Patent Publication Number: US-2023132613-A1

Title: Matrix-based intra prediction using upsampling

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 17/479,360 filed on Sep. 20, 2021, which is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2020/091542 filed on May 21, 2020, which claims the priority to and benefits of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2019/087987 filed on May 22, 2019. All the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to video coding techniques, devices and systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In spite of the advances in video compression, digital video still accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet and other digital communication networks. As the number of connected user devices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it is expected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continue to grow. 
     SUMMARY 
     Devices, systems and methods related to digital video coding, and specifically, matrix-based intra prediction methods for video coding are described. The described methods may be applied to both the existing video coding standards (e.g., High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)) and future video coding standards (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC)) or codecs. 
     A first example method of video processing includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the upsampling operation is performed, in both a vertical direction and a horizontal direction in a fixed order, on samples obtained from the matrix vector multiplication operation. 
     A second example method of video processing includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the conversion includes performing a transposing operation prior to the upsampling operation, where the transposing operation transposes a first set of samples of the prediction block obtained by performing the boundary downsampling operation and the matrix vector multiplication operation, and where the transposing operation is performed according to dimensions of the prediction block. 
     A third example method of video processing includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the upsampling operation is performed by selecting and using an interpolation filter other than a bilinear filter according to a rule. 
     In another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, constructing, based on the determining, at least a portion of a most probable mode (MPM) list for the ALWIP mode based on an at least a portion of an MPM list for a non-ALWIP intra mode, and performing, based on the MPM list for the ALWIP mode, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes determining that a luma component of a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, inferring, based on the determining, a chroma intra mode, and performing, based on the chroma intra mode, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, and performing, based on the determining, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes determining that a current video block is coded using a coding mode different from an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, and performing, based on the determining, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes generating, for a current video block, a first prediction using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, generating, based on the first prediction, a second prediction using position dependent intra prediction combination (PDPC), and performing, based on the second prediction, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, the disclosed technology may be used to provide a method for video processing. This exemplary method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, predicting, based on the ALWIP mode, a plurality of sub-blocks of the current video block, and performing, based on the predicting, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, a method of video processing is disclosed. The method includes determining, based on a rule for a current video block, a context of a flag indicative of use of affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, predicting, based on the ALWIP mode, a plurality of sub-blocks of the current video block and performing, based on the predicting, the conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In yet another representative aspect, a method of video processing is disclosed. The method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, and performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein a first precision of the samples in a first filtering stage of the at least two filtering stages is different from a second precision of the samples in a second filtering stage of the at least two filtering stages. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of video processing is disclosed. The method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein the upsampling process is performed in a fixed order for a case in which both vertical and horizontal upsampling is performed. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of video processing is disclosed. The method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein the conversion includes performing a transposing operation prior to the upsampling process. 
     In yet another representative aspect, the above-described method is embodied in the form of processor-executable code and stored in a computer-readable program medium. 
     In yet another representative aspect, a device that is configured or operable to perform the above-described method is disclosed. The device may include a processor that is programmed to implement this method. 
     In yet another representative aspect, a video decoder apparatus may implement a method as described herein. 
     The above and other aspects and features of the disclosed technology are described in greater detail in the drawings, the description and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    shows an example of 33 intra prediction directions. 
         FIG.  2    shows an example of 67 intra prediction modes. 
         FIG.  3    shows an example of locations of samples used for the derivation of the weights of the linear model. 
         FIG.  4    shows an example of four reference lines neighboring a prediction block. 
         FIG.  5 A  and  FIG.  5 B  show examples of sub-partitions depending on block size. 
         FIG.  6    shows an example of ALWIP for 4 ×4 blocks. 
         FIG.  7    shows an example of ALWIP for 8 ×8 blocks. 
         FIG.  8    shows an example of ALWIP for 8 ×4 blocks. 
         FIG.  9    shows an example of ALWIP for 16 ×16 blocks. 
         FIG.  10    shows an example of neighboring blocks using in MPM list construction. 
         FIG.  11    shows a flowchart of an example method for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  12    shows a flowchart of another example method for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  13    shows a flowchart of yet another example method for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  14    shows a flowchart of yet another example method for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  15    is a block diagram of an example of a hardware platform for implementing a visual media decoding or a visual media encoding technique described in the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    shows an example of neighboring blocks. 
         FIG.  17    is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder. 
         FIG.  19    is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder. 
         FIG.  20    is a block diagram showing an example video processing system in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented. 
         FIGS.  21 - 23    show flowcharts of three example methods for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Due to the increasing demand of higher resolution video, video coding methods and techniques are ubiquitous in modern technology. Video codecs typically include an electronic circuit or software that compresses or decompresses digital video, and are continually being improved to provide higher coding efficiency. A video codec converts uncompressed video to a compressed format or vice versa. There are complex relationships between the video quality, the amount of data used to represent the video (determined by the bit rate), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, sensitivity to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, and end-to-end delay (latency). The compressed format usually conforms to a standard video compression specification, e.g., the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard (also known as H.265 or MPEG-H Part 2), the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard to be finalized, or other current and/or future video coding standards. 
     Embodiments of the disclosed technology may be applied to existing video coding standards (e.g., HEVC, H.265) and future standards to improve runtime performance. Section headings are used in the present disclosure to improve readability of the description and do not in any way limit the discussion or the embodiments (and/or implementations) to the respective sections only. 
     1 A Brief Review on HEVC 
     1.1 Intra Prediction in HEVC/H.265 
     Intra prediction involves producing samples for a given transform block (TB) using samples previously reconstructed in the considered color channel. The intra prediction mode is separately signaled for the luma and chroma channels, with the chroma channel intra prediction mode optionally dependent on the luma channel intra prediction mode via the ‘DM_CHROMA’ mode. Although the intra prediction mode is signaled at the prediction block (PB) level, the intra prediction process is applied at the transform block (TB) level, in accordance with the residual quad-tree hierarchy for the coding unit (CU), thereby allowing the coding of one TB to have an effect on the coding of the next TB within the CU, and therefore reducing the distance to the samples used as reference values. 
     HEVC includes 35 intra prediction modes - a direct current (DC) mode, a planar mode and 33 directional, or ‘angular’ intra prediction modes. The 33 angular intra prediction modes are illustrated in  FIG.  1   . 
     For PBs associated with chroma color channels, the intra prediction mode is specified as either planar, DC, horizontal, vertical, ‘DM_CHROMA’ mode or sometimes diagonal mode ‘34’. 
     Note for chroma formats 4:2:2 and 4:2:0, the chroma PB may overlap two or four (respectively) luma PBs; in this case the luma direction for DM_CHROMA is taken from the top left of these luma PBs. 
     The DM_CHROMA mode indicates that the intra prediction mode of the luma color channel PB is applied to the chroma color channel PBs. Since this is relatively common, the most-probable-mode coding scheme of the intra_chroma_pred_mode is biased in favor of this mode being selected. 
     2 Examples of Intra Prediction in VVC 
     2.1 Intra Mode Coding with 67 Intra Prediction Modes 
     To capture the arbitrary edge directions presented in natural video, the number of directional intra modes is extended from 33, as used in HEVC, to 65. The additional directional modes are depicted as dotted arrows in  FIG.  2   , and the planar and DC modes remain the same. These denser directional intra prediction modes apply for all block sizes and for both luma and chroma intra predictions. 
     2.2 Examples of the Cross-Component Linear Model (CCLM) 
     In some embodiments, and to reduce the cross-component redundancy, a cross-component linear model (CCLM) prediction mode (also referred to as LM), is used in the Joint Exploration Model (JEM), for which the chroma samples are predicted based on the reconstructed luma samples of the same CU by using a linear model as follows:  
     
       
         
           
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     Here, pred c (i,j) represents the predicted chroma samples in a CU and rec L ′(i,j) represents the downsampled reconstructed luma samples of the same CU. Linear model parameter α and β are derived from the relation between luma values and chroma values from two samples, which are luma sample with minimum sample value and with maximum sample inside the set of downsampled neighboring luma samples, and their corresponding chroma samples.  FIG.  3    shows an example of the location of the left and above samples and the sample of the current block involved in the CCLM mode. 
     This parameter computation is performed as part of the decoding process, and is not just as an encoder search operation. As a result, no syntax is used to convey the α and β values to the decoder. 
     For chroma intra mode coding, a total of 8 intra modes are allowed for chroma intra mode coding. Those modes include five traditional intra modes and three cross-component linear model modes (CCLM, LM_A, and LM_L). Chroma mode coding directly depends on the intra prediction mode of the corresponding luma block. Since separate block partitioning structure for luma and chroma components is enabled in I slices, one chroma block may correspond to multiple luma blocks. Therefore, for Chroma derived mode (DM) mode, the intra prediction mode of the corresponding luma block covering the center position of the current chroma block is directly inherited. 
     2.3 Multiple Reference Line (MRL) Intra Prediction 
     Multiple reference line (MRL) intra prediction uses more reference lines for intra prediction. In  FIG.  4   , an example of 4 reference lines is depicted, where the samples of segments A and F are not fetched from reconstructed neighboring samples but padded with the closest samples from Segment B and E, respectively. HEVC intra-picture prediction uses the nearest reference line (i.e., reference line 0). In MRL, 2 additional lines (reference line 1 and reference line 3) are used. The index of selected reference line (mrl_idx) is signalled and used to generate intra predictor. For reference line idx, which is greater than 0, only include additional reference line modes in MPM list and only signal mpm index without remaining mode. 
     2.4 Intra Sub-Partitions (ISP) 
     The Intra Sub-Partitions (ISP) tool divides luma intra-predicted blocks vertically or horizontally into 2 or 4 sub-partitions depending on the block size. For example, minimum block size for ISP is 4×8 (or 8×4). If block size is greater than 4×8 (or 8×4) then the corresponding block is divided by 4 sub-partitions.  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  show examples of the two possibilities. All sub-partitions fulfill the condition of having at least 16 samples. 
     For each sub-partition, reconstructed samples are obtained by adding the residual signal to the prediction signal. Here, a residual signal is generated by the processes such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization and inverse transform. Therefore, the reconstructed sample values of each sub-partition are available to generate the prediction of the next sub-partition, and each sub-partition is processed repeatedly. In addition, the first sub-partition to be processed is the one containing the top-left sample of the CU and then continuing downwards (horizontal split) or rightwards (vertical split). As a result, reference samples used to generate the sub-partitions prediction signals are only located at the left and above sides of the lines. All sub-partitions share the same intra mode. 
     2.5 Affine Linear Weighted Intra Prediction (ALWIP or Matrix-Based Intra Prediction) 
     Affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP, a.k.a., matrix-based intra prediction (MIP)) is proposed in JVET-N0217. 
     In JVET-N0217, two tests are conducted. In test 1, ALWIP is designed with a memory restriction of 8 K bytes and at most 4 multiplications per sample. Test 2 is similar to test 1, but further simplifies the design in terms of memory requirement and model architecture.
     Single set of matrices and offset vectors for all block shapes.   Reduction of number of modes to 19 for all block shapes.   Reduction of memory requirement to 5760 10-bit values, that is 7.20 Kilobyte.   Linear interpolation of predicted samples is carried out in a single step per direction replacing iterative interpolation as in the first test.   

     2.5.1 Test 1 of JVET-N0217 
     For predicting the samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H, affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) takes one line of H reconstructed neighboring boundary samples left of the block and one line of W reconstructed neighboring boundary samples above the block as input. If the reconstructed samples are unavailable, they are generated as it is done in the conventional intra prediction. The generation of the prediction signal is based on the following three steps: 
     Out of the boundary samples, four samples in the case of W = H = 4 and eight samples in all other cases are extracted by averaging. 
     A matrix vector multiplication, followed by addition of an offset, is carried out with the averaged samples as an input. The result is a reduced prediction signal on a subsampled set of samples in the original block. 
     The prediction signal at the remaining positions is generated from the prediction signal on the subsampled set by linear interpolation which is a single step linear interpolation in each direction. 
     The matrices and offset vectors needed to generate the prediction signal are taken from three sets S 0 , S 1 , S 2  of matrices. The set S 0  consists of 18 matrices  
     
       
         
           
             
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     The total number of multiplications needed in the computation of the matrix vector product is always smaller than or equal to 4 × W × H. In other words, at most four multiplications per sample are required for the ALWIP modes. 
     2.5.2 Averaging of the Boundary 
     In a first step, the input boundaries bdry top  and bdry left  are reduced to smaller boundaries  
     
       
         
           
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                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8 
                           
                         and 
                           
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         ≥ 
                         6. 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Finally, for the interpolation of the subsampled prediction signal, on large blocks a second version of the averaged boundary is needed. Namely, if min(W, H) &gt; 8 and W ≥ H, one writes W= 8 * 2 l , and, for 0 ≤ i &lt; 8, defines 
     
       
         
           
             b 
             d 
             r 
             
               y 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                 t 
                 o 
                 p 
               
             
             
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           j 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
                           
                             2 
                             l 
                           
                           − 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       
                         b 
                         d 
                         r 
                         
                           y 
                           
                             t 
                             o 
                             p 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             i 
                             ⋅ 
                             
                               2 
                               l 
                             
                             + 
                             j 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     1 
                     ≪ 
                     
                       
                         l 
                         − 
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             ≫ 
             l 
             . 
           
         
       
     
     If min(W, H) &gt; 8 and H &gt; W, one defines  
     
       
         
           
             b 
             d 
             r 
             
               y 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                 l 
                 e 
                 f 
                 t 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     analogously. 
     2.5.3 Generation of the Reduced Prediction Signal by Matrix Vector Multiplication 
     Out of the reduced input vector bdry red  one generates a reduced prediction signal pred red . The latter signal is a signal on the downsampled block of width W red  and height H red . Here, W red  and H red  are defined as:  
     
       
         
           
             
               W 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       4 
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         ≤ 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         min 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             8 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             
               H 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       4 
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         ≤ 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         min 
                         
                           
                             H 
                             , 
                             8 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The reduced prediction signal pred red  is computed by calculating a matrix vector product and adding an offset: 
     
       
         
           
             p 
             r 
             e 
             
               d 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             = 
             A 
             ⋅ 
             b 
             d 
             r 
             
               y 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             + 
             b 
           
         
       
     
     Here, A is a matrix that has W red  · H red  rows and 4 columns if W = H = 4 and 8 columns in all other cases. b is a vector of size W red  · H red . 
     The matrix A and the vector b are taken from one of the sets S 0 , S 1 , S 2  as follows. One defines an index idx = idx(W, H) as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             i 
             d 
             x 
             
               
                 W 
                 , 
                 H 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       0 
                     
                     
                       
                         for W 
                         = 
                         H 
                         = 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       1 
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         = 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       2 
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8. 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Moreover, one puts m as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             m 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for  
                         W 
                         = 
                         H 
                         = 
                         4 
                          and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         &lt; 
                         18 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         − 
                         17 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for  
                         W 
                         = 
                         H 
                         = 
                         4 
                          and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         ≥ 
                         18 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         = 
                         8 
                           
                         and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         &lt; 
                         10 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         − 
                         9 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         = 
                         8 
                          and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         ≥ 
                         10 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8 
                          and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         &lt; 
                         6 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         − 
                         5 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         for max 
                         
                           
                             W 
                             , 
                             H 
                           
                         
                         &gt; 
                         8 
                          and  
                         m 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         ≥ 
                         6. 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, if idx ≤ 1 or idx = 2 and min(W, H) &gt; 4, one puts  
     
       
         
           
             A 
             = 
             
               A 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
               
               m 
             
           
         
       
     
     and  
     
       
         
           
             b 
             = 
             
               b 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
               
               m 
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     In the case that idx = 2 and min(W, H) = 4, one lets A be the matrix that arises by leaving out every row of  
     
       
         
           
             
               A 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
               
               m 
             
           
         
       
     
     that, in the case W = 4, corresponds to an odd x-coordinate in the downsampled block, or, in the case H = 4, corresponds to an odd y-coordinate in the downsampled block. 
     Finally, the reduced prediction signal is replaced by its transpose in the following cases:  
     
       
         
           
             ∘ 
               
             W 
             = 
             H 
             = 
             4 
               
             and 
               
             m 
             o 
             d 
             e 
             ≥ 
             18 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             ∘ 
               
             max 
             
               
                 W 
                 , 
                 H 
               
             
             = 
             8 
               
               
             and  
             m 
             o 
             d 
             e 
               
             ≥ 
               
             10 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             ∘ 
               
             max 
             
               
                 W 
                 , 
                 H 
               
             
             8 
               
             &gt; 
               
             and  
             m 
             o 
             d 
             e 
               
             ≥ 
               
             6 
           
         
       
