Patent Publication Number: US-2012036698-A1

Title: Sports safety padding

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,094, filed Aug. 16, 2010, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to sports equipment. The present disclosure further relates to sports safety equipment. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to safety padding for reducing sports related injuries. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Sporting events such as hockey, basketball, baseball, football and soccer pose serious risks of injury for participant athletes. These injuries can be the result of contact between the athletes themselves, contact between the athlete and the ball or puck, and contact between the athlete and the environment. Contact between an athlete and the environment can be the result of contact with the playing surface, such as ice or the ground, or contact with other objects in, or near the playing surface. Examples of sporting environmental injury risks includes contact with dasher boards or the glass in hockey, contact with basketball poles and scoring tables in basketball, contact with field goal posts in football, and any other situation in which an object in, or near the playing field is susceptible to contact as a result of players in, or leaving the field of play. Contact with these environmental objects presents a serious risk of injury. This is often due to the relatively fixed and stationary aspect of these objects which can result in the athlete absorbing most of the force of the collision. 
     Hockey in particular poses unique injury risks to participants. In particular, players employ a common technique called “body checking,” whereby a player uses his or her body to force the body of the opposing player into the hockey dasher boards or the hockey glass. This technique poses a serious risk of broken bones, torn or strained ligaments, contusions, and concussions as the player contacts the environmental object—i.e. the dasherboards, or glass. Concussions in particular represent a serious threat to hockey players, which can often cause long-term and lasting side effects even years after the initial injury. Contact with environmental injury risks can often contribute to, or cause concussions as the relatively immobile nature of these risks allows for little, if any, shock absorption, and thus the energy of the impact is entirely felt by the athlete. 
     Proper design of playing surfaces can mitigate the risks posed by environmental injury risks. As an example, the ledger where hockey glass meets hockey dasher boards is an environmental injury risk that has been mitigated some in recent years by the introduction of more yielding materials. Despite these design changes, environmental hazards still exist in hockey. One existing hazard is a glass termination, formed where the glass turns away from the rink to enclose the back, but not the front of the player boxes. Each piece of glass at the corner is connected at this outside corner by a termination post. 
     The padding covering glass termination hazards oftentimes is inadequate to effectively absorb the impact of the athletes as a result of a collision and can leave the athlete absorbing significant amounts of energy and leading to injury. If padding is provided at all on these terminations, it is usually composed of one layer of thin, and easily compressed soft foam that is wrapped in vinyl. The foam easily compresses upon impact and does little to protect an athlete from injury. Moreover, the foam is simply a flat and square sheet of thin foam, that when installed, is traditionally bent around the corner of the glass termination post, further compressing the already thin foam. This foam is typically an infirm, open cell polyurethane with indent force deflection at 25% of 27-33 lbs measured by ASTM D-3574-01 testing. Indent force deflection is defined as the amount of force, in pounds, required to indent a fifty square inch, round indentor foot into a predefined foam specimen a certain percentage of the specimen&#39;s total thickness. A foam rated for shock absorbency generally has an indent force deflection at 25% of 45 lbs and higher. Thus foam that is rated at 27-33 lbs is generally inadequate for safely protecting athletes. 
     Thus, there exists a need in the art for improved sports safety padding. In particular, improved energy absorbing termination padding for hockey rinks. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, an energy absorbing termination post padding for hockey rinks comprises a first energy absorbing panel which comprises an impact layer comprising a first foam; and a secondary impact layer comprising a second foam that is more rigid than the first foam of the impact layer; and a second energy absorbing panel arranged on an end of the first energy absorbing panel. 
     In another embodiment, an energy absorbing termination post padding for hockey rinks includes a corner shaped pad with a first side and a second side formed of a compressible foam configured to absorb impact forces. A cover receives and forms around the corner shaped foam. An attachment means attaches the cover to a termination post of the hockey rink. 
     In another embodiment, a method of preventing hockey injuries comprises placing over a termination post in a hockey rink, a safety padding. The safety padding includes a corner shaped foam with a first side and a second side. The corner shaped foam is formed of a compressible foam configured to absorb impact forces. 
