Patent Publication Number: US-2017362489-A1

Title: Emulsions containing alkyl ether sulfates and uses thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/098,858, filed Dec. 31, 2014. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE ART 
     The present disclosure generally relates to emulsions, treatment fluids and methods for treating subterranean formations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the drilling, completion, and stimulation of oil and gas wells, well treatment fluids are often pumped into well bore holes under high pressure and at high flow rates causing the rock formation surrounding the well bore to fracture. As the fluid is pumped through the pipe at high flow rates (thousands of GPM) there is a significant amount of frictional resistance, which results in large energy requirements. 
     In order to reduce the friction between the well treatment fluid and the bore linings, friction pressure reducing additives have been combined with the treatment fluids and added during pumping so as to reduce pump pressure. For example, a type of well treatment commonly utilized for stimulating hydrocarbon production from a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore is hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing, also referred to as fracing (or fracking), is used to initiate production in low-permeability reservoirs and re-stimulate production in older producing wells. In hydraulic fracing, a fluid composition is injected into the well at pressures effective to cause fractures in the surrounding rock formation. Fracing is used both to open up fractures already present in the formation and create new fractures. 
     Water soluble polymers can be used as friction reducers in well treatment fluids to alter the rheological properties of the fluid so that the turbulent flow is minimized, thereby preventing consequent energy loss in the fluid as it is pumped through the pipe. These types of treatments are often called “slick water treatments or slick water fracs.” In some instances, water soluble friction reducing polymers are suspended in water in oil emulsions, wherein upon addition to the aqueous treatment fluid, the emulsion must invert to release the friction reducing polymer into the fluid. Performance in the field depends upon the ability of the emulsions to invert, or break, quickly. Certain conditions, for example high brine conditions, can hinder the breaking of the emulsion. In particular, high brines including potassium chloride, sodium chloride, seawater and other API base brines that include calcium or magnesium hardness interfere with the inversion of emulsion polymers such that the emulsions do not break or generate the rheology needed to accomplish superior friction reduction. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Disclosed herein are emulsions comprising water, a water-immiscible liquid, about 10% to about 35% by weight one or more polymers, about 1% to about 5% by weight an inverting surfactant composition comprising one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. Treatment fluids comprising the emulsions, as well as methods for treating subterranean formations with the emulsions or treatment fluids, are provided. 
     The disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the various features of the disclosure and the examples included therein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 
         FIG. 1  shows results of torque testing for exemplary and comparative emulsion samples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure provides aqueous treatment fluids. The methods generally relate to inverting an inverse emulsion in aqueous brines, wherein the emulsion comprises one or more polymers and an inverting surfactant composition comprising salts of alkyl ether sulfates, in particular, salts of higher alkyl ether sulfates. The exemplary emulsions, treatment fluids and methods may be used to provide rapid and enhanced polymer inversion in aqueous brines. The exemplary emulsions, treatment fluids and methods may be used at low temperatures and/or in brines containing a large amount of dissolved solids, without loss of polymer performance. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the emulsions, treatment fluids and methods can be used to carry proppants into fractures, for example in fracturing applications. High molecular weight polyacrylamides are commonly used in fracturing applications as a friction reducer. Generally, crosslinked fluids are used to carry proppants into the fractures, which typically requires additional chemicals, such as crosslinkers, buffers and breakers, to be incorporated into the fracturing fluid. In exemplary embodiments, the emulsions and treatment fluid can be used carry proppant while minimizing the use of other chemicals or additives typically required by crosslinked fluids. 
     In slickwater fracturing, the concentration of the friction reducer is higher and proppants which are required to prop the fissures open in order to let oil/gas flowback can be carried downhole. The water is made slick by increasing the loading of the friction reducer. Slickwater frac fluids typically have low viscosities and hence need a higher injection flow rate to carry the proppant. The exemplary emulsions, treatment fluids and methods can be used in slickwater fracturing applications. Advantageously, the exemplary emulsions and treatment fluids can be used in high brines with very fast inversion of the emulsion, very good friction reduction and with good proppant carrying capabilities at higher loadings. 
     Polymers 
     As used herein, the terms “polymer,” “polymers,” “polymeric,” and similar terms are used in their ordinary sense as understood by one skilled in the art, and thus may be used herein to refer to or describe a large molecule (or group of such molecules) that contains recurring units. Polymers may be formed in various ways, including by polymerizing monomers and/or by chemically modifying one or more recurring units of a precursor polymer. A polymer may be a “homopolymer” comprising substantially identical recurring units formed by, e.g., polymerizing a particular monomer. A polymer may also be a “copolymer” comprising two or more different recurring units formed by, e.g., copolymerizing two or more different monomers, and/or by chemically modifying one or more recurring units of a precursor polymer. The term “terpolymer” may be used herein to refer to polymers containing three or more different recurring units. The term “polymer” as used herein is intended to include both the acid form of the polymer as well as its various salts. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the polymer is a polymer useful for enhanced oil recovery applications. The term “friction reducing polymer” refers to a polymer that reduces energy losses due to friction between an aqueous fluid in turbulent flow and tubular goods, e.g. pipes, coiled tubing, and the like, and/or formation. The friction reducing polymer is not intended to be limited to any particular type and may be synthetic polymers, natural polymers, or viscoelastic surfactants. Suitable friction reducing polymers are typically latex polymers or copolymers of acrylamides, acrylates, guar gum, polyethylene oxide, and combinations thereof. They are added to slick water treatments at concentrations of 0.1 to 5 pounds per 1000 gallons of stimulation fluid. In other embodiments, the friction reducing polymer is added at a concentration of 0.25 to about 2.5 pounds per 1000 gallons of stimulation fluid. The friction reducing polymers may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or non-ionic depending on desired application. In addition, various combinations can be used including but not limited to hydrophilic/hydrophobic combinations, functionalized natural and/or synthetic blends of the above, or the like. The friction reducing polymers may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or non-ionic depending on desired application. In addition, various combinations can be used including but not limited to hydrophilic/hydrophobic combinations, functionalized natural and/or synthetic blends of the above, or the like. 
     The term “enhanced oil recovery” or “EOR” (also known as tertiary mineral oil production) refers to a process for mineral oil production in which an aqueous injection fluid comprising at least a water soluble polymer is injected into a mineral oil deposit. The techniques of tertiary mineral oil production include what is known as “polymer flooding”. Polymer flooding involves injecting an aqueous solution of a water-soluble thickening polymer through the injection boreholes into the mineral oil deposit. As a result of the injection of the polymer solution, the mineral oil is forced through the cavities in the formation, proceeding from the injection borehole, in the direction of the production borehole, and the mineral oil is produced through the production borehole. By virtue of the fact that the polymer formulation has an increased viscosity as compared to the viscosity of water, the risk is reduced that the polymer formulation breaks through to the production borehole. It is thus possible to mobilize additional mineral oil in the formation. Details of polymer flooding and of polymers suitable for this purpose are disclosed, for example, in “Petroleum, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, online edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2010”. For polymer flooding, a multitude of different water-soluble thickening polymers have been proposed, especially high molecular weight polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide and further comonomers, for example vinylsulfonic acid or acrylic acid. Polyacrylamide may be partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, in which some of the acrylamide units have been hydrolyzed to acrylic acid. It is known in the art to use inverse emulsions of polyacrylamide (co)polymers for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in particular for use on off-shore platforms. Such inverse emulsions typically comprise about 30 wt. % of polymers. For use inverse emulsions are simply diluted with water to the final concentration of the polymer. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers is water soluble. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises an acrylamide-containing polymer. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers consists essentially of acrylamide-containing polymers. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide, sulfonated polyacrylamide, cationic polyacrylamide, anionic polyacrylamide, and partially hydrolyzed acrylamide. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and one or more nonionic, anionic and/or cationic monomers. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers has an overall anionic charge and comprises acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and one or more nonionic, anionic and/or cationic monomers. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises about 10% to about 60% anionic monomers by weight. 
     Suitable non-ionic monomers include but are not limited to acrylamide, N-alkylacrylamides, N,N-dialkylacrylamides, methacrylamide, N-vinylmethylacetamide or formamide, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, alkyl methacrylates, acrylonitrile, N-vinylpyrrolidone other acrylic (or other ethylenically unsaturated) ester or other water insoluble vinyl monomers such as styrene or acrylonitrile. 
     The term “anionic monomer” refers to a monomer which possesses a negative charge. Representative anionic monomers include acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, ammonium acrylate, methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), vinyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, maleic acid, sulfopropyl acrylate or methacrylate or other water-soluble forms of these or other polymerizable carboxylic or sulphonic acids, sulfomethylated acrylamide, allyl sulfonate, itaconic acid, acrylamidomethylbutanoic acid, fumaric acid, vinylphosphonic acid, allylphosphonic acid, phosphonomethylated acrylamide, methacrylate, itaconate, 2-acrylamido 2-methyl propane sulphonate, sulfoalkyl(meth)acrylic acids, sulfonated styrenes, unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, sulfoaklyl(meth)acrylamides, salts of said acids and the like, or another anionic ethylenically unsaturated compound. 
     The term “cationic monomer” refers to a monomer which possesses a positive charge. Representative cationic monomers include dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates and their quaternary or acid salts, including, but not limited to, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethyaminoethyl acrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate hydrochloric acid salt, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacryloyl hydrochloric acid salt, dialkylaminoalkylacrylamides or methacrylamides and their quaternary or acid salts such as acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide hydrochloric acid salt, methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide hydrochloric acid salt, diethylaminoethylacrylate, diethylaminoethylmethacrylate and diallyldialkylammonium halides such as diallyldiethylammonium chloride and diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride. Alkyl groups are generally C 1-8  alkyl. 
     In a particular embodiment, the one or more polymers comprises acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and one or more anionic monomers. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylate salt, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, vinyl sulfonic acid, N-vinyl sulfonic acetamide, N-vinyl formamide, itaconic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the one or more polymers comprises acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and methacrylic acid. 
