Patent Publication Number: US-2022235254-A1

Title: Refrigerant compositions for refrigerant compressor systems

Description:
FIELD 
     The present invention is directed to refrigerant compositions for refrigerant compressor systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Refrigerants with very low global warming potential (GWP &lt;150) are needed to meet regulatory requirements for various applications and market segments. Several alternatives have been developed, to replace conventional high GWP refrigerants, such as R-404A. Many of the low GWP refrigerants suggested for this replacement, such as R-457A, exhibit higher discharge temperatures than the high GWP refrigerants, such as R-404A which they replace. This can limit their effectiveness by reducing a compressor&#39;s operating envelope. This can be particularly critical for low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressors, used in low temperature refrigeration, as many of these models do not employ an active discharge temperature control system, such as liquid or vapor injection. Left unchecked, the higher discharge temperatures generated in these LBP applications could potentially reduce compressor longevity. Without the ability to actively mitigate discharge temperatures, use of these compressors may be limited to applications with higher evaporator temperatures and/or lower condensing temperatures. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a refrigeration system including a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor and a refrigerant composition. The refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf). 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a method of replacing a first refrigerant composition comprising R-404A, R-457A, R-290, or R-454C with a second refrigerant composition comprising 80 to 85 weight percent 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 15 weight percent to 20 weight percent difluoromethane. The replacing is performed in a refrigeration system including a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a method of operating a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor as part of a refrigeration system. The method includes the steps of receiving by a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor a refrigerant composition including difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) and compressing by low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor the refrigerant composition. The discharge temperature of the compressor is between 78.0° C. and 102.0° C. 
     Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment which illustrates, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration system, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Provided are low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant compositions exhibiting low discharge temperatures and high heat capacity. The refrigerant compositions are suitable for use in low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressors, used in low temperature refrigeration applications. 
     An embodiment of a refrigeration system  100  is shown in  FIG. 1 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1  the refrigeration system  100  includes a receiving tank  110 . The receiving tank  110  contains a refrigerant composition and supplies the refrigerant composition to the other components of the refrigeration system  100  during operation. 
     The refrigerant composition may be selected from materials having a low global warming potential (GWP). In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition exhibits a GWP of less than 180, less than 150, and/or less than 120. In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition may be selected to replace a refrigerant composition having a high GWP. In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition may be selected to replace refrigerant compositions such as R-404A, R-290, R-454C, R-457A, and R-507A. Replacement compositions desirably provide similar or improved properties to as compared to R-404A. Similar properties may include flammability, discharge temperature, and heat transport capacity. 
     Suitable refrigerant compositions for the replacement of R-404A refrigerants may include difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf). In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions may further include 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition may be a non-azeotropic refrigerant composition. 
     In an embodiment, the refrigeration system  100  may be a direct expansion refrigeration system. During operation of the refrigeration system  100 , the refrigerant composition circulates throughout the refrigeration system  100  as part of the heat transfer processes. In the example of  FIG. 1 , the receiving tank  110  is operably coupled to an evaporator  120  via an expansion device  125  such as an orifice tube, capillary tube, thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve. The expansion device  125 , supplies the refrigerant composition to the evaporator  120 . In some embodiments, the receiving tank  110  is optional. In such embodiments, the refrigerant is provided directly to the evaporator  120  without a receiver. In an embodiment, the refrigerant composition is transported between the receiving tank  110  and evaporator  120  via the expansion device  125 . In some embodiments, the evaporator  120  may be operated in a low temperature mode. For the purposes described herein low temperature evaporator operation is between −40° C. and −18° C. In some embodiments, the evaporator  120  may be operated in a medium temperature mode. For the purposes described herein medium temperature evaporator operation is between −20° C. and −5° C. 
     The evaporator  120  is operably connected to a compressor  140  via a suction line  135 . The compressor  140  increases the pressure of the vaporous refrigerant entering the compressor  140 . In some embodiments, the compressor  140  may be a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor. In an embodiment, the refrigerant composition is a non-azeotropic composition including difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf). In another embodiment, the refrigerant composition is a non-azeotropic composition including difluoromethane (R-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). In some embodiments, the discharge temperature of the low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor is between 78.0° C. and 102.0° C., between 78.0° C. and 99.0° C., between 83.5° C. and 102.0° C. and combinations thereof. 
     The compressor  140  is operably connected to a condenser  160 . The condenser  160  receives the pressurized vapor refrigerant and allows the pressurized vapor evaporator to transfer heat to an external medium and condense to the liquid state. 
     The condenser  160  is operably connected to the receiving tank  110 . The liquid refrigerant returns to the receiving tank  110  and is again available to absorb heat by again being provided to the evaporator  120 . 
     In compositions intended to replace conventional high GWP refrigerant, it is desirable that the replacement refrigerant composition exhibit a low GWP as well as similar or improved refrigerant properties compared to the refrigerant it is replacing. In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition is intended to replace R-457A. In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 16 to 19 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 81 to 84 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. In an embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 17 to 18 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 82 to 83 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 18 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 82 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. 
     In an alternate embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 10 to 11 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 89 to 90 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 10 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 90 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. 
     In an embodiment, the refrigerant composition is a non-azeotropic composition including difluoromethane (R-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). 
     In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition is intended to replace R-457A. In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 16 to 20 weight percent, 17 to 19 weight percent, and/or about 18 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 71 to 81 weight percent, and/or 75 to 78 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a) in an amount of 1 to 11 weight percent, and/or 4 to 7 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. In an embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 18 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 76 to 77 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a) in an amount of 5 to 6 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition includes difluoromethane (R-32) in an amount of 18 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in an amount of 82 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition. 
