Patent Publication Number: US-2003230132-A1

Title: Crimping apparatus

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/389,217, filed Jun. 17, 2002, entitled “Crimping Apparatus,” and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/389,218, filed Jun. 17, 2002, entitled “Assembly for Articulating Crimp Ring and Actuator,” which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] The present invention relates generally to tools for crimping fittings that connect sections of pipe together and relates more particularly to crimping apparatus for crimping such fittings.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] A compression fitting is typically a tubular sleeve made of plastic or metal and containing seals. To produce a joint between two pipe ends, the fitting is slid over the ends of the pipes and then compressed radially to form a leak resistant joint between the pipe ends. The joint has considerable mechanical strength and is self-supporting. A crimping tool, such as known in the art, may be used to compress the fitting on the pipe ends. A typical crimping tool includes at least two arms or jaws. A drive mechanism, such as a hydraulic piston acted upon by hydraulic pressure from a pump within the tool, is used to move the arms.  
       [0004] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the arms may be moved inward during the crimping operation to directly crimp the fitting. In other embodiments, the arms of the rotational drive may actuate a crimp ring that crimps the fitting. Typically, the crimp ring includes two or more ring segments connected together. The rotational drive arms of the crimping tool couple to pivot ports or indentations defined in opposing crimp ring segments. In general, crimp rings may be used to crimp a fitting having a diameter greater than approximately 2.5-inches. Some existing crimp slings can be used on diameters as small as 42-mm or 1½″, such as the multi-segment crimp slings made by Novopress for use on the Mapress fitting system.  
       [0005] Unfortunately, crimping tools may not always give an ideal or near ideal crimp on the fitting, especially when the fitting has a large diameter, e.g., greater than 2.5-inches. In other words, the typical rotational drives and crimp ring assemblies according to the prior art may not uniformly apply a crimping force to the fitting over the displacement of the piston. Furthermore, the force versus displacement profiles of the prior art crimp assemblies may not be consistent over use with various sized compression fittings, and especially with fittings having larger diameters. Additional problems with existing crimp rings include the weight of existing crimp rings, the need for a multiple number of crimp rings to accommodate different sized fittings, and the manufacturing costs associated with existing crimp rings.  
       [0006] Some crimp rings in the prior art have been directed to facilitating closure of the ring about a fitting. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,732 discloses a compression ring including traction belts disposed outside the jaws of the ring to maintain a lightweight and economical ring. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,755 discloses a compression ring including a leaf spring disposed outside the links of the ring to facilitate placement of the wraparound ring on a fitting. In yet another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,755 also discloses a compression ring including a plurality of press elements, which are joined together in a hinged manner or in the manner of a chain by means of straps.  
       [0007] The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the effects of, one or more of the problems set forth above.  
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE  
       [0008] Apparatus for crimping a fitting are disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a flexible strap, a crimping assembly, and an actuating assembly. The crimping assembly is disposed about the fitting. The flexible member is disposed about an outer surface of the crimping assembly and has first and second ends. First and second retaining members are disposed on the ends of the flexible member and coupling to arms of the actuating assembly. In another embodiment, the flexible strap fits directly against the fitting for crimping the fitting. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus includes a crimp chain having a plurality of linked elements. The crimp chain has first and second ends, and at least one of the ends of the rotational drive arms is removably coupled to an end of the crimp chain. The linked elements of the chain are disposed about the fitting and have a surface to crimp the fitting.  
       [0009] Apparatus actuated by a rotational drive for crimping a fitting are disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a crimp ring having at least two crimp ring segments pivotably coupled together for crimping the fitting. A first member, such as a trunnion or coupling arm, engages a first of the at least two segments, and a second such member engages a second of the at least two segments. A screw is coupled to the rotating drive. The screw is coupled to the first and second members such that at least one of the members is movable along the screw when the screw is rotated. In one embodiment, the rotational drive couples to the screw by a transfer mechanism for transferring and controlling rotational movement from the rotational drive to the screw. The transfer mechanism can include a plurality of gears or can include a universal joint. The rotational drive can be a drill or can be a socket and a ratchet.  
       [0010] The foregoing summary is not intended to describe every aspect and embodiment of the subject matter of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0011] The foregoing summary, preferred embodiments, and other aspects of the subject matter of the present disclosure will be best understood with reference to a detailed description of specific embodiments, which follows, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
     [0012]FIG. 1,  2 A-B,  3 A-B,  4 A-B,  5 , and  6 A-B illustrate various views of a first embodiment of a crimping apparatus and components thereof according to certain teachings of the present disclosure having a flexible member.  
     [0013] FIGS.  7 ,  8 A-B, and  9  illustrate various views of a second embodiment of a crimping apparatus and components thereof according to certain teachings of the present disclosure having a flexible member.  
     [0014]FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate various views of a third embodiment of a crimping apparatus and components thereof according to certain teachings of the present disclosure having a flexible member.  
     [0015]FIGS. 12 and 13A-C illustrate various views of an embodiment of a crimping apparatus and components thereof according to certain teachings of the present disclosure having a crimping chain.  
     [0016]FIGS. 14, 15, and  16  illustrate embodiments of crimping apparatus for use with a rotational drive.  
     [0017]FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate additional embodiments of crimping apparatus for use with a rotational drive and being accessible by the rotational drive from numerous directions.  
     [0018]FIGS. 19, 20, and  21 A-B illustrate embodiments of crimping apparatus for crimping fittings using manual or assisted activation.  
     [0019]FIGS. 22, 23, and  24 A-B illustrate additional embodiments of crimping apparatus for crimping fittings using manual or assisted activation. 
    
    
     [0020] While the disclosed crimping apparatus are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. The figures and written description are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosed inventive concepts in any manner. Rather, the figures and written description are provided to illustrate the disclosed inventive concepts to a person skilled in the art by reference to particular embodiments, as required by 35 U.S.C. § 112.  
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     [0021] A. Crimping Apparatus with Strap System  
     [0022] Referring to FIG. 1, a crimping apparatus  10  for crimping a fitting  12  onto a tube  13  is illustrated. Crimping apparatus  10  includes an actuating assembly  100  and a crimping assembly  200 . Actuating assembly  100  can include a clamp mechanism, a scissor mechanism, a jaw mechanism, a vice mechanism, or other mechanism known in the art for producing a crimping force from a tool (not shown), such as a hydraulic drive.  
