Patent Publication Number: US-2023144160-A1

Title: Medical connectors configured to receive emitters of therapeutic agents

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/694,564, filed Nov. 25, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/726,838, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,524,982, filed Oct. 6, 2017, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2016/030844, filed May 4, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/212,473, filed Aug. 31, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/159,130, filed May 8, 2015. All of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The inventions relate generally to medical connectors and specifically to medical connectors for use in fluid infusion or transfer systems. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Medical connectors are used to attach or interface between or among two or more medical components of patient fluid infusion systems, such as fluid lines or tubes (e.g., catheters), pumps, syringes, IV bags, drip chambers, infusion ports, injection sites, and/or shunts, etc. 
     Many different types of fluids are used in patient fluid infusion or transfer systems, including hydrating fluids (e.g., saline), nourishing fluids, pain-diminishing medications, antibiotics, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, sedatives, anticoagulants, chemotherapy drugs, bodily fluids (e.g., blood in dialysis procedures), and/or other types of medicinal fluids. In health clinics and hospitals, many different types of medicinal fluids need to be purchased, inventoried, stored, and made available to healthcare practitioners, which requires substantial storage space and is expensive, complex, and time-consuming. 
     In some situations, a fluid line is attached in fluid communication with a patient&#39;s vascular system, such as through an injection site into a blood vessel (e.g., an artery or vein). During an initial infusion phase, one or more medicinal fluids are infused through the fluid line into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. After the initial infusion phase is complete, the fluid line is sometimes left in place in a standby phase for an extended period until one or more subsequent infusions are performed. While the fluid line is in the standby phase, with the fluid stagnant, the risk of microbial invasion and colonization increases. 
     To diminish this risk, healthcare practitioners sometimes infuse a small amount of antimicrobial fluid into the end of a fluid line at the beginning of a standby phase to form a microbial block at the entrance of the fluid line. Before the next infusion phase, the antimicrobial fluid is generally removed by aspirating it from the fluid line into a syringe, and then discarding it, in order to avoid infusing the antimicrobial fluid into the patient. This antimicrobial block procedure is usually very effective, but sometimes it is not performed in clinical settings because it requires the purchase, inventory, retrieval, and infusion of an additional medicinal fluid and related disposables, which further adds to the burden of an otherwise onerous fluid supply system in the health clinic or hospital. 
     In some medical procedures, one or more additives are desired to be added to a particular medical fluid that is flowing through a fluid line for a variety of therapeutic purposes; however, the process for adding such additives requires obtaining and storing bulky liquid containers and utilizing some type of slow liquid-additive infusion procedure. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, a medical fluid connector is configured to receive an emitter of therapeutic agents to be emitted into a fluid pathway within the connector, the medical fluid connector comprising a proximal female end, an intermediate region, a distal male end, and a fluid pathway extending from the proximal female end, through the intermediate region, to the distal male end. A retaining structure is positioned within the intermediate region. In some embodiments, the retaining structure is configured to securely receive an emitter of one or more therapeutic agents in a position and orientation in which the fluid pathway is configured to convey fluid moving longitudinally through the fluid pathway directly into a proximal region of the emitter, around one or more outside lateral surfaces of the emitter, and toward the distal male end. In some embodiments, the retaining structure is configured to retain the emitter by way of only a friction fit or an interference fit between the retaining structure and the emitter, and not by way of other retaining methods (e.g., adhesive, sonic welding, entrapment between separable housing pieces, coating, molding, heat staking, solvent bonding, chemical bonding, etc.). In some embodiments, any retaining method can be used. In some embodiments, the medical fluid connector is open from end to end in that the connector is configured to allow at least a portion of the fluid to travel freely into and/or from the proximal female end, through the intermediate region, and to and/or out of the distal male end. 
     In some embodiments, a medical fluid connector comprises a housing with a proximal region and a distal region, with a fluid pathway extending between the proximal and distal regions. The fluid pathway is configured to receive and convey fluid through the housing. In some embodiments, the housing contains an emitter of one or more therapeutic agents that is securely positioned within the housing in a location in which the fluid pathway is configured to pass adjacent to and outside of at least a majority of the external surface area of the emitter. In some embodiments, the fluid pathway is at least partially open and configured to convey fluid freely through the housing about the emitter. 
     In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a medical fluid connector is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes one or more of the following steps: (a) providing a housing comprising a proximal female end, an intermediate region, a distal male end, in which a fluid pathway extends from the proximal female end, through the intermediate region, to the distal male end; (b) providing a retaining structure positioned within the intermediate region, the retaining structure comprising a retaining space and a plurality of fluid flow spaces generally surrounding the retaining space; and (c) inserting an emitter of one or more therapeutic agents into the retaining space, such that the emitter is securely retained within the housing and the emitter is configured to remain secured within the connector when fluid moves longitudinally through the fluid pathway directly into a proximal region of the emitter, around one or more outside lateral surfaces of the emitter, and toward the distal male end. 
     Any of the embodiments described above, or described elsewhere herein, can include one or more of the following features. 
     In some embodiments, the medical fluid connector comprises an emitter. In some embodiments, the medical fluid connector comprises one or more additional emitters. In some embodiments, the emitter is configured to emit one or more antimicrobial agents into the fluid pathway when fluid passes through the connector. In some embodiments, the emitter is substantially cylindrical, substantially rectangular, substantially spherical, substantially conical, substantially pyramidal, or substantially cubical. In some embodiments, the retaining structure comprises a plurality of longitudinal struts. In some embodiments, the retaining structure comprises a plurality of base portions. 
     In some embodiments, the proximal female region near the proximal female end comprises a connection structure. In some embodiments, the connection structure comprises a screw thread. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the screw thread is oversized. In some embodiments, the screw thread comprises a disconnection-resistant feature. 
     In some embodiments, the distal region comprises a distal male protrusion. In some embodiments, the distal male protrusion is oversized. 