     
     The number of multiplications required for calculation of pred red  is 4 in the case of W = H = 4 since in this case A has 4 columns and 16 rows. In all other cases, A has 8 columns and W red  . H red  rows and one immediately verifies that in these cases 8 · W red  · H red  ≤ 4 · W · H multiplications are required, i.e., also in these cases, at most 4 multiplications per sample are needed to compute pred red . 
     2.5.4 Illustration of the Entire ALWIP Process 
     The entire process of averaging, matrix vector multiplication and linear interpolation is illustrated for different shapes in  FIGS.  6 - 9   . Note, that the remaining shapes are treated as in one of the depicted cases. 
     1. Given a 4 × 4 block, ALWIP takes two averages along each axis of the boundary. The resulting four input samples enter the matrix vector multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set S 0 . After adding an offset, this yields the 16 final prediction samples. Linear interpolation is not necessary for generating the prediction signal. Thus, a total of (4 · 16)/(4 · 4) = 4 multiplications per sample are performed. 
     2. Given an 8 × 8 block, ALWIP takes four averages along each axis of the boundary. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix vector multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set S 1 . This yields 16 samples on the odd positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 · 16)/(8 · 8) = 2 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples are interpolated vertically by using the reduced top boundary. Horizontal interpolation follows by using the original left boundary. 
     3. Given an 8 × 4 block, ALWIP takes four averages along the horizontal axis of the boundary and the four original boundary values on the left boundary. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix vector multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set S 1 . This yields 16 samples on the odd horizontal and each vertical positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 · 16)/(8 · 4) = 4 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples are interpolated horizontally by using the original left boundary. 
     4. Given a 16 × 16 block, ALWIP takes four averages along each axis of the boundary. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix vector multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set S 2 . This yields 64 samples on the odd positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 · 64)/(16 · 16) = 2 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples are interpolated vertically by using eight averages of the top boundary. Horizontal interpolation follows by using the original left boundary. The interpolation process, in this case, does not add any multiplications. Therefore, totally, two multiplications per sample are required to calculate ALWIP prediction. 
     For larger shapes, the procedure is essentially the same and it is easy to check that the number of multiplications per sample is less than four. 
     For W×8 blocks with W&gt;8, only horizontal interpolation is necessary as the samples are given at the odd horizontal and each vertical positions. 
     Finally for W×4 blocks with W&gt;8, let A_k be the matrix that arises by leaving out every row that corresponds to an odd entry along the horizontal axis of the downsampled block. Thus, the output size is 32 and again, only horizontal interpolation remains to be performed. 
     The transposed cases are treated accordingly. 
     2.5.5 Single Step Linear Interpolation 
     For a W × H block with max(W, H) ≥ 8, the prediction signal arises from the reduced prediction signal pred red  on W red  × H red  by linear interpolation. Depending on the block shape, linear interpolation is done in vertical, horizontal or both directions. If linear interpolation is to be applied in both directions, it is first applied in horizontal direction if W &lt; H and it is first applied in vertical direction, else. 
     Consider without loss of generality a W × H block with max(W, H) ≥ 8 and W ≥ H. Then, the one-dimensional linear interpolation is performed as follows. Without loss of generality, it suffices to describe linear interpolation in vertical direction. First, the reduced prediction signal is extended to the top by the boundary signal. Define the vertical upsampling factor U ver  = H/H red  and write U ver  = 2 U ver    &gt; 1. Then, define the extended reduced prediction signal by 
     
       
         
           
             p 
             r 
             e 
             
               d 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             
               x 
             
             
               
                 − 
                 1 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                       
                     b 
                     d 
                     r 
                     
                       y 
                       
                         r 
                         e 
                         d 
                       
                       
                         t 
                         o 
                         p 
                       
                     
                     
                       x 
                     
                       
                       
                       
                       
                     for 
                       
                     W 
                     = 
                     8 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     b 
                     d 
                     r 
                     
                       y 
                       
                         r 
                         e 
                         d 
                         I 
                         I 
                       
                       
                         t 
                         o 
                         p 
                       
                     
                     
                       x 
                     
                       
                       
                       
                       
                     for 
                       
                     W 
                     &gt; 
                     8. 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, from this extended reduced prediction signal, the vertically linear interpolated prediction signal is generated by  
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 
                   d 
                   
                     r 
                     e 
                     d 
                   
                   
                     u 
                     p 
                     s 
                     , 
                     v 
                     e 
                     r 
                   
                 
                 
                   x 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       U 
                       
                         v 
                         e 
                         r 
                       
                     
                     ⋅ 
                     y 
                     + 
                     k 
                   
                 
                 = 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           U 
                           
                             v 
                             e 
                             r 
                           
                         
                         − 
                         k 
                         − 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     ⋅ 
                     p 
                     r 
                     e 
                     
                       d 
                       
                         r 
                         e 
                         d 
                       
                     
                     
                       x 
                     
                     
                       
                         y 
                         − 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         k 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     ⋅ 
                     p 
                     r 
                     e 
                     
                       d 
                       
                         r 
                         e 
                         d 
                       
                     
                     
                       x 
                     
                     
                       y 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           U 
                           
                             v 
                             e 
                             r 
                           
                         
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 &gt; 
                 &gt; 
                 
                   u 
                   
                     v 
                     e 
                     r 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             for 0  
             ≤ 
             x 
             &lt; 
             
               W 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
             , 
             0 
             ≤ 
             y 
             &lt; 
             
               H 
               
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
               
             
               
             and 
               
             0 
             ≤ 
             k 
             &lt; 
             
               U 
               
                 v 
                 e 
                 r 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     2.5.6 Signalization of the Proposed Intra Prediction Modes 
     For each Coding Unit (CU) in intra mode, a flag indicating if an ALWIP mode is to be applied on the corresponding Prediction Unit (PU) or not is sent in the bitstream. The signalization of the latter index is harmonized with MRL in the same way as in JVET-M0043. If an ALWIP mode is to be applied, the index predmode of the ALWIP mode is signaled using a MPM-list with 3 MPMS. 
     Here, the derivation of the MPMs is performed using the intra-modes of the above and the left PU as follows. There are three fixed tables map_angular_to_alwip idx , idx ∈ {0,1,2} that assign to each conventional intra prediction mode predmode Angular  an ALWIP mode 
     
       
         
           
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
             
             = 
               
             m 
             a 
             p 
             _ 
             a 
             n 
             g 
             u 
             l 
             a 
             r 
             _ 
             t 
             o 
             _ 
             a 
             l 
             w 
             i 
             
               p 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
               
             
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 m 
                 o 
                 d 
                 
                   e 
                   
                     A 
                     n 
                     g 
                     u 
                     l 
                     a 
                     r 
                   
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     For each PU of width W and height H one defines an index  
     
       
         
           
             i 
             d 
             x 
             
               
                 P 
                 U 
               
             
             = 
             i 
             d 
             x 
             
               
                 W 
                 , 
                 H 
               
             
             ∈ 
             
               
                 0 
                 , 
                 1 
                 , 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     that indicates from which of the three sets the ALWIP-parameters are to be taken as in Section 2.5.3. 
     If the above Prediction Unit PU above  is available, belongs to the same CTU as the current PU and is in intra mode, if idx(PU) = idx(PU above ) and if ALWIP is applied on PU above  with  
     
       
         
           
             ALWIP-mode  
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     one puts 
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
             = 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     If the above PU is available, belongs to the same coding tree unit (CTU) as the current PU and is in intra mode and if a conventional intra prediction mode 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 predmode 
               
               
                 A 
                 n 
                 g 
                 u 
                 l 
                 a 
                 r 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
           
         
       
     
      is applied on the above PU, one puts 
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
             = 
             m 
             a 
             p 
             _ 
             a 
             n 
             g 
             u 
             l 
             a 
             r 
             _ 
             t 
             o 
             _ 
             a 
             l 
             w 
             i 
             
               p 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       U 
                       
                         a 
                         b 
                         o 
                         v 
                         e 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 m 
                 o 
                 d 
                 
                   e 
                   
                     A 
                     n 
                     g 
                     u 
                     l 
                     a 
                     r 
                   
                   
                     a 
                     b 
                     o 
                     v 
                     e 
                   
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     In all other cases, one puts  
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
             = 
             − 
             1 
             , 
           
         
       
     
     which means that this mode is unavailable. In the same way but without the restriction that the left PU needs to belong to the same CTU as the current PU, one derives a mode  
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 l 
                 e 
                 f 
                 t 
               
             
           
         
       
     
      . 
     Finally, three fixed default lists list idx , idx ∈ {0,1,2} are provided, each of which contains three distinct ALWIP modes. Out of the default list list idx(PU)  and the modes  
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 o 
                 v 
                 e 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     and  
     
       
         
           
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 L 
                 W 
                 I 
                 P 
               
               
                 l 
                 e 
                 f 
                 t 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     one constructs three distinct MPMs by substituting -1 by default values as well as eliminating repetitions. 
     The left neighboring block and above neighboring block used in the ALWIP MPM list construction is A1 and B1 as shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     2.5.7 Adapted MPM-List Derivation for Conventional Luma and Chroma Intra-Prediction Modes 
     The proposed ALWIP-modes are harmonized with the MPM-based coding of the conventional intra-prediction modes as follows. The luma and chroma MPM-list derivation processes for the conventional intra-prediction modes uses fixed tables map_alwip_to_angular idx , idx ∈ {0,1,2}, mapping an ALWIP-mode predmode ALWIP  on a given PU to one of the conventional intra-prediction modes 
     
       
         
           
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             m 
             o 
             d 
             
               e 
               
                 A 
                 n 
                 g 
                 u 
                 l 
                 a 
                 r 
               
             
             = 
             m 
             a 
             p 
             _ 
             a 
             l 
             w 
             i 
             p 
             _ 
             t 
             o 
             _ 
             a 
             n 
             g 
             u 
             l 
             a 
             
               r 
               
                 i 
                 d 
                 x 
                 
                   
                     P 
                     U 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 m 
                 o 
                 d 
                 
                   e 
                   
                     A 
                     L 
                     W 
                     I 
                     P 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     For the luma MPM-list derivation, whenever a neighboring luma block is encountered which uses an ALWIP-mode predmode ALWIP , this block is treated as if it was using the conventional intra-prediction mode predmode Angular . For the chroma MPM-list derivation, whenever the current luma block uses an LWIP-mode, the same mapping is used to translate the ALWIP-mode to a conventional intra prediction mode. 
     2.5.8 Corresponding Modified Working Draft 
     In some embodiments, as described in this section, portions related to intra_lwip_flag, intra_lwip_mpm_flag, intra_lwip_mpm_idx and intra_lwip_mpm_remainder have been added to the working draft based on embodiments of the disclosed technology. 
     In some embodiments, as described in this section, the &lt;begin&gt; and &lt;end&gt; tags are used to denote additions and modifications to the working draft based on embodiments of the disclosed technology. 
     Syntax tables  
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 Coding unit syntax 
               
               
                 coding_unit( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, treeType ) { 
                 Descriptor 
               
             
            
               
                 if( tile_group_type != I | | sps_ibc_enabled_flag) { 
                   
               
               
                 if( treeType != DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) 
                   
               
               
                 cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &amp;&amp; tile_group_type != I) 
                   
               
               
                 pred_mode_flag 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( ( ( tile_group_type = = I &amp;&amp; cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = =0 ) | | (tile_group_type != I &amp;&amp; CuPredMode[ x0 ][ y0 ] != MODE_INTRA ) ) &amp;&amp; sps_ibc_enabled_flag ) 
                   
               
               
                 pred_mode_ibc_flag 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 } 
                   
               
               
                 if( CuPredMode[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTRA ) { 
                   
               
               
                 if( sps_pcm_enabled_flag &amp;&amp; cbWidth &gt;= MinIpcmCbSizeY &amp;&amp; cbWidth &lt;= MaxIpcmCbSizeY &amp;&amp; cbHeight &gt;= MinIpcmCbSizeY &amp;&amp; cbHeight &lt;= MaxIpcmCbSizeY ) 
                   
               
               
                 pcm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( pcm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) { 
                   
               
               
                 while( !byte_aligned( ) ) 
                   
               
               
                 pcm_alignment_zero_bit 
                 f(1) 
               
               
                 pcm_sample( cbWidth, cbHeight, treeType) 
                   
               
               
                 } else { 
                   
               
               
                 if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE | | treeType = = DUAL_TREE_LUMA ) { 
                   
               
               
                 if( Abs( Log2( cbWidth ) - Log2( cbHeight ) ) &lt;= 2 ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) { 
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ] [ y0 ] ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 else 
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 } else { 
                   
               
               
                 if( (y0 % CtbSizeY) &gt; 0 ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_hima_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &amp;&amp; ( cbWidth &lt;= MaxTbSizeY | | cbHeight &lt;= MaxTbSizeY ) &amp;&amp; ( cbWidth * cbHeight &gt; MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY )) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &amp;&amp; cbWidth &lt;= MaxTbSizeY &amp;&amp; cbHeight &lt;= MaxTbSizeY ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( intra _luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &amp;&amp; intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_hima_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 else 
                   
               
               
                 intra_hima_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 } 
                   
               
               
                 } 
                   
               
               
                 if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE | | treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) 
                   
               
               
                 intra_chroma_pred_mode[ x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 ae(v) 
               
               
                 } 
                   
               
               
                 } else if( treeType != DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) { /* MODE_INTER or MODE_IBC */ 
                   
               
               
                 ... 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Semantics 
     &lt;begin&gt;intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] equal to 1 specifies that the intra prediction type for luma samples is affine linear weighted intra prediction. intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] equal to 0 specifies that the intra prediction type for luma samples is not affine linear weighted intra prediction. 
     When intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. 
     The syntax elements intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ], intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] and intra_lwip_mpm_remainder [ x0 ][ y0 ] specify the affine linear weighted intra prediction mode for luma samples. The array indices x0, y0 specify the location ( x0, y0 ) of the top-left luma sample of the considered coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the picture. When intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is equal to 1, the affine linear weighted intra prediction mode is inferred from a neighboring intra-predicted coding unit according to clause 8.4.X. 
     When intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 1.&lt;end&gt; 
     intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] specifies whether the intra subpartitions split type is horizontal or vertical. When intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is not present, it is inferred as follows:
     If intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is equal to 1, intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is inferred to be equal to 0.   Otherwise, the following applies: 
   If cbHeight is greater than MaxTbSizeY, intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is inferred to be equal to 0.   Otherwise (cbWidth is greater than MaxTbSizeY), intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] is inferred to be equal to 1.   
   

     Decoding Process 
     8.4.1 General Decoding Process for Coding Units Coded in Intra Prediction Mode 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a luma location (xCb, yCb) specifying the top-left sample of the current coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture,   a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable treeType specifying whether a single or a dual tree is used and if a dual tree is used, it specifies whether the current tree corresponds to the luma or chroma components.   

     Output of this process is a modified reconstructed picture before in-loop filtering. 
     The derivation process for quantization parameters as specified in clause 8.7.1 is invoked with the luma location (xCb, yCb ), the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight, and the variable treeType as inputs. 
     When treeType is equal to SINGLE- TREE or treeType is equal to DUAL TREE LUMA, the decoding process for luma samples is specified as follows:
     If pcm_flag[ xCb ][ yCb ] is equal to 1, the reconstructed picture is modified as follows:                 S   L         x   C   b   +   i           y   C   b   +   j       =                       p   c   m   _   s   a   m   p   l   e   _   l   u   m   a           c   b   H   e   i   g   h   t   *   j       +   i       &lt;   &lt;               B   i   t   D   e   p   t     h   Y     −   P   c   m   B   i   t   D   e   p   t     h   Y         ,                   w   i   t   h       i   =   0   ..   c   b   W   i   d   t   h   −   1   ,   j   =   0..   c   b   H   e   i   g   h   t   −   1                       
   Otherwise, the following applies: 
   1. The luma intra prediction mode is derived as follows: 
   lf intra_lwip_flag[ xCb][ yCb ] is equal to 1, the derivation process for the affine linear weighted intra prediction mode as specified in clause 8.4.X is invoked with the luma location (xCb, yCb), the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight as input.   Otherwise, the derivation process for the luma intra prediction mode as specified in clause 8.4.2 is invoked with the luma location (xCb, yCb), the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight as input.   
   2. The general decoding process for intra blocks as specified in clause 8.4.4.1 is invoked with the luma location (xCb, yCb), the tree type treeType, the variable nTbW set equal to cbWidth, the variable nTbH set equal to cbHeight, the variable predModelntra set equal to IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ], and the variable cldx set equal to 0 as inputs, and the output is a modified reconstructed picture before in-loop filtering.   
   

     Begin 
     8.4.X Derivation Process for Affine Linear Weighted Intra Prediction Mode 
     Input to this process are:
     a luma location (xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left sample of the current luma coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture,   a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples.   

     In this process, the affine linear weighted intra prediction mode IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived. 
     IntroPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived by the following ordered steps:
     1. The neighboring locations ( xNbA, yNbA) and ( xNbB, yNbB) are set equal to ( xCb - 1, yCb) and ( xCb, yCb - 1 ), respectively.   2. For X being replaced by either A or B, the variables candLwipModeX are derived as follows: 
   The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighboring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xCb, yCb) and the neighboring location ( xNbY, yNbY) set equal to ( xNbX, yNbX) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableX.   The candidate affine linear weighted intra prediction mode candLwipModeX is derived as follows: 
   If one or more of the following conditions are true, candLwipModeX is set equal to -1. 
   The variable availableX is equal to FALSE.   CuPredMode[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is not equal to MODE INTRA and mh_intra_flag[ xNbX ][ yNbX] is not equal to 1.   pcm_flag[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is equal to 1.   X is equal to B and yCb -1 is less than ( ( yCb » CtbLog2SizeY ) &lt;&lt; CtbLog2SizeY ).   
   Otherwise, the following applies: 
   The size type derivation process for a block as specified in clause 8.4.X.1 is invoked with the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight as input, and the output is assigned to variable sizeld.   If intra_lwip_flag[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is equal to 1, the size type derivation process for a block as specified in clause 8.4.X.1 is invoked with the width of the neighboring coding block in luma samples nbWidthX and the height of the neighboring coding block in luma samples nbHeightX as input, and the output is assigned to variable sizeldX.   If sizeld is equal to sizeldX, candLwipModeX is set equal to IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ].   Otherwise, candLwipModeX is set equal to -1.   Otherwise, candLwipModeX is derived using IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] and sizeId as specified in Table 8-X1.   
   
