Patent Publication Number: US-2007110779-A1

Title: Activated peroxide solutions and a process for the preparation thereof

Description:
The present invention relates to environmentally friendly and safe biocidal solutions comprising hydrogen peroxide.  
      Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is known to possess broad germicidal properties with an ability to kill organisms through oxidative action. At lower concentrations (e.g., below 6%), it is safe to handle and is considered environmentally friendly because it readily decomposes into oxygen and water. One disadvantage is that at such lower concentrations its rate of disinfection or its killing rate may be rather low. Although the disinfection rate or killing rate may be increased simply by increasing the H 2 O 2  concentration, this goes at the expense of safety because more concentrated H 2 O 2  solutions are also strong oxidizing agents. For example, at concentrations above about 8 w/w % aqueous solution, hydrogen peroxide is considered corrosive, irritating and bleaching.  
      A water-soluble acid such as peracetic or acetic acid can be combined with H 2 O 2  to improve its efficacy. This approach has been used by some manufacturers of disinfectants, who have added a second active agent such as phosphoric, peracetic, or a food grade acid to H 2 O 2 . However, these combinations of peroxide and acid still require relatively long contact times to achieve high level disinfection (e.g., more than 5 minutes) and are often corrosive and not safe. They also have poor material compatibility because of their very low pH (typically lower than 2) and oxidizing ability. Shorter disinfection times have been reported for formulations that combine an acid such as succinic acid with a higher level of peroxide, e.g., 13.4%, thus negating the attractive safety feature of a more dilute H 2 O 2  solution.  
      To overcome the slow effectiveness of peroxygen mixtures, all peroxygen mixtures described as a disinfection agent, biocidal solution or sanitization agent need the addition of organic or inorganic acids to lower the pH to levels that make the hydrogen peroxide active at lower concentrations. However the very low pH&#39;s of many of these solutions make these solutions often impractical, skin corrosive, eye-irritant and not safe. Some peroxide mixtures even describe complex acids, mixtures of several acids or benzoic acids to be added. Many of these acids are not only environmentally unsafe, they also leave environmentally unfriendly residues.  
      Thus, most if not all peroxygen-based mixtures used for cleaning and disinfection either suffer from impractically long contact times or unfeasibly high hydrogen peroxide concentrations.  
      The objective of the present invention is to provide for low concentrated hydrogen peroxide based biocidal solutions that exhibit practical biocidal activity without the need to add complex chemical mixtures for reaching practical utility of the solutions.  
      Applicant found that by subjecting hydrogen peroxide solutions to a non-thermal electrical discharge, such as a plasma discharge or a corona discharge, it was possible to reach practical contact times without the addition of hazardous chemicals or use excessively high and corrosive levels of hydrogen peroxide.  
      WO 02/059046 describes the use of glow discharge technology to produce activated water that has germicidal activity, although rather low. This activation ensures the generation of e.g. peroxides in the water. However, the hydrogen peroxide and superoxide compounds of this activated water typically do not reach a level above about 0.05%. This, because prolonged exposure to an electrical discharge also degrades the formed hydrogen peroxide. This level of hydrogen peroxide is much too low to provide for an effective disinfectant.  
      Applicant found that by subjecting hydrogen peroxide solutions to a non-thermal electrical discharge, such as a plasma discharge or a corona discharge, it was possible to obtain an activated peroxide solution with a surprisingly higher biocidal activity than a common peroxide solution having the same H 2 O 2  concentration. Surprisingly, the process time to obtain such an activated peroxide solution was substantially shorter that the time needed to obtain biocidal activated water by subjecting demineralized water to a non-thermal electrical discharge. In addition, no substantial degradation of the peroxide was observed.  
      Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of an activated peroxide solution by subjecting an aqueous H 2 O 2  solution to a non-thermal electrical discharge, such as a non-thermal discharge plasma or a non-thermal corona discharge.  