     The refrigerant compositions may further comprise one or more optional non-refrigerant components selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizing agents, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure agents, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity adjusters, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the optional non-refrigerant components may be referred to as additives. Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components fit into one or more of these categories and may have qualities that lend themselves to achieve one or more performance characteristic. 
     In order to facilitate the operation and extend the service life of the compressor  140  a lubricant may be included in the refrigerant composition. Solubility and miscibility of the lubricant with the refrigerant composition may improve the performance of the lubricant and extend the service life of the compressor  140 . In some embodiments, the lubricant may include mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the lubricant includes a polyol ester. 
     An optional non-refrigerant component used with the refrigerant compositions may be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, or phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the stabilizers disclosed in this paragraph. 
     The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol; hydroquinone; t-butyl hydroquinone; monothiophosphates; and dithiophosphates, commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland, hereinafter “Ciba”, under the trademark Irgalube® 63; dialkylthiophosphate esters, commercially available from Ciba under the trademarks Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively; butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube® 232; amine phosphates, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube® 349 (Ciba); hindered phosphites, commercially available from Ciba as Irgafos© 168 and Tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgafos® OPH; (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgafos® DDPP; trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate, triethylphosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate; triaryl phosphates including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate; and mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP), and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those commercially available under the trademark Syn-O-Ad® including Syn-O-Ad® 8784; tert-butylated triphenyl phosphates such as those commercially available under the trademark Durad®620; isopropylated triphenyl phosphates such as those commercially available under the trademarks Durad® 220 and Durad®110; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (in particular, d-limonene); retinal; pinene (α or β forms); menthol; geraniol; farnesol; famesene (α or β forms); phytol; Vitamin A; terpinene; delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene; fenchene; dipentene; caratenoids, such as lycopene, beta carotene, and xanthophylls, such as zeaxanthin; retinoids, such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin; bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butyl glycidyl ether; trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan); ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); Coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); grapefruit mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol)); cysteine ((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® HP-136; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® PS 802 (Ciba); didodecyl 3,3′-thiopropionate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® PS 800; di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 770; poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 622LD (Ciba); methyl bis tallow amine; bis tallow amine; phenol-alpha-naphthylamine; bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS); tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS); vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; 2,5-difluorobenzophenone; 2′,5′-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2-aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl sulfide; ionic liquids; and mixtures and combinations thereof. 
     The optional non-refrigerant component which is used with compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may be a single compound or two or more tracer compounds from the same class of compounds or from different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the compositions at a total concentration of about 1 part per million by weight (ppm) to about 5000 ppm, based on the weight of the total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 10 ppm to about 1000 ppm. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 20 ppm to about 500 ppm. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 25 ppm to about 500 ppm. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm. 
     The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluororcarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorochlorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), chlorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze, cis or trans), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf), 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye, E or Z isomer), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), chlorodifluoromethane HCFC-22), methyl chloride (R-40), chlorofluoromethane (HCFC-31), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114), 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114a), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane(HFC-245fa), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 1,1-difluoro-2-chloroethylene (HCFC-1122), 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethylene (CFC-1113), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC-43-10mee), 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoroheptane, hexafluorobutadiene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne, iodotrifluoromethane, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons, or one hydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons. In other embodiments, the tracer is a blend of at least one CFC and at least one HCFC, HFC, or PFC. 
     The tracer may be added to the compositions of the present invention in predetermined quantities to allow detection of any dilution, contamination or other alteration of the composition. Additionally, the tracers may allow detection of product that infringes existing patent rights, by identification of the patent owner&#39;s product versus competitive infringing product. Further, in one embodiment, the tracer compounds may allow detection of a manufacturing process by which a product is produced. 
     In some embodiments, an optional surge tank or accumulator  150  may be inserted between the evaporator  120  and compressor  140  to prevent liquid refrigerant and/or lubricant from entering the compressor  140 . The surge tank  150 , if present, may return any accumulated liquids to the evaporator  120 . 
     In an alternate embodiment, the refrigeration system may be a flooded evaporator refrigeration system  200 .  FIG. 2  illustrates a flooded evaporator refrigeration system  200 . In the example of  FIG. 2 , the elements of the system are the same as described above for the direct expansion refrigeration system  100  except that the capillary tube  125  is not present and an optional pump  225  may be present to assist the transfer of refrigerant from the receiving tank  110  to a flooded evaporator  220 . The surge tank  150 , if present, may return any accumulated liquids to the receiving tank  110  to again be provided to the evaporator  220 . The operable connection from the condenser  160  to the receiving tank  110  further includes an expansion valve  270 . 
     The performance of the inventive refrigerant compositions, as compared to R-457A, is presented in Tables 1 to 6 below. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Refrigeration performance of compositions of the present invention were compared to R-404A (a mixture of 44 weight percent HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), 52 weight percent HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane), and 4 weight percent HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)), R-290 (propane), R-454C (a mixture containing 21.5 weight percent HFC-32 and 78.5 weight percent HFO-1234yf) and R-457A (a mixture containing 18 weight percent HFC-32, 70 weight percent HFO-1234yf, and 12 weight percent HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane). Performance was determined at both low and medium temperature refrigeration conditions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERANTS - 
               
