Patent Publication Number: US-11381567-B2

Title: Execution of an application within a scope of user-granted permission

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Most of currently used documents or records that prove identity are issued by centralized organizations, such as governments, schools, employers, or other service centers or regulatory organizations. These organizations often maintain every member&#39;s identity in a centralized identity management system. A centralized identity management system is a centralized information system used for organizations to manage the issued identities, their authentication, authorization, roles and privileges. Centralized identity management systems have been deemed as secure since they often use professionally maintained hardware and software. Typically, the identity issuing organization sets the terms and requirements for registering people with the organization. Finally, when a party needs to verify another party&#39;s identity, the verifying party often needs to go through the centralized identity management system to obtain information verifying and/or authenticating the other party&#39;s identity. 
     Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) are a new type of identifier, which are independent of any centralized registry, identity provider, or certificate authority. Distributed ledger technology (such as blockchain) provides the opportunity for using fully decentralized identifiers. Distributed ledger technology uses globally distributed ledgers to record transactions between two or more parties in a verifiable way. Once a transaction is recorded, the data in the section of ledger cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent sections of the ledger, which provides a fairly secure platform. In such a decentralized environment, each owner of DID generally has control over his/her own data using his/her DID. 
     The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one exemplary technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that is further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein are related to computing systems, and methods for execution of an application within a scope of user-granted permission. The computing system and methods are implemented in a decentralized network that implements a distributed edger, the distributed ledger being configured to back up one or more decentralized identifier (DID) for one or more users of the computing system. First, a request from an entity for using data stored in a data storage that is associated with an owner of a DID is received. Specifically, the request for using the data is a request for using the data as one or more input(s) of an application associated with the entity to generate one or more result(s). Next, one or more characteristics of the application associated with the entity is identified. Based on the identified one or more characteristics, a scope of permission to access the requested data that is to be granted to the entity is determined. Then, the scope of permission is granted to the entity to use the data stored in the storage as the one or more inputs of the application associated with the entity. After the application receives the granted data, the application generates the one or more result(s) and sends the one or more result(s) to the DID owner, and the one or more result(s) from the application is then received by the computing system and/or the owner of the DID. 
     Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the teachings herein. Features and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. Features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features can be obtained, a more particular description of the subject matter briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting in scope, embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and details through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example computing system in which the principles described herein may be employed; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example environment for creating a decentralized identification or identifier (DID); 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example environment for various DID management operations and services; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example decentralized storage device or identity hub; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an overview comparison between a centralized data system and a decentralized data system; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example embodiment for executing an application within a scope of user-granted permission; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of an example method for executing an application within a scope of a DID owner granted permission; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart of an example method for executing an application within a scope of a DID owner granted permission, wherein the application is also associated with a second DID; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart of an example method for determining a scope of permission to access the requested data; and 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a flow chart of an example method for receiving one or more results from the application. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments disclosed herein are related to computing systems, and methods for execution of an application within a scope of user-granted permission. The computing system and methods are implemented in a decentralized network that implements a distributed edger, the distributed ledger being configured to back up one or more decentralized identifier (DID) for one or more users of the computing system. First, a request from an entity for using data stored in a data storage that is associated with an owner of a DID is received. Specifically, the request for using the data is a request for using the data as one or more input(s) of an application associated with the entity to generate one or more result(s). Next, one or more characteristics of the application associated with the entity is identified. Based on the identified one or more characteristics, a scope of permission to access the requested data that is to be granted to the entity is determined. Then, the scope of permission is granted to the entity to use the data stored in the storage as the one or more inputs of the application associated with the entity. After the application receives the granted data, the application generates the one or more result(s) and sends the one or more result(s) to the DID owner, and the one or more results from the application is then received by the computing system. 
     The principles described herein provide a technical advance to allow a user to define the scope of permission to be granted to a third-party application, so that the third-party application may only access the limited data related to the user and/or the application in a limited scope to generate one or more results that the user needs. 
     Because the principles described herein may be performed in the context of a computing system, some introductory discussion of a computing system will be described with respect to  FIG. 1 . Then, this description will return to the principles of the DID platform with respect to the remaining figures. 
     Computing systems are now increasingly taking a wide variety of forms. Computing systems may, for example, be handheld devices, appliances, laptop computers, desktop computers, mainframes, distributed computing systems, data centers, or even devices that have not conventionally been considered a computing system, such as wearables (e.g., glasses). In this description and in the claims, the term “computing system” is defined broadly as including any device or system (or a combination thereof) that includes at least one physical and tangible processor, and a physical and tangible memory capable of having thereon computer-executable instructions that may be executed by a processor. The memory may take any form and may depend on the nature and form of the computing system. A computing system may be distributed over a network environment and may include multiple constituent computing systems. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in its most basic configuration, a computing system  100  typically includes at least one hardware processing unit  102  and memory  104 . The processing unit  102  may include a general purpose processor and may also include a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other specialized circuit. The memory  104  may be physical system memory, which may be volatile, non-volatile, or some combination of the two. The term “memory” may also be used herein to refer to non-volatile mass storage such as physical storage media. If the computing system is distributed, the processing, memory and/or storage capability may be distributed as well. 
     The computing system  100  also has thereon multiple structures often referred to as an “executable component”. For instance, the memory  104  of the computing system  100  is illustrated as including executable component  106 . The term “executable component” is the name for a structure that is well understood to one of ordinary skill in the art in the field of computing as being a structure that can be software, hardware, or a combination thereof. For instance, when implemented in software, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the structure of an executable component may include software objects, routines, methods, and so forth, that may be executed on the computing system, whether such an executable component exists in the heap of a computing system, or whether the executable component exists on computer-readable storage media. 
     In such a case, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the structure of the executable component exists on a computer-readable medium such that, when interpreted by one or more processors of a computing system (e.g., by a processor thread), the computing system is caused to perform a function. Such structure may be computer readable directly by the processors (as is the case if the executable component were binary). Alternatively, the structure may be structured to be interpretable and/or compiled (whether in a single stage or in multiple stages) so as to generate such binary that is directly interpretable by the processors. Such an understanding of example structures of an executable component is well within the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art of computing when using the term “executable component”. 
     The term “executable component” is also well understood by one of ordinary skill as including structures, such as hard coded or hard wired logic gates, that are implemented exclusively or near-exclusively in hardware, such as within a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other specialized circuit. Accordingly, the term “executable component” is a term for a structure that is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art of computing, whether implemented in software, hardware, or a combination. In this description, the terms “component”, “agent”, “manager”, “service”, “engine”, “module”, “virtual machine” or the like may also be used. As used in this description and in the case, these terms (whether expressed with or without a modifying clause) are also intended to be synonymous with the term “executable component”, and thus also have a structure that is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art of computing. 
     In the description that follows, embodiments are described with reference to acts that are performed by one or more computing systems. If such acts are implemented in software, one or more processors (of the associated computing system that performs the act) direct the operation of the computing system in response to having executed computer-executable instructions that constitute an executable component. For example, such computer-executable instructions may be embodied on one or more computer-readable media that form a computer program product. An example of such an operation involves the manipulation of data. If such acts are implemented exclusively or near-exclusively in hardware, such as within a FPGA or an ASIC, the computer-executable instructions may be hard coded or hard wired logic gates. The computer-executable instructions (and the manipulated data) may be stored in the memory  104  of the computing system  100 . Computing system  100  may also contain communication channels  108  that allow the computing system  100  to communicate with other computing systems over, for example, network  110 . 
     While not all computing systems require a user interface, in some embodiments, the computing system  100  includes a user interface system  112  for use in interfacing with a user. The user interface system  112  may include output mechanisms  112 A as well as input mechanisms  112 B. The principles described herein are not limited to the precise output mechanisms  112 A or input mechanisms  112 B as such will depend on the nature of the device. However, output mechanisms  112 A might include, for instance, speakers, displays, tactile output, holograms and so forth. Examples of input mechanisms  112 B might include, for instance, microphones, touchscreens, holograms, cameras, keyboards, mouse of other pointer input, sensors of any type, and so forth. 
     Embodiments described herein may comprise or utilize a special purpose or general-purpose computing system including computer hardware, such as, for example, one or more processors and system memory, as discussed in greater detail below. Embodiments described herein also include physical and other computer-readable media for carrying or storing computer-executable instructions and/or data structures. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computing system. Computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions are physical storage media. Computer-readable media that carry computer-executable instructions are transmission media. Thus, by way of example, and not limitation, embodiments of the invention can comprise at least two distinctly different kinds of computer-readable media: storage media and transmission media. 
     Computer-readable storage media includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, or any other physical and tangible storage medium which can be used to store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computing system. 
