Patent Publication Number: US-2022228040-A1

Title: Polymeric tape with tear cuts

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/875,504, filed on May 15, 2020, which claims the priorities of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/977,587, filed of Feb. 17, 2020; of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/964,183, filed on Jan. 22, 2020; and of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/937,987, filed on Nov. 20, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates to a polymeric tape of the type commonly found in rolls, and used for example as a marking tape, and to a method of using polymeric tape. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Polymeric tape is commonly used for a wide spectrum of applications such as labelling, wrapping, packaging, sealing, masking, sticking to a surface, color-coding, etc. Such applications may be for various industries including medical, biomedical, industrial, electrical, electronic, construction, automotive, avionics, aerospace, scientific. Polymeric tape typically has a facestock having the capacity of retaining ink. Accordingly, information may be inscribed on the facestock marking tape to label things. In particular, polymeric marking tape, in which the substrate is a polymer, is used for its capacity to retain ink. Other types of tapes are used for sealing, securing or isolating objects such as electrical tape, packaging tape, duct tape, silicone tape, and others where facestocks in some of those tapes might not need to have a capability to retain ink. Yet in other applications tapes might be used for sticking together objects or surfaces, such as double-sided tapes which might not require capacity of retaining ink or such as an adhesive transfer tape where the adhesive is contained between two support liners for a future removal of one of the support liners and the transfer of the adhesive to a facestock. 
     A characteristic of some polymers is that they may stretch when subjected to shear forces. Therefore, if a user wants to have a segment of an elongated polymeric tape, such as in a roll of polymeric tape, the user may need scissors or a knife to cleanly segment a portion of the polymeric tape from the roll. Otherwise, by using manual force to rip or tear tape from a roll, a user may unduly stretch the tape, which may result in waves, loss of adherence, erratic shape, excessive length, among other things. In some cases, the polymeric films are rigid and tear-resistant making them difficult to tear manually. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an aim of the present disclosure to provide a polymeric tape that addresses issues related to the prior art. 
     Therefore, in accordance with the present disclosure, there is provided a polymeric tape comprising: a facestock extending lengthwise, the facestock including at least a polymer, an adhesive layer on a first surface of the facestock, and tear-cuts formed into at least one longitudinal edge of the facestock and extending inwardly, the tear-cuts being provided all along the at least one longitudinal edge of the facestock. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1A-1P  are schematic sectional views of a polymeric tape in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 2A-2D  are schematic sectional views of the polymeric tape in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 3A-3D  are face views of the of the polymeric tape in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 4A-4F  are schematic sectional views of the polymeric tape in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 5A-5O  are schematic sectional views of the polymeric tape in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIGS. 6A-6E  are schematic rear views of the polymeric tape with additional perforations in a support liner. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to the drawings and more particularly to  FIGS. 1A-1I , a polymeric tape in accordance with a first embodiment of the present disclosure is generally shown at  10 . The polymeric tape  10  may be an elongated strip of tape or may be part of a roll. The polymeric tape  10  may be of the type that may be used to manually inscribe information thereon. The tape roll  10  may also be of the type used by a printer. Some printers such as thermal printers are equipped with a cutting mechanism which is a sharp knife that moves perpendicular to the feeding direction of the printer and segments the desired length of the tape. Other devices such as tape dispensers are also equipped with cutting, dispensing and in some cases peeling mechanisms. Although the tape  10  is primarily intended for manual cutting we contemplate the possibility that the tape  10  can be also cut, dispensed and/or peeled using various types of cutters incorporated into printers, mechanical or electrical dispensers and automation or robotic devices. 