   
   3. The candLwipModeList[ x ] with x = 0..2 is derived as follows, using lwipMpmCand[ sizeld ] as specified in Table 8-X2:
   If candLwipModeA and candLwipModeB are both equal to -1, the following applies:   
           c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     0     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         0                     c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     1     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         1                     c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         2                 Otherwise, the following applies: 
   If candLwipModeA is equal to candLwipModeB or if either candLwipModeA or candLwipModeB is equal to -1, the following applies:   
               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     0     =               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   A   !   =   -   1       ?   c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   A   :       c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   B                   If candLwipModeList[ 0 ] is equal to lwipMpmCand[ sizeIld ][ 0 ], the following applies:               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     1     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         1                     c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         2                 Otherwise, the following applies:               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     1     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         0                         c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     0     !   =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         1         ?           I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         1     :   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         2                     Otherwise, the following applies:               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     0     =   c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   A                   c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     1     =   c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   B               If candLwipModeA and candLwipModeB are both not equal to lwipMpmCand[ sizeld ][ 0 ], the following applies:               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =   I   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   I   d         0                 Otherwise, the following applies: 
   If candLwipModeA and candLwipModeB are both not equal to lwipMpmCand[ sizeld ][ 1 ], the following applies:   
           c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =   l   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   l   d         1                 Otherwise, the following applies:               c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     2     =   l   w   i   p   M   p   m   C   a   n   d       s   i   z   e   l   d         2                     4. IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived by applying the following procedure:
   If intra_lwip_mpm_flag[xCb ][ yCb ] is equal to 1, the lntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is set equal to candLwipModeList[ intra_ lwip_mpm_idx[xCb ][ yCb ] ].   Otherwise, lntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived by applying the following ordered steps:
   1. When candLwipModeList[ i ] is greater than candLwipModeList[j] for i = 0..1 and for each i, j = ( i + 1 )..2, both values are swapped as follows:   
                       c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     i     ,       c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     j             =           S   w   a   p           c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     i     ,   c   a   n   d   L   w   i   p   M   o   d   e   L   i   s   t     j                             2. IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived by the following ordered steps:
   i. IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is set equal to intra_lwip_mpm_remainder[ xCb ][ yCb ].   ii. For i equal to 0 to 2, inclusive, when IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is greater than or equal to candLwipModeList[ i ], the value of IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is incremented by one.   
       
   

     The variable IntraPredModeY[ x ][ y ] with x = xCb..xCb + cbWidth -1 and y = yCb..yCb + cbHeight -1 is set to be equal to IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ]. 
     8.4.X.1 Derivation Process for Prediction Block Size Type 
     Input to this process are:
     a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples.   

     Output of this process is a variable sizeld. 
     The variable sizeld is derived as follows:
     If both cbWidth and cbHeight are equal to 4, sizeld is set equal to 0.   Otherwise, if both cbWidth and cbHeight are less than or equal to 8, sizeld is set equal to 1.   Otherwise, sizeld is set equal to 2.   

     
       
         
          8–X1
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of mapping between intra prediction and affine linear weighted intra prediction modes 
               
               
                 IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] 
                 block size type sizeld 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 17 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                 1 
                 17 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 2, 3 
                 17 
                 10 
                 3 
               
               
                 4, 5 
                 9 
                 10 
                 3 
               
               
                 6, 7 
                 9 
                 10 
                 3 
               
               
                 8, 9 
                 9 
                 10 
                 3 
               
               
                 10,11 
                 9 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 12, 13 
                 17 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 14, 15 
                 17 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 16, 17 
                 17 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                 18,19 
                 17 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                 20, 21 
                 17 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                 22, 23 
                 17 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 24, 25 
                 17 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                 26, 27 
                 5 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 28, 29 
                 5 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 30,31 
                 5 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 32, 33 
                 5 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 34, 35 
                 34 
                 12 
                 6 
               
               
                 36, 37 
                 22 
                 12 
                 6 
               
               
                 38, 39 
                 22 
                 12 
                 6 
               
               
                 40, 41 
                 22 
                 12 
                 6 
               
               
                 42, 43 
                 22 
                 14 
                 6 
               
               
                 44, 45 
                 34 
                 14 
                 10 
               
               
                 46, 47 
                 34 
                 14 
                 10 
               
               
                 48, 49 
                 34 
                 16 
                 9 
               
               
                 50, 51 
                 34 
                 16 
                 9 
               
               
                 52, 53 
                 34 
                 16 
                 9 
               
               
                 54, 55 
                 34 
                 15 
                 9 
               
               
                 56, 57 
                 34 
                 13 
                 9 
               
               
                 58, 59 
                 26 
                 1 
                 8 
               
               
                 60, 61 
                 26 
                 1 
                 8 
               
               
                 62, 63 
                 26 
                 1 
                 8 
               
               
                 64, 65 
                 26 
                 1 
                 8 
               
               
                 66 
                 26 
                 1 
                 8 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 8-X2
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of affine linear weighted intra prediction candidate modes 
               
               
                   
                 candidate mode 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
               
             
            
               
                 lwipMpmCand[ 0 ] 
                 17 
                 34 
                 5 
               
               
                 lwipMpmCand[ 1 ] 
                 0 
                 7 
                 16 
               
               
                 lwipMpmCand[ 2 ] 
                 1 
                 4 
                 6 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     End 
     8.4.2. Derivation Process for Luma Intra Prediction Mode 
     Input to this process are:
     a luma location (xCb, yCb ) specifying the top-left sample of the current luma coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture,   a variable cbWidth specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples.   

     In this process, the luma intra prediction mode IntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived. 
     Table 8-1 specifies the value for the intra prediction mode lntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] and the associated names.  
     
       
         
          TABLE 8-1
           
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names 
               
               
                 Intra prediction mode 
                 Associated name 
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 lNTRA­­_PLANAR 
               
               
                 1 
                 INTRA_DC 
               
               
                 2..66 
                 INTRA_ANGULAR2..INTRA_ANGULAR66 
               
               
                 81..83 
                 INTRA_LT_CCLM, INTRA_L_CCLM, INTRA_T_CCLM 
               
               
                 NOTE — : The intra prediction modes INTRA_LT_­CCLM, INTRA_L_CCLM and INTRA_T_CCLM are only applicable to chroma components. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     lntraPredModeY[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived by the following ordered steps:
     1. The neighboring locations (xNbA, yNbA ) and (xNbB, yNbB) are set equal to ( xCb - 1, yCb + cbHeight -1 ) and ( xCb + cbWidth -1, yCb - 1 ), respectively.   2. For X being replaced by either A or B, the variables candlntraPredModeX are derived as follows:
   The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause &lt;begin&gt;6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighboring blocks availability checking process tbd] &lt;end&gt;is invoked with the location ( xCurr, yCurr ) set equal to ( xCb, yCb ) and the neighboring location ( xNbY, yNbY ) set equal to ( xNbX, yNbX ) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availableX.   The candidate intra prediction mode candlntraPredModeX is derived as follows:
   lf one or more of the following conditions are true, candlntraPredModeX is set equal to INTRA_PLANAR.
   The variable availableX is equal to FALSE.   CuPredMode[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is not equal to MODE_INTRA and ciip_flag[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is not equal to 1.   pcm_flag[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] is equal to 1.   X is equal to B and yCb -1 is less than ( ( yCb » CtbLog2SizeY) &lt;&lt; CtbLog2SizeY ).   
   Otherwise, candlntraPredModeX is derived as follows:
   lf intra_lwip_flag[ xCb ][ yCb ] is equal to 1, candlntraPredModeX is derived by the following ordered steps:
   i. The size type derivation process for a block as specified in clause 8.4.X.1 is invoked with the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight as input, and the output is assigned to variable sizeld.   ii. candlntraPredModeX is derived using IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] and sizeld as specified in Table 8-X3.   
   
   Otherwise, candlntraPredModeX is set equal to IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ].   
   
   3. The variables ispDefaultMode1 and ispDefaultMode2 are defined as follows:
   ilf IntraSubPartitionsSplitType is equal to ISP_HOR_SPLIT, ispDefaultMode1 is set equal to INTRA_ANGULAR18 and ispDefaultMode2 is set equal to INTRA_ANGULARS.   Otherwise, ispDefaultModel is set equal to INTRA ANGULAR50 and ispDefaultMode2 is set equal to INTRA_ANGULAR63.   
   
 
     
       
         
          TABLE 8-X3
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of mapping between affine linear weighted intra prediction and intra prediction modes 
               
               
                 IntraPredModeY[ xNbX ][ yNbX ] 
                 block size type sizeld 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 1 
                 18 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 2 
                 18 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 4 
                 18 
                 0 
                 18 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 22 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 12 
                 18 
                 1 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 18 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 18 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 9 
                 2 
                 0 
                 50 
               
               
                 10 
                 18 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 12 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 18 
                 1 
               
               
                 13 
                 18 
                 0 
               
               
                 14 
                 1 
                 44 
               
               
                 15 
                 18 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 18 
                 50 
               
               
                 17 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 18 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 19 
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 0 
               
               
                 21 
                 50 
               
               
                 22 
                 0 
               
               
                 23 
                 56 
               
               
                 24 
                 0 
               
               
                 25 
                 50 
               
               
                 26 
                 66 
               
               
                 27 
                 50 
               
               
                 28 
                 56 
               
               
                 29 
                 50 
               
               
                 30 
                 50 
               
               
                 31 
                 1 
               
               
                 32 
                 50 
               
               
                 33 
                 50 
               
               
                 34 
                 50 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     8.4.3 Derivation Process for Chroma Intra Prediction Mode 
     Input to this process are:
     a luma location ( xCb, yCb) specifying the top-left sample of the current chroma coding block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture,   a variable cb Width specifying the width of the current coding block in luma samples,   a variable cbHeight specifying the height of the current coding block in luma samples.   

     In this process, the chroma intra prediction mode IniraPredModeC[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived. 
     The corresponding luma intra prediction mode lumaIntraPredMode is derived as follows:
     lf intra_lwip_flag[ xCb ][ yCb ] is equal to 1, lumalniraPredMode is derived by the following ordered steps:
   i. The size type derivation process for a block as specified in clause 8.4.X.1 is invoked with the width of the current coding block in luma samples cbWidth and the height of the current coding block in luma samples cbHeight as input, and the output is assigned to variable sizeld.   ii. The luma intra prediction mode is derived using IntraPredModeY[ xCb + cbWidth /2 ][ yCb + cbHeight /2 ] and sizeld as specified in Table 8-X3 and assigning the value of candlntraPredModeX to lumalniraPredMode.   
   Otherwise, lumalniraPredMode is set equal to IntraPredModeY[ xCb + cbWidth /2 ][ yCb + cbHeight/2 2].   

     The chroma intra prediction mode IntaPredModeC[ xCb ][ yCb ] is derived using intra_chroma_ pred_ mode[ xCb ][ yCb ] and lumalniraPredMode as specified in Table 8-2 and Table 8-3. 
     xxx. Intra Sample Prediction 
     Begin 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a sample location ( xTbCmp, yTbCmp ) specifying the top-left sample of the current transform block relative to the top-left sample of the current picture,   a variable predModelntra specifying the intra prediction mode,   a variable nTbW specifying the transform block width,   a variable nTbH specifying the transform block height,   a variable nCbW specifying the coding block width,   a variable nCbH specifying the coding block height,   a variable cldx specifying the colour component of the current block.   

     Outputs of this process are the predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH -1. 
     The predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ] are derived as follows:
     If intra_lwip_flag[ xTbCmp ][ yTbCmp ] is equal to 1 and cldx is equal to 0, the affine linear weighted intra sample prediction process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X1 is invoked with the location (xTbCmp, yTbCmp), the intra prediction mode predModelntra, the transform block width nTbW and height nTbH as inputs, and the output is predSamples.   Otherwise, the general intra sample prediction process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X1. is invoked with the location (xTbCmp, yTbCmp), the intra prediction mode predModelntra, the transform block width nTbW and height nTbH, the coding block width nCbW and height nCbH, and the variable cldx as inputs, and the output is predSamples.   

     8.4.4.2.X1Affine Linear Weighted Intra Sample Prediction 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a sample location (xTbCmp, yTbCmp ) specifying the top-left sample of the current transform block relative to the top-left sample of the current picture,   a variable predModelntra specifying the intra prediction mode,   a variable nTbW specifying the transform block width,   a variable nTbH specifying the transform block height.   

     Outputs of this process are the predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH -1. 
     The size type derivation process for a block as specified in clause 8.4.X.1 is invoked with the transform block width nTbW and the transform block height nTbH as input, and the output is assigned to variable sizeld. 
     Variables numModes, boundarySize, predW, predH and predC are derived using sizeld as specified in Table 8-X4.  
     
       
         
          TABLE 8-X4
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of number of modes, boundary sample size and prediction sizes depending on sizeld 
               
               
                 sizeld 
                 numModes 
                 boundarySize 
                 predW 
                 predH 
                 predC 
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 35 
                 2 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 1 
                 19 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 2 
                 11 
                 4 
                 Min(nTbW, 8) 
                 Min(nTbH, 8) 
                 8 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The flag isTransposed is derived as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             i 
             s 
             T 
             r 
             a 
             n 
             s 
             p 
             o 
             s 
             e 
             d 
             = 
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 M 
                 o 
                 d 
                 e 
                 I 
                 n 
                 t 
                 r 
                 a 
                 &gt; 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         n 
                         u 
                         m 
                         M 
                         o 
                         d 
                         e 
                         s 
                       
                       / 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
               
             ? 
               
             1 
               
             : 
               
             0 
           
         
       
     
     The flags needUpsBdryHor and needUpsBdryVer are derived as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             n 
             e 
             e 
             d 
             U 
             p 
             s 
             B 
             d 
             r 
             y 
             H 
             o 
             r 
             = 
             ( 
             n 
             T 
             b 
             W 
             &gt; 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             W 
             ) 
             ? 
             T 
             R 
             U 
             E 
             : 
             F 
             A 
             L 
             S 
             E 
             ( 
             8 
             − 
             X 
             16 
             ) 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             n 
             e 
             e 
             d 
             U 
             p 
             s 
             B 
             d 
             r 
             y 
             V 
             e 
             r 
             = 
             ( 
             n 
             T 
             b 
             H 
             &gt; 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             H 
             ) 
             ? 
             T 
             R 
             U 
             E 
             : 
             F 
             A 
             L 
             S 
             E 
             ( 
             8 
             − 
             X 
             17 
             ) 
           
         
       
     
     The variables upsBdryW and upsBdryH are derived as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             u 
             p 
             s 
             B 
             d 
             r 
             y 
             W 
             = 
             
               
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 H 
                 &gt; 
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 W 
               
             
               
             ? 
               
             n 
             T 
             b 
             W 
               
             : 
               
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             W 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             u 
             p 
             s 
             B 
             d 
             r 
             y 
             H 
             = 
             
               
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 h 
                 &gt; 
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 W 
               
             
             ? 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             H 
             : 
             n 
             T 
             b 
             H 
           
         
       
     
     The variables IwipW and IwipH are derived as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             l 
             w 
             i 
             p 
             W 
             = 
             
               
                 i 
                 s 
                 T 
                 r 
                 a 
                 n 
                 s 
                 p 
                 o 
                 s 
                 e 
                 d 
                 = 
                   
                 = 
                 1 
               
             
             ? 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             H 
             : 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             W 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             l 
             w 
             i 
             p 
             H 
             = 
             
               
                 i 
                 s 
                 T 
                 r 
                 a 
                 n 
                 s 
                 p 
                 o 
                 s 
                 e 
                 d 
                 = 
                   
                 = 
                 1 
               
             
             ? 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             W 
             : 
             p 
             r 
             e 
             d 
             H 
           
         
       
     
     For the generation of the reference samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW - 1 and refT[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH - 1, the reference sample derivation process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X2 is invoked with the sample location (xTbCmp, yTbCmp), the transform block width nTbW, the transform block height nTbH as inputs, and top and left reference samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW - 1 and refT[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH -1, respectively, as outputs. 
     For the generation of the boundary samples p[x] with x = 0..2 * boundarySize - 1, the following applies:
     The boundary reduction process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X3 is invoked for the top reference samples with the block size nTbW, the reference samples refT, the boundary size boundarySize, the upsampling boundary flag needUpsBdryVer, and the upsampling boundary size upsBdryW as inputs, and reduced boundary samples redT[ x ] with x = 0..boundarySize -1 and upsampling boundary samples upsBdryT[ x ] with x= 0..upsBdryW-1 as outputs.   The boundary reduction process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X3 is invoked for the left reference samples with the block size nTbH, the reference samples refL, the boundary size boundarySize, the upsampling boundary flag needUpsBdryHor, and the upsampling boundary size upsBdryH as inputs, and reduced boundary samples redL[x ] with x = 0..boundarySize -1 and upsampling boundary samples upsBdryL[x ] with x = 0..upsBdryH - 1 as outputs.   The reduced top and left boundary samples redT and redL are assigned to the boundary sample array p as follows:
   lf isTransposed is equal to 1, p[x] is set equal to redL[ x ] with x= 0..boundarySize -1 and p[x + boundarySize ] is set equal to redT[x] with x = 0..boundarySize -1.   Otherwise, p[ x ] is set equal to redT[ x ] with x = 0..boundarySize - 1 and p[x + boundarySize ] is set equal to redL[x] with x = 0..boundarySize -1.   
   