     A “network” is defined as one or more data links that enable the transport of electronic data between computing systems and/or modules and/or other electronic devices. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computing system, the computing system properly views the connection as a transmission medium. Transmissions media can include a network and/or data links which can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computing system. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Further, upon reaching various computing system components, program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures can be transferred automatically from transmission media to storage media (or vice versa). For example, computer-executable instructions or data structures received over a network or data link can be buffered in RAM within a network interface module (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventually transferred to computing system RANI and/or to less volatile storage media at a computing system. Thus, it should be understood that storage media can be included in computing system components that also (or even primarily) utilize transmission media. 
     Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which, when executed at a processor, cause a general purpose computing system, special purpose computing system, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Alternatively or in addition, the computer-executable instructions may configure the computing system to perform a certain function or group of functions. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries or even instructions that undergo some translation (such as compilation) before direct execution by the processors, such as intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or even source code. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the described features or acts described above. Rather, the described features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computing system configurations, including, personal computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, message processors, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, mobile telephones, PDAs, pagers, routers, switches, datacenters, wearables (such as glasses) and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed system environments where local and remote computing system, which are linked (either by hardwired data links, wireless data links, or by a combination of hardwired and wireless data links) through a network, both perform tasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the invention may be practiced in a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing environments may be distributed, although this is not required. When distributed, cloud computing environments may be distributed internationally within an organization and/or have components possessed across multiple organizations. In this description and the following claims, “cloud computing” is defined as a model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). The definition of “cloud computing” is not limited to any of the other numerous advantages that can be obtained from such a model when properly deployed. 
     The remaining figures may discuss various computing system which may correspond to the computing system  100  previously described. The computing systems of the remaining figures include various components or functional blocks that may implement the various embodiments disclosed herein as will be explained. The various components or functional blocks may be implemented on a local computing system or may be implemented on a distributed computing system that includes elements resident in the cloud or that implement aspects of cloud computing. The various components or functional blocks may be implemented as software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The computing systems of the remaining figures may include more or less than the components illustrated in the figures and some of the components may be combined as circumstances warrant. Although not necessarily illustrated, the various components of the computing systems may access and/or utilize a processor and memory, such as processor  102  and memory  104 , as needed to perform their various functions. 
     Some introductory discussion of a decentralized identification (DID) and the environment is which they are created and reside will not be given with respect to  FIG. 2 . As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a DID owner  201  may own or control a DID  205  that represents an identity of the DID owner  201 . The DID owner  201  may register a DID using a creation and registration service, which will be explained in more detail below. 
     The DID owner  201  may be any entity that could benefit from a DID. For example, the DID owner  201  may be a human being or an organization of human beings. Such organizations might include a company, department, government, agency, or any other organization or group of organization. Each individual human being might have a DID while the organization(s) to which each belongs might likewise have a DID. 
     The DID owner  201  may alternatively be a machine, system, or device, or a collection of machine(s), device(s) and/or system(s). In still other embodiments, the DID owner  201  may be a subpart of a machine, system or device. For instance, a device could be a printed circuit board, where the subpart of that circuit board are individual components of the circuit board. In such embodiments, the machine or device may have a DID and each subpart may also have a DID. A DID owner might also be a software component such as the executable component  106  described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . An example of a complex executable component  106  might be an artificial intelligence. An artificial intelligence may also own a DID. 
     Thus, the DID owner  201  may be any reasonable entity, human or non-human, that is capable of creating the DID  205  or at least having the DID  205  created for and associated with them. Although the DID owner  201  is shown as having a single DID  205 , this need not be the case as there may be any number of DIDs associated with the DID owner  201  as circumstances warrant. 
     As mentioned, the DID owner  201  may create and register the DID  205 . The DID  205  may be any identifier that may be associated with the DID owner  201 . Preferably, that identifier is unique to that DID owner  201 , at least within a scope in which the DID is anticipated to be in use. As an example, the identifier may be a locally unique identifier, and perhaps more desirably a globally unique identifier for identity systems anticipated to operate globally. In some embodiments, the DID  205  may be a Uniform Resource identifier (URI) (such as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)) or other pointer that relates the DID owner  201  to mechanism to engage in trustable interactions with the DID owner  201 . 
     The DID  205  is “decentralized” because it does not require a centralized, third party management system for generation, management, or use. Accordingly, the DID  205  remains under the control of the DID owner  201 . This is different from conventional centralized IDs based trust on centralized authorities and that remain under control of the corporate directory services, certificate authorities, domain name registries, or other centralized authority (referred to collectively as “centralized authorities” herein). Accordingly, the DID  205  may be any identifier that is under the control of the DID owner  201  and independent of any centralize authority. 
     In some embodiments, the structure of the DID  205  may be as simple as a user name or some other human understandable term. However, in other embodiments, the DID  205  may preferably be a random string of number and letters for increased security. In one embodiment, the DID  205  may be a string of 128 letters and numbers. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed herein are not dependent on any specific implementation of the DID  205 . In a very simple example, the DID  205  is shown as “123ABC”. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 2 , the DID owner  201  has control of a private key  206  and public key  207  pair that are associated with the DID  20 . Because the DID  205  is independent of any centralized authority, the private key  206  should at all times be fully in control of the DID owner  201 . That is, the private and public keys should be generated in a decentralized manner that ensures that they remain under the control of the DID owner  201 . 
     As will be described in more detail to follow, the private key  206  and public key  207  pair may be generated on a device controlled by the DID owner  201 . The private key  206  and public key  207  pair should not be generated on a server controlled by any centralized authority as this may cause the private key  206  and public key  207  pair to not be fully under the control of the DID owner  201  at all times. Although  FIG. 2  and this description have described a private and public key pair, it will also be noted that other types of reasonable cryptographic information and/or mechanism may also be used as circumstances warrant. 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates a DID document  210  that is associated with the DID  205 . As will be explained in more detail to follow, the DID document  210  may be generated at the time that the DID  205  is created. In its simplest form, the DID document  210  describes how to use the DID  205 . Accordingly, the DID document  210  includes a reference to the DID  205 , which is the DID that is described by the DID document  210 . In some embodiments, the DID document  210  may be implemented according to methods specified by a distributed ledger  220  that will be used to store a representation of the DID  205  as will be explained in more detail to follow. Thus, the DID document  210  may have different methods depending of the specific distributed ledger. 
     The DID document  210  also includes the public key  207  created by the DID owner  201  or some other equivalent cryptographic information. The public key  207  may be used by third party entities that are given permission by the DID owner  201  to access information and data owned by the DID owner  201 . The public key  207  may also be used by verify that the DID owner  201  in fact owns or controls the DID  205 . 
     The DID document  210  may also include authentication information  211 . The authentication information  211  may specify one or more mechanisms by which the DID owner  201  is able to prove that the DID owner  201  owns the DID  205 . In other words, the mechanisms of authentication information  211  may show proof of a binding between the DID  205  (and thus it&#39;s DID owner  201 ) and the DID document  210 . In one embodiment, the authentication information  211  may specify that the public key  207  be used in a signature operation to prove the ownership of the DID  205 . Alternatively or in addition, the authentication information  211  may specify that the public key  207  be used in a biometric operation to prove ownership of the DID  205 . Accordingly, the authentication information  211  may include any number of mechanisms by which the DID owner  201  is able to prove that the DID owner  201  owns the DID  205 . 
     The DID document  210  may also include authorization information  212 . The authorization information  212  may allow the DID owner  201  to authorize third party entities the rights to modify the DID document  210  or some part of the document without giving the third party the right to prove ownership of the DID  205 . For example, the authorization information  212  may allow the third party to update any designated set of one or more fields in the DID document  210  using any designated update mechanism. Alternatively, the authorization information may allow the third party to limit the usages of DID  205  by the DID owner  201  for a specified time period. This may be useful when the DID owner  201  is a minor child and the third party is a parent or guardian of the child. The authorization information  212  may allow the parent or guardian to limit use of the DID  201  until such time as the child is no longer a minor. 
     The authorization information  212  may also specify one or more mechanisms that the third party will need to follow to prove they are authorized to modify the DID document  210 . In some embodiments, these mechanism may be similar to those discussed previously with respect to the authentication information  211 . 
     The DID document  210  may also include one or more service endpoints  213 . A service endpoint may include a network address at which a service operates on behalf of the DID owner  201 . Examples of specific services include discovery services, social networks, file storage services such as identity servers or hubs, and verifiable claim repository services. Accordingly, the service endpoints  213  operate as pointers for the services that operate on behalf of the DID owner  201 . These pointers may be used by the DID owner  201  or by third party entities to access the services that operate on behalf of the DID owner  201 . Specific examples of service endpoints  213  will be explained in more detail to follow. 
