Patent Publication Number: US-6337647-B1

Title: Digital-analog current converter

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a current digital-analog converter. It can be applied especially to digital-analog sigma-delta type converters. 
     The present development of technologies is tending to shift the boundary between digital technologies and analog technologies in order to reduce the analog part to the maximum extent. This trend is designed especially to simplify the hardware architecture of systems by performing most of the functions in digital techniques while at the same time reducing manufacturing costs. A major consequence of this development is the huge increase in the constraints carried over to the analog-digital or digital-analog conversion part, since ultimately the converter is at the end or almost at the end of the processing chain. The converters must therefore comply with increasingly demanding performance requirements. 
     With regard to digital-analog converters, there are several types. Among these different types, the sigma-delta type converters are of considerable interest since they work with only one conversion bit. 
     In sigma-delta type converters, the binary signal encoded on N bits and sampled at a given frequency Fs is converted by digital means into an over-sampled one-bit signal, namely a signal sampled at a far higher frequency F&#39;s=MxFs. This signal is then converted into an analog signal by means of a one-bit digital-analog converter and a lowpass filter placed at output of the converter. 
     There are many known ways of making this type of digital-analog converter. It is possible to make a voltage converter, i.e. a converter where either a positive voltage at a potential +Vref or a negative voltage at a potential −Vref is sent at output, depending on the state of the binary signal. This structure however is limited in particular to a distortion level of about 60 dB and is sensitive to the instabilities, generally known as “Jitter”, in the reference clock. This jitter in particular prompts a parasite noise at the output of the converter. 
     Current converters are also made. In this case, either a positive current with a value +Iref or a negative current with a value −Iref is sent, depending on the state of the binary signal. These converters give very high distortion performance characteristics. However, they remain sensitive to the jitter of the clock. 
     There are also known ways of making switched-capacitor converters that are insensitive to the jitter of the clocks but they require very fast amplifiers to obtain efficient distortion performance levels. 
     An aim of the invention is to enable the making of a converter that ensures a high level of distortion and is insensitive to the jitter of the reference clock. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To this end, an object of the invention is a digital-analog current converter receiving, at input, a succession of bits of a binary signal and delivering, at output, sampled by a clock signal, a positive or negative current depending on the state of the input bit, wherein the converter comprises at least one circuit to control the build-up time of the output current of the converter, the build-up time being controlled by the charging of a capacitor by a constant current up to a reference voltage. 
     In a second embodiment, the circuit to control the build-up time of the output current comprises at least two reference voltages, the capacitor being charged and then discharged between these two voltages, the build-up time of the output current then being the sum of the time taken to charge the capacitor and the time taken to discharge the capacitor. An advantage of this embodiment is that it can be used to obtain high electrical efficiency. 
     In a third embodiment, the charging and discharging current of the capacitor is sent directly into the output load of the converter by means of selector switches and current mirrors. Two capacitors are used and are they are charged and discharged. While one of the capacitors gets charged, the other gets discharged. One advantage of this embodiment is that it can be used to overcome the current noise of the converter. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other features and advantages of the invention shall appear from the following description made with reference to the appended drawings, of which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the digital-analog sigma-delta type converter; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a digital-analog current converter; 
     FIG. 3 is a first possible embodiment of a control circuit of the charging duration of the output filter in a converter according to the invention; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates signals in play as a function of time and as a function of the clock signal in the above-mentioned circuit; 
     FIG. 5 is a second possible embodiment of a circuit to control the duration of charging the output filter in a converter according to the invention; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates signals in play as a function of the time t and as a function of the clock signal in the above-mentioned circuit; 
     FIG. 7 is another possible embodiment of a converter according to the invention; 
     FIG. 8 illustrates signals in play as a function of the time t and as a function of the clock signal in the above-mentioned circuit, bringing into play especially the shape of the current for charging the output filter. 
    
    
     MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a sigma-delta type digital-analog conversion chain. This chain converts a digital signal V N  encoded on N bits into an analog signal V A . The signal V N  is sampled at input of a sigma-delta converter  1  at a frequency Fs. This converter, whose mode of operation is well known, delivers a signal encoded on one bit that is over-sampled, i.e. the successive bits come out of the sigma-delta converter at a rate F&#39;s far greater than the input sampling frequency Fs, F&#39;s=MxFs. The output signal of the sigma-delta converter is then converted into an analog signal by means of a digital-analog converter  2  and then by a lowpass filter  3 . 
