Patent Publication Number: US-9416433-B2

Title: Copper alloy strip for lead frame of LED

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a copper alloy strip (plate and strip) used as, e.g., the lead frame of an LED. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     In recent years, because of its energy-saving property and long life, a light emitting device using a Light Emitting Diode (LED) as a light source has been prevalent in a wide range of fields. An LED element is fixed to a copper alloy lead frame having excellent thermal and electrical conductivities and embedded in a package. To efficiently retrieve light emitted from the LED element, an Ag plating coating is formed as a reflective film on the surface of the copper alloy lead frame. As a copper alloy for a lead frame for LED, C194 having a strength of about 450 N/mm 2  and an electrical conductivity of about 70% IACS is frequently used (see Patent Documents 1 and 2). 
     To enhance the brightness of an LED package, there are a method which enhances the brightness of an LED element and a method which increases the quality (reflectance) of Ag plating. However, the brightness of the LED element has been enhanced almost to the limit and only a slight increase in brightness results in a significant increase in element cost. As a result, in recent years, there has been strong demand for the increased reflectance of the Ag plating. 
     On the other hand, under the great influence of the surface state of a copper alloy raw material, the Ag plating is likely to develop a defect which inhibits the reflection property of the Ag plating, such as a projection, non-deposition, or a streaky pattern. In particular, the C194 used frequently for a copper alloy lead frame for LED contains Fe, Fe—P, or Fe—P—O grains in the raw material thereof so that these grains exposed at the surface thereof cause the Ag plating defect mentioned above, which degrades the reflectance of the Ag plating. 
     In addition, a high-brightness LED used mainly for illumination emits a large amount of heat against all expectations and the emitted heat may degrade the LED element or the resin therearound and impair a long life, which is an advantageous feature of the LED. Accordingly, measures against heat dissipated from the LED are considered to be important. As one of the measures against the heat dissipation, an LED lead frame having an electrical conductivity (thermal conductivity) higher than that of the C194 mentioned above has been in demand. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Document 
     