     In certain embodiments, the polymer comprises acrylamide and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: acrylic acid and its salts, methacrylamide, methacrylic acid and its salts, maleic acid and its salts, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and its methylchloride and methosulfate quaternaries, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and its methylchloride and methosulfate quaternaries, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and its methylchloride and methosulfate quaternaries, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and its methylchloride and methosulfate quaternaries, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and its salts, 3-(methylacrylamido)-propyltrimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, isopropylaminopropylmethacrylamide, methacrylamidopropylhydroxyethyldimethylammonium acetate, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, alkali metal and ammonium salts of vinyl sulfonic acid, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidazole, diallyldimethylammonium chloride, styrene sulfonic acid and its salts, and the like. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the partially hydrolyzed acrylamide is acrylamide wherein the about 3% to about 70% of the amide groups have been hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises an anionic polyacrylamide. In exemplary embodiments, the anionic polyacrylamide is a copolymer comprising one or more anionic monomers and acrylamide monomers. Exemplary salts of these anionic monomers include but are not limited to sodium and ammonium salts. In one embodiment, the polymer is an anionic polymer. In a particular embodiment, the anionic polymer has about 10% to about 50% charge, about 15% to about 45% charge, about 20% to about 40% charge, or about 25% to about 35% charge. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises a cationic polyacrylamide. In exemplary embodiments, the cationic polyacrylamide is a copolymer comprising one or more cationic monomers and acrylamide monomers. In one embodiment, the polymer is a cationic polymer. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more polymers comprises an amphoteric polymer. In one embodiment, the one or more polymers comprises a non-ionic polymer. 
     In exemplary embodiments, one or more polymers is a copolymer of acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide and acrylic acid or an acrylate salt. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises at least about 30 mole %, about 40 mole %, about 50 mole %, about mole 60%, or about mole 70, %, or about 80 mole %,% or about 90 mole % acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises at least about 10 mole %, or about 20 mole %, or about 30 mole %, about 40 mole %, about 50 mole %, about mole 60%, or about mole 70% acrylic acid or acrylate salts. In exemplary embodiments, the acrylate salt comprises ammonium acrylate. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises about 30 mole % to about 90 mole %, or about 60 mole % to about 90 mole %, acrylamide or partially hydrolyzed acrylamide. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers comprises about 10 mole % to about 70 mole %, % or about 10 mole % to about 40 mole %, acrylic acid or an acrylate salt. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the polymer is a friction-reducing polymer. The exemplary friction reducing polymers may be included in the treatment fluids in an amount sufficient to provide the desired reduction of friction. In some embodiments, a friction reducing polymer may be present in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 to about 40, or about 0.25 to about 1, Gallons Per Thousand Gallons of the aqueous treatment fluid (GPTG). The friction reducing polymers may be added to slick water treatments at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 GPTG of stimulation fluid. 
     The exemplary polymers of the present embodiments should have a molecular weight sufficient to provide desired properties. Generally, polymers having higher molecular weights may be needed to provide a desirable level of friction reduction or viscosity. For example, in some embodiments, the weight average molecular weight of a polymer may be in the range of from about 7,500,000 to about 30,000,000 Daltons. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that polymers having molecular weights outside the listed range may still provide desirable properties in the aqueous treatment fluid. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the polymer is used for EOR applications. 
     Suitable polymers of the present embodiments may be in an acid form or in a salt form. A variety of salts may be made by neutralizing the acid form of a monomer, for example acrylic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or the like. As used herein, the term “polymer” is intended to include both the acid form of the copolymer and its various salts. 
     Salts of Alkyl Ether Sulfates 
     In exemplary embodiments, the inverting surfactant compositions, emulsion or treatment fluids may comprise one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates, including but not limited to salts of higher alkyl ether sulfates. 
     Generally, alkyl ether sulfates (fatty alcohol ether sulfates) are products of sulfation reactions on alkoxylated alcohols. Alkoxylated alcohols are generally understood by the expert to be the reaction products of alkylene oxide, preferably ethylene oxide, with alcohols—in the context of the invention preferably with relatively long-chain alcohols, i.e. with aliphatic straight-chain or single- or multiple-branch, acyclic or cyclic, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated, preferably straight-chain or branched, acyclic saturated alcohols containing 6 to 22, preferably 8 to 18, more preferably 10 to 16 and most preferably 12 to 14 carbon atoms. Depending on the reaction conditions, a complex mixture of addition products with different degrees of ethoxylation is generally formed from n moles ethylene oxide and one mole alcohol (n=1 to 30, preferably 10 to 20, more preferably 13 to 17). Another embodiment of the alkoxylation consists in using mixtures of the alkylene oxides, preferably a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the salt of the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates is any suitable salt, for example sodium or ammonium. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates is selected from compounds of Formula I: 
       R—O—[CH 2 CH 2 O] n —SO 3   − M +    Formula I
         wherein R is an alkyl group having about 6 to 22 carbon atoms;   n is 1 to 30; and M is any suitable cation, for example sodium or ammonium.       