     The working of a conversion chain of this kind can be described briefly. The parallel binary signal V N  encoded on N bits is therefore converted by the sigma-delta converter  1  into a series signal conveyed on one bit. When the value of the input bit of the converter  2  is equal for example to 1, the converter delivers a voltage +Vref if it is a voltage type converter or a current +Iref if it is a current type converter. When the value of the bit is equal for example to 0, the converter delivers a voltage −Vref or −I ref . This lowpass filter  3  placed at output of the digital-analog converter obtains a mean, in time, of the signals thus given by the converter. This mean is the result of the digital-analog conversion, namely the above-mentioned signal V A . 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a current digital-analog converter. At input, this converter receives a binary signal encoded on one bit. This signal is referenced y(k). This signal is given for example at output of a sigma-delta converter or any other conversion means for the conversion of an N bit parallel signal into a series signal. For example, the signal y(k) is successively the N bits y(0), . . . , y(k), . . . , y(N−1) of the parallel signal V N  encoded on N parallel bits and to be converted into an analog value. 
     The converter illustrated by FIG. 2 has a first current source SC 1  giving a current I ref . This source is connected at input to a first supply terminal, for example a positive supply terminal. It is connected at output to a first switch T 1  made out of a bipolar or MOS type transistor. The output of this first switch is connected to the input of a second switch T 2  which too is based on a bipolar or MOS type transistor. The other terminal of the second switch is connected to a second current source SC 2  furthermore connected to a second supply terminal at a potential below that of the first source SC 1 , for example the ground potential. The junction point of the two switches is connected to a lowpass filter, constituted for example by a resistor R b  and a capacitor C b  that are parallel-connected. The output S of the conversion chain is the junction point of the resistor and the capacitor, the other junction point of these elements being for example the ground potential. The first switch is controlled by the signal y(k) mentioned here above. It is not directly controlled by this signal but in combination with a clock signal H, the two signals being combined by a circuit  21  that performs a logic “and” operation between the two signals. The second switch is controlled by the conjugate signal y b (k) of the previous one, again in combination with the clock signal H, by means of a logic circuit  22  performing a logic “and” operation between the two signals. The output of the logic circuits  21 ,  22 , possibly amplified, then control the bases or gates of switch transistor T 1 , T 2  depending on whether they are bipolar or MOS type transistors. 
     The converter then works as follows. If the bit y(k) is equal to  1 , a current or a voltage occurs at the base or gate of the transistor T 1  which is controlled so as to open when the clock signal H is set up. The current I ref  given by the first current source SC 1  goes into a lowpass filter R b C b  through the transistor T 1 . At the same time, the bit y b (k) is at 0. The transistor T 2 , since it has no control current or voltage, remains off in the closed state. When the bit y(k) is equal to 0, the operation is reversed. The transistor T 1  is off in the closed state and the transistor T 2  is controlled in the open state. In this case, the current I ref  of the second current source goes into the lowpass filter through the transistor T 2  when the clock signal H is set up. Seen from the filter, the current I ref  is then reversed. It therefore has a value −I ref  instead of +I ref  in the previous case. 
     A current converter of this kind, like a voltage converter, undergoes jitter from the clock H. To obtain both high distortion performance and clock insensitivity to jitter, the invention uses a digital-analog current converter to obtain a high distortion performance level and comprises means of time control during which the current is sent to the lowpass filter independently of the width of the clock signal H to overcome the jitter of this clock. This time is controlled by the charging or discharging of a capacitor with a constant current up to a reference voltage. The time is then equal to the time taken to discharge the capacitor. A limiting device known as a clamp blocks the voltage of the capacitor at the reference voltage. 