         
         Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-252215 
         Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2012-89638 (Paragraph 0058) 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     An object of the present invention is to improve the reflectance of an Ag plating reflective film formed on a surface of a lead frame made of a C194-based (Cu—Fe-based copper alloy) strip and enhance the brightness of an LED package. A further object of the present invention is to use a Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy having an electrical conductivity higher than that of C194 as part of countermeasures against heat dissipation from the LED package as the raw material of the lead frame to thus improve the reflectance of the Ag plating reflective film formed on the surface thereof and enhance the brightness of the LED package. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The present invention relates to a Cu—Fe-based copper alloy strip (plate and strip) for the lead frame of an LED in which the reflectance of an Ag plating reflective film has been improved by adjusting the surface form thereof. In the Cu—Fe-based copper alloy strip for the lead frame, a surface roughness in a rolling vertical direction is such that Ra is 0.2 μm or less, Rz JIS  is 1.2 μm or less, and Rz is 1.5 μm or less and depressions having an average length in a rolling parallel direction of 2 to 100 μm, an average length in a rolling vertical direction of 1 to 30 μm, and a maximum depth along the rolling parallel direction of 400 nm or less are densely formed. Note that Ra is an arithmetic mean roughness, Rz JIS  is a ten point mean roughness, and Rz is a maximum height roughness. 
     The foregoing C194-based copper alloy (Cu—Fe-based copper alloy) contains 1.8 to 2.6 mass % of Fe, 0.005 to 0.20 mass % of P, and 0.01 to 0.50 mass % of Zn, with the balance being Cu and an unavoidable impurity. As necessary, the C194-based copper alloy contains a total of 0.3 mass % or less of one or two or more of Sn, Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, and Zr. 
     Alternatively, the foregoing Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy contains 0.01 to 0.5 mass % of Fe, 0.01 to 0.20 mass % of P, 0.01 to 1.0 mass % of Zn, and 0.01 to 0.15 mass % of Sn, with the balance being Cu and an unavoidable impurity. As necessary, the Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy contains a total of 0.3 mass % or less of one or two or more of Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, Zr, Si, and Ag. 
     In a strip of the foregoing Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy, it is preferable that Fe, Fe—P, or Fe—P—O grains exposed at a surface thereof have grain sizes of 5 μm or less and those of the exposed grains having grain sizes of 1 μm or more are at a density of 3000 grains/mm 2  or less. Note that the size of each of the grains indicates the diameter of a circumscribed circle of the grain. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, the lead frame having a high electrical conductivity (thermal conductivity) serves as a heat dissipation path to allow an improvement in the heat dissipation property of the LED package. In addition, it is possible to improve the reflectance of an Ag plating reflective film formed on the surface of the lead frame made of the Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy strip and enhance the brightness of the LED package. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing the surface form of a copper alloy strip according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows an example of an AFM profile in a rolling parallel direction of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of an AFM profile in a rolling vertical direction of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows an example of the AFM profile in the rolling parallel direction of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of the AFM profile in the rolling vertical direction of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Subsequently, referring to  FIGS. 1 to 5 , a more specific description will be given of the present invention. 
     (Surface Form of Copper Alloy Strip) 
     An improvement in the reflection property of an Ag plating film as a reflective film is affected by the surface form of a copper alloy strip as a base material. First, numerous fine depressions are densely formed in the entire surface of the copper alloy strip along the rolling parallel direction thereof to thus cause light emitted from an element to be uniformly dispersed and reflected to allow an improvement in reflectance. 
     At this time, the surface roughness of the copper alloy strip in a rolling vertical direction thereof needs to be such that an arithmetic surface roughness Ra is 0.2 μm or less, a ten point surface roughness Rz JIS  is 1.2 μm or less, and a maximum height roughness Rz is 1.5 μm or less. When Ra is more than 0.2 μm, the reflection of light by the Ag plating film loses direction and is not sufficient to uniformly scatter the light, so that the reflectance cannot be improved. Likewise, when Rz JIS  is more than 1.2 μm or Rz is more than 1.5 μm also, a sufficient reflectance cannot be obtained. 
     The depressions densely present in the surface of the copper alloy strip need to have an average length in the rolling parallel direction of 2 to 100 μm, an average length in the rolling vertical direction of 1 to 30 μm, and a maximum depth along the rolling parallel direction of 400 nm or less. As shown in the schematic diagram of  FIG. 1 , depressions  1  are densely present in the surface of the copper alloy strip and the ridges of an AFM profile described later serve as the boundaries therebetween. 
     When the average length in the rolling parallel direction is less than 2 μm or more than 100 μm, the uniform scattering of the light by the Ag plating film is not sufficient, so that a high reflectance cannot be obtained. The average length of the depressions in the rolling parallel direction is preferably 8 to 50 μm, and more preferably 10 to 30 μm. When the average length of the depressions in the rolling vertical direction is less than 1 μm or more than 30 μm also, the uniform scattering of the light by the Ag plating film is not sufficient, so that a high reflectance cannot be obtained. The average length of the depressions in the rolling vertical direction is preferably 3 to 15 μm, and more preferably 4 to 10 μm. When the depths of the depressions measured in the rolling parallel direction are more than 400 nm also, the uniform scattering of the light by the Ag plating film is not sufficient, so that a high reflectance cannot be obtained. The depths of the depressions are preferably 50 to 200 nm, and more preferably 70 to 150 nm. 
     The grains exposed at the outermost surface of the C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) copper alloy are made of Fe, Fe—P, or Fe—P—O. When the grain sizes (diameters of the circumscribed circles thereof) of the exposed portions of the grains exceed 5 μm or when the grains having the exposed portions having the grain sizes of 1 μm or more are present at a density of more than 3000 grains/mm 2 , an Ag plating defect such as a projection or non-deposition occurs to cause the degradation of the reflection property of the Ag plating coating. 
     In the Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy according to the present invention, grains made of Fe, Fe—P, Fe—P—O, or the like are exposed at the outermost surface of the strip. When the grain sizes (diameters of the circumscribed circles thereof) of the exposed portions of these grains are more than 5 μm or when the grains having the exposed portions having the grain sizes of 1 μm or more are present at a density of more than 2000 grains/mm 2 , an Ag plating defect such as a projection or non-deposition may possibly occur. Therefore, in the copper alloy strip according to the present invention, it is preferable that the grain sizes of the exposed portions of the grains made of Fe, Fe—P, Fe—P—O, or the like exposed at the outermost surface are 5 μm or less and those of the grains having the exposed portions having the grain sizes of 1 μm or more are at a density of 2000 grains/mm 2  or less. 
     (C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) Copper Alloy) 
     The C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) copper alloy according to the present invention contains 1.8 to 2.6 mass % of Fe, 0.005 to 0.20 mass % of P, and 0.01 to 0.50 mass % of Zn, with the balance being Cu and an unavoidable impurity. As necessary, the C194-based copper alloy contains a total of 0.3 mass % or less of one or two or more of Sn, Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, and Zr. 