      In the context of the invention, an activated peroxide solution is a solution obtainable by the process of the invention. Such activated peroxide according to this invention substantially differs from a common peroxide solution with the same H 2 O 2  concentration that is obtained by simply adding the required amount of H 2 O 2  to water. Next to H 2 O 2 , the activated peroxide solution may contain various species of super-oxides, ions and/or radicals.  
      An advantage of the use of a non-thermal electrical discharge in the method of the invention is that the electron density and ionization level in the resulting discharge is much lower than in thermal discharge plasma&#39;s such as lightning and arc discharges, enabling an efficient and controllable process.  
      A preferred method of producing the activated peroxide solution of the present invention comprises:  
      (a) placing a peroxide solution in the form of a layer in a chamber suitable for a non-thermal electrical discharge treatment,  
      (b) positioning unlike electrodes above and in the layer of (a),  
      (c) creating an under-pressure atmosphere in the chamber that enables the formation of a uniform non-thermal electrical discharge, and  
      (d) subjecting the peroxide solution to the non-thermal electrical discharge to obtain an activated peroxide solution.  
      The peroxide solution used in step (a), sometimes called herein “initial peroxide solution”, may be tap water, potable water, demineralised, distilled and/or chemically pure water containing hydrogen peroxide. It is not necessary to supplement the initial peroxide solution with further additives, although additives that are not destroyed by the non-thermal electrical discharge treatment may be present. The initial peroxide solution has a hydrogen peroxide concentration from 0.05% to 20% w/w, preferably from 0.1% to 20%, more preferably from 0.1% to 10%, more preferably from 0.1 to 5%, most preferably from 0.1 to 3%.—It may be at any pH, there is no preferred pH range prior to the treatment of the solution according to the invention.  
      After its preparation, the activated peroxide solution may suitably be diluted depending on the desired final H 2 O 2  concentration.  
      The initial peroxide solution is placed in the form of a layer in a suitable chamber. Preferably, the layer has a depth from about 10 to 200 mm. The aqueous layer may be static or flowing, and oriented vertically, horizontally or inclined. In case of a vertical or inclined layer, the process is operated using a flow reactor, in which the water layer is flowing over one electrode and undergoing a discharge treatment from a discharge extending to the opposite electrode. Preferably, the layer is static and/or oriented horizontally, allowing the most convenient process.  
      The depth of the aqueous layer should take into account that the distance between the top electrode and the liquid surface should not exceed a distance of about 15 mm.  
      The chamber may be any chamber, e.g. a cell or vessel, which is suitable for plasma production and treatment of an aqueous solution according to the invention.  
      Unlike electrodes (anode and cathode) are placed in the chamber. As used herein the term “unlike electrodes” refers to a set of electrodes, one of which is positive (anode) and one of which is negative (cathode). Various embodiments for the unlike electrodes exist. For instance, the unlike electrodes may consist of one pair of anode and cathode or of multiple pairs of anode and cathode. It is also possible that one electrode of the unlike electrodes consists of multiple electrodes, discharging to one opposite electrode. Preferably, multiple anodes may discharge to one cathode.  
      In one embodiment, the positive electrode or anode is positioned in the gas phase above the surface of the liquid and the negative electrode or cathode is positioned below the surface of the liquid. It has been found that this provides a more stable operation and requires less current than vice versa. In this case, the surface of the liquid also acts as an electrode.  
      It is also possible that the lower electrode is positioned outside and underneath the reaction chamber.  
      The electrodes that can be used in accordance with the method of this invention can be comprised of any material that does not have a catalytic effect on hydrogen peroxide and super-peroxides and has high electrical conductivity. Examples of electrode materials include, but are not limited to, metals such as tungsten or tantalum. Any other electrodes, which would be known to those in the art to satisfy the conditions necessary for water activation using a non-thermal electrical discharge, are also contemplated for use in the present invention.  