     FIG. 3 shows a first possible embodiment of a circuit for controlling the time of current injection into the output filter, namely in fact a circuit to control the current build-up time at output of the converter −I ref  or +I ref . This circuit has a capacitor C 0  and a circuit for charging or discharging this capacitor. It therefore has a switch Q 1  controlled by the clock signal H in such a way that Q 1  is on when the clock signal is at 1 and off when the clock signal is at 0. An interface circuit controls the switch in current if it is a bipolar transistor or controls it in voltage if it is a MOS transistor by means of a clock signal H. The switch Q 1  is connected between a positive supply terminal and a terminal of a current source SC 1 ′ that gives a constant current I 0 , the other terminal of this source being connected to another supply terminal, for example the ground potential. A capacitor C 0 , known as a clamp capacitor, is wired between, firstly, the junction point of the switch Q 1  and the current source SC 1 ′ and, secondly, the ground potential. When this switch Q 1  is on, namely when it is in the presence of the clock signal H, the current I 0  goes into the switch Q 1 . When this switch Q 1  is off, the current I 0  charges the capacitor C 0 . The voltage Vc at the terminals of this capacitor then decreases from a zero value as shown in FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the different signals in play as a function of the time t and as a function of the clock signal H. This signal is a binary signal illustrated by a curve  41 . The second curve  52  represents the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0 . On the leading edge  59  of the clock signal, the capacitor starts getting charged at constant current −I 0 , from the voltage 0. It thus gets charged until its voltage reaches a value −V 0  known as the clamp voltage. 
     Indeed, a circuit limits the voltage Vc to a minimum value −V 0  which is the reference voltage. This circuit has an operational amplifier  32  whose positive input is connected to a potential with a value −V 0  and whose negative input is connected to the emitter of a PNP transistor Q 4 , this emitter being connected to the junction point of the current source, the capacitor C 0  and the switch Q 1 . The base of the transistor Q 4  is controlled by the output of the operational amplifier  32  and its collector is connected to the positive supply terminal. When the voltage Vc reaches the value known as the clamp value of −V 0 , the output of the operational amplifier delivers a positive voltage that controls the transistor Q 4  in the on state, this transistor being previously off. The current I 0  is then deflected by Q 4 , the capacitor then remaining charged at the voltage value −V 0 , which is illustrated by a second curve  52  in FIG.  4 . When the switch Q 1  becomes on, the voltage Vc again becomes equal to the voltage at the terminals of the current source SC 1 ′, namely substantially zero. 
     A third curve  53  illustrates the charging current I 0  of the capacitor as a function of the time t. The build-up time of this current is perfectly controlled by the charging duration of the capacitor C 0  illustrated by the progress of the voltage between 0 and −Vc. This duration is independent of the jitter of the clock H and may thus be used to control the switches T 1 , T 2  of the converter, like that of FIG. 2 for example. For this purpose, it is planned to have a shaping circuit that creates a logic signal whose duration is equal to the charging time of the capacitor C 0 . This signal then controls the switches T 1 , T 2  in combination with the signals y(k) and y b (k) to replace the clock signal H itself. Other means may be planned to obtain the width of output current of the converter I ref  equal to the discharge time of the capacitor C 0 . 
     The exemplary embodiment of a circuit to control the build-up time of the output current of the converter works on the basis of the discharge time of the capacitor C 0 . It is of course possible to obtain a device of this kind through the charging of the capacitor C 0 . In either case, the sign of the current I 0  in the capacitor changes. 
     The time T 0n  during which the transistors T 1 , T 2  are controlled, which is also the discharge time of the capacitor C 0 , is given by the following relationship:                T   on     =         C   0          V   0         I   0               (   1   )                         
     The charge injected into the output filter R b C b  during a clock period T is:              Q   =         I   ref          V   ref          C   0         I   0               (   2   )                         
     The efficiency is relatively low because the charging of the output filter is done only during the period Tc for charging the capacitor C 0  which may be low as compared with the period T. Tc for example may be in the range of T/4. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a second possible embodiment of a circuit to control the injection time of the current, which improves the efficiency. In this embodiment, two reference voltage values are used and the capacitor is charged and discharged between these two voltages also known as clamp voltages. The time during which the converter sends the current I ref  at output, into the load, is then the sum of the time taken to charge the capacitor and the time taken to discharge the capacitor. The current I ref  of the converter can furthermore be divided by two as compared with the above cases with the same packet of charges sent at output. 
