Patent Publication Number: US-8982337-B2

Title: Apparatus for determining gauge profile for flat rolled material with laser-based lap counter

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/230,408 filed Jul. 31, 2009. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     REFERENCE TO A MICROFISHE APPENDIX 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to industrial measurement systems and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for determining gauge profiles for rolled materials, including the use of a lap counter employing laser principles. 
     2. Background Art 
     Throughout relatively recent history, a substantial amount of development work has occurred with respect to apparatus and processes for manufacturing, forming and shaping various types of materials, including, for example, metallic materials. One such metallic material in worldwide use is steel. Steel has been used for a substantial part of relatively modern history. Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content often within the range of 0.02% to 2.04% by weight, typically depending on grade. Although carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, various other elements may be used, such as manganese and tungsten. The carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. The amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (e.g. solute element, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility and tensile strength of the resulting steel. 
     Long before even the Renaissance, steel was produced by various and what may be characterized as “inefficient” methods. However, steel use became more common after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th Century. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became what was then a relatively inexpensive mass-produced good. Further refinements in the process (e.g. basic oxygen steel making) lowered cost of production, while increasing metal quality. Today, modern steel is generally identified by various grades of steel defined by various standards organizations. 
     Today, steel and other materials are produced and generated through various apparatus so as to obtain differing sizes and shapes of the resultant products. For example, one known method for forming and shaping steel utilizes a process known as “continuous casting.” This process involves the pouring of liquid steel directly into semi-finished shapes, such as slabs, blooms, blanks, or billets. The continuous casting process typically produces a slab of steel having certain ranges of pigments and width. These slabs are often cut into pieces of varying lengths, dependent upon commercial particulars. In some instances, it is desired to produce a flat, rolled steel strip from such material. To produce such a rolled steel strip, a discreet slab can be reheated, and passed through one or more hot rolling millstands. Such hot rolling procedures can result in reducing the thickness to, for example, approximately 2.5 millimeters. To obtain further reductions in thicknesses, the materials resulting from the hot rolling process can be passed through one or more reducing/finishing cold rolling millstands. 
     Other advancements in technologies associated with the rolling of metallic stock (such as stripped steel or the like) have been made during the last several decades. These advances have applied not only to steel, but to other types of metals. In fact, a substantial amount of research and development has occurred during the past several years with respect to the rolling of non-metallic products, such as plastics and the like. 
     In the rolling of material stock, such as steel, a problem has existed with respect to maintaining a uniform gauge or thickness of the material during the rolling process. Correspondingly, this problem has also been presented with respect to means for measuring the gauge or thickness after the rolling process has been completed. In this regard, it is particularly difficult to obtain gauge measurements when the steel or other materials are in a coiled configuration. For example, certain organizations may operate as steel service centers, which purchase coiled sheet steel from rolling mills. Such service centers may, for example, function so as to slit or otherwise process the coiled sheet material for customers, which may include stampers, roll formers and the like. In the past, it has been substantially difficult to obtain an accurate determination of coil thickness or, what may be characterized as a “gauge profile,” prior to undertaking the slitting or other processes being performed by the service center. However, the slitting of the coiled sheet material cannot be undertaken until after there is a customer allocation for the service center. Accordingly, the service center cannot obtain an accurate gauge profile until after such customer allocation are exposed to substantial monetary risks due to an inability to accurately determine coil thickness prior to processing. These risks are comprised of losses through devalued material, lost machine time, lost freight, customer downtime and subsequent effects. 
     Various systems have been developed and are known in the prior art which are directed to material gauge measurements and facilitating the accuracy thereof. 
     For example, Hold, U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,297 issued Sep. 17, 1985, discloses an apparatus for measuring a thickness profile of steel strip. The apparatus includes a radiation source which is reciprocally movable in a stepwise fashion across the strip width on one side thereof. A single, elongated detector on the other side of the strip is aligned with the scanning source. This detector may be a fluorescent scintillator responsive to the incident radiation. In turn, the incident radiation is dependent on the degree of absorption by the strip. 
     In addition to the foregoing, Hold discloses apparatus for sensing the degree of excitation in the detector, with the sensing occurring in synchronism with the scanning source. This combination is used to provide an output which is considered to be representative of the thickness profile of the steel strip. The profile is then displayed on a television screen. A thickness gauge (disclosed as being “conventional” by Hold), which may involve x-ray technology, is used in conjunction with the profile gauge, so as to compensate the output of the profile gauge for any variations in the strip thickness along the length of the coil. 
     Hold further describes the concept that the current market for hot rolled strip (with the term “strip” being described by Hold as including “sheet” and “plate” steel) requires a relatively smooth and cigar-shaped profile. Hold states that desired profiles have less than 5 microns edge-to-edge thickness differential. In addition, Hold also states that the “crown” should be less than 70 microns. The crown is defined as being the difference between the thickness at the edges of the strip and the center thickness of the strip. It should be noted that Hold is describing thickness measurements occurring as the strip is being rolled. 
     Hold further describes the concept that the measurement information has previously been obtained off-line from contact measurements. However, such off-line measurements only provide what are considered to be “historical” measurements. Prior systems have been used which can be characterized as being “on-line” through the use of a scanning mechanism providing a relatively rapid read-out. In this manner, Hold describes the concept that relatively rapid corrective action may be taken. With the on-line system, measurements are taken across the width by combining the physical traverse of a single radiation source and an associated detector on two limbs of what is characterized as a “C”-frame across the strip. Alternatively, a physical traverse of a single radiation source may be made across the strip with a series of fixed detectors on the other limb, or a series of fixed sources with equal or different fixed detectors. Hold states that movement of the frame is relatively cumbersome, slow and energy consuming. Alternative movements of individual source/detector apparatus in synchronism is characterized by Hold as being relatively complex. Also, with two moving mechanisms, wear and inertia are considered problems. In an embodiment using a series of fixed detectors, measurements can be made only at a number of discrete points, and difficulties may arise in “collection” of the data from these detectors, as well as ensuring that each detector responds to radiation incident only on itself and not on adjacent detectors. 
     In Hold, the radiation source is a radio-isotope (which may be Americium 241) which is driven across the strip width and relatively rapid discrete steps by a pulsed “stepper” motor. Further, a linear array of such sources is disclosed, disposed in the direction of the travel of the strip for purposes of enhancing the output. 
     The detector is considered to be continuous in the sense that it is a single integrated unit. As earlier described, the unit may be a fluorescent plastic scintillator, with a massive number of scintillation particles being embedded in a plastic matrix. Light output from these particles is collected by photomultipliers mounted on each end of the plastic rod. The edge of the strip, utilized as the datum for the trace, is identified by an instantaneous change in the amount of radiation incident on the scintillator, as the source transverses the strip edge. The time-base for the trace (i.e. the x-coordinate) is considered to be governed by the stepper motor at each step, so as to effect the reciprocating scan across the strip. 
     In brief summary, Hold discloses an apparatus for measuring profile thickness which utilizes a radiation source and detector in order to determine the strip profile. This apparatus essentially does a “head-to-tail” representation, by performing linear gamma inspection across the face of the strip at multiple points. It should be noted that Hold requires that the steel strip not be in an coil form. Instead, if the strip had been coiled, the coil needs to be opened up and traverse the measuring apparatus, in order to gather the requisite information. 
     A relatively earlier apparatus for measuring thickness of sheet metal and the like is disclosed in Bendix, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,935,680 issued May 3, 1960. The Bendix device is specifically directed to gauging the thickness of sheets of magnetizable metal. The apparatus includes two equivalent electromagnets, each having a central core and a surrounding pole. A coil is supported on each core, with a common alternating current source for the coils. The source is sufficient so as to cause the sheets under test to be magnetically saturated by the electromagnets during at least a portion of the alternating current cycle. The core and the pole of the first magnet are bridged by a reference sheet of metal, and the core and pole of the second magnet are bridged by the sheet of metal under test. Branch resistance circuits are connected to the alternating source on opposite sides of the coils, and an adjustable resistance unit is connected to the resistance circuits. The adjustable resistance unit is connected to the alternating current source intermediate the coils, and a means for indicating measurements is positioned in series with the adjustable unit. 
     In summary, the apparatus disclosed in Bendix, et al. uses an alternating current, and a process which induces and measures the magnetic field around a charged sheet as the sheet flows into a die. The apparatus essentially measures the timing required for the entering material to become magnetically saturated. The timing is then translated into a thickness measurement. Again, Bendix, et al. requires any material under test to be unrolled and to enter the measurement system one layer or one sheet at a time. Also, it is obvious that in view of their required magnetic characteristics, the Bendix, et al. system is limited to measurement of ferrous materials. 
