Patent Publication Number: US-2022225144-A1

Title: Improved measurement reporting

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Various communication systems may benefit from improved measurement configurations in dual connectivity carrier aggregation. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Under 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) new radio (NR), dual connectivity carrier aggregation (DCCA) is a continuation of enhanced utilization of carrier aggregation (euCA). This may allow faster setup of DC/CA for LTE and/or NR by enabling earlier measurements for network devices in an IDLE/INACTIVE mode, as well as providing the network with information to immediately set up DC/CA upon transition from an IDLE/INACTIVE mode to a CONNECTED mode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For proper understanding of this disclosure, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example of IDLE mode measurements. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a signal flow diagram according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a method performed by a user equipment according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of another method performed by a network entity according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a system architecture according to certain embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Previous techniques allow duplication of early LTE measurements for NR and multi-radio access technology dual connectivity (MR-DC). Specifically, 3GPP Release (Rel)-16 describes early measurement configurations containing configurations for both NR and LTE, only NR configuration, or only LTE configuration, in order to support various MR-DC and CA scenarios. NR early measurement configurations may also include NR-specific measurement parameter configurations. Available beam and cell level measurement results may also be included in early measurement reporting (if configured). 
     In LTE, Rel-15 euCA idle mode measurements refer to the case when a network may request user equipment (UE) to measure inter-frequency carriers in an RRC_IDLE mode via system information or via dedicated measurement configuration in RRC Connection Release. The UE performs the requested measurements, and provides an indication of the availability of a measurement report to the base station during a RRC Connection Setup or Resume procedure. The network may request the UE to report those measurements after security activation, as described in TS 36.331. This may also apply where UE performs IDLE/INACTIVE mode measurements as configured by the network in idle or broadcast signaling, which may be reported upon connection establishment/resume, or after connection establishment/resume. 
     In LTE euCA, there is only one cell quality threshold, qualityThreshold. Thus, a UE would be required to report its measurement results for the frequencies and cells which meet particular configured thresholds. For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates an example of euCA IDLE mode measurement functionality under LTE Rel-15, where RRCConnectionSetupComplete does not include any information on measurement availability since UE does not have any measurements to report. Thus, the UE will proceed through an inefficient procedure of inter-frequency measurements in CONNECTED mode, possibly leading to more than a 500 ms delay with no acceptable small cell being detected. 
     Alternatively, if the UE is configured to report euCA measurements, but does not have a mechanism for reporting that measurements are not available, the network may still perform configurations without the reported measurements, or wait an extended time period to receive measurements. Furthermore, the network may not know why the indication is missing. There may be two main reasons. First, the measurements performed by the UE did not find any acceptable, for example small cell, candidates, where, for example, no cells were above a configured threshold or there were no receivable cells. Second, the UE did not perform the required measurements, for example, because the UE either does not support the IDLE mode measurements, or the UE was not requested to perform IDLE mode measurements. Under current techniques, the network will be unaware why the UE has not reported measurements, leaving the network unable to know whether to configure the UE with inter-frequency measurements for early reporting. 
     In an example embodiment, the availability indication by the UE may be extended to provide the network a reason on why measurements were not provided. Besides availability, the UE may provide an indication that it has performed at least one IDLE/INACTIVE measurement, but did not find any cells fulfilling the quality threshold. Another possible reason that the measurements are not reported could be that the UE did not perform measurements, or that performed measurements became obsolete. 
     In an example embodiment, an early measurement availability indication may be extended to include why the early measurement results are not available, even though they were configured for the UE. 
     The extended early measurement (or idle/inactive state measurement) availability indication could be per carrier frequency/measurement object or alternatively one single indication for all carriers configured with early measurements and reporting (if at least one measurement available to be reported exits or does not exist because measurements were below the threshold, or does not exist because the measurements were not performed). 
     Certain embodiments described herein may have various benefits and/or advantages to overcome the disadvantages described above. For example, certain embodiments may enable a UE to include a cell quality threshold in NR early measurement configurations for both IDLE/INACTIVE modes, where a UE is required to report the measurement results for the frequencies and cells which meet the particular configured thresholds. Thus, certain embodiments may enable a network to configure a UE with inter-frequency measurements for early reporting, reducing reporting overhead of low-quality cells. 
