Patent Publication Number: US-RE47418-E

Title: Optical connectors with inorganic adhesives and methods for making the same

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The disclosure relates generally to materials and methods for adhering parts within optical connectors and more particularly to adhesive compositions for use in adhering optical fibers to ferrules within optical connectors, and the methods making the same. 
     No admission is made that any reference cited herein constitutes prior art. Applicants expressly reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of any cited documents. 
     SUMMARY 
     One embodiment of the disclosure relates to an optical connector. The optical connector may comprise a ferrule, a waveguide (such as an optical fiber, lens, or other structure configured to guide light), and an inorganic adhesive composition. The ferrule may comprise a fiber-receiving passage defining an inner surface. The inorganic adhesive composition may be disposed within the ferrule and in contact with the inner surface of the ferrule and the waveguide. The inorganic adhesive composition may comprise at least about 50% by weight of metal oxide. 
     An additional embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method for securing a waveguide to a ferrule of an optical connector. The method may comprise depositing an inorganic adhesive composition precursor onto the waveguide or into a fiber-receiving passage defining an inner surface of the ferrule. The method may also comprise inserting the waveguide into the fiber-receiving passage, such that the inorganic adhesive composition precursor is disposed within the ferrule and in contact with the inner surface of the ferrule. The method may also comprise solidifying the inorganic adhesive composition precursor to form an inorganic adhesive composition. The inorganic adhesive composition may comprise at least about 50% by weight of metal oxide. 
     Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description illustrate the concepts of the present disclosure with reference to specific examples, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims. 
     The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments, and together with the description serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a lengthwise cross-sectional view of a fiber optic mechanical splice connector to be mounted on an end portion of a field optical fiber; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a fiber-receiving passage of a connector ferrule; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a ferrule according to another embodiment; and 
         FIG. 4  is a lengthwise cross-sectional view of a connector according to another embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in greater detail to various embodiments, some embodiments of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or similar parts. Generally, disclosed herein are various embodiments of inorganic adhesive compositions for use in adhering optical fibers or other waveguides to ferrules within optical connectors, and the methods for use thereof. The various embodiments of inorganic adhesive compositions described herein may provide desirable properties, such as, but not limited to, high adhesion strength and/or improved performance following environmental aging. Various embodiments of the inorganic adhesive compositions disclosed herein may also have other desirable properties for the process of securing an optical fiber within a ferrule, such as, but not limited to, shortened process cycle time, no required mixing, and/or no potlife issues. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a field-installable, mechanical splice fiber optic connector  10  suitable for use with the present technology is shown. The fiber optic connector  10  may include features similar to those of a member of the UNICAM® family of mechanical splice connectors available from Corning Cable Systems, LLC of Hickory, N.C., USA. While one embodiment of a fiber optic connector is depicted in  FIG. 1 , it should be understood that the inorganic adhesive compositions and methods for adhering a glass fiber to a ferrule as described herein are applicable to any fiber optic connector of any design. Such fiber optic connectors include, but are not limited to, single-fiber (see, e.g., ferrule  12  of connectors  10 ,  10 ′ as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 4 ) or multi-fiber (see, e.g., ferrule  12 ′ as shown in  FIG. 3 ) connectors, such as fusion splice or mechanical splice connectors. Examples of typical single fiber mechanical splice connectors are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,755,018; 4,923,274; 5,040,867; and 5,394,496. Examples of typical multi-fiber mechanical splice connectors are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,173,097; 6,379,054; 6,439,780; and 6,816,661. 
     As is illustrated with further reference to  FIG. 2 , the mechanical splice connector  10  includes a connector ferrule  12  defining a lengthwise, longitudinal bore, referred to herein as a fiber-receiving passage  30 . The fiber-receiving passage  30 , which is illustrated in exaggerated scale in  FIG. 2 , defines an inner surface of the ferrule  12 , which may be contacted with an inorganic adhesive composition  40  to secure an optical fiber, such as a stub optical fiber  14 . The inorganic adhesive composition  40  may be disposed within the ferrule  12  and in contact with the inner surface of the ferrule  12  and the stub optical fiber  14 . Various embodiments of the inorganic adhesive composition  40 , including variations of inorganic adhesive compositions are described in detail herein. In various embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition  40  may generally comprise a ceramic material, as is described in detail herein. 