     In certain embodiments, R is an alkyl group having about 8 to 18 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R is an alkyl group having about 10 to 16 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R is an alkyl group having about 12 to 14 carbon atoms. 
     In certain embodiments, n is 1 to 22. In certain embodiments, n is 10 to 22. In certain embodiments, n is 10 to 20. In certain embodiments, n is 13 to 17. 
     In certain embodiments, M is a sodium cation. In certain embodiments, M is an ammonium cation. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates has an HLB value of about 20. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates has an HLB value of in the range of about 15 to about 25. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates has a cloud point greater than about 100° C. in brine containing up to about 140,000 ppm total dissolved solids. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates may be used in a polymer emulsion to facilitate rapid viscosity increase in brine. In certain embodiments, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates may be used in a polymer emulsion to facilitate rapid viscosity increase in brine at temperatures of at least about 80° C. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates comprises or consists essentially of a sodium salt of a branched C 13  alcohol (15 EO) sulfate. 
     Inverting Surfactant Composition 
     Among other things, an inverting surfactant or surfactant composition may facilitate the inverting of the emulsion, for example upon addition to the treatment fluids of the present embodiments. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, with the benefit of this disclosure, upon addition to the treatment fluid, the emulsion should invert, releasing the polymer into the treatment fluid. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the emulsion or treatment fluid comprises an inverting surfactant composition. In exemplary embodiments, the inverting surfactant composition comprises one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. In exemplary embodiments, the inverting surfactant composition further comprises one or more inverting surfactants that are not salts of alkyl ether sulfates. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the inverting surfactant composition comprises about 1 to about 100 wt % salts of alkyl ether sulfates. 
     Representative inverting surfactants that may be added to the exemplary emulsions include those having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of greater than 10, ethoxylated alcohols, such as ethoxylated octyl and nonyl phenols; ethoxylated nonyl phenol formaldehyde resin, polyethylene oxide esters of fatty acids, dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinate and others disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,624,019 incorporated herein by reference. The inverting surfactant should be present in an amount sufficient to provide the desired inversion of the emulsion upon contact with the water in the aqueous treatment fluid. 
     Emulsions 
     Exemplary emulsions, for example water-in-oil emulsions or oil-external emulsions, may comprise water, a water-immiscible liquid, one or more polymers, and an exemplary inverting surfactant composition comprising one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. The emulsion may optionally comprise inhibitors, emulsifiers and/or other surfactants. In an exemplary embodiment, the emulsion comprises water, a water-immiscible liquid, one or more polymers, an exemplary inverting surfactant composition as described herein, and optionally, one or more organic or inorganic salts that are not one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. 
     The water present in the emulsions generally includes freshwater, but saltwater or combinations with saltwater also may be used. Generally, the water used may be from any source, provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds that may adversely affect other components in the emulsion. In some embodiments, the water may be present in the emulsion in an amount in the range of from about 35% to about 50% by weight of the emulsion. 
     Suitable water-immiscible liquids may include, but are not limited to, water-immiscible solvents, such as paraffin hydrocarbons, naphthene hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, olefins, oils, stabilizing surfactants and mixtures thereof. The paraffin hydrocarbons may be saturated, linear, or branched paraffin hydrocarbons. Examples of suitable aromatic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, toluene and xylene. In one embodiment, the water-immiscible liquid is an olefin and paraffin blend. In one embodiment, the water-immiscible liquid comprises oil and one or more emulsifiers. The water-immiscible liquid may be present in the emulsion in an amount sufficient to form a stable emulsion. In some embodiments, the water-immiscible liquid may be present in the emulsions in an amount in the range of from about 20% to about 40% by weight. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the emulsion comprises one or more emulsifiers or primary surfactants. Emulsifiers or primary surfactants, among other things, in the emulsion, lower the interfacial tension between the water and the water-immiscible liquid so as to facilitate the formation of a water-in-oil polymer emulsion. The emulsifier should be present in an amount sufficient to provide the desired stable water-in-oil polymer emulsion. In some embodiments, the emulsifier may be present in an amount in the range of from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the emulsion. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more primary surfactants can be any suitable polymeric or nonpolymeric surfactant that facilitates or aids formation of the emulsion. Suitable primary surfactants or emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, a Hypermer™ 1031 (a nonionic, polymeric surfactant, available from Croda International Plc.), block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, block copolymers of butylene oxide and ethylene oxide, sorbitan esters, copolymers of methacrylic acid and C12-C18 alkyl methacrylates, alkylarylsulfonate salts, and any combination thereof. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more primary surfactants comprise Hypermer™ 1031 (available from Croda International Plc). In exemplary embodiments, the one or more primary surfactants comprise poly(ethyleneglycol) monoleate. In certain embodiments, the one or more primary surfactants consist essentially of polymeric surfactants. 
     The polymers and surfactant compositions that may be present in the water-in-oil emulsions are described above. The polymer should be present in the emulsion in an amount that does not undesirably impact the emulsion&#39;s stability. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers may be present in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 35% by weight of the emulsion. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the inverting surfactant composition may be provided in an amount of about 1% to about 5%, or about 1.5% to about 3%, by weight of the emulsion. 
     In some embodiments, the emulsions may further comprise an inhibitor. Among other things, the inhibitor may be included to prevent premature polymerization of the monomers prior to initiation of the emulsion polymerization reaction. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, with the benefit of this disclosure, the polymer may have been synthesized using an emulsion polymerization technique wherein the inhibitor acted to prevent premature polymerization. Examples of suitable inhibitors include, but are not limited to, quinones. An example of a suitable inhibitor comprises a 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ). The inhibitor should be present in an amount sufficient to provide the desired prevention of premature polymerization. In some embodiments, the inhibitor may be present in an amount in the range of from about 0.001% to about 0.1% by weight of the emulsion. 
