Patent Publication Number: US-2018036302-A1

Title: Treatment of multiple sclerosis with combination of laquinimod and a statin

Description:
This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/090,112, filed Dec. 10, 2014, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     Throughout this application, various publications are referred to by first author and year of publication. Full citations for these publications are presented in a References section immediately before the claims. The disclosures of these documents and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease affecting more than 1 million people worldwide. It is the most common cause of neurological disability in young and middle-aged adults and has a major physical, psychological, social and financial impact on subjects and their families, friends and bodies responsible for health care (EMEA Guideline, 2006). 
     A clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a single monosymptomatic attack suggestive of MS, such as optic neuritis, brain stem symptoms, and partial myelitis. Patients with CIS that experience a second clinical attack are generally considered to have clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). Over 80 percent of patients with a CIS and MRI lesions go on to develop MS, while approximately 20 percent have a self-limited process (Brex 2002; Frohman, 2003). 
     Various MS disease stages and/or types are described in Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (Duntiz, 1999). Among them, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common form at the time of initial diagnosis. Many subjects with RRMS have an initial relapsing-remitting course for 5-15 years, which then advances into the secondary progressive MS (SPMS) disease course. There are currently a number of disease-modifying medications approved for use in relapsing MS (RMS), which includes RRMS and SPMS (The Disease Modifying Drug Brochure, 2006). These include interferon beta 1-a (Avonex® and Rebif®), interferon beta 1-b (Betaseron®), glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®), mitoxantrone (Novantrone®), natalizumab (Tysabri®) and Fingolimod (Gilenya®). Immunosuppressants or cytotoxic agents are used in some subjects after failure of conventional therapies. However, the relationship between changes of the immune response induced by these agents and the clinical efficacy in MS is far from settled (EMEA Guideline, 2006). 
     Other therapeutic approaches include symptomatic treatment which refers to all therapies applied to improve the symptoms caused by the disease (EMEA Guideline, 2006) and treatment of acute relapses with corticosteroids. While steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can reduce the duration and severity of attacks in some subjects. 
     Statins 
     Statins are a class of drugs that are widely prescribed in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Studies have suggested that statins can lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by up to 55% and cardiovascular events by 20-30% (Postmus, 2014). 
     Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. HMG CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. By competitively inhibiting HMG CoA reductase activity, statins decrease cellular cholesterol concentration, which activates a cellular signaling cascade culminating in the activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). SREBP is a transcription factor that up-regulates expression of the gene encoding the LDL receptor. LDL receptors are responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL cholesterol. Thus, increased LDL receptor expression causes increased uptake of plasma LDL and consequently decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (Armen, 2012). 
     The best-selling statin drug is atorvastatin, marketed as LIPITOR® and manufactured by Pfizer. Lipitor® is available in tablet form for daily oral administration, each tablet containing 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg atorvastatin (Physician&#39;s Desk Reference, 2014). 
     In addition to Lipitor, statins are also commercially available as single-ingredient products as Lescol® (fluvastatin), Mevacor® (lovastatin), Altoprev® (lovastatin extended-release), Livalo® (pitavastatin), Pravachol® (pravastatin), Crestor® (rosuvastatin), and Zocor® (simvastatin). Statins are also commercially available as combination products as Advicor® (lovastatin/niacin extended-release), Simcor® (simvastatin/niacin extended-release), and Vytorin® (simvastatin/ezetimibe) (Statins, 2012). 
     Laquinimod 
     Laquinimod (TV-5600) is a novel synthetic compound with high oral bioavailability which has been suggested as an oral formulation for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Polman, 2005; Sandberg-Wollheim, 2005; Comi at al 2008). Laquinimod and its sodium salt form are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,851. The mechanism of action of laquinimod is not fully understood. 
     Animal studies show it causes a Th1 (T helper 1 cell, produces pro-inflammatory cytokines) to Th2 (T helper 2 cell, produces anti-inflammatory cytokines) shift with an anti-inflammatory profile (Yang, 2004; Brück, 2011). Another study demonstrated (mainly via the NFkB pathway) that laquinimod induced suppression of genes related to antigen presentation and corresponding inflammatory pathways (Gurevich, 2010). Other suggested potential mechanisms of action include inhibition of leukocyte migration into the CNS, increase of axonal integrity, modulation of cytokine production, and increase in levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Runström, 2006; Brück, 2011). 
     Laquinimod showed a favorable safety and tolerability profile in two phase III trials (Results of Phase III BRAVO Trial Reinforce Unique Profile of Laquinimod for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment; Teva Pharma, Active Biotech Post Positive Laquinimod Phase 3 ALLEGRO Results). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Combination Therapy 
     The administration of two drugs to treat a given condition, such as multiple sclerosis, raises a number of potential problems. In vivo interactions between two drugs are complex. The effects of any single drug are related to its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. When two drugs are introduced into the body, each drug can affect the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the other and hence, alter the effects of the other. For instance, one drug may inhibit, activate or induce the production of enzymes involved in a metabolic route of elimination of the other drug (Guidance for Industry, 2012). In one example, combined administration of fingolimod and interferon (IFN) has been experimentally shown to abrogate the clinical effectiveness of either therapy. (Brod 2000) In another experiment, it was reported that the addition of prednisone in combination therapy with IFN-β antagonized its up-regulator effect. Thus, when two drugs are administered to treat the same condition, it is unpredictable whether each will complement, have no effect on, or interfere with, the therapeutic activity of the other in a human subject. 
     Not only may the interaction between two drugs affect the intended therapeutic activity of each drug, but the interaction may increase the levels of toxic metabolites (Guidance for Industry, 2012). The interaction may also heighten or lessen the side effects of each drug. Hence, upon administration of two drugs to treat a disease, it is unpredictable what change will occur in the negative side profile of each drug. In one example, the combination of natalizumab and interferon β-1a was observed to increase the risk of unanticipated side effects. (Vollmer, 2008; Rudick 2006; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, 2005; Langer-Gould 2005) 
     Additionally, it is difficult to accurately predict when the effects of the interaction between the two drugs will become manifest. For example, metabolic interactions between drugs may become apparent upon the initial administration of the second drug, after the two have reached a steady-state concentration or upon discontinuation of one of the drugs (Guidance for Industry, 2012). 
     Therefore, the state of the art at the time of filing is that the effects of combination therapy of two drugs, in particular laquinimod and a statin, e.g., atorvastatin, cannot be predicted until the results of a combination study are available. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a graphical representation of the experimental results from Example 1. The graph shows the clinical score for the EAE rodents in each group (on the y-axis) against the days after induction of the disease (on the x-axis). 
         FIG. 2  is a graphical representation of the experimental results from Example 2: Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of laquinimod after oral dose of laquinimod alone or combination dose with atorvastatin in male C57BL/6 mice (N=3/time point). 
         FIG. 3  is a graphical representation of the experimental results from Example 2: Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of atorvastatin after oral dose of atorvastatin alone or combination dose with laquinimod in male C57BL/6 mice (N=3/time point). 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis (MS) or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) comprising administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod and administering to the subject an amount of a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a package comprising: a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and c) instructions for use of the first and second pharmaceutical compositions together to treat a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     The subject invention also provides a therapeutic package for dispensing to, or for use in dispensing to, a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, which comprises: a) one or more unit doses, each such unit dose comprising: i) an amount of laquinimod and ii) an amount of a statin, wherein the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said statin in said unit dose are effective, upon concomitant administration to said subject, to treat the subject, and b) a finished pharmaceutical container therefor, said container containing said unit dose or unit doses, said container further containing or comprising labeling directing the use of said package in the treatment of said subject. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, and 2) admixing the laquinimod and the statin with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to make the pharmaceutical composition. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form, useful in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, which comprises: a) an amount of laquinimod; b) an amount of a statin, wherein the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said statin in said composition are effective, upon concomitant administration to said subject of one or more of said unit dosage forms of said composition, to treat the subject. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS as an add-on therapy or in combination with a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly with a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod, either as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining an amount of laquinimod, and 2) admixing the laquinimod with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin for use treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS as an add-on therapy or in combination with laquinimod. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin for use treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly with laquinimod. 
     The subject invention also provides laquinimod for use as an add-on therapy or in combination with a statin in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     The subject invention also provides a statin for use as an add-on therapy or in combination with laquinimod in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin in the preparation of a combination for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS wherein the laquinimod and the statin are prepared to be administered simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS wherein the laquinimod is prepared as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, and wherein the amount of laquinimod and the amount of statin when taken together are effective to treat the subject. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, wherein the amount of laquinimod and an amount of statin when taken together are effective to treat the subject. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a medicament prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod, either as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and 2) packaging the pharmaceutical composition to make the medicament. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a medicament prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod, an amount of a statin, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and 2) packaging the pharmaceutical composition to make the medicament. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis (MS) or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) comprising administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod and administering to the subject an amount of a statin. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of laquinimod and the amount of the statin when taken together is more effective to treat the subject than when each agent at the same respective amount is administered alone. 
     In an embodiment, the MS is relapsing MS. In another embodiment, the relapsing MS is relapsing-remitting MS. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of laquinimod and the amount of the statin when taken together is effective to reduce a symptom of MS in the subject. In another embodiment, the symptom is a MRI-monitored MS disease activity, relapse rate, accumulation of physical disability, frequency of relapses, decreased time to confirmed disease progression, decreased time to confirmed relapse, frequency of clinical exacerbation, brain atrophy, neuronal dysfunction, neuronal injury, neuronal degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, risk for confirmed progression, deterioration of visual function, fatigue, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, reduction of brain volume, abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, deterioration in general health status, functional status, quality of life, and/or symptom severity on work. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of laquinimod and the amount of the statin when taken together is effective to a) decrease or inhibit reduction of brain volume, b) increase time to confirmed disease progression, c) decrease abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, or d) reduce cognitive impairment. 
     In an embodiment, brain volume is measured by percent brain volume change (PBVC). In another embodiment, time to confirmed disease progression is increased by 20-60%. In another embodiment, cognitive impairment is assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) score. In another embodiment, the accumulation of physical disability is measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, or is assessed by the time to confirmed disease progression as measured by EDSS score. 
     In one embodiment, the subject had an EDSS score of 0-5.5 at baseline, an EDSS score of 1.5-4.5 at baseline or an EDSS score of 5.5 or greater at baseline. 
     In another embodiment, confirmed disease progression is a 1 point or a 0.5 point increase of the EDSS score. 
     In one embodiment, impaired mobility is assessed by the Timed-25 Foot Walk test, the 12-Item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12) self-report questionnaire, the Ambulation Index (AI), the Six-Minute Walk (6MW) Test or the Lower Extremity Manual Muscle Test (LEMMT) Test. In another embodiment, general health status is assessed by the EuroQoL (EQ5D) questionnaire, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC). In another embodiment, functional status is measured by the subject&#39;s Short-Form General Health survey (SF-36) Subject Reported Questionnaire score. In another embodiment, quality of life is assessed by SF-36, EQ5D, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC). In another embodiment, the subject&#39;s SF-36 mental component summary score (MSC) is improved. In another embodiment, the subject&#39;s SF-36 physical component summary sore (PSC) is improved. In another embodiment, fatigue is assessed by the EQ5D, the subject&#39;s Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score or the French valid versions of the Fatigue Impact Scale (EMIF-SEP) score. In another embodiment, symptom severity on work is measured by the work productivity and activities impairment General Health (WPAI-GH) questionnaire. 