     For the intra sample prediction process according to predModelntra, the following ordered steps apply:
     1. The affine linear weighted samples predLwip[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..lwipW -1, y = 0..lwipH -1 are derived as follows:
   The variable modeId is derived as follows:               m   o   d   e   I   d   =           p   r   e   M   o   d   e   I   n   t   r   a   -       i   s   T   r   a   n   s   p   o   s   e   d       =       =       1       ?       n   u   m   M   o   d   e   s   /   2       :   0               The weight matrix mWeight[ x ][ y ] with x = 0..2 * boundarySize - 1, y = 0.. predC * predC -1is derived using sizeld and modeld as specified in Table 8-XX [TBD: add weight matrices].   The bias vector vBias[ y ] with y = 0.. predC * predC - 1 is derived using sizeld and modeld as specified in Table 8-XX [TBD: add bias vectors],   The variable sW is derived using sizeld and modeld as specified in Table 8-X5.   The affine linear weighted samples predLwip[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..lwipW -1, y = 0..lwipH -1 are derived as follows:           o   W   =   1   &lt;   &lt;       s   W   −   1                       s   B   =   B   i   t   D   e   p   t     h   Y     −   1                   i   n   c   W   =       p   r   e   d   C   &gt;   l   w   i   p   W       ?   2   :   1                   i   n   c   h   H   =       p   r   e   d   C   &gt;   l   w   i   p   H       ?   2   :   1                       p   r   e   d   L   w   i   p     x       y     =                       ∑     i   =   0       2   ∗   b   o   u   n   d   a   r   y   S   i   z   e   −   1         m   W   e   i   g   h   t     i         y   ∗   i   n   c   H   ∗   p   r   e   d   C   +   x   ∗   i   n   c   W       ∗   p     i                         +       v   B   i   a   s       y   *   i   n   c   H       *   p   r   e   d   C       +       x       *       i   n   c   W       &lt;   &lt;   s   B       +       o   W       &gt;   &gt;   s   W               
   2. The predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH - 1 are derived as follows:
   When isTransposed is equal to 1, predLwip[x][y], with x = 0..predW - 1, y = 0..predH - 1 is set equal to predLwip[ y ][ x ].   If needUpsBdryVer is equal to TRUE or needUpsBdryHor is equal to TRUE, the prediction upsampling process as specified in clause 8.4.4.2.X4 is invoked with the input block width predW, the input block height predH, affine linear weighted samples predLwip, the transform block width nTbW, the transform block height nTbH, the upsampling boundary width upsBdryW, the upsampling boundary height upsBdryH, the top upsampling boundary samples upsBdryT, and the left upsampling boundary samples upsBdryL as inputs, and the output is the predicted sample array predSamples.   Otherwise, predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH - 1 is set equal to predLwip[ x ][ y ].   
   

     
       
         
          TABLE 8-X5
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of weight shifts sW depending on sizeld and modeId 
               
               
                   
                 modeId 
               
             
            
               
                 sizeId 
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
               
               
                 0 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 1 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 9 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 9 
                 8 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     8.4.4.2.X2Reference Sample Derivation Process 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a sample location (xTbY, yTbY) specifying the top-left luma sample of the current transform block relative to the top-left luma sample of the current picture,   a variable nTbW specifying the transform block width,   a variable nTbH specifying the transform block height.   

     Outputs of this process are the top and left reference samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW - 1 and refL[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH -1, respectively. 
     The neighboring samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW - 1 and refL[ y ] with y = 0..n7bH - 1 are constructed samples prior to the in-loop filter process and derived as follows:
     The top and left neighboring luma locations (xNbT, yNbT) and (xNbL, yNbL) are specified by:               x   N   b   T   ,   y   N   b   T       =       x   T   b   Y   +   x   ,   y   T   b   Y   −   1                           x   N   b   L   ,   y   N   b   L       =       x   T   b   Y   −   1   ,   y   T   b   Y   +   y               The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighboring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the current luma location (xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xTbY, yTbY) and the top neighboring luma location (xNbT, yNbT) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availTop[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW-1.   The availability derivation process for a block as specified in clause 6.4.X [Ed. (BB): Neighboring blocks availability checking process tbd] is invoked with the current luma location (xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xTbY, yTbY) and the left neighboring luma location (xNbL, yNbL) as inputs, and the output is assigned to availLeft[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH -1.   The top reference samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW -1 are derived as follows:
   If all availTop[x] with x = 0..nTbW -1 are equal to TRUE, the sample of the location (xNbT, yNbT) is assigned to refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW - 1.   Otherwise, if availTop is equal to FALSE, all refT[x] with x=0..nTbW-1 are set equal to 1 « ( BitDepth y -1).   Otherwise, reference samples refT[ x ] with x = 0..nTbW -1 are derived by the following ordered steps:
   1. The variable lastT is set equal to the position x of the first element in the sequence availTop[x ] with x = 1..nTbW-1 that is equal to FALSE.   2. For every x = 0..lastT- 1, the sample at the location (xNbT, yNbT) is assigned to refT[x].   3. For every x = lastT..nTbW- 1, refT[x] is set equal to refT[lastT-1 ].   
   
   The left reference samples refL[ y ] with x = 0..nTbH -1 are derived as follows:
   If all availLeft[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH-1 are equal to TRUE, the sample at the location (xNbL, yNbL ) is assigned to refL[ y ] with y = 0..nTbH -1.   Otherwise, if availLeft is equal to FALSE, all refL[y] with y = 0..nTbH-1 are set equal to 1 « ( BitDepth y -1).   Otherwise, reference samples refL[ y ] with y = 0..n TbH -1 are derived by the following ordered steps:
   1. The variable lastL is set equal to the position y of the first element in the sequence availLeft[ y ] with y = 1..nTbH -1 that is equal to FALSE.   2. For every y = 0..lastL -1, the sample at the location (xNbL, yNbL ) is assigned to refL[ y ].   3. For every y = lastL..nTbH -1, refL[ y ] is set equal to refL[ lastL -1 ].   
   
   

     Specification of the Boundary Reduction Process 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a variable nTbX specifying the transform block size,   reference samples refX[ x ] with x = 0..nTbX-1,   a variable boundarySize specifying the downsampled boundary size,   a flag needUpsBdryX specifying whether intermediate boundary samples are required for upsampling,   a variable upsBdrySize specifying the boundary size for upsampling.   

     Outputs of this process are the reduced boundary samples redX[x] with x = 0..boundarySize -1 and upsampling boundary samples upsBdryX[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdrySize -1. 
     The upsampling boundary samples upsBdryX[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdrySize -1 are derived as follows:
     If needUpsBdryX is equal to TRUE and upsBdrySize is less than nTbX, the following applies:               u   D   w   n   =   n   T   b   X     /     u   p   s   B   d   r   y   S   i   z   e                           u   p   s   B   d   r   y   X     x     =         ∑             i       =       0       u   D   w   n       −       1           r   e   f   X       x   ∗   u   D   w   n   +   i       +                       1   ≪       L   o   g   2       u   D   w   n       −   1               ≫   L   o   g   2       u   D   w   n                   Otherwise (upsBdrySize is equal to nTbX), upsBdryX[x] is set equal to refX[x].   

     The reduced boundary samples redX[x] with x = 0..boundarySize -1 are derived as follows:
     If boundarySize is less than upsBdrySize, the following applies:               b   D   w   n   =   u   p   s   B   d   r   y   S   i   z   e     /     b   o   u   n   d   a   r   y   S   i   z   e                           r   e   d   X     x     =         ∑             i       =       0       b   D   w   n       −       1           u   p   s   B   d   r   y   X       x   ∗   b   D   w   n   +   i       +                       1   ≪       L   o   g   2       b   D   w   n       −   1               ≫   L   o   g   2       b   D   w   n                   Otherwise (boundarySize is equal to upsBdrySize), redX[x] is set equal to upsBdryX[ x ].   

     8.4.4.2.X4Specification of the Prediction Upsampling Process 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a variable predW specifying the input block width,   a variable predH specifying the input block height,   affine linear weighted samples predLwip[x][ y ], with x = 0..predW - 1, y = 0..predH -1,   a variable nTbW specifying the transform block width,   a variable nTbH specifying the transform block height,   a variable upsBdryW specifying the upsampling boundary width,   a variable upsBdryH specifying the upsampling boundary height,   top upsampling boundary samples upsBdryT[x] with x = 0..upsBdryW- 1,   left upsampling boundary samples upsBdryL[x ] with x = 0..upsBdryH -1.   

     Outputs of this process are the predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW -1, y = 0..nTbH -1. 
     The sparse predicted samples predSamples[ m ][ n ]are derived from predLwip[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..predW -1, y = 0..predh -1 as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 u 
                 p 
                 H 
                 o 
                 r 
                 = 
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 W 
               
               / 
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 W 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 u 
                 p 
                 V 
                 e 
                 r 
                 = 
                 n 
                 T 
                 b 
                 H 
               
               / 
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 H 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 S 
                 a 
                 m 
                 p 
                 l 
                 e 
                 s 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         x 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     * 
                     u 
                     p 
                     H 
                     o 
                     r 
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     * 
                     u 
                     p 
                     V 
                     e 
                     r 
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 = 
               
             
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 L 
                 w 
                 i 
                 p 
                 
                   x 
                 
                 
                   y 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The top boundary samples upsBdryT[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdryW -1 are assigned to predSamples[ m ][ -1 ] as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 S 
                 a 
                 m 
                 p 
                 l 
                 e 
                 s 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         x 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             n 
                             T 
                             b 
                             W 
                           
                           / 
                           
                             u 
                             p 
                             s 
                             B 
                             d 
                             r 
                             y 
                             W 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 = 
               
             
             
               
                 u 
                 p 
                 s 
                 B 
                 d 
                 r 
                 y 
                 T 
                 
                   x 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The left boundary samples upsBdryL[ y ] with y = 0..upsBdryH - 1 are assigned to predSamples[ -1 ][ n ] as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 p 
                 r 
                 e 
                 d 
                 S 
                 a 
                 m 
                 p 
                 l 
                 e 
                 s 
                 
                   
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             n 
                             T 
                             b 
                             H 
                           
                           / 
                           
                             u 
                             p 
                             s 
                             B 
                             d 
                             r 
                             y 
                             H 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     − 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 = 
               
             
             
               
                 u 
                 p 
                 s 
                 B 
                 d 
                 r 
                 y 
                 L 
                 
                   y 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH -1 are derived as follows:
     If n TbH is greater than nTbW, the following ordered steps apply:
   1. When upHor is greater than 1, hoizontal upsampling for all sparse positions (xHor, yHor ) = ( m * uphor - 1, n * upVer -1 ) with m = 0..predW - 1, n = 1.. predH is applied with dX = 1.. upHor -1 as follows:               p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r   +   d   X           y   H   o   r       =                   u   p   H   o   r   −   d   X           *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r           y   H   o   r       +           d   X   *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r   +   u   p   H   o   r               y   H   o   r           /   u   p   H   o   r               2. Vertical upsampling for all sparse positions ( xVer, yVer ) = ( m, n * upVer-1 ) with m = 0..nTbW -1, n = 0..predH - 1 is applied with dY = 1..upVer -1 as follows:               p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   V   e   r           y   V   e   r   +   d   Y       =                   u   p   V   e   r   −   d   Y       *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s           x   V   e   r           y   V   e   r       +           d   Y   *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   V   e   r               y   V   e   r   +   u   p   V   e   r           /   u   p   V   e   r               
   Otherwise, the following ordered steps apply:
   1. When upVer is greater than 1, vertical upsampling for all sparse positions ( xVer, yVer ) = ( m * upHor -1, n * upVer-1) with m = 1..predW, n = 0..predH -1 is applied with dY = 1..upVer - 1 as specified in (8-X40).   2. Horizontal upsampling for all sparse positions ( xHor, yHor ) = ( m * upHor -1, n ) with m = 0.. predW -1, n = 0..nTbH - 1 is applied with dX = 1..upHor - 1 as specified in (8-X39).   
   

     &lt;end&gt;  
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-9
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Syntax elements and associated binarizations 
               
               
                 Syntax structure 
                 Syntax element 
                 Binarization 
               
               
                 Process 
                 Input parameters 
               
             
            
               
                 coding unit() 
                 cu _skip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 FL 
                 cMax = 1 
               
               
                 pred mode_ibc_flag 
                 FL 
                 cMax = 1 
               
               
                 pred_ mode_flag 
                 FL 
                 cMax = 1 
               
               
                 &lt;begin&gt;intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 FL 
                 cMax = 1 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_ mpm_flag[ ] [ ] 
                 FL 
                 cMax = 1 
               
               
                 intra _lwip _mpm_idx[ ][ ] 
                 TR 
                 cMax = 2, cRiceParam = 0 
               
               
                 intra_ lwip _mpm _remainder[ ][ ] 
                 FL 
                 cMax = (cbWidth = = 4 &amp;&amp; cbHeight = = 4) ? 31 : ( (cbWidth &lt;= 8 &amp;&amp; cbHeight &lt; = 8) ? 15 : 7) 
               
               
                   
                 ... 
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxlnc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binldx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 ... 
                 terminate 
                 no 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxlnc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binIdx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 (Abs( Log2(cbWidth)-Log2(cbHeight) )&gt; 1) ? 3 : (0,1,2 (clause 9.5.4.2.2) ) 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_ lwip_mpm_flag[ ][ ] 
                 0 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_ lwip_mpm_ remainder[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-16
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of ctxlnc using left and above syntax elements 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 condL 
                 condA 
                 ctxSetldx 
               
             
            
               
                 ... 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[x0 ][ y0 ] 
                 intra_lwip_flag[ xNbL ][ yNbL ] 
                 intra_lwip_flag[xNbA ][yNbA ] 
                 0 
               
               
                 ... 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     End 
     Summary of ALWIP 
     For predicting the samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H, affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) takes one line of H reconstructed neighboring boundary samples left of the block and one line of W reconstructed neighboring boundary samples above the block as input. If the reconstructed samples are unavailable, they are generated as it is done in the conventional intra prediction. ALWIP is only applied to luma intra block. For chroma intra block, the conventional intra coding modes are applied. 
     The generation of the prediction signal is based on the following three steps:
     1. Out of the boundary samples, four samples in the case of W=H=4 and eight samples in all other cases are extracted by averaging.   2. A matrix vector multiplication, followed by addition of an offset, is carried out with the averaged samples as an input. The result is a reduced prediction signal on a subsampled set of samples in the original block.   3. The prediction signal at the remaining positions is generated from the prediction signal on the subsampled set by linear interpolation which is a single step linear interpolation in each direction.   
 [0136] If an ALWIP mode is to be applied, the index predmode of the ALWIP mode is signaled using a MPM-list with 3 MPMs. Here, the derivation of the MPMs is performed using the intra-modes of the above and the left PU as follows. There are three fixed tables map_angular_to_alwip idx , idx ∈ {0,1,2} that assign to each conventional intra prediction mode predmode angular  an ALWIP mode
     
       
         
           
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     For each PU of width W and height H one defines an index 
     
       
         
           
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     that indicates from which of the three sets the ALWIP-parameters are to be taken. 
     If the above Prediction Unit PU above  is available, belongs to the same CTU as the current PU and is in intra mode, if idx(PU) = idx(PU above ) and if ALWIP is applied on PU above  with ALWIP-mode  
     
       
         
           
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     If the above PU is available, belongs to the same CTU as the current PU and is in intra mode and if a conventional intra prediction mode  
     
       
         
           
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     is applied on the above PU, one puts 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     which means that this mode is unavailable. In the same way but without the restriction that the left PU needs to belong to the same CTU as the current PU, one derives a mode  
     
       
         
           
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     . 
     Finally, three fixed default lists list idx , idx ∈ {0,1,2} are provided, each of which contains three distinct ALWIP modes. Out of the default list list idx(PU)  and the modes  
     
       
         
           
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     one constructs three distinct MPMs by substituting -1 by default values as well as eliminating repetitions. 
     For the luma MPM-list derivation, whenever a neighboring luma block is encountered which uses an ALWIP-mode predmode ALWIP , this block is treated as if it was using the conventional intra-prediction mode predmode Angular . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     3 Transform in VVC 
     3.1 Multiple Transform Selection (MTS) 
     In addition to Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-II which has been employed in HEVC, a Multiple Transform Selection (MTS) scheme is used for residual coding both inter and intra coded blocks. It uses multiple selected transforms from the DCT8/Discrete Sine Transform (DST) 7. The newly introduced transform matrices are DST-VII and DCT-VIII. 
     3.2 Reduced Secondary Transform (RST) Proposed in JVET-N0193 
     Reduced secondary transform (RST) applies 16x16 and 16x64 non-separable transform for 4x4 and 8 x8 blocks, respectively. Primary forward and inverse transforms are still performed the same way as two one dimensional (1-D) horizontal/vertical transform passes. Secondary forward and inverse transforms are a separate process step from that of primary transforms. For encoder, primary forward transform is performed first, then followed by secondary forward transform and quantization, and context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) bit encoding. For decoder, CABAC bit decoding and inverse quantization, then Secondary inverse transform is performed first, then followed by primary inverse transform. RST applies only to intra coded TUs in both intra slice and inter slices. 
     3.3 A Unified MPM List for Intra Mode Coding in JVET-N0185 
     A unified 6-MPM list is proposed for intra blocks irrespective of whether Multiple Reference Line (MRL) and Intra sub-partition (ISP) coding tools are applied or not. The MPM list is constructed based on intra modes of the left and above neighboring block as in VVC test model (VTM) 4.0. Suppose the mode of the left is denoted as Left and the mode of the above block is denoted as Above, the unified MPM list is constructed as follows:
     When a neighboring block is not available, its intra mode is set to Planar by default.   If both modes Left and Above are non-angular modes:
   a. MPM list → {Planar, DC, V, H, V-4, V+4}   
   If one of modes Left and Above is angular mode, and the other is non-angular:
   a. Set a mode Max as the larger mode in Left and Above   b. MPM list → {Planar, Max, DC, Max -1, Max +1, Max -2}   
   If Left and Above are both angular and they are different:
   a. Set a mode Max as the larger mode in Left and Above   b. if the difference of mode Left and Above is in the range of 2 to 62, inclusive
   i. MPM list → {Planar, Left, Above, DC, Max -1, Max +1}   
   c. Otherwise
   i. MPM list → {Planar, Left, Above, DC, Max -2, Max +2}   
   
 If Left and Above are both angular and they are the same:
   a. MPM list → {Planar, Left, Left -1, Left +1, DC, Left -2}   
   

     Besides, the first bin of the MPM index codeword is CABAC context coded. In total three contexts are used, corresponding to whether the current intra block is MRL enabled, ISP enabled, or a normal intra block. 
     The left neighboring block and above neighboring block used in the unified MPM list construction is A2 and B2 as shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     One MPM flag is firstly coded. If the block is coded with one of mode in the MPM list, an MPM index is further coded. Otherwise, an index to the remaining modes (excluding MPMs) is coded. 
     4 Examples of Drawbacks in Existing Implementations 
     The design of ALWIP in JVET-N0217 has the following problems:
     1) At the March 2019 JVET meeting, a unified 6-MPM list generation was adopted for MRL mode, ISP mode, and normal intra mode. But the affine linear weighted prediction mode uses a different 3-MPM list construction which makes the MPM list construction complicated. A complex MPM list construction might compromise the throughput of the decoder, in particular for small blocks such as 4 ×4 samples.   2) ALWIP is only applied to luma component of the block. For the chroma component of an ALWP coded block, a chroma mode index is coded and sent to decoder, which could result in unnecessary signaling.   3) The interactions of ALWIP with other coding tools should be considered.   4) When calculating upsBdryX in               upsBdryX     x     =         ∑             i=0       uDwn-1       refX           X*uDwn+                     i     +           1   ≪       Log2       uDwn       −   1               ≫   Log   2       uDwn                    (8-X31), it is possible that Log2( uDwn ) - 1 is equal to -1, while left shifted with -1 is undefined.   5) When upsampling the prediction samples, no rounding is applied.   6) In the deblocking process, ALWIP coded blocks are treated as normal intra-blocks.   7) Too many contexts (e.g., 4) are used in coding ALWIP flag (e.g., intra_lwip_flag).   8) When both vertical up-sampling and horizontal up-sampling are required, the up-sampling order depends on block shape. This is not hardware friendly.   9) Linear interpolation filter is used for up-sampling, which may be inefficient.   

