Patent Publication Number: US-2022239419-A1

Title: Application time for dci based update in cross-carrier scheduling

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/140,906, filed Jan. 24, 2021 which is hereby assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as if fully set forth below and for all applicable purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for applying downlink control information (DCI)-based updates for cross-carrier (or cross-component carrier (CC)) scheduling. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, etc. These wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple-access systems include 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) systems, code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, to name a few. 
     In some examples, a wireless multiple-access communication system may include a number of base stations (BSs), which are each capable of simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, otherwise known as user equipments (UEs). In an LTE or LTE-A network, a set of one or more base stations may define an eNodeB (eNB). In other examples (e.g., in a next generation, a new radio (NR), or 5G network), a wireless multiple access communication system may include a number of distributed units (DUs) (e.g., edge units (EUs), edge nodes (ENs), radio heads (RHs), smart radio heads (SRHs), transmission reception points (TRPs), etc.) in communication with a number of central units (CUs) (e.g., central nodes (CNs), access node controllers (ANCs), etc.), where a set of one or more DUs, in communication with a CU, may define an access node (e.g., which may be referred to as a BS, 5G NB, next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB), TRP, etc. A BS or DU may communicate with a set of UEs on downlink (DL) channels (e.g., for transmissions from a BS or to a UE) and uplink (UL) channels (e.g., for transmissions from a UE to a BS or DU). 
     These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. New Radio (NR) (e.g., 5G) is an example of an emerging telecommunication standard. NR is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. It is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using OFDMA with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the DL and on the UL. To these ends, NR supports beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. 
     However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements in NR and LTE technology. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. 
     SUMMARY 
     The systems, methods, and devices of the disclosure each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure as expressed by the claims which follow, some features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how the features of this disclosure provide advantages that include improved communications between access points and stations in a wireless network. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes receiving a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first component carrier (CC) on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communications by a network entity. The method generally includes transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes receiving, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of a UL or a DL transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communications by a network entity. The method generally includes transmitting, to a UE, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication by a UE. The apparatus generally includes a memory and at least one processor coupled with the memory. The at least one processor coupled with the memory is generally configured to receive a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determine an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and apply the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication by a network entity. The apparatus generally includes a memory and at least one processor coupled with the memory. The at least one processor coupled with the memory is generally configured to transmit, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determine an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and apply the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication by a UE. The apparatus generally includes a memory and at least one processor coupled with the memory. The at least one processor coupled with the memory is generally configured to receive, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determine an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and apply the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication by a network entity. The apparatus generally includes a memory and at least one processor coupled with the memory. The at least one processor coupled with the memory is generally configured to transmit, to a UE, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; determine an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and apply the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving signaling indicating a beam update. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; means for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and means for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for signaling a UE an indication of a beam update. The apparatus generally includes means for transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; means for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and means for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving signaling indicating a beam update. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; means for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and means for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for signaling a UE an indication of a beam update. The apparatus generally includes means for transmitting, to a UE, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; means for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and means for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for receiving signaling indicating a beam update. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for receiving a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; code for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and code for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for signaling a UE an indication of a beam update. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; code for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and code for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for receiving signaling indicating a beam update. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for receiving, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; code for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and code for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for signaling a UE an indication of a beam update. The computer readable medium having computer executable code stored thereon generally includes code for transmitting, to a UE, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission; code for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and code for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the appended drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain aspects of this disclosure, and the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example wireless communication network, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of an example base station (BS) and an example user equipment (UE), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a frame format for a new radio (NR) system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating how different synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) may be sent using different beams, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates example beam management procedures, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates example quasi co-location (QCL) relationships, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a network entity, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is an example timing diagram illustrating the determined application time as a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which a downlink control information (DCI) was received by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is an example timing diagram illustrating the determined application time as a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which an acknowledgement (ACK) was transmitted by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a network entity, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a communications device that may include various components configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a communications device that may include various components configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one aspect may be beneficially utilized on other aspects without specific recitation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for determining the application time of downlink control information (DCI)-based updates applied to cross-carrier (cross component carrier (CC)) scheduling scenarios. Examples of such DCI-based updates include updates related to transmission power control parameters and/or beam-related updates. In some cases, the update may be signaled via a DCI sent on one CC and applied on one or more other CCs. 
     The following description provides examples, and is not limiting of the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication technologies, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and other networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), CDMA2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA. CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as New Radio (NR) (e.g. 5G RA), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 
     NR is an emerging wireless communications technology under development in conjunction with the 5G Technology Forum (5GTF). 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. For clarity, while aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G and/or 4G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure can be applied in other generation-based communication systems, such as 5G and later, including NR technologies. 
     NR access (e.g., 5G technology) may support various wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) targeting wide bandwidth (e.g., 80 MHz or beyond), millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g., 25 GHz or beyond), massive machine-type communications MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and/or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). These services may include latency and reliability requirements. These services may also have different transmission time intervals (TTI) to meet respective quality of service (QoS) requirements. In addition, these services may co-exist in the same subframe. 