     Some embodiments pertain to a method of providing an antimicrobial block for a standby patient fluid infusion line. In some embodiments, the method comprises attaching a proximal portion of a medical connector to a syringe containing a liquid. In some embodiments, the medical connector comprises an emitter of one or more antimicrobial agents. In some embodiments, the medical connector is configured to securely position the emitter inside of a fluid pathway of the medical connector. In some embodiments, the method comprises attaching a distal portion of the medical connector to a proximal end of a standby fluid line of a patient. In some embodiments, the method comprises infusing fluid from the syringe, through the proximal portion of the medical connector, into contact with at least upper and lateral external surfaces of the emitter, thereby emitting one or more therapeutic agents into the fluid pathway. In some embodiments of the method, the emitter is positioned within an intermediate region of the connector. 
     Some embodiments pertain to a method of providing an antimicrobial block for a fluid infusion line. In some embodiments, the method comprises providing a connector with an emitter of an antimicrobial agent, the emitter being securely positioned inside of a fluid pathway of the medical connector. In some embodiments, the method comprises instructing a user to attach a proximal portion of the medical connector to a syringe containing a liquid. In some embodiments, the method comprises instructing a user to infuse a fluid from the syringe, through the proximal portion of the medical connector, into contact with at least upper and lateral external surfaces of the emitter to thereby emit one or more therapeutic agents into the fluid pathway. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a front view of a medical connector that is configured to receive one or more emitters of one or more therapeutic agents; 
         FIG.  1 A  is a front view of another embodiment of a medical connector that is configured to receive one or more emitters of one or more therapeutic agents; 
         FIG.  2    is a side view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a front view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1    in a vertical cross section along line  3 - 3  of  FIG.  2   ; 
         FIG.  3 B  is the front view of  FIG.  3 A  with an emitter of one or more therapeutic agents being inserted into the fluid pathway; 
         FIG.  3 C  is the front view of  FIG.  3 A  with the emitter securely positioned in the fluid pathway; 
         FIG.  4    is a bottom view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1    at a horizontal cross section along line  4 - 4  of  FIG.  2   ; 
         FIG.  5    is a top view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1    at a horizontal cross section along line  5 - 5  of  FIG.  2   ; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a top view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1    with a horizontal cross section along line  6 - 6  of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  6 B  is the top view of  FIG.  6 A  with an emitter of one or more therapeutic agents inserted into the fluid pathway; 
         FIG.  6 C  is a top view of  FIG.  6 A  with a different type of emitter of one or more therapeutic agents inserted into the fluid pathway (e.g., an emitter with a larger diameter or cross-sectional width than the emitter of  FIG.  6 B ); 
         FIG.  7 A  is a top perspective view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  7 B  is a bottom perspective view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  7 C  is a front perspective view of the medical connector of  FIG.  1    with a vertical cross section along line  4 - 4  of  FIG.  2   ; 
         FIG.  8    is the front perspective view of  FIG.  7 C  with an emitter securely positioned in the fluid pathway and fluid flowing through the connector; and 
         FIG.  8 A  is another front perspective view of  FIG.  7 C  illustrating another example of fluid flow through the connector. 
     
    
    
     Nothing illustrated in these drawings or described in the associated text is indispensable or essential; rather, any feature, structure, material, component, or step illustrated or described in any embodiment can be used alone or omitted, or can be used with or instead of any feature, structure, material, component, or step illustrated or described in any other embodiment. For example, some embodiments do not include any emitter, but do include one or more other features illustrated or described in this specification. The features are illustrated and described in discrete embodiments merely for convenience of explanation, but not to limit the inventions or to segregate the inventions into isolated collections of features. The proportions and relative sizes of components and features illustrated in the drawings form part of this disclosure, but should only be interpreted to form part of a claim if recited in such claim, either now or in the future. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS.  1 - 7    illustrate an example of a medical connector  100 . Different embodiments of medical connectors are described in this specification, some of which include the features illustrated in  FIG.  1 - 7   . A medical connector  100  comprises a housing comprising a proximal region  110  with a proximal end  115 , a distal region  120  with a distal end  125 , and a body  130  extending between the proximal and distal ends  115 ,  125 . The distal region  120  can comprise a male protrusion  160 , such as a male luer protrusion. An internal fluid pathway  135  can extend between the proximal and distal regions  110 ,  120  of the connector  100 , such as between the proximal and distal ends  115 ,  125 . In some embodiments, either or both of the proximal or distal regions  110 ,  120  can include a connection structure  140 , such as one or more threads (as shown), clasps, arms, latches, protrusions, and/or recesses, etc., that is configured to help guide, attach, and/or retain the medical connector to another device, such as another medical connector. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , the proximal region  110  can comprise a threaded connection structure  140  configured to rotatably attach and detach from a corresponding threaded connection structure on another device, such as a male end of a syringe (not shown). A thread-stop or collar  129  can be positioned distally from the connection structure  140  to prevent or resist over-extending the threaded connection between the connector  100  and another medical device. As illustrated in  FIGS.  3 A-C  and  4 , the proximal region can include a female coupling  150  configured to slidably receive a corresponding male coupling of another device such as a syringe (not shown). In some embodiments, as shown, the female coupling  150  comprises a conduit  155  within the proximal region  110 . The conduit  155  can comprise a tapering wall structure that diminishes in diameter or horizontal cross-sectional width from the proximal end  115  toward the distal end  125 . In some embodiments, the taper can conform to a standard within the medical industry, such as any version of the ISO 594 standard (which includes a 6% luer taper) or any other applicable standard (e.g., DIN and EN standard 1707:1996 and/or 20594-1:1993). The conduit  155  can be configured to snugly and tightly receive a male coupling of another standard-compliant device with a corresponding taper or other shape, such as a corresponding luer taper, to produce resistance against fluid leakage after the male coupling is inserted fully into the female coupling  150 . In some embodiments, as shown, the connector  100  is separate from the syringe; and in some embodiments, the connector  100  is integrated into or bonded to the syringe. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated, the connection structure  140  can comprise one or more disconnection-resisting features or structures configured to resist disconnection between the connector  100  and another medical implement (such as a syringe or other connector or other structure). The disconnection-resisting features(s) or structure(s) can have many different forms, such as one or more freely spinning positions or stages after connection is accomplished, one or more increased friction-inducing anti-rotation impediments, and/or one or more disconnection-resisting thread shapes. For example, in a threaded connection structure  140 , as shown in  FIGS.  1 ,  2 , and  4   , a friction-inducing impediment can comprise one or more (e.g., at least two) protrusions  190  positioned between multiple thread turns, the one or more protrusions  190  extending radially outwardly from the inner surface  194  of the threading  197 , thereby providing a region of radial space between the radially outermost surface  196  of the protrusion  190  and the radially outermost surface  198  of the threading  197  that is smaller than the radial space between the inner surface  194  of the threading  197  and the outermost surface  198  of the threading  197 . In this example of an impediment, as the threading of another device (such as a syringe, not shown) is rotatably attached to the threading  197  of the connection structure  140 , the relative rotation of the two devices is slowed down or resisted through increased frictional contact between the impediment and the threading of the other device, thereby requiring greater torque to attach the two devices and/or requiring greater torque to detach the two devices, which diminishes the risk of accidental disconnection. The contact between the impediment and the threading of the other device may cause wedging, compaction, crushing, and/or compression of either or both structures. Many different types of impediments can be used to resist disconnection that are different from those described and/or illustrated. 