     The polymeric tape  10  may have various layers, all of which may extend from end to end of the polymeric tape  10 , i.e., along a lengthwise direction projecting out of the page of  FIGS. 1A-1I . Facestock  11  is the surface that can accept ink or printing, although the capability of accepting ink is not a requirement. This may include printing using a thermal printer, a thermal-transfer printer, a direct-thermal printer, a laser printer, an inkjet printer, LED printer, UV printer, impact printer, dot-matrix printer, laser-etching printer, flexographic printer, offset printer or a printing press or any other type of printer or device capable of delivering ink on any of the surfaces of the tape. The facestock  11  itself may include one or more layers, including transparent and opaque layers, shielding layer(s), top coatings, inks, varnishes, laminations, wireless communication capabilities such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), NFC (Near Field Communication), Bluetooth and other types of wireless communication tags or a chip, sensor, electronic component, etc. The polymeric tape can be provided blank or printed with any background color or color indicator such as thermochromic ink, and/or image, and/or information and/or barcode and/or alphanumeric markings, and/or indicia etc. The facestock materials can be made of a polymer. The facestock material(s) may include but are not limited to polymers such as polypropylene, biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyester (PET), polystyrene, vinyl including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), acrylate, nylon, satin, polyolefin, polyethylene, polyimide, tyvek, composite materials, silicone, silicone rubber, rubber, synthetic rubber, latex thermoplastic films, thermoset plastics, plastic extrusion materials, and may also include cloth tissues, woven or non-woven fabrics, foam, metallic foils such as aluminum foil, Velcro, degradable and soluble materials including biodegradable materials. The facestock materials include paper and polymer composites or combinations, cloth and polymer composites or combinations, including layers of polymer and paper and/or cloth, such that the paper or cloth is for example laminated with plastic. The tape  10  may be tamper evident and/or destructible tape, “destructible” meaning that the tape can break into pieces or fragments upon attempt to remove it from the substrate that it has been adhered. Some tamper evident features might include specific cuts and/or perforations within the facestock making it fragile and causing tape rupture upon attempts to remove it after applying the adhesive tape to a substrate or a container. There are other types of tamper evident materials that can reveal the tampering and the tape  10  may be made from such materials. Embossed, stamped foil, clear, opaque, transparent, translucent and/or reflective materials may also be used for the facestock  11 . The polymers may be thermoplastics or thermosoftening plastics, i.e., plastic polymers that soften or become moldable when heated to a certain threshold temperatures, to solidify upon cooling. The polymers may be thermoset plastics comprising cross-linked polymers to form an irreversible chemical bond and may become non-moldable when heated. The facestock  11  may be selected to have direct thermal printing capacity meaning that ink is incorporated inside the facestock  11  or in its top coating. The ink may then be released upon heating the facestock layer  11  such as by a thermal printer or a heat-emitting or heated instrument. The facestock  11  may be for example printed with a reversible or a non-reversible thermochromic ink which may also be also incorporated inside the facestock or other constituent of the tape  10  such as inside the lamination or inside the adhesive. The use of a combination of printing methods is contemplated. All tapes  10  of the present disclosure may or may not accept writing by a pen, pencil, marker or any other instrument for manual writing. 
     An adhesive layer  12  may be coated on the underside of the facestock  11 . A first support liner or release liner  13  may also be provided, from which the adhesive layer  12  with the facestock  11  can be released. In another embodiment, the polymeric tape  10  may be linerless and wound on itself, such that the adhesive layer  12  adheres to the top surface of the facestock  11  from which it can be released. The release liner  13  may be paper based, or polymer based, with contemplated polymers including a polyester (PET), polypropylene, bi-axially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) or any other type of a polymer. For example, the release liner  13  may be a silicone or fluorosilicone coated support on which the adhesive layer  12  is harboured or retained, though other materials can be used, including waxes or other adhesive release coatings, etc, on a substrate. For example, if the support liner  13  is paper based, a low friction coating may be present to facilitate the peeling off of the facestock  11  and adhesive layer  12  from the support liner  13 . Accordingly, when the release liner  13  is removed, the facestock  11  may be adhered to a surface, by the adhesive layer  12 . In an embodiment, the facestock  11  relies on static cling as an alternative to having the adhesive layer  12 . In another embodiment, the release liner  13  may have imaging properties meaning that the manual writing with a pen or a pencil or with any type of impact instrument or impact printer can create a copy of the image on the release liner  13 . In this case, when the facestock  11  is removed from the liner  13 , the copy of the printed information or the image remains on the release liner  13  similar to carbon-copying. In another embodiment, if the tape  10  has a paper facestock  11  and a polymeric release liner  13 , the polymeric liner  13  will prevent the clean tearing of the tape  10 , whereby the micro tear-cuts  20  as described below into the liner  13  will facilitate the tearing. In  FIG. 1A , the liner  13  is shown having the same width W 1  as the facestock  11  and as the adhesive layer  12 . In  FIGS. 1B and 1C , the liner  13  has a width that is greater than W 1  such that the liner  13  extends beyond the facestock  11  widthwise, at one edge of the facestock  12  ( FIG. 1C ), or at both edges of the facestock  12  ( FIG. 1B ). By way of example, the polymeric tape  10  may have a width W 1  of at least 4.0 mm. In an embodiment, the dimension W 1  is 12 mm±6 mm. In another embodiment the dimension W 1  is 19 mm±9 mm. In another embodiment the dimension W 1  is between 25 mm and 70 mm. In another embodiment the dimension W 1  is between 70 mm and 110 mm. These dimensions are given as examples. 