     The ID document  210  may further include identification information  214 . The identification information  214  may include personally identifiable information such as the name, address, occupation, family members, age, hobbies, interests, or the like of DID owner  201 . Accordingly, the identification information  214  listed in the DID document  210  may represent a different persona of the DID owner  201  for different purposes. For instance, a persona may be pseudo anonymous, e.g., the DID owner  201  may include a pen name in the DID document when identifying him or her as a writer posting articles on a blog; a persona may be fully anonymous, e.g., the DID owner  201  may only want to disclose his or her job title or other background data (e.g., a school teacher, an FBI agent, an adult older than 21 years old, etc.) but not his or her name in the DID document; and a persona may be specific to who the DID owner  201  is as an individual, e.g., the DID owner  201  may include information identifying him or her as a volunteer for a particular charity organization, an employee of a particular corporation, an award winner of a particular award, etc. 
     The DID document  210  may also include credential information  215 , which may also be referred to herein as an attestation. The credential information  215  may be any information that is associated with the DID owner  201 &#39;s background. For instance, the credential information  215  may be (but not limited to) a qualification, an achievement, a government ID, a government right such as a passport or a driver&#39;s license, a payment provider or bank account, a university degree or other educational history, employment status and history, or any other information about the DID owner  201 &#39;s background. 
     The DID document  210  may also include various other information  216 . In some embodiments, the other information  216  may include metadata specifying when the DID document  210  was created and/or when it was last modified. In other embodiments, the other information  216  may include cryptographic proofs of the integrity of the DID document  210 . In still further embodiments, the other information  216  may include additional information that is either specified by the specific method implementing the DID document or desired by the DID owner  201 . 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates a distributed ledger or blockchain  220 . The distributed ledger  220  may be any decentralized, distributed network that includes various computing systems that are in communication with each other. For example, the distributed ledger  220  may include a first distributed computing system  230 , a second distributed computing system  240 , a third distributed computing system  250 , and any number of additional distributed computing systems as illustrated by the ellipses  260 . The distributed ledger or blockchain  220  may operate according to any known standards or methods for distributed ledgers. Examples of conventional distributed ledgers that may correspond to the distributed ledger or blockchain  220  include, but are not limited to, Bitcoin [BTC], Ethereum, and Litecoin. 
     In the context of DID  205 , the distributed ledger or blockchain  220  is used to store a representation of the DID  205  that points to the DID document  210 . In some embodiments, the DID document  210  may be stored on the actual distributed ledger. Alternatively, in other embodiments the DID document  210  may be stored in a data storage (not illustrated) that is associated with the distributed ledger or blockchain  220 . 
     As mentioned, a representation of the DID  205  is stored on each distributed computing system of the distributed ledger or blockchain  220 . For example, in  FIG. 2  this is shown as the DID has  231 , DID has  241 , and DID has  251 , which are ideally identical copies of the same DID. The DID hash  231 , DID has  241 , and DID hash  251  may then point to the location of the DID document  210 . The distributed ledger or blockchain  220  may also store numerous other representations of other DIDs as illustrated by references  232 ,  233 ,  234 ,  242 ,  243 ,  244 ,  252 ,  253 , and  254 . 
     In one embodiment, when the DID user  201  creates the DID  205  and the associated DID document  210 , the DID has  231 , DID has  241 , and DID hash  251  are written to the distributed ledger or blockchain  220 . The distributed ledger or blockchain  220  thus records that the DID  205  now exists. Since the distributed ledger or blockchain  220  is decentralized, the DID  205  is not under the control of any entity outside of the DID owner  201 . The DID hash  231 , DID has  241 , and DID has  251  may include, in addition to the pointer to the DID document  210 , a record or time stamp that specifies when the DID  205  was created. At a later date when modifications are made to the DID document  210 , this may also be recorded in DID has  231 , DID has  241 , and DID has  251 . The DID has  231 , DID has  241 , and DID hash  251  may further include a copy of the public key  207  so that the DID  205  is cryptographically bound to the DID document  210 . 
     Having described DIDs and how they operate generally with reference to  FIG. 2 , specific embodiments of DIDs will now be explained. Turning to  FIG. 3 , an environment  300  that may be used to perform various DID lifecycle management operations and services will now be explained. It will be appreciated that the environment of  FIG. 3  may reference elements from  FIG. 2  as needed for ease of explanation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the environment  300  may include various devices and computing systems that may be owned or otherwise under the control of the DID owner  21 . These may include a user device  301 . The user device  301  may be, but is not limited to, a mobile device such as a smart phone, a computing device such as a laptop computer, or any device such as a car or an appliance that includes computing abilities. The device  301  may include a web browser  302  operating on the device and an operating system  303  operating the device. More broadly speaking, the dashed line  304  represents that all of these devices may be owned or otherwise under the control of the DID owner  201 . 
     The environment  300  also includes a DID lifestyle management module  320 . It will be noted that in operation, the DID lifecycle management module  320  may reside on and be executed by one or more of user device  301 , web browser  302 , and the operating system  303  as illustrated by the lines  301   a ,  302   a , and  303   a . Accordingly, DID lifecycle management module  320  is shown as being separate for ease of explanation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the DID lifecycle management module  320  includes a DID creation module  330 . The DID creation module  330  may be used by the DID owner  201  to create the DID  205  or any number of additional DIDs, such as DID  331 . In one embodiment, the DID creation module may include or otherwise have access to a User Interface (UI) element  335  that may guide the DID owner  201  in creating the DID  205 . The DID creation module  330  may have one or more drivers that are configured to work with specific distributed ledgers such as distributed ledger  220  so that the DID  205  complies with the underlying methods of that distributed ledger. 
     A specific embodiment will now be described. For example, the UI  335  may provide a prompt for the user to enter a user name or some other human recognizable name. This name may be used as a display name for the DID  205  that will be generated. As previously described, the DID  205  may be a long string of random numbers and letters and so having a human recognizable name for a display name be advantageous. The DID creation module  330  may then generate the DID  205 . In the embodiments having the UI  335 , the DID  205  may be shown in a listing of identities and may be associated with the human recognizable name. 
     The DID creation module may also include a key generation module  350 . The key generation module may generate the private key  206  and public key  207  pair previously described. The DID creation module  330  may then use the DID  205  and the private and public key pair to generate the DID document  210 . 
     In operation, the DID creation module  330  accesses a registrar  310  that is configured to the specific distributed ledger that will be recording the transactions related to the DID  205 . The DID creation module  330  uses the registrar  310  to record the DID hash  231 , DID hash  241 , and DID hash  251  in the distributed ledger in the manner previously described and to store the DID document  210  in the manner previously described. This process may use the public key  207  in the has generation. 
     In some embodiments, the DID lifecycle management module  320  may include an ownership module  340 . The ownership module  340  may provide mechanisms that ensure that the DID owner  201  is aware that the DID owner  201  is in sole control of the DID  205 . In this way, the provider of the DID lifecycle management module  320  is able to ensure that the provider does not control the DID  205 , but is only providing the management services. 
     As previously discussed, the key generation module  350  generates the private key  206  and public key  207  pair and the public key  207  is then recorded in the DID document  210 . Accordingly, the public key  207  may be used by all devices associated with the DID owner  201  and all third parties that desire to provide services to the DID owner  201 . Accordingly, when the DID owner  201  desires to associate a new device with the DID  205 , the DID owner  201  may execute the DID creation module  330  on the new device. The DID creation module  330  may then use the registrar  310  to update the DID document  210  to reflect that the new device is now associated with the DID  205  and this would be reflected in an updated transaction on the distributed ledger  220  as previously described. 
     In some embodiments, however, it may be advantageous to have a public key per device  301  owned by the DID owner  201  as this may allow the DID owner  201  to sign with the specific device public key without having to access a general public key. In other words, since the DID owner  201  will use different devices at different times (for example using a mobile phone in one instance and then using a laptop computer in another instance) it is advantageous to have a key associated with each device to provide efficiencies in signing using the keys. Accordingly, in such embodiments the key generation module may generate additional public keys  208  and  209  when the additional devices execute the DID creation module  330 . These additional public keys may be associated with private key  206  or in some instances may be paired with a new private key. 
     In those embodiments where the additional public keys  208  and  209  are associated with different devices, the additional public keys  208  and  209  may be recorded in the DID document  210  as being associated with those devices. This is shown in  FIG. 3 . It will be appreciated that the DID documents  210  may include the information previously described in relation to  FIG. 2  in addition to the information shown in  FIG. 3 . If the DID document  210  existed prior to the device specific public keys being generated, then the DID document  210  would be updated by the creation module  330  via the registrar  310  and this would be reflected in an updated transaction on the distributed ledger  220 . 
