Patent Publication Number: US-2023157799-A1

Title: Determination of structural characteristics of an object

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Patent Cooperation Treaty international patent application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/869,017, filed Jun. 30, 2019, entitled “DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT”, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to evaluation of the structural properties of an object; and more specifically relates to evaluation of the structural characteristics that reflects the integrity of an object using a controlled energy application thereon. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     When an object is subjected to an impact force, a stress wave is transmitted through the object. This stress wave causes deformations in the internal structure of the object. As the object deforms it acts, in part, as a shock absorber, dissipating a portion of the mechanical energy associated with the impact. The ability of the object to dissipate mechanical energy, commonly referred to as the “damping capacity” of the object, depends on several factors, including the type and structural integrity of the materials making up the object. 
     There are instruments that are capable of measuring the damping capacity of an object. An example of such an instrument is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,466 (“the &#39;466 patent”). The instrument disclosed in the &#39;466 patent provides an objective, quantitative measurement of the damping capacity of an object, referred to as the loss coefficient  17 . The energy of an elastic wave attenuates relatively quickly in materials with a relatively high loss coefficient, whereas the energy of an elastic wave attenuates relatively slowly in materials with a relatively low loss coefficient. 
     The damping capacity of an object is an important parameter in a wide variety of applications. For example, in the field of dentistry, when a healthy tooth is subjected to an impact force, the mechanical energy associated with the impact is primarily dissipated by the periodontal ligament. Changes in the structure of the periodontal ligament that reduce its ability to dissipate the mechanical energy associated with an impact force, and thus reduce overall tooth stability, can be detected by measuring the loss coefficient of the tooth. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object in a non-invasive manner and/or using a non-destructive method of measurement. The system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object utilizes a device capable of applying varying amount of energy to an object based on the physical characteristics of the object, such as physical condition (e.g. observable and/or known damage, defects, tissue decay, etc.) geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone object, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible, for generating the optimal result, i.e., to accurately measure, reveal and/or predict the structural characteristics of the object undergoing measurement. The optimal result as described herein is a balance between the best obtainable test results of the structural characteristics of the object, while maintaining the integrity of the object during and after the measurement, i.e., minimal invasiveness. 
     The capability of the device to vary the amount of energy applied based on physical characteristics such as above noted physical condition, geometry, size or combination of geometry and size of the object, as well as the environment the object is in, to generate optimal results when operating the device in a substantially horizontal position, may also extend to operating the device at varying angles from the horizontal. The device may include a mechanism for modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position for the device during measurement in a given environment when the device is not in a horizontal position. 
     The device may include a drive mechanism supported inside the housing of the device for activating the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations to apply a set amount of energy at a horizontal orientation; and an inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the energy application tool relative to the horizontal. A control mechanism may be connected to provide instructions to the drive mechanism and may include a selector to a plurality of alternate control settings for different object types. The object types include physical characteristics of an object, such as afore mentioned physical condition, geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone object, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible, for generating the optimal result. The control mechanism may also receive input from an inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the device and/or energy application tool relative to the horizontal. 
     In one aspect, the capability for varying the amount of energy for a measurement may reside in a separate device, such as a computer system for controlling the operation of the device. In another aspect, the capability for varying the amount of energy for a measurement may be self-contained in the device, for example, a computer system is part of the device. 
     The drive mechanism may include an electromagnetic coil and may vary the amount of energy applied (e.g. varying voltage, current or both), may vary the coil drive times (varying the length of time the coil is energized or activated), may vary the coil delay times (varying the time between driving activities), may vary the number of coil energizations (i.e. varying the number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof. A control mechanism controls these factors, including varying power, drive times, polarity and delay times. The control mechanism may be managed through varying the firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity and drive delay of the energizing of the coil for the desired results. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is surmised that multiple variations may be employed to achieve the desired result and the firmware may be designed to select a particular solution or to select an optimal solution for certain instances. 
     The measuring system and process of the present invention described above and below are capable of objective and quantitative measurement of the structural characteristics of the object with minimal disturbance to the object or surrounding environment. In any setting, whether dental or medical, or simply a delicate specimen situation, or just to minimize any unwanted disturbance to an object or specimen, the lower an impact force or energy applied required to produce the optimal results of the structural characteristics of the object the better. For example, as discussed in more detail below, impact force range of between about 20-45 Newtons may need to be used, for example, in a dental setting, to determine the structural characteristics of the object undergoing measurement, but the upper end of such a force may be rather uncomfortable for the patient, or may even bring unwanted disturbances to the object; while the lower end of such a force may not be sufficient to determine the structural characteristics of the object. For example, when dealing with a molar, the upper end of the force range may be optimal, but the lower end of the force range may not be sufficient to generate a desired result. On the other hand, when dealing with a different tooth, for example, a smaller tooth, the upper end of the force range may be too excessive, even if the lower end of the force range may be optimal. Therefore, there is a need for a system of the present invention having capabilities to produce optimal results. 
     In some aspects of the present invention described above and below, the impact force required or desirable for use in producing an optimal measurement of an object may be selected based on the geometry of objects of the same size, or the size of the object of the same geometry in a given environment, which includes an object present is either alone or attached to foundation with a given attachment property of the object to the foundation if the object is not a standalone object. For example, for a tooth inside a patient&#39;s mouth, the impact force required to produce the optimal result may also further differ, when taking into account a patient&#39;s comfort level. For further example, to enhance the comfort level during an examination, the impact force utilized to obtain an optimal result is different for smaller teeth as compared with larger teeth. For another example, in a dental setting, the smaller tooth may not require the same amount of energy applied or impact force as a larger tooth to obtain the same optimal test results. Thus, reducing the amount of energy applied to smaller teeth may also increase patient comfort. 
     In some aspects of the present invention described above and below, the impact force required or desirable for use in producing an optimal measurement of an object may be adjusted from a baseline or predetermined value for a particular geometry, size or type of the object in a given environment based on known or observable physical condition of the object to be measured. For example, an object that has known or observable damage, defects, tissue decay, and/or other physical deterioration or issues, etc. For further example, to enhance the comfort level during an examination, the impact force for a tooth or other object that is known or observed to be damaged may be decreased. For another example, in a dental setting, a damaged tooth may not, without being bound to any particular theory, tolerate the same amount of energy applied or impact force as an undamaged tooth. Physical condition may be assessed, for example, by prior observations or measurements (e.g. prior use of the device, X-rays, visual inspection, medical or dental records, patient input, etc.). The system may further provide for settings or options to accommodate such physical conditions, such as to decrease the amount of energy applied. 
     The system for determining structural characteristics of an object, as described above and below may include a device having a housing with an open front end and a longitudinal axis. An energy application tool mounted inside the housing having a resting configuration and an active configuration may be energized on and off by a drive mechanism supported inside the housing and coupled to the energy application tool to apply energy to the object undergoing measurement. In a typical measurement, whether the energy applied to the object is mechanical energy, electromagnetic energy or sound energy, it may generally repeat a number of times per minute on the object. 
     The drive mechanism may activate the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations to apply an amount of energy at a horizontal orientation for optimal results. The device may also include an inclinometer mounted on the housing for measuring the inclination of the device or energy application tool relative to the horizontal, and a control mechanism maybe coupled to the device to provide instructions to the drive mechanism and to receive an input from the inclinometer. The control mechanism described herein above and below may include a selector to a plurality of alternate control settings for different object types, including physical characteristics of the object, such as physical condition (e.g. observable and/or known damage, defects, tissue decay, etc.) geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone object, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible so that the drive mechanism may vary the amount of energy applied to activate the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations based on the selector control settings to apply energy to the object. This control mechanism may be part of the computer system mentioned above, or it may be separate from the computer system noted before. 
     In some embodiments, the operator may dial in the desired amount of energy to apply manually, or the operator may dial in the type of object and the control system may automatically select the proper force to apply to the object based on the operator&#39;s selection. Thus, the system may include the capability to recognize that for generating optimal results, for example, a certain time versus energy curve or graph, or an energy return curves or graphs, as discussed in more detail below, a different amount of energy may be needed for different objects based on the object&#39;s physical characteristics, such as physical condition, geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to. In this embodiment, the recognition capability of recognizing the type of object may be provided by the operator. 
     In some other embodiments, a sensing or detection device, for sensing or detecting any of the aforementioned physical properties of the object undergoing measurement may be included. Thus, the system may include, in addition to the capability to recognize that for generating optimal results, for example, a certain time versus energy curve or graph, or an energy return curves or graphs, as discussed in more detail below, a different amount of energy may be needed for different objects based on the object&#39;s physical characteristics, such as the afore mentioned physical condition, geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, but also a recognition capability of recognizing the type of object without aid of the operator or with some limited input from the operator. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The characteristics of the object being measured may be observed by the operator making the measurement, and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device having a control mechanism including information, for example, a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input. Thus, the operator provides the recognition function and the device completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection of the operator. The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. 
     The compilation of test results may be generated from physical objects and may include test data, both actual and simulated, from objects that may or may not be related to one another, though a more optimal result may be obtained from a compilation of related objects, because, for example, patient comfort may be more critical in a dental or medical setting, or when performing testing of a delicate object, it may not be as critical for a non-anatomical object or a sturdier object. For a given object with certain physical characteristics, a predetermined energy range or level for producing optimal results may be provided. As described herein, the compilation may be generated for any object category, which may include any anatomical or non-anatomical objects. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on any of the afore mentioned physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The device may first detect the object using a recognition detection system not provided by an operator, and the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on a semi-automatic calibration process that judges the physical characteristics of the object, for example, the size of the tooth or type of tooth being tested. The recognition process may include, for example, in a dental setting, taking a picture or video of the area of the mouth where the tooth is to be measured using an imaging device such as a camera. The imaging device for taking the picture may be attached to the device, for example, the device may include, for example, a handpiece, or it maybe located separately, and maybe positioned either inside or outside the patient&#39;s mouth. Prior to the picture or video being taken, visual aides may be placed in the vicinity of the tooth being tested, so as to provide a way to gauge the size of the tooth relative to the known size of the visual aids, and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device having a control mechanism including information, for example, a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input. Thus, the device provides the recognition function and completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection without the aide of the operator. This recognition function may also be implemented in the exemplary embodiments where the operator performs the recognition function as a fail-safe step to make sure the correct object, for a example, tooth, is being tested. The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. 
     The compilation of test results may be generated from physical objects and may include test data, both actual and simulated, from objects that may or may not be related to one another, though a more optimal result may be obtained from a compilation of related objects, because, for example, patient comfort may be more critical in a dental or medical setting, or when performing testing of a delicate object, it may not be as critical for a non-anatomical object or a sturdier object. For a given object with certain physical characteristics, a predetermined energy range or level for producing optimal results may be provided. As described herein, the compilation may be generated for any object category, which may include any anatomical or non-anatomical objects. 
     In a further exemplary embodiment, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on the afore mentioned physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The device may first detect the object using a recognition detection system not provided by an operator, the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on an automatic calibration process that judges the physical characteristics of the object, for example, the type of the tooth being tested. The process may include, for example, in a dental setting, an imaging device for taking a picture or video of the entire inside of the mouth, showing all the teeth and then another picture or video showing the tooth to be measured. The teeth may be highlighted or numbered. The imaging device for taking the picture or video may be attached to the device, for example, the device may include for example, a handpiece, or it may be separately located either inside or outside the mouth. If needed, the imaging device may include its own lighting aides, or if not included, prior to the picture or video being take, some lighting aides to better lit up the inside of the mouth such as any LED light may be placed inside the mouth; and sensors may be located in the vicinity of the tooth being tested, so as to provide a better way to gauge the highlighted location, or the number of the tooth relative to the rest of the teeth, and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device having a control mechanism including information, for example, a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input. Thus, the device provides the recognition function and completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection of the operator. This recognition function may also be implemented in the exemplary embodiments where the operator performs the recognition function as a fail-safe step to make sure the correct object, for example, tooth, is being tested. The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. 
     The compilation of test results may be generated from physical objects and may include test data, both actual and simulated, from objects that may or may not be related to one another, though a more optimal result may be obtained from a compilation of related objects, because, for example, patient comfort may be more critical in a dental or medical setting, or when performing testing of a delicate object, it may not be as critical for a non-anatomical object or a sturdier object. For a given object with certain physical characteristics, a predetermined energy range or level for producing optimal results may be provided. As described herein, the compilation may be generated for any object category, which may include any anatomical or non-anatomical objects. 
     In yet a further exemplary embodiment, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on the afore mentioned physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The device may first detect the object using a recognition detection system not provided by an operator; the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on an automatic calibration process that judges the physical characteristics of the object, for example, the type of the tooth being tested. The process may include, for example, in a dental setting, taking a picture or video of the entire inside of the mouth, showing all the teeth and then another picture or video showing the tooth to be measured. The teeth may be highlighted or numbered. The imaging device for taking the picture or video may be attached to the device, for example, the device may include a handpiece, or it may be separately located either inside or outside the mouth. If the imaging device includes its own lighting aides, or if not, prior to the picture or video being take, some lighting aides to better lit up the inside of the mouth such as any LED light may be placed inside the mouth, and sensors may be located in the vicinity of the tooth being tested, so as to provide a way to gauge the location, hence the number of the tooth relative to the rest of the teeth, and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device having a control mechanism including information, for example, a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input. Thus, the device provides the recognition function and completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection of the operator. This recognition function may also be implemented in the exemplary embodiments where the operator performs the recognition function as a fail-safe step to make sure the correct object, for a example, tooth, is being tested. The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. The compilation of test results may be generated from physical objects and may include test data, both actual and simulated, from objects that may or may not be related to one another, though a more optimal result may be obtained from a compilation of related objects, because, for example, patient comfort may be more critical in a dental or medical setting, or when performing testing of a delicate object, it may not be as critical for a non-anatomical object or a sturdier object. For a given object with certain physical characteristics, a predetermined energy range or level for producing optimal results may be provided. As described herein, the compilation may be generated for any object category, which may include any anatomical or non-anatomical objects. 
     In still a further exemplary embodiment, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the afore mentioned physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The device may first detect the object using a recognition detection system not provided by an operator; the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on an automatic calibration process that judges the physical characteristics of the object, for example, the type of the tooth being tested. This process may include, for example, in a dental setting, taking a picture or video of the full dentition utilizing an imaging device equipped with augmented reality capabilities, for example, using the camera system of a mobile, handheld or a similar device (e.g. a tablet computer such as an iPad or the like, smart device, smart phone, etc.). Further, with an augmented reality capability, an outline of each tooth may be drawn either automatically by the software, by a user or a combination (e.g. corrections by the user of the automatic outlining). Holding or mounting the imaging device over the patient or in view of the patient&#39;s mouth/teeth while the chosen object is undergoing measurement, the device of the present invention may recognize in real time which tooth is the object being tested and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device accordingly by the control mechanism including information, for example, a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input. Thus, the device provides the recognition function and completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection of the operator. This recognition function may also be implemented in the exemplary embodiments where the operator performs the recognition function as a fail-safe step to make sure the correct object, for a example, tooth, is being tested, or by using the recognition function of the device as a guide or aid for the operator&#39;s own recognition, such as by providing a recommendation or suggestion which the operator may select to utilize or not. The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. The compilation of test results may be generated from physical objects and may include test data, both actual and simulated, from objects that may or may not be related to one another, though a more optimal result may be obtained from a compilation of related objects, because, for example, patient comfort may be more critical in a dental or medical setting, or when performing testing of a delicate object, it may not be as critical for a non-anatomical object or a sturdier object. For a given object with certain physical characteristics, a predetermined energy range or level for producing optimal results may be provided. As described herein, the compilation may be generated for any object category, which may include any anatomical or non-anatomical objects. 
     The compilation in any of the above exemplary embodiments may be generated as described above, or it may be complemented by the following. An algorithm for determining the optimal force to apply to a given object may further be trained using machine learning. The algorithm may use information about objects, for example, sample photos, digital images or videos of objects, for example, teeth, of various physical characteristics, for example, different geometries and sizes, possibly taken with one or more visual aides as described earlier, along with a quantitative size assignment for each tooth in a photo, digital image or video. These size parameters may be mapped to a force level through a predefined table, as described above. The characteristics of the object being measured may be automatically determined and selected by the system. 
     The image or video capture utilizing an imaging device and/or augmented reality functionality during a measurement of an object may also be utilized to detect and document the orientation and/or position of the device relative to the object being measured. This may be useful in interpreting and/or documenting information about the measurement, for example, as application of energy to different parts of the object or at different angles may produce different measurements or elucidate different structural characteristics of the object. The angle, point of contact or other orientation/position information may also be useful to adjust or select the amount of energy to apply. The detection may be accomplished automatically, the image may be recorded and interpreted by a person, or a combination. 
     In any of the above embodiments utilizing a recognition function, whether by an operator, the device or a combination, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be adjusted based on certain physical conditions of the object being measured, such as known or observable physical conditions, which may include, but are not limited to physical damage, defects, tissue decay, and/or other physical deterioration or issues, etc. The device, the operator or other person may detect or input the presence of a physical condition; the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on an automatic calibration process based on the type and/or degree of the physical condition. The process may further include, for example, in a dental setting, observing the physical condition (e.g. by the operator or another person), utilizing known conditions (e.g. via prior uses of the device; X-rays, medical or dental records, patient input, etc.), taking a picture, digital image or video of the full dentition utilizing an imaging device which may visually identify observable issues (e.g. by coloration detection, pattern recognition, other machine-learning derived processes, etc.). Physical conditions may also include those of the setting of the object; such as, for example, the patient as a whole for teeth measurement situations. The system may further provide for settings or options to accommodate such physical conditions, such as to decrease the amount of energy applied (e.g. due to damage, defects or other issues that decrease the impact resistance of the object or those that increase the possible discomfort of the user), whether done automatically by the device upon detection or input of the physical condition, or by selection of the operator. 
     In any of the above embodiments utilizing a recognition function, whether by an operator, the device or a combination, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected or adjusted by voice input by an operator or other person, such as by the device picking up a voice command (e.g. a particular setting, object type, tooth number, particular energy level, presence of a physical condition as discussed above, etc.). This may be useful in allowing the operator or other person to input or control the device and/or its selections while keeping their hands free or from a distance if the person is not physically close enough to manually operate the controls or settings. 
     The system of the present invention applicable for any of the above and below described embodiments, exemplary embodiments and aspects, for example, may include a device for performing a percussion action on an object. The device, having a housing with a hollow interior and an open end through which energy may be applied by an energy application tool, including any tool capable of applying any types of energy to the object including mechanical, sound or electromagnetic energy may be positioned. In one embodiment, a tool capable of applying mechanical energy to the object, such as a tapping rod may be positioned inside the housing passes through to reach the object undergoing measurement. In another embodiment, the device suitable for use in any of the above and below described embodiments, exemplary embodiments and aspects may be, for example, a percussion instrument. In a further embodiment, the device suitable for use in any of the above and below described embodiments, exemplary embodiments and aspects may include, for example, an electromagnetic energy source of any frequency, such as light energy, for example, may be positioned inside the housing. In yet a further embodiment, the device of the present invention suitable for use in any of the above and below described embodiments, exemplary embodiments and aspects may include, for example, a sound energy source such as an ultrasonic transducer or any acoustic energy source, may be positioned inside the housing. 
     Located at the open end of the housing of any of the embodiments of the device of the present invention suitable for use in any of the above and below described embodiments, exemplary embodiments and aspects may be an object contacting portion which may or may not include a sleeve. In one embodiment, the open end of the housing may be adapted for placing directly in contact with the object during measurement, thus stabilizing the device on the object and aid in being reproducibly placed in contact with the object. In this embodiment, the open end of the housing or the object contacting portion of the housing, may exhibit some elastomeric properties. In another embodiment, the sleeve may attach and/or surround at least a length of the free end of the housing and protrudes from the housing at a distance which may be placed directly in contact with the object during measurement, thus stabilizing the device on the object. The sleeve portion may exhibit some elastomeric properties. The sleeve, if included, may extend from the housing for a distance, also capable of being reproducibly placed in contact with the object undergoing such measurement. 
     The energy application tool of any of the above and below described embodiments of the device, for example, a mechanical energy application tool such as a tapping rod, may have a length and positioned inside the housing and may be programmed to repeatedly impact an object a certain number of times per minute at substantially the same speed and the deceleration information of the tool or the response of the object from the impact is recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In one embodiment, the device and hardware may communicate via a wire connection. In another embodiment, the device and hardware may communicate via a wireless connection. 
     In one embodiment of any of the above and below described embodiments of the device, the energy application tool may be a tapping tool, which may move from a retracted or resting form or configuration to an extended or active form or configuration during operation, the retracted form being retracted from or substantially coextensive with the open end of the housing if the energy application tool is a tapping rod. The movement of the energy application tool, for example, a tapping rod, may be effected by a drive mechanism, as noted above, mounted inside the housing for driving the tapping rod axially within the housing between the aforementioned retracted position and extended position during operation. In the extended position, the free end of the tapping rod is capable of extending or protruding from the open end of the housing. 
     In another embodiment of any of the above and below described embodiments of the device, the energy application tool, for example, a tapping tool, may move from a substantially horizontal direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing with a tip portion of the tool being substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis housing in a resting form or configuration, to the active form or configuration where the tool makes an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing, while the tip of the tool remains substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the housing, by rocking back and forth about a pivot point on the longitudinal axis. In other words, the energy application tool may oscillate from the substantially parallel position to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position making an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing at a pivot point. The energy application tool may be held either horizontally or in other positions during measurement, and may have a tip portion that is substantially perpendicular to the major portion of the tool and maintains a constant length either at rest or at impact. In this latter embodiment, if the tool is a mechanical tool, such as a tapping rod, it may or may not include a removable tool tip that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool and housing. 
     In any of the above and below described embodiments of the device with a mechanical energy application tool, the drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism and may include an electromagnetic coil and a permanent magnet secured to the back end of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, by an interface, for example, a coil mount. The coil, for example, an electromagnetic coil may lie axially behind the permanent magnet, for example. The electromagnetic coil may also act directly on a metallic or conductive component, such as a ferromagnetic component. Other forms of linear motors may also be employed. 
     For a given energy application tool, for example, for a physical tool such as a tapping rod the varying of impact force may be effected by, for example, varying voltage, current or both, may vary the coil drive times (varying the length of time the coil is energized or activated), may vary the velocity of the tapping rod traveling towards the object at impact, may vary the coil delay times (varying the time between driving activities), may vary the number of coil energizations (i.e. varying the number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof. 
     For a device having a non-mechanical energy application tool, the drive mechanism may include an electromagnetic system for turning the applied energy on and off. 
     Any of the above and below described embodiments of the device may also include the capability of operating by holding the device at varying angles from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement provides a system that may be applying the optimal amount of energy to an object in all situations. As noted above, the capability for apply varying amount of energy based on the physical characteristics described above is also applicable if the device is operating at varying angles form the horizontal. The drive mechanism may be supported inside the housing for activating the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations to apply a set amount of energy at a horizontal orientation; with an inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the energy application tool relative to the horizontal. For a given object, the drive mechanism varies the amount of energy applied to activate the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations based on the inclination to at least approximate the set amount of energy at inclinations other than horizontal. Thus, the same drive mechanism noted above to vary the amount of energy applied (e.g. varying voltage, current or both), may vary the coil drive times (varying the length of time the coil is energized or activated), may vary the coil delay times (varying the time between driving activities), may vary the number of coil energizations (i.e. varying the number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof, for the different types of objects mentioned above, may be applicable for modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement. These factors, including varying power, drive times, polarity and delay times may be managed through varying the firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity and drive delay of the energizing of the coil for the desired results. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is surmised multiple variations may be employed to achieve the desired result and the firmware may be designed to select a particular solution or to select an optimal solution for certain instances. 
     For any of the above and below described embodiments of the device of the present invention with at least a portion capable of being reproducibly placed in contact with the object, the device may also be capable of more reproducible measurements, including for an object present in, for example, space restricted, and/or difficult to reach locations. 
     As noted, the housing of the any of the above and below described embodiments of the device includes a longitudinal axis and in general, the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned from a substantially horizontal direction to making an angle with the horizontal direction. The angle may be, for example, of any angle, more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus forty-five degrees, even more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus thirty degrees. 
     In any of the above or below described embodiments, the device may include a handpiece and the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned at any angle with the horizontal direction. The angle may be, for example, of any angle, more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus forty-five degrees, even more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus thirty degrees. 
     As mentioned above, the energy application tool may be adapted to move from a resting position to an active position by a drive mechanism and during a measurement, may impact the object in the active position. In general, the energy application tool may repeatedly impact an object during each measurement. The energy application tool itself may, if a mechanical tool is used, the tool may move and a physical contact with the object may ensue at impact during measurement, or the energy itself may impact the object during measurement, if any other energy tool such as electromagnetic or sound, is used. When these other energy tools are used, there may not be any physical movement of the tool between active and passive configuration of the tool but may be defined by that of energy being on and off. 
     The energy application process of the device may be activated or triggered in a number of ways. In one embodiment, it may be activated via a mechanical mechanism, such as by a switch mechanism. In one aspect, a finger switch may be located at a convenient location on the device, such as the handpiece for easy activation by the operator. In another aspect, the switch mechanism may be triggered by applied pressure to the object through the sleeve, as noted above. In another embodiment, the energy application process of the device may be triggered via voice control or foot control. 
     Generally, in any of the above and below described embodiments of the device, the external switching device such as a flip switch, a rocking switch or a push button switch, may tend to restrict the manner an operator holds the instrument and thus may restrict the positioning of the instrument on the object, if it is handheld, for example, during measurement so as to enable easy access by the operator to the switching device for turning it on and/or off. To gain flexibility in positioning the device or instrument, voice control or remote control may generally be used, though such voice controls or remote controls can add complexity to the system. In the present invention, the same advantages of flexibility may be gained without such remote controls or added complexities. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, any of the systems described above or below may include an instrument having a housing with a hollow interior with an open end and an energy application tool, for example, a tapping rod, or impact rod mounted inside the housing for movement inside the housing. Located at the open end of the housing may be a sleeve portion present as an extension to the housing. 
     The sleeve portion may be open at its free end, with an object resting, pressing or contacting portion for resting on, pressing or contacting at least a portion of an object during measurement. The contact by the sleeve portion aids to stabilize the device on the object. During measurement, the force exerted by the sleeve portion on an object is controlled by an operator, and a proper force on the object may be important and may need to be monitored, since, for example, either insufficient or excessive force exerted by an operator may complicate the measurements and may even produce less accurate results in some instances. A sensor disposed inside the housing, not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool may be present to ensure that a proper contact force by the contacting portion of the sleeve portion may be applied by the operator for better reproducibility, even by different operators. The force exerted on the sleeve portion may generally be separate and monitored separately from any forces on the object exerted by energy application tool for performing a measurement. 
     In one embodiment, the sleeve portion is as immediately described above. 
     In another embodiment, the sleeve may include a tab protruding from a portion of its end so that when the open end of the sleeve is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab may be resting on a portion of the top of the object. The tab and the sleeve together assist in the repeatable positioning of the handpiece with respect to the object, thus results are more reproducible than without the tab. In addition, the tab may be adapted for repetitively placed substantially at the same location on the top of the object every time. The tab may be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve so that the object contacting sleeve portion and the object contacting surface of the tab are substantially orthogonal to each other and resting on different surfaces of the object. The tab may also aid to minimize the motion of the object after application of energy in any direction other than a direction of energy application. On rare occasions, where the tab may interfere with a stable position on, for example a dental implant transfer abutment, a sleeve portion without a tab may be used for more stable placement lower on the abutment. 
     In a further embodiment, the sleeve may include a tab and a component, for example, a ridge, protrusion or other feature substantially orthogonal to the surface of the tab on the side adapted for facing the surface of an object. For example, for teeth, the ridge or protrusion may nest between adjacent teeth or other orthogonal surface and may thus aid in preventing any substantial lateral or vertical movement of the tab across the surface of the object and/or further aid in repeatability. The tab may be of sufficient length or width, depending on the length or width of the top portion of the object so that the ridge or protrusion may be properly located during operation. Again, the tab and the feature also aid in the reproducible results than without the tab. 
     The stabilization of the instrument effected by a tab or a tab and/or component may minimize any jerky action by the operator that may confound the testing results, for example, any defects inherent in the bone structure or physical or industrial structure may be masked by jerky action of the tester. This type of defect detection is important because the location and extent of the defect may impact dramatically upon the stability of the implant or physical or industrial structures. Generally, when lesions are detected, for example, in an implant, such as a crestal or apical defect, the stability of the implant may be affected if both crestal and apical defect are present. In the past, there is no other way of gathering this type of information other than costly radiation intensive processes. With the present device, this type of information may be gathered, and may be done in an unobtrusive, non-invasive manner. 
     Generally, the impact force made by the energy application tool, for example, a mechanical energy application or a physical tool, on the object undergoing measurement may vary depending on, for example, the mass of the tool, the distance traveled by the tool and the angle of incline of the device or tool with respect to the horizontal. For example, for a given mass of the tool, the impact force may be higher at minus 45 degrees, more for example, the impact force may be higher at about minus 30 degrees, than the impact force in a horizontal position, as gravity may contribute to the force at impact. Also, the impact force may be higher at a horizontal position than at plus about 45 degrees, more for example, the impact force at about plus 30 degrees, as gravity in the plus angle works against, rather than contributes to the impact force. Generally, a force of between 1-15 newtons may be used. Since the low end of impact force may not be optimal, especially if the object has a physically characteristic such as either a size, a geometry or a combination of size and geometry that may need a higher energy, the device may generally be placed in contact with the object undergoing measurement in a substantially horizontal position for better results, for example, by calibrating the system for the optimal amount of force exertion on the object. This may be rather restrictive in the ability to position the device. For example, some objects undergoing measurement may be in difficult to reach places and angling the device may be needed. Therefore, in some instances, a higher force may be used, for example, 10-50 newtons, may be used on a device to built-in some flexibility in positioning the device on an object. Even at this higher impact force range, the lower end, i.e. when the device is placed in an incline at a plus angle to the horizontal, may be lower than the impact force needed for generating an optimal measurement, while at the higher end, the force may be much higher than desired in some instances, for example, the object has a physically characteristic such as either a size, a geometry or a combination of size and geometry that may need a lower energy. However, this built-in capability of a higher force just in case there is a need to position the device other than at an angle to the horizontal may be undesirable when used in some situations, for example a dental setting, a delicate specimen situation, or to minimize disturbance to the object of any specimen. For example, impact force range of between about 20-45 newtons may need to be used, for example, in a dental setting, for a horizontal setting, to obtain better results with some flexibility for positioning, and such force may be rather uncomfortable for the patient if a higher force is built-in for flexibility. The inventors of the present invention have invented a system that exerts a substantially the same impact force on the object in various angles from the horizontal, as if the device is operating horizontally, in addition to the capability of varying the impact force depending on the aforementioned physical characteristic of the object, such as geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to for generating the optimal result. Thus, whether the device is operating at about plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, about plus/minus 30 degrees from the horizontal, the device may still generate about the same amount of impact force, for example, about 20-30 newtons. 
     Similarly, for an energy application tool that is not a mechanical energy application tool, the force applied on the object may include electromagnetic energy or sound energy, such as ultrasound, and the amount of energy impacting the object may depend on the strength of the energy source, the distance traveled by the energy and the angle of incline of the device if the device is the energy application tool, or the energy tool with respect to the surface of the object to be impacted. 
     Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it may be surmised that for a given strength, the impact force of the energy source may be higher if the impact surface of the object is perpendicular to the direction of force propagation than if the impact surface makes any other angle with the direction of force propagation and the impact force may be smallest if the surface of impact is parallel to the direction of force propagation. Since the low end of impact force may not be optimal, the device may generally be placed in contact with the object undergoing measurement in a substantially perpendicular position to the object surface for better results, for example, by calibrating the system for the optimal amount of force exertion on the object. This may be rather restrictive in the ability to position the device. For example, some objects undergoing measurement may be in difficult to reach places and angling the device may be needed. Therefore, in some instances, a higher force may be used, for example, an equivalent of 10-50 newtons may be used on a device to built-in some flexibility in positioning the device on an object. Even at this higher impact force range, the lower end range of the force, i.e. when the device is placed in an incline at a plus angle to the perpendicular direction, may be lower than the impact force needed for generating an optimal measurement, while at the higher end, the force may be much higher than desired in some instances. However, this built-in capability of a higher force just in case there is a need to position the device at an angle to the perpendicular direction may be undesirable when used in some situations, for example a dental setting, a delicate specimen situation, or to minimize potential damage to the object or any specimen. For example, an equivalent impact force range of may be higher than between about 20-45 newtons may need to be used, for example, in a dental setting, to obtain better results with some flexibility for positioning, and such force may be rather uncomfortable for the patient. 
     In an exemplary aspect of the present invention, any of the above described embodiments of the device may exert a substantially the same impact force on the object in various angles from the perpendicular direction of the object surface, as if the device is operating so that the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the surface of the object. Thus, whether the device is operating at about plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, about plus/minus 30 degrees from the perpendicular direction with respect to the object surface, the device may still generate about the same amount of an equivalent impact force, for example, about 20-30 newtons. For each object, the amount of force may depend on the aforementioned physical characteristics such as size, geometry or combination of size and geometry for optimal results. 
     In addition, the ability to position the tool at various angles from the horizontal may be advantageous for energy source not of a mechanical type, for example sound energy such as ultrasonic, or electromagnetic, responses that are not well defined or noisy from one angle may be more defined or pronounced from another angle such that any defects close to the surface that may be affecting the measurements at one angle may not be affecting the measurement from another angle may even produce better and more complete results of the properties of the object. Also, defects at the surface that may complicate the measurement, for example, by deflecting the response in a direction not sense by the sensor may become detectable and within the range of the sensor if another direction of impact is made. 
     An inclinometer may be present, for example, on any of the above and below described devices, which may trigger an audible warning when the device is held against the object and is outside of the angular range of operation, for example, for a tapping rod, it may be set to trigger the warning when it is plus/minus approximately 45 degrees, more for example, plus/minus about 30 degrees from the horizontal, at which point, the angle may substantially affect the result of the measurement of the object, if desired. In one embodiment, for a mechanical energy application tool, if the device is oriented such that the axis of operation is greater than about 45 degrees, more for example, greater than about 30 degrees from the horizontal position, and the device is activated when a contact force is sensed on the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object, it may result in a warning sound being emitted by a speaker located on the device, such as the printed circuit board (PCB) within the device. In another embodiment, the warning sign may be given by a light signal, which may be a flashing light, or a light of a certain color. In such circumstances, the percussion action, if the device is a percussion instrument, will not begin until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the percussion action has started when the above-mentioned departure from the range is detected, the device may not actually stop operation, but may simply be sounding an alarm, so that corrections may be made. Similar setups may be included for other types of energy application tools and the angles may be with respect to the perpendicular direction of the contact surface. 
     As mentioned above and below, the system and method of the present invention is non-destructive and non-invasive, and any of the system may include a device capable of operating by holding the device at varying angles from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The system may or may not include disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability. The present system and method for measuring structural characteristics may minimize impact, even minute impact on the object undergoing measurement, without compromising the sensitivity of the measurement or operation of the system. When the energy application tool is a tapping rod, the amount of impact energy may also vary dependent on, for example, the length of the rod, the diameter pf the rod, the weight of the rod or the velocity of the rod prior to impact, so on. In one embodiment, the system includes an energy application tool that is light weight and/or capable of moving at a slower velocity such that it minimizes the force of impact on the object during measurement while exhibiting, maintaining or providing equivalent or better sensitivity of measurement. In one aspect, the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, may be made of lighter material to minimize the weight of the handpiece and thus may minimize impact on the object undergoing measurement. In another embodiment, the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, may be made shorter and/or of smaller diameter such that the size of the handpiece may also be minimized and thus may minimize impact on the object undergoing measurement. In a further embodiment, the system may include a drive mechanism that may lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool and thus may minimize impact on the object undergoing measurement. For example, the drive mechanism may include a separate drive coil to lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool, whether or not it is light weight, and/or smaller in length or diameter, and minimizes the impact force on the object during operation while maintaining sensitivity of measurement. These embodiments may be combined with one or more of the embodiments described before or below, including the lighter weight handpiece housing. The speed of conducting measurement may also be desirable without increasing the initial velocity of impact so as to minimize impact on the object during measurement. The system may or may not have disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability mentioned above or below. 
     In any of the systems mentioned above or below, including all the exemplary embodiments, either with or without lighter weight energy application tool, a shorter or smaller diameter energy application tool, or a drive mechanism that may include a smaller drive coil to lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool, if the measurement is to be made while a portion of the sleeve is in contact with the object, the force an operator exerts on the object may also be important and may need to be monitored, since, for example, either insufficient or excessive force exerted by an operator may complicate the measurements, and may even produce less accurate results, in addition to the activation feature, as noted above. The system may or may not have disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability and/or lessening impact with features mentioned below. 
     Upon activation of, for example, a mechanical energy application tool, for example, the pressing of a finger switch on the device, a magnetic coil within the device propels the energy application tool, such as a tapping rod to extend at a speed towards an object undergoing measurement and strike or impact the object or specimen, for example, multiple times per measuring cycle with an impact force. The impact force on the object may create stress waves that traveled through the energy application tool, such as the tapping rod and the deceleration of the tool such as the tapping rod upon impact with the object may be measured by a measuring or sensing device or mechanism located in the device and transmitted to the rest of the system for analysis. The system may measure, for a time interval, a percussion response such as energy reflected from the object as a result of the energy application, for example, by tapping or applying energy, which may include creating a percussion response profile, for example, a time-energy profile, frequency-energy profile, based on the energy reflected from the object during the time interval, and/or evaluating the percussion response profile, for example, time energy profile to determine the damping capacity of the object or other characteristics. The measuring device or sensing mechanism may detect characteristics of the effects from the impact of the energy application tool with the object. In general, the measuring device or sensing mechanism may be physically coupled to, functionally coupled to or otherwise in contact with the energy application tool such that it may detect characteristics of the impact. The coupling may be wired or wireless. 
     In some embodiments, the measuring device or the sensing mechanism utilized for analysis of the object may include sensors for sensing and/or measuring the response either form the object or the energy application tool during measurement. In one aspect, the drive mechanism may include a sensing and/or measuring device, for example, a piezoelectric force sensor, or a piezoelectric sensing element, located within the housing for coupling with the energy application tool, such as the tapping rod and may generally produce an electrical signal or change in response to mechanical energy, such as a change in pressure on the piezoelectric sensing element. A piezoelectric wire may also, for example, be loaded into the energy application tool. The measuring device may be adapted, for example, for measuring the deceleration of the tapping rod upon impact with an object during operation, or any vibration caused by the tapping rod on the specimen. The piezoelectric force sensor may detect changes in the properties of the object and may quantify objectively its internal characteristics. Data transmitted by the piezoelectric force sensor may be processed by a system program, to be discussed further below. In another aspect, the measuring device or sensing mechanism may also include other forms of sensing elements, such as, for example, a linear variable differential transformer adapted for sensing and/or measuring the displacement of the energy application tool such as the tapping rod, before, during and after the application of energy. The linear variable differential transformer may be a non-contact linear displacement sensor. The sensor may utilize inductive technology and thus capable of sensing any metal target. Also, the noncontact displacement measurement may allow a computer to determine velocity and acceleration just prior to impact so that the effects of gravity may be eliminated from the results. In other aspects, the sensing and/or measuring device may sense the position of the energy application tool due to changes in voltage in the transformer due to positioning of the energy application tool which may be metal or otherwise affect the induction in the transformer, accelerometers, resistive pressure sensors, strain gauges, and/or any other appropriate type of sensor or combination of sensors. For example, an accelerometer within the device coupled with the energy application tool may measure signals corresponding to the resulting stress waves. Data transmitted by the accelerometer is processed by a calibrated computer program which detects changes in the properties of the specimen and quantifies objectively internal characteristics. In general, the sensing mechanism for detecting the characteristics of the effects of the energy application tool may be separate from sensing of the contact force between the handpiece (such as through the sleeve portion) with the object. 
     After impact with the object, the energy application tool, for example the tapping rod, decelerates, as noted above. The deceleration of the energy application tool, for example a tapping rod, may be measured by a measuring device or sensing mechanism, for example, an accelerometer inside the device. For example, the accelerometer within the device coupled with the energy application tool may be adapted for measuring the deceleration of the energy application tool upon impact with an object during operation, the percussion response from the object, measuring any vibration caused by the impact or measuring signals corresponding to the resulting stress waves. The measuring device or sensing mechanism may detect changes in the properties of the object and may quantify objectively its internal characteristics. Data transmitted by the measuring device or sensing mechanism may be processed by a system program, as noted before or below. 
     The above described measuring mechanism may also be applicable to other than mechanical energy application tools described above, with similar sensor set up, for example, when such energy application tools perform a percussion action. 
     The energy application tool, such as the tapping rod, may be programmed to strike an object a certain number of times per minute at substantially the same speed and the deceleration information may be recorded or compiled for analysis by the system, as noted above. The sleeve portion, in addition to aiding in positioning the device, may also aid in attenuating any vibrations caused by the impact so as to not disturb the sensitive measurements, if it is of a material having some damping properties. 
     For electromagnetic energy, the energy application may be in the form of pulses or energy bursts which may be programmed to impact an object a certain number of times per minute with substantially the same amount of energy each time and the effect on the object may be recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In some instances, the repeated impact may provide an average measurement that may be better representative of the actual underlying property. The sleeve portion, in addition to aiding in positioning the device, may also aid in attenuating any vibrations caused by the impact so as to not disturb the sensitive measurements, if it is of a material having some damping properties. 
     In some embodiments of the above and below described device, the inclinometer may include an accelerometer, such as a 3-axis device which measures gravity on all three axes, the X, Y and Z axes. In one embodiment of the invention, the device, such as a handpiece, may include software for measuring the value of the Y-axis (i.e. vertical) gravitational force (G-force). For example, if the G-force for the Y-axis is greater than about the plus/minus, say, 15 degrees threshold, the handpiece may make an audible noise, such as beeps, or a light signal such as a flashing light, or a light of a certain color. If the G-force for the Y-axis is greater than the 30-degree threshold, the handpiece may beep faster, or if a light signal such as a flashing light, it may be a faster flashing light. The accelerometer may be sampled every, say, 100 ms. Five consecutive valid readings may be needed (500 ms) to trigger a threshold and thus the beep or the flash, etc. The thresholds for both the 15 and 30-degree thresholds may be determined empirically. 
     For example, for a device without the features of the present invention, during operation, if the equivalent impact force is about 26 newtons at plus 15 degrees from the horizontal, the equivalent impact force may be about 32 newtons at a horizontal position, and at minus 15 degrees from the horizontal, the impact force may be about 35 newtons. With the present invention, all impact forces at all the above-mentioned angles may be at about 25 newtons or whatever optimal impact force programmed to exert for an object with a given size, geometry, combination of size and geometry, or other of a set of physical characteristics. This may be accomplished by, for example, varying the application of energy from the drive mechanism to the energy application tool to accommodate the angle of impact. Examples of variations to the application of energy from the drive mechanism, such as an electromagnetic coil, may include varying the power applied to the coil (e.g. varying voltage, current or both), coil drive times (varying the length of time the coil is energized or activated), coil delay times (varying the time between driving activities), number of coil energizations (i.e. varying the number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof. These factors, including varying power, drive times, polarity and delay times may be managed through varying the firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity and drive delay of the energizing of the coil for the desired results. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is surmised multiple variations may be employed to achieve the desired result and the firmware may be designed to select a particular solution or to select an optimal solution for certain instances. 
     In some embodiments, the firmware may be adapted to vary only certain settings of the drive mechanism, such as, for example, drive times, number of drives, polarity and drive delays, while keeping other settings constant, such as, for example, power. This may be desirable as some settings may be more difficult to adjust, such as power settings which may be relatively unadjustable due to a particular power source, such as a battery. 
     As noted above, any of the embodiments of the system may be turned on and off with or without an external switch, or remote control. In one embodiment, the energy application process of the handpiece may be triggered via a mechanical mechanism, such as by a switch mechanism. In one aspect, a finger switch may be located at a convenient location on the handpiece for easy activation by the operator. In another aspect, the switch mechanism may be triggered by applied pressure to the object through the sleeve. In another embodiment, the energy application process of the handpiece may be triggered via voice control or foot control. 
     Generally, any external switching device such as a flip switch, a rocking switch or a push button switch, may tend to restrict the manner an operator holds the instrument and thus may restrict the positioning of the instrument on the object, if it is handheld, for example, during measurement so as to enable easy access by the operator to the switching device for turning it on and/or off. 
     In one embodiment, to gain more flexibility in positioning the instrument, voice control or remote control may generally be used, though such voice controls or remote controls can add complexity to the system. In the present invention, the same advantages of flexibility may be gained without such remote controls or added complexities. 
     In another embodiment, to gain more flexibility in positioning the instrument, activation of the device may be controlled by a proper contact force between the object and a sleeve portion located at the open end of the housing, as noted above and below. This proper contact force may also add other desirable features to the system, as discussed below. The sleeve portion may be open at its free end, with an object resting, pressing or contacting portion for resting on, pressing or contacting at least a portion of an object during measurement. The contact by the sleeve portion aids to stabilize the device on the object. During measurement, the force exerted by the sleeve portion on an object is controlled by an operator, unlike the impact force of the energy application tool, which may be controlled by the various factors of the system described above, and a proper contact force on the object may be important and may need to be monitored, since, for example, either insufficient or excessive force exerted by an operator may complicate the measurements, and may even produce less accurate results. A sensor disposed inside the housing, not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool may be present to ensure that a proper contact force by the contacting portion of the sleeve portion may be applied by the operator for better reproducibility, even by different operators. 
     The sleeve portion may be mounted onto a force transfer sleeve-like component, or force transfer member, that forms a permanent part of the front of the housing or protrudes from it, and shields the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod from damage when no sleeve portion is present, for example, the sleeve portion may form part of a disposable assembly, as discussed below. The force transfer sleeve-like component sits around the energy application tool, or rod, for example, it may surround the energy application tool, and is held at the front by the housing and mounts onto the front of the electromagnetic coil at the rear. The force transfer sleeve-like component may be adapted to slide a small amount, and in doing so, may act on a force sensor, for example, a force sensitive resistor, piezoelectric sensor, strain gauge(s), etc., located between the back surface of the force transfer sleeve-like component and a relative fixed position, such as the coil mount or mounting bracket for the drive mechanism. The energy application tool, for example the tapping rod may be triggered when the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pushed against an object undergoing measurement, for example, a tooth and a force may be detected. When a correct force within a certain range is detected, the instrument is turned on to start the measurement. Linear position measurements by sensors may also be utilized to detect the contact force. 
     The sensor, for example the force sensor, may be disposed anywhere inside the housing and be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with at least a portion of the device other than the energy application tool, for example, it may be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with the housing and/or sleeve portion, if the open end of the sleeve portion includes an object contacting portion, as noted above. In general, the sensor may surround the energy application tool and not in physical contact with the tool. For example, the sensor maybe positioned such that the energy application tool, even a physical tool, may pass through it to impact the object undergoing measurement. In one embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include at least one strain gauge for sensing. The strain gauges may be attached or mounted to a cantilever between the device housing and the sleeve portion so that when the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pressed on the object it also deforms the cantilever which is measured by the strain gauge, thus providing a force measurement. In some embodiments, multiple strain gauges mounted to a single or to separate cantilevers may be utilized. The cantilever(s) may also, for example, be present on a separate component from the rest of the housing or sleeve portion, such as, for example, on a mounting device. In another embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include a sensing pad which may be positioned between a rigid surface and a sliding part so that when the pad is pressed or squeezed as the sliding part moves towards the rigid surface, the force is measured. According to one embodiment, the rigid surface may be, for example, a coil interface that holds the electromagnetic coil in the drive mechanism within the device housing. The sliding part may be a force transfer sleeve-like component disposed inside the housing and coupled to the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion and adapted to slide inside the housing when a force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on an object. In some embodiments, it may be disposed inside the sleeve portion. The sliding distance may be very small, for example, in the order of about (in millimeters or mm) 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, more for example about 0.5 mm. The sensing pad may include a layer structure, which may be generally referred to as a “Shunt Mode FSR (force sensing resistor) that may change resistance depending on the force applied to the pad, to provide a force measurement. According to another embodiment, the force transfer sleeve-like component may be biased forward by a spring, so that when force is applied by the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object, the force transfer sleeve-like portion may transfer the force against the spring. According to one aspect, the force sensing may be done by a linear position sensor, which would know, for example, that if the force transfer sleeve-like portion is at position X, a force of Y has to be applied to it (against the reaction force of the spring) to move it to that position. According to another aspect, the force sensing may be performed by an optical sensor, for optically sensing the position of the moving part, when it is pushed against a spring, In yet another embodiment of the invention, the relative position of the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object may be determined by having one or more strain gauges which may be attached at one end to a moving part, for example, the force sensor sleeve-like component, and the other end to a static element, for example, the housing. In a further embodiment of the invention, the device may include piezoelectric elements for directly measuring the force. In yet a further embodiment of the invention, a Hall Effect sensor may be used to detect a change in the magnetic field when a magnet (attached to the moving element) is moving relative to the position of the sensor. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a capacitive linear encoder system, like that found in digital calipers may be used to measure the force. 
     The force transfer sleeve portion may or may not be in one single piece. When present in one single piece, it may aid in rigidizing the drive mechanism, for example, the drive train. The rigidized drive train may minimize effect of external force, for example, when the device may bump against the inside of the oral cavity during measurement, which may disturb the path of the energy application tool. 
     As noted before, the force sensor may be positioned anywhere inside the housing, as long as it is not in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled to the energy application tool. In one embodiment, it may be located closer to the front of the housing towards the sleeve portion. In another embodiment, it may be located towards the rear of the housing. In a further embodiment, the force sensor may be positioned towards the middle of the housing. When the force sensor is positioned towards the rear of the housing, the positioning may better facilitate the rigidization of the driver mechanism discussed above than when the force sensor is present in other locations. In general, no matter where the force sensor is located, if the energy application tool is a tapping rod, the rod may pass through the sensor and the force transfer sleeve, i.e., the force sensor and/or the force transfer sleeve may surround the energy application tool. 
     Though the sensor is not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool, it may be in electronic communication with the energy application tool and may act as an on/off switch for the device or instrument, as noted above. For example, when a proper force is exerted on the object by the object contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger the activation mechanism of the device or instrument to activate the movement of the energy application tool to start a measurement. Thus, no external switches or push buttons are needed to activate the on and off of the system, as noted above. The indication of the proper force may be indicated by visible or audible signals. 
     In one embodiment, the instrument may be instantaneously turned on once a proper contact force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals. In another embodiment, there may be a delay prior to turning on the instrument once a proper contact force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals. In a further embodiment, once a certain push force between the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion and the object is detected and maintained for a period of time, for example, about 1 second, more for example, about 0.5 seconds, the instrument may be turned on to start measurement. In this embodiment, a green light lights up the tip, and percussion will begin approximately 1 second, more for example, 0.5 seconds after a force in the correct range is maintained. 
     The proper force exerted by the operator on the object, for example, through the sleeve portion, acts as a switch of the system. When the system is not switched on, it may be desirable to know whether it has malfunction, not sufficient force or too much force is exerted. In one embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to a visual output, such as lights. Lights may be mounted at any convenient location on the device or instrument, for example, one or multiple LEDs may be mounted at the front of the device or instrument. In one aspect, a multiple light system may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used. When the force is in the correct range, the green light may be lit. If too much force is detected, the LEDs may change to red, and the instrument will not work unless the push force is reduced. In some embodiments, if the user is pushing too hard on the object, the light may change first to amber, then to red. If the push force is sufficient to change the light to red, percussion may either not be started, or be interrupted if it has already started. In addition, there may be an amber LED state which warns when the user is approaching too much push force. At that stage, the instrument may still operate when the LEDs are lit amber. In another aspect, no light may indicate too little force, a green light may indicate the right amount of force, while a red light may indicate too much force. In yet another aspect, a one light system may be included. For example, no light may give a signal of too little force and a red light may give a signal of too much force. In a further aspect, a flashing red light may indicate too much force and no light may indicate too little force. 
     In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one aspect, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a multiple beep to indicate too much force. In another aspect, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a beeping sound with a flashing red light to indicate too much force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system for alerting too much force or too little force. In yet a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system to alert too little force and a voice alert and a flashing red light for alerting too much force. 
     When the force sensor acts as an on/off switch, it may also act to monitor that a proper force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion during measurement and/or a proper alignment of the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion against the object during measurement is obtained. An inclinometer may be present, for example, as part of an electronic control system, which may trigger an audible warning when the device is outside of the angular range of operation, for example, for a mechanical energy application tool such as a tapping rod, it may trigger the warning when it is outside the plus/minus approximately 45 degrees range, more for example, may be programmed to warn when outside the plus/minus approximately 30 degrees range from horizontal. Thus, if the device is oriented such that the axis of operation is greater than about plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, greater than about plus/minus 30 degrees from horizontal when a push force is sensed on the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion, it may result in a warning sound being emitted by a speaker located on the device, such as the printed circuit board (PCB) within the device. In such circumstances, the percussion action will not begin until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the percussion action has started when the above-mentioned departure from the range is detected, the device may not actually stop operation, but may simply be sounding an alarm, so that corrections may be made. 
     The energy application tool has a length with a resting configuration and an active configuration. The movement may be axial movement along the longitudinal axis of the housing, or for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above. 
     In one embodiment, the sleeve portion may attach and/or surround at least a length of the free end of the housing and protrudes from the housing for a distance substantially coextensive with the end of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod in its extended form if the tapping rod moves axially. Thus, the length of the sleeve portion in this embodiment may be somewhat dependent on the length of protrusion of the extended tapping rod desired. The free end of the sleeve may be placed against an object undergoing measurement. The contact by the sleeve portion on the object helps to stabilize the device on the object, as noted above. In another embodiment, the sleeve portion may be attached to the end of the housing and being substantially perpendicular to it when the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod moves from being substantially parallel to making an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing at a pivot when in operation. The sleeve portion may be substantially cylindrical in shape. In a further embodiment, the sleeve may be an extension of the housing and being of substantially a half cylindrical shape to allow the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod to freely move when the tapping rod moves from being substantially parallel to making an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing in operation. Using this system, measurements may be undertaken at locations which are relatively inaccessible such as, for example, in the molar area of a patient&#39;s teeth. 
     Similarly, for other than mechanical energy application tool, it is surmised that the above may also be applicable, and instead of a mechanical energy application tool such as a tapping rod, an energy source, such as an electromagnetic energy or sound energy source may reside inside the housing. Instead of extending and retracting, the source may simply be turned on and off. A sleeve portion may also be present. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, any of the systems described above or below may also include disposable features for aiding in eliminating or minimizing contamination of the object undergoing the measurement through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from previous objects undergoing the measurements, without interfering with the measurement or the capability of the system. The disposable feature may include any of those described below or as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,869,606, or WO2011/160102A9, entitled “System and Method For Determining Structural Characteristics Of An Object”, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present invention also relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics in a non-invasive manner and/or using a non-destructive method of measurement, including a device capable of applying a varying amount of energy based on the physical characteristics such as size, geometry or combination of size and geometry of the object and, if the object is not a standalone, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, and the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, operating by holding the device at varying angles from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement, and using an energy application tool that includes disposable features for aiding in eliminating or minimizing contamination of the object undergoing the measurement through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from previous objects undergoing the measurements, without substantially interfering with the measurement or the capability of the system. The instrument includes a housing having a hollow interior with an open end and an energy application tool, for example, a tapping rod, or impact rod mounted inside the housing for movement inside the housing. The housing has a longitudinal axis and the energy application tool has a length with a resting configuration and an active configuration, and the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned at any angle with the horizontal direction. The angle may be, for example, of any angle, more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus forty-five degrees, even more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus thirty degrees. The different embodiments of the system and method described above without the disposable features are also applicable here. The system provides a non-destructive method of measurement with some contact with the object undergoing such measurement without the need for wiping or autoclaving of the energy application tool, such as a mechanical tool, an electromagnetic or sound energy source, and at the same time without disposing of the energy application tool and/or the housing and whatever may be housed inside the housing of the instrument. The drive mechanisms described above for modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement are also applicable to this system and method. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the housing has a longitudinal axis and the energy application tool has a length, if a mechanical energy application tool is used, with a resting configuration and an active configuration, or on and off configuration for other types of energy application tools. The housing includes a sleeve portion extending therefrom. The sleeve portion is open at its free end, and has an object resting or contacting portion for resting on, pressing or contacting an object just prior and during measurement. 
     The mechanical energy application tool is driven by a drive mechanism. The drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism, and may include an electromagnetic coil and a permanent magnet secured to the back end of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod. The electromagnetic coil may lie axially behind the permanent magnet, for example. For other energy application sources, an input power drives the energy application tool. 
     The energy application tool has a length with a resting configuration and an active configuration. The movement may be axial movement along the longitudinal axis of the housing, or for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above. 
     The disposable feature may include a sleeve portion extending from and/or enveloping the open end of the housing. In one example, for a mechanical energy application tool, the sleeve portion includes a hollow interior and an open free end with an object resting or contacting portion for resting on, pressing or contacting an object during measurement at its open end. A feature such as a contact feature having a length and disposed towards the open end of the sleeve portion, fits snuggly inside the sleeve portion, for example, by friction. The contact feature may be, for example, a short tubular section, or a ring. In one embodiment, the contact feature maybe disposed inside the housing, if no sleeve portion is present, or disposed inside the sleeve portion. The contact feature may include a substantially closed front end for substantially closing off the open front of the housing, if no sleeve portion is present, or the front end of the sleeve, to minimize direct contact between said energy application tool and said object during measurement. 
     In one embodiment, the contact feature maybe adapted for freely moving or sliding inside the sleeve portion, substantially along the longitudinal axis of the housing, if no sleeve portion is present, or sleeve portion, and may include a closed end for substantially closing the off the free end of the housing or sleeve portion. The contact feature may be positioned in between the tip of the energy application tool and the surface of the object undergoing measurement and by being freely moving or sliding, may adjust itself to various surface configurations of an object undergoing measurement. The freely moving or sliding contact feature may vary in size and/or otherwise be adapted to move a desired predetermined distance along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion. In some examples, such as for a ring-shaped contact feature, movement stops, such as small ridges, stops or other obstacles, may be present inside the sleeve portion to prevent sliding or movement inside the sleeve portion outside of a desired range. For example, at least a portion of the closed end may be in the proximity of the surface of the object, and may or may not be in contact with the surface of the object just prior to impact by the energy application tool on the contact feature. During impact by the energy application tool on the closed end of the contact feature, at least a portion of the outside surface of the closed end or object contacting surface of the closed end of the contact feature is in close contact with the surface of the object. Thus, if at least at portion of the object contacting surface of the closed end is contoured to mirror the surface of the object it comes into contact with, the better contact with the object is made and energy transfer from the impact by the energy application tool may not be substantially impaired. In one aspect, the closed end of the contact feature may include at least a portion that may have a substantially flat portion facing the object to substantially mirror a flat surface of an object. In another aspect, the closed end of the contact feature may include at least a portion that may be contoured to mirror the surface of an object it comes into contact with if the object surface is contoured. For an example, if the surface of the object undergoing measurement includes a depression, the contact feature may include a closed end having a concave outside surface to substantially mirror the depression so as to adjust itself to maintain contact between the closed end and the object during impact. For another example, if the surface of the object includes a bump, the contact feature may include a closed end having a convex surface to substantially mirror the bump so as to maintain contact with the object during measurement. In a further aspect, the closed end may possess some elasticity or be deformable, so that close contact with the object may be achieved during impact. 
     In general, the contact between the object and at least a portion of the closed end of the contact feature, though the contact feature is freely moving, may nevertheless help to stabilize the device on the object and/or may improve the reproducibility of the measurements. 
     In other embodiments, the contact feature may not be movable. For example, the contact feature may be fixed to the front opening in the sleeve portion and acts as an intermediate member between the object and the energy application tool during measurement so that there is no direct contact between the tip of the energy application tool and the object. The contact feature described above may also be a stationary feature having a membrane that may be attached or formed integrally, as described above and below, to form the closed end. 
     For non-movable energy application tools, the sliding portion may or may not be present and the contact feature may be stationary or fixed. A non-movable but conformable contact feature may have the same advantages of a movable contact feature, as noted below. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, during a measurement, the closed end of the contact feature may be conformable or movable and may adjust itself to the surface configuration of the object and the object contacting portion of the open end of the sleeve properly contacts the object. The sensor described above, if present, senses and/or monitors that a proper contact force is exerted by the sleeve portion on the object. The energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, taps the object indirectly through the closed end of the contact feature repeatedly during a measurement. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, during a measurement, the closed end of the contact feature may be conformable or movable and adjusts itself to the surface configuration the object and the object contacting portion of the open end of the sleeve properly contacts the object, however, a portion of the closed end may extend beyond the sleeve to contact an irregular surface of the object simultaneously. The sensor described above, if present, senses and/or monitors that a proper contact force is exerted by the sleeve portion on the object. The energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, taps the object indirectly through the closed end of the contact feature repeatedly. 
     The movable contact feature may be of any shape as long as it fits snuggly and yet freely moving or sliding inside the sleeve portion with a closed end substantially closing off the free end of the sleeve. As noted above, in embodiments where movable or slidable may not be necessary, the contact feature may be conformable. It may be constructed of any material that may be molded or cast and may include polymers or filled polymeric material. For light weight, it may also be thin but of sufficiently stiffness to facilitate the sliding action. In some embodiments, it may have a conformable closed end or front portion. 
     In any of the contact features mentioned above, it may also include a thin membrane at its closed end. The membrane may be attached or integrally bonded to the rest of the contact feature. The membrane may also be a thicker membrane in a non-movable contact feature. Whether the membranes are thick or thin is not relevant, as long as they are chosen to have a minimal effect on the operation of the energy application tool. In one aspect, the membrane may possess some elasticity or deformability for better contact between the membrane and the object when struck by the energy application tool, as noted above, but may still be capable of transferring the impact force exerted by the energy application tool to the object. In another aspect, the membrane may be of any material that enables better transfer of impact force between it and the object. 
     In one embodiment, the closed end may include a thin polymeric membrane, which may or may not be of the same material as the rest of the contact feature, or it may be a material having substantially the same properties as the rest of the contact feature. The polymer may include any polymeric material that is capable of being molded, cast or stretched into a thin membrane so that it does not substantially adversely affect the measurement. In another embodiment, the closed end may include an insert molded metal foil membrane. The metal may be any metallic material that may be drawn, cast or molded into a thin membrane so that it does not substantially adversely affect the measurement. In other embodiments, the closed end may be integral to the contact feature. For example, the contact feature may be formed from a material which may be shaped into a tubular or ring structure with a closed end of a desired thickness, such as by stamping a metal (e.g. stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other appropriate metal). 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the housing has a longitudinal axis and the energy application tool has a length with a resting configuration and an active configuration, and the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned at any angle with the horizontal direction. The angle may be, for example, of any angle, more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus forty-five degrees, even more for example, vary from zero degrees to about plus/minus thirty degrees. The housing may or may not include a sleeve portion extending therefrom and has an open end at its free end. 
     The energy application tool has a length with a resting configuration and an active configuration. The movement may be axial movement along the longitudinal axis of the housing, or for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above. 
     The disposable feature may include a covering for enveloping a part of the system that may come into proximity and/or contact with the object undergoing the measurement without interfering with the sensitivity, reproducibility, if desired, or general operation of the instrument to any substantial degree. 
     The disposable feature may be applicable to all other types of energy application tools, as noted before. 
     The covering may include a portion extending from and/or enveloping the open end of the housing, or the sleeve portion, if a sleeve portion extends from the housing. A contact feature having a length, and disposed towards the open end of the housing or sleeve portion may fit snuggly inside the housing or sleeve portion, by friction, and may extend beyond the open end of the housing or sleeve portion, if one is present. The contact feature includes a closed end for closing the free end of the housing or sleeve portion, if one is present. The closed end of the contact feature comes in between the tip of the energy application tool and the object, and a portion of the surface of the closed end of the contact feature comes into contact with at least a portion of the surface of the object undergoing measurement. In this exemplary embodiment, the end of the housing or sleeve portion may not come into contact with the object during measurement. The contact feature is adapted for be freely moving or sliding inside the housing or sleeve portion, if one is present, or may be slightly restricted to a predetermined distance of movement, and does not completely retract inside the housing or sleeve portion. The contact feature may include a closed end for substantially closing the free end of the housing or sleeve portion, if one is present. The stabilization of the device against an object undergoing measurement may be effected by the contact of at least a portion of the outside surface of the closed end of the contact feature on at least a portion of the surface of the object. 
     For non-movable energy application tools, the sliding portion may or may not be present and the contact feature may be stationary or fixed, though there are advantages of having a movable or at least a comfortable contact portion, as noted below. 
     Whether the contact feature is movable or not and the membranes are thick or thin is not relevant, as long as they are chosen to have a minimal effect on the operation of the energy application tool. In one aspect, the membrane may possess some elasticity or deformability for better contact between the membrane and the object when struck by the energy application tool, as noted above, but may still be capable of transferring the impact force exerted by the energy application tool to the object. In another aspect, the membrane may be of any material that enables better transfer of impact force between it and the object. It may be constructed of any material that may be molded or cast and may include polymers or filled polymeric material. As noted above, in embodiments where movable or slidable may not be necessary, the contact feature may be conformable. In some embodiments, it may have a conformable closed end or front portion. 
     For light weight movable contact feature, it may also be thin but of sufficiently stiffness to facilitate the sliding action. In some embodiments, it may have a conformable closed end or front portion. 
     In one embodiment, the closed end may include a thin polymeric membrane, which may or may not be of the same material as the rest of the contact feature, or it may be a material having substantially the same properties as the rest of the contact feature. The polymer may include any polymeric material that is capable of being molded, cast or stretched into a thin membrane so that it does not substantially adversely affect the measurement. In another embodiment, the closed end may include an insert molded metal foil membrane. The metal may be any metallic material that may be drawn, cast or molded into a thin membrane so that it does not substantially adversely affect the measurement. The membrane may also be formed to conform to the shape of the energy application tool, or vice versa, for optimal transfer of force/energy. In some embodiments, the membrane may be constructed from stainless steel foil or sheet, and may, for example, be stamped and/or molded. In other embodiments, the closed end may be integral to the contact feature. For example, the contact feature may be formed from a material which may be shaped into a tubular or ring structure with a closed end of a desired thickness, such as by stamping a metal (e.g. stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other appropriate metal). 
     In some embodiments, a membrane may be presented at the open end of the sleeve portion, or the open end of the housing if no sleeve portion is present. The membrane may be integrally formed with the sleeve portion or housing or be attached to the sleeve portion of the housing by any method of attachment. 
     For these exemplary embodiments, the force sensor described above, including all aspects of its features, may or may not be present, for sensing and/or monitoring that a proper force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion or the closed end of the contact feature on the object, and/or for activating the system to start measurement when a proper force is exerted. 
     For a device of any of the exemplary embodiments described herein, having a force sensor for sensing or monitoring a force exerted by either the object contacting surface of the sleeve portion or the contact feature, the force sensor may be in physical proximity and/or contact with at least a portion of the device other than the energy application tool, for example, the sleeve portion or at least a portion of the sleeve portion, if the open end of the sleeve portion includes an object contacting portion, or at least a portion of the housing, if no sleeve portion is present, as exampled before in relationship to other exemplary embodiments. 
     The sensor, for example a force sensor, may be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with at least a portion of the device other than the energy application tool, for example, it may be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with the housing and/or sleeve portion, if the open end of the sleeve portion includes an object contacting portion, as noted above. In some embodiments, the energy application tool may pass through the force sensor. In other words, the force sensor may surround the energy application tool. The various embodiments of the sensor as described above are also applicable here. 
     Though the sensor is not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool, it may be in electronic communication with the energy application tool and may act as an on/off switch for the device or instrument, as noted above. For example, when a proper force is exerted on the object by the object contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger the activation mechanism of the device or instrument to activate the movement of the energy application tool to start a measurement. Thus, no external switches or push buttons are needed to activate the on and off of the system, as noted above. The indication of the proper force may be indicated by visible or audible signals. 
     In one embodiment, the instrument may be instantaneously turned on once a proper contact force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals. In another embodiment, there may be a delay prior to turning on the instrument once a proper contact force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals. In a further embodiment, once a certain push force between the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion and the object is detected and maintained for a period of time, for example, about 0.5 seconds, the instrument may be turned on to start measurement. In this embodiment, a green light lights up the tip, and percussion will begin approximately 0.5 sec after a force in the correct range is maintained. 
     The proper force exerted by the operator on the object, for example, through the sleeve portion, acts as a switch of the system. When the system is not switched on, it may be desirable to know whether it has malfunction, not sufficient force or too much force is exerted. In one embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to a visual output, such as lights. Lights may be mounted at any convenient location on the device or instrument, for example, one or multiple LEDs may be mounted at the front of the device or instrument. In one aspect, a multiple light system may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used. When the force is in the correct range, the green light may be lit. If too much force is detected, the LEDs may change to red, and the instrument will not work unless the push force is reduced. In some embodiments, if the user is pushing too hard on the object, the light may change first to amber, then to red. If the push force is sufficient to change the light to red, percussion may either not be started, or be interrupted if it has already started. In addition, there may be an amber LED state which warns when the user is approaching too much push force. At that stage, the instrument may still operate when the LEDs are lit amber. In another aspect, no light may indicate too little force, a green light may indicate the right amount of force, while a red light may indicate too much force. In yet another aspect, a one light system may be included. For example, no light may give a signal of too little force and a red light may give a signal of too much force. In a further aspect, a flashing red light may indicate too much force and no light may indicate too little force. 
     In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one aspect, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a multiple beep to indicate too much force. In another aspect, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a beeping sound with a flashing red light to indicate too much force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system for alerting too much force or too little force. In yet a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system to alert too little force and a voice alert and a flashing red light for alerting too much force. 
     When the force sensor acts as an on/off switch, it may also act to monitor that a proper force is exerted by the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion during measurement and/or a proper alignment of the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion against the object during measurement is obtained. An inclinometer may be present, for example, as part of an electronic control system, which may trigger an audible warning when the device is outside of the angular range of operation, for example, for a tapping rod, it may trigger the warning when it is plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, greater than about plus/minus 30 degrees from horizontal. If the device is oriented such that the axis of operation is greater than about plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, greater than about plus/minus 30 degrees from horizontal when a push force is sensed on the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion, it may result in a warning sound being emitted by a speaker located on the device, such as the PCB within the device. In such circumstances, the percussion action will not begin until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the percussion action has started when the above-mentioned departure from the range is detected, the device may not actually stop operation, but may simply be sounding an alarm, so that corrections may be made. 
     The present invention further includes a disposable assembly having a sleeve portion adapted for attaching or coupling to a front portion of the device housing of the above described system and method of a non-invasive manner and/or a non-destructive method of measurement having a device capable of operating by holding the device at varying angles from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The sleeve portion may include a front end and a back end and may include a coupling or mounting component towards its backend for coupling or attaching to the housing. In one embodiment, the mounting or coupling component may be friction fit, mating bayonet formations, tongue and groove type formations, snap fit, clips, internesting pin and pinhole formations, latches and other interconnecting structures onto a portion of the housing or parts inside the housing. In another embodiment, the mounting or coupling component of the sleeve and the housing may be a custom-made threaded system for better fit or coupling compatibility. 
     The disposable feature may be part of a system for determining structural characteristics of an object, as described in all the exemplary embodiments above or below. A disposable feature adapted for attaching to a portion of the device and may include a sleeve portion that may protrude from the open front end of the device housing for a distance. The sleeve portion having a hollow interior with a front end and a rear end and an object contacting portion at the front end adapted for resting or pressing against at least a portion of the object with at least a portion of the object contacting portion of the device; and a contact feature disposed inside the sleeve portion adapted for freely moving or sliding inside the sleeve portion along the longitudinal axis, the contact feature having a body with a length and a substantially closed front end for substantially closing off the open front of the sleeve portion to minimize direct contact between the energy application tool and the object during measurement. 
     In another embodiment, a disposable feature adapted for enveloping a portion of the device may include a sleeve portion having a longitudinal axis and protruding from said open front end of the housing for a distance, and may have a hollow interior with a front end and a rear end and an object contacting portion at the front end adapted for resting, contacting or pressing against at least a portion of an object with at least a portion of the object contacting portion. A contact feature may be disposed inside the sleeve portion adapted for freely moving or sliding inside the sleeve portion along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion for a moving energy application tool, and the contact feature having a body with a length and a substantially closed front end for substantially closing off the open front of the sleeve portion to minimize direct contact between the energy application tool and the object during measurement. 
     As mentioned above, a contact feature freely sliding inside the sleeve portion may be disposed towards the front end of the sleeve portion of the disposable assembly. In one embodiment, the contact feature may be of any shape, for example, it may be of a short tubular section, and be of any dimension provided it is shorter than the length of the sleeve portion. It may include an open end and a closed end towards the front of the sleeve portion so that it substantially closed the front end of the sleeve portion. For it may be light weight, sufficiently thin but of sufficiently stiffness to facilitate the sliding action. In another embodiment, the contact feature may include a membrane attached to a ring. The ring may freely slide inside the sleeve portion and the membrane may substantially closed-off the opening of the housing or the sleeve portion, if one is present. The distance of movement for the freely moving or sliding contact feature may vary and in some instances may be of a predetermined distance. In some examples, such as for a ring-shaped contact feature, movement stops, such as small ridges, stops or other obstacles, may be present inside the sleeve portion to constrain the movement of the contact feature within the sleeve portion. 
     According to one embodiment, the sleeve portion may include an object contacting portion towards its front end for contacting a surface of an object undergoing measurement. In this embodiment, the sliding capability of the contact feature may not include any restraints as to distance and may freely sliding inside the sleeve portion. In this embodiment, the sleeve portion includes an object contacting portion towards its front end for contacting a surface of an object undergoing measurement. 
     According to another embodiment, the sleeve portion may not include an object contacting portion for contacting a surface of an object during measurement. In this embodiment, the sliding distance for the contact feature may be predetermined so that the front end of the contact feature may protrude further than the sleeve portion. The contact feature may be the component that provides the contact during measurement. 
     According to a further embodiment, the sleeve includes an object contacting portion towards its front end for contacting a surface of an object undergoing measurement and a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion so that when the object contacting surface of the sleeve portion is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab may be resting on a portion or surface of the object that is different and is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the object in contact with the sleeve 
     According to yet another embodiment, the sleeve portion includes a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion so that when the object contacting surface of the contact feature is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab may be resting on a portion or surface of the object that is different and is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the object in contact with the contact feature. 
     According to still another embodiment, the sleeve portion may include a tab and a component, for example, a ridge, protrusion or other component substantially orthogonal to the surface of the tab on the side adapted for facing the surface of an object. For example, for teeth, the component may nest between adjacent teeth or other orthogonal surface and may thus aid in preventing any substantial lateral movement of the tab across the surface of the object and/or further aid in repeatability. The tab may be of sufficient length or width, depending on the length or width of the top portion of the object so that the ridge or protrusion may be properly located during operation. In rare instances where the tab may interfere with a stable reading, a flat disposable assembly may be used to reposition the sleeve portion lower on the object to be tested, as in the case of certain implant transfer abutments used for impressions of implant fixtures. 
     In some embodiments, the sleeve portion may include a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion and include at least one formation (e.g. a groove, channel, notch, indentation, etc.) so that when the object contacting surface of the contact feature is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab may be resting on a portion or surface of the object and at least partially conform to a protrusion, bump or other raised portion of the surface of the object using the at least one formation. 
     In one embodiment, in addition to the disposable assembly having a mounting component or coupling component that may be friction fit, mating bayonet formations, tongue and groove type formations, snap fit, clips, internesting pin and pinhole formations, latches and other interconnecting structures onto at least a portion of the housing or parts inside the housing, additional features may be included in the device so that the activation mechanism of the device may not be triggered if the attached disposable assembly had been used before. 
     In another embodiment, in addition to the disposable assembly having a mounting component or coupling component that may be friction fit, mating bayonet formations, tongue and groove type formations, snap fit, clips, internesting pin and pinhole formations, latches and other interconnecting structures onto at least a portion of the housing or parts inside the housing, the mounting component may include a component that allows a predetermined number of connections made by the disposable assembly to the housing or parts inside the housing. 
     The present invention relates to yet another system and method for measuring structural characteristics in a non-destructive and non-invasive way, for an object of a given size, geometry, combination of size and geometry, and/or another of a set of physical characteristics, and may include a device capable of operating by holding the device at varying angles from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement, in addition to the horizontal direction. The system may include a drive mechanism that may vary the travel distance of the energy application tool, while maintaining an initial velocity of impact of the object by the energy application tool. For example, when the energy application tool includes a tapping tool, the distance may vary between a range of about 2 mm to about 4 mm. The decrease of the travel distance of the energy application tool, for example, from about 4 mm to about 2 mm, while maintaining the same initial velocity at impact, or contact, may enable faster measurement without compromising the operation of the system. The system may or may not include the various exemplary embodiments described above or below. For example, the system may or may not have disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability and/or lessening impact with features mentioned before or below. 
     For this immediately mentioned above invention and all the other embodiments of the device described above herein, the device, for example, a percussion instrument, with or without any disposable feature, may also include a tab extending from the open end of the housing or sleeve portion so that the object contacting surface of the sleeve portion or contact feature described above is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab may be resting on a portion or surface of the object that is different and is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the object in contact with the sleeve or contact feature, as mentioned above. The tab and the sleeve or contact feature together assists in the repeatable positioning of the device with respect to the object. In addition, the tab may be adapted for repetitively placed substantially at the same location on the surface of the object every time. 
     For all the embodiment described herein, the component may be of any shape and size. In one aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth, the component may be short and of a sufficiently small thickness so that it may fit between adjacent teeth. In another aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth, the component may be short and shaped to fit between the top portion of adjacent teeth. In yet another aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth, and the component is to rest against the back surface, it may be of a dimension to cover a major portion of the back surface. 
     The tab and/or tab and component not only serve to aid in repeatable positioning of the instrument on an object, such as a tooth or mechanical or industrial structure, composites and similar, but the tab and/or tab and component also serve to help keep the object, such as a tooth or mechanical or industrial structure, composites and similar, as mentioned above, from moving in directions other than the direction parallel to the energy application or tapping direction. This helps to minimize any unnecessary disturbances of the object and/or the foundation it is anchored to and/or complications which may arise from these other disturbances during testing, thus further contributing to the sensitivity and/or accuracy of detection. The tab or the tab and/or component is applicable whether the sleeve portion has an object contacting portion or the contact feature provides the contact to the object. 
     The end of the sleeve not having the tab protruding from it may be flat or substantially flat and the part of the tab in contact with the top of the object may be also flat or substantially flat. The tab may extend in a substantially parallel direction from the end of the sleeve. In one aspect, the tab may be integral with the sleeve for a distance before protruding from the end of the sleeve, keeping substantially the cross-sectional outline of the sleeve after protruding from the sleeve. In another aspect, the tab may protrude uniformly from the top or bottom portion of the sleeve, but with a substantially different cross-sectional outline from that of the sleeve after protruding from the sleeve. In rare situations, the tab may not protrude at all to allow testing at a lower position on the object. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the tab may have a contact surface substantially mirroring the contour of the surface of an object to which it comes into contact during use for aiding in reproducibly positioning of the device directly on an object. 
     In one aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may have a rectangular cross-section. In another aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may have a slight arched top portion. In yet another aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may conform to the contour of the surface which comes into contact with the object. 
     In any of the embodiments, the corners of the tab are smooth or rounded or substantially smooth or rounded to avoid any catching on the object they may be resting on. 
     In general, the present device may be useful in making any measurements whereby vibration is generated through the application of energy, for example, the striking of, such as a tapping rod, on an object. The advantages are that the device may be held in contact with the object during the tapping action, in contrast to traditional devices that are not in contact. 
     The sleeve portion and the tab, and the feature and/or the sleeve, the tab and the contact feature, may be made of any material having vibration damping, acoustic damping, or vibration attenuating properties and the sleeve may be of such length so that any vibration traveling through the sleeve to the housing of the handpiece may be substantially attenuated. In one embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing adjacent to the sleeve may be made of the same material. In another embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing it is attached to may be made of materials having similar vibration attenuating properties. In yet another embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing it is attached to may be made of different materials. In a further embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing it is attached to may be made of materials having different vibration attenuating properties. In yet a further embodiment, the sleeve may be made of any material with a vibration attenuating coating on its surface or surfaces. In still yet another embodiment, the sleeve, tab and/or feature may be made of different materials having similar thermal expansion properties. 
     In addition, the sleeve portion, the contact feature and tab and/or the sleeve, the tab and the component, may be made of recyclable, compostable or biodegradable materials which are especially useful in those embodiments that are meant to be disposed of after one use. 
     The energy application tool is driven by a drive mechanism during measurement, as noted above. The drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism and may include an electromagnetic coil. The drive mechanism may include a permanent magnet secured to the back end of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod, and the electromagnetic coil may lie axially behind this permanent magnet. In one embodiment, together with the back part of the housing, if the device is a handpiece, and any electrical supply lines, the magnetic coil forms a structural unit which may be integrally operational and which may be, for example, connected to the remaining device by a suitable releasable connection, for example, a screw-type connection or a plug-type connection. This releasable connection may facilitate cleaning, repairing and others. In another embodiment, the back part of the housing, if the device is a handpiece, and any electrical supply lines, the electromagnetic coil form a structural unit which may be integrally operational and which may be connected to the remaining device permanently. The energy application tool, such as the tapping rod, is located in the front part of the housing and the mounting mechanism for the tapping rod may include frictionless bearings. These bearings may include one or more axial openings so that the neighboring chambers formed by the housing and the tapping rod are in communication with one another for the exchange of air. 
     In one embodiment, the tapping rod may have a substantially constant cross-sectional construction over its entire length, with a permanent magnetic ensemble mounted at the end away from the free end, as noted above. The electromagnetic coil of the driving mechanism may be situated behind the same end of the energy application tool for example, the tapping rod as the permanent magnetic ensemble, resulting in a relatively small outside diameter for the housing. In this embodiment, the outside diameter of the housing may be substantially defined by the diameter of the electromagnetic coil, the cross-section of the energy application tool, such as the tapping rod, the mounting mechanism of the tapping rod in the housing, and the thickness of the walls of the housing. However, the length of the tool may be designed such that the electromagnetic coil (which represents the largest mass of the assembly) may be positioned to balance the device, for example, the handpiece in the hand, counterbalancing the batteries, if present, at the rear of the device. 
     The device itself may be tethered to an external power supply or be powered by an electrical source included inside the housing, such as, for example, a battery, a capacitor, a transducer, a solar cell, an external source and/or any other appropriate source. 
     In one embodiment, communication between the drive mechanism or portions of the drive mechanism, for example, the electronic control board part and the energy application tool, such as the tapping rod, may be via a lead or line of electrically conductive, insulated wire which may be wound spirally in a concentric fashion around the tapping rod and has spring-elastic properties. This may also allow a minimum space requirement with respect to the line management. The strand of wires wound concentrically around the rod connects the piezoelectric sensor to the control electronics. One purpose of concentrically winding the wire is to minimize the stress on the wire from repeated forward and back movement of the rod. In some embodiments, a helical spring, which may be formed by the spirally wound wire, may help to avoid or prevent looping or twisting of the wire connection. 
     In another embodiment, the communication between the drive mechanism and the energy application tool may be transmitted wirelessly via any suitable wireless connections. In one example, the energy application tool such as the tapping rod may be propelled forward by energizing the electromagnetic coil and creating a magnetic field that repels the magnet in the end of the tapping rod. The rod is retracted by reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the electromagnetic coil. The magnet may also serve to hold the rod in its retracted position when the electromagnetic coil is not energized, through its magnetic attraction to the steel core of the coil. 
     A helical spring, if present, may be composed of stranded wires having two twisted individual wires or of a coaxial line. In its loaded condition, the spring may be compressed to such a degree that the force of its prestress corresponds to the frictional force and opposes this frictional force during the forward motion of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod from the retracted position to the extended position, or from a substantially parallel position to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position making an acute angle with the axis at a pivot. The prestressed path of the spring may therefore be far greater than the stroke of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod so that spring power remains substantially constant over the entire stroke of the tapping rod. Any undesirable frictional force of the bearings of the mounting mechanism for the tapping rod during the forward motion may also be substantially compensated by this spring. 
     In one embodiment, the housing may be tapered towards the end surrounded by the sleeve portion so that the device may have a substantially uniform dimension when the sleeve is attached. In another embodiment, the housing may have a substantially uniform dimension and the sleeve may expand the dimension of the end it surrounds to a certain extent. In a further embodiment, the sleeve itself may have an inverse taper towards its free end to increase the flat area of contact with the object. 
     In general, the present device may be useful in making any measurements whereby vibration is generated through the application of energy, for example, the striking of, such as a tapping rod, on an object. For example, a time versus percussion response profile may be generated. The evaluation system may include a data analyzer configured to evaluate the shape of the time versus percussion response profile. The time versus percussion response profile may include time-energy, time-stress, time-force or acceleration profile, as noted above. For example, evaluation may include counting the number of energy maxima reflected from the object after energy application. 
     In general, the structural characteristics as defined herein for any of the embodiments described above and below may include vibration damping capacities; acoustic damping capacities; defects including inherent defects in, for example, the bone or the material that made up the object; cracks, micro-cracks, fractures, microfractures; loss of cement seal; cement failure; bond failure; microleakage; lesions; decay; structural integrity in general or structural stability in general. For an anatomical object, such as a tooth structure, a natural tooth, a natural tooth that has a fracture due to wear or trauma, a natural tooth that has become at least partially abscessed, or a natural tooth that has undergone a bone augmentation procedure, a prosthetic dental implant structure, a dental structure, an orthopedic structure or an orthopedic implant, such characteristics may indicate the health of the object, or the health of the underlying foundation to which the object may be anchored or attached. The health of the object and/or the underlying foundation may also be correlated to densities or bone densities or a level of osseointegration; any defects, inherent or otherwise; or cracks, fractures, microfractures, microcracks; loss of cement seal; cement failure; bond failure; microleakage; lesion; or decay. For objects in general, for example, polymeric composite structures including honeycombs or layered honeycombs or metallic composite structure; an airplane structure, an automobile, a ship, a bridge, a building, industrial structures including, but not limited to power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures; such measurements may also be correlated to any structural integrity, or structural stability, such as defects or cracks, even hairline fractures or microcracks and so on. 
     Additionally, changes in the structure of the tooth or any foundation a mechanical structure is attached or anchored to that reduce its ability to dissipate the mechanical energy associated with an impact force, and thus reduce overall structural stability of the, for example, tooth, can be detected by evaluation of the energy return data as compared to an ideal non-damaged sample. In addition, as noted above, the present invention also contributes to the accuracy of the location of detection of defects, cracks, micro-cracks, fractures, microfracture, leakage, lesions, loss of cement seal; microleakage; decay; structural integrity in cement failure; bond failure; general or structural stability in general. 
     As noted above, the device may be tethered to an external power supply or be powered by an electrical source included inside the device housing. If powered by an electrical source inside the device housing, the power source may or may not be rechargeable. If rechargeable, a base charging station may be used. The base station may be a separate independent station or it may be part of the system of the present invention. For an independent charging station, any existing station may be applicable. The charging mechanism may be wired or wireless. For these charging base, only electrical current to charge the device is provided in most instances. For a base station that may be part of the system, more than electrical current to charge the device may be provided. 
     The present invention applicable to embodiments described above and below still further relates to a base station that may be part of the system of the present invention and may be plugged into the computer, for example, a PC via a USB cable. This connection may provide both data transfer between the PC and the base station, and electrical current to charge the device during the charging process when the device is docked. In this way, the base station may also serve to act as a wireless transceiver for the PC in the communication with the wireless transceiver in the device. 
     It may be desirable for each device to be accompanied by its own charging base station. This may avoid the possibility of the wrong device communicating with the wrong base station, in a multiple device environment. This may be important in any testing setting, for example, a dental office. 
     During preparation of the system just prior to performing a measurement on an object, the device is docked in the charging base to pair that device with that base station as part of the usage protocol, for example, prior to starting a patient testing session in a dental office. The usage protocol may be controlled by the software. 
     For the embodiments where the device may be equipped with a disposable feature or assembly described above, the disposable portion is generally removed from the device prior to placing the device in the charging base. In other embodiments, the disposable portion may be physically accommodated in the interface between the device and the base. 
     The present invention applicable to embodiments described above and below yet further relates to a non-reusable and disposable assembly or feature in a healthcare setting. As noted above, the disposable feature or assembly is for aiding in eliminating or minimizing contamination of the object undergoing the measurement through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from previous objects undergoing the measurements, without having to carry out a decontaminating process prior to moving to a different test object. To ensure that such features or assemblies once used are not reused, the disposable features or assemblies may be programmed to be one use. In one embodiment, a computer chip may be used. The chip may be present on a PCB located on the disposable feature or assembly, for example, in the back of the disposable assembly, may serves to ensure that once used, it cannot be or is not reused, so that any unwanted material may not be transferred from one patient to another. When a disposable feature or assembly is coupled to the device, the chip in the assembly or feature is interrogated by the device with a challenge and response system to ensure authenticity. Once authenticated, it is permanently marked as ‘used’. If a used assembly or feature is placed on the device again, whether it is the same device or a different one, the challenge and response will fail, and the device will not be able to function as intended. In another embodiment, a timeout function may also be used to prevent the reuse of the disposable assembly or feature after a certain period of coupled time. In a further embodiment, the chip as well as the timeout function may be used for further insurance. In yet a further embodiment, the attachment mechanism of the disposable feature or assembly may include a part that once removed from the device is either snapped off or is warp to render it no longer attachable to a device. 
     To further facilitate the ease of use of the system, better lighting of the object undergoing measurement may be provided, such as with light pipes or other illumination which may be used to enable better lighting of the object and enhance the visualization by the user. In some embodiments, the light pipes may also be utilized to aid in coupling between components, such as between the handpiece and the disposable feature. 
     The disposable feature, though so named, may be one-use or may also be reusable, if desired. Thus, the feature may be autoclavable or sterilizable using heat or chemicals. In either disposable or reusable embodiment, various removable connections maybe provided. For example, the disposable feature may be connected through any appropriate form of connection, such as, for example, any threaded attachment, friction fit, mating bayonet formations, tongue and groove type formations, snap fit, clips, internesting pin and pinhole formations, latches and other interconnecting structures. 
     The system described above and below may be applicable for testing various objects, both anatomical and mechanical, as noted before. For an anatomical object, such as a tooth, natural or restored, prosthetic dental implant structure, a dental structure, or an orthopedic implant, measurement or testing is generally performed while the object is stationary, unless the tooth or tooth structure is loose and some slight movement may be present. For a mechanical object, which may include, but not limited to polymeric composite structures including honeycombs or layered honeycombs or metallic composite structure; an airplane structure, an automobile, a ship, a bridge, a tunnel, a train, a building, industrial structures including, but not limited to power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, testing may also be carried out on stationary or a mobile object while moving. Thus, mechanical objects may also be undergoing testing when they are either stationary or moving, which may give particular insight into the object under actual working conditions. For moving objects, such as a train, the testing may be performed over many different spots. This may be performed using one energy application tool, over a plurality of spots on the object, to obtain an average condition of the object in general or be performed on the same spot using many separate tools or devices to obtain an average result on the same spot. For performing measurement on the same spot using many energy application tools, the devices or tools may be positioned, for example, in succession along the path of the moving object over a distance, for example, an array of tapping rod impacting the object, and by controlling the spacing between the tools or devices one may be able to match the speed of the moving object, for example a train, to the spacing of the application of energy on the same spot of the object for obtaining an average value for the spot. In this example, measurements may be performed under actual operating conditions. In one embodiment, the array of devices may be a line array, either vertical or horizontal arrays, or a curve array. In another aspect, the array may be arranged in a two-dimensional array, planar or curvilinear. 
     In embodiments where the object is large, measurement at different locations of the object, for example, impacting at a plurality of portions of the object may allow better evaluation of the structural properties that are better representations of the object. 
     The present invention applicable to any of the embodiments described above and below additionally offers the added ability of operating at varying angles from the horizontal or vertical, and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal or vertical position during measurement and capable of applying a varying amount of optimal amount of energy to any object of varying physical characteristics such as size, geometry or combination of size and geometry using the same or similar features for varying the amount of applied energy as for modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal or vertical position during measurement. This may further aid to generate a more complete picture of the true state of the object undergoing measurement. For example, as noted above, while convention methods of testing an object may be more easily obstructed by a large surface defect as this may mask other defects below the surface or other spots on or near the surface, the ability of the present invention to operate at any angles may alleviate such difficulties, for example, the danger of obstruction due to a large defect overwhelming a smaller defect when operating at one angle, may be minimize when operating at other angles. 
     In addition, as noted above the disposable feature may also be present in any contact or non-contact energy application tool, as the tools may still be present inside a patient&#39;s oral cavity in dental application, or in situations where contamination or cross-contamination is present, in order to minimize contamination. 
     In general, the energy application tool may be of any form or shape and any type for application of different types of energy. For example, for testing in a dental environment, the form or shape of the tool may be of smaller dimension than that for an airplane part. The type of applied energy may also vary, for example, it may be mechanical energy, electromagnetic energy, ultrasound or acoustic energy, as noted above. In any type of energy source, minimizing the amount of energy to product a good result is desired as higher energy may potentially damage the object and is thus not as desirable. 
     The present invention applicable to any of the embodiments described above and below may further include, in some embodiments, varying shape of the contacting portion or tip of the energy application tool configured to better suit the surface of the object to be measured, whether there is physical contact or not during impact. For example, the tapping or impacting surface of the tool may have different shapes, for example, it may be flat, curve or shaped like the surface to be measured. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention may include a kit of a plurality of energy application tools having varying sizes and shapes for contacting portion or surface of the energy application tool suitable for measuring a larger area of an object with varying topography. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention may provide a kit having an energy application tool and a plurality of interchangeable impact portions for the energy application tool, having varying contacting portion sizes and shapes to better suit the specimen for each type of objects. 
     In a further embodiment, the present invention may include a device having an array or arrangement of energy application tools. In one aspect, the array of tools may be arranged in a line, vertical or horizontal. In another aspect, the array may also be curved. In yet another aspect, the array may be 2-dimensional array, planar or curved. 
     The device and/or a portion of the device may also have an antimicrobial coating coated thereon capable of eliminating, preventing, retarding or minimizing the growth of microbes, thus minimizing the use of high temperature autoclaving process or harsh chemicals and may increase the kind and number of materials useful as substrates for making such tools or instruments. 
     The present invention applicable to any of the above and below described embodiments further includes a system for measuring structural characteristics of an object having a device with a housing having a hollow interior, a longitudinal axis, and an open front; an energy application tool mounted inside said housing for applying energy to said object, said energy application tool having a resting and an active position, and applying energy through said open front of the housing to impact said object undergoing measurement; a drive mechanism supported inside said housing and coupled to the energy application tool, said drive mechanism adapted for repeatedly applying energy to impact the object with substantially the same amount of force whether the longitudinal axis of the device is in a substantially horizontal position or making an angle of up to less than about +/−45 degrees with the horizontal position, the drive mechanism has a sensing or measuring system; and a computer coupled to the device for controlling the energy application tool and for analyzing any data collected by the device. The system may measure, for a time interval, a percussion response to a percussion response versus time profile. In one embodiment, the percussion response includes the displacement of the energy application tool. In another embodiment, the percussion response includes the energy reflected from the object as a result of applying energy. 
     The embodiments of system used to generate profiles may include all the above described embodiments. Analysis of profiles generated reveals that the profile for a normal tooth is different from that of a damaged tooth and different profiles of damaged teeth also represent different kinds of defects, different locations of defects, number of defect sites, and combinations thereof. 
     The present invention applicable to any of the above described embodiments further relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object in a non-invasive manner and/or a non-destructive manner. The test results may be from different objects that may be related or unrelated. Surprisingly, the test results may be used not only to predict results of objects related only to objected being tested, but when analyzed and compiled, the cumulative results of the measurements may generate a model, that may be used, for quickly predicting, with one simple test, the kind of issues present in an unrelated object that is not discernable visually or from radiographs. The model may be used for aiding in determining proper corrective measures to monitor and/or restore the object to substantially issue free stage. 
     The present invention together with the above and other advantages may best be understood from the following detailed description of the aspects, embodiments and examples of the invention and as illustrated in the drawings. The following description, while indicating various aspects, embodiments and examples of the invention and numerous specific details thereof, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many substitutions, modifications, additions or rearrangements may be made within the scope of the invention, and the invention includes all such substitutions, modifications, additions or rearrangements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a device in embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  1   a  and  1   b    illustrate perspective views of a handpiece with sleeve portions in embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG.  1   c    illustrates the end of a handpiece without a sleeve portion; 
         FIG.  1   d    illustrates an exploded view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion; 
         FIG.  1   e    illustrates an exploded view of a portion of a handpiece showing portions of the drive mechanism, a force sensor and a piezoelectric sensing wire without a sleeve portion shown; 
       FIG. if illustrates a block diagram of a device with a substantially perpendicular sleeve portion and a pivoting energy application tool; 
         FIG.  1   g    illustrates an alternative configuration for lighting features; 
         FIGS.  1   h  and  1   i    illustrate the motion of a pivoting energy application tool; 
         FIGS.  1   j  and  1   k    illustrate the motion of a vertically translating energy application tool; 
         FIGS.  1   l ,  1   m  and  1   n    illustrate examples of arrays of energy application tools; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a sleeve portion with a tab; 
         FIG.  2   a    illustrates a sleeve portion with a security feature and an attachment feature; 
         FIG.  2   b    illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view along a long axis of a sleeve portion with a contact feature; 
         FIG.  2   c    illustrates a sleeve portion without a tab; 
         FIGS.  2   d  and  2   e    illustrate contact portions of a sleeve portion with movable or deformable portions; 
         FIG.  2   f    illustrates a sleeve portion with a tab and enlarged contact surface; 
         FIG.  2   g    illustrates a sleeve portion with a security feature, lighting interfaces and an attachment feature; 
         FIG.  2   h    illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view along a long axis of a sleeve portion with a contact feature and lighting interfaces; 
         FIG.  2   i    illustrates a perspective view of a sleeve portion with a tab having a conforming formation; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates contact of a sleeve portion with objects with an irregular surface with a convex portion; 
         FIG.  3   a    illustrates contact of a sleeve portion with objects with an irregular surface with a concave portion; 
         FIGS.  4 ,  4     a  and  4   b  illustrate transfer of contact force from an object to a force sensor; 
         FIGS.  5  and  5     a  illustrate a base unit for a handpiece; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a layered force sensor; 
         FIG.  7    shows a flowchart of operating a handpiece to place and take a measurement from an object; 
         FIGS.  8 ,  8     a  and  8   b  illustrate the device of the present invention with a sleeve portion having a tab oriented at the horizontal, a positive inclination and a negative inclination in measuring an object, respectively; 
         FIGS.  8   c ,  8   d  and  8   e    illustrate adapters for the device for orientations at a horizontal, a positive inclination and a negative inclination in measuring an object, respectively; 
         FIGS.  8   f ,  8   g  and  8   h    illustrate the device of the present invention without a tab on the sleeve portion oriented at the horizontal, a positive inclination and a negative inclination in measuring an object, respectively; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates use of an array of energy application tools to measure a moving object; 
         FIG.  10    shows the energy response from a normal and a damaged object; 
         FIG.  10   a    shows the energy response from a well bonded and a weakly bonded composite material; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an exploded view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion and rigidly connected force transfer components; 
         FIG.  11   a    illustrates a block diagram of a handpiece with a sleeve portion and rigidly connected force transfer components; 
         FIG.  11   b    illustrates a partial perspective cross-sectional view of a handpiece with rigidly connected force transfer components; 
         FIG.  11   c    illustrates a partial perspective view of the internals of the handpiece with rigidly connected force transfer components with a portion of the housing removed; 
         FIG.  11   d    shows the components that are rigidly connected together in the handpiece of  FIGS.  11 - 11     c ; and 
         FIG.  12    illustrates the use of an imaging device to monitor the measurement of an object. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of the presently exemplified systems, devices and methods provided in accordance with aspects of the present invention and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present invention may be prepared or utilized. It is to be understood, rather, that the same or equivalent functions and components may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the exemplary methods, devices and materials are now described. 
     All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the designs and methodologies that are described in the publications which might be used in connection with the presently described invention. The publications listed or discussed above, below and throughout the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. 
     The present invention relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object in a non-invasive manner and/or using a non-destructive method of measurement. The object may be subjected to an energy application process and the system is adapted for providing an objective, quantitative measurement of structural characteristics of the object after the energy application process. The system and method of the present invention are capable of applying varying amounts of energy to an object based on the physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as the physical condition(s) of the object (e.g. known or observable physical damage, defects, tissue decay, medical or dental conditions of the patient, and/or other issues which may affect the physical integrity of the object or the comfort of a patient during measurement), physical size of the object, for example, the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the above of the object, the geometric form of the object, the attachment, anchoring or deposition in a given environment, such as on a substrate or anatomical setting, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, for example, in a dental setting, the ligaments, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible; or given the same characteristics as above of the object in different environments, such as for generating the optimal result, i.e., to accurately measure, reveal and/or predict the structural characteristics of the object undergoing measurement. The optimal result as described herein is a balance between the best obtainable test results of the structural characteristics of the object, while maintaining the integrity of the object during and after the measurement, i.e., minimal invasiveness. 
     As noted above, the capability of the device to vary the amount of energy applied based on physical characteristics such as above noted physical condition, geometry, size or combination of geometry and size of the object, as well as the environment the object is in, to generate optimal results when the device is being operated in a substantially horizontal position, may also apply when the device is being operated at varying angles from the horizontal. This may be accomplished by the device having a mechanism for modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position for the device during measurement in a given environment when the device is not in a horizontal position. 
     As also noted above, the device may include a drive mechanism supported inside the housing of the device for activating the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations to apply a set amount of energy at a horizontal orientation; and an inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the energy application tool relative to the horizontal. A control mechanism may be present and may be connected to provide instructions to the drive mechanism. The control mechanism may include a selector to a plurality of alternate control settings for different object types, for example, physical characteristics of an object, such as afore mentioned physical condition, geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone object, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible, for generating the optimal result. The control mechanism may also receive input from an inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the device and/or energy application tool relative to the horizontal. 
     In one aspect, the capability for varying the amount of energy for a measurement may reside in a separate device, such as a computer system for controlling the operation of the device. In another aspect, the capability for varying the amount of energy for a measurement may be self-contained in the device, for example, a computer system is part of the device. 
     To enhance convenience and flexibility for a given energy application tool, a device may include the capability of varying the amount of impact force or applied energy to an object using the same tool in any given setting, for example, either for accommodating the comfort level of a patient, such as in a dental setting, the optimal preservation of a delicate object, and/or the least disturbance possible to an object. In some situations, a higher force or applied energy may be required for some objects because of their sizes and/or environments they are present, for example, molars versus smaller teeth, and more applied energy or impact force may be required for molars and other teeth may need to be used in particular structural characteristics determinations or measurements. Such capability may be imbedded in either a computer for controlling the operation of the device or contained in the device, such as, for example, with a manual selector for given force or energy settings. 
     For a given energy application tool, for example, a physical tool such as a tapping rod, taking into account either the comfort level of a patient in a dental setting, the optimal preservation of a delicate object, the least disturbance possible to an object the varying of impact force may be effected by, for example, varying voltage, current or both, varying the coil drive times (i.e. varying the length of time the coil is energized or activated), varying the velocity of the tapping rod traveling towards the object at impact, varying the coil delay times (i.e. varying the time between driving activities), varying the number of coil energizations (i.e. varying the number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments of the invention as discussed above and below, this capability may be embedded in a computer interfacing with the device. Thus, when an object undergoes a diagnosis or measurement, the operator may input or select for a physical characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as the physical condition, geometry, size, the combination of geometry and size, type or other characteristic(s) of the object such that the necessary software embedded in the computer may send an instruction to the device to use an optimal impact force for the selected object with the selected characteristic(s) while conducting the diagnosis or measurement. For example, in a dental setting, based on the selected object, for example, a molar or other larger type of tooth, the instruction from the software in the computer may trigger a higher amount of energy to be used. In one aspect, there may also be some communication between the software and the firmware so that the firmware automatically vanes the energy output of the energy application tool, such as a tapping rod when the software detects or is utilized to select by an operator a particular type of object, such as, in a dental setting, a molar, an incisor or other tooth type, for example. In general, the variable parameters used in conducting the measurement may include the impact force based on the angle of energy application tool with respect to the horizontal and the impact force needed based on the selected or detected physical characteristic(s) (such as those listed above) of the object undergoing measurement. The computer also instructs the device to acquire data used in determining the structural characteristic of the object, such as data that may be useful based on the type or physical characteristics of the object being measured. 
     In other embodiments, as discussed above or below, the capability may be contained in the device itself. Similar to above, when an object undergoes a diagnosis or measurement, the operator may input or select for a physical characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as the physical condition, geometry, size, the combination of geometry and size, type or other characteristic(s) of the object such that the capability embedded in the device itself may be activated to conduct the diagnosis or measurement based on the selected object. For example, in a dental setting, a molar or other larger type of tooth may be input or selected for, which may trigger a higher amount of energy to be used. In this embodiment, the device may be self-contained, such as during the measurement. Similarly, the variable parameters used in conducting the measurement may also include the impact force based on the angle of energy application tool with respect to the horizontal and the impact force needed based on the selected or detected physical characteristic(s) (such as those listed above) of the object undergoing measurement. The intelligent device activates to acquire data used in determining the structural characteristic of the object. 
     There are advantages to both forms of embodiments. In the first embodiment, the device itself has little or no intelligence, thus minimizing the need to update the device firmware in the field. Storing the intelligence in the computer software may also allow updates of any “variable” parameters of the device without the need to reprogram the device. In the embodiment where the intelligence is embedded or contained in the device itself, the device is more self-contained and more portable. Portions of the capabilities may also be housed in both the device and a computer. 
     When the user selects an object or one is detected, for example, a tooth for examination, in either embodiment, using for example, a tapping tool, either on the computer or on the device, the software sends instructions to the device the variable parameters based on user-selected or detected object, such as a tooth. 
     The variable parameters may be present in a table, database or other parameter data repository which may include, for example, the coil drive time (i.e. the time the coil is activated) determined to produce an applied force or energy, such as a tapping force, for different angles of application, such as every 5° of angle the tapping tool makes with the horizontal for a total range of +/−50°. The computer or the device software may store different tables, databases or other parameter data repositories based on various physical characteristics or types of objects to be measured, such as, for example, by the tooth type (e.g. incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, implant, etc.), or a base data set may be subjected to a function by the computer or device software to arrive at the proper or desired coil drive time for the selected or detected object. 
     In some aspects of the present invention described above and below, the impact force required or desirable for use in producing an optimal measurement of an object may be adjusted from a baseline or predetermined value for a particular geometry, size or type of the object in a given environment based on known or observable physical condition of the object to be measured. For example, an object that has known or observable damage, defects, tissue decay, and/or other physical deterioration or issues, etc. Such physical conditions and issues may affect the physical integrity of the object being measured or may increase the sensitivity to the measurement of the patient. For further example, to enhance the comfort level during an examination, the impact force for a tooth or other object that is known or observed to be damaged may be decreased. For another example, in a dental setting, a damaged tooth may not, without being bound to any particular theory, tolerate the same amount of energy applied or impact force as an undamaged tooth. Physical condition may be assessed, for example, by prior observations or measurements (e.g. prior use of the device, X-rays, visual inspection, medical or dental records, patient input, etc.). The system may further provide for settings or options to accommodate such physical conditions, such as to decrease the amount of energy applied. 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  12   , an imaging device, such as the imaging device  400  or a built-in imaging; device in the device, for example, a handpiece  100 , may be utilized, such as through its camera  410  to visualize S the target object  90 , such as the teeth of the patient  70  as illustrated, which may enable the device or computer to detect possible physical conditions in its visual range. The system may then adjust automatically, alert or offer guide/aid/suggestion to the user, such as by providing options or alerts on the display  402 . The adjustment may also be made manually by the user upon recognition of a physical condition, whether detected by the device or by the user. 
     In one example, in a dental setting, the computer may instruct the device to acquire data and use the appropriate data set based on tooth type. The device senses that the user is pressing against a tooth using the sleeve portion of the device by measuring the force sensor. The device then measures the inclination of the energy application tool, or tapping rod, and the coil may be driven based on the drive time for that angle. The device sends the data to the computer via, for example, the base station or wirelessly. In this embodiment, as mentioned above, the device has no intelligence and does not independently discriminate between objects, but rather uses the coil drive time based on angle provided by the computer software in the separate computer. 
     In another example, in a dental setting, an intelligent device may acquire data with information from the appropriate table or other data set based on the tooth type. The device senses that the user is pressing against a tooth using the sleeve portion of the device by measuring the force sensor. The device then measures the inclination of the energy application tool, or tapping rod, and the coil may be driven based on the drive time for that angle. The data collected stays in the device until it is sent to a computer via, for example, the base station. In this embodiment, as mentioned above, the device is intelligent and is self-contained and independently selects for the proper data to use based on tooth type the data is being collected for, such as through a user selection on the device or by detection by the device of the object type. 
     The optimal percussion force needed for an object, for example, a tooth, and therefore the mobility of a tooth, without being bound to any particular theory, is not only determined just by its physical condition, geometry, size or even combination of geometry and size alone, but also by the properties of the foundation it attached to, for example, periodontal ligament. Therefore, there is not a one to one correlation between mobility and tooth geometry, size or even combination of geometry and size since the periodontal ligament may sometimes override that effect. For example, conditions such as bone loss due to periodontal disease and decay may also affect tooth mobility. Thus, on average, the anterior teeth have higher mobility than do the posterior teeth. 
     The present system may also include the capability of reproducibility of positioning, or the capability of positioning the instrument at variable angle from the horizontal and modulating the energy application process to mimic a substantially horizontal position during measurement, such as to increase flexibility of operation, for example, to adapt for reaching hard to reach objects, to generate more reproducible measurements, and also to better be able to detect any abnormalities that may be present in an object. The system and method may include a device, for example, a percussion instrument, having at least a portion capable of being reproducibly placed in contact with the object undergoing such measurement for more reproducible measurements, including for an object present in, for example, space restricted, and/or difficult to reach locations. As mentioned above, the system and method of the present invention is a non-destructive method. This is applicable to a system that may or may not have disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability. As noted above, the device may be part of a system that includes computerized hardware and instrumentation software that may be programmed to activate, input and track the action and response of the device for determining the structural characteristics of the object. The hardware may include a computer for controlling the device and for analyzing any data collected, for example, the deceleration of the energy applying tool, for example, the tapping rod, upon impact with an object. In general, the device and hardware may communicate via wired connection(s), wireless connection(s) and/or a combination. Upon activation, the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod extends at a speed toward an object and the deceleration of the tapping rod upon impact with the object may be measured by a measuring device, for example, a piezoelectric force sensor, installed in the device, and transmitted to the rest of the system for analysis. In one aspect, the tapping rod may be programmed to repeatedly strike an object, for example, a certain number of times per second or minute at substantially the same speed and the deceleration information is recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In some embodiments, the object may be struck 4 times per second. 
     In an exemplary method of using the device and system of the present invention, a method for determining structural characteristics of an object may include the user selecting the object type or physical characteristic(s) of the object on the device or on connected computer, as applicable, such that the device may apply the appropriate amount of force or energy during the measurement utilizing the features and capabilities described above. Alternatively, the device and/or computer may also employ sensing or detection to determine automatically or give a guide, aid or recommendation to the user of the object type or physical characteristic(s) (e.g. by visual sensing with a camera or other visual capture as discussed above). The user may then perform the measurement, such as by contacting the device with the object and initiating (or having the device automatically initiate) the measurement. Augmented reality functionality may also be employed. 
     In any of the embodiments described above or below, a particular level, range or selection of applied energy or force may be selected based on the afore mentioned physical characteristics of the object being measured, such as based on physical size, shape, degree of anchoring to a substrate, density, and/or types of object (e.g. in a dental setting, the type of tooth, such as, for example, incisor, canine, pre-molar, molar, bicuspid and tricuspid, etc.). The device may first detect the object using a recognition detection system not provided by an operator; the level of force applied by the device may be adjusted automatically based on an automatic calibration process that judges the physical characteristics of the object, for example, the type of the tooth being tested or at least the relative size of teeth compared to the other teeth detected (e.g. in view of an imaging device) or relative to a reference size; such as provided by a reference object of known size co-visualized with the object. This process may include, for example, in a dental setting, taking a picture or video of the full dentition utilizing an imaging device, such as the example of an imaging device  400  illustrated in  FIG.  12   , one built into the device or a combination. The imaging device  400  may be utilized, for example, to capture images or video and utilize software to compare relative size or apparent shape/geometry of the visualized object(s), such as teeth, to aid in determination of the type of object being visualized. The imaging device may also be equipped with augmented reality capabilities, for example; using the camera system of a mobile, handheld or a similar device (e.g. a tablet computer such as an iPad or the like, smart device, smart phone, etc.); as illustrated with the imaging device  400  in  FIG.  12   . Further, with an augmented reality capability, an outline of each tooth may be drawn either automatically by the software, by a user or a combination (e.g. corrections by the user of the automatic outlining), shown with the annotated display  452 , and utilized to track the measurement. Holding or mounting the imaging device, such as the imaging device  400 , over the patient or in view of the patient&#39;s mouth/teeth while the chosen object is undergoing measurement, as shown with object  90  of patient  70 , the device of the present invention may recognize in real time which tooth is the object being tested and the amount of applied energy maybe selected by the device accordingly by the control mechanism including information, for example; a table or chart with predetermined set of information based on a compilation of an object&#39;s physical characteristics versus amount of energy input, as described above. Thus, the device provides the recognition function and completes the measurement to arrive at an optimal result based on the object selection of the operator. This recognition function may also be implemented in the exemplary embodiments where the operator performs the recognition function as a fail-safe step to make sure the correct object, for a example, tooth, is being tested, or by using the recognition function of the device as a guide or aid for the operator&#39;s own recognition, such as by providing a recommendation or suggestion which the operator may select to utilize or not. As illustrated in  FIG.  12   , the imaging device  400  may be utilized to track the positioning of the device  100  (shown on the display  402  with the device&#39;s image  450 ) and may be utilized for error checking based on the augmented reality representation, such as with the display  402  showing which object is being measured with displayed information  404 . 
     The system may further include the capability for compensating for tilting of the device, if needed, as described above and below, for automatically adjusting for the titling of the device from the horizontal during measurement, if needed. For example, an inclinometer for measuring the inclination of the device and/or the energy application tool relative to the horizontal maybe included. 
     In general, the object may be subjected to an energy application processes provided via a device, for example, a handpiece, which forms a part of a computerized system capable of collecting and analyzing any data emanating from the object. As noted above, many different structural characteristics may be determined using the system and methods of the present invention, including vibration damping capacities, acoustic damping capacities, structural integrity or structural stability of both mechanical and anatomical objects and any foundations they may be anchored thereon, as noted above. For an anatomical object, such as a tooth, natural or restored, prosthetic dental implant structure, a dental structure, or an orthopedic implant, examples of the structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping capacities, acoustic damping capacities, or structural stabilities and may indicate the health of the object. The health of the object, may also be correlated to bone densities or a level of osseointegration; structural integrity such as defects or cracks, noted above. For objects in general, such measurements may also be correlated to their structural integrity such as defects or cracks, also a noted above. For a physical structure, such as a plane, an automobile, a ship, a bridge, a building or other similar physical structures or damping material suitable to aid in the construction of such structures, examples of the structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping capacities, acoustic damping capacities, or structural stabilities and may indicate the health of the structural integrity of the object. 
     The present invention provides an effective and repeatable measurement of the structural characteristics of an object, to produce optimal results, mentioned above and/or below. 
     The instrument of the present invention may be used to such purposes and may be useful to predict the suitability of a material prior to construction in addition in for example, an anatomical object, to detection of loss of cement seal; cement failure; bond failure; microleakage; decay and so on after the construction, as mentioned above. In addition, the present invention is useful in distinguishing between defects inherent in the material making up the structure or object, and cracks or fractures as discussed above due to trauma or wear or repeated loadings. Defects inherent in the bone or material construction of an implant, or a physical structure, for example, may include lesions in the bone, similar defects in the implant construction or polymer, polymer composites or alloys, any type of ceramics, or metallic composites or alloys. For example, in measuring the damping characteristics of teeth, whether natural or restored, dental implant structures, orthopedic implant structures, and a variety of other applications where the measurement of damping characteristics is utilized, including, but are not limited to, testing airplane structures, composite structures, engineering materials, or the secureness of medical implants, and is particularly advantageous in locations that were difficult to access or where liquid couplants could not be used. Structural integrity, such as the looseness of a screw, cracks in teeth as well as bone and bone voids, debonded restorations, and damage in integrated circuit materials may also be measured. However, the above list is not intended to be exhaustive. 
     In one aspect of the invention, the system may include an instrument which houses an energy application tool for generating an applied force on an object, such as through physical impact, percussion or repeated tapping impact, and a sensing mechanism for detecting characteristics of the resulting applied force, such as, for example, the deceleration of the energy application tool upon impact, energy back-propagated from the impact, physical deformation of the energy application tool, and/or any other appropriate characteristic or combination thereof. 
     In exemplary embodiments having the capability to apply varying amounts of energy to an object undergoing testing based on the physical characteristics of the object, such as physical condition (e.g. observable and/or known damage, defects, tissue decay, etc.) geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone object, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to, including whether the foundation is fixed or movable, flexible or inflexible, for generating the optimal result, i.e., to accurately measure, reveal and/or predict the structural characteristics of the object undergoing measurement. The optimal result as described herein is a balance between the best obtainable test results of the structural characteristics of the object, while maintaining the integrity of the object during and after the measurement, i.e., minimal invasiveness, the instrument may include a handpiece  100  having a housing  102  which houses the energy application tool and sensing mechanism, as illustrated in the block diagrams of  FIGS.  1  and  11     a , and the exploded views of  FIGS.  1   d  and  1   l   . In general, a handpiece may refer to a handheld device, but may also include, without limitation, any other appropriate form for the desired application, such as mounted devices or tool/mechanically/robotically articulated devices. The handpiece  100  may also be referred to, for example, as a device or instrument interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, the energy application tool  110 , as illustrated, may be mounted within the housing  102  for axial movement in the direction A toward an object, and such axial movement may be accomplished via a drive mechanism  140 . Drive mechanism  140  may generally be a linear motor or actuator, such as an electromagnetic mechanism which may affect the axial position of the energy application tool  110 , such as by producing a magnetic field which interacts with at least a portion of the energy application tool  110  to control its position, velocity and/or acceleration through magnetic interaction. For example, an electromagnetic coil disposed at least partially about the energy application  110  may be energized to propel the energy application tool  110  forward toward the object to be measured, as illustrated with the electromagnetic coil  140 , which may be retained by a wrapping  140   b , as illustrated in the exploded view of  FIG.  1   e   . The electromagnetic coil may also, for example, be alternatively energized to propel the energy application tool  110  backward to prepare for a subsequent impact. Other elements, such as rebound magnetic elements, may also be included, such as to aid in repositioning of the energy application tool  110  after propelling via the electromagnetic coil. A sensing mechanism, such as the sensing mechanism  111 , may then be utilized to measure the forces or energy of the energy application tool  110 , and generally separate from outside forces such as contact forces of the handpiece  100  against an object, which may generally be detected, for example, by a separate sensor, such as a force sensor  143 , as discussed in more detail below. The drive mechanism  140  and/or other portions of the instrument may generally be powered by a power source, as shown with power source  146 , which may be a battery, capacitor, solar cell, transducer, connection to an external power source and/or any appropriate combination. An external connection to a power source, either to power the handpiece  100  or to charge the internal power source, such as the power source  146 , may be provided, such as a power interface  147  in  FIG.  1   , which may include, for example, a power contact  113   a  as in  FIGS.  1   c  and  1   d    for direct conductive charging, or the power interface  147  may utilize wireless charging, such as inductive charging. 
     In some other embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may be utilized to move substantially in a direction A which may be perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the housing  102 , as illustrated in the block diagram of a handpiece  100  in  FIG.  1   f   . As illustrated, the energy application tool  110  may, for example, be substantially L-shaped to accommodate the interaction with the drive mechanism  140  and protrude in direction A, substantially perpendicular to the axis of the housing  102 . As illustrated in an example, the drive mechanism  140  may act on the energy application tool  110  to cause it to rock on a pivot  110   a , causing it to move in direction A at its tip. The drive mechanism  140  may utilize, for example, an alternating magnetic element which may act on the energy application tool  110  to cause it to move alternatingly in two directions, such as up and down. In another example, the bend portion of the L-shaped energy application tool  110 , such as shown with bend  110   b , may include a flexing and/or deformable construction such that a linear force applied by the drive mechanism  140  may push the energy application tool  110  in the direction A at the tip by conveying the forward motion around bend  110   b . For example, the bend  110   b  may include a braided, segmented, spring-like and/or otherwise bendable section that may also convey motion and/or force around a bend. In general, the shape of the L-shaped energy application tool  110  may generally include other angles besides 90 degrees, such as between approximately +/−45 degrees from the rearward portion  110   d . In some embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may also include multiple portions which may be separable, such as portions  110   c  and  110   d , such that, for example, the portion  110   c  may be removed and disposed between uses or patients, such as to aid in preventing cross-contamination. In general, the separable portions may include an interface to couple them for use in a measurement such that they substantially act as a unitary energy application tool  110 , as described below. 
     In some embodiments, the L-shaped energy application tool  110  may rock on a pivot  110   a , such as, for example, with an external force applied from a drive mechanism  140 , as shown in  FIGS.  1   h  and  1   i   . For example, the drive mechanism  140  may apply alternating forces to the energy application tool  110  to cause it to rock about the pivot  110   a , such as with a force applied D from portion  140   d  applied to the rearward portion  110   d  to cause rocking in direction A′ away from a target object, as shown in  FIG.  1   h   , or with a force applied E from portion  140   c  applied to the rearward portion  110   d  to cause rocking in a direction A″ toward the target object such that the energy application tool  110  is driven in direction A, as shown in  FIG.  1   i   . The forces D and E may be applied by any appropriate method, such as, for example, by applying a magnetic force on the energy application tool  110 , which may contain a magnetic or metallic element which may respond to the application of force from the drive mechanism  140 . In general, the shape and arc of the rocking motions A′ and A″ may be designed such that the energy application tool  110  impacts the target object in a direction substantially perpendicular to the target object surface, as shown with the rocking A″ into a substantially vertical orientation of the bent portion  110   c  around bend  110   b  in  FIG.  1   i   . To reset the device  100  for a subsequent measurement, the portion  140   d  may apply a return force D, as shown in  FIG.  1   h   , to cause rocking A′ to return the energy application tool  110  to a withdrawn or resting state. In general, the interior of the device  100  may be adapted to allow for the rocking motions A′ and A″ without interfering with the energy application tool  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the L-shaped energy application tool  110  may be translated with an external force applied from a drive mechanism  140 , as shown in  FIGS.  1   k  and  1   l   . For example, the drive mechanism  140  may apply alternating forces to the energy application tool  110  to cause it to translate between a withdrawn or resting state, such as with a force applied E from portion  140   c  applied to the rearward portion  110   d  to pull the energy application tool  110  away from a target object, as shown in  FIG.  11   , or with a force applied D from portion  140   d  applied to the rearward portion  110   d  to cause to translate toward the target object such that the energy application tool  110  is driven in direction A, as shown in  FIG.  1   k   . The forces D and E may be applied by any appropriate method, such as, for example, by applying a magnetic force on the energy application tool  110 , which may contain a magnetic or metallic element which may respond to the application of force from the drive mechanism  140 . In general, the energy application tool  110  may be guided or constrained such that it moves substantially only in the desired direction, such as with guide pins, rails, channels or any other appropriate feature. To reset the device  100  for a subsequent measurement, the portion  140   c  may apply a return force E, as shown in  FIG.  11   , to return the energy application tool  110  to a withdrawn or resting state. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may generally include a tapping rod or impact rod, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 ,  1     d ,  1   e  and  1   l  with the linear rod-shaped energy application tool  110 . In general, portions of the energy application tool  110  may be designed for delivery of the desired amount of energy, such as via impact, to the object and/or for carrying return energy for measurement. The energy application tool  110  may further be designed to interact with the drive mechanism  140 , such as by including metallic, magnetic (e.g. ferromagnetic), conductive and/or other desirable portions or components, such as those that may be manipulated by magnetic fields and forces. The energy application tool  110  may also be designed, for example to decrease its overall mass or density, such as for easier propulsion by the drive mechanism  140  and/or for controlling the force of impact on the object. 
     To aid in the movement of the energy application tool  110 , such as a tapping or impact rod, a support or bearing may be utilized that the energy application tool  110  may slide freely in, but is constrained from moving off axis, as shown with slide retainer  112   b  in  FIGS.  1   d ,  1   e    and  1   l.    
     Generally, the impact force made by the energy application tool  110  on the object undergoing measurement may vary depending on the mass of the energy application tool  110 , the distance traveled in contacting the object from an initial position and the angle of incline of the device  100  or the energy application tool  110  with respect to the horizontal. 
     In some examples, for a given mass of the energy application tool  110  and other factors being equal, the impact force may be higher at a negative inclination from the horizontal, as illustrated with the device  100  at angle α from the horizontal in  FIGS.  8   b  and  8   h    (with a tab  124  and without a tab  124  on the sleeve portion  120 , respectively), than the impact force in a horizontal position, as shown with device  100  at zero angle from the horizontal in  FIGS.  8  and  8     f  (with a tab  124  and without a tab  124  on the sleeve portion  120 , respectively), as gravity may contribute to the force at impact. The increase of the force contribution from gravity may generally increase with the degree of negative inclination until the device  100  reaches a vertical orientation with the energy application tool  110  pointing downward. In other examples, the impact force may be lower with a positive inclination of the device  100  at angle α from the horizontal, as shown in  FIGS.  8   a  and  8   g    (with a tab  124  and without a tab  124  on the sleeve portion  120 , respectively), as gravity in the plus angle works against, rather than contributes to the impact force. 
     Generally an equivalent force of between 1-15 newtons may be used in application of energy to an object with the energy application tool  110 . Since the low end of impact force may not be optimal, the device  100  may generally be placed in contact with the object undergoing measurement in a substantially horizontal position for better results, for example, by calibrating the system for the optimal amount of force exertion on the object. This may be rather restrictive in the ability to position the device  100 . For example, some objects undergoing measurement may be in difficult to reach places, such as portions of the human mouth and angling the device  100  may be needed. Therefore, in some instances, a higher equivalent force may be used, for example, 10-50 newtons for may be used on a device  100  to built-in some flexibility in positioning the device  100  on an object. Even at this higher impact force range, the lower end, i.e. when the device  100  is placed in an incline at a plus angle to the horizontal, as shown in  FIGS.  8   a  and  8   g   , may be lower than the impact force needed for generating an optimal measurement, while at the higher end, the force may be much higher than desired in some instances, such as in the position illustrated in  FIGS.  8   b  and  8   h   . However, this built-in capability of a higher force just in case there is a need to position the device  100  at an angle to the horizontal may be undesirable when used in some situations, for example a dental setting. For example, an equivalent impact force range of between about 20-45 newtons may need to be used, for example, in a dental setting, such as with human teeth or other objects, as illustrated in  FIGS.  8 ,  8     a ,  8   b ,  8   f ,  8   g  and  8   h  with tooth  90 , to obtain better results with some flexibility for positioning, and such force may be rather uncomfortable for the patient. 
     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the system may be utilized to exert a substantially the same impact force on the object in various angles from the horizontal, as if the device  100  is operating horizontally. Thus whether the device  100  is operating between about plus/minus 45 degrees, more for example, about plus/minus 30 degrees, the device  100  may generate about the same amount of equivalent impact force, for example, about 20-30 newtons. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  may employ a set of different adapters or features to set a particular angle between the energy application tool  110  and the object  90 , such as, for example, to enable highly reproducible and/or consistent angles for measurements, such as to create averaged data sets.  FIGS.  8   c ,  8   d  and  8   e    illustrate different embodiments of a sleeve portion  120  with angled features to change the angle of energy delivery from the energy application tool  110 , such as approximately perpendicular to the object  90  in  FIG.  8   c   , a positive angle (e.g. 45 degrees or less) to the object  90  as in  FIG.  8   d   , or a negative angle (e.g. −45 degrees or more) to the object  90  as in  FIG.  8   e   . The set of adapters or features, such as the sleeve portions  120 , may be switched out when measuring an object  90 , for example, to perform measurements at different angles to create a more complete data set or a data set with greater variation in measurement locations. 
     An inclinometer may be present, for example, on or within the device  100 , such as in connection with the energy application tool  110 , which may trigger an audible warning when the device  100  is held against the object and is outside of the angular range of operation, for example, for a tapping rod, it may trigger the warning when it is plus/minus approximately 45 degrees or more, more for example, plus/minus about 30 degrees or more from the horizontal, at which point, the angle may substantially affect the result of the measurement of the object. 
     In one embodiment, if the device  100  is oriented such that the axis of operation is greater than about 45 degrees, more for example, greater than about 30 degrees from the horizontal position, and the device  100  is activated when a contact force is sensed on the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object, it may result in a warning sound being emitted by a speaker located on the device  100 , such as the printed circuit board (PCB)  108  within the device  100 , as shown in  FIGS.  1   d  and  1   l   . In another embodiment, the warning sign may be given by a light signal, which may be a flashing light, or a light of a certain color, which may be emitted from a light source, such as the light source(s)  114   a  or through the sleeve portion  120  with light carried to it through light pipes  114 , as illustrated in  FIG.  4   . In such circumstances, the percussion action, if the device  100  is a percussion instrument, will not begin until the device  100  is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the percussion action has started when the above-mentioned departure from the range is detected, the device  100  may not actually stop operation, but may simply be sounding an alarm, so that corrections may be made. 
     In some embodiments, the inclinometer may include an accelerometer, such as a 3-axis device which measures gravity on all three axes, the X, Y and Z axes, a two-axis device or a one-axis device. In one embodiment of the invention, the device  100 , such as a handpiece, may include software for measuring the value of the Y-axis (i.e. vertical) gravitational force (G-force) from input provided by the inclinometer. For example, if the G-force for the Y-axis is greater than about the plus/minus, say, 15 degrees threshold, the handpiece may make an audible noise, such as beeps, or a light signal such as a flashing light, or a light of a certain color. If the G-force for the Y-axis is greater than the 30-degree threshold, the handpiece may beep faster, or if a light signal such as a flashing light, it may be a faster flashing light. The accelerometer may be sampled every, say, 100 ms. Five consecutive valid readings may be needed (500 ms) to trigger a threshold and thus the beep or the flash, etc. The thresholds for both the 15 and 30-degree thresholds may be determined empirically. 
     For example, for a device  100  without the features of the present invention, during operation, if the impact force is about 26 newtons at plus 15 degrees from the horizontal, the impact force will be about 32 newtons at a horizontal position, and at minus 15 degrees from the horizontal, the impact force will be about 35 newtons. With the present invention, all impact forces at all the above mentioned angles may be at about 25 newtons or whatever optimal impact force programmed to exert. This may be accomplished by, for example, varying the application of energy from the drive mechanism  140  to the energy application tool  110  to accommodate the angle of impact. Examples of variations to the application of energy from the drive mechanism  140 , such as an electromagnetic coil as illustrated in  FIG.  4   , may include varying the power applied to the coil (e.g. voltage, current or both), coil drive times (the length of time the coil is energized or activated), coil delay times (the time between driving activities), number of coil energizations (i.e. number of drive pulses applied), polarity of the coil and/or a combination thereof. This varying power, drive times, polarity and delay times may be managed through varying the firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity and drive delay of the energizing of the coil for the desired results. In general, varying the power supplied to the coil may alter the strength of the magnetic field it generates, with a higher field generally imparting more energy to the energy application tool  110  and a lower field generally imparting less. The varying of the coil drive time may generally affect the energy application tool  110  with longer duration imparting more total energy and a shorter duration imparting less. The varying of the coil delay times may generally alter the rate of acceleration of the energy application tool  110 . The varying of the number of coil energizations (drives) may affect by increasing the total amount of energy applied with higher drives and decreasing the total amount of energy applied with lower drives. The polarity changing will generally apply motion to the energy application tool  110  in opposite directions and thus an opposite polarity drive may decelerate the energy application tool  110 . Without being bound to any particular theory, multiple variations may be employed to achieve the desired result and the firmware may be designed to select a particular solution or to select an optimal solution for certain instances. 
     In some embodiments, the firmware may be adapted to vary only certain settings of the drive mechanism, such as, for example, drive times, number of drives, polarity and drive delays, while keeping other settings constant, such as, for example, power. This may be desirable as some settings may be more difficult to adjust, such as power settings which may be relatively unadjustable due to a particular power source, such as a battery, which may generally only output power at a given level and requires more extensive componentry or circuitry to make adjustable. 
     In other embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may include other forms of energy application, such as, for example, electromagnetic energy application, sound or acoustic energy application, and/or any other appropriate form of energy application that may generate a measurable return signal. For example, acoustic or sound energy may be applied, such as through a sound transducer (e.g. ultrasound transducer, speaker or other acoustic element). In some embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may also serve as both the energy application and the sensing of the return signal, such as with ultrasonic transducers. 
     In some embodiments, a handpiece or device  100  may employ a plurality of energy application tool  110 , such as in an array.  FIGS.  1   l   , lm and In illustrate examples of arrays  170  of energy application tools  110 , such as in a straight array in  FIG.  1   l   , a curved or arced array in  FIG.  1   m    and a conforming surface array in  FIG.  1   n   . Arrays of energy application tools  110  may be utilized to interrogate a larger area or volume for measurement or may be used to interrogate an area from multiple locations or angles. In some embodiments, arrays may also be utilized in temporally controlled manners to perform phased array measurements. For example, arrays of energy application tools  110  may be triggered at differing times to create phased effects, such as through constructive interference patterns with ultrasonic waves to direct energy at a particular location without moving the energy application tools  110 . In embodiments where the object is large, measurement at different locations of the object, for example, impacting at a plurality of portions of the object may allow better evaluation of the structural properties that are better representations of the object. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the handpiece  100  may further house a sensing mechanism  111  for detecting characteristics of the effects from the impact of the energy application tool  110  with the object. In general, the sensing mechanism  111  may be physically coupled to, functionally coupled to or otherwise in contact with the energy application tool  110  such that it may detect characteristics of the impact. In some embodiments, the sensing mechanism  111  may include a piezoelectric sensing element which may generally produce an electrical signal or change in response to mechanical energy, such as a change in pressure on the piezoelectric sensing element, may be utilized for analysis of the object. A piezoelectric wire may, for example, be loaded into the energy application tool  110 , as shown with the sensing mechanism  111  being inserted in  FIG.  1   e   . The sensing mechanism  111  may also include other forms of sensing elements, such as, for example, a linear variable differential transformer which may sense the position of the energy application tool  110  due to changes in voltage in the transformer due to positioning of the energy application tool  110  which may be metal or otherwise affect the induction in the transformer, accelerometers, resistive pressure sensors, strain gauges, and/or any other appropriate type of sensor or combination of sensors. In general, the position of the sensing mechanism  111  or portions thereof may be determined for optimal sensing of the desired characteristic. For example, a piezoelectric sensing element may generally be placed as close to the point of impact as practicable, such as near the tip that impacts the object, such that a greater amount of physical deformation of the energy application tool  110  may be detected. The sensing mechanism  111  may be adapted for measuring the deceleration of the energy application tool  110  upon impact with an object during operation, or any vibration caused by the impact. The sensing mechanism  111  may detect changes in the properties of the object and may quantify objectively its internal characteristics. Data transmitted by the sensing mechanism  111  may be processed by a system program, to be discussed further below. The sensing mechanism  111  may be disposed in or proximate to any appropriate portion of the energy application tool  110 , such as proximate to the end contacting the object, as shown in  FIGS.  1 ,  1     f ,  1   h - 1   k . The sensing mechanism  111  may also be located further back, such as near or just after the bend  110   b  of the energy application tool  110  where the bent portion  110   c  transitions to the rearward portion  110   d  in L-shaped energy application tools  110 , such as in  FIGS.  1   f ,  1   h - 1   k   . The sensing mechanism  111  may also generally be a separate sensor from the force sensor  143  of  FIGS.  1 ,  1     d ,  1   e ,  1   f ,  1   h ,  1   i ,  1   j ,  1   k ,  4   a ,  4   b ,  11 ,  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c , which may be utilized to detect the contact force of the handpiece  100  against an object, rather than detect forces on the energy application tool  110 . A force sensor  143  may include any appropriate sensor for measuring the force being exerted from the contact of the handpiece  100  against an object by the user, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force sensing resistor (e.g. a Shunt-mode FSR), a strain gauge or multiple strain gauges (e.g. mounted onto a cantilever(s) that flex in response to the applied force), linear position sensors (e.g. optical position sensors, magnetic field or other than can detect a position change of a component pressing against a spring or other element where the linear position change corresponds to the applied force), and/or any other appropriate type of force sensors 
     In some embodiments, communication between the drive mechanism  140  or portions of the drive mechanism, for example, the energy application tool  110 , the sensing mechanism  111  or the electronics assembly  144  may be via a lead or line of electrically conductive, insulated wire which may be wound spirally in a concentric fashion around the tapping rod and has spring-elastic properties. This may also allow a minimum space requirement with respect to the line management. For example, a strand of wires wound concentrically around the energy application tool  110  may be utilized to carry signals to and/or from the sensing mechanism  111 . One purpose of concentrically winding the wire is to minimize the stress on the wire from repeated forward and back movement of the energy application tool  110 . In some embodiments, a helical spring, which may be formed by the spirally wound wire, may help to avoid or prevent looping or twisting of the wire connection. 
     In another embodiment, the communication between the drive mechanism  140  and the energy application tool  110  may be transmitted wirelessly via any suitable wireless connections. In one example, the energy application tool  110 , such as the tapping rod may be propelled forward by energizing the electromagnetic coil and creating a magnetic field that repels the magnet in the end of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod. The rod is retracted by reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the electromagnetic coil. The magnet may also serve to hold the rod in its retracted position when the electromagnetic coil is not energized, through its magnetic attraction to the steel core of the coil. 
     A helical spring, if present, may be composed of stranded wires having two twisted individual wires or of a coaxial line. In its loaded condition, the spring may be compressed to such a degree that the force of its prestress corresponds to the frictional force and opposes this frictional force during the forward motion of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod from the retracted position to the extended position, or from a substantially parallel position to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position making an acute angle with the axis at a pivot. The prestressed path of the spring may therefore be far greater than the stroke of the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod so that spring power remains substantially constant over the entire stroke of the tapping rod. Any undesirable frictional force of the bearings of the mounting mechanism for the tapping rod during the forward motion may also be substantially compensated by this spring. 
     The handpiece  100  may include features, such as in the electronics assembly  144 , which may generally control the drive mechanism  140  and may also store, process and/or transmit data from the sensing mechanism  111 . The electronics assembly  144  may include, for example, wired or wireless transmission features to relay data to a computer or other device for analysis or viewing. In some embodiments, the electronics assembly  144  may interface with an outside device, such as via electronics contacts  113  in  FIG.  1   c   , to transmit data. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  1   d  and  1   e   , the sensing mechanism  111  may connect to the electronics assembly in a wired manner, such as through a wired connection carried in a conduit  111   a , which may be flexible, for example, to accommodate the movement of the energy application tool  110 . The conduit  111   a  may also provide protection to the wired connection from moving components in the handpiece  100 , such as the energy application tool  110 . 
     As noted above, the handpiece  100  may be tethered to an external power supply or be powered by an electrical source included inside the housing  102 , such as the power source  146 . If powered by an electrical source inside the housing  102 , the power source  146  may or may not be rechargeable. If rechargeable, a base charging station may be used. 
       FIGS.  5  and  5     a  illustrate a base station  200  which contains a handpiece receptacle  202  for receiving the handpiece  100 . The base station  200  may be a separate independent station or it may be part of the system of the present invention. For an independent charging station, any existing station may be applicable. The charging mechanism may be wired or wireless. For these charging base, only electrical current to charge the device may be provided. For a base station that may be part of the system, more than electrical current to charge the device may be provided. 
     The present invention still further relates to a base station that may be part of the system of the present invention and may be plugged into the computer, for example, a PC via a USB cable. This connection may provide both data transfer between the PC and the base station, and electrical current to charge the device during the charging process when the device is docked. In this way, the base station may also serve to act as a wireless transceiver for the PC in the communication with the wireless transceiver in the device. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example of a base station  200  with base electronics contacts  206  which may contact and transfer data through corresponding contacts on the handpiece  100 , such as the electronics contacts  113 . The base station  200  may further supply charging to the handpiece, such as through base power contact  208 , which may charge by contact with a corresponding feature on the handpiece  100 , such as power contact  113   a.    
     It may be desirable for each device to be accompanied by its own charging base station. This may avoid the possibility of the wrong device communicating with the wrong base station, in a multiple device environment. This may be important in any testing setting, for example, a dental office. For example, each handpiece  100  may have an accompanying base station  200 . 
     During preparation of the system just prior to performing a measurement on an object, the handpiece  100  may be docked in the base station  200  to pair that device with that base station  200  as part of the usage protocol, for example, prior to starting a patient testing session in a dental office. The usage protocol may be controlled by the software. The pairing may also be accomplished by placing a base station  200  and a handpiece  100  into a pairing mode, such as via controls  204  and/or a programming button  144   a  as shown in  FIGS.  1   d   ,  5  and  5   a.    
     For the embodiments where the device may be equipped with a disposable feature or assembly described above, such as a sleeve  120 , the disposable portion is generally removed from the device prior to placing the device in the base station  200 . In other embodiment, the disposable portion may be physically accommodated in the interface between the device and the base station  200 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the handpiece  100  may include a housing with a hollow interior with an open end, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1   a ,  1   b  and  1   c    with housing  102 , applicator end  102   a  with aperture  102   c  and distal end  102   b . In general, the energy application tool  110  or at least a portion thereof may emerge from an opening in the housing  102 , as shown in  FIG.  1   c    with aperture  102   c . The housing  102  may also include handling features, such as gripping features  103  as illustrated. The housing  102  may also include other features such as to access portions of the interior, such as battery access cover  104 . 
     The housing  102  may include multiple portions or parts, such as illustrated in  FIGS.  1   d    and  11  with upper and lower housing clamshells  102   d ,  102   e , forward end cap  105 , and base end cap  106 . In general, the components of the handpiece  100  may be arranged within the housing  102 , such as substantially axially arranged with the energy application tool  110  forming the approximate center of the formation with other components concentrically arranged. 
     The forward end cap  105  may include apertures for portions of the device to emerge, such as the aperture  102   c  to allow the energy application tool  110  and/or its associated components to emerge. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the system may include features for aiding the stable, consistent and/or reproducible positioning of the energy application tool  110  relative to an object to be measured, which may also be conducted in a manner that reduces cross-contamination or other sanitization issues. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a sleeve portion as discussed above and/or below may be included that may be present or positioned near the portion of the energy application tool  110  that contacts and/or impacts the object and utilized in conjunction with the handpiece  100  and associated components discussed above.  FIGS.  1 ,  1     a ,  1   b ,  1   d  and  1   l  illustrate a sleeve  120  disposed near the applicator end  102   a  of the housing  102 . In some embodiments, the sleeve portion, such as the sleeve  120  may be integral to the handpiece  100  or mounted to the handpiece  100  in a permanent or semi-permanent manner, such as for multiple uses. The sleeve portion may also be a removable and/or disposable piece which may be replaced, such as between different patients and/or procedures to aid in reducing cross-contamination or other sanitization issues, such as the need to sanitize/sterilize the portions of the system that contact a patient. 
       FIGS.  2 ,  2     a ,  2   b  and  2   c  illustrate embodiments of the sleeve  120  which are separable pieces from the rest of the handpiece  100 . The sleeve  120  may generally couple to the handpiece  100  or portion thereof through any appropriate form of connection, such as, for example, any threaded attachment, friction fit, mating bayonet formations, tongue and groove type formations, snap fit, clips, internesting pin and pinhole formations, latches and other interconnecting structures. Any of the connections mentioned above may be secure and releasable. For example, an interconnecting assembly may be disposed at the end of the handle housing, for example of a hand held device, where connection occurs, which may be configured to releasably connect the handle and the sleeve portion.  FIGS.  1   b  and  2   a    illustrate a clip  125  on the sleeve  120  which may clip onto a portion of the handpiece  100 , such as the sleeve mount  112   a  in  FIG.  1   c ,  1   d  and  1   l   . In one embodiment of the invention, the sleeve portion, such as the sleeve  120 , may be a non-reusable and disposable assembly or feature in a healthcare setting, such as a dentistry office or similar. As noted above, the disposable feature or assembly is for aiding in eliminating or minimizing contamination of the object undergoing the measurement through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from previous objects undergoing the measurements, without having to carry out a decontaminating process prior to moving to a different test object. To ensure that such features or assemblies once used are not reused, the disposable features or assemblies may be programmed to be one use. In some embodiments, a computer chip may be used. The chip may be present on a PCB located on the disposable feature or assembly, for example, in the back of the disposable assembly, may serves to ensure that once used, it cannot be or is not reused, so that any unwanted material may not be transferred from one patient to another.  FIGS.  1  and  2     a  illustrate a device coupled to the sleeve  120  which may be utilized to interface with the electronics of the handpiece  100 , such as via electronic interface  142 , which may utilize contact pins such as electronic contacts  113  in  FIG.  1   c   , or other forms of electronic interface, such as Radio Frequency ID (RFD), Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth, and/or any other appropriate form of interface. 
     The electronic interface  142  may include a PCB, such as illustrated with sleeve mount PCB  108  and its retainer  107  in  FIGS.  1   d    and  11 . The electronic contacts  113 , if utilized, may emerge from the housing  102  through apertures in the forward end cap  105 . Signals and/or power may be conveyed from the electronics assembly  144 , such as through a wired connected, as shown in  FIG.  11    with connector wire  108   a.    
     When a disposable feature or assembly is coupled to the device, the chip in the assembly or feature is interrogated by the device with a challenge and response system to ensure authenticity. Once authenticated, it is permanently marked as ‘used’. If a used assembly or feature is placed on the device again, whether it is the same device or a different one, the challenge and response will fail, and the device will not be able to function as intended. In another embodiment, a timeout function may also be used to prevent the reuse of the disposable assembly or feature after a certain period of coupled time. In a further embodiment, the chip as well as the timeout function may be used for further insurance. In yet a further embodiment, the attachment mechanism of the disposable feature or assembly may include a part that once removed from the device is either snapped off or is warp to render it no longer attachable to a device. For example, the clip  125  in  FIG.  2   a    may be adapted to snap off when the sleeve  120  is removed. 
     According to another embodiment, the sleeve portion, such as the sleeve  120 , may be a limited reusable and disposable assembly or feature in a healthcare setting, such as a dentistry office or similar. For example, the disposable feature or assembly may also be autoclavable, even for a limited number of time. 
     In general, the sleeve  120  may protrude from the applicator end  102   a  of the housing  102  for a distance substantially coextensive with the end of the energy application tool  110  during measurement and may extend at least as far as the extended or propelled state of the energy application tool  110  as discussed above. Thus, the length of the sleeve portion  120  may be somewhat dependent on the length of protrusion of the extended energy application tool  110 . 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   f   , the sleeve portion may be attached to or at the end of the housing  102  and being substantially perpendicular to it when the energy application tool  110 , for example, a tapping rod, moves from being substantially parallel to making an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing  102  at a pivot  110   a  when in operation. The sleeve portion may be substantially cylindrical in shape. In a further embodiment, the sleeve may be an extension of the housing and being of substantially a half cylindrical shape to allow the energy application tool, for example, the tapping rod to freely move when the tapping rod moves from being substantially parallel to making an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing in operation. Using this system, measurements may be undertaken at locations which are relatively inaccessible such as, for example, in the molar area of a patient&#39;s teeth. 
     The sleeve  120  may generally include an object contact portion  123  which may be utilized to rest or press against the surface of an object, such as to stabilize and/or aid in repeatable positioning of the handpiece  100  against the object during a measurement. The sleeve portion may be substantially cylindrical and/or conical in shape with a hollow interior, as shown with the sleeve hollow portion  128  with a base portion  127  having an opening  126  where the energy application tool  110  may enter. The object contact portion  123  may generally form an aperture through which the energy application tool  110  may access the object. The size of the aperture may be varied, such as to provide a larger platform to rest against the object, as shown with the smaller aperture formed in the object contact portion  123  in  FIG.  2   f   , or to provide a larger aperture, which may accommodate more varied object surfaces, as shown with the varied surfaces in  FIGS.  3  and  3     a.    
     In some embodiments, the aperture of the object contact portion  123  may further include a feature, for example, a contact feature, for contacting the object at an outer surface and the energy application tool  110  on an inner surface such that it may prevent direct contact between the energy application tool  110  and the object. This may be desirable to aid in preventing any contaminants or other sanitization concerns from moving between the object and the energy application tool  110  by providing a barrier. This may, for example, enable repeated use of the energy application tool  110  without cleaning/sterilizing/sanitizing it between, for example, different patients. The feature, such as the contact feature  121  as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 - 1     b  and  2 ,  2   b  and  2   c . In general, the contact feature  121  may be flexible, deformable and/or otherwise adapted to transmit the forces to and from the energy application tool  110  and the object during a measurement with minimal interference, attenuation or other undesired effects. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the contact feature  121  may be a separate component from the rest of the sleeve  120 , as illustrated with the contact feature  121  in  FIGS.  2   b ,  2   d  and  2   e   . A separate contact feature  121  may be desirable, for example, such that it may move at least semi-independently from the rest of the sleeve  120 , as discussed further below. The separate contact feature  121  may be slidably and/or otherwise translatably disposed in the sleeve  120 , as illustrated in the cross-sectional view of  FIG.  2   b   , with the contact tubular portion  121   a  may rest in the sleeve  120 , such as with a semi-frictional fit such that it is partially retained but may still move. The contact tubular portion  121   a  may also include features which may interact with corresponding features of the sleeve  120 , such as to provide a limited range of motion, as illustrated with slots  121   c  and stop tabs  120   a . In other embodiments, the contact feature  121  may be constrained by stops, ridges, bumps or other obstacles to prevent movement beyond a desired range along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve  120 , such as illustrated with movement stops  120   b ,  120   c  in  FIG.  2     h.    
     In some embodiments, the contact feature  121  may include a thin membrane portion which may be of a thickness, deformability and/or shape such that it produces minimal effects on the transmission of forces through it.  FIG.  2   d    illustrates an embodiment of a contact feature with a movable contact portion  121   a  which may include a thin membrane or other layer, as shown with separate contact portion  121   b , which may move and/or deform freely, such as a thin plastic film or metal foil. In some other embodiments, such as in  FIG.  2   e   , the contact feature  121  may be formed with an integral portion which may deform, flex and/or otherwise transmit the forces of the energy application tool  110 , such as with a flexible plastic forming the contact feature  121  with a deforming contact portion  121   b ′. The movable contact portion  121   a  may also be formed to conform to the shape of the energy application tool  110 , or vice versa, for optimal transfer of force/energy. In some exemplary embodiments, the movable contact portion  121   a  may be constructed from metallic foil, for example, stainless steel foil or sheet, and may, for example, be stamped and/or molded, for example, to conform to the end of energy application tool  110 , such as with a domed shape. Some metallic foil or sheet, such as stainless steel and similar materials may be desirable, for example, due to its high strength characteristics such as rigidity or stiffness, ease of molding/forming, low dampening of transmitted energy or force through it, desirable properties for use in medical or dental applications and/or its commonality or low cost. For example, thin stainless steel foil or sheet, such as about 0.1 mm in thickness, may be utilized. 
     In other embodiments, the closed end of the contact feature  121  may be integral to the contact feature  121 . For example, the contact feature  121  may be formed from a material which may be shaped into a tubular or ring structure with a closed end of a desired thickness, such as by stamping a metal (e.g. stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other appropriate metal). For example, the contact feature  121  may take the form resembling a thimble or cup, with the closed end being of a thickness to provide deformable or movable characteristics. 
     For example, polymeric materials suitable for the, for example, membrane of contact feature may include any polymers having one or more of the following properties, including low coefficients of friction, high damping capacity, resorbable, biodegradable, water degradable, transparent, translucent and non-conductive. 
     For metallic material suitable for the, for example, foil or sheet, such as stainless steel and similar metallic material may be austenitic, work hardened, electro-polished, annealed prior to being formed into the desired shape, or superplastically formed into the desired shape. 
     In some embodiments, the contact feature  121  may be utilized to aid in producing consistent contact of the energy application tool  110  with the surface of an object, such as with surfaces with irregular or inconsistent surface features. For example,  FIGS.  3  and  3     a  illustrate the use of the handpiece  100  with an object  90 , where the object  90  has non-flat surface features, such as the object  90  with a convex contact surface  95  in  FIG.  3    and another object  90  with a concave contact surface  96  in  FIG.  3   a   . The object contact surface  123 , which rests on the contact surface  94  of the object  90 , may sit about an irregular or inconsistent surface feature which may provide a contact point for the energy application tool  110  either ahead or behind the plane of the object contact portion  123 , as illustrated with the convex contact surface  95  protruding behind the plane in  FIG.  3    and the concave contact surface  96  remaining ahead of the plane in  FIG.  3   a   . With the contact feature  121  being movable with respect to the object contact surface  123 , it may move and/or remain in an unextended or retracted position C, as shown in  FIG.  3   , to provide contact with the convex contact surface  95 . Further, as shown in  FIG.  3   a   , the movable contact feature  121  may move to an extended position D to provide contact with the concave contact surface  96 . During a measurement, the energy application tool  110  may make an initial impact which may push the contact feature  121  to the proper position depending on the shape of the contact surface  94 , and may remain substantially in that position or adjust to a different position in subsequent impacts or positionings of the handpiece  100 . In general, the contact or impact of the energy application tool  110  may be controlled such that it does not cause deformation or damage to the object  90 , but rather applies energy through properly accommodated contact as described. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the sleeve  120  may include a feature for additional stability, such as providing stability substantially perpendicular or orthogonal to the direction A of the energy application tool  110 .  FIGS.  1   a ,  1   b    and  2 - 2   b  illustrate sleeve portions with a tab  124  protruding from the sleeve  120  near the object contact portion  123 , such that when the object contact portion  123  is in contact with a surface of the object undergoing the measurement, the tab  124  may be resting on a portion of the top of the object, as shown with tab  124  resting on perpendicular surface  92  and object contact portion  123  resting on contact surface  94  of an object  90  in  FIGS.  3  and  3     a . The tab  124  and the object contact portion  123  may thus both assist in the repeatable positioning of the handpiece  100  with respect to the object  90  and the object contact portion  123  may be placed substantially at the same distance from the top of the object at perpendicular surface  92  during subsequent measurements for better reproducibility. As noted above, the object  90  may include an anatomical structure or a physical or industrial structure, though an anatomical structure is shown with a human tooth in  FIGS.  3  and  3     a.    
     In any of the embodiments, the corners of the tab  124  may be smooth or rounded or substantially smooth or rounded to avoid any catching on the object  90  they may be resting on. In other embodiments, the tab  124  may be smooth, though the corners may not necessarily be rounded. In any of the embodiments, the tab  124  may include at least one formation (e.g. a groove, channel, notch, indentation, etc.) so that when the object contact portion  123  is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the object  90  undergoing the measurement, the tab  124  may be resting on a portion or surface of the object  90  and at least partially conform to a protrusion, bump or other raised portion of the surface of the object using the at least one formation, such as with the formation  124   a  illustrated as a groove in  FIG.  2     i.    
     In general, it may be desirable for the sleeve  120  or portions thereof to have sufficient rigidity such that it may consistently attach to the handpiece  100  and may not collapse during use. If multiple uses are contemplated, the sleeve  120  may generally be constructed to withstand multiple sterilization procedures, such as by autoclave, if desired, unless a disposable covering is used, as discussed below. In other embodiments, the sleeve  120  may be disposable, and if no sleeve is present, along with disposable coverings, if used, and thus may be constructed of any material that may be formed into a sleeve  120 . Examples of appropriate materials may include, but are not limited to, for example, a polymer that may be molded, thermoformed or cast. Suitable polymers include polyethylene; polypropylene; polybutylene; polystyrene; polyester; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); acrylic polymers; polyvinylchloride; Acetal polymers such as polyoxymethylene or Delrin (available from DuPont Company); natural or synthetic rubber; polyamide, or other high temperature polymers such as polyetherimide like ULTEM®, a polymeric alloy such as Xenoy® resin, which is a composite of polycarbonate and polybutyleneterephthalate, Lexan® plastic, which is a copolymer of polycarbonate and isophthalate terephthalate resorcinol resin (all available from GE Plastics); liquid crystal polymers, such as an aromatic polyester or an aromatic polyester amide containing, as a constituent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid (such as hydroxybenzoate (rigid monomer), hydroxynaphthoate (flexible monomer), an aromatic hydroxyamine and an aromatic diamine, (exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,063, 6,274,242, 6,643,552 and 6,797,198, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference), polyesterimide anhydrides with terminal anhydride group or lateral anhydrides (exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,377, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference) or combinations thereof. Some of these materials are recyclable or be made to be recyclable. Compostable or biodegradable materials may also be used and may include any biodegradable or biocompostable polyesters such as a polylactic acid resin (comprising L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid) and polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxyvalerate/hydroxybutyrate resin (PHBV) (copolymer of 3-hydroxy butyric acid and 3-hydroxy pentanoic acid (3-hydroxy valeric acid) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers, and polyester/urethane resin. Some non-compostable or non-biodegradable materials may also be made compostable or biodegradable by the addition of certain additives, for example, any oxo-biodegradable additive such as D2W™ supplied by (Symphony Environmental, Borehamwood, United Kingdom) and TDPA® manufactured by EPI Environmental Products Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 
     In addition, any polymeric composite such as engineering prepregs or composites, which are polymers filled with pigments, carbon particles, silica, glass fibers, or mixtures thereof may also be used. For example, a blend of polycarbonate and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) may be used for the sleeve  120 . For further example, carbon-fiber and/or glass-fiber reinforced plastic may also be used. 
     Synthetic rubbers may be, for example, elastomeric materials and may include, but not limited to, various copolymers or block copolymers (Kratons®) available from Kraton; Polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber or styrene isoprene rubber, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber, nitrile (acrylonitrile butadiene) rubber, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the sleeve  120  may also be made of metallic and/or ceramic material(s) which may further be coated and/or treated with a suitable material, such as a polymer or composite as above. For example, a metallic and/or ceramic material may be utilized that may be substantially vibration dampening/absorbing/reflecting. A visco-elastic and/or other coating may also be employed such that vibrations and/or other mechanical energy may not translate into metallic and/or ceramic components of the sleeve  120 . 
     In one embodiment, titanium and titanium alloys such as nickel-titanium, may be used for the sleeve  120 , or components/portions thereof. 
     In a further aspect of the invention, the system may include features that aid in reliable and repeatable measurements from an object, such as by detecting the contact pressure of the for example, handpiece  100  against the object. As the contact by the sleeve portion aids to stabilize the handpiece on the object, during measurement, the force exerted by the energy application tool on an object and any measured characteristics may be affected by the force the operator exerts on the handpiece to hold it in place against the object. The proper amount of contact force on the object may be important and may need to be monitored, since, for example, either insufficient or excessive force exerted by an operator may complicate the measurements, and may even produce less accurate results. A sensor may be disposed inside the handpiece to measure such contact force, which may generally be not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool  110 , such that it may be aid in monitoring proper contact force applied by the operator for better reproducibility, even by different operators. In general, it may be desirable to isolate the energy application tool  110  from other parts of the system, such as the portions of the handpiece  100  which contact the object (besides the energy application tool  110  itself), such that they do not interfere with the application of energy or measurements taken or the interference is minimized. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a sensor may be disposed in a manner to measure the force exerted by the operator on the object via contact with the handpiece  100 . For example, the sensor may thus be positioned, for example, between the object and the handpiece. The sensor may also be placed to receive transduced or transmitted force from the portion of the handpiece in contact with the object. The sensor may further be positioned between the handpiece and the operator in a manner that allows it capture the force applied. In some embodiments, an internal force sensor may be utilized which may rely on transduction or transmission of the normal force from contact with the object through portions of the handpiece  100 . 
       FIGS.  1 ,  1     d ,  1   e ,  1   l  and  11   a  illustrate an arrangement where the contact of a portion of the handpiece  100 , such as the sleeve portion  120 , may push (e.g. through contact at contact points  129  shown in  FIGS.  2   b    and  4 ) on a force transfer member  130 , such as a force transfer sleeve or sleeve-like component, which may then exert a force by pushing in direction B on a force sensor  143 . A force sensor  143  may include any appropriate sensor for measuring the force being exerted from the contact of the handpiece  100  against an object by the user, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force sensing resistor (e.g. a Shunt-mode FSR), a strain gauge or multiple strain gauges (e.g. mounted onto a cantilever(s) that flex in response to the applied force), linear position sensors (e.g. optical position sensors, magnetic field or other than can detect a position change of a component pressing against a spring or other element where the linear position change corresponds to the applied force), and/or any other appropriate type of force sensors. The force sensor  143  may further take on any appropriate shape or form, such as, for example, a flattened sensing pad, which may be in a ring shape that surrounds the energy application tool  110  as illustrated (such as to maintain separation of the energy application tool  110  from the contact forces being measured by the force sensor  143 ), or shapes such as ellipsoids, polygons or other shapes that may be positioned in the handpiece  100  to detect the contact force. In the exploded views of  FIGS.  1   d ,  1   e    and  11 , the force sensor  143 , for example, is sandwiched between a relative fixed component. As illustrated in  FIGS.  1   d  and  1   e   , the force sensor  143  may be sandwiched between the drive mechanism interface member  141 , which itself is rigidly mounted to the drive mechanism  140  as discussed further below, and components that transfer force to the force sensor  143 , as shown with the stacking of sleeve  120  (if present), transfer sleeve  112  and the sleeve mount  112   a /force transfer member  130 , which may pass through the apertures of the portions of the housing, as shown with forward end cap  105  and/or the sleeve mount PCB  108  and its retainer  107 . The force sensor  143  may be, for example, held in a relative fixed position by mounting onto a rigid portion of the handpiece  100 , such as the drive mechanism interface member  141 , which may, for example, be coupled to drive mechanism  140  and/or to the housing  102  of the handpiece  100  such that it is in a relative fixed position with regard to the operator. The force sensor  143  may then detect the load originating from the contact with object  90  as biased against the relative fixed portion, such as the drive mechanism interface member  141 . It may generally be understood that intervening components or portions between the object contact and the force sensor  143  may be present or not present so long as a full transduction/transmission path for the force remains for operation. 
     As illustrated in the exploded view of  FIG.  11    and the block diagram of  FIG.  11   a   , the force sensor  143  may alternatively be sandwiched between the drive mechanism  140  and a mounting bracket  148 , which itself is rigidly mounted to the body of the handpiece  100 , and components that transfer force to the force sensor  143 , as shown with the stacking of sleeve  120  (if present), transfer sleeve  112 , the sleeve mount  112   a /force transfer member  130  (which itself is rigidly mounted to the drive mechanism  140 ) which may pass through the apertures of the portions of the housing, as shown with forward end cap  105  and/or the sleeve mount PCB  108  and its retainer  107 . A force sensor  143  may include any appropriate sensor for measuring the force being exerted from the contact of the handpiece  100  against an object by the user, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force sensing resistor (e.g. a Shunt-mode FSR), a strain gauge or multiple strain gauges (e.g. mounted onto a cantilever(s) that flex in response to the applied force), linear position sensors (e.g. optical position sensors, magnetic field or other than can detect a position change of a component pressing against a spring or other element where the linear position change corresponds to the applied force), and/or any other appropriate type of force sensors. The force sensor  143  may further take on any appropriate shape or form, such as, for example, a flattened sensing pad, which may be in a ring shape that surrounds the energy application tool  110  as illustrated (such as to maintain separation of the energy application tool  110  from the contact forces being measured by the force sensor  143 ), or shapes such as ellipsoids, polygons or other shapes that may be positioned in the handpiece  100  to detect the contact force. The force is then transferred through the drive mechanism  140  to the force sensor  143  as biased against the mounting bracket  148 . This arrangement may be desirable, for example, to decrease flexing or misalignment of components, such as the drive mechanism  140  and the energy application tool  110  as they are rigidly connected to each other with a flexing fulcrum being generally present outside of these components (i.e. between the components  150  and the components  152  in  FIG.  11   d   , as opposed to between the drive mechanism  140  and the force transfer member  130  as in  FIG.  1   d   ). Such potential flexing or misalignment may be undesirable, for example and without being bound to any particular theory, in uses of the handpiece  100  other than at a normal angle to the surface of an object, such as illustrated in  FIGS.  8   a ,  8   b ,  8   g  and  8   h    against object  90 . The increased rigidity in connections between the drive mechanism  140  and the energy application tool  110  may aid in reducing any variation in transfer of energy from the drive mechanism  140  and the energy application tool  110  when the handpiece is subjected to flexing or uneven loading when pressed against an object  90 , such as when pressing the handpiece  100  against an object  90  at an angle, for example. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1   c  and  1   e   , a force transducing or transmitting member may be utilized without the sleeve  120 , as shown with force transfer member  130  and the transfer sleeve  112  in  FIG.  1   e   , which may be used to contact the object. 
     In embodiments of the system using a sleeve portion, a sleeve portion  120  may be mounted onto the force transfer member  130 , such as onto sleeve mount  112   a  which may be coupled to or form a portion of force transfer member  130  and may extend out of the housing  102  via aperture  102   a . The force from contact with the object may then be transferred, such as illustrated in  FIGS.  4 ,  4     a ,  4   b  and  11   b  and  11   c . As illustrated the normal force E from holding the sleeve portion  120  against the object may cause the sleeve  120  to push against the transfer sleeve  112 , which may be a portion of or couple to the force transfer member  130 , which may then exert the force in direction B on the force sensor  143 , which may be biased against a rigid and/or relative fixed portion of the handpiece  100 , such as the drive mechanism interface member  141 , which may be mounted to the drive mechanism  140 , which itself may be mounted to the housing  102 , such as via drive mountings  140   a , as illustrated in  FIG.  4   a   , or as sandwiched between the drive mechanism  140  and the mounting bracket  148  which may be mounted to the housing  102 , such as via drive mountings  140   a , as illustrated in  FIG.  11     b.    
     In some embodiments, portions of the handpiece  100  may be movable relative to the rigid and/or relative fixed portion(s). This may be desirable to aid in transferring of force from the contact with the object to the force sensor and for providing a physically perceivable feedback to the operator of the exertion of contact force. 
     In some embodiments, multiple components may be utilized to form the force transfer member  130 , such as for ease of manufacturing, assembly, replicability of parts, etc. For example, as illustrated, the force transfer member  130  may include separate parts transfer sleeve  112 , sleeve mount  112   a  and force transfer base portion  130   b , which may attach or at least contact to provide force transfer, such as at transfer member contacts  130   a.    
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  4  and  4     a , the force transfer member  130  and its mechanically coupled portions, such as the sleeve portion  120 , transfer sleeve  112 , sleeve mount  112   a  and force transfer base portion  130   b , may be movable, such as in direction B, relative to the relative fixed portions, such as the force sensor  143 , drive mechanism interface member  141 , drive mechanism  140  and housing  102 . A biasing member, such as the force sensor bias  143   a , may further be provided between the force transfer member  130  and the force sensor  143 , such as to, for example, distribute the force on the force sensor  143  evenly and/or to serve as a return bias to return the force transfer member  130  to its original position along direction B when the contact with the object ceases, such as via a bias or leaf spring, or elastic cushion. In general, the movement of the components that transfer force to the force sensor  143  (e.g. the components  151  in front of the components  153  behind the force sensor  143  and the drive mechanism  140  as illustrated in  FIG.  4   b    but not including the energy application tool  110  which is not directly coupled and does not translate in direction B with them in response to the contact force), such as the sliding distance caused by the contact force, may be very small, for example, in the order of about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, more for example about 0.5 mm. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  11   b  and  11   c   , the force transfer member  130  and its mechanically coupled portions, transfer sleeve  112 , sleeve mount  112   a  and drive mechanism  140 , may be movable, such as in direction B, relative to the relative fixed portions, such as the force sensor  143 , mounting bracket  148  and housing  102 . A biasing member, such as the force sensor bias  143   a , may further be provided between the drive mechanism  140  and the force sensor  143 , such as to, for example, distribute the force on the force sensor  143  evenly and/or to serve as a return bias to return the drive mechanism  140  to its original position along direction B when the contact with the object ceases, such as via a bias or leaf spring, or elastic cushion. In general, the movement of the components that transfer force to the force sensor  143  (e.g. the components  150  as illustrated in  FIG.  11   d    but not including the energy application tool  110  which is not directly coupled and does not translate in direction B with them in response to the contact force), such as the sliding distance caused by the contact force, may be very small, for example, in the order of about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, more for example about 0.5 mm. 
     In embodiments with an electrical contact between the sleeve portion  120  and the handpiece  100 , such as the security feature  122  interacting with electronic contacts  113 , movement between the sleeve  120  and the handpiece  100  may be compensated for, such as with spring pins and or placing electrical contacts such that contact is maintained through any motion of the sleeve  120  while mounted on the handpiece  100 , such as by placement on parallel surfaces or on the movable portions, such as the sleeve mount  112   a.    
     The sleeve portion  120  may also be mounted onto a force transfer member  130  that forms a permanent part on the front of the housing  102 , and shields the energy application tool  110 , for example, a tapping rod, from damage when no sleeve portion is present, for example, the sleeve portion forms part of a disposable assembly, as discussed above and/or below. 
     In some embodiments, as discussed above, the sleeve  120  and/or the energy application tool  110  may be disposed substantially perpendicular to the housing  102 , as illustrated in  FIG.  1   f   . The holding force against the object may then act in direction B, as illustrated, and as such the sleeve  120  may press in direction B against a force transfer member  130  onto a force sensor  143 , which may be mounted and/or positioned against a relative fixed point, such as against the housing  102  as illustrated. 
     The energy application tool  110 , for example, a tapping rod, may be enabled or triggered when the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion, such as the contact portion  121  of the sleeve  120 , is pushed against an object undergoing measurement, for example, a tooth and a force within a certain range may be detected. When the correct force is detected, the handpiece  100  is turned on or enabled to start the measurement. 
     For example, with dental procedures on human teeth, an appropriate contact force may be about 3 N to about 10 N for example, more for example about 5 N to about 8 N of force. In general, the force sensor  143  may read the actual contact force or may read a transferred, transduced or transmitted force which differs from the actual contact force, which may be interpreted or correlated to the actual contact force by the handpiece  100 , such as with electronics assembly  144 . The measurement of the contact force may further be corrected, such as due to orientation of the handpiece  100  in the gravitational field, with input from an accelerometer or other appropriate device to detect orientation, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1  and  11     a  with orientation sensor  145 . 
     The sensor, for example the force sensor  143 , may be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with at least a portion of the handpiece  100  other than the energy application tool  110 , for example, it may be in physical proximity and/or contact and/or coupled with the sleeve portion  120 , if the open end of the sleeve portion  120  may include an object contacting portion  123 , as noted above. In one embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include at least one strain gauge for sensing. The strain gauges may be attached or mounted to a cantilever between the device housing and the sleeve portion so that when the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pressed on the object it also deforms the cantilever which is measured by the strain gauge, thus providing a force measurement. In some embodiments, multiple strain gauges mounted to a single or to separate cantilevers may be utilized. The cantilever(s) may also, for example, be present on a separate component from the rest of the housing or sleeve portion, such as, for example, on a mounting device. According to one aspect, the force sensing may be done by a linear position sensor, which would know, for example, that if the force transfer sleeve like portion is at position X, a force of Y has to be applied to it (against the reaction force of the spring) to move it to that position, According to another aspect, the force sensing may be performed by an optical sensor, for optically sensing the position of the moving part, when it is pushed against a spring, In yet another embodiment of the invention, the relative position of the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object may be determined by having one or more strain gauges which may be attached at one end to a moving part, for example, a force sensor sleeve like component, and the other end to a static element, for example, the housing. In a further embodiment of the invention, the device may include piezoelectric elements for directly measuring the force. In yet a further embodiment of the invention, a hall effect sensor may be used to detect a change in the magnetic field when a magnet (attached to the moving element) is moving relative to the position of the sensor. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a capacitive linear encoder system, like that found in digital calipers may be used to measure the force. 
     The sensing pad may include a layer structure, which may be generally referred to as a “Shunt Mode” FSR (force sensing resistor) that may change resistance depending on the force applied to the pad, to provide a force measurement. FSRs typically consist of a conductive polymer, which changes resistance in a predictable manner following application of force to its surface. The sensing film of the FSR typically includes both electrically conducting and non-conducting particles suspended in a matrix. Applying a force to the surface of the FSR causes particles to touch the conducting electrodes, changing the resistance of the FSR. FSRs may be desirable for their low size, such as with a thickness typically less than 0.5 mm, low cost and good shock resistance. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a layered force sensor  143  which may include a base layer  143   h  on which is printed or otherwise deposited a conductive trace  143   c  with two conductive pathways which are joined by an FSR layer  143   e  on an FSR substrate  143   f  to produce a conductive pathway modulated by the resistance of the FSR layer  143   e . Pressure applied to the FSR layer  143   e , such as in the direction B from the force transfer member  130 , may alter its resistance, such as by decreasing it with applied pressure. Adhesive layers, such as adhesive layer  143   d  and mounting adhesive  143   g , may also be included to join layers together and/or to provide adhesion to a substrate, such as to the drive mechanism interface member  141 . The force sensor  143  may generally include a connector, such as flexible connector  143   b  shown in  FIGS.  1   d  and  1   e   , to connect to an interface on electronics assembly  144 , such as by carrying connections to the conductive pathways in the conductive trace  143   c.    
     Piezoelectric sensors may also be utilized that convert pressure exerted on the force sensor  143  into a change in electrical characteristics, such as a voltage across the piezoelectric element. 
     A strain gauge or other similar element may also be included on a leaf spring or other biasing member, such as the force sensor bias  143   a.    
     In some exemplary embodiments, the force sensor may be in electronic communication with the energy application tool  110  and may act as an on/off switch or activation switch for the handpiece  100 . For example, when a proper force is exerted on the object by the object contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger the activation mechanism of the instrument to activate the movement of the energy application tool  110  to start a measurement. Thus, no external switches or push buttons are needed to activate the on and off of the system, as noted above. The indication of the proper force may be indicated by visible or audible signals. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated with the flow chart in  FIG.  7   , the contact of the handpiece  100  with the object  90  ( 300 ), such as with the sleeve portion  120  may transfer contact force, such as the normal force E from the contact, to the force sensor  143  ( 301 ). The force sensor  143  may measure the contact force or a transferred force and produce a signal or change in characteristic, such as resistance, voltage, etc. ( 302 ). The signal or change in characteristic may then be relayed to the control mechanism, such as in the electronics assembly  144  ( 303 ). The control mechanism may then determine if the contact force is in an acceptable range, for example 5-8 N ( 304 ). If the force is in the range, the control mechanism may enable the energy application tool  110  to operate ( 305 ) and/or output a signal to the user that the contact force is acceptable ( 306 ). If the contact force is out of the acceptable range, the control mechanism may output a signal to the user to change the pressure ( 307 ) and/or disable or keep disabled the energy application tool  110  ( 308 ). If acceptable, the control mechanism may also initiate the energy application tool  110  automatically and perform a measurement ( 309 ). Afterwards, the control mechanism may be reset for a new measurement. 
     In some embodiments, the energy application tool  110  may be instantaneously turned on once a proper contact force is exerted by the contact portion  121  (or other portion of the sleeve  120  or handpiece  100 , as appropriate) on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals.  FIG.  1   c    illustrates operator signals, as shown with light sources  114 , which may provide signals to the operator about the contact force. In some embodiments, there may be a delay prior to activating the energy application tool  110  once a proper contact force is exerted on the object, as indicated by visible or audible signals, as above. In a further embodiment, once a certain push force on the object is detected and maintained for a period of time, for example, about 0.5 seconds, the instrument may be turned on to start measurement. 
     In some embodiments, the force measurement may be connected to a visual output, such as lights. Lights may be mounted at any convenient location on the instrument, for example, one or multiple LEDs may be mounted at the front of the instrument, as shown with light sources  114 . For example, a multiple light system may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used, such as green for acceptable and red for unacceptable contact force. 
     In some embodiments, a light from the light sources  114  lights up the sleeve  120 , which may be transparent or translucent, to indicate acceptable or unacceptable contact force. 
     The proper force exerted by the operator on the object acts as a switch of the system. When the system is not switched on, it may be desirable to know whether it has malfunction, not sufficient force or too much force is exerted. In some embodiments, if the user is pushing too hard on the object, the light may change first to amber, then to red, such as indicated via output from the light sources  114 . If the push force is sufficient to change the light to red, percussion may either not be started, or be interrupted if it has already started. In addition, there may be an amber LED state which warns when the user is approaching too much push force. At that stage, the instrument may still operate when the LEDs are lit amber. In another example, no light may indicate too little force, a green light may indicate the right amount of force, while a red light may indicate too much force. In yet another example, a one light system may be included. For example, no light may give a signal of too little force and a red light may give a signal of too much force. In a further example, a flashing red light may indicate too much force and no light may indicate too little force. The LEDs may be mounted on the surface of the handpiece  100 , or they may be internal to the housing  102  and light may be conveyed via light pipes or fiber optic channels, which may present at the surface of the housing  102 , such as at the light sources  114  shown as light pipes in  FIGS.  1   d    and  11 . In some examples, the light pipes  114  may be integral or attached to a portion of the handpiece  100 , such as being integral or attached to the retainer  107 ′ in  FIG.  1   g   , which may be substitute retainer  107  in  FIG.  1     d.    
     In some embodiments, the light pipes  114  may extend into the sleeve portion  120  such as to better carry light toward the object and/or to better illuminate the sleeve portion  120  for a user&#39;s perception.  FIGS.  4 ,  4     a  and  11   b  illustrate light pipes  114  extending from the handpiece  100  to carry light from the light sources  114   a  into the sleeve portion  120 , as shown by extending into slots  125   a  in the sleeve portion  120 . Light emanating from the light pipes  114  may then illuminate the sleeve portion  120 , which may, for example, be adapted to diffuse the light toward the object and/or in a manner to be easily observable by the user, such as by inclusion of light diffusing material(s), additive(s) and/or by physical treatment, such as frosting and/or any other appropriate treatment. The light pipes  114  may also be utilized to provide additional alignment, connection and/or securement between the sleeve portion  120  and the handpiece  100 , such as by fitting into the slots  125   a  of the sleeve portion  120 . For example, the utilization of one or more light pipes  114  fitting into slots  125   a  may aid in providing resistance to rotation about the longitudinal axis by the fitting between the light pipes  114  and the slots  125   a  (e.g. by close or friction fitting). 
     In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one example, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a multiple beep to indicate too much force. In another example, the audible output may include a beeping sound to indicate too little force and a beeping sound with a flashing red light to indicate too much force, such as via the light sources  114  or as discussed above with internal light sources. In a further example, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system for alerting too much force or too little force. In yet a further example, the force measurement may be connected to a voice alert system to alert too little force and a voice alert and a flashing red light for alerting too much force. 
     The handpiece  100  may also include a reset button, such as shown with reset control  144   b  in  FIGS.  1   d    and  11 , such as to reset the handpiece  100  to re-attempt placement with a proper force after an initial incorrect placement. The reset button  144   b  may press onto an appropriate control on the electronics assembly  144  to place the handpiece  100  in a renewed state. 
     When the force sensor acts as an on/off switch, it may also act to monitor that a proper force is exerted on the object during measurement and/or a proper alignment of the handpiece  100  against the object during measurement is obtained. An inclinometer as shown with orientation sensor  145  in  FIGS.  1  and  11     a , may be present, for example, as part of an electronic control system, which may trigger an audible warning when the device is outside of the angular range of operation, for example, for a tapping rod, it may trigger the warning when it is plus/minus 30 degrees from horizontal. If the device is oriented such that the axis of operation is greater than 30 degrees from horizontal when a push force is sensed on the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion, it may result in a warning sound being emitted by a speaker located on the device, such as the PCB within the device. In such circumstances, the percussion action will not begin until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the percussion action has started when the above mentioned departure from the range is detected, the device may not actually stop operation, but may simply be sounding an alarm, so that corrections may be made. 
     Common implementations of tilt sensors and inclinometers may include, but are not limited to, accelerometer, liquid capacitive, electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum-type systems. Traditional spirit levels and pendulum-based electronic leveling instruments are usually constrained by only single-axis and narrow tilt measurement range. However, most precision leveling, angle measurement, alignment and surface flatness profiling tasks essentially involve a two-dimensional surface plane angle rather than two independent orthogonal single-axis objects. Two-axis and three-axis inclinometers are typically built with micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMs) tilt sensors provides simultaneous two-dimensional angle readings of a surface plane tangent to earth datum. 
     MEMS tilt sensors typically employ accelerometers for functionality. Conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring, where the accelerometer experiences an acceleration and the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass at the same rate as the casing. The displacement is then measured to give the acceleration. In commercial devices, piezoelectric, piezoresistive and/or capacitive components are commonly used to convert the mechanical motion into an electrical signal. Piezoelectric accelerometers rely on piezoceramics (e.g. lead zirconate titanate) or single crystals (e.g. quartz, tourmaline). They typically offer favorable characteristics in application, such as upper frequency range, low packaged weight and high temperature range. Piezoresistive accelerometers are typically preferred in high shock applications. Capacitive accelerometers typically use a silicon micro-machined sensing element, where their performance is superior in the low frequency range and they can be operated in servo mode to achieve high stability and linearity. Modern accelerometers are often small MEMs comprising a cantilever beam with a proof mass. Damping results from the residual gas sealed in the device. Under the influence of external accelerations the proof mass deflects from its neutral position. This deflection is measured in an analog or digital manner. 
     In an example of the use of an orientation sensor  145  in the form of a three-axis accelerometer mounted to the electronics assembly  144 , the handpiece  100  was held against an object at angles between 30 degrees of incline and decline and the values returned from the accelerometer were utilized to create variations in the activation of the drive mechanism  140 . 
     The following table shows the values returned from the accelerometer in the three axes at the following inclines/declines: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30 degrees decline 
                 −11 
                 36 
                 −46 
               
