Patent Publication Number: US-11032804-B2

Title: Techniques for managing transmissions in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES 
     The present Application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/894,514 by Yerramalli, et al., entitled, “Techniques For Managing Transmissions In An Unlicensed Radio Frequency Spectrum Band” filed Feb. 12, 2018, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/959,659 by Yerramalli, et al., entitled “Techniques For Managing Transmissions in an Unlicensed Radio Frequency Spectrum Band”, filed Dec. 4, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/091,345 by Yerramalli et al., entitled “Techniques For Managing Transmissions In An Unlicensed Radio Frequency Spectrum Band,” filed Dec. 12, 2014, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     The present disclosure, for example, relates to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to techniques for managing transmissions in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Wireless devices may communicate over an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band using one or more radio access technologies, such as a long term evolution radio access technology, a Wi-Fi radio access technology, or the like. An unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may refer to a radio frequency spectrum band that is open for shared use by any device that complies with regulatory agency rules for communicating via the radio frequency spectrum band. In contrast with most licensed radio frequency spectrum band usage, users of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band do not, for example, have regulatory protection against radio interference from devices of other users. In other words, devices that use the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band must, for example, accept any radio interference caused by other devices that use the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some aspects, a method for wireless communication may include determining sizes of payloads of one or more user equipment (UEs). The method may include determining whether to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs based on the sizes of the payloads. The method may include allocating at least one of, one or more codes or one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on a single interlace of resources based on the determination to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs. 
     In some aspects, a base station for wireless communication may determine sizes of payloads of one or more UEs. The base station may determine whether to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs based on the sizes of the payloads. The base station may allocate at least one of one or more codes or one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on a single interlace of resources based on the determination to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs. 
     In one example, the determination as to whether to multiplex the payloads based on the sizes of the payloads may include determining whether the sizes of the payloads satisfy a payload size threshold. 
     In one aspect, the one or more processors, when allocating at least one of one or more codes or one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs, may allocate at least two codes or cyclic shifts to a single UE, of the one or more UEs to transmit corresponding payloads using the at least two codes or cyclic shifts. 
     In one aspect, allocating the at least one of the one or more codes or the one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs may include allocating at least two codes or cyclic shifts to a single UE, of the one or more UEs, to transmit corresponding payloads using at least two codes or cyclic shifts. The payloads may be code division multiplexed on the single interlace of resources using at least two codes of the one or more codes, or the pay loads may be multiplexed on the single interlace of resources using at least two cyclic shifts of the one or more cyclic shifts, or a combination thereof. 
     In some aspects, the single interlace of resources may comprise a plurality of uplink resources that are structured to allow each UE, of the one or more UEs, to transmit bits in the single interlace of resources, using the at least one of the one or more codes or the one or more cyclic shifts. The one or more codes may be one or more Walsh codes. 
     In one example, a transport block size (TBS) based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and a total quantity of the at least one of the one or more codes or the one or more cyclic shifts may be determined. 
     In some aspects, the single interlace of resources may comprise a plurality of uplink resources that are structured using physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) format 2, or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) format 3, or a combination thereof. In one example, allocating the at least one of the one or more codes or the one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs may comprise instructing the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on the single interlace of resources using a downlink grant. In one example, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) information, associated with transmitting a payload, of the payloads, may include a quantity of bits that is less than twenty-four bits. 
     In some aspects, the single interlace of resources may be included in a channel of an unlicensed spectrum. 
     In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may include one or more instructions for wireless communication that, when executed by one or more processors of a base station, cause the one or more processors to determine sizes of payloads of one or more UEs. The one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors to determine whether to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs based on the sizes of the payloads. The one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors to allocate at least one of one or more codes or one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on a single interlace of resources based on the determination to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs. 
     In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may include means for determining sizes of payloads of one or more UEs. The apparatus may include means for determining whether to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs based on the sizes of the payloads. The apparatus may include means for allocating at least one of one or more codes or one or more cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on a single interlace of resources based on the determination to multiplex the payloads of the one or more UEs. 
     In some aspects, a method for wireless communication may include determining a first code or a first cyclic shift used for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be transmitted using an interlace of resources. The method may include allocating a plurality of second codes or a plurality of second cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for a second transmission, wherein the second transmission may be multiplexed with the first transmission on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, allocating the plurality of second codes or the plurality of second cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs for the second transmission may comprise, instructing a UE, of the one or more UEs, to transmit PUCCH information or to transmit PUSCH on an uplink resource included in the interlace of resources. 
     In one example, the first code or the first cyclic shift for transmission of channel occupancy information on the interlace of resources may be allocated, and, one or more UEs may be instructed to transmit the channel occupancy information on the interlace of resources using the first code or the first cyclic shift. In another example, a UE of the one or more UEs, may be instructed to transmit channel occupancy information on a first subset of uplink resources of the interlace of resources, and a second subset of uplink resources (different from the first subset of uplink resources) of the interlace of resources may be allocated to the UE for transmission of information. 
     In one aspect, instructing the UE to transmit the channel occupancy information on the first subset of uplink resource may comprise, instructing the UE to transmit the channel occupancy information on the first subset of uplink resources using the first code or the first cyclic shift. In another aspect, instructing the UE to transmit the channel occupancy information on the first subset of uplink resource may cause a bandwidth requirement, associated with a channel that includes the interlace of resources, to be satisfied. 
     In one example, uplink resources, of the interlace of resources, may be structured using PUCCH format 2, or PUCCH format 3, or a combination thereof. 
     In some aspects, the interlace of resources may be included in a channel of an unlicensed spectrum or in a channel associated with a long term evolution (LTE) network. 
     In some aspects, a base station for wireless communication may determine a first code or a first cyclic shift used for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be transmitted using an interlace of resources. The base station may allocate a plurality of second codes or a plurality of second cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for a second transmission, wherein the second transmission may be multiplexed with the first transmission on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may include one or more instructions for wireless communication that, when executed by one or more processors of a base station, cause the one or more processors to determine a first code or a first cyclic shift used for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be transmitted using an interlace of resources. The one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors to allocate a plurality of second codes or a plurality of second cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for a second transmission, wherein the second transmission may be multiplexed with the first transmission on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may include means for determining a first code or a first cyclic shift used for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be transmitted using an interlace of resources. The apparatus may include means for allocating a plurality of second codes or a plurality of second cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for a second transmission, wherein the second transmission may be multiplexed with the first transmission on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, a method for wireless communication may include allocating a first interlace of resources for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be for occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The method may include allocating at least a second interlace of resources for a second transmission, wherein the at least second interlace of resources may be occupied by a base station of a plurality of base stations. 
     In some aspects, allocating the at least second interlace of resources may comprise, determining that an interlace of resources has been allocated to a first base station of the plurality of base stations, and allocating another interlace of resources to a second base station of the plurality of base stations, the another interlace of resources which may be different than the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, a base station for wireless communication may allocate a first interlace of resources for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be for occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The base station may allocate at least a second interlace of resources for a second transmission, wherein the at least second interlace of resources may be occupied by a base station of a plurality of base stations. 
     In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may include one or more instructions for wireless communication that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more base stations, cause the one or more processors to allocate a first interlace of resources for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be for occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors to allocate at least a second interlace of resources for a second transmission, wherein the at least second interlace of resources may be occupied by a base station of a plurality of base stations. 
     In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may include means for allocating a first interlace of resources for a first transmission, wherein the first transmission may be for occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The apparatus may include means for allocating at least a second interlace of resources for a second transmission, wherein the at least second interlace of resources is occupied by a base station of a plurality of base stations. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized by reference to the following drawings. In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label. 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a wireless communication system, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows a wireless communication system in which long term evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) may be deployed under different scenarios using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows a block diagram illustrating a base station and a UE, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4A  shows a diagram illustrating an example of allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for transmissions (e.g., of bits of data) on an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4B  shows a diagram illustrating an example of allocating a first code and/or a first cyclic shift for a first transmission using an interlace of resources, and allocating a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to a UE for a second transmission using the interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4C  shows a diagram illustrating an example of allocating a first interlace of resources for a first transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating a second interlace of resources for a second transmission by one or more base stations, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5A  shows a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for transmissions on an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5B  shows a diagram illustrating an example of an uplink structure that may include a plurality interlaces of resources used for transmission in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  shows a diagram illustrating an example relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 5A , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for allocating different codes and/or different cyclic shifts to a plurality of UE for transmissions using an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  show a diagram illustrating an example relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 7 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for allocating different interlaces of resources for a transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and a transmission by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  show a diagram illustrating an example relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 9 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description of example aspects refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. 
     Techniques are described in which an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band is used for at least a portion of communications over a wireless communication system. In some examples, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be used by base stations and user equipments (UEs) of a cellular network for Long Term Evolution (LTE) communications and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) communications, and by Wi-Fi access points and Wi-Fi stations of a Wi-Fi network for Wi-Fi communications. The unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be used by the cellular network in combination with, or independent from, a licensed radio frequency spectrum band. In some examples, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be a radio frequency spectrum band for which a device may need to contend for access because the radio frequency spectrum band is available, at least in part, for unlicensed use, such as Wi-Fi use. 
     A transmission in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., a 5 gigahertz (GHz) unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) may be required to occupy a minimum threshold amount of bandwidth (e.g., 80% of a total bandwidth) in a both an uplink direction (e.g., from a UE to a base station) and a downlink direction (e.g., from a base station to a UE). 