     Bertin, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,366 issued Nov. 17, 1981 discloses an apparatus and processes for measuring strip thicknesses in a material strip generated as an output from a mill. A radiation source and detector are positioned at a gauging station, with the stream of material moving pass the station. As the material moves pass the station, an electrical signal is generated which varies as a function of the material at the station. The signal includes a lower frequency component, higher frequency cyclical component and higher frequency noise component. A circuit for providing a thickness output varying as a function of the lower frequency component of the signal, and a circuit providing an output indicating chatter varying as a function of the higher frequency cyclical component, are utilized. Bertin, et al. also disclose apparatus for providing both digital and analog versions of their system. 
     In general, Bertin, et al. disclose an apparatus and methods for detecting “chatter” in systems directed to thickness measuring of strip products. More specifically, in processes such as the cold rolling of steel, there may be relatively prolonged regions of high frequency variations in the product. An example is a thickness variation, which is commonly referred to as chatter. A relatively common cause of chatter is a mechanical resonance in the rolling mill, which tends to make the rolls “bounce.” This activity gives rise to a thick (or thin) spot in the steel strip for each bounce. These thickness variations can be considered to be quality defects. More specifically, a primary purpose of the Bertin, et al. system is to collect thickness information so as to detect signs of chatter. The chatter can be characterized as a symptom of the harmonic bouncing of the gauge-reducing rollers which show up in the material as cyclical thickness variations across the length of the material strip. As with certain of the aforedescribed references, the Bertin, et al. apparatus cannot be utilized with material strips, while the strips are in coil form. Also, it appears that Bertin, et al. require that the material strip be in motion relative to the gauging or chatter measuring station. 
     Another relatively early disclosure of an apparatus and method for determining average thicknesses of metallic strip materials from rolling mills is set forth in Deul, Jr., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,356,660 issued Aug. 22, 1944. The patent describes the concept that in the rolling of metallic stock, such as strip steel, it is a problem to measure the thickness of the material during the rolling process, and to obtain some means of determining the thickness throughout the entire width of the traveling strip material. The disclosed measuring apparatus is used while the strip material is being coiled on a reel. A radial reel zone is provided, with a counting apparatus for determining the number of revolutions of the reel corresponding with the predetermined radial thickness of the coil strip defined by the entry and exit of the outer face of the coiled strip on the reel. A synchronistic control is utilized with the counting apparatus which includes an actuating member driven in synchronistic relationship with the reel. Mechanical clutching devices are utilized intermediate the rotatable coil winding reel and the revolution counter, and control apparatus are utilized for synchronizing the starting and stopping of the counting mechanism. The automated control apparatus includes photo-electric control devices, with a series of light beams being generated coincident with the strip surface at the beginning of the radial zone. A second beam is disposed so as to be coincident with the strip surface at the ending of the radial zone. In general, the Deul, Jr. et al. patent reference discloses a method for calculating the average thickness of coiled materials by measuring the elevation of the coil from the mandrel that the materials are being spooled onto, and dividing this measurement by the number of laps. As with other known systems, the Deul, Jr., et al. system is not utilized with the material while it is in coil form, but instead it counts the number of turns a device makes in the coiling process, thus requiring motion. Also, this system essentially “assumes” that the cross section of the coil material is a true rectangle. That is, the system does not take into account the commonly known edge-crown-edge profile which results during manufacture of various types of rolled material strips. 
     As previously described herein, a number of the known, prior art systems for measuring material strip thicknesses must be utilized while the strip is in an “unrolled” or “uncoiled” state. However, as also previously described, for companies such as steel service centers which purchase sheet steel in coiled states, it has been extremely difficult to determine strip gauge. To date, certain processes for estimating gauge ranges are known for use with coils consisting of sheet steel or the like. Some of the known gauge range estimates are created from measurements which consist of the highest and lowest micrometer/caliper readings which are typically taken during a receiving process for the coils on the production floor. Unfortunately, the only portions of the incoming coil which are accessible for purposes of taking these readings essentially comprise the edges and the outside/inside laps of the coil. These areas are inherently considered to be the most erratic and least “representative” areas of the coil. For example, edges of coils typically have a “feather” affect and provide relatively low thickness measurements. Correspondingly, heads and tails of coils are typically high and provide relatively large thickness measurements. These circumstances result in the generation of unreliable data. It is apparent that such unreliable data can result in attempts to apply coils improperly to customer orders. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       The invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a sheet steel coil which may be utilized as a work piece under test with a gauge profile apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration showing a cross section of a coil and the relationship between thicknesses of coil edges and the coil crown; 
         FIG. 3  is a partially diagrammatic and partially block diagram indicating the processes associated with the gauge profile apparatus in accordance with the invention, and the specific input and output parameters utilized by the apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic view of a cross section of a coil under test, and the physical positioning of a gauge profile system utilized with the apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration of the relative positioning of the coil under test with a lap count system which may be utilized with the apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a linear slide which may be utilized with the gauge profile system; 
         FIG. 7  is a graphic illustration of the relationship among power, speed and torque characteristics of a stepper motor which may be utilized with the gauge profile system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a bearing compartment which may be utilized as part of an ultrasonic thickness sensor for the gauge profile system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a plug bearing which may be utilized with the bearing compartment illustrated in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a vertical cross section of the bearing plug illustrated in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a platform and clamping configuration for the sensor utilized with the gauge profile system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a partially elevation and partially diagrammatic view of certain components of the sensor platform and clamping configuration illustrated in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of the interior of the driven sprocket enclosure and associated components which may be utilized with the gauge profile system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a further perspective view of the driven sprocket enclosure illustrated in  FIG. 13 , but showing the enclosure in a state with the cover secured thereon; 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram of certain components associated with the control system for the gauge profile system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a partially perspective view of a stand which may be utilized with a lap count system which, in turn, may be utilized with the gauge profile apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a partially perspective and exploded view of the stand illustrated in  FIG. 16 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a partially diagrammatic and partially functional block diagram of the control system for the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 19  is an image in an original state which was produced from a prototype of the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 20  is an illustration of a partial image acquisition utilizing processes performed by the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 21 , like  FIG. 19 , illustrates an original image of the coil laps as produced by the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 22  is an image of the laps illustrated in  FIG. 21  following an image averaging procedure undertaken by the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a plot of grayscale values obtained by the lap count system in accordance with the invention, along the coil radius; 
         FIG. 24  is an illustration of the frequency characteristics of a low pass filter which may be utilized with the lap count system, for purposes of noise reduction; 
         FIG. 25  is an illustration of averaged grayscale values similar to  FIG. 23 , but with the plot utilizing data filtered through the low pass filter with the characteristics illustrated in  FIG. 24 ; 
         FIG. 26  is a photographic image showing a raw photograph of the coil laps taken through the use of the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 27  is a plot of the average grayscale values along the coil radius generated through the use of a lap count system; 
         FIG. 28  is similar to  FIG. 27 , but illustrates the plot of grayscale values after focusing techniques have been applied to the lap count system in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 29  is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a gauge profile system which may be utilized in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 30  is an exploded view of the gauge profile system illustrated in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 31  is a perspective view of the case assembly of the gauge profile system illustrated in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 32  is a perspective view of the case bottom of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 31 ; 
         FIG. 33  is a perspective view of the case bottom plate of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 31 ; 
         FIG. 34  is a perspective view of the case top plate of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 31 ; 
         FIG. 35  is a partially perspective view of the roundabout of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 36  is a perspective view of a PDA standoff of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 37  is a perspective view of an Olympus standoff of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 38  is a perspective view of the battery bottom clamp of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 39  is a perspective view of a battery top clamp of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 40  is a perspective view of the wand assembly of the case assembly shown in  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 41  is a perspective view of the wand handle of the wand assembly shown in  FIG. 40 ; 
         FIG. 42  is a perspective view of the wand bottom plate of the wand assembly shown in  FIG. 40 ; 
         FIG. 43  is a perspective view of the wand main of the wand assembly shown in  FIG. 40 ; 
         FIG. 44  is a perspective view of the wand cover of the wand assembly shown in  FIG. 40 ; 
         FIG. 45  is a partially schematic and partially diagrammatic illustration of the gauge profile system as utilized with the lap count system; 
         FIG. 46  is a simplified perspective view of the gauge profile system as it may be utilized with the sheet coil; 
         FIG. 47  shows a pair of images of the PDA of the gauge profile system, illustrating a simulated image file and data that will be saved; 