     The ferrule  12  may comprise a ceramic material, such as, but not limited to, zirconia, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), alumina, titanium-doped alumina, glass-filled PPS, or combinations thereof. However, other materials of construction of the ferrule are contemplated herein, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, or combinations thereof. 
     The stub optical fiber  14  may be a flexible, transparent optical fiber made of glass or plastic. It may function as a waveguide to transmit light between the two ends of the optical fiber. Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light may be kept in the core by total internal reflection. Glass optical fibers may comprise silica, but some other materials, such as fluorozirconate, fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses, as well as crystalline materials, such as sapphire, may be used. Although shown as the stub fiber  14  in  FIG. 1 , in other embodiments waveguides that are not stub fibers may be included and used in combination with the ferrule  12 ,  12 ′ and processes disclosed herein. This includes not only optical fibers that are not stub optical fibers, but also other waveguides such as lenses (e.g., gradient index lenses). 
     The light may be guided down the core of the optical fiber  14  by an optical cladding with a lower refractive index that traps light in the core through total internal reflection. The cladding may be coated by a buffer and/or another coating(s) that protects it from moisture and/or physical damage. These coatings may be UV-cured urethane acrylate composite materials applied to the outside of the optical fiber  14  during the drawing process. The coatings may protect the strands of glass fiber. The optical fiber  14  may comprise an inner primary coating, and an outer secondary coating. Optical fiber coatings may be applied in concentric layers. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 1 , the forward end (also referred to herein as the end face)  11  of the ferrule  12  is typically precision polished such that the stub optical fiber  14  is flush with (as shown) or slightly protruding from the end face of the ferrule  12 . However, the stub optical fiber  14  may also protrude outwardly from the end face  11  of the ferrule  12  a predetermined distance, if desired. Furthermore, the end face  11  may be oriented generally perpendicular to the optical fiber receiving passage to provide an Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) type connector, or may be formed at a predetermined angle to provide an Angled Physical Contact (APC) type connector, in a known manner. In addition, although a single fiber ferrule  12  is shown for purposes of convenience, the ferrule  12  may define a plurality of lengthwise-optical fiber receiving passages therethrough for receiving a corresponding plurality of stub optical fibers to provide a multi-fiber mechanical splice connector or other multi-fiber connector (see generally multi-fiber ferrule  12 ′ as shown in  FIG. 3  for a multi-fiber connector). 
     Generally, the rear end  13  of the ferrule  12  is inserted into and secured within the forward end of a ferrule holder  16  so that the stub optical fiber  14  extends rearwardly a predetermined distance from the ferrule between a pair of opposed splice components  17 ,  18 , disposed within the ferrule holder. In turn, the ferrule holder  16 , including the ferrule  12  and splice components  17 ,  18  is disposed within a connector housing  19 . A cam member  20  is movably mounted between the ferrule holder  16  and the connector housing  19  for engaging a keel portion of the lower splice component  18 , as will be described. If desired, the ferrule  12 , the ferrule holder  16  and the cam member  20  may be biased relative to the connector housing  19 , for example by a coil spring  21 , to ensure physical contact between the end face  11  of the ferrule  12  and the end face of an opposing ferrule in a mating fiber optic connector or optical device. Finally, a spring retainer  22  may be disposed between the connector housing  19  and a medial portion of the cam member  20  and fixed to the connector housing so as to retain one end of the spring  21  relative to the connector housing. As a result, the ferrule  12 , the ferrule holder  16  and the cam member  20  are biased forwardly, yet permitted to piston rearwardly relative to the connector housing  19 . 
     As illustrated by the horizontal directional arrow in  FIG. 1 , a field optical fiber  15  may be inserted into the rear end of the ferrule holder  16  opposite the ferrule  12  and the stub optical fiber  14 . Although not required, the mechanical splice connector  10  may be provided with a means, for example a lead-in tube  24  ( FIG. 4 ), for guiding the field optical fiber  15  into the ferrule holder  16  and between the splice components  17 ,  18  in general alignment with the stub optical fiber  14 . In some embodiments, at least one of the splice components  17 ,  18  has a groove formed therein for receiving the stub optical fiber  14  and the field optical fiber  15 . As shown herein in FIG. 1, the lower splice component  18  is provided with a lengthwise V-shaped groove for receiving and guiding the stub optical fiber  14  and the field optical fiber  15  into fine alignment. Typically, the field optical fiber  15  is coated or tight-buffered with a buffer  25  that is stripped back to expose a predetermined length of the end of the field optical fiber. The mechanical splice connector  10  may be further provided with a crimp tube or other strain relief mechanism (not shown) for retaining and strain relieving the buffer  25  of the field optical fiber  15 . With the buffer  25  removed, the field optical fiber  15  can be inserted and advanced into the rear of the mechanical splice connector  10  between the splice components  17 ,  18  until the end portion of the field