     Optionally, an undercut  13 ′ may be defined in the liner  13  and may extend lengthwise. The undercut  13 ′ may also be referred to as a slit, as a through-cut, etc. In an embodiment, the undercut  13 ′ does not cut into the facestock  11  (it may leave a mark). The undercut  13 ′ may facilitate the peeling off of the liner  13  from the facestock  11   
     As shown in  FIGS. 1D to 1F , it is contemplated to add neutralized adhesive zones  14  on along one or both edges of the facestock  11 . The neutralized adhesive zones  14  can be defined by the adhesive layer  12  being exposed to a neutralizing agent in these zones  14 . In an embodiment, the neutralizing agent is used during production by lifting the facestock  11  with adhesive  12  from the support liner  13 , applying the neutralizing agent and re-laminating the facestock  11  onto the support liner. As a result the adhesive  12  in zone  14  may lose or significantly diminish its adhesion properties. Regardless of when or how it is applied, the neutralizing agent operates to reduce or eliminate (i.e. “neutralize”) the adhesive effect of the adhesive  12  along the edges of the facestock  11 , in the zones  14 . This reduces the peel strength of the facestock  11  only along its edge(s), and thus may facilitate peeling off facestock  11  from the liner  13 . The neutralizing agent may be any suitable material to achieve such functionality. Non-limiting examples of the neutralizing agent include liquid solvents, such as varnishes (e.g. water-based, solvent-based, ultraviolet, LED UV, urethane, etc.), and inks (e.g. urethane, flexographic, UV, LED UV or other types of printing inks). The neutralizing agent may also be another chemical applied in liquid or solid form. The neutralizing agent can be applied using a printing plate to print along the adhesive side of the tape  10 . In an embodiment, a patterned adhesive may be applied excluding the zone  14 , such that instead of neutralizing the existing adhesive the zone  14  may simply be without adhesive. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1G-1I , in various embodiments the support liner  13  may be narrower than the facestock  11  and adhesive layer  12 . This may be at both longitudinal edges of the tape  10  as in  FIG. 1G , or on a single side as in  FIGS. 1H and 1I . There results a narrow strip of adhesive that may be exposed, for adherence to the facestock  11  under it when the tape  10  is in a roll or coil. The exposed adhesive strip may help keeping the tape  10  in the roll and prevent unwinding and/or wobbling from side-to side. 
     In another embodiment, show with reference to  FIGS. 1J-1P , the tape  10  may have a piggy-back construction that includes a secondary release liner  13 A which is attached to the liner  13  through another adhesive layer  12 A. The liners  13  and/or  13 A may be an imaging liner meaning that markings made on the facestock  11  can be transferred to the liner  13  and/or  13 A and have the image of the writings left on the release side or siliconized side of the liner  13  and/or  13 A. Such examples of writings can be a writing with a pen, pencil, marking pen, impact printer, typewriter or a similar device that creates strong enough impact able to create an image on the imaging liner  13  and/or  13 A underneath. 