     Example Wireless Communication Network 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example wireless communication network  100  (e.g., a New Radio (NR)/5G network), in which aspects of the present disclosure may be performed. For example, wireless communication network  100  may include a user equipment (UE)  120  configured to perform operations  700  of  FIG. 7  and/or operation  1100  of  FIG. 11  to process downlink control information (DCI)-based updates transmitted from a network entity (e.g., such as base station (BS)  110   a ) (performing operations  800  of  FIG. 8  and/or operation  1200  of  FIG. 12 ). For example, UE  120   a  includes a DCI Update Manager  122  and BS  110   a  includes a DCI Update Manager  112 . DCI Update Manager  122  and/or DCI Update Manager  112  may be configured for determining an application time for a-DCI based update, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , wireless communication network  100  may include a number of BSs  110  and other network entities. A BS  110  may be a station that communicates with UEs  120 . Each BS  110  may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a NodeB (NB) and/or a NodeB subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In NR systems, the term “cell” and next generation NodeB (gNB), NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP), or transmission reception point (TRP) may be interchangeable. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of a mobile BS. In some examples, the BSs  110  may be interconnected to one another and/or to one or more other BSs  110  or network nodes (not shown) in wireless communication network  100  through various types of backhaul interfaces, such as a direct physical connection, a wireless connection, a virtual network, or the like using any suitable transport network. 
     In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, a subband, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed. 
     A BS  110  may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and/or other types of cells. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs  120  with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs  120  with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs  120  having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs  120  in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, etc.). A BS  110  for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS. A BS  110  for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS. ABS  110  for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS. In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , BSs  110   a ,  110   b  and  110   c  may be macro BSs  110  for the macro cells  102   a ,  102   b  and  102   c , respectively. BS  110   x  may be a pico BS  110  for a pico cell  102   x . BSs  110   y  and  110   z  may be femto BSs  110  for the femto cells  102   y  and  102   z , respectively. A BS  110  may support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. 
     Wireless communication network  100  may also include relay stations. A relay station is a station that receives a transmission of data and/or other information from an upstream station (e.g., a BS  110  or a UE  120 ) and sends a transmission of the data and/or other information to a downstream station (e.g., a UE  120  or a BS  110 ). A relay station may also be a UE  120  that relays transmissions for other UEs  120 . In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , a relay station  110   r  may communicate with BS  110   a  and UE  120   r  to facilitate communication between BS  110   a  and UE  120   r . A relay station may also be referred to as a relay BS, a relay, etc. 
     Wireless communication network  100  may be a heterogeneous network that includes BSs  110  of different types, e.g., macro BS, pico BS, femto BS, relays, etc. These different types of BSs  110  may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and different impacts on interference in wireless communication network  100 . For example, macro BSs may have a high transmit power level (e.g., 20 Watts) whereas pico BSs, femto BSs, and relays may have a lower transmit power level (e.g., 1 Watt). 
     Wireless communication network  100  may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, BSs  110  may have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different BSs  110  may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, BSs  110  may have different frame timing, and transmissions from different BSs  110  may not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for both synchronous and asynchronous operation. 
     A network controller  130  may couple to a set of BSs  110  and provide coordination and control for these BSs  110 . Network controller  130  may communicate with the BSs  110  via a backhaul. BSs  110  may also communicate with one another (e.g., directly or indirectly) via wireless or wireline backhaul. 
     UEs  120  (e.g.,  120   x ,  120   y , etc.) may be dispersed throughout wireless communication network  100 , and each UE  120  may be stationary or mobile. A UE  120  may also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), a cellular phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet computer, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, an appliance, a medical device or medical equipment, a biometric sensor/device, a wearable device such as a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wrist band, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring, a smart bracelet, etc.), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, a satellite radio, etc.), a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter/sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, gaming device, reality augmentation device (augmented reality (AR), extended reality (XR), or virtual reality (VR)), or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium. 
     Some UEs  120  may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) devices or evolved MTC (eMTC) devices. MTC and eMTC UEs  120  include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., that may communicate with a BS  110 , another device (e.g., remote device), or some other entity. A wireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEs  120  may be considered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, which may be narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices. 
     Certain wireless networks (e.g., LTE) utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink (DL) and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink (UL). OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (called a “resource block” (RB)) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal Fast Fourier Transfer (FFT) size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024 or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 MHz, respectively. 
     While aspects of the examples described herein may be associated with LTE technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable with other wireless communications systems, such as NR. NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the UL and DL and include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplex (TDD). Beamforming may be supported and beam direction may be dynamically configured. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions with precoding may also be supported. MIMO configurations in the DL may support up to 8 transmit antennas with multi-layer DL transmissions up to 8 streams and up to 2 streams per UE. Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per UE may be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported with up to 8 serving cells. 
     In some scenarios, air interface access may be scheduled. For example, a scheduling entity (e.g., a BS, Node B, eNB, gNB, or the like) can allocate resources for communication among some or all devices and equipment within its service area or cell. The scheduling entity may be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication, subordinate entities can utilize resources allocated by one or more scheduling entities. 
     BSs  110  are not the only entities that may function as a scheduling entity. In some examples, a UE  120  may function as a scheduling entity and may schedule resources for one or more subordinate entities (e.g., one or more other UEs  120 ), and the other UEs  120  may utilize the resources scheduled by UE  120  for wireless communication. In some examples, a UE  120  may function as a scheduling entity in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, and/or in a mesh network. In a mesh network example, UEs  120  may communicate directly with one another in addition to communicating with a scheduling entity. 
     Turning back to  FIG. 1 , this figure illustrates a variety of potential deployments for various deployment scenarios. For example, in  FIG. 1 , a solid line with double arrows indicates desired transmissions between a UE  120  and a serving BS  110 , which is a BS  110  designated to serve the UE  120  on the DL and/UL. A finely dashed line with double arrows indicates interfering transmissions between a UE and a BS. Other lines show component to component (e.g., UE  120  to UE  120 ) communication options. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates example components of BS  110   a  and UE  120   a  (as depicted in  FIG. 1 ) which may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. For example, antennas  252 , processors  266 ,  258 ,  264 , and/or controller/processor  280 , which includes DCI Update Manager  122 , of UE  120   a  may be used to perform operations  700  of  FIG. 7  and/or operations  1100  of  FIG. 11 , while antennas  234 , processors  220 ,  230 ,  238 , and/or controller/processor  240 , which includes DCI Update Manager  112 , of BS  110   a  may be used to perform operations  800  of  FIG. 8  and/or operations  1200  of  FIG. 12 . 
     At BS  110   a , a transmit processor  220  may receive data from a data source  212  and control information from a controller/processor  240 . The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARM) indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), etc. The processor  220  may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Processor  220  may also generate reference symbols, e.g., for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and cell-specific reference signal (CRS). A transmit (TX) MIMO processor  230  may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers  232   a - 232   t . Each modulator in transceivers  232   a - 232   t  may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a DL signal. DL signals from modulators in transceivers  232   a - 232   t  may be transmitted via the antennas  234   a - 234   t , respectively. 