     A disconnection-resisting thread shape can help resist or prevent disconnection between the connector  100  and another medical device, such as a syringe. For example, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 ,  2 , and  7 C , a helical threading  197  with multiple thread turns can comprise a thread portion with an oversized region  201 , and/or an outwardly flaring or outwardly tapering region  203 . In some embodiments, as shown, the outermost diameter of a beginning thread portion  199  can be a first diameter that is a standard size or within a standard range of sizes, such as may be specified in any applicable medical device standard (e.g., any of those mentioned elsewhere in this specification), or slightly smaller than a standard size or range of sizes. As the thread progresses around the proximal region  110  in the distal direction, the outermost diameter of a portion of the thread can flare or taper outwardly to a non-standard second diameter than is larger than the first diameter and larger than the diameter or range of diameters specified in one or more applicable medical device standards. Since the other medical device to which the proximal region  110  of the connector  100  is configured to attach (e.g., a syringe) will typically have a standard diameter of threading, the outward taper or flare of the disconnection-resisting thread shape of the connector  100  can cause the space between the respective threads to decrease, or can cause the attachment region of the other medical device to stretch by a small amount, and/or can cause the threading  197  of the connector  100  to compress by a small amount. One or more of these effects can create opposing radial forces between the threading surface of the other medical device and the threading surface  197  of the connector  100 , which can increase the friction between the respective surfaces and thereby resist or prevent rotational movement and decrease the risk of accidental disconnection between the two devices. As shown in this example, the connector  100  can be configured to resist disconnection from a syringe. In some embodiments, the connection structure  140  is configured such that the resistance is sufficiently high that it is not possible under normal conditions of use to disconnect the connector  100  from the other medical device (e.g., disconnection is prevented). Many other different types of disconnection-resisting or disconnection-preventing features can be used instead of or in addition to those illustrated and/or described in this specification, including one or more structures not including thread shapes or impediments, or any type of threads at all. 
     In some uses, it may be desirable to temporarily attach the distal region  120  of the connector  100  to a standby fluid line that has at its proximal end a resealable needleless female connector, such as a Clave® connector sold by ICU Medical, Inc. or a SmartSite® connector sold by CareFusion Corporation. This type of configuration can allow a healthcare practitioner to infuse fluid from a fluid source (such as a syringe) into the proximal end  115  of connector  100 , through the distal end  125  of connector  100 , and into the resealable needleless female connector, the fluid line, and ultimately the patient. However, it may be undesirable, in some embodiments, to leave the connector  100  attached to a resealable female connector for a prolonged period, especially when unattended, since the connector  100  may not include a seal at its proximal end in some embodiments (as shown), and may therefore expose the fluid in the fluid line to the outside environment or even allow fluid in the fluid line to flow out of the fluid line. Thus, in some embodiments, there is no connection-securing structure (such as threads) in the distal region  120  of the connector  100  to discourage long-term connection. Rather, the illustrated connector  100 , without connection-securing structure, is configured to be rapidly and easily slidably inserted into and/or removed from a corresponding female connector without requiring any additional motion (e.g., twisting, rotating, clasping, etc.) in a non-secured connection. Also, the absence of connection-securing structure in the distal region  120  of the connector obviates the need to use a reverse twisting motion to remove the distal region  120  from the resealable needleless female connector, which would otherwise increase the risk that a threadably secured connection between a syringe and the proximal region  110  of the connector would be inadvertently partially or completely disconnected or backed out, potentially causing a leak. 
     In some embodiments (not shown), the distal region  120  can comprise any suitable connection structure, such as any connection structure that is illustrated and/or described in connection with the proximal region  110  of medical connector  100  or in connection with any other embodiment. If used, the connection structure can be included in an inner region  165  generally surrounding the male luer protrusion  160 . As illustrated, the inner region  165  can be generally surrounded by a shroud or skirt that is configured to pass over and around a corresponding female end of another fluid connector to which the male protrusion  160  of the connector  100  is configured to be attached. As illustrated in  FIG.  7 C , in some embodiments, the proximal end of the inner region  165  is positioned further in the distal direction than the distal end of the intermediate region  192 . In some embodiments, including those in which there is no gripping portion  170  in the distal region  120  of the connector  120  (or no gripping portion  170  at all), the shroud or skirt can be omitted, as with any other feature, structure, material, or step disclosed or illustrated in this specification. When the shroud or skirt is omitted, the male protrusion  160  can be fully exposed along its length from a proximal base region to a distal end region. 
     The male protrusion  160  can include one or more features to facilitate temporary attachment to a resealable needleless female connector. For example, the male protrusion  160  may not be a standard luer, in that it may have a non-standard size and/or shape (e.g., a size and/or shape that does not conform with one or more features or requirements of one or more medical industry standards, such as the ISO 594 medical luer standard and/or one or more other medical standards). In the illustrated embodiment, the male protrusion  160  has a taper that is about 6%, which comports with one or more medical standards, but the male protrusion  160  is oversized in that it has a larger outer diameter on its distal end than is specified in one or more medical standards. For example, in some embodiments, the distal outer diameter of the male protrusion  160  can be at least about 1/1,000 of an inch and or at least about 3/1,000 of an inch larger than a standard distal outer diameter. Many other sizes can be used. 