     With respect to transmissions in the uplink direction, the uplink transmission may use a plurality interlaces of resources (e.g., each interlace of resources may include a plurality of uplink resources (e.g., resource blocks (RBs)) that may be distributed across an unlicensed radio frequency bandwidth) to satisfy the minimum threshold amount of bandwidth requirement. For example, a bandwidth of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be 20 megahertz (MHz), and the 20 MHz band may be divided into 100 uplink resources (e.g., RBs) for a period of time (e.g., 1 millisecond (ms) subframe). As such, in this example, 100 uplink resources may be available for uplink transmissions during the period of time. The uplink resources (e.g., 100 uplink resources) may be divided into ten interlaces of resources. Thus, each interlace of resources may include ten uplink resources that are distributed across the bandwidth (e.g., a first interlace of resources may include a first resource block, an eleventh resource block, a twenty-first resource block, a thirty-first resource block, a forty-first resource block, a fifty-first resource block, a sixty-first resource block, a seventy-first resource block, an eighty-first resource block, and a ninety-first resource block; a tenth interlace of resources may include a tenth resource block, a twentieth resource block, a thirtieth resource block, a fortieth resource block, a fiftieth resource block, a sixtieth resource block, a seventieth resource block, an eightieth resource block, a ninetieth resource block, and a one hundredth resource block, etc.). 
     A UE may be allocated an interlace of resources for transmissions of small amounts of information in the uplink direction. As such, continuing the above example, the UE may be allocated the interlace of resource that may include ten uplink resources (e.g., RBs) for an uplink transmission. However, such an allocation may be inefficient and/or undesirable (e.g., in terms of UE power consumption, in terms of efficient usage of uplink resource, etc.) when the UE is transmitting a small amount of information. For example, allocating an interlace of resources that may include ten uplink resources (e.g., an entire interlace) to the UE may be inefficient and/or undesirable when the UE may need a few uplink resources (e.g., one uplink resource or two uplink resources) for a transmission that includes a small amount of information (e.g., a small amount of information on the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and/or small amount of information on the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)). 
     Aspects of the present disclosure described herein may allow a plurality of UEs to efficiently use uplink resources of an interlace of resources, in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, by allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to the plurality of UEs such that transmissions of small amounts of information of the plurality of UEs may be multiplexed (e.g., using the allocated codes and/or cyclic shifts) on an interlace of resources (e.g., a single interlace of resources). In this manner, power consumption of the plurality of UEs may also be reduced. 
     Similarly, aspects of the present disclosure may also allow a plurality of UEs to efficiently use uplink resources of an interlace of resources by allocating a first code and/or a first cyclic shift of the interlace of resources for transmissions of channel occupancy information (e.g., information that may be discarded, ignored, and/or deleted, etc.) and by allocating other codes and/or other cyclic shifts of the interlace of resources for transmissions of data of the plurality of UEs. Moreover, each UE of the plurality of UEs, may be allocated a subset of resources (e.g., a set of resource blocks) of the interlace of resources. For example, a UE may transmit data in an allocated subset of resources, of the interlace of resources, using a code and/or cyclic shift allocated to the UE, while transmitting channel occupancy information in other resources, of the interlace of resources, using the code and/or cyclic shift allocated for transmissions of channel occupancy information. 
     With respect to transmissions in the downlink direction, a base station may be configured to transmit on an interlace of resources (e.g., in the manner similar to that described above with regard to a transmission in the uplink direction) in order to satisfy the bandwidth occupancy requirement for the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or in order to occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. A plurality of base stations (e.g., implemented by a public land mobile network (PLMN) operator) may coordinate an allocation of a first interlace of resources of the downlink resources to satisfy the bandwidth occupancy requirement for the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or in order to occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The plurality of base stations may allocate remaining interlaces of resources of the downlink resources among each other in order to mitigate inter-cell interference. For example, each of the remaining interlaces of resources of the downlink resources may be allocated to each of the plurality of the base stations. One possible technique of coordination between the plurality of base stations may be to implement an inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) technique. Aspects of the present disclosure described herein may allow downlink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band to be efficiently used by a plurality of base stations (e.g., in order to mitigate inter-cell interference) by causing the plurality of base stations to transmit channel occupancy information in an interlace of resources in order to concurrently occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and satisfy the bandwidth occupancy requirement for the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and by coordinating allocation of other interlaces of resources among the plurality of base stations. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a wireless communication system  100 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication system  100  may include a cellular network and a Wi-Fi network. The cellular network may include one or more base stations  105 ,  105 - a , one or more UEs  115 ,  115 - a , and a core network  130 . The Wi-Fi network may include one or more Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a  and one or more Wi-Fi stations  140 ,  140 - a.    
     With reference to the cellular network of the wireless communication system  100 , the core network  130  may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The base stations  105 ,  105 - a  may interface with the core network  130  through backhaul links  132  (e.g., S1, etc.) and may perform radio configuration and scheduling for communication with the UEs  115 ,  115 - a , or may operate under the control of a base station controller (not shown). In various examples, the base stations  105 ,  105 - a  may communicate, either directly or indirectly (e.g., through core network  130 ), with each other over backhaul links  134  (e.g., X2, etc.), which may be wired or wireless communication links. 
     The base stations  105 ,  105 - a  may wirelessly communicate with the UEs  115 ,  115 - a  via one or more base station antennas. Each of the base station  105 ,  105 - a  sites may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area  110 . In some examples, a base station  105 ,  105 - a  may be referred to as a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or some other suitable terminology. The geographic coverage area  110  for a base station  105 ,  105 - a  may be divided into sectors making up a portion of the coverage area (not shown). The cellular network may include base stations  105 ,  105 - a  of different types (e.g., macro and/or small cell base stations). There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas  110  for different technologies. 
     In some examples, the cellular network may include an LTE/LTE-A network. In LTE/LTE-A networks, the term evolved Node B (eNB) may be used to describe the base stations  105 ,  105 - a , while the term UE may be used to describe the UEs  115 ,  115 - a . The cellular network may be a Heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A network in which different types of eNBs provide coverage for various geographical regions. For example, each eNB or base station  105 ,  105 - a  may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a small cell, and/or other type of cell. The term “cell” is a 3GPP term that can be used to describe a base station, a carrier or component carrier associated with a base station, or a coverage area (e.g., sector, etc.) of a carrier or base station, depending on context. 
     A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider. A small cell may be a lower-powered base station, as compared with a macro cell that may operate in the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed, etc.) radio frequency spectrum bands as macro cells. Small cells may include pico cells, femto cells, and micro cells according to various examples. A pico cell may cover a relatively smaller geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider. A femto cell also may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may provide restricted access by UEs having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, and the like). An eNB for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro eNB. An eNB for a small cell may be referred to as a small cell eNB, a pico eNB, a femto eNB, or a home eNB. An eNB may support one or more (e.g., two, three, four, or the like) cells (e.g., component carriers). 
     The cellular network may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations may have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base stations may have different frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations. 
     The cellular network may in some examples include a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer may be IP-based. A Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer may also use Hybrid ARQ (HARD) to provide retransmission at the MAC layer to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE  115 ,  115 - a  and the base stations  105 ,  105 - a  or core network  130  supporting radio bearers for the user plane data. At the Physical (PHY) layer, the transport channels may be mapped to Physical channels. 
     The UEs  115 ,  115 - a  may be dispersed throughout the wireless communication system  100 , and each UE  115 ,  115 - a  may be stationary or mobile. A UE  115 ,  115 - a  may also include or be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. A UE  115 ,  115 - a  may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, or the like. A UE may be able to communicate with various types of base stations  105 ,  105 - a  and network equipment, including macro eNBs, small cell eNBs, relay base stations, or the like. 
     The communication links  125  shown in wireless communication system  100  may carry downlink (DL) transmissions from a base station  105 ,  105 - a  to a UE  115 ,  115 - a , and/or uplink (UL) transmissions from a UE  115 ,  115 - a  to a base station  105 ,  105 - a . The downlink transmissions may also be called forward link transmissions, while the uplink transmissions may also be called reverse link transmissions. 
     In some examples, each communication link  125  may include one or more carriers, where each carrier may be a signal made up of a plurality of sub-carriers (e.g., waveform signals of different frequencies) modulated according to the various radio technologies described above. Each modulated signal may be sent on a different sub-carrier and may carry control information (e.g., reference signals, control channels, etc.), overhead information, user data, etc. The communication links  125  may transmit bidirectional communications using a frequency domain duplexing (FDD) operation (e.g., using paired spectrum resources) or a time domain duplexing (TDD) operation (e.g., using unpaired spectrum resources). Frame structures for FDD operation (e.g., frame structure type 1) and TDD operation (e.g., frame structure type 2) may be defined. 
     In some examples of the wireless communication system  100 , base stations  105 ,  105 - a  and/or UEs  115 ,  115 - a  may include a plurality of antennas for employing antenna diversity schemes to improve communication quality and reliability between base stations  105 ,  105 - a  and UEs  115 ,  115 - a . Additionally or alternatively, base stations  105 ,  105 - a  and/or UEs  115 ,  115 - a  may employ multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) techniques that may take advantage of multi-path environments to transmit a plurality of spatial layers carrying the same or different coded data. 
     The wireless communication system  100  may support operation on a plurality of cells or carriers, a feature which may be referred to as carrier aggregation (CA) or multi-carrier operation. A carrier may also be referred to as a component carrier (CC), a layer, a channel, etc. The terms “carrier,” “component carrier,” “cell,” and “channel” may be used interchangeably herein. A UE  115 ,  115 - a  may be configured with a plurality of downlink CCs and one or more uplink CCs for carrier aggregation. Carrier aggregation may be used with both FDD and TDD component carriers. 
     With reference to the Wi-Fi network of the wireless communication system  100 , the Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a  may wirelessly communicate with the Wi-Fi stations  140 ,  140 - a  via one or more Wi-Fi access point antennas, over one or more communication links  145 . In some examples, the Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a  may communicate with the Wi-Fi stations  140 ,  140 - a  using one or more Wi-Fi communication standards, such as an Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE) Standard 802.11 (e.g., IEEE Standard 802.11a, IEEE Standard 802.11n, or IEEE Standard 802.11ac). 
