Patent Publication Number: US-11650356-B2

Title: High-performance optical absorber comprising functionalized, non-woven, CNT sheet and texturized polymer film or texturized polymer coating and manufacturing method thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/583,446, filed Jan. 25, 2022, entitled “HIGH-PERFORMANCE OPTICAL ABSORBER COMPRISING FUNCTIONALIZED, NON-WOVEN, CNT SHEET AND TEXTURIZED POLYMER FILM OR TEXTURIZED POLYMER COATING AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF”, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/412,381, filed Aug. 26, 2021, (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,307,331, issued Apr. 19, 2022), entitled “HIGH-PERFORMANCE OPTICAL ABSORBER COMPRISING FUNCTIONALIZED, NON-WOVEN, CNT SHEET AND TEXTURIZED POLYMER FILM OR TEXTURIZED POLYMER COATING AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF”, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/136,703, filed Dec. 29, 2020, (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,175,437, issued Nov. 16, 2021), entitled “HIGH-PERFORMANCE OPTICAL ABSORBER COMPRISING FUNCTIONALIZED, NON-WOVEN, CNT SHEET AND TEXTURIZED POLYMER FILM OR TEXTURIZED POLYMER COATING AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 
     The Government of the United States of America has rights in this invention pursuant to Government Contract No. 11-C-0042. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     A high-performance optical absorber includes: a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating; and a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer joined to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet. 
     A high-performance optical absorber is provided having a texturized base layer. The base layer has one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating. A surface layer is located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer and the surface layer joined to the base layer. The surface layer comprises a plasma-functionalized, non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet, wherein the base layer texturization comprises one or more of substantially rectangular ridges, substantially triangular ridges, substantially pyramidal ridges, and truncated, substantially pyramidal ridges. The CNT sheet has a thickness greater than or equal to 10×λ, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. 
     A high-performance optical absorber, is also provided having a texturized base layer wherein the base layer has one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating. A surface layer is located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer and the surface layer joined to the base layer. The surface layer comprises a plasma-functionalized, non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet, wherein the base layer texturization comprises one or more of substantially rectangular ridges, substantially triangular ridges, substantially pyramidal ridges, and truncated, substantially pyramidal ridges. The base layer has a height above the surface layer greater than or equal to 10×λ, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. 
     A method using capillary force lamination (CFL) for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber includes: texturizing a base layer of the high-performance optical absorber, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating; joining a surface layer of the high-performance optical absorber to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet; wetting the joined surface layer and base layer with a solvent; drying the joined surface layer and base layer; and treating the resulting base layer with plasma, creating the high-performance optical absorber. 
     A method using capillary force lamination (CFL) for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber includes: texturizing a base layer of the high-performance optical absorber, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating; joining a surface layer of the high-performance optical absorber to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet; wetting the joined surface layer and base layer with a solvent; allowing surface tension forces of the solvent to draw the non-woven CNT sheet into the base layer, thereby texturizing the non-woven CNT sheet; drying the joined surface layer and base layer; and treating the resulting base layer with plasma, creating the high-performance optical absorber. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings provide visual representations which will be used to more fully describe various representative embodiments and can be used by those skilled in the art to better understand the representative embodiments disclosed herein and their inherent advantages. In these drawings, like reference numerals identify corresponding elements. 
         FIG.  1    is a drawing of a high-performance optical absorber comprising a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet. 
         FIGS.  2 A- 2 F  are a set of six drawings depicting a method for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber using capillary force lamination (CFL). 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  are a set of four drawings depicting four different geometries usable in a high-performance optical absorber comprising a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet. 
         FIG.  4    is a graph of modeling data depicting superior reflectance performance relative to the prior art of a high-performance optical absorber comprising a non-texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating; and a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet. 
