Patent Publication Number: US-11048635-B2

Title: Controlling a rate of prefetching based on bus bandwidth

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/701,508, filed Sep. 12, 2017, entitled, “Controlling A Rate Of Prefetching Based On A Bus Bandwidth,” which was published on Mar. 14, 2019, as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2019/0079871 A1, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     One or more aspects relate, in general, to processing within a computing environment, and in particular, to facilitating such processing. 
     Processing within computing environments is enhanced by using a memory hierarchy to store and retrieve data. Typically, a memory hierarchy includes main memory (also referred to as memory) and a cache hierarchy. The cache hierarchy includes multiple levels of data caches, such as, for instance, one or more private level caches (L1, L2) and at least one higher level shared cache (e.g., L3, L4). 
     Applications operating on large amounts of in-memory data typically waste much of their time waiting for data to be transferred from memory, through the cache hierarchy, to the L1 data cache before it can be processed. That is, when there is a request for data, an attempt is made to retrieve the data from the cache. If the data is not in the cache (i.e., a cache miss), it is retrieved from memory. To minimize this time, and to improve performance, prefetching of data from memory into the L1 cache is employed. 
     Aggressive prefetching can improve performance by avoiding cache miss penalties when an application eventually needs the data. The prefetcher brings data into the cache ahead of time so that no or less penalty is incurred upon actual data usage by the processor. On the other hand, prefetching too aggressively can cause increased bus utilization, which leads to performance degradation, in particular in multiprocessor, multi-chip and multi-node systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a computer-implemented method of facilitating processing within a computing environment. The method includes, for instance, determining whether a rate of prefetching of data from memory into a cache is to be changed. The determining is based on bus utilization, and includes identifying a most utilized bus of a plurality of buses used for the prefetch of data, and monitoring utilization of the most utilized bus. The determination whether the rate of prefetching is to be changed is based on the monitoring. Based on determining that the rate is to be changed, the rate of prefetching is changed. 
     Computer program products and systems relating to one or more aspects are also described and claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspects are also described and may be claimed herein. 
     Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques described herein. Other embodiments and aspects are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed aspects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       One or more aspects are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and objects, features, and advantages of one or more aspects are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts one example of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts further details of a drawer of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts one example of a memory hierarchy of a drawer of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts further details of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  depicts one embodiment of processing associated with determining the most utilized bus of a prefetch request and returning that information to a processor, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  depicts one embodiment of processing associated with controlling a rate of prefetching, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  depict one embodiment of facilitating processing within a computing environment, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7A  depicts another example of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7B  depicts further details of the memory of  FIG. 7A ; 
         FIG. 8  depicts one embodiment of a cloud computing environment; 
       and 
         FIG. 9  depicts one example of abstraction model layers. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In accordance with one or more aspects, a capability is provided to control prefetching of data from memory into a selected cache. For instance, a capability is provided to control the rate of prefetching (or how aggressively prefetching is performed) based on monitored information, such as available bus bandwidth. 
     One example of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention is described with reference to  FIG. 1A . In one example, a computing environment  100  is based on the z/Architecture, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. One embodiment of the z/Architecture is described in “z/Architecture Principles of Operation,” IBM Publication No. SA22-7832-10, March 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Z/ARCHITECTURE is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA. 
     In another example, the computing environment may be based on the Power Architecture, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. One embodiment of the Power Architecture is described in “Power ISA™ Version 2.07B,” International Business Machines Corporation, Apr. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. POWER ARCHITECTURE is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA. 
     The computing environment may also be based on other architectures, including, but not limited to, the Intel x86 architectures. Other examples also exist. 
     In one example, computing environment  100  includes a plurality of drawers  102 . A drawer includes one or more central processing (CP) clusters  104  (also referred to as nodes) and a system controller (SC)  106  (e.g., SC chip). The system controller interconnects drawers  102 , and may be separate from and/or part of one or more of the CP clusters. Further details regarding drawer  102  are described with reference to  FIG. 1B . 