     In some examples, a Wi-Fi station  140 ,  140 - a  may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or the like. In some examples, an apparatus may include aspects of both a UE  115 ,  115 - a  and a Wi-Fi station  140 ,  140 - a , and such an apparatus may communicate with one or more base stations  105 ,  105 - a  using a first radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., a cellular RAT, or a plurality of cellular RATs), and communicate with one or more Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a  using a second RAT (e.g., a Wi-Fi RAT, or a plurality of Wi-Fi RATs). 
     In some examples, the base stations  105 ,  105 - a  and UEs  115 ,  115 - a  may communicate over a licensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, whereas the Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a  and Wi-Fi stations  140 ,  140 - a  may communicate over the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may therefore be shared by the base stations  105 ,  105 - a , the UEs  115 ,  115 - a , the Wi-Fi access points  135 ,  135 - a , and/or the Wi-Fi stations  140 ,  140 - a . Because the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be shared by apparatuses operating under different protocols (e.g., different RATs), transmitting apparatuses may contend for access to the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As an example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more radio frequencies (e.g., one or more radio frequency spectrum bands) included in the radio spectrum (e.g., the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies, or frequencies lower than approximately 300 GHz). In some aspects, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more radio frequency spectrum bands that are open for shared use by any device that complies with regulatory agency rules (e.g., associated with a particular country) for communicating via the one or more radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more radio frequencies between approximately 5 GHz and approximately 6 GHz. As a more specific example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more radio frequencies between approximately 5.15 GHz and approximately 5.825 GHz. 
     As another example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more radio frequency spectrum bands defined by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) radio band. The U-NII radio band may include, for example, a first radio frequency spectrum band between approximately 5.15 GHz and approximately 5.25 GHz (e.g., the U-NII Low band), a second radio frequency spectrum band between approximately 5.25 GHz and approximately 5.35 GHz (e.g., the U-NII Mid band), a third radio frequency spectrum band between approximately 5.47 GHz and approximately 5.725 GHz (e.g., the U-NII Worldwide band), and/or a fourth radio frequency spectrum band between approximately 5.725 GHz and approximately 5.825 GHz (e.g., the U-NII Upper band). 
     The unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be divided into RF channels via which RF communications may be transmitted. For example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include one or more channels of approximately 20 MHz bandwidth. Wireless devices (e.g., UE  115 , Wi-Fi access point  135 , base station  105 , etc.) may communicate via an RF channel included in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. For example, a wireless device may communicate via an RF channel using a Wi-Fi radio access technology, an LTE radio access technology, or the like. In some aspects, a wireless device may contend for access to the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band before sending a transmission via the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. 
       FIG. 2  shows a wireless communication system  200  in which LTE and/or LTE-A may be deployed under different scenarios using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. More specifically,  FIG. 2  illustrates examples of a supplemental downlink mode (e.g., licensed assisted access mode), a carrier aggregation mode, and a standalone mode in which LTE/LTE-A is deployed using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The wireless communication system  200  may be an example of portions of the wireless communication system  100  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . Moreover, a first base station  205  and a second base station  205 - a  may be examples of aspects of one or more of the base stations  105 ,  105 - a  described with reference to  FIG. 1 , while a first UE  215 , a second UE  215 - a , a third UE  215 - b , and a fourth UE  215 - c  may be examples of aspects of one or more of the UEs  115 ,  115 - a  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     In the example of a supplemental downlink mode (e.g., licensed assisted access) in the wireless communication system  200 , the first base station  205  may transmit orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) waveforms to the first UE  215  using a downlink channel  220 . The downlink channel  220  may be associated with a frequency F 1  in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The first base station  205  may transmit OFDMA waveforms to the first UE  215  using a first bidirectional link  225  and may receive single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) waveforms from the first UE  215  using the first bidirectional link  225 . The first bidirectional link  225  may be associated with a frequency F 4  in a licensed radio frequency spectrum band. The downlink channel  220  in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and the first bidirectional link  225  in the licensed radio frequency spectrum band may operate concurrently. The downlink channel  220  may provide a downlink capacity offload for the first base station  205 . In some examples, the downlink channel  220  may be used for unicast services (e.g., addressed to one UE) or for multicast services (e.g., addressed to several UEs). This scenario may occur with any service provider (e.g., a mobile network operator (MNO)) that uses a licensed radio frequency spectrum band and needs to relieve some of the traffic and/or signaling congestion. 
     In one example of a carrier aggregation mode in the wireless communication system  200 , the first base station  205  may transmit OFDMA waveforms to the second UE  215 - a  using a second bidirectional link  230  and may receive OFDMA waveforms, SC-FDMA waveforms, and/or resource block interleaved frequency division multiple access (FDMA) waveforms from the second UE  215 - a  using the second bidirectional link  230 . The second bidirectional link  230  may be associated with the frequency F 1  in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The first base station  205  may also transmit OFDMA waveforms to the second UE  215 - a  using a third bidirectional link  235  and may receive SC-FDMA waveforms from the second UE  215 - a  using the third bidirectional link  235 . The third bidirectional link  235  may be associated with a frequency F 2  in a licensed radio frequency spectrum band. The second bidirectional link  230  may provide a downlink and uplink capacity offload for the first base station  205 . Like the supplemental downlink mode (e.g., licensed assisted access mode) described above, this scenario may occur with any service provider (e.g., MNO) that uses a licensed radio frequency spectrum band and needs to relieve some of the traffic and/or signaling congestion. 
     In another example of a carrier aggregation mode in the wireless communication system  200 , the first base station  205  may transmit OFDMA waveforms to the third UE  215 - b  using a fourth bidirectional link  240  and may receive OFDMA waveforms, SC-FDMA waveforms, and/or resource block interleaved waveforms from the third UE  215 - b  using the fourth bidirectional link  240 . The fourth bidirectional link  240  may be associated with a frequency F 3  in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The first base station  205  may also transmit OFDMA waveforms to the third UE  215 - b  using a fifth bidirectional link  245  and may receive SC-FDMA waveforms from the third UE  215 - b  using the fifth bidirectional link  245 . The fifth bidirectional link  245  may be associated with the frequency F 2  in the licensed radio frequency spectrum band. The fourth bidirectional link  240  may provide a downlink and uplink capacity offload for the first base station  205 . This example and those provided above are presented for illustrative purposes and there may be other similar modes of operation or deployment scenarios that combine LTE/LTE-A in a licensed radio frequency spectrum band and use an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band for capacity offload. 
     As described above, one type of service provider that may benefit from the capacity offload offered by using LTE/LTE-A in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band is a traditional MNO having access rights to an LTE/LTE-A licensed radio frequency spectrum band. For these service providers, an operational example may include a bootstrapped mode (e.g., supplemental downlink (or licensed assisted access), carrier aggregation) that uses the LTE/LTE-A primary component carrier (PCC) on the licensed radio frequency spectrum band and at least one secondary component carrier (SCC) on the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     In the carrier aggregation mode, data and control may, for example, be communicated in the licensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., via first bidirectional link  225 , third bidirectional link  235 , and fifth bidirectional link  245 ) while data may, for example, be communicated in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., via second bidirectional link  230  and fourth bidirectional link  240 ). The carrier aggregation mechanisms supported when using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may fall under a hybrid frequency division duplexing-time division duplexing (FDD-TDD) carrier aggregation or a TDD-TDD carrier aggregation with different symmetry across component carriers. 
     In one example of a standalone mode in the wireless communication system  200 , the second base station  205 - a  may transmit OFDMA waveforms to the fourth UE  215 - c  using a bidirectional link  250  and may receive OFDMA waveforms, SC-FDMA waveforms, and/or resource block interleaved FDMA waveforms from the fourth UE  215 - c  using the bidirectional link  250 . The bidirectional link  250  may be associated with the frequency F 3  in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. The standalone mode may be used in non-traditional wireless access scenarios, such as in-stadium access (e.g., unicast, multicast). An example of a type of service provider for this mode of operation may be a stadium owner, cable company, event host, hotel, enterprise, or large corporation that does not have access to a licensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     In some examples, a transmitting apparatus such as one of the base stations  105 ,  105 - a ,  205 , and/or  205 - a  described with reference to  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 , and/or one of the UEs  115 ,  115 - a ,  215 ,  215 - a ,  215 - b , and/or  215 - c  described with reference to  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 , may use a gating interval to gain access to a channel of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., to a physical channel of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band). In some examples, the gating interval may be periodic. For example, the periodic gating interval may be synchronized with at least one boundary of an LTE/LTE-A radio interval. The gating interval may define the application of a contention-based protocol, such as an LBT protocol based on the LBT protocol specified in European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) (EN 301 893). When using a gating interval that defines the application of an LBT protocol, the gating interval may indicate when a transmitting apparatus needs to perform a contention procedure (e.g., an LBT procedure) such as a clear channel assessment (CCA) procedure. The outcome of the CCA procedure may indicate to the transmitting apparatus whether a channel of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band is available or in use for the gating interval (also referred to as an LBT radio frame). When a CCA procedure indicates that the channel is available for a corresponding LBT radio frame (e.g., “clear” for use), the transmitting apparatus may reserve and/or use the channel of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band during part or all of the LBT radio frame. When the CCA procedure indicates that the channel is not available (e.g., that the channel is in use or reserved by another transmitting apparatus), the transmitting apparatus may be prevented from using the channel during the LBT radio frame. 
       FIG. 3  shows a block diagram illustrating a base station  310  and a UE  315 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For example, base station  310  and UE  315 , shown in  FIG. 3 , may correspond to base station  105  and/or  205  and UE  115  and/or  215 , respectively, described with reference to  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . Base station  310  may be equipped with antennas  334   1  through  334   t , and UE  315  may be equipped with antennas  352   1  through  352   r , wherein t and r are integers greater than or equal to one. 