     In the foregoing C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) copper alloy, Fe functions to form a compound with P and improve the strength and electrical conductivity property thereof. However, when the content of Fe is more than 2.6 mass %, Fe which cannot be solid-solved at the time of dissolution remains as crystallized materials. Of the crystallized materials, the larger ones have grain sizes of several tens of micrometers or more and exposed at the surface of the copper alloy strip to cause the Ag plating defect. However, when the content of Fe is less than 1.8 mass %, the lead frame for LED cannot have a sufficient strength. On the other hand, when the content of P is more than 0.2 mass %, the thermal and electrical conductivities of the lead frame for LED are degraded while, when the content of P is less than 0.005 mass %, the frame for LED cannot have a sufficient strength. 
     In the foregoing C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) copper alloy, Zn acts to improve the thermal peeling resistance of a solder and functions to maintain solder junction reliability when the LED package is attached to a base plate. When the content of Zn is less than 0.01 mass %, it is insufficient to satisfy the thermal peeling resistance required of the solder while, when the content of Zn is more than 0.50 mass %, the thermal and electrical conductivities are degraded. 
     In the foregoing C194-based (Cu—Fe-based) copper alloy, Sn, Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, and Zr also have the function of improving the strength and heat resistance of the copper alloy and further improving the hot rolling property during the production thereof. To obtain the foregoing function by adding such elements to the copper alloy, it is desirable that the total content thereof is 0.02 mass % or more. However, when the total content of such components is more than 0.3 mass %, the thermal and electrical conductivities are degraded. 
     (Cu—Fe—P-Based Copper Alloy) 
     A Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy according to the present invention contains 0.01 to 0.5 mass % of Fe, 0.01 to 0.20 mass % of P, 0.01 to 1.0 mass % of Zn, and 0.01 to 0.15 mass % of Sn, with the balance being Cu and an unavoidable impurity. As necessary, the Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy contains a total of 0.3 mass % or less of one or two or more of Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, Zr, Si, and Ag. 
     In the foregoing Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy, Fe has the function of forming a compound with P and improving the strength and electrical conductivity property thereof. However, when the content of Fe is more than 0.5 mass %, it causes the degradation of the electrical and thermal conductivities of the copper alloy while, when the content of Fe is less than 0.01 mass %, the lead frame for LED cannot have a sufficient strength. On the other hand, when the content of P is more than 0.2 mass %, the electrical and thermal conductivities of the copper alloy are degraded while, when the content of P is less than 0.01 mass %, the lead frame for LED cannot have a strength required thereof. 
     In the foregoing Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy, Zn acts to improve the thermal peeling resistance of a solder and functions to maintain solder junction reliability when the LED package is attached to a base plate. When the content of Zn is less than 0.01 mass %, it is insufficient to satisfy the thermal peeling resistance required of the solder while, when the content of Zn is more than 1.0 mass %, the thermal and electrical conductivities of the copper alloy are degraded. 
     Sn contributes to an improvement in the strength of the copper alloy but, when the content thereof is less than 0.01 mass %, a sufficient strength cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the content of Sn is more than 0.15 mass %, the electrical and thermal conductivities of the copper alloy are degraded. 
     In the foregoing Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy, Co, Al, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Ni, Ti, Zr, Si, and Ag also have the function of improving the strength and heat resistance of the copper alloy and further improving the hot rolling property during the production thereof. To obtain the foregoing function by adding such elements to the copper alloy, it is desirable that the total content thereof is 0.02 mass % or more. However, when the total content of such components is more than 0.3 mass %, the thermal and electrical conductivities are degraded. 
     (Method of Producing Copper Alloy Strip) 
     Each of C194 copper alloy strip and a Cu—Fe—P-based copper alloy strip is typically produced by successively subjecting an ingot to facing, hot rolling, post-hot-rolling rapid cooling or solution treatment, subsequent cold rolling, precipitation annealing, and finishing cold rolling. The cold rolling and the precipitation annealing are repeated as necessary, and low-temperature annealing is performed as necessary after the finishing cold rolling. In the case of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention also, the production process need not be significantly changed. On the other hand, coarse Fe, Fe—P, or Fe—P—O grains are formed mainly during melting/casting and during hot rolling so that it is necessary to select proper conditions for the melting/casting and the hot rolling, which are specifically as follows. 
     In the melting/casting, Fe is added to a copper alloy molten metal at 1200 C.° or more to be dissolved therein and cast, while the temperature of the molten metal is also held thereafter at 1200 C.° or more. The resulting ingot is cooled at a cooling speed of 1 C.°/second or more even during solidification (when a solid and a liquid coexist) and after solidification. To accomplish this, in the case of continuous casting or semi-continuous casting, it is necessary to sufficiently efficiently perform primary cooling in a mold and secondary cooling immediately under the mold. In the hot rolling, homogenization treatment is performed at 900 C.° or more, and preferably 950 C.° or more, the hot rolling is started at the temperature, the temperature at which the hot rolling is ended is adjusted to be 650 C.° or more, and preferably 700 C.° or more and, immediately after the hot rolling is ended, rapid cooling is performed to 300 C.° or less using a large amount of water. 
     The surface form (surface roughness or depressed portions) of the copper alloy strip according to the present invention is formed by transferring the surface shape of a rolling roll to the copper alloy strip in the finishing cold rolling. In other words, the rolling roll needs to have extremely fine dull patterns corresponding to the foregoing surface form in the surface thereof. As the rolling roll, a silicon-nitride-based roll made of SiAlON or the like is used. While the roll is rotated and moved in parallel with the axial direction thereof, an ultra-abrasive wheel having diamond abrasive grains is rotated in the same direction and pressed thereagainst (the contact surface moves in the opposite direction) to grind the surface of the roll and form the dull patterns. By varying the grain sizes of the diamond abrasive grains, the distribution density thereof, the force with which the ultra-abrasive wheel is pressed, and the rotation speed and movement speed of the roll, it is possible to form extremely fine indentations having different roughnesses (lengths, widths, and heights), i.e., the dull patterns in the surface of the roll. 