       FIGS. 1A to 2D  are schematic and may not be to scale. Although other thicknesses are possible, some exemplary thicknesses are now given to define one contemplated embodiment. The thickness of the facestock  11  may be between 0.4 mil and 40 mil. In an embodiment featuring porous or spongy materials such as foam, the thickness of the facestock may be more than 40 mils. The thickness of the support liner  13  may be between 0.4 mil and 20 mils. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A to 2D , the polymeric tape  10  is shown at least partially lengthwise, as extending in direction L. Only a segment of the polymeric tape  10  is shown, as the polymeric tape  10  may extend far longer in the direction L. The polymeric tape  10  is shown as having micro tear-cuts  20  transverse to the longitudinal (i.e., lengthwise) dimension of the polymeric tape  10 , and this may be referred to as a widthwise direction, for example as shown by W 1 . The expression “micro” is used to indicate that the tear-cuts are thin to the point that they may not even be visible. For example, the penetration of the cuts in the facestock  11  may be in the micro scale, and may be as low as 0.01 mm. The micro tear-cuts  20  start from one or both of the elongated edges of the polymeric tape  10  and extend into the facestock  11  and/or the support liner  13 , i.e., the penetration. Penetration refers to the length of the tear-cuts  20  from the edge of the tape  10  or liner  13 . In an embodiment, the penetration is from 0.01 mm to 3.00 mm. It is contemplated that the penetration could be less than 0.01 mm provided suitable technology enables such penetration. The cuts into support liner can be significantly longer and cover the entire edge of the exposed support liner. The micro tear-cuts  20  do not extend from edge to edge of the facestock of the polymeric tape  10 , with the micro tear-cuts  20  extending inwardly enough to reach the facestock  11 . In  FIGS. 2A and 2B , it is shown that the tear-cut  20  in the facestock  11  extends into a tear-cut  20  in the support liner  13 . Stated differently, a tear cut  20  may be made into the support liner  13 , and may extend all the way to the facestock  11 . For example, such common tear-cut  20  is made with a single tooling maneuver. 
     In another embodiment, there may a perforation or multiple perforations  20 ′, also referred to as micro-perforations, into the support liner  13 . The perforations  20 ′ may be perpendicular to the unwinding direction of the tape  10  when in a roll, allowing a more controlled tearing of the tape. Such perforations  20 ′ into the support liner  13  may be aligned with or be between the micro-cuts  20  or may be between only some of them. The perforations  20 ′ may be round in shape, though any other shape is considered. In another embodiment, there may a perforation  20 ′ or multiple perforations  20 ′ into the support liner  13  parallel to the unwinding direction of the tape  10  when in a roll, allowing a more controlled tearing of the tape  10 . The micro-perforations  20 ′ can be small dots or needle-holes or small cuts in a string or line, the micro-perforations  20 ′ being close to each other to help cut the desired size segments of the tape  10 . Furthermore, the micro-perforations  20 ′ of any shape or form can be aligned with the tear cuts  20  of any shape or form to facilitate the manual cutting or segmenting the tape  10 . In an embodiment, the micro-perforations  20 ′ do not perforate through the support liner  13 . Instead, micro-embossings are formed in the support liner  13 , and may weaken the support liner  13  to faciliate its tearing along the micro-embossings. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2C and 2D , an exemplary embodiment shows a combination of tear cuts  20  and perforations  20 ′. A tear cut  20  is formed into the support liner  13 . Perforations  20 ′ are in line with the tear cut  20  and extend widthwise. One such perforation  20 ′ communicates with a tear cut  20  in the facestock  11 . Therefore, a user may tear the support liner  13  as guided by the tear cut  20 . The perforations  20 ′ aligned with the tear cut  20  direct the tear to the tear cut  20  in the facestock  11 . 