     At base station  310 , a base station transmit processor  320  may receive data from a base station data source  312  and control information from a base station controller/processor  340 . The control information may be carried on the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), the Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), the Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), or the like. The data may be carried on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), for example. Base station transmit processor  320  may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Base station transmit processor  320  may also generate reference symbols, e.g., for the PSS, SSS, and cell-specific reference signal (RS). A base station transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor  330  may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to base station modulators/demodulators (MODs/DEMODs)  332   1  through  332   t . Each base station modulator/demodulator  332  may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), or the like) to obtain an output sample stream. Each base station modulator/demodulator  332  may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from modulators/demodulators  332   1  through  332   t  may be transmitted via antennas  334   1  through  334   t , respectively. 
     At UE  315 , UE antennas  352   1  through  352   r  may receive the downlink signals from base station  310  and may provide received signals to UE modulators/demodulators (MODs/DEMODs)  354   1  through  354   r , respectively. Each UE modulator/demodulator  354  may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each UE modulator/demodulator  354  may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A UE MIMO detector  356  may obtain received symbols from all UE modulators/demodulators  354   1  through  354   r , and perform MIMO detection on the received symbols, if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A UE reception processor  358  may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE  315  to a UE data sink  360 , and provide decoded control information to a UE controller/processor  380 . 
     On the uplink, at UE  315 , a UE transmit processor  364  may receive and process data (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) from a UE data source  362  and control information (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)) from UE controller/processor  380 . UE transmit processor  364  may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal. The symbols from UE transmit processor  364  may be precoded by a UE TX MIMO processor  366 , if applicable, may be further processed by UE modulator/demodulators  354   1  through  354   r  (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and may be transmitted to base station  310 . At base station  310 , the uplink signals from UE  315  may be received by base station antennas  334 , processed by base station modulators/demodulators  332 , detected by a base station MIMO detector  336 , if applicable, and further processed by a base station reception processor  338  to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE  315 . Base station reception processor  338  may provide the decoded data to a base station data sink  346  and the decoded control information to base station controller/processor  340 . 
     Base station controller/processor  340  and UE controller/processor  380  may direct the operation at base station  310  and UE  315 , respectively. Base station controller/processor  340  and/or other processors and modules at base station  310  may perform or direct, for example, execution of various processes for the techniques described herein. UE controller/processor  380  and/or other processors and modules at UE  315  may also perform or direct, for example, execution of one or more blocks illustrated in  FIG. 3 , and/or other processes for the techniques described herein. A base station memory  342  and a UE memory  382  may store data and program codes for base station  310  and UE  315 , respectively. A scheduler  344  may schedule UEs  315  for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink. 
     In one example, base station  310  may include one or more components for generating a compact Downlink Control Information (DCI) for at least one of uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) transmissions, wherein the compact DCI may comprise a reduced number of bits when compared to certain standard DCI formats; and one or more components for transmitting the DCI. In one aspect, the aforementioned one or more components may be base station controller/processor  340 , base station memory  342 , base station transmit processor  320 , base station modulators/demodulators  332 , and/or base station antennas  334  configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned one or more components. In another aspect, the aforementioned one or more components may be a module or any apparatus configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned one or more components. In one example, UE  315  may include one or more components for receiving compact Downlink Control Information (DCI) for at least one of uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) transmissions, wherein the DCI comprises a reduced number of bits of a standard DCI format; and one or more components for processing the DCI. In one aspect, the aforementioned one or more components may be UE controller/processor  380 , UE memory  382 , UE reception processor  358 , UE MIMO detector  356 , UE modulators/demodulators  354 , and/or UE antennas  352  configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned one or more components. In another aspect, the aforementioned one or more components may be a module or any apparatus configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned one or more components. 
       FIG. 4A  shows a diagram  400  illustrating an example of allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for transmissions (e.g., of bits of data) on an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of present disclosure. For the purposes of  FIG. 4A , a plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 1  through UE N , each of which may correspond to UE  115  of  FIG. 1 ) may be configured to transmit payloads to a base station (e.g., eNodeB1, which may correspond to base station  105  of  FIG. 1 ) using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , and by reference number  402 , UE 1  may provide, to eNodeB1, a request for uplink resources (e.g., one or more RBs) to be allocated to UE 1  for a transmission by UE 1  (e.g., a transmission having a small amount of data). Similarly, as shown by reference number  404 , UE N  may provide, to eNodeB1 a request for uplink resources (e.g., one or more RBs) to be allocated to UE N  for a transmission by UE N  (e.g., a transmission having a small amount of data). 
     For the purposes of  FIG. 4A , an uplink structure for a subframe (e.g., a 1 ms subframe), associated with uplink transmissions in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, may include a plurality of uplink resources distributed among a plurality of interlaces of resources. Further, eNodeB1 may be configured to allocate an interlace of resources for multiplexing transmissions of the plurality of UEs (herein referred to as a multiplexed interlace of resources). 
     As shown by reference number  406 , eNodeB1 may determine (e.g., based on a size of the UE 1  transmission that has a small amount of data), that UE 1  is to transmit the UE 1  transmission on uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using a first code and/or a first cyclic shift, and may provide, to UE 1 , information instructing UE 1  to transmit the UE 1  transmission on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift. Similarly, as shown by reference number  408 , eNodeB1 may determine (e.g., based on a size of the UE N  transmission that has a small amount of data), that UE N  is to transmit the UE N  transmission on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using a second code and/or a second cyclic shift, and may provide, to UE N , information instructing UE N  to transmit the UE N  transmission on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the second code and/or the second cyclic shift. 
     As shown by reference number  410 , UE 1  may apply the first code and/or the first cyclic shift to the UE 1  transmission, and may transmit the UE 1  transmission on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources. Similarly, as shown by reference number  412 , UE N  may apply the second code and/or the second cyclic shift to the UE N  transmission, and may transmit the UE N  transmission on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources. In other words, UE 1  and UE N  may each transmit their respective transmissions on the uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources (e.g., during the same subframe) using the allocated codes and/or cyclic shifts. In this way, the interlace of resources may be multiplexed for transmissions of small amounts of information by a plurality of UEs (e.g., in order to efficiently use the uplink resources, in order to reduce power consumption by the plurality of UEs, etc.). 
       FIG. 4B  shows a diagram  450  illustrating an example of allocating a first code and/or a first cyclic shift for a first transmission using an interlace of resources, and allocating a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to a UE for a second transmission using the interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For the purposes of  FIG. 4B , a plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 1  through UE N , which may correspond to UE  115  of  FIG. 1 ) may be configured to transmit information to a base station (e.g., eNodeB1, which may correspond to base station  105  of  FIG. 1 ) using uplink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4B , and by reference number  416 , eNodeB1 may allocate a first code and/or a first cyclic shift to transmissions of channel occupancy information (e.g., a channel usage beacon signal “CUBS” in  FIG. 4B ) in uplink resources of an interlace of resources for multiplexing transmissions of the plurality of UEs (herein referred to as a multiplexed interlace of resources). In some aspects, channel occupancy information may include information that may be ignored, discarded, deleted, or the like. As shown by reference number  418 , UE 1  may provide, to eNodeB1, a request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE 1  for a transmission by UE 1  (e.g., a UE 1  transmission). Similarly, as shown by reference number  420 , UE N  may provide, to eNodeB1, a request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE N  for a transmission by UE N  (e.g., a UE N  transmission). 
     For the purposes of  FIG. 4B , an uplink structure for a subframe (e.g., a 1 ms subframe), associated with uplink transmissions in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, may include a plurality of uplink resources distributed among a plurality of interlaces of resources. As shown by reference number  422 , eNodeB1 may determine that UE 1  is to transmit the UE 1  transmission on a first subset of uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using a second code and/or a second cyclic shift, that UE 1  is to transmit a CUBS on other uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift, and may provide allocation information to UE 1 , accordingly. Similarly, as shown by reference number  424 , eNodeB1 may determine that UE N  is to transmit the UE N  transmission on a second subset of uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using a third code and/or a third cyclic shift, that UE N  is to transmit a CUBS on other uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift, and may provide allocation information to UE N , accordingly. 
     As shown by reference number  426 , UE 1  may apply the second code and/or the second cyclic shift to the UE 1  transmission, and may transmit the UE 1  transmission in the first subset of uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources. As shown by reference number  428 , UE 1  may also transmit a CUBS in other uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift. Similarly, as shown by reference number  430 , UE N  may apply the third code and/or the third cyclic shift to the UE N  transmission, and may transmit the UE N  transmission in the second subset of uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources. As shown by reference number  432 , UEN may also transmit a CUBS in other uplink resources of the multiplexed interlace of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift. 
     In other words, UE 1  may transmit the UE 1  transmission in the first subset of resources using the second code and/or the second cyclic shift, and UE N  may transmit a CUBS in the first subset of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift. Similarly, UE 1  may transmit a CUBS in the second subset of resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift, and UE N  may transmit the UE N  transmission in the second subset of resources using the third code and/or the third cyclic shift. In this way, multiplexing may be applied to the uplink resources of an interlace of resources for transmission of information by a plurality of UEs (e.g., in order to efficiently use the uplink resources). 
