Patent Publication Number: US-4321586-A

Title: Article theft detection

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the electronic detection of article theft and more particularly it concerns improvements in the detection of special electronic circuits, known as &#34;targets&#34;, which are carried on protected articles. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Electronic article theft detection systems of the type to which this invention applies incorporate a monitor set up at an interrogation zone, such as the exit from a store, library or other area in which protected articles are kept. The protected articles are provided with special targets capable of producing a predetermined electromagnetic field disturbance when they are taken through the interrogation zone and this disturbance is detected by the monitor which in turn actuates an alarm. Authorized passage of the protected article is made possible by removal or deactivation of the target with a special tool or by allowing the article to be taken through a special bypass passageway. 
     One prior art electronic theft detection system that has been especially successful is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,500,373. As described in that patent, the monitor includes an antenna which generates in the interrogation zone an interrogating electromagnetic field whose frequency varies cyclically or sweeps at a predetermined rate over a predetermined frequency range. The targets, which are fastened on the protected articles, comprise resonant electrical circuits which resonate at a frequency within the predetermined frequency range. As the frequency of the interrogating field sweeps back and forth across the resonant frequency of a target being carried through the interrogation zone, a series of disturbances, in the form of pulses, is generated. These disturbances are sensed by means of an antenna forming part of the monitor. The antenna converts these disturbances to electrical signals which are detected and used to activate an alarm. 
     One characteristic common to most electronic theft detection systems is that the signal level or amplitude of the electromagnetic field disturbance produced by the target is extremely low. This is due to several factors. Firstly, in most instances, the target is passive and generates no electromagnetic energy of its own. Secondly, the target must be very small so that it can be affixed to protected articles without impairing their appearance or use. Thirdly, the targets may be carried through the interrogation zone in any random orientation and along any path relative to the field generating and disturbance sensing antennas. Finally, the permissible power of the interrogating electromagnetic field is limited by governmental regulations. 
     The small amplitude disturbances produced by the targets used for electronic theft detection are especially difficult to sense and detect because of the fact that the detection system is usually required to operate in an environment in which a large amount of extraneous electromagnetic field energy, known as radio frequency noise, is also present. This noise includes natural or background noise (known as Gaussian noise), as well as so-called &#34;man-made noise&#34;, such as that produced in the operation of electrical switches, fluorescent lighting, radio equipment and nearby electrical machinery. It has been found that even shopping carts produce radio frequency noise by virtue of the metal surfaces in the wheels rubbing against each other. The amplitude of this extraneous noise may be even greater than the amplitude of the signals produced by the targets themselves. 
     Various techniques have been proposed in the past for improviding the detectability of low signal level targets in a high noise level environment. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,379 proposes to use a second receiving antenna separate from the antenna which monitors the interrogation zone. When signals of a given amplitude are received by the second receiving antenna, a false alarm producing situation is considered to exist and the system is inhibited. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,624,631 and 3,810,147 propose to detect the spacing between signals produced when a target is interrogated by a swept frequency interrogating field. 
     Great Britain Pat. No. 1,292,380 proposes to open a gate in the receiver only during the intervals following transmission of interrogation signals. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,710,336; 3,781,860 and 3,868,669 and Great Britain Pat. Nos. 1,126,996 and 1,228,647 all propose to monitor a second frequency in addition to that produced by a true target and to inhibit the system if the other frequency signal level exceeds a predetermined threshold. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,794,974; 3,577,136; 3,218,556; 3,465,336 and 3,801,977 all propose to monitor a second or even a third frequency in addition to that produced by a true target and to inhibit the system except when the amplitude of the signal produced at the true target frequency is a predetermined amount above the amplitude of the other frequency signals. 
     In some of the foregoing patents more than one of the above described techniques are combined. 
     All of the foregoing prior art operates on the premise that a true target produces signals only at a given frequency, at a given location and at a given time, but that interfering noise signals, occurring at this same frequency, location and time are accompanied by other noise signals which occur at nearby frequencies, location or times. When signals at these other frequencies, locations or times are detected, they are used either to prevent, or to raise the threshold of, target detection. These prior techniques, however, fail to take into consideration that the target itself produces signals over a wide frequency spectrum; and, to the extent that the prior techniques ignore all but a small portion of the target frequency spectrum, or treat all but such small portion as noise signals, they are inherently limited as to how well they can discriminate a true target from extraneous noise. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides novel arrangements for selecting target produced signals which occur in the presence of large noise produced signals. This is achieved, according to the present invention, by making use of the fact that the frequency spectrum of target produced signals is unique and distinct from the frequency spectrum of each of the different types of noise produced signals. Selected frequencies (at least three), are chosen; and the amplitudes of the combined target and noise produced signals at each frequency are compared. When the comparison shows that the relative amplitudes of the combined signals at the chosen frequencies coincide, to a predetermined degree, with the relative amplitudes of the signals at those frequencies produced by a target in the absence of noise, a detection signal output is produced. 
     According to a further inventive development of the invention the combined signals at the different frequencies are subjected to different gains. The gains for the different frequencies are chosen such that the order of amplitude at the different frequencies for a target produced signal is different from the order of amplitude at those frequencies for the noise signals. 
     The present invention is carried out by receiving, at an interrogation zone, the electromagnetic fields present in the zone and converting the received electromagnetic fields to corresponding electrical signals. The electrical signals are applied to at least three separate frequency selective channels in parallel, each tuned to pass a different frequency within the range of signal frequencies produced by a target in the interrogation zone. The signals which pass through the frequency selective channels are compared to each other to ascertain their relative amplitude; and when the amplitudes correspond, within predetermined limits, to the amplitude distribution of the response spectrum of a true target, an alarm actuation signal is produced. 