optical fiber  15  makes physical contact with the end portion of the stub optical fiber  14 . The cam member  20  is actuated by moving or rotating the cam member  20  relative to the ferrule holder  16  about the longitudinal axis of the connector  10 , to engage the keel on the lower splice component  18  and thereby force the lower splice component  18  in the direction of the upper splice component  17 . Movement of the lower splice component  18  causes the end portion of the stub optical fiber  14  and the end portion of the field optical fiber  15  to seat within the V-shaped groove formed in the lower splice component  18 , thereby aligning and simultaneously securing the field optical fiber  15  relative to the stub optical fiber  14  between the splice components. Accordingly, the field optical fiber  15  is optically coupled to the stub optical fiber  14 . Further, as used herein, the portion of the connector where the optical coupling results is referred to as a “termination area.” In other embodiments, the field optical fiber  15  or another optical fiber may be inserted into the ferrule directly, and attached thereto as disclosed herein, in place of the stub fiber  14 . 
     Generally, it should be understood that the inorganic adhesive compositions described herein may have application in adhering an optical fiber with any part of an optical connector, and are not limited to the adhesion of a stub optical fiber to the inner wall of the a ferrule. For example, the inorganic adhesive compositions described herein may be used to bond any part of an optical connector to any optical fiber connected thereto, including the stub optical fiber and field optical fiber. 
     Various embodiments of inorganic adhesive compositions will now be disclosed herein. As used herein, an “adhesive” is a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. Additionally, as used herein, an “inorganic adhesive composition” or “inorganic adhesive composition precursor” is an adhesive or precursor to an adhesive, respectively, which contains inorganic materials, usually a majority by weight of inorganic materials, such as metal oxides, other inorganic additives, or both. Inorganic adhesive compositions, as described herein, may contain some amount of organic material, such as organic adhesion promoters. However, in one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may generally comprise a ceramic material. In some embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise one or more metal oxides such as, but not limited to, oxides of zinc, tin, aluminum, indium, iron, tungsten, titanium, zirconium, silicon, silicon nitride, boron, boron nitride, copper, silver, yttrium, rare earth ions, or combinations thereof. The inorganic adhesive may comprise one or more metal oxides doped with one or more other metal oxides, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia, sometimes referred to herein as “YSZ.” In some embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may be substantially the same material as the ferrule. For example, the ferrule may comprise a ceramic material, such as zirconia or YSZ, and the inorganic adhesive may comprise zirconia or YSZ. 
     The stub optical fiber may be secured to a ferrule of an optical connector by a method generally comprising depositing an inorganic adhesive composition precursor onto the stub optical fiber or into a fiber-receiving passage defining an inner surface of the ferrule, inserting the stub optical fiber into the fiber-receiving passage, such that the inorganic adhesive composition precursor is disposed within the ferrule and in contact with the inner surface of the ferrule, and solidifying the inorganic adhesive composition precursor to form an inorganic adhesive composition. In some embodiments, the solidification process may sufficiently sinter the inorganic adhesive composition precursor. 
     The inorganic adhesive composition precursor may comprise a metallic salt or other metal ion containing compound in a solvent. The metallic salt and/or other metal ion containing compound may comprise ions of zinc, tin, aluminum, indium, iron, tungsten, titanium, zirconium, silicon, silicon nitride, boron, boron nitride, copper, silver, yttrium, rare earth ions, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the metallic salt and/or other metal ion containing compound may comprise ions of zirconium, yttrium, or both. 
     In some embodiments, the solvent may be a polar aprotic solvent. The polar aprotic solvents described herein have ion solvating properties that facilitate the process of making a stable inorganic adhesive composition precursor. The inorganic adhesive composition precursor may be a sol-gel solution. The sol-gel described herein may be different from traditional sol-gel chemistry in several important ways. For example, the proposed material reaction to form the sol-gel solution may not use alcohol solvents or conventional water/acid catalysis. Instead, the reaction may utilize metal salt concentrations in polar aprotic solvents (e.g. DMF, NMP) at relative high concentration (0.5-2.0 M). 
     Polar aprotic solvents such as, for example, dimethylformamide (DMF) and n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), can be used to produce stable precursor solutions with metal salts and/or other metal ion containing compounds. Polar aprotic solvents may be described as solvents that share ion dissolving power with protic solvents but lack an acidic hydrogen. These solvents generally have intermediate dielectric constants and polarity. Aprotic solvents do not commonly display hydrogen bonding or have an acidic hydrogen. They are commonly able to stabilize ions. Table 1 shows a description and selected properties of some suitable polar aprotic solvents. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Dichloromethane  
                 CH 2 Cl 2   
                 1.3266 
               