         FIG. 48  is an illustration of the encoder signal structure which may be utilized with the string encoder of the gauge profile system; 
         FIG. 49  is a perspective view of the transducer wand utilized with the gauge profile system; 
         FIG. 50  is an exploded view of the wand assembly for the gauge profile system, showing various components of the wand assembly as previously illustrated in individual illustrations; 
         FIG. 51  is a block diagram illustrating a functional sequence for the serial relay controller; 
         FIG. 52  is a block diagram showing functional steps associated with the encoder count controller; 
         FIG. 53  is a functional state diagram of the software utilized with the PDA for the gauge profile system; 
         FIG. 54  is a state functional block diagram illustrating the “start” state; 
         FIG. 55  is a state functional block diagram illustrating the “add coil” state; 
         FIG. 56  is a state functional block diagram showing the “import coils data file” state; 
         FIG. 57  is a state functional block diagram illustrating the “gauge testing” state; 
         FIG. 58  is a state functional block diagram showing the “data transfer” state; 
         FIG. 59  is a state functional block diagram showing the “process the collected data” state; 
         FIG. 60  is an illustration of an example set of equations which may be utilized with “curve-best-fit” equations for the data collected; 
         FIG. 61  is a pair of perspective views showing a lap count system assembly  600  using laser devices in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 62  illustrates analog voltage outputs from an amplifier using the lap count system assembly  600 , with reflectance from the coil being measured with a CMOS camera, and with the analog voltage outputs indicative of the reflectance; 
         FIG. 63  illustrates distinctions between measurements along a radial line and a non-radial line; 
         FIG. 64  is a table identifying reported thicknesses versus nominal thickness and angle of a radial line from actual tests; 
         FIG. 65  is a perspective view of a linear encoder which can be utilized in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 66  identifies the procedure utilizing the laser output reflectance and the encoder for determining lap thickness; 
         FIG. 67  is a graph illustrating measured reflectance versus distances from an actual test; 
         FIG. 68  is essentially the same graph as  FIG. 67 , but showing the procedure for determining lap thicknesses based on a local minima method; 
         FIG. 69  is a graph (in combination with a large graph) showing reflectance versus distance from actual tests, and illustrating the determination of lap thicknesses based on a midpoint method; 
         FIG. 70  is a graph similar to  FIG. 69 , illustrating reflectance versus distance from an actual test, and further showing a procedure for determining lap thickness based on a curved fitting method; 
         FIG. 71  is an identification of parameters associated with battery power, laser system weight and laser sensitivity; 
         FIG. 72  is a concept block diagram showing the various components associated with the lap count laser system assembly  600 ; 
         FIG. 73  identifies various test parameters associated with a proof of concept test performed using the lap count system assembly; 
         FIG. 74  is a set of tables identifying results from the proof of concept tests utilizing the local minima, midpoint and curve fit methods for determining lap thicknesses; and 
         FIG. 75  is an exploded and perspective view of a lap count system assembly  600  in accordance with the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The principles of the invention will now be described with respect to a lap count system assembly  600  as primarily illustrated in  FIGS. 61-75 . However, as background and to explain the entirety of a gauge profile apparatus which may utilize the system assembly  600  in accordance with the invention, a gauge profile apparatus  100  will first be disclosed herein, and illustrated in  FIGS. 3-28 . Further, a second embodiment of a gauge profile system  400  is also described herein and also illustrated in  FIGS. 29-60 . It should be emphasized that whether the lap count system assembly  600  is used with the gauge profile system  104  or the gauge profile system  400  disclosed herein, the resultant purposes for a gauge profile apparatus in accordance with the invention are the same. 
     The gauge profile apparatus  100  is adapted to be used with flat rolled materials which have been formed into coils. The materials may be sheet steel, other types of metals or other types of materials (such as plastics or the like). The primary purpose of the gauge profile apparatus  100  is to project or otherwise “estimate” the gauge thickness at any point of a coil with a relatively high degree of accuracy. The resultant output from the gauge profile apparatus  100  can be characterized as a three dimensional (“3D”) gauge projection. 
     As previously described in the section entitled “Background Art,” companies such as steel service centers purchased coiled sheet steel from various mills. Service centers, such as the assignee of the current invention, may undertake activities such as slitting the coiled sheet steel for use by various stampers and roll formers. As also earlier described, material can be compromised as a result of an inability to accurately determine coil thickness prior to slitting. Also, problems exist with respect to lost machine time, lost freight, customer downtime and the like. For purposes of describing concepts associated with determination of coil thicknesses, an example embodiment of a sheet coil  10  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . A cross section of the sheet coil  10  is further illustrated in  FIG. 2 . As shown therein, the sheet coil  10  may consist of sheet steel or other materials, as previously described. Parameters associated with the sheet coil  10  are illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and include a series of laps  18 . The outermost lap is shown as the outside lap  12  while the innermost lap is shown as inside lap  14 . The difference in relative positions of the ends of the outside lap  12  and inside lap  14  is shown as the overlap length  16 . The outermost diameter of the coil  10  is identified as the outside diameter  20 , while  FIG. 1  also illustrates the inside diameter  22 . A lap count radius  24  is further shown in  FIG. 1 , and is defined as the radial length between the center point of the sheet coil  10  and the outside lap edge  12 . In turn, the total coil thickness  26  is defined as the thickness of the total number of laps, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Currently, gauge range estimates, when not provided by outside processors of the coiled sheet materials, are typically created from highest and lowest micrometer/caliper readings taken during the receiving process on the production floor. Unfortunately, however, and as apparent from the overall shape and configuration of the sheet coil  10  shown in  FIG. 1 , the only portions of the sheet coil  10  that are accessible for purposes of taking such readings are the edges, outside lap  12  and inside lap  14 . However, these areas of the sheet coil  10  are known to be inherently the most erratic and least representative areas of the sheet coil  10 . More specifically, the edges typically have what can be considered a “feather” effect and are relatively low. In contrast, the “heads” and “tails” of the sheet coil  10  are typically high. Such circumstances generate unreliable data which often results in an attempt to apply sheet coils improperly to customer orders. 
     In this regard, it has been noted that rolls generated at steel mills and the like typically have a slightly concave shape for purposes of controlling the direction of slabs/coils, while performing gauge reduction. The result of the shape is a coil which would typically have the cross section of sheet coil  10  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . It should be emphasized that  FIG. 2  is somewhat of a “exaggerated” cross section for purposes of description. As shown therein, the relative center of the sheet coil  10  has a thickness which is greater than the thickness which exists at its edges. For purposes of description,  FIG. 2  illustrates the sheet coil  10  as having an edge gauge  28 . The thickness portion  30  of the sheet coil  10  is at or near the center of the coil  10 , and is typically referred to as the crown or crown gauge  30 . The actual amount of crown will typically vary from mill to mill and, in fact, even coil to coil. 
     Notwithstanding the foregoing, it has been found that although the gauge of the sheet coil  10  can change from head to tail, the relative thickness between the edge gauges  28  and the crown gauge  30  will remain relatively constant. Accordingly, if the width, weight and length of the sheet coil  10  could be accurately determined, and a relatively accurate profile of the crown  30  could be ascertained, then the gauge at any point of the sheet coil  10  should possibly be able to be projected with a relatively high degree of accuracy. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a partially symbolic and partially functional block diagram of the inputs, outputs and processes performed by the gauge profile apparatus  100 . As previously stated, the ultimate output desired through the use of the gauge profile apparatus  100  in accordance with the invention is an average three-dimensional profile over the length of the sheet coil  10 . Referring specifically to  FIG. 3 , the gauge profile apparatus  100  is shown as having a symbolic boundary  102 . The apparatus  100  essentially comprises two main or primary systems; namely, a gauge profile or cross-section profile system  104  and a lap count system  106 . The symbolic boundaries of the systems  104 ,  106  are illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     The gauge profile or cross section profile system  104  essentially determines the relative distribution of material of the sheet coil  10  for a cross section of the material. As will be described in subsequent paragraphs herein, and in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the gauge profile system  400  utilizes an ultrasonic gauge device for bombarding the sheet coil material with high frequency sound waves. Accordingly, inputs for the gauge profile system  104  are symbolically illustrated in  FIG. 3  as being the sheet coil  10  shown as input  108  and a determined coil sound velocity  110 . The inputs  108 ,  110  are applied to a lap profile measuring device  112 , which effectively measures the outside/inside lap profile. The lap profile measuring device  112  will essentially take the results of the bombardment of the sheet coil  10  with the high frequency sound waves, and translate the timing between the wave reflections or “echoes,” into a distance determination between top and bottom surfaces for the sheet coil  10 . As will be described in subsequent paragraphs herein, the lap profile measuring device  112  or calculations associated therewith are used in conjunction with a linear slide system which allows for the ultrasonic gauge measurement to traverse across the width (shown as width  34  in  FIG. 1 ) of the sheet coil  10 , while simultaneously capturing thickness measurements during traverse. The output of the lap profile measuring device  112  is therefore shown symbolically in  FIG. 3  as the lap profile parameter  114 . 
     As earlier stated, the gauge profile apparatus  100  also includes, in addition to the gauge profile system  104 , a lap count system  106 . The system  106 , and the particular embodiment of the gauge profile apparatus  100  in accordance with the invention, comprises a system using a commercially available ultrasonic distance sensor and camera (with the camera having an internal processor) for purposes of determining the average thickness of the sheet coil  10 . This determination is achieved through the counting of the exact number of laps of the sheet coil  10 , as well as making a determination of the outside diameter of the sheet coil  10  and the inside diameter of the sheet coil  10 . As will be made apparent from subsequent description herein, this information, combined with a measurement of the width  34  of the sheet coil  10 , allows for the volume of the sheet coil  10  to be determined with a substantial amount of relative accuracy. With the volume combined with a weight measurement, a determination of the “average gauge” of the sheet coil  10  may be determined. 