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. As will be realized, the various embodiments of the present disclosure are capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter that is regarded as forming the various embodiments of the present disclosure, it is believed that the embodiments will be better understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the safety foam according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are perspective views of energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an energy absorbing termination padding with a cover according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an energy absorbing termination padding with a cover according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a hockey rink with an energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a termination post with glass and energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a termination post with glass and energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a termination post with energy absorbing termination padding according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11A  is a chart showing test results for various embodiments of the current disclosure compared to traditional foam padding. 
         FIG. 11B  is another chart showing impact test results for another embodiment of the present disclosure compared to traditional foam and no foam padding. 
         FIG. 11C  is a chart showing the head injury criteria for unhelmeted head impacts for the another embodiment of the present disclosure compared to traditional foam and no foam padding. 
         FIG. 11D  is a chart showing the percentage of risk of serious head injury for the another embodiment of the present disclosure compared to traditional foam and no foam padding. 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a termination post with energy absorbing termination padding according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a termination post with energy absorbing termination padding according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure relates to novel and advantageous sports equipment. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to novel and advantageous sports safety equipment. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to improved safety padding for reducing sports related injuries from athlete contact with hard surfaces. This safety padding can be placed over any obstruction or other object in a playing surface where contact with athletes is likely and provides protection to athletes who contact these obstructions while at the same time, does not interfere with game play. The present disclosure also relates to an improved energy absorbing termination post padding. 
     In one embodiment the safety padding can be a multiple layer pad that can be placed over objects to prevent injury in case of impact. The multiple layer pad can include one or more layers of padding or foam. Turning now to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, the safety padding can include two layers. The first layer is an impact layer  110 , and the second layer is a secondary impact layer  120 . In other embodiments additional layers are possible (see  FIG. 2A ). The multiple layer pad can also include one layer of padding or foam (see  FIG. 2B ). 
     In one embodiment, the impact layer  110  can be designed to disperse the energy of an athlete impact, but spring back to its original shape easily. This layer can be a shock absorbing layer that decelerates the athlete and rapidly dissipates the energy of the impact lessening the chance for injury. In some embodiments, this layer can be a first type of foam that can have an indent force deflection at 25% of around 40 lbs or more, as measured by ASTM D-3574-01 or similar test, offering a stiff, yet flexible foam. 
     In some embodiments, the first type of foam of impact layer  110  can allow for displacement of air into and out of the foam, thus enabling the foam to absorb and disperse the energy of the impacting athlete, yet rebound to its original shape easier as air is expelled and then reabsorbed by the foam. In some embodiments, the first type of foam can be an open cell foam. In particular embodiments, the first type of foam of impact layer  110  can be a flexible polyurethane foam, or can be a visco-elastic polyurethane—i.e. “memory foam.” One example embodiment can use 7700GY foam available from Amcon™, 5360 Main St. NE Minneapolis, Minn. 55421. The 7700GY foam has an indent force deflection at 25% of 63-77 lbs, with a density of 1.7-1.9 lbs/ft3. 
     In one embodiment, the secondary impact layer  120  can be positioned in contact with the obstruction or object to which padding is desired and can form a secondary impact layer that absorbs energy from the athlete if the athlete manages to hit the obstruction hard enough to substantially compress the impact layer  110 . The secondary impact layer  120  can be made of a second, more rigid type of foam than the first type of foam of impact layer  110  with a compressive strength that is greater than impact layer  110 . The secondary impact layer can thus serve to cushion exceedingly hard blows where softer foams are totally compressed and indeed cushion hard blows where impact layer  110  is compressed. 
     In one embodiment, the secondary impact layer  120  can be a second, more rigid and inflexible type of foam than the impact layer  110 . The secondary impact layer  120  can contain foam that has a compressive strength at 25% of around 7 p.s.i. or greater with a vertical compressive strength of around 14 psi at 50% as measured by ASTM D-3575-93 Suffix D or other similar test. Alternatively, the secondary impact layer  120  could also be foam that has an indent force deflection at 25% of around 100 lbs or higher as measured by ASTM D-3574-01 or similar test. This is a fairly stiff type of foam, stiffer than the impact layer  110 . While this layer may not bounce back to its original shape as readily as the impact layer  120 , its purpose is to deform in the event an athlete hits the safety foam with a hard enough impact to fully compress impact layer  110 , thus dispersing any remaining energy of the impact that would otherwise be borne by the athlete once the impact layer  110  is fully compressed. 