     5 Exemplary Methods for Matrix-Based Intra Coding 
     Embodiments of the presently disclosed technology overcome drawbacks of existing implementations, thereby providing video coding with higher coding efficiencies but lower computational complexity. Matrix-based intra prediction methods for video coding, and as described in the present disclosure, may enhance both existing and future video coding standards, is elucidated in the following examples described for various implementations. The examples of the disclosed technology provided below explain general concepts, and are not meant to be interpreted as limiting. In an example, unless explicitly indicated to the contrary, the various features described in these examples may be combined. 
     In the following discussion, an intra-prediction mode refers to an angular intra prediction mode (including DC, planar, CCLM and other possible intra prediction modes); while an intra mode refers to normal intra mode, or MRL, or ISP or ALWIP. 
     In the following discussion, “Other intra modes” may refer to one or multiple intra modes except ALWIP, such as normal intra mode, or MRL, or ISP. 
     In the following discussion, SatShift(x, n) is defined as 
     
       
         
           
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     Shift(x, n) is defined as Shift(x, n) = (x+ offset0)&gt;&gt;n. 
     In one example, offset0 and/or offset1 are set to (1&lt;&lt;n)&gt;&gt;1 or (1&lt;&lt;(n-1)). In another example, offset0 and/or offset1 are set to 0. 
     In another example, offset0=offset1= ((1&lt;&lt;n)&gt;&gt;1)-1 or ((1&lt;&lt;(n-1)))-1. 
     Clip3(min, max, x) is defined as 
     
       
         
           
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     MPM List Construction for ALWIP 
     
         
         1. It is proposed that the whole or partial of the MPM list for ALWIP may be constructed according to the whole or partial procedure to construct the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra mode (such as normal intra mode, MRL, or ISP).
   a. In one example, the size of the MPM list for ALWIP may be the same as that of the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra mode.
   i. For example, the size of MPM list is 6 for both ALWIP and non-ALWIP intra modes.   
   b. In one example, the MPM list for ALWIP may be derived from the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra mode.
   i. In one example, the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra mode may be firstly constructed. Afterwards, partial or all of them may be converted to the MPMs which may be further added to the MPM list for ALWIP coded blocks.
   1) Alternatively, furthermore, when adding a converted MPM to the MPM list for ALWIP coded blocks, pruning may be applied.   2) Default modes may be added to the MPM list for ALWIP coded blocks.   a. In one example, default modes may be added before those converted from the MPM list of non-ALWIP intra mode.   b. Alternatively, default modes may be added after those converted from the MPM list of non-ALWIP intra mode.   c. Alternatively, default modes may be added in an interleaved way with those converted from the MPM list of non-ALWIP intra mode.   d. In one example, the default modes may be fixed to be the same for all kinds of blocks.   e. Alternatively, the default modes may be determined according to coded information, such as availability of neighboring blocks, mode information of neighboring blocks, block dimension.   
   ii. In one example, one intra-prediction mode in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra mode may be converted to its corresponding ALWIP intra-prediction mode, when it is put into the MPM list for ALWIP.
   1) Alternatively, all the intra-prediction modes in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be converted to corresponding ALWIP intra-prediction modes before being used to construct the MPM list for ALWIP.   2) Alternatively, all the candidate intra-prediction modes (may include the intra-prediction modes from neighboring blocks and default intra-prediction modes such as Planar and DC) may be converted to corresponding ALWIP intra-prediction modes before being used to construct the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes, if the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be further used to derive the MPM list for ALWIP.   3) In one example, two converted ALWIP intra-prediction modes may be compared.   a. In one example, if they are the same, only one of them may be put into the MPM list for ALWIP.   b. In one example, if they are the same, only one of them may be put into the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes.   
   iii. In one example, K out of S intra-prediction modes in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be picked as the MPM list for ALWIP mode. E.g., K is equal to 3 and S is equal to 6.
   1) In one example, the first K intra-prediction modes in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be picked as the MPM list for ALWIP mode.   
   
   
 
         2.It is proposed that the one or multiple neighboring blocks used to derive the MPM list for ALWIP may also be used to used derive the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes (such as normal intra mode, MRL, or ISP).
   a. In one example, the neighboring block left to the current block used to derive the MPM list for ALWIP should be the same as that used to derive the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes.
   i. Suppose the top-left corner of the current block is (xCb, yCb), the width and height of the current block are W and H, then in one example, the left neighboring block used to derive the MPM list for both ALWIP and non-ALWIP intra modes may cover the position (xCb-1, yCb). In an alternative example, the left neighboring block used to derive the MPM list for both ALWIP and non-ALWIP intra modes may cover the position (xCb-1, yCb+H-1).   ii. For example, the left neighboring block and above neighboring block used in the unified MPM list construction is A2 and B2 as shown in  FIG.  10   .   
   b. In one example, the neighboring block above to the current block used to derive the MPM list for ALWIP should be the same as that used to derive the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes.
   i. Suppose the top-left corner of the current block is (xCb, yCb), the width and height of the current block are W and H, then in one example, the above neighboring block used to derive the MPM list for both ALWIP and non-ALWIP intra modes may cover the position (xCb, yCb-1). In an alternative example, the above neighboring block used to derive the MPM list for both ALWIP and non-ALWIP intra modes may cover the position (xCb+W-1, yCb-1).   ii. For example, the left neighboring block and above neighboring block used in the unified MPM list construction is A1 and B1 as shown in  FIG.  10   .   
   
 
         3.It is proposed that the MPM list for ALWIP may be constructed in different ways according to the width and/or height of the current block.
   a. In one example, different neighboring blocks may be accessed for different block dimensions.   
 
         4.It is proposed that the MPM list for ALWIP and the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be constructed with the same procedure but with different parameters.
   a. In one example, K out of S intra-prediction modes in the MPM list construction procedure of non-ALWIP intra modes may be derived for the MPM list used in ALWIP mode. E.g., K is equal to 3 and S is equal to 6.
   i. In one example, the first K intra-prediction modes in the MPM list construction procedure may be derived for the MPM list used in ALWIP mode.   
   b. In one example, the first mode in the MPM list may be different.
   i. For example, the first mode in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be Planar, but it may be a Mode X0 in the MPM list for ALWIP.
   1) In one example, X0 may be the ALWIP intra-prediction mode converted from Planar.   
   
   c. In one example, stuffing modes in the MPM list may be different.
   i. For example, the first three stuffing modes in the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes may be DC, Vertical and Horizontal, but they may be Mode X1, X2, X3 in the MPM list for ALWIP.
   1) In one example, X1, X2, X3 may be different for different sizeId.   
   ii. In one example, the number of stuffing mode may be different.   
   d. In one example, neighboring modes in the MPM list may be different.
   i. For example, the normal intra-prediction modes of neighboring blocks are used to construct the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes. And they are converted to ALWIP intra-prediction modes to construct the MPM list for ALWIP mode.   
   e. In one example, the shifted modes in the MPM list may be different.
   i. For example, X+K0 where X is a normal intra-prediction mode and K0 is an integer may be put into the MPM list for non-ALWIP intra modes. And Y+K1 where Y is an ALWIP intra-prediction mode and K1 is an integer may be put into the MPM list for ALWIP, where K0 may be different from K1.
   1) In one example, K1 may depend on the width and height.   
   
   
 
         5. It is proposed that a neighboring block is treated as unavailable if it is coded with ALWIP when constructing the MPM list for the current block with non-ALWIP intra modes.
   a. Alternatively, a neighboring block is treated as being coded with a predefined intra-prediction mode (such as Planar) if it is coded with ALWIP when constructing the MPM list for the current block with non-ALWIP intra modes.   
 
         6. It is proposed that a neighboring block is treated as unavailable if it is coded with non-ALWIP intra modes when constructing the MPM list for the current block with ALWIP mode.
   a. Alternatively, a neighboring block is treated as being coded with a predefined ALWIP intra-prediction mode X if it is coded with non-ALWIP intra modes when constructing the MPM list for the current block with ALWIP mode.
   i. In one example, X may depend on the block dimensions, such as width and/or height.   
   
 
         7. It is proposed to remove the storage of ALWIP flag from line buffer.
   a. In one example, when the 2 nd  block to be accessed is located in a different LCU/CTU row/region compared to the current block, the conditional check of whether the 2 nd  block is coded with ALWIP is skipped.   b. In one example, when the 2 nd  block to be accessed is located in a different LCU/CTU row/region compared to the current block, the 2 nd  block is treated in the same way as non-ALWIP mode, such as treated as normal intra coded block.   
 
         8. When encoding the ALWIP flag, no more than K (K &gt;= 0) contexts may be used.
   a. In one example, K = 1.   
 
         9. It is proposed to store the converted intra prediction mode of ALWIP coded blocks instead of directly storing the mode index associated with the ALWIP mode.
   a. In one example, the decoded mode index associated with one ALWIP coded block is mapped to the normal intra mode, such as according to map_alwip_to_angular as described in Section 2.5.7.   b. Alternatively, furthermore, the storage of ALWIP flag is totally removed.   c. Alternatively, furthermore, the storage of ALWIP mode is totally removed.   d. Alternatively, furthermore, condition check of whether one neighboring/current block is coded with ALWIP flag may be skipped.   e. Alternatively, furthermore, the conversion of modes assigned for ALWIP coded blocks and normal intra predictions associated with one accessed block may be skipped.   
 
       
    
     ALWIP on Different Color Components 
     
         
         10. It is proposed that an inferred chroma intra mode (e.g., DM mode) might be always applied if the corresponding luma block is coded with ALWIP mode.
   a. In one example, chroma intra mode is inferred to be DM mode without signaling if the corresponding luma block is coded with ALWIP mode.   b. In one example, the corresponding luma block may be the one covering the corresponding sample of a chroma sample located at a given position (e.g., top-left of current chroma block, center of current chroma block).   c. In one example, the DM mode may be derived according to the intra prediction mode of the corresponding luma block, such as via mapping the (ALWIP) mode to one of the normal intra mode.   
 
         11. When the corresponding luma block of the chroma blocks is coded with ALWIP mode, several DM modes may be derived. 
         12. It is proposed that a special mode is assigned to the chroma blocks if one corresponding luma block is coded with ALWIP mode.
   a. In one example, the special mode is defined to be a given normal intra prediction mode regardless the intra prediction mode associated with the ALWIP coded blocks.   b. In one example, different ways of intra prediction may be assigned to this special mode.   
 
         13. It is proposed that ALWIP may also be applied to chroma components.
   a. In one example, the matrix and/or bias vector may be different for different color components.   b. In one example, the matrix and/or bias vector may be predefined jointly for the blue-difference chroma (Cb) and the red difference chroma (Cr).
   i. In one example, Cb and Cr component may be concatenated.   ii. In one example, Cb and Cr component may be interleaved.   
   c. In one example, the chroma component may share the same ALWIP intra-prediction mode as the corresponding luma block.
   i. In one example, the same ALWIP intra-prediction mode is applied on the chroma component if the corresponding luma block applies the ALWIP mode and the chroma block is coded with DM mode.   ii. In one example, the same ALWIP intra-prediction mode is applied on the chroma component and the linear interpolation thereafter can be skipped.   iii. In one example, the same ALWIP intra-prediction mode is applied on the chroma component with a subsampled matrix and/or bias vector.   
   d. In one example, the number of ALWIP intra-prediction modes for different component may be different.
   i. For example, the number of ALWIP intra-prediction modes for chroma components may be less than that for luma component for the same block width and height.   
   
 
       
    
     Applicability of ALWIP 
     
         
         14. It is proposed that whether ALWIP can be applied may be signaled.
   a. For example, it may be signaled at sequence level (e.g., in sequence parameter set (SPS)), at picture level (e.g. in picture parameter set (PPS) or picture header), at slice level (e.g. in slice header), at tile group level (e.g. in tile group header), at tile level, at CTU row level, or at CTU level.   b. For example, intra_lwip_flag may not be signaled and inferred to be 0 if ALWIP cannot be applied.   
 
         15. It is proposed that whether ALWIP can be applied may depend on the block width (W) and/or height (H).
   c. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W&gt;=T1 (or W&gt;T1) and H&gt;=T2 (or H&gt; T2). E.g. T1=T2=32;
   i. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W&lt;=T1 (or W&lt;T1) and H&lt;=T2 (or H&lt; T2). E.g. T1=T2=32;   
   d. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W&gt;=T1 (or W&gt;T1) or H&gt;=T2 (or H&gt; T2). E.g. T1=T2=32;
   i. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W&lt;=T1 (or W&lt;T1) or H&lt;=T2 (or H&lt; T2). E.g. T1=T2=32;   
   e. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W + H&gt;=T (or W * H&gt; T). E.g. T = 256;
   i. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W + H&lt;=T (or W + H&lt; T). E.g. T = 256;   
   f. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W * H&gt;=T (or W * H&gt; T). E.g. T = 256; 
   i. For example, ALWIP may not be applied if W * H&lt;=T (or W * H&lt; T). E.g. T = 256;   
   g. For example, intra_lwip_flag may not be signaled and inferred to be 0 if ALWIP cannot be applied.   
 
       
    
     Calculation Problems in ALWIP 
     
         
         16. It is proposed that any shift operation involved in ALWIP can only left shift or right shift a number by S, where S must be larger or equal to 0.
   a. In one example, the right shift operation may be different when S is equal to 0 or larger than 0.
   i. In one example, upsBdryX[ x ] should be calculated as                   upsBdryX        x        =                       ​               (                                       ∑     i=0       uDwn-1         refX       x   ∗   uDwn+i                                       +                                       1   &lt;   &lt;       Log2       uDwn       −   1                           &gt;   &gt;   Log2       uDwn                       when                   uDwn&gt;1,                   and               upsBdryX        x        =           ∑     i=0       uDwn-1         refX           x   ∗   uDwn+i                            when uDwn is equal to 1.   
   b. In one example, upsBdryX[ x ] should be calculated as               upsBdryX        x        =                                           (                                               ∑     i=0       uDwn         refX       x   ∗   uDwn+i                                                                   +                           1   &lt;   &lt;   Log2           uDwn       &gt;   &gt;   1           &gt;   &gt;   Log2       uDwn                       
 
         17. It is proposed that the results should be rounded toward-zero or away-from-zero in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.
   a. In one example,               predSamples       xHor + dX           yHor       =                       upHor   −   dX               ∗   predSamples       xHor           yHor       +               dX       *       predSamples       xHor + upHor           yHor           +   offsetHor         /     upHor                    and               predSamples       xVer           yVer   ​       +       dY       =                       upVer   −   dY               ∗   predSamples       xVer           yVer       +               dY       *       predSamples       xVer           yVer   ​       +       dY           +   offsetVer         /     upVer                    where offsetHor and offsetVer are integers. For example, offsetHor = upHor/2 and offsetVer=upVer/2.   
 
       
    
     Interaction With Other Coding Tools 
     
         
         18. It is proposed that ALWIP may be used for a CIIP-coded block.
   a. In one example, in a CIIP-coded block, it may be explicitly signaled whether an ALWIP intra-prediction mode or a normal intra prediction mode such as Planar is used to generate the intra prediction signal.   b. In one example, it may be implicitly inferred whether an ALWIP intra-prediction mode or a normal intra prediction mode such as Planar may be used to generate the intra prediction signal.
   i. In one example, ALWIP intra-prediction mode may never be used in a CIIP coded block.
   1) Alternatively, normal intra prediction may never be used in a CIIP coded block.   
   ii. In one example, it may be inferred from information of neighboring blocks whether an ALWIP intra-prediction mode or a normal intra prediction mode such as Planar is used to generate the intra prediction signal.   
   
 
         19. It is proposed that the whole or partial of the procedure used to down-sample the neighboring luma samples in the CCLM mode may be used to down-sample the neighboring samples in the ALWIP mode.
   a. Alternatively, the whole or partial of the procedure used to down-sample the neighboring luma samples in the ALWIP mode may be used to down-sample the neighboring samples in the CCLM mode.   b. The down-sampling procedure may be invoked with different parameters/arguments when it is used in the CCLM process and ALWIP process.   c. In one example, the down-sampling method (such as selection of neighboring luma locations, down-sampling filters) in the CCLM process may be utilized in the ALWIP process.   d. The procedure used to down-sample the neighboring luma samples at least include the selection of down-sampled positions, the down-sampling filters, the rounding and clipping operations.   
 