     More specifically, and turning to  FIG. 3 , the illustration shows, somewhat symbolically and somewhat diagrammatically, an input to the lap count system  106  as comprising the coil weight  116 . The coil weight  116  can be determined by any suitable and well known apparatus and procedures. In addition to the coil weight  116 , the material density  118  and the width (shown symbolically in  FIG. 3  as width  120 ) are applied as input parameters to a functional calculation which can be characterized as an average lap gauge calculator  124 . The output of the average lap gauge calculator  124  is a representation of the average lap gauge, shown as lap gauge  126  on an output from the average lap gauge calculator  124 . 
     In addition to the inputs consisting of the coil weight  116 , material density  118  and width  120 , the lap count system  106  also includes, as an input, the overall shape and configuration of the sheet coil  10 . Through the use of the aforedescribed distance sensor and camera, coil dimensions can be obtained, through the devices shown in a symbolic format as the coil dimension calculator  128 . Again, the calculator  128  is merely a symbolic representation and clearly includes input parameters coming from outputs of a distance sensor and camera. 
     The outputs of the coil dimension calculator  128  are illustrated as outputs  130 ,  132 ,  134  and  138 . More specifically, output  130  represents a determination of the outside diameter (previously shown in  FIG. 1  as outside diameter  20  of the sheet coil  10 ). The output  132  consist of the inside diameter (previously identified as the inside diameter  22  in  FIG. 1 ). Correspondingly, output  134  represents the lap count (identified as the number of laps  18  in FIG.  1 ). These output parameters can be determined with relatively high accuracy. Each of these outputs consisting of the outside diameter, inside diameter and lap count are applied as inputs to devices which can calculate the length of the sheet material of the sheet coil  10 . This coil length determination is symbolically shown in  FIG. 3  as being made by the coil length calculator  136 . The output of the coil length calculator  136  is the output shown in  FIG. 3  as coil length parameter  140 . The coil length parameter  140 , in turn, is applied as an input to the previously described average lap gauge calculator  124 . With the information consisting of the coil weight  116 , material density  118 , width  120  and coil length  140 , the average lap gauge calculator  124  can readily determine the average lap gauge  126 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 3 , the gauge profile apparatus  100  applies the output of the lap gauge calculator  124 , consisting of the average lap gauge  126 , as an input to what is referred to in  FIG. 3  as an average 3D profile calculator  142 . Also applied as an input to the profile calculator  142  is the previously described lap profile  114  which comprises the output from the gauge profile system  104 . With the lap profile  114  and average lap gauge  126 , the 3D profile calculator  142  can generate an estimation of the average 3D profile over the entirety of the length of the sheet coil  10 . This is shown as average 3D gauge profile parameter  144 . In addition to the output  144  consisting of the average 3D gauge profile, the gauge profile apparatus  100  can also be utilized to generate a parameter shown in  FIG. 3  as the peak-to-peak distance  138 . These distances can be calculated directly by the coil dimension calculator  128  through the measurement of the parameters of the sheet coil  10 . 
     Physical element description, as well as additional functional description, will now be provided for the gauge profile system  104 , primarily with respect to FIGS.  4  and  7 - 15 .  FIG. 4  illustrates relative positioning of the physical configuration of the gauge profile system  104  on the sheet coil  10 , with the sheet coil  10  shown in partial cross section in  FIG. 4 . With reference thereto, the gauge profile system  104  includes a linear slide, the major components of which are also illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The linear slide  150  includes an end block  152  having a reversal block  153  (see  FIG. 6 ) mounted therein. The linear slide  150  also includes an upper belt arm  154  and a lower belt and slide arm  156 , the arms  154  and  156  being spaced apart and parallel to each other. For purposes of securing the gauge profile system  104  to the sheet coil  10  during measurement procedures, the linear slide  150  also includes an end clamp  158  which clamps the linear slide to one end of the sheet coil  10 . A second clamp identified as adjacent clamp  160 , is utilized to clamp the linear slide  150  to the other edge of the sheet coil  10 . In addition to the foregoing, and consisting of one of the principal elements of the gauge profile system  104 , a thickness sensor  162  is included which is moveably mounted to the lower belt and slide arm  156 . As described earlier herein, the thickness sensor  162  is a commercially available ultrasonic gauge device which will bombard the sheet coil  10  with high frequency sound waves. The timing between wave reflections or echoes can be translated into distance determinations between top and bottom surfaces for the sheet coil  10 . The purpose for the linear slide  150  is to provide a means for permitting traverse of the thickness center  162  across the width of the sheet coil  10 , while capturing thickness measurements during traversal. 
     Mounted to the end of the linear slide  150  is a control box  164 , which contains both mechanical and electronic elements for the gauge profile system  104 . More specifically, the control box  164  can be mounted to the adjacent clamp  160 . Power for the control box  164  can be provided as AC power  166  through a power cord  168 . Further, if desired, signals can be transmitted between a desktop computer or the like (not shown) and the control box  164  through antenna  170 . These signals are illustrated as spatial signals  172  in  FIG. 4 . It should be noted that  FIG. 6  illustrates the linear slide  150  in the absence of the thickness sensor  162 . 
     More specifically with respect to  FIG. 6 , the control box  164  is illustrated with the absence of a control box cover  174 , which is illustrated in  FIG. 14 . As shown primarily with respect to  FIGS. 6 and 13 , the gauge profile system  104  includes a driver belt system  176 , the major components of which are located within the control box  164 . As shown primarily in  FIG. 13 , the driver belt system  176  includes a drive pulley  178  having a stepper motor belt  180  positioned on the pulley  178 . The pulley  178  is attached to a drive axle  182 . 
     With reference now to FIGS.  4 , 6 , 13  and  15 , the internal components of the control box  164  include a stepper motor  184 . The stepper motor  184  can be a commercially available product. For example, a stepper motor which the inventors have found to be operable in testing of an exemplary gauge profile system  104  is one which is utilized for low speed and low torque applications. The motor also should have relatively high accuracy and high resolution characteristics. In this regard, a torque, speed and power graph for a stepper motor  184  which may be utilized in accordance with the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . With further reference primarily to  FIGS. 13 and 15 , the gauge profile system  104 , within the control box  164 , also includes an encoder  186 . The encoder receives signals on symbolic line  200  from the stepper motor  184 . These signals are digitally encoded and applied on symbolic line  202  as input to a microcontroller  188 . The encoder signals applied as digital input signals to the microcontroller  188  on line  202  provide various motor characteristic information, including position information for the microcontroller  188 . In a feedback configuration, the microcontroller  188  also applies digital signals on line  204  as input signals to the stepper motor driver  190 . The physical representation of the stepper motor driver  190  is illustrated in  FIG. 13 , and the symbolic functional representation is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . The digital signals applied from microcontroller  188  on line  204  to the driver  190  essentially comprise control signals for the driver  190  to appropriately operate the stepper motor  184  so as to cause the thickness sensor  162  to traverse the sheet coil  10 . 
     In addition to the foregoing elements, the gauge profile system  104  also includes limit switches  192  which are located outside of the control box  162  and are positioned adjacent the clamps  158  and  160 . The limit switches  192  operate so as to limit traversal of the thickness sensor  162  along the lower belt and slide arm  156 . The limit switches  192  are conventional in nature and commercially available. The limit switches  192 , when actuated by certain positions of the thickness sensor  162 , operate so as to apply digital input signals to the microcontroller  188  on symbolic line  206 . In turn, the microcontroller  188  will be responsive to the digital signals from the limit switches  192  on line  206  to generate appropriate digital signals on symbolic line  204  to the stepper motor driver  190 , so as to control the movement of the stepper motor  184 . 
     In addition to the foregoing elements, the gauge profile system  104 , within the control box  164 , also includes a wireless board  194 . Serial digital signals can be applied in a bidirectional manner between the microcontroller  188  and the wireless board  194  on symbolic lines  208 . For example, the wireless board  194  may include a WiMicro Wireless Ethernet configuration with designation number 802.11. The wireless board  194  can transmit and receive signals on line  210 , which is attached to the antenna  170  for purposes of transmission/reception of spatial signals to a remotely located computer (not shown). 
     As further shown in  FIG. 15 , the microcontroller  188  is appropriately connected to the ultrasonic thickness sensor  162  for purposes of applying and receiving signals on symbolic lines  212 . These signals may be transmitted on lines  212  through RS232 communication interfaces. In this manner, control signals can be applied from the microcontroller  188  to the thickness sensor  162 , while correspondingly, signals indicative of thickness can be generated by the thickness sensor  162  and applied as input signals to the microcontroller  188 . 
