Patent Publication Number: US-2015069126-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for enabling communication between two devices using magnetic field generator and magnetic field detector

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to an electronic card and more specifically it relates to an electronic card with a programmable magnetic stripe which is programmed by transferring data from a smartphone for reducing the number of debit, credit and other payment cards in a wallet. Typically, near field communication connection (NFC or RFID) is used for transferring data to and from a smartphone. However, since a smartphone is used to transfer data to or from the card other methods could also be used to transfer data to the card, such as light, or any other mechanism which cab be implemented using a smartphone. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     People typically carry around most of their payment cards such as credit and debit cards in a wallet or purse, and to use a particular card, the desired card is selected and then removed from the wallet or purse. Users want a more convenient way to handle their payment cards, but existing solutions all have problems which limit their use. Some companies have tried to solve this by having users load payment information in their phones and pay with near field communication (NFC), barcodes or other wireless signals using their phone. There are many problems with this. One problem is NFC equipped payment terminals are not in common use in the United States. To make NFC (or other wireless methods) popular, NFC equipped payment terminals would need to be available at substantially every merchant in the U.S. This mass deployment will take years and cost billions of dollars. Also, to use a mobile phone as a payment card substitute, a user would be unable to pay if their phone was unavailable, such as out of battery. Also, since payment terminals in places such as restaurants are usually in a back room area, users would have to give other people (such as waiters at a restaurant) their cell phones if they wanted to pay. Security is also a big problem for traditional payment cards and smartphone payment systems. Lost and stolen wallets contribute to a large percentage of credit card fraud. All of these problems and more are solved with the invention described herein. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is an electronic payment card with a form factor similar to a standard credit card and includes a programmable magnetic stripe. It can replace all payment (credit, debit, gift, etc.) cards which are ordinarily carried by a user in a wallet or purse. A battery on the electronic card used to power devices on the card can be recharged wirelessly. The card has the same dimensions as a normal debit/credit card with all electronics built into the card. Associated with the card is a prior art magnetic stripe reader that can connect to a smart phone. After a user has swiped all their current cards into an application installed on the smart phone using the magnetic stripe reader, the magnetic stripe reader is only needed to add more cards or for purposes unrelated to the invention. Alternatively, information for the card can be manually entered by the user using a smart phone application. To use a particular one of the cards which have been swiped or otherwise entered as described above, the user selects the desired card using a smart phone application, and the phone downloads information pertaining to that card which is stored on a server, and then securely transfers the card data to the electronic card. The programmable magnetic stripe can be programmed so to any existing magnetic stripe reader, the programmed magnetic stripe is identical to the one on the original payment card which was selected by the user. 
     The device may also store the loaded card information on a secure storage element in the card, a secure storage element in the phone, or both. The device may also store some of the information in a server, some of the information on the phone and some of the information on the electronic card. Since all the information is split up, if one source of the information is compromised, complete credit card data is not exposed since the remaining information needed to make use of the card is still secure. 
     A user can also press a recall button on the electronic card which automatically loads the last card that was loaded after a personal code is entered provided the electronic card is near the phone which then contacts the server to download the card information. 
     For most cards, no complete credit card information is permanently stored on the card or phone. However, one of the loaded cards can be designated as a default card which is stored and can be used on payment terminals by accessing buttons (touch sensors) used to enter a personal code. In one embodiment of the card, payment card information is stored in a secure storage element inside the card. This is necessary for situations where the phone cannot contact the server to download the card information for any reason. That is, in this situation, the invented electronic card functions as an ordinary credit card, the only difference being that the personal code must first be entered. Although power is also needed, since the charge in the battery is easily maintained as described herein, loss of power is normally not an issue. 
     There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, some of the features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter. 
     In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction or to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of the description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     Other advantages of the present invention will become obvious to the reader and it is intended that these objects and advantages are within the scope of the present invention. To the accomplishment of the above, this invention may be embodied in the form illustrated in the accompanying drawings, attention being called to the fact, however, that the drawings are illustrative only, and that changes may be made in the specific construction illustrated and described and still be within the scope of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will become fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the various subsystems forming the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  are front and backs view of an electronic card used to implement the present invention showing the buttons, LEDs and magnetic band. 