               
                 (DCM) 
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Tetrahydrofuran 
                 /—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —\ 
                 0.886 
               
               
                 (THF) 
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 CH 3 —C(═O)—O—CH 2 —CH 3   
                 0.894 
               
               
                   
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Acetate 
                 CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3   
                 0.786 
               
               
                   
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Dimethylformamide  
                 H—C(═O)N(CH 3 ) 2   
                 0.944 
               
               
                 (DMF) 
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Acetonitrile (MeCN) 
                 CH 3 —C≡N 
                 0.786 
               
               
                   
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 Dimethylsulfozide  
                 CH 3 —S(═O)—CH 3   
                 1.092 
               
               
                 (DMSO) 
                   
                 g/ml 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Various metal oxides can be included in the inorganic adhesive composition based on the components of the inorganic adhesive composition precursor. For example, an inorganic adhesive composition comprising YSZ can be prepared by utilizing and an inorganic adhesive composition precursor. Such an inorganic adhesive composition precursor may be prepared by mixing a first zirconia containing metal salt solution and a second yttria containing salt solution. The first solution may include zirconium oxychloride octohydrate (Zr(OCl 2 ).8H 2 O, &gt;99% from Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The second solution may include Yttrium Chloride (YCl 3  from Sigma Aldrich) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The first and second solutions may be prepared with molar concentrations having stoichiometry to achieve a ratio between the atom % values of Zirconia and Yttrium. For example, samples may contain 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% atom content of Yttrium in Zirconia. An ultrasonic bath may be used to facilitate mixing. The inorganic adhesive composition precursor may be clear and of significant viscosity. 
     An advantage of the inorganic adhesive compositions disclosed herein is the stability of the inorganic adhesive composition precursor. The inorganic adhesive composition precursor can be stored in ambient conditions for at least a month without significant degradation of the sol-gel chemical structure of the metal ions or the solvent. 
     The inorganic adhesive composition precursor is converted into the inorganic adhesive composition through a solidification step. The solidification may comprise exposing the inorganic adhesive composition precursor to a temperature in a range of from about 200° C. to about 1200° C. In other embodiments, the solidification may comprise exposing the inorganic adhesive composition precursor to a temperature in a range of from about 250° C. to about 1100° C., from about 300° C. to about 800° C., or from about 300° C. to about 600° C. During the solidification, the solvent may be liberated from the inorganic adhesive composition precursor and at least some of the components of inorganic adhesive composition precursor may be sintered. 
     The heating may be by oven, hot plate, or any other suitable heating mechanism. In some embodiments. Other, other heating mechanisms such as microwave and inductive heating may be used. Time and temperature of such heating processes may vary depending upon the heating mechanism utilized in the solidification step. In one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition precursor may be heated with a laser. For example, a laser having a 40 W power rating at 810 nm focused on a spot size of approximately 2 mm may be used. However, the use of various laser powers, wavelengths, and surface areas is contemplated herein. The heating step may take less than about 3 minutes, less than about 2 minutes, less than about 1 minute, less than about 45 seconds, less than about 30 seconds, less than about 20 seconds, less than about 15 seconds, less than about 10 seconds, or even less than about 5 seconds. However, the time may be dependent upon the power of the laser and the contacting surface of the laser. The adhesive composition may then be allowed to cool by any process, such as by accelerated cooling or through cooling in an ambient atmosphere at or near room temperature. 
     Following the solidification step, the inorganic adhesive composition may be crystallized. The crystallization may be caused by an exposure to a temperature in a range of from about 200° C. to about 1200° C. In other embodiments, the crystallization may comprise exposing the inorganic adhesive composition precursor to a temperature in a range of from about 250° C. to about 1100° C., from about 300 ° C. to about 800 ° C., or from about 300° C. to about 600° C. The crystallization step may utilize heating in an Argon atmosphere inside a glove box. In some embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may be partially or fully crystallized following the solidification step. However, in some embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition requires further heating to produce a crystallized inorganic adhesive composition. 