      In a preferred embodiment, the electrodes, more preferably the anode(s), are (is) of a pin shape and comprise(s) a relatively sharp tip, ensuring a high potential gradient, to enhance activation efficiency, to prevent arcing and to maintain a stable discharge.  
      In a system, where two phases (fluid (gas) and liquid) are present, and an electric current is being formed between an electrode immersed in the liquid phase and an electrode placed into the gas phase, the boundary of the two phases is of special importance because this is where intensive physical and chemical transformations are taking place, which in turn drive the reactions taking place in the hydrogen peroxide solution. Thus, the thickness of the water layer and the distance between electrodes are critical for providing uniform treatment the aqueous layer, and thus to increase efficiency of activation of the aqueous layer. The distance between the electrode in the gas phase (top electrode) and the liquid surface preferably is from about 3-15 mm, more preferably from about 3-12 mm, most preferably about 8-10 mm.  
      To enable the formation of a uniform non-thermal electrical discharge, a suitable under-pressure atmosphere is created in the chamber, preferably a moderate under-pressure of about 1-5×10 4  Pa, more preferably an under-pressure of about 1.5-2.5×10 4  Pa. The gas phase may any suitable gas or mixture of gases, such as air and/or a noble gas.  
      The initial peroxide solution is subjected to the non-thermal electrical discharge to obtain an activated peroxide solution.  
      Important elements of the process to generate the non-thermal electrical discharge and to treat the initial peroxide solution with a non-thermal electrical discharge are 1) to provide conditions which prevent the discharge from becoming a thermal discharge (e.g. an arc), 2) to provide conditions which bring the discharge into intimate contact with the aqueous surface so that active radicals can form new substances, and 3) to use configurations which create large areas of electrical discharge, enabling the treatment of large throughput volumes.  
      The non-thermal electrical discharge may preferably be a glow discharge plasma, or a corona discharge.  
      The glow discharge plasma or the corona discharge may be an alternating current (AC) at high frequency, commonly referred to as radio frequency (RF), or direct current (DC) discharge. In a situation where the lower electrode in fact is an aqueous solution, it is preferred to use the DC mode.  
      In a preferred embodiment, the glow discharge plasma or the corona discharge is operated in a pulsed mode. This allows higher instantaneous powers to be applied without excessively heating the aqueous layer. In the pulsed mode, the preferred frequency is in the range of 50-5,000 Hz. Pulsed glow discharge plasma&#39;s and pulsed corona discharges are discharge types that run reliably at low and at high temperatures, in various gasses and with a wide range of compositions.  
      A very particular advantage of pulsed corona discharges is the fact that a highly reactive streamer discharge medium is created, while the bulk gas is at ambient temperature and pressure. Therefore, pulsed corona promises higher efficiency than other advanced oxidation processes.  
      Compared with AC and radio frequency (RF) discharges, pulsed DC discharges have the advantage of causing less electromagnetic interference and providing the possibility to control the water temperature with the pulse duty cycle without changing the plasma parameters during the pulse-on times.  
      In another preferred embodiment, the glow discharge plasma, preferably the DC glow discharge plasma, more preferably the pulsed DC glow discharge plasma is induced by a corona, preferably a pulsed corona. The plasma created by corona induction is a uniform and very stable, low temperature glow discharge plasma. The combination of a corona discharge and a glow discharge also provides for a highly controllable process and a highly predictable outcome of the end product quality.  
      Thus, it is preferred to use a pulsed DC glow discharge plasma induced by a pulsed corona, a so-called pulsed corona induced pulsed DC glow discharge plasma process. More preferably, a pulsed corona induced low frequency pulsed DC glow discharge plasma is used. Compared to pure DC or (very) high frequency DC discharges, low frequency pulsed DC discharges have the advantage of producing fewer arcs and creating a higher electron impact. This is important for producing an activated peroxide solution with a strong and long lasting biocidal activity according to this invention. A low frequency in this regard is about 50-5,000 Hz, preferably 100-1,000 Hz.  