     The secondary impact layer  120  can be a closed cell foam such as extruded or expanded polystyrene, including foams formed from pre-expanded beads, polyethylene, expanded polyethylene, extruded polyethylene, polyisocyanurate, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyurethane, or any other foam that has greater rigidity that the impact layer  110 . In one embodiment, the foam of secondary impact layer  120  can be POLYFLX10 foam made from expanded polyethylene beads and available from Amcon™, 5360 Main St. NE Minneapolis, Minn. 55421. POLYFLX10 foam can have a density of 1.0 lbs/ft3 with a compressive strength of 7.8 psi at 25%. In another embodiment, the foam may be 9900 foam available from Amcon™, 5360 Main St. NE Minneapolis, Minn. 55421. The foam has an indent force deflection at 25% of 125-145 lbs, with a density of 2.4-2.6 lbs/ft3. 
     Secondary impact layer  120  can also be an open celled foam. In one embodiment secondary impact layer  120  can be a polyurethane foam. In one embodiment, the secondary impact layer  120  can be ETHER PU 9900 polyurethane foam available from Amcon™, 5360 Main St. NE Minneapolis, Minn. 55421. ETHER PU 990 foam can have an indent force deflection of 125-145 lbs at 25%. 
     In some embodiments, the impact layer  110  first decelerates the athlete until it is fully compressed. The foam of the impact layer, being softer, distributes the impact on the athlete across a greater surface area, thus minimizing injury and slowing acceleration. On harder impacts, impact layer  110  may become fully compressed. In this scenario, secondary impact layer  120 , which is not as compressive as impact layer  110  takes over distributing the force of the impact on the athlete to prevent injury. Thus impact layer  110  and secondary impact layer  120  work in cooperation to prevent injury over a range of impact speeds. 
     In other embodiments, either the impact layer  110  or the secondary impact layer  120  or both can be a flexible bladder that is filled with air, liquid, gel, or other fluid or gas. In these embodiments, the bladder of the impact layer  110  can be designed so as to have similar performance properties as the foam embodiments described with respect to impact layer  110 . Similarly, the bladder of the impact layer  120  can be designed so as to have similar performance properties as the foam embodiments described with respect to impact layer  120 . These embodiments can also have pumps that circulate or refresh the air or fluid supply after an impact, or to maintain a desired pressure. 
     In some embodiments, the impact layer  110  and secondary impact layer  120  are attached to each other by an adhesive, hook and loop fastener, or other fastening means such as a strap or vinyl cover. 
     In some embodiments, the thickness of the foams of impact layer  110  and secondary impact layer  220  are the same, and in other embodiments they may be different. 
     In one particular embodiment of the current disclosure, the safety padding may be used as hockey padding. Such padding can include use as termination post padding, which is normally applied over the termination posts of any exposed outside corners of hockey glass. Outside exposed corners normally would occur, for example, where the glass above the dasher boards cuts away from the dasherboards to encase the player boxes or penalty boxes. These corners can be hazardous for any player who happens to contact such a corner at a high rate of speed. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , embodiments of the safety foam as used in an energy absorbing termination padding is disclosed. The energy absorbing termination padding can be of an L-shaped or corner-shaped design to accommodate the outer edge of a hockey glass termination. The energy absorbing termination padding includes two energy absorbing panels assembled in the L-shape with a first side, or open facing panel  210 , and a second, ice facing panel  220 . The panels may be substantially perpendicular to each other, or can be arranged at any angle necessary for a good fit with the termination corner. 
     The opening facing panel  210  can face the opening in the glass where the player&#39;s box typically is and generally would be the face where the greatest risk of impact is associated. As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the opening face panel can be a safety foam as previously disclosed. In other embodiments, the open facing panel  210  can be one or more layers of closed cell foam such as extruded or expanded polystyrene, including foams formed from pre-expanded beads, polyethylene, expanded polyethylene, extruded polyethylene, polyisocyanurate, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyurethane or open cell foam such as polyurethane foam or visco-elastic polyurethane. Thus, the open facing panel  210  can be any type of foam, with one or more layers, and can be constructed of the safety foam previously described. Additionally, instead of foam, the opening facing panel  210  could be a gas or liquid bladder. 