     The circuit comprises a charging and discharging circuit of the capacitor C 0  with two reference voltages. It therefore has, in series, a first current source SC 1 ′ connected to a supply terminal, a first switch Q 1 , a second switch Q 2  and a second current source SC 2 ′ connected to a second supply terminal, for example the ground potential. The switches are for example bipolar transistors or MOS type transistors. The two current sources deliver a current I 0 . The first switch Q 1  is controlled by the clock signal H and the second switch Q 2  is controlled by the conjugate of the clock signal H b . A capacitor C 0  is connected between the junction point of the two switches Q 1 , Q 2 . The signal EN present at this capacitor C 0  replaces the signal H combined with the bits y(k), y b (k) at input of the converter as illustrated by FIG.  2 . 
     When the clock signal H is at 1, namely when it is present, the capacitor C 0  gets charged at constant current I 0 . Indeed, in this case, the transistor Q 1  is on and the transistor Q 2  is off. The voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0  therefore increases linearly. When the clock signal H is at 0, the signal H b  is at 1 and the capacitor gets discharged at constant current I 0  through the second switch Q 2 . The voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor therefore decreases linearly. Two circuits limit this voltage Vc, one to a maximum value V 0  and the other to a minimum value −V 0 . The V 0  limiting circuit is constituted for example by an operational amplifier  31  and a PNP bipolar transistor Q 3 . The positive input of the operational amplifier  31  receives the voltage V 0  and its negative input is connected to the emitter of the transistor Q 3  which is furthermore connected to the junction point of the two switches Q 1 , Q 2 . The output of the operational amplifier controls the base of the transistor Q 3  whose source is connected to the second supply terminal, for example the ground potential. When the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0 , which is also the voltage present at the negative input of the operational amplifier, reaches the value V 0 , the output of the amplifier gives a base current to the transistor Q 3  which then shunts the current I 0  that continues to be given by the first source SC 1 ′ through the switch Q 1  during the remaining time when the clock H is in the 1 state. The −V 0  limiting circuit is for example formed by an operational amplifier  32  and an NPN bipolar transistor Q 4 . The positive input of the operational amplifier  32  receives the voltage −V 0  and its negative input is connected to the emitter of the transistor Q 4  which is furthermore connected to the junction point of the two switches Q 1 , Q 2 . The output of the operational amplifier controls the base of the transistor Q 4  whose collector is connected to the first supply terminal which is the positive supply terminal. When the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0 , which is also the voltage present at the negative input of the operational amplifier, reaches the value −V 0 , the output of the amplifier gives a base current to the transistor Q 4  which then shunts the current I 0  that continues to be given by the second source SC 2 ′ through the switch Q 2  during the remainder of the time when the clock H is in the 0 state. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the different signals in play as a function of the time t and as a function of the clock signal H. The latter signal is a binary signal illustrated by a curve  41 . A second curve  42  represents the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0 . On the leading edge  49  of the clock signal, the capacitor begins to get charged at a constant current I 0 , from the voltage −V 0 . It gets charged until its voltages reaches the value V 0 . The voltage Vc remains clipped at V 0  for the rest of the time when the clock signal is in the  1  state. During the time Tc for the charging of the capacitor, the charging current of this capacitor is I 0 . This current is zero for the rest of the clock signal H. 
     On the trailing edge  48  of the clock signal H or on the leading edge of its conjugate signal H b , the capacitor starts getting discharged at constant current I 0  from the voltage V 0 . It gets discharged until its voltage reaches the value −V 0 . The voltage Vc remains at −V 0  for the rest of the time when the clock signal is in the 0 state. During the time Tc for charging the capacitor, the charging current of this capacitor is −I 0 . This current is zero once the value −V 0  is reached. A curve  43  illustrates the shape of the current I 0 . 
     A binary signal EN can be created by known means from the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0 . The width of this signal is equal to the width of the build-up time of the voltage Vc. In other words, at each build-up of the voltage Vc, the signal EN is equal to 1 and outside it is equal to 0. It is the signal EN that is combined with the bits y(k) and y b (k) at input of the converter as illustrated for example by FIG. 2, instead of the clock signal H. As the case may be, the signal EN may also be equal to 1 during the drop in the voltage Vc. 