         FIG.  5    is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide a practical method for producing higher performance optical absorbers comprising a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet, for use in aerospace instruments as well as for solar energy conversion applications. Embodiments of the invention enhance optical absorbance properties of non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) materials through creation at a surface of an absorber of one or more of a functionalized layer and a texturized layer. For example, the CNT materials comprise one or more of a non-woven CNT sheet and a CNT film. For example, the plasma comprises oxygen plasma. Plasma functionalization creates an oxygenated dielectric layer on top of the non-woven CNT sheet that is one or more of less refractive and less reflective than the non-woven CNT sheet. 
     For example, the non-woven CNT sheet comprises one or more of horizontal, randomly-oriented CNT and horizontal, randomly oriented multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) having a porosity between approximately 40% and approximately 90%. Preferably, the one or more of horizontal, randomly-oriented CNT and horizontal, randomly oriented MWCNT has a porosity between approximately 65% and approximately 75%. For example, the one or more of horizontal, randomly-oriented CNT and horizontal, randomly oriented MWCNT has an areal density between approximately 10 grams per square meter (g/m 2 ) and approximately 30 g/m 2 . Preferably, the one or more of horizontal, randomly-oriented CNT and horizontal, randomly oriented MWCNT has an areal density between approximately 12 g/m 2  and approximately 15 g/m 2 . For example, the CNT sheet is Miralon, manufactured by Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. (www.miralon.com) of Merrimack, N.H. 
     Texturization of the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating introduces a geometric light-trapping structure to the absorber. The combined surface functionalization and texturization treatment creates an optical absorber having a dielectric/conductor structure whose design may be tailored depending on details of the texturization. Texturization of the non-woven CNT sheet is optional but it does enhance the performance of the optical absorber. 
       FIG.  1    is a drawing of a high-performance optical absorber  100  comprising a base layer  110 , the base layer  110  comprising one or more of a polymer film (not explicitly shown) and a polymer coating (not explicitly shown). 
     The optical absorber  100  further comprises a surface layer  120 , the surface layer  120  comprising a non-woven CNT sheet  120  that is plasma-functionalized. The surface layer  120  comprises multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) as suggested by a blown up view  125  of a 1 micron cross-section of the surface layer  120 . The surface layer  120  comprises a non-functionalized surface sub-layer  127  and also comprises a functionalized surface sub-layer  128 . The plasma-functionalized surface sub-layer  128  absorbs a substantial portion of the incident light  115  and reflects a small portion of the incident light  115  via Lambertian reflectance  117 , meaning substantially angle-independent uniform reflectance of the incident light  115 . 
     As depicted, the base layer  110  comprises rectangular-groove texturization. As depicted, the base layer  110  comprises rectangular ridges  130 A- 130 D. Successive rectangular ridges  130 A- 130 D are separated from each other by a distance defined as a pitch p  133 . Each successive pair of the rectangular ridges  130 A- 130 D form between them a rectangular groove  135 A- 135 C. Rectangular grooves  135 A- 135 C have respective groove widths  137 A- 137 C. The rectangular grooves  135 A- 135 C create respective floors  136 A- 136 C. The rectangular grooves  135 A- 135 C also create respective groove walls  137 A- 137 F. The rectangular ridges  130 A- 130 D each has a respective ridge width  140 A- 140 D approximately equal to the respective groove widths  138 A- 138 C. Accordingly, a top surface area  142  is approximately equal to a floor surface area  144 . Therefore the top surface area  142  is approximately equal to half of the top surface area of non-texturized prior art having a similar shape, and therefore the reflectance of the high-performance optical absorber  100  should be reduced to approximately 50% of non-texturized prior art having a similar shape. Exact details of the amount by which reflectance is reduced will depend on an amount of light absorbance by one or more of the groove walls and the floor. 
     The non-functionalized surface sub-layer  127  has a thickness t  150 . 
     The ridges  130 A- 130 D each has a height h  160  above the surface layer  120 . Preferably, although not necessarily, the pitch p  133  is greater than or equal to 10×λ, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. Preferably, although not necessarily, the thickness t  150  is greater than or equal to 10×λ, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. Preferably, although not necessarily, the height h  160  is greater than or equal to 10×λ, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. 