     For example, early measurement configurations may indicate that measurement configurations have been received by the UE from the network, for example, before the UE transitions to an idle or inactive mode, or being received by the UE during an idle/inactive mode from system information broadcast signaling. 
     For example, UE may perform the measurements accordingly while in idle or inactive. Upon transitioning back to connected, UE may inform network about the measurements it performed. In some cases these measurements could be done also during connection establishment/resume. For example, they may be done just before or during connection setup or resume. This allows the NE to receive the measurements results earlier than if the measurements and reporting would have been configured and done after the connection setup or connection resume. 
     Certain embodiments described herein enable a network to be aware of why the network did not receive the requested measurement reports from the user equipment. This technique is preferable to not configuring the threshold for reporting cells because the network is informed of the information earlier, for example, in IDLE mode case. As a result, the network may be informed earlier on the measurement quality, and/or why no measurements are available. Where all the cells are below the quality threshold, the UE will not report anything to network, requiring hundreds of milliseconds until new measurements are done in connected. When no threshold is configured, the network only receives information on the availability of measurements, without an indication as to their quality, allowing potential reporting of low-quality cells that may not be configured to the UE. In an example, similar techniques can be applied also for INACTIVE state or any other power saving state. 
       FIG. 2  is used as an example, utilizing LTE Rel-15 terminology. However, similar mechanisms may be applied, for example, for measurements performed in inactive state (or any other similar power saving mode or state), where a release message or suspend message would send the UE in idle or inactive or similar state. While in that state, the UE would perform (as configured by the network either through dedicated signaling or broadcast signaling) measurements in idle/inactive or alike state, which later on, the UE may report or not upon back in connected state. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a system according to certain embodiments. In step  201 , UE  230 , which may be similar to UE  520  in  FIG. 5 , may enter, or be in, a radio resource control (RRC) CONNECTED mode. In step  203 , NE  240 , which may be similar to NE  510  in  FIG. 5 , may transmit at least one release message, for example RRCConnectionRelease message to UE  230 . In some embodiments, the at least one release message, for example RRCConnectionRelease message may comprise at least one idle/inactive mode measurement indication. In step  205 , UE  230  may enter a RRC IDLE mode. In step  207 , NE  240  may transmit at least one system information block  5  (SIBS) to UE  230 . In some embodiments, the at least one for example SIBS may comprise at least one idle measurement indication. 
     In step  209 , NE  240  may transmit at least one for example SIB 2  to UE  230 . In some embodiments, the at least one SIB 2  may comprise at least one request for NE  240  to receive at least one euCA/early idle or inactive measurement report from UE  230 . In step  211 , UE  230  may transmit at least one connection setup, for example, RRCConnectionSetupRequest, message to NE  240 . In step  213 , NE  240  may transmit at least one setup or resume message, for example, RRCConnectionSetup, message to UE  230 . In some embodiments, NE  240  may transmit to UE  230  at least one indication of NE  240  supporting receiving and considering at least one reporting indication during resource selection and scheduling and/or for measurement selection/configuration. Upon receiving the at least one indication, UE  230  may include the reporting indication in at least one RRC connection setup message and/or collect at least one reason why no measurement report may be included in at least one connection setup message. 
     In step  215 , UE  230  may transmit at least one connection setup or resume complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, message to NE  240 . The at least one complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, may comprise at least one reporting indication, which may be associated with at least one bit. In some embodiments, UE  230  may transmit at least one indication to NE  240  indicating the capability of UE  230  to support at least one reporting indication capability. Such an indication may improve performance and resource selection during connection setup phase. 
     In an example embodiment, to help the network understand why measurement results are or are not available, the UE may signal at least one the status of the measurements. The at least one status may indicate whether the UE has performed the measurements but did not find any suitable candidate fulfilling the conditions; whether no cells above a quality threshold were found; whether it was not able to find any cells; whether it had found cells but the measurements had become obsolete, for example the last measurements were done much earlier and were no longer deemed valid; or any other reason why the measurements were not included. The network may also configure which reasons it wants the UE to indicate so that, for example, the UE may only indicate measurement availability, with only 1 bit being used. 
