Patent Publication Number: US-2023154530-A1

Title: Electronic device and electronic device control method

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to an electronic device and a method for controlling the same. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     With the development of technology and increasing interest in people&#39;s convenience in life, attempts to develop various electronic products are increasing. 
     In addition, smaller and more integrated these electronic products are being developed, and the range of places where these electronic products is being wider. 
     Such electronic products include various electronic devices, for example, CPUs, memories, and other various electronic devices. These electronic devices may include various types of electrical circuits. 
     Electronic devices are used in products in various fields, such as home sensor devices for IoT, bio-electronic devices for ergonomics, as well as computers and smartphones. 
     Meanwhile, in response of the increase in the recent speed of technological development and the rapid improvement of the living standards of users, the use and application fields of these electric devices are getting wider, and the demand thereof is also increasing accordingly. 
     However, there is a limit in implementing and controlling an electronic circuit that is easily and quickly applied to various commonly used electrical devices, according to this trend. 
     Meanwhile, memory devices, particularly, nonvolatile memory devices, are widely used as information storage and/or processing devices of various electronic devices, such as cameras and communication devices, as well as computers. 
     These memory devices are being developed particularly in terms of lifespan and speed. Most issues to be addressed are associated with memory lifespan and speed. However, there is a limit to realizing memory devices with improved memory lifespan and speed. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The present disclosure can provide an electronic device that can be easily applied to various uses and a method of controlling the same. 
     Technical Solution to Problem 
     An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic device including: a first electrode part including a conductive material; a second electrode part spaced apart from the first electrode part and including a conductive material; an active layer disposed between the first electrode part and the second electrode part, including a spontaneously polarizable material, and formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value smaller than the first electrical resistance; and an electric field controller connected to the first electrode part and the second electrode part to apply an electric field. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device further includes a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode formed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part and the second electrode part on the active layer. 
     An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method of controlling an electronic device including: a first electrode part including a conductive material; a second electrode part spaced apart from the first electrode part and including a conductive material; an active layer disposed between the first electrode part and the second electrode part, including a spontaneously polarizable material, and formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value smaller than the first electrical resistance; and an electric field controller connected to the first electrode part and the second electrode part to apply an electric field, the method including optionally controlling a resistance value of the electronic device by controlling the selection of the first mode and the second mode of the active layer. 
     In the present embodiment, a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode formed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part and the second electrode part on the active layer, are included and the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode is controlled. 
     Other aspects, features and advantages other than those described above will become apparent from the following drawings, claims, and detailed description of the disclosure. 
     Advantageous Effects of Disclosure 
     An electronic device and a method of controlling the same according to the present disclosure provides improved electrical properties and manufacturing properties, and can be easily applied to various uses. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating an optional embodiment of the second electrode of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIGS.  3  and  4    are diagrams for explaining the control of an electric field controller in order to convert an electronic device of  FIG.  1    into a first mode and a second mode. 
         FIGS.  5  to  9    are diagrams for explaining the conversion to the first mode and the second mode of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    is a plan view viewed from the H direction of  FIG.  15   . 
         FIG.  17    is a diagram for schematically explaining an energy band relationship of the electronic device of  FIG.  15   . 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     MODE OF DISCLOSURE 
     Hereinafter, the configuration and operation of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the embodiments of the present disclosure shown in the accompanying drawings. 
     Since the present disclosure can undergo various transformations and can have various embodiments, specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the detailed description. Effects and features of the present disclosure, and methods of achieving the same, will become apparent with reference to the embodiments described below in detail in conjunction with the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below and may be implemented in various forms. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, and when described with reference to the drawings, the same or corresponding components are given with the same reference numerals, and the overlapping description thereof will be omitted. 
     In the following embodiments, terms such as first, second, etc. are used for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another component, not in the aspect of limitation. 
     In the following examples, the singular expression includes the plural expression unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     In the following embodiments, terms such as “include” or “have” means that the features or components described in the specification are present, and the possibility that one or more other features or components can be added, is not excluded in advance. 
     In the drawings, the size of the components may be exaggerated or reduced for convenience of description. For example, since the size and thickness of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily indicated for convenience of description, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to the configurations illustrated in the drawings. 
     In the following embodiments, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis are not limited to three axes on the Cartesian coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including the same. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may be orthogonal to each other, but may refer to different directions that are not orthogonal to each other. 
     In cases where certain embodiments can be implemented in different manners, a specific process sequence may be performed different from the described sequence. For example, two processes described in succession may be performed substantially simultaneously, or may be performed in an order opposite to the order described. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  100  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the electronic device  100  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  120 , a second electrode part  130 , an active layer  110 , and an electric field controller  190 . 
     The first electrode part  120  may include a conductive material. 
     For example, the first electrode part  120  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     The second electrode part  130  may include a conductive material and may be spaced apart from the first electrode part  120 . 
     For example, the second electrode part  130  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  130  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the second electrode part  130  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  130  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the second electrode part  130  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     The first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may be formed to have different characteristics. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may have different electrical characteristics. In an embodiment, the work function value of the first electrode part  120  may be different from the work function value of the second electrode part  130 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may include different materials. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include platinum (Pt) and the second electrode part  130  may include gold (Au). In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include platinum (Pt) and the second electrode part  130  may include platinum (Pt). may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 , and the second electrode part  130  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may be formed using various materials to have different characteristics. 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating an optional embodiment of the second electrode of  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the second electrode part  130 ′ may be formed in multiple layers. 
     For example, the second electrode part  130 ′ may include a first layer  131 ′ and a second layer  132 ′, and the first layer  131 ′ may be disposed to face the active layer  110 . In an embodiment, the first layer  131 ′ may contact the active layer  110 . 
     The first layer  131 ′ may be formed of a material different from that of the first electrode part  120 , and the second layer  132 ′ may include a material different from that of the first layer  131 ′. For example, the second layer  132 ′ may be formed of the same material as the first electrode part  120 . 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  120  may include platinum (Pt), the first layer  131 ′ of a second electrode part  130 ′ may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ), and the second layer  132 ′ may include platinum (Pt). 
     The active layer  110  may be disposed between the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130 . 
     The active layer  110  may include a spontaneously polarizable material. 
     For example, the active layer  110  may include a ferroelectric material, and may include a material that has spontaneous electrical polarization (electric dipole) which can be reversed in the presence of an electric field. 
     In an optional embodiment, the active layer  110  may include a perovskite-based material, for example, BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BiFe 3 , PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , or SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 . 
     In an embodiment, the active layer  110  has the structure of an ABX3 structure, A may include an alkyl group of CnH2n+1, and one or more materials selected from inorganic materials such as Cs and Ru that can form a perovskite solar cell structure, B may include one or more materials selected from Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Ce, and X may include a halogen material. For example, the active layer  110  may include CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x , MAPbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Br 3-x , CH 3 NH 3 PbClxBr 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Cl 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Br 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbCl x Br 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI 3 , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Cl 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Br 3-x , or (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbCI x Br 3-x  (0≤x, y≤1). 
     The active layer  110  may be formed using various other ferroelectric materials, and descriptions of all examples thereof will be omitted. In addition, when the active layer  110  is formed, the ferroelectric material may be doped with various other materials to include additional functions or to improve electrical properties. 