     As shown primarily in  FIGS. 8 ,  9  and  10 , the ultrasonic thickness sensor  162  is mounted to a linear bearing  216 , specifically illustrated in  FIG. 8 . The linear bearing  216  is a conventional bearing having a channel  218  longitudinally extending therethrough. A set of bearing plugs  220  are located on each of the four opposing top, bottom and side surfaces of the linear bearing  216 . The bearing  216  is utilized to appropriately move the thickness sensor  162  along the lower belt and side arm  156 . As shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , each of the bearing plugs  220  is configured so as to be threadably received within the surfaces of the linear bearing  216 . The actual bearing plug surfaces  222  provide bearing surfaces against which the lower belt and slide arm  156  will abut during movement of the thickness sensor  162 . The linear bearing  216  and bearing plugs  220  are commercially available and may be obtained, for example, from Frelon. 
     During operation, the thickness sensor  162  is mounted onto a sensor sled  224 , primarily shown in perspective view in  FIG. 11 . With reference thereto, the sensor sled  224  includes the previously described linear bearing  216  having bearing plugs  220  with bearing plug surfaces  222 . Further, the linear bearing  216  includes the channel  218  through which is received the lower belt and slide arm  156 . The sensor sled  224  also includes a lower sled plate  226 , onto which the sensor  162  may be appropriately mounted. The sled plate  226  is secured below the linear bearing  216  through the use of bolts  228 , nuts  230  and a support plate  232  on which is mounted the linear bearing  216 . A clamp  234  is utilized to adjustably secure the linear bearing  216  onto the lower belt and slide arm  156 , with the adjustability being with respect to the “tightness” between the arm  156  and the bearing plugs  220 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates components of the end clamp  158 . With reference thereto, the end clamp  158  includes a stopper sleeve  236 , preferably having a rubber backing on the sleeve  236 . Integral with or otherwise connected to the stopper sleeve  236  is a sleeve bracket  238  positioned below the stopper sleeve  236 . The sleeve bracket  238  has a right-angle configuration as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . The clamp  158  also includes an L-shaped bracket  240 , also preferably having a rubber backing. The stopper sleeve  236  is equipped with a stopper set screw  242  at the upper portion thereof. A second stopper set screw  242  is also positioned at the lower end of the sleeve bracket  238 , and is utilized to adjust the relative positions of the sleeve bracket  238  and the L-shaped bracket  240 . The upper set screw  242  can essentially provide for coarse adjustment, while the lower stopper set screw  242  provides for fine adjustment. 
     A convenient way for transporting the components of the gauge profile system  104  is illustrated in  FIG. 14 . As shown therein, the control box  164  can be enclosed with the cover  174 . If desired, the thickness sensor  162  can be secured to the control box cover  174  through the use of backing, such as Velcro. Also, a lift handle  244  can be provided. 
     The lap count system  106  will now be described in greater detail, primarily with respect to FIGS.  5  and  16 - 18 . With respect first to  FIGS. 5 ,  16  and  17 , the lap count system  106  includes a lap count system support stand  246 . The lap count system support stand  246  includes a lower support  248  consisting of several components. More specifically, the lower support  248  includes a series of four casters  250 . Each of the casters  250  is rotatably secured to a leg support  254  through a clevis  252 , which permits the corresponding caster  250  to rotate relative to the clevis  252 . Connected to or otherwise integral with the leg support  254  at the center point thereof is a vertical leg  256  extending upwardly therefrom. Positioned as desired along the vertical leg  256  is a crank box  258 . The crank box  258  can be operated and is conventionally structured so as to move along the vertical leg  256  through a conventional rack and pinion configuration comprising a conventional pinion gear  266  and rack  267  which is vertically mounted along one side of the vertical leg  256 . The crank box  258  includes a set of three sides  262 . Extending through one of the sides  262  is a conventional crank  260  which, in turn, is connected to the pinion gear  266  through a conventional axle. Mounted to a fourth side of the crank box  258  is a linear slide mounting  264 . The linear slide mounting  264  is connected through pins  268  to the crank box  258  and to a linear slide  280 . As shown primarily in  FIG. 5 , the lap count system  104  also includes a control box  270  which can be positioned in any suitable manner on the lower support  248 . The internal components of the control box  270  will be described in subsequent paragraphs herein. As further shown in  FIG. 5 , power is supplied to the control box  270  as AC power  272  running through power cord  274 . For purposes of wireless communication to a desktop computer or the like, the control box  270  also includes an antenna  276  connected to appropriate components within the control box  270  for transmitting and receiving spatial signals  278  from the computer. 
     The linear slide  280  is extremely similar in structure and configuration to the previously described linear slide associated with the gauge profile system  104 . More specifically, the linear slide  280  includes a stepper motor  282  which can be utilized for purposes of moving a set of sensing equipment  284  along slide arm  286 . The sensing equipment  284 , as previously described herein, includes a distance sensor  288  and camera  290 . For purposes of insuring adequate illumination, a set of lights  292  is also included with the sensing equipment  284 . With the foregoing configuration, the sensing equipment  284  can be moved vertically along the slide arm  286  in accordance with the functional operation of the motor  282 . 
       FIG. 18  is a functional and partially diagrammatic illustration of the various components of the lap count system  106 . With reference thereto, the control box  270  is shown as including a micro-controller  294  which can be similar to the micro-controller previously described with respect to the gauge profile system  104 . Bidirectional lines  296 , comprising what may be RS232 and RS485 interfaces can be utilized to transmit digital power signals to a servo amplifier  298 , and to transmit and receive bidirectional signals in the form of control signals. The servo amplifer  298  is utilized to control the motor and encoder  282 . The motor  282  is controlled through the servo amplifier  298 , and encoding signals can be transmitted bidirectionally on lines  300  between the encoder  282  and the servo amplifier  298 . 
     As previously described, the lap count system  106  includes the ultrasonic distance sensor  288 . The distance sensor  288  is controlled by the micro-controller  294  through analog signals transmitted as input signals to the sensor  288  on lines  302 . Lines  302  are bidirectional in that signals can also be transmitted back to micro-controller  294 , indicative of the distance sensed by the sensor  288 . 
     In addition to the foregoing, and as also previously described, the lap count system  106  includes a DVT area scan camera  290 . The scan camera  290  is also under control of the micro-controller  294  through signals transmitted as digital power signals on line  304 . Lines  304  are bidirectional and image signals can be transmitted back to the micro-controller  294  on lines  304 . 
     The lap count system  106  can also include a wireless router  306  which is commercially available and conventional in nature. The wireless router can transmit and receive signals on an Ethernet basis to and from the micro-controller  294 . In addition, signals can be transmitted from the router  306  and received by the router  306  to and from the antenna  276 . These signals would initially be in the form of spatial signals  278  transmitted to or received from a remote computer (not shown). In addition to the foregoing, signals can also be transmitted to and from the router  306  on lines  310  with respect to the camera  290 . Finally, the control box  270  includes a power supply  312 . With this configuration, and with the functional operation of the lap count system  106  as previously described herein, the average thickness of a coil can be computed by counting the exact number of laps of the coil, as well as the inside and outside diameters of the coil. With this information combined with a width measurement, the volume of the coil can be determined. With the volume combined with a weight measurement, the average gauge of the coil can also be determined. In accordance with all of the foregoing, and as shown in the drawings, a three-dimensional gauge projection can be provided through the use of the gauge profile system  104  and the lap count system  106 . 
     If desired, and in accordance with certain concepts of the invention, it is possible to utilize a processing algorithm with respect to the images sensed by the camera  290 . This is directed in substantial part to detect the number of laps with as much accuracy as possible. For purposes of detecting the laps, the algorithm will look at the changes in light intensity across the width of the image produced by the camera  290 . Because of the vertical symmetry in the image, such information can be taken from a relatively small horizontal window. This fact allows an algorithm to take advantage of the camera&#39;s partial image acquisition. That is, using partial image acquisition, the camera  290  can capture and process a small portion of the image. This reduces the amount of data that must be stored in memory and processed, which decreases the time required to process each image. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates an original image of the lap count as produced by the camera  290 . Correspondingly,  FIG. 20  illustrates the partial image acquisition process. Once the partial image has been captured, it can be averaged along the columns (the columns representing the laps) to produce a single roll of pixels representative of the changes in light intensity across the image. An example of such averaging is illustrated in  FIG. 22 , which shows the result of the vertically averaged image from the original image illustrated in  FIG. 21 . 
     In this regard, each pixel is represented by an 8-bit grayscale value, where zero represents black and 255 represents white.  FIG. 23  illustrates a plot of the grayscale values along the length of the averaged image. Each lap is visible as a peak in the graph. The low areas in the graph are caused by the dark regions between the laps, and the high areas are caused by the bright edges of the laps. 
     The peaks, however, would be difficult to detect because of the noise caused by imperfections in the surface of the sheet coil  10  and non-ideal lighting. In order to reduce the noise in the signal, a low pass filter, conventional in nature, may be applied to the data. The frequency component of the signal, along with the low pass filter result, is shown in  FIG. 24 . 
