied to the capacitor  602 . This can also be approximated by using a very small bias voltage. A very small bias voltage used in a capacitance measurement should be very small in comparison with a coercive voltage that generates the coercive field of the ferroelectric layer inside the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602 . The determined capacitance value is provided at the output of the capacitance-sensor unit  606 . Techniques for measuring the capacitance will be explained further below in more detail, including configurations that are suited to withstand large ESD pulses, e.g., a large resistor as replacement of the switch. 
     The electric component  600  can for instance be used as an ESD sensor. The occurrence of an ESD pulse can be detected even a long time after its occurrence by sensing the capacitance of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  602 . An improvement of the design of the electric component of  FIG. 6  is achieved by using two ferroelectric capacitors in an anti-parallel configuration, as has been shown in connection with  FIG. 2 . An anti-series configuration is also possible and has similar advantages, but is not shown here. 
     Two use cases illustrate the advantage achieved with the ESD sensor of the present embodiment:
     a) the occurrence of ESD events in an integrated circuit can be detected in off-line measurements, e.g., in products returned to a seller or service provider, in order to check for over-voltage. The probing can be performed using probe-pads.   b) the occurrence of ESD events in an integrated circuit or chip can additionally or alternatively be detected “in situ”, in the field.:in this case, the chip for instance probes an RC-network. Internal switches can be used if disconnecting the capacitor from the network is desired. Such switches also must be protected against ESD. In both cases, an anti-series configuration might be useful.   

       FIG. 7  is a simplified circuit diagram of an electric component  700  implementing the principle of two ferroelectric MIM capacitors  702  and  704 , which are connected in an anti-parallel configuration. Both capacitors are connected to input terminal  706  and  708 , and both ferroelectric capacitors  702  and  704  are connected to a respective capacitance-sensor unit  710  and  712 , respectively. A resistor  714  serves to protect the capacitance-sensor units  710  and  712  against high voltages occurring in an ESD event. A respective pair of Zener-diodes  716 ,  718  and  720 ,  722  is connected between the input terminal  708  and the respective MIM capacitor  702  and  704 . Each pair has the Zener diodes connected with each other in an anti-serial (back-to-back) manner. This way, the voltage applied to the capacitors in an ESD event can be limited to a maximum amount, the Zener voltage of the diodes. 
     The outputs of the capacitance-sensor units  710  and  712  are fed to a comparator  724 , which is configured to compare the capacitance values determined for the first and second ferroelectric MIM capacitors  702  and  704 . In an alternative embodiment, the comparator is extended by an evaluation unit (not shown), which is configured to derive information on an energy amount and polarity applied at the input terminals  706  and  708  from the measured capacitance values of the ferroelectric MIM capacitors  702  and  704 . As previously mentioned, the use of two anti-parallel ferroelectric MIM capacitors allows determining the polarity of the input voltage applied to the input terminals  706  and  708 , always assuming that the input voltage exceeds a threshold amount. A capacitance change at 0 V is only detectable in case the threshold-voltage amount has been exceeded with a suitable polarity. The corresponding voltage, which herein is also referred to as the switching voltage, depends on the particular design of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor used, in particular on its geometrical parameters such electrode extension and ferroelectric-layer thickness, but also on the dielectric constant of the ferroelectric layer. 
     A reset-voltage can be applied from the measurement units  710  and  712  to the capacitors  702  and  704  for re-initializing the electric component  700  for further operation. The reset unit (not shown) is configured to generate and provide at its output a reset voltage of a suitable polarity, which is a positive polarity for the capacitor  702  and a negative polarity for the capacitor  704  or vice versa. This way, the original capacitance of this capacitor can be restored. The capacitance of the other capacitor, which was not switched by the application of a switching voltage to the input terminal  706 , remains unaffected by the application of the reset voltage with this polarity. The electric component  700  can thus for instance be used as a resettable ESD sensor. 
       FIG. 8  shows an alternative configuration  700 ′. Identical reference labels as in  FIG. 7  for corresponding circuit elements are used in the FIG. and in the following description. The circuit  700 ′ differs from the circuit  700  in that the MIM capacitors  702  and  704  are provided in an anti-serial connection with each other. Since the capacitor electrodes have different properties in the MIM capacitors of the present invention, a serial connection of the capacitors  702  and  704  has different properties than an anti-serial connection, which in turn also allows detecting the polarity of an ESD event using a comparison of the capacitances of the MIM capacitors  702  and  704 . The capacitance-sensor units  710  and  712  are also provided in a series connection with each other, and in parallel to the respective MIM capacitor to be measured, each protected by a respective resistor  714 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a further embodiment of an electric component for illustrating how the antiserial connection implemented by the ESD sensor  700 ′ of  FIG. 8  can be included in an RC-network  719  having a resistor  720  and two capacitors  722  and  724  and that forms a low-pass filter. The ESD sensor is connected to an input  716 . The measurement unit  710  of the ESD sensor  700 ′ can be omitted if a device  718  at the output side provides a bias voltage of 0V. A measurement resistor R 1  should preferably be larger than a network resistor  720  to not influence the RC network  719  strongly. The same holds for the capacitance value of the ESD-detection capacitors  702  and  704 . 
