Patent Publication Number: US-9426670-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for interference reporting in a N-MIMO communication system

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application for patent is a Continuation of patent application Ser. No. 12/580,139 entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INTERFERENCE REPORTING IN A N-MIMO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM” filed Oct. 15, 2009, pending, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/108,278, filed Oct. 24, 2008, and entitled “INTERFERENCE REPORTING FOR N-MIMO SYSTEMS,” and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/162,613, filed Mar. 23, 2009, and entitled “INTERFERENCE REPORTING FOR N-MIMO SYSTEMS.” The foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     I. Field 
     The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to techniques for supporting coordinated communication across network nodes in a wireless communication environment. 
     II. Background 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services; for instance, voice, video, packet data, broadcast, and messaging services can be provided via such wireless communication systems. These systems can be multiple-access systems that are capable of supporting communication for multiple terminals by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems. 
     As the demand for high-rate and multimedia data services rapidly grows, there has been an effort toward implementation of efficient and robust communication systems with enhanced performance. For example, in recent years, users have started to replace fixed line communications with mobile communications and have increasingly demanded great voice quality, reliable service, and low prices. In addition to mobile telephone networks currently in place, a new class of small base stations has emerged, which can be installed in the home of a user and provide indoor wireless coverage to mobile units using existing broadband Internet connections. Such personal miniature base stations are generally known as access point base stations, or, alternatively, Home Node B (HNB) or Femto cells. Typically, such miniature base stations are connected to the Internet and the network of a mobile operator via a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) router, cable modem, or the like. 
     Wireless communication systems can be configured to include a series of wireless access points, which can provide coverage for respective locations within the system. Such a network structure is generally referred to as a cellular network structure, and access points and/or the locations they respectively serve in the network are generally referred to as cells. 
     Further, in a multiple-in-multiple-out (MIMO) communication system, multiple sources and/or destinations (e.g., corresponding to respective antennas) can be utilized for the transmission and reception of data, control signaling, and/or other information between devices in the communication system. The use of multiple sources and/or destinations for respective transmissions in connection with a MIMO communication system has been shown to yield higher data rates, improved signal quality, and other such benefits over single-input and/or single-output communication systems in some cases. One example of a MIMO communication system is a Network MIMO (N-MIMO) or Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) system, in which a plurality of network nodes can cooperate to exchange information with one or more receiving devices, such as user equipment units (UEs) or the like. 
     Coordination between network nodes in a N-MIMO communication system can be conducted according to one or more coordination strategies based on various network parameters, parameters relating to a user device for which coordination is to be conducted, and/or other suitable factors. Accordingly, it would be desirable to implement techniques for generating and processing feedback reports corresponding to interference and/or other network parameters in order to improve system performance gains associated with multi-node coordination in a N-MIMO communication system. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of the claimed subject matter in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements nor delineate the scope of such aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the disclosed aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     According to an aspect, a method is described herein. The method can comprise identifying a set of network cells operable to conduct communication with inter-site coordination; measuring an amount of received power from respective network cells not associated with the identified set of network cells; and reporting a measured amount of received power to one or more network cells in the identified set of network cells. 
     A second aspect described herein relates to a wireless communications apparatus, which can comprise a memory that stores data relating to a set of serving network nodes operable to conduct communication with inter-node coordination. The wireless communications apparatus can further comprise a processor configured to measure an amount of received power from respective network nodes not associated with the set of serving network nodes and to report a measured amount of received power to one or more serving network nodes. 
     A third aspect relates to an apparatus, which can comprise means for identifying a set of associated network nodes operable to perform at least one of uplink communication or downlink communication using inter-node coordination and means for reporting an amount of received power corresponding to respective network nodes not associated with the set of associated network nodes. 
     A fourth aspect relates to a computer program product, which can comprise a computer-readable medium that comprises code for causing a computer to identify a set of associated network nodes operable to perform at least one of uplink communication or downlink communication using inter-node coordination and code for causing a computer to report an amount of received power corresponding to respective network nodes not associated with the set of associated network nodes. 
     A fifth aspect described herein relates to a method, which can comprise defining an interference reporting schedule for one or more associated user equipment units (UEs); scheduling respective null pilot intervals within the interference reporting schedule; and conducting limited transmission upon occurrence of a scheduled null pilot interval within the interference reporting schedule. 
     A sixth aspect described herein relates to a wireless communications apparatus, which can comprise a memory that stores data relating to one or more user devices and an interference reporting schedule associated with the one or more user devices. The wireless communications apparatus can further comprise a processor configured to define respective null pilot intervals within the interference reporting schedule such that limiting is performed for communication occurring substantially simultaneously with the respective null pilot intervals. 
     A seventh aspect relates to an apparatus, which can comprise means for defining an interference reporting schedule for respective associated user devices, wherein the interference reporting schedule includes one or more null pilots and means for performing at least one of transmit silencing or transmit power backoff upon occurrence of respective null pilots in the interference reporting schedule. 
     An eighth aspect relates to a computer program product, which can comprise a computer-readable medium that comprises code for causing a computer to define an interference reporting schedule for respective associated UEs, wherein the interference reporting schedule includes one or more null pilots, and code for causing a computer to conduct at least one of transmit silencing or transmit power backoff upon occurrence of respective null pilots in the interference reporting schedule. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, one or more aspects of the claimed subject matter comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the claimed subject matter. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the claimed subject matter can be employed. Further, the disclosed aspects are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for feedback generation and reporting in a N-MIMO communication system in accordance with various aspects. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system for performing and reporting measurements relating to interference observed in a distributed wireless communication environment in accordance with various aspects. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a system that facilitates measurement and reporting of interference across a set of resources utilized by an associated wireless communication system in accordance with various aspects. 
