Patent Publication Number: US-2012031896-A1

Title: Heating apparatus

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/964,362, filed Dec. 26, 2007, entitled “HEATING APPARATUS” which is currently pending, the contents of which being incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an apparatus for heating liquids and gases generally, and more specifically to an apparatus utilizing one or more strategies to improve heating efficiency through a preferred heating element, one or more means to promote fluid mixing and stirring, and cancellation or utilization of reactive currents where appropriate. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There is always a need for heated liquids and gases. Lack of efficiency in converting electric energy into useable thermal energy has been problematic. Electric heaters ultimately rely on fossil fuels to produce electricity, thus consumption of fossil fuels produces CO 2  that contributes to global warming. Therefore, when using electricity to produce heat, it is important to use that electricity sparingly and efficiently to minimize damage to the global environment. 
     The heating efficiency of many prior art devices varies considerably: between 40%-60% for nichrome wire heaters, and 60%-80% for induction heaters generally. These differences are attributable to: the nature of the heated substance (liquid, gas, or a mixture thereof), dynamic properties of the substance (stationary or moving liquid or gas), contacting surface shape and area, and the shape and location of any insulation. When heating liquids and gases, it is most advantageous to utilize a heating element that addresses some aspects of fluid dynamics (e.g. laminar flow, turbulent flow, fluid adhesiveness, cohesiveness, viscosity (and inviscid flow), friction and pressure loss, steady and unsteady flow, fluid velocity, and other fluid attributes) and the physical properties of the substances to be heated (melting point, boiling point, enthalpy, inductivity, properties of thermal expansion, and other physical properties). Heat transmission to liquids and gases is determined by the flow of fluid, fluid surface area, stirring phenomena (involving mixing of heated with relatively cooler liquid or gas), current speed of fluid, current volume, and mixing phenomenon. Further, as a liquid approaches its boiling point, the temperature difference between liquid and gas must be greater than 10° C. owing to gas generating phenomena, as gas produced at the heating surface forms a parting line which interferes with heating liquid not presently in contact with the heating element. Therefore, at a relatively proximal portion of the boiling point, it is especially necessary to foster stirring and mixture for the purpose of preventing degradation of heating efficiency. 
     Induction heaters require a relatively large heating area and use a plurality of coils and several converters to improve heating efficiency, as the heating area has limitations in relation to reactance value. Other problems exist with typical nichrome wire resistance-based heating elements including limitations on durability, the need for maintenance, the need to provide a protective covering, and nichrome wire degradation. Additionally, utilization of high output power results in increasing probability of a broken wire when using a plural heater. Moreover, to prevent unhelpful radiation of heat, it is necessary to consider insulation, which increases manufacturing costs, contributes to structural complexity, adds to running costs, and decreases heating efficiency. Furthermore, when heating liquids and gases, limitations in the available heat transfer area result in a decrease in heating efficiency. No known prior art transformer-based heating apparatus improves heating efficiency using heating methods disclosed herein. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to an apparatus for heating liquids and gases generally, and more specifically to an apparatus utilizing one or more strategies, alone or in varied combinations, to improve heating efficiency. Example strategies include: use of a preferred heating element to enhance contact between the heating element and the subject liquid or gas, utilization of a smaller heating element (reduction of thermal radiation area), utilization of one or more disc filters disposed within the heating element, use of an inverter permitting location of the heating element outside the transformer, utilization of conductive wire extended from secondary winding of a transformer to serve as heating element, and cancellation of reactive currents by interfering reactive currents where appropriate, (prevention of electric loss by utilization of reactive currents). One aspect of the invention permits a greater efficiency in electric heat generation. Another aspect of the invention permits the heating apparatus to be produced in a variety of sizes and adapted for variety of applications requiring efficient heating of liquids or gases. In addition, another aspect of this invention provides for a heating element that is less subject to heating element breakage or degradation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing the secondary winding as the heating element. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a substantially straight heating element. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a heating element substantially coiled back around a relatively proximal portion of inflow piping. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a reverse coil to cancel inductive interference. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a reverse coil connected with the fluid ingress point on the same polar side with an electric wire coupled to the end of the secondary coil. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a heating element shaped to define a container. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a heating element comprised of doubly folded pipe. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic of an embodiment apparatus utilizing a heating element illustrating a primary coil disposed within a heating element. 