     In a preferred form of the invention the signals in the different frequency selective channels are subjected to different gains such that the order of output signal amplitude from the channels for signals produced by a target is different from the order of output signal amplitude produced by various noise sources. This permits simple comparisons to be made between the amplitude outputs from the various channels without need to ascertain the exact amount by which the signal amplitude in one channel differs from another channel. 
     In one of its broader aspects, the present invention provides a novel method of detecting the unauthorized carrying or protected articles through an interrogation zone wherein targets affixed to articles being carried through the zone cause electromagnetic field disturbances which, when received, result in target produced electrical signals having a predetermined spectral characteristic and wherein noise is also present in said interrogation zone in the form of electromagnetic field disturbances which, when received, result in noise produced electrical signals of different predetermined spectral characteristics. This novel method comprises the steps of receiving all of the electromagnetic field disturbances and converting same to electrical signals, applying the electrical signals to at least three frequency selective channels in parallel, each channel being tuned to pass a different frequency within the target produced signal spectrum. The output signal amplitudes from the channels are then compared to ascertain their relative values and a detection signal is produced when the relative values of the compared signal amplitudes correspond, within a predetermined range, to the corresponding relative values of target produced signals. 
     In another of its broader aspects, the present invention provides novel electronic theft detection apparatus for detecting the unauthorized carrying of protected articles through an interrogation zone. This novel apparatus comprises targets adapted to be affixed to articles carried through the zone, the targets being characterized in that they cause electromagnetic field disturbances in said zone, which disturbances, when received, result in target produced electrical signals having a predetermined spectral characteristic which is different from predetermined spectral characteristics of noise produced electrical signals which result from the reception of other electromagnetic field disturbances in the interrogation zone. Means are provided for receiving the electromagnetic field disturbances in that zone and for converting same to target and noise produced electrical signals. There are also provided at least three frequency selective channels connected in parallel with each other to receive the electrical signals. Each channel is tuned to pass a different frequency within the target produced signal spectrum. Means are provided for comparing the output signal amplitudes from the frequency selective channels to ascertain their selective values and means are also provided for producing a detection signal when the selective values of the compared signal amplitudes correspond within a predetermined range, to the corresponding relative values of target produced signals. 
     There has thus been outlined rather broadly the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described more fully hereinafter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception on which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as the basis for the designing of other arrangements for carrying out the several purposes of the invention. It is important, therefore, that this disclosure be regarded as including such equivalent arrangements as do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention has been chosen for purposes of illustration and description, and is shown in the accompanying drawings, forming a part of the specification, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an electronic article theft detection system in which the present invention is embodied; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a target used in the system of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the receiver portion of the system of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing gating and signal waveforms at various portions of the receiver of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a line graph illustrating the frequency spectrum characteristics of signals from different sources which are present in the receiver of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 6 is a line graph similar to FIG. 5 but showing the effect of selective gain adjustment at different frequencies; 
     FIGS. 7A and 7B together constitute a circuit diagram of the transmitter portion of the electronic theft detection system of FIG. 1; and 
     FIGS. 8A-E together constitute a circuit diagram of the receiver portion of the electronic theft detection system of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The electronic theft detection system shown in FIG. 1 is used to detect the unauthorized passage of articles through an Aisle I interrogation zone 10 which may, for example, be the exit passageway from a store or a library. Articles to be protected, such as package 12, are provided with a target 14 which, as shown in FIG. 2, comprises a small wafer in which is embedded a resonant electronic circuit made up of a coil 16 and a capacitor 18. In the present case, the resonant electronic circuit of the target 14 is tuned to resonate at 1970 kilohertz (KHZ). 
     When a proper purchase is made of the protected article, the target 14 is removed or deactivated by a special tool in the custody of the sales clerk or other authorized person. Various types of deactivation and removal tools are known in the art and these do not form part of the present invention. 
     Should a person, such as a man 20, attempt to carry the package 12 through the Aisle I interrogation zone 10, as shown in FIG. 1, without the target 14 having been removed or deactivated, the detection system will sense the target and will cause an alarm 22 to sound. 
     The system for detecting targets 14 which pass through the interrogation zone includes a transmitter antenna 24, in the form of a coil, positioned on one side of the zone 10; and a receiver antenna 26, also in the form of a coil, positioned across from the transmitter antenna 24. The space between these two antennas is large enough to permit a person to pass between them; and this space constitutes the Aisle I interrogation zone 10. The transmitter and receiver antennas 24 and 26 each comprise several turns of wire; and, while they are shown to extend in vertical planes, they may, as shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,184, be positioned on the floor and overhead, respectively. Also, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,553 the antennas may be in the form of bucking loops; or they may each comprise a plurality of partially overlapped loops. The present invention may be used with all of these types of antennas; but for purposes of simplicity only vertical planar loop antennas are shown. 
     The transmitter antenna 24 is energized to produce an electromagnetic field in the Aisle I interrogation zone 10 which varies in frequency, for example from 1820 kilohertz (KHZ) to 2120 kilohertz (KHZ). This frequency variation occurs continuously in a cyclical sinusoidal manner, for example, at 220 hertz (HZ). When the target 14, which is resonant in the vicinity of 1970 KHZ, is brought into the interrogation zone 10, it encounters an interrogation signal at its resonant frequency twice during each sweep cycle, or at 440 times per second. The target 14 in turn produces electromagnetic field disturbances in the form of pulses which occur at 440 times per second. These electromagnetic field disturbances are sensed by the receiver antenna 26 which in turn produces corresponding electrical signals. These signals are applied to a receiver 28 connected to the receiver antenna 26. The receiver 28, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter, selects those signals which are caused by the targets 14 and distinguishes them from signals produced by extraneous electromagnetic fields, i.e. noise. The target produced signals are then used to actuate the alarm 22. 