     Since most resealable needleless female connectors have proximal openings with standard-size diameters, the oversized, non-standard male protrusion  160  will have a larger diameter at its distal end than the diameter at the distal end of the conduit of the female opening in a standard medical device to which the connector  100  is configured to attach. The larger diameter on the male protrusion  160  can enable it to fit more tightly or snugly at a lesser penetration depth into the female opening than would a male luer protrusion with a standard distal outer diameter. This can help to facilitate a non-secured, temporary attachment of the distal region  120  of the connector  100  to a resealable needleless female connector (not shown). Most, if not all, resealable needleless female connectors include a compressible elastomeric sealing element or other movable sealing element that can be advanced distally within such connector to temporarily open it to fluid flow, such as by inserting the male protrusion  160  into a proximal female opening on such a resealable needleless female connector. The sealing element is configured to rebound to a sealed position by pushing back against an inserted male protrusion. The amount of rebound or push-back force increases as the penetration depth of the inserted male protrusion increases. Since the male protrusion  160  is non-standard, having a larger distal outer diameter, it penetrates less distance into the needleless female connector when fully inserted, and therefore the sealing element exerts less proximally-directed rebound force against it, lowering the risk that the male protrusion  160  will be pushed back in the proximal direction by the sealing element and thereby dislodged from the resealable needleless female connector. 
     As shown, in some embodiments, the overall longitudinal length of the connector  100  can be relatively short. For example, either or both of the longitudinal length of the portion of the fluid pathway  135  within the threaded region (or the region on which the connection structure  140  is affixed, in some embodiments) and/or the longitudinal length of the portion of the fluid pathway  135  within the male protrusion  160  can be greater than the longitudinal length of the portion of the fluid pathway  135  that extends between the threaded region and the male protrusion  160 , as shown in  FIG.  3   . As illustrated, a base portion  180  of the distal region  120  of the connector  100  can be relatively wide. For example, the external diameter and/or external horizontal cross sectional width of the base portion  180  can be larger than an external neck portion  191  located between the proximal region  110  and the base portion  180 . Many different sizes and proportions of the portions of the connector  100  can be used. 
     The connector  100  can comprise a grasping portion  170 , such as one or more tabs (as shown), recesses, protrusions, stripes, bumps, and/or friction-inducing gripping surfaces, etc. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the grasping portion  170  enables a user to securely retain the connector  110  during connection and disconnection with another device, such as when another device is twisted, or swayed or rocked back and forth, onto or away from the threaded proximal region  110 , or when the threaded proximal region  110  is twisted, or swayed or rocked back and forth, into or out of another device. 
     The grasping portion  170  can be relatively large in comparison to the size of the overall connector  100 . For example, as shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the horizontal cross-sectional width (e.g., extending between respective lateral edges) of the grasping portion  170  can be larger than the external diameter or horizontal cross-sectional width of the base portion  180 , in some embodiments. As illustrated, the longitudinal length (in the proximal-to-distal dimension) of the grasping portion  170  can be larger than the longitudinal length of the connection structure  140  in the proximal region  110  of the connector  100 . In some embodiments, as shown, the longitudinal length of the grasping portion  170  can extend over more than half of the overall longitudinal length of the connector  100 . The grasping portion  170  can comprise one or more curved lateral edges or sides, as illustrated. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , in some embodiments the grasping portion  170  can comprise one or more upper edges  131  and/or one or more lower edges  132 . As shown, one or both of the upper edges  131  can be slanted, such as with a downwardly sloped slant; and/or one or both of the lower edges  132  can be slanted, such as with an upwardly sloped slant. In an intermediate region of the connector  100  (e.g., below the thread-stop or collar  129  and above the distal region  120 ), the connector body can comprise a first region having a first cross-sectional width or diameter, a second region positioned distal from the first region and having a second cross-sectional width or diameter, and a third region positioned distal from the second region and having a third cross-section width or diameter. As shown in  FIG.  1 A , the second cross-sectional width or diameter can be smaller than either or both of the first cross-sectional width or diameter and/or the third cross-sectional width or diameter. As shown, in a region of the connector body below the second region, the connector body can comprise a continuously increasing outer cross-section or diameter that produces an outward flare from the second region in a distal direction toward the distal region  120  of the connector  100 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  1 A , in some embodiments one or more friction-inducing impediments  190  can be positioned circumferentially along the connection structure  140  in a region that is generally about midway between the grasping portions  170 . In some embodiments, such as shown in  FIG.  1   , the friction-inducing impediment  190  can be positioned circumferentially along the connection structure  140  in general alignment with one or more longitudinal edges of one or more grasping portions  170  (see  FIG.  2   ). 
     In some embodiments (not shown), the horizontal cross-sectional width of the grasping portion  170  is no larger than the external diameter or horizontal cross-sectional width of the base portion  180 , and/or may comprise one or more small friction-inducing structures, such as one or more protrusions, grooves, and/or other slide-resistant structures or materials. In some embodiments, the grasping portion  170  can be omitted, as with any other feature, structure, material, or step disclosed or illustrated in this specification. 