     In a further embodiment of the present invention, laquinimod is laquinimod sodium. In another embodiment, the statin is atorvastatin calcium. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the laquinimod and/or the statin is administered via oral administration. In another embodiment, the laquinimod and/or the statin is administered periodically. In another embodiment, the laquinimod and/or the statin is administered daily. In another embodiment, the laquinimod and/or the statin is administered more often than once daily. In another embodiment, the laquinimod and/or the statin is administered less often than once daily. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is less than 0.6 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.1-40.0 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.1-2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.25-2.0 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.5-1.2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.25 mg/day, 0.3 mg/day, 0.5 mg/day, 0.6 mg/day, 1.0 mg/day, 1.2 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day or 2.0 mg/day. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of the statin administered is 0.1-100 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin administered is 10-80 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of statin administered is about 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/day. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin administered is 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/day. 
     In an embodiment, a loading dose of an amount different from the intended dose is administered for a period of time at the start of the periodic administration. In another embodiment, the subject is receiving laquinimod therapy prior to initiating the statin therapy. In another embodiment, the subject is receiving the statin therapy prior to initiating laquinimod therapy. In another embodiment, the subject is receiving a first therapy for at least 8 weeks, at least 10 weeks, at least 24 weeks, at least 28 weeks, at least 48 weeks or at least 52 weeks prior to initiating a second therapy. 
     In a further embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), salicylates, slow-acting drugs, gold compounds, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs and/or antibodies. 
     In an embodiment, the periodic administration of laquinimod and/or the periodic administration of the statin continues for at least 3 days, for more than 30 days, for more than 42 days, for 8 weeks or more, for at least 12 weeks, for at least 24 weeks or for 6 months or more. 
     In an embodiment, the administration of laquinimod and the administration of the statin inhibits a symptom of relapsing MS by at least 20%, by at least 30%, by at least 50%, by at least 70%, by more than 100%, by more than 300% or by more than 1000%. 
     In an embodiment, each of the amount of laquinimod when taken alone, and the amount of the statin when taken alone is effective to treat the subject. In another embodiment, either the amount of laquinimod when taken alone, the amount of the statin when taken alone, or each such amount when taken alone is not effective to treat the subject. 
     In an embodiment, the subject is a human patient. 
     The subject invention also provides a package comprising: a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and c) instructions for use of the first and second pharmaceutical compositions together to treat a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     In one embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition, the second pharmaceutical composition, or both the first and the second pharmaceutical compositions are in an aerosol, an inhalable powder, an injectable, a liquid, a solid, a capsule or a tablet form. In another embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition, the second pharmaceutical composition, or both the first and the second pharmaceutical compositions are in a liquid or a solid form. In yet another embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition, the second pharmaceutical composition, or both the first and the second pharmaceutical compositions are in capsule form or in tablet form. 
     In one embodiment, the tablets are coated with a coating which inhibits oxygen from contacting the core. In another embodiment, the coating comprises a cellulosic polymer, a detackifier, a gloss enhancer, or pigment. 
     In an embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition further comprises mannitol, an alkalinizing agent, an oxidation reducing agent, a lubricant, and/or a filler. In another embodiment, the alkalinizing agent is meglumine. In another embodiment, the lubricant is present in the composition as solid particles. In another embodiment, the lubricant is sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate. In another embodiment, the filler is present in the composition as solid particles. In another embodiment, the filler is lactose, lactose monohydrate, starch, isomalt, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, lactose spray dried, lactose anhydrouse, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the filler is mannitol or lactose monohydrate. 
     In one embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and free of an alkalinizing agent or an oxidation reducing agent. In another embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition is free of an alkalinizing agent and free of an oxidation reducing agent. In a further embodiment, the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and free of disintegrant. 
     In one embodiment, the package further comprises a desiccant. In another embodiment, the desiccant is silica gel. 
     In a further embodiment of the present invention, the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and has a moisture content of no more than 4%. 
     In one embodiment, laquinimod is present in the composition as solid particles. 
     In another embodiment, the package is a sealed packaging having a moisture permeability of not more than 15 mg/day per liter. In another embodiment, the sealed package is a blister pack in which the maximum moisture permeability is no more than 0.005 mg/day. In another embodiment, the sealed package is a bottle and/or comprises an HDPE bottle. In another embodiment, the bottle is closed with a heat induction liner. In another embodiment, the sealed package comprises an oxygen absorbing agent. In yet another embodiment, the oxygen absorbing agent is iron. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of laquinimod in the first composition is less than 0.6 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod in the first composition is 0.1-40.0 mg. In another embodiment the amount of laquinimod is 0.1-2.5 mg. In another embodiment the amount of laquinimod is 0.25-2.0 mg. In another embodiment the amount of laquinimod is 0.5-1.2 mg. In another embodiment the amount of laquinimod is 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.5 mg or 2.0 mg. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of the statin is 0.1-100 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is 10-80 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is about 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. 
     In an embodiment, the amount of laquinimod and the amount of the statin are prepared to be administered simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly. 
     The subject invention also provides a therapeutic package for dispensing to, or for use in dispensing to, a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, which comprises: a) one or more unit doses, each such unit dose comprising: i) an amount of laquinimod and ii) an amount of a statin, wherein the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said statin in said unit dose are effective, upon concomitant administration to said subject, to treat the subject, and b) a finished pharmaceutical container therefor, said container containing said unit dose or unit doses, said container further containing or comprising labeling directing the use of said package in the treatment of said subject. 
     In one embodiment, the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said statin in said unit dose when taken together is more effective to treat the subject than when compared to the administration of said laquinimod in the absence of the statin or the administration of the statin in the absence of said laquinimod. In another embodiment, the statin is atorvastatin calcium. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin. 
     In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is for use in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, wherein the laquinimod and the statin are prepared to be administered simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly. 
     In one embodiment, laquinimod is laquinimod sodium. In another embodiment, the statin is atorvastatin calcium. 
     In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in an aerosol, an inhalable powder, an injectable, a liquid, a solid, a capsule or a tablet form. In another embodiment, the tablets are coated with a coating which inhibits oxygen from contacting the core. In another embodiment, the coating comprises a cellulosic polymer, a detackifier, a gloss enhancer, or pigment. 
     In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises mannitol, an alkalinizing agent, an oxidation reducing agent, a lubricant or a filler. In another embodiment, the alkalinizing agent is meglumine. In another embodiment, the lubricant is present in the composition as solid particles. In another embodiment, the lubricant is sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate. In another embodiment, the filler is present in the composition as solid particles. In another embodiment, the filler is lactose, lactose monohydrate, starch, isomalt, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, lactose spray dried, lactose anhydrouse, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the filler is mannitol or lactose monohydrate. 
     In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is free of an alkalinizing agent or an oxidation reducing agent. In another embodiment, it is free of an alkalinizing agent and free of an oxidation reducing agent. In yet another embodiment, it is stable and free of disintegrant. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod in the composition is less than 0.6 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod in the composition is 0.1-40.0 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod is 0.1-2.5 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod is 0.25-2.0 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod is 0.5-1.2 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of laquinimod is 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.0 mg. 
     In an embodiment, the amount of the statin is 0.1-100 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is 10-80 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is about 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the statin is 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, and 2) admixing the laquinimod and the statin with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to make the pharmaceutical composition. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form, useful in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, which comprises: a) an amount of laquinimod; b) an amount of a statin, wherein the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said statin in said composition are effective, upon concomitant administration to said subject of one or more of said unit dosage forms of said composition, to treat the subject. In an embodiment, the respective amounts of said laquinimod and the statin in said unit dose when taken together is more effective to treat the subject than when compared to the administration of said laquinimod in the absence of the statin or the administration of the statin in the absence of said laquinimod. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS as an add-on therapy or in combination with a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly with a statin. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod, either as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining an amount of laquinimod, and 2) admixing the laquinimod with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin for use treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS as an add-on therapy or in combination with laquinimod. 
     The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a statin for use treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly with laquinimod. 
     The subject invention also provides laquinimod for use as an add-on therapy or in combination with a statin in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     The subject invention also provides a statin for use as an add-on therapy or in combination with laquinimod in treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin in the preparation of a combination for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS wherein the laquinimod and the statin are prepared to be administered simultaneously, contemporaneously or concomitantly. 
     In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition or use as described herein, the statin is atorvastatin. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS wherein the laquinimod is prepared as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, and wherein the amount of laquinimod and the amount of statin when taken together are effective to treat the subject. 
     The subject invention also provides use of an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS, wherein the amount of laquinimod and an amount of statin when taken together are effective to treat the subject. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a medicament prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod, either as an add-on therapy to or in combination with an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and 2) packaging the pharmaceutical composition to make the medicament. 
     The subject invention also provides a process of preparing a medicament prepared for treating a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS using an amount of laquinimod and an amount of a statin, comprising 1) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod, an amount of a statin, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and 2) packaging the pharmaceutical composition to make the medicament. 
     The statins as described herein can be administered by way of oral, sublingual, injection including subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous, topical, intratracheal, intranasal, transdermal or rectal administration. The statins may be administered in admixture with conventional pharmaceutical carriers. The appropriate unit forms of administration include forms for oral administration, such as tablets, gelatin capsules, powders, granules and solutions or suspensions to be taken orally, forms for sublingual, buccal, intratracheal or intranasal administration, forms for injection including subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administration and forms for rectal administration. In one particular embodiment, oral administration is preferred. 
     Laquinimod mixtures, compositions, and the process for the manufacture thereof are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,851, U.S. Pat. No. 7,884,208, U.S. Pat. No. 7,989,473, U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,127, U.S. Application Publication No. 2010-0055072, U.S. Application Publication No. 2012-0010238, and U.S. Application Publication No. 2012-0010239, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entireties into this application. 
     Use of laquinimod for treatment of various conditions, and the corresponding dosages and regimens, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,851 (multiple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, inflammatory respiratory disorder, atherosclerosis, stroke, and Alzheimer&#39;s disease), U.S. Application Publication No. 2011-0027219 (Crohn&#39;s disease), U.S. Application Publication No. 2010-0322900 (Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis), U.S. Application Publication No. 2011-0034508 (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related diseases), U.S. Application Publication No. 2011-0218179 (active lupus nephritis), U.S. Application Publication No. 2011-0218203 (rheumatoid arthritis), U.S. Application Publication No. 2011-0217295 (active lupus arthritis), and U.S. Application Publication No. 2012-0142730 (reducing fatigue, improving quality of life, and providing neuroprotection in MS patients), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entireties into this application. 
     A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of laquinimod as used in this application includes lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum and iron. Salt formulations of laquinimod and the process for preparing the same are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,589,208 and PCT International Application Publication No. WO 2005/074899, which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     Laquinimod can be administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, extenders, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration and as consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. The unit can be in a form suitable for oral administration. Laquinimod can be administered alone but is generally mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and co-administered in the form of a tablet or capsule, liposome, or as an agglomerated powder. Examples of suitable solid carriers include lactose, sucrose, gelatin and agar. Capsule or tablets can be easily formulated and can be made easy to swallow or chew; other solid forms include granules, and bulk powders. 
     Tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. For instance, for oral administration in the unit dosage form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, gelatin, agar, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose and the like. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn starch, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, povidone, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, talc and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and the like. 
     Specific examples of the techniques, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients that may be used to formulate oral dosage forms of the present invention are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,589,208, PCT International Application Publication Nos. WO 2005/074899, WO 2007/047863, and WO 2007/146248. 
     General techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the present invention are described in the following references: Modern Pharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker &amp; Rhodes, Editors, 1979); Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (Lieberman et al., 1981); Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2nd Edition (1976); Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985); Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences (David Ganderton, Trevor Jones, Eds., 1992); Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 7. (David Ganderton, Trevor Jones, James McGinity, Eds., 1995); Aqueous Polymeric Coatings for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Series 36 (James McGinity, Ed., 1989); Pharmaceutical Particulate Carriers: Therapeutic Applications: Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 61 (Alain Rolland, Ed., 1993); Drug Delivery to the Gastrointestinal Tract (Ellis Horwood Books in the Biological Sciences. Series in Pharmaceutical Technology; J. G. Hardy, S. S. Davis, Clive G. Wilson, Eds); Modern Pharmaceutics Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 40 (Gilbert S. Banker, Christopher T. Rhodes, Eds). These references in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     Disclosed is a method for treating a subject, e.g., human patient, afflicted with multiple sclerosis, e.g., relapsing multiple sclerosis or presenting a CIS using laquinimod with a statin such as atorvastatin which provides a more efficacious treatment than each agent alone. The use of laquinimod for multiple sclerosis had been previously suggested in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,851. However, the inventors have surprisingly found that the combination of laquinimod and statin such as atorvastatin is particularly effective for the treatment of a subject afflicted with MS or presenting a CIS as compared to each agent alone. 
     For the foregoing embodiments, each embodiment disclosed herein is contemplated as being applicable to each of the other disclosed embodiments. For instance, the elements recited in the method embodiments can be used in the pharmaceutical composition, package, and use embodiments described herein and vice versa. 
     Terms 
     As used herein, and unless stated otherwise, each of the following terms shall have the definition set forth below. 
     As used herein, “laquinimod” means laquinimod acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     As used herein, a “statin”, “3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor” or “HMG CoA reductase inhibitor” is an agent which inhibits the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase enzyme. Examples of statins include atorvastatin (Lipitor®) lovastatin (Mevacor®, Altoprev®), pravastatin (Pravochol®), fluvastatin (Lescol®), simvastatin (Zocor®), Rosuvastatin (Crestor®), pitavastatin (Livalo®), mevastatin, cerivastatin, velostatin, fluindostatin, dalvastatin, rivastatin, eptastatin, itavastatin, nisvastatin, compctin and dihydrocompactin. In addition as used herein the term “statin” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     A “salt” is salt of the instant compounds which have been modified by making acid or base salts of the compounds. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. Examples of salts of the instant compounds include sodium salts and calcium salts of said compounds. 
     As used herein, an “amount” or “dose” of laquinimod or statin as measured in milligrams refers to the milligrams of laquinimod acid or statin present in a preparation, regardless of the form of the preparation. A “dose of 0.6 mg laquinimod” means the amount of laquinimod acid in a preparation is 0.6 mg, regardless of the form of the preparation. Thus, when in the form of a salt, e.g. a laquinimod sodium salt, the weight of the salt form necessary to provide a dose of 0.6 mg laquinimod would be greater than 0.6 mg (e.g., 0.64 mg) due to the presence of the additional salt ion. 
     As used herein, a “unit dose”, “unit doses” and “unit dosage form(s)” mean a single drug administration entity/entities. 
     As used herein, “about” in the context of a numerical value or range means ±10% of the numerical value or range recited or claimed. 
     As used herein, a composition that is “free” of a chemical entity means that the composition contains, if at all, an amount of the chemical entity which cannot be avoided although the chemical entity is not part of the formulation and was not affirmatively added during any part of the manufacturing process. For example, a composition which is “free” of an alkalizing agent means that the alkalizing agent, if present at all, is a minority component of the composition by weight. Preferably, when a composition is “free” of a component, the composition comprises less than 0.1 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.02 wt %, or 0.01 wt % of the component. 
     As used herein, “alkalizing agent” is used interchangeably with the term “alkaline-reacting component” or “alkaline agent” and refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which neutralizes protons in, and raises the pH of, the pharmaceutical composition in which it is used. 
     As used herein, “oxidation reducing agent” refers to a group of chemicals which includes an “antioxidant”, a “reduction agent” and a “chelating agent”. 
     As used herein, “antioxidant” refers to a compound or molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Examples of antoxidants include tocopherol, methionine, glutathione, tocotrienol, dimethyl glycine, betaine, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, turmerin, vitamin E, ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherol, deteroxime mesylate, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, sodium or potassium metabisulfite, sodium or potassium sulfite, alpha tocopherol or derivatives thereof, sodium ascorbate, disodium edentate, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester of the mentioned compounds, and mixtures thereof. 
     The term “antioxidant” as used herein is also exemplified by flavonoids such as those selected from the group of quercetin, morin, naringenin and hesperetin, taxifolin, afzelin, quercitrin, myricitrin, genistein, apigenin and biochanin A, flavone, flavopiridol, isoflavonoids such as the soy isoflavonoid, genistein, catechins such as the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate, flavonol, epicatechin, hesperetin, chrysin, diosmin, hesperidin, luteolin, and rutin. 
     As used herein, “reduction agent” refers to a compound exemplified by the group consisting of thiol-containing compound, thioglycerol, mercaptoethanol, thioglycol, thiodiglycol, cysteine, thioglucose, dithiothreitol (DTT), dithio-bis-maleimidoethane (DTME), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), sodium dithionite, sodium bisulphite, formamidine sodium metabisulphite, and ammonium bisulphite.” 
     As used herein, “chelating agent” refers to a compound exemplified by the group consisting of penicillamine, trientine, N,N′-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), 2,3,2′-tetraamine (2,3,2′-tet), neocuproine, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), 1,10-phenanthroline (PHE), tetraethylenepentamine, triethylenetetraamine and tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), ferrioxamine, CP94, EDTA, deferoxainine B (DFO) as the methanesulfonate salt (also known as desferrioxanilne B mesylate (DFOM)), desferal from Novartis (previously Ciba-Giegy), and apoferritin. 
     As used herein, a pharmaceutical composition is “stable” when the composition preserves the physical stability/integrity and/or chemical stability/integrity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient during storage. Furthermore, “stable pharmaceutical composition” is characterized by its level of degradation products not exceeding 5% at 40° C./75% RH after 6 months or 3% at 55° C./75% RH after two weeks, compared to their level in time zero. 
     As used herein, “combination” means an assemblage of reagents for use in therapy either by simultaneous or contemporaneous administration. Simultaneous administration refers to administration of an admixture (whether a true mixture, a suspension, an emulsion or other physical combination) of the laquinimod and the statin. In this case, the combination may be the admixture or separate containers of the laquinimod and the statin that are combined just prior to administration. Contemporaneous administration refers to the separate administration of the laquinimod and the statin at the same time, or at times sufficiently close together that a additive or preferably synergistic activity relative to the activity of either the laquinimod or the statin alone is observed. 
     As used herein, “concomitant administration” or administering “concomitantly” means the administration of two agents given in close enough temporal proximately to allow the individual therapeutic effects of each agent to overlap. 
     As used herein, “add-on” or “add-on therapy” means an assemblage of reagents for use in therapy, wherein the subject receiving the therapy begins a first treatment regimen of one or more reagents prior to beginning a second treatment regimen of one or more different reagents in addition to the first treatment regimen, so that not all of the reagents used in the therapy are started at the same time. For example, adding laquinimod therapy to a patient already receiving atorvastatin therapy. 
     As used herein, “effective” when referring to an amount of laquinimod and/or statin refers to the quantity of laquinimod and/or statin that is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic response. Efficacy can be measured by an improvement of a symptom of multiple sclerosis. Such symptoms can include a MRI-monitored multiple sclerosis disease activity, relapse rate, accumulation of physical disability, frequency of relapses, time to confirmed disease progression, time to confirmed relapse, frequency of clinical exacerbation, brain atrophy, neuronal dysfunction, neuronal injury, neuronal degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, risk for confirmed progression, visual function, fatigue, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, brain volume, abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, general health status, functional status, quality of life, and/or symptom severity on work. 
     In an embodiment, an effective amount is an amount that is sufficient to decrease or inhibit reduction of brain volume (optionally brain volume is measured by percent brain volume change (PBVC)), increase time to confirmed disease progression (e.g., by 20-60% or at least 50%), decrease abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, decrease the accumulation of physical disability (optionally measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, e.g., wherein the accumulation of physical disability is assessed by the time to confirmed disease progression as measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score), improve impaired mobility (optionally assessed by the Timed-25 Foot Walk test, the 12-Item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) self-report questionnaire, the Ambulation Index (AI), the Six-Minute Walk (6MW) Test, or the Lower Extremity Manual Muscle Test (LEMMT) Test), reduce cognitive impairment (optionally assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDHT) score), improve general health (optionally assessed by the EuroQoL (EQ5D) questionnaire, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC)), improve functional status (optionally measured by the subject&#39;s Short-Form General Health survey (SF-36) Subject Reported Questionnaire score), improve quality of life (optionally assessed by SF-36, EQ5D, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC)), improve the subject&#39;s SF-36 mental component summary score (MSC) and/or SF-36 physical component summary sore (PSC), reduce level of fatigue (optionally assessed by the EQ5D, the subject&#39;s Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score or the French valid versions of the Fatigue Impact Scale (EMIF-SEP) score), or improve symptom severity on work (optionally measured by the work productivity and activities impairment General Health (WPAI-GH) questionnaire). 
     “Administering to the subject” or “administering to the (human) patient” means the giving of, dispensing of, or application of medicines, drugs, or remedies to a subject/patient to relieve, cure, or reduce the symptoms associated with a condition, e.g., a pathological condition. The administration can be periodic administration. As used herein, “periodic administration” means repeated/recurrent administration separated by a period of time. The period of time between administrations is preferably consistent from time to time. Periodic administration can include administration, e.g., once daily, twice daily, three times daily, four times daily, weekly, twice weekly, three times weekly, four times a week and so on, etc. 
     “Treating” as used herein encompasses, e.g., inducing inhibition, regression, or stasis of a disease or disorder, e.g., Relapsing MS (RMS), or alleviating, lessening, suppressing, inhibiting, reducing the severity of, eliminating or substantially eliminating, or ameliorating a symptom of the disease or disorder. “Treating” as applied to patients presenting CIS can mean delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS), delaying the progression to CDMS, reducing the risk of conversion to CDMS, or reducing the frequency of relapse in a patient who experienced a first clinical episode consistent with multiple sclerosis and who has a high risk of developing CDMS. 
     “Inhibition” of disease progression or disease complication in a subject means preventing or reducing the disease progression and/or disease complication in the subject. 
     A “symptom” associated with MS or RMS includes any clinical or laboratory manifestation associated with MS or RMS and is not limited to what the subject can feel or observe. 
     As used herein, “a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis” or “a subject afflicted with relapsing multiple sclerosis” means a subject who has been clinically diagnosed to have multiple sclerosis or relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), which includes relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and Secondary Progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). 
     As used herein, a subject at “baseline” is as subject prior to administration of laquinimod and the statin as described herein. 
     A “patient at risk of developing MS” (i.e. clinically definite MS) as used herein is a patient presenting any of the known risk factors for MS. The known risk factors for MS include any one of a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), a single attack suggestive of MS without a lesion, the presence of a lesion (in any of the CNS, PNS, or myelin sheath) without a clinical attack, environmental factors (geographical location, climate, diet, toxins, sunlight), genetics (variation of genes encoding HLA-DRB1, IL7R-alpha and IL2R-alpha), and immunological components (viral infection such as by Epstein-Barr virus, high avidity CD4 +  T cells, CD8 +  T cells, anti-NF-L, anti-CSF 114(Glc)). 
     As used herein “multiple sclerosis” include each of the five distinct disease stages and/or types of MS: 1) benign multiple sclerosis; 2) RRMS 3) SPMS; 4) progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS); and 5) primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPHS).
         1) Benign multiple sclerosis is a retrospective diagnosis characterized by 1-2 exacerbations with complete recovery, no lasting disability and no disease progression for 10-15 years after the initial onset. Benign multiple sclerosis may, however, progress into other forms of multiple sclerosis.   2) Patients suffering from RRMS experience sporadic exacerbations or relapses, as well as periods of remission. Lesions and evidence of axonal loss may or may not be visible on MRI for patients with RRMS.   3) SPMS may evolve from RRMS. Patients afflicted with SPMS have relapses, a diminishing degree of recovery during remissions, less frequent remissions and more pronounced neurological deficits than RRMS patients. Enlarged ventricles, which are markers for atrophy of the corpus callosum, midline center and spinal cord, are visible on MRI of patients with SPMS.   4) PPMS is characterized by a steady progression of increasing neurological deficits without distinct attacks or remissions. Cerebral lesions, diffuse spinal cord damage and evidence of axonal loss are evident on the MRI of patients with PPMS. PPMS has periods of acute exacerbations while proceeding along a course of increasing neurological deficits without remissions. Lesions are evident on MRI of patients suffering from PRMS. (Johnson et al., 1986).       