     In order to energize the transmitter antenna 24 there is provided a frequency swept radio frequency oscillator 30 whose output is coupled through a multiplex switch 32 to a preamplifier 34. The preamplifier output is applied to a power amplifier 36. The output from the power amplifier 36 is applied to a bandpass filter 38; and the filter output in turn is connected to energize the transmitter antenna 24. A multiplex gate generator 40 receives a 60 HZ signal, for example, from a common a-c electrical power source; and converts it to a square wave signal. This square wave signal is applied to the multiplex switch 32 and causes it to switch at the 60 HZ rate. Thus the transmitter antenna 24 produces its swept frequency interrogation signals during alternate intervals of 8.33 milliseconds. This corresponds to about 1.83 frequency sweep cycles during each transmission interval. 
     Of course, other multiplexing intervals can be used; or, if the situation warrants, the multiplexing can be eliminated altogether. 
     The illustrative embodiment is shown in a form which permits the simultaneous monitoring of an adjacent, or Aisle II, interrogation zone 10&#39;; and for this purpose multiplexing is used to permit these two interrogation zones to be monitored without mutual interference or ambiguity. As shown in FIG. 1, the Aisle II interrogation zone 10&#39; is formed between the receiver antenna 26 and a second transmitter antenna 24&#39; positioned on the opposite side of the receiver antenna 26 from the first transmitter antenna 24. As shown, the output from a second swept frequency oscillator 30&#39; is applied to a second multiplex switch 32&#39; which in turn is controlled by the multiplex gate generator 40 in opposite phase to the first multiplex switch 32. The output from the second multiplex switch 32&#39; is applied to a second preamplifier 34&#39; whose output in turn is connected to a second power amplifier 36&#39;. The output from the second power amplifier 36&#39; is applied via a second bandpass filter 38&#39; to the second transmitter antenna 24&#39;. It will be seen from the foregoing that the two transmitter antennas 24 and 24&#39; are energized during opposite half cycles of the multiplex gate generator 40. 
     As will be described more fully hereinafter, the receiver 28 also contains multiplexing arrangements which permit the same receiver antenna 26 to receive target generated field disturbances in either interrogation zone 10 or 10&#39; and to energize an appropriate one of the alarms 22 corresponding to the zone in which the target is present. 
     FIG. 3 shows, in block diagram form, the receiver 28. As can be seen in FIG. 3, there is provided a bandpass receiver filter 42 which is connected to receive electrical signals produced by the receiver antenna 26 in response to received electromagnetic fields. The bandpass receiver filter 42, as will be described more fully hereinafter, serves not only to pass the proper range of signal frequencies, i.e. those produced by the transmitter antennas 24 and 24&#39; and the target 14; but it also provides amplification of the incoming signals. The output from the bandpass receiver filter 42 is applied to a radio frequency (rf) detector 44. The rf detector output is fed back via an automatic gain control circuit 46 to adjust the amplification provided by the bandpass receiver filter 42. 
     The output from the radio frequency detector 44, which is in the form of video signals, is applied simultaneously to three frequency selective video signal channels. The first channel, referred to herein as the twelve kilohertz channel, comprises a twelve kilohertz filter 48, a video amplifier 50, a detector 52 and a low pass filter 54 all connected in series. The second channel, referred to herein as the eight kilohertz channel, comprises an eight kilohertz filter 56, a video amplifier 58, a detector 60 and a low pass filter 62; also connected in series. The third channel, referred to herein as the sixteen kilohertz channel, comprises a sixteen kilohertz filter 64, a video amplifier 66, a detector 68 and a low pass filter 70 all connected in series. 
     The three frequency selective video signal channels are identical except in two respects. Firstly, as mentioned, the first filters 48, 56 and 64 in the respective channels are tuned to pass twelve, eight and sixteen kilohertz respectively. Secondly, the gain of the video amplifiers 50 and 66 in the twelve and sixteen kilohertz channels is four times greater than the gain of the video amplifier 58 in the eight kilohertz channel. In the embodiment disclosed, the gain of the video amplifiers 50 and 66 in the twelve and sixteen kilohertz channels, is chosen to be 16,000 whereas the gain of the video amplifier 58 in the eight kilohertz channel is chosen to be 4000. The significance of this will be explained in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6. 
     The outputs of the low pass filters 54 and 62 of the twelve and eight kilohertz channels are applied to a twelve/eight kilohertz channel voltage comparator 72; and the outputs of the low pass filters 62 and 70 of the eight and sixteen kilohertz channels are applied to an eight/sixteen kilohertz channel voltage comparator 74. The voltage comparator 72 is constructed and arranged to produce an output signal whenever the signal from the eight kilohertz channel is of lesser voltage amplitude than the signal from the twelve kilohertz channel. Also, the voltage comparator 74 is constructed and arranged to produce an output signal whenever the signal from the eight kilohertz channel is of greater voltage amplitude than the signal from the sixteen kilohertz channel. 
     The outputs from the two voltage comparators 72 and 74 are applied to an AND gate 76; and the output from the AND gate is applied to a pulse generator 78. It will be appreciated that signals are applied from the AND gate 76 to the pulse generator 78 whenever the signal amplitude from the eight kilohertz channel is less than that from the twelve kilohertz channel but greater than that from the sixteen kilohertz channel. 
     Each input from the AND gate 76 to the pulse generator 78 causes the pulse generator to produce a pulse of precisely defined height and width. In the preferred embodiment the pulses have a height of fifteen volts and a width of 250 microseconds. 
     The output from the pulse generator 78 is applied to an Aisle I multiplex switch 80 and an Aisle II multiplex switch 82. 
     These switches are in turn controlled by a multiplex gate generator 83 which may be the multiplex gate generator 40 (FIG. 1) associated with the transmitter. In any event, the gate generator 83 applies 60 cycle per second square wave signals to the multiplex switches 80 and 82 so that each will be closed to pass signals from the pulse generator 78 at alternate times corresponding to the intervals that the transmitter antennas 10 and 10&#39; (FIG. 1) are being energized. 