     At UE  120   a , antennas  252   a - 252   r  may receive DL signals from the BS  110  and may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers  254   a - 254   r , respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers  254   a - 254   r  may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, down convert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector  256  may obtain received symbols from all demodulators in transceivers  254   a - 254   r , perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor  258  may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE  120   a  to a data sink  260 , and provide decoded control information to a controller/processor  280 . 
     On the UL, at UE  120   a , a transmit processor  264  may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) from a data source  262  and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) from the controller/processor  280 . Transmit processor  264  may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (RS) (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS)). The symbols from transmit processor  264  may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor  266  if applicable, further processed by the demodulators in transceivers  254   a - 254   r  (e.g., for single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM), etc.), and transmitted to BS  110   a . At BS  110   a , UL signals from UE  120   a  may be received by the antennas  234 , processed by the modulators  232 , detected by a MIMO detector  236  if applicable, and further processed by receive processor  238  to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE  120   s . Receive processor  238  may provide the decoded data to a data sink  239  and the decoded control information to controller/processor  240 . 
     Controllers/processors  240  and  280  may direct operations at BS  110   a  and UE  120   a , respectively. Processor  240  and/or other processors and modules at BS  110   a  may perform or direct execution of processes for techniques described herein. Memories  242  and  282  may store data and program codes for BS  110   a  and UE  120   a , respectively. A scheduler  244  may schedule UEs  120  for data transmission on the DL and/or UL. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a frame format  300  for a new radio (NR) system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The transmission timeline for each of the DL and UL may be partitioned into units of radio frames. Each radio frame may have a predetermined duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)) and may be partitioned into 10 subframes, each of 1 ms, with indices of 0 through 9. Each subframe may include a variable number of slots depending on the subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a variable number of symbol periods (e.g., 7 or 14 symbols) depending on the subcarrier spacing. The symbol periods in each slot may be assigned indices. A mini-slot is a subslot structure (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 symbols). 
     Each symbol in a slot may indicate a link direction (e.g., DL, UL, or flexible) for data transmission and the link direction for each subframe may be dynamically switched. The link directions may be based on the slot format. Each slot may include DL/UL data as well as DL/UL control information. 
     In NR, a synchronization signal block (SSB) is transmitted. In certain aspects, SSBs may be transmitted in a burst where each SSB in the burst corresponds to a different beam direction for UE-side beam management (e.g., including beam selection and/or beam refinement). The SSB includes a PSS, a SSS, and a two symbol PBCH. The SSB can be transmitted in a fixed slot location, such as the symbols 0-3 as shown in  FIG. 3 . The PSS and SSS may be used by UEs for cell search and acquisition. The PSS may provide half-frame timing, and the SSS may provide the CP length and frame timing. The PSS and SSS may provide the cell identity. The PBCH carries some basic system information, such as DL system bandwidth, timing information within radio frame, SS burst set periodicity, system frame number, etc. The SSBs may be organized into SS bursts to support beam sweeping. Further system information such as, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), system information blocks (SIBs), other system information (OSI) can be transmitted on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) in certain subframes. The SSB can be transmitted up to sixty-four times, for example, with up to sixty-four different beam directions for mmWave. The multiple transmissions of the SSB are referred to as an SS burst set. SSBs in an SS burst set may be transmitted in the same frequency region, while SSBs in different SS bursts sets can be transmitted at different frequency regions. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram  400  illustrating how different SSBs may be sent using different beams, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the SSBs may be organized into SS burst sets to support beam sweeping. As shown, each SSB within a burst set may be transmitted using a different beam, which may help a UE  120  quickly acquire both transmit (TX) and receive (RX) beams (particularly for millimeter wave (mmW) applications). A physical cell identity (PCI) may be decoded from the PSS and SSS of the SSB. 
     Certain deployment scenarios may include one or both NR deployment options. Some may be configured for a non-standalone (NSA) and/or a standalone (SA) option. A standalone cell may need to broadcast both SSB and RMSI, for example, with two SIB s (e.g., SIB1 and SIB2). A non-standalone cell may only need to broadcast SSB, without broadcasting RMSI. In a single carrier in NR, multiple SSBs may be sent in different frequencies, and may include the different types of SSBs. 
     Beam Management Procedures 
       FIG. 5  illustrates example beam management procedures  500 , in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 5 , beam management procedures  500  may be divided into three phases: a P1 procedure, a P2 procedure, and a P3 procedure. In 5G New Radio (NR), the beam management procedure for determining beam pair links (BPLs) may be referred to as the P1 procedure. A base station (BS) (e.g., such as the BS  110   a  illustrated in  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 ) may send a measurement request to a user equipment (UE) (e.g., such as the UE  120   a  illustrated in  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 ) and may subsequently transmit one or more signals (sometimes referred to as the “P1-signal”) to the UE for measurement. In the P1 procedure, the BS may transmit the signal with beam forming in a different spatial direction (corresponding to a transmit beam  511 ,  512 , . . . ,  517 ) in each symbol, such that several (e.g., most or all) relevant spatial locations of the cell of the BS are reached. In this manner, the BS may transmit the signal using different transmit beams over time in different directions. In some examples, a synchronization signal block (SSB) may be used as the P1-signal. In some examples, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or another downlink (DL) signal may be used as the P1-signal. 
     In the P1 procedure, to successfully receive at least a symbol of the P1-signal, the UE may find (e.g., determine/select) an appropriate receive beam ( 521 ,  522 , . . . ,  526 ). Signals (e.g., SSBs) from multiple BSs may be measured simultaneously for a given signal index (e.g., SSB index) corresponding to a given time period. The UE may apply a different receive beam during each occurrence (e.g., each symbol) of the P1-signal. Once the UE succeeds in receiving a symbol of the P1-signal, the UE and BS may have discovered a BPL (i.e., the UE receive (RX) beam used to receive the P1-signal in the symbol and the BS transmit (TX) beam used to transmit the P1-signal in the symbol). In some cases, the UE may not search all of its possible UE RX beams until it finds the best UE RX beam, as this causes additional delay. Instead, the UE may select a RX beam once the RX beam is “good enough”, for example, having a quality (e.g., signal to noise ratio (SNR) or signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR)) that satisfies a threshold (e.g., predefined threshold). The UE may not know which beam the BS used to transmit the P1-signal in a symbol; however, the UE may report to the BS the time at which it observed the signal. For example, the UE may report the symbol index in which the P1-signal was successfully received to the BS. The BS may receive this report and determine which BS TX beam the BS used at the indicated time. In some examples, the UE may measure signal quality of the P1-signal, such as reference signal receive power (RSRP) or another signal quality parameter (e.g., SNR, channel flatness, etc.). The UE may report the measured signal quality (e.g., RSRP) to the BS together with the symbol index. In some cases, the UE may report multiple symbol indices to the BS, corresponding to multiple BS TX beams. 