     The micro tear-cuts  20  may be present in the polymeric tape  10  of any one of  FIGS. 1A to 2D . Moreover, in a configuration in which the support liner  13  is wider than the facestock  11  and extends beyond it (e.g.,  FIGS. 1B and 1C ), the micro tear-cuts  20  may extend from the lateral edge of the polymeric tape  10  defined by the support liner  13 , and extend continuously into the facestock  11 , as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . The micro tear-cuts  20  may be interrupted, and followed up by perforations  20 ′. This may be found in a polymeric tape  10  in which the support liner  13  is wider than the facestock  11 . In an embodiment, the micro tear-cuts  20  are perpendicular to the longitudinal edges of the polymeric tape  10 , though other transverse relations may be used as well, such as between 30 degrees and 150 degrees from the longitudinal edges depending of the end-use cutting angle requirements. Therefore, angled cuts  20  may also be used. As another possibility, the micro tear-cuts  20  may cut through only the facestock  11 , only the support liner  13 , or both. The micro tear-cuts  20  may be straight lines, as an example. However, other shapes may be used for the micro tear-cuts  20 , such as arrow shape, dots, semi-circle, square, rectangle, triangle, polygon, atypical, non-symmetrical, etc. 
       FIGS. 2A to 2D  may not be to scale, being instead provided to illustrate the depth, location and/or orientation of the micro tear-cuts  20 . For example, the micro tear-cuts  20  may be closer to one another, e.g., as low as 0.7 mm of spacing along the longitudinal edge, and/or as high as 10 mm (though the step may be outside of this range), but in an embodiment at most 6.5 mm. This may be referred to as the step between cuts  20 . Moreover, micro tear-cuts  20  may be distributed at a regularly spacing along the length L of the polymeric tape  10 , not just at the two discrete locations of  FIGS. 2A to 2D , i.e., the step may be constant or may vary. 
     The polymeric tape  10  may be a length of tape, or may come in a roll as well. The polymeric tape  10  provides a user the possibility of conveniently tearing the desired length of the tape  10  by the user, because of the presence of the tear-cuts  20  all along the tape  10 . When a user applies a tearing or shearing force, the tear cuts  20  define tear weaknesses along the longitudinal edges of the polymeric tape  10 , which prevent the excessive stretch, and guide a tear along a path initiated by one of the micro tear-cuts  20 . Whether the tear-cuts  20  are in the facestock  11  and/or the liner  13  (if present), the tear line of a segment of the tape  10  will be relatively clean in comparison to a similar tape but without the tear-cuts  20 . 
     The method for using the polymeric tape  10  may include unrolling the polymeric tape  10  from a roll, if in a roll; applying a tearing force at a desired length of the polymeric tape  10 , which tearing force will propagate in the facestock  11  and/or liner  13 ; adding information on the information-receiving facestock  11  of the torn segment of the polymeric tape  10 ; removing the support liner  13  from the torn segment of the polymeric tape  10  to expose an adhesive surface; and/or pressing the adhesive surface of the polymeric tape  10  against an object. These steps may be achieved in any particular order. In case of a linerless tape, such as a self-wound tape, a step of removing the support liner would be omitted and the tearing of the adhesive coated tape facestock can be achieved through initiating a cutting through a tear-cut and proceeding to applying the adhesive facestock to a surface by pressing tape to against an object. 
     One purpose of the polymeric tape  10  is to facilitate the manual tearing or cutting of a polymer tape optionally on a support liner which otherwise is difficult because of the nature of the polymer that will stretch or be rigid enough to resist to tear. The micro tear-cuts  20  in the polymeric material of the facestock  11  and/or the support liner  13  will allow an initiation of a break on the edges of the tape facestock and support liner (if present) and the break (e.g., tear strip) will continue through the polymer of the facestock  11  and/or the support liner  13 . 
     In an embodiment, the tear-cuts  20  may be torn in the support liner  13  as a first step to allow the facestock  11  to be peeled off the liner  13  without tearing the facestock  11 . In another embodiment, the support liner  13  may have slits extending widthwise to facilitate the peeling off. 
