Patent Publication Number: US-7582195-B2

Title: Cathodic protection system for non-isolated structures including a microprocessor control

Description:
The present application is based upon U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/433,572, filed Dec. 16, 2002, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/729,996, filed Dec. 3, 2003, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,186,321. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a method of corrosion control for buried piping, and in particular to an impressed current cathodic protection system for protection of isolated and electrically grounded buried or submerged metallic structures, an electrical means of anti-cross-connection, a means of cross-connection warning, a means of controlling DC voltage and current output on a cathodic protection system, a means of maintaining a low resistance ground-bed, and a means of anode and backfill installation and transport. 
   2. Discussion of Related Art 
   Cathodic protection is a widely used method of corrosion control for buried or submerged structures. Systems for the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures are generally well known. Examples include U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,851, U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,082, U.S. Pat. No. 634,188, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,876. 
   There are two basic methods of cathodic protection, including the passive, or sacrificial anode system, and the active, or impressed-current system. Each type of system achieves the same purpose, to provide cathodic protection to a structure that is being protected. 
   Whether using an active or passive system, to achieve full protection often requires using dielectric insulators to electrically isolate the protected structure from other structures that are not intended to be protected. Electrical isolation of the protected structure allows the protective current to be contained within the desired circuit, and not “lost” to other buried or submerged structures that are not intended to be protected. Electrical isolation of the protected structure assists in achieving reasonable system life expectancy by keeping the anode-bed current at lower and more manageable levels. There are cases where full cathodic protection cannot be achieved without electrically isolating the structure to be protected. 
   With regard to the application of cathodic protection for buried piping associated with commercial or residential buildings, electrical isolation of the piping is practically impossible, and not legal in many cases. With typical building construction, the piping is buried below the concrete foundation and flooring slab, and projects upwardly through the concrete slab at numerous service locations within the building inside walls and concealed spaces, creating access problems and numerous potential areas for electrical contact, or “shorting”, to the building grounding system. Therefore, an attempt to isolate below-slab metallic piping is usually not practical due to the many inaccessible locations that would require dielectric insulators. 
   Legally, in many if not all cases, it would be against building codes and regulations to electrically isolate piping within a commercial or residential building. This is due to safety issues related to the electrical grounding requirements, where the piping is grounded to provide a low resistance path to earth for the electric circuit-breakers to work. In other words, if the piping were not grounded it could be electrified with high voltage and the circuit-breaker would not pop open, until some conducting member or structure completed the circuit to ground. The conducting structure could be a living creature such as a human being and completion of the electrical circuit would generally lead to electrocution. 
   Therefore, there is a need to provide a cathodic protection system that is well suited to provide protection to buried piping systems that cannot be electrically isolated and that are electrically associated with the electrical grounding system of the utility company. 
   With the active, or sacrificial anode system, the electrical current is driven by the naturally occurring fixed voltage between the anode material (typically zinc or magnesium) and the structure to be protected (usually steel or copper). This fixed voltage limits the current output, especially in higher resistance soils, and often makes the active system an expensive and generally poor choice for protection of bare or poorly coated structures that are not able to be electrically isolated. 
   The active, impressed current system, described herein may provide a useful alternative to the application of cathodic protection for buried or submerged structures that are shorted to the electrical grounding systems, particularly piping systems typically found on commercial or residential buildings. (Such an impressed current DC power supply unit is herein referred to as a cathodic protection rectifier, or, more simply a “rectifier”. The power supply unit may also be connected to an alternating current AC supply and thus a transformer may be provided to convert the AC into DC). 
   The cathodic protection system described here may provide a system with inherent safety features to guard against cross-connecting the structure and the anode-bed. In the cathodic protection installation and service industry, a cross-connection of the output leads is a very serious and real concern. In a cross-connection incident, an operator accidentally connects the cathodic protection rectifier output wires in the wrong positions, connecting the anode lead to the negative (−) terminal and the structure lead to the positive (+) terminal. This results in the structure being oxidized at an accelerated rate, and the consumable anode(s) being protected; the exact opposite of what is trying to be accomplished with a typically expensive cathodic protection system. This is especially bad if the structure that is damaged transports or stores flammable gas or petroleum oil. 