         FIG. 3  is a detailed view of coils which form the magnetic band used to function as the magnetic stripe on a traditional payment card. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart showing the processing performed by a processor on the electronic card used to generate signals which are sent to the coils to enable the magnetic band to emulate the functionality of the magnetic stripe on a traditional payment card. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram showing a technique allowing two devices to communicate using magnetic field generation and detection. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Turning now descriptively to the drawings, in which similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views,  FIG. 1  shows in block diagram form magnetic stripe emulator  11 , NFC communication module  13 , energy harvesting battery management module  15 , battery  17 , buttons  19 , LEDs  21  and smart card contacts  23 . 
       FIG. 2   a  shows the front of the card including a button  19  which would typically be a power on/off button, LEDs  21  which are off, blink or solid to display different status as explained below and display  27 .  FIG. 2   b  shows the rear of the card with programmable magnetic band  29  which is programmed based on the operation of magnetic stripe emulator  25  and buttons  19  for providing various inputs to the card. Of course, the specific arrangement of buttons, LEDs, and display can vary substantially from that shown in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b . Each side of the card can have more or fewer buttons, LEDs and displays, and their specific positions can be completely different. 
     Existing credit cards typically include two magnetic tracks on the stripe referred to as track  1  and track  2 . Track  1  is encoded using the International Air Transport Association (IATA) standard. Track  2  is encoded using the American Banking Association (ABA) standard. It is also possible for a card to have only one track or three track. If a third track is present, its format would typically be defined by the issuer. The stripe is strictly delimited where track  1 , track  2  and track  3 , if present, are located based on the ISO/IEC7811 standard used to define characteristics for many types of identification cards. All tracks are encoded using a technique commonly called Bi-phase mark code (BMC), also defined as part of the ISO/IEC 7811 standard. This encoding allows a magnetic reader to decode the data encoded into the magnetic fields generated when the card is swiped. The magnetic fields decoded using the BMC generate a binary stream of data that represent in digital terms information encoded on the magnetic tracks of the card. 
     This binary stream is then interpreted to ASCII characters using an algorithm that is defined using a standard for each track of the card, being the IATA standard for track  1  and the ABA standard for track  2 . Both are standardized on ISO/IEC 7813 which is used for financial information. 
     Emulator  11  does this process in reverse. It generates a track represented in ASCII characters based on the user input, then depending of what track is being emulated, it generates a bit stream using one of the IATA or ABA standards. Based on this binary data, the emulator generates an encoded magnetic field using BMC to activate the track&#39;s coil when high (binary 1) and deactivating it when low (binary 0). 
     The magnetic field is generated by running a current through the coil or coils corresponding to track  1  or track  2 , turning it on, and off as needed to generate the 0&#39;s and 1&#39;s. The 1 and 0 (binary data) are generated following the BMC encoding. It can be thought of as a complex Morse code, but instead of using sequences of short and long beeps, sequences of magnetic pulses are used. A group of magnetic pulses can be decoded as a 1234 or BILL SMITH if the correct scheme is followed by the decoder. 
     The magnetic fields themselves do not change. But the generating current is turned on and off generating a stream of magnetic pulses that can be decoded as data. As previously noted, the pulses are like a complex Morse code in that the beep or pulse is always the same, but strings of pulses represent a different character depending on its length (e.g., long or short) and the other pulses being used in a particular sequence. 
     Each magnetic track is formed using a coil with one or more sections. Although the coils used provide the magnetic stripe functionality are constructed differently from a typical magnetic stripe seen on a credit card, to a magnetic stripe reader, there is no meaningful difference. The important aspect is that the coil generates a magnetic field strong enough to be picked by the reader, and such coil could be made as described or in a different way or in a device different than a credit card shaped circuit (such as inside of an smartphone to get an effect similar to the modern NFC tap and pay but using old magnetic stripe readers and this emulator technology) 
     The core of the coil is made of ferromagnetic material, such as permalloy, but other similar metals can be used as well. The core of the coil is wrapped in copper wire or a similar electrically conductive material with at least several hundred turns. The core does not touch the copper directly, as the wire is enameled. Some sections can have a small amount of copper wraps, such as 20, while other sections, such as the main section can have more than 700 wraps. There typically would be two coils to emulate two tracks, but a third coil could be added to emulate a third track. The purpose of using this kind of coil (wire wrapped around a metal core) is to generate a magnetic field that can be picked up by the magnetic reader, so anything else with the same result will apply such as normal SMD inductors connected in series across the area where the track should go or by using vias and multiple layers on the PCB fabrication process. 