     In some embodiments, emulsion polymerization may be used to prepare exemplary emulsions. Suitable emulsion polymerization techniques may have a variety of different initiation temperatures depending on, among other things, the amount and type of initiator used, the amount and type of monomers used, the amount and type of inhibitor used, and a number of other factors known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, a suitable emulsion polymerization technique may have an initiation temperature of about 25° C. Due to the exothermic nature of the polymerization reaction, the mixture may be maintained at a higher temperature than the initiation temperature during procession of the polymerization reaction, for example, in the range of from about 30° C. to about 70° C., or from about 40° C. to about 60° C. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers are in the form of a emulsion, such as a polyacrylamide emulsion. In exemplary embodiments, the emulsion comprises a hydrophilic polymer contained within water droplets that are dispersed in a continuous oil phase. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more polymers are in the form of an aqueous dispersion, for example an aqueous polymer dispersion prepared by solution polymerization. Methods for the preparation of exemplary aqueous polymer dispersions are well known in the art, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,448. 
     In exemplary embodiments, any suitable emulsion polymerization method may be employed in the preparation of the one or more polymers described here. Descriptions of the steps of an exemplary emulsion preparation provided herein, but are not intended to be limiting with respect to the methods for preparing the exemplary one or more polymers. 
     A preliminary emulsion is made by homogenizing oil and aqueous phases. The oil phase of the emulsion, which generally comprises from about 5 to about 35 percent by weight of the total emulsion, is comprised of one or more inert hydrophobic liquids. Preferably, the oil phase comprises about 20 to 40 percent of the emulsion. The oil used may be selected from a large class of organic liquids which are immiscible with water, including liquid hydrocarbons and substituted liquid hydrocarbons. Representative examples of such oils include benzene, xylene, toluene, mineral oils, kerosenes, naphthas, chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as perchloroethylene, and the like. 
     The oil phase may contain one or more primary surfactants, i.e. conventional emulsion polymerization stabilizers. Such stabilizers are well known to the art to promote the formation and stabilization of water-in-oil emulsions. Normally such emulsifiers have HLB values in the range of about 2 to about 10, preferably less than about 7. Suitable such emulsifiers include the sorbitan esters, phthalic esters, fatty acid glycerides, glycerine esters, as well as the ethoxylated versions of the above and any other well-known relatively low HLB emulsifier. Examples of such compounds include sorbitan monooleate, the reaction product of oleic acid with isopropanolamide, hexadecyl sodium phthalate, decyl sodium phthalate, sorbitan stearate, ricinoleic acid, hydrogenated ricinoleic acid, glyceride monoester of lauric acid, glyceride monoester of stearic acid, glycerol diester of oleic acid, glycerol triester of 12-hydroxystearic acid, glycerol triester of ricinoleic acid, and the ethoxylated versions thereof containing 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of the basic emulsifier. Thus, any emulsifier may be utilized which will permit the formation of the initial emulsion and stabilize the emulsion during the polymerization reaction. 
     These primary surfactants are used alone or in mixtures and are utilized in amounts of not greater than about 3%, about 2%, or about 1.8% by weight of the total emulsion. 
     The aqueous phase generally comprises about 95 to 65 percent by weight of the emulsion. Preferably, it comprises about 80 to 70 percent thereof. In addition to water, the aqueous phase contains the monomers being polymerized, generally in an amount of less than about 38 percent, preferably about 20 to about 35 percent and most preferably about 10 to about 30 percent, by weight of the total emulsion, and generally chain transfer agents, initiators and sequesterants. Alternatively, the chain transfer agents, initiators and sequesterants may be added to the system after the preliminary emulsion has been prepared. The initiator may also be added continuously during the polymerization to control the rate of polymerization depending upon the particular monomers used and their reactivities. 
     Alternatively, the initiator may be present in either the oil or the aqueous phase with the monomers being added either continuously or incrementally thereafter. All of these variations are well known in the art. 
     The monomers suitable for use in the preparation of the exemplary polymers are described herein. 
     Any conventional chain transfer agent may be employed, such as propylene glycol, isopropanol, 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium hypophosphite, dodecyl mercaptan and thioglycolic acid. The chain transfer agent is generally present in an amount of about 0.01 to 10 percent by weight of the total emulsion, though more may be used. 
     The initiator may be any free radical producing material well known in the art. The preferred free radical initiators are the redox-type and the azo-type polymerization initiators and they are generally used in an amount of about 0.0005 to 0.5 percent by weight of the total emulsion. Radiation may also be used to initiate the reaction. 
     Any conventional sequesterant may also be present in the aqueous phase, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or pentasodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate. The sequesterant is generally present in an amount of about 0.01 to 2 percent by weight of the total emulsion, though more may be utilized. 
     Following preparation of the preliminary emulsion, polymerization of the monomers is commenced at a temperature sufficiently high to break down the initiator to produce the desired free radicals. Generally a suitable temperature is about −20° C. to about 200° C., or about 20° C. to 100° C. 
     Preferably the polymerization is run at a pH of about 2 to 12 and a suitable amount of base or acid may be added to the preliminary emulsion to achieve the desired pH. The polymerization is usually completed in about an hour or two to several days, depending upon the monomers employed and other reaction variables. It is generally carried out at atmospheric pressure, but higher pressures are advantageously used when volatile ingredients are involved. 
     Following completion of the polymerization, the pH of the emulsion may be adjusted as desired. For an anionic polymer emulsion, this is generally about 4 to 10; for cationic emulsions about 2.0 to 5.5; and for non-ionic emulsions about 2.0 to 7.0. A breaker or inverting surfactant, or blend of inverting surfactants, is generally added to yield a single package of final product. In exemplary embodiments, a surfactant composition, as described below, is added to the polymer emulsion. Other suitable breaker or inverting surfactant may be used in combination with the exemplary polymer and exemplary surfactant composition in the emulsion. Representative inverting surfactants that may be added to the exemplary emulsions include those having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of greater than 10, ethoxylated alcohols, such as ethoxylated octyl and nonyl phenols; ethoxylated nonyl phenol formaldehyde resin, polyethylene oxide esters of fatty acids, dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinate and others disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,624,019 incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the inverting surfactant is added in an amount equal to about 0.5 to 5 percent by weight, based on the total emulsion. 
     Once prepared, the emulsions of the present embodiments may be chemically modified in any known manner. “Chemically modified” is intended to cover further treatment of the dispersed water-soluble polymer and/or the addition of components to the dispersed water-soluble polymer which, without the stabilization provided by the emulsion stabilizers, would cause the normally water-soluble polymeric particles to coagulate or agglomerate. Examples of such further treatments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,052,353 and 4,171,296, incorporated herein by reference. The emulsion of the present embodiments may also be concentrated in any suitable manner, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,399, incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, the emulsions for use in the embodiments described herein comprise one or more organic or inorganic salts, which are not the one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. For example, the emulsions may comprise one or more salts such as sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium bromide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium salts, lithium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, aluminum salts, ammonium salts, phosphate salts, chloride salts, fluoride salts, citrate salts, acetate salts, tartrate salts, hydrogenphosphate salts, water soluble inorganic salts, other inorganic salts and mixtures thereof. 