     The active layer  110  has spontaneous polarization and may control the degree and direction of polarization according to application of an electric field. In addition, the active layer  110  may maintain a polarized state even when the applied electric field is removed. 
     The active layer  110  may be formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value that is smaller than the first electrical resistance. 
     Specific details on this will be described later. 
     The electric field controller  190  may be connected to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  to apply an electric field. 
     Also, the direction of the electric field may be controlled through the electric field controller  190 . For example, an electric field is applied to the active layer  110  connected to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  through the electric field controller  190 , and due to the electric field, the active layer  110  may be polarized in one direction, and by changing the direction of the electric field, the polarization direction of the active layer  110  may be controlled to be opposite thereto. 
     In an optional embodiment, the intensity of the electric field may be controlled by the electric field controller  190 . 
       FIGS.  3  and  4    are diagrams for explaining the control of an electric field controller in order to convert an electronic device of  FIG.  1    into a first mode and a second mode. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , a first electric field E 1  is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  through the electric field controller  190  of the electronic device  100 . When the first electric field E 1  is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130 , the active layer  110  connected to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may be polarized in a first polarization direction. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , a second electric field E 2  is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  through the electric field controller  190  of the electronic device  100 . 
     The second electric field E 2  may be an electric field in a direction different from that of the first electric field E 1 . For example, the direction of the second electric field E 2  may be opposite to the direction of the first electric field E 1 . 
     When the second electric field E 2  is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130 , the active layer  110  connected to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  may be polarized in a second polarization direction, which is opposite to the first polarization direction. 
     In this case, for example, the intensity of the second electric field E 2  may have the same value as the intensity of the first electric field E 1 . 
       FIGS.  5  to  9    are diagrams for explaining the conversion to the first mode and the second mode of the electronic device  100  of  FIG.  1   . 
       FIG.  5    shows a polarization hysteresis curve when an electric field is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  through the electric field controller  190  of the electronic device  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , the horizontal axis represents an electric field (E) and the vertical axis represents a polarization (P). 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , the polarization hysteresis curve of the electronic device  100  does not have a symmetrical shape. For example, referring to  FIG.  5   , a first polarization value (positive Y-intercept value) after applying and removing a positive electric field (e.g., the first electric field E 1 ) is different from a second polarization value (negative Y-intercept value) after applying and removing a negative electric field (e.g., a second electric field E 2 ), and the first polarization value (positive Y-intercept value) may be smaller than the second polarization value (negative Y-intercept value). 
     The difference in polarization values may be formed by controlling symmetrical electric field induction due to different characteristics of the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  as described above. 
       FIG.  6    shows a displacement hysteresis curve when an electric field is applied to the first electrode part  120  and the second electrode part  130  through the electric field controller  190  of the electronic device  100 . 
       FIG.  7    is an enlarged view of portion K of  FIG.  6   . 
     In the active layer  110  of this embodiment, by applying an electric field, a polarized structure may be formed, and displacement may occur. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , the horizontal axis represents the electric field E and the vertical axis represents the displacement S. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6  and 7   , the displacement hysteresis curve of the electronic device  100  does not have a symmetrical shape. For example, referring to  FIG.  5   , a first displacement SE 1  after applying and removing a positive electric field (e.g., the first electric field E 1 ) is different from a second displacement SE 2  after applying and removing a negative electric field (e.g., a second electric field E 2 ), and the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     According to the difference in the polarization values of  FIG.  5   , the displacement values may have an asymmetric diagram and may be different from each other when different directions of the first electric field E 1  and the second electric field E 2  are applied and removed. 
     Through this, the deformation state that occurs after applying an electric field to the electronic device  100  and removing the same, may have two states instead of one state. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the active layer  110  of the electronic device  100  may have two displacement states. 
     Specifically, referring to  FIG.  8   , the active layer  110  may optionally have a first displacement (SE 1 ) and a second displacement (SE 2 ). The magnitude of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the magnitude of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     For example, as described above, the direction of the electric field is controlled using the electric field controller  190  of the electronic device  100 , and accordingly, the polarization direction formed in the active layer  110  is controlled to have a polarization shape as shown in  FIG.  5    and a displacement shape as shown in  FIG.  6   . 
       FIG.  9    shows a diagram illustrating a change in an energy bandgap according to an optional change in a displacement value of the active layer  110  of  FIG.  8   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , when the active layer  110  has the first displacement SE 1 , the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  110  may be greater than the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  110  when the active layer  110  has the second displacement SE 2 . 
     Since the active layer  110  optionally has different energy band values, the active layer  110  may optionally have two different electrical resistance values. 
     For example, when the active layer  110  has the first displacement SE 1 , the active layer  110  may have a state (first mode) having a first electrical resistance. For example, when the active layer  110  has the second displacement SE 2 , the active layer  110  may have a state (second mode) having a second electrical resistance. 
     The active layer  110  may optionally have a state having the first electrical resistance (first mode) and a state having a second electrical resistance (second mode). 
     For example, as described above, the polarization form of the active layer  110  is controlled by controlling the direction of the electric field through the electric field controller  190  (see  FIG.  5   ), and the displacement form is controlled according to the polarization form (see  FIGS.  6  and  7   ), and thus, the energy bandgap value of the active layer  110  is optionally determined correspondingly (see  FIG.  9   ) and thus, a first mode of high resistance or a second mode of low resistance may be optionally obtained. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. Although not illustrated as an optional embodiment, a conductive insertion layer may be formed between the first electrode part and the active layer or between the second electrode part and the active layer. 
     Through this structure, an electric field may be applied to the active layer, and accordingly, a polarization form in the first polarization direction may be obtained, and by controlling the direction of an electric field, a polarization form that is opposite to the first polarization direction, may be obtained. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part and the second electrode part may have different characteristics. For example, the first electrode part and the second electrode part may include different materials. Through this, an asymmetric electrical characteristic may be induced in the active layer. 
     Due to the different characteristics of the first electrode part and the second electrode part, for example, the asymmetry between electrodes, when an electric field is applied in different directions, and even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Also, the active layer may have a polarization in response to polarization, and may have two different displacements after an electric field is applied and removed. For example, a first displacement value when a first electric field is applied and then removed may be different from a second displacement value when a second electric field is applied and then removed. 
     Also, a first electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the first displacement may be different from a second electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the second displacement. In an embodiment, the first electrical resistance value may be greater than the second electrical resistance value. 
     As a result, the active layer may optionally have one of a first mode having a relatively high electrical resistance value and a second mode having a relatively low electrical resistance value. 
     For example, the first mode when the first electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained, and the second mode when the second electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained. 
     Through this, an active layer having the first mode and the second mode which have different resistances, can be easily implemented, and an electronic device having such an active layer can be used for various purposes. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device may be used as an electrical switching structure, and a memory and other various electronic circuit components can be implemented in which the first mode, in which the active layer has a high resistance value, corresponds to OFF, and the second mode, in which the active layer has a low resistance value, corresponds to ON. 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  200  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , the electronic device  200  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  220 , a second electrode part  230 , an active layer  210 , and an electric field controller  290 . 