               
                 LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −35° C. Avg. Evaporator, −15° C. RGT. 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                   
                 Capacity 
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rel. to 
                   
                 Rel. to 
                   
                 Mass 
                 100 
               
               
                 ASHRAE 
                 T DIS   
                 R-404A 
                 Capacity 
                 R-404A 
                   
                 Flow 
                 Year 
               
               
                 # 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 (%) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-404A 
                 88.9 
                 0.0 
                 813.4 
                 100.0 
                 1.338 
                 2.046 
                 3,922 
               
               
                 R-290 
                 95.9 
                 7.0 
                 752.6 
                 92.5 
                 1.510 
                 0.822 
                 3 
               
               
                 R-454C 
                 99.4 
                 10.5 
                 720.9 
                 88.6 
                 1.431 
                 1.632 
                 146 
               
               
                 R-457A 
                 102.0 
                 13.1 
                 664.9 
                 81.7 
                 1.465 
                 1.500 
                 139 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERANTS - 
               
               
                 MEDIUM TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −7° C. Avg. Evaporator, 18° C. RGT, 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                   
                 Capacity 
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rel. to 
                   
                 Rel. to 
                   
                 Mass 
                 100 
               
               
                 ASHRAE 
                 T DIS   
                 R-404A 
                 Capacity 
                 R-404A 
                   
                 Flow 
                 Year 
               
               
                 # 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 (%) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-404A 
                 79.5 
                 0.0 
                 2684.4 
                 100.0 
                 2.882 
                 1.674 
                 3,922 
               
               
                 R-290 
                 82.7 
                 3.2 
                 2254.0 
                 84.0 
                 3.116 
                 0.696 
                 3 
               
               
                 R-454C 
                 85.2 
                 5.7 
                 2429.3 
                 90.5 
                 2.999 
                 1.380 
                 146 
               
               
                 R-457A 
                 86.5 
                 7.0 
                 2247.6 
                 83.7 
                 3.045 
                 1.284 
                 139 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R-32/R-1234YF BINARY COMPOSITIONS - 
               
               
                 LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −35° C. Avg. Evaporator, −15° C. RGT, 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                   
                 Mass Flow 
                 100 Year 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21% R-32/79% R-1234yf 
                 98.9 
                 714.6 
                 1.431 
                 1.638 
                 145 
               