     The ice facing panel  220 , in one embodiment, can be made from closed cell foam such as extruded or expanded polystyrene, including foams formed from pre-expanded beads, polyethylene, expanded polyethylene, extruded polyethylene, polyisocyanurate, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyurethane, or open cell foam such as polyurethane foam or visco elastic polyurethane. In other embodiments, the ice facing panel  220  can be made of the safety foam previously disclosed. Thus, the ice facing panel  220  can be any type of foam, with one or more layers, and can be constructed of the safety foam previously described. Additionally, instead of foam, the ice facing panel could be a gas or liquid bladder. In some embodiments, the ice facing panel is not present. 
       FIG. 2B  depicts the L-shaped foam panel formed of one type of foam. The open facing panel  210  and ice facing panel  220  of the foam are milled from the same block of foam, or made from a mold. Alternatively, the open facing panel  210  and the ice facing panel  220  of the foam may join at a miter or butt joints, and the foam may be of the same or of a different type. Other types of connections can be possible, such as lock miters, dovetails, finger joints, and any other type of connection. The thickness of the foam at the open facing panel may be relatively thicker or thinner than the ice facing panel. Generally, impacts received at the foam that are most dangerous occur at the open facing side and accordingly the foam of the open facing panel  210  may be relatively thicker. 
     In one particular embodiment, shown in  FIG. 3 , the opening facing panel  310  is safety foam with an impact layer 1½ inches thick constructed of flexible polyurethane foam backed by a secondary impact layer of 1″ thick expanded polyethylene beads with an ice facing panel  320  that is constructed of 1″ thick expanded polyethylene beads. The improved termination padding as shown in  FIG. 3  is 42 inches tall and 4 inches wide. In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the end face of the ice facing panel  320  forms part of the secondary impact layer of the open facing panel  310 , however, in another embodiment, the secondary impact layer of the open facing panel could form part of the ice facing panel. In other embodiments the open facing panel and the ice facing panel could meet at a mitered corner, where each piece is angled at approximately 45 degrees or some other suitable angle to match the termination. Furthermore, in embodiments in which one or more of the panels have one or more layers, it is possible that each layer of one panel, meets a layer of the other panel in a different way. For example, if both the open facing panel and the ice facing panel are made of safety foam, the secondary impact layers could meet at a miter and the impact layers could meet with butt joints. Other types of connections can be possible, such as lock miters, dovetails, finger joints, and any other type of connection. In other embodiments, the end face of the ice facing panel  320  and the secondary impact layer of the open facing panel  310  could be milled from the same block of foam, or alternatively made from a mold. 
     In another embodiment, the opening facing panel  310  is safety foam with an impact layer 1½ inches thick constructed of flexible polyurethane foam with a indent force deflection rating at 25% of 63-77 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01, backed by a secondary impact layer of 1″ thick polyurethane foam with an indent force deflection at 25% of 125-145 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01, with an ice facing panel  320  that is constructed of 1″ thick polyurethane foam with an indent force deflection at 25% of 125-145 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01. 
     In another embodiment, shown in  FIG. 4 , the opening facing panel  410  is safety foam with an impact layer ¾ inches thick constructed of flexible polyurethane foam backed by a secondary impact layer of ½ inches thick expanded polyethylene beads with an ice facing panel  420  that is constructed of ½ inches thick expanded polyethylene beads. The improved termination padding as shown in  FIG. 4  is 42 inches tall and 5 inches wide. Of course the height and width of the panels may be adjusted according to the size of the termination post and/or corner area of the rink to be protected by the energy absorbing termination padding. 
     In another embodiment, the opening facing panel  410  is safety foam with an impact layer ¾ inches thick constructed of flexible polyurethane foam with a indent force deflection rating at 25% of 63-77 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01, backed by a secondary impact layer of ½ inches thick polyurethane foam with an indent force deflection at 25% of 125-145 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01, with an ice facing panel  420  that is constructed of ½ inches thick polyurethane foam with an indent force deflection at 25% of 125-145 lbs as tested by ASTM D-3574-01. 