     In some embodiments, it is possible to control not only the amount of certain metal oxides present in the inorganic adhesive composition, such as the amount of Yttrium and Zirconia, but also to control the crystallinity of the inorganic adhesive composition through the composition of the inorganic adhesive composition precursor. For example, for Zirconia sol concentrations in the inorganic adhesive composition precursor having less than 1.3 M zirconia salt, the resultant adhesive may be quasi-amorphous. However, for Zirconia sol concentrations in the organic inorganic adhesive composition precursor having greater than 1.3 M zirconia salt, the resultant adhesives may be crystalline. 
     The inorganic adhesive composition may comprise one or more metal oxides as its majority component. For example, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise at least about 50% by weight of metal oxide. In other embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% by weight of metal oxide. In one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition comprises 100% by weight of metal oxide. In another embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise greater than 90% by weight of zirconia, or may even be 100% by weight of zirconia. In a further embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise greater than 90% by weight of YSZ, or may even be 100% by weight of YSZ. Zirconia or YSZ inorganic adhesive compositions may be especially desirable when the material of the ferrule is zirconia or YSZ, respectively. As used herein, an inorganic adhesive composition comprising metal oxide may comprise one or more chemical species of metal oxide. The inorganic adhesive composition may comprise one or more metal oxides as its majority component. For example, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise 50% by weight of a single chemical species of metal oxide. In other embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% by weight of a single chemical species of metal oxide. In one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition comprises 100% by weight of a single chemical species of metal oxide. 
     The inorganic adhesive compositions described herein may comprise one or more additional additives. The additives may enhance the adhesion and/or strength of the inorganic adhesive composition. Such additives may include, but are not limited to, nanostructures of graphene, carbon, silver, gold, platinum, or combinations thereof. For example, the nanostructures may be metallic nanoparticles (such as nanoparticles of gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, cooper copper, etc.), semiconductor nanoparticles (such as carbon nanotubes/nanodots, graphene, graphene oxide, CdS, CdTe). The additives can be doped into the inorganic adhesive composition precursor and are contained in the inorganic adhesive composition following curing. The additives may comprise between about 0% and about 50% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition. For example, in some embodiments, the additives may comprise be less than or equal to about 40% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition, less than or equal to about 30% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition, less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition, less than or equal to about 10% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition, or less than or equal to about 50% by weight of the inorganic adhesive composition. 
     In one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may comprise an adhesion promoter. In one embodiment, the adhesion promoter may be incorporated into the inorganic adhesive composition precursor. In another embodiment, the fiber or ferrule, or both, may be coated with the adhesion promoter prior to the deposition of the inorganic adhesive composition precursor onto the optical fiber or into a fiber-receiving passage defining an inner surface of the ferrule. The adhesion promoter may enhance the interfacial bonding of the inorganic adhesive composition with the ferrule, fiber, or both. The adhesion promoter may include, without limitation, titanates (such as Tyzor 131 commercially available from DuPont), zirconates, (such as Tyzor 217 commercially available from DuPont), silanes (such as SIB 1824 and SIB 1821 commercially available from Gelest). The inorganic adhesive composition may comprise an amount of adhesion promoter of less than or equal to about 10% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, less than or equal to about 8% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, less than or equal to about 6% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, less than or equal to about 4% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, less than or equal to about 3% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, less than or equal to about 2% of the weight of the adhesion promoter, or even less than or equal to about 1% of the weight of the adhesion promoter. 
     It may be desirable, in some embodiments, to match the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the inorganic adhesive composition with the CTE of the ferrule and/or fiber. The inorganic adhesive compositions disclosed herein may have an advantage over other adhesives, such as polymer based adhesives, because the CTE of the inorganic adhesives adhesive composition disclosed herein may be more similar to the ferrule and/or the fiber. For example, an inorganic adhesive composition may have a CTE more similar to a ceramic ferrule and/or the glass of the fiber than an organic adhesive, such as a polymer. 