     The duration T on  for charging the capacitor C 0  is given by the following relationship:                T   on     =       2        C   0          V   0         I   0               (   3   )                         
     This time is also the time when the switches T 1 , T 2  of the converter are controlled. It is independent of the jitter of the clock H. 
     The charge Q injected during a clock period T is:              Q   =       2        I   ref          V   ref          C   0         I   0               (   4   )                         
     The efficiency is therefore improved as compared with a circuit of the type shown in FIG.  3 . 
     With regard to the noise of the converter which is a function of the variation in charge dQ injected into the output filter R b , C b  of the conversion chain, it is substantially zero. For the standard converter, the charge Q injected is given by the following relationship: 
     
       
         Q=(I ref +dI ref )×(T+dT)  (5) 
       
     
     where T represents the time taken to charge the capacitor C b  of the filter at output of the converter. 
     The variation in charge dQ is therefore given by the following relationship: 
     
       
         dQ=dI ref ×T+I ref ×dT  (6) 
       
     
     In one converter according to the invention, T is perfectly controlled and equal to T on , therefore dT=0. The remaining noise is only due to the current noise dI ref . 
     FIG. 7 shows another possible embodiment of a converter according to the invention. In this embodiment, the charging and discharging current of the clamp capacitor C 0  is sent directly into the output load, namely into the output filter R b C b , by means of switches and current mirrors. Then, two control circuits of the type shown in FIG. 5, cabled in differential mode, are used. This is known as the differential double clamp method. These two circuits are used with two clamp capacitors that are charged and discharged. 
     While one of the capacitors gets charged, the other gets discharged. One advantage of this embodiment is that it can be used to overcome the current noise dI ref  of the converter. 
     The current charging time control circuit therefore has a pair of differential circuits. More specifically, it has two parallel arms each with a capacitor and a circuit for charging and discharging this capacitor at constant current of the type shown in FIG. 5 but controlled in phase opposition. The current sources SC 1 ′, SC 2 ′ are for example common to the two circuits. 
     Thus, since the first circuit is identical to that of FIG. 5, the second circuit comprises, in series with the first current circuit SC 1 ′, a first switch Q 1 ′. A second switch Q 2 ′ is series-connected with the second current source SC 2 ′. The switches are for example bipolar transistors or MOS type transistors. The first switch Q 1 ′ is controlled by the conjugate clock signal H b  while the switch Q 1  is controlled by the clock signal H. Similarly, the second switch Q 2 ′ is controlled by the clock signal H while the switch Q 2  is controlled by the clock signal H b . In this sense, the two circuits of the differential pair are controlled in phase opposition by means of the clock signal H. A capacitor C′ 0  is connected between the junction point of the two switches Q 1 ′, Q 2 ′. This capacitor C′ 0  is for example equal in value to the capacitor C 0  of the first circuit. 
     Two circuits limit the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C′ 0 , one to a maximum value V 0  and the other to a minimum value −V 0 . The V 0  limiting circuit is constituted for example by an operational amplifier  31 ′ and a PNP bipolar transistor Q 3 ′. The positive input of the operational amplifier  31 ′ receives the voltage V 0  and its negative input is connected to the emitter of the transistor Q 3 ′ which is furthermore connected to the junction point of the two switches Q 1 ′, Q 2 ′. The output of the operational amplifier controls the base of the transistor Q 3 ′ whose source is connected to the second supply terminal, for example the ground potential. When the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C′ 0 , which is also the voltage present at the negative input of the operational amplifier, reaches the value V 0 , the output of the amplifier gives a base current to the transistor Q 3 ′ which then shunts the current I 0  that continues to be given by the first source SC 1 ′ through the switch Q 1 ′ during the remaining time when the clock H is in the 1 state. The −V 0  limiting circuit is for example formed by an operational amplifier  32 ′ and an NPN bipolar transistor Q 4 ′. The positive input of the operational amplifier  32 ′ receives the voltage −V 0  and its negative input is connected to the emitter of the transistor Q 4 ′ which is furthermore connected to the junction point of the two switches Q 1 ′, Q 2 ′. The output of the operational amplifier controls the base of the transistor Q 4 ′ whose collector is connected to the first supply terminal which is the positive supply terminal. When the voltage V′c at the terminals of the capacitor C′ 0 , which is also the voltage present at the negative input of the operational amplifier, reaches the value −V 0 , the output of the amplifier gives a base current to the transistor Q 4 ′ which then shunts the current I 0  that continues to be given by the second source SC 2 ′ through the switch Q 2 ′ during the remainder of the time when the clock H is in the 0 state. 