     The pulse signals which pass through the multiplex switch 80 are applied simultaneously to an Aisle I signal channel switch 84 and an Aisle I noise channel switch 86. Similarly the pulse signals which pass through the multiplex switch 82 are applied simultaneously to an Aisle II signal channel switch 88 and to an Aisle II noise channel switch 90. The signal channel switches 84 and 88 are connected to output of a signal/noise gate generator 92 while the noise channel switches 86 and 90 are connected to another output of the signal/noise gate generator 92. The signal/noise gate generator 92 is energized in synchronism with the frequency sweep of the transmitted interrogation signals so that the first output, applied to the signal channel switches 84 and 88 is at a level sufficient to close those switches to pass pulse signals generated during those portions of the frequency sweep when the transmitter frequency is in the vicinity of the target resonant frequency, i.e. 1970 kilohertz. During this time the other output from the signal/noise gate generator 92, which is applied to the noise channel switches 86 and 90, keeps those switches open so they do not pass any pulse signals which are generated during this time. Then, during the remaining portions of the frequency sweep cycle, when the transmitter frequency is outside the resonant frequency of the targets, the outputs from the signal/noise gate generator 92 are reversed so that the noise channel switches 86 and 90 pass any pulse signals generated during that time but the signal channel switches 84 and 88 do not. 
     The signal/noise gate generator 92 must be driven in synchronism with the transmitter frequency sweep cycle. In order to synchronize this driving of the gate generator 92, signals may be provided from the transmitter itself. In some instances this is not feasible and in such cases, the received signals from the receiver bandpass filter 42 may be applied via a signal/noise gate synchronization line 94 as shown in FIG. 3. 
     The signal and noise channel switches 84, 86, 88 and 90 are connected to associated low pass filters 96, 98, 100 and 102. The filters 96 and 98 for the Aisle I signal and noise channel switches 84 and 86 are connected to an Aisle I signal to noise voltage comparator 104; and the filters 100 and 102 for the Aisle II signal and noise channel switches 88 and 90 are connected to an Aisle II signal to noise voltage comparator 106. The low pass filters 96, 98, 100 and 102 accumulate pulses from the pulse generator 78 which are directed into them by the multiplex switches 80 and 82 and the signal and noise channel switches 84, 86, 88 and 90. These low pass filters thus build up an output voltage corresponding to the number of pulses applied to them. When the output voltage from either of the signal channel low pass filters 96 or 100 exceeds, by a predetermined amount, e.g. 0.7 volts, the output voltage from its associated noise channel low pass filter 98 or 102, the associated voltage comparator 104 or 106 will respond to this voltage difference and produce an alarm actuating signal. As shown in FIG. 3, the alarm actuating signal from the voltage comparator 104 is applied to an Aisle I audio alarm 108 and an Aisle I visual alarm 110 while the alarm actuating signal from the voltage comparator 106 is applied to an Aisle II audio alarm 112 and an Aisle II visual alarm 114. The number and arrangement of alarms may, of course, be varied. These alarms together constitute the alarms 22 of FIG. 1. 
     The overall operation of the electronic theft detection system of FIGS. 1-3 will now be described in conjunction with the timing diagram of FIG. 4. Curve A of FIG. 4 is a plot of the variation in frequency of the signal from the swept frequency oscillator 30. As can be seen, this frequency varies from 1820 KHZ to 2120 KHZ in a cyclical sinusoidal manner over a period corresponding to 220 HZ, i.e. 4.55 milliseconds. At the same time, the multiplex switches 32 and 32&#39; direct this swept frequency signal alternately to the separate transmitter antennas 24 and 24&#39; over intervals corresponding to one half the period of the 60 HZ multiplex switching signal, i.e., 8.33 milliseconds. That is, the swept frequency signal from oscillator is applied first to energize the Aisle I transmitter antenna 24 for a duration of 8.33 milliseconds and then is applied to energize the aisle two transmitter antenna 24&#39; for a duration of 8.33 milliseconds. This is illustrated by square wave D of FIG. 4. It will be seen that each aisle receives signals for 8.33/4.55 or 1.83 frequency sweep cycles during each interval that its transmitter antenna 24 or 24&#39; is being energized. 
     The swept frequency electromagnetic fields generated alternately in the Aisle I and Aisle II interrogation zones 10 and 10&#39; by the above described alternate energization of the transmitter antennas 24 and 24&#39; are disturbed by the presence of resonant electronic circuits such as the targets 14 when they are mounted on protected articles carried through those interrogation zones. Each target 14 is sharply tuned to resonate at a frequency substantially midway of the swept frequency range, i.e. about 1970 KHZ. Thus, two disturbances occur during each full frequency sweep cycle and an average of 3.66 target produced disturbances occur during each interval that one of the transmitter antennas 24 or 24&#39; is being energized. 
     All of the electromagnetic field disturbances produced in the Aisle I and Aisle II interrogation zones 10 and 10&#39; are received by the common receiver antenna 26 and are passed through the bandpass receiver filter 44 and the radio frequency detector 44 and are applied to the three frequency selective channels controlled respectively by the twelve, eight and sixteen KHZ filters 48, 56 and 64. As will be described more fully hereinafter, the electrical signals resulting from these field disturbances are processed in the frequency selective channels, the voltage comparators 72 and 74 and the AND gate 76 to select those which most resemble the spectrum of a resonant target produced disturbance; and the selected signals are all converted in the pulse generator 78 to pulses of standard amplitude (e.g. about 15 volts) and duration (e.g. about 250 microseconds). 