     The first electrode part  220  may include a conductive material. 
     For example, the first electrode part  220  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     The second electrode part  230  may include a conductive material and may be spaced apart from the first electrode part  220 . 
     For example, the second electrode part  230  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  230  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the second electrode part  230  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  230  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the second electrode part  230  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  may be formed to have identical characteristics. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  may have different electrical properties. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  may include the same material. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  220  or the second electrode part  230  may have a stacked form. 
     The active layer  210  may be disposed between the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230 . 
     The active layer  210  may include a spontaneously polarizable material. 
     For example, the active layer  210  may include a ferroelectric material, and may include a material that has spontaneous electrical polarization (electric dipole) which can be reversed in the presence of an electric field. 
     In an optional embodiment, the active layer  210  may include a perovskite-based material, for example, BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BiFe 3 , PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , or SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 . 
     In an embodiment, the active layer  210  has the structure of an ABX3 structure, A may include an alkyl group of CnH2n+1, and one or more materials selected from inorganic materials such as Cs and Ru that can form a perovskite solar cell structure, B may include one or more materials selected from Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Ce, and X may include a halogen material. For example, the active layer  210  may include CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x , MAPbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Br 3-x , CH 3 NH 3 PbCIxBr 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Cl 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Br 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbCI x Br 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI 3 , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Cl 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Br 3-x , or (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbCl x Br 3-x  (0≤x, y≤1). 
     The active layer  210  may be formed using various other ferroelectric materials, and descriptions of all examples thereof will be omitted. In addition, when the active layer  210  is formed, the ferroelectric material may be doped with various other materials to include additional functions or to improve electrical properties. 
     The active layer  210  has spontaneous polarization and may control the degree and direction of polarization according to application of an electric field. In addition, the active layer  210  may maintain a polarized state even when the applied electric field is removed. 
     An ion implantation region may be formed in one region of the active layer  210 . 
     For example, an ion implantation process may be performed on a surface of the active layer  210  facing the first electrode part  220  using, for example, an ion implantation method in which a dopant is implanted. 
     In an embodiment, an ion implantation process may be performed on a surface of the active layer  210  facing the second electrode part  230  using, for example, an ion implantation method in which a dopant is implanted. 
     Ion implantation into the active layer  210  may be performed using various materials. 
     In an optional embodiment, an ion implantation region may be formed using a transition metal in the active layer  210 . 
     In addition, an ion implantation region may be formed using ytterbium (Yb) or fluorine (F) in the active layer  210 . 
     The active layer  210  may be formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value that is smaller than the first electrical resistance. 
     Specific details on this will be described later. 
     The electric field controller  290  may be connected to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  to apply an electric field. 
     Also, the direction of the electric field may be controlled through the electric field controller  290 . For example, an electric field is applied to the active layer  210  connected to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  through the electric field controller  290 , and due to the electric field, the active layer  210  may be polarized in one direction, and by changing the direction of the electric field, the polarization direction of the active layer  210  may be controlled to be opposite thereto. 
     In an optional embodiment, the intensity of the electric field may be controlled by the electric field controller  290 . 
     An operation of selecting the first mode and the second mode of the active layer  210  by controlling the electric field of the electronic device  200  will be described. 
     When a first electric field E 1  is applied to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  through the electric field controller  290  of the electronic device  200 , the active layer  210  connected to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  may be polarized in a first polarization direction. 
     In addition, a second electric field E 2  may be applied to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  through the electric field controller  290  of the electronic device  200 . 
     The second electric field E 2  may be an electric field in a direction different from that of the first electric field E 1 . For example, the direction of the second electric field E 2  may be opposite to the direction of the first electric field E 1 . 
     When the second electric field E 2  is applied to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230 , the active layer  210  connected to the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  may be polarized in a second polarization direction, which is opposite to the first polarization direction. 
     In this case, for example, the intensity of the second electric field E 2  may have the same value as the intensity of the first electric field E 1 . 
     The polarization hysteresis curve of the electronic device  200  according to the present embodiment does not have a symmetrical shape. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , a first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., the first electric field E 1 ) may be different from a second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., a second electric field E 2 ). In an embodiment, the size of the first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) may be smaller than the size of the second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve). 
     The difference in polarization values may be due to an ion implantation region formed in one region of the active layer  210 , for example, a surface thereof facing the first electrode part  220  or a surface thereof facing the second electrode  230  as described above. 
     For example, surface properties, such as charge concentration, of the surface of the active layer  210  adjacent to the first electrode part  220  or the second electrode part  230  may be changed due to the ion implanted region, and as a result, even when the first electrode part  220  and the second electrode part  230  include the same material, the application of an electric field through the electric field controller  290 , for example, the application of a first electric field and a second electric field which is opposite to the first electric field may lead to a difference in polarization. 
     The difference in polarization affects the displacement characteristics, and for example, as shown in  FIG.  6   , when an electric field is applied, a displacement may occur in the active layer  210  of the present embodiment. 
     In an embodiment, the displacement hysteresis curve of the electronic device  200  may not have a symmetrical shape, and the first displacement SE 1  after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., first electric field E 1 ) may be different from the second displacement SE 2  after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., second electric field E 2 ), and for example, the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     According to the difference in the polarization values, the displacement values may have an asymmetric diagram and may be different from each other when different directions of the first electric field E 1  and the second electric field E 2  are applied and removed, and as a result, the deformation state that occurs after applying an electric field to the electronic device  200  and removing the same, may have two states instead of one state. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the active layer  210  of the electronic device  200  may have two displacement states. 
     Specifically, the active layer  210  may optionally have a first displacement SE 1  and a second displacement SE 2 , and may have the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     For example, as described above, the direction of the electric field is controlled using the electric field controller  290  of the electronic device  200 , and accordingly, the polarization direction formed in the active layer  210  is controlled to have a polarization shape, and when electric field is removed to correspond thereto, different two displacement states may be obtained. 
     In addition, the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  210  when the active layer  210  has a large first displacement SE 1 , may be greater than the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  210  when the active layer  210  has a second displacement SE 2  having a smaller value than the first displacement SE 1 . 
     Since the active layer  210  optionally has different energy band values, the active layer  210  may optionally have two different electrical resistance values. 
     For example, when the active layer  210  has the first displacement SE 1 , the active layer  210  may have a state (first mode) having a first electrical resistance. For example, when the active layer  210  has the second displacement SE 2 , the active layer  210  may have a state (second mode) having a second electrical resistance. 
     The active layer  210  may optionally have a state having the first electrical resistance (first mode) and a state having a second electrical resistance (second mode). 
     For example, as described above, the polarization form of the active layer  210  is controlled by controlling the direction of the electric field through the electric field controller  290 , and the displacement form is controlled according to the polarization form, and thus, the energy bandgap value of the active layer  210  is optionally determined correspondingly and thus, a first mode of high resistance or a second mode of low resistance may be optionally obtained. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. Although not illustrated as an optional embodiment, a conductive insertion layer may be formed between the first electrode part and the active layer or between the second electrode part and the active layer. 