     Each panel may or may not be connected to the other panel. If the panels are connected to each other, they can be connected by adhesives, hook and loop fasteners, straps, tape, compression fittings, mechanical fasteners, screws, nails, staples, pins, tacks, or any other type of connection. Moreover, in embodiments in which one or more of the panels have one or more layers, it is possible that each layer of one panel can be fastened to a layer of the other panel in a different way, or not fastened at all to the corresponding layer of the other panel. In some embodiments, if both the open facing panel and the ice facing panel are made of safety foam, the secondary impact layers could be fastened together with adhesives, while the impact layer could be unfastened, or fastened with hook and loop fasteners. 
     It will be appreciated that the ice facing panel and the open facing panel can be of the same or different widths, lengths, and heights. For example, in some embodiments, the open facing panel can be wider, taller, and/or longer than the ice facing panel. In other embodiments, the ice facing panel can be wider, taller, and/or longer than the open facing panel. In still other embodiments, one facing panel might be bigger than the other facing panel in some dimensions, but smaller in others. 
     While the embodiments presented in  FIGS. 3 and 4  were each 42 inches tall, other embodiments can be taller or shorter depending on the needs of the rink. This can depend on the height of the glass, the height of the dasher boards, and the usual height of the athletes. In some embodiments the height of the termination padding can be from the top of the dasher board all the way to the top of the glass. Some embodiments can be 4 feet, 5 feet or taller, such as 6 feet. Other embodiments can be 3 feet and shorter. 
     In another embodiment, the ice facing panel and the open facing panel can both be made of safety foam. In still another embodiment, the thicknesses of the safety foam and/or the constituent impact layer and secondary impact layer can be the same or different between the ice facing panel and the open facing panel. For example, in one embodiment, the ice facing panel can have safety foam where the impact layer is ¾″ foam and the secondary impact layer is ½″ foam and the open facing panel has thicker, 1½″ impact foam with 1″ secondary impact foam. 
     In another embodiment, the energy absorbing termination padding can include a cover. The cover can be made of vinyl, canvas, plastic, cotton, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) i.e. “GoreTex”™ fabric, or any other suitably durable material. The cover can have screen printing or other graphics on it. In other embodiments, the cover can control the amount of air let into and out of the padding to control and/or change the compressibility of the foam by controlling the emissibility of air into, or out of the foam. Additionally, the cover can be made partly of vinyl or other plastic, and partly of a more air-permeable material such as mesh, cotton, or canvas in a controlled amount to precisely limit the amount of air that can enter or leave the cover to control the compressibility of the foam. Thus by controlling the amount of air permeable material, the compression properties of the foam can be adjusted. In some embodiments with a cover, the cover can be completely air sealed, thus increasing the compression resistance of the foam. In other embodiments the cover can be completely air permeable, thus decreasing the compression resistance. In some embodiments, the cover can help absorb impact and also present a softer surface for an athlete to contact, thus avoiding scrape injuries. 
     In some embodiments, the cover can be a material with increased friction to prevent the athlete from sliding off the padding during the collision. This can prevent the athlete from sliding from the protective padding onto other unprotected surfaces. This cover can also be soft to the touch and feel, or can be a soft-touch rubber composition. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  show an embodiment of the current invention with a vinyl cover. It will be appreciated that the vinyl cover is constructed with an inner dimension corresponding to an outer dimension of the safety padding, which, for example, forms an L-shaped pad with the L-shaped foam and an L-shaped cover. The cover thus may be configured so that it does not substantially compress the foam contained therein. In still other embodiments, any safety padding in the corner post padding can be formed by a combination of two separate foam pads attached to the termination post separately and they may be covered as a unit, separately, or not covered at all. Each layer can be independently removable. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an energy absorbing termination padding  710  according to one embodiment of the current disclosure is shown attached to the termination of the glass  700 . 