     Multiple sclerosis may present with optic neuritis, blurring of vision, diplopia, involuntary rapid eye movement, blindness, loss of balance, tremors, ataxia, vertigo, clumsiness of a limb, lack of co-ordination, weakness of one or more extremity, altered muscle tone, muscle stiffness, spasms, tingling, paraesthesia, burning sensations, muscle pains, facial pain, trigeminal neuralgia, stabbing sharp pains, burning tingling pain, slowing of speech, slurring of words, changes in rhythm of speech, dysphagia, fatigue, bladder problems (including urgency, frequency, incomplete emptying and incontinence), bowel problems (including constipation and loss of bowel control), impotence, diminished sexual arousal, loss of sensation, sensitivity to heat, loss of short term memory, loss of concentration, or loss of judgment or reasoning. 
     “Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)” as used herein refers to 1) a single clinical attack (used interchangeably herein with “first clinical event” and “first demyelinating event”) suggestive of MS, which, for example, presents as an episode of optic neuritis, blurring of vision, diplopia, involuntary rapid eye movement, blindness, loss of balance, tremors, ataxia, vertigo, clumsiness of a limb, lack of co-ordination, weakness of one or more extremity, altered muscle tone, muscle stiffness, spasms, tingling, paraesthesia, burning sensations, muscle pains, facial pain, trigeminal neuralgia, stabbing sharp pains, burning tingling pain, slowing of speech, slurring of words, changes in rhythm of speech, dysphagia, fatigue, bladder problems (including urgency, frequency, incomplete emptying and incontinence), bowel problems (including constipation and loss of bowel control), impotence, diminished sexual arousal, loss of sensation, sensitivity to heat, loss of short term memory, loss of concentration, or loss of judgment or reasoning, and 2) at least one lesion suggestive of MS. In a specific example, CIS diagnosis would be based on a single clinical attack and at least 2 lesions suggestive of MS measuring 6 mm or more in diameter. Patients who experience a single clinical attack consistent with MS may have at least one lesion consistent with MS prior to the development of clinically definite MS. 
     The term relapsing MS includes 1) patients with RRMS; 2) patients with SPMS and superimposed relapses; and 3) patients with CIS who show lesion dissemination on subsequent MRI scans according to McDonald&#39;s criteria. As used herein, the term “relapsing MS” or “relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis” include: 1) RRMS, characterized by unpredictable acute episodes of neurological dysfunction (relapses), followed by variable recovery and periods of clinical stability; 2) SPMS, wherein patients having RRMS develop sustained deterioration with or without relapses superimposed; and 3) PPRMS or PRMS, an uncommon form wherein patients developing a progressive deterioration from the beginning can also develop relapses later on. 
     “Relapse Rate” is the number of confirmed relapses per unit time. “Annualized relapse rate” is the mean value of the number of confirmed relapses of each patient multiplied by 365 and divided by the number of days that patient is on the study drug. 
     “Expanded Disability Status Scale” or “EDSS” is a rating system for quantifying disability in MS, and is frequently used for classifying and standardizing the condition of people with multiple sclerosis. The EDSS replaced the previous Disability Status Scales which used to bunch people with MS in the lower brackets. The score ranges from 0.0 representing a normal neurological exam to 10.0 representing death due to MS. The score is based upon neurological testing and examination of functional systems (FS), which are areas of the central nervous system which control bodily functions. The functional systems are: Pyramidal (ability to walk), Cerebellar (coordination), Brain stem (speech and swallowing), Sensory (touch and pain), Bowel and bladder functions, Visual, Mental, and Other (includes any other neurological findings due to MS) (Kurtzke J F, 1983). 
     A “confirmed progression” of EDSS, or “confirmed disease progression” as measured by EDSS score is defined as a 1 point increase from baseline EDSS if baseline EDSS was between 0 and 5.0, or a 0.5 point increase if baseline EDSS was 5.5. In order to be considered a confirmed progression, the change (either 1 point or 0.5 points) must be sustained for at least 3 months. In addition, confirmation of progression cannot be made during a relapse. 
     “Adverse event” or “AE” means any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical trial subject administered a medicinal product and which does not have a causal relationship with the treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign including an abnormal laboratory finding, symptom, or diseases temporally associated with the use of an investigational medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the investigational medicinal product. 
     “Gd-enhancing lesion” refers to lesions that result from a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, which appear in contrast studies using gandolinium contrast agents. Gandolinium enhancement provides information as to the age of a lesion, as Gd-enhancing lesions typically occur within a six week period of lesion formation. 
     “Magnetization Transfer Imaging” or “MTI” is based on the magnetization interaction (through dipolar and/or chemical exchange) between bulk water protons and macromolecular protons. By applying an off resonance radio frequency pulse to the macromolecular protons, the saturation of these protons is then transferred to the bulk water protons. The result is a decrease in signal (the net magnetization of visible protons is reduced), depending on the magnitude of MT between tissue macromolecules and bulk water. “MT” or “Magnetization Transfer” refers to the transfer of longitudinal magnetization from the hydrogen nuclei of water that have restricted motion to the hydrogen nuclei of water that moves with many degrees of freedom. With MTI, the presence or absence of macromolecules (e.g. in membranes or brain tissue) can be seen (Mehta, 1996; Grossman, 1994). 
     “Magnetization Resonance Spectroscopy” or “MRS” is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS is used to measure the levels of different metabolites in body tissues. The MR signal produces a spectrum of resonances that correspond to different molecular arrangements of the isotope being “excited”. This signature is used to diagnose certain metabolic disorders, especially those affecting the brain, (Rosen, 2007) as well as to provide information on tumor metabolism (Golder, 2007). 
     As used herein “mobility” refers to any ability relating to walking, walking speed, gait, strength of leg muscles, leg function and the ability to move with or without assistance. Mobility can be evaluated by one or more of several tests including but not limited to Ambulation Index, Time 25 foot walk, Six-Minute Walk (6MW), Lower Extremity Manual Muscle Test (LEMMT) and EDSS. Mobility can also be reported by the subject, for example by questionnaires, including but not limited to 12-Item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12). Impaired Mobility refers to any impairment, difficulty or disability relating to mobility. 
     “T1-weighted MRI image” refers to an MR-image that emphasizes T1 contrast by which lesions may be visualized. Abnormal areas in a T1-weighted MRI image are “hypointense” and appear as dark spots. These spots are generally older lesions. 
     “T2-weighted MRI image” refers to an MR-image that emphasizes T2 contrast by which lesions may be visualized. T2 lesions represent new inflammatory activity. 
     The “Six-Minute Walk (6MW) Test” is a commonly used test developed to assess exercise capacity in patients with COPD (Guyatt, 1985). It has been used also to measure mobility in multiple sclerosis patients (Clinical Trials Website). 
     The “Timed-25 Foot Walk” or “T25-FW” is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The time is calculated from the initiation of the instruction to start and ends when the patient has reached the 25-foot mark. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. This score can be used individually or used as part of the MSFC composite score (National MS Society Website). 
     One of the central symptoms of multiple sclerosis is fatigue. Fatigue can be measured by several tests including but not limited to decrease of French valid versions of the Fatigue Impact Scale (EMIF-SEP) score, and European Quality of Life (EuroQoL) Questionnaire (EQ5D). Other tests, including but not limited to Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) and Subject Global Impression (SGI), as well as EQ-5D, can be used to evaluate the general health status and quality of life of MS patients. 
     “Ambulation Index” or “AI” is a rating scale developed by Hauser et al. to assess mobility by evaluating the time and degree of assistance required to walk 25 feet. Scores range from 0 (asymptomatic and fully active) to 10 (bedridden). The patient is asked to walk a marked 25-foot course as quickly and safely as possible. The examiner records the time and type of assistance (e.g., cane, walker, crutches) needed. (Hauser, 1983) 
     “EQ-5D” is a standardized questionnaire instrument for use as a measure of health outcome applicable to a range of health conditions and treatments. It provides a simple descriptive profile and a single index value for health status that can be used in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care as well as population health surveys. EQ-5D was developed by the “EuroQoL” Group which comprises a network of international, multilingual, multidisciplinary researchers, originally from seven centers in England, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The EQ-5D questionnaire is in the public domain and can be obtained from EuroQoL. 
     “SF-36” is a multi-purpose, short-form health survey with 36 questions which yields an 8-scale profile of functional health and well-being scores as well as psychometrically-based physical and mental health summary measures and a preference-based health utility index. It is a generic measure, as opposed to one that targets a specific age, disease, or treatment group. The survey is developed by and can be obtained from QualityMetric, Inc. of Providence, R.I. 
     A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier or excipient that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. It can be a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or vehicle, for delivering the instant compounds to the subject. 
     It is understood that where a parameter range is provided, all integers within that range, and tenths thereof, are also provided by the invention. For example, “0.1-2.5 mg/day” includes 0.1 mg/day, 0.2 mg/day, 0.3 mg/day, etc. up to 2.5 mg/day. 
     This invention will be better understood by reference to the Experimental Details which follow, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter. 
     EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 
     Example 1: The Efficacy of Combination of Laquinimod and Atorvastatin IN MOG Induced EAE in C57BL Mice 
     1. Study Rationale and Objectives 
     The objective of this study was to test the suppressive activity of laquinimod in combination with Atorvastatin in the MOG induced chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57Bl/6 mice. The C57Bl/6 strain of mouse was selected, as it is an established chronic EAE model to test for the efficacy of candidate molecules for the treatment of Multiple sclerosis (MS). 
     2. Materials and Methods 
     2.1 Test Articles and Reagents 
     