   A method of DC voltage control and regulation is described which is highly suitable for protection of piping in residential and commercial buildings. A method of maintaining a lower resistance anode bed is described. Also, a method of anode and backfill installation and transport is described that makes cathodic protection a more practical alternative to ongoing corrosion problems. 
   The present invention is designed to be easier to install, easier to service, more reliable, safer, more versatile in application (able to protect various grounded piping systems), and lends itself to do-it-yourself installers. The safety and transport aspects are particularly important for a reduction in cost to the consumer. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
   The present invention is directed to an improved cathodic protection system, which may at least partially overcome the abovementioned disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice. 
   In a broad form, the invention resides in an active cathodic protection system, the apparatus comprising a rectifier element with at least one electrical connection to a source of electrical current, the transformer and rectifier element associated with a direct current positive (+) output terminal for electrical connection of via an anode connector to a consumable anode, a direct current negative (−) output terminal for electrical connection via a cathode connector to the structure to be protected, grounding means for electrical grounding of the apparatus and anti-cross connection means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current when the anode connector is associated with the negative output terminal and the cathode connector is associated with the positive output terminal. The situation where the anode connector is associated with the negative output terminal and the cathode connector is associated with the positive output terminal is preferably known as cross-connection. 
   It is preferred that at least one, and preferably both of the anode connector and the cathode connector are conductor wires, leads or the like. 
   In this form the invention resides in an improved cathodic protection system, which has safety feature that prevents the catastrophic consequences of cross-connecting the anode-bed and structure wiring at the rectifier panel. The anode may suitably be located buried in the ground. The anode may preferably take the form of an anode bed. 
   It is important to note that the cross-connection of cathodic protection rectifier systems may also be threatened by vandals and saboteurs that could intentionally cross-connect a system to cause severe damage to piping and structures. 
   In one embodiment, the means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current in the cross-connection situation may be a fuse or the like. Such a fuse may preferably be located between the transformer and the negative output terminal thereof. The fuse may preferably be associated with the direct current side of the transformer and rectifier element. There may suitably also be a fuse associated with the alternating current side of the transformer and rectifier element. 
   The fuse may typically be associated with a warning lamp or light connected in parallel with the fuse, whereby if the fuse blows, the warning lamp is lit to notify users or operators of the system that cross-connection has occurred. The fuse may suitably blow and cause the output voltage to occur across a high resistance, low current consumption light, such as a small Light Emitting Diode (LED). This LED may provide the installer with an immediate indication that there is a problem, namely, that the fuse has blown. A continuously failing fuse may indicate to the installer that there would be a problem. 
   In a particularly preferred form of the present invention, in the event of a cross-connection on an electrically grounded structure, the internal circuitry may cause the fuse on the panel of the rectifier to blow, immediately shutting down the system. In the event of a cross-connection, electrical current will not be allowed to flow continually due to the internal circuitry that may create a direct short-circuit within the cathodic protection unit. 
   In a second embodiment of the present invention, the means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current in the cross-connection situation would be a microprocessor located between a source of electricity and the negative output terminal thereof. The microprocessor would sense current in the system and provide an open circuit if the current is not at proper operating range. The microprocessor would also perform current interrupter tests as well as other tests to determine the existence of short circuits, open-circuit conditions as well as other similar tests. 
   The means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current may further comprise a ground loop. The ground loop may comprise an electrical loop between a point in the internal wiring close to the negative output terminal near the warning lamp or light, the means for grounding the system and the external cathode connector/conductor lead, where with the addition of a specific internal jumper wire, in a cross-connection situation, both basic output terminals of the transformer and rectifier element are connected to the same means for grounding the system, resulting in a dead short. 