     [0023] Actuating assembly  100  includes first and second actuator elements or arms  110   a  and  110   b,  first and second side plates  120   a  and (one not shown), and first and second pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b.  First and second actuator elements  110   a - b  are substantially identical and are arranged symmetrically in crimping assembly  100 . First and second rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b  each include a cam surface  112   a  and  112   b,  a pivot aperture  114   a  and  114   b,  a retainer aperture  116   a  and  116   b,  and a bifurcate end  118   a  and  118   b.  Pivot apertures  114   a  and  114   b  receive pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b  about which arms  110   a  and  110   b  pivot. Retainer apertures  116   a  and  116   b  defined in bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b  receive retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  as described below.  
     [0024] Actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b  are pivotably connected together with side plates  120   a  and one not shown and with pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b.  Side plates  120  are substantially identical and are disposed parallel to one another on either side of assembly  100 . Pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b  are positioned through side plates  120  and through pivot apertures  114   a  and  114   b  in actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b.  Retaining rings (not shown) are disposed on the ends of pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b  to hold actuating assembly  100  together.  
     [0025] Crimping assembly  200  is disposed about fitting  12  and is removably attached to actuating assembly  100 . Crimping assembly  200  has an inner surface  202  and an outer surface  204 . Inner surface  202  defines an inner dimension for crimping fitting  12 . Crimp assembly  200  includes two segments  210   a  and  210   b  connected by a linkage or pin  230 ; however, it is understood that crimp assembly  200  may have more than two segments. As best shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 2A, segments  210   a  and  210   b  are connected together by a pivot pin  230 , which is held by retaining clips  232 . Each segment  210   a  and  210   b  includes an inner surface  212 , which may include a protruding lip  214 .  
     [0026] In FIG. 1, crimping apparatus  10  also includes a flexible member  150  coupling to actuating assembly  100  and to crimping assembly  200 . Flexible member  150  is a strap, band, loop, belt, strip, or the like. Flexible member  150  may be composed of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide (KEVLAR), other nylon-like polymers, nylon, or a high strength, woven, or uniform material or metal. Flexible member  150  is preferably a continuous, seamless belt and is preferably made of KEVLAR.  
     [0027] Flexible member  150  includes an inner strip  152  and an outer strip  154  forming looped ends  156   a  and  156   b.  The continuity of flexible member  150  provides strength and eliminates the need for additional components or fasteners to be attached to belt  150  and to couple it to actuating assembly  100 . Flexible member  150  is disposed about outer surface  204  of crimping assembly  200 . Couplings  160   a  and  160   b  hold flexible member  150  to crimping assembly  200  but provide sufficient clearance to allow relative circumferential movement between flexure member  150  and segments  210   a  and  210   b.  Additionally, crimping assembly  200  may define an outer groove (not shown) for accommodating flexible member  150  therein.  
     [0028] Flexible member  150  may alternatively be used without crimping assembly  200  detailed above. In such an alternative embodiment, flexible member  150  may be, for example, a chain, a plurality of linked elements, or a metal band, which is directly disposed about fitting  12  and defines an inner surface for crimping fitting  12 .  
     [0029] Each actuator element  110   a  and  110   b  accommodates looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  of flexible member  150  at bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b.  Bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b  of actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b  are movable in relation to one another. As ends  118   a  and  118   b  move closer together, an inner dimension defined by flexible member  150  is changed, which closes crimp assembly  200  about fitting  12 . Bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b  may further define surfaces for directly contacting and crimping fitting  12  in a midline gap formed between segments  210   a  and  210   b  of crimp assembly  200 .  
     [0030] Flexible member  150  is coupled to first actuator element  110   a  and coupled to second actuator element  110   b.  First looped end  156   a  is positioned in bifurcate end  118   a  with retaining pin  140   a  disposed therethrough. First looped end  156   a  is movable with and rotatable about retaining pin  140   a  At least one of looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  is removably coupled to a bifurcate end  118   a  and  118   b.  For example, second looped end  156   b  is positionable in bifurcate end  118   b,  and second retaining pin  140   b  is disposable therethrough as described below. It should be noted that a fixedly attached retaining pin  140   a  or  140   b  on one of the actuator elements  110   a  or  110   b  can prevent changing the flexible member  150  and crimp apparatus  200  used with the rotational drive  100 , which is undesirable if the rotational drive is intended to be used with various sizes of crimp rings.  
     [0031] Alternatively, flexible member  150 , as illustrated in FIG. 3A, may be a unitary strip  151  of material having ends joined together so that strip  151  forms a continuous belt. As opposed to the continuous, seam-free belt discussed above in FIGS. 1 and 2A-B, ends of unitary strip  151  are joined at  161 . For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3B, the joining of the ends at  161  can be made by sewing together the ends of the unitary strip  151  made of fabric, such as KEVLAR. The joining of the ends, however, can be made by a number of methods known in the art for joining ends of material, including but not limited to gluing or riveting.  
     [0032] As opposed to the continuous belts described above, flexible member  150  can be a unitary strip  151  having mechanisms or structures that form the looped ends. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, a fastener or clamp  162  can hold an end of strip  151  to form a looped end  158  to receive a retaining pin (not shown). Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, a loop, ring, or other like structure  166  can be attached to the end of unitary strip  151  of flexible member  150  by a fastener or clamp  164 . Loop  166  can receive a retaining pin (not shown) to connect flexible member  150  to an rotational drive arm (not shown).  
     [0033] To dispose crimping apparatus  10  on fitting  12  in FIG. 1, crimp assembly  200  is opened such that only first looped end  156   a  of flexible member  150  is coupled to actuating assembly  100 . Crimp assembly  200  is disposed about fitting  12 . Second looped end  156   b  is then disposed in bifurcate end  118   b  of second actuator element  110   b.  Second or removable retaining pin  140   b  is inserted through retainer apertures  116   b  defined in bifurcate end  118   b  of second rotational drive arm  110   b,  as best shown in FIG. 2B. Removable pin  140   b  is disposed through second looped end  156   b  of flexible member  150 . Consequently, second looped end  156   b  is removably coupled to second actuator element  110   b  and is movable therewith.  