     As an alternative, the detection capacitors and the measurement resistor can be included in the network design by adapting the network capacitors and resistors so that the an influence of the measurement unit is compensated. As a further illustrative example,  FIG. 10  shows an embodiment of an electronic component forming a circuit network  730 , in which an ESD sensor is integrated. The measurement unit  712  is integrated together with an input amplifier  734  and a switch  736  into a single chip. ESD protection diodes  7 . This configuration does not require any extra chip connectors or separate chips. 
     The measurement unit  712  serves to measure the capacitance of a RC network  732  and hence, dependent on the measurement frequency (or ramp rate), the capacitance of the “nearest” capacitor  738  or the sum of both capacitors  738  and  740 . If both are measured, and the capacitors  738  and  740  are hysteretic and are configured in anti-parallel, then an ESD pulse polarity can be measured if it can charge the second capacitor  740  fast enough. In any case, a change of the capacitor connected to the input can be measured, so that at least a single polarity ESD pulse can be detected. 
     The operating principle is as follows: in normal operation the switch  734  is connected to the application device, i.e., the input amplifier  734  in this case. The capacitors  738  and  740  can be measured by switching from the application device  734  to the measurement unit  712 . Thus ESD events can be measured, e.g., every time an apparatus incorporating the circuit network  730  is switched on or off, or any time it is desired to know whether an ESD event has occurred. In a variant of the present embodiment, the information ascertained on the occurrence of an ESD event can be stored in a non-volatile memory (not shown). This information could be used to improve products. 
     With electric components of  FIGS. 6 to 10 , ESD sensors can be fabricated and integrated into other circuits. This allows to test the integrity of the connected circuitry in the field. For instance, if the ESD sensor of  FIG. 7  determines that an ESD event has occurred and applied a voltage pulse exceeding a certain energy to the circuitry, a high probability of damage to the circuitry may be reported to a control instance, for instance by an embedded wireless or wired module. However, if the energy amount delivered by the ESD pulse was lower than a certain threshold, operation of the circuitry may be continued, and the ESD sensor can be reset for being ready to detect a next ESD event. 
       FIG. 11  is a simplified circuit diagram for illustrating an embodiment of an electric component of the present invention, which can be used as a capacitance detection circuit, a ferroelectric memory, or an ESD sensor. The electric component  800  of  FIG. 8  has two capacitors  802  and  804  connected in parallel. The capacitor  802  forms a reference capacitor. The capacitor  804  is a switchable ferroelectric capacitor according to the present invention. Controllable switches  806  and  808  are connected between an input terminal  810  and the reference capacitor  802  and between the reference capacitor  802  and the switchable ferroelectric MIM capacitor  804 , respectively. The switchable MIM capacitor  804  can be switched by applying a voltage pulse  812  via the input terminal  810 , by first opening switch  808  and closing switch  806 , thus charging the reference capacitor  802 . Subsequently, the charge is transferred to the switchable MIM capacitor  804  by opening the switch  806  and closing the switch  808 . The read-out voltage at an output terminal  814  will depend on the capacitance of the switchable MIM capacitor  804 . In case the capacitance is high, a high voltage will be detected. In case the capacitance is low, a lower voltage will be detected. For readout, a small probe capacitor (e.g. on a read-out chip) is discharged into the MIM capacitor and generates a small voltage increase. This increase is smaller if the capacitance is larger. 
       FIG. 12  is a simplified circuit diagram of an example of a read-out circuit for use with a ferroelectric MIM capacitor in a ferroelectric memory. This example of an electric component  900  has a ferroelectric MIM capacitor  902  according to the present invention, connected in series with a resistor  904 , a comparator  906  has a first input connected between the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  902  and the resistor  904  and a second input connected to a reference voltage, which is smaller than the switching voltage of the ferroelectric capacitor. The output of the comparator  906  is connected to an AND gate  908 . A second input of the AND gate  908  is connected to an input terminal  910 . 
     For reading out the capacitance value of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  902 , a probe pulse is applied at the input terminal  910 . The capacitor  902  is charged to a small amount. Depending on the capacitance value of the ferroelectric 
     MIM capacitor  902 , the comparator will detect a voltage at the capacitor which is higher or lower than the reference voltage. The output of the comparator determines the output of the AND gate  908  at the time of the application of the bias pulse for sensing the capacitance of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  902 . 