     The two clamp capacitors C 0 , C′ 0  are each connected to a virtual ground potential. In other words, the terminal of the capacitor C 0  or C′ 0  not connected to the junction point of the switches Q 1 , Q 2  or Q 1 ; Q 2 ′ is connected to a potential that is automatically linked to the value of 0 volts. The function of this automatically controlled potential will be explained further below in the description. 
     Since the two circuits of the differential pair are controlled in phase opposition as indicated here above, when the capacitor C 0  of the first circuit gets charged, the capacitor C′ 0  of the second circuit gets discharged. FIG. 8 illustrates this situation. Like the FIGS. 4 and 6, this figure illustrates different signals in play as a function of the time t and as a function of the clock signal H. A first curve  41  again illustrates the shape of the clock signal H as a function of the time t. A second curve  82  illustrates the shape of the voltage Vc at the terminals of the capacitor C 0  and a third curve illustrates the shape of the voltage V′c at the terminals of the capacitor C′ 0 . Whereas the capacitor C 0  gets charged from the leading edge  49  of the clock signal, the capacitor C′ 0  gets discharged. The situation is reversed starting with the trailing edge  48  of the clock signal H. 
     A fourth curve  84  illustrates the current Ic in the capacitor C 0  and a fifth curve  85  illustrates the current l′c in the capacitor C′ 0 . The two currents are in phase opposition. When the capacitor C 0  gets charged, its current Ic is equal to I 0  and the current l′c which goes into the capacitor C′ 0  which gets discharged is then −I 0 , and vice versa. The current Ic corresponds to the current Ic of FIG. 6, namely the charging current of the capacitor C 0  of FIG.  5 . 
     The output filter R b C b  is still supplied with the current I ref , the output S of the filter being the output of the conversion chain, in practice the output of the digital-analog converter. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the output current I ref  is the current for charging and discharging the capacitors C 0 , C′ 0 . The time taken for the charging of the filter by the current I ref  or −I ref  is therefore perfectly defined by the control of the charging duration of the capacitors C 0 , C′ 0 . The charging and discharging current of the capacitors is for example sent to the output filter by means of switches and current mirrors, in passing through the potential point automatically linked to a virtual ground. 
     The circuit used to bring the potential to 0 has for example an operational amplifier  71 ,  71 ′ whose positive terminal is connected to a potential V G  equal to 0 volts and whose negative terminal, which is the automatically controlled potential, is connected to the terminal of the capacitor C 0 , C′ 0 . 
     On the first control circuit side, an NPN bipolar transistor Q 5  connects the terminal of the capacitor C 0  to a first pair of switches T 1 , T 2 . The collector of the transistor Q 5  is thus connected to a junction point of the two switches, the other terminal of the switch T 1  being connected to a first current mirror and the other terminal of the switch T 2  being connected to a positive supply terminal. The emitter of the transistor Q 5  is connected to the capacitor C 0 . The base of the transistor Q 5  is controlled by the output of the operational amplifier  71 . 
     Similarly, a PNP transistor Q 6  connects the terminal of the capacitor C 0  to a second pair of switches T 3 , T 4 . The collector of the transistor Q 6  is thus connected to the junction point of the two switches, the other terminal of the switch T 3  is connected to the ground potential and the other terminal of the switch T 2  is connected to the second current mirror. The emitter of the transistor Q 6  is connected to the capacitor C 0 . The base of the transistor Q 6 , like that of the transistor Q 5 , is controlled by the output of the operational amplifier  71 . 
     The two pairs of switches are controlled by the binary signal y(k) and its conjugate y b (k). The switch T 1  is controlled in the on state when the signal y(k) is at  1 , the switch T 2  is controlled in the on state when the signal y b (k) is at 1, the switch T 3  is controlled in the on state when the signal y(k) is at 1, and the switch T 4  is controlled in the on state when the signal y b (k) is at 1. 