     An exemplary index of refraction n non-functionalized surface sub-layer  of the non-functionalized surface sub-layer  127  is approximately 2.5. An exemplary index of refraction n functionalized surface sub-layer  of the functionalized surface sub-layer  128  is between approximately 1.2 and approximately 1.6. 
       FIGS.  2 A- 2 F  are a set of six drawings depicting a method for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber using capillary force lamination (CFL). 
       FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  are a set of two drawings depicting two different methods to perform the first step in the method for manufacturing the high-performance optical absorber. 
       FIG.  2 A  is a drawing depicting a first method using an embosser  205  to perform the first step in the method for manufacturing the high-performance optical absorber (not shown in this figure). The embosser  205  comprises an embossing pattern roll  210  configured to generate a micro-macro feature  215  in the base layer  110 . The base layer  110  comprises one or more of a polymer film (not explicitly shown in this figure) and a polymer coating (not explicitly shown in this figure). Alternatively, or additionally, the embosser is also configured to generate a micro-macro feature  215  in the surface layer (not shown in this figure). As depicted, the pattern roll  210  generates a triangular micro/macro feature  215  in the base layer  110 . For example, the embosser  205  comprises one or more of a thermal embosser  205  and a mechanical embosser  205 . 
     The illustrated first method uses the embosser  200  for texturizing the base layer  110 . As mentioned above, alternatively, or additionally, the embosser  205  can also simultaneously texturize the surface layer (not shown in this figure). 
       FIG.  2 B  is a drawing depicting a second method using an engraver  220  to perform the first step in the method for manufacturing the high-performance optical absorber (not shown in this figure). The engraver  220  texturizes the base layer  110 . 
     For example, the engraver  220  comprises a laser engraver  220 . For example, the laser engraver  220  comprises one or more of a raster engraver  220  and a vector engraver  220 . 
     Alternatively, or additionally, the same basic procedure outlined in this figure can instead be performed using a three-dimensional (3D) printer  220  instead of an engraver  220 . 
     In  FIG.  2 C , the high-performance optical absorber  100  is created by joining the surface layer  120  comprising the CNT sheet to the base layer  110 . For example, and as depicted, the surface layer  120  is laid on top of the base layer  110 , creating the optical absorber  100 . 
     In  FIG.  2 D , the optical absorber  100  comprising the base layer  110  and the CNT sheet layer  120  is wetted with a solvent  230 . For example, the solvent  230  is wicked into the non-woven CNT sheet  120 . For example, the solvent  230  has a high surface tension. For example, the solvent  230  comprises one or more of acetone, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl, and another solvent. 
     In  FIG.  2 E , the optical absorber  100  is dried. For example, and as depicted, a dryer  240  dries the optical absorber  100 . As the surface layer  120  dries, one or more of surface tension and capillary action of the solvent (not shown in this figure) during the drying process helps do one or more of collapse the surface layer  120 , condense the surface layer  120 , and draw the surface layer  120  onto the base layer  110 . When dried, the surface layer  120  forms a conformal layer  120  on a surface of the base layer  110 . 
     In  FIG.  2 F , the surface layer  120  is plasma-treated using plasma  250 . For example, the surface layer  120  is plasma-treated using oxygen plasma  250 . Plasma functionalization may be performed one or more of prior to and subsequent to texturization of the polymer film. The plasma functionalization may be performed one or more of prior to and subsequent to wetting with the solvent of the surface layer  120  comprising the non-woven CNT sheet, creating the high-performance optical absorber  100 . 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  are a set of four drawings depicting four different geometries usable in a high-performance optical absorber comprising a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 D , various texturization geometries are possible, some of which may provide even lower reflectance than the rectangular texturization depicted in  FIGS.  1  and  2 A- 2 E . 