   The internal circuitry may create a dead short in the event of a cross-connection by means of the low resistance path through what we define as the “ground loop resistance”, that is, the path along the cross-connected external negative “pipe” lead (which is incorrectly attached to the positive terminal) to the building electrical grounding network, back to the rectifier through the electrical supply grounding wire, through the additional “jumper” connection, then to the negative output of the rectifier. In other words, in the event of a cross-connection, both output leads of the rectifier become shorted through the low resistance electrical grounding system, and the DC fuse of the rectifier blows. In the event an inexperienced operator or service technician does not realize their mistake, no matter how many times they try to get the system to output current, the internal circuitry may not allow it. Also, a saboteur or vandal may not succeed in impressing current in the “wrong” direction. 
   In a particularly preferred embodiment, the electrical grounding means and/or the portion of the system between the rectifier element and the consumable anode may have a low resistance. 
   The means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current may also be or comprise a current directing diode. The current directing diode may preferably be associated with the cathode connector/conductor wire. Alternatively, the current directing diode may be associated with the anode connector/conductor wire. 
   In this preferred form of the invention, in the event of a cross-connection on an electrically grounded structure, a current directing diode in a junction box, which may suitably be either buried, at ground level, or above ground level, may be installed on the electrical connection between the structure to be protected and the negative output terminal of the transformer and rectifier element to prevent current from going in the wrong direction. It should be noted that the current directing diode may also be installed on the positive anode wire preventing current from going the wrong direction in the event of a cross-connection. In either case, if the leads were accidentally, or intentionally switched, no current would be allowed to flow. 
   Another aspect of this invention is a cathodic protection system comprising a cathodic protection system body, and a remotely installed plug-in type power supply module designs similar to those common for electronic devices. In a preferred embodiment the cathodic protection system body may be an injection molded case with all of the electrical components attached, such as Alternating Current (AC), Direct Current (DC), and grounding wiring terminals, fuses, warning lights, “on” lights, “system ok” lights, telephone monitoring jack, potentiometer trimming switch, rotating selector switch, circuit boards, LCD displays, and integrated circuit components. The type of plug-in power supply may be a single voltage, switchable voltage type, or a constant current type of plug-in module that automatically sets the voltage to a predetermined current output. A trimming potentiometer, or external resistor jumper terminals, may preferably be installed in the cathodic protection system body for additional current and voltage output adjustment. A microprocessor based internal multimeter capability with a function selector switch could be incorporated to allow direct readings of voltage output, current output, and circuit resistance, on a LCD or LED display. A menu system could be incorporated into the function selector switch provide troubleshooting, diagnostics, or user and operator education. The microprocessor would also be used to produce an open circuit when a cross-connection situation occurs, as well as carry out all of the above-noted functions. 
   A source of solar power can be used to operate all the embodiments of the present invention. This source of power can be used instead of the AC or DC plug-in transformer, or in combination with the transformer. A current interrupter would be used in conjunction with the microprocessor to measure the performance of the cathodic protection system. 
   Typical cathodic protection rectifiers use expensive multi-tap transformers or variable voltage transformers that are wired to a step-down transformer. In addition to being expensive, this type of cathodic protection rectifier is very heavy and cumbersome, due to the extensive copper windings and cooling requirements. These types of conventional rectifiers are good for the traditional outdoor pipeline applications, but are overkill and unsuitable for installations in residential and commercial buildings where hundreds of smaller systems would be installed on a one per homeowner unit basis. 
   Often, in drier climates, anode beds installed in the earth tend to dry-out causing high resistance in the circuit. The anode bed may preferably be regularly moistened by installing a drip-irrigation system to regularly dispense water on top of the anode bed installation. This may suitably be accomplished by either tapping into the existing irrigation system piping, which is plentiful at most commercial and residential properties in drier areas of the country, or, a water bottle with a dripping tube can be installed in a “valve-box” directly above the anode installation. 
   Another aspect of the installation of cathodic protection on electrically grounded structures in commercial and residential buildings is the need to distribute current over a large area by installing numerous rectifier and anode systems. Some projects which have experienced ongoing below-slab copper corrosion have required several dozen rectifier/anode installations throughout a maze of buildings. In these cases, the traditional method of installing anodes and backfill throughout the complex has created difficulty. 