     [0034] As discussed above, one or both of retaining pins  140   a  or  140   b  is removable from apertures  116   a  or  116   b  of actuator elements  110   a  or  110   b  to allow one of looped ends  156   a  or  156   b  to be uncoupled. Preferably, both retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  allow for looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  to be uncoupled from ends  118   a  and  118   b,  which allows rotational drive  100  to be used with various sizes of crimp assemblies. Alternatively, one or both of retaining pins  140   a  or  140   b  is retractable. For example, retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  may define an axial slot  142 , as best shown in FIG. 2B. Locking elements  170 , shown in FIG. 1, may insert into bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b  and dispose in axial slots  142  to keep pins  140   a  and  140   b  from being fully removed from apertures  116   a  and  116   b.  Locking elements  170  disposed in axial slots  142  allow partial axial movement of pins  140   a  and  140   b  in apertures  116   a  and  116   b  for detaching the pins from looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  of flexible member  150 . Such locking elements  170   a  and  170   b  may further prevent pins  140   a  and  140   b  from rotating within retainer apertures  116   a  and  116   b.  Preventing rotation of pins  140   a  and  140   b,  however, may not be strictly necessary. Therefore, another structure, such as an annular shoulder (not shown) on pins  140   a  or  140   b,  may be used with locking elements  170  to make the pins retractable but also allow them to rotate.  
     [0035] Referring to FIG. 5, crimping apparatus  10  is further illustrated with additional details discussed below. An engagement element  190  is positioned between rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b.  Engagement element  190  is part of a crimping tool (not shown) for actuating crimping apparatus  10 . Engagement element  190  is, for example, a roller carriage including first and second rollers  192   a  and  192   b.  Roller carriage  190  is moved by an rotational drive, which may be, for example, a hydraulic piston (not shown) of a crimping tool. Rollers  192   a  and  192   b  engage cam surfaces  112   a  and  112   b  of rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b.  Rollers  192   a  and  192   b  apply force to cam surfaces  112   a  and  112   b,  causing rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b  to pivot about pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b.  A crimping force is developed as retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  with looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  of flexible member  150  are brought together.  
     [0036] If, for example, the rotational drive applies an output force of 32 kN to roller carriage  190 , each roller  192   a  and  192   b  receives a 16 kN force. Applying the force of  16  kN on cam surfaces  112   a  and  112   b,  the resulting force N on actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b  can be approximately 92 kN initially applied at a distance A from pivot  130   a  and  130   b  of actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b.  A moment is produced on actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b,  which pivot about pins  130   a  and  130   b.  A crimping force P 1  is produced as retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b,  distanced B from pivots  130   a  and  130   b,  move together. The crimping force P 1  is applied to flexible member  150 . It is understood that the numerical values presented herein are only exemplary and depend on a number of design factors, such as dimensions, geometric arrangements, tolerances, etc.  
     [0037] A force P 2  of flexible member  150  is schematically distributed about outside surface  204  of crimp assembly  200 . Flexible member  150  applies force P 2  uniformly about a substantial portion of outside surface  204  of crimp rings  200  disposed about fitting  12 . If it is assumed that force P 2  is the yield strength of a fitting made of gunmetal bronze, for example, force P 2  has an approximate value of 150 N/mm 2  or approximately 21,755 psi. For a 2.5-in. diameter fitting  12 , the initial radius of flexible member  150  may be approximately 1.604 in. For a 3-in. diameter fitting, the initial radius of flexible member  150  may be approximately 1.880 in. For a 4-in. diameter fitting, the initial radius of flexible member  150  may be approximately 2.382 in.  
     [0038] The force P 1  at looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  of flexible member  150  for a 4-in diameter fitting may be calculated to be approximately 25,909 lbs./in. Therefore, a continuous, flexible belt  150  made of KEVLAR for crimping 2.5 to 4 inch fittings needs to withstand at least 26,000 lbs. without failure. The general width W 1  of such flexible member  150  is preferably 1.75 inches or more. The above values are only exemplary and are presented to elucidate some exemplary dimensions and forces for one embodiment of crimping apparatus  10 . The selection and design of other possible embodiments with different structural, geometric, or material constraints would be within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.  
     [0039] Referring to FIG. 6A, crimping apparatus  10  of FIG. 5 is shown in a cross-section A-A and is shown including additional details and components according to the present invention. As discussed above, retaining pin  140   b  defines a slot  142 . Bifurcate end  118   b  defines an aperture  172  receiving a locking element  170   b.  First retaining pin  140   a  and bifurcate end  118   a,  as shown in FIG. 5, may also include a similar locking element  170   a.  Preferably, locking elements  170   a - b  are spring-loaded. As shown in FIG. 6A, an end of spring-loaded locking element  170   b  is disposed in slot  142 . With locking element  170   b  being spring loaded, pin  140   b  can be inserted into bifurcate end  118  and then engaged by locking element  170   b.  Spring loaded locking element  170   b  keeps removable retaining pin  140   b  from rotating within retainer apertures  116   b.  Additionally, the frictional force imposed by the spring-loaded locking element  170   b  against pin  140   b  can axially hold pin  140   b  in bifurcate end  118   b,  thus keeping pin  140   b  in a closed position during crimping. Alternatively, aperture  172  in bifurcate end II  8   b  can receive a spring-loaded ball detent  171 , as shown in FIG. 6B.  
     [0040] Actuator element  110   b  includes a retaining lock  180  adjacent removable pin  140   b.  Retaining lock  180  includes a bearing and a spring, for example. Retaining pin  140   b  defines slits or grooves  144  receiving the bearing of retaining lock  180 . Retaining lock  180  holds retaining pin  140   b  in place, yet allows pin  140   b  to be removed from retainer apertures  116   b  when the bias of lock  180  is overcome. If spring-loaded ball detent  171  of FIG. 6B is used in aperture  172 , the need for retaining lock  180  may be eliminated.  