     In some embodiments, all or a portion of the fluid pathway  135  inside of the connector  100  can be straight, as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A  (either before or after insertion of an emitter  200 , as shown in  FIGS.  3 B and  3 C ), from the proximal region  110  or proximal end  115  to the distal region  120  or end  125  of the connector  100 , such that a single straight line can be drawn within the fluid pathway  135  from the beginning to the end of the fluid pathway  135 . In some embodiments, the fluid pathway  135  can extend along a generally straight path without one or multiple sharp, angular, perpendicular, and/or obtuse changes in direction in the fluid pathway  135 . In some embodiments, the fluid pathway  135  is straight or generally straight at least along a majority of the longitudinal length of the fluid pathway  135 . The fluid pathway  135  can be straight or generally straight along any particular segment of the fluid pathway, such as along the distance between all or a majority of the proximal end  115  of the connector  100  and the proximal end of the intermediate region  192 , between all or a majority of the proximal end of the intermediate region  192  and the distal end of the intermediate region  192 , and/or between all or a majority of the proximal end of the portion of the fluid pathway  135  within the male protrusion  160  and the distal end of the portion of the fluid pathway  135  within the male protrusion. A straight path or a generally straight path can diminish turbulence and/or stagnation in one or more portions of the fluid pathway  135  and/or can provide a high flow rate and low fluid resistance. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3 A , the diameter or horizontal cross sectional width of the fluid pathway  135  can vary along the longitudinal length of the fluid pathway  135 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , the diameter or cross sectional width of the fluid pathway  135  in at least a portion of the proximal region  110  can be larger than the diameter or cross sectional width of the fluid pathway  135  in at least a portion of an intermediate region  192 , which in turn can be larger than the diameter or cross sectional width of the fluid pathway  135  in at least a portion of the distal region  120 , such as the portion of the fluid pathway  135  inside of the male protrusion  160 . 
     In some embodiments, as shown, the connector  100  can comprise a stationary structure without any moving external and/or internal parts during use. For example, the external and/or internal shape, orientation, position, and/or size of the connector  100  and its internal components before attachment to or engagement with another medical device can be the same as it is after attachment to or engagement with another medical device. In some embodiments, the connector  100  can comprise moving parts to facilitate connection and disconnection, opening and closing of the connector to form a valve, and/or regulation of pressure or volume. 
     The connector  100  can comprise one or more additional features that are not shown in  FIGS.  1 - 7   , such as proximal and/or distal ends  115 ,  125  that include resealably openable and closeable apertures with one or more resilient or rigid sealing elements to enable selective fluid flow; a rigid internal cannula or support member or spike that is configured to assist in supporting or opening a sealing element; a body  130  that is clear or transparent or includes a clear or transparent portion and/or one or more other internal structures that are clear or transparent or include a clear or transparent portion that is or are configured to enable viewing of fluid within the internal fluid pathway  135  during use; a cap for selectively closing the fluid pathway; and/or a pressure-regulating or volume-regulating feature inside of the connector  100  to enable neutral flow, etc. For example, any feature, structure, material, component, or step illustrated or described in any embodiment of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,685,866; 7,815,614; 8,454,579; and/or 8,758,306, which are each incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, can be used with or instead of any feature, structure, material, component, or step illustrated or described in any embodiment in this specification. 
     In some embodiments, as shown, the connector  100  can be configured to receive or include one or more components that are configured to provide one or more therapeutic agents into the medicinal fluid that is inside and/or moving through the fluid pathway  135 . For example, as illustrated in  FIGS.  3 B,  3 C, and  6 B , an emitter  200  of one or more therapeutic agents can be inserted into the connector  100  in an internal region, such as in the intermediate region  192 , of the fluid pathway  135 . As illustrated, in some embodiments, the emitter  200  is positioned entirely within the connector  100  and not partially or entirely positioned within another medical device, such as a syringe. The connector  100  can be temporarily or permanently attached to a syringe or any other medical device. The connector  100  with the emitter  200  can be configured to provide infusion of one or more therapeutic agents in a low-profile, non-bulky, inexpensive manner, without requiring large or complex storage or logistical requirements. 
     The emitter  200  can comprise any material and/or structure that is configured to provide, leach out, release, diffuse, infuse, dissolve, erode into, or otherwise emit a therapeutic agent into the fluid pathway  135 , alone or in combination with fluid flowing through the fluid pathway  135 . In some embodiments, the emitter  200  can comprise a non-dissolving substrate or storage material or matrix or other base material in which a therapeutic agent is temporarily held or captured or bound until the therapeutic agent is emitted within the fluid pathway  135 . The emitter  200  can have any suitable shape. For example, the emitter  200  can be cylindrical (as shown) or rectangular. In some embodiments, as shown, the emitter  200  can be elongate (e.g., its longitudinal length, from its proximal end  201  or face to its distal end  203  or face is larger than its diameter or cross sectional area). As illustrated, some emitters  200  are solid or substantially solid or resistive to fluid flow from a proximal end or face  201  to a distal end or face  203 . For example, as shown, in some embodiments there are no internal, discrete, and/or generally longitudinally oriented fluid pathways within or through the emitter  200 ; rather, fluid may be permitted to soak into or be absorbed by or pass through the emitter  200  only in essentially random or highly tortious directions (e.g., not a direct or discrete pathway), and/or fluid may not be permitted to soak into or pass through the emitter  200  at all. In some embodiments (not shown), an emitter  200  for use with the connector  100 , or with any other embodiment of a connector, can include one or more apertures, channels, tunnels, passages, and/or fluid pathways that are configured to carry or convey fluid through or within the emitter (e.g., from a proximal end or face  201  to a distal end or face  203 ) without substantial resistance to fluid flow. 
     In some embodiments, all or at least a portion of the outer housing of the connector  100  where all or at least a portion of the emitter  200  is contained can be clear or transparent to permit viewing of the emitter  200  from outside of the connector  100 . In some embodiments, as shown, the emitter  200  is very small. For example, as shown in  FIG.  3   a   , the longitudinal length of the emitter  200 , from its proximal face to its distal face can be less than or equal to about the longitudinal length of the conduit  155  within the proximal region  110  and/or less than or equal to about the longitudinal length of the male protrusion  160 ; and/or the diameter or cross-sectional area of the emitter  200  can be less than or equal to about the outer diameter of the male protrusion  160 . In some embodiments, the longitudinal length of the emitter  200  and/or the diameter of the emitter can be a few millimeters (e.g., at least about 2 millimeters or at least about 4 millimeters). Many other sizes and shapes and configurations can be used for the emitter  200 . 