     Through this structure, an electric field may be applied to the active layer, and accordingly, a polarization form in the first polarization direction may be obtained, and by controlling the direction of an electric field, a polarization form that is opposite to the first polarization direction, may be obtained. 
     Also, in an embodiment, a doping process may be performed using various materials on one surface of the active layer, for example, one surface thereof facing a first electrode part or one surface thereof facing a second electrode part. 
     Through this doping process, the interface properties between the active layer and the first electrode part may be changed differently from the interface properties between the active layer and the second electrode part. Due to the change in these interface properties, the electric field inside the active layer may be induced asymmetrically. 
     Due to such properties of the active layer, for example, electrical asymmetry, when an electric field is applied in different directions, and even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Also, the active layer may have a polarization in response to polarization, and may have two different displacements after an electric field is applied and removed. For example, a first displacement value when a first electric field is applied and then removed may be different from a second displacement value when a second electric field is applied and then removed. 
     Also, a first electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the first displacement may be different from a second electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the second displacement. In an embodiment, the first electrical resistance value may be greater than the second electrical resistance value. 
     As a result, the active layer may optionally have one of a first mode having a relatively high electrical resistance value and a second mode having a relatively low electrical resistance value. 
     For example, the first mode when the first electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained, and the second mode when the second electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained. 
     Through this, an active layer having the first mode and the second mode which have different resistances, can be easily implemented, and an electronic device having such an active layer can be used for various purposes. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device may be used as an electrical switching structure, and a memory and other various electronic circuit components can be implemented in which the first mode, in which the active layer has a high resistance value, corresponds to OFF, and the second mode, in which the active layer has a low resistance value, corresponds to ON. 
       FIG.  11    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  300  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , the electronic device  300  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  320 , a second electrode part  330 , an active layer  310 , and an electric field controller  390 . 
     The first electrode part  320  may include a conductive material. 
     For example, the first electrode part  320  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     The second electrode part  330  may include a conductive material and may be spaced apart from the first electrode part  320 . 
     For example, the second electrode part  330  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  330  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the second electrode part  330  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  330  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the second electrode part  330  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  may be formed to have identical characteristics. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  may have different electrical properties. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  may include the same material. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  320  or the second electrode part  330  may have a stacked form. 
     The active layer  310  may be disposed between the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330 . 
     The active layer  310  may include a spontaneously polarizable material. 
     For example, the active layer  310  may include a ferroelectric material, and may include a material that has spontaneous electrical polarization (electric dipole) which can be reversed in the presence of an electric field. 
     In an optional embodiment, the active layer  310  may include a perovskite-based material, for example, BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BiFe 3 , PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , or SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 . 
     In an embodiment, the active layer  310  has the structure of an ABX3 structure, A may include an alkyl group of CnH2n+1, and one or more materials selected from inorganic materials such as Cs and Ru that can form a perovskite solar cell structure, B may include one or more materials selected from Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Ce, and X may include a halogen material. For example, the active layer  310  may include CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x , MAPbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Br 3-x , CH 3 NH 3 PbClxBr 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Cl 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Br 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbCl x Br 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI 3 , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Cl 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Br 3-x , or (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbCl x Br 3-x  (0≤x, y≤1). 
     The active layer  310  may be formed using various other ferroelectric materials, and descriptions of all examples thereof will be omitted. In addition, when the active layer  310  is formed, the ferroelectric material may be doped with various other materials to include additional functions or to improve electrical properties. 
     The active layer  310  has spontaneous polarization and may control the degree and direction of polarization according to application of an electric field. In addition, the active layer  310  may maintain a polarized state even when the applied electric field is removed. 
     A surface treatment region may be formed in one region of the active layer  310 . 
     For example, a surface treatment region including an oxygen change region, for example, an oxygen deficient region may be formed in the surface of the active layer  310  facing the first electrode part  320  by performing a heat treatment process. 
     In an embodiment, a surface treatment region including an oxygen change region, for example, an oxygen deficient region may be formed in the surface of the active layer  310  facing the second electrode part  330  by performing a heat treatment process. 
     A surface treatment region which optionally including a surface treatment region may be formed in the region of the active layer  310  facing the first electrode part  320  or the region of the active layer  310  facing the second electrode part  330  so that the electric field characteristics inside the active layer  310  are asymmetrically implemented. 
     The active layer  310  may be formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value that is smaller than the first electrical resistance. 
     Specific details on this will be described later. 
     The electric field controller  390  may be connected to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  to apply an electric field. 
     Also, the direction of the electric field may be controlled through the electric field controller  390 . For example, an electric field is applied to the active layer  310  connected to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  through the electric field controller  390 , and due to the electric field, the active layer  310  may be polarized in one direction, and by changing the direction of the electric field, the polarization direction of the active layer  310  may be controlled to be opposite thereto. 
     In an optional embodiment, the intensity of the electric field may be controlled by the electric field controller  390 . 
     An operation of selecting the first mode and the second mode of the active layer  310  by controlling the electric field of the electronic device  300  will be described. 
     When a first electric field E 1  is applied to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  through the electric field controller  390  of the electronic device  300 , the active layer  310  connected to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  may be polarized in a first polarization direction. 
     In addition, a second electric field E 2  may be applied to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  through the electric field controller  390  of the electronic device  300 . 
     The second electric field E 2  may be an electric field in a direction different from that of the first electric field E 1 . For example, the direction of the second electric field E 2  may be opposite to the direction of the first electric field E 1 . 
     When the second electric field E 2  is applied to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330 , the active layer  310  connected to the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  may be polarized in a second polarization direction, which is opposite to the first polarization direction. 
     In this case, for example, the intensity of the second electric field E 2  may have the same value as the intensity of the first electric field E 1 . 
     The polarization hysteresis curve of the electronic device  300  according to the present embodiment does not have a symmetrical shape. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , a first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., the first electric field E 1 ) may be different from a second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., a second electric field E 2 ). In an embodiment, the size of the first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) may be smaller than the size of the second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve). 
     The difference in polarization values may be due to a surface treatment region formed in one region of the active layer  310 , for example, a surface thereof facing the first electrode part  320  or a surface thereof facing the second electrode  330  as described above. In an embodiment, of the region of the active layer  310 , the surface thereof adjacent to the first electrode part  320  or the second electrode part  330  may undergo oxygen deficiency due to the heat treatment process, and by controlling the formation of the oxygen deficient region, a surface treatment region having changed surface characteristics may be formed. 
     As a result, even in the case where the first electrode part  320  and the second electrode part  330  are formed of the same material, when the electric field is applied through the electric field controller  390 , for example, the first electric field and the second electric field are applied in the opposite directions, the surface treatment region having changed surface characteristics may be formed. 
     The difference in polarization affects the displacement characteristics, and for example, as shown in  FIG.  6   , displacement may occur in the active layer  310  of the present embodiment by the application of an electric field. 
     In an embodiment, the displacement hysteresis curve of the electronic device  300  may not have a symmetrical shape, and the first displacement SE 1  after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., first electric field E 1 ) may be different from the second displacement SE 2  after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., second electric field E 2 ), and for example, the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     That is, according to the difference in the polarization values, the displacement values may have an asymmetric diagram, and as the first electric field E 1  and the second electric field E 2  in opposite directions are applied and removed, different displacement values may be obtained. Accordingly, the number of the deformation states that occur after applying an electric field to the electronic device  300  and removing the same, may be two or more, not one. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the active layer  310  of the electronic device  300  may have two displacement states. 