     In one embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may have a CTE in a range of between about 80% and 125% of the CTE of the ferrule over a temperature range from about −50° C. to about 80° C. In other embodiments, the inorganic adhesive composition may have a CTE in a range of between about 50% and 200%, 70% and 150%, or 90% and 110% of the CTE of the ferrule over a temperature range from about −50° C. to about 80° C. A non-inorganic adhesive composition, such as one comprising a polymer as a major constituent, may not have a CTE within these ranges. 
     In another embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition is characterized by an adhesive CTE α1 that may vary by less than about 10×10 −6 /K over a temperature range from about −50° C. to about 80° C. and the ferrule is characterized by a ferrule CTE α2 that may vary by less than about 10×10 −6 /K over a temperature range from about −50° C. to about 80° C. In such an embodiment, the inorganic adhesive composition may be configured such that, over a temperature range from about −50° C. to about 80° C., |α1−α2|≤15×10 −6 /K. In other embodiments, |α1−α2|≤40×10 −6 /K, 30×10 −6 /K, 20×10 −6 /K, 12×10 −6 /K, 10×10 −6 /K, 8×10 −6 /K, or even 5×10 −6 /K. For example, glass may have a CTE of about 8.5×10 −6 /K, YSZ may have a CTE of between about 6×10 −6 /K and 12×10 −6 /K at 25° C. and zirconia may have a CTE of about 10.3×10 −6 /K at 25° C. However, for example, epoxy resins may have a CTE of about 55×10 −6 /K at 25° C. As such, an epoxy, or other substance with a CTE much higher or lower than the fiber or ferrule may lack superior adhesion properties as compared with the inorganic adhesive compositions described herein. However, it should be understood that CTE matching, as described herein, is not a requirement of the connectors and adhesives. 
     Various embodiments will be further clarified by the following examples. 
     Example 1 
     The precursor solution of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (Mol. Wt. 322.25 grams/mole) was prepared by dissolving the salt into DMF at a concentration of 1.3 molar. Care was taken to ensure that the salt is was completely dissolved via rapid continuous agitation and ultrasonic bath treatment. Specifically, 15.46 grams of zirconium oxychloride were dissolved into 23 ml of dimethylformamide to yield a final solution of about 30 ml. The precursor solution was clear, colorless and stable for several months. The solution could be adjusted to include salts of yttria and/or scandium chloride. A volume of about 10 microliters of the precursor solution was applied to the YSZ ferrule while threaded onto the receiving fiber. The ferrule was moved forward over the liquid to distribute the liquid throughout the fiber and ferrule interface. An 810 nm solid state IR laser was used as a heating source which when focused onto the ferrule solidified the liquid into solid inorganic interfacial bonding material between the spacing of the ferrule and fiber. 
     Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that any particular order be inferred. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Since modifications combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the disclosure may occur to persons skilled in the art, the present disclosure should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
     It is noted that one or more of the following claims utilize the term “wherein” as a transitional phrase. For the purposes of defining the present technology, it is noted that this term is introduced in the claims as an open-ended transitional phrase that is used to introduce a recitation of a series of characteristics of the structure and should be interpreted in like manner as the more commonly used open-ended preamble term “comprising.” 
     It should be understood that any two quantitative values assigned to a property may constitute a range of that property, and all combinations of ranges formed from all stated quantitative values of a given property are contemplated herein. 
     It is noted that terms like “commonly” and “typically,” when utilized herein, are not utilized to limit the scope of the claims or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claims. Rather, these terms are merely intended to identify particular aspects of an embodiment of the present disclosure or to emphasize alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Having described the subject matter of the present disclosure in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it is noted that the various details disclosed herein should not be taken to imply that these details relate to elements that are essential components of the various embodiments described herein, even in cases where a particular element is illustrated in each of the drawings that accompany the present description. Rather, the claims appended hereto should be taken as the sole representation of the breadth of the present disclosure and the corresponding scope of the various embodiments described herein. Further, it will be apparent that features and attributes associated with embodiments may be combined in different manners to result in other embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.