     As a part of a beam management procedure, the BPL used between a UE and BS may be refined/changed. For example, the BPL may be refined periodically to adapt to changing channel conditions, for example, due to movement of the UE or other objects, fading due to Doppler spread, etc. The UE may monitor the quality of a BPL (e.g., a BPL found/selected during the P1 procedure and/or a previously refined BPL) to refine the BPL when the quality drops (e.g., when the BPL quality drops below a threshold or when another BPL has a higher quality). In 5G NR, the beam management procedures for beam refinement of BPLs may be referred to as the P2 and P3 procedures to refine the BS-beam and UE-beam, respectively, of an individual BPL. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , for the P2 procedure, the BS may transmit symbols of a signal with different BS-beams (e.g., TX beams  515 ,  514 ,  513 ) that may be spatially close to the BS-beam of the current BPL. For example, the BS may transmit the signal in different symbols using neighboring TX beams (e.g., beam sweeps) around the TX beam of the current BPL. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the TX beams used by the BS for the P2 procedure may be different from the TX beams used by the BS for the P1 procedure. For example, the TX beams used by the BS for the P2 procedure may be spaced closer together and/or may be more focused (e.g., narrower) than the TX beams used by the BS for the P1 procedure. During the P2 procedure, the UE may keep its RX beam (e.g., RX beam  524 ) constant. The UE may measure the signal quality (e.g., RSRP) of the signal in the different symbols and indicate the symbol in which the highest signal quality was measured. Based on the indication, the BS may determine the strongest (e.g., best, or associated with the highest signal quality) TX beam (i.e., the TX beam used in the indicated symbol). The BPL may be refined accordingly to use the indicated TX beam. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , for the P3 procedure, the BS may maintain a constant TX beam (e.g., the TX beam of the current BPL) and transmit symbols of a signal using the constant TX beam (e.g., TX beam  514 ). During the P3 procedure, the UE may scan the signal using different RX beams (e.g., RX beams  523 ,  524 ,  525 ) in different symbols. For example, the UE may perform a sweep using neighboring RX beams to the RX beam in the current BPL (i.e., the BPL being refined). The UE may measure the signal quality (e.g., RSRP) of the signal for each RX beam and identify the strongest UE RX beam. The UE may use the identified RX beam for the BPL. The UE may report the signal quality to the BS. 
     Quasi Co-Location (QCL) Port and Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) States 
     In many cases, it may be important for a user equipment (UE) to know which assumptions it may make on a channel corresponding to different transmissions. For example, the UE may need to know which reference signals (RSs) the UE may use to estimate the channel in order to decode a transmitted signal (e.g., physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)). It may also be important for the UE to be able to report relevant channel state information (CSI) to a base station (BS) (or gNB) for scheduling, link adaptation, and/or beam management purposes. In New Radio (NR), the concept of quasi co-location (QCL) and transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states may be used to convey information about these assumptions. 
     QCL assumptions may be defined in terms of channel properties. Per 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification (TS) 38.214, “two antenna ports are said to be quasi-co-located if properties of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed.” Different RSs may be considered quasi co-located (“QCL&#39;d”) if a receiver (e.g., a UE) can apply channel properties determined by detecting a first reference signal (RS) to help detect a second RS. TCI states generally include configurations such as QCL-relationships, for example, between the downlink (DL) RSs in one CSI-RS set and the PDSCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) ports. 
     In some cases, a UE may be configured with up to M TCI-States. Configuration of the M TCI-States may come about via higher layer signalling, while a UE may be signalled to decode PDSCH according to a detected PDCCH with downlink control information (DCI) indicating one of the TCI states. Each configured TCI state may include one RS set TCI-RS-SetConfig that indicates different QCL assumptions between certain source and target signals. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates example QCL relationships  600 , in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. More specifically,  FIG. 6  illustrates examples of the association of DL RSs with corresponding QCL types that may be indicated by a TCI-RS-SetConfig. 
     In the example QCL relationships  600  of  FIG. 6 , a source RS may be indicated in the top block and may be associated with a target signal indicated in the bottom block. In this context, a target signal may refer to a signal for which channel properties may be inferred by measuring those channel properties for an associated source signal. As noted above, a UE may use the source RS to determine various channel parameters, depending on the associated QCL type. Further, the UE may use those various channel parameters (determined based on the source RS) to process the target signal. A target RS may not necessarily need to be a PDSCH&#39;s DMRS, rather it may be any other RS: a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) DMRS, a CSI-RS, a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a sounding reference signal (SRS). 
     As illustrated, each TCI-RS-SetConfig may contain parameters. These parameters may, for example, configure QCL relationship(s) between RSs in the RS set and the DMRS port group of the PDSCH. The RS set may contain a reference to either one or two DL RSs and an associated QCL-Type for each one configured by the higher layer parameter QCL-Type. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , for the case of two DL RSs, the QCL types may take on a variety of arrangements. For example, QCL types may not be the same, regardless of whether the references are to the same DL RSs or different DL RSs. In the illustrated example, an SSB may be associated with Type C QCL for phase tracking reference signal (P-TRS), while CSI-RS for beam management (CSIRS-BM) may be associated with Type D QCL. 
     QCL information and/or types may, in some scenarios, may depend on or be a function of other information. For example, the QCL types indicated to the UE may be based on higher layer parameter QCL-Type and may take one or a combination of the following types: 
     QCL-TypeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}, 
     QCL-TypeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}, 
     QCL-TypeC: {average delay, Doppler shift}, and 
     QCL-TypeD: {Spatial Rx parameter}, 
     Spatial QCL assumptions (QCL-TypeD) may be used to help a UE select an analog receive (RX) beam (e.g., during beam management procedures). For example, an SSB resource indicator may indicate a same beam for a previous RS should be used for a subsequent transmission. 
     An initial Control Resource Set (CORESET) (e.g., CORESET ID 0 or simply CORESET #0) in NR may be identified during initial access by a UE (e.g., via a field in the MIB). A CORESET information element (IE), sent via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, may convey information regarding a CORESET configured for a UE. The CORESET IE may include a CORESET ID, an indication of frequency domain resources (e.g., number of resource blocks (RBs)) assigned to the CORESET, contiguous time duration of the CORESET in a number of symbols, and TCI states. 
     As noted above, a subset of the TCI states provide QCL relationships between DL RS(s) in one RS set (e.g., TCI-Set) and PDCCH DMRS ports. A particular TCI state for a given UE (e.g., for unicast PDCCH) may be conveyed to the UE via a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (MAC-CE). The particular TCI state may be selected from the set of TCI states conveyed by the CORESET IE, with the initial CORESET (CORESET #0) generally configured via the MIB. 
     Search space information may also be provided via RRC signaling. For example, the Search Space IE may be another RRC IE that defines how and where to search for PDCCH candidates for a given CORESET. Each search space may be associated with one CORESET. The Search Space IE may identify a search space configured for a CORESET by a search space ID. In an aspect, the search space ID associated with CORESET #0 may be Search Space ID #0. The search space may be configured via PBCH (MIB). 
     Uplink (UL) Power Control (PC) 
     Transmit power of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) may be computed by a user equipment (UE) prior to transmission, based on transmit power control parameters provided by the network. In wireless systems, one of the main challenges may include adapting the transmitting signal to overcome the variations of the wireless channel. 
     Thus, uplink (UL) power control (PC) generally refers to the ability of a transmitter UE to sets its output power in accordance with channel quality. For example, transmit power may be increased to meet a required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or bit error rate (BER) at a network entity (e.g., BS), while transmit power may be decreased to minimize co-channel interference of the 5G system. Two types of power controls include open loop power control and closed loop power control. 
     NR defines a PC equation for the transmit power (P PUSCH  from a UE for PUSCH: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     As shown by the equation, UL power is a function of a path loss (PL) estimation, as well as other UL PC parameters (e.g., P0-PUSCH-AlphaSet). PL estimation is measured by a PL reference signal (PL RS). PL may be either a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) (CSI-RS). 
     In millimeter wave (mmW) application, different beamforming channels may have different PL. Accordingly, because each beam forming channel/beam may be indicated via a transmission configuration indictor (TCI) state (or spatial relationship information), different TCI states may need different PL RSs. 
     As indicated above, PL estimation is a parameter used in computing UL PC. Thus, to estimate PL, a UE may track configured PL RSs and determine UL PC of the corresponding UL channel using this estimation. Therefore, PL RSs may be needed more frequently than a TCI update. In 3GPP Release 15 and 16, however, PL RSs may only be updated in a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) (MAC-CE) or radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     Example Application of Downlink Control Information (DCI) Based Updates Using Cross-Component Carrier (Cross-CC) Scheduling 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for determining when to apply downlink control information (DCI)-based updates applied to cross-carrier (cross-component carrier (cross-CC)) scheduling scenarios. The techniques described herein may help a user equipment (UE) and a network entity stay in-synch regarding various such DCI-based updates. 
     For example, NR 3GPP Release 17 introduced various updates that may be transmitted to a UE via a DCI. These updates include a beam indication update and an uplink (UL) transmit (TX) power configuration update. The DCI-based beam indication update may include an update to a common beam transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, as well as an update to a legacy TCI state. The DCI-based UL TX power configuration update may include an update to at least one of an UL power control (PC) parameter or a path loss (PL) reference signal (RS) used when calculating TX power for one or more UL transmissions. Where a UE and a network entity are to get out of synch on such updates, the UE and the network entity may use sub-optimal beams (or beam-pairs) or a UE may send uplink (UL) transmissions with sub-optimal transmit power. 