       FIG. 3  shows one such coil having three separate sections or windings  31 ,  33  and  35  on a single core  37 . Each winding has two ends  31   a  and  31   b,    33   a  and  33   b,  and  35   a  and  35   b.  Each end is connected to a source of power which provides the current needed to generate the necessary pulses to the coil so that when the card is swiped, the magnetic card reader is provided with the necessary information. As described in detail below, emulator  11  is used to generate the necessary signals to produce these pulses. In one embodiment, emulator  11  is created by programming MCU  25  as described below which produces an output which is interfaced using standard circuit elements to generate the current applied to the ends of each winding. Thus, although emulator  11  is shown in  FIG. 1  as being separate from MCU  25 , which would be the case if a emulator  11  is created as a separate part, in the embodiment as disclosed herein, emulator  11  is part of the programming of MCU  25 . 
     The windings  33  and  35  at both ends of the coil for track  2  are used to detect the magnetic reader. When the card is swiped into a magnetic reader the programming in the MCU senses this movement of the read head using these coils by the Hall effect and then initiates the emulation process. The coils are on an LC circuit, so when the read head is over any of those coils, the metal of the head will change the inductance of the coil and therefore change the frequency of the LC circuit. This change is sensed by the MCU to emulate only when the card is being swiped. Different algorithms can be used to avoid mis-detection with other kind of metals. 
     As noted above, running current through the coil generates a magnetic field. The invention uses the principle of running current through the coil using the BMC algorithm as explained above to generate a valid magnetic track recognizable by all existing readers. 
     One way to make such a coil would be to use insulated 38AWG copper wire wrapped around the core with about 750 turns for track  1 , and for track  2 , a central wrap of about 650 turns and two wraps of about 40 turn each one at both extremes as shown in  FIG. 3  which represents a single track wherein the coil has three sections. 
     The core of a soft ferromagnetic material such as permalloy or soft iron with a length of 7.5 cm, a width of 2.5 mm and thickness of 0.3 mm is about the size of a typical credit/debit card magnetic stripe. Preferably, the insulated wire is glued to the core to prevent misalignment. The DC resistance of the coil is 11 Ohms, operating at a frequency 150 kHz to 200 kHz with current up to 20 mA. 
     Although the core can be made using a soft iron such as pure annealed iron, an alloy commonly referred as permalloy is preferable because it has very high magnetic permeability, which would allow the coil to use less energy per swipe and generate a greater magnetic field, thus allowing readers to obtain a more accurate read. When two tracks are being emulated at the same time by two different coils, this may cause interference between the two coils so a balance between the size of the magnetic field and the current consumption needs to be made so both emulation coils can work at the same time. 
     Battery  17  may be an ultrathin rechargeable lithium polymer battery available from a variety of sources, but other ultra thin batteries could be used as well. 
     The magnetic stripe emulator  11  and magnetic band  29  on the card mimic the characteristics of a magnetic stripe on a standard payment card using techniques to transmit one or more electromagnetic fields as noted above to couple with a read-head of an electromagnetic reader such a magnetic stripe reader or other methods. The magnetic stripe emulator may detect the presence of a reading device using the magnetic signals emitted by the reader which cause changes in capacitance of coils forming band  29 , letting the processor know that the card is placed on a reader so it can emit the expected information encoded as electromagnetic fields. The detector may be one of the coils or any other inductor component. Multiple coils (or other devices) may be provided to help the processor know the kind of device that is reading the card, using this information to modify the electromagnetic field that is about to be emitted to better fit into the reading device. 