     As shown, in one example, drawer  102  includes a plurality of (e.g., 2) central processing clusters  104 . A central processing cluster  104  includes a plurality of central processor chips  110 , each of which is coupled to system controller  106 . A central processor chip  110  includes one or more cores  120  (also referred to as processors or central processing units (CPUs)), such as, e.g., eight cores per chip. Moreover, in one example, central processor chip  110  is coupled to, e.g., one or more dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs)  122  providing memory for use by CP cluster  104 . 
     CP cluster  104  uses main memory, as well as memory caches, to facilitate processing. One example of a memory hierarchy employed by CP cluster  104  is described with reference to  FIG. 2 . In one example, a memory hierarchy  200 , includes a main memory  202 ; a shared L4 cache  204 ; one or more shared L3 caches  206 ; one or more private L2 caches  208 ; and one or more private L1 caches  210  in a processor  120 . In this example implementation, L4 cache  204  is part of system controller  106 , which provides connectivity to the other drawers. Although an example memory hierarchy is described herein, other examples are possible. 
     Further details regarding one example of CP cluster  104  are described with reference to  FIG. 3 . CP cluster  104  is shown, in one example, in the form of a general-purpose computing device. CP cluster  104  may include, but is not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  304  (e.g., core  120 ), a memory  306  (referred to as main memory or storage, as examples; e.g., memory  202 ), and one or more input/output (I/O) interfaces  308 , coupled to one another via one or more buses and/or other connections  310 . 
     Bus  310  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), the Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), the Enhanced ISA (EISA), the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). 
     Memory  306  may include and/or be coupled to, for instance, a cache  320 , such as a shared cache (e.g., L4 cache  204  and/or L3 cache  206 ), which may be coupled to local caches  322  (e.g., L2 cache  208  and/or L1 cache  210 ) of processors  304 . Each cache may include control logic  350  used in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, as described below. Additionally, a processor may have a prefetch engine  360  used in prefetching data from memory into one or more selected caches. 
     Further, memory  306  may include one or more programs or applications  330 , an operating system  332 , and one or more computer readable program instructions  334 . Computer readable program instructions  334  may be configured to carry out functions of embodiments of aspects of the invention. 
     CP cluster  104  may also communicate via, e.g., I/O interfaces  308  with one or more external devices  340 , one or more network interfaces  342 , and/or one or more data storage devices  344 . Example external devices include a user terminal, a tape drive, a pointing device, a display, etc. Network interface  342  enables CP cluster  104  to communicate with one or more networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet), providing communication with other computing devices or systems. 
     Data storage device  344  may store one or more programs  346 , one or more computer readable program instructions  348 , and/or data, etc. The computer readable program instructions may be configured to carry out functions of embodiments of aspects of the invention. 
     CP cluster  104  may include and/or be coupled to removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. For example, it may include and/or be coupled to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (typically called a “hard drive”), a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and/or an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk, such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media. It should be understood that other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with CP cluster  104 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
     CP cluster  104  may be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with CP cluster  104  include, but are not limited to, personal computer (PC) systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     One or more shared caches  320  (e.g., L4 cache  204  and/or L3 cache  206 ) and/or one or more local caches  322  (e.g., L2 cache  208  and/or L1 cache  210 ) are part of a cache hierarchy that includes a complex system of buses interconnecting the processors, the chips, the CP clusters and one or more memory controllers in a multi-node system. The cache hierarchy includes control logic  350  which, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, monitors bus utilization on each of those buses (or selected buses, in another example) and differentiates the utilization due to demand fetches versus prefetches. Such a utilization measurement can be performed by counting transferred data bytes per milliseconds, or transactions per milliseconds, etc., and comparing that number to the maximum bandwidth of the bus. Processors can issue prefetches based on various prefetch techniques. Prefetch requests are broadcast through the cache hierarchy. Depending on where the data is sourced from (e.g., other chip&#39;s cache, memory controller, etc.), different buses are used in that transfer. The cache hierarchy records the most-utilized (also referred to as a max-utilized) bus employed in a particular prefetch, and returns an indication of this most-utilized bus to the processor, along with the prefetched data. For example, the most utilized bus employed in the transaction might have a 75% demand and 15% prefetch utilization (i.e., 10% idle bandwidth), and both numbers (e.g., 75% and 15%) are returned to the requesting processor. 