     The multiplex gate signal D of FIG. 4 is applied to the multiplex switches 80 and 82 of the receiver as shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly, any pulses produced by the pulse generator 78 while the Aisle I transmitter antenna 24 is being energized will be directed through Aisle I receiver circuits for signal to noise processing and possible energization of the Aisle I alarms 108 and 110. Conversely, any pulses which are produced by the pulse generator 78 while the Aisle II transmitter antenna 24&#39; is being energized will be directed through the Aisle II receiver circuits for signal to noise processing and possible energization of the Aisle II alarms 112 and 114. 
     The signal to noise processing is carried out, as shown in curves A, B and C of FIG. 4 by dividing the swept frequency into a signal channel, corresponding to those frequencies nearer the center of the sweep range, and a noise channel corresponding to those frequencies nearer the extremities of the sweep range. In the presently preferred embodiment the signal and noise channels are chosen to have equal duration with the signal channels centered about the midfrequency of the sweep range (represented by vertical shading lines on curve A) and with the noise channels centered about the extreme frequencies of the sweep range (represented by horizontal shading lines on curve A). With a sinusoidal frequency sweep from 1820 KHZ to 2120 KHZ at a 220 HZ rate, two noise gates (curve B) and two signal gates (curve C), each of 1137 microseconds, occur during each frequency sweep cycle. Further, the signal gates include those portions of the frequency sweep cycle when the transmitted frequency is between 1864 KHZ and 2076 KHZ. The noise gates include those portions of the frequency sweep cycle when the transmitter frequency is less than 1864 KHZ or greater than 2076 KHZ. Electromagnetic field disturbances which occur during a signal gate, i.e. curve C of FIG. 4, may be expected to result from the presence of a true target since the target curcuits are tuned to resonate substantially in the center of the signal gate frequency range. Those signals which occur during a signal gate are processed in a signal channel. If, however, signals occur during a noise gate, i.e. curve B of FIG. 4, such signals may be expected to result from some extraneous circumstance rather than from a true target because the circuits of true targets are tuned not to resonate in response to the frequencies being transmitted during the noise gate. Any signals which occur during a noise gate are processed in a noise channel and are used to inhibit the signals processed in the signal channel. This inhibiting function is carried out because false signals, i.e. ones which are not produced by a true target, and which are detected during the noise gates, are often accompanied by false signals during the neighboring signal gates. Thus when signals are produced during noise gates, this indicates that the signals produced during the neighboring signal gates are of questionable validity. 
     The noise and signal gating signals, represented by the curves B and C in FIG. 4, can be generated in the transmitter and supplied via signal and noise gate switching lines to the receiver. However, in the present embodiment the signal and noise gating signals are derived from the swept frequency transmitter signals as received at the bandpass receiver filter 42 in the receiver. As will be explained more fully hereinafter, the received transmitter signals are supplied via the line 94 (FIG. 3) to the signal/noise gate generator 92 which uses those signals to produce noise gate signals, corresponding to curve B of FIG. 4, and signal gate signals, corresponding to curve C of FIG. 4. When the signal gate signals are in their &#34;ON&#34; state the signal channel switches 84 and 88 are closed so that, depending on which of the multiplex switches 80 and 82 is closed, the pulses being produced in the pulse generator 78 will pass through to one of the signal channel low pass filters 96 and 100. During alternative times, i.e. when the noise gate signals are in their &#34;ON&#34; state, the noise channel switches 86 and 90 are closed and pulses from the pulse generator 78 will pass through to one or the other of the noise channel low pass filters 98 or 102. 
     The signal channel low pass filters 96 and 100 are constructed to require the reception of at least ten pulses from the pulse generator 78 without any pulses being supplied to their associated noise channel low pass filters 98 and 102 in order to achieve the necessary 0.7 volts output voltage differential which will enable the voltage comparator 104 or 106 to produce an alarm actuating signal. If, during the time that signal channel low pass filters are receiving charging pulses, pulses are also being received in the noise channel low pass filters 98 and 102, a greater number of pulses must be accumulated by the signal channel low pass filters 96 and 100 to achieve the necessary 0.7 volts output voltage differential. 
     As pointed out above, only 1.83 frequency sweep cycles occur during each multiplexing interval; and, with a true target present, only 3.66 target produced disturbances will occur during each multiplexing interval. In order to permit the low pass filters 96 and 100 in the signal channels to accumulate the necessary ten or more pulses, it is necessary to accumulate the pulses produced during one multiplexing interval with pulses produced during subsequent multiplexing intervals. As will be explained more fully hereinafter, all of the signal and noise low pass filters 96, 98, 100 and 102 are constructed to maintain each charge imposed on them during the multiplexing intervals when they are not receiving pulses. Thereafter, when each signal or noise low pass filter later begins to receive additional pulses during a subsequent multiplexing interval, the new pulses are accumulated with those received during a previous multiplexing interval. 
     Thus far there has been described two ways in which the electronic theft detection system of FIGS. 1-3 operates to select target produced signals from extraneous noise or false signals. The first way makes use of multiplexing to prevent the field disturbances produced in one interrogation zone from affecting the sensing being carried out in an adjacent interrogation zone. The second way makes use of signal and noise gating so that field disturbances produced when the transmitter frequency is outside the target resonance range inhibit the production of alarm signals resulting from disturbances sensed when the transmitter frequency is within the target resonance range. 
     The third way in which the electronic theft detection system of FIGS. 1-3 operates to select target produced signals from extraneous noise is to identify those received signals whose frequency spectrum corresponds, within predetermined limits, to that of a resonant circuit target. The manner in which this is carried out is best seen in the graphs of FIGS. 5 and 6. 