               
                 20% R-32/80% R-1234yf 
                 98.0 
                 701.7 
                 1.430 
                 1.650 
                 138 
               
               
                 19% R-32/81% R-1234yf 
                 97.1 
                 688.8 
                 1.430 
                 1.668 
                 131 
               
               
                 18% R-32/82% R-1234yf 
                 96.2 
                 675.8 
                 1.429 
                 1.680 
                 125 
               
               
                 17% R-32/83% R-1234yf 
                 95.2 
                 662.8 
                 1.429 
                 1.698 
                 118 
               
               
                 16% R-32/84% R-1234yf 
                 94.3 
                 649.7 
                 1.428 
                 1.716 
                 111 
               
               
                 15% R-32/85% R-1234yf 
                 93.4 
                 636.5 
                 1.427 
                 1.728 
                 105 
               
               
                 14% R-32/86% R-1234yf 
                 92.4 
                 623.3 
                 1.427 
                 1.746 
                 98 
               
               
                 13% R-32/87% R-1234yf 
                 91.4 
                 610.1 
                 1.426 
                 1.764 
                 91 
               
               
                 12% R-32/88% R-1234yf 
                 90.5 
                 596.9 
                 1.426 
                 1.782 
                 85 
               
               
                 11% R-32/89% R-1234yf 
                 89.5 
                 583.7 
                 1.425 
                 1.800 
                 78 
               
               
                 10% R-32/90% R-1234yf 
                 88.4 
                 570.5 
                 1.425 
                 1.818 
                 71 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                 COP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21% R-32/79% R-1234yf 
                 −3.1 
                 107.5 
                 97.7 
               
               
                 20% R-32/80% R-1234yf 
                 −4.0 
                 105.5 
                 97.6 
               
               
                 19% R-32/81% R-1234yf 
                 −4.9 
                 103.6 
                 97.6 
               
               
                 18% R-32/82% R-1234yf 
                 −5.8 
                 101.6 
                 97.5 
               
               
                 17% R-32/83% R-1234yf 
                 −6.7 
                 99.7 
                 97.5 
               
               
                 16% R-32/84% R-1234yf 
                 −7.7 
                 97.7 
                 97.5 
               
               
                 15% R-32/85% R-1234yf 
                 −8.6 
                 95.7 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 14% R-32/86% R-1234yf 
                 −9.6 
                 93.7 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 13% R-32/87% R-1234yf 
                 −10.5 
                 91.8 
                 97.3 
               
               
                 12% R-32/88% R-1234yf 
                 −11.5 
                 89.8 
                 97.3 
               
               
                 11% R-32/89% R-1234yf 
                 −12.5 
                 87.8 
                 97.3 
               
               
                 10% R-32/90% R-1234yf 
                 −13.5 
                 85.8 
                 97.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R-32/R-1234YF BINARY COMPOSITIONS - 
               
               
                 MEDIUM TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −7° C. Avg. Evaporator, 18° C. RGT, 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                   
                 Mass Flow 
                 100 Year 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21% R-32/79% R-1234yf 
                 84.9 
                 2412.6 
                 3.000 
                 1.386 
                 145 
               
               
                 20% R-32/80% R-1234yf 
                 84.4 
                 2378.7 
                 3.003 
                 1.392 
                 138 
               
               
                 19% R-32/81% R-1234yf 
                 83.8 
                 2344.3 
                 3.006 
                 1.404 
                 131 
               
               
                 18% R-32/82% R-1234yf 
                 83.3 
                 2309.3 
                 3.008 
                 1.416 
                 125 
               
               
                 17% R-32/83% R-1234yf 
                 82.8 
                 2273.6 
                 3.011 
                 1.428 
                 118 
               
               
                 16% R-32/84% R-1234yf 
                 82.3 
                 2237.4 
                 3.013 
                 1.434 
                 111 
               
               
                 15% R-32/85% R-1234yf 
                 81.7 
                 2200.4 
                 3.015 
                 1.446 
                 105 
               
               
                 14% R-32/86% R-1234yf 
                 81.2 
                 2162.9 
                 3.018 
                 1.458 
                 98 
               
               
                 13% R-32/87% R-1234yf 
                 80.6 
                 2124.6 
                 3.020 
                 1.470 
                 91 
               