     In one embodiment, the processor that creates a prefetch request monitors the bandwidth of, for instance, the most utilized bus over a series of prefetches. (In another embodiment, the bandwidth of all the buses along the path are monitored, or one or more selected buses are monitored.) Based on the recent average max utilization encountered, the prefetching engine can change (e.g., reduce or increase) its rate of prefetch. For example, in a prefetch engine with three aggressiveness levels (low, middle, high), the following technique may be used: If the last 10 prefetches on average encountered demand utilization below 20% and prefetch plus demand utilization below 50%, the rate of prefetching is increased from low→middle or middle→high, depending on the current rate of prefetching. If the last 10 prefetches on average encountered demand utilization above 50%, or prefetch plus demand utilization above 70%, the rate of prefetching is decreased from middle→low or high→middle, depending on the current rate of prefetching. Otherwise, the current rate of prefetching is maintained. Other examples also exist. 
     Further details regarding controlling a rate of prefetching (or aggressiveness) based on information relating to available bus bandwidth, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, are described with reference to  FIGS. 4-5 . For instance, one example of obtaining bus utilization information is described with reference to  FIG. 4 , and one example of using the information to control a rate of prefetching is described with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
     Referring initially to  FIG. 4 , based on a request received from a processor to retrieve data, the cache hierarchy monitors bus utilization of one or more buses used for the request, STEP  400 . For example, the control logic within each cache or within selected caches measures utilization of each bus used to retrieve the data by, for instance, counting transferred data bytes per milliseconds, or transactions per milliseconds, etc. and comparing that number to the maximum bandwidth of the bus. In one example, the cache hierarchy differentiates utilization due to demand fetches or prefetches to track the different utilization, STEP  402 . This may be determined based on the fetch command, itself, that indicates if it is a demand request or a prefetch request. 
     Further, in one example, a determination is made of the most utilized bus used in prefetching the requested data (or in another example, the most utilized bus used for prefetch and demand requests), STEP  406 . In one example, prefetch requests broadcast through the cache hierarchy, and depending from where the data is sourced, e.g., other chip&#39;s cache, memory controller, etc., different buses are used in that transfer. For those used buses, the cache hierarchy determines and records the most utilized (also referred to as the max utilized) bus. An indication of the most utilized bus (e.g., a number, a name and/or other identifier) is returned to the processor requesting the data, along with the prefetched data, in one example, STEP  408 . Additionally, other information may be obtained and forwarded to the processor, such as an indication of demand and/or of prefetch utilization, STEP  410 . For example, the most utilized bus employed in the transaction might have a 75% demand and 15% prefetch utilization (i.e., 10% idle bandwidth), and both numbers (e.g., 75% and 15%) are returned to the requesting processor. The processor obtains this data and processes it, as described below with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , in one example, the requesting processor obtains the information regarding the available bus bandwidth, including, for instance, the most utilized bus, prefetch utilization, etc., STEP  500 . The processor monitors utilization (e.g., based on information returned from the cache hierarchy) of the most-utilized bus over a series of prefetches (e.g.,  10 ; the number of prefetches to be monitored is selectable), STEP  502 . Based on this monitoring, the processor determines whether an action is to be taken, such as changing the rate of prefetching, INQUIRY  504 . For instance, the processor determines, for the most-utilized bus, the average max utilization over the selected number of prefetches, and determines whether a rate of prefetching should be changed. If it is determined that the rate of prefetching is not to be changed, then the processor continues to monitor, STEP  502 . However, if it is determined that a change to the rate of prefetching is to be performed, then processing continues to STEP  506 , in which the processor indicates to the prefetching engine that a change in the rate of prefetching is to occur. As one example, in a prefetch engine with three aggressiveness levels (low, middle, high), the following technique may be used: If the last 10 prefetches on average encountered demand utilization below 20% and prefetch plus demand utilization below 50%, the rate of prefetching is increased from low→middle or middle→high, depending on the current rate of prefetching. If the last 10 prefetches on average encountered demand utilization above 50%, or prefetch plus demand utilization above 70%, the rate of prefetch is decreased from middle→low or high→middle, depending on the current rate of prefetching. Otherwise, the current rate of prefetching is maintained. Other examples are also possible. 