     FIG. 5 is a plot of the spectral characteristics, i.e. amplitude versus frequency, of signals produced at the output of the receiver rf detector 44 in response to electromagnetic field disturbances from each of several different sources, namely, target produced disturbances (S w ), continuous wave noise (N c ), pulse noise (N p ) and so-called shopping cart noise (N s ). Continuous wave noise (N c ) is the natural electromagnetic background noise which pervades in the atmosphere and, as shown, it is substantially uniform in amplitude throughout the frequency spectrum. Pulse noise (N p ) is the result of electromagnetic field disturbances which occur in the form of sudden bursts such as from the operation of switches, electrical machinery, fluorescent lamps, etc. Pulse noise is generally referred to as man-made noise, although some of this noise is caused by natural phenomena, such as lightning. The spectral characteristic of pulse noise can be defined by the equation N p  =K/f where K is a constant and f is the frequency of the noise. The frequency spectrum of this noise is represented by the line (N p ) in FIG. 5. So-called &#34;shopping-cart noise&#34;  (N s ) is a type of man-made noise whose effects are apparently of significance only in the field of electronic theft detection. It has been found that when two pieces of metal are rubbed over each other, such as occurs in the casters of a shopping cart being pushed through a doorway, there is produced, at least during the occurrence of interrogation signals, a low amplitude, yet appreciable, electromagnetic field disturbance having a spectral characteristic such as represented by the line (N s ) in FIG. 5. 
     The spectral characteristic of target produced electromagnetic field disturbances (S w ) is defined by the equation S w  =e -fK/Q  where e is the base of natural logarithms, f is the frequency of the field disturbance, K is a constant and Q is the resonance characteristic of the target circuit. The band of curves in FIG. 5 representing target produced disturbances ( S  w), correspond to target circuits having different Q values. 
     Any one or more of the different noise signal amplitudes, or the target signal amplitude, may be higher or lower than as shown in FIG. 5. Nevertheless each maintains its unique relationship of amplitude to frequency; that is, its spectral characteristics remain essentially the same. The present invention uses this fact to ascertain the presence of target produced signals and to distinguish these signals from the various noise produced signals even though the target produced signals may be of very low amplitude. That is, according to the present invention, a target is selected when the relative amplitudes of all of the received signals at each of several frequencies correspond, within a preselected range, to the relative amplitudes of only target produced signals at those frequencies. Because the spectral curves of the target and most noise produced signals are defined by a non-linear or higher order function, signal amplitudes are sampled and compared for at least three different frequencies, for example, frequencies at eight, twelve and sixteen kilohertz. 
     It can be seen from FIG. 5 that the continuous wave noise (N c ) is at the same amplitude in each of the selected frequencies while the pulse noise (N p ), the shopping cart noise (N s ) and the target produced signals (S w ) are all at progressively lower amplitude at increasing frequencies. Therefore it is not possible, simply by comparing signal amplitudes at different frequencies, to distinguish target produced signals (S w ) from pulse noise (N p ) or from shopping cart noise (N 2 ). 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the signal and noise in the different frequency selective channels is subjected to different amounts of gain due to the different gain characteristics of the video amplifiers 50, 58 and 66 in each of the channels. Specifically, the signals and noise in the eight kilohertz channel are subjected to a gain in the video amplifier 58 of 4000 while the signals and noise in each of the twelve and sixteen kilohertz channels are subjected to a gain of 16,000. 
     The effect of these different amounts of gain is shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6 the curves (N c  &#39;), (N p  &#39;) and N s  &#39;) correspond respectively to the curves (N c ), (N p ), (S w ) and (N s ) of FIG. 5 except that the curves in FIG. 6 represent the frequency spectrum of the signals when they have been subjected to different amounts of gain at different frequencies. It can be seen from FIG. 6 that with the selective gain provided in the different frequency selective channels, the relative order of amplitude of the target signals at the different frequencies is different from the relative order of amplitude of each of the different types of noise at those frequencies. This is seen in the following table: 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Order of Amplitude at                                    
Signal or Noise  Selected Frequencies                                     
______________________________________                                    
Continuous Noise (N.sub.c)                                                
                 12 KHZ = 16 KHZ &gt;  8 KHZ                                 
Pulse Noise (N.sub.p)                                                     
                 12 KHZ &gt; 16 KHZ &gt;  8 KHZ                                 
Shopping Cart Noise (N.sub.s)                                             
                  8 KHZ &gt; 12 KHZ &gt; 16 KHZ                                 
Target Signal (S.sub.w)                                                   
                 12 KHZ &gt;  8 KHZ &gt; 16 KHZ                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     With the selective gain provided in the different frequency channels, the spectrum of the target signal (S w ) assumes a configuration such that its order of amplitude at different frequencies is unique and unlike the order of amplitude of any of the different types of noise at those frequencies. That is, only the target signal spectrum provides a maximum amplitude in the 12 KHZ channel, an intermediate amplitude in the 8 KHZ channel and a minimum amplitude in the 16 KHZ channel. This unique target produced amplitude relationship, moreover, is independent of the amplitude of either the target signals or any of the various types of noise. Thus, whenever the output amplitude from the 8 KHZ channel is less than that from the 12 KHZ channel but greater than that from the 16 KHZ channel this may be attributed to the presence of a target, even though the amplitudes of these signals may be very high or very low. In this manner the invention avoids false alarms which might otherwise be caused by non-target interfering noise. 
     The present invention also permits true targets to be detected even in the presence of a certain amount of various types of noise signals. These various types of noise signals pass through the various frequency selective channels together with the target signals and combine with them additively in each channel. Since these interfering or noise signals have amplitude relationships at the selected frequencies which are different from those produced by true targets, they may in some cases overwhelm the true target signals and produce combined signals at the frequency channel output whose amplitude relationships do not coincide with that of true targets. Nevertheless these various noise sources do not prevent the detection of a true target unless they are high enough in amplitude to cause a rearrangement in amplitude order of the combined signals from the various frequency channels. The amplitude at which these interfering signals will cause such rearrangement depends on the difference in amplitude produced by a true target at the selected frequencies. As can be seen in the band (Sw&#39;) of FIG. 6, target circuits of higher Q characteristic (represented by (S w&#39;H ) are less affected by the influences of other disturbances than target circuits of low Q (represented by (S w&#39;L ). That is, a high Q target produces signal outputs such that the difference in amplitudes at eight, twelve and sixteen kilohertz is maximized and therefore a large amount of interfering noise is required to change the order of the output amplitudes at these frequencies in FIG. 6. 