     Specifically, the active layer  310  may optionally have a first displacement SE 1  and a second displacement SE 2 , and may have the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     For example, as described above, the direction of the electric field is controlled using the electric field controller  390  of the electronic device  300 , and accordingly, the polarization direction formed in the active layer  310  is controlled to have a polarization shape, and when electric field is removed to correspond thereto, different two displacement states may be obtained. 
     In addition, the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  310  when the active layer  310  has a large first displacement SE 1 , may be greater than the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  310  when the active layer  310  has a second displacement SE 2  having a smaller value than the first displacement SE 1 . 
     Since the active layer  310  optionally has different energy band values, the active layer  310  may optionally have two different electrical resistance values. 
     For example, when the active layer  310  has the first displacement SE 1 , the active layer  310  may have a state (first mode) having a first electrical resistance. For example, when the active layer  310  has the second displacement SE 2 , the active layer  310  may have a state (second mode) having a second electrical resistance. 
     The active layer  310  may optionally have a state having the first electrical resistance (first mode) and a state having a second electrical resistance (second mode). 
     For example, as described above, the polarization form of the active layer  310  is controlled by controlling the direction of the electric field through the electric field controller  390 , and the displacement form is controlled according to the polarization form, and thus, the energy bandgap value of the active layer  310  is optionally determined correspondingly and thus, a first mode of high resistance or a second mode of low resistance may be optionally obtained. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. Although not illustrated as an optional embodiment, a conductive insertion layer may be formed between the first electrode part and the active layer or between the second electrode part and the active layer. 
     Through this structure, an electric field may be applied to the active layer, and accordingly, a polarization form in the first polarization direction may be obtained, and by controlling the direction of an electric field, a polarization form that is opposite to the first polarization direction, may be obtained. 
     In addition, in the present embodiment, a surface treatment region may be formed on one surface of the active layer, for example, one surface thereof facing the first electrode part or one surface thereof facing the second electrode part, and for example, an oxygen deficient region may be formed by a heat treatment process. 
     Through the formation of such a surface treatment region, the interface properties between the active layer and the first electrode part may be changed differently from the interface properties between the active layer and the second electrode part. Due to the change in these interface properties, the electric field inside the active layer may be induced asymmetrically. 
     Due to such properties of the active layer, for example, electrical asymmetry, when an electric field is applied in different directions, and even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Also, the active layer may have a polarization in response to polarization, and may have two different displacements after an electric field is applied and removed. For example, a first displacement value when a first electric field is applied and then removed may be different from a second displacement value when a second electric field is applied and then removed. 
     Also, a first electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the first displacement may be different from a second electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the second displacement. In an embodiment, the first electrical resistance value may be greater than the second electrical resistance value. 
     As a result, the active layer may optionally have one of a first mode having a relatively high electrical resistance value and a second mode having a relatively low electrical resistance value. 
     For example, the first mode when the first electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained, and the second mode when the second electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained. 
     Through this, an active layer having the first mode and the second mode which have different resistances, can be easily implemented, and an electronic device having such an active layer can be used for various purposes. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device may be used as an electrical switching structure, and a memory and other various electronic circuit components can be implemented in which the first mode, in which the active layer has a high resistance value, corresponds to OFF, and the second mode, in which the active layer has a low resistance value, corresponds to ON. 
       FIG.  12    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  400  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , the electronic device  400  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  420 , a second electrode part  430 , an active layer  410 , and an electric field controller  490 . 
     The first electrode part  420  may include a conductive material. 
     For example, the first electrode part  420  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     The second electrode part  430  may include a conductive material and may be spaced apart from the first electrode part  420 . 
     For example, the second electrode part  430  may include aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag), or platinum (Pt). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  430  may be formed using a conductive metal oxide. In an embodiment, the second electrode part  430  may include strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO 3 ). 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode part  430  may include (LaxSry)CoOz, for example, (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 )CoO 3 . In an embodiment, the second electrode part  430  may include LaCoO 3 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  may be formed to have identical characteristics. 
     In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  may have different electrical properties. In an embodiment, the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  may include the same material. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first electrode part  420  or the second electrode part  430  may have a stacked form. 
     The active layer  410  may be disposed between the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430 . 
     The active layer  410  may include a spontaneously polarizable material. 
     For example, the active layer  410  may include a ferroelectric material, and may include a material that has spontaneous electrical polarization (electric dipole) which can be reversed in the presence of an electric field. 
     The active layer  410  may include a first layer  411  and a second layer  412 . 
     The first layer  411  may be adjacent to the first electrode part  420  and the second layer  412  may be adjacent to the second electrode part  430 . 
     The first layer  411  of the active layer  410  may be disposed between the second layer  412  and the first electrode part  420 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the first layer  411  of the active layer  410  may include a perovskite-based material, for example, BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BiFe 3 , PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , or SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 . 
     In an embodiment, the first layer  411  of the active layer  410  has the structure of an ABX3 structure, A may include an alkyl group of CnH2n+1, and one or more materials selected from inorganic materials such as Cs and Ru that can form a perovskite solar cell structure, B may include one or more materials selected from Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Ce, and X may include a halogen material. For example, the active layer  410  may include CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x , MAPbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Br 3-x , CH 3 NH 3 PbClxBr 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Cl 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Br 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbCl x Br 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI 3 , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Cl 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Br 3-x , or (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbCl x Br 3-x  (0≤x, y≤1). 
     The first layer  411  of the active layer  410  may be formed using various other ferroelectric materials, and descriptions of all examples thereof will be omitted. In addition, when the first layer  411  of the active layer  410  is formed, the ferroelectric material may be doped with various other materials to include additional functions or to improve electrical properties. 
     The second layer  412  of the active layer  410  may be disposed between the first layer  411  and the second electrode part  430 . 
     In an optional embodiment, the second layer  412  of the active layer  410  may include a perovskite-based material, for example, BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BiFe 3 , PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , or SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 . 
     In an embodiment, the second layer  412  of the active layer  410  has the structure of an ABX3 structure, A may include an alkyl group of CnH2n+1, and one or more materials selected from inorganic materials such as Cs and Ru that can form a perovskite solar cell structure, B may include one or more materials selected from Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and Ce, and X may include a halogen material. For example, the active layer  410  may include CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x , MAPbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Br 3-x , CH 3 NH 3 PbClxBr 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Cl 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI x Br 3-x , HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbCl x Br 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI 3 , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Cl 3-x , (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbI x Br 3-x , or (CH 3 NH 3 )(HC(NH 2 ) 2 ) 1-y PbCl x Br 3-x  (0≤x, y≤1). 
     The second layer  412  of the active layer  410  may be formed using various other ferroelectric materials, and descriptions of all examples thereof will be omitted. In addition, when the second layer  412  of the active layer  410  is formed, the ferroelectric material may be doped with various other materials to include additional functions or to improve electrical properties. 