   According to another aspect, the invention resides in a method of installing and transporting an anode and backfill materials comprising providing a container for holding a predetermined amount of backfill material for a particular anode hole size with the anode attached to the container, digging an anode hole corresponding to the amount of backfill material provided, placing the anode in the hole and placing the backfill material in the hole. This invention includes the formation of a container capable of assisting cleanly and efficiently transporting and installing the anode and backfill material. The preferred embodiment of the invention is a container with a screw-cap on one end. The container holds a quantity of backfill predetermined by the engineer or designer, typically a powdered or granular coke-breeze carbon graphite material, and/or a powdered gypsum bentonite material. This container may be reused over and over again, with a deposit or core charge arrangement with the customer, which would conserve resources and be beneficial to the environment not having to constantly throw away the packaging material. 
   A preferred type of anode material that can be attached to the reusable container is known as a “wire” anode. This material is usually made of a non-consumable substrate such as titanium or niobium, and a conductive consumable coating such as platinum, or what is known as a mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) anode. This type of anode material may be attached to the reusable container to make one complete anode bed installation material solution. 
   Also, because of the varied earth-grounding characteristics, in terms of soil-resistivity and conductivity, many different anode ground bed configurations may be required. There is no one anode size that is ideal and what may work at one location may not work at another. Therefore, the method of installing and transporting the anode material facilitates custom anode designs that are quick and easy to use for the customer. 
   The above mentioned container preferably includes a rigid tube with a removable endcap that is made in a predetermined size to provide the exact amount of backfill that is required for the specified anode and hole size configuration. The rigid tube may incorporate a handle and a strapping mechanism to attach the backfill and the corresponding anode together for improved handling, transport and installation. This configuration may provide for a more effective means for managing the anode and backfill materials on the job site. Also, this packaging method may enable a lessor experienced contractor or do-to-yourself installer, who may not have the ability to determine anode and backfill size and quantity requirements, to install cathodic protection on their own without the assistance of an experienced installer. Also, this packaging method lends itself well to easier shipping and direct mail delivery to the customer. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a typical impressed current cathodic protection system that incorporates dielectric insulators to direct current only to protected section of pipe. 
       FIG. 2  shows a cathodic protection installation on a building with below-slab grounded piping that is electrically bonded to the utility grounding system and showing the electric current is only partially directed to below-slab piping. 
       FIG. 3  shows a correctly wired impressed current cathodic protection rectifier system. The drawing shows a preferred embodiment of an installation of the invention in the form of a diode installed in an at-grade junction box remote from the rectifier box. This diode would prevent electrical current from flowing if the leads were switched at the rectifier. 
       FIG. 4  shows an incorrectly wired impressed-current cathodic protection rectifier system installed to protected electrically grounded piping, such as in a building, with a preferred embodiment of an internal protection circuitry causing internal fuse to blow, and the cross-connection warning light to turn on. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of a preferred arrangement of the appearance of the faceplate and mounting means of improved cathodic protection system for electrically grounded piping with internal cross-connect circuitry and warning light according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 6  shows appearance of improved cathodic protection system for electrically grounded piping with an injection molded plastic case, internal cross-connect circuitry, and warning light. This drawing also shows of the use of the present invention with an external plug-in power supply. 
       FIG. 7  shows a refillable water container preferably with higher-conductivity electrolyte mixture, and a drip irrigation bubbler tapped into the landscape irrigation system used to help maintain a lower anode-to-earth resistance by keeping the anode bed moist or wet in dry climates. 
       FIG. 8  shows preportioned container with specified quantity of backfill and specified wire anode and cable attached for shipment and placement in field according to another aspect of the invention. 
       FIG. 9  shows a microprocessor controlled, improperly wired cathodic protection system. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   With reference to  FIG. 1 through 9 , the cathodic protection system is there illustrated which exemplifies the present invention. The system as shown comprises a DC power supply rectifier, a consumable anode installed in the earth, associated wiring, and the protected piping. 