         FIGS. 4-5  are block diagrams of respective systems that facilitate observation and measurement of interference by a user device in a wireless communication environment in accordance with various aspects. 
         FIGS. 6-8  is are flow diagrams of respective methodologies for interference measurement and reporting in a N-MIMO communication system. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of a methodology for managing an interference reporting schedule in a N-MIMO communication system. 
         FIGS. 10-11  are block diagrams of respective apparatuses that facilitate reporting and processing of interference information in a wireless communication system. 
         FIGS. 12-13  are block diagrams of respective example systems that facilitate coordinated multipoint communication in accordance with various aspects described herein. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an example wireless communication system in accordance with various aspects set forth herein. 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system in which various aspects described herein can function. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates an example communication system that enables deployment of access point base stations within a network environment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various aspects of the claimed subject matter are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It may be evident, however, that such aspect(s) may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or more aspects. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, an integrated circuit, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal). 
     Furthermore, various aspects are described herein in connection with a wireless terminal and/or a base station. A wireless terminal can refer to a device providing voice and/or data connectivity to a user. A wireless terminal can be connected to a computing device such as a laptop computer or desktop computer, or it can be a self contained device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA). A wireless terminal can also be called a system, a subscriber unit, a subscriber station, mobile station, mobile, remote station, access point, remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, user agent, user device, or user equipment (UE). A wireless terminal can be a subscriber station, wireless device, cellular telephone, PCS telephone, cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or other processing device connected to a wireless modem. A base station (e.g., access point or Node B) can refer to a device in an access network that communicates over the air-interface, through one or more sectors, with wireless terminals. The base station can act as a router between the wireless terminal and the rest of the access network, which can include an Internet Protocol (IP) network, by converting received air-interface frames to IP packets. The base station also coordinates management of attributes for the air interface. 
     Moreover, various functions described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc (BD), where disks usually reproduce data magnetically and discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Various techniques described herein can be used for various wireless communication systems, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and other such systems. The terms “system” and “network” are often used herein interchangeably. A CDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), CDMA2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA. Additionally, CDMA2000 covers the IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an upcoming release that uses E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). Further, CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 
     Various aspects will be presented in terms of systems that can include a number of devices, components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems can include additional devices, components, modules, etc. and/or can not include all of the devices, components, modules etc. discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches can also be used. 
     Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates a system  100  for feedback generation and reporting in a network multi-in-multi-out (Network MIMO or N-MIMO) communication system in accordance with various aspects. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , system  100  can include a UE  110 , which can communicate with one or more serving cells  120  and/or other suitable network nodes associated with a “serving set”  102  for UE  110 . For example, UE  110  can conduct one or more uplink (UL, also referred to as reverse link (RL)) communications to respective serving cells  120 , and serving cell(s)  120  can conduct one or more downlink (DL, also referred to as forward link (FL)) communications to UE  110 . 
     In one example, serving set  102  can include all network nodes that can potentially be utilized to serve UE  110 . While all such network cells are labeled as “serving cells”  120  in system  100 , it should be appreciated that UE  110  can communication with all serving cells  120 , a subset of less than all serving cells  120 , or no serving cells  120  at any given time. In addition, system  100  can include one or more non-serving cells  130  that do not provide service for UE  110 . In one example, respective serving cells  120  and/or non-serving cells  130  can correspond to and/or provide communication coverage for any suitable coverage area(s), such as an area associated with a macro cell, a femto cell (e.g., an access point base station or Home Node B (HNB)), and/or any other suitable coverage area. 
     In accordance with one aspect, system  100  can utilize one or more N-MIMO, coordinated multipoint (CoMP), and/or other techniques by which a single UE  110  can communicate with a plurality of disparate serving cells  120 . In one example, N-MIMO communication can be conducted on the uplink and/or the downlink using any suitable strategy or combination of strategies for coordination between serving cells  120 . Such strategies can include, for example, silencing, frequency reuse, coordinated beamforming (CBF), joint transmission (JT), and/or any other suitable cooperation strategies as described herein and/or as generally known in the art. 
     In accordance with another aspect, a serving cell  120  can receive various parameters relating to a given UE  110 , system  100 , other serving cells  120 , or the like from a UE  110 . Such feedback can be processed by a feedback processing module  122  and/or other appropriate mechanisms at serving cell  120 , based on which a coordination strategy selector  124  can determine a coordination strategy to be utilized across serving cells  120  in serving set  102  for communication with UE  110 . 
     In traditional wireless communication systems that utilize a single serving cell for a given UE, a UE can report feedback including a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI). CQI feedback as provided by a UE can be expressed, for example, in terms of a ratio of the signal power from the serving cell associated with the UE to the interfering power from all other cells. Based on this information, a cell in a single serving cell system can be enabled to ascertain an effective indication of the rate that can be achieved for the corresponding UE. 
     In contrast, however, it can be appreciated that the set of serving cells  120  that contribute to signals observed by a given UE  110  (e.g., as opposed to interference) can in some cases not be predetermined. For example, a UE  110  can be served by a single cell or multiple cells as a function of various UE-specific and/or network parameters. In addition, if a serving set  102  is predetermined for a given UE  110 , it can further be appreciated that a coordination strategy employed by respective serving cells  120  in the serving set  102  can in some cases change over time (e.g., by utilizing different beam directions at different times and/or in any other manner). Accordingly, if the UE  110  is not made aware in advance of the composition of serving cells  120  in serving set  102  and/or a coordination strategy to be utilized between such serving cells  120 , UE  110  may in some cases be unable to compute its achievable rate. It can be appreciated that this, in turn, can cause respective serving cells  120  for UE  110  to experience difficulties in performing coordination strategy selection. As a result, it can further be appreciated that CQI can in some cases be substantially dependent on scheduling and/or coordination decisions made by respective serving cells  120 , thereby rendering a traditional CQI metric insufficient in some cases for coordination strategy selection in a N-MIMO communication. 