     Release 17 supports layer 1 (L1) based beam indications using at least a UE-specific (unicast) DCI to indicate joint or separate DL/UL beam indications from the active TCI states. Three new types of TCI states that may be updated via a DCI (in Release 17 systems) include a joint downlink (DL)/UL common TCI state used to indicate a common beam for at least one DL channel/reference signal (RS) in addition to at least one UL channel/RS, a separate DL common TCI state to indicate a common beam for at least two DL channels/RSs, and a separate UL common TCI state to indicate a common beam for at least two UL channels/RSs. 
     Application time may be used to determine when the DCI-based indication/update may be applied. More specifically, the application time may be used to determine when an indicated, updated beam (e.g., TCI state) may be applied to a corresponding channel, when an updated PC parameter may be used to determine TX power in the UL channel, and/or when an updated PL RS may be used to estimate the PL for determining TX power in the UL channel. 
     According to aspects described herein, a UE may determine an application time of the received DCI-based update by selecting among different alternatives used in computing the application time and determining the application time in accordance with the selection. In certain aspects, the application time may be determined as a function of a time delay relative to a starting point. Therefore, the various alternatives may define different starting points from which a time delay may be applied to determine the application time. 
     There are various alternatives for computing the application time (e.g., for applying an update) based on different starting points. For example, according to a first alternative, the starting point may be considered to be a slot in which the DCI was received. Thus, the update may be applied in a first slot that is at least X milliseconds (ms) or Y symbols after the DCI (e.g., the DCI with the joint or separate DL/UL beam indication). According to a second alternative, the starting point may be considered to be a slot where an acknowledgement (ACK) was transmitted in response to the DCI. Thus, the update may be applied in a first slot that is at least X ms or Y symbols after the ACK (e.g., ACK of the joint or separate DL/UL beam indication). 
     In cross-carrier (cross-CC) scheduling use cases, scheduling information for (an UL/DL transmission on) one cell (associated with one CC) may be transmitted in another cell (associated with another CC). Cross-carrier scheduling enables leveraging of another cell&#39;s coverage area (sometimes termed a secondary cell) for transmitting scheduling information applying to a cell of interest (sometimes termed a primary cell). Utilizing cross scheduling techniques can generally bring about high data rates and improved user experience. Accordingly, cross-CC scheduling may be used when applying DCI-based updates. 
     In the case of cross-CC scheduling, different CCs may be used to perform different functions. For example, a first CC may be used to receive a DCI with an update to be applied, a second CC may be used to apply the update, and/or a third CC may be used transmit an acknowledgement (ACK) in response to the received DCI on the first CC. In some cases, the second and third CCs may be the same CC. 
     Each of the first, second, and third CCs may have different parameters (collectively referred to as a numerology). For example, different CCs may have different tone spacings, also referred to as subcarrier spacings (SCSs) associated with different symbol lengths. Different symbol lengths generally translate into different timing granularities. As a result, when the application time for applying an update is based on a number of symbols (e.g., a time delay), a CC for which the symbol length is calculated may need to be clarified. 
     In another example, a DCI may be received on a first CC that indicates an update to be applied on one or more second CCs may be used to apply the updated. In some cases, one of the multiple second CCs may be used to transmit the ACK in response to the DCI received on the first CC. The first and second CCs may have different parameters. For example, the second CCs may each have a same SCS which is different than an SCS of the first CC. In another example, the second CCs may have different SCSs, where at least one second CC has an SCS equal to an SCS associated with the first CC. In another example, the second CCs may have different SCSs which are also different than an SCS associated with the first CC. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure provide various techniques to clarify when and how to apply a DCI-based update in cross-CC scenarios. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  700  for wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. Operations  700  may be performed, for example, by UE  120   a  in wireless communication network  100 . 
     Operations  700  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280  of  FIG. 2 ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the UE in operations  700  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  252  of  FIG. 2 ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     Operations  700  begin, at  702 , by a UE receiving a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission. 
     At  704 , the UE determines an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof. 
     At  706 , the UE applies the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  800  for wireless communication by a network entity. Operations  800  may be performed, for example, by a network entity, such as BS  110   a  in wireless communication network  100 . Operations  800  may be considered complementary to operations  700  of  FIG. 7 . 
     Operations  800  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240  of  FIG. 2 ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the network entity in operations  800  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  234  of  FIG. 2 ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the network entity may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     Operations  800  begin, at  802 , by the network entity transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission. 
     At  804 , the network entity determines an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof. 
     At  806 , the network entity applies the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Operations  700  and  800  of  FIGS. 7 and 8  may be understood with reference to diagrams  900  and  1000  of  FIGS. 9 and 10 , respectively. In particular,  FIG. 9  is an example timing diagram illustrating the determined application time as a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which a DCI was received by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.  FIG. 10  is an example timing diagram illustrating the determined application time as a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which an ACK was transmitted by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in timing diagram  900  of  FIG. 9 , according to the first alternative described above, the application time may be a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received. As noted in the figure, in certain aspects, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with a first CC (e.g., the first CC may be used to receive the DCI with the update) and an SCS associated with the second CC (e.g., the second CC may be used to apply the update). 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 9 , in certain other aspects, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with only the second CC (e.g., when the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received). More specifically, in certain aspects where the update indicated in a DCI received by a first CC is to be applied by one or more second CCs, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. In certain aspects, a given SCS is configured for all the one or more second CCs. In certain aspects, a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs may be selected for determining the application time of the update. 
     In certain aspects, a time delay of the application time may be X symbols/slots in terms of either a numerology of the first CC or a numerology of the second CC. Accordingly, the UE or network entity may determine a first time delay based on an SCS associated with the first CC and determine a second time delay based on an SCS associated with the second CC (or an SCS associated with multiple second CCs where the update is to be applied). 
     In certain aspects, a time delay of the application time may be X symbols/slots in terms of both a numerology of the first CC and a numerology of the second CC. Accordingly, in some examples, the UE or network entity may select a maximum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. In some examples, the UE or network entity may select a minimum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     In certain aspects, a time delay of the application time may be X symbols/slots, in terms of either a numerology of the first CC or a numerology of the second CC, but the value of X may be a function of both numerologies. More specifically, the UE or network entity may compute a time delay based on an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC (parameter X) multiplied by a time constant (parameter T) based on the SCS associated with the first CC or the SCS associated with the second CC (e.g., Time Delay=X*T). 
     In certain aspects, the application time may be (X+Y) symbols/slots in terms of the numerology of the applied channel(s)/reference signals (RSs). The first value, X, may be a predetermined value based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of the network entity, or may be a fixed value. The second value, Y, may be selected to match the duration of d symbols/slots in terms of the numerology of the DCI (e.g., based on an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC) where the numerology of the DCI is less than the numerology of the applied channel(s)/RSs. However, where the numerology of the DCI is more than the numerology of the applied channel(s)/RSs (e.g., the SCS associated with the first CC is more than an SCS associated with the second CC), then the second value, Y, is zero. 
     Accordingly, determination of the application time may be determined using the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Application 
               ⁢ 
                   