       FIG. 8  shows a close up of the termination  800 . The energy absorbing termination padding  810  can be attached to the termination post  850  by one or more straps  820  on the outside of the energy absorbing termination padding. The straps  820  enable for adjustments to the tightness or looseness of the foam padding against the hockey glass. Once the straps are in place, the hockey glass  830 ,  840  is then put into position against the straps inside the termination post, locking the straps. The use of straps and a cover has the added benefit of allowing safety padding replacement without removal of the glass. In some embodiments, the length of the straps is adjustable, by means of hook and look fasteners, buckles, D-rings, or other means, allowing for easy adjustment of the tension of the pad. The open facing panel  870  faces the player box or other open area, and the ice facing panel  860  faces the ice side, or where the sporting event is normally taking place.  FIG. 9  is a similar perspective view as  FIG. 8 , but shows one embodiment of the energy absorbing termination padding  910  attached by straps  920  to the termination post  950 , but without the glass  830  and  840  installed. Once the strap is in place, hockey glass can then be slid into each channel of the termination post  950  tightening and locking the padding into place. Similar to  FIG. 8 , the open facing panel  970  faces the players box or other open area, and the ice facing panel  960  faces the ice side, or where the sporting event is normally taking place.  FIG. 10  shows a perspective view of what the termination pad  1000  mounted on a termination of the glass in a hockey arena can look like. 
     One advantage the L-shaped structure of the energy absorbing termination padding, combined with the strap attachment mechanism is that the energy absorbing termination padding fits properly over the surface it covers with little or no deformation or compression of the foam padding. This is in contrast to the traditional foam padding that is simply “wrapped” around the corner edge, thus pre-compressing it and reducing its effectiveness. 
     In other embodiments, the straps or pad connectors could automatically release upon experiencing certain types of forces that would likely break fixed connectors. These “break away” straps can allow for additional force dispersing capabilities and also increase the expected life of the improved energy absorbing termination padding by preventing strap failure if the padding were to be hit in a manner as to put strain on the straps. 
     In some embodiments, the straps could be designed so as to allow the energy absorbing termination padding to slide in several directions to allow for a certain amount of “play,” in the attachment. This can allow the energy absorbing termination padding to “slide” with an athlete if the athlete contacts the padding at an angle, thus preventing the athlete from sliding off the protected padding and onto an unprotected area. Additionally, this play can prevent the straps from prematurely breaking in a manner similar to that of the breakaway straps. In some embodiments, the padding may be attached rigidly with little or no play. In other embodiments, the straps can have buckles, or D-rings. 
     Additionally, in other embodiments, the padding may be attached by slipping an open end of the vinyl cover over the termination post similarly to the way the traditional padding is attached. In other embodiments, the padding may be attached by hook and loop fasteners, adhesives, brackets, metal brackets, screws, nails, rivets, tacks, welding, melting, tapes, and other fastening means as would be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Additionally, not all termination corners are an exact right angle. Some may be several degrees off due to improper installation, or have warped over time or after collisions. This condition may lead to sloppy fit. In one embodiment, another foam layer is inserted between the padding and the termination corner to adapt the foam to the precise dimensions of the corner. This foam layer can be a standard sheet of foam that is placed in any gaps that result from an improper fit, or can be pre-cut so as to perfectly adapt the pad to the corner. 
     Additionally, to further “fit” the padding to a corner, the two panels may be connected by a hinge. This hinge may be constructed of a flexible plastic such as polypropylene. The hinge can be a single flexible sheet of plastic that runs the entire vertical height of the padding, or can be one or more strips of the plastic placed at selected points. The plastic can be inserted in any layer of the padding. Additional embodiments feature connections between the two panels that are not substantially 90 degrees, such as 45, 23, 17, 100, 120, and other angles. 
     Alternatively, in some embodiments, the panels are not connected at all, or are loosely connected so that they can match any angle necessary. 