       FIG. 4C  shows a diagram  490  illustrating an example of allocating a first interlace of resources for a first transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating a second interlace of resources for a second transmission by one or more base stations, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For the purposes of  FIG. 4C , a first plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 1.1  through UE 1.X ) may be communicating via a first base station (e.g., eNodeB1) located in a geographic area, a second plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 2.1  through UE 2.Y ) may be communicating via a second base station (e.g., eNodeB2) located in the geographic area, and a third plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 3.1  through UE 3.Z ) may be communicating via a third base station (e.g., eNodeB3) located in the geographic area. Further, the base stations may be configured to transmit information to respective UEs using downlink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. In some aspects, UEs of  FIG. 4C  may correspond to UE  115 , and eNodeBs of  FIG. 4C  may correspond to base station  105  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown by reference number  434 , the plurality of base stations may communicate in order to coordinate allocation of an interlace of resources for transmissions associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (herein referred to as the occupation interlace of resources). As shown by reference numbers  438 ,  440 , and  442 , based on allocating the occupation interlace of resources among the plurality of base stations, each of the base stations may transmit channel occupancy information (e.g., a CUBS) on downlink resources of the occupation interlace of resources. In some aspects, the base stations may transmit a CUBS on downlink resources of the occupation interlace of resources in order to satisfy a bandwidth requirement associated with the channel and/or in order to occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Additionally, the base stations may concurrently occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band when the base stations transmit a CUBS on the downlink resources of the occupation interlace of resources. 
     As shown by reference number  436 , the base stations may then communicate in order to coordinate allocation of other interlaces of resources for other transmissions by the base stations (e.g., transmissions to the UEs). For example, the plurality of base stations may communicate such that a first set of interlaces of resources is allocated for transmissions by eNodeB1, a second set of interlaces of resources is allocated for transmissions by eNodeB2, and a third set of interlaces of resources are allocated for transmissions by eNodeB3. In some aspects, a single interlace of resources may be allocated to a single base station. Additionally or alternatively, a single interlace of resources may be allocated to two or more base stations. Additionally or alternatively, an interlace of resources may not be allocated to any base station. Additionally or alternatively, a plurality of interlaces of resources may be allocated to a single base station. 
     In this way, downlink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be efficiently used by a plurality of base stations (e.g., concurrently occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) by causing the plurality of base stations to transmit channel occupancy information in an interlace of resources of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating other interlaces of resources among the plurality of base stations. 
       FIG. 5A  shows a flow chart illustrating an example of a method  500  for allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to one or more UEs for transmissions on an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 5A  may be performed by base station  105  and/or base station  205  described with reference to  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 5A  may be performed by another device or a plurality of devices separate from or including base station  105 , such as UE  115  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , the method  500  may include receiving requests for resources to be allocated for transmissions of payloads of one or more UEs (block  510 ). For example, base station  105  may receive requests for resources to be allocated for transmission of payloads of one or more UEs  115 . In some aspects, base station  105  may receive the requests after the one or more UEs  115  provide the requests. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may receive the request from the one or more UEs  115 . For example, each UE  115 , of the one or more UEs  115 , may send, to base station  105 , a buffer status report (BSR) for a request of resources for a transmission of a payload by UE  115 . In some aspects, the BSR may include information indicating a size of the payload to be transmitted by UE  115 . In some aspects, base station  105  may receive one or more requests corresponding to the one or more UEs  115 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , the method  500  may include determining sizes of the payloads of the one or more UEs (block  520 ). For example, base station  105  may determine sizes of the payloads of one or more UEs  115 . In some aspects, base station  105  may determine the sizes of the payloads when base station  105  receives the requests for resources to be allocated for transmission of the payloads of the one or more UEs  115 . 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may determine the sizes of the payloads based on information provided by UEs  115 . For example, as described above, UE  115  may provide a BSR associated with transmitting a payload (e.g., a payload including PUSCH information, such as an RRC signaling message, uplink control information (UCI), application data, etc.) to base station  105 . In this example, the BSR may include information that identifies a size of the payload, such as information that indicates a quantity of bits needed to transmit the payload. In some aspects, base station  105  may determine sizes of a plurality of payloads in order to determine whether the payloads are to be multiplexed in a single interlace of uplink resources, as described below. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5A , the method  500  may include identifying a payload size threshold associated with multiplexing the payloads on an interlace of resources (block  530 ). For example, base station  105  may identify a payload size threshold associated with multiplexing the payloads on an interlace of resources. In some cases, an interlace of resources may include a plurality of resources (e.g., resource blocks) that are distributed across an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
       FIG. 5B  shows a diagram illustrating an example of an uplink structure  560  that may include a plurality of interlaces of resources used for transmission in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 5B , a bandwidth of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be 20 MHz. Here, the 20 MHz band may be divided into 100 resources (e.g., resource blocks RB0 through RB99) per subframe (e.g., per 1 ms subframe). As shown, in this example, the uplink structure may include ten interlaces of resources (e.g., I0 through I9), and each interlace of resources may include ten uplink resources that are distributed across the 20 MHz bandwidth (e.g., I0 may include RB0, RB10, RB90, etc., I9 may include RB9, RB19, RB99, etc.).  FIG. 5B  shows an example of an uplink structure associated with aspects described herein. In some aspects, another and/or a different uplink structure may be applied to aspects described herein (e.g., an uplink structure with fewer than ten interlaces of resources, an uplink structure with greater than ten interlaces of resources, an uplink structure with fewer than 100 resources, an uplink structure with greater than 100 resources, an uplink structure for a different bandwidth, etc.). 
     Returning to  FIG. 5A , a payload size threshold may include information that identifies a maximum payload size (e.g., a quantity of bits) associated with multiplexing payloads on the single interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may identify the payload size threshold based on information stored or accessible by base station  105 . In some aspects, base station  105  may determine whether the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace or resources based on comparing the payload size threshold and the sizes of the payloads, as described below. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may identify the interlace of resources on which the payloads may be multiplexed. For example, base station  105  may store or have access to information indicating that an interlace of resources is to be used for multiplexing payloads, and may identify the interlace of resources based on the stored or accessed information. As another example, base station  105  may determine that an interlace of resources has not been allocated for another transmission (e.g., during the subframe), and may identify the interlace of resources as the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may determine a format structure to be used for transmitting the payloads on the single interlace of resources. For example, the transmissions of the payloads may be formatted using PUCCH format 2. In some aspects, the use of PUCCH format 2 for transmitting the payloads may allow approximately 100 bits of payload to be transmitted on the interlace of resources by each of six UEs  115  using a plurality of codes for multiplexing (i.e., code division multiplexing) the payloads. As another example, the transmissions of the payloads may be formatted using PUCCH format 3. In some aspects, the use of PUCCH format 3 for transmitting the payloads may allow approximately 210 bits of payload to be transmitted on the single interlace of resources by each of four UEs  115  (or each of five UEs  115  when a sounding reference signal (SRS) is not used) using a plurality of cyclic shifts for multiplexing the payloads. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5A , the method  500  may include determining, based on the sizes of the payloads and the payload size threshold, that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources (block  540 ). For example, base station  105  may determine, based on the sizes of the payloads and the payload size threshold, that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may determine that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources after base station  105  determines the sizes of the payloads. Additionally or alternatively, base station  105  may determine that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources after base station  105  identifies the payload size threshold. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may determine that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources based on the payload size threshold. For example, base station  105  may store or have access to information that identifies the payload size threshold that identifies a maximum payload size that may be multiplexed with other payloads. Further, base station  105  may determine a first size of a first payload to be transmitted by a first UE  115 , a second size of a second payload to be transmitted by a second UE  115 , a third size of a third payload to be transmitted by a third UE  115 , and so on. Here, base station  105  may compare the first size and the payload size threshold and may determine that the payload size threshold is not satisfied (e.g., that the size of the first payload is less than or equal to the maximum payload size for multiplexing payloads on the interlace of resources). Similarly, base station  105  may compare the second size and the payload size threshold and may determine that the payload size threshold is not satisfied by the second payload size. However, base station  105  may compare the third size and the payload size threshold and may determine that the payload size threshold is satisfied (e.g., that the size of the third payload is greater than the maximum payload size for multiplexing payloads on the interlace of resources). Here, base station  105  may determine that the first payload and the second payload (e.g., and other payloads with sizes that do not satisfy the payload size threshold) are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources. Additionally, base station  105  may determine that the third payload is not to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate another interlace of resources to a payload that is not to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources (e.g., such that the payload is the only payload transmitted on the other interlace of resources). 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may determine that the payloads are to be multiplexed on a plurality of interlaces of resources. For example, base station  105  may determine that each size, of a plurality of sizes of payloads, does not satisfy the payload threshold, and that the total size of the payloads is greater than a maximum total payload size (e.g., a maximum total payload size that may be multiplexed on the interlace of resources). In this example, base station  105  may identify two more interlaces of resources on which the payloads are to be multiplexed. As another example, base station  105  may determine payload sizes for a plurality of UEs  115  that includes a quantity of UEs that exceeds a maximum quantity of UEs  115  for which payloads may be multiplexed (e.g., when base station  105  determines sizes of payloads for seven UEs  115  and only six codes and/or cyclic shifts are available for multiplexing the payloads). In this example, base station  105  may identify two more interlaces of resources on which the payloads are to be multiplexed. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5A , the method  500  may include allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs to transmit the payloads on the interlace of resources (block  550 ). For example, base station  105  may allocate codes and/or cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs  115  to transmit the payloads on the interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate the codes and/or the cyclic shifts to the one or more UEs  115  after base station  105  determines that the payloads are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate a different code and/or a different cyclic shift to each UE  115  for transmission of the payloads. For example, base station  105  may determine that a first payload for a first UE  115 , a second payload for a second UE  115 , and a third payload for a third UE  115  are to be multiplexed on the interlace of resources. In this example, base station  105  may allocate a first code and/or a first cyclic shift to the first UE  115 , a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to the second UE  115 , and a third code and/or a third cyclic shift to the third UE  115 . In this way, each UE  115  may be allocated a different code and/or a different cyclic shift for multiplexing the payloads on the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate codes to UEs  115  for transmission of the payloads. For example, base station  105  may allocate a plurality of codes, such as a plurality of Walsh codes, to UEs  115  (e.g., for code division multiplexing) when the resources of the single interlace of resources are to be formatted using PUCCH format 3. Additionally or alternatively, base station  105  may allocate cyclic shifts to UEs  115  for transmission of the payloads. For example, base station  105  may allocate a plurality of cyclic shifts to UEs  115  when the resources of the single interlace of resources are to be formatted using PUCCH format 2. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate a plurality of codes and/or a plurality of cyclic shifts to a single UE  115 . For example, base station  105  may determine, based on a first size of a first payload to be transmitted by a first UE  115 , that base station  105  is to allocate two codes to the first UE  115 , and base station  105  may allocate a first code and a second code to the first UE  115  (e.g., while base station  105  may allocate only one code to a second UE  115  for a transmission of a second payload of a second size). 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may provide, to UEs  115 , information associated with the allocated codes and/or the allocated cyclic shifts. For example, base station  105  may provide, to a UE  115 , downlink control information for an uplink grant that includes information that identifies the interlace of resources, information that identifies the format (e.g., PUCCH format 2, PUCCH format 3, etc.) to be used to transmit the payloads in the uplink resources, information that identifies the codes and/or the cyclic shifts allocated to UE  115 , and/or another type of information. In some aspects, base station  105  may provide the information that identifies the interlace of resources, the information that identifies the format to be used to transmit the payloads in the resources, and/or the information that identifies the codes and/or the cyclic shifts allocated to UE  115  using an RRC message. In this way, base station  105  may allocate one or more codes and/or cyclic shifts to each UE  115  for multiplexing of payloads on an interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, due to the size of the payloads being transmitted by UEs  115 , a reduced quantity of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits may be attached to the payloads. For example, in some aspects, UE  115  may attach a quantity of CRC bits that is less than twenty-four bits. In some aspects, a transport block size (TBS), associated with transmitting the payloads, may be determined based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and a total quantity of the codes and/or the total quantity of cyclic shifts allocated to UEs  115 . For example, with PUCCH format 3, a TBS for transmitting the payloads may be determined based on a MCS, a quantity of resources in the interlace of resources, the total quantity of codes and/or cyclic shifts, and/or a quantity of UEs  115 . 