     In some example embodiments, the UE may signal at least one of the following different options to the network: 1) measurements available (i.e. existing indication); 2) measurements available (i.e. some cells detected) but all measured candidates are below threshold; 3) no measurements available (i.e. no cells were detected); 4) measurements available but results are obsoleted (i.e. UE has not been able to measure the cells for long enough to consider the stored results as obsolete); 5) previous SCell configuration is still valid (i.e. the UE has stored the previous configuration and the SCell quality meets the indicated criteria for IDLE measurements). 
     In some example embodiments, option 5) may enable the UE to indicate to the network whether the last configured SCell is still suitable. For example, if the measured cell used as a SCell is suitable (or for example better than given threshold), the network would indicate this. In an example embodiment, it may (additionally or not) indicate that the UE has stored the configuration, so that network could perform a fast reconfiguration of the S Cell to activate it. 
     In order to indicate each of these five different options, at least 3 bits may be required. However, it may be that not all of the values are needed or deemed useful, so it could be possible that the network configures which values should be indicatable, or this could be limited by the specification. 
     For example, if UE would be to indicate if the previous SCell configuration is still usable/good, the network could reconfigure that directly without waiting for any measurement results. This would be a useful and common case to merit a separate signaling. 
     In some example embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a first indication, such as “1,” indicating that at least one measurement is available and/or that UE  230  is configured to transmit the at least one measurement for NE  240  to perform at least one SCell configuration. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a second indication, such as “2,” indicating that at least one measurement is available, but is lower than at least one quality threshold. In some embodiments, the at least one eporting indication may be a third indication, such as “3,” indicating that no small cells were detected by UE  230 . In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a fourth indication, such as “4,” indicating that at least one measurement is available, but is obsolete. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a fifth indication, such as “5,” indicating that at least one previous SCell configuration is still valid. Further representations of the reporting indications may be used, for example, with a sequence of n bits where the binary representation number corresponds to one indication of the possible different reasons, a sequence of m bits where each bit position refers to one reason of the m different reasons, or a sequence of letters/characters/numbers where each sequence refers to an indication of one reason why no measurements have been reported. UE  230  may report two or more indications if more than one reason applies, for example, by using a sequence of indications or the sequence of bits as indicated above. 
     In step  217 , NE  240  may transmit at least one security message, for example, SecurityModeC ommand, to UE  230 . In step  219 , UE  230  may transmit at least one security complete message for example SecurityModeComplete message to NE  240 . 
     In step  221 , if the at least one reporting indication is a first indication, NE  240  may omit at least one inter-frequency measurement frequency configuration for at least one candidate SCell. For example, NE  240  may omit at least one inter-frequency measurement frequency configuration associated with at least one carrier of candidate SCell configured for at least one euCA measurement and/or may prioritize at least one resource of PCell for UE  230  which may avoid throughput/performance degradation until a report for configured inter-frequency measurements of candidate SCell will arrive at NE  240 . Therefore, omitting measurements may not cause a delay in transmission flow, and may maintain or improve CA/DC performance. For example, NE  240  may prioritize UE  230  in PCell instead, for scheduling, since it is unlikely that traffic of UE  230  can be offloaded to an inter-frequency cell, such as a small cell, using CA/DC. 
     If the at least one reporting indication is a third indication, NE  240  may avoid assigning inter-frequency measurements for CA/DC or alike MR-DC schemes for a predetermined period of time and/or until a predetermined trigger since UE  230  has been unable to detect any inter-frequency cell. In this case, for example, NE knows there may not be a reason to immediately assign inter-frequency measurements for CA since UE has not been able to even detect any inter-frequency cells. 
     If the at least one reporting indication is a fourth indication, NE  240  may be configured to consider that UE  230  has not performed at least one measurement for a predetermined period of time, but has previously-detected at least one acceptable cell. Furthermore, NE  240  may transmit at least one request to UE  230  to request the at least one performed measurement and/or the time that/when the at least one performed measurement was performed, which may provide useful information to NE  240 . Thus, NE  240  knows that UE  230  has not been measuring for awhile, but had previously detected some cells. This would allow NE  240  to know that configuring measurements may still provide useful information, and it could even be possible to request the obsoleted results as well, along with potentially information on how old the measurements are to determine whether they are obsolete. 
     In step  223 , NE  240  may transmit at least one reconfiguration message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfiguration, message to UE  230 , and in step  225 , UE  230  may transmit at least one reconfiguration complete message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfigurationCompete, to NE  240 . 