     In the finishing cold rolling, using a roll having a roll diameter of about 20 to 100 mm, a total of 20 to 70% cold rolling is performed by one pass of threading or a plurality of passes of threading. When the plurality of passes of threading is performed, it is desirable to provide a SiAlON roll for the first pass with dull patterns coarser than the dull patterns of a roll for the second and subsequent passes and control the rolling speed such that the rolling speed is lower during the second and subsequent passes than during the first pass. As the rolling speed is lower, the dull pattern of the roll is more distinctly transferred into the surface of the copper alloy strip and, as the roll diameter is smaller, more stable transfer can be performed. In addition, since the material of the silicon-nitride-based roll is hard and unlikely to be deformed, it can be considered that the dull patterns of the roll are distinctly transferred into the surface of the copper alloy strip. At present, the copper alloy strip having the surface form (especially the depressed portions densely formed) prescribed in the present invention can be obtained only by performing the finishing cold rolling using the silicon-nitride-based roll having the surface ground with the ultra-abrasive wheel. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Copper alloys having the compositions shown in Tables 1 to 4 were each melted under a charcoal coating in atmospheric air in a small-sized electric furnace to produce ingots each having a thickness of 50 mm, a width of 80 mm, and a length of 180 mm by melting. After facing each of the top/back surfaces of the produced ingots mentioned above by 5 mm, post-homogenization-treatment hot rolling is performed at 950° C. to form the foregoing ingots into plate materials each having a thickness of 12 mm, which were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 700° C. or more. Each of the top/back surfaces of the plate materials was faced by about 1 mm. After repeatedly performing cold rolling and precipitation annealing at 500 to 550° C. for 2 to 5 hours, using SiAlON rolls each having dull patterns formed in the surface thereof and a diameter of 50 mm (using normal high-speed steel rolls without dull patterns only for Nos. 33 and 130), finishing cold rolling was performed with a 40% processing rate to produce copper alloy plates/strips each having a thickness of 0.2 mm, which were used as samples. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Electrical 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical Composition (mass %) 
                 Tensile Strength 
                 Conductivity 
                 Solder Thermal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Fe 
                 P 
                 Zn 
                 Others 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 (% IACS) 
                 Peeling Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 1 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 2.6 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 473 
                 69 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 1.8 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 429 
                 73 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 2.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 479 
                 73 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 2.2 
                 0.005 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 432 
                 69 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.5 
                 — 
                 460 
                 68 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.01 
                 — 
                 448 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 2.6 
                 0.2 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 492 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 1.8 
                 0.005 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 421 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.15, Co: 0.1 
                 460 
                 68 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.10, Cr: 0.05 
                 456 
                 69 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.05, Mn: 0.05 
                 447 
                 72 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Mn: 0.07, Cr: 0.08, Ni: 0.05 
                 458 
                 68 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 2.1 
                 0.025 
                 0.20 
                 Zr: 0.03, Ti: 0.01, Mg: 0.01, Pb: 0.01 
                 448 
                 72 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 2.15 
                 0.033 
                 0.30 
                 Ca: 0.01, Al: 0.02, Mg: 0.01 
                 455 
                 70 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Electrical 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical Composition (mass %) 
                 Tensile Strength 
                 Conductivity 
                 Solder Thermal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Fe 
                 P 
                 Zn 
                 Others 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 (% IACS) 
                 Peeling Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 22 
                 3.0* 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 482 
                 65 
                 Passed 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 23 
                 1.5* 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                  396* 
                 73 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 2.2 
                 0.3* 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 503 
                  63* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 2.2 
                 0.002* 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 428 
                  64* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 1.0* 
                 — 
                 468 
                  63* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.002* 
                 — 
                 447 
                 70 
                 Failed 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 3.0* 
                 0.3* 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 511 
                  61* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 1.5* 
                 0.002* 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                  390* 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.1, Cr: 0.1, Mn: 0.15, Ni: 0.1, Co: 0.05* 
                 470 
                  64* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.5* 
                 485 
                  53* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 Sn: 0.05, Pb: 0.03, Zr: 0.05, 
                 468 
                  64* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Al: 0.05, Co: 0.12, Ni: 0.05* 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 2.2 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 451 
                 71 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Portion where content of element is excessive or insufficient or where characteristic is inferior 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Electrical 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical Composition (mass %) 
                 Tensile Strength 
                 Conductivity 
                 Solder Thermal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Fe 
                 P 
                 Zn 
                 Sn 
                 Others 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 (% IACS) 
                 Peeling Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 101 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 0.4 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 473 
                 85 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 103 
                 0.08 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 452 
                 90 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 0.3 
                 0.15 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 473 
                 82 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 105 
                 0.1 
                 0.02 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 455 
                 89 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.8 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 471 
                 85 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 88 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.13 
                 — 
                 473 
                 85 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 109 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.01 
                 — 
                 467 
                 88 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 Co: 0.08, Al: 0.04, Cr: 0.08, Mg: 0.05 
                 471 
                 81 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 111 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 Mg: 0.02 
                 460 
                 88 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 Ni: 0.05, Si: 0.1, Ag: 0.05 
                 477 
                 82 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 113 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 Mn: 0.05, Pb: 0.05 
                 470 
                 86 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 114 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 116 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 117 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 118 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 119 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical Composition (mass %) 
                   