     Depicted in  FIG.  3 A  are the sheet absorber  100 A having a rectangular geometry, the sheet absorber  100 A comprising the base layer  110  and the surface layer  120 , the base layer  110  comprising one or more of a polymer film  110  and a polymer coating  110 , the surface layer  120  comprising a non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet  120 . The base layer  110  comprises rectangular-groove texturization. As depicted, the base layer  110  comprises rectangular ridges  310 A- 310 B. Successive rectangular ridges  310 A- 310 B are separated from each other by a pitch  133 . The pair of successive rectangular ridges  310 A- 310 B again form between them a rectangular groove  320 . The rectangular groove  320  has a rectangular groove width  330 . The rectangular ridges  310 A- 310 B each has a respective ridge width  140 A- 140 B. The respective ridge widths  140 A- 140 B are each approximately equal to one third of the groove width  330 . Accordingly, a top surface area  335  is approximately equal to one third of a floor surface area  340 . Therefore the top surface area  335  is approximately equal to one fourth of the top surface area of non-texturized prior art having a similar shape, and therefore the reflectance of the texturized, functionalized high-performance optical absorber  100  should be reduced to approximately 25% of non-texturized, functionalized prior art having a similar shape. 
     As an example, the optical absorber  100 A comprising the rectangularly-texturized base layer  110  and further comprising the functionalized surface layer  120  as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A  with 3:1 floor-to-top surface area ratio has a reflectance value that is approximately ¼ that of non-textured functionalized CNT and &gt;20× less than non-functionalized CNT sheet. The combined effects of functionalization and texturing together produce optical absorbers  100 A with substantially lower optical reflectance properties. Texturization and plasma treatment are substantially independent factors that multiply together mathematically. 
       FIG.  3 B  depicts another optical absorber  100 B comprising a base layer  110  having a texturization geometry that comprises triangular ridges  350 A- 350 D, the optical absorber  100 B further comprising the functionalized surface layer  120 . 
       FIG.  3 C  depicts another optical absorber  100 C comprising a base layer  110  having a texturization geometry that comprises pyramidal ridges  360 A- 360 Z, the optical absorber  100 B further comprising the functionalized surface layer  120 . 
       FIG.  3 D  depicts another optical absorber  100 D comprising a base layer  110  having a texturization geometry that comprises truncated pyramidal ridges  380 A- 3800 , the optical absorber  100 B further comprising the functionalized surface layer  120 . 
       FIG.  4    is a graph  400  of modeling data depicting superior absorbance performance relative to the prior art of a high-performance optical absorber comprising a non-texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a plot of Fresnel reflectance (as a percentage)  410  plotted against a medium refractive index ratio m  420 , where m=n 1 /n air , where n 1  is the refractive index of the medium and n air  is the refractive index of air. As shown in  FIG.  4   , the Fresnel reflection is reduced by the inventive high-performance optical absorber from approximately 18% at unoxidized data point  430  to approximately 7.7% for visible light at diffuse incidence (shown as item  434  in the figure) at diffuse incidence data point  440 , representing a reduction in reflectance by a factor of approximately 2.4. As also shown in  FIG.  4   , the Fresnel reflection is reduced by the inventive high-performance optical absorber from approximately 18% at the unoxidized data point  430  to approximately 2.7% for visible light at normal incidence (shown as item  444  in the figure) at normal incidence data point  450 , representing a reduction in reflectance by a factor of approximately 6.4. These reflection reductions factors should be approximately valid throughout the visible spectrum up through infrared wavelengths of approximately 1,600 nanometers (nm). 
     Macro-texturing of the base layer as illustrated in  FIG.  1    and  FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  further reduces the reflectance properties of the sheet material. Texturization is more effective when combined with surface functionalization treatment as outlined in this application. A high-performance optical absorber comprising a texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet. 