     In some embodiments, the DID owner  201  may desire to keep the association of a device with a public key or even with the DID  205  a secret. Accordingly, the DID creation module  330  may cause that such data be secretly shown in the DID document  210 . 
     As described thus far, the DID  205  has been associated with all the devices under the control of the DID owner  201 , even when the devices have their own public keys. However, in some embodiments it may be useful for each device or some subset of devices under the control of the DID owner  201  to each have their own DID. Thus, in some embodiments the DID creation module  330  may generate an additional DID, for example DID  331 , for each device. The creation module would then generate private and public key pairs and DID documents for each of the devices and have them recorded on the distributed ledger  220  in the manner previously described. Such embodiments may be advantageous for devices that may change ownership as it may be possible to associate the specific device DID to the new owner of the device by granting the new owner authorization rights in the DID document and revoking such rights from the old owner. 
     As mentioned, the private key, to ensure that it is totally in the control of the DID owner  201 , is created on the user device  301 , browser  302 , or operating system  303  owned or controlled by the DID owner  201  that executed the DID management module  320 . In this way, there is little chance that a third party may gain control of the private key  206 , especially the provider of the DID lifecycle management module  320 . However, there is a chance that the device storing the private key  206  may be lost by the DID owner  201 , which may cause the DID owner  201  to lose access to the DID  205 . Accordingly, in some embodiments the UI  335  may include the option to allow the DID owner  201  to export the private key  206  to an off device secured database  305  that is under the control of the DID owner  201 . In some embodiments, the private key  206  may be stored as a QR code that may scanned by the DID owner  201 . 
     In other embodiments, the DID lifecycle management module  320  may include a recovery module  360  that may be used to recover a lost private key  206 . In operation, the recovery module  360  allows the DID owner  201  to select one or more recovery mechanisms  365  at the time the DID  205  is created that may later be used to recover the lost private key. In those embodiments having the UI  335 , the UI  335  may allow the DID owner  201  to provide required information that will be needed by the one or more recovery mechanisms  365  when the recovery mechanisms are implemented. The recovery module may then be run on any device associated with the DID  205 . 
     The DID lifecycle management module  320  may also include a revocation module  370  that is used to revoke or sever a device from the DID  205 . In operation, the revocation module may use the UI element  335 , which may allow the DID owner  201  to indicate a desire to remove a device from being associated with the DID  205 . In one embodiment, the revocation module may access the DID document  210  and may cause that all references to the device be removed from the DID document. Alternatively, the public key for the device may be removed. This change in the DID document  210  may then be reflected as an updated transaction on the distributed ledger  220  as previously described. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of an environment  400  in which a DID such as DID  205  may be utilized. Specifically, the environment  400  will be used to describe the use of the DID  205  in relation to one or more decentralized storage devices or identity hubs. It will be noted that  FIG. 4  may include references to elements first discussed in relation to  FIG. 2 or 3  and thus use the same reference numeral for ease of explanation. 
     In one embodiment, the identity hubs  410  may be multiple instances of the same identity hub. This is represented by the line  410 A. Thus, the various identity hubs  410  may include at least some of the same data and services. Accordingly, if any change is made to one of the identity hubs  410 , the change may be reflected in the remaining identity hubs. For example, the first identity hub  411  and second identity hub  412  are implemented in cloud storage and thus may be able to hold a large amount of data. Accordingly, a full set of the data may be stored in these identity hubs. However, the identity hubs  412  and  413  may have less memory space. Accordingly, in these identity hubs a descriptor of the data stored in the first and second identity hubs may be included. Alternatively, a record of changes made to the data in other identity hubs may be included. Thus, changes in one of the identity hubs  410  are either fully replicated in the other identity hubs or at least a record or descriptor of that data is recorded in the other identity hubs. 
     Because the identity hubs may be multiple instances of the same identity hub, only a full description of the first identity hub  411  will provided as this description may also apply to the identity hubs  412 - 415 . As illustrated, identity hub  411  may include data storage  420 . The data storage  420  may be used to store any type of data that is associated with the DID owner  201 . In one embodiment the data may be a collection  422  of a specific type of data corresponding to a specific protocol. For example, the collection  422  may be medical records data that corresponds to a specific protocol for medical data. The collection  422  may be any other type of data. 
     In one embodiment, the stored data may have different authentication and privacy settings  421  associated with the stored data. For example, a first subset of the data may have a setting  421  that allows the data to be publically exposed, but that does not include any authentication to the DID owner  201 . This type of data may be for relatively unimportant data such as color schemes and the like. A second subset of the data may have a setting  421  that that allows the data to be publically exposed and that includes authentication to the DID owner  201 . A third subset of the data may have a setting  421  that encrypts the subset of data with the private key  206  and public key  207  pair (or some other key pair) associated with the DID owner  201 . This type of data will require a party to have access to the public key  207  or to some other associated public key in order to decrypt the data. This process may also include authentication to the DID owner  201 . A fourth subset of the data may have a setting  421  that restricts this data to a subset of third parties. This may require that public keys associated with the subset of third parties be used to decrypt the data. For example, the DID owner  201  may cause the setting  421  to specify that only public keys associated with friends of the DID owner  201  may decrypt this data. 
     In some embodiments, the identity hub  411  may have a permissions module  430  that allows the DID owner  201  to set specific authorization or permissions for third parties such as third parties  401  and  402  to access the identity hub. For example, the DID owner  201  may provide access permission to his or her spouse to all the data  420 . Alternatively, the DID owner  201  may allow access to his or her doctor for any medical records. It will be appreciated that the DID owner  201  may permission to any number of third parties to access a subset of the data  420 . This will be explained in more detail to follow. 
     The identity hub  411  may also have a messaging module  440 . In operation, the messaging module allows the identity hub to receive messages such as requests from parties such as third parties  401  and  402  to access the data and services of the identity hub. In addition, the messaging module  440  allows the identity hub  411  to respond to the messages from the third parties and to also communicate with a DID resolver  450 . This will be explained in more detail to follow. The ellipses  416  represent that the identity hub  411  may have additional services as circumstances warrant. 
     In one embodiment, the DID owner  201  may wish to authenticate a new device  301  with the identity hub  411  that is already associated with the DID  205  in the manner previously described. Accordingly, the DID owner  201  may utilize the DID management module  320  associated with the new user device  301  to send a message to the identity hub  411  asserting that the new user device is associated with the DID  205  of the DID owner  201 . 
     However, the identity hub  411  may not initially recognize the new device as being owned by the DID owner  201 . Accordingly, the identity hub  411  may use the messaging module  440  to contact the DID resolver  450 . The message sent to the DID resolver  450  may include the DID  205 . 
     The DID resolver  450  may be a service, application, or module that is configured in operation to search the distributed ledger  220  for DID documents associated with DIDs. Accordingly, in the embodiment the DID resolver  450  may search the distributed ledger  220  using the DID  205 , which may result in the DID resolver  450  finding the DID document  210 . The DID document  210  may then be provided to the identity hub  411 . 
     As discussed previously, the DID document  210  may include a public key  208  or  209  that is associated with the new user device  301 . To verify that the new user device is owned by the DID owner  201 , the identity hub  411  may provide a cryptographic challenge to the new user device  301  using the messaging module  440 . This cryptographic challenge will be structured such that only a device having access to the private key  206  will be able to successfully answer the challenge 
     In the embodiment, since the new user device is owned by DID owner  201  and thus has access to the private key  206 , the challenge may be successfully answered. The identity hub  411  may then record in the permissions  430  that the new user device  301  is able to access the data and services of the identity hub  411  and also the rest of the identity hubs  210 . 
     It will be noted that this process of authenticating the new user device  301  was performed without the need for the DID owner  201  to provide any username, password or the like to the provider of the identity hub  411  (i.e., the first cloud storage provider) before the identity hub  411  could be accessed. Rather, the access was determined in a decentralized manner based on the DID  205 , the DID document  210 , and the associated public and private keys. Since these were at all times in the control of the DID owner  201 , the provider of the identity hub  411  was not involved and thus has no knowledge of the transaction or of any personal information of the DID owner  201 . 
     In another example embodiment, the DID owner  201  may provide the DID  205  to the third party entity  401  so that the third party may access data or services stored on the identity hub  411 . For example, the DID owner  201  may be a human who is at a scientific conference who desires to allow the third party  401 , who is also a human, access to his or her research data. Accordingly, the DID owner  201  may provide the DID  205  to the third party  401 . 
     Once the third party  401  has access to the DID  205 , he or she may access the DID resolver  450  to access the DID document  210 . As previously discussed, the DID document  210  may include an end point  213  that is an address or pointer to the identity hub  411 . The third party  401  may then use the address or pointer to access the identity hub  411 . 