      The pulsed corona induced pulsed DC glow discharge plasma process is performed at a low frequency, at a temperature below the boiling point of water and at a current, voltage and pressure sufficient to produce a stable discharge plasma, whereby the discharge plasma extends to the surface of the liquid.  
      The low frequency pulsed DC glow discharge plasma is induced by a pulsed corona discharge to electrically ionize the gas above the liquid and enable the formation of ions in the liquid. The induction voltage of the corona discharge is about 5-20 kV. The process starts with an initial low operating current as the non-ionized air and water form a significant dielectric barrier. Within several minutes, the current is slowly increased from about 0 mA to 100-200 mA once ionization has fully occurred. The current per electrode is maintained at a rather low level in the range of 100-200 mA, for a period sufficient to produce the activated peroxide solution. This period typically will be dependent on parameters like the volume of the treated solution and the current density. The voltage is maintained at a level sufficient to sustain a stable discharge, usually about 500-2500 V.  
      It was surprisingly found that the time period needed to produce a biocidal activated peroxide solution was considerably shorter than the period needed to activate demineralized water without added hydrogen peroxide, around a quarter to half of the time period to activate water. In addition, the process of the invention appeared to be more stable and predicable when using a peroxide solution as compared to using water.  
      The present invention shows that it is possible to produce a stable plasma by using pin shaped electrodes (as opposed to plate or annular electrodes commonly used in the art) to prevent arcing and forming a uniform and stable plasma, using a relatively low clock frequency and a corona induced plasma to electrically ionize the gas atmosphere above the water and form ions in the water. By altering the pulse duty cycle and frequency, it was possible to control the process and heat up of the liquid and alter the properties of the treated peroxide solution. The low current used and low clock frequency make the method of the invention very cost efficient and enable an economically attractive production of an activated peroxide solution.  
      The properties of the activated peroxide solution may be varied by altering the current, the treatment time, the pressure and/or the electrode distance. Varying the current, electrode distance and/or pressure results in differences in current density, which is in general an important parameter for the extent of activation. Current density is a measure of the current per unit surface area of the plasma touching the liquid. The higher the current density at a constant volume, the more the liquid is activated. In addition, the treatment time and the volume of treated liquid are important variables. The longer the treatment time at a constant volume or the lower the volume at a constant treatment time, the more the solution is activated. The pressure should be in such a range that it allows the formation of a uniform discharge plasma.  
      The chemical reactivity of a non-thermal electrical discharge such as a glow discharge plasma or a corona discharge is based on the fact that the electric field strength at the head of the discharge streamer is extremely high. Corona and glow discharge plasmas produce hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms in aqueous solutions from the dissociation and ionization of water molecules. In a humid gas phase, corona and glow discharge plasmas additionally create radicals, ions and metastables from the dissociation and ionization of the gas phase molecules or atoms. In humid air, the following main oxidizer species are produced: hydroxyl radicals, ozone, atomic oxygen, singlet oxygen and hydroperoxyl radicals. Also, small amounts of nitrogen oxides like NO x  and N 2 O are formed. By exposure of deionized water to corona or glow discharge plasmas, the electrical conductivity significantly increases. This is likely due to nitrate ions, originating from nitrogen oxides, which are produced by corona in air. Corona-induced anode metal sputtering is theoretically possible, but metals have not been identified in sufficient quantities.  
      Through these methods, it has been determined that, during the initial stages of treatment of the peroxide solution by an electrical discharge process, a number of transformations occurs, including the formation of ions, excited water molecules and the formation of secondary electrons. These chemical reactions and actively formed radicals characterize the reactivity of the activated peroxide solution produced.  
      In one embodiment of the invention, an additive may be added to the initial peroxide solution. Preferably, the additive is not destroyed by the non-thermal electrical discharge. Suitable additives may be an acid, a base and/or a salt. Preferred salts are chloride salts such as NaCl and/or KCl.  