     As illustrated, in some applications, the emitter  200  can comprise a compressible and/or fibrous matrix material on which a therapeutic agent has been coated or into which a therapeutic agent has been infused, impregnated, soaked, absorbed, and/or bonded. In some embodiments, the emitter  200  can include any suitable biocompatible binder to facilitate a temporary water-soluble or other liquid-soluble bond between the base material and the therapeutic agent, or the emitter  200  may not include any binder. In some embodiments, the emitter  200  does not include a substrate but is instead formed of a consumable material that gradually erodes away or dissolves into the fluid pathway  135  during infusion until it is used up. Any type of therapeutic agent can be used, including but not limited to one or more nourishing agents (e.g., vitamins, minerals, etc.), pain-diminishing medications, antibiotics, antimicrobials (e.g., any chlorhexidine-based compound), anti-inflammatories, sedatives, anticoagulants (e.g., heparin), chemotherapy drugs, and/or other types of therapeutic agent. The size and shape of the emitter  200  and/or of the overall connector  100  can be very different depending upon the amount or type of therapeutic agent that is intended to be infused. For example, a very large connector can be used when a large amount of therapeutic agent needs to be infused. Many other different types of emitters can be used instead of or in addition to the emitter  200  as illustrated. For example, an emitter can be provided in the form of a coating on an interior surface of the connector  100  or a material integrated into a portion of the base of the body  130  of the connector  100 , or any other suitable material or structure that provides a therapeutic agent at a desired time, in a desired dosage, and/or at a desired infusion rate. Among many other embodiments, an emitter for use with the connector  100  can be provided in the form of any of the cartridges or other emitters that are illustrated or described in International PCT Publication No. WO2013/023146 A1 (Di Fiore), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Many other types of emitters can be used instead of or in addition to those illustrated or described. 
     In some embodiments in which an emitter  200  is provided in the form of an inserted material, such as is shown in the example of  FIG.  3 B , the interior region of the connector  100  can comprise a retaining structure  210  for the emitter  200 , as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A . Although the retaining structure  210  is illustrated with particular dimensions and features, the retaining structure  210  can comprise any suitable material or structure that retains the emitter  200  in such a way that the emitter  200  can be configured to emit one or more therapeutic agents as desired for a particular medical therapy. 
     As illustrated, in some examples, the retaining structure  210  can comprise one or more retaining components  230  that extend from an internal wall of the connector  100  into an internal space of the connector (such as radially inwardly). For example, as shown, the retaining components  230  can be retaining struts that extend generally longitudinally along the fluid pathway  135 . The retaining components  230  can be positioned in the intermediate region  192 , as shown. In some embodiments, the retaining structure  210  can comprise at least two or at least three or at least four (as shown in  FIG.  6 B ) retaining components  230  such as retaining struts. As shown in  FIG.  7 C , one or more of the retaining components  230  can comprise a first portion or component that extends a first distance from an internal wall of the connector  100  into an internal space of the connector and a second portion or component that extends a second distance from an internal wall of the connector  100  into an internal space of the connect. The second distance can be greater than the first distance. For example, one or more of the retaining struts can comprise a retaining protrusion, such as an elongate longitudinal portion, and a base portion  240 . The longitudinal portion can be formed as a protrusion extending radially inwardly from the interior wall of the intermediate region  192  of the fluid pathway  135  of the connector  100 . As shown, in some embodiments, one or more of the base portions  240  can be radially aligned with one or more of the longitudinal portions  230 . One or more of the base portions  240  can extend radially inwardly from the interior wall of the fluid pathway  135  further than one or more of the longitudinal portions  230 , as illustrated in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C,  6 A,  7 A, and  7 C , for example. 
     In some embodiments, as shown, the retaining structure  210  can provide a retaining space within which the emitter  200  can be retained. For example, the retaining space can correspond to the outer width or thickness of the emitter  200 , such as by being about the same size as or slightly smaller than the outer width or thickness of the emitter  200 . When an emitter  200  is inserted into a retaining space, such as by pushing the retainer into the proximal end  215  of the connector  100 , through the proximal portion of the fluid pathway  135 , and into the intermediate portion  192 , the emitter  200  can radially compress or contract by a small amount such that the retaining structure  210  can exert a radially inwardly directed retaining force against the emitter  200  that is sufficient to produce an increase in friction that resists dislodgment of the emitter  200  from the retaining space (for example, as shown in  FIG.  6 C ). In some embodiments, as illustrated, the emitter  200  can be securely retained within the connector  100  in a manner that resists or prevents either or both of longitudinal or lateral movement of the emitter  200  within the retaining space. In some embodiments (not shown), the retaining space is configured to be somewhat larger than the emitter  200  to permit the emitter  200  to move or float within the retaining space, either before or during infusion. 
     As shown, a plurality of longitudinal portions  230  can be positioned radially around the retaining space such that the plurality of longitudinal portions  230  are configured to contact the outer surface of the emitter  200  when inserted. In some embodiments, as illustrated, the longitudinal portions  230  are provided generally equally spaced circumferentially from each other. As illustrated, one or more of the longitudinal portions can comprise longitudinal faces (e.g., facing radially inwardly) that are slightly inwardly tapered along the longitudinal dimension in the proximal-to-distal direction, such that the distance between respective longitudinal portions is slightly less on the distal side of the longitudinal portions than on the proximal side of the longitudinal portions. This inward tapering can help to securely retain the emitter  200  when inserted into the retaining space. As shown in  FIG.  7 C , one or more of the longitudinal portions  230  can include a proximal face or region  260  that is tapered or beveled or slanted to facilitate insertion of an emitter  200  into the retaining space by providing an initially wide but gradually narrowing region for the emitter  200  upon insertion of the emitter  200  into the retaining space. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  6 B and  8   , a flow space  250  can be provided between two or more retaining components (e.g., longitudinal portions  230 ) sequentially positioned circumferentially around the fluid pathway  135  (and/or generally surrounding or positioned generally around the retaining space). As shown in  FIGS.  8  and  8 A , the one or more flow spaces  250  can be configured to permit fluid flowing through the fluid pathway  135  within the connector  100  to flow around the longitudinal portions  230  and through the flow spaces  250 , along one or more lateral sides or lateral surfaces of the emitter  200 , such as between the one or more lateral sides or lateral surfaces of the emitter  200  and the internal wall of the fluid pathway  135 . In some embodiments, there is at least one flow space  250 , or at least two flow spaces  250 , or at least four flow spaces  250  (as shown). In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  8   , at least a majority of the external surface area of the emitter  200  is spaced from the internal surface of the fluid pathway  135  so that the fluid pathway  135  can pass adjacent to and around the outside of the emitter  200  to permit some or all of the fluid to flow around the outside of the emitter  200  (e.g., at least a majority of the external lateral surface area of the emitter  200  does not contact one or more retaining components or other surfaces inside of the connector  100 ). In some embodiments of connector  100 , there are no flow spaces or only very small and/or very constricted flow spaces, such that all or a majority of the fluid pathway and the fluid flowing through the connector is configured to pass within or through the emitter  200  (e.g., by passing through a proximal portion or face  201  of the emitter  200  and exiting out of a distal portion or face  203  of the emitter  200 ). Such an emitter  200  can have many forms; for example, it can be solid and/or porous and/or include one or more apertures, channels, tunnels, passages, and/or fluid pathways for conveying or carrying fluid. 