     The active layer  410  has spontaneous polarization and may control the degree and direction of polarization according to application of an electric field. In addition, the active layer  410  may maintain a polarized state even when the applied electric field is removed. 
     The first layer  411  and the second layer  412  of the active layer  410  may have different characteristics. 
     The first layer  411  and the second layer  412  of the active layer  410  may have different materials. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first layer  411  of the active layer  410  may include one of the materials described above, for example, PbTiO 3 , and the second layer  412  may include a material that is different from that of the first layer  411  from among the materials described above, for example, BaTiO 3 . 
     As a result, a region of the active layer  410  facing the first electrode part  420  and a region of the active layer  410  facing the second electrode part  430  among the regions of the active layer  410  may have different characteristics, and the electric field characteristic inside the active layer  410  may be asymmetric. 
     The active layer  410  may be formed to optionally have a first mode having a first electrical resistance and a second mode having a value that is smaller than the first electrical resistance. 
     Specific details on this will be described later. 
     The electric field controller  490  may be connected to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  to apply an electric field. 
     Also, the direction of the electric field may be controlled through the electric field controller  490 . For example, an electric field is applied to the active layer  410  connected to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  through the electric field controller  490 , and due to the electric field, the active layer  410  may be polarized in one direction, and by changing the direction of the electric field, the polarization direction of the active layer  410  may be controlled to be opposite thereto. 
     In an optional embodiment, the intensity of the electric field may be controlled by the electric field controller  490 . 
     An operation of selecting the first mode and the second mode of the active layer  410  by controlling the electric field of the electronic device  400  will be described. 
     When a first electric field E 1  is applied to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  through the electric field controller  490  of the electronic device  400 , the active layer  410  connected to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  may be polarized in a first polarization direction. 
     In addition, a second electric field E 2  may be applied to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  through the electric field controller  490  of the electronic device  400 . 
     The second electric field E 2  may be an electric field in a direction different from that of the first electric field E 1 . For example, the direction of the second electric field E 2  may be opposite to the direction of the first electric field E 1 . 
     When the second electric field E 2  is applied to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430 , the active layer  410  connected to the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  may be polarized in a second polarization direction, which is opposite to the first polarization direction. 
     In this case, for example, the intensity of the second electric field E 2  may have the same value as the intensity of the first electric field E 1 . 
     The polarization hysteresis curve of the electronic device  400  according to the present embodiment does not have a symmetrical shape. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , a first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., the first electric field E 1 ) may be different from a second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in polarization hysteresis curve) after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., a second electric field E 2 ). In an embodiment, the size of the first polarization value (a positive Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve) may be smaller than the size of the second polarization value (a negative Y-intercept value in the polarization hysteresis curve). 
     The difference in the polarization values may be, as described above, due to the first layer  411  in one region of the active layer  410 , for example, in a region thereof facing the first electrode part  420 , and the second layer  412 , which is different from the first layer  411 , in one region of the active layer  410  facing the second electrode part  430 . 
     In an embodiment, the first layer  411  of the active layer  410  may include PbTiO 3  as one of various materials of the active layer  410 , and the second layer  412  may include a material that is different from that of the first layer  411  from among various materials of the active layer  410 , for example, BaTiO 3 , and as a result, even in the case where the first electrode part  420  and the second electrode part  430  are formed of the same material, when an electric field is applied through the electric field controller  490 , for example, a first electric field and a second electric field of which direction is opposite to that of the first electric field, are applied, a difference in polarization values may occur. 
     The difference in polarization affects the displacement characteristics, and for example, as shown in  FIG.  6   , when an electric field is applied, a displacement may occur in the active layer  410  of the present embodiment. 
     In an embodiment, the displacement hysteresis curve of the electronic device  400  may not have a symmetrical shape, and the first displacement SE 1  after application and removal of a positive electric field (e.g., first electric field E 1 ) may be different from the second displacement SE 2  after application and removal of a negative electric field (e.g., second electric field E 2 ), and for example, the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     That is, according to the difference in the polarization values, the displacement values may have an asymmetrical diagram, and as the first electric field E 1  and the second electric field E 2  in opposite directions are applied and removed, different displacement values may be obtained. Accordingly, the number of the deformation states that occur after applying an electric field to the electronic device  400  and removing the same, may be two or more, not one. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the active layer  410  of the electronic device  400  may have two displacement states. 
     Specifically, the active layer  410  may optionally have a first displacement SE 1  and a second displacement SE 2 , and may have the size of the first displacement SE 1  may be greater than the size of the second displacement SE 2 . 
     For example, as described above, the direction of the electric field is controlled using the electric field controller  490  of the electronic device  400 , and accordingly, the polarization direction formed in the active layer  410  is controlled to have a polarization shape, and when electric field is removed to correspond thereto, different two displacement states may be obtained. 
     In addition, the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  410  when the active layer  410  has a large first displacement SE 1 , may be greater than the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  410  when the active layer  410  has a second displacement SE 2  having a smaller value than the first displacement SE 1 . 
     Since the active layer  410  optionally has different energy band values, the active layer  410  may optionally have two different electrical resistance values. 
     For example, when the active layer  410  has the first displacement SE 1 , the active layer  410  may have a state (first mode) having a first electrical resistance. For example, when the active layer  410  has the second displacement SE 2 , the active layer  410  may have a state (second mode) having a second electrical resistance. 
     The active layer  410  may optionally have a state having the first electrical resistance (first mode) and a state having a second electrical resistance (second mode). 
     For example, as described above, the polarization form of the active layer  410  is controlled by controlling the direction of the electric field through the electric field controller  490 , and the displacement form is controlled according to the polarization form, and thus, the energy bandgap value of the active layer  410  is optionally determined correspondingly and thus, a first mode of high resistance or a second mode of low resistance may be optionally obtained. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. Although not illustrated as an optional embodiment, a conductive insertion layer may be formed between the first electrode part and the active layer or between the second electrode part and the active layer. 
     Through this structure, an electric field may be applied to the active layer, and accordingly, a polarization form in the first polarization direction may be obtained, and by controlling the direction of an electric field, a polarization form that is opposite to the first polarization direction, may be obtained. 
     In addition, in the present embodiment, a first layer may be formed in one region of the active layer, for example, one region thereof facing a first electrode part, and a second layer may be formed in one region of the active layer facing a second electrode part, and the first layer and the second layer may include different materials. 
     Through the formation of the first layer and the second layer, the interface properties between the active layer and the first electrode part may be changed differently from the interface properties between the active layer and the second electrode part. Due to the change in these interface properties, the electric field inside the active layer may be induced asymmetrically. 
     Due to such properties of the active layer, for example, electrical asymmetry, when an electric field is applied in different directions, and even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Also, the active layer may have a polarization in response to polarization, and may have two different displacements after an electric field is applied and removed. For example, a first displacement value when a first electric field is applied and then removed may be different from a second displacement value when a second electric field is applied and then removed. 
     Also, a first electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the first displacement may be different from a second electrical resistance value of the active layer in the state corresponding to the second displacement. In an embodiment, the first electrical resistance value may be greater than the second electrical resistance value. 