     On the second control circuit side, an NPN bipolar transistor Q 5 ′ connects the terminal of the capacitor C 0  to a first pair of switches T 1 ′, T 2 ′. The collector of the transistor Q 5 ′ is thus connected to a junction point of the two switches, the other terminal of the switch T 1 ′ being connected to a first current mirror and the other terminal of the switch T 2 ′ being connected to a positive supply terminal. The emitter of the transistor Q 5 ′ is connected to the capacitor C 0 . The base of the transistor Q 5 ′ is controlled by the output of the operational amplifier  71 ′. 
     Similarly, a PNP transistor Q 6 ′ connects the terminal of the capacitor C 0  to a second pair of switches T 3 ′, T 4 ′. The collector of the transistor Q 6 ′ is thus connected to the junction point of the two switches, the other terminal of the switch T 3 ′ is connected to the ground potential and the other terminal of the switch T 2 ′ is connected to the second current mirror. The emitter of the transistor Q 6 ′ is connected to the capacitor C 0 . The base of the transistor Q 6 , like that of the transistor Q 5 ′, is controlled by the output of the operational amplifier  71 ′. 
     The first current mirror has for example two PMOS transistors whose gate is connected to the switches T 1 , T 1 ′ and whose source is connected to the positive supply terminal. The drain of one of the two transistors Q 7  is connected to the switches T 1 , T 1 ′. The second current mirror has for example two NMOS transistors whose gate is connected to the switches T 3 , T 3 ′ and whose source is connected to the ground potential. The drain of one of the two transistors Q 9  is connected to the switches T 3 , T 3 ′. The drain of the other transistor Q 10  is connected to the drain of the transistor Q 8  of the first current mirror. The junction point of these two transistors Q 8 , Q 10  is connected to the input of the output filter R b , C b . This output filter is therefore charged by the output of the drains of the transistors Q 8 , Q 10 , namely by the output of the current mirror. 
     The two pairs of switches are controlled by the binary signal y(k) and its conjugate y b (k) and in the same way. 
     When the capacitor C 0  gets charged at the current I 0 , this current goes into the transistor Q 6 . The transistor Q 5  is then turned off by the voltage Vbe of this transistor. Similarly, the transistor Q 5 ′ is on and the transistor Q 6 ′ is off because the capacitor C′ 0  gets discharged. Two cases can then arise depending on whether the signal y(k) is in the 1 state or in the 0 state. 
     If this signal y(k) is at 1, the current Ic going through the transistor Q 6  is shunted by the switch T 3  to the ground potential and the current l′c going through the transistor Q 5 ′ is shunted by the transistor T 1 ′ from the transistors Q 7 , Q 8  of the first current mirror. The two transistors Q 7 , Q 8  controlled with the same gate source voltage then conduct the same current. To this end, the virtual ground potential V G  enables the passage of the charging current Ic into the current mirror. Since the current Ic is imposed on the transistor Q 7 , the transistor Q 8  also conducts this current. The current given by this transistor Q 8  is the current I ref  given to the output filter. It is positive and for example has a value I 0 . 
     If the current y(k) is at 0, the current Ic going through the transistor Q 6  is shunted by the transistor T 4  to the second current mirror while the current l′ c that flows into the transistor Q 5 ′ is shunted from the positive supply. The two transistors Q 9 , Q 10  of the current mirror controlled by the same gate-source voltage conduct the same current with a value I 0 . The output filter is then discharged by this current which flows into the drain of the transistor Q 10 . In this case, the charging current of the input filter I ref  is negative, for example with a value of −I 0 . 
     When the capacitor C 0  gets discharged at the current I 0 , this current flows into the transistor Q 5 . The transistor Q 6  is then turned off by the voltage Vbe of this transistor Q 5 . Similarly, the transistor Q 6 ′ is on and the transistor Q 5 ′ is off because the capacitor C′ 0  gets charged. The same two cases as above can therefore occur. 