     [0041] As best shown in FIG. 5, the opening defined in bifurcate end  118   b  of actuator element  110   b  has a width W 1  of approximately 2.125-inches, for example. Flexible member  150  has a width W 2  of approximately 2-inches, for example. The maximum bending stress on retaining pin  140   b  can be calculated, as above, using the exemplary force on flexible member  150  of approximately 25,909 lbs. If the diameter D of pin  140   b  is 1 in., for example, the maximum bending stress on pin  140   b  is approximately 140,400 psi. If the diameter of pin  140   b  is 1.25 in., the maximum bending stress is approximately 71,782 psi. The above calculations are only exemplary and are presented to elucidate exemplary dimensions and forces for one embodiment of crimping apparatus  10 . The design and analysis of other possible embodiments having different constraints would be within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.  
     [0042] Referring to FIGS.  7 ,  8 A-B, and  9 , another embodiment of a crimping apparatus in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 7, an actuating assembly  100 , a flexible member  150 , and a crimping assembly  200  are illustrated in a top view. In FIG. 8A, a cross-section of flexible member  150  disposed about a segment  210   a  of crimping assembly  200  is illustrated. In FIG. 8B, a cross-section of a retaining pin  140   a  is illustrated along with a looped end  156   b  of flexible member  150 . In FIG. 9, a bifurcate end  118   a  of actuator element  110   a  of actuating assembly  100  is illustrated in a perspective view.  
     [0043] With reference to FIG. 7, flexible member  150  is disposed about an outer surface  204  of crimping assembly  200 , which in the present embodiment has three linked segments  210   a - c.  In the present embodiment, segments  210   a - c  are connected together with pivot pins  230   a  and  230   b.  The pivot pins  230   a  and  230   b  can further include torsion springs (not shown) to bias crimp assembly  200  into a closed position as shown. Alternatively, the segments  210   a - c  can be connected with other structures known in the art that do not use pivot pins. For example, the segments  210   a - c  can be connected together by a tongue-and-groove joint.  
     [0044] In the present embodiment, flexible member  150  is a continuous belt, including an inner strip  152  and outer strip  154  continuously connected and forming first and second looped ends  156   a  and  156   b.  As best shown in FIG. 7, couplings  160   a  and  160   b,  such as described above, hold flexible member  150  on crimping assembly  200  but provide sufficient clearance to allow relative circumferential movement between flexure member  150  and segments  210   a  and  210   c.  Furthermore, these couplings  160   a  and  160   b  can be used to maintain the size and form of the loop in ends  156   a  and  156   b.  A holding pin  164  is disposed through flexible member  150  to retain the member to crimping assembly  200 . As best shown in the cross-section A-A of FIG. 8A, the segments of crimping assembly  200 , such as segment  210   a  shown, include an inner surface  212  having a protruding lip  214  and define a groove  215  to accommodate strips  152  and  154  of flexible member  150 .  
     [0045] Each looped end  156   a  and  156   b  of belt  150  includes a retaining pin  140   a  and  140   b  disposed therein. These retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  removably couple to actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b.  As best shown in the cross-section of FIG. 8B, retaining pin  140   a  is disposed in looped end  156   a  of flexible member  150  with distal ends of pin  140   a  extending therefrom. Retaining pin  140   a  includes shoulders or ledges  142 , which may be fixedly attached to the pin or may be held by clips  143 .  
     [0046] In FIG. 9, bifurcate end  118   a  of actuator element or arm  110   a  is illustrated in a perspective view. The forked sides of bifurcate end  118   a  each define a hook, slot, or catch  119   a.  Hook  119   a  removably couples with the free, distal ends of retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b,  as discussed above. Actuating assembly  100  include two actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b  with bifurcate ends  118   a  and  118   b  and hooks  119   a  and  119   b  to engage retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b.  Other embodiments of actuating assembly  100  may include only one actuator element  110  having a hook for removably coupling to a retaining pins. In such an embodiment, the other actuator element may include a retractable retaining pin, such as described above with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 6A.  
     [0047] Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, yet another embodiment of a crimping apparatus  30  in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in a cross-sectional view in relation to a fitting  12 . Crimping apparatus  30  includes an actuating assembly  100  having first and seconds actuator elements or arms  110   a  and  110   b  disposed adjacent to each other. First and second rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b  each include a cam surface  112   a  and  112   b,  a crimp surface  116   a  and  116   b,  a pivot pin  130   a  and  130   b,  and a retaining pin  140   a  and  140   b.  Pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b  are disposed in apertures defined in the rotational drive arms, allowing the arms to pivot on the pins. Side plates, such as plate  120   a,  are connected to pivot pins  130   a  and  130   b  to interconnect arms  110   a  and  110   b.  Retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  are removably disposed in apertures at an end of the arms and are positioned through pockets  118   a  and  118   b  at the end of the arms.  
     [0048] A flexible member  250  is attached to actuating assembly  100 . Flexible member  250  is a continuous strap having looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  formed by an inner portion  252  continuous with an outer portion  254 . Looped ends  156   a  and  156   b  are disposed about retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b.  Strap  250  forms an opening  258 , which is disposed directly about fitting  12 .  
     [0049] When rotational drive  310  is activated by a tool (not shown), actuator elements  110   a  and  110   b  pivot about pins  130   a  and  130   b,  causing retaining pins  140   a  and  140   b  to be moved closer together. Consequently, opening  258  defined by flexible member  250  decreases radially to crimp fitting  12  directly. In addition, crimp surfaces  116   a  and  116   b  also engage fitting  12  to apply the crimping force about a substantial portion of the circumference of fitting  12 .  
     [0050] As discussed above, flexure member  250  can be composed of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, (KEVLAR), other nylon-like polymers, nylon, or a high strength, woven, or uniform material or metal. In one embodiment illustrated in a perspective view in FIG. 11, flexure member  250  can include a plurality of solid elements  260  attached thereto for contacting the fitting. Such solid elements  260  can be composed of metal, being riveted or otherwise attached to a portion of inner strip  252  defining the opening of flexible member  250 . Solid elements  260  can be beneficial in applying the crimping force directly to the fitting. Solid elements  260  can also include raised ridges  262  for aligning on the fitting.  