         20. It is proposed that a block coded with ALWIP mode cannot apply RST or/and secondary transform or/and rotation transform or/and Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST).
   a. In one example, whether such constraint may be applied or not may depend on the dimension information of the block, e.g., same as conditions described in (15).   b. Alternatively, ALWIP mode may be disallowed when RST or/and secondary transform or/and rotation transform or/and NSST is applied.   c. Alternatively, a block coded with ALWIP mode may apply RST or/and secondary transform or/and rotation transform or/and Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST).
   i. In one example, the selection of transform matrix may depend the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   ii. In one example, the selection of transform matrix may depend the normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   iii. In one example, the selection of transform matrix may depend the classification on the normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   
   
 
         21. It is proposed that a block coded with ALWIP mode cannot apply Block-based differential pulse coded modulation (BDPCM) or Residue (RDPCM).
   a. Alternatively, ALWIP mode may be disallowed when BDPCM or RDPCM is applied.   
 
         22. It is proposed that a block coded with ALWIP mode may only use DCT-II as the transform. 
   a. In one example, the signalling of transform matrix indices is always skipped.   b. Alternatively, it is proposed that the transform used for a block coded with ALWIP mode may be implicitly derived instead of explicitly signaled. For example, the transform may be selected following the way proposed in JVET-M0303.   c. Alternatively, it is proposed that a block coded with ALWIP mode may only use transform skip.
   i. Alternatively, furthermore, when ALWIP is used, the signalling of indication of usage of transform skip is skipped.   
   d. In one example, ALWIP mode information (such as enabled/disabled, prediction mode index) may be conditionally signalled after indications of transform matrix.
   i. In one example, for a given transform matrix (such as transform skip or DCT-II), the indications of ALWIP mode information may be signalled.   ii. Alternatively, furthermore, the indications of ALWIP mode information may be skipped for some pre-defined transform matrices.   
   
 
         23. It is proposed that a block coded with ALWIP mode is regarded to be coded with a normal intra-prediction converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode when the selected transform is mode-dependent. 
         24. ALWIP mode may not use transform skip.
   a. For example, there is no need to further signal the indication of usage of transform skip in this case.   b. Alternatively, ALWIP mode may be disallowed when transform skip is applied.
   i. For example, there is no need to signal ALWIP mode information when transform skip is applied in this case.   
   
 
         25. In the filtering process, such as deblocking filter, sample adaptive offset (SAO), adaptive loop filter (ALF), how to select the filters and/or whether to filter samples may be determined by the usage of ALWIP. 
         26. Unfiltered neighboring samples may be used in ALWIP mode.
   a. Alternatively, filtered neighboring samples may be used in ALWIP mode.   b. In one example, filtered neighboring samples may be used for down sampling and unfiltered neighboring samples may be used for up sampling.   c. In one example, unfiltered neighboring samples may be used for down sampling and filtered neighboring samples may be used for up sampling.   d. In one example, filtered left neighboring samples may be used in up sampling and unfiltered above neighboring samples may be used in up sampling.   e. In one example, unfiltered left neighboring samples may be used in up sampling and filtered above neighboring samples may be used in up sampling.   f. In one example, whether filter or unfiltered neighboring samples is used may depend on the ALWIP mode.
   i. In one example, ALWIP mode may be converted to traditional intra prediction mode, and whether filtered or unfiltered neighboring samples is used may depend on the converted traditional intra prediction mode. For example, such decision is same as traditional intra prediction modes.   ii. Alternatively, whether filter or unfiltered neighboring samples is used for ALWIP mode may be signaled.   
   g. In one example, the filtered samples may be generated same as traditional intra prediction modes.   
 
         27. Which matrices or/and offset vectors are used may depend on reshaping (a.k.a., luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS), luma mapping with chroma scaling) information.
   a. In one example, different matrices or/and offset vectors may be used when reshaping is on and off.   b. In one example, different matrices or/and offset vectors may be used for different reshaping parameters.   c. In one example, ALWIP may be always performed in original domain.
   i. For example, neighboring sample are mapped to the original domain (if reshaping is applied) before used in ALWIP.   
   
 
         28. ALWIP may be disabled when reshaping is applied.
   a. Alternatively, reshaping may be disabled when ALWIP is enabled.   b. In one example, ALWIP may be disabled for high dynamic range (HDR) content when reshaping is applied.   
 
         29. The matrices used in ALWIP may depend on sample bit-depth.
   a. Alternatively, furthermore, the offset values used in ALWIP may depend on sample bit-depth.   b. Alternatively, the matrix parameters and offset values can be stored in M-bit precision for N-bit samples (M&lt;=N), e.g., the matrix parameters and offset values can be stored in 8-bit precision for a 10-bit sample.   c. The sample bit-depth may be the bit-depth of input array for a color component such as luma.   d. The sample bit-depth may be the bit-depth of internal array/reconstructed sample for a color component, such as luma.   
 
         30. The matrix parameters and/or offset values for a specified block size may be derived from the matrix parameters and/or offset values for other block sizes. 
         31. In one example, the 16 ×8 matrix of 8 ×8 block can be derived from the 16 ×4 matrix of 4 ×4 block. 
         32. It is proposed that the prediction generated by ALWIP may be treated as an intermedium signal which will be processed to obtain the prediction signal to be further used.
   a. In one example, Position Dependent Intra Prediction Combination (PDPC) may be applied on the prediction generated by ALWIP to generate the prediction signal to be further used.
   i. In one example, PDPC is done on an ALWIP coded block in the same way as the block is coded with a specific normal intra-prediction mode, such as Planar or DC.   ii. In one example, PDPC is done on an ALWIP coded block in the same way as the block coded with a normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   iii. In one example, PDPC is applied on an ALWIP coded block conditionally.
   1) For example, PDPC is applied on an ALWIP coded block only when PDPC is applied on the normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   
   
   b. In one example, the boundary samples prediction generated by ALWIP may be filtered with neighbouring samples to generate the prediction signal to be further used.
   i. In one example, filtering on boundary samples is done on an ALWIP coded block in the same way as the block is coded with a specific normal intra-prediction mode, such as Planar or DC.   ii. In one example, filtering on boundary samples is done on an ALWIP coded block in the same way as the block coded with a normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   iii. In one example, filtering on boundary samples is applied on an ALWIP coded block conditionally.
   1) For example, filtering on boundary samples is applied on an ALWIP coded block only when filtering on boundary samples is applied on the normal intra-prediction mode which is converted from the ALWIP intra-prediction mode.   
   
   
 
         33. It is proposed that interpolation filters other than bilinear interpolation filter may be used in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.
   a. In one example, 4-tap interpolation filters may be used in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.
   i. For example, the 4-tap interpolation filters in VVC used to do the motion compensation for chroma components may be used in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.   ii. For example, the 4-tap interpolation filters in VVC used to do angular intra-prediction may be used in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.   iii. For example, the 8-tap interpolation filters in VVC used to do the motion compensation for luma component may be used in the up-sampling process of ALWIP.   
   
 
         34. Samples within a block coded in ALWIP mode may be predicted in different ways. 
   a. In one example, for a W*H block, prediction of a sW*sH sub-block within it may be generated by applying sW*sH ALWIP to it.
   i. In one example, for a W*H block, prediction of its top-left W/2*H/2 block may be generated by applying W/2*H/2 ALWIP to it.   ii. In one example, for a W*H block, prediction of its left W/2*H block may be generated by applying W/2*H ALWIP to it.   iii. In one example, for a W*H block, prediction of its top W*H/2 block may be generated by applying W*H/2 ALWIP to it.   iv. In one example, the sW*sH sub-block may have available left or/and above neighboring samples.   
   b. In one example, how to decide the position of the sub-block may depend on dimension of the block.
   i. For example, when W &gt;= H, prediction of its left W/2*H block may be generated by applying W/2*H ALWIP to it.   ii. For example, when H &gt;= W, prediction of its top W*H/2 block may be generated by applying W*H/2 ALWIP to it.   iii. For example, when W is equal to H, prediction of its top-left W/2*H/2 block may be generated by applying W/2*H/2 ALWIP to it.   
   c. In one example, furthermore, prediction of the remaining samples (e.g., samples do not belong to the sW*sH sub-block) may be generated by applying the W*H ALWIP.
   i. Alternatively, prediction of the remaining samples may be generated by applying conventional intra prediction (e.g., using the converted intra prediction mode as the intra mode).   ii. Furthermore, calculation may be skipped for samples in the sW*sH sub-block.   
   
 
         35. Samples within a block coded in ALWIP mode may be predicted in sub-block (e.g., with size sW*sH) level.
   a. In one example, sW*sH ALWIP may be applied to each sub-block using neighboring reconstructed samples (e.g., for boundary sub-blocks) or/and neighboring predicted samples (e.g., for inner sub-blocks).   b. In one example, sub-blocks may be predicted in raster-scan order.   c. In one example, sub-blocks may be predicted in zigzag order.   d. In one example, width (height) of sub-blocks may be no larger than sWMax (sHMax).   e. In one example, when a block with either width or height or both width and height are both larger than (or equal to) a threshold L, the block may be split into multiple sub-blocks.   f. The threshold L may be pre-defined or signaled in SPS/PPS/picture/slice/tile group/tile level.
   i. Alternatively, the thresholds may depend on certain coded information, such as block size, picture type, temporal layer index, etc. al.   
   
 
         36. It is proposed that the neighbouring samples (adjacent or non-adjacent) are filtered before being used in ALWIP.
   a. Alternatively, neighbouring samples are not filtered before being used in ALWIP.   b. Alternatively, neighbouring samples are conditionally filtered before being used in ALWIP.
   i. For example, neighbouring samples are filtered before being used in ALWIP only when the ALWIP intra-prediction mode is equal to one or some specific values.   
   
 
         37. It is proposed that when coding the ALWIP flag, the method to derive the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding is the same for all dimensions of the current block.
   a. In one example, the method to derive the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding is the same when (Abs( Log2(cbWidth) - Log2(cbHeight) ) is larger than 1 or not, where CbWidth and CbHeight are the width and height of the current block, respectively.   b. In one example, the derivation of the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding only depends on neighboring blocks’ ALWIP information and/or the availability of the neighbouring blocks.
   i. In one example, multiple neighboring blocks ALWIP information (e.g., intra_lwip_flag) and/or the availability of the neighbouring blocks are directly used. For example, the left and above neighbouring blocks’ ALWIP flags and/or the availability of the left and neighbouring blocks are used to derive the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding. An example is shown in Table 1. Alternatively, furthermore, the context index offset ctxInc = ( condL &amp;&amp; availableL ) + ( condA &amp;&amp; availableA ) + ctxSetIdx * 3.   
   
 
       
    
     
       
         
          TABLE 1
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 condL 
                 condA 
                 ctxSetI dx 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ x 0 ][ y0 ] 
                 intra_lwip_flag[ xNbL ][ yNbL ] 
                 intra_lwip_flag[ xNbA ][ yNbA ] 
                 0 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     ii. In one example, one of the neighboring block’s ALWIP information (e.g., intra_lwip_flag) is used to derive the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding, and the neighbouring block may be the left neighbouring block. An example is shown in Table 2. Alternatively, furthermore, the context index offset ctxInc = ( condL &amp;&amp; availableL ) + ctxSetIdx * 3.  
     
       
         
          TABLE 2
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 condL 
                 condA 
                 ctxSetI dx 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ x 0 ][ y0 ] 
                 intra_lwip_flag[ xNbL ][ yNbL ] 
                   
                 0 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     iii. In one example, one of the neighboring block’s ALWIP flag information (e.g., intra_lwip_flag) is used to derive the context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding, and the neighbouring block may be the above neighbouring block.. An example is shown in Table 3. Alternatively, furthermore, the context index offset ctxInc = ( condA &amp;&amp; availableA) + ctxSetIdx * 3. 
     
       
         
          TABLE 3
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 condL 
                 condA 
                 ctxSetI dx 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ x 0 ][ y0 ] 
                   
                 intra_lwip_flag[ xNbA ][ yNbA ] 
                 0 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
         
         c. In one example, one fixed context is used for coding the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding. 
         d. In one example, ALWIP flag is bypass coded in arithmetic coding. 
         e. Alternatively, K contexts may be used for coding ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding. The context to be used may depend on dimension (e.g., width denoted as W and height denoted as H) of the block.
   i. In one example, K is equal to 2. When W &gt; N * H or H &gt; N * W (e.g., N = 2), the first context is used, otherwise, the second context is used.   
 
       
       
         38. It is proposed that N (N &gt;= 0) contexts may be used to code the ALWIP flag (e.g., intra_lwip_flag) in arithmetic coding.
   a. In one example, N is equal to three. ALWIP flag and/or availability of two neighboring or/and non-adjacent blocks may be used for deriving the used context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding.
   i. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the above (e.g., B1 in  FIG.  10   ) block and the left (e.g., A1 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   ii. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the above block and the below-left (e.g., A2 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   iii. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the above block and the above-right (e.g., B2 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   iv. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the above-right (e.g., B2 in  FIG.  10   ) block and the left (e.g., A1 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   v. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the above-right (e.g., B2 in  FIG.  10   ) block and the below-left (e.g., A2 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   vi. In one example, the two neighboring blocks may include the left block (e.g., A1 in  FIG.  10   ) and the below-left (e.g., A2 in  FIG.  10   ) block.   vii. In one example, the neighboring block may be defined differently from  FIG.  10   . an example is described in  FIG.  16   . The two neighboring blocks may include any two of the {above-right, above, above-left, left, below-left} blocks. E.g., The two neighboring blocks may include any two of the blocks in {B0, B1, B2, A0, A1}.   
   b. In one example, N is equal to two. ALWIP flag and/or availability of one neighboring or/and non-adjacent block may be used for deriving the used context for the ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding.
   i. In one example, the neighboring block may be anyone of the {above-right, above, above-left, left, below-left}. An example of the neighboring block is described in  FIG.  10   .   ii. In one example, the neighboring block may be anyone of the {above-right, above, above-left, left, below-left} block. An example of the neighboring block is described in  FIG.  16   .   
   c. In one example, one fixed context may be used for coding ALWIP flag in arithmetic coding.   d. In one example, ALWIP flag may be bypass coded in arithmetic coding.  FIG.  16    shows an example of neighboring blocks.   
 
         39. It is proposed that the reduced boundary samples may be generated without calculating the up-sampling boundary samples.
   a. In one example, the reference samples located at the upsampling boundary sample positions are directly used for the prediction upsampling process.
   i. In one example, the upsampling boundary samples may not be computed by averaging multiple adjacent reference samples.   
   b. In one example, the reduced boundary samples may be directly calculated from reference samples and the downscaling factor.
   i. In one example, the downscaling factor may be computed by the transform block size and the downsampled boundary size.   
   
 
         40. In one example, the samples may be with different precisions in different filtering stages in the up-sampling process in ALWIP. “Samples” may refer to prediction samples or any intermedium samples before or after the up-sampling process.
   a. In one example, samples are up-sampled along a first dimension horizontally in a first filtering stage; then samples are up-sampled along a second dimension vertically in a second filtering stage in the up-sampling process in ALWIP.
   i. Alternatively, samples are up-sampled along a first dimension vertically in a first filtering stage; then samples are up-sampled along a second dimension horizontally in a second filtering stage in the up-sampling process in ALWIP.   
   b. In one example, the output up-sampling results without right-shifting or division in the first filtering stage may be used as the input samples to the second filtering stage.
   i. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the second filtering stage may be right-shifted by Shift1 or divided by Dem1 to derive the final up-sampled results.   ii. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the first filtering stage may be right-shifted by Shift2 or divided by Dem2 to derive the final up-sampled results.
   1) In one example, Shift1=2 ×Shift2; Dem1= Dem2 ×Dem2.   
   iii. In one example, the samples, which are input to the second filtering stage but are not the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage, may be left-shifted Shift3 or multiplied by Dem3 before being input to the second filtering stage.
   1) In one example, Shift3 = Shift1; Dem3 = Dem2.   
   
   c. In one example, the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage may be right-shifted by Shift1 or divided by Dem1 before being used as the input samples to the second filtering stage.
   i. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the second filtering stage may be right-shifted by Shift2 or divided by Dem2 to derive the final up-sampled results, where Shift2 may be not equal to Shift1, e.g. Shift2 &gt; Shift1; Dem2 may be not equal to Dem1, e.g. Dem2 &gt; Dem1.   ii. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the first filtering stage may be right-shifted by Shift3 or divided by Dem3 to derive the final up-sampled results, where Shift3 may be equal to Shift1; Dem3 maybe not equal to Dem1.
   1) In one example, Shift3=Shiftl+Shift2.   
   iii. In one example, the samples, which are input to the second filtering stage but are not the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage, may be left-shifted or multiplied by a factor before being input to the second filtering stage.   
   d. In one example, the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage may be left-shifted by Shift1 or multiplied by Dem1 before being used as the input samples to the second filtering stage.
   i. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the second filtering stage may be right-shifted or divided by a factor to derive the final up-sampled results.   ii. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the first filtering stage may be right-shifted or divided by a factor to derive the final up-sampled results.   iii. In one example, the samples, which are input to the second filtering stage but are not the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage, may be left-shifted by Shift2 or multiplied by Dem2 before being input to the second filtering stage, where Shift2 may be not equal to Shift1, e.g. Shift2 &gt; Shift1; Dem1 may be not equal to Dem2, e.g. Dem2 &gt; Dem1.   
   e. In one example, the samples which are input to the first filtering stage may be left-shifted by Shift1 or multiplied by Dem1 before being used as the input samples to the first filtering stage.
   i. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the second filtering stage may be right-shifted or divided by a factor to derive the final up-sampled results.   ii. In one example, the output up-sampling filtering results in the first filtering stage may be right-shifted or divided by a factor to derive the final up-sampled results.   iii. In one example, the samples, which are input to the second filtering stage but are not the output up-sampling results in the first filtering stage, may be left-shifted by Shift2 or multiplied by Dem2 before being input to the second filtering stage, where Shift2 may be not equal to Shift1, e.g. Shift2 &gt; Shift1; Dem2 may be not equal to Dem1, e.g. Dem2 &gt; Dem1.   
   