     The filtered data is illustrated in  FIG. 25 . As shown therein, the noise in the signal has been greatly reduced, and the peaks can be easily counted with a set threshold. Also, the location of each peak can be found relative to the edge of the frame. It is important to note that the filter may introduce a phase shift. However, because a finite impulse response filter is used, the phase shift will be linear. Accordingly, the filter will only create a delay in the signal, for which compensation can be easily applied. 
     The camera can then transmit the peak locations within the image to the computer. In a physically realized experiment, the in-dash camera processing algorithm was implemented on the Cognex 535 area scan camera using the DVT Intellect software. The operation of the algorithm was verified, in addition to the camera&#39;s communications. Also, a preprocessing step was added, which increased the contrast of the image. The camera was capable of executing the entire algorithm from image acquisition to data output at a rate greater than 40 Hz. This exceeds the desired 30 Hz. 
     With respect to post-camera processing, as the camera moves along the side of the coil  10 , it will transmit the peak location to the computer. The computer will track the peaks as they move through the field of view. As the peaks exit the frame, the computer will increment a count. After traversing the entire side of the coil, this count will be equal to the total number of laps in the coil. 
     It has been found that in order for the computer to track the laps, the camera must capture frames at a rate of at least twice the rate at which the laps move through the frame. Because the frame rate is fixed, the vertical velocity should be adjusted, depending upon the gauge of the coil to guarantee that enough samples are taken to properly represent the laps. 
     In addition to the camera algorithm, focus testing can also be implemented. That is, any changes in the distance between the coil sidewall and the camera may affect the focus of the captured image. Depending upon the lens, lighting and shutter speed, the camera will be able to focus at a set distance away, within a set focal range. However, if the coil sidewall moves out of range during a test, captured images may become blurry. To determine focus capability, a damaged coil was photographed over the damaged region. The resulting image is illustrated in  FIG. 26 . As shown therein, the left-most portion of the image is in focus. However, the right side of the image is out of focus because the damaged laps have been pushed toward the camera. An algorithm was then applied, with the results shown in  FIGS. 27 and 28 . Specifically, it was shown that the algorithm was able to successfully count the laps, even though certain of the laps were out of focus. In the unfiltered averaged data, the left-hand side of the image that was in focus had a relatively greater high frequency content. The right-hand side that was out of focus had much less high frequency content, and was smoother. However, even with the loss of this data, the algorithm can easily identify out-of-focus laps. 
     As earlier stated, the gauge profile apparatus in accordance with the invention can use a gauge profile system distinguishable from the gauge profile system  104 . A second embodiment of a gauge profile system in accordance with the invention is described herein as gauge profile system  400  and is illustrated in  FIGS. 29-60 . Again, it should be emphasized that the resultant functions and purposes of a gauge profile apparatus utilizing the gauge profile system  400  is the same as a gauge profile apparatus using the gauge profile system  104 . 
     From the prior description, it is apparent that although the gauge profile system  104  provides significant advantages over the prior art, the gauge profile system  104  is somewhat complex and is difficult to be handled by only one person. Unfortunately, steel companies will often only have one person taking care of receiving of steel coils. Further, as occurs with any mechanical invention, the greater the number of moving parts, the higher the probability of maintenance and repair necessities. Also, the track system utilized with the gauge profile system  104 , as a result of its elongated configuration, may be damaged within the types of environments which exist in steel warehouses. 
     As described in subsequent paragraphs herein, the embodiment of the gauge profile system  400  provides a production-ready and hand-held measuring device capable of measuring variations of the thickness of the top layer of a steel coil from one edge to the opposite edge, as well as the position from the leading edge of the coil that each measurement is taken. The gauge profile system  400  provides for a relatively high precision in terms of measuring thickness, while also providing a relatively wide range. In addition, linear position measurements are also provided with a relatively high precision, and with a relatively wide range. Of particular significance, the gauge profile system  400  as used for measuring the sheet coil  10  is preferably handled and relatively easy to operate by one person. Also, the measuring process should preferably take less time than known methods of measurement in the prior art. Also, it is advantageous if the gauge profile apparatus is able to store or upload measurements for further analysis. Still further, and again with respect to the types of environments which exist in steel warehouses, it is preferable for the device to be able to operate in a relatively severe environment, including temperatures which may reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition, it is advantageous if the gauge profile system being used is capable of interfacing with a computer or network so as to download daily receiving schedules, as well as upload measurement data. 
     These and other advantages are provided by the gauge profile system  400  illustrated in  FIGS. 29-60 . A perspective view of the entirety of the profile system  400  is illustrated in  FIG. 29 . An exploded view of the case assembly for the profile system  400  is illustrated in  FIG. 30  and individual component parts are illustrated in  FIGS. 31-44 . The physically realized prototype has a weight of approximately 6.4 lbs. Power is provided by a PDA battery, while an embedded device of the system is powered from 4 rechargeable AA batteries. The system is capable of at least 30 minutes of continuous use, and employs an access door for fast battery charges. 
     Measurement thickness tolerances are in the range of 0.0001 inches, while linear position resolution is 0.0169 inches, or 60 counts per inch. The range for material thickness is 0.01 to 0.75 inches. The linear position range is 0.25 to 82 inches. Further, in accordance with the physically realized embodiment, internal memory for a PDA was 192 MB ROM. An external memory with SD for back up was also provided. Storage on a network was provided through a PDA WiFi. 
     With respect to the user interface, a graphical user interface with an LCD display was used. Button-type enabling switches were utilized for various software functions. If desired, a software keypad can also be provided on the PDA screen, for purposes of identifying sheet coils. With respect to other specifications, all tolerances were met with an environment of up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Drop resistance was provided for up to 4 feet. In addition, the system  400  is preferably splash resistant. 
     Turning specifically to  FIGS. 29-44 , the gauge profile system  400  has a configuration as particularly shown in  FIGS. 29 and 31 , in perspective view. The gauge profile system  400  includes a case cover  402  for protecting instrumentation within the severe environment. A PDA  404  is provided, which can be conventional and commercially available. An ultrasonic test  406  is also provided. The entirety of the profile system  400  or case assembly  400  also includes a rectangular-shaped top plate  408 , with a cleat  410 . A control board  412  is also provided, with electronics associated with the controller residing thereon. The profile system  400  also includes the wand handle  414 . In addition to the foregoing, strain relief is provided by the strain relief device  416 . Two power switches are provided, identified as power switches  418  and  424 . 
     As earlier stated, the profile system  400  can be powered in part by internal batteries. The batteries are held through a top battery clamp  420  and a bottom battery clamp  426 . In addition, for purposes of charging, a PDA charge connector  422  is also provided. For purposes of indicating proper operation, a power indicator light  428  is additionally provided. 
     With respect to the strain relief  416 , a roundabout  430  is also provided and secured to the strain relief device  416 . As described in subsequent paragraphs herein, the gauge profile system  400  also includes a string encoder  432 . 
     In addition to the previously described elements, the profile system  400  also includes a back plate  434 . Magnets  438  are provided for purposes of releasably securing the profile system  400  to a stand or the like, while not in use. Also, the magnets  438  provide for a means of releasably securing the profile system  400  to the sheet coil  10  to be measured, during operation. 
     The entirety of the profile system  400  or case assembly  400  is also shown in  FIG. 31 .  FIG. 32  illustrates the case bottom  436 . Correspondingly,  FIG. 33  illustrates, in perspective format, the case bottom plate  440 . The case top plate  408  and the case roundabout  430  are further illustrated in  FIGS. 34 and 35 , respectively. In addition,  FIG. 36  illustrates a PDA standoff  444 , while  FIG. 37  illustrates an Olympus standoff  446 . The bottom battery clamp  426  and the top battery clamp  420  are further illustrated in  FIGS. 38 and 39 , respectively. In addition to the foregoing,  FIG. 40  illustrates the wand assembly  454 , manually held by the operator during use of the gauge profile system  400 . The wand assembly  454  includes the previously described wand handle  414 . In addition, the wand assembly  454  includes the wand bottom plate illustrated in  FIG. 42 , the wand main  450  illustrated in  FIG. 43 , and the wand cover  452  illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
       FIG. 45  is a diagrammatic view illustrating the functional and interconnected relationships among the lap count system  106 , a network  456  and the various devices associated with the gauge profile system  400 . Specifically, the lap count system  106  can correspond to the lap count system  106  previously described in detail herein with respect to the gauge profile apparatus  100 . The network  456  can include any conventional network to which the appropriate data may be applied. A functional relationship between a gauge profile system and a lap count system was previously described herein and illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The functions performed by the system illustrated in  FIG. 3 , using the average lap gauge data from the lap count system  106  and the outside/inside lab profile data from the gauge profile system will also be utilized by the network  456  in the same manner. That is, the ultimate output desired through the use of the gauge profile apparatus using the gauge profile system  400  in accordance with the invention is an average three-dimensional profile over the length of a sheet coil  10 . As with the gauge profile system  104  previously described herein, the gauge profile system  400  utilizes an ultrasonic gauge device (i.e., the ultrasonic tester  406 ) for purposes of bombarding the sheet coil material with high frequency sound waves. This information from the tester  406  is applied through an RS-232 interface to an interfacing microcontroller board  412 . The RS-232 interface from the ultrasonic tester  406  to the microcontroller board  412  can have the following specifications: 19200 baud; 8 bits; 1 stop bit; no parity; and no flow control. Correspondingly, the PDA  404  has bidirectional communication with the interfacing microcontroller board  412 . This communication is also provided through an RS-232 interface, which may have the same specifications as the interface between the ultrasonic tester  406  and the microcontroller board  412 . 