     The effectiveness of various embodiments of the energy absorbing termination padding as compared with the traditional foam padding is shown in  FIG. 11A .  FIG. 11A  shows results of an independent laboratory test which compares the impact force of a head without a helmet at 9.5 mph into an unpadded termination post (“2C Support No Pad”) used to mount the glass, a traditional termination corner thin foam pad (“original pad”) wrapped in vinyl, and three embodiments of the current disclosure with varying impact and secondary impact layer thicknesses, both also Wrapped in comparable vinyl. As can be seen from  FIG. 10 , the impact against an unpadded termination post results in 475 (+/−5)g of force—well above the threshold for concussion which is around 90-100 g. The traditional termination corner thin foam padding clad in vinyl reduces the force to just under 282 (+/−33)g of force, but notably, still well above the risk acceleration resulting in concussion. The embodiments of the present disclosure dramatically reduced the force, and in the case of version 2, this force came in well under the concussion risk at 62 (+/−10)g of force. The testing was conducted by Jeff Wheeler, M.S. of VectorScientific of California on behalf of Applicant. The test results clearly show the safety advantage of the safety padding over the standard foam and over the unprotected bare termination post. The traditional termination corner pad is a vinyl sleeve open at the top and bottom with a foam core and is sold by Athletica™ under the brand name Crystaplex™. 
       FIG. 11B  shows results of another independent laboratory test which compares the impact force of a head without a helmet at 9.5 mph into an unpadded termination post (“Unpadded”) used to mount the glass, a traditional termination corner thin foam pad (“original pad”) wrapped in vinyl, and an embodiment of the current disclosure with an impact layer of a closed cell foam, also wrapped in comparable vinyl. The test results show the impact force of an unhelmeted head at an unpadded termination post is 4759 lbs., an original pad is 2824 lbs., and the pad of the current disclosure is 621 lbs. Based on data for the 9.5 mph head impact measurements ( FIG. 11B ) and the impact level at which serious head injury may be caused ( FIG. 11C ), this embodiment dramatically reduced the force and came in well under the concussion risk. At 621 lbs of force ( FIG. 11B ), the present embodiment reduces the risk of serious head injury due to acceleration down to 1% ( FIG. 11D ). In contrast, the force of 4759 lbs. from an unpadded termination post results in a 100% chance of serious head injury ( FIG. 11D ), and the force of 2824 lbs. from an original pad results in a 64% chance of serious head injury ( FIG. 11D ). The testing was conducted by Jeff Wheeler, M.S. of VectorScientific of California on behalf of Applicant. 
     In use, according to one embodiment, the L-shaped pad is placed in front of the termination post with the ice facing side facing the ice rink, and the open facing side facing the player&#39;s box or penalty box. The straps are then connected behind the termination post, and finally, the hockey glass on both sides of the corners are placed into the termination post. The straps are pushed into the channels in the termination posts that receive the glass by inserting the glass. (See  FIGS. 8 and 9 ). Other embodiments might feature straps that are elastic and stretch over the termination posts. Finally, still other embodiments would feature an open ended cover which would slide over the termination post, and, similar to the straps, would be pushed into the channels on the termination posts. 
     During play, because of the increased protection of the termination pad an athlete is protected from injury by contact with the termination post both from the ice side, or from the open side.  FIG. 12  in particular is a close up view of the improved shock absorbing termination padding  1200  according to one embodiment and how it protects an athlete from the metal termination post  1210 .  FIG. 13  shows a view of the termination padding  1300  according to one embodiment and the termination post  1310  from the reverse angle as  FIG. 12 . 
     Additional embodiments of the current invention include use of the safety foam as cap rail of a hockey rink. The cap rail is the horizontal portion on the top of the dasherboard where the glass is attached. As the glass is slightly offset from the ice edge of the dasherboard there is a small horizontal surface that may be impacted during play. Use of the safety foam as a cap rail can reduce the risk of injury. 
     In another embodiment, the safety foam can be used to protect athletes from the stands used to hold up a basketball hoop, and/or padding on the scoring table. Other embodiments include uses to protect athletes from the goal post in football, or any other place where an athlete could come into contact with an environmental hazard. 
     Uses of the present invention are not limited to protection of athletes from stationary objects and hazards on the playing surface but can be used in padding worn by players such as helmets, shoulder pads, knee, thigh, hip, rib, shin, or neck padding for football, soccer, baseball (including chest protectors for umpires and catchers), and other uses where padding is employed in sports. 
     Although the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described with reference to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.