         FIG. 10  is a partial cross-section taken through line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 11  is an embodiment annular disc filter utilized within the apparatus shown in  FIG. 9 . and certain other embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-section taken through line  12 - 12  of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  is a front view illustrating an embodiment disc filter. 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-section taken through line  14 - 14  of  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 15  is a front view illustrating an embodiment disc filter. 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-section taken through line  16 - 16  of  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  is a cross-section of an example embodiment heating element illustrating example embodiment inner surface. 
         FIG. 18  is a table demonstrating select example embodiment heating apparatus test results. 
         FIG. 19  is an embodiment straight formed heating element. 
         FIG. 20  is an embodiment spiral formed heating element illustrating an embodiment spiral rod, spiral pipe, or spiral planar surface. 
         FIG. 21  is a top view of an embodiment parallel heating element. 
         FIG. 22  is a side view of an embodiment parallel heating element. 
         FIG. 23  is a top view of an embodiment U-shaped heating element. 
         FIG. 24  is a side view of an embodiment U-shaped heating element. 
         FIG. 25  is a top view of an embodiment flat heating element. 
         FIG. 26  is a side view of an embodiment flat heating element. 
         FIG. 27  is a top view of an embodiment heating element. 
         FIG. 28  is a side view of an embodiment heating element. 
         FIG. 29  is a cross-sectional view taken through line  29 - 29  of  FIG. 28 . 
         FIG. 30  is a top view of an embodiment U-shaped heating element. 
         FIG. 31  is a side view of an embodiment U-shaped heating element. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to a first example embodiment apparatus illustrated by  FIG. 1 , the apparatus generally  5  is comprised of a transformer  10  having a primary winding  15 , wound about a ferromagnetic core (not shown). Winding  15  is coupled to power source  20 , and optionally coupled to inverter  25 . When current flows through primary winding  15 , magnetic flux is induced in secondary winding  30  (which, in this embodiment, also serves as heating element  32   a ) whereby current may flow in a completed circuit. Fluid (liquid or gas) enters the apparatus through fluid ingress point  35  and travels through inflow extension piping  40   a . Inflow extension piping  40   a  transitions into a coiled conduit forming secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a , and thereafter resumes a substantially straight course, transitioning into outflow extension piping  45   a . Outflow extension piping  45   a  continues to fluid egress point  50 . The alienation side of transformer  10  is shorted by placing electrical contact  52  between extension piping  40   a  and piping  45   a , permitting current to flow through the alienation side of transformer  10 . As current passes through the alienation side of transformer  10 , secondary winding  30  is heated, transmits heat to fluid contained therein, and thereby functions as a heating element. Secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a  has an adequate resistance to permit heat to be generated therein, and in one preferred embodiment the resistance is in the range of 1.6730 μΩ-cm to 185 μΩ-cm. Generally, Ohm&#39;s law limits the maximum value of current which can flow through a heating element; current in excess of that maximum may cause the heating element to be rapidly heated and melted. 
     Regarding the flow of fluid, fluid enters ingress point  35 , travels through piping  40   a , enters secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a , wherein fluid is heated as it moves through secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a . Fluid exits secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a  and enters piping  45   a , and exits the apparatus through egress point  50 . When the apparatus is used as a residential water heater, ingress point may be coupled to a pressurized city water line which would provide adequate flow through the system. Where the apparatus is used in other settings, flow may be provided through a variety of means including positive pressure providing inflow, negative pressure providing outflow, gravity feed, or any other means allowing liquid or gas to move through heating element  32 . 