     In accordance with one aspect, a UE  110  can mitigate at least the shortcomings of traditional CQI reporting as noted above by measuring and reporting (e.g., via an interference measurement module  112  and an interference reporting module  114 , respectively) a sum or total interference observed from all non-serving cells  130  (e.g., all network cells not in an associated serving set  102 ). Thus, for example, if UE  110  can potentially be served by one or both of a cell A and a cell B, interference reporting module  114  and/or another suitable mechanism can be utilized by UE  110  to report the received power from all cells excluding cells A and B (e.g., as measured by interference measurement module  112  and/or other suitable mechanisms). 
     In accordance with another aspect, a serving cell  120  that receives a combined interference report from a UE  110  as provided above can process the feedback via a feedback processing module  122  and/or any other suitable means, based on which a coordination strategy selector  124  can facilitate selection and scheduling of a coordination scheme to be utilized across serving cells  120  for UE  110 . For example, based on interference information and/or other suitable information provided by UE  110  relating to achievable channel quality under various coordination schemes, coordination strategy selector  124  can select an appropriate strategy for inter-node cooperation (e.g., inter-site packet sharing, coordinated transmit interference nulling, etc.) and subsequently schedule one or more serving cells  120  for communication with UE  110  pursuant to the selected cooperation strategy. 
     In accordance with a further aspect, UE  110  can additionally or alternatively include an optional per-node channel analysis module  116  and channel reporting module  118 , which can be utilized to respectively measure and report information corresponding to channel conditions corresponding to respective serving cells  120 . Thus, for example, channel reporting module  118  can provide feedback to respective serving cells  120  corresponding to the observed strength of downlink channels corresponding to the respective serving cells  120  and/or any other indicator of the quality of downlink channels corresponding to serving cells  120 . 
     In one example, per-node channel information provided by channel reporting module  118  in the above manner can be utilized by a feedback processing module  122  and/or coordination strategy selector  124  at respective serving cells to facilitate further refinement to coordination strategy selection and/or scheduling. For example, coordination strategy selector  124  can identify observed downlink channel strength corresponding to respective serving cells  120  and utilize such information to approximate the potential interference impact of the respective serving cells  120  on communication with an associated UE  110 . Accordingly, coordination strategy selector  124  can utilize reported interference and channel information to identify a coordination scheme and a combination of serving cells  120  to be utilized therewith in order to minimize interference observed at UE  110 , to maximize overall system throughput, and/or to achieve other appropriate benefits within system  100 . By way of a specific illustrative example, upon selecting coordinated beamforming as a cooperation scheme between serving cells  120 , coordination strategy selector  124  can determine a channel quality that would result from instructing respective serving cells to form beams away from an associated UE  110  and make scheduling decisions accordingly. In another example, coordination strategy selector  124  can utilize feedback provided by a UE  110  to select a packet size to be utilized for transmission to UE  110  on a given set of resources. 
     In another example, coordination strategy selector  124  can utilize feedback obtained from a UE  110  to facilitate clustering and/or scheduling of nodes to be utilized for communication with UE  110 . For example, based on channel conditions, buffer state, and/or other parameters relating to a UE  110 , respective serving cells  120  in a serving set  102  for UE  110  can be clustered or scheduled into a cooperation strategy for serving UE  110 . Further, clustering as performed by coordination strategy selector  124  can be made dynamic such that identities of respective serving cells  120  and/or a number of serving cells  120  associated with UE  110  can be modified in real-time based on changing network conditions. Additionally or alternatively, the manner in which respective clustered cells cooperate with respect to a given UE  110  can be dynamically assigned based on continuously monitored network conditions. For example, a serving cell  120  associated with a UE  110  at a given time can be instructed to actively transmit to UE  110 , to form beams away from UE  110 , to back off a present transmit power (e.g., based on an explicit power backoff request or an implicit request based on a desired amount of interference reduction), and/or to cooperate with respect to UE  110  in any other suitable manner. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , a system  200  for performing and reporting measurements relating to interference observed in a distributed wireless communication environment in accordance with various aspects is illustrated. In one example, system  200  can include an interference measurement module  112 , which can be employed by a user device (e.g., UE  110 ) and/or another suitable network device to perform respective interference measurements. Upon generation of interference information by interference measurement module  112 , the information can subsequently be reported (e.g., to respective serving cells  120 ) by an interference reporting module  114 . 
     In accordance with one aspect, interference measurement module  112  can utilize a primary interferer identification module  212  and/or other suitable means to identify one or more network entities from which substantial interference is observed. Upon identification, information relating to observed primary interferers can be provided to interference reporting module  114  for inclusion in a related interference report. 
     Additionally or alternatively, interference measurement module  112  can include a correlation analyzer  214 , which can identify and facilitate reporting of correlation of observed interference. For example, if primary interferer identification module  212  identifies only a single interferer and the interferer is determined to have multiple transmit antennas, correlation analyzer  214  can be utilized to compute the correlation between the transmit antennas of the interferer. In another example, if a device associated with interference measurement module  112  has multiple receive antennas, the device can in some cases be configured to null some or all interference observed from a single interferer. Such receiver interference nulling can be performed, for example, based on a receiver implementation utilized by the device associated with interference measurement module (e.g., minimum mean square error (MMSE), etc.). In accordance with one aspect, interference reporting module  114  can report information relating to analyzed correlations either explicitly or implicitly (e.g., in the form of a rate that can be achieved subsequent to nulling, as determined by an optional rate projection module  222 ). 