      In a second aspect, the present invention provides an activated peroxide solution that shows certain unique features as described herein in the specification.  
      As compared to a common peroxide solution, the conductivity of the activated peroxide solution of the invention is increased due to the presence of ions. The activated peroxide solution also has a higher oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as well as a lower pH as compared to a common peroxide solution. Furthermore, the activated peroxide solution according to the invention has a biocidal activity against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms, including gram positive and/or gram negative bacteria and fungi.  
      The features of the activated peroxide solution wherein it differs from a common peroxide solution, like conductivity, pH, ORP, are to be seen as features that are measurable under conditions wherein the activated peroxide solution is in a form essentially without the presence of additional compounds in the activated peroxide solution. “Essentially without the presence of additional compounds” means that the activated peroxide solution is in its purest form, i.e. is obtained from an initial peroxide solution prepared by using demineralized, distilled or chemically pure water.  
      The features of the activated peroxide solution wherein it differs from a common peroxide solution thus are to be seen as inherent features of the activated peroxide solution in a form essentially without the presence of additional compounds and are not to be seen as features that are due to the presence of additional compounds that are deliberately added to the solution and/or accidentally present without being the result of the process of the invention. For instance, a low pH of the activated peroxide solution according to the invention is not due to the addition of an acid, implicating that an additional added compound in the form of an acid-originating counter anion is not present. Similarly, a high conductivity of the activated peroxide solution is not due to the presence or addition of salt ions.  
      In particular, the present invention provides an activated peroxide solution characterized by a peroxide content in the range of 0.05% to 20%, a low pH in the range of 2 to 4, an ORP in the range of 300 to 600 mV, and a biocidal activity against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms.  
      The features of the activated peroxide solution are commonly determined by standard, commercially available methods and equipment.  
      The peroxide concentration is determined by a potassium permanganate titration procedure and the devices used for the measurement of pH, ORP and conductivity are a WTW 537, a Testo 230 ORP and a HANNA EC device, respectively.  
      The hydrogen peroxide content preferably is 0.1 to 10%, more preferably 0.1 to 5%, most preferably 0.1 to 3%.  
      The pH preferably is 2.5-4, preferably 2.5-3.5.  
      The ORP preferably is 400-500, more preferably 420-490 mV.  
      The electrical conductivity of the activated peroxide solution preferably is 100-400, more preferably 150-350, most preferably 200-350 μSiemens/cm.  
      The biocidal activity of the activated peroxide solution is such that it provides at least a log 4 reduction using a European Norm EN 1040 conform assay against  Escherichia coli, Rhodotorula rubra, Pseudomonas aeruginosa  and/or  Salmonella typhimurium  for a 5 minute contact time.  
      In one embodiment, the activated peroxide solution has substantially no available free chlorine (AFC) content. Such a solution is advantageously obtainable by the process of the first aspect, not requiring the addition of chlorine salts to increase conductivity of the solution to be subjected to said process.  
      In particular, the activated peroxide solution of the second aspect is obtainable by the process of the first aspect.  
      The application of a non-thermal electrical discharge according to the invention leads to fundamental structural changes in an aqueous peroxide solution, providing the resulting activated peroxide solution with enhanced biocidal activity. Surprisingly, the biocidal activity of the activated peroxide solutions of the present invention is substantially higher than that of a common peroxide solution with the same peroxide content but prepared with normal water. Even if a peroxide solution is prepared with water subjected to the process of the invention, the biocidal activity thereof is lower than that of the activated peroxide solution according to the invention.  
      Other additives may be added to the activated peroxide solution after its preparation by the method of the invention in order to increase its biocidal activity or to provide the activated peroxide solution with properties suitable for its use. Examples of such additives are silver salts, e.g., silver nitrate or silver chloride, or colloidal silver; zinc salts, e.g. zinc chloride, zinc lactate, or zinc oxide; chlorhexidine; anionic, cationic, non-ionic and/or amphoteric surfactants; emulsifiers; hydrotropes; glycerol; chelating agents; alcohols; acids (organic or inorganic); bases; fragrances; coloring chemicals; or surface tension decreasing agents.  