     FIG. 1  shows the typical active, or impressed current cathodic protection system installation, including the DC power supply rectifier  10 , the consumable anode-bed  11 , associated wiring, AC power source  12 , and dielectric insulators  13  to limit electrical current to the intended structure to be protected. The arrows show the direction of the electrical current. The electrical current causes oxidation at the surface of the anode  11  and reduction at the surface of the structure to be protected  14 , which is made the cathode in the circuit. The electrical current is contained in the circuit and to the protected section  15  of the structure and is not permitted to impress upon the unprotected section  16  of the structure on the other side of the dielectric insulators. 
   The structure to be protected  14  is connected to the rectifier  10  via a cathode connector/conductor wire  19  and the anode  11  is connected to the rectifier  10  via an anode connector/conductor wire  18 . 
   There is also shown a conventional meter and circuit breaker box  17  to disrupt flow of incoming electrical current in the event of a supply problem. 
     FIG. 2  shows the same circuit as shown in  FIG. 1 , except without the dielectric insulators  13 , and the structure is electrically bonded to the grounding network  20  of the local utility company  21 . In this case, electrical current is not isolated only to the structure that is being protected  14 , but takes the path of least resistance including to local utility company&#39;s grounding network  20 . The return path for the DC current back from the utility companies grounding network  20  is through the continuous ground and neutral wires in the AC power distribution system wiring. 
     FIG. 3  shows a cathodic protection rectifier circuit that is correctly wired according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
   The apparatus comprises a transformer and rectifier element  10  with an alternating current electrical connection to a source of electrical current  12 , a direct current positive output terminal  23  for electrical connection via an anode connector/conductor wire  18  to a consumable anode  11 , a direct current negative output terminal  24  for electrical connection via a cathode connector/conductor wire  19  to the structure to be protected  14 , means for electrical grounding of the apparatus  25  and means  26 ,  32  for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current when the anode connector/conductor wire is associated with the negative output terminal and the cathode connector/conductor wire is associated with the positive output terminal. 
   The AC power source is generally a three wire system having a “hot” wire  27  through which AC voltage is provided, a neutral wire  28  and a ground wire  29 . The means for grounding the invention is a direct connection to the ground wire of the AC power source  25 ,  29 . 
     FIG. 3  shows an installation of an anti-cross connection invention in the form of a current directing diode  22  installed in a junction box remote from the rectifier  10  box. This diode would prevent electrical current from flowing if the leads were switched at the output terminals  23 ,  24 . 
   According to the embodiment of the invention illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current in the cross-connection situation includes a fuse  26  or the like. The fuse  26  is located between the rectifier element  10  and the negative output terminal  24  thereof, on the direct current side of the transformer and rectifier element  10 . 
     FIG. 4  shows a cathodic protection rectifier system that is cross-connected where the anode (+) and pipe (−) leads are accidentally, or maliciously, wired incorrectly. 
   The fuse  26  is associated with a warning lamp or light  30  connected in parallel with the fuse  26 , so that if the fuse  26  blows, the warning lamp  30  is lit to notify users or operators of the system that cross-connection has occurred. The warning lamp would also light if the fuse blew for any other reason. 
   The means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current further comprises a ground loop as shown in  FIG. 4 . The ground loop comprises a low resistance electrical loop  31  between the conductive region between the negative (−) output terminal  24  and the fuse  26 , the jumper wire  32 , the grounding means for grounding the system  25 , the ground wire in the 3-wire AC power source  29 , the grounding system in the building including the piping that is being cathodically protected  3 XX,  3 XXX, and the cathode connector/conductor wire  19 , which is in a cross-connection situation being incorrectly connected to the anode (+) output terminal  23 . Therefore, in a cross-connection situation both output terminals  23 ,  24  of the transformer and rectifier element  10  are connected to the means for grounding the system  25 . 
   This internal circuitry creates a dead short in the event of a cross-connection by means of the low resistance path through the “ground loop resistance”, that is, from the positive output terminal  23 , to the path along the negative connector/conductor wire  19 , to the electrically grounded pipe  3 XXX, to the building electrical grounding network,  3 XX,  29 ,  25 , and then through the electrical supply grounding terminal  32 , through the jumper wire  32 , then to the negative output terminal  24  of the rectifier. In, other words, when cathdodically protecting a piping system in a building, in the event of a cross-connection, both output terminals  23 ,  24  of the rectifier  10  would be connected to the low resistance electrical grounding system  29 , and the DC fuse  26  of the rectifier unit  10  blows. In the event an inexperienced operator or service technician does not realize their mistake, no matter how many times they try to get the system to output current, the internal circuitry will not allow it. Also, a saboteur or vandal may not succeed in impressing current in the “wrong” direction. 