     The third party  401  may send a message to the messaging module  440  asking for permission to access the research data. The messaging module  440  may then send a message to the DID owner  201  asking if the third party  401  should be given access to the research data. Because the DID owner desires to provide access to this data, the DID owner  201  may allow permission to the third party  401  and this permission may be recorded in the permissions  430 . 
     The messaging module  440  may then message the third party  401  informing the third party that he or she is able to access the research data. The identity hub  411  and the third party  401  may then directly communicate so that the third party may access the data. It will be noted that in many cases, it will actually be an identity hub associated with the third party  401  that communicates with the identity hub  411 . However, it may a device of the third party  401  that does the communication. 
     Advantageously, the above described process allows the identity hub  411  and the third party  401  to communicate and to share the data without the need for the third party to access the identity hub  411  in the conventional manner. Rather, the communication is provisioned in the decentralized manner using the DID  205  and the DID document  210 . This advantageously allows the DID owner to be in full control of the process. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the third party  402  may also request permission for access to the identity hub  411  using the DID  205  and the DID document  210 . 
     Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed herein allow access to any number of third parties to the identity hubs  210 . 
     Having described an example environment for creating a DID and an example environment for various DID lifecycle management operations and services, we will make a simplified comparison between a “centralized” data system and a “decentralized” data system (that implements DIDs) with respect to  FIG. 5 . 
     The left side of  FIG. 5  illustrates one or more centralized data systems  501 . A “centralized data system” referred herein is a database or data system that is stored and maintained by a centralized organization. The database or data system may be located in a single location as a true “centralized” data system, or it may be a distributed database that includes multiple database files located in different locations. However, no matter whether the data system is located in a single location or multiple locations, as long as the data system is stored and maintained by a centralized organization, such a data system is herein referred to as “centralized data system.” 
     Most of the existing data systems are centralized. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the medical database  510  is an example centralized database. The medical database  510  may be stored and maintained by a hospital, a clinic office, and/or a data service provider. The medical database  510  includes Alice&#39;s data  511  and Bob&#39;s data  512 . The ellipsis  513  represents that there may be records of any number of patients being stored in the medical database  510 . Currently, even though the laws may require health service providers to make medical data be available to the respective patient, each patient normally does not have constant access to his/her own medical data. A patient usually needs to submit a written request or request in person, if he/she wants to review his/her complete medical history. 
     Additionally, the social media database  520  and the email database  530  are also examples of centralized data systems. For instance, the social media company (e.g., Facebook) maintains its own database  520  that may include each of the users&#39; personal information, the corresponding user generated contents, communications between the corresponding user and other users, etc. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the social media database  520  may include a record of Alice (i.e., Alice data  521 ) and a record of Bob (i.e., Bob data  522 ). The record of Alice  521  may include Alice&#39;s personal information that she entered in the settings, her friends&#39; IDs, the message Alice has posted, the ads Alice has clicked, etc. Similarly, the record of Bob  522  may include similar types of information that is associated with Bob&#39;s social media account. The ellipsis  523  represents that there may be any number of user records stored in the social media database  520  that is controlled and maintained by the social media service provider. Even though in this case each of the social media account holders generally has access to his/her own account information, the social media service provider has real control over all the data. For example, if the social media service provider&#39;s server is down or the hard drive is crashed, the users may lose connection or even lose their data. Another example, if the social media service&#39;s server is hacked, the users&#39; information may be lost even without the users&#39; knowledge. 
     Also similarly, the email database  530  is another example of a centralized data system. The email database  530  is controlled and maintained by the email service provider (e.g., outlook.com, gmail.com, etc.). Most of the existing service providers maintain its own email server, and each user must register an account with the email server to obtain an email account. Once an email account is registered, it is stored on the server that is maintained by the service provider. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the email database  530  hosted by an email server may include Alice&#39;s email account data  531  and Bob&#39;s email account data  532 . The ellipsis  533  represents that there may be any number of email account records stored in the email database  530 . Alice&#39;s email account data  531  may include her personal information she entered when registering the email account. Alice&#39;s email data  531  may also include all the emails she received and sent using the email account. Similarly, Bob&#39;s email account data  432  may include similar information related to Bob&#39;s email account. If the email server is down, the users would not be able to receive or send emails, and also not able to retrieve his/her email history unless a local copy is stored on the user&#39;s own device. The email server may also be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. When such an attack occurs, users also often do not aware that their information has been compromised. 
     The right side of  FIG. 5  illustrates a simplified decentralized system  502  that provides a personal storage for each DID owner in an ID hub service  550 . The personal storage in the ID hub service  550  is controlled by the DID owner, instead of the centralized organization. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the ID Hub Service  550  includes Alice&#39;s personal storage  560  and Bob&#39;s personal storage  570 . The ellipsis  580  represents that there may be any number of personal storages, each of which is associated with a DID (or a DID owner). 
     The personal storage of Alice  560  includes Alice&#39;s medical data  561 , Alice&#39;s social media data  562 , and Alice&#39;s email data  563 . The ellipsis  564  represents that there may be other types of Alice&#39;s personal data stored in Alice&#39;s personal storage  560  in the ID hub service  550 . Similarly, Bob&#39;s personal storage  570  stores Bob&#39;s medical data  571 , Bob&#39;s social media data  572 , and Bob&#39;s email data  573 . The ellipsis  574  represents that there may be other types of Bob&#39;s personal data stored in Bob&#39;s personal storage  570  in the ID hub service  550 . 
     Each of Alice  566  and Bob  575  may be a DID owner  201  described in  FIGS. 2-4 . Each of Alice&#39;s DID  565  and Bob&#39;s DID  575  may be a DID  205  described in  FIGS. 2-4 . In the decentralized system  502 , each DID owner has great control over his/her own personal data via his/her DID. For example, Alice  566  has control over the personal storage  560  via her DID  565 ; and Bob  576  has control over his personal storage  570  via his DID  575 . No single centralized entity has access to all the users&#39; information and data without each user&#39;s consent. Theoretically, as long as the user stores his/her DID (or the private key of his/her DID) securely, no one else could compromise the data stored in the ID hub. Comparing to the centralized systems  501  on the left, it is clear that unlike the centralized systems  501 , where each of the centralized organizations maintains and controls every user&#39;s data, the decentralized system  502  allows each of the users (e.g., DID owners) to store and control his/her own data individually. A user (e.g., a DID owner) can decide whether the data should be made public and/or who can have access to the data; and the user can also decide whether he/she wants to delete or make any change of any portion of the data. 
     As described above, decentralized systems provide a fairly secure data storage for the users (e.g., DID owners). Without the private key of DID, it almost impossible for other parties to access the DID owner&#39;s data, unless the DID owner grants a permission to the other party to access the DID owner&#39;s data. The principles described herein will further allow a user (e.g., a DID owner) to specify a scope of permission that is specific to be used in the execution of a particular application or a type of applications. 
     In the modern world, there are many service providers that use customer&#39;s information as input to run some applications to generate one or more results for different purposes. For example, when a customer shops around for auto insurance, he/she often calls a few insurance agents and gives these insurance agents his/her personal information, and ask each of these insurance agents to generate a quote. Alternatively, the customer may go online and fill in some online forms at different insurance companies&#39; websites, then these web applications use the user information to generate one or more quotes for the customer. Further, some of these web applications also send the user&#39;s information to several insurance agents. After the insurance agents receive this user information, they will start to contact the user continuously for a few weeks or even months. In many situations, once the customer gives such personal information out, he/she has no way to retract the information back. The information may be stored with the insurance companies&#39; system for many years, and the customer has no control how his/her personal information may be used in the future. 
     The principles described herein provide user a greater and more flexible control over his/her personal data, while still allowing the third-party application to run with the necessary user data to generate the results that the user needs. Further details of the embodiments of the systems and the methods for executing an application within a scope of user-granted permission are described with respect to  FIGS. 6-10 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example embodiment  600  for executing an application  620  within a scope of user-granted permission (i.e., DID owner granted permission). As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , each Alice  640  and Bob (not shown) may be a DID owner  201  illustrated in  FIGS. 2-4 . Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663  is stored in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  in the ID hub service  650 . Bob&#39;s personal data (not shown) is stored in Bob&#39;s personal storage  670  in the ID hub service  650 . The ID hub service  650  may be an ID Hub Service  550  of  FIG. 5  or the ID hubs  410  of  FIG. 4 . Alice The ID hub service  650  may be a cloud service that provides personal storages for multiple DID owners (e.g., Alice  640  and Bob). The ellipsis  680  represents that the ID hub service  650  may store any number of other DID owners&#39; personal data. Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may be similar to the personal storage  560  of  FIG. 5 ; and Bob&#39;s personal storage  670  may be similar to the personal storage  570  of  FIG. 5 . 
     Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may store many different types of personal data  661 - 663 , such as Alice&#39;s driving history data  661 , credit history data  662 , medical data  663 , etc. The ellipsis  666  represents that there may be other types of Alice&#39;s personal data stored in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . Similar to the system illustrated in  FIGS. 2-5 , Alice  640  (who is a DID owner  201 ) may control her personal data  661 - 663  via a DID management module  630 . The DID management module  630  may be similar to the DID management module  320  as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . For example, the DID management module  630  may be implemented on Alice&#39;s mobile device (e.g., a cell phone) and/or a personal computer. 
     The application  620  includes one or more characteristics  625 - 626 . The ellipsis  627  represents that there may be any number of characteristics related to the application  620 . The one or more characteristics  625 - 626  of the application  620  may include (but not limited to) the identity of the entity  610  and/or purpose of the application. Based on the identified one or more characteristics  625 - 626 , a scope of permission to access the requested data is then determined. 
     When an entity  610 &#39;s application  620  requests to access Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  in the ID hub service  650  to use certain personal data  661 - 663  as input to generate one or more results, the ID hub service  650  may notify Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 . The arrow line  628  represents the communications between the application  620  and Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . The arrow line  629  represents the communications between Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  and Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . Alternatively, the notification may be sent to Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  directly from the entity  610 &#39;s device (e.g., a computing system) via a more direct communication channel  621 . The arrow line  621  represents a more direct communication channel between the application  620  and Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 . 
     Once Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  is notified that the application  620  is requesting certain personal data  661 - 663  in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 , Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may then identify one or more characteristics  625 - 626  of the application  620  that is associated with the entity  610 . 
     For example, the entity  610  may be Alice  640 &#39;s existing insurance company, and the purpose of the application  620  is to generate a renew quote for Alice  640 &#39;s renewal insurance policy. Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may also be able to retrieve the entity  610 &#39;s past interaction with Alice&#39;s driving history data  661  and communication history between the entity  610  and Alice  640 , which may also be deemed as one or more of the characteristics of the Application  620  and/or the entity  610 . Thus, based on the characteristics  625 - 626  of the application  620  and the identity of the entity  610 , Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may automatically grant the insurance company  610 &#39;s price quoting application  620  the permission to access the same portion of data (e.g., driving history data  661 ) that the insurance company  610  previously has accessed. 
     Another example, the entity  610  may be Alice  640 &#39;s bank, and the purpose of the application  620  is to check Alice  640 &#39;s credit and determine whether a new credit card may be issued and what will be the maximum credit line. Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may determine that the characteristics  625 - 626  of the application  620  include that the application  620  requires very sensitive personal information, such as social security number and date of birth, from Alice  640 . Based on these characteristics  625 - 626 , Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may automatically deny the request unless Alice  640  has previously set up in her DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  to expressly permit such an application  620  to access some of her data  661 - 663 . 
     Alternatively, or in addition, Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  may generate a notification to let Alice  640  know that such a request from the application  620  has received and the nature of the request. The notification may be generated within Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  (e.g., a phone app) and/or via SMS, email, and/or voice service, etc. When Alice  640  receives the notification, she may decide whether to grant the application the permission to access the requested data and the other scope of the permission on the fly. 
     Furthermore, additional information related to the scope of permission may be defined by the Alice  640  or Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  ahead of the time. For example, Alice  640  may set up her DID management module  630  only to grant her bank a read access to her personal credit-related data  661  once, and/or Alice  640  may also set up her DID management module  630  to only grant her bank to access her personal credit-related data  662  via the particular application  620  that is directed to granting her a specific credit card. 
     In some embodiments, Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may also automatically block or anonymize certain requested personal data  661 - 663  of Alice  640  when granting permission. For example, if the entity  610  is an insurance company that Alice  640  currently does not do business with, and the insurance company wants to solicit business from Alice  640 , Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may determine not to grant the application  620  Alice  640 &#39;s name, address, contact information, and any other identifiable information. If the application  620  requires to access such information to generate the quote results, Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may anonymize certain required personal information, e.g., generating and providing a pseudo name to the application  620 . As such, Alice  640  does not need to disclose her personal and contact information to the soliciting insurance company  610 ; and at the same time, she still can receive the pricing quote from the application  620  of the soliciting insurance company  610 . If Alice  640  likes the price the application  620  quoted, she may initiate additional communications with the insurance company  610  and/or the application  620  later and grant the insurance company  610  and/or the application  620  permission to access her additional information. 
     This solves the problem of consumers constantly receiving unwanted sales calls once their contact information is provided to a third party. For example, when a curious consumer gives out his/her personal information to a soliciting insurance company, the consumer may end up receiving many unwanted calls, emails and letters from the insurance company in the next a few weeks or a few months. As described above, here, the DID owner&#39;s DID management module (e.g., Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 ) and/or the DID owner&#39;s personal storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ) are configured to allow and help Alice  640  to control exactly how much information is to be granted to a particular application (e.g., application  620 ) or a type of applications. 
     Further, Alice  640  may set up in her DID management module  630  to block all the applications except the ones she expressly grants a scope of permission. The granted permissions may be recorded in the permission storage  631  of DID management module  630  or in the permission storage  667  of Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . Alice may define and enter part or all of the scopes of permission via her DID management module  630 . Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may automatically generate one or more default permissions and store the default permissions. 
     The permissions entered by Alice  640  and/or the default permissions generated by Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may be partially or completely stored in the permission storage  631  in her DID management module  630  and/or in the permission storage  667  in her personal storage  660 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the permission storage  631  in Alice&#39;s DID management module stores permissions  632  and  633 . The ellipsis  634  represents that there may be any number of permissions stored in the permission storage  631 . Similarly, the permission storage  667  in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  stores permissions  668  and  669 . The ellipsis  668  represents that there may be any number of permissions stored in the permission storage  667 . 
     In addition to expressly granted permissions, Alice  640  may also have a blacklist of applications and/or entities and/or type of applications and/or entities that she wants to deny their access to her personal data  661 - 663  at all time. Such information may also be stored in the permission storage  631  and/or  667 . Once one of these applications requests to access Alice  640 &#39;s personal data  661 - 663  stored in her personal storage  660 , her DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  will automatically deny the request without further input from Alice  640 . 
     The permissions (and/or non-permissions) (e.g., one of the permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669 ) may be stored in any specific data structure depending on what information and how much information the permission storage is designed to store. As a simple example, the permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669  may be stored as a table. Each entry of the table may include an identifier of each specific application  620 , an identifier of the associated entity  610 , and the scope of the permission. The scope of the permission may include a specific portion of the data and/or a specific type of data that is allowed to be accessed by the application, what type of permission (e.g., read, write, make copy, etc.) is granted, how many times the data is allowed to be accessed (e.g., once or twice, etc.), the time frame during which the data is allowed to be accessed (e.g., 24 hours, one week, one month, etc.). For the applications and/or entities that are grounded to access any data, the scope of permission would be that no data is allowed to be accessed at any time. 
     The permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669  also be one or more permission rules that may be applicable to a type of applications or all of the applications. For example, one of the permissions (or permission rules) may be that no permissions should be granted during weekends or after 7 pm in the evening, such that Alice  640  will not receive potentially interrupting notifications. Another example, Alice  640  may set a permission rule that no permission should be granted to any insurance company. 
     The permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669  may also be defined based on the type of data the application has requested, the type of business that the entity is doing, and the field and/or purpose of the application. For example, Alice  640  may define that if an application (e.g., application  620 ) requires to access the Alice  640 &#39;s social security number and/or date of birth, such a request will be automatically denied unless Alice  640  has expressly defined the permission in the permission storage. 
     If an application  620  requests only certain less sensitive information, and such information cannot be readily linked to Alice  640 &#39;s identity, Alice  640  may allow the DID management module  630  to grant permission for such an application (e.g., application  620 ) to use the requested user data. For example, the application  620  may be a survey on people&#39;s driving habit. The survey application  620  does not require Alice  640 &#39;s real name, exact address or date of birth, however, the survey application  620  would like to have Alice  640 &#39;s zip code, age range, and some other vague information related to Alice&#39;s driving habit. Alice  640  may allow the DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  to automatically grant such a permission (e.g., one of the permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668 ,  669 ) to this kind of applications. 
     Alice  640  may also set up her DID management module  630  and/or his/her personal storage  660  to generate a notification whenever an express permission cannot be found in the permission storage(s)  631  and/or  667 . After Alice receives a notification, she can grant or deny the request on the fly. The permission storage  631  in the DID management module  630  and/or in the permission storage  667  in the DID owner&#39;s personal storage  660  may also be configured to automatically store or backup the permissions generated or the denied request by Alice  640  on the fly. 