     The high-performance optical absorber comprising a non-texturized base layer, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating, the optical absorber further comprising a surface layer located above and immediately adjacent to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a plasma-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet, exhibits a hemispherical reflectance less than approximately 0.5-1.5% over the visible spectral range versus 2-8% for prior art non-functionalized material. When texturization is used according to embodiments of the invention in combination with functionalization, reflectance levels can be expected to be further reduced, below half of the reflectance achieved with functionalization but without texturization. 
       FIG.  5    is a flow chart of a method  500  using capillary force lamination (CFL) for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber. 
     The order of the steps in the method  500  is not constrained to that shown in  FIG.  5    or described in the following discussion. Several of the steps could occur in a different order without affecting the final result. 
     In step  510 , a base layer of the high-performance optical absorber is texturized, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating. Block  510  then transfers control to block  520 . 
     In step  520 , a surface layer of the high-performance optical absorber is joined to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet. Block  520  then transfers control to block  530 . 
     In step  530 , the joined surface layer and base layer are wetted with a solvent. Block  530  then transfers control to block  540 . 
     In step  540 , the resulting joined surface layer and base layer are dried. Block  540  then transfers control to block  550 . 
     In step  550 , the resulting base layer is treated with plasma, creating the high-performance optical absorber. The plasma functionalization step  550  may be performed one or more of prior to and subsequent to the wetting step  530 . Block  550  then terminates the process. 
       FIG.  6    is a flow chart of a method  600  using capillary force lamination (CFL) for manufacturing a high-performance optical absorber. 
     The order of the steps in the method  600  is not constrained to that shown in  FIG.  6    or described in the following discussion. Several of the steps could occur in a different order without affecting the final result. 
     In step  610 , a base layer of the high-performance optical absorber is texturized, the base layer comprising one or more of a polymer film and a polymer coating. Block  610  then transfers control to block  620 . 
     In step  620 , a surface layer of the high-performance optical absorber is joined to the base layer, the surface layer comprising a non-woven carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet. Block  620  then transfers control to block  630 . 
     In step  630 , the joined surface layer and base layer are wetted with a solvent. Block  630  then transfers control to block  640 . 
     In step  640 , surface tension forces of the solvent are allowed to draw the non-woven CNT sheet into the base layer, thereby texturizing the surface layer. Block  640  then transfers control to block  650 . 
     In step  650 , the resulting joined surface layer and base layer are dried. Block  650  then transfers control to block  660 . 
     In step  660 , the resulting base layer is treated with plasma, creating the high-performance optical absorber. The plasma functionalization step  550  may be performed one or more of prior to and subsequent to the wetting step  530 . Block  550  then terminates the process. 
     The plasma functionalization step  660  may be performed one or more of prior to and subsequent to the wetting step  630 . Step  660  then terminates the process. 
     An advantage of embodiments of the invention is that they provide a practical method for producing higher performance optical absorber films and optical absorber coatings for use in aerospace instruments as well as for solar energy conversion applications. 
     An additional advantage of embodiments of the invention is that combined surface functionalization and texturization treatment of a non-woven CNT sheet creates a dielectric/conductor structure that can have a multiplicative effect in enhancing light absorbance properties of the resulting material. Design of the structure may be tailored depending on details of the texturization. Reduction in Fresnel reflection resulting from the change in refractive index with plasma treatment of the non-woven CNT sheet is substantial. 
     A further advantage of embodiments of the invention is that embodiments of the invention are physically robust and strong, unlike fragile prior art vertically aligned CNT array (VACNT) materials. A further advantage of embodiments of the invention is they avoid contamination issues present in space applications of the prior art VACNT materials including paint coatings, which do one or more of offgas, flake, and generate light-scattering particulates in telescope applications. A yet additional advantage of embodiments of the invention in that they are usable to coat one or more of internal barrel surfaces and small radius-edged vanes of one or more of telescopes and optical instruments. A further advantage of embodiments of the invention is that relative to the prior art, they can be applied without damaging a surface&#39;s optical absorbance properties. A still other advantage of embodiments of the invention is that relative to the prior art, they are suitable for large area coating applications such as applications involving areas of approximately several square meters as well as for applications involving smaller areas. Another advantage of embodiments of the invention is that relative to the prior art, embodiments of the invention employ significantly fewer vanes and/or baffles in optical instrument designs while achieving higher stray light reduction levels. Accordingly, embodiments of the invention avoid attendant prior art disadvantages of one or more of greater complexity, higher weight and higher costs. 