     In another example, in the event that a given network cell has correlated antennas (e.g., antennas spaced on the order of half of a wavelength) and a channel associated with the cell changes substantially frequently but does not exhibit a significant angular spread, correlation analyzer  214  can measure a long-term coherence matrix corresponding to the channel and facilitate reporting of the coherence matrix to the corresponding cell via interference reporting module  114 . Accordingly, if the coherence matrix is, for example, a low-rank matrix, it can be appreciated that a network cell and/or other entity that receives the matrix can facilitate direction of beams to and/or from a device associated with system  200  even in the absence of complete channel information. 
     In accordance with one aspect, interference estimates made by interference measurement module  112  and reported by interference reporting module  114  can be provided to respective network cells in an explicit or implicit fashion. For example, an implicit interference report can be constructed by an optional rate projection module  222  and/or other suitable means by, for example, estimating a rate that can be achieved when only a given serving cell is transmitting. Further, interference reporting module  114  can provide feedback to respective network cells over a dedicated physical layer channel, using an existing physical layer (e.g., Layer 1 or L1) signaling channel (e.g., a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), via Layer 3 (L3) signaling, and/or in any other suitable manner(s). 
     In accordance with another aspect, interference estimates reported by interference reporting module  114  can correspond to an entire frequency bandwidth designated for an associated communication system, or alternatively interference feedback can be configured to vary on a per-resource unit basis (e.g., from subframe to subframe, sub-band to sub-band, etc.). This is illustrated by diagram  300  in  FIG. 3 , wherein a set of interference estimates  312  generated by interference measurement module  112  and/or interference reports  322  communicated by interference reporting module  114  can be structured to correspond to a set of K resource units (e.g., subframes, sub-bands, resource blocks, etc.). 
     In accordance with a further aspect, interference from respective non-serving cells  130  can be computed by a UE  110  in various manners. Respective examples of techniques that can be conducted by a UE  110  for interference observation and measurement are illustrated by systems  400 - 500  in  FIGS. 4-5 . With specific reference first to system  400  in  FIG. 4 , a serving cell  120  associated with a UE  110  can utilize a null pilot management module  412  and/or any other suitable means to define “null pilot” periods in an associated communication timeline. In one example, null pilot management module  412  can facilitate transmission silencing, transmit power backoff, and/or any other suitable operations at respectively predefined null pilot intervals in time in order to enable an associated UE  110  to observe interfering signals from respective non-serving cells  130  at the predefined null pilot periods with little or no additional signal energy being radiated from an associated serving cell  120 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, an interference measurement module  112  and/or other suitable means at a UE  110  can analyze signal strengths of preambles, reference signals, synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and/or secondary synchronization signal (SSS)), and/or other signals broadcasted by respective non-serving cells  130  to compute interference associated with the non-serving cells  130 . Thus, as shown by system  500  in  FIG. 5 , a synchronization signal generator  522  and/or other suitable means at a non-serving cell  130  can be utilized to broadcast one or more reference and/or synchronization signals, based on which UE  110  can estimate interference associated with the non-serving cell  130 . 
     In accordance with another aspect illustrated by system  500 , interference measurement module  112  can leverage loading information provided by respective non-serving cells  130  to refine interference estimates corresponding to the non-serving cells  130 . In particular, a non-serving cell  130  can include a loading indicator module  524 , which can broadcast an indication of the loading of the non-serving cell  130  on a preamble channel (e.g., a Low Reuse Preamble (LRP) channel) and/or another suitable channel, based on which a cell loading analyzer  512  and/or other suitable means at UE  110  can compute a loading-based interference estimate for the non-serving cell  130 . In another example, such a loading indication can be provided in a master information block (MIB). provided in one or more associated system information blocks (SIBS), implicitly provided based on the relative phase between a PSS and SSS and/or consecutive PSS and/or SSS instances, and/or provided in any other suitable manner. 
     In one example, a loading indicator provided by loading indicator module  524  can be a binary indicator that is reflective of the presence of traffic to be served by the associated cell  130 . By way of specific example, upon determining that a loading indicator associated with a cell  130  is set, cell loading analyzer  512  can facilitate computation of an interference estimate under the assumption that the cell  130  is transmitting at its nominal power across the entire bandwidth. Alternatively, if the loading indicator is not set, cell loading analyzer  512  can facilitate interference computation under an assumption that no transmissions are being conducted from the cell  130 . In an alternative example, a multi-bit loading indicator can be utilized that can convey, for example, an average percentage of bandwidth and/or power usage by an associated cell  130  and/or any other suitable indicator(s). In one example, such a loading indicator can be utilized by cell loading analyzer  512  to compute an effective interference contribution from the corresponding cell  130 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-9 , methodologies that can be performed in accordance with various aspects set forth herein are illustrated. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the methodologies are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts can, in accordance with one or more aspects, occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with one or more aspects. 
     With reference to  FIG. 6 , illustrated is a methodology  600  for interference measurement and reporting in a N-MIMO communication system. It is to be appreciated that methodology  600  can be performed by, for example, a user device (e.g., UE  110 ) and/or any other appropriate network device. Methodology  600  can begin at block  602 , wherein a set (e.g., serving set  102 ) of network cells operable to perform inter-site coordination for uplink and/or downlink communication (e.g., serving cell(s)  120 ) are identified. Next, at block  604 , an amount of received power from respective network cells not associated with the set of network cells identified at block  602  (e.g., non-serving cell(s)  130 ) is measured (e.g., via an interference measurement module  112 ). At block  606 , a measured amount of received power as measured at block  604  can then be reported (e.g., using an interference reporting module  114 ) to one or more network cells in the set identified at block  602 . 