         
         
           
             Atorvastatin 
             Vehicle for Atorvastatin (0.5% Methocel) 
             Laquinimod 
             Pertusis toxin, “Sigma”, Code #2980 
             Myelin Oligodendrocyte Lipoprotein Novatide (MOG-35-55) 
             Complete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant (CFA) “Sigma”, code: F-5881 
               Mycobacterium tuberculosis  H37RA (MT) Mnf: Difco, code: 231141 
             Sterile phosphate buffered saline 
             Sterile purified water 
           
         
       
    
     2.2 Test System 
     Healthy, nulliparous, non-pregnant female mice of the C57Bl/6 strain were obtained. The animals weighed about 17-20 g on arrival, and were approximately 7 weeks of age. The body weights of the animals was recorded on the day of delivery. Overtly healthy animals were assigned to study groups arbitrarily before treatment commenced. 
     3. Experimental Procedure 
     3.1 EAE Induction 
     Active EAE was induced on day 1 by the subcutaneous injection in the flanks at 2 injection sites, the encephalitogenic mixture (emulsion) consisting of MOG and commercial CFA containing 5 mg/mL  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (MT) at a volume of 0.2 mL/mouse in the right flank of the animals. 
     The dose of the MOG and MT is 300 μg/mouse and 500 μg/mouse respectively. 
     Pertussis toxin was injected intra peritoneally on the day of induction and 48 hours later at dose level of 150 ng/0.2 ml/mouse. 
     3.2 Experimental Design 
     The mice were allocated to the following treatment groups (15 mice/group): 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Treatment Groups 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Treatment 
                   
                 Administration 
                 Admin. 
               
               
                 Group 
                 groups 
                 Dose/day 
                 Route 
                 Period 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Vehicle 
                 0.2 
                 ml/mouse 
                 Gavage bid(AM/PM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 (0.5% MC) 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.5% MC 
                 0.2 
                 ml/mouse 
                 Gavage qd (AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 Laquinimod 
                 5 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.5% MC 
                 0.2 
                 ml/mouse 
                 Gavage qd (AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 Laquinimod 
                 25 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                 4 
                 Atorvastatin 
                 10 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd(AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 0.5% MC 
                 0.2 
                 ml/mouse 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                 5 
                 Atorvastatin 
                 50 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd(AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 0.5% MC 
                 0.2 
                 ml/mouse 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                 6 
                 Atorvastatin 
                 10 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd(AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 Laquinimod 
                 5 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                 7 
                 Atorvastatin 
                 50 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd(AM) 
                 From Day 1-30 
               
               
                   
                 LAQUINIMOD 
                 5 
                 mg/kg/day 
                 Gavage qd (PM) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AM-Morning; 
               
               
                 PM-Evening 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3.3 Preparation and Administration of Encephalitogenic Emulsion 
     
         
         
           
             Oil Portion: CFA (containing 5 mg/ml NT) 
             Liquid portion: 70 mg MOG was dissolved in 23.33 ml Normal saline to yield 3 mg/ml MOG. 
             Emulsification: The emulsion was made from equal parts of oil (23.33 mL CFA containing 5.0 mg/ml MT) and liquid portions (70 mg HOG/23.33 mL PBS) in 2 syringes connected to each other with Leur lock. The concentration of HOG in emulsion was 1.5 mg/mL. The emulsion was transferred to insulin syringe before injection. A 0.2 ml emulsion was injected into the flanks of each mouse in the study at 2 injection sites. 
           
         
       
    
     3.4 Preparation and Administration of Pertussis Toxin 
     98 μL Pertussis toxin (200 μg/ml) was added to 26 ml PBS to yield 750 ng/ml. 
     The pertussis toxin was administered intravenous on the day of encephalitogen injection and 48 hours later (150.0 ng/0.2 ml/mouse×2-300 ng/mouse). 
     3.5 Test Formulations (Preparation and Administration) 
     3.5.1 Laquinimod Concentration of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/ml laquinimod were prepared in 0.5% Methocel. The test formulations were stored at 2-8° C. until use in amber colored bottles for not more than 8 days. 
     The mice were administered an oral dose (gavage) from day 1, once daily (qd) with concentrations of laquinimod of 0.5 or 2.5 mg/ml a volume dose level of 200 μl/mouse by the oral route for a dose levels of 5 (groups #2, 6 and 7) or 25 mg/kg (group #3) according to experimental design in Table 1. 
     3.5.2 Atorvastatin 
     Formulations of Atorvastatin were prepared daily in 0.5% Methocel/H 2 O. 
     Concentrations of 1 mg/ml (groups #4 and 6) and 5 mg/ml (groups #5 and 7) were prepared for dose levels of 10 and 50 mg/kg qd according to Table 1. 
     4. Experimental Observations 
     4.1 Morbidity and Mortality All animals were examined once daily to detect if any were dead or moribund. 
     4.2 EAE Clinical Signs 
     Scoring of EAE clinical signs was initiated on the 10th day post-EAE induction and continued daily for 30 days. 
     The clinical signs were recorded on observation cards according to a grading system described in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Evaluation of the EAE Clinical Signs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Score 
                 Signs 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 Normal behavior 
                 No neurological signs. 
               
               
                 1 
                 Limp tail 
                 The distal part or the whole tail is limp and droops. 
               
               
                 2 
                 Righting reflex 
                 Animal has difficulties to return on his feet when 
               
               
                   
                 decrease 
                 it is laid on his back. 
               
               
                 3 
                 Ataxia 
                 wobbly walk - when the mouse walks the hind legs are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unsteady. 
               
               
                 4 
                 Early paralysis 
                 The mouse has difficulties standing on its hind legs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 but still has remnants of movement. 
               
               
                 5 
                 Full paralysis 
                 The mouse can&#39;t move its legs at all, it looks 
               
               
                   
                   
                 thinner and emaciated. 
               
               
                 6 
                 Moribund/Death 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All mice having scores of 1 and above are considered sick. Animals with score 5 for more than 3 days are given score 6 and sacrificed for humane reasons. For calculation purposes, the score (6) of animals that are sacrificed or died is carried forward. 
     5. Data Analysis and Calculations 
     5.1 Acceptance Criteria for EAE Induced Negative Control Group 
     The control group should have at least 70% incidence. The MMS should be more than 2.0. 
     5.2 Calculation of the Incidence of Disease (Disease Ratio) 
     The number of sick animals in each group are summed. 
     The incidence of disease is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               INCIDENCE 
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               DISEASE 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   sick 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   treated 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   sick 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   control 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The percent inhibition according to incidence is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               INHIBITION 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 % 
                 ) 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               INCIDENCE 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     
                       Number 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       sick 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       mice 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       in 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       treated 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                     
                       Number 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       sick 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       mice 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       in 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       control 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     5.3 Calculation of the Mortality/Moribundity Rate (Mortality Ratio) 
     The number of dead or moribund animals in each group are summed. 
     The mortality of disease is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               MORTALITY 
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               DISEASE 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   dead 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   or 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   moribound 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   treated 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   dead 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   or 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   moribound 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   control 
                    
                   
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The percent inhibition according to mortality is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               INHIBITION 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 % 
                 ) 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               MORTALITY 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     
                       Number 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       dead 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       or 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       moribound 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       mice 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       in 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       treated 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                     
                       Number 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       dead 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       or 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       moribound 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       mice 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       in 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       control 
                        
                       
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     5.4 Calculation of Duration of Disease 
     The mean duration of disease expressed in days is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Mean 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Duration 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   Σ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Duration 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   disease 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   each 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mouse 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   the 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     5.5 Calculation of Mean Delay in Onset of Disease 
     The mean onset of disease expressed in days is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Mean 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Onset 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   Σ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Onset 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   disease 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   each 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mouse 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   the 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The onset of disease for a mouse that did not develop EAE is considered as 31 days (one day after termination of study). 
     The mean delay in onset of disease expressed in days is calculated by subtracting the mean onset of disease in control group from test group. 
     5.6 Calculation of the Mean Maximal Score and Percent Inhibition 
     The mean maximal score (1MS) of each group is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               S 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   Σ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Maximal 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Score 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   each 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mouse 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   the 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The percent inhibition according to MMS is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               INHIBITION 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 % 
                 ) 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               S 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       S 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       treated 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       S 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       control 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     5.7 Calculation of the Group Mean Score and Percent Inhibition 
     The daily scores of each mouse in the test group are summed and the individual mean daily score (IMS) is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               I 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               S 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   Σ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Daily 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   score 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mouse 
                 