       FIG. 13  is a further alternative embodiment illustrating a possibility for reading out a ferroelectric memory using a ferroelectric MIM capacitor according to the present invention. This ferroelectric memory  1000  comprises two ferroelectric 
     MIM capacitors  1002  and  1004  according to the present invention. Each of the capacitors  1002  and  1004  has one electrode connected to a current source  1006  and  1008 , respectively, and its other electrode connected to ground potential. Connected between the respective current source and the capacitor electrodes is a comparator. The current source should be dimensioned such that the voltage increase at the capacitor stays well below the switching voltage. A first estimate would be: I&lt;0.25*Cmin(0V)*Vc/tm, where Vc denotes the switching voltage (coercive voltage) and tm the duration of the current of amplitude I. The current sources can also be replaced by resistors. 
     The switching (writing) circuitry is not shown in the present circuit. In particular, set and reset switches are not shown in this simplified circuit diagram. However, the capacitors can be set and reset in an entire parallel manner with a bias pulse and a respective current-source setting. The combinations of low capacitance and high capacitance and vice versa are sensed by a comparator  1010  and a corresponding output bit is provided at an output  1012  of the comparator  1010 . 
       FIG. 14  provides a further alternative embodiment of a read out circuitry for a ferroelectric memory using two ferroelectric MIM capacitors according to the present invention. The ferroelectric memory  1100  comprises two ferroelectric MIM capacitors  1102  and  1104  connected in series between a bias potential and a reference potential, such as ground potential. A series connection of two resistors  1106  and  1108  is connected in parallel to the capacitors  1102  and  1104 . A comparator  1110  has one input connected between the two capacitors  1102  and  1104  and its other input connected between the two resistors  1106  and  1108 . Again, as in  FIG. 10 , the switching circuitry is not shown here. However, the switching circuitry is connected with the two capacitors in an entire parallel manner such that only one capacitor is switched upon application of a switching voltage. This way, a respective combination of a high capacitance and a low capacitance can be defined in dependence on the polarity of the switching voltage. By applying a small bias voltage, the capacitance combination is sensed by the comparator and provided at its output  1114  and bias voltage via an input terminal  1112 . 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic and simplified circuit diagram of a ferroelectric memory device according to a further embodiment of an electric component of the present invention. The memory device  1200  comprises a number of memory cells  1200 . 1 ,  1200 . 2  through  1200 .n, which in the present embodiment are arranged in a parallel connection, implementing for instance a single row or a single column of a matrix arrangement of memory cells (not shown). The detailed structure of a memory cell can be chosen to any of the previously described embodiments, see  FIGS. 8 through 11 . For illustration purposes, the present embodiment uses the structure of  FIG. 8 . Details are only shown for the memory cell  1200 . 1 . It is assumed that all further memory cell  1200 . 2  through  1200 .n have the same internal structure, which is not shown for reasons of graphical simplicity. 
     A write controller  1202  is connected which each of the memory cells  1200 . 1  through  1200 .n and is configured to selectively switch the capacitance of the ferroelectric MIM capacitor of a respective memory cell, such as for instance the ferroelectric MIM capacitor  1204  of the memory cell  1200 . 1 . The write controller  1202  further has an input for receiving address information allowing to identify, which of the memory cells is to be written to, and for receiving write data, which is the data to be stored in a respective memory cell to be written to. On the output side of the ferroelectric memory  1200 , a read controller  1206  is connected with each of the memory cells  1201  through  1200 .n. The read controller  1206  is configured to provide the control signals required for switching the switches  806  and  808  during a readout of the memory cell. Furthermore, the read controller  1206  has a control output for selecting a respective memory cell to be read. Memory cells can be selected according to address information received by the read controller  1206  with a read request. The received information is retrieved by the write controller and provided at its output. 
     Other, even more economic configurations as memory may be employed, which is illustrated in  FIG. 16 . For graphical simplicity,  FIG. 16  only shows two memory cells in one row. The configuration is similar to that of  FIG. 13 . A first cell  1301  has two ferroelectric MIM capacitors  1302  and  1304 . The capacitors, instead being connected directly to a (virtual) ground potential as in  FIG. 13 , are connectable with their bottom electrodes to a (virtual ground) by the switches  1312  and  1314 , and the top electrodes to two column lines  1308  and  1309 . The switches  1312  and  1314  are controlled by the row select line  1306 . The columns  1308  and  1309  are selected by switches  1320  and  1321 , which are controlled by the column select line  1322 . Readout is possible by providing a probe current via the connections  1331  and  1332  as described in  FIG. 10  with the current sources  1006  and  1008  and a detection unit  1310 . A switching voltage of desired polarity, positive or negative, is also applicable to the ferroelectric MIM capacitors  1302  and  1304  of a selected cell  1301  via the switches  1330 . The probe current sources could provide the switching voltage of desired polarity, or a separate voltage source can be attached. The switches  1330  can also be used to discharge the capacitors before readout or after writing. 
     While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. 
     Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. 
     In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. 
     Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.