     In addition, this invention discloses a means for promoting heat transfer to liquid and gas within a heating element. As an example, illustrated by  FIGS. 11-16 , one or more disc filters  55  may be disposed inside the inner aspect of various embodiments of heating element  32 . Disc filter  55  is, in one embodiment, substantially round and includes a plurality of filtering crosspieces G oriented uniformly across the plane of the filter. Disc filter  55  has a locking means to maintain the filter in a specific orientation when used with one or more disc filters. Specifically, in one embodiment, the locking means is comprised of a disc filer  55  shaped to define projections  65  disposed substantially circumferentially on one surface and corresponding recesses  60  on the other surface. The projection  65  of a first disc filter may be securely fitted into recess  60  of a second disc filter. The orientation of crosspiece G may be selected in a range of 0-90 (or is it 0-315, 0-337.5) degrees to vary the filtering capability of the disc filter combination. Several additional disc filters may be affixed together to promote multidirectional flow further aiding fluid mixing and enhancing the transfer of thermal energy from relatively warmer to relatively cooler fluid. 
     To change crossing angle  75  between crosspiece G of a first disc filter  55  and crosspiece G of a second disc filter  55 , projection  65  of first disc filter  55  is disengaged from recess  60  of second disc filter  55 , and the crossing angle  75  between the two filters aligned to: 0°, 45°, or 90°, (for filters  55   a  and  55   c ) or 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90° (for filter  55   b ). Projection  65  then inserts into recess  60  corresponding to the new crossing angle  75 , maintaining disc filters  55  in place. It should be noted that the disclosed locking means is for illustrative purposes only, and a number of methods are known in the prior art, where filter repositioning is desirable, to provide permanent or semipermanent affixation between discs repositionable in the range of 0-359° wherein the repositioning may be manual or automated. Also, while a two disc filter combination has been illustratively described, a plurality of disc filters can be used successively, one after another, each changing the angle of crosspiece G relative to the first disc  55 . This successive stacking of disc filters  55  permits fluid to be directed and redirected continuously and precisely throughout heating element  32 . Where a plurality of disc filters  55  are equipped in heating element  32 , changing the crossing angle of crosspiece G, one after another, stirring and mixing of stagnation, has a favorable impact on fluid (liquid and gas) heating. 
     The selection of disc filters  55  is made with consideration given to the fluid dynamics of the substance to be heated and physical attributes of the fluid, and the size, position, location, filtering orientation, and other parameters of disc filters  55 . In a preferred embodiment, one or more disc filters  55  ( a, b,  and  c ) can be freely adjusted to optimize fluid heating and customized for utilization with one or more specific subject fluids. In an alternative embodiment, the number, position, and orientation of one or more disc filters  55  ( a, b  and  c ) is pre-selected during the manufacturing process to provide optimum heating of specific liquid and gas to be heated. In a further embodiment, one or more disc filters  55  may be used outside heating element  32  but along the fluid flow path (e.g. inflow piping  40   a  outflow piping  45   a  as illustrated by  FIG. 1 ) to continue mixing, stirring and thermal energy transfer after the fluid has left heating element  55 . 
     For an example use within heating element  32 , disc filters  55  illustrated by  FIGS. 13 ,  14  and  FIGS. 15 ,  16  may be equipped within heating element  32  ( a, b, c, d,  or  e ). Disc filter  55  ( a, b,  or  c ) preferably has a resistance in the range of 1.6730 μΩ·cm to 185 μΩ·cm, and further aids in stirring the liquid and gas to expand the heated area. Generally, one or more disc filter  55  ( a, b,  or  c ) may be inserted into one or more points to serve as the first disc to set subsequent disc filters (a, b, or c) fixedly thereupon; ringed stoppers may be disposed within said heating element  32  and positioned on either side of one or more disc filters  55 , maintaining them in place. 
     As each heating element has a different diameter and length, corresponding, in part, to fluid volume and output power, the size, number, shape, and composition of disc filters  55  will vary and may advantageously tailored to a particular heating element and subject fluid. 
     As a means to stir fluid liquid and promote the heat transfer, a plurality of disc filters can be optionally used in combination with any heating element herein disclosed, and heating element  32  ( a, b, c, d  and  e ) or  32   g  may be filled with several disc filters, including tens of filters. 