     Although  FIG. 5A  shows example blocks of the method  500 , in some aspects, the method  500  may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those illustrated in  FIG. 5A . Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of the method  500  may be performed in parallel. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  show a diagram  600  illustrating an example relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 5A , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  show an example of allocating codes and/or cyclic shifts to one or more UEs to transmit payloads on a single interlace of resources. For the purposes of example  600 , a plurality of UEs  115  (e.g., UE 1  and UE 2 ) may be configured to transmit) payloads (e.g., PUSCH payloads) to base station  105  (e.g., eNB1) using uplink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , and by reference number  602 , UE 1  may provide, to eNB1, a scheduling request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE 1  for a transmission of a UE 1  PUSCH payload. As shown, the UE 1  scheduling request may include information indicating that a size of the UE 1  PUSCH payload is 30 bits. Similarly, as shown by reference number  604 , UE 2  may provide, to eNB1 a scheduling request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE 2  for a transmission of a UE 2  PUSCH payload. As shown, the UE 2  scheduling request may include information indicating that a size of the UE 2  payload is 45 bits. 
     For the purposes of example  600 , an uplink structure for a subframe (e.g., a 1 ms subframe), associated with uplink transmissions in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., with a bandwidth of 20 MHz), may include a plurality of uplink resources distributed among a plurality of interlaces of resources (e.g., I0 through I9). 
     As shown by reference number  606 , eNB1 may determine a payload size threshold (e.g., 50 bits) associated with multiplexing payloads on a single interlace of resources of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. As shown by reference number  608 , eNB1 may compare the size of the UE 1  PUSCH payload and the payload size threshold, and may determine (e.g., since 30 bits is less than or equal to 50 bits) that the UE 1  PUSCH payload is to be multiplexed on an interlace of resources identified as I2 (e.g., eNB1 may store or have access to information indicating that I2 is to be used for multiplexing of PUSCH payloads). As shown by reference number  610 , based on determining that the UE 1  PUSCH payload is to be multiplexed on I2, eNB1 may allocate a first code (e.g., Walsh(1)) to UE 1  for transmission of the UE 1  PUSCH payload (e.g., eNB1 may determine that PUCCH format 3 is to be used for multiplexing on I2). 
     As shown by reference number  612 , eNB1 may compare the size of the UE 2  PUSCH payload and the payload size threshold, and may determine (e.g., since 45 bits is less than or equal to 50 bits) that the UE 2  PUSCH payload is to be multiplexed on I2. As shown by reference number  614 , based on determining that the UE 2  PUSCH payload is to be multiplexed on I2, eNB1 may allocate a second code (e.g., Walsh(2)) to UE 2  for transmission of the UE 2  PUSCH payload. 
     As shown by reference number  616 , eNB1 may provide, to UE 1 , information indicating UE 1  is to transmit the UE 1  PUSCH payload on I2 in PUCCH format 3 using Walsh (1). As shown by reference number  618 , eNB1 may provide, to UE 2 , information indicating UE 2  is to transmit the UE 2  PUSCH payload on I2 in PUCCH format 3 using Walsh (2). 
     As shown in the upper portion of  FIG. 6B , and by reference number  620 , UE 1  may apply Walsh (1) to the UE 1  PUSCH payload, and may transmit the coded UE 1  PUSCH payload on the uplink resources of I2 in PUCCH format 3. Similarly, as shown by reference number  622 , UE 2  may apply Walsh (2) to the UE 2  PUSCH payload, and may transmit the coded UE 2  PUSCH payload on the uplink resources of I2 in PUCCH format 3. 
     In this way, as shown by the lower portion of  FIG. 6B  and by reference number  624 , UE 1  and UE 2  may each transmit respective coded PUSCH payloads on the uplink resources of I2 (e.g., in resource block 2, resource block 12, resource block 92, etc.). In this way, multiplexing may be applied to the uplink resources of the interlace of resources for transmission of small payloads by a plurality of UEs. 
     As indicated above,  FIGS. 6A and 6B  are provided merely as an example. Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described with regard to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
       FIG. 7  shows a flow chart illustrating an example of a method  700  for allocating different codes and/or different cyclic shifts to a plurality of UEs for transmissions using an interlace of resources, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 7  may be performed by base station  105  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 7  may be performed by another device or a plurality of devices separate from or including base station  105 , such as UE  115  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the method  700  may include determining a first code and/or a first cyclic shift for a first transmission using an interlace of resources (block  710 ). For example, base station  105  may determine a first code and/or a first cyclic shift for a first transmission using an interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may determine the first code and/or the first cyclic shift for the first transmission when base station  105  receives an indication to determine the first code and/or the first cyclic shift for the first transmission. 
     In some aspects, the first transmission may be a channel occupancy transmission. A channel occupancy transmission may include a transmission that includes information that may be ignored, discarded, deleted, or the like, by an apparatus that receives the information (herein referred to as channel occupancy information). In some aspects, UEs  115  may transmit channel occupancy information using the interlace of resources in order to satisfy a bandwidth requirement associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band that includes the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate the first code and/or the first cyclic shift for the first transmission (e.g., the channel occupancy transmission) based on information stored or accessible by base station  105 . For example, base station  105  may store or access information that identifies a plurality of cyclic shifts (e.g., cyclic shift 0 through cyclic shift 6) that may be available for multiplexing transmissions of control information (e.g., PUCCH information using PUCCH format 2) by UEs  115 . Here, base station  105  may allocate a cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 0), of the plurality of cyclic shifts, for channel occupancy transmissions by UEs  115 . In this example, the other cyclic shifts (e.g., cyclic shift 1 through cyclic shift 6), of the plurality of cyclic shifts, may be allocated to UEs  115  for transmissions using the interlace of resources, as described below. In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate a cyclic shift for the first transmission (e.g., when the resources of the interlace of resources are to be formatted using PUCCH format 2, as described above). Additionally or alternatively, base station  105  may allocate a code for the first transmission (e.g., when the resources of the interlace of resources are to be formatted using PUCCH format 3, as described above). 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , the method  700  may include receiving a request for resources to be allocated for a second transmission by a UE using the interlace of resources (block  720 ). For example, base station  105  may receive a request for resources to be allocated for a second transmission by UE  115  using the interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may receive the request after UE  115  provides the requests. 
     In some aspects, base station may receive the request from UE  115 . For example, UE  115  may send, to base station  105 , a BSR for a request of resources for a transmission of information by UE  115 . In some aspects, the BSR may include information indicating a size of the payload to be transmitted by UE  115 . In some aspects, base station  105  may receive one or more requests corresponding to one or more UEs  115 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , the method  700  may include allocating a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to the UE for the second transmission using the interlace of resources (block  730 ). For example, base station  105  may allocate a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to UE  115  for the second transmission using the interlace of resources. In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate the second code and/or the second cyclic shift to UE  115  after base station  105  allocates the first code and/or the first cyclic shift for the first transmission using the interlace of resources. Additionally or alternatively, base station  105  may allocate the second code and/or the second cyclic shift to UE  115  when base station  105  receives the request for resources to be allocated for the second transmission by UE  115  (e.g., when UE  115  requests resources to be allocated for transmission of control information). 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate the second code and/or the second cyclic shift based on information stored or accessible by base station  105 . For example, base station  105  may store or access information that identifies a plurality of cyclic shifts (e.g., cyclic shift 0 through cyclic shift 6) that may be available for multiplexing transmissions of control information (e.g., using PUCCH format 2) by UEs  115 . Base station  105  may also store or access information that identifies a first cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 0), of the plurality of cyclic shifts, allocated for the first transmission (e.g., the channel occupancy transmission) by UEs  115 . Here, base station  105  may allocate a second cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 1), of the plurality of cyclic shifts, for a transmission of control information by a UE  115 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , process  700  may include allocating a subset of resources, of the interlace of resources, for the second transmission using the interlace of resources (block  740 ). For example, base station  105  may allocate a subset of resources, of the interlace of resources, for the second transmission using the interlace of resources. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate a plurality of subsets of resources, of the interlace of resources, to a plurality of UEs  115  for a plurality of second transmissions using the interlace of resources. For example, the interlace of resources may include ten resources (e.g., ten resource blocks identified as RB0 through RB9), base station  105  may allocate a first cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 0) for the first transmission (e.g., of channel occupancy information) by UEs  115  on the interlace of resources, base station  105  may allocate a second cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 1) to a first UE  115  for transmission of control information on the interlace of resources, and base station  105  may allocate a third cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 2) to a second UE for transmission of control information on the interlace of resources. 