   With the addition of the jumper wire  32  grounding the negative DC output  24  of cathodic protection rectifier  10  to the electrical ground within the rectifier  10  itself, hidden under the face plate, the cross-connected wiring results in a dead-short to through the grounding loop  31 , causing the DC fuse  26  to blow and the warning light  30  to come on. It should be noted that this circuitry could not be used on cathodic protection systems that use dielectric insulators  13  to isolate the protected structure  14  from the electrical ground, for the added circuit  32  would short the structure to ground and render the dielectric insulators  13  ineffective. The addition of the circuitry described above is only for electrically grounded structures, such as found in buildings. 
     FIG. 5  shows the appearance of a faceplate and mounting means  33  of improved cathodic protection system for electrically grounded piping with internal cross-connect circuitry and warning light  30  according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 6  shows a cathodic protection system that incorporates a remote AC to DC transformer  10  that allows the DC voltage and DC current output of the system to be changed by specifying or changing out a different plug-in voltage transformer  34 . Also, a constant DC current automatic voltage transformer can be incorporated. The system is also shown with a telephone jack  35  for remote monitoring of the system status and output parameters. The cathodic protection system body is an injection molded case with all of the electrical components attached, such as Alternating Current (AC), Direct Current (DC), and grounding wiring terminals, fuses, warning lights, “on” lights, “system ok” lights, telephone monitoring jack, potentiometer trimming switch, rotating selector switch, circuit boards, LCD displays, and integrated circuit components. 
     FIG. 7  shows two versions of drip watering system used to help maintain a lower anode-to-earth resistance by keeping the anode bed moist or wet in dry climates. First, a refillable water container  36  preferably with higher-conductivity electrolyte mixture, and second, a drip irrigation bubbler  37  tapped into the landscape irrigation system. Each type of system for drip watering the anode bed could be used independently. An access cover  38  is also provided. The anode is surrounded in the hole by a ground contact backfill material  39  such as graphite, bentonite or the like. 
     FIG. 8  shows pre-portioned container  40  with specified quantity of backfill  39  and specified wire anode  11  and cable  41  attached for shipment and placement in field. The container has a removable cap  42  to allow reuse. 
     FIG. 9  illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention utilizing a microprocessor control used to perform various tests as will be subsequently explained as well as acting in the capacity of the fuse  26  shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 .  FIG. 9  shows a system in which there is an improper cross connection between output terminals  23  and  24  as well as the consumable anode  11  and the structure to be protected  14 . The microprocessor  43  would act as an electronic fuse to provide an open circuit due to various factors, such as the incorrect cross connected wiring illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The microprocessor  43  would include a circuit for sensing the current in the system. If the current flow exceeded a specified value, an open circuit would be provided to prevent all current from flowing in the system, thereby effectively shutting down the current in the system. After a period of time, such as, for example, five minutes, the system would be re-engaged to determine whether the short circuit has been rectified. If the second circuit in the microprocessor  43  determines that the short circuit or other improper conditions still exist, the system would again be shut down. 
   The circuit in  FIG. 9  would operate to effectuate this end through the use of the jumper cable  32  and the created short circuit in the R-ground loop. The jumper cable  32  is connected to a printed circuit board provided in the microprocessor  43  shown by the connection  50 . Therefore, a low resistance connector is provided between the means for grounding the system  25  and the negative output terminal  24 . 
   Additionally, the microprocessor  43  also controls the DC output in either constant-current (CC) or constant voltage (CV) situation. The constant current or constant voltage output preferences can be selected with the use of a removable jumper provided on the internal circuit board of the microprocessor  43 . The microprocessor would conduct various tests for either a short circuit, cross-connect or open circuit condition. The occurrence of an improperly wired circuit, such as the cross-connect would utilize one or more light emitting diodes such as the LED  30  shown in  FIG. 5  to alert the owner/operator to the existence of this improper situation. 