     Moreover, as an aspect of this invention, corresponds to the nature of liquid and gas fluid (viscosity, melting point, boiling point, enthalpy, rate of heat transmitting and coefficient of expansion), the shape, thickness, width and pitch, of crosspiece G, as illustrated by  FIGS. 11-16 , is specifically helpful in directing fluid path through heating element  55  and may be tailored to varied specific fluids and desired heating applications. Additionally, the length of projection  65  may be increased to change the space between one or more successive disc filters  55 , and can further refine control over fluid path within heating element  32 . Additionally, an exemplar crosspiece G is depicted by  FIGS. 12 ,  14 , and  16  is triangular/pyramidal in shape, however, it should be noted that crosspiece G may be round, angled, corrugated, oval, lozenge-shaped, or further tailored to impact fluid behavior as it moves through heating element  32 . 
     In an example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIGS. 11-16  one or more disc filters  55  may be disposed within secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a . Disc filters  55  preferably have a resistance in the range of 1.6730 μΩ·cm to 185 μΩcm and aid in expanding the heating surface area. One or more disc filters  55  are inserted within several points of heating element pipe  32   a , and ringed stoppers (not shown) may be utilized on either side of disc filter  55 , to maintain one or more filters  55  in place. Disc filter  55  is typically set perpendicular to the long-axis of the heating element  32 , however setting angle may vary. Disc filter  55  size, position, number, location, filtering orientation, setting angle may be tailored to various substances to be heated, heating element  32  shape, sizes, and configurations, fluid flow characteristics, and heating apparatus settings. 
     In another embodiment, the filtering orientation, location and number of disc filters  55  are fixed and preselected during the manufacturing process considering the particular liquid or gas to be heated. The use of disc filters  55  as a means of stirring fluid may be optionally used with each of the embodiments described in the present invention. Any number of disc filters  55  may be utilized and in one example the heating element  32   a  may be filled with dozens of such filters. Importantly, while a particular disc filter  55  structure has been identified, the present invention is not limited to the use of one particular type of filter. 
     Moreover, this invention uses the resistance of heating element&#39;s cross-sectional area preferably in the range of 1.6730 μΩ·cm to 185 μΩcm, using a transformer corresponding to large or small output power, with keeping safety as a heating apparatus to correspond to the large or small output power. Thus, this invention can flow large electric current at low Voltage, and form several tens Watt (W) to several hundreds KW heating apparatus can be made as illustrated by  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6  and  7 . Also, without regulation in Voltage, heating element with several thousand KW can be made as illustrated by  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 . 
     Moreover, this invention discloses various embodiment heating elements  32  illustrated by  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7  and  8  and various type of deformed heating elements  32 . 
     Further, the present invention discloses an additional means for promoting turbulent flow where the heating element&#39;s  32  inner aspect is nonsmooth and may be shaped to foster liquid/gas shear and stirring thus promoting turbulent flow (stirring, and mixture) thereby aiding in heat transfer. In one example,  FIG. 17  illustrates a means to promote turbulent flow (stirring and mixture) within heating element  32 . To promote turbulence, convexities or notches  77  exist in the inner surface of heating element  32 . Concavities or depressions  39  which may be used s well.  FIG. 17  illustrates the two used together, however, it should be noted that heating element  32  may be used with either notches  77  or depressions  39 . Importantly,  FIG. 17  illustrates one embodiment: any non-smooth surface or shape of the innermost aspect of the heating element that promotes turbulent flow (stirring and mixture) may be utilized and only a portion of the innermost surface may be used to disrupt laminar flow. 