               time 
             
             = 
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         X 
                         + 
                         
                           d 
                           · 
                           
                             
                               2 
                               
                                 μ 
                                 Applied 
                               
                             
                             / 
                             
                               2 
                               
                                 μ 
                                 DCI 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       , 
                       
                         
                           if 
                           ⁢ 
                               
                           
                             μ 
                             DCI 
                           
                         
                         &lt; 
                         
                           μ 
                           Applied 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       X 
                       , 
                       
                         
                           if 
                           ⁢ 
                               
                           
                             μ 
                             DCI 
                           
                         
                         ≥ 
                         
                           μ 
                           Applied 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where μ DCI  is the SCS configuration for the CC on which the DCI was received, μ DCI  is the SCS configuration for the CC on which the update is applied (e.g., with a tone spacing Δf=2 μ ·15 [kHz]), and where d depends on the numerology of the DCI (e.g., d=8, 8, 14 if μ DCI =0, 1, 2). 
     Each of the above determined time delays may be used in determining the application time by measuring the determined time delay from the last physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) symbol containing the DCI (or the end of the slot containing the DCI). 
     As mentioned,  FIG. 10  is an example timing diagram  1000  illustrating the determined application time as a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which an ACK was transmitted by a UE (e.g., according to the second alternative described above), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. When the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was transmitted, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with a first CC (e.g., the first CC may be used to receive the DCI with the update), an SCS associated with a second CC (e.g., the second CC may be used to apply the update), and/or an SCS associated with a third CC (e.g., a third CC on which an ACK is transmitted in response to the received DCI). As shown in the example timing diagram  1000  of  FIG. 10 , in some examples, a practical simplified way to determine the application time may be to have a time delay based on an SCS associated with the second CC and an SCS associated with third CC, without considering an SCS of the first CC. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 10 , in certain other aspects, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with only the second CC (e.g., when the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot in which an ACK was transmitted by the UE). More specifically, in certain aspects where the update indicated in a DCI received by a first CC is to be applied by one or more second CCs, the time delay may depend on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. In certain aspects, a given SCS is configured for all the one or more second CCs. In certain aspects, a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs may be selected for determining the application time of the update. 
     Similar to the methods described above for determining the time delay for the first alternative using an SCS of the first CC and an SCS of the second CC, a time delay for the second alternative may be determined using the same methods but basing the time delay on an SCS of the second CC and the third CC (or an SCS of one or more second CCs where the update is to be applied an SCS of one of the one or more second CCs where an ACK is transmitted). Accordingly, each of the time delays determined for the second alternative may be used in determining the application time by measuring the determined time delay from the last symbol containing the ACK or the end of the slot containing the last symbol (or any symbol) of the ACK. 
     As mentioned, in certain aspects, a single DCI may indicate an update to be applied on multiple second CCs. The multiple CCs (e.g., multiple second CCs) on which the update is to be applied may be contained in a list. In some examples, the list may be preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. Thus, a DCI indicating an update in one CC that is contained in the preconfigured list, may cause the update to be applied to all CCs in the list. 
     In some examples, each applicable CC (e.g., on which the update is to be applied) may have an individual application time. Accordingly, the UE or network entity may determine application times for applying the update specific to the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     In some examples, all applicable CCs (e.g., on which the update is to be applied) may share the same common application time. Accordingly, the UE may determine a common application time for applying the update for all or a subset of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     According to the first alternative (e.g., where the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received), the common application time may be based on an SCS associated with the first CC, an SCS associated with at least one of the CCs on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof. 
     For example, a DCI carrying an update, for example, a beam indication update, may be on bandwidth part (BWP) 1 in the first CC (CC 1), where CC 1 has an SCS equal to 60 kHz. The channel(s)/RS(s) to which the beam indication is to be applied may be on both BWP 1 in CC 1, where CC 1 has an SCS equal to 60 kHz, and on BWP 2 in CC 2, where CC 2 has an SCS equal to 120 kHz. To calculate the common application time, the UE or network entity may first determine two individual application times for the 2 SCS pairs, where SCS pair 1 is 60 kHz+60 kHz and SCS pair 2 is 60 kHz+120 kHz. The application time may be a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received, and the time delay may be determined based on an SCS of either the first or second CC or the time delay may be determined based on a function of an SCS of both the first and second CCs (similar to the methods described above for calculating time delays in the first alternative). In some examples, a common application time may be chosen as a maximum of the two individual application times calculated. In some examples, a common application time may be a network entity configured value no less than any of the two individual application times calculated. 
     According to the second alternative (e.g., where the application time may be a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was transmitted), in some cases, the common application time may be based on an SCS associated with the third CC (e.g., a CC on which an ACK is transmitted) and/or an SCS associated with at least one of the CCS on which the update is to be applied. In some cases, the common application time may be based on an SCS associated with one or more CCs on which the update is to be applied and/or an SCS associated with one of the one or more SCSs on which the update is to be applied and on which an ACK is transmitted. 
     In some aspects, the DCI may indicate an update to be applied to both DL and UL channel(s)/RSs). In this case, the UE or network entity may determine a single or two separate common application times to be introduced for the applied DL and UL channel(s)/RS(s), respectively. 
       FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  1100  for wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. Operations  1100  may be performed, for example, by UE  120   a  in wireless communication network  100 . 
     Operations  1100  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280  of  FIG. 2 ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the UE in operations  1100  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  252  of  FIG. 2 ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     Operations  1100  begin, at  1102 , by a UE receiving, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission. 
     At  1104 , the UE determines an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied. In certain aspects, the parameter is SCS. In certain aspects, operations  1100  further include selecting a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs for determining the application time of the update. 
     At  1106 , the UE applies the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
       FIG. 12  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  1200  for wireless communication by a network entity. Operations  1200  may be performed, for example, by a network entity, such as BS  110   a  in wireless communication network  100 . Operations  1200  may be considered complementary to operations  1100  of  FIG. 11 . 
     Operations  1200  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240  of  FIG. 2 ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the network entity in operations  1200  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  234  of  FIG. 2 ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the network entity may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     Operations  1200  begin, at  1202 , by the network entity transmitting, to a UE, on a first CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission. 
     At  1204 , the network entity determines an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied. In certain aspects, the parameter is SCS. In certain aspects, operations  1100  further include selecting a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs for determining the application time of the update. 
     At  1206 , the network entity applies the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Wireless Communications Devices 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a communications device  1300  that may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) operable, configured, or adapted to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as the operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  and/or  FIG. 11 . In some examples, communications device  1500  may be a user equipment (UE), such as UE  120   a  described with respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Communications device  1300  includes a processing system  1302  coupled to a transceiver  1308  (e.g., a transmitter and/or a receiver). Transceiver  1308  is configured to transmit and receive signals for communications device  1300  via an antenna  1310 , such as the various signals as described herein. Processing system  1302  may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device  1300 , including processing signals received and/or to be transmitted by the communications device  1300 . 
     Processing system  1302  includes a processor  1304  coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory  1312  via a bus  1306 . In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1312  is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by processor  1304 , cause processor  1304  to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  and/or  FIG. 11 , or other operations for performing the various techniques discussed herein for applying downlink control information (DCI)-based updates using cross-component carrier (cross-CC) scheduling. 
     In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1312  stores code  1314  for receiving (e.g., for receiving a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission or for receiving, on a CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of a UL transmission or a DL transmission); code  1316  for determining (e.g., for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof or for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied); and code  1318  for applying (e.g., for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time). 
     In certain aspects, the processor  1304  has circuitry configured to implement the code stored in the computer-readable medium/memory  1312 . Processor  1304  includes circuitry  1324  for receiving (e.g., for receiving a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission or for receiving, on a CC, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of a UL transmission or a DL transmission); circuitry  1326  for determining (e.g., for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof or for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied); and circuitry  1328  for applying (e.g., for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time). 
     In some cases, the operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  and/or  FIG. 11 , as well as other operations described herein, may be implemented by one or more means-plus-function components. For example, in some cases, such operations may be implemented by means for receiving, means for determining, and means for applying. 
     In some cases, means for determining and means for applying, includes a processing system, which may include one or more processors, such as receive processor  258 , transmit processor  264 , TX MIMO processor  266 , and/or the controller/processor  280  of UE  120   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2  and/or processing system  1302  of communications device  1300  in  FIG. 13 . 