      Preferably, the activated peroxide solution is stabilized with commercially available compounds known to stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions, such as (Colloidal) Stannates, Citric Acid, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Acetanilide, various types of Phosphonates such as the Dequest Phosphonates available from Solutia, stabilizers such as Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate available from Octel as OctaQuest E30 or A65, or other Cation Sequestering Agents.  
      The present invention thus provides a composition comprising a activated peroxide solution of the invention and optional additives, as defined above.  
      In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the activated peroxide solution of the invention or compositions containing said activated peroxide solution for any purpose where disinfecting and/or sanitizing and/or cleaning and/or bleaching and/or preservative activity is required, including, but not limited to, use as a bactericidal and sterilization liquid, and as cleaning, disinfection and sanitization agent.  
      In particular, the activated peroxide solution of the invention or composition containing it may be used for those applications where it is important to obtain disinfecting and/or sanitizing and/or cleaning and/or bleaching and/or preservative activity with the mildest agents possible, for instance domestic use, medical use, personal care, food, clean rooms, etc. Also for applications where no or scarce rinsing after application is preferred, or where the solution may come into contact with food. As the activated peroxide solution in its basic form does not contain any acids or salts, no environmentally burdening residues are present. This enables the use of the solution in situations where environmentally friendly products are preferred.  
      Since the activated peroxide solution is non-irritating, has no odors or volatile gasses, and is skin friendly, it is also optimal for situations where users do not wear any protective clothing, in cases where worker-safety has high priority or for personal application like wound disinfection or prevention of gingivitis.  
      The present invention also relates to the use of the activated peroxide solution in specific devices such as spray devices, e.g. spray bottles, aerosol cans, aerosol generation devices for room disinfection, and by application in the form of dipping.  
      In particular, the present invention discloses a method for disinfecting a substrate comprising contacting the substrate with an effective amount of the biocidal solution or composition according to the invention. The substrate may be any surface, space, material, medical instrument or device, hospital equipment, surface of walls, ceilings and/or floors, preferably a substrate wherein the presence of gram positive and/or gram negative pathogenic bacteria is suspected. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES  
     Example 1  
      To 600 milliliters of chemically pure distilled water having a pH of 6.7 and an electrical conductivity of less than 0.1 μS/cm, 1.6% hydrogen peroxide was added and the solution was subjected to a pulsed corona induced pulsed DC glow discharge plasma process. The pH of the solution before activation was 5.8. The solution was put in a 1 L double walled water cooled vessel. One electrode was submersed in the aqueous solution and three pin shaped electrodes were placed approximately 10 mm above the liquid surface. Pressure was lowered and the reactor chamber cooled with cooling water. The water was then processed by pulsed corona induced low frequency pulsed DC plasma discharge under the following conditions: the current was increased from 0 mA to 100 mA in 5 minutes, the current was maintained on 100-120 mA for another 25 minutes of treatment, the pulsed corona induction voltage was 10 kV, the pulsed DC plasma voltage was between 1500 and 1700 Volt, the frequency was 100 Hz, the pressure in the reaction chamber was 1.5×10 4  Pa. The resulting ORP of the solution was 494 mV, the pH of the solution was 2.92, and the gross concentration of hydrogen peroxide and super-peroxide compounds was 1.6%.  
      Biocidal Activity  
      The activated peroxide solution exhibited very significant biocidal activity. In a controlled bactericidal suspension test conform European Norm for testing of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics EN 1040, a 1 ml McFarland standard 0.5 (10 8  microorganisms per ml) was mixed 1:8 with the activated peroxide solution and 1 ml milli-Q water. After 10 minutes,  Staphylococcus aureus  was killed 100%, while  Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhodotorula rubra  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  were all killed 100% already after 5 minutes. A 100% kill typically is shown by at least a log 5 reduction.  