     In this example, base station  105  may allocate a first subset of resources (e.g., RB0 and RB1), of the interlace of resources, to the first UE for transmission of control information, and may allocate a second subset of resources (e.g., RB2, RB3, and RB4), of the interlace of resources, to the second UE for transmission of control information. In some aspects, the allocation of the subsets of resources may be semi-static (e.g., such that UEs  115  may transmit control information on the assigned resources until UEs  115  are assigned a different subset of resources by base station  105 ). 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may allocate the second code and/or the second cyclic shift and/or the subset of resources for transmission of a payload, such as a PUSCH payload (e.g., rather than control information, such as PUCCH information). For example, base station  105  may receive an indication that a UE  115  is to transmit a payload, and a code and/or a cyclic shift, of a plurality of codes and/or cyclic shifts, may not be allocated for transmission of control information by a plurality of UEs  115 . Here, base station  105  may allocate the code and/or the cyclic shift to the UE  115  for transmission of the payload. Base station  105  may provide, to the UE  115  in an uplink grant, information indicating that the UE is to transmit the payload in the interlace of resources (e.g., information indicating that the UE  115  is to transmit the payload in the interlace of resources, information identifying the code and/or the cyclic shift to be used for transmission of the payload, etc.). In this way, in some aspects, transmissions of payloads may be multiplexed with transmissions of control information. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 7 , the method  700  may include instructing the UE to provide the second transmission in the subset of resources using the second code and/or the second cyclic shift, and the first transmission in other resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift (block  750 ). For example, base station  105  may instruct UE  115  to provide the second transmission in the subset of resources using the second code and/or the second cyclic shift, and the first transmission in other resources using the first code and/or the first cyclic shift. 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may instruct UE  115  by providing information associated with the first code and/or the first cyclic shift, the second code and/or the second cyclic shift, and/or information associated with an allocated subset of resources to UE  115 . Continuing with the above example, and based on receiving such information from base station  105 , the first UE  115  may transmit control information in the first subset of resources (e.g., RB0 and RB1) using the second cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 1) and may transmit channel occupancy information in other resources of the interlace of resources (e.g., RB2 through RB9) using the first cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 0). Similarly, the second UE  115  may transmit control information in the second subset of resources (e.g., RB2, RB3, and RB4) using the third cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 2) and may transmit channel occupancy information in the other resources of the interlace of resources (e.g., RB0, RB1, and RB5 through RB9) using the first cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 0). As such, in some aspects, frequency division multiplexing may be achieved between UEs  115  by transmitting control information only in assigned resources using a code and/or cyclic shift allocated for transmission of control information. Moreover, in some aspects, a bandwidth requirement, associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, may be satisfied by transmitting channel occupancy information in non-allocated resources of the interlace of resources using a code and/or a cyclic shift allocated for channel occupancy transmissions. 
     Although  FIG. 7  shows example blocks of method  700 , in some aspects, the method  700  may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of method  700  may be performed in parallel. 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  show a diagram  800  illustrating an example relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 7 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.  FIGS. 8A and 8B  show an example of determining a first code and/or cyclic shift for a first transmission using an interlace of resources, and allocating a second code and/or a second cyclic shift to UE  115  for another transmission using the interlace of resources. For the purposes of example  800 , a plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 1  and UE 2 ) may be configured to transmit PUCCH information to a base station (e.g., eNB1) using uplink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8A , and by reference number  802 , UE 1  may provide, to eNB1, a scheduling request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE 1  for a transmission of UE 1  PUCCH information. Similarly, as shown by reference number  804 , UE 2  may provide, to eNB1, a scheduling request for uplink resources to be allocated to UE 2  for a transmission of UE 2  PUCCH information. 
     For the purposes of example  800 , an uplink structure for a subframe (e.g., a 1 ms subframe), associated with uplink transmissions in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., with a bandwidth of 20 MHz), may include a plurality of uplink resources distributed among a plurality of interlaces of resources (e.g., I0 through I9). Further, eNB1 may determine that interlace of resources I1 is to be used for transmission of PUCCH information by the plurality of UEs, and that PUCCH format 2 is to be used for multiplexing on I1. 
     As shown by reference number  806 , eNB1 may (e.g., based on receiving the UE 1  scheduling request and the UE 2  scheduling request) allocate a first cyclic shift (cyclic shift 0, since PUCCH format 2 is to be used on I1) for transmission of channel occupancy information (e.g., a CUBS in  FIGS. 8A and 8B ) on I1. In some aspects, eNB1 may allocate cyclic shift 0 for transmissions of a CUBS in order to allow the plurality of UEs to satisfy a bandwidth requirement associated with the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown by reference number  808 , eNB1 may allocate a second cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 1) for transmission of the UE 1  PUCCH information by UE 1 . As further shown, eNB1 may also assign (e.g., based on a size of the UE 1  PUCCH information, based on information associated with UE 1 , etc.) a first subset of resources of I1 (e.g., RB1, RB11, and RB21) to UE1 for the transmission of the UE 1  PUCCH information on I1. As shown by reference number  810 , eNB1 may allocate a third cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift 2) for transmission of the UE 2  PUCCH information. As further shown, eNB1 may also assign (e.g., based on a size of the UE 2  PUCCH information, based on information associated with UE 2 , etc.) a second subset of resources of I1 (e.g., RB31 and RB41) to UE 2  for the transmission of UE 2  PUCCH information on I1. 
     As shown by reference number  812 , eNB1 may provide, to UE 1 , information indicating UE 1  is to transmit the UE 1  PUCCH information on RB1, RB11, and RB21 of I1 in PUCCH format 2 using cyclic shift 1, and information indicating that UE 1  is to transmit a CUBS on other RBs of I1 using cyclic shift 0. As shown by reference number  814 , eNB1 may provide, to UE 2 , information indicating UE 2  is to transmit the UE 2  PUCCH information on RB31 and RB41 of I1 in PUCCH format 2 using cyclic shift 2, and information indicating that UE 2  is to transmit a CUBS on other RBs of I1 using cyclic shift 0. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8B , and by reference number  816 , UE 1  may apply cyclic shift 1 to the UE 1  PUCCH information, may transmit the shifted UE 1  PUCCH information in RB1, RB11, and RB21 of I1, and may transmit a CUBS on other RBs of I1 (e.g., RB31, RB41, RB51, RB61, RB71, RB81, and RB91) using cyclic shift 0. Similarly, as shown by reference number  818 , UE 2  may apply cyclic shift 2 to the UE 2  PUCCH information, may transmit the shifted UE 2  PUCCH information in RB31 and RB41 of I1, and may transmit a CUBS on other RBs of I1 (e.g., RB1, RB11, RB21, RB51, RB61, RB71, RB81, and RB91) using cyclic shift 0. 
     In this way, as shown by the lower portion of  FIG. 8B , and by reference numbers  820 ,  822 , and  824 , UE 1  may transmit (e.g., using cyclic shift 1) the UE 1  PUCCH information on RB1, RB11, and RB21 of I1, and UE 2  may transmit (e.g., using cyclic shift 0) a CUBS on RB1, RB11, and RB21 of I1. As shown by reference number  826  and reference number  828 , UE 1  may transmit (e.g., using cyclic shift 0) a CUBS on RB 31 and RB41 of I1, and UE 2  may transmit (e.g., using cyclic shift 2) the UE 2  PUCCH information on RB31 and RB41 of I1. As noted in  FIG. 8B , both UE 1  and UE 2  may transmit (e.g., using cyclic shift 0) a CUBS on the other RBs of I1 (e.g., RB51, RB61, RB71, RB81, and RB91). In this manner, UE 1  and UE 2  may both transmit respective PUCCH information on corresponding assigned uplink resources of I1 and may transmit a CUBS in corresponding non-assigned uplink resource of I1. As such, the interlace of resources may be multiplexed for transmissions of PUCCH information by a plurality of UEs while allowing each UE to satisfy a bandwidth requirement associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As indicated above,  FIGS. 8A and 8B  are provided merely as an example. Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described with regard to  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method  900  for allocating different interlaces of resources for a transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and a transmission by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 9  may be performed by one or more base stations  105  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In some aspects, one or more blocks of  FIG. 9  may be performed by another device or a plurality of devices separate from or including the one or more base stations  105 , such as UEs  115  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the method  900  may include allocating an interlace of resources for a transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (block  910 ). For example, one or more base stations  105  may allocate an interlace of resources for a transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate the interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band when the one or more base stations  105  communicate with one another, as described below. 
     In some aspects, the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be channel occupancy information in the form of a channel usage beacon signal (CUBS). In some aspects, the CUBS may reserve the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band for use by base stations  105  by providing a detectable energy on the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Additionally or alternatively, the CUBS may also serve to identify a transmitting apparatus (e.g., base station  105 ) and/or serve to synchronize the transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus (e.g., UE  115 ). Additionally or alternatively, the CUBS may serve to provide an indication to other apparatuses (e.g., base stations  105 , UEs  115 , Wi-Fi access points  135 , Wi-Fi stations  140 , etc.) that base station  105  has reserved the channel. In some aspects, the CUBS may be in a form similar to that of an LTE/LTE-A cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). In some aspects, the CUBS transmission may serve to occupy at least a certain percentage of an available frequency bandwidth of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or to satisfy a regulatory requirement (e.g., the requirement that transmissions over the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band occupy at least 80% of the bandwidth). 