     As a result, the active layer may optionally have one of a first mode having a relatively high electrical resistance value and a second mode having a relatively low electrical resistance value. 
     For example, the first mode when the first electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained, and the second mode when the second electric field is applied and then removed, may be maintained. 
     Through this, an active layer having the first mode and the second mode which have different resistances, can be easily implemented, and an electronic device having such an active layer can be used for various purposes. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device may be used as an electrical switching structure, and a memory and other various electronic circuit components can be implemented in which the first mode, in which the active layer has a high resistance value, corresponds to OFF, and the second mode, in which the active layer has a low resistance value, corresponds to ON. 
       FIG.  13    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  500  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , the electronic device  500  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  520 , a second electrode part  530 , an active layer  510 , an electric field controller  590 , a first connection electrode  550 , and a second connection electrode  560 . 
     The first electrode part  520 , the second electrode part  530 , the active layer  510 , and the electric field controller  590  are the same as described in the electronic devices  100 ,  200 ,  300 , and  400  of the embodiments of  FIGS.  1  to  12   , and if needed, may be modified and applied within similar ranges. Accordingly, a detailed description thereof will be omitted and will be described herein focusing on different parts. 
     The first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may each be formed on the surface of the active layer  510 . 
     Also, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  520  and the second electrode part  530 , respectively. 
     For example, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may each be disposed on a surface of the active layer  510  on which the first electrode part  520  and the second electrode part  530  are not formed. 
     In an embodiment, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may each be disposed on a side surface of the active layer  510  on which the first electrode part  520  and the second electrode part  530  are not formed, and may be arranged to face each other. 
     The first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may be formed using various conductive materials. For example, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may each include aluminum, chromium, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, or tungsten. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may include a structure in which a plurality of conductive layers are stacked. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may each be formed using a conductive metal oxide, for example, indium oxide (e.g., In 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (e.g., SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (e.g., ZnO), an indium tin oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 ), or an indium zinc oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —ZnO). 
     In an optional embodiment the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may be a terminal member including input/output of electrical signals. 
     In an embodiment the first connection electrode  550  and the second connection electrode  560  may include a source electrode or a drain electrode. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. In addition, a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode may be formed on an active layer and may be spaced apart from a first electrode part and a second electrode part. 
     In the present embodiment, like the embodiments described above, an electric field may be asymmetrically induced, and as a result, in the case where an electric field is applied in different directions, even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Accordingly, the active layer may have different first and second displacements, and the active layer may easily implement a first mode and a second mode which have different resistances. 
     Through this, in the first mode in which the active layer has a high resistance value and the second mode in which the active layer has a low resistance value, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may vary. 
     For example, in the first mode, in response to OFF, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may not occur or the flow of current may be less than a set reference, and in the second mode, in response of ON, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may occur or may exceed the set reference. 
     Through this, it is possible to easily control the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode of the electronic device. 
     As such, the electronic device can be applied to implement a memory and other various electronic circuit components. 
       FIG.  14    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  600  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , the electronic device  600  according to an embodiment may include a first electrode part  620 , a second electrode part  630 , an active layer  610 , an electric field controller  690 , a first connection electrode  650 , and a second connection electrode  660 . 
     The first electrode part  620 , the second electrode part  630 , the active layer  610 , and the electric field controller  690  are the same as described in the electronic devices  100 ,  200 ,  300 , and  400  of the embodiments of  FIGS.  1  to  12   , and if needed, may be modified and applied within similar ranges. Accordingly, a detailed description thereof will be omitted and will be described herein focusing on different parts. 
     The first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may each be formed on the surface of the active layer  510  and may be spaced apart from each other. 
     Also, the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  620  and the second electrode part  630 , respectively. 
     For example, the first connection electrode  650  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  620  on an upper surface of the active layer  610 . For example, the first electrode part  620  may be formed in one region of the upper surface of the active layer  610 , and the first connection electrode  650  may be formed in another region of the upper surface of the active layer  610 , which is different from the region on which the first electrode part  620  is formed. 
     For example, the second connection electrode  660  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the second electrode part  630  on a lower surface of the active layer  610 . For example, the second electrode part  630  may be formed in one region of the lower surface of the active layer  610 , and the second connection electrode  660  may be formed in another region of the lower surface of the active layer  610 , which is different from the region on which the second electrode part  630  is formed. 
     The first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may be formed using various conductive materials. For example, the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may each include aluminum, chromium, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, or tungsten. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may include a structure in which a plurality of conductive layers are stacked. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may each be formed using a conductive metal oxide, for example, indium oxide (e.g., In 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (e.g., SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (e.g., ZnO), an indium tin oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 ), or an indium zinc oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —ZnO). 
     In an optional embodiment the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may be a terminal member including input/output of electrical signals. 
     In an embodiment the first connection electrode  650  and the second connection electrode  660  may include a source electrode or a drain electrode. 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. In addition, a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode may be formed on an active layer and may be spaced apart from a first electrode part and a second electrode part. 
     In addition, the first electrode part and the first connection electrode may be formed on one surface of the active layer, and the second electrode part and the second connection electrode may be formed on a surface of the active layer. Through this, it is possible to easily implement miniaturization or integration of an electronic device. 
     In addition, in some cases, the first electrode part and the first connection electrode may be formed by simultaneously patterning using the same material, and the second electrode part and the second connection electrode may be formed by simultaneously patterning using the same material. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the manufacturing characteristics of the electronic device and to easily form a fine line width structure by precise pattern formation. 
     In the present embodiment, like the embodiments described above, an electric field may be asymmetrically induced, and as a result, in the case where an electric field is applied in different directions, even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Accordingly, the active layer may have different first and second displacements, and the active layer may easily implement a first mode and a second mode which have different resistances. 
     Through this, in the first mode in which the active layer has a high resistance value and the second mode in which the active layer has a low resistance value, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may vary. 
     For example, in the first mode, in response to OFF, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may not occur or the flow of current may be less than a set reference, and in the second mode, in response of ON, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may occur or may exceed the set reference. 
     Through this, it is possible to easily control the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode of the electronic device. 
     As such, the electronic device can be applied to implement a memory and other various electronic circuit components. 
       FIG.  15    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device  700  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,  FIG.  16    is a plan view viewed from the H direction of  FIG.  15   , and  FIG.  17    is a diagram for schematically explaining an energy band relationship of the electronic device of  FIG.  15   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  15  to  17   , the electronic device  700  of this embodiment includes a first electrode part  720 , a second electrode part  730 , an active layer  710 , an electric field controller  790 , and a first connection electrode  750 , and a second connection electrode  760 . 
     The first electrode part  720 , the second electrode part  730 , the active layer  710 , and the electric field controller  790  are the same as described in the electronic devices  100 ,  200 ,  300 , and  400  of the embodiments of  FIGS.  1  to  12   , and if needed, may be modified and applied within similar ranges. Accordingly, a detailed description thereof will be omitted and will be described herein focusing on different parts. 
     The first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may each be formed on the surface of the active layer  710  and may be spaced apart from each other. 
     Also, the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  720  and the second electrode part  730 , respectively. 