     In a non-limiting series of example experiments, heat efficiency of a geyser output from an example coffee machine was examined. The Voltage used was 110-140, the output power was 1.1-1.4 Kw. Secondary winding  30  served as heating element  32   a  and was comprised of stainless steel. (550 W˜700 zW X2 series). The inside diameter of secondary winding  30 /heating element  32   a  is 10 mm, and the outside diameter is 12 mm; the length of pipe is 4.5 m aggregate. A series (Voltage about 6V˜Currents: about 83 A˜) X2 was used. The measurement tools were: a digital fluid volume meter, 2 digital thermometers (for measuring water supply temperature and thermal output). An ammeter, voltmeter, voltage adjustment meter, and solenoid-controlled valve were also utilized. This experiment did not use disc filters  55  or inverter  25 . The output volume was 80 cc, the output interval time: 1-2 seconds. Results: The time from start to output of hot water was 1 minute 54 seconds. Given input power 1,100 wh 80 cc for 20 sec, the change starting water temperature from 15° C. resulted in water at 73.9° C. without insulation and 75.4° C. with forming resin insulation placed on the heating element. The relationship of power and time to get 80 cc of water starting at 15° C. to 80° C. was between 21.1-21.9 seconds where 1,100 W was used; 19.5 seconds where 1,200 W of power was used; 17.4-18.2 seconds where 1,300 W of power was used; and 16.2-16.5 seconds where 1,400 W of power was used, as reflected in Table 1. below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Input of Electric Power W 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1,100 
                 1,200 
                 1,300 
                 1,400 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time (seconds) 
                 21.1-21.8 
                 19.5 
                 17.4-18.2 
                 16.2-16.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 18  shows examples of the heating apparatus effectiveness for differing power in KW, differing water starting temperatures, and differing volume of water heated in one minute. The results illustrate the output volume and temperature, thermal efficiency being 95-99%. The experiment examined the use of four different power settings: 10 KW, 12 KW, 15 KW, and 20 KW. The experiment utilized water at four supply temperatures: 5° C., 10° C., 15° C., and 20° C. Different volumes of water were passed through the heating apparatus per minute: 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 6 liters, 7 liters, and 8 liters. Thus,  FIG. 18  illustrates results considering three variables: power, starting water temperature, and quantity of water/minute; heated water temperature was recorded for each combination 
     By way of clarification, in the first embodiment described above, secondary winding  30  functions as the heating element  32   a . In the remainder of the example embodiments to follow, heating element  32  is distinct from secondary winding  30 . 
     Referring now to a second example embodiment apparatus illustrated by  FIG. 2 , the apparatus, generally  5 , is comprised of a transformer  10  having a primary winding  15  coupled to power source  20 . Power source  20  is optionally coupled to inverter  25 . When current flows through primary winding  15 , magnetic flux is induced in secondary winding  30 . Fluid or gas enters the apparatus through fluid ingress point  35  and travels through heating element  32   b  and exits through egress point  50 . Heating element  32   b  is placed in electrical contact with secondary winding  30  through wire  42  at one end and wire  47  at the other end. As current passes through the alienation side of the transformer, heating element  32   b  has an adequate resistance to permit heat to be generated therein. 
     In a third example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 19 , heating element  32   c  is comprised of substantially straight pipe or rods, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , and has an adequate resistance to permit heat to be generated therein. As more fully described above, disc filters  55  may be disposed within heating element  32   c  to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid heating. In addition, as more fully described above, the inner aspect of the heating element  32  may be non-smooth to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. 
     In a fourth example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 4 , inflow piping  71  coupled to ingress point  35 . Inflow piping  71  transitions to form spiral heating element  32   d . Next, said spiral heating element  32   d  is substantially coiled back around a relatively proximal portion of inflow piping  71 . Coiled heating element  32   d  transitions into outflow piping  85  which carries heated fluid to egress point  50 . This embodiment offers the advantage of permitting magnetic flux generated in coiled heating element  32   d  to heat a portion of inflow piping  71 , and thus enhance heating efficiency utilizing magnetic flux caused to void power (loss of power). 
     In the fifth embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 5 , a reverse coil  80   a  is utilized to cancel inductive interference from the secondary winding  30 . In this embodiment, electromagnetic inductance, generated in the conductor heating element  32   e , can be cancelled by the electromagnetic inductance generated from reversible coil  80   a : the closed circuit of the secondary side being comprised of secondary coil  30 , extending part  95 , electric wire  42 , heat element  32   e , electric wire  47 , reversible coil  80   a , and electric wire  100 . The heating element  32   e , then may be heated by resistance-based heating exclusively and has the advantage of avoiding the generation of interfering reactant current. In an alternative embodiment, illustrated by  FIG. 6 , reverse coil  80   b  is connected with the fluid and/or gas ingress point  35  on the same polar side with electric wire  42 , connected with the end of the secondary coil  30 . 