     In step  227 , if the at least one reporting indication is a second indication, NE  240  may prioritize UE  230  in at least one PCell schedule. For example, NE  240  may know that the at least one measurement performed by UE  230  has been unable to identify at least one acceptable S Cell candidate, for example, based upon at least one assigned measurement configuration. Alternatively, NE  240  may transmit at least one request to UE  230  to receive the at least one measurement result from UE  230  in order to determine the radio conditions under which UE  230  is operating. For example, in this case, NE  240  prioritizes UE  230  in current serving cell, as it knows UE  230  has not been able to measure a (good) SCell candidate (at least based on the assigned measurement configuration). Alternatively, network could still also request to receive those measurement results to better understand the radio conditions in which UE  230  is operating. 
     In some embodiments, if the at least one reporting indication is a fifth indication, NE  240  may re-configure at least one previous UE configuration. For example, NE  240  may know that the previous S Cell configuration may be used and can quickly configure the previous UE configuration again. 
       FIG. 2-5  utilizes Rel-15 LTE terminology, but similarly can be envisioned for later releases or system where the message structure and/or meaning is similar to the exemplified cases. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a method performed by a UE, such as UE  520  illustrated in  FIG. 5 , according to certain embodiments. In step  301 , the UE may enter, or be in, a RRC CONNECTED mode. In step  303 , the UE may receive at least one release message, for example, RRCConnectionRelease message from a NE, such as NE  510  in  FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the at least one release message, for example RRCConnectionRelease message may comprise at least one idle/inactive mode measurement indication. In step  305 , the UE may enter a RRC IDLE mode. In step  307 , the UE may receive at least one system information block  5  (SIBS) from the NE. In some embodiments, the at least one, for example, SIBS may comprise at least one idle measurement indication. 
     In step  309 , the UE may receive at least one, for example, SIB 2  from the NE. In some embodiments, the at least one, for example, SIB 2  may comprise at least one request for the NE to receive at least one euCA/early idle or inactive measurement report from the UE. In step  311 , the UE may transmit at least one connection setup, for example, RRCConnectionSetupRequest, message to the NE. In step  313 , the UE may receive at least one setup or resume message, for example, RRCConnectionSetup, from the NE. 
     In step  315 , the UE may transmit at least one RRC complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, message to the NE. The at least one complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, may comprise at least one reporting indication, which may be associated with at least one bit. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a first indication, such as “1,” indicating that at least one measurement is available and that the UE is configured to transmit the at least one measurement for the NE to perform at least one SCell configuration. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a second indication, such as “2,” indicating that at least one measurement is available but is lower than at least one quality threshold. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a third indication, such as “3,” indicating that no small cells were detected. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a fourth indication, such as “4,” indicating that at least one measurement is available but is obsolete. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a fifth indication, such as “5,” indicating that at least one previous SCell configuration is still valid. For example, the NE may know that the previous SCell configuration may be used and can quickly configure the previous UE configuration again. Further representations of the reporting indications may be used, for example, with a sequence of n bits where the binary representation number corresponds to one indication of the possible different reasons, a sequence of m bits where each bit position refers to one reason of the m different reasons, or a sequence of letters/characters/numbers where each sequence refers to an indication of one reason why no measurements have been reported. The UE may report two or more indications if more than one reason applies, for example, by using a sequence of indications or the sequence of bits as indicated above. 
     In step  317 , the UE may receive at least one security message, for example, SecurityModeCommand, from the NE. In step  319 , the UE may transmit at least one SecurityModeCompiete message to the NE. In step  321 , the UE may receive at least one reconfiguration message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfiguration, from the NE, and in step  323 , the UE may transmit at least one reconfiguration complete message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete, to the NE. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a method performed by a network entity, such as NE  510  illustrated in  FIG. 5 , according to certain embodiments. In step  401 , the NE may transmit at least one release message, for example, RRCConnectionRelease message to a UE, such as UE  520  in  FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the at least one release message, for example RRCConnectionRelease message may comprise at least one idle/inactive mode measurement indication. In step  403 , the NE may transmit at least one system information block  5  (SIBS) to the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one, for example, SIBS may comprise at least one idle measurement indication. 