               
                 12% R-32/88% R-1234yf 
                 80.1 
                 2085.7 
                 3.022 
                 1.482 
                 85 
               
               
                 11% R-32/89% R-1234yf 
                 79.5 
                 2046.2 
                 3.025 
                 1.494 
                 78 
               
               
                 10% R-32/90% R-1234yf 
                 78.9 
                 2006.0 
                 3.027 
                 1.506 
                 71 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                 COP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21% R-32/79% R-1234yf 
                 −1.6 
                 107.3 
                 98.5 
               
               
                 20% R-32/80% R-1234yf 
                 −2.1 
                 105.8 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 19% R-32/81% R-1234yf 
                 −2.7 
                 104.3 
                 98.7 
               
               
                 18% R-32/82% R-1234yf 
                 −3.2 
                 102.7 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 17% R-32/83% R-1234yf 
                 −3.7 
                 101.2 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 16% R-32/84% R-1234yf 
                 −4.2 
                 99.5 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 15% R-32/85% R-1234yf 
                 −4.8 
                 97.9 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 14% R-32/86% R-1234yf 
                 −5.3 
                 96.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 13% R-32/87% R-1234yf 
                 −5.9 
                 94.5 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 12% R-32/88% R-1234yf 
                 −6.4 
                 92.8 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 11% R-32/89% R-1234yf 
                 −7.0 
                 91.0 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 10% R-32/90% R-1234yf 
                 −7.6 
                 89.3 
                 99.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R-32/R-1234YF/R-152A TERNARY COMPOSITIONS - 
               
               
                 LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −35° C. Avg. Evaporator, −15° C. RGT, 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                   
                 Mass Flow 
                 100 Year 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18% R-32/71% R-1234yf/11% R-152a 
                 101.5 
                 666.0 
                 1.462 
                 1.512 
                 138 
               
               
                 18% R-32/72% R-1234yf/10% R-152a 
                 101.0 
                 667.0 
                 1.460 
                 1.530 
                 137 
               
               
                 18% R-32/73% R-1234yf/9% R-152a 
                 100.5 
                 668.1 
                 1.457 
                 1.542 
                 136 
               
               
                 18% R-32/74% R-1234yf/8% R-152a 
                 100.0 
                 669.1 
                 1.454 
                 1.560 
                 134 
               
               
                 18% R-32/75% R-1234yf/7% R-152a 
                 99.5 
                 670.0 
                 1.451 
                 1.572 
                 133 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 99.0 
                 671.0 
                 1.448 
                 1.590 
                 132 
               
               
                 18% R-32/77% R-1234yf/5% R-152a 
                 98.6 
                 671.9 
                 1.445 
                 1.602 
                 131 
               
               
                 18% R-32/78% R-1234yf/4% R-152a 
                 98.1 
                 672.7 
                 1.442 
                 1.620 
                 130 
               
               
                 18% R-32/79% R-1234yf/3% R-152a 
                 97.6 
                 673.5 
                 1.439 
                 1.632 
                 128 
               
               
                 18% R-32/80% R-1234yf/2% R-152a 
                 97.1 
                 674.3 
                 1.436 
                 1.650 
                 127 
               
               
                 18% R-32/81% R-1234yf/1% R-152a 
                 96.6 
                 675.1 
                 1.433 
                 1.668 
                 126 
               
               
                 19% R-32/75% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 100.0 
                 683.0 
                 108.3 
                 1.572 
                 139 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 99.0 
                 671.0 
                 108.2 
                 1.590 
                 132 
               
               
                 17% R-32/77% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 98.1 
                 658.9 
                 108.2 
                 1.602 
                 125 
               
               
                 16% R-32/78% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 97.1 
                 646.7 
                 108.1 
                 1.620 
                 119 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                 COP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18% R-32/71% R-1234yf/11% R-152a 
                 −0.5 
                 100.2 
                 99.8 
               
               
                 18% R-32/72% R-1234yf/10% R-152a 
                 −1.0 
                 100.3 
                 99.7 
               
               
                 18% R-32/73% R-1234yf/9% R-152a 
                 −1.5 
                 100.5 
                 99.5 
               
               
                 18% R-32/74% R-1234yf/8% R-152a 
                 −2.0 
                 100.6 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 18% R-32/75% R-1234yf/7% R-152a 
                 −2.4 
                 100.8 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −2.9 
                 100.9 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 18% R-32/77% R-1234yf/5% R-152a 
                 −3.4 
                 101.1 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 18% R-32/78% R-1234yf/4% R-152a 
                 −3.9 
                 101.2 
                 98.4 
               