     [0051] B. Crimping Apparatus with Chain System  
     [0052] Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13A-C, another embodiment of a crimping apparatus in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. As best shown in FIG. 12, crimping apparatus includes a flexible, crimping assembly  300 , and an actuating assembly  360 . Flexible crimping assembly  300  combines aspects and advantages of the flexible members and the crimping assemblies disclosed herein. Flexible crimping assembly  300  is a crimping chain including a plurality of linked elements. Crimping chain  300  can be positioned about a fitting  12  for directly crimping the fitting onto a tube  13 . Crimping chain  300  is preferably able to apply the crimping force about a substantial portion of the fitting&#39;s circumference.  
     [0053] Crimping chain  300  includes a plurality of chain sections including rollers or wheels  310 , a plurality of pins  312 , and a plurality of interconnecting members, plates, or chain links  320 ,  330 . Rollers or wheels  310  rotate on the plurality of pins  312  disposed through rollers  310 . Pins  312  are interconnected by the plurality of interconnecting members, plates, or chain links  320 ,  330 .  
     [0054] In FIG. 13A, a portion of crimping chain  300  is shown in a plan view. Rollers  310  are rotatably disposed on pins  312 . First interconnecting members or inner links  320   a - b  are disposed on either side of rollers  310  and are interconnect with adjacent pins  312 . Inner links  320   a - b  define apertures through which pins  312  pass, allowing inner links  320   a - b  to pivot thereon. Second interconnecting members or outer links  330   a - b  are disposed on either side of inner links  320   a - b  and are interconnect with alternate, adjacent pins  312 . Outer links  330   a - b  also define apertures through which pins  312  pass, allowing the outer links to pivot thereon. Retainers (not shown) on ends of pins  312  adjacent outer links  330   a - b  may be used to hold the construction together. Alternatively, inner links  320   a - b  may pivot on adjacent pins  312 , while outer links  330   a - b  press or snap fit on alternating pins  312 , which eliminates the need for external retainer.  
     [0055] In FIG. 13B, an end view of chain  300  of FIG. 13A along line C-C is illustrated. Roller  310 , pin  312 , inner links  320   a - b,  and outer links  330   a - b  are shown in relation to a cross-section of a fitting  12 . Roller  310  is disposed on roller pin  312  and is sandwiched between inner links  320   a - b,  which are in turn sandwiched between outer links  330   a - b.  Roller  310  has a greater diameter and extends beyond the height of links  320   a - b  and  330   a - b.  In this way, roller  310  forms a protruding lip. Roller  310  may have a width of approximately 0.188-in, for example. Inner links  320   a  and  320   b  may each be approximately 0.344-inch wide on either side of roller  310 . Outer links  330   a - b  may have a similar width as inner links  320   a - b.  Roller  310  with links  320   a - b  and  330   a - b  may have an overall width of approximately 1.5-inches.  
     [0056] Returning to FIG. 12, actuating assembly  100  includes a first rotational drive arm  110   a  and a second rotational drive arm  110   b.  Rotational drive arms  110   a  and  110   b  couple to first and second end rollers  350   a  and  350   b  of crimping chain  300 . First end roller  350   a  is disposed on a retaining pin  340   a,  which is removably coupled to first rotational drive  110   a.  First rotational drive  110   a  includes a hook  114  disposing on retaining pin  340   a  so that first end roller  350   a  is removably coupled to first rotational drive  110   a.  Second end roller  350   b  of crimping chain  300  is disposed on a fixed retaining pin  340   b  fixedly connected to second rotational drive arm  110   b . End rollers  350   a  and  350   b  may have a larger radius than other rollers  310  of crimp chain  300 .  
     [0057] Standard fittings are thin-walled. During a crimping operation with a conventional crimp ring, a fold or buckle may form between the closing crimp ring segments and especially the free ends of the ring. By including an adequate number of chain sections, the crimping chain  300  of the present invention can yield a substantially uniform compression of the fitting. Furthermore, because crimping chain  300  applies force substantially normal to the surface of fitting  12 , crimping chain  300  of the present invention can reduce or nearly eliminate pinching or buckling of the fitting.  
     [0058] Preferably, crimping chain  300  can be effectively used for a variety of sizes of fittings. To achieve this, crimping chain  300  is provided with a predetermined pitch. Actuating assembly  100  has a midline gap g between the ends of actuator elements  340   a  and  340   b  when fully actuated, and crimping chain  300  therefore includes an end gap G. The pitch of crimping chain  300  can be varied to make the end gap G nearly the same on differently sized fittings so that the single crimping chain  300  can be effectively used for a variety of sizes of fittings by simply connecting to a different pin location on the chain.  
     [0059] The pitch is provided by the interconnecting members or links  320  and  330 . For example, an inner link  320  is shown in a side view in FIG. 13C. Inner link  320  has an edge  322  defined by a radius R. Inner link  320  also has first and second apertures  324  and  326  for adjacent roller pins (not shown) of the crimping chain. The distance between apertures  324  and  326  provides the pitch for the crimping chain. The pitch is selected so that a single chain can be designed for use with multiple sizes of fittings. The pitch is chosen as a compromise between a number of variables, including the circumferences of the various intended fittings, the midline gap of the rotational drive arms, and the travel of the tool, among other variables. The outer links discussed above have a substantially similar side construction as inner link  320 .  
     [0060] C. Crimping Apparatus Actuated by Rotational Drive  
     [0061] Referring to FIGS.  14 - 16 , in which the same reference numerals denote similar elements, embodiments of crimping apparatus for use with a rotational drive  450  are illustrated. Rotational drive  450  can be, for example, a conventional, electrically powered drill having an electric motor, but it is understood that other rotational tools providing rotation to drive a screw can also be used. For example, the rotational drive  450  can be a manually powered drill, a pneumatically powered drill, a socket, a ratchet, a wrench, or a screwdriver.  
     [0062] Referring to FIG. 14, crimping apparatus  400  is actuated by rotational drive or drill  450 . Crimping apparatus  400  includes a crimping assembly  410  having a first segment  412   a  and a second segment  412   b.  First and second segments  412   a  and  412   b  are connected by a pivot pin  414 , and crimping assembly  410  defines an inner surface  415  to crimp a fitting (not shown).  
     [0063] First segment  412   a  has a first pivoting member or trunnion  420   a  disposed in its end  416   a.  Second segment  412   b  has a hook  418  on its end  416   b.  A second pivoting member or trunnion  420   b  is rotatably and slideably disposed in hook  418 , which is open to receive or remove trunnion  420   b.  A drive member or screw  430  is rotatably connected to first trunnion  420   a  and is threaded through second trunnion  420   b.  Drive screw  430  connects to a transfer or gear mechanism  440 . Rotational drive  450  couples to transfer or gear mechanism  440  to rotate drive screw  430  and open and close segments  412   a  and  412   b  about the fitting. Transfer or gear mechanism  440  allows rotational drive  450  to couple from one or more approaches, as exemplified in FIG. 14 with drives  450  and  450 ′. This may be beneficial when access is restricted.  
     [0064] To dispose crimping apparatus  400  about the fitting, drive screw  430  is pivoted on first trunnion  420   a,  and second trunnion  420   b  is removed from hook  418 . First and second segments  412   a  and  412   b  are pivoted apart, and crimping assembly  410  is positioned with the fitting disposed between segments  412   a  and  412   b.  Drive screw  430  is again pivoted on first trunnion  420   a,  and second trunnion  420   b  is positioned into hook  418 .  
     [0065] In one embodiment, transfer or gear mechanism  440  includes a universal joint (not shown) or a simple set of gears with a 1:1 gear ratio. In another embodiment, transfer or gear mechanism  440  includes gears having a gear ratio that increases the output torque of rotational drive  450  to drive screw  430 . Furthermore, the gear ratio of mechanism  440  may also decrease the output RPM of rotational drive  450  to drive screw  430 , providing for better control of crimping apparatus  400 . Transfer or gear mechanism  440  includes a shank  452  removably connecting to a chuck  454  of rotational drive  450 . With activation of drive screw  430  from transfer or gear mechanism  440 , second trunnion  420   b  is moved along rotating drive screw  430 , which rotates on fixed, first trunnion  420   a.  Hook  418  accommodates the annular movement of segments  412   a  and  412   b  as they pivot about pivot point  414 .  
     [0066] Transfer or gear mechanism  440  can also include a torque clutch for disengaging the transfer of rotation to drive screw  430  when a predetermined amount of torque is reached. The torque clutch could prevent crimping apparatus  400  from over-crimping the fitting. It should be noted that crimping apparatus  400  can have a mechanical stop such that the torque on rotational drive  450  will increase sharply when the mechanical stop is engaged. In such a case, the torque clutch could, therefore, prevent damage or over-stressing rotational drive  450 , drill motor, or other mechanical components. In addition, the torque clutch could be adjustable so that transfer mechanism  440  could be adjusted for a selected torque level depending on the type of fitting to be crimped on tubing. For example, the torque clutch could be adjustable for crimping a fitting for a PEX system, crimping a 2.5-in. fitting on type M copper tubing, crimping a 3-in. fitting on type K copper tubing, etc. Torque clutches can include a first portion coupled to the drive screw  430  and a second portion coupled to the rotational drive  450 . The first and second portions can be engaged with one another such that they will transfer rotation up to an adjustable resistance point between them beyond which point they will disengage.  
     [0067] A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the design of the crimping apparatus  400  depends on a number of parameters and variables, such as the size of the intended fitting, the torque and speed of the rotational drive  450 , the pitch and thread of the drive screw  430 , the friction of the gear mechanism  440 , among other parameters and variables. It is understood that a person skilled in the art will be able to select and calculate appropriate values for the parameters and variables to design a specific implementation of the crimping apparatus  400 .  
     [0068] In FIG. 15, another embodiment of a crimping assembly  402  includes substantially similar components as assembly  400  in FIG. 14. In contrast, crimping assembly  402  includes an attachment portion  460  attaching crimping apparatus  410  to drive  450 , which may provide for a smaller tool with better handling. Crimping apparatus  410  attaches to the top of drive  450  as shown, or may attach to the side of drive  450 . Instead of a hook, second trunnion  420   b  positions in a bifurcate slot  419 , and transfer mechanism  440  has opposing shanks  452  for coupling with rotational drive  450 . Accordingly, a recess, pocket, catch, slot, or bifurcate end can be used instead of a hook.  
     [0069] Referring to FIG. 16, another embodiment of crimping apparatus  470  actuated by a rotational drive  450  is illustrated. Crimping apparatus  470  includes a crimping assembly  472 , a transfer or gear mechanism  480 , and drive members or screws  485   a  and  485   b.  Crimping assembly  472  includes first and second segments  474   a  and  474   b  and defines and inner surface  475  to crimp a fitting (not shown) disposed therebetween. Segments  474   a  and  474   b  are symmetrically arranged in assembly  472  and are connected to one another by drive screws  485   a  and  485   b.  Drive screws  485   a  and  485   b  are connected to first segment  474   a  and are disposed through bores in second segment  474   b.    
     [0070] Transfer or gear mechanism  480  includes a drive gear  482 , which is a spur gear rotatably attached to second segment  474   b  and having a shank  483  for attaching to rotational drive  450 . Drive gear  482  has teeth connecting with teeth of first and second spur gears  484   a  and  484   b,  which are rotatably attached to second segment  474   b.  Each spur gear  484   a  and  484   b  includes a threaded bore having one of the drive screws  485   a  and  485   b  threading therethrough. Rotation of drive gear  482  by rotational drive  450  causes first and second spur gears  484   a  and  484   b  to rotate. Consequently, the threaded drive screws  485   a  and  485   b  move through threaded bores in spur gears  484   a  and  484   b  and cause first segment  474   a  to open or close relative to second segment  474   b.    
     [0071] D. Clamp Assemblies Actuated by Rotational Drive  
     [0072] Referring to FIG. 17, an embodiment of a clamp assembly  500  is illustrated coupled to a conventional crimp ring. Clamp assembly  500  provides an articulated connection between a rotational drive (not shown) and crimp ring segments  60   a  and  60   b.  Clamp assembly  500  is accessible by the rotational drive from numerous directions. Crimp ring segments  60   a  and  60   b  are connected at a pivot point  66 , and each segment  60   a  and  60   b  defines a pivot port  62   a  and  62   b.    
     [0073] Clamp assembly  500  includes a drive member or screw  510 , a drive coupling  520 , a first coupling member or arm  530   a,  and a second coupling member or arm  530   b.  First coupling arm  530   a  includes a port end  532   a,  which is preferably contoured to prevent binding, disposed in pivot port  62   a  of first segment  60   a.  Second coupling arm  530   b  includes a port end  532   b  disposed in pivot port  62   b  of second segment  60   b.  Drive screw  510  connects to first and second coupling arms  530   a  and  530   b.  Drive coupling  520  is connected on one end of drive screw  510 . Drive coupling  520  is a universal joint in the present embodiment, allowing clamp assembly  500  to be accessed by the rotational drive from numerous angles, sides, and approaches. The rotational drive, which may be a drill, couples to universal joint  520 , and universal joint  520  transfers the rotation from the rotational drive to drive screw  510 .  
     [0074] With activation of drive screw  510 , the first and/or second coupling arms  530   a  and  530   b  can be moved along the rotating drive screw  510  to open or close crimp ring segments  60   a  and  60   b.  As shown, drive screw  510  is rotatably attached to first coupling arm  530   a  at  534   a,  and drive screw  510  is threaded through a threaded hole  534   b  in second coupling arm  530   b.  Upon rotation of drive screw  510  with the rotational drive, second coupling arm  530   b  is then moved along drive screw  510  in relation to fixed coupling arm  530   a.  The curved port ends  532   a - b  of coupling arms  530   a - b  in ports  62   a - b  accommodate the pivoting movement of segments  60   a  and  60   b  as they pivot about pivot point  66 .  
     [0075] Referring to FIG. 18, another embodiment of a clamp assembly  550  is illustrated coupled to a conventional crimp ring. Clamp assembly  550  includes a drive member or screw  560 , a drive coupling  570 , a first coupling member or trunnion  580   a,  and a second coupling member or trunnion  580   b.  First trunnion  580   a  is removably positioned in a hook or slot  62  defined in first segment  60   a,  and second trunnion  580   b  is rotatably connected to second segment  60   b.  Drive screw  560  includes first and second threaded portions  562  and  564  with opposite pitch. Threaded portions  562  and  564  are threaded through first and second trunnions  580   a  and  580   b,  respectively. Drive coupling  570  is connected on one end of drive screw  560 .  
     [0076] Drive coupling  570  is a gear mechanism being accessible from one or more sides, angles, or approaches by a rotational drive (not shown), which couples to gear mechanism  570  and rotates drive screw  560 . The rotational drive for use with gear mechanism  570  may be a conventional drill, for example. Gear mechanism  570  transfers the rotation from the rotational drive to drive screw  560 . With activation of gear mechanism  570 , first and second trunnions  580   a  and  580   b  are moved along their respective threaded portions  562  and  564  of drive screw  560  to open and close segments  60   a,    60   b  about the fitting.  
     [0077] E. Manual and Assisted Crimping Apparatus Actuated by Rotational Drive  
     [0078] Referring to FIGS.  19 - 20 , embodiments of crimping apparatus  600  and  650  for manual or assisted activation are illustrated. Crimping apparatus  600  and  650  are manually operated or are assisted by power or hydraulic tools. In FIG. 19, crimping apparatus  600  includes a crimping assembly  610 , a lever mechanism  620 , and a latch mechanism  630 . Crimping assembly  610  includes first and second segments  612   a  and  612   b  connected together by a pivot  614  and defining an inner surface  616  for crimping a fitting (not shown) disposed therebetween. Crimping assembly  610  is preferably designed to crimp fittings for PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) tubing systems. First segment  612   a  has a handle  613  and lever mechanism  620  attached. Lever mechanism  620  includes a second handle or lever arm  622  adjacent first handle  613  and connected to first segment  612   a  with a first pin  624 .  
     [0079] Latch mechanism  630  is attached to lever mechanism  620  with a second pin  632 . Second pin  632  is offset from first pin  624  to provide additional leverage. Latch mechanism  630  includes a free end that removably attaches to second segment  612   b.  For example, the free end of latch mechanism  630  includes a hook or the like that removably attaches to a pin or catch  634  on second segment  612   b.  Latch mechanism  620  transfers force from lever arm  622  to second segment  612   a  to close crimping assembly  610 . Being removable, latch mechanism  630  may be unattached from the second segment  612   b,  allowing the crimping assembly  610  to be positioned on or removed from the fitting. Crimping apparatus  600  is manually activated by an operator squeezing handles  613  and  622  together. Crimping apparatus  600  in FIG. 19 may also be activated with mechanical assistance. For example, a hydraulic cylinder (not shown) may be used to close handles  613  and  622 , which reduces stress to the operator. In addition, crimping apparatus  600  in FIG. 19 may also be activated by a rotational drive (not shown). For example, a drive screw (not shown) can be attached by trunnions to the handles  613  and  622  in a manner similar to those disclosed in FIG. 14, 15, and  18 . In this way, rotation of the drive screw by a rotational drive, such as a power drill, can open and close the segments  612   a  and  612   b  about the fitting.  
     [0080] In FIG. 20, crimping apparatus  650  includes a crimping assembly  660 , a lever mechanism  670 , and a wedge mechanism  680 . Crimping assembly  660  includes first and second segments  662   a  and  662   b  that are connected together at a pivot  664 . First and second segments  662   a  and  662   b  define an inner surface  666  to crimp a fitting (not shown) disposed therebetween. Crimping assembly  660  is preferably designed to crimp fittings for PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) tubing systems. Lever mechanism  670  is connected to first segment  662   a  by a pivot  672  and can include a lock/release mechanism  674  as shown in FIG. 20. Alternatively, lever mechanism  670  may be fixedly attached to first segment  662   a.    