     The emulator is based on Oersted&#39;s law that describes the capacity of conductors to create a magnetic field by moving electrical charges on them. All the chips and parts are connected using copper traces or equivalent. They may also be connected using resistors to limit the current flow or capacitors that are used for several reasons such as smoothing the voltage input to the various components on the card. The circuits on the card may also use transistors to control larger current flows that the integrated chips are not able to handle or to control the power source of the entire circuit (battery or directly from the electromagnetic field of the NFC). Some parts are used to provide inductance to the system. Parts may be encapsulated into surface mount device (SMD) packages or directly drawn into the circuit board. They are used to match the resonance required for the contactless communication or for the contactless power charging. The specifics of these interfacing components are not needed for a proper understanding of the invention and are well within the abilities of skilled circuit designers. 
     All of the card&#39;s components interact with other components using copper traces or equivalent. Other than the magnetic card reader, the card itself interacts with external devices such as smart phones using radio signals or equivalent in the 13.56 MHz frequency currently used by RFID or NFC devices. Any other frequency is invisible and harmless to the card because the matching circuit on it is established to resonate at the 13.56 Mhz. Of course, the invention is not limited to this frequency, and other frequencies used by NFC or other wireless devices could also be utilized. 
     NFC unit  13  is an NFC, energy harvester and communications chip which may be implemented using part PN5120A0HN1 available from NXP Semiconductors. This chip or equivalent chip with NFC/RFID ability or other wireless communication ability is used as a medium to interact with external devices such as cell phones, smart phones and the like and to emulate a contactless bank/atm/credit (or other) cards. It will react to a NFC device only if it can use a predetermined protocol such as a NFC enabled phone with a properly configured application which has been downloaded and installed on the phone; in any other case, it will just use the energy to charge the battery  17  and nothing more. It may be placed on a charging device which emits an NFC field and it will charge the battery only when it needs it. To charge the card battery, the user needs to place the card near an NFC enabled reader device for some minutes or insert it in a smartcard reader. The card may or may not include smart card contacts  23  which would allow it to be inserted into the smartcard reader to be charged. Although such contacts would be physical contacts on the front or rear of the card, since such contacts are standard elements and are not needed for a proper understanding of the invention, they are not further described herein. Or the card may include a separate charger that can charge the card with the phone or a charger that can charge the card through an outlet or computer. The charging method may be used in other devices as well. 
     NFC unit  13  harvests energy from NFC/RFID fields for use by battery  17  which may be implemented using part M24LR16E-RMC6T available from STMicroelectronics or equivalent. NFC unit  13  harvests the energy, filters it and provides an output to be used in the circuit. If the card is outside a predetermined activation timeframe such as eight minutes or other time which begins by the user pressing one or more buttons  19  and it is swiped or inserted on a smartcard reader it will not react. It will react to a NFC device only if the uses a specified protocol. This can be accomplished using a NFC enabled phone with an appropriately configured application loaded. The specifics of such phone application are well known to persons skilled in the art and are not needed for an understanding of the invention. Otherwise, it will just use the energy to charge the battery and nothing more. It may be placed on a charging device which emits an NFC field and it will charge the battery only when it needs it. 
     Thus, to charge the battery  17 , the user needs to place the card near an NFC enabled reader device for some minutes or insert it in a smartcard reader. The specifics of the charging functionality including fault handling and the like are well known in the art. 
     Battery management unit  15  may be implemented using a SC824ULTRT available from Semtech or equivalent to charge battery  17 . If the battery is already fully charged, this chip will provide the energy directly to the rest of the circuits. The battery management unit  15  can also be implemented as a separate circuit without using a specialized integrated circuit. 
     Battery management unit  15  receives the energy from the NFC unit  13  and sends it to battery  17  for charging. Battery management unit  15  can also receive energy or signals from the smartcard contacts  23  when available. Thus, when battery management unit  15  has any external source of energy available, it will charge the battery if it required. If the battery does not require a charge, battery management unit  15  will transfer this energy to the rest of the circuit which will not use the battery and use the harvested energy directly. 