     In a sixth example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 7 , the heating element  32   f , is shaped to define a container, the upper end being open, through which current may pass. 
     In a seventh example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 8 , power source  20  is coupled, optionally to inverter  25 , which is coupled to primary winding  15 . Transformer  10  is equipped to make voltage pressurization or decompression. When current flows through winding  15 , magnetic flux is induced and heat is produced in heating element  32   g . Fluid (liquid or gas) is introduced through ingress point  35  and travels through inflow piping  40   b , is heated in heating element  32   g , passes through outflow piping  45   b , and exits through egress point  50 . As more fully described above, one or more disc filters  55   a  may be disposed within heating element  32   g  to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. In addition, as more fully described above, the inner aspect of the heating element  32   g  may be non-smooth to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. 
     In an eighth example embodiment, illustrated by  FIG. 9 , primary winding  15  is wound around core of transformer  12 . An annular disc filter  55   a  is disposed within inner heating element  32   h .  FIG. 10  illustrates disc filters  55   a  occupying the inner space of heating element  32   h . The heating apparatus  5  preferably has a single-phase conductor. Heating element  32   h  is comprised of doubly folded pipe divided at two points and connected by contacting pipe  90 . Fluid enters apparatus  5  at ingress point  35 , through inflow piping  40   c , travels through the first portion of heating element  32   h , flow is redirected through disc filters  55   a , thereafter exits heating element  32   h , and moves through contacting pipe  90 , into the second portion of heating element  32   h , through outflow piping  45   c , and out egress point  50 . When current passes through primary winding  15 , eddy current is generated in heating element  32   h , heating the same through electromagnetic inductance. As more fully described above, disc filters  55   a  may be disposed within heating element  32   h  to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. In addition, as more fully described above, the inner aspect of the heating element  32   h  may be non-smooth to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. 
     Regarding resistance, in the above disclosed embodiments, a useful resistance range for heating element  32  has been found to be in the range of 1.6730 μΩ-cm to 185 μΩ-cm. Heating elements utilized in present invention, however, are not limited exclusively to this range. The resistance of the heating element is directly related to the length of the heating element and inversely related to the cross-sectional area. Heating element  32  can be freely designed for utilization within a large or small heating apparatus befitting a particular applied need for heated liquids or gases. 
     Regarding the example embodiments discussed above, one or more means for mixing or stirring fluid or gas may be utilized. For example as more fully described above, one or more disc filters  55  may be disposed within heating element  32  embodiments listed above to promote turbulent flow and enhance fluid/gas heating. In addition, as more fully described above, the inner aspect of the heating element  32  embodiments described above may be non-smooth to promote turbulent flow (stirring and mixture) and enhance fluid/gas heating. These exemplar thermal transfer facilitating means may be utilized individually or together; these exemplar heating means may also be utilized with other means to promote fluid stirring and mixing. 
     It should be noted that the term, fluid as used herein denotes liquid, gas, or a combination thereof. Additionally, any substance containing particles, or a semisolid that will move apparatus  5  and heating element  32  may be heated with the present invention. 
     Regarding power source  20 , in one embodiment, power source  20  is a single phase power source. In an alternative embodiment, power source  20  is a three-phase power source. Power source,  20  may be alternating current or direct current and may be electrically coupled to an inverter  25 . In one embodiment, inverter  25  is omitted. To enhance safety, it is helpful to maintain current under 24 volts. Transformer  10  may be equipped to make voltage pressurization or decompression. Various voltage supplied to a transformer is from 100 volts to several ten thousand volts. Supplied power is from several kilowatt to several ten thousand kilowatt. 