               
                 18% R-32/79% R-1234yf/3% R-152a 
                 −4.4 
                 101.3 
                 98.2 
               
               
                 18% R-32/80% R-1234yf/2% R-152a 
                 −4.9 
                 101.4 
                 98.0 
               
               
                 18% R-32/81% R-1234yf/1% R-152a 
                 −5.3 
                 101.5 
                 97.8 
               
               
                 19% R-32/75% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −2.0 
                 102.7 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −2.9 
                 100.9 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 17% R-32/77% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −3.9 
                 99.1 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 16% R-32/78% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −4.8 
                 97.3 
                 98.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R-32/R-1234YF/R-152A TERNARY COMPOSITIONS - 
               
               
                 MEDIUM TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION 
               
               
                 (40° C. Avg. Condenser, −7° C. Avg. Evaporator, 18° C. RGT, 
               
               
                 0.7 Comp. Efficiency, 0.1 m 3 /min Comp. Displacement, 1 TR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GWP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                   
                 Mass Flow 
                 100 Year 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
                 (kg/min) 
                 (AR4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18% R-32/71% R-1234yf/11% R-152a 
                 86.2 
                 2252.8 
                 3.042 
                 1.290 
                 138 
               
               
                 18% R-32/72% R-1234yf/10% R-152a 
                 86.0 
                 2258.0 
                 3.040 
                 1.302 
                 137 
               
               
                 18% R-32/73% R-1234yf/9% R-152a 
                 85.7 
                 2263.1 
                 3.037 
                 1.314 
                 136 
               
               
                 18% R-32/74% R-1234yf/8% R-152a 
                 85.4 
                 2268.3 
                 3.034 
                 1.326 
                 134 
               
               
                 18% R-32/75% R-1234yf/7% R-152a 
                 85.2 
                 2273.4 
                 3.031 
                 1.332 
                 133 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 84.9 
                 2278.5 
                 3.028 
                 1.344 
                 132 
               
               
                 18% R-32/77% R-1234yf/5% R-152a 
                 84.6 
                 2283.6 
                 3.025 
                 1.356 
                 131 
               
               
                 18% R-32/78% R-1234yf/4% R-152a 
                 84.4 
                 2288.7 
                 3.021 
                 1.368 
                 130 
               
               
                 18% R-32/79% R-1234yf/3% R-152a 
                 84.1 
                 2293.9 
                 3.018 
                 1.380 
                 128 
               
               
                 18% R-32/80% R-1234yf/2% R-152a 
                 83.8 
                 2299.0 
                 3.015 
                 1.392 
                 127 
               
               
                 18% R-32/81% R-1234yf/1% R-152a 
                 83.6 
                 2304.1 
                 3.012 
                 1.404 
                 126 
               
               
                 19% R-32/75% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 85.4 
                 2311.3 
                 3.025 
                 1.338 
                 139 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 84.9 
                 2278.5 
                 3.028 
                 1.344 
                 132 
               
               
                 17% R-32/77% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 84.4 
                 2245.2 
                 3.03 
                 1.356 
                 125 
               
               
                 16% R-32/78% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 83.8 
                 2211.4 
                 3.032 
                 1.368 
                 119 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Δ T DIS   
                 Capacity 
                 COP 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
                 Rel. to R-457A 
               
               
                 (weight %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18% R-32/71% R-1234yf/11% R-152a 
                 −0.3 
                 100.2 
                 99.9 
               
               
                 18% R-32/72% R-1234yf/10% R-152a 
                 −0.5 
                 100.5 
                 99.8 
               
               
                 18% R-32/73% R-1234yf/9% R-152a 
                 −0.8 
                 100.7 
                 99.7 
               
               
                 18% R-32/74% R-1234yf/8% R-152a 
                 −1.1 
                 100.9 
                 99.6 
               
               
                 18% R-32/75% R-1234yf/7% R-152a 
                 −1.3 
                 101.1 
                 99.5 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −1.6 
                 101.4 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 18% R-32/77% R-1234yf/5% R-152a 
                 −1.9 
                 101.6 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 18% R-32/78% R-1234yf/4% R-152a 
                 −2.1 
                 101.8 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 18% R-32/79% R-1234yf/3% R-152a 
                 −2.4 
                 102.1 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 18% R-32/80% R-1234yf/2% R-152a 
                 −2.7 
                 102.3 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 18% R-32/81% R-1234yf/1% R-152a 
                 −2.9 
                 102.5 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 19% R-32/75% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −1.1 
                 102.8 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 18% R-32/76% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −1.6 
                 101.4 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 17% R-32/77% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −2.2 
                 99.9 
                 99.5 
               