     In one embodiment microcomputer unit (MCU)  25  is implemented using part no. STM32L151C6U6 available from STMicroelectronics or equivalent low power MCU. The MCU handles all the interfaces, stores any required data, performs encryption/decryption, etc. It processes the instructions sent by the external smartphone (cell phone or other device) application and modifies the card operation. The processor may also have its own application that assists the card to communicate to a phone, other cards, payment devices, and networks. It also may use the information from the buttons and communicate to the LEDs to provide user input and output, have a lockout timer, help with security and more. The specifics of the programming of the MCU are not important for an understanding of the invention and, except for the emulator functionality are well within the abilities of those skilled in the art based on the descriptions provided herein. 
     All the emulator programming and other data storage requirements can be included in memory within the MCU. However, external (to the MCU) memory may used to store card information on the card, such as a secure storage element for the default card data. 
     Programming for emulator  11  will now be described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
     Retrieve necessary data  41 : The data needed to be represented on the magnetic track is stored in multiple locations, such as on a secure server, on the card, from the mobile phone, etc. The necessary data is retrieved from the locations where stored. 
     Concatenate the data and add sentinel and separator characters  43 : The data for a valid track is built from the data retrieved. Typically, the data is in or is converted to ASCII format and concatenated together in the order expected by the reader. The first, separator and last characters on the tracks are always the same and are as defined by the IATA and ABA standards. The first character is called the start sentinel and is usually % for IATA and ; for ABA. The last character is called the end sentinel and is usually ? for IATA and ? for ABA. Separator characters are placed between fields such as account number, name, expiration date, etc. The separator characters are usually ̂ for IATA and = for ABA. The length and type of data for each field are as specified by the IATA and ABA standards. 
     Generate the LRC  45 : A longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) is a character used to check the integrity of the information on the magnetic track. It is calculated using the other characters being emulated for the track according to well known techniques and is located after the end sentinel character. 
     Generate a binary stream  47 : Track  1  uses IATA standard and track  2  uses ABA standard. Each IATA character is made of 6 bits and each ABA character is made of 4 bits. The specific encoding for each character is as required by the IATA and ABA standards. 
     Decision block  49 —For track  1 , append  22  “0” bits  51 . For track  2  append  62  “0” bits  53 . However, the number of “0” bits is not fixed. For example, in one embodiment,  10  “0” bits can be used on track  1  and  15  on track  2 , or 10 can be used on both or 50 on both. The precise number is not an important aspect of the invention. The BMC encoding needs the zeroes at the start and end to synchronize a clock signal used to enable the data to be decoded when read by a reader. 
     Encode using BMC  55 : As noted above, the specifics of the BMC encoding is based on the ISO/IEC 7813 standard. The binary stream generated by steps  41 - 53  is encoded using the BMC standard. The resulting stream is applied to the coils for tracks  1  and  2  so that when the coil is sensed by a card reader, it appears to the reader to be a magnetic track of the type used by payments cards so as to emulate the magnetic track for the selected payment card. 
     During operation, circuits inside the card receive user input from one or more buttons  19  or equivalent placed on the card, and pass the received inputs to MCU  25  for handling. Information is provided to the user using one or more LEDs  21  also placed on the card. The LEDs may also be placed to illuminate the card near the buttons to illuminate the buttons when in a dark location. In one embodiment, text or other messages can be provided by display  27  which may be implemented using a small thin LCD screen, electronic display, e-ink, Electrophoretic display, or electronic ink display. The specific information provided by display  27  is not important for a proper understanding of the invention, but could include items such as images, numbers, text, such as credit card numbers, CVV codes, and network names Visa, MasterCard, and the like. Appropriate programming of MCU  25  would enable display  27  to operate as desired. 
     To indicate that the reader and card are properly interfacing, an LED will flash during the read operation. 
     A card functioning according to the invention operates as follows. When the user selects the card to use and enters the unlock password on phone or electronic card via buttons  19 , or both, the card will be unlocked for a predetermined period of time such as 8 minutes. After this time, a signal from MCU  25  will erase all sensible data from the card memory (except default card information) and re-lock again. The user can also configure the card to self-lock after a successful transaction. For example, if the card is used on a mobile point of sale device, it will be locked instantly, to avoid cloning scams. Most of the security features are user-configurable, enabling the user to select how secure he/she wants his/her electronic card to be. 
     The MCU can be programmed to enable to buttons and LEDs to operate in a desired manner so that, for example, pressing one button for a predetermined period of time such as three seconds turns the card on or off, with the LEDs flashing to confirm presses, etc. 