     In step  405 , the NE may transmit at least one, for example, SIB 2  to the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one, for example, SIB 2  may comprise at least one request for the NE to receive at least one euCA/early idle or inactive measurement report from the UE. In step  407 , the NE may receive at least one connection setup, for example, RRCConnectionSetupRequest, message from the UE. In step  409 , the NE may transport at least one setup or resume message, for example, RRCConnectionSetup, messageB to the UE. 
     In step  411 , the NE may receive at least one RRC complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, message from the UE. The at least one complete message, for example, RRCConnectionSetupComplete, may comprise at least one reporting indication, which may be associated with at least one bit. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a first indication, such as “1,” indicating that at least one measurement is available and that the UE is configured to tran 2  smit the at least one measurement for the NE to perform at least one SCell configuration. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a second indication, such as “2,” indicating that at least one measurement is available but is lower than at least one quality threshold. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a third indication, such as “3,” indicating that no small cells were detected. In some embodiments, the at least ne reporting indication may be a fourth indication, such as “4,” indicating that at least one measurement is available but is obsolete. In some embodiments, the at least one reporting indication may be a fifth indication, such as “5,” indicating that at least one previous S Cell configuration is still valid. For example, the NE may know that the previous SCell configuration may be used and can quickly configure the previous UE configuration again. Further representations of the reporting indications may be used, for example, with a sequence of n bits where the binary representation number corresponds to one indication of the possible different reasons, a sequence of m bits where each bit position refers to one reason of the m different reasons, or a sequence of letters/characters/numbers where each sequence refers to an indication of one reason why no measurements have been reported. The UE may report two or more indications if more than one reason applies, for example, by using a sequence of indications or the sequence of bits as indicated above. 
     In step  413 , the NE may transmit at least one security message, for example, SecurityModeCommand, to the UE. In step  415 , the NE may receive at least one SecurityModeComplete message from the UE. p In step  417 , if the at least one reporting indication is a first indication, the NE may omit at least one inter-frequency measurement frequency configuration for at least one candidate SCell. For example, the NE may omit at least one inter-frequency measurement frequency configuration associated with at least one carrier of candidate SCell configured for at least one euCA measurement and/or may prioritize at least one resource of PCell for the UE which may avoid throughput/performance degradation until a report for configured inter-frequency measurements of candidate SCell will arrive at the NE. Therefore, omitting measurements may not cause a delay in transmission flow, and may maintain or improve CA/DC performance For example, the NE may prioritize the UE in PCell instead, for scheduling, since it is unlikely that traffic of the UE can be offloaded to an inter-frequency cell, such as a small cell, using CA/DC. 
     If the at least one reporting indication is a third indication, the NE may avoid assigning inter-frequency measurements for CA/DC or alike MR-DC schemes for a predetermined period of time and/or until a predetermined trigger since the UE has been unable to detect any inter-frequency cell. In this case, for example, the NE knows there may not be a reason to immediately assign inter-frequency measurements for CA since UE has not been able to even detect any inter-frequency cells. 
     If the at least one reporting indication is a fourth indication, the NE may be configured to consider that the UE has not performed at least one measurement for a predetermined period of time, but has previously-detected at least one acceptable cell. The NE may transmit at least one request to the UE to request the at least one performed measurement and/or the time that/when the at least one performed measurement was performed, which may provide useful information. Thus, the NE  240  may know that the UE has not been measuring for awhile, but had previously detected some cells. This would allow the NE to know that configuring measurements may still provide useful information, and it could even be possible to request the obsoleted results as well, along with potentially information on how old the measurements are to determine whether they are obsolete. 
     In step  419 , the NE may transmit at least one reconfiguration message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfiguration, to the UE, and in step  421 , the NE may receive at least one reconfiguration complete message, for example, RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete, from the NE. 
     In step  423 , if the at least one reporting indication is a second indication, the NE may prioritize the UE in at least one PCell schedule. For example, the NE may know that the at least one measurement performed by the UE has been unable to identify at least one acceptable S Cell candidate, for example, based upon at least one assigned measurement configuration. Alternatively, the NE may transmit at least one request to the UE to receive the at least one measurement result from the UE in order to determine the radio conditions under which the UE is operating. For example, in this case, the NE prioritizes the UE in a current serving cell, as it knows the UE has not been able to measure a (good) SCell candidate, at least based on the assigned measurement configuration. Alternatively, the network could also request to receive those measurement results to better understand the radio conditions in which the UE is operating. 