     For example, the first connection electrode  750  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  720  on an upper surface of the active layer  710 . For example, the first connection electrode  750  may be formed in one region of the upper surface of the active layer  710 , and the first electrode part  720  may be disposed to surround the first connection electrode  750  on the upper surface of the active layer  710 . 
     The first electrode part  720  may include an open portion  720 H, and the first connection electrode  750  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the first electrode part  720  in the open portion  720 H. 
     In an embodiment, the second connection electrode  760  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the second electrode part  730  on a lower surface of the active layer  710 . For example, the second connection electrode  760  may be formed in one region of a lower surface of the active layer  710 , and the second electrode part  730  may be disposed to surround the second connection electrode  760  on the lower surface of the active layer  710 . 
     The second electrode part  730  may include an open portion  730 H, and the second connection electrode  760  may be disposed to be spaced apart from the second electrode part  730  in the open portion  730 H. 
     The first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may be formed using various conductive materials. For example, the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may each include aluminum, chromium, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, or tungsten. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may include a structure in which a plurality of conductive layers are stacked. 
     In an optional embodiment, the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may each be formed using a conductive metal oxide, for example, indium oxide (e.g., In 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (e.g., SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (e.g., ZnO), an indium tin oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 ), or an indium zinc oxide alloy (e.g., In 2 O 3 —ZnO). 
     In an optional embodiment the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may be a terminal member including input/output of electrical signals. 
     In an embodiment the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  may include a source electrode or a drain electrode. 
       FIG.  17    shows a diagram illustrating a change in an energy bandgap according to an optional change in a displacement value of the active layer  710  of the electronic device  700  of  FIG.  15   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , when the active layer  710  has a first displacement SE 1 , the value of the energy bandgap Eb of the active layer  710  is illustrated on the left (e.g., in the first mode), and when the active layer  710  has a second displacement SE 2 , the value of the energy bandgap Eb of the active layer  710  is illustrated on the right (e.g., in second mode). 
     As shown in  FIG.  17   , as the displacement value of the active layer  710  changes, a difference occurs in the value of the energy bandgap of the active layer  710 , and accordingly, it can be inferred that the characteristic of the flow of current between the first connection electrode  750  and the second connection electrode  760  might vary. 
     Although not shown, the drawing for explaining the energy band value of  FIG.  17    can be applied to the structures of  FIGS.  13  and  14   . 
     In an electronic device according to an embodiment, an active layer may be disposed between a first electrode part and a second electrode part. In an embodiment, a first electrode part and a second electrode part contact an active layer. In addition, a first connection electrode and a second connection electrode may be formed on an active layer and may be spaced apart from a first electrode part and a second electrode part. 
     In addition, the first electrode part and the first connection electrode may be formed on one surface of the active layer, and the second electrode part and the second connection electrode may be formed on a surface of the active layer. Specifically, the first electrode part may be formed to surround the first connection electrode, and the second electrode part may be formed to surround the second connection electrode. 
     Through this, it is possible to easily implement miniaturization or integration of an electronic device. 
     In addition, in some cases, the first electrode part and the first connection electrode may be formed by simultaneously patterning using the same material, and the second electrode part and the second connection electrode may be formed by simultaneously patterning using the same material. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the manufacturing characteristics of the electronic device and to easily form a fine line width structure by precise pattern formation. 
     In the present embodiment, like the embodiments described above, an electric field may be asymmetrically induced, and as a result, in the case where an electric field is applied in different directions, even when the intensity of the electric field is the same, the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field may be different from the magnitude of the polarization in the first polarization direction at the removal time point of the electric field. 
     Accordingly, the active layer may have different first and second displacements, and the active layer may easily implement a first mode and a second mode which have different resistances. 
     Through this, in the first mode in which the active layer has a high resistance value and the second mode in which the active layer has a low resistance value, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may vary. 
     For example, in the first mode, in response to OFF, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may not occur or the flow of current may be less than a set reference, and in the second mode, in response of ON, the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode may occur or may exceed the set reference. 
     Through this, it is possible to easily control the flow of current between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode of the electronic device. 
     As such, the electronic device can be applied to implement a memory and other various electronic circuit components. 
       FIG.  18    is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , the electronic device  800  of an embodiment may include a first electrode part  820 , a second electrode part  830 , and an active layer  810 . 
     For convenience of description, the present embodiment will be described based on the difference from the embodiments provided above. 
     An electric field may be applied to the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  to control the polarization direction of the active layer  810  to a first polarization direction or a second polarization direction, and accordingly, the first mode and the second mode may optionally be provided. 
     For example, the active layer  810  may be allowed to have a first mode having a high resistance value and a second mode having a resistance value that is lower than the resistance of the first mode. 
     In this case, the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  may be applied as connection electrodes. 
     For example, an electric field is applied to the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  to be in the first mode having a high resistance value, and then, the electric field may be removed therefrom. Alternatively, without the removal of the electric field, it is possible to maintain an electric field smaller than an electric field sufficient to be in a second mode, which will be described later. 
     In this state, the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  may be used as a connection electrode, for example, a source electrode or a drain electrode, and in this case, no current flows or a current less than a set value flows so that the output value of a device or a memory may be output as OFF. 
     Then, the electric field applied to the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  may be controlled to be in a second mode having a low resistance value, and then the electric field may be removed. Alternatively, without the removal of the electric field, it is possible to maintain an electric field smaller than an electric field sufficient to be in the first mode. 
     In this state, the first electrode part  820  and the second electrode part  830  may be used as a connection electrode, for example, a source electrode or a drain electrode, and in this case, the current flows or a current of a set value or more flows so that the output value of a device or a memory may be output as ON. 
     Through this, it is possible to easily control the first mode and the second mode of the active layer by controlling the application of the electric field to the active layer through the first electrode part and the second electrode part of the electronic device, and depending on the first mode and the second mode, the flow of current between the first electrode part and the second electrode part as connection electrodes may be controlled so that the electronic device can be applied to implement a memory and other various electronic circuit components. 
     As described above, the present disclosure has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, but the embodiments are provided only for illustrative purpose, and may be subjected to various modifications and equivalent levels of other embodiments, which would be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the technical protection scope of the present disclosure should be determined by the technical concept of the claims appended herein. 
     The specific implementations described in the embodiments are only embodiments, and do not limit the scope of the embodiments in any aspects. In addition, unless there is a specific reference such as “essential” or “important” etc., components modified therewith may not be components essential for application of the present disclosure. 
     The use of “the” and referential terms that are similar thereto in the specification of the embodiments (especially in the claims may correspond to both the singular form and the plural form. In addition, when a range is described in the embodiments, this case includes disclosures to which individual values falling within the range are applied (unless there is a description to the contrary), and it is as if each individual value constituting the range would be set forth in the detailed description. Finally, the steps constituting the method according to the embodiments may be performed in an appropriate order unless the order is explicitly stated or there is no description to the contrary. Embodiments are not necessarily limited according to the order of description of the steps. The use of all examples or exemplary terms (e.g., etc.) in the embodiments are merely for describing the embodiments in detail, and unless being limited by the claims, the scope of the embodiments is not limited by the examples or exemplary terminology. In addition, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications, combinations, and changes may be made in accordance with design conditions and factors within the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents.