Patent Publication Number: US-2022216017-A1

Title: Smart speaker with sensing through the speaker grille

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/001,615, filed Aug. 24, 2020, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH INTERACTIVE SPEAKER GRILLE,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/147,320, filed Sep. 28, 2018, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH INTERACTIVE SPEAKER GRILLE,” now U.S. Pat. No. 10,755,871, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/572,575, filed Oct. 16, 2017. 
     This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/001,615, filed Aug. 24, 2020, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH INTERACTIVE SPEAKER GRILLE,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/147,320, filed Sep. 28, 2018, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH INTERACTIVE SPEAKER GRILLE,” now U.S. Pat. No. 10,755,871, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/796,977, filed Oct. 30, 2017, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH MULTIFUNCTIONAL FACEPLATE AND DISPLAY,” now U.S. Pat. No.  10 , 090 , 119 , which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/193,012, filed Jun. 25, 2016, titled “SMART SPEAKER WITH MULTIFUNCTIONAL FACEPLATE AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,807,481, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/918,586, filed Oct. 21, 2015, titled “SMART ELECTRICAL SWITCH WITH AUDIO CAPABILITY,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,406,456, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/788,726, filed Jun. 30, 2015, titled “SMART ELECTRICAL SWITCH WITH AUDIO CAPABILITY,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,196,432, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/054,389, filed Sep. 24, 2014, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPERATING A DYNAMIC SUBSET OF HOME AUTOMATION DEVICES.” 
    
    
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to user control of a sound generating system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The proliferation of smartphones has led to consumers increasingly carrying music collections with them. Speaker manufacturers have responded to this market trend by making smaller, portable wireless speakers and wireless multi-room speakers (e.g., Bluetooth portable speakers and multi-room Wi-Fi speakers). As the form factor of wireless speakers shrinks, the proportion of the enclosure occupied by the speaker element (e.g. the speaker cone and electromagnetic driver) has increased. 
     In a related area, a new generation of smart speakers (e.g. the Amazon Echo, the Google Home speaker and the Apple HomePod) combine music streaming with an interface to the World Wide Web and provide user control of smart building automation devices (e.g. smart lighting and smart televisions). User interfaces to smart speakers are an active area of innovation, due in part to the competing requirements for user controls (e.g. buttons and sensors) and large speaker elements in small enclosures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In one example, a sound generating system is provided, comprising a speaker, a housing and a speaker grille. The speaker grille comprises a plurality of openings operable to transmit sound from the speaker. The sound generating system further comprises circuitry coupled to the speaker grille. The speaker grille further comprises a plurality of regions each comprising at least some of the plurality of openings. In response to direct user interaction with a region from the plurality of regions of the speaker grille, the circuitry is configured to generate a corresponding electrical signals, indicative of the region of the speaker grille experiencing direct user interaction. In this way direct user interaction with different regions on the speaker grille can be distinguished, thereby enabling a wide variety of distinct user controls to be disposed on distinct regions of the speaker grille (e.g. increase volume, decrease volume, PAUSE or PLAY). 
     In another embodiment, a smart speaker has an environmental sensing faceplate subassembly located in the path of sound transmission from a speaker component, the subassembly being operable to provide both sound transmission and sensing of the local environment. In another embodiments an environmental sensing faceplate subassembly comprises: a front surface with a grille, a circuit board places in the path of sound transmission from a speaker and an indirect input sensor, wherein the circuit board comprises means that enable the indirect input sensor to sense an aspect of the local environment (e.g. the room where the smart speaker resides) and wherein the circuit board has openings that align with the grille to promote improved sound transmission from the speaker. 
     In particular embodiments, a smart speaker includes a speaker, a housing with a speaker grille portion, a circuit board, and one or more indirect input sensors (e.g. an antenna or a proximity sensor). The grille can comprise a first plurality of openings. The circuit board can reside behind the grille and in front of the speaker (e.g. in the path of sound transmission from the speaker). The circuit board can be a substrate for the one or more indirect input sensors. The circuit board can further comprise a second plurality of openings, at least some of which align with at least some of the openings in the grille, thereby providing sound transmission through the circuit board, while providing improved access for the sensors to the local environment in the vicinity of the smart speaker. Several embodiments enable the region behind the speaker grille to accomplish the dual functions sensing the local environment and sound transmission. For example, an indirect input sensor may detect aspects of the local environment (e.g. hand gestures made by a user, or the location of a person) and activate one more aspects of the smart speaker in response (e.g. illuminate a display). In some embodiments the disclosed invention enables the system to detect when a person is proximal to the smart speaker and activate an aspect of the smart speaker. 
     The techniques described in this specification can be implemented to achieve the following exemplary advantages: The field of view of indirect input sensors can be improved by enabling them to be placed in close proximity to the speaker grille and in some cases in the path of sound transmission from the speaker to the grille. In a related advantage the indirect input sensors can benefit from direct line of site to the local environment in front of the speaker grille through the openings in the grille. In another advantage placement of the indirect input sensors forward of the speaker cone can provide a location with lower electromagnetic interference. In yet another advantage the plurality of openings in the circuit board(s) can act to improve the sensing by conditioning sensor signals from the local environment (e.g. collimating light to a narrow range of angles as it passes through the openings, attenuating particular sound or RF frequencies, forming via holes between two or more layers in circuit board, or forming part of an antenna). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an exemplary diagram of the front faceplate of an electrical switch assembly with audio capability and means for a user to operate two switches in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  is a disassembled view of an electrical switch assembly with audio capability, including a speaker, and a touch sensitive faceplate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating various components of an electrical switch assembly with audio capability in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrates an exemplary front view of a faceplate with a touch sensitive speaker grille and two circuit boards in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIGS. 5A to 5C . illustrates a finger interacting with a target sensor electrode and a neighboring sensor electrode in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an insulating electrical substrate with conductive electrodes designed in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates various elements of an indicator light assembly including insulating electrical substrate with light emitting elements in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate exemplary front views of a faceplate with a speaker grille operable to sense direct user interaction in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary rear view of a faceplate with a touch sensitive speaker grille in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates is a disassembled view of an interactive speaker grille in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates exemplary front views of a faceplate with a speaker grille and solid center section in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow chart diagram that outlines the operation of an electrical switch assembly with audio capability in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a flow chart diagram that outlines the operation of an electrical switch assembly with audio capability and illuminated switch indication in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  is a flow chart diagram that outlines the operation of an interactive speaker grille with audio capability and illuminated grille regions in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  is a flow chart diagram that outlines the operations associated with integrating an electrical switch assembly with audio capability, including a touch sensitive speaker grille. 
         FIG. 16A  illustrates a traditional arrangement of a speaker and a plurality of indirect input sensors. 
         FIGS. 16B and 16C  illustrate a speaker and an environmental sensing faceplate subassembly, in accordance with several embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a smart speaker according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a disassembled view of a smart speaker including a plurality of indirect input sensors located on a circuit board in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 19A, 19B and 19C  illustrate exemplary placement of a circuit board with an indirect input sensor, wherein the circuit board is placed in the path of sound transmission from a speaker to the region in front of the speaker grille, in accordance with several embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a display on a circuit board in the path of sound transmission from a speaker to a region in front of a speaker grille, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  is a flow diagram that outlines the operations associated with integrating environmental sensing into a smart speaker in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates is a disassembled view of a sound generating system with an interactive speaker grille in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS.  1 - 11   
     In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the various implementations of the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that these various implementations of the present invention are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting in any way. Other implementations of the present invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In addition, for clarity purposes, not all of the routine features of the implementations described herein are shown or described. One of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions may be required to achieve specific design objectives. These design objectives will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming but would nevertheless be a routine engineering undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     It is to be appreciated that while one or more implementations are described further herein in the context of a typical building based electrical switch assembly used in a residential home, such as single-family residential home, the scope of the present teachings is not so limited. More generally, electrical switches with audio capability according to one or more of the preferred implementations are applicable for a wide variety of buildings having one or more speakers including, without limitation, duplexes, townhomes, multi-unit apartment buildings, hotels, retail stores, office buildings and industrial buildings. Further it is to be appreciated that an electrical switch with audio capability according to the implementations disclosed could be implemented in ships and airplanes. Further, it is to be appreciated that while the terms user, customer, installer, homeowner, occupant, guest, tenant, landlord, repair person, and the like may be used to refer to the person or persons who are interacting with the speaker or other device or user interface in the context of one or more scenarios described herein, these references are by no means to be considered as limiting the scope of the present teachings with respect to the person or persons who are performing such actions. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the front view of an exemplary wall-mounted electrical switch assembly  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The electrical switch assembly  100  is designed to reside in an electrical junction box (not shown in  FIG. 1 ).  FIG. 1  illustrates a 2-bay switch assembly. A touch sensitive faceplate  105  controls power to two wires  110   a  and  110   b  and thereby controls the operation of two lights  115   a  and  115   b.  Alternative implementations of this disclosure can include other sizes of electrical switch assembly optimized for different sizes of electrical junction box designed to serve different numbers of building-based electrical devices (e.g. Lights, switch operated electrical outlets or garbage disposals). For example, a single bay junction box is common in many bedrooms to accommodate a single light switch, while other locations may have three or four bay junction boxes. Faceplate  105  contains a plurality of openings  120  that form a speaker grille  114 . A substantial portion of the faceplate  105  can be occupied by speaker grille  114  (e.g. 50-100% of the total area of the front surface of faceplate  105 ). Grille  114  protects a speaker (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) located behind the faceplate while enabling effective sound transmission through the openings  120 . The faceplate, and in particular speaker grille  114 , is touch-sensitive, thereby enabling a person  125  to touch portions of the speaker grille  114  to operate lights  115   a  and  115   b.  Speaker grille  114  combines a variety of functions including sound transmission, light switch control, speaker protection and user protection. Aspects of the present disclosure show how to implement touch sensor functionality, while providing sound transmission through a large number of openings in the grille  114 . The touch sensitive speaker grille  114  and faceplate  105  can register binary user commands (e.g. ON/OFF) as well as continuum user input commands (e.g. increase illumination with a dimmer). Elements  130   a,    130   b  and  130   c  are regions of the faceplate that illuminate in order to further facilitate a user  125  with visual feedback. For example elements  130   a  and  130   b  can show the present state of the electrical switches number  1  and number  2  (e.g. ON/OFF/dimmed). In one implementation elements  130   a  and  130   b  are two elongated lines of light indicating the position of two dimmer switches. The user  125  can touch the faceplate  105  and drag the illuminated indication regions  130   a  and  130   b  up or down to a desired location and controlling lights  115  in the process. Faceplate  105  designed in accordance with the present disclosure provides means for visual switch position indication and touch sensitive surfaces while facilitating sound transmission with a large speaker grille portion  114 . In some implementations the touch sensitive speaker grille  114  can provide improved access for sensors positioned behind the faceplate (e.g. passive Infrared, active infrared proximity sensors or temperature sensors) to measure the environment in the region in front of the faceplate  105 . In some implementations sensors located behind the touch-sensitive speaker grille can provide enhanced sensing of a person in the vicinity of the switch assembly and illuminate regions  130   a,    130   b  and  130   c  when a person is nearby. In the implementation illustrated in  FIG. 1  electrical switch assembly  100 , receives wireless signals  135  and can play music or audio messages from a variety of wireless devices  140 , for example a smartphone  140   a,  a tablet PC  140   b  or a media server  140   c.  The media server  140   c  can be an internet gateway (e.g. a home broadband internet router) and transmit internet radio content to electrical switch assembly  100 . 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are disassembled views of an electrical switch assembly including a speaker grille  214  that can sense direct user interaction (e.g. touch or pressure) in accordance with one implementation of the present disclosure. Switch assembly  100  contains a housing  210 . Housing  210  is a mechanical enclosure for components of electrical switch assembly  100 . In one implementation housing  210  provides electrical and mechanical separation for components in electrical switch assembly  100  from the contents (e.g. wires) in an electrical junction box  215 . Housing  210  can contain two or more electrical terminals  290  operable to be attached to building-based wiring. Building based wiring can include wiring within the walls of a building or carried in metallic or plastic tubing for the purpose of electrically connecting switches and service points in the building. Service points can include wall mounted electrical sockets, HVAC equipment, sprinkler components and lighting fixtures in ceilings and walls. Examples of terminals  290  include screw terminal (e.g. those found on many light switches) and wire pigtails (e.g. a length of wire protruding from the housing). Housing  210  may be sized to fit in an electrical junction box  215  of a particular size. For example the two-bay junction box illustrated in  FIG. 1  is approximately 4 inches wide and can accommodate two standard electrical light switches. The exemplary housing  210  in  FIG. 1  is approximately 4 inches wide and 4 inches high and is designed to fit inside the majority of two-bay electrical junction boxes. Housing  210  has forward facing surfaces  217   a  and  217   b.    
     Housing  210  contains a speaker  205  operable to generate sound in the region of the assembly. Speaker  205  functions to emit sound through the grille portion  214  of faceplate  105 . Grille  214  and grille  114  are operable similar exemplary grilles with different shapes. Speaker  205  can be an electromagnetic type speaker with an external or internal electromagnet. In  FIG. 2A  speaker  205  is located centrally in housing  210  and can occupy the position traditionally occupied by one or more mechanical switches. In another aspect of several embodiments the speaker grille is designed to fulfill the function of the electrical switches, including dimmer switches, that would traditionally occupy the space where speaker  205  is placed. Speaker  205  can have mounting features securing it to the housing  210  and in some embodiments an air-tight seal is be formed between speaker  205  and housing  210  that enables further audio quality enhancement. Speaker  205  can have a mounting flange  206  operable to secure the speaker to housing  210 . Mounting flange  206  can have a variety of shapes including square or circular. Speaker  205  has a speaker cone  207  operable to move in the positive and negative Z direction when the electromagnet in the speaker is energized. The cone has a forward facing surface operable to project sound in the Z direction. In one embodiment the electrical switch assembly is designed to fit inside a  1 -bay electrical junction box with dimensions of approximately  2  inches in the Y direction of  FIGS. 2A and 4  inches in the direction of X in  FIG. 2B . In this embodiment the assembly  100  could contain a 3 W 4 ohm speaker with a speaker cone with a diameter of approximately 50 mm. In another embodiment the electrical switch assembly  100  is designed to fit inside a 2-bay electrical junction box with dimensions of approximately 4 inches in the Y direction of  FIG. 2A  and 4 inches in the positive X direction in  FIG. 2B . In this embodiment assembly  100  can contain a larger speaker with a cone of diameter 76 mm. Speaker  205  could be model number 1-530-767-12 from Sony. Speaker  205  can have a similar design to the speaker component used in a portable Bluetooth or Wi-Fi enabled wireless speaker, for example Jawbone Jambox®. In some embodiments electrical switch assembly  100  can include two or more speakers. This is sometimes advantageous when more sound volume is required than can be provided by a single speaker. 
     Electrical switch assembly  100  can contain a faceplate  105  with a front surface including portions  212   a  and  212   b.  The front surface can include a large portion  212   a  in the X-Y plane and can also include the edges of the faceplate  212   b.  The front surface including portions  212   a  and  212   b  provide surface for the user to interact while at the same time faceplate  105  provides electrical isolation, between the user and high voltage components in the switch assembly behind the faceplate. Faceplate  105  can be constructed from a variety of materials including plastics, glass or enamel covered metal or metal. Faceplate  105  can be flat with rounded edges as illustrated in  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B . In other embodiments faceplate  105  can have a curved structure that can provide increased mechanical stiffness, when the front of the faceplate is touched or pressed. Faceplate  105  can contain one or more ribs molded on the interior surfaces to further increase mechanical stiffness. Faceplate  105  can function to conceal the gaps between the enclosure  210  and the electrical junction box  215 . The faceplate provides an aesthetically pleasing front surface for the user to interact with while concealing gaps between paint or drywall interfaces and junction box  215 .  FIG. 2B  illustrates that faceplate  105  contains a plurality of openings  120  that form a speaker grille portion  214  of the faceplate. Openings  120  can have a variety of shapes including circular, diamond, or oval. Speaker grille  214  is designed to transmit sound into the air space in front of the faceplate in a manner so as to provide effective sound to a user in the vicinity of the electrical switch assembly.  FIG. 11  illustrates that speaker grille can be disposed as a complex shape comprising a plurality of openings  120  surround one or more solid sections  1110 . A solid section  1110  could be a decorative surface for a manufacturer to place a logo, hold a button, hold a touch sensitive button or an illuminated element. In the context of this disclosure a speaker grille refers to a portion of the faceplate  105  comprising a plurality of openings operable to transmit sound from a speaker and would not include the solid section  1110  illustrated in  FIG. 11 . In some embodiment the grille comprises several small clusters of openings. In this case the grille can refer to the combined portions of the faceplate covered by the openings. In the absence of molded features, edges or material differences delineating the boundary of the speaker grille  214  portion of faceplate  105 , the grille portion can considered to be bounded by straight lines joining the points on the perimeter of those openings that form the perimeter of a plurality of openings. Faceplate  105  contains one or more regions  240  wherein direct user input (e.g., touching, swiping or pressing) is operable to be sensed by one or more sensor electrodes  255 . For example regions  240   a,    240   b  and  240   c  in  FIG. 2A  are exemplary touch sensitive regions used to control the operation of two electrical switches. In one implementation user input region  240   a  functions as a binary switch to turn off switch number  2 . While the exact mechanism for turning off switch number  2  in response to direct user input is detailed later, it can be appreciated that regions  240  are operable to initiate the process of controlling one or more electrical switches. For example the region  240   c  is operable to receive direct user input and direct user input sensors  330  (in  FIG. 3 ) behind the faceplate can initiate the turn on of switch number  2 . In another example a user input region  240   b  of the faceplate  105  can function to act as analog switch, capable of controlling light  115   a  to have a value within a range of switch values (e.g. from 0 to 100). Examples of analog switches include slider actuators, dimmer switches, rotary dial switches. Physical features on the faceplate can indicate the intended function of a region. For example in  FIG. 2B  switch number  1  and switch number  2  can be separated by a molded feature  225  delineating the boundary between the two switches on the common faceplate. Features  225  can also be deposited on the faceplate using other technologies including printing, etching, painting, overlay or electroplating. User input regions can control a function that is variable and dynamically defined by a computer processor. Region  240   d  illustrate an example of a region that could initiate a plurality of control functions in a speaker application for example changing the volume, selecting a song, playing or pausing music or selecting an input source. In one implementation the function of  240   d  can be defined by the direction or gesture the user makes while touching the region. For example swiping up and down may control light switch functionality, while swiping from left to right may decrease sound volume of the speaker and right to left may increase sound volume. The differentiation of these functions can be provided by the sequence of sensors  330  (in  FIG. 3 ) activated behind the front surface of region  240   d.  The function of region  240   d  can be based in part the prior sequence of regions  240  that the user has interacted with. Illuminated sections of the faceplate  130  can indicate the present functionality of region  240   d.    
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2B  speaker grille  214  occupies a large portion of the faceplate  105 . In this context a large portion can range from 30-100% of the faceplate area. In one aspect of this disclosure user input regions  240  overlap with grille  214 . In some embodiments user input regions can be fully contained within the grille portion of the faceplate. Speaker grilles are common on most speakers, where they provide mechanical protection for the sensitive speaker components while providing a path for sound vibrations to be emitted. 
     Electrical switch faceplates are required to provide electrical insulation between a user and high voltage components (e.g. wires) inside the junction box. In one aspect of the present disclosure electrical switch assembly  100  has a speaker grille  214  made from an electrically insulating material, for example plastic, glass, glass filled plastic, or ceramic. In one embodiment shown in  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  the grille and the surrounding area of the faceplate are made from the same piece of plastic, with the grille comprising a plurality of openings  120  covering the center section of the faceplate. In other embodiments the grille may be different material from the rest of faceplate, for example a plastic grille with an insulated metallic faceplate. The openings can be a wide variety of shapes (e.g. circular, square or elongated slots). A speaker grille is a combination of openings  120  and solid portions between the openings. The arrangement of openings and solid portions often forms a pattern and enhances the aesthetic appeal of the speaker enclosure. The combination of openings  120  and solid support material is designed to achieve competing goals of blocking or filtering objects larger than the grille openings while enabling air and sound waves to pass through the grille. The grille is not a perfect sound transmitter. The solid portions of the grille attenuate or diminish several physical properties such as sound intensity, light intensity and air flow. Sound attenuation can be caused by sound reflected back towards the speaker as it attempts to pass through the grille. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates a circuit board  260  behind the faceplate  105  and placed in front of the speaker  205 . The circuit board has an insulating substrate  262  that functions to hold conductors  254  and sensor electrodes  255  operable to sense direct user input. Conductors  254  can function to carry signals to and from sensor electrodes and can have a large ratio of length to width (e.g. &gt;100). Modern circuit board manufacturing technologies such as photolithography and foil etching can produce conductor features  254  as narrow as 40 micrometers. Electrodes are operable to sense an aspect of a user (e.g., capacitive or resistance changes associated with a user touching the front surface of faceplate  105 . Electrodes can have a larger surface are and smaller aspect ratio than conductors on the same circuit board. Circuit board  260  has a plurality of openings (e.g.  220   a  and  220   b ). Openings  220   a  and  220   b  function to enable sound from the speaker  205  to pass through the substrate. Openings  220  are designed to align with openings  120  in the faceplate so as to not to add to the overall sound attenuation and reflection of the grille. In one implementation opening  220   a  is larger than the corresponding opening  120   a  in the faceplate and can be large enough to cover multiple holes in the front faceplate. In one implementation  220   a  can be larger than the opening  120   a  in the speaker grille. For example openings  220   a  could be a slot encompassing two openings in the faceplate. In some embodiments circuit board  260  can be a rigid circuit board made from layers of fiberglass and epoxy with deposited conductors. In other implementations circuit board  260  is a flexible circuit board. The faceplate  105  with speaker grille  214  can be combined with one or more circuit boards  260  to form an interactive grille. The interactive grille enables the switch assembly to transmit sound while accomplishing the task of switch power to household items. The switching functionality is accomplished by splitting the switching task into two functions sensing and power switching. The interactive grille enables the sensing to take place on the sound transmitting grille while the power switching is accomplished by circuitry located away from the path of sound transmission. Examples of circuitry located away from the path of sound transmission include low voltage switches and high voltage switches located behind the speaker in enclosure  210 . One high voltage switch  280  is illustrated behind the speaker in  FIG. 2A . In the context of this disclosure high voltage refers to voltages with magnitudes greater than 20 volts. Low voltage refers to voltages with magnitudes in the range 0-20 volts. Examples of high voltage switches include electromechanical relays, solid state relays and triacs. A triac is a fast solid state switch often used to implement dimmer switches in buildings. Grille  214  can be larger than the speaker cone  207  extend beyond the speaker in the X-Y plane, thereby providing the benefits of access to the surrounding air to additional sensors in the electrical switch assembly. The speaker cone  207  is defined by the inside perimeter of speaker flange  206 . For example a microphone  268  could be placed in the housing and behind the grille, whereby the interactive grille provides improved sound coupling and therefore improved sound sensing in the vicinity of switch assembly  100 . Similarly, a passive infrared sensor  269  can be placed behind the interactive grille to sense motion in the vicinity of the speaker. Openings in the grille provide enhanced motion sensitivity. In other embodiment some or all of the sensor electrodes  255  can be deposited directly onto the rear surface of the speaker grille using electroplating or conductive inks. It would be known to someone skilled in the art that conductors and electrodes can be deposited on 3-dimensional polymer parts using modern technologies such as Laser Direct Structuring (LDS) or Molded Interconnect Device MID technology. 
     Mounting features  256  on the housing  210  can be connected to corresponding mounting features  222  on the electrical junction box  215 . For example  256  can be an oblong opening in the housing  210  and feature  222  can be a threaded hole. A screw could be used to connect  256  and  222 . This arrangement enables fine adjustment of the orientation of the housing. In some embodiments additional mounting features  257   a - d  are operable to secure faceplate  105  to the housing  210 . In several embodiments mounting features  257   a - d  are load sensors. This enables the faceplate to be attached to the housing in a manner enables the load sensors  257   a - d  to generate sensor signals when the faceplate is touched or pressed. For example mounting features  257   a - d  could be planar beam type load sensors such as those available from Omega Engineering INC, Stamford Conn. In some embodiments there may more or less load sensors than the four shown in  FIG. 2A . In response to a user touching or swiping an area of the faceplate the timing and sequence of load sensors values can be used to determine the area touched and the motion pathway (e.g., swipe in the up direction or down direction) 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary electrical switch assembly  100 , illustrating electrical components used to provide the two functions of sound transmission and electrical switching in accordance with one implementation of the disclosure. Wireless devices  140  can transmit wireless signals  135  to the electrical switch assembly  100 . Switch assembly  100  contains an antenna  305  to receive wireless signals  135 . Antenna  305  can be printed on a circuit board, a discrete stamped metal component or an electroplated feature on a surface. In one embodiment of the disclosure the antenna can be deposited or attached to a subassembly including faceplate  105 . On advantage of attaching or depositing the antenna on the faceplate is that placement of the antenna outside of the metal junction box can improve the antenna range and sensitivity. The antenna is operably coupled to a wireless receiver  306 . Receiver  306  can be operable to receive and demodulate a variety of common wireless audio protocols such as amplitude modulated (AM) or frequency modulated (FM) radio signals (e.g. 88.9-107.7 MHz), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or Apple Airplay®. Receiver  306  can be part of a transceiver module that also includes transmission capability. Receiver  306  transmits demodulated wireless messages  307  to a speaker processor  308 . The speaker process performs operations to convert the digital wireless messages into audio frequencies. These operations can include digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, equalization, error correction, echo cancellation, bass enhancement, or introducing a delay to one or more frequency components. Speaker process  308  and wireless receiver  306  can be integrated into a single module or microchip. For example a Bluetooth wireless speaker can have a single chip receiver and speaker processor. Electrical switch assembly  100  can include an audio amplifier  309 . Amplifier  309  operates to receive audio signals from the speaker processor, to increase the power of these signals and to transmit amplified audio signals  316  to the speaker  205 . Amplifier  309  can be a single chip amplifier or can comprise multiple discrete transistors. Amplifier  309  can be a class A, B, A/B C or D amplifier. Amplifier  309  transmits amplified signals to the speaker. Amplifier  309  can be for a PAM 1803  Class D audio amplifier available from Diode INC, Plano Tex. The amplifier  309 , speaker processor  308 , and receiver  306  can be housed behind the speaker, away from the path of sound transmission. 
     Electrical switch assembly  100  contains a plurality of direct user input sensors  310 . Direct user input sensors operate to sense direct user interaction with user input regions  240  of the faceplate  105 . Examples of direct user interaction include touching or pressing the faceplate. Examples of direct user input sensors include sensor electrodes  255 ,  605   a,    605   b  (shown in  FIG. 6 ) and a load sensors  257   a - d.  Other examples of a direct user input sensor could be a membrane switch such as found on many modern appliances such as a washing machine or stove control panel. Direct user input sensors  310  can operate to sense direct user input based on a variety of standard technologies. Examples of direct user input technology are capacitive touch sensing, resistive touch sensing, surface acoustic wave touch sensing and pressure sensing. In surface acoustic touch sensing a surface acoustic wave is generated on the front surface of the faceplate by one or more transmitters. Aspects of the reflected signals (e.g. arrival time and intensity) are used to sense a user touching the faceplate surface. In response to direct user input, sensors  310  generate direct sensor signals  311   a.  Direct sensor signals  311   a  can be current, voltage, frequency or sound intensity changes associated with user input sensed by one or more direct user input sensors  310 . In some embodiments an electrical connector  315  provides two separable halves that enable electrical connections to be made between conductors  254  and one or more low voltage switches  320 . One half of electrical connector  315  may be disposed on a circuit board  260  and the other side may be disposed inside the housing  210 . When a person attaches circuit board  260  to the housing  210  electrical connector  315  can connect electrical signals between conductors  254  and circuitry in the housing. 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, electrical switch assembly  100  provides the two functions of sound transmission and electrical load control using touch sensitive switches. In this embodiment the grille  214  is a touch sensitive surface while the other circuitry required to accomplish electrical switching function is positioned away from the sound transmission path of one or more centrally located speakers. The exemplary electrical switch assembly  100  illustrated in  FIG. 3  contains a low voltage switches  320 . Other implementations may contain multiple low voltage switches. The switch can be located in housing  210 . The switch can function to convert sensor signals  311   a  and  311   b  into low voltage switch output signals  322 . Low voltage switch  320  can comprise a microchip or microcontroller. Many modern microcontrollers can have dedicated circuitry designed to implement low voltage touch sensitive switches. For example the Texas Instruments MSP430 processor from and the MicroChip DSPic33 processor families have analog-to-digital circuitry operable to implement the functionality of the low voltage switch  320 . In some embodiments this circuitry enables conversion of direct user interaction with a surface (e.g. touching or pressing) into low voltage switch output signals  322 . In some embodiments sensor signals  311  can cause small changes in in the frequency of an oscillating circuit inside the low voltage switch  320 . The processor is operable to measure these frequency changes and control one or more low voltage switch output signals  322  based on frequency changes. This type of frequency measurement is often used to transduce sensor signals from capacitive touch sensors. Several electrodes can be sequentially connected to a frequency measurement circuit inside low voltage switch  320  and switch  320  can identify when the user touches one or more of a large number (e.g. &gt;50) of distinct regions on the faceplate  105 . In other embodiments the low voltage switch  320  can include an analog-to-digital converter operable to sense small changes in voltage from sensors and generate digital values corresponding to the magnitude of sensor signals  311 . A processor in the low voltage switch  320  can have a preset threshold for the change in magnitude or frequency that would correspond to a user touching the faceplate. When the low voltage switch  320  measures a change in frequency or magnitude sufficient to cross this threshold the state of an output pin on the low voltage switch can be changed. The change in state of the output pin can act as a low voltage switch output signal  322 . In other embodiments low voltage switch  320  can include one or more elements designed to increase the output power of a low voltage switch signal. This process is sometimes called “buffering” and can be performed for the purpose of controlling high voltage switches  323 . Examples of components that can perform buffering include power transistors and relays. 
     In some embodiments the low voltage switch  320  can accept a large number of sensor inputs  311  and can produce a large number of low voltage switch output signals  322 , where a large number is for example fifty or more. In this way the low voltage switch can transduce a plurality of sensor inputs into distinct switch output signals. In some embodiments this circuitry enables conversion of direct human interaction with a surface (e.g. touching or pressing) into output voltage signals. In other embodiments the low voltage switch can combine several sensor signals  311   a  and  311   b,  perform one or more calculations using a computer processor in the low voltage switch  320  and generate one or more low voltage switch output signals  322 . For example low voltage switch  320  can receive a direct sensor signal  311   a  when a user touches the multifunctional grille  214  and second sensor signal  311   b  from a motion sensor  269  when a person moves in front of the grille openings. Low voltage switch  320  can contain a processor that can combine direct sensor signals  311   a  and indirect sensor signals  311   b  and generate an output signal. In some embodiments the low voltage switch can perform timing calculations to determine when to generate an output signal. For example electrical switch assembly  100  can receive direct sensor signals  311   a  from the region  240   a  of the faceplate operable to turn off a light  115   a.  About the same time low voltage switch  320  and can receive indirect sensor input  311   b  indicating a person moving in the vicinity of the switch assembly  100 . In response to  311   a  and  311   b  low voltage switch  320  can delay the transition of signal  322  to an OFF state by a few seconds in order to provide light while the person leaves the vicinity. In the context of this disclosure an ON state can be considered as having a voltage with a magnitude that is greater than a sizeable portion (e.g. &gt;20%) of a power supply voltage (e.g. 5V) used to operate a low voltage switch  320 . In the context of this disclosure an OFF state can be considered as having a voltage with a magnitude that is less than a sizeable portion (e.g. &lt;20%) of a power supply voltage used to operate low voltage switch  320 . The power supply voltage can be measured relative to a reference voltage supplied to the low voltage switch, often defined as a ground voltage or 0V. Low voltage switch  320  can include circuitry to operate one or more illumination components  330 . Illumination components  330  can be LEDs or electroluminescent segments, incandescent bulbs or fluorescent bulbs. Illumination components  330  can be switch position indicator lights operable to indicate to a user the output state of one or more high voltage switches  323  or low voltage switch output signals  322 . 
     In other embodiments electrical switch assembly can include one or more illumination components  330 . Illumination components  330  can be operable to illuminate portions  130  of faceplate  105  and can be located on a circuit board located behind the front surface  212  of the faceplate. Connector  315  can also provide a junction for low voltage switch output signals  322   d  from a low voltage switch  320  to illumination components  330 . Low voltage switch  320  can operate illumination components  330  (e.g. switch position indicator lights) in response to sensor signals. For example in response to a user touching a region of the faceplate, low voltage switch  320  can operate illumination components  330  to illuminate sections of the faceplate  130   a  and  130   b  indicating the present state of each of two dimmer switches. In another example a passive infrared sensor (PIR) could sense a person in the vicinity of electrical switch assembly  100  and signal low voltage switch  320  to illuminate regions  130   a  and  130   b  of the faceplate corresponding to the present value of low voltage switch output signals  322   a  and  322   b  (indicating the dimmer output to switch number  1  and ON-OFF position of switch number  2  respectively). 
     Low voltage switch output signals  322  are operable to control high voltage switches (e.g.  323   a ) and other aspects of the electrical switch assembly  100 . Low voltage switch output signals  322  can be voltages in the range of minus 20 volts to plus 20 volts relative to ground in the junction box, the neutral wire or a local ground reference voltage supplied to both the low voltage switch  320  and the high voltage switch  323   a.  In one implementation low voltage switch output signal  322   a  is a pulse width modulated signal (PWM) containing a series of pulses. Pulses contain two or more distinct voltage levels; a high state and a low state voltage. By varying the time proportions of high and low state voltage the PWM voltage waveform voltage switch output signal  322   a  can control the dimmer switch  323   a.  Other low voltage switch output signals  322   b  can operate electromechanical relays  323   b.  Signals  322   b  can supply a current to an electromagnet inside relay  323   b,  thereby creating a low resistance connection between wires  110   b  and  110   d.  In this context a connection with resistance &lt;3 ohms can be considered a low resistance connection. Other low voltage switch output signals  322   c  can be transmitted to the speaker circuitry.  FIG. 3  illustrates low voltage switch output signals  322   c  transmitted to the speaker processor  308 . For example illumination components  330  can be used to indicate the volume of speaker  205  as an illuminated section  130   a  on faceplate  105 . Grille  214  can additionally provide an active region  240   d.  In response to user interaction with  240   d  direct input sensors  330  can generate sensor signals  311   a  and cause low voltage switch  320  to signal speaker processor  308  to change the volume of the speaker. In another implementation low voltage switch output signal  322   b  operates a solid state relay, in which the moving parts of an electromagnetic relay are replaced with power transistors. 
     Electrical switch assembly  100  can contain a variety of other components and circuits. For example switch assembly  100  can contain a rectifier or diode rectifier to convert high voltages to low voltages, a battery to power the speaker or low voltage switches, particularly during a power outage to the building where the switch assembly is located. Electrical switch assembly  100  can contain one or more visual displays operable to be seen through faceplate  105 . 
     In some alternative embodiments amplifier  309  can be contained within speaker processor  308 . In other embodiments speaker processor  308  and low voltage switch  320  can be combined in a general purpose processor that combines the ability to sense user input and generate sound signals using digital-to-analog conversion or pulse width modulation. An example of a processor that could combine the functionality of speaker processor  308  and low voltage switch  320  is the DSPic33 processor family from Microchip Incorporated. In one embodiment of electrical switch assembly  100 , the functionality of one or more touch sensitive regions  240  can be determined by the present state of one or more low voltage switch output signals  322   a  or  322   b.  For example when a user walks into an room where the lights are OFF, low voltage electrical switch  320  can identify that one or more low voltage output signals  322  correspond to the light being in the OFF position and can interpret signals  311   a  from some or all touch regions  240  as indications to turn on the light. In this way the electrical switch assembly can identify direct user interaction and estimate the associated intent based on the output state of one or more electrical switches (e.g.  323   a ). When a person enters a dark room they often reach for the light switch and use the tactile feel of the switch as user feedback. In one example electrical switch assembly could devote sensor signals  311   a  from user interaction with some or all of the surface of the grille to the function of turning on a light in this scenario, thereby alleviating the user from the burden of touching a particular ON location (e.g.  240   c ). In this example an indirect input sensor (e.g., a light level detector) located behind the speaker grille could supply sensor signals  311   b  to a low voltage switch  320 , indicating the light level in the room and enabling the low voltage switch to interpret sensor signals  311   a  from a larger number of direct user input sensors  310  as indication to operate a high voltage switch to turn on a light. In another example, indirect user input sensors  325  (e.g. a PIR sensor or proximity sensor) could sense a person who has entered a dark room and illuminate one or more regions  130  of faceplate  105 . The indirect input sensor can benefit from placement behind the grille  214  with a large density of openings  120  that enhance motion signal intensity. In one aspect the electrical switch assembly can illuminate features  130  with increasing intensity as person gets closer to the faceplate (e.g. as they reach for the switch), thereby avoiding unnecessarily disturbing a person who is moving in the vicinity of the electrical switch assembly and does not intend to operate an aspect of the assembly. Dynamic intensity variation can be controlled in part by sensing a person with a plurality of different sensing technologies. For example a faceplate can glow with a low intensity when a person is sensed on a long range PIR sensor (e.g. with 10 meter range). The faceplate can glow with a higher intensity if the person is subsequently sensed by a shorter range proximity sensor (e.g. active infrared transceiver). 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates several exemplary components of electrical switch assembly  100  designed to enhance audio performance while enabling electrical switch functionality in according with embodiments of this disclosure. Two circuit boards  260  and  460  are positioned behind the faceplate  105 . Circuit board  260  contains a plurality of openings  220  and circuit board  460  contains a plurality of openings  420 . It can be appreciate that the density and shape of openings in the grille  214  can be chosen to fulfill the competing goals of sound transmission and mechanical performance (e.g. electrical isolation and speaker protection). By choosing the size and shape of openings  220  so as not to cover openings  120  with substrate material  262  the sound transmission properties of the faceplate  105  can be preserved. In particular by aligning one or more openings  220  and  420  with the grille openings  120  the sound transmission performance becomes determined primarily by speaker grille  214 . In the context of this disclosure an opening  220  can be considered to “align” with an opening  120  when the placement of  220  is such that the area of the unobstructed opening formed by the overlayed combination of  120  and  220  when viewed along an axis is at least half the area of the corresponding opening  120 . For example  220   a  and  120   a  are considered aligned in  FIG. 2A  because when assembled the area of opening  120   a  and the area of the opening when  120   a  and  220   a  are in an assembled state is essentially equal. Opening  220   a  is made larger than  120   a  to ensure that any small misalignment of circuit board  260  and faceplate  105  following assembly does not cause  220   a  to impede sound transmission from speaker  205 . In another example openings  120   b  and  220   b  and are considered aligned when the electrical switch is assembled. By aligning one or more openings in the faceplate  105  and circuit boards (e.g.  260  and  460 ) the present disclosure enables the circuit boards to add functionality to the grille while transmitting sound from the speaker. For example circuit boards  260  and  460  can provide mounting surfaces to hold touch sensor electrodes, indicator lights, and environmental sensors such as a temperature sensor  480 . In one implementation a connector  315  is used to connect circuit board  460  to one or more low voltage switches  320 . In the context of this disclosure the improved sound transmission as a result of aligning openings in the grille  214  and a circuit board can include, higher volume experienced in the region in front of the grille, decreased reverberation caused by reflected sound from grille  214  and the circuit board and improved audio clarity. 
     Circuit board  260  can be comprised of transparent conductors and a transparent substrate similar (e.g. clear plastic) to the touchscreens on tablet PCs. Transparent elements on circuit board  260  enable light illumination components  330  (e.g. light emitting diodes  470  and electroluminescent regions) on circuit board  460  to illuminate portions (e.g. sections  130 ) of the faceplate. 
     Conductive elements  255  can also be a transparent material such as indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide or silver filled ink. In one implementation an interactive faceplate subassembly  485  is comprised of the faceplate  105  and circuit board  260 . The interactive faceplate subassembly  485  can be attached to the other components of the electrical switch assembly by a user or installer. Interactive faceplate subassembly  485  enables the alignment of one or more openings  120  and openings  220  to be conducted in a controlled manufacturing environment. Interactive faceplate subassembly  485  further facilitates installation by enabling installation of other electrical switch assembly components (e.g., the speaker  205  and housing  210 ) into the junction box  215  prior to installation of the faceplate. This order of installation can help to avoid damaging sensitive sensor electrodes  255  in the interactive faceplate subassembly  485 . In another implementation interactive faceplate subassembly  490  includes an additional circuit board  460  operable to illuminate features on the faceplate. Connector  315  can be disposed on a pigtail or a portion of flexible PCB designed to facilitate connection between the two halves of the connector. Connector  315  could be comprised of exposed connector electrodes at the end of a flexible PCB pigtail. Connector  315  can connect with a corresponding connector in the housing  210 , for example a zero insertion force connector (ZIF) such as those sold by TE Connectivity from Harrisburg Pennsylvania. In other implementations interactive faceplate subassembly  490  has plurality of connectors similar to  315 . Using more than one connector  315  provides redundancy in case a connector pin becomes dirty or damaged. One or more of the connectors can implement a safety interlock, thereby ensuring that portions of the electrical switch assembly  100  are not energized with high voltages until faceplate subassembly is properly secured and the connector  315  is correctly mated. In one embodiment interactive faceplate subassembly  490  has four connectors similar to  315 , with one located at each corner of the faceplate to provide a means to both attach and provide power to subassembly  490 . Interactive faceplate subassembly  490  has several additional advantages. The subassembly can be provided in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes to fit aspects of the wall opening and the user&#39;s preferences. Similarly, the size and pattern of grille member  214  can be varied as well as the color of illuminated sections  130 . In contrast the portion of electrical switch assembly  100  inside the junction box  215  can be standardized and offer less customization.  FIG. 4B  illustrates a crossectional view of the speaker grille subassembly  490  including aligned openings. Speaker  205  is shown for reference. 
       FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  illustrate the basic operating principle of capacitive sensing. A number of standard technologies can be adapted to provide user input sensing in the presence of a large speaker  205  and pluralities of holes  120   220  and  420 . These technologies include capacitive touch sensing (illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B ), and resistive touch sensing, surface acoustic wave touch sensing and load sensing. A finger  505  is placed over a layer of insulating material  510 . A target electrode  515  is disposed behind layer  510 . Electrode  515  has a background capacitive coupling to a ground electrode similar to  495 . When a finger or other object directly interacts with the top surface of layer  510  the capacitance  525  is often increased. The increase in capacitance causes a temporary current to flow in a conductor such as  254  connecting the sensor electrode  255  to a low voltage switch  320 . This current constitutes a direct sensor signal  311   a.    FIG. 5B  also illustrates an advantage of the present design. When a finger touches a conventional capacitive touch sensor, over a target electrode  515 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5A  there is an unintended signal generated at a neighboring electrode  530 . It is desirable to reduce this cross-capacitance signal  535   a  and  535   b.    FIG. 5B  illustrates a capacitive touch sensor in accordance with one implementation of this disclosure. There is an opening  540  in the insulating layer  510  between the target and neighboring electrodes. This opening can be opening  120  in the grille  214 . This opening reduces the cross capacitance  535   b  between the finger  505  and the neighboring electrode  530 . By reducing the undesirable cross-capacitance from  535   a  to  535   b  the present disclosure enables electrodes  515  and  530  to sense more accurately or be placed closer together. In the present disclosure a plurality of holes  120  in the faceplate  105  can cross-capacitance (C 2 &lt;C 1 ), thereby enabling improved special resolution of touch identification. Yet another advantage of the present assembly is illustrated in  FIG. 5C  whereby the target capacitance  530  can be increased by extending target electrode  515  at least some of the way into opening  540 . The extended section is illustrates as the shaded portion  517  of the target electrode in  FIG. 5C . One way to implement this electrode extension is to increase the plating thickness of electrode  515  close to opening  540 . Electrode  515  and  530  are examples of direct user input sensors  310 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary electrode array designed to enable a touch sensitive speaker grille in accordance with one implementation of this disclosure. A variety of sensor electrodes including  255 ,  605   a  and  605   b  are patterned on insulating substrate  262 . Sensor electrodes are operable to sense direct user interaction with a variety of regions  240  of faceplate  105 . The exact layout of sensor electrodes and regions  240  will vary from one implementation to another. Electrode  255  is a discrete sensor electrode designed to identify direct user interaction with a binary input region of the speaker grille.  605   a  and  605   b  are electrodes designed to nest within one another such that a user&#39;s finger is sensed by 2 or more electrodes at most times. Region  610  includes 5 nested electrodes and is used to implement a slider touch function. When a user slides their finger up or down within the dimmer region  240   b  of the faceplate  105  and grille  214 , multiple electrodes in the touch slider electrode region  610  sense the direct user input and send sensor signals  311   a  to the low voltage switch  320 . The low voltage switch can interpolate the sensor signals and estimate the placement of the user&#39;s finger on the touch sensitive region of the faceplate and grille. Circuit board  260  includes a ground electrode  495  that acts as a reference for the other electrodes. Circuit board  260  has a plurality of openings  220  places in accordance with aspects of this disclosure so as to enhance sound transmission. The size and location of openings  220  are chosen to align with openings  120 . Conductors and electrodes can be routed around openings  220  as illustrated at  625 . In some cases one electrode can be connected to multiple conductors  254 . The conductors can be routed in different paths around openings  220  to account for the presence of plurality of openings  220 . A person of skill in the art would appreciate that a dense plurality of openings can be placed on substrate  260  and modern circuit board layout software is well suited to routing conductors and electrodes within the small portion of solid substrate  262  that can remain. Openings  420  and  220  can have a guard ring  630  around the opening, whereby the guard ring is a ring around the opening without electrode material (e.g. copper foil). Guard ring  630  can ensure that a user cannot see or touch the edge of an electrode. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary circuit board  460  designed to illuminate regions  130  of the faceplate  105 . Light can be generated on circuit board  460  using a variety of technologies including light emitting diodes (LEDs) or electroluminescenc (EL). In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7  two emitting diodes  470  are electrically connected between two conductors  254   a  and  254   b. Light emitting diodes  470  can be electrically connected to circuit board  460  while enabling a plurality of openings  420  to align with openings  120  in grille  214 . In this manner the LEDs can be used to illuminate sections of the faceplate  105  while the circuit board  460  does not diminish the sound transmission performance of the electrical switch assembly. 
     Section  710  of circuit board encloses a region operable to produce illumination by a process of electroluminescence. Electroluminescent materials light up when current passes through them. A variety of electroluminescent paint kits are available for circuit board applications, for example the Luxprint® Electroluminescent products from Dupont. Conductors  254   c  are deposited on substrate  460  to define the shape of the electroluminescent region. Conductors  254   c  can have close proximity (e.g. 100 micrometers) thereby enabling intricate conductor shapes to be illuminated. A dielectric layer  725  covers the conductors  254   c.  The dielectric layer has a high electrical resistance relative to the underlying conductor  254   c.  Dielectric layer  725  can comprise a high dielectric constant material such as barium titanate. The dielectric layer can alternatively be a solder mask material deposited on the circuit board  460 . An electroluminescent material  730  covers the dielectric layer. Common electroluminescent materials include phosphor and zinc sulfide. One or more top electrodes  740  covers the electroluminescent layer  730 . In this embodiment the top electrode is a transparent electrode such as ITO on a clear plastic film. Alternating voltage applied to electrodes  740  and  254   c  causes the overlapping regions of the electrodes  740  and  254   c  to be illuminated. In some embodiments electrode  740  is large and covers a substantial portion of the circuit board  460 . The electroluminescent region  710  can be particularly useful for providing a user with visual feedback regarding the state of one or more analog  322   a  outputs from a low voltage switch  320 . For example region  710  can illuminate a dimmer switch position on the faceplate, thereby guiding the user&#39;s finger to touch the region of the faceplate corresponding to the present dimmer location and raise or lower the light level by dragging their finger to a new location. Conductors  254   c  can be closely spaced and can be energized in sequence as the user moves their finger on the faceplate, thereby tracking the user&#39;s finger with illumination from the original dimmer position to the new dimmer level. Electroluminescence can produce complex light patterns, based on the shape of conductors  254   c.  Electroluminescent illuminated regions  710  produce enhanced line edge definition in comparison to LED technology. Conductors  254   c  can be patterned so as to circumvent the openings  420 . In this manner the electroluminescent region  710  can be used to illuminate sections of the faceplate  105  while the circuit board  460  and openings  420  enhance the sound transmission performance of the speaker  205 . 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate two additional embodiments of the faceplate  105  of electrical switch assembly  100 . In  FIG. 8A  molded features (e.g.  805   a  and  805   b ) on the faceplate can indicate touch sensitive areas. The raised areas can occupy a large portion of the faceplate. The size and shape of openings  120  can be designed to enhance sound performance and switch functionality. In  FIG. 8B  a plurality of vertical slots  815   a  are disposed in a touch sensitive faceplate  105 . The openings  815   a  can be designed to produce a characteristic sound and sequence of direct user input sensor signals  311   a  electrode when a user moves their finger in a vertical manner on the dimmer section of the touch sensitive faceplate  105 . In another example, a pattern of horizontal slots  815   b  can be arranged to cover a sensor disposed behind the grille (e.g. a passive infrared sensor  269 ). In this case the openings can be optimized to provide more openings with less space between openings in order to enhance sensitivity of PIR  269  to motion. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary rear view of a faceplate with a touch sensitive speaker grille in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. In this embodiment electrodes  255  and conductors  254  are deposited directly onto the rear surface of the faceplate  105 . Electrodes  255  and conductor  254  can be deposited using a variety of technologies including conductive ink or laser direct structuring LDS or selective plating. Electrodes  255  and conductors  254  are deposited on an interior surface  910  of faceplate  105 . Surface  910  contains a plurality of openings  920   a  and  920   b  that align with openings  120   a  and  120   b  in the front surface of the faceplate, and thereby enhance sound transmission from a speaker that can be placed behind faceplate  105 . An electronic component (e.g. an LED, thermistor or resistor) is attached to the faceplate and electrically connected to conductors  954   a  and  954   b.  This implementation enables one or more electronic components to be disposed on the rear surface of the faceplate while not impeding sound transmission from the speaker  205 . One or more electronic components  930  could be used with electrodes  255  to implement an indicator light that is locally controlled by signals  311   a  generated at touch electrodes  255  and do not need to be processed by low voltage  320  in order to generate illumination control signals. Another advantage of the implementation illustrated in  FIG. 9  is that alignment of the openings  120  in the faceplate and openings  920  in touch electrode substrate can be enabled by a single molding operation. In particular, the step of aligning a separate substrate (e.g.,  260  in  FIG. 2 ) is eliminated. Direct structuring technologies such as LDS are well suited to routing narrow (&lt;100 micrometer) conductors  254  around a plurality of closely spaced openings  920 . 
     Other Embodiments 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an interactive speaker grille in accordance with several aspects of the present disclosure. Interactive speaker grille  1005  is designed to transmit sound from a speaker  205 , and contains portions that are touch sensitive and operable to illuminate distinct features on the speaker grille. Interactive grille  1005  comprises a faceplate  105  and three circuit boards  260 ,  1060  and  460  located behind the faceplate and in front of speaker  205 . 
     Sound transmission is enhanced by aligning a plurality of openings on faceplate  105  and circuit boards  260 , 460  and  1060 . Faceplate  105  has a plurality of openings  120  that form a speaker grille  214 . When assembled, opening  120   a  aligns with openings  220   a    1020   a  and  420   a  and thereby promotes sound transmission from speaker  205  to the area in front of faceplate  105 . It can be appreciated that a large number of the openings comprising speaker grille  214  can be aligned with similar openings on one or more circuit boards to promote sound transmission. The speaker grille  214  contains a plurality of regions  240  in which direct user interaction (e.g., touching or pressing) can be sensed by a plurality of electrodes  255  and  605  disposed behind faceplate.  FIG. 10  illustrate four exemplary regions  240   a,    240   b,    240   c  and  240   d  wherein direct user input is operable to be sensed by one or more sensor electrodes  255 ,  605   a  and  605   b  on circuit board  260 . For example direct use interaction (e.g., touching or pressing) with region  240   c  causes sensor electrode  255  to generate direct user input signals  311   a.  In another example region  240   b  of the faceplate  105  can function to as analog switch. The placement position of a user&#39;s finger within region  240   b  indicates a desired user input value to a low voltage switch  320  within a range of switch values (e.g. from 0 to 100). Region  240   d  is an example of a multipurpose touch sensitive region of speaker grille  214 . Area  240   d  can to control a variety of functions in a speaker application for example changing the volume, selecting a song, playing or pausing music or selecting an input source. The function of region  240   d  can be based in part the prior sequence of regions  240  that the user has interacted with. Illuminated sections of the faceplate, for example  130   c ) can indicate the present functionality of region  240   d.  Circuit board  260  contains a plurality of electrodes  255 , and  605   b  operable to sense direct user interaction with speaker grille  214 . Electrodes  254  carry direct sensor signals  311   a  to a low voltage switch  320 . Electrodes  254  are routed around the plurality of openings  220 . 
     Sections of the interactive grille  1005  can be illuminated by light generating components  470  (e.g. LEDs or organic LED) or electroluminescent sections  710  (illustrated in  FIG. 7 ). Light generating components  470  and electroluminescent sections  710  can be placed on a circuit board  260  with touch electrodes or can be placed on additional circuit boards behind the touch sensor electrodes  255  and  605   b.    FIG. 10  illustrates an LED  470  on circuit board  460  and an electroluminescent section (shown as  710  on  FIG. 7 ). The electroluminescent section  710  contains the electrodes  254   c,  dielectric layer  725  and electroluminescent layer  730  described previously in this disclosure. In the implementation of  FIG. 10  the top electrode  740  is replaced by a plurality of electrodes  1010  disposed on a third circuit board  1060 . This arrangement enables horizontal electrodes  254   c  and vertical electrode  1010  to be operated by signals  322   d  (illustrated in  FIG. 3 ) from a low voltage switch  320  and thereby generate an illuminated region  130   c  on faceplate  105 . Pixel  130   c  on faceplate  105  is above the region where the two electrodes cross. It can be appreciated that similar pixels of light can be generated at a large number of locations where a horizontal and vertical electrode pass over one another. It can be appreciated that the pixels can be disposed around the plurality of openings  120  and can form a variety of patterns operable to convey information to a user. In one implementation multiple illuminated pixels such as  130   c  can display the function of a multipurpose active region  240   d  for example displaying the volume of the speaker. In another example an array of pixels  1030  can display an equalizer, indicating the sound volume of particular frequency bands (e.g. 1000-2000 Hz). Such equalizer displays are common on multispeaker music systems such as the Kenwood GE 100 and provide an aesthetic appealing graphical display for the user. A plurality illuminated regions  130   c  can also generate patterns operable to change shape or intensity in time with the beat of a song. It would be understood by a person of skill in the art that an array of pixels capable of illuminating individual portions of the speaker grille  214 , disposed around a plurality of openings  420   a  and  420   b  can also be implemented by a plurality of discrete light emitting light elements  470 , such as LEDs , organic LEDs, incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps. 
     Electrodes  1010  can be made from a transparent material (e.g. indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide (ATO) or silver ink) and thereby enhance light transmission from electroluminescent layer  730  or discrete illumination devices  705 . In  FIG. 10  direct sensor signals  311   a  are transmitted to low voltage switch  320 . Low voltage switch output signals  322   d  can be transmitted to electrodes  254   a  and  254   b  to control illumination of light emitting elements  470 . Light emitting elements  470  are examples of illumination components  330  in  FIG. 3 . Other low voltage switch output signals  322   d  can be transmitted to electrodes  254   c  and  1010  to control illumination of some or all of electroluminescent region  710  (illustrated in  FIG. 7 ). In general a large number of low voltage switch output signals  322   d  can be used to operate a plurality of illuminated components  330  (e.g. discrete light emitting elements  470  or electroluminescent region  710 ) disposed around a plurality of sound transmitting openings  420   a  and  420   b,  thereby illuminating sections  130  of speaker grille  214 . Direct sensor signals  311   a  can also be used by low voltage switch  320  to generate low voltage switch outputs  322   c  operable to control aspects of a speaker processor  308 . For example a user&#39;s finger can touch region  240   b  of the interactive speaker grille and cause sensors in slider region  610  (illustrated in  FIG. 6 ) to send signals  311  to low voltage switch  320 . The switch can in turn use signals  311   a  to generate low voltage switch output  322   c  indicative of the position of the user&#39;s finger on the volume slider portion of the faceplate. Speaker processor  308  can use signals  322   c  to control the magnitude of signals  316  to the speaker  205 . In one aspect of the present disclosure, low voltage switch  320  can also produce outputs  322   d  operable to control illumination of the section of the faceplate behind  240   d  thereby indicating to the user the volume control value. In  FIG. 10  circuit board  260  and  1060  can be transparent and contain transparent conductors so as to facilitate illumination of distinct portions of the faceplate by illumination components  705  and  710  on circuit board  460 . 
     Interactive speaker grille  1005  can enable touch sensitive and illuminated regions of the speaker grille using one or more circuit boards disposed behind the grille have one or more openings that align with the openings forming the grille.  FIG. 10  illustrates three circuit boards  260 ,  460  and  1060  in part to illustrate the arrangement of components (e.g. LEDs and electrodes) on individual substrates. It can be appreciated the same touch sensing and illumination functionalities can be accomplished by combining the individual circuit boards  260 ,  460  and  1060  into a variety of multiple-layer circuit boards. For example circuit boards  260  and  1060  can be two separate transparent circuit boards or can be combined into one transparent circuit board with touch electrodes  605   a  and  255  disposed on the surface facing the interactive grille  214  and illumination electrodes  1010  disposed on the rear surface facing circuit board  460 . Electroluminescent region  710  can require intimate contact between electrodes  1010  and the electroluminescent (e.g., phosphor) layer  730 . This contact can be accomplished by bonding circuit board  1060  to board  460  in a manner similar to touch sensitive display fabrication. One or more connectors similar to  315  can connect circuit boards  260 , 460  and  1060 . A connector can also be used to connect circuit boards (e.g.  260  or  460 ) to another circuit board positioned behind the X-Y plane formed by the flange  206  of the speaker  205 . Electrodes on boards  260 ,  460  and  1060  can also be connected using wires and solder contacts. 
     The interactive speaker grille  1005  enables a large area of the speaker grille  214  to be functionalized as a control surface and a display surface. In one aspect the speaker grille  214  can be made from an electrically insulating material, thereby enabling the interactive speaker grille to identify user interaction with multiple distinct regions of the grille. A dense plurality of openings  120  can facilitate effect sound transmission. Interactive speaker grille  1005  can devote a large region (e.g. region  240   d ) to speaker controls. As wireless speakers have become more compact the surface area devoted to user controls has decreased. In contrast interactive speaker grille  1005  could devote the whole grille area to controls such as radio station selection, play, pause or skip to the next song. The touch sensitive capability and the illumination functionality can be combined to implement an interactive control. For example many of the speakers on the market do not have enough available area to provide a volume slider and therefore require the user to press a volume button multiple times to increment or decrement volume. This repeated button pushing is tedious and the user is often left without a visual indication of the volume level. Illumination components  330  and low voltage output signals  322   c  can instead produce a visual pattern of illuminated sections  130   c  on the interactive speaker grille that effectively indicate the present volume level. A user can use a corresponding touch sensitive region (e.g.  240   c  or  240   d ) to initiate volume change. Touch functionality and illuminated components can be implemented on circuit boards with a dense plurality of openings arranged so as to enable sound impedance of the interactive speaker grille  1005  in  FIG. 10  is determined primarily by the sound impedance of the grille member  214 . 
     In another embodiment electrical switch assembly  100  can be used to replace the functionality of a mechanical object (e.g., mechanical toggle switch) with which a user associates a characteristic sound (e.g., the “click” sound associated with a light switch or the chime associated with a doorbell). A speaker  205  disposed behind the touch sensitive speaker grille can produce the sound familiar to the user. This embodiment has the advantage that the user receives the sound from the area that is touches (i.e. the speaker grille) and not from another area away from the touch sensitive surface, which would have the potential to confuse a user. For example the electrical switch assembly  100  could produce a familiar click sound when a user touches an area of the grille operable to control an electrical switch. In another example the touch sensitive speaker grille could be used to guide a person towards a touch sensitive surface with audio feedback. For example a person with visual impairment could follow sound emanating from the touch sensitive speaker grille in order find the touch sensitive surface operable to control aspects of the speaker or electrical switches. The sound could vary to indicate that the user if getting closer or further from the interactive speaker grille. 
     Operation—FIGS.  12 - 15   
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating the operation an electrical switch assembly with audio capability in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. At block  1210  the speaker  205  receives audio signals  316  from amplifier  309 . At block  1220  speaker  205  emits sound waves through a pattern of openings in the speaker grille  214  and an aligned pattern of openings in one or more circuit boards (e.g., openings  220  in circuit board  260 ). At block  1230  a user touches a region of the speaker grille portion  214  of the faceplate  105 , wherein the region is operable to be sensed by electrodes on circuit board  260  or functionalized surface  910  disposed behind the front surface of the faceplate. At block  1230  electrodes (e.g.  255 ,  605   a  and  605   b ) generate direct sensor signals  311   a.  At block 1240  sensor signals  311   a  are received by one or more low voltage switches  320 . At block  1240  the low voltage switch processes the signals; determine if the signals meet specific criteria (e.g. touch location, duration, sequence). At block  1250  electrical switch assembly  100  generates one or more low voltage switch output signals  322  and transmits these signals to one or more high voltage switches (e.g. dimmer  323   a  connected to wires  110   a  and  110   c  or relay  323   b  in  FIG. 3 ). At bock 1260  one or more high voltage switches (e.g.  323   a ) operate to control the connection between one or more pairs building-based electrical wires. This operating sequence enables the functionality of a traditional electrical switch to be replicated using a combination of a low voltage switch and a high voltage switch, while devoting the space traditionally occupied by the mechanical switch to a large speaker centrally disposed in the switch housing and operable to project sound waves through a touch sensitive speaker grille. 
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram illustrating additional steps involved in the operation of some alternative embodiments of the electrical switch assembly. 
     At block  1305  electrical switch assembly can receive wireless signals  135  from a variety of wireless sources  140 . System  100  can use a wireless receiver  306 , speaker processor  308  and amplifier  309  to generate audio signals  316 . At block  1325  electrical switch assembly  100  can illuminate regions of the speaker grille using illumination components  330  disposed on a circuit board designed with a plurality of aligned openings, wherein the opening promote sound transmission. At block  1327  electrical switch assembly  100  can optionally guide the user to an active region of the speaker grille using one or more illuminated regions  130 . At block  1345  illumination components  330  can be controlled using low voltage switch output signals  322   d from the low voltage switch processor  320 .    
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating the operation an interactive speaker grille  1005  in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. At block  1410  the speaker  205  receives audio signals  316  from amplifier  309 . At block  1420  speaker  205  emits sound waves through a plurality of openings in the speaker grille  214  and an aligned plurality of openings in one or more circuit boards (e.g., openings  220  in circuit board  260 ). At block  1425  interactive speaker grille  1005  can illuminate regions of the speaker grille using illumination components  330  disposed on a circuit board designed with a plurality of aligned openings, wherein the openings promote sound transmission. At block  1430  a user touches a region of the speaker grille  214 , wherein the region is operable to be sensed by direct user input sensors  310  (e.g. sensor electrode  255 ) on circuit board  260  or functionalized surface  910  disposed behind the front surface of the faceplate. At block  1427  interactive speaker grille  1005  can optionally guide the user to an active region of the speaker grille using one or more illuminated regions  130 . At block  1430  electrodes (e.g.  255 ,  605   a  and  605   b ) generate direct sensor signals  311   a.  At block  1440  sensor signals  311   a  are received by one or more low voltage switches  320 . At block  1440  the low voltage switch processes the signals; determine if the signals meet specific criteria (e.g. touch location, duration, sequence). At block  1445  illumination components  330  can be controlled using low voltage switch output signals  322   d  from the low voltage switch processor  320 . At block  1450  a low voltage switch  320  generates one or more low voltage switch output signals  322   c  and transmits these signals to a speaker processor  308 . At bock  1460  speaker processor  308  controls an aspect of audio signals  316  sent to speaker  205 . 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram outlining the operations associated with integrating audio capability into an electrical switch assembly  100  in accordance with several aspect of the present disclosure. At block  1510  the integration can involve providing a housing  210  including a forward facing portion  217 . At block  1520  the integration can involve providing a speaker  205  disposed inside the housing. At block  1530  the integration can involve providing a faceplate operable to be attached to the housing and to cover the speaker. At block  1540  the integration can involve providing a grille portion of the faceplate having a first plurality of openings for sound generated by the speaker to be transmitted to the region in front of the assembly. At block  1550  the integration can involve providing one or more sensors disposed behind the forward facing surface of the faceplate and operable to sense direct user interaction with one or more regions of the forward facing surface of the faceplate. At block  1560  the integration can involve incorporating a second plurality of openings into the sensor substrate. At block  1570  the integration can involve aligning at least one of the openings in the first and second plurality, so as to promote improved sound transmission through the sensor substrate. At block  1580  the integration can involve providing a low voltage switch operable to process direct sensor signals from one or more of the sensors. At block  1590  the integration can involve providing sensor placement such that one or more of the sensors are operable to sense direct user interaction with the grille portion of the faceplate. 
     Smart Speakers 
     Recent advancements in building automation and multimedia (e.g. streaming video and audio) are inspiring media companies to extend wireless speakers to become bi-directional interfaces to smart building and the World Wide Web. Voice-activated wireless speakers enable a variety of new uses including controlling local building automation devices, appliances, issuing web-requests and accessing remote audio and music content. Many of these new uses rely on automatic speech recognition (ASR) and are enabled by arrays of microphones and voice-recognition algorithms to steer a high gain region or lobe (e.g. beamforming) towards a person speaking in a room. Direct input sensors (e.g. buttons and touch sensitive regions) are common in most wireless speakers. A parallel area of development in smart speakers is the use of indirect input sensors to sense voice commands, gestures, room-layout, person location, person identity and the presence of other smart devices in the local environment (e.g. in the same room or in the same building). Exemplary indirect input sensors can include microphones, antenna arrays, LIDAR or gesture recognizing RADAR and cameras. Exemplary indirect input sensors can use a variety of technologies to sense the local environment including light detection, thermal detection, passive infrared detection, active infrared, ultrasound, sound and capacitive coupling. 
     One challenge is that indirect input sensors compete for space with speaker elements in smart wireless speakers. The size of the speaker element (e.g. the speaker cone and driver) can impede the performance of indirect input sensors. For example, in  FIG. 16A  a speaker  205  and two indirect input sensors  1610   a  and  1610   b  (e.g. a motion sensor) are located on a common substrate  1620 . Speaker  205  comprises a speaker cone  1625  and speaker driver  1630  (e.g. an electromagnet). Indirect input sensor  16010   a  has a total field of view  1640  comprising the set of all angles for which sensor  1610   a  can transduce indirect input into indirect input sensor signals (e.g.  311   b  in  FIG. 3 ). Speaker  205  obstructs a large portion (e.g. portion  1650 ) of the total field of view  1640 . Indirect input sensor  1610   b  can augment the field of view  1640  but nevertheless the presence of speaker  205  considerably complicates sensing aspects of the local environment. In the case of  FIG. 16A  placing the indirect input sensors  1610   a  and  1610   b  behind the plane of the front of the speaker cone (i.e. out of the path of sound transmission) can improve sound quality but can impede sensor performance. 
       FIG. 16B  is a disassembled diagram of an alternative solution including an environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly  1660   a  placed in the sound transmission path (e.g. in front) of speaker  205 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 16B  environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly  1660   a  includes faceplate  1605  with a front surface  1675 . A portion  214  of surface  1675  contains a first plurality of openings forming a speaker grille. Environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly further comprises an indirect input sensor  325  and a circuit board  260 . Circuit board  260  can be a flat circuit board with an insulating substrate, a flexible printed circuit board, a molded 2-D or 3-D polymer substrate with attached conductive elements or plated conductive elements or a ceramic printed circuit board. Faceplate  1605  can be a portion of the outer housing or enclosure of a speaker assembly. Faceplate  1605  can be similar in design and function to faceplate  105 . Circuit board  260  comprises a second plurality of openings in a second surface  1680 . Several opening in the grille portion  214  of the front surface  1675  can align with corresponding openings in the circuit board (e.g.  120   b  can align with  220   b  in surface  1680 ) and thereby promote sound transmission from speaker  205 . Other openings in grille portion  214  of front surface  1675  (e.g.  120   a ) can align with one or more openings in circuit board  260  (e.g. opening  220   a  in surface  1680 ) and thereby enable indirect input sensor  325  to sense an aspect of the local environment. 
     In several embodiments an environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly comprises: an front surface with a first plurality of openings forming a grille, a circuit board places in the path of sound transmission from a speaker and an indirect input sensor, wherein the circuit board comprises means that enable the indirect input sensor to sense an aspect of the environment in the vicinity of the smart speaker and wherein the circuit board has a surface with openings that align with the grille to promote improved sound transmission from the speaker. 
     In another embodiment an environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly comprises: a front surface, contains a first plurality of openings forming a speaker grille, an indirect input sensor disposed on a second surface behind the front surface with a second plurality of openings, and wherein at least one of the openings in the first and second plurality of openings are aligned, thereby promoting improved sound transmission from the speaker. For example the second surface can be the rear surface of faceplate  1605  or the housing of a speaker. The rear surface of faceplate  1605  can be functionalized with conductors and mounting pads for one or more indirect input sensors using the plating techniques and molding techniques simpler to the faceplate in FIG,  9 . In this way one embodiment of the environmental-sensing faceplate substrate can be a faceplate portion of a housing with a plurality of openings extending through a first and second surface on the faceplate such that opening in the first and second surfaces align in the direction of sound transmission. An indirect input sensor can be attached to the faceplate and can be encompassed by at least some of the plurality of openings. 
       FIG. 16C  illustrates an alternative environmental-sensing faceplate assembly  1660   b  in which indirect input sensor  325  is located on circuit board  260 . Exemplary means by which circuit board  260  can enable indirect input sensor  325  (e.g. a light level sensor) to sense the local environment can include: one or more openings (e.g.  220   a  in  FIG. 16B ) to facilitate access to the local environment, a mounting surface for indirect input sensor  325  or one or more electrical connectors (e.g. bond pads  1685 ) on circuit board  260  to transport electrical signals associated with indirect input sensor  325  or conductors (e.g.  254 ) to carry power to indirect input sensor  325  or carry sensor signals from indirect input sensor  325 . 
     In some embodiments of the environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly the indirect input sensor can sense through the material of the faceplate. For example the faceplate  1605  can be made from a material that is transparent to the sensing technology, such as an optically transparent material or an RF transparent polymer. In other embodiments of the environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly the faceplate portion of the housing can be opaque or non-transmitting to the sensing technology. In such embodiments the environmental-sensing faceplate subassembly enables the indirect input sensor (e.g.  325 ) to be aligned with one or more openings (e.g.  120   a ) in the exterior surface of the faceplate (e.g.  120   a  aligning with sensor  325  in  FIG. 16C ). 
     Turning to  FIG. 17 , a smart speaker  1700  can include a circuit board (e.g. curved circuit board  1705 ) in the path of sound transmission from a speaker assembly  1710 . The combination of an array of openings and indirect input sensors on circuit board  1705  provides multiple uses for the space behind the large portion of the speaker housing  1720  often devoted to the speaker grille. The external surface  1730  of housing  1720  contains a first plurality of openings forming a speaker grille. The openings can be grouped to form several portions (e.g.  1715   a  and  1715   b ). Various groups of openings in the plurality of openings can accomplish a variety of different purposes. For examples, a subset of the opening in the grille can accomplish an aesthetic purpose (e.g. defining a shape with the pattern of openings) while another subset of the plurality of openings can serve a functional purpose (e.g. enabling environmental access for different sensors and speakers). In  FIG. 17  a portion  1715   a  of the speaker grille has openings designed to align with openings in circuit board  1705  and thereby promote sound transmission from speakers  205 . A second portion  1715   b  of the speaker grille provides improved access for indirect input sensors  1725   a,    1725   b  and  1725   c  to the local environment (e.g. the region in front of surface  1730 ). 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a disassembled view of smart speaker  1700  including two grille portions  1805   a  and  1805   b  of housing  1720 . In the assembled position several first opening (e.g. opening  120   b ) in the grille portions of the housing align with second openings (e.g.  220   b ) in the circuit board  1705  and thereby promote sound transmission illustrates by path  1810 . The first openings can be in the front (or exterior) surface  1807  of the grille portion  1805   a  of housing  1720  and can align with second openings in a surface  1825  of circuit board  1705 . Circuit board  1705  contains a variety of indirect input sensors (e.g.  1815  encompassed by a plurality of openings, the sensor array comprising  1725   a,    1725   b,    1725   c,  patterned metallic feature  1840 , and  1850 ). Indirect input sensor  1815  can be radar, or LIDAR operable to transmit an energy beam  1820  into the local environment and characterize the placement of objects based on the one or more aspects of reflections from the energy beam  1820  (e.g. time-of-flight, amplitude, phase, dispersion, waveform shape or distortion of the reflections from beam  1820 ). 
     Gesture Recogition 
     One or more indirect input sensors (e.g.  1815 ) can recognize gestures made by a user and thereby control aspects of the smart speaker  1700 . For example, indirect input sensor  1815  can be the Soli 76 Ghz radar system-on-chip available from Infineon Inc. or Milpitas Calif. and can identify hand gestures made by a user  125 . If the radar were placed in a traditional location away from the path of sound transmission it could experience a large radar reflection from the speaker. In the  FIG. 18  placement of the radar chip on circuit board  1705  in front of speaker  205  enables improved access to the local environment. In addition the portion of the housing  1805   a  in front of indirect input sensor  1815  can be modified with openings or an RF transparent polymer to promote radar transmission. Due to the close placement to the housing  1720  only a small portion of housing  1720  need be modified to enhance the entire field of view of the indirect input sensor  1815 . Indirect input sensor  1815  can also be lidar operable to scan a laser beam through the grille or optically transparent portion of housing  1720 . One or more indirect input sensors (e.g.  1815 ) can be an LED or laser based lidar that performs ranging or gesture recognition based on illuminating some or all of the local environment with visible or infrared light. 
     Circuit board  1705  can contain one or more conductors  254 . Patterned conductors can form one or more antennas (e.g. patch antenna  1840 ). The placement of circuit board  1705  between the sound generating elements and the grille enables an array of antennas (e.g.  1840 ) to characterize the direction of incoming RF signals or the relative strength of incoming RF signals from different directions. A plurality of antennas can be placed in the path of sound transmission and utilize more space thereby improving the antenna gain. Indirect input sensor  1850  can be an active ultrasound sensor and can utilize a portion of the grille e.g. opening  120   a  to transmit a signal  1860  into the local environment and sense or characterize the location of people (e.g.  1870 ) or objects. Indirect input sensors  1725   a,    1725   b,  and  1725   c  can be a beamforming microphone array and utilize a portion of the speaker grille (e.g. portion  1715   b  in  FIG. 17  to identify the direction of speech. In one embodiment indirect input sensors can be mounted on an interior surface of housing  1720  in  FIG. 17 . Housing  1720  can comprise the plurality of aligned openings on a first and second surface. In yet another embodiment one or more of the opening in the circuit board  1705  can form part of an indirect input sensor (e.g. part of an antenna) or can form part of a conductive path (e.g. a via hole for a conductor). For example one of the openings in the plurality of openings on the circuit board can be designed to both align with an opening in the grille and can be a plated hole thereby forming part of conductive pathway for current on the circuit board. 
       FIG. 19A  illustrates an embodiment wherein a circuit board  260  with an indirect input sensor  325  is in the path of sound transmission  1940   a  between a speaker  205  to the front surface  1730  of housing  1720 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 19A  speaker  205  generates sound by vibrating in directions  1950  while circuit board  260  is perpendicular to the directions of vibration of the speaker and perpendicular to the direction of sound transmission  1940   a.  Several openings in housing  1720  align with openings in circuit board  260  (e.g. openings  1910  and  1920 ) such that the combined sound impedance of the aligned openings when viewed along the direction of sound transmission is substantially equal to the sound impedance of the grille openings alone. In the embodiment of  FIG. 19A  speaker  205  generates sound by vibrating in direction  1950  while circuit board  260  is perpendicular to the direction of vibration of the speaker and perpendicular to the direction of sound transmission  1940   a.    
       FIG. 19B  and  FIG. 19C  illustrate another embodiment, that is common with bass speakers wherein the path of sound transmission undergoes a direction change between generation in direction  1950  and passing through the grille. Nevertheless, circuit board  260  with an indirect input sensor  325  is in the path of sound transmission  1940   b  from speaker  205  to the front surface  1730  of housing  1720 . 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a related embodiment in which a circuit board  2010  with plurality of openings is positions in the sound transmission path (e.g. in front of the cone) of a speaker  205 . The plurality of openings in the circuit substrate can encompass a display  2020  (e.g. an LCD or an organic LED display). The circuit board is positioned behind a faceplate  2030  that contains a first plurality of openings. Some of the first plurality of openings (e.g. opening  120   b ) align with openings in the circuit board (e.g. opening  220   b ), thereby promoting sound transmission from the speaker  205 . In a traditional display with speakers (e.g. a flat screen TV) the speakers can be mounted at the side of the display. The width of side-positioned speakers determines at least in part ability or effectiveness of the speaker to create low frequency sound waves (e.g. the ability to create deep bass sounds). In this way narrow speakers positioned on either side of the display often have a smaller frequency range than a larger speaker positioned behind the display (as illustrated in  FIG. 20 ). Hence one advantage of arrangement  2000  is to enable lower base tones using a larger speaker positioned behind the display. Circuit board  2010  and in particular the aligned openings (e.g.  120   b  and  220   b ) in the circuit board and the faceplate enable transmission of the speaker sound while displaying images. One area of application for the embodiment of  FIG. 20  is locations where the area for a display is limited while sufficient depth is available to mount the speaker behind the display. Exemplary applications include appliances (e.g. smart thermostats), smart routers and smart light switches where a large (e.g. 4×4 inch) speaker can be mounted behind a display in a 2-bay electrical junction box. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a method  2100  for integrating environmental sensing into a smart speaker. At step  2110  a speaker is provided. The speaker can be part of a speaker assembly such as speaker assembly  1710  in  FIG. 17 . At step  2120  a housing is provided. The housing can comprise several attached parts (e.g. two halves of a clamshell molded housing or a housing similar to  210  with a faceplate similar to  105  in  FIG. 2 ). The housing is provided with a grille portion comprising a first plurality of openings. The grille portion can be a molded array of holes in a portion of the housing or a metal mesh component of the housing. 
     At step  2130  a circuit board is provided with a second plurality of openings. The circuit board can have at least one electronic component disposed on the circuit board. Exemplary electronic components that can be disposed on the circuit board include, an indirect input sensor, a wire, a conductive metallic trace, a resistor, a diode, a capacitor, a inductor, a microchip, a button or an LED. The at least one electronic component can be disposed on the circuit board by mechanically attaching it to the board (e.g. gluing, fastening or insert molding) or electronically connecting it to the circuit board (e.g. soldering, crimping or mating to a connector on the circuit board). 
     At step  2140  the circuit board is positioned in the housing such that at least one of the openings in the second plurality of openings aligns with one or more of the openings in the first plurality of openings, thereby promoting improved sound transmission from the speaker. The positioning at step  2140  can involve placing the circuit board within the housing, in the path of sound transmission. 
     At step  2150  one or more indirect input sensors are provided. At step  2160  means are provided on the circuit board to enable sensing of one or more aspects of the environment in the vicinity of a smart speaker by at least one or the one or more indirect input sensor. Exemplary means include electrical bond pads to attach the indirect input sensor on the circuit board or mechanical attachment (e.g. fastening) features on the circuit board to mechanically connect the direct input sensor to the circuit board. Other means on the circuit board to enabling sensing by the indirect input sensor include one or more opening in the circuit board to enable the indirect input sensor to sense the region beyond the grille, wires or conductors disposed on the circuit board to provide power to the indirect input sensor or carry indirect input sensor signals from the indirect input sensor. Other means on the circuit board include conductors or components that act to gather or condition an input signal from the environment (e.g. antenna elements for a radar chip or a filter network, such as a frequency selective band-pass filter disposed on the circuit board). 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a sound generating system  2200  with an interactive speaker grille. In several embodiments the interactive speaker grille enables user controls to be disposed on the grille portion of an interactive faceplate subassembly, thereby combining the functions of sound transmission and sound system control into the speaker grille. Embodiments provide circuitry operable to control a plurality of functions of the sound system by sensing direct user interaction with distinct regions of the speaker grille. 
     In a simple embodiment a sound generating system comprises a housing  2215  and a speaker  205  located at least partially inside the housing. The sound generating system can further comprises a speaker grille  214 , comprising a plurality of openings (e.g. openings  120   a  and  120   b ) and a plurality of regions on the speaker grille (e.g. regions  240   a - c ), each comprising some of the plurality of openings. The sound generating system can further comprises circuitry  2210  coupled to the speaker grille  214 , configured such that in response to direct user interaction with one of the regions on the speaker grille, the circuitry generates one or more corresponding electrical signals, indicative of the region of the speaker grille experiencing direct user interaction. 
     In several embodiments, circuitry  2210  is configured to identify direct user interaction with any one or more of a plurality of regions of the speaker grille  214  and to generate one or more electrical signals indicative of the region experiencing direct user interaction. For example, faceplate  2235  can contain a speaker grille  214  comprising a plurality of openings. The speaker grille can comprise a plurality of region such as region  240   a  with markings indicating a PAUSE user function or control region  240   b  of the speaker grille with markings indicating a VOLUME user function or control or region  240   c  with markings indicating an ON user function or control. The circuitry can be configured to, in response to direct user interaction with any of the plurality of regions, generate one or more electrical signals indicating the region touched. Hence a large portion of the faceplate, devoted to the speaker grille, can be further used to provide a plurality of distinct user controls. For example, in response to touching the volume region  240   b  of grille  214  the circuitry can generate one or more electrical signals that indicate to the speaker  205  to change the volume. The one or more electrical signals can be direct sensor signals  311   a  (e.g. small electrical sensor signals generated when a user touches a capacitive touch screen) or can be low voltage switch output signals  322   c - e  (e.g. processed electrical signals based in part on direct sensor signals). The one or more electrical signals can indicate the corresponding region of the speaker grille in a variety of manners, such as location or placement of the electrical signals within a parallel bundle of signal wires indicating one or more electrodes associated with a region and associated with particular wires in a bundle are experiencing direct user interaction. Similarly, a serial wire bus (e.g. an SPI or USB bus) can generate one or more electrical signals whose pattern is indicative of direct user interaction with a corresponding region of the speaker grille. The one or more electrical signals indicative of direct user interaction with a region can further indicate aspect of the direct user interaction, such as touch duration, swipe direction, touch pressure, simultaneously touched regions, touch sequence, start, end and intermediate locations within the region. 
     In one aspect, the circuitry can be further configured to, in response to direct user interaction with the at least one of the plurality of regions of the speaker grille control at least one aspect of signals to the speaker or function of the sound generating system using the corresponding electrical signals. For example, in response to sensing direct user interaction with volume region  240   b,  circuitry  2210  (e.g. including a touch sensing circuit outside the path of sound transmission and touch electrodes  255  and  605   b  in the path of sound transmission) can generate electrical signals indicative of both the location in region  240   b  and the length of a users swipe (e.g. 2 inches within the region) and use the electrical signals to a degree of volume change of the sound generating system. Similarly the PAUSE region can be electrically coupled to the circuitry such that in response to direct user interaction with the PAUSE region  240   a  the circuitry generates electrical signals indicative of the user interaction in the PAUSE region. The signals indicative of interaction in the pause region can further cause sound or visual media (e.g. an internet sound stream or an MP3) playing on the sound generating system to pause. 
     Circuitry  2210  can comprise one or more direct user input sensors (e.g.  310  in  FIG. 3 ) such as electrodes e.g.  255  or  605   b,  low voltage switches  320  such as a microcontroller, sensor data acquisition circuitry (e.g. a touch sensing circuit), a speaker codec or processor  308 , a wireless receiver (e.g.  306  in  FIG. 3 ), illumination components such as light emitting diodes  470 , and a memory device  2230  such as a solid state memory chip or RAM or FLASH memory in a microchip. 
     The electrical signals can be indicative of the region experiencing direct user interaction and can control a variety of aspects of the sound generating system. Regions can control sound volume, media selection, media stop/start or sound equalization. In one example, a television or large appliance could have a plurality of smart speakers with interactive grilles and could provide customized tuning for each speaker, using embodiments of the disclosed system with interactive speaker grille. 
     In a related embodiment the circuitry can be configured to generate, in response to direct user interaction with a region form the plurality of regions of the speaker grille, a corresponding set of electrical signals that function to control illuminate components that illuminate the corresponding region of the speaker grille. In some embodiments the circuitry is configured to generated corresponding signals that control distinct illumination of only the region from the plurality of regions that is touched. For example, a grille may have  6  regions each operable to control a different function when touched and the electrical signals corresponding to each region can cause illumination components to illuminate only that region, or to illuminate that region with greater intensity or a different color than other regions, thereby providing visual feedback of the regions touched. 
     In one advantage the disclosed system functionalizes a large surface of the speaker grille. Specific regions can have associated functions indicated with molded or painted visual indicating features such as writing or symbols (e.g. indicating PLAY, PAUSE, VOLUME control functions). Each of a plurality of regions can have features (e.g. symbols, writing, graphics, molded patterns, raised or lowered portions of the grille, delineated regions boundaries) that visually indicate a corresponding function of the sound generating system. Direct user interaction with indicated regions can cause the circuitry to control or perform the corresponding function (e.g. volume or sound input source) of the speaker. For example, a boundary of at least one of the regions can be illustrated on the speaker grille and a symbol within the region can indicate an associate user control or function operable to be controlled or performed by direction user interaction within the region of the grille. 
     Regions on the speaker grille can be non-overlapping such that no locations in either region belong to the other region, adjoining meaning that the regions touch one another. Regions can be non-overlapping and non-adjoining such that there is a buffer region on the speaker grille between the regions. 
     In several embodiments the speaker grille comprises a first plurality of openings e.g.  120   a  in a front surface of the sound generating system; the circuitry comprises a plurality of direct user input sensors located on a second surface behind the front surface, the second surface comprises a second plurality of openings and wherein at least one of the first plurality of openings aligns with at least one of the openings in the second plurality of openings, thereby promoting sound transmission through the second surface. 
     In a related embodiment a sound generating system can comprise an interactive faceplate subassembly  2205 , comprising a front surface with a portion of the front surface containing a plurality of openings forming a speaker grille. The sound generating system can further comprise circuitry at least some of which is coupled to sense direct user interaction with the speaker grille. The circuitry is configured to generate upon sensing direct user interaction with a location on the speaker grille, one or more electrical signals indicative of the location on the speaker grille. Hence, the location experiencing direct user interaction can function as a region from a plurality of regions, operable to cause the circuitry to generate one or more electrical signals indicative of the location. In one aspect, the electrical signals can control illumination components to illuminate a region of the front surface of the interactive faceplate encompassing the location, in response to direct user interaction with the location. 
     In one exemplary embodiment the sound generating device can be a smartphone. The speaker grille can be the portion of the smartphone housing encompassing a first plurality of openings in the path of sound transmission from a speaker element located behind the speaker grille. The grille can have two regions each encompassing some of the openings. The regions can be adjoining and mutually exclusive or overlapping. The smartphone can further comprise first circuitry (e.g. touch sensitive electrodes) disposed behind the speaker grille operable to sense direct user interaction with each of the regions. The smartphone can further comprise second circuitry out of the path of sound transmission that detects direct sensor signals from the first circuitry, detects when a particular region experiences direct user interaction and generates corresponding electrical signals indicative of the region. In one example a small speaker grille comprising a 1 inch wide array of openings can be an interactive speaker grille to control the smartphone volume. The grille can be divided into a number (e.g. two or more) of regions along the width of the speaker grille. The first and second circuitry (collectively the circuitry) can sense the order or sequence in which the regions of the speaker grille experience direct user interaction and thereby sense the direction a user is swiping a finger (e.g. from right-to-left or from left-to-right. For example, the circuitry can increase the smartphone volume in response to a left-to-right swipe and decrease the volume for a right-to-left swipe. 
     While the above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any embodiment, but as exemplifications of various embodiments thereof. Many other ramifications and variations are possible within the teachings of the various embodiments. Thus the scope should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples given. 
     Any of the methods (including user interfaces) described herein may be implemented as software, hardware or firmware, and may be described as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a set of instructions capable of being executed by a processor (e.g., computer, tablet, smartphone, etc.), that when executed by the processor causes the processor to control perform any of the steps, including but not limited to: displaying, communicating with the user, analyzing, modifying parameters (including timing, frequency, intensity, etc.), determining, alerting, or the like. 
     When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature. 
     Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise. 
     Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements (including steps), these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
     Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” means various components can be co-jointly employed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatuses including device and methods). For example, the term “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other elements or steps. 
     In general, any of the apparatuses and methods described herein should be understood to be inclusive, but all or a sub-set of the components and/or steps may alternatively be exclusive, and may be expressed as “consisting of” or alternatively “consisting essentially of” the various components, steps, sub-components or sub-steps. 
     As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/—10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical values given herein should also be understood to include about or approximately that value, unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value “X” is disclosed the “less than or equal to X” as well as “greater than or equal to X” (e.g., where X is a numerical value) is also disclosed. It is also understood that the throughout the application, data is provided in a number of different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. 
     Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of a number of changes may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example, the order in which various described method steps are performed may often be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternative embodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optional features of various device and system embodiments may be included in some embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth in the claims. 
     The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may be utilized and derived there from, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.