                 
                   Observation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   period 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     days 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The mean group score (GMS) is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               G 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               S 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   Σ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   I 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   M 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   S 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   of 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   each 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mouse 
                 
                 
                   
                     No 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     of 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   mice 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   the 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   group 
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
     The percent inhibition is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               INHIBITION 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 % 
                 ) 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               G 
                
               
                   
               
                
               M 
                
               
                   
               
                
               S 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     
                       G 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       S 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       treated 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                     
                       G 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       S 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       of 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       control 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       group 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     6. Results 
     6.1 Summary Table 
     A summary of the incidence, mortality, MMS, GMS, duration of the disease, onset of the disease, and the activity of each group compared to the vehicle treated control group is shown in Table 3. 
     6.2 The Clinical Profile 
     The clinical profile of the treatment groups are presented graphically in  FIG. 1 . 
     6.3 Additive Effect 
     Atorvastatin at dose level of 50 mg/kg when combined with laquinimod at dose level of 5 mg/kg exhibited additive effect expressed by greater activity according to Incidence, MMS, GMS, onset and Duration of EAE in group treated with combination of laquinimod (5 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (50 mg/kg) compared to each tested alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary Test Results 
               
               
                 Test Articles: Laquinimod and Atorvastatin: 
               
               
                 Mortality, Incidence, MMS, GMS, Duration, Onset, and EAE Inhibition Compared to Vehicle 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 inhibition 
                 MMS 
                 inhibition 
                 GMS 
                 inhibition 
                 Onset 
                 Duration 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 Moratality 
                 Incidence 
                 1 
                 value 
                 2 
                 value 
                 3 
                 (days) 
                 (days) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Vehicle 
                 0/15 
                 15/15 
                 NA 
                 3.7 ± 0.5 
                 NA 
                 2.7 ± 0.4 
                 NA 
                 11.7 ± 0.7 
                 19.3 ± 0.7 
               
               
                 (0.5% MC) 
               
               
                 LAQUINIMOD 
                 0/15 
                 12/15 
                  20% 
                 2.3 ± 1.3 
                 37.8% 
                 1.4 ± 1.0 
                 48.1% 
                 16.3 ± 7.7 
                 13.5 ± 7.9 
               
               
                 5 mg/kg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &lt; 0.01  
               
               
                 LAQUINIMOD 
                 0/15 
                  5/15 
                 66.7%  
                 0.7 ± 1.0 
                 81.1% 
                 0.3 ± 0.6 
                 91.9% 
                 25.63 ± 7.5  
                  4.1 ± 6.0 
               
               
                 25 mg/kg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 Atorvastatin 
                 0/15 
                 15/15 
                     0% 
                 3.6 ± 0.5 
                 2.7% 
                 2.5 ± 0.6 
                  7.4% 
                 12.4 ± 1.2 
                 18.1 ± 2.1 
               
               
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &gt; 0.05  
               
               
                 BID 
               
               
                 Atorvastatin 
                 0/15 
                 14/15 
                 6.7% 
                 3.3 ± 1.0 
                 10.8% 
                 2.3 ± 0.7 
                 14.8% 
                 13.8 ± 4.9 
                 17.2 ± 4.9 
               
               
                 50 mg/kg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &gt; 0.05  
               
               
                 BID 
               
               
                 LAQUINIMOD 
                 0/15 
                 14/15 
                 6.7% 
                 2.7 ± 1.0 
                 27.0% 
                 1.3 ± 0.6 
                 51.9% 
                 15.1 ± 5.0 
                 15.1 ± 4.9 
               
               
                 5 mg/kg + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 Atorvastatin 
               
               
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 LAQUINIMOD 
                 0/15 
                  9/15 
                  40% 
                 1.4 ± 1.5 
                 62.2% 
                 0.7 ± 0.8 
                 74.1% 
                 20.7 ± 8.8 
                  8.1 ± 8.1 
               
               
                 5 mg/kg + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 p &lt; 0.001 
                   
                 p &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 Atorvastatin 
               
               
                 50 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NA = not applicable. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2: Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod and Atorvastatin in Plasma Following Oral Administrations of the Two Compounds Alone or Together in Male C57BL/6 Mice 
     The Purpose of this study is to determine PK profiles of Laquinimod and Atorvastatin in plasma after oral administrations of the two compounds alone or together in male C57BL/6 mice. 
     Study Design 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Level 
                 Concentration 
                 Dose 
               
               
                 Group 
                 Treatment 
                 (mg/kg) 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Volume 
                 Time Points 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 LAQ Sodium (PO) 
                 5 
                 0.5 
                 10 mL/kg 
                 0, 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 
               
               
                 (n = 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 plasma collection only 
               
               
                 2 
                 Atorvastatin Calcium 
                 50 
                 5 
                 10 mL/kg 
                 0, 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 
               
               
                 (n = 9) 
                 Trihydrate (PO) 
                   
                   
                   
                 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 plasma collection only 
               
               
                 3 
                 Laquinimod Sodium &amp; 
                 5 &amp; 50 
                 0.5 &amp; 5 
                 10 mL/kg 
                 0, 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 
               
               
                 (n = 9) 
                 Atorvastatin Calcium 
                   
                   
                   
                 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr, 
               
               
                   
                 Trihydrate (PO) 
                   
                   
                   
                 plasma collection only 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Test Article: Laquinimod Sodium, Atorvastatin Calcium Trihydrate 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Compound ID 
                 Laquinimod Sodium 
                   
                   
               
               
                 MW (Free form) 
                 356.81 
                 FW (Salt form) 
                  378.79 
               
               
                 Purity 
                 99.8% 
                 Appearance 
                 White powder 
               
               
                 Compound ID 
                 Atorvastatin 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium 
               
               
                   
                 Trihydrate 
               
               
                 MW (Free form) 
                 1117.3  
                 FW (Salt form) 
                 1209.44 
               
               
                 Purity 
                 95.3% 
                 Appearance 
                 White solid 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Material 
                 Manufacturer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MC (4633 mPa · s) 
                 Fluka, Lot: 1388829 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For all PO administration groups: 1% MC in water (all PO formulations were made just prior to use). 
     Preparation of PO Formulation for Laquinimod Alone (5 mg/kg, 10 mL/Kg) at 0.5 mg/mL
         1) Weigh 2.08 mg of laquinimod sodium into a clean tube.   2) Add 3.919 mL of 1% MC in water to the tube containing the compound.   3) Stir the tube for 8-10 minutes and sonicate for 1-2 minutes.
 
Preparation of PO Formulation for Atorvastatin Alone (50 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg) at 0.5 mg/mL
   1) Weigh 17.42 mg of atorvastatin calcium trihydrate into a clean tube.   2) Add 3.067 mL of 1% MC in water to the tube containing the compound.   3) Stir the tube for 15-20 minutes and sonicate for 1-2 minutes.
 
Preparation of PO Formulation for Laquinimod and Atorvastatin (5&amp;50 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg) at (0.5 &amp; 5) mg/mL
   1) Weigh 2.04 mg of laquinimod sodium into a clean tube.   2) Add 3.843 mL of 1% MC in water to the tube containing the compound.   3) Stir the tube for 8-10 minutes and sonicate for 1-2 minutes.   4) Weigh 21.91 mg of atorvastatin calcium trihydrate into the tube.   5) Stir the tube for 15-20 minutes and sonicate for 1-2 minutes.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dosing solution analysis for Laquinimod by HPLC-UV; Dosing solution 
               
               
                 concentration verification (Nominal concentration; 25 μg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Calculated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 conc. 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (μg/mL) 
                 (μg/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 LAQ (PO-1) 
                 28.3 
                 25.8 
                 2.20 
                 8.51 
                 103 
               
               
                 LAQ (PO-2) 
                 25.1 
               
               
                 LAQ (PO-3) 
                 24.1 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 23.4 
                 22.8 
                 0.742 
                 3.25 
                 91.2 
               
               
                 (PO-1) 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 22.0 
               
               
                 (PO-2) 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 23.1 
               
               
                 (PO-3) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     PO doses of laquinimod were within 80%-120% of the theoretical concentration, so the nominal doses (5 mg/kg) were used for PK parameters estimation. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dosing solution analysis for atorvastatin by LC-MS/MS; Dosing solution 
               
               
                 concentration verification (Nominal concentration: 100 ng/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Calculated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 conc. 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 atorvastatin (PO-1) 
                 97.4 
                 95.2 
                 4.55 
                 4.78 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 atorvastatin (PO-2) 
                 98.3 
               
               
                 atorvastatin (PO-3) 
                 90.0 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 106 
                 105 
                 6.22 
                 5.95 
                 105 
               
               
                 (PO-1) 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 97.8 
               
               
                 (PO-2) 
               
               
                 LAQ + Atorvastatin 
                 110 
               
               
                 (PO-3) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     PO doses of atorvastatin were within 80%-120% of the theoretical concentration, so the nominal doses (50 mg/kg) were used for PK parameters estimation. 
     Test System: 
     C57BL/6 mice, 17-18 g, male, N=27 
     Administration: 
     PO Laquinimod: 5 mg/kg (10 mL/kg) via oral gavage (N=9)
 
PO Atorvastatin: 50 mg/kg (10 mL/kg) via oral gavage (N=9)
 
PO Laquinimod &amp; Atorvastatin: 5 &amp; 50 mg/kg (10 mL/kg) via oral gavage (N=9)
 
     Food Status: 
     Fasted overnight and fed 4 hr post dose, free access to water 
     Analytical Method: 
     
         
         Instrument: LCMSMS-018 (API 5500) 
         Matrix: C57BL/6 mouse plasma 
         Analyte(s): Laquinimod and Atorvastatin 
         Internal standard(s): Dexamethasane 
         MS conditions: ESI: positive ion
       MRM detection   Laquinimod: [M+H] +  m/z 357.0→122.2   Atorvastatin: [M+H] +  m/z 559.3→440.4   Dexamethasane: [M+H] +  m/z 393.1→373.1   
     
         HPLC conditions: Mobile phase:
       Mobile Phase A: H 2 O—0.025% FA—1 mM NH 4 OAc   Mobile Phase B: MeOH—0.025% FA—1 mM NH 4 OAc   
     
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time (min) 
                 Mobile Phase B (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Initial 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 0.80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 1.10 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 1.11 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 1.20 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 1.21 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 1.80 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             Column: Waters BEH C18 (2.150 mm, 1.7 μm) 
             Flow rate: 0.60 mL/min 
             Column temperature: 60° C. 
             Retention time: 
             Laquinimod: 1.14 min; Atorvastatin: 1.19 min; 
             Dexamethasane: 1.09 min 
           
         
       
    
     Sample Preparation: 
     
         
         
           
             1. For plasma samples: An aliquot of 30 μL plasma sample was added with 150 μL ACN which contains IS (Dexamethasane 40 ng/mL, 5 ng/mL) for protein precipitation. The mixture was vortexed for 2 rain and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The 2 μL supernatant was injected into LC-MS/MS. 
             2. For diluted plasma samples: An aliquot of 10 μL plasma sample was added with 90 μL blank plasma to obtain the diluted plasma samples, and the sample dilution factor is 10. An aliquot of 10 μL 10-folder-diluted plasma sample was added with 40 μL blank plasma to obtain the diluted plasma samples, and the sample dilution factor is 50. The exaction procedure for diluted samples was same as those for non-diluted samples. 
           