     [0081] Lever mechanism  670  includes a surface  676  to contact wedge mechanism  680 . When activated, wedge mechanism  680  engages second segment  662   b  and surface  676  of lever mechanism  670 . As it is moved, wedge mechanism  680  wedges between second segment  662   b  and lever mechanism  670 . Lever mechanism  670  moves first segment  662   a,  as second segment  662   b  is pushed by wedge mechanism  680 , and crimping assembly  660  closes about the fitting. Wedge mechanism  680  can be activated manually, for example, with a screw press or vice. Wedge mechanism  680  can also be activated with mechanical assistance. For example, a rotational drive (not shown), such as a drill, can be used to activate a screw press to move wedge mechanism  680 . In another example, a hydraulic cylinder (not shown) can be used to move wedge mechanism  680 . In the present embodiment, wedge mechanism  680  includes a wedge  682  and a feed screw  688 . Feed screw  688  is threaded through an opening  686  in a portion  684  connected to second segment  662   b.  Rotation of screw  688  moves wedge  682  to open and close crimping assembly  660 .  
     [0082] Referring to FIGS.  21 A-B, an embodiment of a crimping apparatus  700  for manual or assisted activation is illustrated in a partially exposed side view and a top view. Crimping apparatus  700  includes a first crimp segment  710  and a second crimp segment  720  connected by a pivot  702 . First and second crimp segments  710  and  720  respectively have crimping surfaces  712  and  722  that are preferably contoured to crimp fittings (not shown) for PEX tubing systems. A handle  714  made of ductile iron, for example, extends from first segment  710 . A pivotable connector  730  and a nut  740  connect first and second crimp segments  710  and  720 . Pivotable connector  730  has one end  732  connected to first segment  710  by a pivot pin  734 . End  732  and pin  734  are preferably positioned in a recess  716  defined in first crimp segment  710 , as shown. A threaded end  736  of pivotable connector  730  fits within a bifurcate end  724  of second segment  720 , and nut  740  threads onto threaded end  736 . Preferably, bifurcate end  724  defines a contoured surface  726  against which a rounded end of nut  740  positions.  
     [0083] To crimp a fitting (not shown), first and second segments  710  and  720  are positioned around the fitting, and threaded end  736  of pivotable connector  730  is fit within bifurcate end  724  of second segment  720  by pivoting connector  730  on pin  732 . Nut  740  is then tightened on threaded end  736  to close crimping surface  712  and  722  of segments  710  and  720  against the fitting. Nut  740  can be tightened using a standard ratchet and socket or by using a ratcheting box wrench, for example.  
     [0084] Referring to FIG. 22, an embodiment of a manual crimp apparatus  800  is illustrated. Crimp apparatus  800  includes first and second crimp segments  810  and  820  connected by a pivot  802 . Each segment  810  and  820  defines a crimp surface  812  and  822  for preferably crimping a PEX style fitting (not shown). A drive screw  830  has a first trunnion  832  movably threaded thereon. An end of drive screw  830  is rotatably connected to a second trunnion  834 . First trunnion  832  is positioned in an end  814  of first segment  810 , and second trunnion  834  is positioned in an end  824  of second segment  820 . End  814  of first segment  810  can be bifurcate for inserting drive screw  830  therein when placing crimp apparatus  800  on the fitting. Drive screw  830  has a head  836  for rotating the drive screw  830  with a standard ratchet and socket or with a ratcheting box wrench, for example. Drive screw  830  is preferably a ½-inch feed screw.  
     [0085] To crimp a fitting (not shown), crimp apparatus  800  opens and closes like a hinge pipe cutter. First and second segments  810  and  820  are positioned around the fitting, and drive screw  830  is pivoted about second trunnion  834  to position first trunnion  832  on end  814  of first segment  810 . A standard ratchet and socket or a ratcheting box wrench is then used to rotate drive screw  830 , causing first trunnion  832  to move on drive screw  830  and close first and second segments  810  and  820  about fitting.  
     [0086] Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24A-B, another embodiment of a manual crimp apparatus  850  is illustrated. In FIG. 23, crimp apparatus  850  includes first and second crimp segments  860  and  870  connected by a pivot  852 . Each segment  860  and  870  defines a crimp surface  862  and  872  for preferably crimping a PEX style fitting (not shown). Segments  860  and  870  are preferably investment cast from matching, symmetrical castings. A first nut  882   a  is threaded on one end of drive screw  880  for engaging an end  864  of first segment  860 . A second nut  882   b  is connected to another end of drive screw  880  for engaging an end  874  of second segment  860 . As best shown in the top view of second segment  870  in FIG. 24A, end  874  of second segment  870  preferably defines a closed, elongated opening for the passage and movement of drive screw  830 . In a similar fashion, end  864  of first segment  860  preferably defines a closed, elongated opening for the passage and movement of drive screw  880 .  
     [0087] As best shown in FIG. 23, each nut  882   a,    882   b  has a rounded end  884  for engaging and rotating against ends  864  and  874  of segments  860  and  870 . In addition, nuts  882   a,    882   b  each have a head  886  for rotating the nut with a standard ratchet and socket or with a ratcheting box wrench, for example. As best shown in the isolated view of FIG. 24B, first nut  882   a  engaging first segment  860  has a threaded opening  887  for threading onto drive screw  880 . Second nut  882   b  engaging second segment  860  has a square opening  888  fitting onto the end of drive screw  880  and is used for holding drive screw  880  when tightening.  
     [0088] To crimp the fitting, first and second segments  860  and  870  are positioned around the fitting, and drive screw  830  is positioned through openings in ends  864  and  874  of segments  860  and  870 . Second nut  882   b  engages end  874  of second segment  870 , and first nut  882   a  is threaded onto the end of drive screw  880  to engage end  864  of first segment  860 . Second nut  882   b  is held by a wrench, while first nut  882   a  is rotated on drive screw  880  by a standard ratchet and socket or a ratcheting box wrench, causing first and second segments  860  and  870  to close about the fitting between crimping surfaces  862  and  872 .  
     [0089] The foregoing description of preferred and other embodiments is not intended to limit or restrict the scope or applicability of the disclosed inventive concepts conceived of by the Applicants. In exchange for disclosing the inventive concepts contained herein, the Applicants desires all patent rights afforded by the appended claims. Therefore, it is intended that the invention include all modifications and alterations to the full extent that they come within the scope of the following claims or the equivalents thereof.