     In some cases, means for receiving or means for obtaining includes a receiver (such as receive processor  258 ) or antenna(s)  252  of UE  120   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Means for transmitting or means for outputting may include a transmitter (such as transmit processor  264 ) or antenna(s)  252  of UE  120   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     Further, transceiver  1308  may provide a means for receiving or transmitting information. Information may be passed on to other components of communications device  1300 . Antenna  1310  may correspond to a single antenna or a set of antennas. Transceiver  1308  may provide means for transmitting signals generated by other components of communications device  1300 . 
     Notably,  FIG. 13  is just one example, and many other examples and configurations of communications device  1300  are possible. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a communications device  1400  that may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as the operations illustrated in  FIG. 8  and/or  FIG. 12 . In some examples, communications device  1400  may be a network entity, such as base station (BS)  110   a  described with respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Communications device  1400  includes a processing system  1402  coupled to a transceiver  1408  (e.g., a transmitter and/or a receiver). Transceiver  1408  is configured to transmit and receive signals for communications device  1400  via an antenna  1410 , such as the various signals as described herein. Processing system  1402  may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device  1400 , including processing signals received and/or to be transmitted by the communications device  1400 . 
     Processing system  1402  includes a processor  1404  coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory  1412  via a bus  1406 . In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1412  is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by processor  1404 , cause processor  1404  to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG. 8  and/or  FIG. 12 , or other operations for performing the various techniques discussed herein for applying DCI-based updates using cross-CC scheduling. 
     In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1412  stores code  1414  for transmitting (e.g., for transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission); code  1416  for determining (e.g., for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof); and code  1418  for applying (e.g., for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time). 
     In certain aspects, processor  1404  has circuitry configured to implement the code stored in the computer-readable medium/memory  1412 . Processor  1404  includes circuitry  1424  for transmitting (e.g., for transmitting, to a UE, a DCI indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an UL transmission or a DL transmission); circuitry  1426  for determining (e.g., for determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first CC on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof); and circuitry  1428  for applying (e.g., for applying the update in accordance with the determined application time). 
     In some cases, the operations illustrated in  FIG. 8  and/or  FIG. 12 , as well as other operations described herein, may be implemented by one or more means-plus-function components. For example, in some cases, such operations may be implemented by means for transmitting, means for determining, and means for applying. 
     In some cases, means for determining and means for applying, includes a processing system, which may include one or more processors, such as receive processor  238 , transmit processor  220 , TX MIMO processor  230 , and/or the controller/processor  240  of BS  110   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2  and/or processing system  1402  of communications device  1400  in  FIG. 14 . 
     In some cases, means for receiving or means for obtaining includes a receiver (such as receive processor  238 ) or antenna(s)  234  of BS  110   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Means for transmitting or means for outputting may include a transmitter (such as transmit processor  220 ) or antenna(s)  234  of BS  110   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     Further, transceiver  1408  may provide a means for receiving or transmitting information. Information may be passed on to other components of communications device  1400 . Antenna  1410  may correspond to a single antenna or a set of antennas. Transceiver  1408  may provide means for transmitting signals generated by other components of communications device  1400 . 
     Notably,  FIG. 14  is just one example, and many other examples and configurations of communications device  1400  are possible. 
     DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112  may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. 
     DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112  may be an example of means for performing various aspects described herein. DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in UL resource management circuitry). The circuitry may comprise of processor, DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present disclosure. 
     In another implementation, DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components, may be implemented in code (e.g., as configuration management software or firmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device. 
     In some examples, DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112  may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, determining, transmitting/sending) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver  1508  or  1608 . 
     DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components, may be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or more physical components. In some examples, DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components, may be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, DCI update manager  122  and DCI update manager  112 , or its sub-components, may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, a network server, another computing device, one or more other components described in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Example Aspects 
     Implementation examples are described in the following numbered aspects: 
     Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first component carrier (CC) on which the DCI was received, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the update comprises an update to at least one of an UL power control (PC) parameter or a path loss (PL) reference signal (RS) used when calculating transmit power for one or more UL transmissions. 
     Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 1 or 2, wherein the update comprises an update to a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. 
     Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received. 
     Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS) and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a first time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the first CC; or determining a second time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, further comprising selecting a maximum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 7: The method of Aspect 5 or 6, further comprising selecting a minimum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 5-7, further comprising computing a time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the first CC or the SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 4-8, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of a network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the second value is zero when the SCS associated with the first CC is more than an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1-10, wherein determining an application time for applying the update is further based on a parameter associated with a third CC on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is transmitted in response to the received DCI. 
     Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 11, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was transmitted. 
     Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 12, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS) and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a first time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the second CC; or determining a second time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 14: The method of Aspect 13, further comprising: selecting a maximum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 15: The method of Aspect 13 or 14, further comprising: selecting a minimum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 5-15, further comprising computing a time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the second CC and an SCS associated with the third CC; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the second CC or the SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 12-16, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of a network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the second CC and an SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 17, wherein the second value is zero when the SCS associated with the third CC is more than an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 19: The method of any of Aspects 1-18, wherein the second CC is contained in a list including multiple CCs on which the update is to be applied, wherein the list is preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines application times for applying the update specific to the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 1-19, wherein the second CC is contained in a list including multiple CCs on which the update is to be applied, wherein the list is preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines a common application time for applying the update for all or a subset of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the common application time is based on, at least one of: an SCS associated with the first CC; and an SCS associated with at least one of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 22: The method of Aspect 20 or 21, wherein the common application time is based on, at least one of: an SCS associated with a third CC on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is transmitted in response to the received DCI; and an SCS associated with at least one of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 23: The method of any of Aspects 1-22, wherein: the DCI indicates at least one update to be applied to both UL and DL transmissions; and the UE determines separate application times for applying the at least one update to the UL and DL transmissions. 
     Aspect 24: A method for wireless communication by a network entity, comprising: transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with a first component carrier (CC) on which the DCI was transmitted, a second CC on which the update is to be applied, or a combination thereof; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 24, wherein the update comprises an update to at least one of an UL power control (PC) parameter or a path loss (PL) reference signal (RS) used when calculating transmit power for one or more UL transmissions. 
     Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 24 or 25, wherein the update comprises an update to a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. 
     Aspect 27: The method of any of Aspects 24-26, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was transmitted. 
     Aspect 28: The method of Aspect 27, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS) and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a first time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the first CC; or determining a second time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 29: The method of Aspect 28, further comprising selecting a maximum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 30: The method of Aspect 28 or 29, further comprising selecting a minimum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 31: The method of any of Aspects 28-30, further comprising computing a time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the first CC or the SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 32: The method of any of Aspects 27-31, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of the network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 33: The method of Aspect 32, wherein the second value is zero when the SCS associated with the first CC is more than an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 34: The method of any of Aspects 24-33, wherein determining an application time for applying the update is further based on a parameter associated with a third CC on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is received in response to the transmitted DCI. 
     Aspect 35: The method of Aspect 34, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was received. 
     Aspect 36: The method of Aspect 35, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS) and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a first time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the second CC; or determining a second time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 37: The method of Aspect 36, further comprising: selecting a maximum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 38: The method of Aspect 36 or 37, further comprising: selecting a minimum of the first and second time delays for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 39: The method of any of Aspects 28-38, further comprising computing a time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the second CC and an SCS associated with the third CC; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the second CC or the SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 40: The method of any of Aspects 35-39, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of a network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the second CC and an SCS associated with the third CC. 