     If the signal y(k) is at 1, the current I′c flowing through the transistor Q 6 ′ is shunted by the switch T 3 ′ to the ground potential and the current Ic flowing through the transistor Q 5  is shunted by the transistor T 1  from the transistors Q 7 , Q 8  of the first current mirror. The two transistors Q 7 , Q 8  controlled with the same gate-source voltage then conduct the same current. Since the current Ic is imposed on the transistor Q 7 , the transistor Q 8  also conducts this current. The current given by the transistor Q 8  is the current I ref  given to the output filter. It is positive and for example has a value I 0 . 
     If the signal y(k) is at 0, the current Ic flowing through the transistor Q 6 ′ is shunted by the transistor T 4 ′ to the second current mirror while the current Ic that flows in the transistor Q 5  is shunted from the positive supply. The two transistors Q 9 , Q 10  of the current mirror controlled by the same gate-source voltage conduct the same current with a value  10 . The output filter is then discharged by this current which flows into the drain of the transistor Q 10 . In this case, the current for the charging of the input filter I ref  is negative, for example with a value of −I 0 . 
     Thus, when the bit y(k) is at 1, the current I ref  charges the input filter, whether the capacitors C 0 , C′ 0  get charged or discharged. Similarly, when the bit y(k) is at 0, the current in the output filter is −I ref . The charging duration of the current I ref  or −I ref  in the filter is perfectly controlled by the charging or discharging duration of the capacitors C 0 , C′ 0 . 
     The last two curves  86 ,  87  in FIG. 8 illustrate this result. A curve  86  gives an example of a sequence of values y(k) and a curve  87  gives the current Is at output of the output filter of the converter as a function of the bits y(k). The time taken to control the charging and discharging of the capacitors C 0 , C′ 0  are such that there is for example at least one charging of the capacitor C 0  and one discharging of the capacitor C′ 0  between the arrival of two successive bits y(k) at input of the converter. When a bit y(k) is at 1, there are then two successive positive current pulses  90 ,  91  at the output filter. Of these two pulses, the first corresponds to the current I′c for charging the capacitor C′ 0  and the second to the current Ic for charging the capacitor C 0 . When the bit y(k) is in the 0 state, there are two successive negative current pulses  92 ,  93  at the output filter. Of these two pulses, the first corresponds to the current Ic for charging the capacitor C 0  and the second to the current I′c for charging the capacitor C′ 0 . 
     The exemplary digital-analog converter illustrated in FIG. 7 has the advantage especially of having high efficiency as shown in FIG. 5 for the same reasons. It furthermore makes it possible to overcome the noise of the current sources dI ref . This current noise induces a corresponding electric charging noise dQ which is given by the following relationship:              dQ   =         dI   ref          T   on       =       2        dI   ref          C   0          V   0         I   0                 (   7   )                         
     according to the relationship (3) for the duration T on  of two pulses. For the duration of one current pulse I ref , the noise is given by:              dQ   =         dI   ref          C   0          V   0         I   0               (   8   )                         
     Furthermore, the electrical charge Q sent to the output filter during a pulse is perfectly controlled by what is called the clamp voltage V 0  and by what is called the clamp capacitance C 0 . As is well known, it is equal to C 0 V 0 . It follows therefore that dQ is zero. In fact, given that dI ref  exists and that its value is not zero, the time T on  or T on /2 during which the current is sent gets adjusted as a function of the noise of the current I 0  since this time T on  is precisely a function of I 0  as recalled above in the relationship (3). 
     In fact:                       V   0            t       =       (       I   0     +     Ib   0       )       C   0               (   9   )                         
     where Ib 0  is the current noise superimposed on I 0 . T on  gets adjusted so that:                V   0     =       ∫   0     T   on                (       I   0     +     Ib   0       )       C   0                          t                 (   10   )                         
     through the clamp circuit. 
     Given that              Q   =     2          ∫   0            (       I   0     +     Ib   0       )                        t                   (   11   )                         
     It follows that 
     Q=2C 0 V 0  and therefore that dQ=0. 
     The switches may be bipolar transistors or MOS type transistors. Similarly, the other transistors used in the control circuit for the build-up time of the current may be bipolar or MOS type transistors. These transistors are NPN, PNP, NMOS, PMOS depending on the polarities in play according to the knowledge of those skilled in the art.