     A base retainer can be formed in any suitable manner, such as by a plurality of base portions  240  (as illustrated), that can provide a lower flow space  280  between a distal end of the intermediate region  192  and a distal end of the emitter  200 , as shown in  FIGS.  3 C and  8   . The distal end of the retaining space, as shown, can include an aperture  270  that is smaller in diameter than another portion of the flow pathway  135  in the intermediate region  192  and/or that is smaller in diameter than the retaining space. Within the flow pathway  135 , the aperture  270  can lead from the intermediate region  192  to the interior of the male protrusion  160 , as illustrated. The base retainer can assist in retaining the emitter  200  apart or spaced away from the distal end of the intermediate region and/or from the aperture  270 , so as to enable fluid flowing through the fluid pathway  135  to flow around the distal end of the emitter  200  and out of the aperture  270  (without causing the emitter  200  to plug up or block the aperture  270 ). 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , the circumference of a circle transcribed by the longitudinal portions  230  and/or the base portions  240  of the retaining structures  210  around the fluid path can be greater than the circumference of the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125  (and/or greater than the circumference of the aperture  270  of the fluid pathway of the distal end  125 ). In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , the distance across the intermediate region  192  between generally opposite facing longitudinal portions  230  and/or base portions  240  can be greater than a minimum diameter of the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125  and/or greater than the diameter of the aperture  270  of the fluid pathway of the distal end  125 . For instance, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , in some embodiments, where two retaining structures are positioned generally opposite one another about a circumference formed by the retaining structures  210  around the fluid path, the transverse distance between the oppositely positioned retaining structures  210  and/or base portions  240  is greater than the diameter of the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125  (and/or greater than a diameter of the aperture  270 ). As shown in  FIGS.  6 B and  6 C , respectively, in some embodiments, the circumference formed by the retaining structures  210  around the fluid pathway is about the same size or just smaller than the circumference of an emitter  200 . In some embodiments, when the circumference formed by the retaining structures  210  around fluid pathway is just smaller than the circumference of an emitter  200 , the longitudinal portions  230  of the retaining structures  210  can engage (e.g., hold or restrain) the emitter  200  (e.g., by friction). In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , when the internal fluid pathway  135  is smaller than the portion of the intermediate region  192  between the longitudinal portions  230 , then a distal shelf or support region or fluid diverting region can be formed in the internal region  192  between the longitudinal portions and the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125 . As shown in  FIG.  7 C , the shelf or support region or fluid diverting region can be generally horizontal or generally transverse in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS.  6 A and  7 C , a circumference formed by the base portions  240  about the fluid path within the of the intermediate region  192  can be greater than the circumference of the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125  (and/or greater than the circumference of the aperture  270  of the fluid pathway of the distal end  125 ). For instance, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , in some embodiments, where two base portion  240  structures are positioned generally opposite from one another about a circumference formed by the base structures  240  around the fluid path, the transverse distance between the oppositely positioned retaining structures  210  is greater than the diameter of the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125  (and/or greater than a diameter of the aperture  270 ). As shown in  FIG.  7 C , in some embodiments, the internal-most circumference formed by the base portions  240  terminates circumferentially outwardly of the circumference of the aperture  270 . In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  3 A , the portion of the intermediate region  192  within the longitudinal portions  230  is smaller in transverse width or diameter or circumference than the conduit  155  within the proximal region  110 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  8  and  8 A , the connector  100  can be configured so that the position and orientation of the retaining structure and the emitter  200  permits fluid flowing through the fluid pathway  135  to flow mostly or entirely around and/or outside of the emitter  200 . In its initial state, the emitter  200  can be dry or not saturated with fluid. As fluid flows around and/or outside of the emitter  200 , the emitter  200  is wetted or the level of wetness of the emitter  200  is increased and therapeutic agent is emitted from the emitter  200  into the flowing fluid, first from the periphery of the emitter  200  (which is closest to the flowing fluid) and then from the core or interior of the emitter  200 . As the fluid flowing around the emitter  200  soaks into and/or eventually saturates the emitter  200 , therapeutic agent contained within the interior of the emitter  200  migrates toward the periphery of the emitter  200  and is eventually emitted into the fluid pathway  135 . By directing the fluid flow predominantly around and/or outside, rather than predominantly through, the emitter  200 , the connector  100  does not become plugged up or require excessive force on the syringe to accomplish fluid infusion. In some embodiments (not shown), most or all of the fluid flow can be directed through the emitter  200 , for example in embodiments in which there are no flow spaces  250 ,  280 . Also, by directing the fluid flow predominantly around and/or outside, rather than predominantly through the emitter  200 , the connector  100  allows at least a portion of fluid to flow freely through the connector. 
     As shown in the example of  FIG.  8   , in some embodiments, the proximal face of the emitter  200  can be unobstructed by the retaining structure  210  within the fluid pathway  135 . For example, as shown, the retaining structure  210  can be positioned only on or along or in contact with one or more outer lateral or longitudinal sides of the emitter  200  and/or not on or along or in contact with or in blocking relationship with a proximal face of the emitter  200 . In some embodiments, the proximal face of the emitter  200  is exposed to the full diameter or cross-sectional width of the fluid pathway  135  of the conduit  155  within the proximal region  110 , such that the fluid flowing through the fluid pathway is configured to initially contact the full proximal face of the emitter  200  when flowing in a distally directed longitudinal direction, without being required to twist or turn to contact the proximal face of the emitter  200 . In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  8   , there is no constriction or blockage of the fluid pathway  135  within the proximal region  110  between the conduit  155  and the proximal face of the emitter  200 . 