     By way of further examples,  FIGS. 3A to 3D  show different embodiments of the polymeric tape  10  of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 3A , the polymeric tape  10  of  FIG. 1B  is shown, with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending from the longitudinal edges of the support liner  13  and into the lateral edges of the facestock  11 . In  FIG. 3B , the polymeric tape  10  of  FIG. 10  is shown, with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending from the longitudinal edges of the support liner  13  and into the lateral edges of the facestock  11  on one side, and with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending concurrently from both the longitudinal edges of the facestock  11  and support liner  13  on the other side. In  FIG. 3C , the polymeric tape  10  of  FIG. 1D  is shown, with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending from the longitudinal edges of the support liner  13  and into the lateral edges of the facestock  11 . In  FIG. 3D , the polymeric tape  10  of  FIG. 1F  is shown, with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending from the longitudinal edges of the support liner  13  and into the lateral edges of the facestock  11  on one side, and with the micro-tear-cuts  20  extending concurrently from both the longitudinal edges of the facestock  11  and support liner  13  on the other side. The micro tear-cuts  20  may be straight lines, as an example or plurality of cuts interrupted by uncut areas such as micro-perforations, as exemplified in  FIGS. 6C and 6D . Other shapes may be used for the micro tear-cuts  20 , such as arrow shape, dots, semi-circle, square, rectangle, triangle, polygon, atypical, non-symmetrical, etc. The micro-perforations form tear strips, that may or may not be aligned with the micro tear-cuts  20 . 
     In other embodiments, shown in  FIGS. 4A to 4F , the polymeric tape  10  might have an adhesive layer  12  coated on both the underside and upper side of the facestock  11 . Such a tape  10  with two layers of adhesive  12  may be referred to as double-sided tape or double-sided mounting tape. In an embodiment, the double sided tape may have static cling capabilities on one side or both sides, and this may be regarded as an adhesive, for the sake of the present disclosure. Such double-sided tape  10  may or may not have a support liner  13  on one or both sides of the tape or might not comprise a support liner(s) applied on the underside and/or upper side adhesive layers  12 .  FIGS. 4A to 4F  show different configurations with the support liner  13  being the same width or wider than the facestock  11 . The various configurations of micro-tear cuts  20  described herein apply to the double-sided tape  10 . The micro tear-cuts  20  (including perforations) may be on one or both liners  13 , when the tape  10  has two liners  13 . The double-sided tape  10  may come in a roll. 
     As the tape  10  in its various embodiments may come in a roll, it is contemplated to provide a layer or strip  15  of adhesive to assist the roll in maintaining its coiled shape, for instance for the roll not to unwind or cone axially.  FIGS. 5A to 5J  show various embodiments of configurations of the tape  10  described above, with the layer or strip  15  of such adhesive. Therefore, reference numerals are in accordance with those of the preceding figures. In  FIGS. 5A to 5N , there are shown two cross-sections of the tape  10 , i.e., one on top of the other, in similar fashion to the arrangement of the tape  10  in a roll, the tape  10  being rolled on itself. The layer or strip  15  of adhesive may be between the facestock  11  and/or support liner  13 , etc. In an embodiment, the adhesive of the layer or strip  15  is a low tack adhesive that may be removable and/or repositionable. In another embodiment, the adhesive of the layer or strip  15  is a static cling. In another embodiment, the adhesive of the layer or strip  15  is a coating and/or a varnish that has a property to prevent slippage and unfolding of the coils of the tape. The location of the strips  15  may vary as well, as it may be more central, etc. The location to the left-hand side (e.g.,  FIG. 5B ) is shown as an example. 
     In another embodiment, it is contemplated to provide additional perforations  20 ′ in the liner  13  only, as shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6E . Such additional back-side perforations  20 ′ are for helping directional cut initiated with the micro tear-cuts  20  so that the resulting cut segments of the tape  10  are more straight. The views in  FIGS. 6A-6E  are rear views and would only show the liner  13  (the facestock  11  being hidden). For clarity though, the demarcation of the facestock  11  is shown.  FIGS. 6C and 6D  show that there may be an intermittence of perforations  20 ′, known as tear-strips as well, extending up to the facestock  11  (as in  FIGS. 2C and 2D ), while others extend from side to side of the support liner  13 . As shown in  FIG. 6E , the perforations  20 ′ may extend in the longitudinal direction in the support liner  13 , instead of extending widthwise as in  FIGS. 6A to 6D .