                 Electrical 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Others 
                 Tensile Strength 
                 Conductivity 
                 Solder Thermal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Fe 
                 P 
                 Zn 
                 Sn 
                 (Note) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 (% IACS) 
                 Peeling Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 120 
                 1.0* 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 488 
                  79* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 121 
                 0.004* 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                  408* 
                  64* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 122 
                 0.3 
                 0.3* 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 497 
                  45* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 123 
                 0.3 
                 0.005* 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                  439* 
                 86 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 124 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 1.5* 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 475 
                  76* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 125 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.005* 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 463 
                 88 
                 Failed 
               
               
                   
                 126 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.2* 
                 — 
                 471 
                  77* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 127 
                 0.2 
                 0.07 
                 0.2 
                 0.002* 
                 — 
                  446* 
                 88 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 128 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 Co: 0.1, Al: 0.2, Si: 0.1, Mn: 0.1 
                 475 
                  71* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 129 
                 2.2* 
                 0.03 
                 0.15 
                 —* 
                 Cr: 0.1, Ti: 0.1 
                 451 
                  65* 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 131 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 132 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 133 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 134 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 135 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 136 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
                 137 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 468 
                 87 
                 Passed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Portion where content of element is excessive or insufficient or where characteristic is inferior 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Using the produced samples, tests for individually measuring tensile strengths, electrical conductivities, the grain sizes and densities of grains exposed at the surfaces, surface roughnesses, and depressed shapes were performed in the following manner. The measurement results are shown in Tables 1 to 8. However, the tensile strengths of Nos. 14 to 19 and 33 to 40, the electrical conductivities thereof, the grain sizes and densities of the grains exposed at the surfaces thereof were considered to have the same values as those of No. 1 so that the measurement tests therefor were omitted. The tensile strengths of Nos. 114 to 119 and 130 to 137, the electrical conductivities thereof, the grain sizes and densities of the grains exposed at the surfaces thereof were also considered to have the same values as those of No. 101 so that the measurement tests therefor were omitted. 
     (Measurement of Tensile Strengths) 
     From the samples, JIS No. 5 specimens were collected by setting a longitudinal direction in parallel with a rolling direction and a tensile test was performed based on the specifications of JIS Z 2241 to measure the tensile strengths. Of the specimens Nos. 1 to 40, those having tensile strengths of 400 N/mm 2  or more were determined to have passed the test. Of the specimens Nos. 101 to 137, those having tensile strengths of 450 N/mm 2  or more were determined to have passed the test. 
     (Measurement of Conductivities) 
     The conductivities were measured based on the specifications of JIS H 0505. Of the specimens Nos. 1 to 40, those having conductivities of 65% IACS or more were determined to have passed the test. Of the specimens Nos. 101 to 137, those having conductivities of 80% IACS or more were determined to have passed the test. 
     (Measurement of Grain Sizes and Densities of Grains Exposed at Surfaces) 
     Using the produced samples, 2000-fold magnification SEM observation of the surfaces thereof was performed. The number of Fe, Fe—P, or Fe—P—O grains or inclusions having grain sizes (diameters of circumscribed circles thereof) of 1 μm or more was counted in the range of 100 μm×100 μm, and the number thereof per 1 mm 2  was calculated. In addition, the maximum grain size of the foregoing grains or inclusions was measured in the same range. 
     (Measurement of Surface Roughnesses) 
     Using the produced samples, the surface states of the samples were observed in a rolling vertical direction by AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) to obtain a surface roughness curve (AFM profile). From the AFM profile, Ra (arithmetic average roughness), Rz JIS  (ten point average roughness), and Rz (maximum height roughness) were determined. Examples of the AFM profile in the rolling vertical direction are shown in  FIGS. 3 and 5 . 
     (Measurement of Depressed Shapes) 
     The average length and depth of depressions in a rolling parallel direction were determined from an AFM profile in the rolling parallel direction. Examples of the AFM profile in the rolling parallel direction are shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4 . As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4 , unlike a typical roughness curve from the surface of a copper alloy plate, distinct depressions were formed continuously in the rolling parallel direction. On the other hand, the average length of the depressions in the rolling vertical direction was determined from an AFM profile (see each of  FIGS. 3 and 5 ) in the rolling vertical direction. The measured length of the AMF profile was determined to be 500 μm. 
     The lengths of the depressions are the distances between the individual ridges of the AFM profile and, in each of the rolling parallel direction and the rolling vertical direction, Rsm (average length of contour curve elements) determined from the AFM profile was regarded as the average length of the depressions. The depths of the depressions were assumed to be the distances between the adjacent ridges and valleys of the AFM profile and the maximum value thereof was assumed to be a maximum depth. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample Surface Depressions 
                   
