Patent Publication Number: US-2021192133-A1

Title: Auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention generally relates to natural language processing, and more specifically, to auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts 
     Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. As such, NLP is related to the area of human-computer interaction, and especially with regard to natural language understanding that enables computers to derive meaning from human or natural language input. 
     Many NLP systems make use of ontologies to assist in performing NLP tasks. An ontology is a representation of knowledge. A semantic ontology, in the case of NLP, is a representation of knowledge of the relationships between semantic concepts. Created by humans, usually by domain experts, ontologies are never a perfect representation of all available knowledge. Often they are very biased to a particular subarea of a given domain, and often reflect the level of knowledge or attention to detail of the author. Ontologies are usually task inspired, i.e. they have some utility in terms of managing information or managing physical entities and their design reflects the task for which their terminology is required. Examples of such semantic ontologies include the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic network for the medical domain, RXNORM for the drug domain, Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) for the human anatomy domain, and the like. The UMLS data asset, for example, consists of a large lexicon (millions) of instance surface forms in conjunction with an ontology of concepts and inter-concept relationships in the medical domain. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method. A non-limiting example of the computer-implemented method includes analyzing, by a cognitive model, a seed dictionary to determine one or more concepts associated with the seed dictionary, determining a target ontology, analyzing, by the cognitive model, the target ontology to determine one or more expanded terms for each concept of the one or more concepts, determining, by the cognitive model, a confidence score for each of the one or more expanded terms, and updating the seed dictionary by associating the one or more expanded terms with a corresponding concept from the one or more concepts based at least in part on the confidence score exceeding a first threshold confidence score. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system. A non-limiting example of the system includes a process configured to perform analyzing, by a cognitive model, a seed dictionary to determine one or more concepts associated with the seed dictionary, determining a target ontology, analyzing, by the cognitive model, the target ontology to determine one or more expanded terms for each concept of the one or more concepts, determining, by the cognitive model, a confidence score for each of the one or more expanded terms, and updating the seed dictionary by associating the one or more expanded terms with a corresponding concept from the one or more concepts based at least in part on the confidence score exceeding a first threshold confidence score. 
     Embodiments of the invention are directed to a computer program product, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. A non-limiting example of the method includes analyzing, by a cognitive model, a seed dictionary to determine one or more concepts associated with the seed dictionary, determining a target ontology, analyzing, by the cognitive model, the target ontology to determine one or more expanded terms for each concept of the one or more concepts, determining, by the cognitive model, a confidence score for each of the one or more expanded terms, and updating the seed dictionary by associating the one or more expanded terms with a corresponding concept from the one or more concepts based at least in part on the confidence score exceeding a first threshold confidence score. 
     Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a cloud computing environment according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts abstraction model layers according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a block diagram of a computer system for use in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a system for auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts according to embodiments of the invention; and 
         FIG. 5  depicts a flow diagram of a method for auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. 
     The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. 
     Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” may include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.” 
     The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value. 
     For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details. 
     It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG. 1  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 1 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 2  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts  96 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is shown an embodiment of a processing system  300  for implementing the teachings herein. In this embodiment, the system  300  has one or more central processing units (processors)  21   a ,  21   b ,  21   c , etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s)  21 ). In one or more embodiments, each processor  21  may include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors  21  are coupled to system memory  34  and various other components via a system bus  33 . Read only memory (ROM)  22  is coupled to the system bus  33  and may include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of system  300 . 
       FIG. 3  further depicts an input/output (I/O) adapter  27  and a network adapter  26  coupled to the system bus  33 . I/O adapter  27  may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk  23  and/or tape storage drive  25  or any other similar component. I/O adapter  27 , hard disk  23 , and tape storage device  25  are collectively referred to herein as mass storage  24 . Operating system  40  for execution on the processing system  300  may be stored in mass storage  24 . A network adapter  26  interconnects bus  33  with an outside network  36  enabling data processing system  300  to communicate with other such systems. A screen (e.g., a display monitor)  35  is connected to system bus  33  by display adaptor  32 , which may include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one embodiment, adapters  27 ,  26 , and  32  may be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus  33  via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus  33  via user interface adapter  28  and display adapter  32 . A keyboard  29 , mouse  30 , and speaker  31  all interconnected to bus  33  via user interface adapter  28 , which may include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the processing system  300  includes a graphics processing unit  41 . Graphics processing unit  41  is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. In general, graphics processing unit  41  is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. 