     The emitter  200 , in some implementations, can be positioned within the fluid pathway  135  a sufficient distance from the proximal end  115  of the connector  100  that when a male protrusion (such as from a syringe) is inserted into the proximal region  110  of the connector, the distal end of the male protrusion does not contact the emitter  200 . 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated, the portion of the fluid pathway  135  located within the male protrusion  160  can be generally or completely unobstructed and/or unimpeded. For example, as shown, the emitter  200  can be located entirely outside of the fluid pathway  135  located within the male protrusion  160 . For example, the emitter  200  can be configured to be positioned within the intermediate portion  192  of the connector  100 , as shown. In some embodiments, as illustrated, the emitter  200  can be positioned entirely inside of the connector  100 , with no portion of the emitter protruding outside of the connector  100 . As shown in  FIGS.  8  and  8 A , the connector can be shaped, structured, and/or contoured such that the fluid pathway  135  of the connector  100  can be configured to convey liquid along a first portion of the fluid pathway  135  around the outside of the emitter  200 , the first portion having an outer perimeter that is wider than the diameter of the emitter  200 , and along a second portion of the fluid pathway  135  in a distal direction from the emitter  200  into a region having an outer perimeter that is narrower than the diameter of the emitter  200  (e.g., inside of the male protrusion  160 ). 
     The connector  100  can be used in many different ways and/or in many different systems for providing one or more therapeutic medical effects. An example of using the connector  100  in a method of providing an anti-microbial block in a patient standby fluid line or providing an emitted therapeutic agent (such as any agent disclosed elsewhere in this specification) in any fluid line can include one or more of the following steps, and/or one or more instructions can be provided to the user (e.g., healthcare practitioner or patient) to perform one or more of the following steps, in any suitable order: 
     (1) The connector  100  with an antimicrobial emitter  200  or another type of emitter  200  of one or more therapeutic agents can be attached to the proximal end of a fluid line at the end of an infusion stage to initiate the beginning of a standby stage. In some embodiments, the emitter  200  can comprise a dry or unsaturated, biocompatible, clinically safe dosage of an anti-microbial material, such as a chlorhexidine compound, or an anti-thrombotic material, or any other therapeutic material, that is configured to be infused into the fluid pathway  135 . A standard liquid, such as water or saline, or any other suitable liquid, can be forced into or infused into the proximal end  115  of the connector  100  from another medical device, such as a syringe or a pump or a vial or a fluid line or an IV bag, and brought into fluid communication with the emitter  200  (e.g. by passing around or through, and/or within it). 
     (2) An antimicrobial or other therapeutic agent can be automatically emitted from the emitter  200  and infused into the fluid line to form an antimicrobial block downstream of the emitter  200  and/or to provide any other therapeutic effect in the fluid line. In some embodiments, only a small amount of standard or other liquid is passed from the syringe into the connector  100  (e.g., less than or equal to about 10 cc or less than or equal to about 20 cc or less than or equal to about 50 cc of water or saline), such that the antimicrobial or other agent remains in the fluid line during the standby stage and does not migrate in any appreciable amount into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. 
     In some embodiments, by utilizing connectors  100  with antimicrobial-infused emitters  200  or other therapeutic-agent-infused emitters  200 , a health clinic or hospital can conveniently diminish the space, expense, and logistics associated with providing and infusing antimicrobial liquid or other therapeutic liquid into fluid lines to perform antimicrobial blocks. The connector  100  can be used in many different types of methods. 
     In some embodiments, as shown, the medical connector  100  is not a valve. In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  does not have a dynamic sealing mechanism. In some embodiments, for example, the medical connector  100  does not have both a closed mode (a position where fluids do not pass and/or are restricted through the medical connector  100 ) and an open mode (a position where fluids pass through the medical connector  100  freely). In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  is not configured to stop the flow of fluid through the medical connector  100 . In some embodiments, the medical connector is not configured to provide a low pressure seal. In some embodiments, the medical connector lacks a closable aperture. In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  is open. In some embodiments, fluid can flow freely (and/or in unrestricted fashion) through the proximal end  115 , to the intermediate region  192 , and through the distal region  120  via the internal fluid pathway  135  (e.g., when the medical connector  100  lacks or has an emitter  200 ). In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  lacks a ring seal around the fluid path and in the intermediate region. 
     In some embodiments, the internal fluid pathway  135  of the medical connector  100  does not have a stretchable and/or compressible gland or resilient seal. In some embodiments, the internal fluid pathway  135  of the medical connector  100  is not configured to receive a stretchable and/or compressible gland or resilient seal. In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  is not configured to allow the compression of a stretchable and/or compressible gland or resilient seal within the internal fluid pathway  135 . In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  lacks an actuator configured to open and close. In some embodiments, the medical connector  100  lacks a rigid supporting or centering or piercing member (e.g., a cannula, needle, spike, etc.). In some embodiments, the internal fluid pathway  135  lacks a rigid member. In some embodiments, the medical the intermediate portion  192  is not configured to allow a rigid member to pass into the intermediate portion  192 . In some embodiments, the base portions  240  do not extend into the internal fluid pathway  135  of the distal end  125 . In some embodiments, the fluid pathway  135  in the distal region  120  is of insufficient diameter to accommodate a rigid member. 
     Any terms generally associated with circles, such as “radius” or “radial” or “diameter” or “circumference” or “circumferential” or any derivatives or similar types of terms are intended to be used to designate any corresponding structure in any type of geometry, not just circular structures. For example, “radial” as applied to another geometric structure should be understood to refer to a direction or distance between a location corresponding to a general geometric center of such structure to a perimeter of such structure; “diameter” as applied to another geometric structure should be understood to refer to a cross sectional width of such structure; and “circumference” as applied to another geometric structure should be understood to refer to a perimeter region. Nothing in this specification or drawings should be interpreted to limit these terms to only circles or circular structures.