      In this test, a control was ran with a 1.6% common hydrogen peroxide solution. The results were that after 5 minutes none of the samples showed a 100% kill. For example,  Salmonella typhimurium  exhibited only a 70% reduction after 5 minutes and  Staphylococcus aureus  exhibited only a 50% reduction after 20 minutes and none after 5 minutes. This indicates that the activated peroxide solution of this invention has a significantly higher biocidal activity than a comparable common hydrogen peroxide solution.  
     Example 2  
      A 1.3% of hydrogen peroxide solution was treated as in Example 1, under the following conditions: the current was increased from 0 mA to 100 mA in 5 minutes,the current was maintained on 100-140 mA for another 45 minutes of treatment, the pulsed corona induction voltage was 10 kV, the pulsed DC plasma voltage was between 1500 and 2000 Volt, pressure in the reaction chamber was 1.5×104 Pa.  
      The resulting ORP of the solution was 502 mV, the pH of the solution was 2.85, and the gross concentration of hydrogen peroxide and super-peroxide compounds was 1.25%.  
      Biocidal Activity.  
      The solution exhibited very significant biocidal activity. In a controlled bactericidal suspension test conform European Norm for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics 1276. (EN 1276: Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas: test method and requirements), a 1 ml McFarland standard 0.5 (10 8  microorganisms per ml) was mixed 1:8 with the activated peroxide solution and 1 ml milli-Q water. To this suspension a protein load was added according to the EN 1276 procedures to simulate unclean practical conditions. To provide for a clean condition 0.3% Bovine Albumin was added and for a dirty condition 3% Bovine Albumin.  
      The test results are presented in Table 1 below. Several bacteria types show greater than log 5 reduction within 5 minutes, which is the test norm according standard EN 1276, while some even reach log 5 reduction after only 1 minute, at only a 1.2% hydrogen peroxide concentration, a level of hydrogen peroxide that is very low compared to biocidal solutions described in the prior art.  
                       TABLE 1                                      Log reduction of Microorganisms                                     Contact time   Contact time   Contact time   Contact time           1 min   5 min   15 min   20 min                                                 Type of   Clean   Dirty   Clean   Dirty   Clean   Dirty   Clean   Dirty                                                                                 Microorganism   1   2   1   2   1   2   1   2   1   2   1   2   1   2   1   2                 E. coli     &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         S. aureus     &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         E. Hirae     &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         P. aeruginosa     &gt;5   &gt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         S. pyogenes     &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         P. vulgaris     &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         S. typhimurium     &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         E. cloacae     &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         R. rubra     &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5         C. albicans     &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5   &gt;5                  
 
     Example 3  
      A volume of 500 milliliters of a 1% hydrogen peroxide solution was treated with a pulsed corona discharge. The conductivity of the starting solution was 17.8 microSiemens/cm, the pH 4.5 and the ORP 380 mV. The electrode distance was 10 mm, the pressure in the vacuum chamber was lowered to maintain a stable corona discharge. The applied corona voltage was 10.4 kV and the current was kept at approximately 1.5-1.8 mA. After 45 minutes of treatment with 3 electrodes, the solution measured the following parameters: Conductivity 123.3 microSiemens/cm, the pH was 3.2 and the ORP 445.  
      The corona treated solution was then tested against several strains of bacteria and compared to untreated solutions of 1% hydrogen peroxide. Applicant found the following results:  E. coli  was reduced with log 4 after 1 minute and with log 5 after 5 minutes, while there was no countable reduction observed with standard 1% hydrogen peroxide.  Lysteria  was reduced with log 4 after 5 minutes, while there was no countable reduction observed with a standard 1% hydrogen peroxide solution.  Corynebacterium minitissium  was reduced with log 4 after 5 minutes and showed no countable reduction with a standard 1% hydrogen peroxide solution. Results with  Enterobacter cloacea  showed a significant difference in reduction between the two solutions as well.  