                 Ag Plating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample Surface Roughness 
                 Average Length 
                 Maximum 
                 Grains Exposed at Sample Surface 
                 Presence/ 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ra 
                 Rz JIS   
                 Rz 
                 Rolling// 
                 Rolling ⊥ 
                 Depth 
                 Maximum 
                 Number of Grains 
                 Absence 
                 Reflectance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (nm) 
                 Diameter (μm) 
                 (Grains/mm 2 ) 
                 of Defect 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 1 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 5 
                 130 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 15 
                 6 
                 129 
                 5 
                 2500 
                 Absent 
                 91.8 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 12 
                 5 
                 133 
                 1 
                 1700 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 5 
                 129 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                 5 
                 127 
                 5 
                 2500 
                 Absent 
                 91.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 0.04 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 14 
                 6 
                 135 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 0.04 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 13 
                 4 
                 125 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 0.03 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 15 
                 5 
                 135 
                 4 
                 2200 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 14 
                 6 
                 130 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 12 
                 6 
                 130 
                 3 
                 2100 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 6 
                 132 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 12 
                 5 
                 133 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 4 
                 131 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 85 
                 6 
                 132 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 90.7 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 3 
                 5 
                 132 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 90.5 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 14 
                 27 
                 129 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 91.4 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 2 
                 130 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 90.2 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 0.15 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 13 
                 6 
                 352 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 90.2 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 0.02 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
                 12 
                 4 
                 64 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 91.6 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.07 
                 0.35 
                 0.6 
                 15 
                 8 
                 150 
                 8 
                 1850 
                 Absent 
                 91.7 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 0.06 
                 0.25 
                 0.55 
                 20 
                 7 
                 160 
                 4 
                 1800 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample Surface Depressions 
                   