         
       
    
     Calibration Curve: 
     1.00-3000 ng/mL for Laquinimod in mouse plasma
 
0.1-300 ng/mL for Atorvastatin in mouse plasma
 
     Blood Collection: 
     The animals were restrained manually at the designated time points. Approx. 150 μL of blood samples were taken from the animals into K2EDTA tubes via retro-orbital puncture or cardiac puncture for terminal bleeding under anesthesia with Isoflurane. Blood sample was put on ice and centrifuged at 2000 g for 5 min (4° C.) to obtain plasma sample within 15 minutes. Plasma samples were snap frozen by placing into dry-ice. 
     Sample Storage and Disposition: 
     The plasma samples were stored at approximately −70° C. until analysis. The backup samples are discarded after two months unless specified. The unused dosing solutions are discarded within 1 week after completion of the study. 
     Results 
     PR Summary: 
     See Tables 8-11 below and  FIGS. 2 and 3   
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual and mean plasma concentration-time data of Laquinimod 
               
               
                 after an oral dose at 5 mg/kg in male C57BL/6 mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Sampling 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                 time 
                 Individual Concentration 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
               
               
                 (mg/kg) 
                 route 
                 (hr) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 
                 PO 
                 0 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.083 
                 21300 
                 34900 
                 22100 
                 26100 
                 7632 
                 29.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 30900 
                 31800 
                 21500 
                 28067 
                 5705 
                 20.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 33900 
                 35200 
                 24200 
                 31100 
                 6011 
                 19.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 17500 
                 21600 
                 23500 
                 20867 
                 3066 
                 14.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 9060 
                 11100 
                 12500 
                 10887 
                 1730 
                 15.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 3480 
                 5380 
                 4800 
                 4553 
                 974 
                 21.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 1670 
                 2450 
                 1840 
                 1987 
                 410 
                 20.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 37.0 
                 46.3 
                 57.1 
                 46.8 
                 10.1 
                 21.5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PK parameters 
                 Unit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 T max   
                 hr 
                 0.500 
               
               
                 C max   
                 ng/mL 
                 31100 
               
               
                 Terminal t 1/2   
                 hr 
                 3.01 
               
               
                 AUC last   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 86658 
               
               
                 AUC INF   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 86861 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual and mean plasma concentration-time data of Atorvastatin 
               
               
                 after an oral dose at 50 mg/kg in male C57BL/6 mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Sampling 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                 time 
                 Individual Concentration 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
               
               
                 (mg/kg) 
                 route 
                 (hr) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 50 
                 PO 
                 0 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.083 
                 235 
                 301 
                 272 
                 269 
                 33.1 
                 12.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 540 
                 238 
                 306 
                 361 
                 158 
                 43.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 186 
                 229 
                 207 
                 207 
                 21.5 
                 10.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 26.0 
                 59.0 
                 28.3 
                 37.8 
                 18.4 
                 48.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 6.83 
                 11.9 
                 13.6 
                 10.8 
                 3.52 
                 32.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 8.53 
                 8.37 
                 5.49 
                 7.46 
                 1.71 
                 22.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 2.75 
                 1.47 
                 2.91 
                 2.38 
                 0.789 
                 33.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PK parameters 
                 Unit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 T max   
                 hr 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 C max   
                 ng/mL 
                 361 
               
               
                 Terminal t 1/2   
                 hr 
                 2.70 
               
               
                 AUC last   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 258 
               
               
                 AUC INF   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 268 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual and mean plasma concentration-time data of Laquinimod after an oral 
               
               
                 dose at 5 mg/kg Laquinimod and 50 mg/kg Atorvastatin in male C57BL/6 mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Sampling 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                 time 
                 Individual Concentration 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
               
               
                 (mg/kg) 
                 route 
                 (hr) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 + 50 
                 PO 
                 0 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.083 
                 23800 
                 32200 
                 20200 
                 25400 
                 6158 
                 24.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 21900 
                 30600 
                 30000 
                 27500 
                 4859 
                 17.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 24200 
                 21900 
                 25100 
                 23733 
                 1650 
                 6.95 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 23600 
                 23200 
                 18600 
                 21800 
                 2778 
                 12.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 11800 
                 12900 
                 10500 
                 11733 
                 1201 
                 10.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 2840 
                 1860 
                 2190 
                 2297 
                 499 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 982 
                 1320 
                 1410 
                 1237 
                 226 
                 18.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 37.6 
                 29.8 
                 37.4 
                 34.9 
                 4.45 
                 12.7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PK parameters 
                 Unit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 T max   
                 hr 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 C max   
                 ng/mL 
                 27500 
               
               
                 Terminal t 1/2   
                 hr 
                 3.25 
               
               
                 AUC last   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 71302 
               
               
                 AUC INF   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 71465 
               
               
                 AUC Laq+AT /AUC Laq   
                   
                 0.823 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual and mean plasma concentration-time data of Atorvastatin after an oral 
               
               
                 dose at 5 mg/kg Laquinimod and 50 mg/kg Atorvastatin in male C57BL/6 mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Sampling 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                 time 
                 Individual Concentration 
                 Mean 
                   
                 CV 
               
               
                 (mg/kg) 
                 route 
                 (hr) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 SD 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 + 50 
                 PO 
                 0 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.083 
                 190 
                 300 
                 189 
                 226 
                 63.8 
                 28.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 547 
                 576 
                 219 
                 447 
                 198 
                 44.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 99.7 
                 208 
                 430 
                 246 
                 168 
                 68.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 38.8 
                 64.8 
                 20.6 
                 41.4 
                 22.2 
                 53.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 4.59 
                 3.55 
                 3.65 
                 3.93 
                 0.574 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 9.44 
                 3.33 
                 3.97 
                 5.58 
                 3.36 
                 60.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 1.78 
                 6.92 
                 3.71 
                 4.14 
                 2.60 
                 62.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 BQL 
                 BQL 
                 1.05 
                 1.05 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PK parameters 
                 Unit 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 T max   
                 hr 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 C max   
                 ng/mL 
                 447 
               
               
                 Terminal t 1/2   
                 hr 
                 8.24 
               
               
                 AUC last   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 317 
               
               
                 AUC INF   
                 hr*ng/mL 
                 330 
               
               
                 AUC Laq+AT /AUC AT   
                   
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             1. No clinical findings were observed during the entire in-life study. 
             2. Dose levels mentioned above are of free acid. 
             3. BQL=Below quantifiable limit of 1.00 ng/mL for laquinimod, 0.1 ng/mL for atorvastatin in mouse plasma. 
             4. The oral dosing solutions were prepared in 1% MC in water. 
           
         
       
    
     LC-MS MS: 
     See Tables 12-19 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SD curve of Laquinimod in mouse plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 SD sample 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 STD1-01 
                 1.00 
                 1.03 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-02 
                 2.00 
                 1.90 
                 94.8 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-03 
                 10.0 
                 8.83 
                 88.3 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-04 
                 30.0 
                 32.1 
                 107 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-05 
                 100 
                 88.4 
                 88.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-06 
                 300 
                 308 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-07 
                 1000 
                 1020 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-08 
                 2700 
                 2680 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-09 
                 3000 
                 2860 
                 95.2 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-01 
                 1.00 
                 1.64* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-02 
                 2.00 
                 2.69* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-03 
                 10.0 
                 9.97 
                 99.7 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-04 
                 30.0 
                 33.2 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-05 
                 100 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-06 
                 300 
                 313 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-07 
                 1000 
                 1040 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-08 
                 2700 
                 2710 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-09 
                 3000 
                 3230 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value that was not within 85% to 115% (80% to 120% for LLOQ) of the theoretical value was excluded from calibration curve. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SD curve of Laquinimod in mouse plasma for dilution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 SD sample 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 STD1-01 
                 1.00 
                 1.12 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-02 
                 2.00 
                 1.96 
                 98.2 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-03 
                 10.0 
                 8.54 
                 85.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-04 
                 30.0 
                 32.6 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-05 
                 100 
                 99.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-06 
                 300 
                 312 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-07 
                 1000 
                 980 
                 98.0 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-08 
                 2700 
                 2710 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-09 
                 3000 
                 3120 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-01 
                 1.00 
                 0.972 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-02 
                 2.00 
                 1.71 
                 85.3 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-03 
                 10.0 
                 8.27* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-04 
                 30.0 
                 28.9 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-05 
                 100 
                 105 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-06 
                 300 
                 315 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-07 
                 1000 
                 1030 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-08 
                 2700 
                 2550 
                 94.6 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-09 
                 3000 
                 3100 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value that was not within 85% to 115% (80% to 120% for LLOQ) of the theoretical value was excluded from calibration curve. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 QC samples of Laquinimod in mouse plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 samples 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC-L 
                 3.00 
                 3.05 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.00 
                 4.29* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 QC-M 
                 500 
                 485 
                 97.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 500 
                 494 
                 98.7 
               
               
                   
                 QC-H 
                 2400 
                 2350 
                 98.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2400 
                 2470 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value was not within 85% to 115% of the theoretical value. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 QC samples of Laquinimod in mouse plasma for dilution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 samples 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC-L 
                 3.00 
                     3.31 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.00 
                     2.74 
                 91.3 
               
               
                   
                 QC-M 
                 500 
                  510 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                 500 
                  513 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 QC-H 
                 2400 
                 2470 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2400 
                 2280 
                 95.1 
               
               
                   