               
                 16% R-32/78% R-1234yf/6% R-152a 
                 −2.7 
                 98.4 
                 99.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show compositions of the present invention exhibit compressor discharge temperatures lower than R-454C and R-457A. They also have capacities and energy efficiency (COP) comparable to the incumbent refrigerants, and R-457A in particular. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. 
     Additional Embodiments 
     Embodiment A1: A refrigeration system, comprising:
         a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor;   and a refrigerant composition;   wherein the refrigerant composition comprises:
           difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf).
 
Embodiment A2: The refrigeration system of Embodiment A1, wherein the difluoromethane (R-32) is present in an amount of 16 to 19 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and the 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) is present in an amount of 81 to 84 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment A3: The refrigeration system of Embodiment A1 or A2, further comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).
 
Embodiment A4: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A3, wherein the difluoromethane (R-32) is present in an amount of 16 to 19 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, the 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) is present in an amount of 71 to 81 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, and the 1,1-difluoroethane is present in an amount of 1 to 11 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment A5: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A4, wherein the 1,1-difluoroethane is present in an amount of 4 to 7 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment A6: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A5, further comprising a non-refrigerant compound in an amount of 0.1 to 49 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment A7: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A6, wherein the non-refrigerant compound includes a lubricant selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.
 
Embodiment A8: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A7:
   
           further comprising an evaporator;   wherein the average evaporator temperature is below −20° C.
 
Embodiment A9: The refrigeration system of any of Embodiments A1 to A8:
   wherein the compressor discharge temperature is below the compressor discharge temperature of R-457A.
 
Embodiment B1: A method of replacing a first refrigerant composition comprising R-404A, R-457A, R-290, or R-454C with a second refrigerant composition comprising 80 to 85 weight percent 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 15 weight percent to 20 weight percent difluoromethane, wherein the replacing is performed in a refrigeration system including a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor.
 
Embodiment B2: The method of Embodiment B1, wherein the second refrigerant composition further comprises a non-refrigerant compound in an amount of 0.1 to 50 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment B3: The method of Embodiment B2, wherein the non-refrigerant compound includes a lubricant selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.
 
Embodiment B4: The method of any of Embodiments B1 to B3, wherein the compressor discharge temperature is below the compressor discharge temperature of R-457A.
 
Embodiment C1: A method of operating a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor as part of a refrigeration system, comprising the steps of:
   receiving by a low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor a refrigerant composition including difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf);   compressing by low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor the refrigerant composition;   wherein the discharge temperature of the compressor is between 78.0° C. and 102.0° C.
 
Embodiment C2: The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor receives the refrigerant composition from an evaporator having an evaporator temperature between −40° C. and −5° C.
 
Embodiment C3: The method of any of Embodiments C1 or C2, wherein the low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor receives the refrigerant composition from an evaporator having an evaporator temperature between −40° C. and −18° C.
 
Embodiment C4: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C3, wherein the difluoromethane (R-32) is present in an amount of 16 to 19 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition and the 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) is present in an amount of 81 to 84 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment C5: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C4, wherein the discharge temperature of the compressor is between 78.0° C. and 99.0° C.
 
Embodiment C6: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C5, wherein the refrigerant composition further includes 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).
 
Embodiment C7: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C6, wherein the difluoromethane (R-32) is present in an amount of 16 to 19 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, the 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) is present in an amount of 71 to 81 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition, and the 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a) is present in an amount of 1 to 11 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant composition.
 
Embodiment C8: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C7, wherein the discharge temperature of the compressor is between 83.5° C. and 102.0° C.
 
Embodiment C9: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C8:
   further comprising the step of receiving by the low back pressure (LBP) hermetic reciprocating compressor the refrigerant composition from an evaporator;   wherein the average evaporator temperature is below −5° C.
 
Embodiment C10: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C9, wherein the average evaporator temperature is between −40° C. and −5° C.
 
Embodiment C11: The method of any of Embodiments C1 to C10, wherein the average evaporator temperature is between −40° C. and −18° C.