     Thus, as configured in  FIG. 3 , the system  300  includes processing capability in the form of processors  21 , storage capability including system memory  34  and mass storage  24 , input means such as keyboard  29  and mouse  30 , and output capability including speaker  31  and display  35 . In one embodiment, a portion of system memory  34  and mass storage  24  collectively store an operating system coordinate the functions of the various components shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, cognitive models utilized for natural language processing (NLP) often utilize a seed dictionary of terms that are relevant to the NLP application. This seed dictionary is often built by domain experts that are knowledgeable as to the specific NLP applications that will be utilized for the cognitive model. However, given the numerous ways of expressing terms and concepts, these seed dictionaries often can be deficient when utilized to analyze unstructured text. That is to say, the domain expert may include as many synonyms and related concepts with each and every concept in the seed dictionary based on what they believe would be of interest for the application. However, given the inherent limitations on this methodology, certain synonyms would be missing in the seed dictionary, especially for new NLP applications. 
     Turning now to an overview of the aspects of the invention, one or more embodiments of the invention address the above-described shortcomings of the prior art by providing a cognitive model that can expand on the seed dictionary by analyzing and evaluating existing ontologies to determine suggested additional concept surface forms for inclusion in the seed dictionary. Aspects of the present invention include receiving as inputs a seed dictionary (e.g., customer custom dictionary) having seed terms to build a learning dictionary (updated seed dictionary) by utilizing analyzing an existing ontology based dictionary, such as, for example the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The UMLS is a compendium of many controlled vocabularies in the biomedical sciences. The UMLS provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensive thesaurus and ontology of biomedical concepts. 
     The above-described aspects of the invention address the shortcomings of the prior art by utilizing machine learning and other algorithmic concepts to perform an auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts from a customer dictionary (seed dictionary) taken from an existing dictionary or ontology. Further, aspects include the automatic inclusion of these expanded terms into the customer dictionary to create an updated customer dictionary. The auto-suggestion of these concepts can be taken from a variety of ontologies specific (e.g., UMLS) to the NLP application. Each of the expanded terms can be rated with a confidence level and inclusion in the updated customer dictionary can be based on the confidence level being above a threshold confidence level. 
     Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention,  FIG. 4  depicts a system for auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts according to embodiments of the invention. The system  400  includes a cognitive engine  402 , a seed dictionary  404 , and one or more ontologies  406 . The system  400  through the cognitive engine  402  receives as inputs the seed dictionary  404  and the one or more ontologies  406  to determine a set of suggested expanded terms  408  for the seed terms in the seed dictionary. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the cognitive engine  402  can utilize a statistical cluster algorithm to identify similar word/phrases from the ontology  406  for the seed terms in the seed dictionary  404 . When similar words are found in the ontology  406 , these words/phrases and their synonyms are extracted from the ontology  406  and stored as concepts for the natural language model. These words/phrases can be inputs into a machine learning approach (e.g., neural networks) to make a decision to recommend these words/phrases as a recommendation to including in the seed dictionary  404 . One type of storage mechanism of the identified concept along with the concept&#39;s synonyms is in a natural language dictionary. Another type of storage is within a machine learning model. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the words/phrases that are selected by the cognitive engine  402  can be a seed concept or a seed concept&#39;s synonym that has an exact match to a concept in the ontology  406  or to a synonym of a concept in the ontology  406 . The identified concept in the ontology  406  along with the concept&#39;s surface forms will be extracted, by the cognitive engine  402 . In other embodiments of the invention, the words/phrases can be selected from the ontology  406  based on a seed concept selected using a statistical cluster algorithm. Statistical cluster identifies groupings of data points (aka words) and classifies them into a specific group. The data points can have similar properties and/or features. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the ontology  406  can be selected based on the anticipated NLP application. For example, if a set of unstructured texts or documents need to be parsed and analyzed by the cognitive model  402  with the seed dictionary  404 , the characteristics of the unstructured texts or documents can determine the ontology  406  needed. If the unstructured texts are medical documents, for example, the ontology  406  can be the UMLS. If the unstructured text are legal documents, for example, the ontology  406  can be a legal dictionary or ontology. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the expanded terms  408  can be added to the seed dictionary  404  for a one time use to search an unstructured text or document and then discarded. In other embodiments of the invention, the expanded terms  408  can be added to the seed dictionary  404  and saved for any future uses even if the unstructured text being analyzed includes characteristics that are not relevant to the previously analyzed ontology. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the cognitive model  402  can generate a confidence score for each expanded term  408 . This confidence score represents a confidence level that the expanded term  408  is relevant to a corresponding seed term. For example, the medical term or concept of “heart attack” can be a seed term and the cognitive engine  402 , after analyzing a medical ontology or dictionary, may return a set of expanded terms or concepts including “myocardial infarction” and “heartburn.” The associated confidence score can be generated by the cognitive engine  402  using a clustering model. The concept of “myocardial infarction” would have a higher confidence value than the other concept of “heartburn.” In one or more embodiments of the invention, a threshold confidence score can be created and utilized to auto-associate certain expanded terms or concepts with the seed terms in the seed dictionary  404  if the confidence score exceeds the threshold confidence score. In one or more embodiments of the invention, several threshold confidence scores can be created to determine how to handle the expanded terms  408 . For example, threshold confidence scores expressed as numerical values between 0 and 100 could include 75, 50, etc. If the expanded term  408  has a confidence level above 75 then the expanded term  408  can be automatically added to the seed dictionary  404 . However, if the expanded term has a confidence level between 50 and 75, the cognitive engine  402  can present a request to a user of the system  400  to confirm the inclusion of the expanded term  408  in the seed dictionary or not based on the user&#39;s own knowledge. Expanded terms  408  that are confirmed by a user can later be utilized as labeled training data to further train the cognitive model  402 , in some embodiments. If the expanded term  408  has a confidence level below 50, the expanded term  408  can be discarded and not included in the seed dictionary  404 . 