     Aspect 41: The method of Aspect 40, wherein the second value is zero when the SCS associated with the third CC is more than an SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 42: The method of any of Aspects 24-41, wherein the second CC is contained in a list including multiple CCs on which the update is to be applied, wherein the list is preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines application times for applying the update specific to the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 43: The method of any of Aspects 24-42, wherein the second CC is contained in a list including multiple CCs on which the update is to be applied, wherein the list is preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines a common application time for applying the update for all or a subset of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 44: The method of Aspect 43, wherein the common application time is based on, at least one of: an SCS associated with the first CC; and an SCS associated with at least one of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 45: The method of Aspect 43 or 44, wherein the common application time is based on, at least one of: an SCS associated with a third CC on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is received in response to the transmitted DCI; and an SCS associated with at least one of the CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 46: The method of any of Aspects 24-45, wherein: the DCI indicates at least one update to be applied to both UL and DL transmissions; and the network entity determines separate application times for applying the at least one update to the UL and DL transmissions. 
     Aspect 47: A method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, on a first component carrier (CC), a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Aspect 48: The method of Aspect 47, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS). 
     Aspect 49: The method of Aspect 48, further comprising: selecting a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 50: The method of any of Aspects 47-50, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was received. 
     Aspect 51: The method of Aspect 50, wherein the parameter comprises SCS and determining an application time for applying the update comprises: determining a time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 52: The method of Aspect 51, further comprising computing the time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the first CC and the SCS associated with the one or more second CCs; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the first CC or the SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 53: The method of any of Aspects 50-52, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of a network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the first CC and an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 54: The method of any of Aspects 47-53, wherein determining the application time for applying the update is based on a parameter associated with one of the one or more second CCs on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is transmitted in response to the DCI. 
     Aspect 55: The method of Aspect 54, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was transmitted. 
     Aspect 56: The method of Aspect 55, wherein the parameter comprises SCS and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 57: The method of Aspect 55 or 56, further comprising computing the time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the second CC and the SCS associated with one of the one or more second CCs on which an ACK is transmitted; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the one or more second CCs or the SCS associated with the CC on which the ACK is transmitted. 
     Aspect 58: The method of Aspect 57, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of a network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs and an SCS associated with the CC on which the ACK is transmitted. 
     Aspect 59: The method of any of Aspects 47-58, wherein the one or more second CCs are preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines application times for applying the update specific to the one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 60: The method of any of Aspects 47-59, wherein the one or more second CCs are preconfigured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling; and the UE determines a common application time for applying the update for all or a subset of the one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied. 
     Aspect 61: The method of any of Aspects 47-60, wherein the update comprises an update to at least one of an UL power control (PC) parameter or a path loss (PL) reference signal (RS) used when calculating transmit power for one or more UL transmissions. 
     Aspect 62: The method of any of Aspects 47-60, wherein the update comprises an update to a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. 
     Aspect 63: The method of any of Aspects 47-60, wherein: the DCI indicates at least one update to be applied to both UL and DL transmissions; and the UE determines separate application times for applying the at least one update to the UL and DL transmissions. 
     Aspect 64: A method for wireless communication by a network entity, comprising: transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), on a first component carrier (CC), a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an update to be applied to at least one of an uplink (UL) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission; determining an application time for applying the update based, at least in part, on a parameter associated with one or more second CCs on which the update is to be applied; and applying the update in accordance with the determined application time. 
     Aspect 65: The method of Aspect 64, wherein the parameter comprises subcarrier spacing (SCS). 
     Aspect 66: The method of Aspect 65, further comprising: selecting a smallest SCS among SCSs associated with the one or more second CCs for determining the application time of the update. 
     Aspect 67: The method of any of Aspects 64-66, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the DCI was transmitted. 
     Aspect 68: The method of Aspect 67, wherein the parameter comprises SCS and determining an application time for applying the update comprises determining a time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 69: The method of Aspect 68, further comprising computing the time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the first CC and the SCS associated with the one or more second CCs; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the first CC or the SCS associated with the second CC. 
     Aspect 70: The method of Aspect 68 or 69, wherein the time delay is based, at least in part, on a sum of: a first value, wherein the first value is predetermined based on a capability of the UE, a configuration of the network entity, or is a fixed value; and a second value based on an SCS associated with the first CC and the SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 71: The method of any of Aspects 64-70, wherein determining the application time for applying the update is based on a parameter associated with one of the one or more second CCs on which an acknowledgement (ACK) is received in response to the DCI. 
     Aspect 72: The method of Aspect 71, wherein the application time is a function of a time delay relative to a slot where the ACK was received. 
     Aspect 73: The method of Aspect 72, wherein the parameter comprises SCS and determining an application time for applying the update comprises at least one of: determining a time delay for determining the application time of the update based on an SCS associated with the one or more second CCs. 
     Aspect 74: The method of Aspect 73, further comprising computing a time delay for determining the application time of the update using a multiplier determined based on: an SCS associated with the second CC and the SCS associated with one of the one or more second Cs on which an ACK is transmitted; and a time constant based on the SCS associated with the one or more second CCs or the SCS associated with the CC on which the ACK is transmitted. 
     Aspect 75: An apparatus, comprising a memory comprising computer-executable instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the computer-executable instructions and cause the one or more processors to perform a method in accordance with any one of claims  1 - 74 . 
     Aspect 76: An apparatus, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of claims  1 - 74 . 
     Aspect 77: A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method in accordance with any one of claims  1 - 74 . 
     ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 
     The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the methods. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. 
     As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c). 
     As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” 
     The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and/or software component(s) and/or module(s), including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or processor. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components with similar numbering. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     If implemented in hardware, an example hardware configuration may comprise a processing system in a wireless node. The processing system may be implemented with a bus architecture. The bus may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system and the overall design constraints. The bus may link together various circuits including a processor, machine-readable media, and a bus interface. The bus interface may be used to connect a network adapter, among other things, to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter may be used to implement the signal processing functions of the PHY layer. In the case of a user terminal (see  FIG. 1 ), a user interface (e.g., keypad, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) may also be connected to the bus. The bus may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, power management circuits, and the like, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further. The processor may be implemented with one or more general-purpose and/or special-purpose processors. Examples include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuitry that can execute software. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality for the processing system depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system. 
     If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer readable medium. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. The processor may be responsible for managing the bus and general processing, including the execution of software modules stored on the machine-readable storage media. A computer-readable storage medium may be coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. By way of example, the machine-readable media may include a transmission line, a carrier wave modulated by data, and/or a computer readable storage medium with instructions stored thereon separate from the wireless node, all of which may be accessed by the processor through the bus interface. Alternatively, or in addition, the machine-readable media, or any portion thereof, may be integrated into the processor, such as the case may be with cache and/or general register files. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include, by way of example, RAM (Random Access Memory), flash memory, ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The machine-readable media may be embodied in a computer-program product. 
     A software module may comprise a single instruction, or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across multiple storage media. The computer-readable media may comprise a number of software modules. The software modules include instructions that, when executed by an apparatus such as a processor, cause the processing system to perform various functions. The software modules may include a transmission module and a receiving module. Each software module may reside in a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. By way of example, a software module may be loaded into RAM from a hard drive when a triggering event occurs. During execution of the software module, the processor may load some of the instructions into cache to increase access speed. One or more cache lines may then be loaded into a general register file for execution by the processor. When referring to the functionality of a software module below, it will be understood that such functionality is implemented by the processor when executing instructions from that software module. 
     Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer-readable media may comprise non-transitory computer-readable media (e.g., tangible media). In addition, for other aspects computer-readable media may comprise transitory computer-readable media (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Thus, certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer-readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein. For example, instructions for performing the operations described herein and illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     Further, it should be appreciated that modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized. 
     It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.