     Upon completing the acts described at block  606 , methodology  600  can conclude. Alternatively, methodology can optionally proceed to blocks  608  and  610  prior to concluding. At block  608 , channel quality associated with respective channels corresponding to network cells in the set identified at block  602  is observed (e.g., by a per-node channel analysis module  116 ). At block  610 , one or more reports of channel quality as observed at block  608  are provided (e.g., using a channel reporting module  118 ) to respective corresponding network cells. 
     Turning next to  FIG. 7 , a flow diagram of a methodology  700  for leveraging correlation data for interference reporting in a wireless communication system is illustrated. Methodology  700  can be performed by, for example, a UE and/or any other appropriate network entity. Methodology  700  begins at block  702 , wherein one or more primary interfering network entities (e.g., network cells  120  and/or  130 ) having multiple transmit antennas are identified (e.g., using a primary interferer identification module  212 ). At block  704 , correlation between respective transmit antennas of the one or more primary interfering network entities identified at block  704  is computed (e.g., via a correlation analyzer  214 ). Methodology  700  can then conclude at block  706 , wherein the correlation computed at block  704  is reported to at least one serving network node. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a methodology  800  for leveraging node loading data for interference reporting in a wireless communication system. Methodology  800  can be performed by, for example, a mobile station and/or any other appropriate network entity. Methodology  800  begins at block  802 , wherein one or more interfering network nodes are identified. Next, at block  804 , loading of respective interfering network nodes identified at block  802  is determined (e.g., using a cell loading analyzer  512 ) based at least in part on loading indicators provided by the interfering network nodes (e.g., via a loading indicator module  524 ). Methodology  800  can then conclude at block  806 , wherein interference caused by the respective interfering network nodes is estimated as a function of their loading as determined at block  804 . 
     With reference next to  FIG. 9 , illustrated is a methodology  900  for managing an interference reporting schedule in a N-MIMO communication system. It is to be appreciated that methodology  900  can be performed by, for example, a network node (e.g., a serving cell  120 ) and/or any other appropriate network entity. Methodology  900  can begin at block  902 , wherein an interference reporting schedule for one or more related UEs (e.g., UEs  110 ) is defined. Next, at block  904 , respective null pilot intervals are scheduled (e.g., by a null pilot management module  412 ) within the interference reporting schedule defined at block  902 . Methodology  900  can then conclude at block  906 , wherein transmission by an entity performing methodology  900  is limited and/or silenced upon occurrence of respective null pilot intervals as scheduled at block  904 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 10-11 , respective apparatuses  1000 - 1100  that facilitate reporting and processing of interference information in a wireless communication system are illustrated. It is to be appreciated that apparatuses  1000 - 1100  are represented as including functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software, or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). 
     Turning first to  FIG. 10 , an apparatus  1000  that facilitates reporting and processing of interference information in a wireless communication system is illustrated. Apparatus  1000  can be implemented by a user station (e.g., UE  110 ) and/or another suitable network entity and can include a module  1002  for identifying respective associated network nodes operable to perform uplink and/or downlink inter-node coordination and a module  1004  for reporting an amount of received power from respective non-identified network nodes 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another apparatus  1100  that facilitates reporting and processing of interference information in a wireless communication system. Apparatus  1100  can be implemented by a network node designated as a serving network node for a given user (e.g., a serving cell  120  for a UE  110 ) and/or another suitable network entity and can include a module  1102  for defining an interference reporting schedule for respective associated user devices that includes one or more null pilots and a module  1104  for performing at least one of transmit silencing or power backoff during respective null pilots in the interference reporting schedule. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , an example system  1200  that facilitates coordinated multipoint communication in accordance with various aspects is illustrated. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , system  1200  can include one or more network cells  1210  and/or other network nodes, which can communicate with respective UEs  1220  as generally described herein. In accordance with one aspect, respective cells  1210  in system  1200  can coordinate pursuant to one or more cooperation strategies in order to increase data rates associated with communication with a given UE  1220  and/or to reduce interference caused to other cells  1210  and/or UEs  1220  in system  1200 . In one example, respective cells  1210  in system  1200  can be operable to utilize various cooperation techniques for uplink and/or downlink communication with one or more UEs  1220 , such as coordinated silencing (CS), joint transmission (JT) via inter-eNodeB (inter-cell) packet sharing, coordinated beamforming (CBF), and/or any other suitable cell cooperation technique(s) as generally known in the art. 
     In another example, various operational aspects of system  1200 , such as respective cell cooperation techniques to be utilized for communication, cells  1210  to be utilized for such cooperation techniques, and respective UEs  1220  to be served via cooperative communication, can be controlled by a utility computation module  1212  and/or other suitable mechanisms of respective cells  1210 . Further, determinations made by utility computation module  1212  can be supported at least in part by marginal utility calculations performed by one or more cells  1210  (e.g., via a utility computation module  1214 ) and/or any other suitable metric. 