     Example 4  
     Comparison of the Biocidal Activity of the Activated Peroxide Solution of the Invention with an Acidic Aqueous Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide  
      In the prior art, a combination of hydrogen peroxide and a specific acid is proposed, because hydrogen peroxide as such is a relatively ineffective disinfectant. By adding an acid, the solution is generally more stable and also more effective as bactericidal, but still killing times of microorganisms are in unpractical ranges.  
      We now show that both an untreated hydrogen peroxide solution of exactly the same hydrogen peroxide concentration as the activated peroxide solution, as well as a hydrogen peroxide solution to which acid is added in order to enhance efficacy, again of exactly the same hydrogen peroxide concentration as the activated solution, have both a significantly less bactericidal effect than a hydrogen peroxide solution treated by pulsed corona induced pulsed DC plasma discharge.  
      We have tested a activated hydrogen peroxide solution of the invention to which 1.5% hydrogen peroxide was added prior to treatment with pulsed corona induced low frequency pulsed DC plasma discharge and a standard, commercially available (untreated) 1.5% hydrogen peroxide solutions on 6 bacterial strains:  Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae  and  Lysteria monocytogenes.  The 1.5% hydrogen peroxide solution was treated for 30 minutes and has a pH of 3.1 and an ORP of 452. The results in Table 2 below show that the biocidal effect of the activated peroxide solution (upper results) is greatly enhanced by the activation process.  
               TABLE 2                          Biocidal activity of solutions containing hydrogen peroxide                                             Start                           Bacteria Type   MacFarland   1 Min.   2 Min.   3 Min.   4 Min.   5 Min                         1.5% Hydrogen peroxide solution treated with Pulsed Corona       Induced Pulsed DC plasma Discharge                                           Salmonella typhimurium     1.0   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500   148   26         E. coli     1.0   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   128   1   0         P. aeruginosa     0.5   10   0   0   0   0         S. aureus     1.0   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500   500         Enterobacter cloacae     0.5   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500   68         Lysteria monocytogenes     0.5   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500                 1.5% Hydrogen Peroxide solution added with phosphoric acid to pH 3                                           Salmonella typhimurium     1.0   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000         E. coli     1.0   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500         P. aeruginosa     0.5   268   26   7   0   0         S. aureus     0.5   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;500         Enterobacter cloacae     0.5   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000         Lysteria monocytogenes     0.5   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000   &gt;1000                  
 
      It is shown from empirical tests that an increased ORP and a decreased pH together are important parameters explaining the significantly enhanced biocidal effect of the activated peroxide solutions of this invention. It was experimentally established that the ORP, pH and conductivity of an activated peroxide solution substantially differ from the those of a commercially available hydrogen peroxide solution with the same H 2 O 2  concentration. 
          0.1% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 4.9, a conductivity of 20 μS/cm and an ORP of 355 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 3.1, a conductivity of 248 μS/cm and an ORP of 452 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.     0.5% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 4.6, a conductivity of approximately 21 μS/cm and an ORP of 374 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 3.2, a conductivity of 255 μS/cm and an ORP of 448 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.     1% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 4.4, a conductivity of 30 μS/cm and an ORP of 390 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 3.1, a conductivity of 212 μS/cm and an ORP of 472 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.     3% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 3.9, a conductivity of 60 μS/cm and an ORP of 411 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 2.9, a conductivity of 328 μS/cm and an ORP of 468 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.     5% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 3.7, a conductivity of 90 μS/cm and an ORP of 428 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 2.9, a conductivity of 288 μS/cm and an ORP of 469 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.     10% H 2 O 2  shows a pH of approximately 3.3, a conductivity of 110 μS/cm and an ORP of 446 mV, compared to a pH of approximately 2.8, a conductivity of 238 μS/cm and an ORP of 485 mV of a solution of similar H 2 O 2  concentration, but activated with the method of this invention.