     A further advantage of embodiments of the invention is that they provide low, omni-directional, Lambertian reflectance that produces substantially uniform reflectance at all angles. According to embodiments of the invention, a refractive index n of the functionalized (and therefore partially oxidized) surface sub-layer is between approximately 1.2 and approximately 1.6, compared to a refractive index for a non-functionalized, non-woven CNT sheet of approximately 2.5. 
     A further advantage of embodiments of the invention is that a polarization-insensitive absorber is provided. A still additional advantage of embodiments of the invention is that a broadband absorber is provided over a large range of wavelengths from the near-ultraviolet (wavelengths between approximately 250 nm and approximately 400 nm) into the infrared. 
     Further advantages of embodiments of the invention are that the invention provides robust and easy fabrication not requiring careful calibration of film thickness. A still additional advantage of embodiments of the invention is the absence of a requirement for a vacuum chamber for fabrication of the absorber&#39;s film or coating. 
     A yet further advantage of embodiments of the invention is their relatively high stability, that is, high resistance to changes in reflectivity over time and with exposure to space vacuum. Another advantage of embodiments of the invention is their substantial stability to ultraviolet radiation down to the range of 250-275 nm wavelengths. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , a further advantage of embodiments of the invention is that relative to the prior art, the invention provides reduced CNT reflectance. The prior art includes one or more of non-woven CNT sheets and buckypapers as manufactured by Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. (www.miralon.com) of Merrimack, N.H., and carbon-loaded black paints such as one or more of Aeroglaze Z306 and Aeroglaze Z307 polyurethane coatings, manufactured by Lord Corporation of Cary, N.C. (www.lord.com). Modeling results conservatively indicate that reflectance of the non-woven CNT sheet produced according to embodiments of the invention may be reduced by a factor of more than twenty times. 
     A yet other advantage of embodiments of the invention is that the capillary force lamination method can accommodate very large sheets, for example, sheets having approximate dimensions of three feet by three feet and even larger sheets. 
     Another advantage of embodiments of the invention is that enhanced absorbance of texturized surfaces virtually eliminates secondary and tertiary ray reflection from functionalized groove walls, permitting only reflection from the groove floor of light rays that are nearly normal to the surface. 
     While the above representative embodiments have been described with certain components in exemplary configurations, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that other representative embodiments can be implemented using different configurations and/or different components. For example, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the order of certain steps and certain components can be altered without substantially impairing the functioning of the invention. It will be further understood by those of skill in the art that the number of variations of embodiments of the invention are virtually limitless. For example, other horizontally-oriented surfaces coated with fibril particles can be used. For example, a texturization geometry could be used in which the ridges vary in one or more of pitch and geometry. For example, a texturization geometry could be used that employ geometries not comprising ridges. For example, a texturization geometry could combine into a single geometry one or more of substantially rectangular ridges, substantially triangular ridges, substantially pyramidal ridges, and truncated, substantially pyramidal ridges. For example, the texturization geometry could combine into a single geometry a varying pitch, in which for example one ridge had a certain pitch of approximately and the adjacent ridge had a pitch of approximately half of that value. 
     The representative embodiments and disclosed subject matter, which have been described in detail herein, have been presented by way of example and illustration and not by way of limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the form and details of the described embodiments resulting in equivalent embodiments that remain within the scope of the invention. It is intended, therefore, that the subject matter in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and shall not be interpreted in a limiting sense.