 
         41. It is proposed that up-sampling in ALWIP may be performed in a fixed order when both vertical up-sampling and horizontal up-sampling are required.
   a. In one example, horizontal up-sampling may be performed firstly, and vertical up-sampling may be performed secondly.   b. In one example, vertical up-sampling may be performed firstly, and horizontal up-sampling may be performed secondly.   
 
         42. In one example, the prediction samples in ALWIP before up-sampling may be transposed according to the block dimensions.
   a. In one example, a W*H block may be firstly transposed to H*W block, then up-sampling may be applied.   b. Alternatively, furthermore, after the up-sampling process, the up-sampled samples may be transposed in a reversed way.   
 
         43. It is proposed that alternative interpolation filters instead of the bilinear filter may be used for up-sampling in ALWIP.
   a. In one example, (4-tap, 6-tap, 8-tap, etc.) gaussian filter may be used.   b. In one example, (4-tap, 6-tap, 8-tap, etc.) cubic filter may be used.   c. In one example, interpolation filters used in motion compensation for chroma samples may be used.   d. In one example, interpolation filters (6-tap, 8-tap, etc.) used in motion compensation for luma samples may be used.   e. Which interpolation filter is used may depend on the block dimensions.   f. Which interpolation filter is used may depend on the up-sampling ratio.   g. Which interpolation filter is used may depend on the prediction mode of ALWIP.   h. Which interpolation filter is used may depend on how many samples are available for up-sampling.
   i. For example, when there are 4 available samples (excluding the neighboring reference samples) in one row (or column), 4-tap interpolation filter may be used.   ii. For example, when there are 8 available samples (excluding the neighboring reference samples) in one row (or column), 4-tap or 8-tap interpolation filter may be used.   
   
 
       
    
     5. Embodiments 
     Newly added parts are highlighted in bold faced italics and deleted parts are highlighted in underlined italicized text. 
     5.1 One Example 
     Three contexts are used for coding ALWIP flag. 
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binIdx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 ... 
                 terminate 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 (Abs( Log2(cbWid th) -Log2(cbHeight) ) &gt; 1) ? 3 : (0.1.2 (clause 9.5.4.2.2) ) 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binIdx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 (0,1,2 (clause 9.5.4.2.2) ) 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ ][ ] 
                 0 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_rem ainder[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     5.2 One Example 
     One fixed context is used for coding ALWIP flag. 
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binIdx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 ... 
                 terminate 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 (Abs( Log2(cbWid th) -Log2(cbHeight) ) &gt; 1) ? 3 : (0.1.2 (clause 9.5.4.2.2) ) 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 intra_lwip_flag[ ][ ] 
                 0 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
          TABLE 9-15
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins 
               
               
                 Syntax element 
                 binIdx 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 &gt;= 5 
               
             
            
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ ][ ] 
                 0 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
               
               
                 intra_lwip_mpm_rem ainder[ ][ ] 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 bypass 
                 na 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     5.3 One Example 
     Perform the boundary reduction process in one-step. 
     Below embodiments are based on the adopted JVET-N0220-proposal-test-CE3-4.1_v2. 
     8.4.4.2.X1 Affine Linear Weighted Intra Sample Prediction 
     8.4.4.2.X3Specification of the Boundary Reduction Process 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a variable nTbX specifying the transform block size,   reference samples refX[ x ] with x = 0..nTbX - 1, a variable boundarySize specifying the downsampled boundary size,   a flag needUpsBdryX specifying whether intermediate boundary samples are required for upsampling,   a variable upsBdrySize specifying the boundary size for upsampling.   

     Outputs of this process are the reduced boundary samples redX[ x ] with x = 0..boundarySize - 1 and upsampling boundary samples upsBdryX[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdrySize - 1. 
     The upsampling boundary samples upsBdryX[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdrySize - 1 are derived as follows:
     If needUpsBdryX is equal to TRUE and upsBdrySize is less than nTbX, the following applies:               uDwn = nTbX     /     upsBdrySize                           u   p   s   B   d   r   y   X     x     =   r   e   f   X       x   ∗   u   D   w   n         ¯                             u   p   s   B   d   r   y   X     x     =         ∑             i   −   0       u   D   w   n   −   1       r   e   f   X       x   *   u   D   w   n   +   i       +             ¯                     1   ≪       L   o   g   2       u   D   w   n           −   1               ≫   L   o   g   2       u   D   w   n         ¯                 Otherwise (upsBdrySize is equal to nTbX), upsBdryX[ x ] is set equal to refX[ x ].   

     The reduced boundary samples redX[ x ] with x = 0..boundarySize - 1 are derived as follows:
     If boundarySize is less than  upsBdrySize  nTbX, the following applies:           bDwn=       u   p   s   B   d   r   y   S   i   z   e     ¯         nTbX/boundarySize                       redX     x     =         ∑             i=0       bDwn-1       u   p   s   B   d   r   y   X       refX               x*bDwn+i       +               1   ≪               Log2       bDwn       −   1                   ≫   Log2       bDwn                    The term  upsBdryX  in Equation 8-X33 is deleted.   Otherwise (boundarySize is equal to  upsBdrySize  nTbX), redX[ x ] is set equal to  upsBdryX[ x ]  refX[x].   

     5.4 One Example 
     Derive prediction samples with different precisions in different filtering stages in the up-sampling process in ALWIP. 
     Below embodiments are based on the adopted JVET-N0217-proposal-test-CE3-4.1_v2. 
     8.4.4.2.X4 Specification of the Prediction Upsampling Process 
     Inputs to this process are:
     a variable predW specifying the input block width,   a variable predH specifying the input block height,   affine linear weighted samples predLwip[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..predW - 1, y = 0..predH - 1,   a variable nTbW specifying the transform block width,   a variable nTbH specifying the transform block height,   a variable upsBdryW specifying the upsampling boundary width,   a variable upsBdryH specifying the upsampling boundary height,   top upsampling boundary samples upsBdryT[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdryW - 1,   left upsampling boundary samples upsBdryL[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdryH - 1.   

     Outputs of this process are the predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH - 1. 
     The sparse predicted samples predSamples[ m ][ n ] are derived from predLwip[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..predW - 1, y = 0..predH -1 as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             upHor=nTbW/predW 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             upVer=nTbH/predH 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             predSamples 
             
               
                 
                   
                     x+1 
                   
                 
                 *upHor-1 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y+1 
                   
                 
                 *upVer-1 
               
             
             =predLwip 
             
               x 
             
             
               y 
             
           
         
       
     
     The top boundary samples upsBdryT[ x ] with x = 0..upsBdryW - 1 are assigned to predSamples[ m ][ -1 ] as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             predSamples 
             
               
                 
                   
                     x 
                       
                     + 
                       
                     1 
                   
                 
                 ∗ 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         nTbW 
                       
                       / 
                       
                         upsBdryW 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 − 
                 1 
               
             
             
               
                 − 
                 1 
               
             
             = 
             upsBdryT 
             
               x 
             
           
         
       
     
     The left boundary samples upsBdryL[ y ] with y = 0..upsBdryH - 1 are assigned to predSamples[ -1 ][ n ] as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             predSamples 
             
               
                 − 
                 1 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 ∗ 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         nTbH 
                       
                       / 
                       
                         upsBdryH 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 − 
                 1 
               
             
             = 
             upsBdryL 
             
               y 
             
           
         
       
     
     The predicted samples predSamples[ x ][ y ], with x = 0..nTbW - 1, y = 0..nTbH - 1 are derived as follows:
     If nTbH is greater than nTbW, the following ordered steps apply:
   1. When upHor is greater than 1, hoizontal upsampling for all sparse positions ( xHor, yHor) = ( m * upHor - 1, n * upVer - 1) with m = 0..predW - 1, n = 1..predH is applied with dX = 1..upHor-1 as follows:               predSamples       xHor       +       dX           yHor       =           upHor-dx           ∗           predSamples       xHor           yHor       +   dX   ∗               predSamples       xHor       +       upHor           yHor           /       u   p   H   o   r     ¯                 2. Vertical upsampling for all sparse positions ( xVer, yVer ) = ( m, n * upVer-1 ) with m=0..nTbW -1, n = 0..predH - 1 is applied with dY = 1..upVer - 1 as follows:               I   f       y   V   e   r       i   s       e   q   u   a   l       t   o       -   1   ,       p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   V   e   r           y   V   e   r       =           p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   V   e   r           y   V   e   r       &lt;   &lt;       l   o   g   2       u   p   H   o   r                               predSamples       xVer           yVer       +       dY       =(       upVer       -       dY       *           predSamples       xVer           yVer           +       dY*           predSamples       xVer           yVer       +       upVer       )           /       u   p   V   e   r     ¯         +               1   &lt;   &lt;       l   o   g   2       u   p   H   o   r       +   l   o   g   2       u   p   V   e   r       -   1           &gt;   &gt;               l   o   g   2       u   p   H   o   r       +   l   o   g   2       u   p   V   e   r                                                                               
   Otherwise, the following ordered steps apply:
   1. When upVer is greater than 1, vertical upsampling for all sparse positions ( xVer, yVer ) = ( m * upHor - 1, n * upVer - 1) with m = 1..predW, n = 0..predH - 1 is applied with dY = 1..upVer - 1 as specified in (8-X40) (8-X41).               predSamples       xVer           yVer       +       dY       =(       upVer       -       dY       *           predSamples       xVer           yVer       +dY*           predSamples       xVer           yVer       +       upVer       )               2. Horizontal upsampling for all sparse positions ( xHor, yHor ) = ( m * upHor - 1, n ) with m = 0..predW - 1, n = 0..nTbH - 1 is applied with dX = 1..upHor - 1 as specified in (8-X39) as follows.               I   f       x   H   o   r       i   s       e   q   u   a   l       t   o       -   1   ,       p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r           y   H   o   r       =           p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r           y   H   o   r       &lt;   &lt;   l   o   g   2       u   p   V   e   r                               p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r       +       d   X           y   H   o   r                           =           (       u   p   H   o   r       -       d   X       *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r           y   H   o   r       +           d   X   *   p   r   e   d   S   a   m   p   l   e   s       x   H   o   r       +       u   p   H   o   r           y   H   o   r       +                   1   &lt;   &lt;       l   o   g   2       u   p   H   o   r       +   l   o   g   2       u   p   V   e   r       -   1               &gt;   &gt;               l   o   g   2       u   p   H   o   r       +   l   o   g   2       u   p   V   e   r                       
   

     5.5 Examples Corresponding to Bullet 40 
     Suppose the block dimensions are W×H. Samples P(x, y) with x= Sx, Sx+Kx, Sx+2Kx, Sx+3Kx,..., y=Sy, Sy+Ky, Sy+2Ky, Sy+3Ky... are input to the up-sampling process to derive the up-sampled samples S(x, y) with x=0,1,2...W-1, y= 0, 1, 2,... H-1. Kx and Ky are step sizes along the horizontal and vertical directions respectively. (Sx, Sy) is the starting position. 
     Suppose 1-D up-sampling is done horizontally in the first stage and 1-D up-sampling is done vertically in the second stage. 
     In one example, the output results in the first stage without right-shifting may be derived as 
     
       
         
           
             
               S 
               ′ 
             
             
               
                   
                 Sx+Kx-1, 
                   
                 Sy 
               
             
             = 
             F1*P 
             
               
                 Sx, 
                   
                 Sy 
               
             
             + 
             F2*P 
             
               
                 Sx+Kx, 
                   
                 Sy 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   S 
                   ′ 
                 
                 
                   
                     Sx+Kx-1, 
                       
                     Sy+Ky 
                   
                 
                 = 
               
             
             
               
                 F1*P 
                 
                   
                     Sx, 
                       
                     Sy+Ky 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 F2*P 
                 
                   
                     Sx+Kx, 
                       
                     Sy+Ky 
                   
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     F1, F2 are coefficients for a 2-tap filter and F1+F2 = 2 N . 
     Then an output result in the second stage may be derived as 
     
       
         
           
             
               S 
               ′ 
             
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy+1 
               
             
             = 
               
             F3 
             ∗ 
               
             
               S 
               ′ 
             
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy 
               
             
             + 
             F4 
             ∗ 
               
             
               S 
               ′ 
             
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy+Ky 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     F3, F4 are coefficients for a 2-tap filter and F3+F4 = 2 N . 
     Then the final up-sampled sample value may be derived as: 
     
       
         
           
             S 
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy+1 
               
             
             = 
             Shift 
             
               
                 
                   S 
                   ′ 
                 
                 
                   
                     Sx+Kx-1, Sy+1 
                   
                 
                 , 
                   
                 2 
                 N 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             S 
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy 
               
             
             = 
             Shift 
             
               
                 
                   S 
                   ′ 
                 
                 
                   
                     Sx+Kx-1, Sy 
                   
                 
                 , 
                   
                 N 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             S 
             
               
                 Sx+Kx-1, Sy+Ky 
               
             
             = 
             Shift 
             
               
                 
                   S 
                   ′ 
                 
                 
                   