   Power to operate the cathodic protection system could take many forms. For example, a solar panel  46  can be used to power the system. The electricity produced by the solar panel is connected to a solar controller  45 . Alternatively, an AC or DC plug in a transformer would be provided in the controller  45 . Either the transformer or the solar panels would produce voltage provided over a “hot” wire  48  as well as a neutral wire  49 . The AC or DC power would be transmitted to a power control circuit  44  which in turn would generate DC power with the output parameters controlled by the microprocessor  43 . The appropriate DC power in volts and current would be dictated by the particular settings of the microprocessor  43 . 
   The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9  also shows the use of a reference cell  47  used in conjunction with the microprocessor  43  to provide a circuit interrupter test used to measure the performance of the cathodic protection system. In general, the circuit interrupter test measures the performance of the cathodic protection system by periodically turning the system on and off for a period of time, such as ten or fifteen seconds and then measuring the “on” potential as well as the “off” potential of the structure to be protected, such as pipe  14 , buried tank, or steel reinforcement in concrete. The purpose of this circuit interrupter is to determine the cathodic “shift” of the structure to be protected, thereby providing an indication that the cathodic protection system is operating properly. The reference cell  47  can be a standard voltage reference electrode or a half cell. Typical of this cell would be a copper-copper sulphate reference electrode. 
   The embodiment shown in  FIG. 9  illustrates the situation in which the reference electrode cell  47  is permanently embedded into the ground in proximity with a relatively small structure to be protected, such as a buried metallic tank. In this situation, the reference cell  47  is directly connected to the microprocessor  43  via conductor  51 . The circuit interrupter test can be manually performed by an engineer utilizing a control switch provided on the face plate shown in  FIG. 5 . Alternatively, this test can be automatically orchestrated by the microprocessor  43 . In either situation, the system is turned off for a period of time, such as ten seconds and the “off” potential of the structure  14  is sensed. The system is then engaged for a period of time, such as fifteen seconds, at which time the “on” potential of the structure  14  is determined. Based upon the known material of the structure to be protected, a determination is made by the engineer, or automatically by the microprocessor, that there is a proper cathodic “shift” between the “off” potential and the “on” potential. This determination is made based upon the comparison of the cathodic shift of the particular material of the structure  14  to a standard or by determining that there is an appropriate difference between the “off” potential and the “on” potential of the structure to be protected  14 . Based upon the sensing of the cathodic “shift”, a determination would be made whether the proper current is being transmitted to the consumable anode  11 . If it is determined that based upon this sensed cathodic “shift” the system is not operating properly, the engineer would alter the amount of current being transmitted to the anode  11 . Alternatively, the microprocessor  43  could determine the proper current to be transmitted to the anode  11  thereby automatically changing the proper current transmitted to the anode  11 . 
   When the structure to be protected is rather long, such as a water or gas pipe, a hand-held reference cell  47  would be employed by the engineer. In this situation, the engineer would insert the hand-held cell  47  into the ground in proximity with the structure to be protected. This cell would be connected to one side of a multimeter. The second side of the multimeter is connected to a test station provided in the field. This test station would include a wire or similar conductor which is directly attached to the structure to be protected, or an appurtenance electrically continuous to the structure such as a metallic riser or hose-bib attachment. During the testing period, current would be off for a certain period of time as well as to be on for a certain period of time thereby allowing the engineer to determine the “off” pipe-to-soil potential as well as the “on” pipe-to-soil potential. This testing is done at various test sites along the length of the pipe. Alternatively, each of the test stations would be provided with a conductor directly attached to the pipe as well as a permanently embedded reference cell. In this situation, the engineer would merely attach the multimeter between the conductor and the reference cell to determine the “off” pipe-to-soil potential as well as the “on” pipe-to-soil potential. This information would then be utilized to determine whether the cathodic protection system was properly operating as well as to change the current transmitted through the anode  11  if the system was not operating properly. 
   In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the description and claims appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the art.