     Regarding materials utilized for the heating element, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, stainless alloyed steel, titanium, titanium alloyed, nickel, nickel alloyed, silver, and other conductive metals capable of serving as a metallic conduit which may function as a resistance based heating element, in a preferred embodiment having a resistance in the range of 1.6730 μΩ-cm to 185 μΩ-cm. 
     Regarding the size and shape of heating element  32 , many different options may be utilized to permit the apparatus to be utilized for a range of applications. Heating element  32   c  in one embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 19  is a substantially straight pipe or solid rod. In another embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 20 , heating element  32  may be comprised of a spiral rod  32   i , spiral pipe  32   j , or spiral planar element  32   k  which offers the advantage of an increased area for thermal exchange. In another example embodiment, illustrated by  FIGS. 21 and 22 , the heating element  32   l  is comprised of a plurality of parallel conductive rods, pipes, or planar surfaces which function as heating element members and offer the advantage of enhanced surface area for thermal exchange. In  FIGS. 21-23 , X represents the width of the heating element member, Z represents the distance between heating element members, and Y represents the height of the heating element member, where with a flat element: X&gt;Y or X&lt;Y. For squared heating element members: X=Y. In yet another example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIGS. 23 and 24 , heating element  32   m  is comprised of a U-shaped (or serpentine) conductor which offers the advantage of countercurrent thermal exchange. In other embodiments, as illustrated by  FIGS. 25 and 26 , heating element  32   n  is comprised of a flat planar plate (e.g. iron plate or grill) over which fluid passes. Planar plate heating element  32   n  is particularly useful for heating large containers of pharmaceuticals, can be adapted to use in an apparatus to provide hot water for noodles, may be utilized as a warm air circulator, and may be used for indirect heating of a semi-conductor. In another example embodiment, as illustrated by  FIGS. 27-29 , heating element  32   o  is comprised of a partial rectangle providing heating on three sides and increased heating surface area. In another embodiment illustrated by  FIGS. 30-31 , heating element  32   p  utilizes copper contact connection point  99  providing the benefit of easy coupling points for fluid supply and exhaust. Secondly, where copper wire and stainless steel is connected around the outer aspect of piping, connection resistance generates at the copper connection point  99  and connection point  99  is more robustly heated relative to the remainder of the heating element. Advantageously, more uniform heating of the heating element, and improved apparatus efficiency, is achieved by increasing of connection point  99  surface area, as expansion of connection area decreases connection resistance. Thirdly, disc filter  55  may be utilized along inner diameter of the connection point. 
     In yet another embodiment, heating element  32  is a series of rectangular metallic sheets. In another embodiment, heating element  32  is a pyramidal shape. In yet another embodiment, heating element  32  may be comprised of a plurality of wire rods.—which may be useful for, among other things, resin mold heating. One or more disc filters  55  may be utilized within the space of any heating element  32  having a void to accommodate the same. Moreover, while the embodiment disc filters  55  have been disclosed, the invention specifically is not limited to filters in any particular shape. 
     Additionally, the heating element may be coated with inorganic matter (e.g. ceramic or glass), an organic coating (e.g. silicon and Teflon) and inorganic matter used with mixture. This coating may be combination with organic and inorganic matter disposed inner surface of heating element  32 : as in the Sol Gel method. Additionally, the heating element may be insulated with resin insulation (spray) and inorganic insulation (paint) offering increased thermal efficiency in circumstances where desired and appropriate. 
     Regarding a few example applications for the present invention, heating apparatus  5  can be used as a water heater, a floor heater, a home air heater, a saturated steam generating device, a drier, a coffee or tea maker, a vending machine, a hot water supply, cooking applications, (heat boil) and steam beauty apparatus, medical apparatus, and other heating applications. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications and variations can be easily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing disclosure should be interpreted as illustrative only and is not to be interpreted in a limiting sense. It is further intended that any other embodiments of the present invention that result from any changes in application or method of use or operation, method of manufacture, shape, size, or material which are not specified within the detailed written description or illustrations contained herein yet are considered apparent or obvious to one skilled in the art are within the scope of the present invention.