     In some cases, the permission may be a permission to allow an application  620  to access a scope of personal data  661 - 663  multiple times or a period of time. Once the number of times and period of time is reached, the permission is no longer an active permission. Such an expired permission may be changed to an inactive status or be moved to a separate table or storage area, because the expired permission will not be used directly by the DID management module  630  and/or the personal storage  660  to grant another application access again. However, the backed up permission data may still be analyzed by the DID management module  630  and/or the personal storage  660  to recommend or suggest Alice  640  whether a permission and/or what scope of permission should be granted to an application that is similar to a previous application. 
     After receiving the recommended scope of permission, Alice  640  may then indicate whether he/she accepts the recommended scope of permission or that denies the recommended scope of permission. Alternatively, Alice  640  may modify the recommended scope of permission to a different scope of permission. The recommendations may be populated in the DID management module  630  (e.g., a mobile app), or be sent to Alice  640  via SMS, email, voice mail, etc. Alice  640  may interact with the recommendation populated in the DID management module  630  to accept and/or deny it. Alice  640  may also reply to an SMS or email with a short “yes” or “no” text and/or use voice command during a voice call to accept and/or deny the recommendation. Alice  640  may also interact with the recommendation populated in the DID management module  630  to modify the recommended scope of permission. Simple modifications may also be entered via replying a text and/or email message, or using voice commands to interact with a voice call. 
     In some embodiments, the DID management module  630  and/or the personal storage  660  may give Alice  640  a number of recommendations that Alice  640  can choose from. Thus, Alice  640  may select one of the recommended scopes of permission by interacting with the DID management module  630 , responding to a text or email message, and/or using voice command to interact with a voice call. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, Alice  640  may allow the DID management module  630  and/or personal storage  660  to compare a new application with another application recorded in the permission storage, and automatically permit the new application  620  that is similar to a previously permitted application, or permit the new application  620  that is associated with an entity  610  that is the same as that of a previously permitted application. Alternatively, or in combination, the DID management module  630  and/or personal storage  660  may generate a notification showing Alice  640  that the application  620  is similar to a previously permitted application and ask Alice  640  whether he/she would like to allow this new application to access the similar type of data that Alice  640  previously has granted the other application to access. 
     In some embodiments, at least some of the entities  610  and/or the applications  620  may also be associated with a DID (e.g., a second DID). As such, the entity  610  and/or the application  620  may also be a DID owner  201  described in  FIGS. 2-4 , and the DID of the entity  610  or the application  620  may be a DID  205  described in  FIGS. 2-4 . In such a case, the identifying the one or more characteristics  625 - 626  of the application may include identifying and/or verifying the DID of the entity  610  and/or DID of the application  620 . For example, if the DID of the entity  610  or the DID of the application  620  can identify and/or verify that the entity  610  is a legitimate bank that Alice  640  wants to extend personal credit from, Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may grant the permission to the application  620  based on the DID of the entity  610  and/or the DID of the application  620 . The permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669  stored in the permission storage  631  and/or  667  may include the DID of the entity  610  and/or the DID of the application  620  that is granted scope of permission. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, after the scope of permission (e.g., one of the permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669 ) is granted, and/or the requested user data  661 - 663  is accessed, another notification may be sent to Alice  640 . Depending on Alice  640 &#39;s preference, the notification may include detailed scope of the permission (e.g., one of the permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669 ) granted, the identity and other information about the entity  610 , and/or information about the application  620 . Alternatively, the notification may be a simple notification merely indicating that a permission (e.g., one of the permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669 ) has been granted. After receiving the notification, Alice  640  may have a second thought about the permission granted and may want to change the granted scope of permission. In some embodiments, the system may allow Alice  640  to update the granted permission. For example, the permission may be allowing an application to access a portion of user data for a month, and Alice  640  may want to change her mind and update the permission to only last one week. In some embodiments, Alice  640  may be able to interact with the notification directly to update the granted permission. Alternatively, or in addition, Alice  640  may also be able to update the granted permission (e.g., one of the permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669 ) record stored in the permission storage  631  and/or  667  at any time. 
     The following discussion now refers to a number of methods and method acts that may be performed. Although the method acts may be disused in a certain order or illustrated in a flow chart as occurring in a particular order, no particular ordering is required unless specifically stated, or required because an act is dependent on another act being completed prior to the act being performed. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of an example method  700  for executing an application within a scope of a DID owner granted permission. The method  700  includes receiving a request from an entity for using data stored in a storage that is associated with a DID as one or more input(s) of an application associated with the entity to generate one or more result(s) ( 701 ). The entity may be the entity  610 , and the application may be the application  620 , the DID owner may be Alice  640 , the data stored in a storage may be Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663  stored in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 , and the data storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ) may be hosted in an ID hub service  650  as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
     The method  700  also includes identifying one or more characteristics of the application ( 702 ). The one or more characteristics may be the characteristics  625 - 626  illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The one or more characteristics  625 - 626  of the application  620  may include (but not limited to) the identity of the entity  610 , the nature of the application  620 , what type of information is requested by the application  620 , and what type of results will be generated by the application  620   
     Next, based on the identified one or more characteristics (e.g., characteristics  625 - 626 ), a scope of permission (e.g., permissions  632 - 633  an/or  668 - 669 ) to access the requested data (e.g., personal data  661 - 663 ) is determined ( 703 ). Then the determined scope of permission is granted to the entity  610  and/or the application  620  ( 704 ). Finally, after the application (e.g., application  620 ) is run with the data (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663 ) associated with the DID owner (e.g. Alice  640 ), the application (e.g., application  620 ) generates one or more results. The generated one or more results are then sent to the DID owner (e.g. Alice  640 ) by the application (e.g., application  620 ), and received by the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) ( 705 ) via the DID owner&#39;s management module (e.g., Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 ), personal storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ), and/or other communication means including (but not limited to) SMS, email, voice mail, etc. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart of an example method  800  for executing an application within a scope of a DID owner granted permission, where each of the entity  610  and/or the application  620  is also associated with a DID (i.e., a second DID and/or a third DID), and the DID owner is the owner of a first DID. The entity may correspond to the entity  610 , the application may correspond to the application  620 , and the DID owner of the first DID may correspond to Alice  640 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The entity  610  may be the second DID owner that is associated with a second DID. Alternatively, or in addition, the application  620  may be a third DID owner that is associated with a third DID. Each of the entity  610  and the second DID may respectively be a DID owner  201  and a DID  205  described in  FIGS. 2-4 . Each of the application  620  and the third DID may also respectively be a DID owner  201  and a DID  205  described in  FIGS. 2-4 . 
     The method  800  includes receiving a request associated with a second DID and/or a third DID for using data stored in a storage that is associated with a first DID as one or more input(s) of an application associated with the entity to generate one or more results ( 801 ). The data stored in a storage that is associated with a first DID may correspond to Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663  stored in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . The second DID may be associated with the entity  610 , and the third DID may be associated with the application  620 . 
     The method  800  also includes identifying ( 802 ) and verifying ( 803 ) the second and/or the third DID of the entity (e.g., entity  610 ) and/or the application (e.g., application  620 ). For example, the request may be signed by the second DID&#39;s private key, and the signed request may be verified by using the second DID&#39;s public key. Once the second DID is verified, the identity of the entity (e.g., entity  610 ) or the application (e.g., application  620 ) will be known. For example, the application  620  may be an application for filing a tax return. The entity  610  may be the federal government. The request for data from the application  620  may be signed by the private key of the federal government  610 &#39;s DID. The Alice DID management module  630  may verify the identity of the second DID using the public key of the federal government  610 . Thus, based on the DID of the federal government  610 , the identity of the entity  610  may be identified and verified as the federal government. 
     Next, based on the verified second and/or third DID, a scope of permission (e.g., permission  631 ,  632 ,  668  or  669 ) may be determined ( 804 ). For example, After the entity  610  (e.g., the federal government)&#39;s identity is verified via the DID verification process, Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may determine the scope of the permission that is to be granted to the federal government  610 . In this case, there may be rules and laws that require each individual to disclose to the federal government entities certain information related to his/her income. There may also be rules and laws that prohibit government entities from inquiry excessive information from each individual. These rules and laws may be accessed by and/or be part of the DID management module  630 , the Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 , and/or the ID hub service  650 , such that Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  and/or the Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may be able to automatically apply such rules to the request without Alice  640 &#39;s further input. Furthermore, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , in the permission storage  631  and/or  667 , there may also be different personal permissions  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669  set by Alice  640  previously. In such a case, the DID management module  630  and/or the Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may also analyze whether the government rules and laws are consistent with Alice&#39;s permission(s)  632 ,  633 ,  668  and/or  669 . 