                     Sx+Kx-1, Sy+Ky 
                   
                 
                 , 
                   
                 N 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     The examples described above may be incorporated in the context of the methods described below, e.g., methods  1100 - 1400  and  2100 - 2300 , which may be implemented at a video encoder and/or decoder. 
       FIG.  11    shows a flowchart of an exemplary method for video processing. The method  1100  includes, at step  1110 , determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode. 
     The method  1100  includes, at step  1120 , constructing, based on the determining, at least a portion of a most probable mode (MPM) list for the ALWIP mode based on an at least a portion of an MPM list for a non-ALWIP intra mode. 
     The method  1100  includes, at step  1130 , performing, based on the MPM list for the ALWIP mode, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, a size of the MPM list of the ALWIP mode is identical to a size of the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode. In an example, the size of the MPM list of the ALWIP mode is 6. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1100  further comprises the step of inserting default modes to the MPM list for the ALWIP mode. In an example, the default modes are inserted prior to the portion of a MPM list for the ALWIP mode that is based on the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode. In another example, the default modes are inserted subsequent to the portion of a MPM list for the ALWIP mode that is based on the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode. In yet another example, the default modes are inserted in an interleaved manner with the portion of a MPM list for the ALWIP mode that is based on the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode. 
     In some embodiments, constructing the MPM list for the ALWIP mode and the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode is based on one or more neighboring blocks. 
     In some embodiments, constructing the MPM list for the ALWIP mode and the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode is based a height or a width of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, constructing the MPM list for the ALWIP mode is based on a first set of parameters that is different from a second set of parameters used to construct the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1100  further includes the step of determining that a neighboring block of the current video block has been coded with the ALWIP mode, and designating, in constructing the MPM list for the non-ALWIP intra mode, the neighboring block as unavailable. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1100  further includes the step of determining that a neighboring block of the current video block has been coded with the non-ALWIP intra mode, and designating, in constructing the MPM list for the ALWIP mode, the neighboring block as unavailable. 
     In some embodiments, the non-ALWIP intra mode is based on a normal intra mode, a multiple reference line (MRL) intra prediction mode or an intra sub-partition (ISP) tool. 
       FIG.  12    shows a flowchart of an exemplary method for video processing. The method  1200  includes, at step  1210 , determining that a luma component of a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode. 
     The method  1200  includes, at step  1220 , inferring, based on the determining, a chroma intra mode. 
     The method  1200  includes, at step  1230 , performing, based on the chroma intra mode, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, the luma component covers a predetermined chroma sample of the chroma component. In an example, the predetermined chroma sample is a top-left sample or a center sample of the chroma component. 
     In some embodiments, the inferred chroma intra mode is a DM mode. 
     In some embodiments, the inferred chroma intra mode is the ALWIP mode. 
     In some embodiments, the ALWIP mode is applied to one or more chroma components of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, different matrix or bias vectors of the ALWIP mode are applied to different color components of the current video block. In an example, the different matrix or bias vectors are predefined jointly for Cb and Cr components. In another example, the Cb and Cr components are concatenated. In yet another example, the Cb and Cr components are interleaved. 
       FIG.  13    shows a flowchart of an exemplary method for video processing. The method  1300  includes, at step  1310 , determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode. 
     The method  1300  includes, at step  1320 , performing, based on the determining, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, the determining is based on signaling in a sequence parameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a slice header, a tile group header, a tile header, a coding tree unit (CTU) row or a CTU region. 
     In some embodiments, the determining is based on a height (H) or a width (W) of the current video block. In an example, W &gt; T1 or H &gt; T2. In another example, W ≥ T1 or H ≥ T2. In yet another example, W &lt; T1 or H &lt; T2. In yet another example, W ≤ T1 or H ≤ T2. In yet another example, T1 = 32 and T2 = 32. 
     In some embodiments, the determining is based on a height (H) or a width (W) of the current video block. In an example, W + H ≤ T. In another example, W + H ≥ T. In yet another example, W × H ≤ T. In yet another example, W × H ≥ T. In yet another example, T = 256. 
       FIG.  14    shows a flowchart of an exemplary method for video processing. The method  1400  includes, at step  1410 , determining that a current video block is coded using a coding mode different from an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode. 
     The method  1400  includes, at step  1420 , performing, based on the determining, a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. 
     In some embodiments, the coding mode is a combined intra and inter prediction (CIIP) mode, and method  1400  further includes the step of performing a selection between the ALWIP mode and a normal intra prediction mode. In an example, performing the selection is based on an explicit signaling in the bitstream representation of the current video block. In another example, performing the selection is based on predetermined rule. In yet another example, the predetermined rule always selects the ALWIP mode when the current video block is coded using the CIIP mode. In yet another example, the predetermined rule always selects the normal intra prediction mode when the current video block is coded using the CIIP mode. 
     In some embodiments, the coding mode is a cross-component linear model (CCLM) prediction mode. In an example, a downsampling procedure for the ALWIP mode is based on a downsampling procedure for the CCLM prediction mode. In another example, the downsampling procedure for the ALWIP mode is based on a first set of parameters, and wherein the downsampling procedure for the CCLM prediction mode is based on a second set of parameters different from the first set of parameters. In yet another example, the downsampling procedure for the ALWIP mode or the CCLM prediction mode comprises at least one of a selection of downsampled positions, a selection of downsampling filters, a rounding operation or a clipping operation. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1400  further includes the step of applying one or more of a Reduced Secondary Transform (RST), a secondary transform, a rotation transform or a Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST). 
     In some embodiments, the method  1400  further includes the step of applying block-based differential pulse coded modulation (DPCM) or residual DPCM. 
     In some embodiments, a video processing method includes determining, based on a rule for a current video block, a context of a flag indicative of use of affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, predicting, based on the ALWIP mode, a plurality of sub-blocks of the current video block and performing, based on the predicting, the conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block. The rule may be specified implicitly using an a priori technique or may be signaled in the coded bitstream. Other examples and aspects of this method are further described in items 37 and 38 in Section 4. 
     In some embodiments, a method for video processing includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, and performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein a first precision of the samples in a first filtering stage of the at least two filtering stages is different from a second precision of the samples in a second filtering stage of the at least two filtering stages. 
     In an example, the samples of the current video block are prediction samples, intermedium samples before the upsampling process or intermedium samples after the upsampling process. In another example, the samples are upsampled in a first dimension horizontally in the first filtering stage, and wherein the samples are upsampled in a second dimension vertically in the second filtering stage. In yet another example, the samples are upsampled in a first dimension vertically in the first filtering stage, and wherein the samples are upsampled in a second dimension horizontally in the second filtering stage. 
     In an example, an output of the first filtering stage is right-shifted or divided to generate a processed output, and wherein the processed output is an input to the second filtering stage. In another example, an output of the first filtering stage is left-shifted or multiplied to generate a processed output, and wherein the processed output is an input to the second filtering stage. Other examples and aspects of this method are further described in item 40 in Section 4. 
     As further described in items 41 to 43 in section 4, a video processing method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein the upsampling process is performed in a fixed order for a case in which both vertical and horizontal upsampling is performed. As further described in items 41 to 43 in section 4, another method includes determining that a current video block is coded using an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) mode, performing, during a conversion between the current video block and a bitstream representation of the current video block, at least two filtering stages on samples of the current video block in an upsampling process associated with the ALWIP mode, wherein the conversion includes performing a transposing operation prior to the upsampling process 
     Additional features of the above-described methods are described in items 41 to 43 in Section 4. 
     6 Example Implementations of the Disclosed Technology 
       FIG.  15    is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus  1500 . The apparatus  1500  may be used to implement one or more of the methods described herein. The apparatus  1500  may be embodied in a smartphone, tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on. The apparatus  1500  may include one or more processors  1502 , one or more memories  1504  and video processing hardware  1506 . The processor(s)  1502  may be configured to implement one or more methods (including, but not limited to, methods  1100 - 1400  and  2100 - 2300 ) described in the present disclosure. The memory (memories)  1504  may be used for storing data and code used for implementing the methods and techniques described herein. The video processing hardware  1506  may be used to implement, in hardware circuitry, some techniques described in the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the video coding methods may be implemented using an apparatus that is implemented on a hardware platform as described with respect to  FIG.  15   . 
     Some embodiments of the disclosed technology include making a decision or determination to enable a video processing tool or mode. In an example, when the video processing tool or mode is enabled, the encoder will use or implement the tool or mode in the processing of a block of video, but may not necessarily modify the resulting bitstream based on the usage of the tool or mode. That is, a conversion from the block of video to the bitstream representation of the video will use the video processing tool or mode when it is enabled based on the decision or determination. In another example, when the video processing tool or mode is enabled, the decoder will process the bitstream with the knowledge that the bitstream has been modified based on the video processing tool or mode. That is, a conversion from the bitstream representation of the video to the block of video will be performed using the video processing tool or mode that was enabled based on the decision or determination. 
     Some embodiments of the disclosed technology include making a decision or determination to disable a video processing tool or mode. In an example, when the video processing tool or mode is disabled, the encoder will not use the tool or mode in the conversion of the block of video to the bitstream representation of the video. In another example, when the video processing tool or mode is disabled, the decoder will process the bitstream with the knowledge that the bitstream has not been modified using the video processing tool or mode that was disabled based on the decision or determination. 
       FIG.  17    is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system  100  that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  17   , video coding system  100  may include a source device  110  and a destination device  120 . Source device  110  generates encoded video data which may be referred to as a video encoding device. Destination device  120  may decode the encoded video data generated by source device  110  which may be referred to as a video decoding device. Source device  110  may include a video source  112 , a video encoder  114 , and an input/output (I/O) interface  116 . 
     Video source  112  may include a source such as a video capture device, an interface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination of such sources. The video data may comprise one or more pictures. Video encoder  114  encodes the video data from video source  112  to generate a bitstream. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form a coded representation of the video data. The bitstream may include coded pictures and associated data. The coded picture is a coded representation of a picture. The associated data may include sequence parameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures. I/O interface  116  may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or a transmitter. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device  120  via I/O interface  116  through network  130   a . The encoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server  130   b  for access by destination device  120 . 
     Destination device  120  may include an I/O interface  126 , a video decoder  124 , and a display device  122 . 
     I/O interface  126  may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface  126  may acquire encoded video data from the source device  110  or the storage medium/ server  130   b . Video decoder  124  may decode the encoded video data. Display device  122  may display the decoded video data to a user. Display device  122  may be integrated with the destination device  120 , or may be external to destination device  120  which be configured to interface with an external display device. 
     Video encoder  114  and video decoder  124  may operate according to a video compression standard, such as the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard and other current and/or further standards. 
       FIG.  18    is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder  200 , which may be video encoder  114  in the system  100  illustrated in  FIG.  17   . 
     Video encoder  200  may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure. In the example of  FIG.  18   , video encoder  200  includes a plurality of functional components. The techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of video encoder  200 . In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure. 
     The functional components of video encoder  200  may include a partition unit  201 , a prediction unit  202  which may include a mode select unit  203 , a motion estimation unit  204 , a motion compensation unit  205  and an intra prediction unit  206 , a residual generation unit  207 , a transform unit  208 , a quantization unit  209 , an inverse quantization unit  210 , an inverse transform unit  211 , a reconstruction unit  212 , a buffer  213 , and an entropy encoding unit  214 . 
     In other examples, video encoder  200  may include more, fewer, or different functional components. In an example, prediction unit  202  may include an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may perform prediction in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is a picture where the current video block is located. 
     Furthermore, some components, such as motion estimation unit  204  and motion compensation unit  205  may be highly integrated, but are represented in the example of  FIG.  18    separately for purposes of explanation. 
     Partition unit  201  may partition a picture into one or more video blocks. Video encoder  200  and video decoder  300  may support various video block sizes. 
     Mode select unit  203  may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter, e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- or inter-coded block to a residual generation unit  207  to generate residual block data and to a reconstruction unit  212  to reconstruct the encoded block for use as a reference picture. In some example, Mode select unit  203  may select a combination of intra and inter prediction (CIIP) mode in which the prediction is based on an inter prediction signal and an intra prediction signal. Mode select unit  203  may also select a resolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixel precision) for the block in the case of inter-prediction. 
     To perform inter prediction on a current video block, motion estimation unit  204  may generate motion information for the current video block by comparing one or more reference frames from buffer  213  to the current video block. Motion compensation unit  205  may determine a predicted video block for the current video block based on the motion information and decoded samples of pictures from buffer  213  other than the picture associated with the current video block. 
     Motion estimation unit  204  and motion compensation unit  205  may perform different operations for a current video block, for example, depending on whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a B slice. 
     In some examples, motion estimation unit  204  may perform uni-directional prediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit  204  may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit  204  may then generate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list 0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vector that indicates a spatial displacement between the current video block and the reference video block. Motion estimation unit  204  may output the reference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vector as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit  205  may generate the predicted video block of the current block based on the reference video block indicated by the motion information of the current video block. 
     In other examples, motion estimation unit  204  may perform bi-directional prediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit  204  may search the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block for the current video block and may also search the reference pictures in list 1 for another reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit  204  may then generate reference indexes that indicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing the reference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatial displacements between the reference video blocks and the current video block. Motion estimation unit  204  may output the reference indexes and the motion vectors of the current video block as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit  205  may generate the predicted video block of the current video block based on the reference video blocks indicated by the motion information of the current video block. 
     In some examples, motion estimation unit  204  may output a full set of motion information for decoding processing of a decoder. 
     In some examples, motion estimation unit  204  may not output a full set of motion information for the current video. Rather, motion estimation unit  204  may signal the motion information of the current video block with reference to the motion information of another video block. For example, motion estimation unit  204  may determine that the motion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar to the motion information of a neighboring video block. 
     In one example, motion estimation unit  204  may indicate, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, a value that indicates to the video decoder  300  that the current video block has the same motion information as another video block. 
     In another example, motion estimation unit  204  may identify, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, another video block and a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector difference indicates a difference between the motion vector of the current video block and the motion vector of the indicated video block. The video decoder  300  may use the motion vector of the indicated video block and the motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of the current video block. 
     As discussed above, video encoder  200  may predictively signal the motion vector. Two examples of predictive signaling techniques that may be implemented by video encoder  200  include advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) and merge mode signaling. 
     Intra prediction unit  206  may perform intra prediction on the current video block. When intra prediction unit  206  performs intra prediction on the current video block, intra prediction unit  206  may generate prediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples of other video blocks in the same picture. The prediction data for the current video block may include a predicted video block and various syntax elements. 
     Residual generation unit  207  may generate residual data for the current video block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) the predicted video block(s) of the current video block from the current video block. The residual data of the current video block may include residual video blocks that correspond to different sample components of the samples in the current video block. 
     In other examples, there may be no residual data for the current video block for the current video block, for example in a skip mode, and residual generation unit  207  may not perform the subtracting operation. 
     Transform processing unit  208  may generate one or more transform coefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one or more transforms to a residual video block associated with the current video block. 
     After transform processing unit  208  generates a transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block, quantization unit  209  may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP) values associated with the current video block. 
     Inverse quantization unit  210  and inverse transform unit  211  may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficient video block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block from the transform coefficient video block. Reconstruction unit  212  may add the reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from one or more predicted video blocks generated by the prediction unit  202  to produce a reconstructed video block associated with the current block for storage in the buffer  213 . 
     After reconstruction unit  212  reconstructs the video block, loop filtering operation may be performed reduce video blocking artifacts in the video block. 
     Entropy encoding unit  214  may receive data from other functional components of the video encoder  200 . When entropy encoding unit  214  receives the data, entropy encoding unit  214  may perform one or more entropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data. 
       FIG.  19    is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder  300  which may be video decoder  124  in the system  100  illustrated in  FIG.  17   . 
     The video decoder  300  may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure. In the example of  FIG.  19   , the video decoder  300  includes a plurality of functional components. The techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of the video decoder  300 . In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure. 
     In the example of  FIG.  19   , video decoder  300  includes an entropy decoding unit  301 , a motion compensation unit  302 , an intra prediction unit  303 , an inverse quantization unit  304 , an inverse transform unit  305 , and a reconstruction unit  306  and a buffer  307 . Video decoder  300  may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder  200  ( FIG.  18   ). 
     Entropy decoding unit  301  may retrieve an encoded bitstream. The encoded bitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks of video data). Entropy decoding unit  301  may decode the entropy coded video data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensation unit  302  may determine motion information including motion vectors, motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and other motion information. Motion compensation unit  302  may, for example, determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode. 
     Motion compensation unit  302  may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements. 
     Motion compensation unit  302  may use interpolation filters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video block to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motion compensation unit  302  may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder  200  according to received syntax information and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks. 
     Motion compensation unit  302  may use some of the syntax information to determine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of the encoded video sequence, partition information that describes how each macroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned, modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more reference frames (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, and other information to decode the encoded video sequence. 
     Intra prediction unit  303  may use intra prediction modes for example received in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatially adjacent blocks. Inverse quantization unit  304  inverse quantizes, i.e., de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in the bitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit  301 . Inverse transform unit  305  applies an inverse transform. 
     Reconstruction unit  306  may sum the residual blocks with the corresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit  302  or intra prediction unit  303  to form decoded blocks. If desired, a deblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks in order to remove blockiness artifacts. The decoded video blocks are then stored in buffer  307 , which provides reference blocks for subsequent motion compensation/intra prediction and also produces decoded video for presentation on a display device. 
       FIG.  20    is a block diagram showing an example video processing system  2000  in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented. Various implementations may include some or all of the components of the system  2000 . The system  2000  may include input  2002  for receiving video content. The video content may be received in a raw or uncompressed format, e.g., 8 or 10 bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in a compressed or encoded format. The input  2002  may represent a network interface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examples of network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passive optical network (PON), etc. and wireless interfaces such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) or cellular interfaces. 
     The system  2000  may include a coding component  2004  that may implement the various coding or encoding methods described in the present disclosure. The coding component  2004  may reduce the average bitrate of video from the input  2002  to the output of the coding component  2004  to produce a coded representation of the video. The coding techniques are therefore sometimes called video compression or video transcoding techniques. The output of the coding component  2004  may be either stored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented by the component  2006 . The stored or communicated bitstream (or coded) representation of the video received at the input  2002  may be used by the component  2008  for generating pixel values or displayable video that is sent to a display interface  2010 . The process of generating user-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimes called video decompression. Furthermore, while certain video processing operations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will be appreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoder and corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the results of the coding will be performed by a decoder. 
     Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface may include universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) or Displayport, and so on. Examples of storage interfaces include serial advanced technology attachment (SATA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), integrated drive electronics (IDE) interface, and the like. The techniques described in the present disclosure may be embodied in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, smartphones or other devices that are capable of performing digital data processing and/or video display. 
     In some embodiments, the ALWIP mode or the MIP mode is used to compute a prediction block of the current video block by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation (or an averaging operation), followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and selectively (or optionally) followed by an upsampling operation (or a linear interpolation operation). In some embodiments, the ALWIP mode or the MIP mode is used to compute a prediction block of the current video block by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation (or an averaging operation) and followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation. In some embodiments, the ALWIP mode or the MIP mode can also perform an upsampling operation (or a linear interpolation operation) after performing the matrix vector multiplication operation. 
       FIG.  21    shows a flowchart of another example method  2100  for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. Operation  2102  includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the upsampling operation is performed, in both a vertical direction and a horizontal direction in a fixed order, on samples obtained from the matrix vector multiplication operation. 
     In some embodiments for method  2100 , the fixed order includes first performing the upsampling operation in the horizontal direction followed by performing the upsampling operation in the vertical direction. In some embodiments for method  2100 , the fixed order includes first performing the upsampling operation in the vertical direction followed by performing the upsampling operation in the horizontal direction. 
       FIG.  22    shows a flowchart of another example method  2200  for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. Operation  2202  includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the conversion includes performing a transposing operation prior to the upsampling operation, where the transposing operation transposes a first set of samples of the prediction block obtained by performing the boundary downsampling operation and the matrix vector multiplication operation, and where the transposing operation is performed according to dimensions of the prediction block. 
     In some embodiments for method  2200 , the transposing operation transposes the first set of samples of the prediction block, and the transposing operation converts the prediction block having a width of a first value and a height of a second value to the prediction block having the width of the second value and a height of the first value. 
     In some embodiments, the method  2200  further comprises performing another transposing operation that transposes a second set of samples of the prediction block obtained after the upsampling operation, where the another transposing operation converts the prediction block having the width of the second value and the height of the first value to the prediction block having the width of the first value and a height of the second value. 
       FIG.  23    shows a flowchart of another example method  2300  for matrix-based intra prediction, in accordance with the disclosed technology. Operation  2302  includes performing a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream representation of the current video block using a matrix based intra prediction (MIP) mode in which a prediction block of the current video block is determined by performing, on previously coded samples of the video, a boundary downsampling operation, followed by a matrix vector multiplication operation, and followed by an upsampling operation, where the upsampling operation is performed by selecting and using an interpolation filter other than a bilinear filter according to a rule. 
     In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is a gaussian filter. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is a cubic filter. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the gaussian filter or the cubic filter is a 4-tap interpolation filter or a 6-tap interpolation filter or a 8-tap interpolation filter. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is used in motion compensation for chroma samples. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is used in motion compensation for luma samples. 
     In some embodiments for method  2300 , the interpolation filter is a 6-tap interpolation filter or a 8-tap interpolation filter. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is selected based on dimensions of the current video block. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is selected based on an upsampling ratio used by the upsampling operation. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is selected based on a prediction mode or an MIP mode index of the MIP mode. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is selected based on a number of samples available for the upsampling operation. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is a 4-tap interpolation filter in response to the number of samples being equal to a value. 
     In some embodiments for method  2300 , the value is equal to four. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the rule specifies that the interpolation filter is a 4-tap interpolation filter or a 8-tap interpolation filter in response to the number of samples being equal to a value. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the value is equal to eight. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the number of samples excludes neighboring reference samples. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the performing of the conversion includes generating the bitstream representation from the current video block. In some embodiments for method  2300 , the performing of the conversion includes generating the current video block from the bitstream representation. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the presently disclosed technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the presently disclosed technology is not limited except as by the appended claims. 
     Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in the present disclosure can be implemented in various systems, digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible and non-transitory computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. The term “data processing unit” or “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. 
     A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
     The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). 
     Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. 
     It is intended that the specification, together with the drawings, be considered exemplary only, where exemplary means an example. As used herein, the use of “or” is intended to include “and/or”, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     While the present disclosure contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in the present disclosure in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
     Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in the present disclosure should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments. 
     Only a few implementations and examples are described and other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in the present disclosure.