                 Ag Plating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample Surface Roughness 
                 Average Length 
                 Maximum 
                 Grains Exposed at Sample Surface 
                 Presence/ 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ra 
                 Rz JIS   
                 Rz 
                 Rolling ∥ 
                 Rolling⊥ 
                 Depth 
                 Maximum 
                 Number of Grains 
                 Absence 
                 Reflectance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (nm) 
                 Diameter (μm) 
                 (Grains/mm 2 ) 
                 of Defect 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 22 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 13 
                 6 
                 140 
                 20* 
                 14000* 
                 Present 
                 88.5* 
               
               
                 Example 
                 23 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 11 
                 5 
                 125 
                 1 
                 1700 
                 Absent 
                 91.6 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 16 
                 6 
                 130 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 91.8 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 15 
                 5 
                 125 
                  8* 
                  3520* 
                 Present 
                 89.6* 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 6 
                 129 
                 3 
                 2100 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 17 
                 5 
                 132 
                 3 
                 2100 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 15 
                 4 
                 128 
                 10* 
                  5100* 
                 Present 
                 89.3* 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 7 
                 130 
                 2 
                 1900 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 21 
                 6 
                 134 
                 3 
                 2500 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 0.04 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 14 
                 6 
                 135 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 12 
                 5 
                 133 
                 2 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 89.4* 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 130* 
                 5 
                 131 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 89.0* 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                  1* 
                 6 
                 130 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 87.2* 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                 50* 
                 131 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 89.4* 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                   0.5* 
                 129 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 87.3* 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 0.26* 
                 2.4* 
                 2.6* 
                 14 
                 4 
                  600* 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 85.2* 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 0.22* 
                 2.0* 
                 2.2* 
                 13 
                 4 
                  440* 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 88.6* 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 0.17 
                 1.4* 
                 1.7* 
                 12 
                 5 
                 393 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 89.1* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Portion not satisfying prescription or having inferior characteristic 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Surface Depressions of Sample 
                   
                 Ag Plating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surface Roughness of Sample 
                 Average Length 
                 Maximum 
                 Grains Exposed at Sample Surface 
                 Presence/ 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ra 
                 Rz JIS   
                 Rz 
                 Rolling// 
                 Rolling ⊥ 
                 Depth 
                 Maximum 
                 Number of Grains 
                 Absence 
                 Reflectance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (nm) 
                 Diameter (μm) 
                 (Grains/mm 2 ) 
                 of Defect 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 101 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 5 
                 130 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                 6 
                 128 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 103 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 15 
                 7 
                 131 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 0.03 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 18 
                 4 
                 135 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 105 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 11 
                 6 
                 133 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 0.04 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 12 
                 8 
                 136 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 16 
                 6 
                 132 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 15 
                 4 
                 129 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 109 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 17 
                 6 
                 125 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 11 
                 6 
                 130 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 111 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 6 
                 140 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 12 
                 5 
                 135 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 113 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                 4 
                 132 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 114 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 87 
                 6 
                 131 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 90.8 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 2 
                 6 
                 131 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 90.7 
               
               
                   
                 116 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 15 
                 25 
                 129 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 91.5 
               
               
                   
                 117 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 2 
                 132 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 90.3 
               
               
                   
                 118 
                 0.15 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 14 
                 5 
                 355 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 90.1 
               
               
                   
                 119 
                 0.02 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 13 
                 5 
                 58 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Surface Depressions of Sample 
                   
                 Ag Plating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surface Roughness of Sample 
                 Average Length 
                 Maximum 
                 Grains Exposed at Sample Surface 
                 Presence/ 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ra 
                 Rz JIS   
                 Rz 
                 Rolling// 
                 Rolling⊥ 
                 Depth 
                 Maximum 
                 Number of Grains 
                 Absence 
                 Reflectance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (nm) 
                 Diameter (μm) 
                 (Grains/mm 2 ) 
                 of Defect 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 120 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 6 
                 128 
                 1 
                 300 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 121 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 9 
                 131 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 122 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 17 
                 8 
                 136 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 123 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 7 
                 129 
                 1 
                 100 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 124 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 15 
                 7 
                 130 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 125 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 14 
                 6 
                 126 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 126 
                 0.05 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 19 
                 7 
                 129 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 127 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 7 
                 133 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 128 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 131 
                 — 
                 150 
                 Absent 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 129 
                 0.04 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 13 
                 7 
                 129 
                 3 
                 2000 
                 Absent 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 89.4* 
               
               
                   
                 131 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 133* 
                 5 
                 128 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 89.2* 
               
               
                   
                 132 
                 0.06 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                  1* 
                 6 
                 132 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 87.1* 
               
               
                   
                 133 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 52* 
                 130 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 89.3* 
               
               
                   