     In some embodiments, the DID management module  630  and/or Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may be configured to allow the government rules to overwrite the Alice&#39;s personal permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669 . In some embodiments, the DID management module  630  and/or Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may be configured to allow Alice&#39;s personal permissions  632 - 633  and/or  668 - 669  to overwrite the government rules. In some embodiments, the DID management module  630  and/or Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may generate a notification or alert to the DID owner and/or the entity (e.g., government entity) to let one or both of them know that a conflict exists. 
     Additionally, as described above in  FIG. 6 , in some embodiments, the system may be configured to require Alice  640  to expressly set up each rule for his/her DID management module and/or her personal storage to determine the scope of permission. In such a case, the DID management module  630  and/or the personal storage  660  may not be granted any discrepancy to provide a recommendation or automatically grant permission to any application. The scope of permission may include a portion of data that is allowed to be accessed by the application, and whether the permission is read permission, write permission, copy permission, etc. The scope of permission may be stored in the permission storage  631  in the DID management module  630  and/or the permission storage  667  in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 . 
     After the scope of permission is determined, the determined scope of permission is then granted to the entity (e.g., entity  610 ) and/or the application (e.g., application  620 ) ( 805 ). Still using the tax return application as an example, the scope of permission to the federal government  610  may include all the income information related to Alice  640 . The scope of permission may also include that Alice  640 &#39;s income information can only be accessed by the federal government  610  between March 1 st  and April 15 th . Once the scope of permission is determined, the application (e.g., application  620 ) may receive the requested data from Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  directly. Alternative, the Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may send the requested data to Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 , and Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  may then pass the data to the application  620 . 
     Finally, once the application (e.g., application  620 ) receives the requested data (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663 ) stored in the DID owner&#39;s personal storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ), the application (e.g., application  620 ) will be able to generate one or more results and send the results to Alice  640 . The one or more results may be received by Alice&#39;s management module  630  (e.g., the DID owner&#39;s mobile app). Alternatively, or in combination, the one or more results may be received by Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 , and/or via SMS, email, voice mail, etc. If Alice  640  has granted the entity  610  or the application  620  some write permission to record the results in Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 , the application  620  may record such results in Alice&#39;s storage  660  directly. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart of an example method  900  for determining a scope of permission to access the requested data, which may correspond to an embodiment of step  703  of method  700  and/or step  804  of method  800 . The method  900  includes generating a notification to the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) in response to the receiving of the request ( 901 ). The method  900  may also include receiving a user indication (e.g., Alice  640 &#39;s input) that indicates a scope of permission that is to be granted ( 902 ). The method  900  may then determine the scope of permission that is consistent with the user indication (e.g., Alice&#39;s input) ( 903 ). In some embodiments, the DID owner&#39;s input (e.g., Alice  640 &#39;s input) may be entered when the request from the application (e.g., application  620 ) was received, and based on the DID owner&#39;s input (e.g., Alice  640 &#39;s input), the determination step ( 903 ) may be on the fly. 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , when Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  receives a request from an application  620  directly and/or from Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  indirectly, the DID management module  630  may generate a notification (e.g., a notification on Alice  640 &#39;s mobile device). Alternatively, or in combination, Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may receive the request from the application  620  and generate a notification to Alice  640  directly. Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may trigger Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  to generate a notification, and/or send an SMS, email and/or voice message to Alice  640  directly. After Alice  640  receives the notification, she may input information in her DID management module  630 , or reply the SMS or email from Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  to indicate a scope of permission that is to be granted. 
     After Alice&#39;s DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  receives her indication of the scope of permission, her DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  may then determine the scope of permission that is consistent with Alice  640 &#39;s indication. In some embodiments, her DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  may merely adopt Alice  640 &#39;s indicated scope of permission. In some embodiments, her DID management module  630  and/or her personal storage  660  may be more protective to her data and further limit the scope of permission that Alice  640  has indicated to grant. For example, there may be rules regulating how much information governments may inquire from a citizen. If the entity  620  is a federal government, and Alice  640  indicates that she would like to grant the federal government  620  to access a large scope of her personal data  661 - 663 , Alice&#39;s DID management module  630 , or Alice&#39;s personal storage  660  may further limit the scope of data granted by Alice  640  based on relevant rules and laws. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a flow chart of an example method  1000  for receiving the one or more result(s) from the application (e.g., application  620 ), which may correspond to an embodiment of step  705  of method  700  and/or step  806  of method  800 . The method  1000  includes receiving the one or more result(s) from the application ( 1001 ). The method  1000  also includes generating a notification to the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ), based on the received one or more result(s) ( 1002 ). The method  1000  may further include receiving a user indication (e.g., Alice  640 &#39;s indication) related to the one or more result(s) ( 1003 ). Based on the user indication (e.g., Alice  640 &#39;s indication), a new scope of permission to the entity (e.g., entity  610 ) or the application (e.g., application  620 ) may be granted ( 1004 ). 
     For example, the application  620  may be an application associated with an auto insurance company. After Alice  640  has granted a first scope of her personal data  661 - 663  to the application  620 , the application  620  generates a quoted price for Alice  640 . When the quote was generated, the application  620  probably does not need Alice&#39;s social security number or legal name. After Alice  640  receives the quoted price, she may like the price and want to proceed with the next step. For example, the next step may be filing a formal application form and/or pay the insurance premium to get the insurance policy issued. The formal application form and/or the payment processing functions may be additional modules of the application  620 , which allows Alice  640  to proceed to the next steps after the first set of results are generated. 
     The insurance quoting, applying and issuing process is just one example of how these different applications may interact with each other and/or how different modules of a bigger application may request a different scope of data from the DID owner. Breaking down applications to steps gives the DID owners (e.g., Alice  640 ) more flexibility, because the DID owners (e.g., Alice  640 ) are not required to disclose a lot of data at the very beginning, and the data disclosure may be need-based. If the application (e.g., application  620 )&#39;s first a few modules do not require a lot of user information (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal data  661 - 663 ), the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may allow the first a few modules to run. Based on the results of the first a few modules, the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may then decide whether a next module should also be run. If the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) decides that he/she wants to continue to run the next module of the application, the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may then grant an additional scope of permission to the next module of the application (e.g., application  620 ). 
     Alternatively, the one or more result(s) of the first application (e.g., application  620 ) may also include links to a next application. For example, the first application may be an insurance quoting application. After the first application is run, additional applications (e.g., the formal application form and/or the payment processing application) may be populated to the DID owner. The additional applications may be associated with a different DID or be associated with another entity. For example, the insurance quoting application may be associated with an advertising company that facilitates leads to multiple insurance companies. In such a case, the insurance quoting application may generate multiple quotes each of which is related to a different insurance company. If the DID owner likes a particular quote, he/or she may want to purchase the insurance policy corresponding to the particular quote. Then, the DID owner may interact with the desired quote result and be populated with a new application that is associated with a particular insurance company (which is a different entity). The new application may request the user to grant the same scope of data permission or additional scope of data permission to run. If the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) is interested in at least one of the results of the first application, he/she may grant additional permission to the new application and/or the new entity. Then the new application may generate one or more additional results based on the new scope of data granted. This process can repeat until the DID owner decided not to continue, or until a transaction is completed. Alternatively, the DID owner can also decide to not participate or terminate the execution of any application at any time. 
     For example, after the insurance quoting application, the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may decide to apply for one of the quoted insurance policies. The applying for the quoted insurance policy may be an additional application that may require an additional scope of data from the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ). After running the application for applying for the insurance policy, a final price and detailed insurance terms may be generated as the results. The final price may be slightly different from the initially quoted price. If the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) still wants to accept the final price, another payment application may be triggered. The credit card, bank account or other payment information may be requested from the payment application. If the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) wants to proceed with the payment, the insurance policy will be issued; an insurance card may be generated and sent to the DID owner (e.g. Alice  640 ) as the results. Alternatively, or in addition, the payment application or an additional insurance card generating application may request the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) to grant it permission to write in the DID owner&#39;s storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ). The write permission may be specifically defined as allowing the application to record the generated insurance card in a particular portion of the DID owner&#39;s storage (e.g., Alice&#39;s personal storage  660 ) automatically after the payment is made by the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ). Once the insurance card is issued, the transaction is finished, and no additional application should be triggered. The DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may be notified of the completion of the transaction. In any of these steps mentioned above, the DID owner (e.g., Alice  640 ) may decide to abort the execution of any application and/or not to continue to the next application. 
     For the processes and methods disclosed herein, the operations performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined operations are only provided as examples, an some of the operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, supplemented with further operations, or expanded into additional operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.