     FIGS. 7A and 7B show the detailed circuits of the preferred transmitter used with the present invention; and FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D and 8E show the detailed circuits of the preferred receiver used with the present invention. In these circuit diagrams, resistors, capacitors, coils, transformers and transistors are shown in standard form. In addition there are shown various integrated circuits and the pin numbers shown on the drawings correspond to the pin or terminals of the actual circuits. In some cases, two separate circuit elements share a common integrated circuit chip; and those elements are indicated with a common number on the drawing but with different letter suffixes. 
     The following is a table of values for the various components of the transmitter and receiver, corresponding to the number and letter designations in the drawings. 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
TRANSMITTER COMPONENTS                                                    
(FIGS. 7A and 7B)                                                         
______________________________________                                    
Resistor Value (ohms) Resistor   Value (ohms)                             
______________________________________                                    
R1       100          R26        12K                                      
R2       2.2K*        R27        680                                      
R3       20K          R28        680                                      
R4       130K         R29        2.2K                                     
R5       50K          R30        2.2K                                     
R6       330          R31        2.2K                                     
R7       3.9K         R32        2.2K                                     
R8       1K           R33        47                                       
R9       680          R34        47                                       
R10      2K           R35        47                                       
R11      1K           R36        47                                       
R13      100          R37        220                                      
R14      330          R38        220                                      
R15      220          R39        220                                      
R16      10K          R40        220                                      
R17      10K          R41        24                                       
R18      10K          R42        24                                       
R19      10K          R43        24                                       
R20      10K          R44        24                                       
R21      330          R45        2.4K                                     
R22      6.2K                                                             
R23      100                                                              
R24      300                                                              
R25      100                                                              
______________________________________                                    
 *K = 1000  -                                                             
 
    
     
                   Value                  Value                                    
Capacitor (microfarads)                                                   
                      Capacitor  (microfarads)                            
______________________________________                                    
C1        0.1         C17        0.002                                    
C2        0.1         C18        0.002                                    
C3        15          C19        0.002                                    
C4        220 PF*     C20        0.002                                    
C5        0.1         C21        0.002                                    
C6        0.1         C22        0.002                                    
C7        15          C23        50 PF                                    
C8        15          C24        50 PF                                    
C9        82 PF       C25        50 PF                                    
C10       2-22 PF     C26        50 PF                                    
C11       0.01        C27        0.1                                      
C12       0.1         C28        0.1                                      
C13       0.1         C29        80-380 PF                                
C14       0.01        C30        39 PF                                    
C15       0.002       C31        39 PF                                    
C16       0.002       C32        80-380 PF                                
______________________________________                                    
 *PF = picofarads  -                                                      
 
    
     
         Transformers and                                                          
             Number of Turns and Inductance                               
Inductances  Primary          Secondary                                   
______________________________________                                    
T1           4T - 0.38 MH*    53T - 67 MH                                 
T2           30T - 50 MH      30T - 50 MH                                 
T3           30T - 50 MH      8T - 3.5 MH                                 
T3           6T - 2.7 MH      20T - 30 MH                                 
L1           -- 167 MH        -- --                                       
L2           -- 167 MH        -- --                                       
Inductance Coils                                                          
             Inductance                                                   
L1           167 MH                                                       
L2           167 MH                                                       
Transistors  Source and Type                                              
Q1, Q4, Q3, Q4                                                            
             Motorola MPS 5172                                            
Q5, Q7, Q9, Q11                                                           
             Motorola 2N 2219                                             
Q6, Q8, Q10, Q12                                                          
             Motorola 2N 2905                                             
Integrated Circuits                                                       
             Source and Type                                              
U1, U3       Texas Instruments TL082                                      
U2           Signetics 561B                                               
______________________________________                                    
 *MH = microhenries                                                       
 
    
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
______________________________________                                    
RECEIVER COMPONENTS                                                       
(FIGS. 8A-E)                                                              
______________________________________                                    
Resistor Value (ohms) Resistor   Value (ohms)                             
______________________________________                                    
R1       300          R31        10K                                      
R2       300          R32        3.9K*                                    
R3       100          R33        3.9K                                     
R4       12K          R34        20K                                      
R5       12K          R35        100K                                     
R6       5.6K         R36        3.9K                                     
R7       5.6K         R37        100K                                     
R8       5.6K         R38        10K                                      
R9       5.6K         R39        10K                                      
R10      15K          R40        10K                                      
R11      15K          R41        1K                                       
R12      6.8K         R42        1K                                       
R13      100          R43        51K                                      
R14      6.8K         R44        390                                      
R15      12K          R45        390                                      
R16      12K          R46        390                                      
R17      6.8K         R47        6.2K                                     
R18      6.8K         R48        3.9K                                     
R19      240          R49        62K                                      
R20      240          R50        3.9K                                     
R21      47           R51        20K                                      
R22      47           R52        3.9K                                     
R23      9.1K         R53        62K                                      
R24      4.7K         R54        10K                                      
R25      4.7K         R55        10K                                      
R26      4.7K         R56        10K                                      
R27      4.7K         R57        1K                                       
R28      390          R58        1K                                       
R29      390          R59        51K                                      
R30      390          R60        12K                                      
R61      10K          R95        1.5K                                     
R62      10K          R96        30K                                      
R63      10K          R97        1K                                       
R64      5.1K         R98        3.9K                                     
R65      430          R99        3.9K                                     
R66      390          R100       82                                       
R67      10K          R101       82                                       