                 134 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                   0.5* 
                 128 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 87.4* 
               
               
                   
                 135 
                 0.27* 
                 2.4* 
                 2.6* 
                 14 
                 5 
                  610* 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 85.3* 
               
               
                   
                 136 
                 0.23* 
                 2.0* 
                 2.2* 
                 12 
                 5 
                  445* 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 88.7* 
               
               
                   
                 137 
                 0.16 
                 1.4* 
                 1.7* 
                 12 
                 4 
                 390 
                 — 
                 0 
                 Absent 
                 89.4* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Portion not satisfying prescription or having inferior characteristic 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Subsequently, Ag plating was performed on the produced samples under the following conditions, and the observation of the presence/absence of an Ag plating defect, a thermal peeling resistance test, and the measurement of the reflectances were performed in the following manner. The measurement results are shown in Tables 1 to 8. 
     (Ag Plating Conditions) 
     On each of the samples, electrolytic degreasing (at 5 Adm 2  for 60 sec) and acid pickling (with 20 mass % of a sulfuric acid for 5 sec) were performed, and Cu flash plating aiming at an average thickness of 0.1 μm was performed. Thereafter, Ag plating was performed to a thickness of 2.5 μm. The composition of an Ag plating solution is as follows: Ag concentration 80 g/L; free KCN concentration 120 g/L; potassium carbonate concentration 15 g/L; additive (commercially available under the trade name of Ag20-10T from Metalor Technologies SA.) 20 ml/L. 
     (Presence/Absence of Ag Plating Defect) 
     By subjecting a surface of Ag plating to SEM observation, the presence/absence of an Ag plating defect (a projection or non-deposition) in the range of 1 mm 2  was evaluated. 
     (Thermal Peeling Resistances) 
     From each of the samples, a strip-shaped specimen was collected and subjected to soldering. Then, the specimen was held at 150° C. for 1000 hours and the peeling condition of the solder when the strip was bent and straightened was checked. A specimen from which the solder had not peeled was evaluated as passed, while the specimen from which the solder had peeled was evaluated as failed. Note that soldering was performed using a Sn-3 mass % Ag-0.5 mass % Cu solder at a bathing temperature of 260±5° C. for a dipping time of 5 seconds. 
     (Measurement of Reflectances) 
     Using a spectrophotometer (CM-600d) commercially available from Konika Minolata Inc., the total reflection index (regular reflectance+diffuse reflectance) of each of the specimens was measured. A specimen having a total reflectance index of 90% or more was evaluated to have passed. 
     As shown in Tables 1 and 2, in each of Nos. 1 to 21, the alloy composition, the sizes and densities of grains exposed at the surface of the specimen, the surface roughness, the dimensions of the surface depressions, and the like satisfy the prescriptions of the present invention, the tensile strength is large, the electrical conductivity is high, and the solder thermal peeling resistance is excellent. In addition, the reflectance of the Ag plating is higher than that of typical C194 (No. 33) not formed with depressed portions. 
     Likewise, as shown in Tables 3 and 4, in each of Nos. 101 to 119, the alloy composition, the surface roughness, the dimensions of the surface depressions, and the like satisfy the prescriptions of the present invention, the tensile strength is large, the electrical conductivity is high, and the solder thermal peeling resistance is excellent. In addition, the reflectance of the Ag plating is higher than that of a Cu—Fe—P alloy (No. 130) not formed with depressed portions. 
     On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, of Nos. 22 to 32 having the alloy compositions falling out of the prescription provided in the present invention, Nos. 23 to 32 are each inferior in any of the tensile strength, the electrical conductivity, and the solder thermal peeing resistance. Also, in Nos. 22, 25, and 28, surface exposed grains have a large maximum grain size and the density of the exposed grains having grain sizes of 1 μm or more is high, resulting in the occurrence of Ag plating defects and low reflectances. 
     As also shown in Table 4, Nos. 120 to 129 having the alloy compositions falling out of the prescription provided in the present invention are also inferior in any of the tensile strength, the electrical conductivity, and the solder thermal peeling resistance. Note that the specimen No. 129 corresponds to C194. 
     Nos. 34 to 40 and 131 to 137 have depressions densely formed in the surfaces thereof, but do not satisfy one or two or more of the prescription of the surface roughness and the prescriptions of the average length of the depressions and the maximum depth of the depressions. Accordingly, each of Nos. 34 to 40 and 131 to 137 has a low reflectance. 
     The present application is based on Japanese Patent Applications (Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2013-067387 and 2013-067467) filed on Mar. 27, 2013, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.