               
                   
                 25 degrees decline 
                 −10 
                 31 
                 −49 
               
               
                   
                 20 degrees decline 
                 −9 
                 27 
                 −51 
               
               
                   
                 15 degrees decline 
                 −8 
                 21 
                 −53 
               
               
                   
                 10 degrees decline 
                 −7 
                 15 
                 −54 
               
               
                   
                 5 degrees decline 
                 −7 
                 9 
                 −55 
               
               
                   
                 Horizontal 
                 −7 
                 0 
                 −55 
               
               
                   
                 5 degrees incline 
                 −4 
                 −4 
                 −55 
               
               
                   
                 10 degrees incline 
                 −3 
                 −10 
                 −54 
               
               
                   
                 15 degrees incline 
                 −2 
                 −15 
                 −53 
               
               
                   
                 20 degrees incline 
                 −1 
                 −21 
                 −52 
               
               
                   
                 25 degrees incline 
                 1 
                 −26 
                 −50 
               
               
                   
                 30 degrees incline 
                 2 
                 −32 
                 −47 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The values were utilized to create a preprogramed set of instructions to vary the activation of the drive mechanism  140  when utilizing the energy application tool  110  at different inclinations to aid in evening out the force applied to approximately 25 N. In an example, the drive mechanism  140  was engaged for 22 milliseconds with a delay of 11 milliseconds before retracting (fixed timing) and yielded the measured applied force from the energy application tool  110  at different inclinations in the following table. Utilizing the preprogrammed set of instructions for different inclinations, the engaging time and delay time of the drive mechanism  140  was varied and yielded the following measured applied force from the energy application tool  110 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fixed Timing 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22/11 (ms) 
                   
                 Variable Timing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Average Force 
                 Target 
                 Average 
                 Drive/ 
               
               
                   
                 (N) 
                 Force (N) 
                 Force (N) 
                 Delay (ms) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 degrees decline 
                 36.9 
                 25 
                 23.2 
                 16/10 
               
               
                 25 degrees decline 
                 35.6 
                 25 
                 25.5 
                 17/11 
               
               
                 20 degrees decline 
                 35.1 
                 25 
                 23.5 
                 17/11 
               
               
                 15 degrees decline 
                 33.7 
                 25 
                 25.6 
                 18/11 
               
               
                 10 degrees decline 
                 32.2 
                 25 
                 26.7 
                 19/11 
               
               
                 5 degrees decline 
                 30.0 
                 25 
                 24.4 
                 19/11 
               
               
                 Horizontal 
                 27.5 
                 25 
                 26.3 
                 21/11 
               
               
                 5 degrees incline 
                 25.2 
                 25 
                 23.9 
                 21/11 
               
               
                 10 degrees incline 
                 23.1 
                 25 
                 24.2 
                 22/11 
               
               
                 15 degrees incline 
                 21.4 
                 25 
                 24.5 
                 23/11 
               
               
                 20 degrees incline 
                 18.7 
                 25 
                 24.7 
                 24/12 
               
               
                 25 degrees incline 
                 16.1 
                 25 
                 25.5 
                 25/12 
               
               
                 30 degrees incline 
                 12.3 
                 25 
                 26.1 
                 27/13 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The measured forces show that the preprogrammed set of instructions yielded much closer force values to the target force of 25 N than with the fixed timing in the first column. The varying of the activation of the drive mechanism  140  based on the inclination determined by the orientation sensor  145  may thus be utilized to produce a more consistent applied force from the energy application tool  110  based on the measured angle of inclination. 
     Additionally, the software may also take an input of object type or physical characteristic and, for example in combination with the detected angle, select for a activation of the drive mechanism  140  in the preprogrammed set of instructions to drive the energy application tool  110  at the appropriate force for the object type or physical characteristic and/or adjusted for the angle. 
     The present invention also relates to a method for determining structural characteristics of an object, including selecting, inputting or detecting a type or physical characteristic of an object; and contacting a device of the present invention with the object having the selected, inputted or detected type or physical characteristic. The device may include a housing having an open front end and a longitudinal axis, an energy application tool having a resting configuration and an active configuration mounted inside the housing. A drive mechanism supported inside the housing for activating the energy application tool between said resting and active configurations to apply a set amount of energy at a horizontal orientation. An inclinometer adapted to measure inclination of the energy application tool relative to the horizontal may be included in the device; and a control mechanism connected to provide instructions to the drive mechanism and receive an input from the inclinometer. The control mechanism includes a selector to a plurality of alternate control settings for different object selections. When the drive mechanism is activated using the control mechanism to vary the amount of energy applied to activate the energy application tool between the resting and active configurations based on the selected or detected type or physical characteristic. The amount of energy applied to the object corresponding to a predetermined value for a particular object type or physical characteristic. 
     In some embodiments as described above and below, the selecting, inputting or detecting a type or physical characteristic of an object may be performed automatically by detection by the device (e.g. by visual sensing or detection via a camera or other visual capture). The automatic detection may also serve as a guide, aid or suggestion to the user, or may be overridden by the user for error correction. 
     In other embodiments, as described above and below, the selecting, inputting or detecting a type or physical characteristic of an object may be performed manually by input from a user to the selector on the device or computer, as applicable. 
     In some embodiments, as noted above, the control mechanism may be embedded in a computer and the computer may instruct the device to apply the optimal amount of energy to the object based on the physical characteristics such as physical condition, geometry, size (such the surface area, the density, the thickness, or combinations of the aforementioned) or combination of geometry and size of the object, or, if the object is not a standalone, the environment the object is in, for example, the properties of the connection or attachment of the object to, or the properties of, the foundation to which the object is connected or attached to for generating the optimal result. The control system also instructs the device to acquire data used in determining the structural characteristic of the object, such as data that may be useful based on the type or physical characteristics of the object being measured. 
     In other embodiments, as also noted above, the control mechanism may be contained in the device itself. Similar to the embodiment above, when an object undergoes a diagnosis or measurement, the operator may input or select for a physical characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as the physical condition, geometry, size, the combination of geometry and size, type or other characteristic(s) of the object such that the capability embedded in the device itself may be activated to conduct the diagnosis or measurement based on the selected object. For example, in a dental setting, a molar or other larger type of tooth may be input or selected for, which may trigger a higher amount of energy to be used. In this embodiment, the device may be self-contained, such as during the measurement. The intelligent device activates to acquire data used in determining the structural characteristic of the object. 
     Similarly, the variable parameters used in conducting the measurement may also include the impact force based on the angle of energy application tool with respect to the horizontal and the impact force needed based on the selected or detected physical characteristic(s) (such as those listed above) of the object undergoing measurement. 
     In any of the above or below described embodiments, the image or video capture utilizing an imaging device and/or augmented reality functionality during a measurement of an object may also be utilized to detect and document the orientation and/or position of the device relative to the object being measured, as shown with the device  100  measuring object  90  in  FIG.  12    and being tracked and visually represented on the display  402  of the imaging device  400 . This may be useful in interpreting and/or documenting information about the measurement, for example, as application of energy to different parts of the object  90  or at different angles may produce different measurements or elucidate different structural characteristics of the object  90 . The angle, point of contact or other orientation/position information may also be useful to adjust or select the amount of energy to apply. The detection may be accomplished automatically, the image may be recorded and interpreted by a person, or a combination. For example, the camera  410  and processing capabilities of the imaging device  400  and/or any other associated computing services or cloud services may be utilized to interpret the angle of the device  100  relative to the object  90 . The recorded image or video may also be analyzed or annotated by a person or by software (e.g. machine learning). 
     The device and/or a portion of the housing may also have an antimicrobial coating coated thereon capable of eliminating, preventing, retarding or minimizing the growth of microbes, thus minimizing the use of high temperature autoclaving process or harsh chemicals and may increase the kind and number of materials useful as substrates for making such tools or instruments. 
     Further, the instrument may be useful in aiding in the selection of material, such as mechanically biocompatible material, or biomemetically compatible material used in the construction of and/or selection of a material for an anatomical structure, for example, an implant. For normal healthy teeth, the percussive energy generated by mastication is attenuated by the periodontal ligament at the healthy bone-natural tooth interface. However when an implant replaces natural tooth due to damage or disease, the ligament is generally lost and the implant may transmit the percussive forces directly into the bone. Several materials such as composites, gold, zirconia and so on, used to fabricate the implant abutment have been shown to be effective in numerous studies. While studies have demonstrated the survivability of implant restorations utilizing composite resin, gold or zirconia abutments after construction of the abutments, there has been no such research done to measure the dynamic response to load of said abutment materials. The instrument of the present invention may be used for such purposes and may be useful to predict the suitability or compatibility prior to implantation, or to choose suitable materials to protect natural teeth adjacent the implants. Thus, the choice of materials may minimize the disparity between the way the implants and natural teeth respond to impact. 
     Furthermore, the instrument may be useful in aiding in the selection of material, such as mechanically or chemically durable or compatible material, used in the construction of and/or selection of a material for, for example, a plane, an automobile, a ship, a bridge, a building, any industrial structures including, but limited to power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures or damping material suitable to aid in the construction of such structures. The instrument of the present invention may be used to such purposes and may be useful to predict the suitability of a material prior to construction in addition to detection of cracks, fractures, microcracks, cement failures, bond failures or defect location, etc., after the construction. 
     In addition, the present invention is also useful in distinguishing between defects inherent in the material making up the structure or object, and cracks or fractures, etc., as discussed above due to trauma or wear or repeated loading. Defects inherent in the bone or material construction of an implant, or a physical structure, for example, may include lesions in the bone, similar defects in the implant construction or manufacturing of polymer, polymer composites or alloys, or metallic composites or alloys. 
     The stabilization of the instrument by the sleeve portion or contact feature, and/or tab or the tab and/or component may also minimize any jerky action that may confound the testing results, for example, any defects inherent in the bone structure or physical or industrial structure may be masked by jerky action of the tester. This type of defect detection is important because the location and extent of the defect may impact dramatically upon the stability of the implant or physical or industrial structures. Generally when lesions are detected, for example, in an implant, such as a crestal or apical defect, the stability of the implant may be affected if both crestal and apical defect are present. In the past, there is no other way of gathering this type of information other than costly radiation intensive processes. With the present invention, this type of information may be gathered, and may be done in an unobtrusive manner. 
     The present invention further relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics that minimizes impact, even minute impact on the object undergoing measurement, without compromising the sensitivity of the measurement or operation of the system. In one embodiment, for lower impact force without compromising the sensitivity of the measurement the system includes an energy application tool  110  that is light weight and/or capable of moving at a slower velocity such that it minimizes the force of impact on the object during measurement while exhibits or maintains better sensitivity of measurement. In one aspect, the energy application tool  110 , for example, the tapping rod, may be made of lighter material to minimize the weight of the handpiece, if the device is a handpiece. In another embodiment, the energy application tool  110 , for example, the tapping rod, may be made shorter and/or of smaller diameter such that the size of the handpiece may also be minimized. For example, tool  110  may be made of materials that may include titanium or the tool may have a hollow shell and filled with for example, lead. In a further embodiment, the system may include a drive mechanism that may lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool  110 . For example, the drive mechanism may include a smaller drive coil to lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool  110 , whether or not it is light weight, and/or smaller in length or diameter, and the impact force on the object during operation while maintaining sensitivity of measurement. These embodiments may be combined with one or more of the embodiments described before, including the lighter weight handpiece housing. The speed of conducting measurement may also be desirable without increasing the initial velocity of impact so as to minimize impact on the object during measurement. The present invention relates to yet another system and method for measuring structural characteristics having a drive mechanism that may decrease the travel distance of the energy application tool, for example, from about 4 mm to about 2 mm, while maintaining the same initial velocity at contact and thus, faster measurement is possible without compromising the operation of the system. The system may or may not have disposable parts and/or features for aiding in repositionability and/or lessening impact with features mentioned below. 
     In general, the present invention further represents a new form of precision of risk assessment in dental health or structural integrity of physical structures and an opportunity to diagnose in a new manner. The present invention provides for the administering of kinetic energy to the specimen, loading and displacement rates that may be determined by the specimen, deceleration measured upon impact and analysis of dynamic mechanical response for more accurate prediction of cracks, fractures, microcracks, microfractures; loss of cement seal; cement failure; bond failure; microleakage; lesions; decay; structural integrity in general; structural stability in general or defect location. 
     Further, multiple indicators of structural integrity, such as LC (loss coefficient) and ERG (energy return graph) may be possible as well as percussion loads in a critical direction. The present system provides a convenient and easy way of providing buccal loading and other loading directions are possible such as the lingual direction for testing the structural properties mentioned above. 
     Buccal loading is important in that it is typically the more dangerous type of loading encountered by, for example, a tooth. In general, vertical loading induces relatively low stresses in teeth. However, working and/or nonworking motion produces side loading as a result of the lateral motion of the jaw and inclined geometries of the occlusal surfaces of teeth and restorations. This side loading may induce much higher stress concentrations at external and internal surfaces and below the margin. Thus, using the system of the present invention, such tests may be easily performed. In short, the system not only is adapted for detection of structural stability, integrity, cracks, etc., of a prosthetic dental implant structure, a dental structure, an orthopedic structure, or an orthopedic implant, but may also be adapted for use in the actual construction and replacement process through testing under stresses that may be encountered later after implantation, or restoration. 
     Natural loading is typically pulsatile (as opposed to for example sinusoidal). Muscular, cardiovascular, running, jumping, clenching/bruxing, so on, all may produce loading, for example, pulsatile loading. Percussion loading is pulsatile and therefore physiological. Percussion loading may be used to measure visco-elastic properties and detect damage in a structure. 
     As noted above, the present invention has applications also in the detection of internal damage such as microcracking, fracture, microfracture and delamination in composite structures and other engineering materials which may be used in both anatomical and non-anatomical structures. Composites are generally more susceptible to damage development than unreinforced metals, particularly when they are under stresses that approach the tensile strength of the material. The present invention is useful for detecting damage through nondestructive testing in composite materials and their resulting structures. 
     The system may be applicable for testing on various objects, both anatomical and mechanical, as noted before. For an anatomical object, such as a tooth, natural or restored, prosthetic dental implant structure, a dental structure, or an orthopedic implant, measurement or testing is generally performed while the object is stationary. For a mechanical object, which may include, but not limited to polymeric composite structures including honeycombs or layered honeycombs or metallic composite structure; an airplane structure, an automobile, a ship, a bridge, a tunnel, a train, a building, industrial structures including, but not limited to power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, testing may also be carried out on a mobile object while moving. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates the use of an array  170  of energy application tools  110  positioned along the path of a moving object, shown as a train  90  moving in direction F. In general, the energy application tools  110  may be positioned at known intervals along the path of the moving object and may be positioned, such as by struts  171  as illustrated, to enable energy delivery to the moving object, such as the train  90 , at desired locations for measurements. In general, the multiple energy application tools  110  may be triggered in a temporally controlled manner, such as in sequence accounting for the speed of the moving object such that each triggers to deliver energy to the substantially same location to enable multiple measurements of the same location as the moving object moves past, or timed to deliver energy to the moving object at different locations, or some combination thereof. Thus, mechanical objects may also be undergoing testing when they are either stationary or moving, which may give particular insight into the object under actual working conditions. This may be performed using one energy application tool  110 , over a plurality of spots on the object  90 , to obtain an average condition of the object in general or be performed on the same spot using many separate energy application tools  110  or devices  100  to obtain an average result on the same spot. In this example, measurements may be performed under actual operating conditions. 
     Mechanical energy associated with an impact against, for example, a natural tooth, for example, is primarily dissipated by the periodontal ligament. More specifically, when a tooth is subjected to an impact force, a stress wave is transmitted through the tooth and into the periodontal ligament, which functions to connect the tooth to the underlying bone. Because of the way it deforms, the periodontal ligament acts as a shock absorber, dissipating much of the energy associated with the impact. This damping process advantageously reduces the resultant impact force transmitted to the surrounding bone. In contrast, dental implant prostheses, for example, often have no mechanism by which to dissipate significant amounts of mechanical energy because of the nature of the materials used. Thus, mechanical energy tends to pass from an implant structure to the underlying bone with relatively little damping. This difference in mechanical behavior may be particularly critical for people who habitually brux and/or clench their teeth, since such behavior imparts relatively large impact forces on teeth. For a physical structure, whether or not a damping material is incorporated into the structure, the mechanical energy associated with an impact against the structure may generate a different response when there is a crack, microcrack, fracture, microfracture, delamination, defect or any structural instability than for a structure without a crack, microcrack, fracture, defect or any structural instability. 
     The relative extent to which a material dissipates elastic mechanical energy can be characterized using the loss coefficient, as discussed previously. Loss coefficient values may be determined for any of the objects mentioned above, including natural teeth, as well as for a wide variety of implant-supported superstructures, such as superstructures made of resin matrix composites, gold alloys, porcelain fused to gold laminates, lithium disilicate, zirconia, all ceramic restorations or any other material suitable for use in the oral cavity. Implant-supported structures typically dissipate less mechanical energy than their natural tooth counterparts. However, the ability of an implant to dissipate mechanical energy depends on the level of osseointegration around the implant: poor osseointegration between an implant and the surrounding bone can cause abnormally high levels of energy dissipation. Thus, energy dissipation initially increases after placing an implant, for example, due to bone remodeling but then usually decreases as osseointegration progresses. Eventually, the energy dissipation (damping) capacity of the implant becomes constant as the osseointegration process progresses to completion. As noted above, for normal healthy teeth, the percussive energy generated by mastication is attenuated by the periodontal ligament at the healthy bone-natural tooth interface. When a natural tooth is damaged or diseased, an implant replaces it, but without the ligament as it is lost. In most cases, in a successfully integrated implant, there is no ligament. Under this, the implant may transmit the percussive forces directly into the bone. To compensate for this loss, the use of, for example, some composites, zirconia and so on, to fabricate the implant abutment has been shown to be effective in numerous studies. The instrument of the present invention may serve in aiding in the construction or fabrication of and/or selection of a material for an anatomical structure, for example, an implant. The measurement of the dynamic response to load of said abutment materials may be used to such purposes and may be useful to predict the suitability of the restorative material for the implant prior to implantation or prior to restoration. 
     For example, a computer handling input from the handpiece  100  may further include memory registers, such that time versus percussion response, for example, the amount of energy reflected from the object  90  at several points over a discrete time period can be recorded. In such embodiments, the energy returned from the object  90  can be plotted as a function of time on a display attached to the computer. This configuration allows the user to view and analyze the time-energy profile of the energy reflected from the object  90 . 
     In addition to generation of a time-energy profile, other analyses can also be performed on the signals returned from the sensing mechanism  111 , such as a piezoelectric force sensor. For example, the amount of work associated with the impact can be evaluated by integrating the force applied to the energy application tool  110 , such as a tapping rod, with respect to the displacement of the object  90 . The force applied to the energy application tool  110 , such as a tapping rod during its impact with the object  90 , can be measured using the sensing mechanism  111 , such as a piezoelectric force sensor. After the impact, the amount of work depends partially on the quantity of defects present in the object  90 . In particular, defects in the object  90  may dissipate the kinetic energy of the tapping rod of the energy application tool  110  as it impacts the object  90 , thereby reducing the amount of elastic energy available to be returned to the tapping rod. 
     In one embodiment, a comparison of the amount of elastic energy returned to the tapping rod and the total work associated with the impact can be used to determine the quantity and nature of structural defects present in the object  90 . In another embodiment, a Gaussian distribution peak or other mathematically derived peak, may be fitted to the measured percussion response such as energy, stress or force data. The residue or mean error may be used to determine how closely the measured data are representative of a defect-free object  90 . 
       FIG.  10    shows examples of the shape of time versus percussion response, for example, time-energy profiles generated on tooth. For a normal tooth, a smooth, bell-shaped curve is generated, as shown. For an abnormal tooth, a curve having various shapes, for example, asymmetric profile or multiple peak profile is generated, as shown. Even though the profiles shown are in reference to tooth, the profiles may be generalized to any other objects mentioned above, whether anatomical or industrial or physical. 
     Since buccal loading is the more dangerous type of stress encountered, the ability to correlate test results with actual response when implanted is another aspect of the present invention. In general, occlusal clenching induces relatively low stresses, working and/or nonworking motion may produce side loading and may induce much higher stresses which may generate highest stress concentration at internal surface and below the cementum-enamel margin. Thus, using the system of the present invention may aid in selecting the best material or construction design in or for an implant or a natural tooth. This may also be applied to non-anatomical systems. Additionally, this testing of the structure may continue throughout the lifetime of the structure without any disassembly or destructive processes to monitor the structural integrity of the site over time. 
     Testing of non-anatomical physical may be carried out in a similar manner as for dental structures, and for example, a non-destructive testing of bonds in composite laminates. Bonding composite structures together using adhesives provides many advantages over other joining methods. These advantages include distributing the load over a large bond area, reduced weight, and ability to join dissimilar materials together, higher stiffness and toughness over the bond area and in many cases lower manufacturing cost. However, one of the limitations when using adhesives is the inability to determine non-destructively if the bond joint assembled meets structural requirements using other methods and generally leads to a conservative design approach and applying fasteners through the bond to ensure joint integrity. The system and method of the present invention have the ability to non-destructively detect adhesive ‘kiss’ bonds, where the adhesive shear strength is low due to contamination on the bonding surfaces or improper handling, mixing, or curing of the adhesive, or even from poor surface preparation of molded surfaces where fluorocarbons, silicones, plasticizers, for example, may be introduced from the manufacturing process. These contaminants tend to decrease the contact angle between the adhesive and the bonding surface causing a decrease in shear strength. As a result, the bond that is formed may not be able to carry load as both substrates will in essence be ‘kissing’ one another. The present invention provides nondestructive testing to detect defects in composite structures. For an example, the present invention may be employed to compare two composite laminates where one was bonded following a poor surface preparation technique, while the other was bonded per common standard practices. In an actual experiment, two pre-cured carbon fiber/epoxy matrix laminates 305 mm×305 mm×1.59 mm (12 in.×12 in.×0.0625 in.) were bonded together with a 121° C. (250° F.) cure supported epoxy film adhesive. One specimen had release agent applied in a 152 mm×152 mm (6 in.×6 in.) area in the center of the laminate, which simulated a ‘kiss’ bond while the other bonded laminate had no release agent applied. To ensure the release agent created a poor bond, it was baked onto the laminate surface prior to bonding. Using an energy application tool  110 , such as a tapping rod, the results shown in  FIG.  10   a    show that a kiss bonded (weakly bonded) sample has a different response curve from a well-bonded curve. In bonding structures, the present invention may also be able to detect the difference in the thickness of the bonding agent. Since bonding agents are generally of a viscoelastic material, the thicker the agent layer, the more damping and thus a different response. When a higher mass application tool is used, the heavier or larger objects, for example, may be receiving sufficient energy for optimal results, but the smaller object, for example and without being hound to any particular theory, are being overly stressed, which may result in reduced comfort to a patient undergoing examination, unwanted effects on a delicate object and/or its environment, and/or producing too much disturbance to an object or environment, which may, for example, disrupt the measurement. Thus, the mass of the application tool and/or the amount/intensity of the energy applied may be reduced to account for the comfort level of a patient in a dental setting, the optimal preservation of a delicate object, and/or the least disturbance possible to an object. Thus, the present invention may also include, for example, a kit having a series of varying mass energy application tools for use in different settings or different types of objects. 
     As mentioned above, the present invention provides the ease and speed of application and may be employed to detect and assess microleakage, gross recurrent decay, loose post/build-up, decay in post space, whether tooth is non-restorable, gross decay, near pulp exposure, enamel and dentinal cracks, internal alloy fracture, or even any bioengineering mismatch, any defect that create movement within the structure, and so on in a non-destructive manner. This is also true of industrial or physical structures noted above. 
     Although the invention has been described with respect to specific aspects, embodiments and examples thereof, these are merely illustrative, and not restrictive of the invention. The description herein of illustrated embodiments of the invention, including the description in the Abstract and Summary, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed herein (and in particular, the inclusion of any particular embodiment, feature or function within the Abstract or Summary is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to such embodiment, feature or function). Rather, the description is intended to describe illustrative embodiments, features and functions in order to provide a person of ordinary skill in the art context to understand the invention without limiting the invention to any particularly described embodiment, feature or function, including any such embodiment feature or function described in the Abstract or Summary. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes only, various equivalent modifications are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize and appreciate. As indicated, these modifications may be made to the invention in light of the foregoing description of illustrated embodiments of the invention and are to be included within the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, while the invention has been described herein with reference to particular embodiments thereof, a latitude of modification, various changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, and it will be appreciated that in some instances some features of embodiments of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the invention. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “a specific embodiment” or similar terminology means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment and may not necessarily be present in all embodiments. Thus, respective appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment”, “in an embodiment”, or “in a specific embodiment” or similar terminology in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics of any particular embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner with one or more other embodiments. It is to be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and are to be considered as part of the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of components and/or methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that an embodiment may be able to be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other apparatus, systems, assemblies, methods, components, materials, parts, and/or the like. In other instances, well-known structures, components, systems, materials, or operations are not specifically shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of the invention. While the invention may be illustrated by using a particular embodiment, this is not and does not limit the invention to any particular embodiment and a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional embodiments are readily understandable and are a part of this invention. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, product, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, process, article, or apparatus. 
     Furthermore, the term “or” as used herein is generally intended to mean “and/or” unless otherwise indicated. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). As used herein, including the claims that follow, a term preceded by “a” or “an” (and “the” when antecedent basis is “a” or “an”) includes both singular and plural of such term, unless clearly indicated within the claim otherwise (i.e., that the reference “a” or “an” clearly indicates only the singular or only the plural). Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.