R68      430          R102       4.7K                                     
R69      3.9K         R103       1K                                       
R70      100K         R104       4.7K                                     
R71      3.9K         R105       4.7K                                     
R72      20K          R106       10K                                      
R73      3.9K         R107       3K                                       
R74      100K         R108       1.5K                                     
R75      10K          R109       30K                                      
R76      10K          R110       1.5K                                     
R77      1K           R111       30K                                      
R78      10K          R112       1K                                       
R79      62K          R113       10K                                      
R80      10K          R114       250K                                     
R81      30K          R115       10K                                      
R82      10K          R116       250K                                     
R83      10K          R117       1K                                       
R84      1.5K         R118       1K                                       
R85      30K          R119       1K                                       
R86      10K          R120       10K                                      
R87      250K         R121       250K                                     
R88      1K           R122       27K                                      
R89      10K          R123       20K                                      
R90      62K          R124       20K                                      
R91      10K          R125       30K                                      
R92      30K          R126       3K                                       
R93      10K          R130       12K                                      
R94      10K          R131       240                                      
R132     3K                                                               
R133     2K                                                               
R134     3K                                                               
R135     390                                                              
R136     39K                                                              
______________________________________                                    
 *K = 1000 -                                                              
 
    
     
                   Value                  Value                                    
Capacitor (microfarads)                                                   
                      Capacitor  (microfarads)                            
______________________________________                                    
C1        80-380 PF*  C33        0.1                                      
C2        0.01        C34        0.1                                      
C3        0.01        C35        0.01                                     
C4        5.5-65 PF   C36        0.002                                    
C5        82 PF       C37        0.1                                      
C6        0.01        C38        0.1                                      
C7        0.01        C39        15                                       
C8        5.5-65 PF   C40        15                                       
C9        82 PF       C41        0.001                                    
C10       0.1         C43        0.002                                    
C11       0.01        C44        0.1                                      
C12       0.1         C45        0.1                                      
C13       0.01        C46        15                                       
C14       0.1         C47        15                                       
C15       0.1         C48        15                                       
C16       0.1         C49        0.001                                    
C17       0.1         C50        0.1                                      
C18       0.1         C51        15                                       
C19       0.1         C52        0.1                                      
C20       0.1         C53        0.1                                      
C21       0.01        C55        0.1                                      
C22       0.002       C56        15                                       
C23       0.1         C57        15                                       
C24       0.1         C60        15                                       
C25       0.1         C61        15                                       
C26       0.1         C62        0.001                                    
C27       0.01        C63        0.001                                    
C28       0.002       C64        2-22 PF                                  
C29       0.1         C65        82 PF                                    
C30       0.002       C66        2.2                                      
C31       0.1         C67        2.2                                      
C32       0.1         C68        15                                       
______________________________________                                    
 *PF = picoforads -                                                       
 
    
     
         Transformers and                                                          
              Number of Turns and Inductance                              
Inductances   Primary       Secondary                                     
______________________________________                                    
L1            47T - 67 MH*  -- --                                         
L2            56T - 82 MH   -- --                                         
L3            30T - 50 MH   5T - 1.4 MH                                   
L4            53T - 67 MH   4T - 0.4 MH                                   
                            4T - 0.4 MH                                   
L5            40T - 1760 MH 9T - 89 MH                                    
L6            40T - 1760 MH -- --                                         
L7            9T - 89 MH    40T - 1760 MH                                 
L8            60T - 3960 MH 21T - 485 MH                                  
L9            60T - 3960 MH -- --                                         
L10           21T - 485 MH  60T - 3960 MH                                 
L11           30T - 990 MH  5T - 27 MH                                    
L12           30T - 990 MH  -- --                                         
L13           5T - 27 MH    30T - 990 MH                                  
L14           53T - 67 MH   10T - 2.4 MH                                  
Transistors         Source and Type                                       
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4      Motorola MPS 5172                                     
Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8      Motorola MPS 5172                                     
Q9, Q10, Q11, Q12   Motorola MJE 1100                                     
______________________________________                                    
 *MH = Microhenries -                                                     
Control                Control                                            
Rectifiers Type        Rectifiers   Type                                  
______________________________________                                    
CR1        1N914       CR20         1N914                                 
CR2        1N914       CR21         1N914                                 
CR3        1N914       CR22         1N914                                 
CR4        1N914       CR23         L.E.D.                                
CR5        1N914       CR24         1N914                                 
CR6        1N914       CR25         1N914                                 
CR7        1N914       CR26         1N914                                 
CR8        1N914       CR27         L.E.D.                                
CR9        1N914       CR28         1N914                                 
CR10       1N914       CR29         1N914                                 
CR11       1N914       CR30         L.E.D.                                
CR12       1N914       CR31         1N914                                 
CR13       1N914       CR32         L.E.D.                                
CR14       1N914       CR33         1N2070                                
CR15       1N914       CR34         1N2070                                
CR16       L.E.D.      CR35         1N2070                                
CR17       1N914       CR36         1N2070                                
CR18       L.E.D.      CR37         1N914                                 
CR19       1N914       CR38         1N914                                 
______________________________________                                    
Integrated Circuits                                                       
                  Source and Type                                         
______________________________________                                    
U18               Texas Instruments                                       
                  TL082                                                   
U19               Motorola MC1496L                                        
U20               Motorola 14528                                          
U21               Motorola 14528                                          
U22               Motorola MC1496L                                        
U23               Motorola 14528                                          
U24               Motorola 14528                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Having thus described the invention with particular reference to the preferred forms thereof, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, after understanding the invention, that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.