     In another example, the changing the rate of prefetching includes allowing prefetches to be sent from the processor into the cache hierarchy, and then, blocking requests in the cache hierarchy. For instance, requests may be blocked by the last level of private caches (e.g., L2) from being sent to a first level of shared caches (e.g., L3) to avoid bandwidth over usage, based on an aggressiveness level reported by the processor with the prefetch request. As a further example, requests may be blocked from a first level of shared cache (e.g., L3) to a higher level of shared cache (e.g., L4). Other variations are also possible. 
     Described herein is a capability to control a rate of prefetching based on bus utilization. By controlling the rate of prefetching, processing is facilitated and performance may be improved by controlling the bandwidth on buses used in the prefetching. By focusing on the most-utilized bus, processing is further facilitated by limiting the monitoring. 
     One or more aspects of the present invention are inextricably tied to computer technology and facilitate processing within a computer, improving performance thereof. Further details of one embodiment of facilitating processing within a computing environment, as it relates to one or more aspects of the present invention, are described with reference to  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , in one example, a determination is made as to whether a rate of prefetching of data from memory into a cache is to be changed ( 600 ). This determining is based, for instance, on bus utilization ( 602 ). Based on determining that the rate is to be changed, the rate of prefetching is changed ( 604 ). As examples, the changing the rate of prefetching includes slowing the rate of prefetching ( 606 ) or increasing the rate of prefetching ( 608 ). In another example, the changing the rate of prefetching includes receiving a prefetch request at a cache hierarchy having a plurality of levels of cache ( 610 ), and blocking the prefetch request from being sent to one or more levels of cache of the plurality of levels of cache ( 612 ). In one example, the blocking includes blocking the prefetch request from being sent from a private level cache to a shared level cache of the plurality of levels of cache ( 614 ). 
     Further, in one example, referring to  FIG. 6B , the determining whether a rate of prefetching of data from memory into a cache is to be changed includes obtaining an indication of a selected bus used in the prefetching of data to be monitored ( 620 ), monitoring utilization of the selected bus ( 622 ), and determining whether the rate of prefetching is to be changed based on the monitoring ( 624 ). As an example, the selected bus is a bus determined to be most utilized in the prefetch of data for a particular request ( 626 ). Further, in one example, the monitoring is performed for a selected number of prefetch requests ( 628 ). 
     Moreover, in one embodiment, the monitoring includes obtaining information relating to utilization ( 630 ), and the information includes, for instance, an indication of bus utilization for prefetch requests ( 632 ) and/or an indication of bus utilization for demand requests ( 634 ). Other variations are also possible. 
     Many variations are possible without departing from a spirit of aspects of the present invention. It should be noted that various aspects and features are described herein, and unless otherwise inconsistent, each aspect or feature may be combinable with any other aspect or feature. 
     Other types of computing environments may also incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention, including, but not limited to, emulation environments, an example of which is described with reference to  FIG. 7A . In this example, a computing environment  20  includes, for instance, a native central processing unit (CPU)  22 , a memory  24 , and one or more input/output devices and/or interfaces  26  coupled to one another via, for example, one or more buses  28  and/or other connections. As examples, computing environment  20  may include a PowerPC processor or a pSeries server offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.; and/or other machines based on architectures offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Intel, or other companies. 
     Native central processing unit  22  includes one or more native registers  30 , such as one or more general purpose registers and/or one or more special purpose registers used during processing within the environment. These registers include information that represents the state of the environment at any particular point in time. 