     In general, a cooperation strategy selector  1214  can be utilized by a cell  1210  to compute and/or make scheduling decisions relating to node clustering, scheduling, forms of cooperative transmission to be utilized, and so on. A cooperation strategy can be selected by cooperation type selector  1214  based on factors such as UE mobility, C/I levels associated with respective UEs  1220 , capabilities of backhaul links between respective cells, or the like. By way of example, cooperation type selector  1214  can select CS and/or another similar simple form of cell cooperation in the case of high-mobility UEs and/or rapidly changing channel conditions associated with a given UE  1220 . Additionally or alternatively, if mobility of a given UE  1220  is determined to be low, or a high degree of antenna correlation is present with respect to the UE  1220 , more advanced cooperation techniques such as JT via inter-cell packet sharing (e.g., in the case of a relatively slow backhaul link between cells  1210 ) or CBF (e.g., in the case of a relatively fast backhaul link between cells  1210 ) can be selected. In another example, utility computation module  1212  and/or cooperation strategy selector  1214  can operate based at least in part on information obtained from respective UEs  1220  (e.g., via a feedback module  1222  at the respective UEs  1220 ). 
     In accordance with one aspect, a projected rate associated with respective UEs  1220  can be calculated (e.g., by utility computation module  1212 ) and leveraged with factors such as backhaul bandwidth, latency constraints, or the like, to select between respective cooperation techniques. For example, cooperation type selector  1212  can rule out a JT technique using backhaul bandwidth and latency uncertainty based on associated a priori and/or long-term backhaul link classifications. In another example, channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) delivery delay and accuracy, as well as scheduling delay and/or other suitable factors, can be factored in projected rate calculation. 
     By way of specific example, cooperation type selector  1214  can utilize a set of cooperation technique selection rules as follows. First, cooperation type selector  1214  can rule out a JT technique based on a long-term backhaul link classification. Further, cooperation type selector  1214  can consider CBF techniques over JT in the event that a ratio of a combined energy C/I to the best node C/I is below a predefined threshold. In addition, if an associated channel prediction error is above a threshold value, cooperation type selector  1214  can consider CS (e.g., in the event that CBF and/or JT are possible). 
     In accordance with another aspect, utility computation module  1212  can compute per-UE projected rates based on various factors. These factors can include, for example, propagation channels for respective links involved in a utilized cooperation strategy (e.g., taking into account power and bandwidth resources allocated per link); channel prediction accuracy based on projected downlink estimation error at respective UEs  1220  and corresponding feedback delay; anticipated interference levels from cooperative and non-cooperative network nodes (e.g., cells  1210  and/or UEs  1220 ), taking into account spatial interference structures as applicable; and/or any other suitable factors. In one example, respective UEs  1220  in system  1200  can provide information relating to downlink estimation errors, feedback delay, UE processing loss, interference nulling capability, and/or other information relating to the operational capabilities of the respective UEs  1220  to respective cells  1210  via feedback module  1222  and/or any other suitable means. 
     In one example, utility computation module  1212  can perform utility computations for a given UE  1220  based on various requirements for channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). CSIT requirements can vary, for example, based on a cooperation strategy employed by respective cells  1210  with respect to a given UE  1220 . By way of specific example, it can be appreciated that CSIT requirements associated with iterative signal processing and/or CBF can differ substantially between CSIT requirements for CS. In one example, a cell  1210  can utilize an assumption of accurate CSIT at moderate to high post-processing carrier to interference (CA) levels in order to employ first order approximation of an associated CSIT effect. Additionally or alternatively, in the event that a substantially high error effect (e.g., due to spatial error) is encountered, CS can be favored by cell  1210  over more complex signal processing techniques. In accordance with one aspect, a threshold at which CS is selected over such techniques can be based on an empirical measure of channel prediction, as described in further detail herein. 
     In accordance with a further aspect, cooperation strategy selector  1214  can utilize one or more strategy utility maximization techniques for optimizing a cooperation strategy to be utilized with respect to respective UEs  1220 . For example, one or more iterative utility maximization algorithms (e.g., algorithms similar to iterative pricing) can be utilized, wherein an iterative search is performed at respective network nodes (e.g., cells  1210 , sectors within cells  1210 , etc.) for respective candidate cooperation strategies. In one example, various cooperation technique constraints can be considered, which can be, for example, reflected in constraints on the beam coefficients of various nodes. In another example, first order extension can be utilized to update respective beam weights at respective iterations until convergence. In various implementations, convergence can be made dependent on an algorithm starting point, which can be selected in a variety of manners. For example, a starting point can be selected via zero-forcing (ZF) across respective cooperating nodes, maximum ratio combining (MRC) and/or MMSE-based approaches, or the like. In one example, power allocation techniques can be applied in addition to ZF and/or MRC. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 13 , an example system  1300  that facilitates coordinated multipoint communication in accordance with various aspects described herein is illustrated. As  FIG. 13  illustrates, system  1300  can include respective user devices  1330  that can communicate with one or more associated network cells, such as serving cell(s)  1310  and auxiliary cell(s)  1320 . It should be appreciated, however, that no functionality of cells  1310 - 1320  is intended to be implied by the naming of “serving cell(s)”  1310  and “auxiliary cell(s)”  1320 . For example, it should be appreciated that an auxiliary cell  1320  can serve a user device  1330  by providing communication coverage for user device  1330  in addition to, or in place of, a serving cell  1310  in some cases. 
     In accordance with one aspect, respective serving cells  1310  and auxiliary cells  1320  can cooperate to perform N-MIMO or CoMP communication with one or more user devices  1330 . For example, various techniques can be utilized to facilitate cooperation between respective cells  1310 - 1320 , between respective sectors associated with one or more cells  1310 - 1320 , and/or any other suitable network entities. Such cooperation can be facilitated by, for example, a TX/RX coordination module  1312  associated with respective cells  1310 - 1320  and/or any other suitable mechanism(s). Further, TX/RX coordination module  1312  can facilitate cooperation between respective network entities according to any suitable network cooperation strategy(ies), such as fractional frequency reuse, silencing, coordinated beamforming, joint transmission, or the like. 