     A variety of different mixtures may be used to prepare an emulsion for use in the present embodiments. Suitable mixtures may include acrylamide, other monomers, water, a water-immiscible liquid, an initiator, and an emulsifier. Optionally, the mixture further may comprise an inhibitor, a base (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to neutralize the monomers in acid form such that the salt of the monomer is not formed, a complexing agent to allow the gradual release of monomers in the polymerization reaction, an activator to initiate polymerization at a lower temperature, and an inverter. Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will, know the amount and type of components to include in the mixture based on a variety of factors, including the desired molecular weight and composition of the polymer and the desired initiation temperature. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the emulsion may comprise: a water-immiscible organic solvent in an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight that comprises oil and emulsifiers; one or more polymers in an amount of about 10% to about 35% by weight; an inverting surfactant composition comprising one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight; and the balance water. In exemplary embodiments, the emulsion consists essentially of: a water-immiscible organic solvent in an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight that comprises oil; one or more polymers in an amount of about 10% to about 35% by weight; an inverting surfactant composition comprising one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight; and the balance water. 
     Generally, the exemplary emulsions are particularly suitable for use in harsh brine conditions. The exemplary emulsions may be used in a range of temperatures, for example between about 5 and about 99° C., about 50 and about 95° C., about 70 and about 95° C., or about 85 and about 95° C. In exemplary embodiments, the emulsions may provide the advantages of having a higher cloud point than other inverting surfactants, for example a cloud point above 100° C. 
     Generally, the exemplary emulsions are particularly suitable for use in waters or brines containing up to about 90,000 ppm, about 100,000 ppm, about 110,000 ppm, about 120,000 ppm, about 130,000 ppm, or about 140,000 ppm total dissolved solids. The exemplary emulsions may be used in waters or brines with compositions similar to seawater brine, produced water brine, formation water brine, or Peregrino brine. The exemplary emulsions may be used in waters or brines comprising sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, strontium, chloride, and/or sulfate ions and mixtures thereof. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, the emulsion may be used in combination with a proppant. 
     Treatment Fluids 
     The treatment fluid, for example an aqueous treatment fluid, containing the emulsions described herein, can be used in any well treatment fluid including but not limited to stimulation and completion operations or enhanced oil recovery techniques. For example, the well treatment fluid can be used for hydraulic fracturing applications. Conventional fracturing fluids typically contain natural or synthetic water soluble polymers, which are well known in the art. Water soluble polymers viscosify the aqueous liquids at relatively low concentrations due to their high molecular weight. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the treatment fluid comprises water and an exemplary emulsion described herein. The treatment fluids may be prepared by mixing an exemplary emulsion with water. The additional water that is mixed with the emulsion to form the treatment fluid may be freshwater, saltwater (e.g. water containing one or more salts dissolved therein), brine (e.g. produced from subterranean formations), seawater, or combinations thereof. Generally, the water used may be from any source, provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds that may adversely affect other components in the aqueous treatment fluid or the formation itself. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the polymer may be present in the treatment fluid in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the treatment fluid. 
     In these applications, the treatment fluid, can be configured as a gelled fluid, a foamed gel fluid, acidic fluids, water and potassium chloride treatments, and the like. The fluid is injected at a pressure effective to create one or more fractures in the subterranean formation. Depending on the type of well treatment fluid utilized, various additives may also be added to the fracturing fluid to change the physical properties of the fluid or to serve a certain beneficial function. In one embodiment, the fluid does not contain a sufficient amount of water soluble polymer to form a gel. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the treatment fluid comprises a proppant. 
     In various exemplary embodiments, the proppants may be finely sized sands. Generally the sands are referred to by the size of mesh which the sand will pass through, and the size of mesh which the sand will not pass through. Typically, a 20-40 mesh sand is used but other sizes, such as 40-50 or 40-60, may be utilized. Sand is also characterized by the “roundness” of the sand particles. Generally rounder sand is utilized in order to create more uniform void spaces between the particles and therefore better permeability within the propped fracture. Fracturing fluids also contain, for example, viscosifiers to slow the rate at which sand will separate from the fluids and permit the sand to be carried farther into the fractures. 
     In other exemplary embodiments, other types of proppants may be used. For example, the proppant may be a ceramic proppant. The proppant may be a coated proppant, such as proppants with coatings with low coefficients of friction in order to reduce erosion caused by the fracturing fluid. Coatings also may be used to make the sand particles more round. Examples of such coatings include antimony trioxide, bismuth, boric acid, calcium barium fluoride, copper, graphite, indium, fluoropolymers (FTFE), lead oxide, lead sulfide, molybdenum disulfide, niobium dielenide, polytetrafluoroethylene, silver, tin, or tungsten disulfideor zinc oxide. Ceramic proppants are suggested, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,493 to Watson et al., and low density ceramic proppants are suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 8,420,578 to Usova et al. 
     Fracturing fluids may also contain other components as necessary or desired. For example, the fracturing fluids may contain acids for breaking the thickening polymers, salts such as calcium chlorides to increase the density of the fluids, corrosion inhibitors or other additives in the fracturing fluids. 
     Also, fluid loss agents may be added to partially seal off the more porous sections of the formation so that the fracturing occurs in the less porous strata. Other oilfield additives that may also be added to the fracturing fluid include emulsion breakers, antifoams, scale inhibitors, H 2 S and or O 2  scavengers, biocides, crosslinking agents, surface tension reducers, inverting surfactants other than those in the exemplary surfactant composition, buffers, primary surfactants, fluorocarbon surfactants, clay stabilizers, fluid loss additives, foamers, friction reducers, temperature stabilizers, diverting agents, shale and clay stabilizers, paraffin/asphaltene inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, and acids. For example, an acid may be included in the aqueous treatment fluids, among other things, for a matrix or fracture acidizing treatment. In fracturing embodiments, propping agent may be included in the aqueous treatment fluids to prevent the fracture from closing when the hydraulic pressure is released. In a particular embodiment, the treatment fluid further comprises a biocide. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the treatment fluid has a viscosity of about 0.7 cp to about 30 cp, or about 1 cp to about 25 cp. 
     Methods of Use 