     Moreover, native central processing unit  22  executes instructions and code that are stored in memory  24 . In one particular example, the central processing unit executes emulator code  32  stored in memory  24 . This code enables the computing environment configured in one architecture to emulate another architecture. For instance, emulator code  32  allows machines based on architectures other than the z/Architecture, such as PowerPC processors, pSeries servers, or other servers or processors, to emulate the z/Architecture and to execute software and instructions developed based on the z/Architecture. 
     Further details relating to emulator code  32  are described with reference to  FIG. 7B . Guest instructions  40  stored in memory  24  comprise software instructions (e.g., correlating to machine instructions) that were developed to be executed in an architecture other than that of native CPU  22 . For example, guest instructions  40  may have been designed to execute on a z/Architecture processor, but instead, are being emulated on native CPU  22 , which may be, for example, an Intel processor. In one example, emulator code  32  includes an instruction fetching routine  42  to obtain one or more guest instructions  40  from memory  24 , and to optionally provide local buffering for the instructions obtained. It also includes an instruction translation routine  44  to determine the type of guest instruction that has been obtained and to translate the guest instruction into one or more corresponding native instructions  46 . This translation includes, for instance, identifying the function to be performed by the guest instruction and choosing the native instruction(s) to perform that function. 
     Further, emulator code  32  includes an emulation control routine  48  to cause the native instructions to be executed. Emulation control routine  48  may cause native CPU  22  to execute a routine of native instructions that emulate one or more previously obtained guest instructions and, at the conclusion of such execution, return control to the instruction fetch routine to emulate the obtaining of the next guest instruction or a group of guest instructions. Execution of native instructions  46  may include loading data into a register from memory  24 ; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logic operation, as determined by the translation routine. 
     Each routine is, for instance, implemented in software, which is stored in memory and executed by native central processing unit  22 . In other examples, one or more of the routines or operations are implemented in firmware, hardware, software or some combination thereof. The registers of the emulated processor may be emulated using registers  30  of the native CPU or by using locations in memory  24 . In embodiments, guest instructions  40 , native instructions  46  and emulator code  32  may reside in the same memory or may be disbursed among different memory devices. 
     As used herein, firmware includes, e.g., the microcode or Millicode of the processor. It includes, for instance, the hardware-level instructions and/or data structures used in implementation of higher level machine code. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary code that is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted software or microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operating system access to the system hardware. 
     A guest instruction  40  that is obtained, translated and executed may be, for instance, one of the instructions described herein. The instruction, which is of one architecture (e.g., the z/Architecture), is fetched from memory, translated and represented as a sequence of native instructions  46  of another architecture (e.g., PowerPC, pSeries, Intel, etc.). These native instructions are then executed. 
     One or more aspects may relate to cloud computing. 
     It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Service Models are as follows: 
     Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
     Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG. 8  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 8 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 9  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and prefetching aggressiveness control processing  96 . 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     In addition to the above, one or more aspects may be provided, offered, deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offers management of customer environments. For instance, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computer infrastructure that performs one or more aspects for one or more customers. In return, the service provider may receive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or fee agreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the service provider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties. 
     In one aspect, an application may be deployed for performing one or more embodiments. As one example, the deploying of an application comprises providing computer infrastructure operable to perform one or more embodiments. 
     As a further aspect, a computing infrastructure may be deployed comprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system, in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing one or more embodiments. 
     As yet a further aspect, a process for integrating computing infrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into a computer system may be provided. The computer system comprises a computer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one or more embodiments. The code in combination with the computer system is capable of performing one or more embodiments. 
     Although various embodiments are described above, these are only examples. For example, computing environments of other architectures can be used to incorporate and use one or more embodiments. Further, different memory and/or cache hierarchies may be used. Many variations are possible. 
     Further, other types of computing environments can benefit and be used. As an example, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code is usable that includes at least two processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements include, for instance, local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memory which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
     Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards, displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives and other memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types of network adapters. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain various aspects and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.