     Correspondingly, the string encoder  432  can be utilized to connect to an encoder counter circuit (also on the microcontroller board  412 ) through a 3-channel (e.g., A, B, Z) quadrature interface. The encoder counter relays encoder counts to the serial interface circuit through the use of a 16 byte data bus. In addition to the foregoing, the PDA  404  may be utilized with the network  456 , through bidirectional transmission between the network  456  and the PDA  404  using an 802.11b wireless connection to a main computer or the like for purposes of appropriate communications. A corresponding wireless connection can also be made so as to provide bidirectional communication between the lap count system  106  and the network  456 . Again, it should be emphasized that the data being provided to the network  456  by the gauge profile system  400  corresponds to the same type of data generated by the gauge profile system  104  previously described herein with respect to the gauge profile apparatus  100 . 
     In operation, the gauge profile system  400  will typically be used by sheet coil receiving personnel for purposes of gathering data to create a cross-section of the thickness of one layer of the steel coil  10  from the leading edge of the coil to the opposite edge. At the beginning of a day, the operator would likely remove the gauge profile system  400  from a charger, and enable power. Once powered, the gauge profile system  400  can be programmed so as to automatically be connected to a wireless area network associated with the operator&#39;s company. The gauge profile system  400  may then be programmed so as to either automatically download daily coil receiving information, or instruct the operator to download daily coil receiving information from the network  456 . 
     When a sheet coil  10  is received, the operator may take the profile system  400  off of the charger and mount it to one side of the sheet coil  10  using the magnets  438  located on the back side of the case assembly. When the profile system  400  is mounted to the coil  10 , the operator can then select the correct coil ID and measurement mode from drop down options associated with the PDA  404 . When successfully completed, the operator can press the “gauge test” button, so as to begin triggering measurements to be stored in the PDA  404 . When the operator is finished taking measurements, the operator can press a “done” button located in the software associated with the PDA  404 . When the button is pressed, the PDA  404  will stop the measurement process, analyze the collected measurement data, and upload the data and analysis to a specified location on the network  456 . When the gauge profile system  400  is not in use, it is preferably plugged into an appropriate charger. A sketch of the profile system  400  in use (absent the operator) is shown in  FIG. 46 . Simulated image file information and data that may be saved are illustrated in the representative screens of the PDAs  404  shown in  FIG. 47 . 
     The linear measurement provided by the gauge profile system  400  is achieved through the use of the string encoder  432 . Such devices are commercially available. The underlying technology of the string encoder  432  is a rotary encoder utilizing three signals (i.e., A, B and Z). Signals A and B are generated 90 degrees out of phase so as to indicate direction, while signal Z acts as a “home pulse” (which indicates a full revolution). A shaft of the encoder  432  can be attached to a spool of stainless steel cable  458  illustrated in  FIG. 46 . As the cable  458  is unspoiled, the shaft of the encoder  432  rotates, and AM channels are pulsed in quadrature (i.e., 90 degrees out of phase with respect to one another). Rising and falling edges of the channels A and B can be interpreted to increment (with the shaft turning clockwise) or decrement (with the shaft turning counter-clockwise) the total number of encoder counts. Channel Z is used to confirm the total number of counts. The encoder counts are interpreted as a linear position by multiplying the total number of counts by the encoder&#39;s resolution. The resolution is typically given in inches per count. 
     As earlier described, the gauge profile system  400  includes the PDA  404 . An example and commercially available PDA which may be utilized as the PDA  404  is the HP iPaq Hx 2495 PDA. The PDA  404  acts as the major means of communication, storage and analysis for data collected about individual coils from the linear and ultrasonic measurement devices. The PDA  404  also acts as a user interface to the measurement sensors and data which are stored on the network  456 . The operator can start a measurement from the PDA  404  by selecting the appropriate options and coil ID, and then pressing a software button “start.” The device can then wait for serial data from the embedded device, which sends data in the format of “distance, thickness” where distance is a linear distance from the edge of the coil in encoder counts, and thickness is the thickness of the coil at the linear distance in inches where a measurement has been taken. After successful reception of data from the embedded device, the PDA  404  can respond with an “*” to indicate that it has successfully received and parsed the data. If data reception was unsuccessful, the PDA  404  can respond to the embedded system with an “X” so as to indicate that the data was not received correctly, and that the embedded device should resend the data. When the operator has completed coil measurements, the “end” button can be pressed, and the PDA  404  can send the “end” command to the embedded device, so as to let it know that it is no longer accepting measurement data. This function can also indicate to the PDA  404  to begin analysis of the data. 
     The data that has been collected can be compiled into a text file and a “line of best fit” can be computed. The line of best fit can be plotted with real data points, and saved as an image file. Accordingly, both the text file and the image of the plot can be uploaded to a specified location on the network for later review. An example set of equations for the “curve-best-fit” analysis is illustrated in  FIG. 60 , which also indicates the definitions of the variables. 
     The interface microcontroller board  412  can include two microcontrollers, associate control communications and encoder counting. The board  412  can also act as a means for powering the ultrasonic measurement device  406 . 
     One of the microcontrollers can act as the interconnect between the PDA  404  and the measurement devices, as well as providing visual feedback to the user through the use of LEDs. This microcontroller can wait for a start command from the PDA  404 , which can essentially notify the microcontroller to start the measurement process with or without interval measuring enabled. If the microcontroller receives a start command without interval measuring enabled, then it will wait for and relay valid measurements of distance and thickness to the PDA  404  without indicating when the operator should take the measurements. If the microcontroller receives the start command with interval measuring enabled, it will wait for and relay valid measurements of distance and thickness to the PDA  404 , while indicating points at which the operator should take a measurement through use of different colored LEDs. 
     When the measurement process is initiated, the ultrasonic measurement from the tester  406  will continuously send thickness measurements at an approximate rate of 16 Hz. The microcontroller  412  can continuously parse this thickness data and determine validity. If valid, the thickness measurement is relayed along with the linear position to the PDA  404 . This process will be repeated until the microcontroller receives an end command from the PDA  404 . 
     The second microcontroller can function as an encoder counter, and may be clocked at a speed of 20 MHz, in order to count encoder pulses as fast as possible. As earlier described, the signals into this microcontroller from the string encoder  432  are signals A, B and Z. The A and B signals are square pulses, where B is 90 degrees out of phase from A (this is for purposes of determining if the string or cable  454  is being pulled out or retracted in). Signal Z is a home pulse to indicate that there has been one full resolution. The encoder counts are relayed from this microcontroller to the first microcontroller through a 16 byte data buss. A reset line comes from the first microcontroller and is used to reset the encoder count values. 
     The power supply circuit can include two subsystems. The first can be a solid state power multiplexer designed to switch between two possible power connections, namely USB buss power and batteries. The second subsystem can be a voltage regulator. Commercially available voltage regulators appropriate for these purposes are available from Linear Technologies. The regulator is configured in a SEPIC mode. This mode allows regulation of an input voltage, in the range of 3 to 7 volts, with the output voltage at 5 volts. The regulator is necessary, since the USB voltage can range both above and below 5 volts. The low battery indicator function of the regulator is set up so as to drive low when the input voltage drops below a particular threshold. 
     Serial interfacing can be provided at plus and minus 10 volt levels. A logical multiplexer can be used to split the data transmitted from the computing option. If the USB is connected, then the USB port will be a primary mode of communication. The interconnect board  412  will send data to both the serial port and the USB port. If the USB port is not plugged in, then the interconnect board will only receive data from the serial port. 
     The ultrasonic sensor  406  can use a delay line transducer with a dry couplant so as to take thickness measurements of one layer of the steel coil  10 . The measurements can have a resolution of 0.0001 inch. The measuring device will send thickness data to the serial port at a predefined rate. The tester  406  essentially works by transmitting an ultrasonic sound wave through the target material, and analyzing the reflective wave to determine the thickness. This concept of transmitting ultrasonic sound waves and appropriate means for analysis to determine thickness were previously described herein with respect to the gauge profile system  104 . 