                 DQC 
                 2400 
                 2680 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2400 
                  2950* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2400 
                 2640 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value was not within 85% to 115% of the theoretical value. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SD curve of Atorvastatin in mouse plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SD 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 sample 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 STD1-01 
                 0.100 
                 0.105 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-02 
                 0.200 
                 0.192 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-03 
                 1.00 
                  0.838* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-04 
                 3.00 
                 2.92  
                 97.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-05 
                 10.0 
                 9.15  
                 91.5 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-06 
                 30.0 
                 29.5   
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-07 
                 100 
                 105     
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-08 
                 270 
                 289     
                 107 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-09 
                 300 
                 341     
                 114 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-01 
                 0.100 
                 0.100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-02 
                 0.200 
                 0.188 
                 94.1 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-03 
                 1.00 
                 0.930 
                 93.0 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-04 
                 3.00 
                 3.02  
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-05 
                 10.0 
                 8.07* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-06 
                 30.0 
                 29.8   
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-07 
                 100 
                 96.6   
                 96.6 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-08 
                 270 
                 274     
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-09 
                 300 
                 371*    
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value that was not within 85% to 115% (80% to 120% for LLOQ) of the theoretical vaiue was excluded from calibration curve. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SD curve of Atorvastatin in mouse plasma for dilution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SD 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 sample 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 STD1-01 
                 0.100 
                 0.110 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-02 
                 0.200 
                 0.175 
                 87.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-03 
                 1.00 
                 0.632* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-04 
                 3.00 
                 2.70 
                 90.0 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-05 
                 10.0 
                 9.46 
                 94.6 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-06 
                 30.0 
                 33.6 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-07 
                 100 
                 103 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-08 
                 270 
                 290 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                 STD1-09 
                 300 
                 337 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-01 
                 0.100 
                 0.104 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-02 
                 0.200 
                 0.172 
                 86.0 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-03 
                 1.00 
                 0.672* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-04 
                 3.00 
                 2.49* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-05 
                 10.0 
                 8.67 
                 86.7 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-06 
                 30.0 
                 28.3 
                 94.4 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-07 
                 100 
                 103 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-08 
                 270 
                 307 
                 114 
               
               
                   
                 STD2-09 
                 300 
                 289 
                 96.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value that was not within 85% to 115% (80% to 120% for LLOQ) of the theoretical value was excluded from calibration curve. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 QC samples of Atorvastatin in mouse plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 samples 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC-L 
                 0.300 
                 0.255 
                 85.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.300 
                 0.304 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 QC-M 
                 50.0 
                 55.7 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50.0 
                 47.7 
                 95.3 
               
               
                   
                 QC-H 
                 240 
                 251 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
                 240 
                 260 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 QC samples of Atorvastatin in mouse plasma for dilution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC 
                 Anal. Conc. 
                 Calculated Conc. 
                 Accuracy 
               
               
                   
                 samples 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 QC-L 
                 0.300 
                     0.330 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.300 
                     0.360* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 QC-M 
                 50.00 
                   44.3 
                 88.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50.0 
                   50.3 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 QC-H 
                 240 
                 231 
                 96.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 240 
                 236 
                 98.3 
               
               
                   
                 DQC 
                 240 
                  333* 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 240 
                 228 
                 95.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 240 
                 206 
                 85.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The calculated value was not within 85% to 115% of the theoretical value. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3: Assessment of Efficacy of Laquinimod as Add-on Therapy to Atorvastatin in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients 
     Periodic oral administration of laquinimod as an add-on therapy for a human patient afflicted with a form of MS who is already receiving atorvastatin provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient than when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Periodic oral administration atorvastatin as an add-on therapy for a human patient afflicted with a form of MS who is already receiving of laquinimod provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient than when laquinimod is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     The add-on therapies also provides efficacy (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient without undue adverse side effects or affecting the safety of the treatment. As compared to when each agent is administered alone:
     1. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in sustaining (e.g., preventing, reducing or delaying) EDSS progression in multiple sclerosis patients after receiving the maintenance therapy for 6 months.   2. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the decrease in brain volume (determined by the percent brain volume change (PBVC)), in multiple sclerosis patients.   3. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in increasing the time to confirmed disease progression (CDP), in multiple sclerosis patients, where CDP is defined as a sustained increase in EDSS of ≧21 point from Baseline for at least 3 months. Progression cannot be confirmed during a relapse.   4. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, in multiple sclerosis patients.   5. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the number of confirmed relapses and therefore the relapse rate, in multiple sclerosis patients.   6. The add-on therapy is also more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the accumulation of physical disability in multiple sclerosis patients, as measured by the time to confirmed progression of EDSS.   7. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing MRI-monitored disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients, as measured by the cumulative number of T1 Gd-enhancing lesions on T1-weighted images, the cumulative number new T1 hypointense lesions, the cumulative number of new T2 lesions, the cumulative number of new T1 hypointense lesions on T1-weight images (black holes), the number of active (new T2 or GdE-T1) lesions, presence or absence of GdE lesions, change in total volume of T1 Gd-enhancing lesions, change in total volume of T2 lesions, and/or cortical thickness.   8. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis patients.   9. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the frequency of relapses, the frequency of clinical exacerbation, and the risk for confirmed progression in multiple sclerosis patients.   10. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in increasing the time to confirmed relapse in multiple sclerosis patients.   11. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in improving the general health status (as assessed by the EuroQoL (EQ5D) questionnaire), symptom severity on work (as assessed by the work productivity and activities impairment General Health (WPAI-GH) questionnaire) and quality of life, in multiple sclerosis patients.   12. The add-on therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in decreasing cerebral dysfunction/cognitive impairment (as assessed by Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDHT)), in multiple sclerosis patients during the double blind study period.   

     Example 4: Assessment of Efficacy of Laquinimod as Add-on Therapy to Atorvastatin in CIS Patients 
     Administration of laquinimod as an add-on therapy to atorvastatin provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in delaying the conversion to clinically definite MS in patients presenting a CIS suggestive of MS than when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Administration of laquinimod as an add-on therapy to atorvastatin provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the rate of development of clinically definite MS, the occurrence of new MRI-detected lesions in the brain, the accumulation of lesion area in the brain and brain atrophy in persons at high risk for developing MS, and is more effective in reducing the occurrence of clinically definite MS and preventing irreversible brain damage in these persons than when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Administration of atorvastatin as an add-on therapy to laquinimod provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in delaying the conversion to clinically definite MS in patients presenting a CIS suggestive of MS than when laquinimod is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Administration of atorvastatin as an add-on therapy to laquinimod provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the rate of development of clinically definite MS, the occurrence of new MRI-detected lesions in the brain, the accumulation of lesion area in the brain and brain atrophy in persons at high risk for developing MS, and is more effective in reducing the occurrence of clinically definite MS and preventing irreversible brain damage in these persons than when laquinimod is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Example 5: Assessment of Efficacy of Laquinimod in Combination with Atorvastatin in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients 
     Periodic oral administration of laquinimod in combination with atorvastatin to a human patient afflicted with relapsing form of multiple sclerosis provides increased efficacy (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient than when laquinimod is administered alone or when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). The combination therapy also provides efficacy (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient without undue adverse side effects or affecting the safety of the treatment. 
     The combination therapy provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides at least an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in treating the patient than when laquinimod or atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose) in the following manner:
     1. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in sustaining (e.g., preventing, reducing or delaying) EDSS progression in multiple sclerosis patients after receiving the maintenance therapy for 6 months.   2. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the decrease in brain volume (determined by the percent brain volume change (PBVC)), in multiple sclerosis patients.   3. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in increasing the time to confirmed disease progression (CDP), in multiple sclerosis patients, where CDP is defined as a sustained increase in EDSS of ≧1 point from Baseline for at least 3 months. Progression cannot be confirmed during a relapse.   4. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, in multiple sclerosis patients during.   5. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the number of confirmed relapses and therefore the relapse rate, in multiple sclerosis patients.   6. The combination therapy is also more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the accumulation of physical disability in multiple sclerosis patients, as measured by the time to confirmed progression of EDSS.   7. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing MRI-monitored disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients, as measured by the cumulative number of T1 Gd-enhancing lesions on T1-weighted images, the cumulative number new T1 hypointense lesions, the cumulative number of new T2 lesions, the cumulative number of new T1 hypointense lesions on T1-weight images (black holes), the number of active (new T2 or GdE-T1) lesions, presence or absence of GdE lesions, change in total volume of T1 Gd-enhancing lesions, change in total volume of T2 lesions, and/or cortical thickness.   8. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis patients.   9. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the frequency of relapses, the frequency of clinical exacerbation, and the risk for confirmed progression in multiple sclerosis patients.   10. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in increasing the time to confirmed relapse in multiple sclerosis patients.   11. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in improving the general health status (as assessed by the EuroQoL (EQ5D) questionnaire), symptom severity on work (as assessed by the work productivity and activities impairment General Health (WPAI-GH) questionnaire) and quality of life, in multiple sclerosis patients.   12. The combination therapy is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in decreasing cerebral dysfunction/cognitive impairment (as assessed by Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)), in multiple sclerosis patients during the double blind study period.   

     Example 6: Assessment of Efficacy of Laquinimod in Combination with Atorvastatin Therapy in CIS Patients 
     Administration of laquinimod in combination with atorvastatin provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in delaying the conversion to clinically definite MS in patients presenting a CIS suggestive of MS than when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Administration of laquinimod in combination with atorvastatin provides a clinically meaningful advantage and is more effective (provides an additive effect or more than an additive effect) in reducing the rate of development of clinically definite MS, the occurrence of new MRI-detected lesions in the brain, the accumulation of lesion area in the brain and brain atrophy in persons at high risk for developing MS, and is more effective in reducing the occurrence of clinically definite MS and preventing irreversible brain damage in these persons than when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the same dose). 
     Example 7: Assessment of Efficacy of Suboptimal Doses of Laquinimod in Combination with Suboptimal Doses of Atorvastatin in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients 
     Periodic oral administration of suboptimal dose of laquinimod as an add-on to suboptimal dose of atorvastatin to a human patient afflicted with relapsing form of multiple sclerosis is as least as effective or more effective in treating the patient than when laquinimod is administered alone or when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the respective optimal doses). The add-on therapy also provides efficacy in treating the patient without undue adverse side effects or affecting the safety of the treatment. 
     Periodic oral administration of suboptimal dose of atorvastatin as an add-on to suboptimal dose of laquinimod to a human patient afflicted with relapsing form of multiple sclerosis is as least as effective or more effective in treating the patient than when laquinimod is administered alone or when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the respective optimal doses). The add-on therapy also provides efficacy in treating the patient without undue adverse side effects or affecting the safety of the treatment. 
     Periodic oral administration of suboptimal dose of atorvastatin in combination with suboptimal dose of laquinimod to a human patient afflicted with relapsing form of multiple sclerosis is as least as effective or more effective in treating the patient than when laquinimod is administered alone or when atorvastatin is administered alone (at the respective optimal doses). The combination therapy also provides efficacy in treating the patient without undue adverse side effects or affecting the safety of the treatment. 
     Laquinimod and atorvastatin add-on therapy provides advantages as compared therapy using individual agent alone including improved relapse rate reduction, improved preservation of brain tissue, improved reduction in disability progression and improved safety profile, with reduced respective doses. 
     Laquinimod and atorvastatin combination therapy provides advantages as compared therapy using individual agent alone including improved relapse rate reduction, improved preservation of brain tissue, improved reduction in disability progression and improved safety profile, with reduced respective doses. 
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