     In some aspects, base station  105  may communicate with one or more other base stations  105  (e.g., in geographic proximity to base station  105 ) in order to allocate the interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. For example, a first base station  105  may communicate (e.g., via a backhaul portion of a wireless network) with a second base station  105 , a third base station  105 , and so on, in order to allocate an interlace of resources, of a plurality of interlaces of resources in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, as the interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Here, the one or more base stations  105  may communicate in order to provide information that identifies the allocated interlace of resources to each base station  105 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 9 , the method  900  may include transmitting using the interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (block  920 ). For example, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit using the interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit using the interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band after the one or more base stations  105  allocate the interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit channel occupancy information on the interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. For example, each base station  105  may transmit, on the interlace of resources, a CUBS that includes channel occupancy information (e.g., information that may be ignored, discarded, deleted, or the like, by UEs  115  and/or other base stations  115 ). In this manner, the one or more base stations  105  may concurrently occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band using the same interlace of resources. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 9 , the method  900  may include allocating other interlaces of resources for other transmissions by base stations (block  930 ). For example, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate other interlaces of resources for other transmissions by the one or more base stations  105 . In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate the other interlaces of resources when (e.g., after, before, concurrently with, etc.) the one or more base stations  105  allocate the interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate the other interlaces of resources for the other transmissions when the one or more base stations  105  receive an indication that the one or more base stations  105  are to allocate the other interlaces of resources for the other transmissions. 
     In some aspects, another transmission may be a transmission from a base station  105 , of the one or more base stations  105 , to one or more UEs  115 . In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate the other interlaces of resources to the base station  115 . For example, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may include a plurality of interlaces of resources, and the one or more base stations  105  may allocate a first interlace of resources for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. In this example, the one or more base stations  105  may communicate in order to allocate a second interlace of resources, of the plurality of interlaces of resources, to a first base station  105 , of the one or more base stations  105 , and a third interlace of resources, of the plurality of interlaces of resources, to a second base station  105  of the one or more base stations  105 . 
     In this example, the one or more base stations  105  may determine that the first interlace of resources has been allocated for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, may determine that the second interlace of resources has not been allocated to any base station  105 , and may allocate the second interlace of resources to the first base station  105 . Similarly, the one or more base stations  105  may determine that the first interlace of resources has been allocated for the transmission associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, may determine that the second interlace of resources has been allocated to the first base station  105 , may determine that the third interlace of resources has not be allocated to any base station  105 , and may allocate the third interlace of resources to the second base station  105 . In some aspects, as described in the above example, frequency division multiplexing may be achieved between transmissions to UEs  115  by base stations  105  in geographic proximity. 
     Additionally or alternatively, time division multiplexing may be achieved between transmissions to UEs  115  by base stations  105  in geographic proximity. For example, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate the other interlace of resources for a transmission by a first base station  105  during a period of time (e.g., associated with a first subframe), and may allocate the other interlace of resources for a transmission by a second base station  105  during another period of time (e.g., associated with a second subframe). 
     In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocated an interlace of resources to a base station  105 , as described in the above example. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate an interlaces of resources to a plurality of base stations  105 . Additionally or alternatively, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate a plurality of other interlaces of resources to a base station  105 . 
     In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate a plurality of resources, associated with the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, for the other transmissions. For example, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate a plurality of resources (e.g., a plurality of resource blocks), associated with a subframe, for another transmission by base station  105 . In other words, in some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may allocate a plurality of resources for another transmission rather than allocating an entire interlace of resources for the other transmission. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 9 , the method  900  may include transmitting the other transmissions using the allocated interlaces of resources (block  940 ). For example, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit using the respective other transmissions using the allocated interlaces of resources. In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit using the allocated interlaces after the one or more base stations  105  allocate the other interlaces of resources for the other transmissions. 
     In some aspects, the one or more base stations  105  may transmit on the downlink resources of the allocated interlaces of resources and/or on a subset of downlink resources included in the allocated interlace of resources (e.g., where a quantity of resources in the subset of downlink resources depends on the size of the information to be transmitted by the base station  105 ). 
     In some aspects, base stations  105  may transmit on the other interlaces of resources concurrently with transmitting channel occupancy information on the interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., after the one or more base stations  105  allocate the other interlaces of resources for the other transmissions). In this way, the one or more base stations  105  may concurrently occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and may transmit to UEs  115  (e.g., on allocated other interlaces of resources) without causing interference between transmissions to UEs  115 . 
     Although  FIG. 9  shows example blocks of method  900 , in some aspects, the method  900  may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those illustrated in  FIG. 9 . Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of the method  900  may be performed in parallel. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  show diagrams  1000  and  1050  illustrating examples relating to the example of the method shown in  FIG. 9 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.  FIGS. 10A and 10B  show an example of allocating a first interlace of resources for a first transmission associated with occupying an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating a second interlace of resources for a second transmission by base station  105  described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     For the purposes of  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B , a first plurality of UEs  115  (e.g., including UE 1.1  and UE 1.2 ) may be communicating via a first base station  105  (e.g., eNB1) located in a geographic area, a second plurality of UEs  115  (e.g., including UE 2.1 ) may be communicating via a second base station  105  (e.g., eNB2) located in the geographic area, and a third plurality of UEs  115  (e.g., UE 3.1  and UE 3.2 ) may be communicating via a third base station  105  (e.g., eNB3) located in the geographic area. Further, eNB1, eNB2, and eNB3 may be configured to transmit information to respective UEs using downlink resources included in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. 
     As shown by reference number  1002 , eNB1, eNB2, and eNB3 may communicate in order to allocate an interlace of resources (e.g., I3) for transmission of channel occupancy information (e.g., a CUBS) associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band (herein referred to as the CUBS interlace of resources). Based on allocating I3 as the CUBS interlace of resources, each of the eNBs may transmit channel occupancy information on downlink resources of I3. In some aspects, the eNBs may transmit the channel occupancy information on downlink resources of the CUBS interlace of resources in order to satisfy a bandwidth requirement associated with the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or in order to occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Additionally, the eNBs may concurrently occupy the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band when the eNBs transmit the channel occupancy information on the downlink resources of I3. 
     As shown by reference number  1004 , the eNBs may then communicate in order to allocate other interlaces of resources (e.g., I0, I1, I2, and I4 through I9) for transmission of other information by the eNBs. For example, as shown, the eNBs may communicate such that a first plurality of interlaces of resources (e.g., I0 and I7) is allocated for transmissions by eNB1, a second plurality of interlaces of resources (e.g., I4) is allocated for transmissions by eNB2, and a third plurality of interlaces of resources (e.g., I2 and I6) is allocated for transmissions by eNB3. The allocation of each interlace of resources (if any) is shown by reference number  1006 . As shown, one or more interlaces of resources (e.g., I1, I5, I8, and I9) may not yet be allocated to any eNB. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10B , and by reference number  1008 , eNB1 may, based on the allocation of the interlaces of resources, transmit information to UE 1.1  and UE 1.2  on I0 and I7, respectively, and may transmit a CUBS on I3. As shown by reference number  1010 , eNB2 may, based on the allocation of the interlaces of resources, transmit information to UE 2.1  on I4, and may transmit a CUBS on I3. As shown by reference number  1012 , eNB3 may, based on the allocation of the interlaces of resources, transmit information to UE 3.1  and UE 3.2  on I2 and I6, respectively, and may transmit a CUBS on I3. In this way, downlink resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may be efficiently used by a plurality of base stations (e.g., concurrently occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) by causing the plurality of base stations to transmit channel occupancy information in an interlace of resources of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating other interlaces of resources among the plurality of base stations. 
     As indicated above,  FIGS. 10A and 10B  are provided merely as an example. Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described with regard to  FIGS. 10A and 10B . 
     Aspects of the present disclosure described herein may allow a plurality of UEs to efficiently use resources, included in a single interlace of resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, by allowing for multiplexing of information on the single interlace of resources such that the plurality of UEs may concurrently transmit information in the uplink resources of the single interlace of resources. In this manner, power consumption of the plurality of UEs may also be reduced. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure described herein may also, or alternatively, allow resources of an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band to be efficiently used by a plurality of base stations (e.g., concurrently occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) by causing the plurality of base stations to transmit channel occupancy information in an interlace of resources associated with occupying the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, and allocating other interlaces of resources among the plurality of base stations. 
     In some aspects, techniques associated with the methods  500 ,  700 , and/or  900  may be combined in order to manage transmissions (e.g., uplink and/or downlink transmissions) in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. Additionally, while some aspects may be described in the context of transmission of a type information (e.g., transmission of a payload in the context of the method  500 , transmission of control information in the context of the method  700 , etc.), such aspects may also apply to transmissions of one or more other types of information (e.g., transmission of control information in the context of the method  500 , transmission of a payload in the context of the method  700 , etc.). 
     The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. 
     As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, and/or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, the term processor may include a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), etc.), a microprocessor, and/or any processing component (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.) that interprets and/or executes instructions. In some aspects, such a processor may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. 
     Some aspects are described herein in connection with thresholds. As used herein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value being greater than the threshold, more than the threshold, higher than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, fewer than the threshold, lower than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, etc. 
     It will be apparent that techniques described herein, may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these techniques is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the techniques were described herein without reference to specific software code—it being understood that software and hardware can be designed to implement the techniques based on the description herein. 
     Even though combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible aspects. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of possible aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. 
     No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related items and unrelated items, etc.), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.