     In one example, coordinated beamforming can be conducted between network nodes associated with respective cells  1310 - 1320  by coordinating transmissions from the respective cells  1310 - 1320  such that if a transmission to a user device  1330  occurs from a given cell  1310  or  1320 , a beam is chosen to serve the user device  1330  by the given cell  1310  or  1320  such that the transmission to the user device  1330  is orthogonal or otherwise substantially mismatched to user devices scheduled on neighboring cells  1310  and/or  1320 . By doing so, it can be appreciated that beamforming gains can be realized for a desired user device  1330  while simultaneously reducing the effects of interference on neighboring network devices. In one example, coordinated beamforming can be facilitated by performing scheduling, beam selection, user selection (e.g., by selecting user devices  1330  having desirable beams that substantially limit interference at neighboring devices), or the like. 
     Additionally or alternatively, joint transmission can be conducted between a plurality of network nodes and a given user device  1330  by, for example, pooling resources designated for transmission to a given user device  1330  and transmitting the pooled resources via multiple distinct network nodes (e.g., nodes corresponding to a serving cell  1310  as well as an auxiliary cell  1320 ). For example, instead of a first cell transmitting a modulation symbol x to a first user and a second cell transmitting a modulation symbol y to a second user, the cells can cooperate such that the first cell transmits ax+by to one or both of the users and the second cell transmits cx+dy to the same user(s), where a, b, c, and d are coefficients chosen to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the users, system capacity, and/or any other suitable metric(s). In one example, resource pooling among network nodes corresponding to different cells  1310 - 1320  can be conducted via a backhaul link between the cells  1310 - 1320  and/or any other suitable mechanism. In another example, similar techniques can be utilized for uplink joint transmission, wherein a user device  1330  can be configured to transmit data, control signaling, and/or other appropriate information to multiple network nodes. 
     In accordance with one aspect, various aspects of uplink and downlink CoMP communication can be based on feedback provided by respective user devices  1330 . For example, a N-MIMO feedback module  1332  at respective user devices  1330  can be utilized to provide feedback to various cells  1310 - 1320 , which in turn can utilize a user feedback processing module  1314  and/or other suitable means to utilize the feedback in conducting cooperative communication within system  1300 . By way of example, in the case of downlink CoMP communication, a N-MIMO feedback module  1332  at user device(s)  1330  can facilitate channel reporting to respective cells  1310 - 1320  of respective serving cells as well as one or more neighboring non-cooperative cells. By way of another example, in the case of uplink CoMP communication, N-MIMO feedback module  1332  can provide feedback information to respective cells  1310 - 1320  in combination with respectively scheduled uplink transmissions to the cells  1310 - 1320  that can be utilized by the cells  1310 - 1320  to facilitate the removal of interference from the corresponding uplink transmissions. 
     Turning to  FIG. 14 , an exemplary wireless communication system  1400  is illustrated. In one example, system  1400  can be configured to support a number of users, in which various disclosed embodiments and aspects can be implemented. As shown in  FIG. 14 , by way of example, system  1400  can provide communication for multiple cells  1402 , (e.g., macro cells  1402   a - 1402   g ), with respective cells being serviced by corresponding access points (AP)  1404  (e.g., APs  1404   a - 1404   g ). In one example, one or more cells can be further divided into respective sectors (not shown). 
     As  FIG. 14  further illustrates, various access terminals (ATs)  1406 , including ATs  1406   a - 1406   k , can be dispersed throughout system  1400 . In one example, an AT  1406  can communicate with one or more APs  1404  on a forward link (FL) and/or a reverse link (RL) at a given moment, depending upon whether the AT is active and whether it is in soft handoff and/or another similar state. As used herein and generally in the art, an AT  1406  can also be referred to as a user equipment (UE), a mobile terminal, and/or any other suitable nomenclature. In accordance with one aspect, system  1400  can provide service over a substantially large geographic region. For example, macro cells  1402   a - 1402   g  can provide coverage for a plurality of blocks in a neighborhood and/or another similarly suitable coverage area. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , a block diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system  1500  in which various aspects described herein can function is provided. In one example, system  1500  is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system that includes a transmitter system  1510  and a receiver system  1550 . It should be appreciated, however, that transmitter system  1510  and/or receiver system  1550  could also be applied to a multi-input single-output system wherein, for example, multiple transmit antennas (e.g., on a base station), can transmit one or more symbol streams to a single antenna device (e.g., a mobile station). Additionally, it should be appreciated that aspects of transmitter system  1510  and/or receiver system  1550  described herein could be utilized in connection with a single output to single input antenna system. 
     In accordance with one aspect, traffic data for a number of data streams are provided at transmitter system  1510  from a data source  1512  to a transmit (TX) data processor  1514 . In one example, each data stream can then be transmitted via a respective transmit antenna  1524 . Additionally, TX data processor  1514  can format, encode, and interleave traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for each respective data stream in order to provide coded data. In one example, the coded data for each data stream can then be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data can be, for example, a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner. Further, the pilot data can be used at receiver system  1550  to estimate channel response. Back at transmitter system  1510 , the multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream can be modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for each respective data stream in order to provide modulation symbols. In one example, data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream can be determined by instructions performed on and/or provided by processor  1530 . 