     In some embodiments, if the at least one reporting indication is a fifth indication, the NE may re-configure at least one previous UE configuration. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a system according to certain embodiments. In one embodiment, a system may include multiple devices, such as, for example, network entity  510  and/or user equipment  520 . 
     Network entity  510  may be one or more of a base station, such as an evolved node B (eNB) or 5G or New Radio node B (gNB), a serving gateway, a server, and/or any other access node or combination thereof Network entity  510  may also be similar to user equipment  520 . Furthermore, network entity  510  and/or user equipment  520  may be one or more of a citizens broadband radio service device (CBSD). 
     User equipment  520  may include one or more of a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, smart phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet, or portable media player, digital camera, pocket video camera, video game console, navigation unit, such as a global positioning system (GPS) device, desktop or laptop computer, single-location device, such as a sensor or smart meter, or any combination thereof. 
     One or more of these devices may include at least one processor, respectively indicated as  511  and  521 . Processors  511  and  521  may be embodied by any computational or data processing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or comparable device. The processors may be implemented as a single controller, or a plurality of controllers or processors. 
     At least one memory may be provided in one or more of devices indicated at  512  and  522 . The memory may be fixed or removable. The memory may include computer program instructions or computer code contained therein. Memories  512  and  522  may independently be any suitable storage device, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A hard disk drive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitable memory may be used. The memories may be combined on a single integrated circuit as the processor, or may be separate from the one or more processors. Furthermore, the computer program instructions stored in the memory and which may be processed by the processors may be any suitable form of computer program code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer program written in any suitable programming language. Memory may be removable or non-removable. 
     Processors  511  and  521  and memories  512  and  522  or a subset thereof, may be configured to provide means corresponding to the various blocks of  FIGS. 1-4 . Although not shown, the devices may also include positioning hardware, such as GPS or micro electrical mechanical system (MEMS) hardware, which may be used to determine a location of the device. Other sensors are also permitted and may be included to determine location, elevation, orientation, and so forth, such as barometers, compasses, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , transceivers  513  and  523  may be provided, and one or more devices may also include at least one antenna, respectively illustrated as  514  and  524 . The device may have many antennas, such as an array of antennas configured for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communications, or multiple antennas for multiple radio access technologies. Other configurations of these devices, for example, may be provided. Transceivers  513  and  523  may be a transmitter, a receiver, or both a transmitter and a receiver, or a unit or device that may be configured both for transmission and reception. 
     The memory and the computer program instructions may be configured, with the processor for the particular device, to cause a hardware apparatus such as user equipment to perform any of the processes described below (see, for example,  FIGS. 1-4 ). Therefore, in certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with computer instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process such as one of the processes described herein. Alternatively, certain embodiments may be performed entirely in hardware. 
     In certain embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to perform any of the processes or functions illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 . For example, circuitry may be hardware-only circuit implementations, such as analog and/or digital circuitry. In another example, circuitry may be a combination of hardware circuits and software, such as a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) with software or firmware, and/or any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and at least one memory that work together to cause an apparatus to perform various processes or functions. In yet another example, circuitry may be hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that include software, such as firmware for operation. Software in circuitry may not be present when it is not needed for the operation of the hardware. 
     The features, structures, or characteristics of certain embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearance of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification does not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that certain embodiments discussed above may be practiced with steps in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. In order to determine the metes and bounds of the invention, therefore, reference should be made to the appended claims. 
     Partial Glossary 
     3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 
     CA Carrier Aggregation 
     DC Dual Connectivity 
     DCCA Dual Connectivity Carrier Aggregation 
     eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband 
     eNB Evolved Node B 
     euCA Enhanced Utilization of Carrier Aggregation 
     EPC Evolved Packet Core 
     gNB Next Generation eNB 
     GPS Global Positioning System 
     LTE Long-Term Evolution 
     MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme 
     MME Mobility Management Entity 
     MTC Machine-Type Communications 
     NE Network Entity 
     NR New Radio 
     PCell Primary Cell 
     RAN Radio Access Network 
     SCell Secondary Cell 
     UE User Equipment 
     UL Uplink 
     URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication 
     WLAN Wireless Local Area Network