     The emulsions and treatment fluids of the present embodiments may be used in any subterranean treatment. Such subterranean treatments include, but are not limited to, drilling operations, stimulation treatments, production and completion operations. Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to recognize a suitable subterranean treatment. In certain embodiments, the emulsion comprises: (a) from about 10% to about 35% by weight one or more polymers; and (b) from about 1% to about 5% by weight an exemplary inverting surfactant composition comprising one or more salts of alkyl ether sulfates. In exemplary embodiments, the methods may further comprise preparing the aqueous treatment fluid. Preparing the treatment fluid may comprise providing an emulsion as described herein, and combining the emulsion with water to form the treatment fluid. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a method of treating a portion of a subterranean formation is provided, comprising: providing a treatment fluid of the present embodiments comprising an emulsion as described herein, and introducing the treatment fluid into the portion of the subterranean formation. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be introduced into the portion of the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to create or enhance one or more fractures in the portion of the subterranean formation. The portion of the subterranean formation that the treatment fluid is introduced will vary dependent upon the particular subterranean treatment. For example, the portion of the subterranean formation may be a section of a well bore, for example, in a well bore cleanup operation. In the stimulation embodiments, the portion may be the portion of the subterranean formation to be stimulated. In exemplary embodiments, the treatment fluid may be introduced into the portion of the subterranean formation at a rate of about 30 bpm to about 250 bpm, or about 50 bpm to about 175 bpm. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a method of treating a subterranean formation is provided, comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising one or more polymers and an exemplary inverting surfactant composition described herein; and introducing the aqueous treatment fluid into a subterranean formation. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a method of treating a subterranean formation is provided, comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising an emulsion comprising one or more polymers and an exemplary inverting surfactant composition described herein; and introducing the emulsion into a subterranean formation. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a method of fracturing a subterranean formation is provided, comprising: (a) providing an exemplary emulsion as described herein; (b) mixing the emulsion with additional water to form a treatment fluid, wherein the one or more polymers are present in the treatment fluid in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the treatment fluid; and (c) introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation at or above a pressure sufficient to create one or more fractures in the subterranean formation. In exemplary embodiments, the treatment fluid comprises brine. In exemplary embodiments, the exemplary emulsion or treatment fluid comprises proppant. In certain exemplary embodiments, a propping agent (or proppant) such as sand or other hard material is added to the exemplary emulsions or treatment fluids which serves to keep the fractures open after the fracturing operation. 
     The fractures produced may be propped using proppants, or the fracturing fluid may include reactants to react with the surface of the rock faces to result in permeability along the fracture. The fractures may be utilized in vertical or horizontal wells, to produce natural gas, light tight oil, or for injection of fluids into the formation. 
     Fracturing, or fracking, of formations is generally accomplished by injection of a slurry of fracturing fluid and proppant into the formation at pressures sufficiently great to exceed the tensile strength of the formation and cause the formation to separate at the point of the perforations. Formations will generally have a direction where the formation is under the least amount of stress, and the fracture will initially propagate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of such least stress. In deep formations, the weight of the overburden will generally assure that the direction of minimal stress is a horizontal direction. It is generally the goal to provide horizontal wellbores in such formation in the direction of the minimal formation stress so that fractures from the wellbore will tend to be perpendicular to the wellbore. This allows access to the maximum possible volume of formation from a horizontal wellbore of a limited length. 
     Any method for hydraulic fracturing of formations known in the art may utilize the exemplary emulsions and treatment fluids. 
     Propagation of fractures is typically halted or at least inhibited by interfaces between formations because the force exerted at the tip of the fracture can be dispersed at the interface of the formations. Larger fractures may therefore tend to have more rectangular shapes rather than disk shapes as the dimensions of the fracture exceed the height of the formation, and the fracture therefore grows laterally rather than continuing to grow vertically. 
     In exemplary embodiments, methods for improving friction reduction properties of a treatment fluid, comprise: (i) providing an exemplary emulsion as described herein; and (ii) inverting the emulsion in the treatment fluid comprising brine. In certain embodiments, the resultant treatment fluid has an improvement in friction reduction, when compared to a similar treatment fluid in which the inverted emulsion that does not contain an inverting surfactant composition as described herein. 
     The inverting surfactant compositions, emulsions and treatment fluids of the present embodiments may have various uses, for example in crude oil development and production from oil bearing formations that can include primary, secondary or tertiary (enhanced) recovery. Chemical techniques, including for example injecting surfactants (surfactant flooding) to reduce interfacial tension that prevents or inhibits oil droplets from moving through a reservoir or injecting polymers that allow the oil present to more easily mobilize through a formation, can be used before, during or after implementing primary and/or secondary recovery techniques. Such techniques can also be used for enhanced oil recovery, or to complement other enhanced oil recovery techniques. 
     The inverting surfactant compositions, emulsions and treatment fluids of the present embodiments may be used in any oil recovery technique, for example an oil recovery technique where mobilization of oil is desired. In exemplary embodiments, a method comprising using a surfactant composition, emulsion or treatment fluid as described herein for oil recovery, including but not limited to enhanced oil recovery, is provided. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises providing a treatment fluid comprising an emulsion comprising one or more polymers and an exemplary surfactant composition described herein; and introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation; and recovering hydrocarbons from the subterranean formation. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises providing an emulsion comprising one or more polymers and an exemplary surfactant composition described herein; and introducing the emulsion into a subterranean formation; and recovering hydrocarbons from the subterranean formation. In certain embodiments, the emulsion further comprises an emulsifier. 
     The term “brine” or “aqueous brine” as used herein refers to sea water; naturally-occurring brine; a chloride-based, bromide-based, formate-based, or acetate-based brine containing monovalent and/or polyvalent cations or combinations thereof. Examples of suitable chloride-based brines include without limitation sodium chloride and calcium chloride. Further without limitation, examples of suitable bromide-based brines include sodium bromide, calcium bromide, and zinc bromide. In addition, examples of formate-based brines include without limitation, sodium formate, potassium formate, and cesium formate. 
     The following examples are presented for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to be limiting. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1. Inversion Time and Equilibrium Viscosity in Brine for Exemplary and Comparative Emulsions 
     In this example, the inversion time and equilibrium viscosity for various exemplary and comparative emulsions in Peregrino Brine Solution (composition shown in Table 1) were measured at 80° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Peregrino produced water composition. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Peregrino Produced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Water 
               