     In embodiments of the invention, the cognitive engine  402  can also be implemented as so-called classifiers (described in more detail below). In one or more embodiments of the invention, the features of the various engines/classifiers  402  described herein can be implemented on the processing system  300  shown in  FIG. 3 , or can be implemented on a neural network (not shown). In embodiments of the invention, the features of the engines/classifiers  402  can be implemented by configuring and arranging the processing system  300  to execute machine learning (ML) algorithms. In general, ML algorithms, in effect, extract features from received data (e.g., inputs to the engines  402 ) in order to “classify” the received data. Examples of suitable classifiers include but are not limited to neural networks (described in greater detail below), support vector machines (SVMs), logistic regression, decision trees, hidden Markov Models (HMMs), etc. The end result of the classifier&#39;s operations, i.e., the “classification,” is to predict a class for the data. The ML algorithms apply machine learning techniques to the received data in order to, over time, create/train/update a unique “model.” The learning or training performed by the engines/classifiers  402  can be supervised, unsupervised, or a hybrid that includes aspects of supervised and unsupervised learning. Supervised learning is when training data is already available and classified/labeled. Unsupervised learning is when training data is not classified/labeled so it must be developed through iterations of the classifier. Unsupervised learning can utilize additional learning/training methods including, for example, clustering, anomaly detection, neural networks, deep learning, and the like. 
     In embodiments of the invention where the engines/classifiers  402  are implemented as neural networks, a resistive switching device (RSD) can be used as a connection (synapse) between a pre-neuron and a post-neuron, thus representing the connection weight in the form of device resistance. Neuromorphic systems are interconnected processor elements that act as simulated “neurons” and exchange “messages” between each other in the form of electronic signals. Similar to the so-called “plasticity” of synaptic neurotransmitter connections that carry messages between biological neurons, the connections in neuromorphic systems such as neural networks carry electronic messages between simulated neurons, which are provided with numeric weights that correspond to the strength or weakness of a given connection. The weights can be adjusted and tuned based on experience, making neuromorphic systems adaptive to inputs and capable of learning. For example, a neuromorphic/neural network for handwriting recognition is defined by a set of input neurons, which can be activated by the pixels of an input image. After being weighted and transformed by a function determined by the network&#39;s designer, the activations of these input neurons are then passed to other downstream neurons, which are often referred to as “hidden” neurons. This process is repeated until an output neuron is activated. Thus, the activated output neuron determines (or “learns”) which character was read. Multiple pre-neurons and post-neurons can be connected through an array of RSD, which naturally expresses a fully-connected neural network. In the descriptions here, any functionality ascribed to the system  400  can be implemented using the processing system  300  applies. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a flow diagram of a method for auto-suggestion of expanded terms for concepts according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The method  500  includes analyzing, by a cognitive model, a seed dictionary to determine one or more concepts associated with the seed dictionary, as shown in block  502 . At block  504 , the method  500  includes determining a target ontology. The target ontology can be specific to the NLP application. For example, a financial application would have a corresponding financial ontology. Also, the method  500 , at block  506 , includes analyzing, by the cognitive model, the target ontology to determine one or more expanded terms for each concept of the one or more concepts. The method  500  also includes determining, by the cognitive model, a confidence score for each of the one or more expanded terms, as shown at block  508 . And at block  510 , the method  500  includes updating the seed dictionary by associating the one or more expanded terms with a corresponding concept from the one or more concepts based at least in part on the confidence score exceeding a first threshold confidence score. 
     Additional processes may also be included. It should be understood that the processes depicted in  FIG. 5  represent illustrations, and that other processes may be added or existing processes may be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.