     For purposes of further description and detail, the wand assembly  454  is further shown in  FIG. 49 . The wand assembly  454  is also shown in an exploded view in  FIG. 50 .  FIG. 50  illustrates the wand base or bottom plate  448 , main  450 , cover  452 , delay line transducer  459  and the strain relief  416 . 
       FIG. 51  illustrates a block diagram for the serial relay controller. The diagram is essentially self-explanatory. The controller essentially waits for a command from the PDA  404 . When received, the command is processed so as to determine validity. If the command is a start command, the gauge test is initiated and thickness data and data counts are received and determined. More specifically, thickness data and data counts are continued until end signals are received. Correspondingly,  FIG. 52  is a block diagram for the end counter count controller. The diagram is self explanatory, and essentially provides the functions of sequentially making counts and determining when the counting process should end. 
       FIG. 53  is a functional state diagram of the PDA software which will be incorporated within the PDA  404 . Again, it is believed that this state diagram is self explanatory, but will be set forth in greater detail in subsequent illustrations herein. Essentially, following an initiation or start of the process, function states include the addition of a new sheet coil  10 , gauge testing, processing of collected data, data transfer and the importation of data files associated with the sheet coils  10 .  FIG. 54  illustrates a state functional block diagram for the start command. Essentially, a screen is displayed for the operator, so as to indicate start up. Software information is then further displayed, along with tags lists for the sheet coils. The operator may add additional tags and then initiate testing. The state will also allow the operator to visualize the plots of the collected tests and the overall results.  FIG. 55  is a state functional block diagram for the “add new coil” state. In this state, the coils information form that the operator must fill out is displayed. If the operator does not discard or otherwise cancel the operation, the input information is added to the database, and the list of selectable coils is updated. 
       FIG. 56  illustrates a state functional block diagram for the “input coils data file” state. This state allows the operator to add a list of coils from the file. Again, if the operator does not cancel the operation, the input information is put into the database and the list of selectable coils is updated. 
       FIG. 57  illustrates a state functional block diagram for the “gauge testing” state. In this state, serial commands are transmitted to the appropriate microcontrollers so as to initiate the gauge test for the selected coil. A “listen” operation is then performed on the serial port, so as to retrieve the distance and thickness measurement. If the operator cancels the test, the test is stopped and the results are discarded. If the operator finishes the test, the measurements are appropriately stored.  FIG. 58  is a state functional block diagram for the “data transfer” functions. In this state, a TCP server is established, to which data is to be transferred. The operator then selects a data file, and the data file is transferred to the connected client. Correspondingly,  FIG. 59  is a state functional block diagram illustrating the “process the collected data” state. In this state, a computation is made of the “best-fit” value. The data is then plotted and stored. 
     In accordance with all of the foregoing, a second embodiment of a gauge profile system  400  has been described and illustrated herein. Advantageously, the gauge profile system  400  can operate with only one operator. Further, the gauge profile system  400  has relatively few moving parts. Also, the profile system  400  is relatively compact, thereby reducing the probability of damage when used in relatively severe environments. 
     In addition to the lap profiler (or gauge profile system), for which embodiments  104  and  400  have been previously described herein, a further embodiment of a lap counter (also referred to herein as a radial scanner) has been conceived and developed in accordance with the invention. This radial scanner or lap counter system assembly in accordance with the invention is identified herein as the assembly  600 , and illustrated in  FIGS. 62-75 . In accordance with prior description, the entirety of the gauge profile system includes the lap profiler or gauge profile system to determine the relationship between the edge thickness of the top laps and the lap thickness at any point along the width of the coil. This relationship is then used to determine the thickness of any interior lap based on the particular edge thickness of the lap. For purposes of determining edge thickness of each interior lap, the radial scanner or lap counter is utilized. 
     More specifically, the radial scanner or lap counter in accordance with the invention utilizes a pair of reflectance lasers, in combination with a highly accurate positioning system. As the lasers translate along a radial line of the coil, the positioning system analyzes the data from the lasers, and detects the edges of the laps. When an edge if found, the system can pause and rescan the area around the found edge. The purpose for the rescans is to produce a statistical model that is used to more accurately estimate the true position of the lap edge. This positional difference, along the radial line, between subsequent lap edges is then used to determine the thickness of the lap. Further, the radial scanner system in accordance with the invention monitors the edge positions as found by both lasers, and adjusts the measured thickness of the lap, based on the current non-radiality of the radial scanner system  600 . 
     With reference to  FIGS. 61 and 62 , the laser system  600  can include a pair of lasers commercially available and identified as Keyence LV-H37 lasers. The lasers are utilized to measure reflectance with a CMOS camera. The system will then output analog voltage signals from an amplifier, with the voltage signals representative of the measured reflectance. As shown in  FIG. 62 , the presence of a high voltage is indicative of the presence of a lap. A low voltage signal is indicative of no lap being present. In one particular physically realized embodiment, the laser beam diameter was 0.0002 inches, and the laser power was 1.5 W at 12-24 VDC. 
     The reason for utilizing a pair of lasers is shown through the illustrations of  FIGS. 63 and 64 . With a single laser, a measurement taken along a non-radial line would result in a thickness being reported which is greater than the actual thickness. When a measurement is taken along a radial line, the outputs of the pair of lasers should be identical. If they are not, an algorithm can be utilized to obtain actual lap thickness.  FIG. 64  is a table identifying reported thickness versus nominal thickness, along with the angle of the radial line. 
     For purposes of moving the lasers, a linear encoder can be utilized, as shown in  FIG. 65 . With the particular encoder utilized, it had been found that the encoder returned to position is accurate to plus or minus 0.0001 inch. Outputs can be positioned directly over an RS-232 interface. The lasers will be moved manually along the linear encoder. This is for purposes of saving weight and power consumption. However, to ensure appropriate movement, an indicator light can be used to indicate to a user if the carriage of the encoder is being moved too quickly. 
       FIG. 66  refers to the concepts earlier mentioned regarding the finding of the lap thickness. As earlier stated, the laser outputs identify reflectance as analog voltage signals. The signals can be converted to digital signals with a microcontroller. A high reflectance is indicative of a lap edge, while a low reflectance is indicative of a gap. The linear encoder can be utilized to give the position of the lasers in inches. 
     Various methods can be utilized to determine lap thickness.  FIG. 67  is a graph showing raw data from an actual measurement of reflectance versus distance. With this graph, a method known as “local minima” procedures can be utilized to determine lap thicknesses as distances between local minima. This procedure gives the highest possible lap thickness with the laser concepts. 
     Another method is typically identified as the midpoint method.  FIG. 69  includes a graph of raw data, again showing the reflectance versus distance. The insert within  FIG. 69  illustrates the concept that the lap thicknesses are determined as distances between midpoints of a data/cut off intersection line. A further method for determining lap thickness utilizes curve fitting principles. Again, a graph showing reflectance versus distance is illustrated in  FIG. 70 , with  FIG. 70  further showing an enlarged portion indicating that a polynomial fit is made with respect to the original data. The lap thicknesses are characterized as being distances between minima of the fit data. It should be noted that the curve fit data all exist below the cut off line. 
     In a physically realized embodiment of the radial scanner system in accordance with the invention, battery power was utilized using 10 Ah NiMH 24V. The battery power included a 4 hour battery life and charging time. The radial scanner system utilizing the lasers weighed in the range of approximately 30 pounds, thereby meeting a portability requirement. 
       FIG. 72  is a concept block diagram illustrating the pair of lasers which generate analog signals applied to respective ones of a pair of amplifiers. Analog signals from the amplifiers are then applied as inputs to a microcontroller. The microcontroller also accepts inputs along an RS-232 interface from the linear encoder. Output signals from the microcontroller are applied as inputs to a Wi-fi module through an RS-232 interface. If desired, signals can be applied from the Wi-fi module to a Wi-fi router. Signals from the router can then be applied to a host computer through an Ethernet or similar network. 
       FIG. 73  identifies various parameters associated with a proof of concept for the radial scanner system in accordance with the invention. The lasers were mounted to a side/stepper motor, with an average of ten readings being taken per step. Twenty five tests were undertaken for each of five laps of 0.025 inch nominal, and five laps of 0.160 inch nominal steel. For purposes of increasing accuracy, the carriage was allowed to rest for 80 milliseconds. As also shown in  FIG. 72 , data representing output positions can be transmitted over a serial port to a laptop or the like.  FIG. 74  identifies various statistics associated with proof of concept tests utilizing the 0.025 inch nominal steel and the 0.160 inch nominal steel. These results are shown using the local minima, midpoint and curve fit methods for determining lap thickness. 
       FIG. 75  is a perspective and exploded view showing one embodiment of a radial scanner system in accordance with the invention. In accordance with all of the foregoing, a second embodiment of a radial scanner system  600  has been described and illustrated herein. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the pertinent arts that other embodiments of gauge profile systems in accordance with the invention can be designed. That is, the principles of systems in accordance with the invention are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and other variations of the above-described illustrative embodiments of the invention may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the invention.