               
                   
                 Ion 
                 (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Na +   
                 51,139 
               
               
                   
                 K +   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Mg 2+   
                 720 
               
               
                   
                 Ca 2+   
                 2,700 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 2+   
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Sr 2+   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Ba 2+   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Cl −   
                 85,120 
               
               
                   
                 SO 4   2−   
                 852 
               
               
                   
                 CO 3   2−   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 HCO 3   −   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Total Dissolved Solids 
                 140,539 ppm 
               
               
                   
                 (TDS) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A polyacrylamide emulsion was prepared by addition of a monomer phase to a surfactant containing oil phase with homogenization. The resulting monomer emulsion was polymerized using free radical polymerization chemistry in the presence of adequate agitation and cooling, which resulted in a high molecular weight anionic polymer emulsion. The polymerization of acrylamide and co-monomers in an inverse emulsion resulted in a polymer emulsion containing sterically stabilized inverse lattices. The average particle size of the inverse emulsions was typically 0.7-1.5 micron. After polymerization, an inverting surfactant system was added to allow for rapid dilution and dissolution in water. 
     Inversion Time Testing 
     The inversion time of an inverse emulsion polymer was determined using a vortex test, involves placing 98 ml. of deionized water into a 250 ml plastic beaker. A mechanical agitator equipped with a 2 inch diameter three-blade propeller (Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, Ill.) was centered in the beaker, and the blades were positioned at a height of 0.25 inches from the bottom of the breaker. The agitator was operated at a speed of 500 rpm to produce a vortex, such that the low point of the vortex was even with the bottom of the beaker, then 2 ml of emulsion polymer quickly introduced, using a syringe, into the vortex. The time required for loss of vortex after the polymer was introduced, where the surface of the polymer solution is completely horizontal and no vortex is present, was measured as the inversion time. A shorter inversion time indicates more desirable inversion properties. An inversion time of less than one minute is desired. 
     Viscosity 
     The torque test was used to measure the viscosity of a 1.0% solution of the emulsion as a function of time. This device consists of a mixer equipped with a T-shaped blade (53 mm span and 13 mm wide) and a 1 pint stainless steel cup (inside diameter 75 mm) placed on a torque sensing platform. 
     The measurements were carried at room temperature as follows. Measure 300 mL of deionized water into a graduated cylinder and transferred to the stainless steel cup. The mixer was turned on next and the speed set to 800+/−10 RPM. The data logging was initiated at this point and allowed to proceed prior to emulsion addition for 10-30 sec to determined torque baseline. The emulsion was then added using 3 cc plastic disposable syringe and the torque increase recorded for up to 300 seconds. The torque values obtained in this manner were then corrected for baseline and the data used either for determining effective inversion time or for direct comparison of one formulation to another. 
     One observes a rapid increase in torque followed by a plateau that slowly drifts upward. This drift makes determining plateau difficult and precludes from defining inversion time as the time necessary to reach the plateau. It is useful to define inversion by a single number in order to be able to report data in a concise manner. Therefore, we define inversion time as the time necessary for the normalized torque values to exceed 0.01 5 mV. This torque value corresponds to substantial inversion at which vortex ceases to exist. A shorter inversion time indicates more desirable inversion properties. As with the vortex test, an inversion time of less than one minute is desired. 
     The example inverse emulsion polymer samples were dosed with breaker surfactant to conduct inversion tests as follows. For the vortex and conductivity tests, 50 ml of emulsion, made as described above, was placed in a plastic beaker; a magnetic stir bar was used for agitation. The desired amount of breaker surfactant(s) was added using a pipette. The sample was mixed for 10-15 minutes at a speed that caused the formation of a vortex. 
     The second sample preparation method was used to prepare samples for the torque test. The desired amount of breaker surfactant was placed in a vial to which the emulsion was added. The total amount was 10-20 g. The material was mixed using a laboratory vortex mixture for 60 seconds. The sample was left undisturbed for at least 10 minutes prior to testing. 
     Results 
     Descriptions of the emulsion samples and the corresponding inversion time and equilibrium viscosity for each are provided in Table 2. The results of the torque testing for the certain exemplary and comparative emulsion samples are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Equilibrium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Inverting 
                   
                 Viscosity  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surfactant 
                 Inversion 
                 (0.9%  
               
               
                   
                 Inverting Surfactant  
                 Amount 
                 Time 
                 Actives) 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Blends 
                 wt % 
                 (seconds) 
                 (cPs) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 blend of Polyoxyethylene  
                   3 wt % 
                 410 
                 440 
               
               
                 (com- 
                 Sorbitol Tetraoleate,  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 parative) 
                 Polyethylene Glycol 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Monoleate, and a  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Secondary Alcohol  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ethoxylate 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                 branched C 13  alcohol  
                 1.5 wt % 
                 20 
                 810 
               
               
                   
                 (15 EO) sulfate, sodium  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 salt  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 blend of Polyoxyethylene  
                   3 wt % 
                 3500 
                 370 
               
               
                 (com- 
                 Sorbitol Tetraoleate,  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 parative) 
                 Polyethylene Glycol 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Monoleate, and a  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Secondary Alcohol  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ethoxylate 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 D 
                 branched C 13  alcohol  
                 1.5 wt % 
                 300 
                 560 
               
               
                   
                 (15 EO) sulfate, sodium  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 salt