     Next, modulation symbols for all data streams can be provided to a TX processor  1520 , which can further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor  1520  can then provides N T  modulation symbol streams to N T  transceivers  1522   a  through  1522   t . In one example, each transceiver  1522  can receive and process a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals. Each transceiver  1522  can then further condition (e.g., amplify, filter, and upconvert) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over a MIMO channel. Accordingly, N T  modulated signals from transceivers  1522   a  through  1522   t  can then be transmitted from N T  antennas  1524   a  through  1524   t , respectively. 
     In accordance with another aspect, the transmitted modulated signals can be received at receiver system  1550  by N R  antennas  1552   a  through  1552   r . The received signal from each antenna  1552  can then be provided to respective transceivers  1554 . In one example, each transceiver  1554  can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, and downconvert) a respective received signal, digitize the conditioned signal to provide samples, and then processes the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream. An RX MIMO/data processor  1560  can then receive and process the N R  received symbol streams from N R  transceivers  1554  based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide N T  “detected” symbol streams. In one example, each detected symbol stream can include symbols that are estimates of the modulation symbols transmitted for the corresponding data stream. RX processor  1560  can then process each symbol stream at least in part by demodulating, deinterleaving, and decoding each detected symbol stream to recover traffic data for a corresponding data stream. Thus, the processing by RX processor  1560  can be complementary to that performed by TX MIMO processor  1520  and TX data processor  1516  at transmitter system  1510 . RX processor  1560  can additionally provide processed symbol streams to a data sink  1564 . 
     In accordance with one aspect, the channel response estimate generated by RX processor  1560  can be used to perform space/time processing at the receiver, adjust power levels, change modulation rates or schemes, and/or other appropriate actions. Additionally, RX processor  1560  can further estimate channel characteristics such as, for example, signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios (SNRs) of the detected symbol streams. RX processor  1560  can then provide estimated channel characteristics to a processor  1570 . In one example, RX processor  1560  and/or processor  1570  can further derive an estimate of the “operating” SNR for the system. Processor  1570  can then provide channel state information (CSI), which can comprise information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. This information can include, for example, the operating SNR. The CSI can then be processed by a TX data processor  1518 , modulated by a modulator  1580 , conditioned by transceivers  1554   a  through  1554   r , and transmitted back to transmitter system  1510 . In addition, a data source  1512  at receiver system  1550  can provide additional data to be processed by TX data processor  1518 . 
     Back at transmitter system  1510 , the modulated signals from receiver system  1550  can then be received by antennas  1524 , conditioned by transceivers  1522 , demodulated by a demodulator  1540 , and processed by a RX data processor  1542  to recover the CSI reported by receiver system  1550 . In one example, the reported CSI can then be provided to processor  1530  and used to determine data rates as well as coding and modulation schemes to be used for one or more data streams. The determined coding and modulation schemes can then be provided to transceivers  1522  for quantization and/or use in later transmissions to receiver system  1550 . Additionally and/or alternatively, the reported CSI can be used by processor  1530  to generate various controls for TX data processor  1514  and TX MIMO processor  1520 . In another example, CSI and/or other information processed by RX data processor  1542  can be provided to a data sink  1544 . 
     In one example, processor  1530  at transmitter system  1510  and processor  1570  at receiver system  1550  direct operation at their respective systems. Additionally, memory  1532  at transmitter system  1510  and memory  1572  at receiver system  1550  can provide storage for program codes and data used by processors  1530  and  1570 , respectively. Further, at receiver system  1550 , various processing techniques can be used to process the N R  received signals to detect the N T  transmitted symbol streams. These receiver processing techniques can include spatial and space-time receiver processing techniques, which can also be referred to as equalization techniques, and/or “successive nulling/equalization and interference cancellation” receiver processing techniques, which can also be referred to as “successive interference cancellation” or “successive cancellation” receiver processing techniques. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates an example communication system  1600  that enables deployment of access point base stations within a network environment. As shown in  FIG. 16 , system  1600  can include multiple access point base stations (e.g., femto cells or Home Node B units (HNBs)) such as, for example, HNBs  1610 . In one example, respective HNBs  1610  can be installed in a corresponding small scale network environment, such as, for example, one or more user residences  1630 . Further, respective HNBs  1610  can be configured to serve associated and/or alien UE(s)  1620 . In accordance with one aspect, respective HNBs  1610  can be coupled to the Internet  1640  and a mobile operator core network  1650  via a DSL router, a cable modem, and/or another suitable device (not shown). In accordance with one aspect, an owner of a femto cell or HNB  1610  can subscribe to mobile service, such as, for example, 3G/4G mobile service, offered through mobile operator core network  1650 . Accordingly, UE  1620  can be enabled to operate both in a macro cellular environment  1660  and in a residential small scale network environment. 
     In one example, UE  1620  can be served by a set of Femto cells or HNBs  1610  (e.g., HNBs  1610  that reside within a corresponding user residence  1630 ) in addition to a macro cell mobile network  1660 . As used herein and generally in the art, a home femto cell is a base station on which an AT or UE is authorized to operate on, a guest femto cell refers to a base station on which an AT or UE is temporarily authorized to operate on, and an alien femto cell is a base station on which the AT or UE is not authorized to operate on. In accordance with one aspect, a femto cell or HNB  1610  can be deployed on a single frequency or on multiple frequencies, which may overlap with respective macro cell frequencies. 
     It is to be understood that the aspects described herein can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or any combination thereof. When the systems and/or methods are implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, program code or code segments, they can be stored in a machine-readable medium, such as a storage component. A code segment can represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment can be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     For a software implementation, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes can be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit can be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art. 
     What has been described above includes examples of one or more aspects. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned aspects, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various aspects are possible. Accordingly, the described aspects are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, the term “or” as used in either the detailed description or the claims is meant to be a “non-exclusive or.”