     The card can transmit data to the phone when it is near the NFC field, so it can report a hack attempt only on that moment. The card has the option to be pin activated, and will lock if the incorrect code is used too many times in a certain timeframe. The electronic card may store a list of transactions that will be transmitted to an application on the phone or other external device. With this information, the user can become aware of the card being read two times on an ATM, meaning that a cloning device may have been used. The user may also use a “recall” option on the card, which transfers the card data that was last on the card from the phone to the card without opening the phone application. The card must still be near the phone for the data transfer. The “recall” option may request a user to type in a code or pin on the card or smart phone application. 
     The invention may be implemented using a different layout, materials or chips. For example, the LED lights may be in the center of the card that illuminates the see-through portions of the card. The LEDs and touch sensors or buttons can be made of different materials, and may be on different areas of the card with different spacing and more or fewer LEDs or more/fewer touch sensors or buttons. 
     As previously noted, if the phone of the user is not available to load the card data into the card, a real credit card/debit card called a “default card” can be embedded. Touch sensors (which may be buttons which can be pressed and released or touch sensitive devices) will not allow the user to select several different cards that are already stored on the electronic card. They are used to activate a pin for the card, which then activates the default card. There is also a power button or the like for the card, which turns it on for a set amount of time. The default card could also be a gift card, or a rewards card from a store, or a prepaid card. One could have the default card be a prepaid card that charges users every time they load money onto it. There are several possibilities for the default card: The default card is programmed into the electronic card and can be activated when a user enters a user defined pin using the buttons on the card. For example, the MCU can be programmed so that the user will need to press the a specific one of the buttons for three seconds, or other time period, to wake it up and get electronic card into waiting mode in which case one of the LEDs will flash to indicate that the card is waiting for further input. If nothing is entered within a preset timeframe, the card is placed in idle mode again. If the user enters the code during the allowed period, it will use a secure algorithm to check if it is correct and flash one of the LEDs or, if it is not correct another one of the LEDs is flashed. If the pin is entered wrong three or some other number of times the card will lock itself for a period of time. After that period, and there are further failed pin attempts, the LED becomes solid and the card locks and goes into “fraud alert”. The phone application is updated with a fraud alert next time the phone is paired with the card. If a card swipe is detected at a payment terminal, the network notifies the application with a fraud alert protocol. 
     The default card could be included on the plastic that encapsulates the chips. Display  27  could be used to show numbers representing the card account number of the default account. 
     All the information transmitted between the card and the application on the phone are encrypted with high standards to avoid “man in the middle” attacks or data leak/manipulation, or other attacks. 
     The card can mimic most credit/debit/rewards/magnetic stripe cards. A user is provided with a device such as a Square reader available from Square, Inc. that can connect to a smart phone that can read payment cards via a magnetic stripe reader that allows users to “load” or transfer magnetic stripe information to a smart phone (or computer or other device). Alternatively, the user can manually enter the card information using a phone application which stores the entered data in the same manner as if the card had been swiped. The application has many functions described above. The phone then connects to the electronic card and instructs a NFC chip in the phone to connect to NFC unit  13  in the electronic card to transfer card and usage data. The application also instructs the phone to connect to servers to upload/download card and usage information. The application may also connect to other applications in the phone to upload purchases, or a GPS application for location. The application has secure functions so other applications cannot hack into the phone data, or the network. 
     The phone&#39;s camera can be used as a retina scanner. A fingerprint reader can also be incorporated on the card, a phone case, or on the phone. A user may be able to customize how cards are displayed by the phone application; such as which card data can be displayed, which picture is displayed to represent the card, and the layout of the application. 
     Purchase history may be uploaded when the card is near the phone. For example, “Card swiped at 05:23, Card inserted on dip reader at 06:01, Contactless used at 08:37, etc” (or similar scheme) The phone application will show how many transactions has been made, time of unlocks, stored cards, etc. A computer based application may also be utilized. Of course it will allow recording of the adding and deleting of cards from the Smartphone app. There is also a direct marketing option with the app. The electronic card has the ability to collect a users payment details for added security against card skimmers, but it can be used for advertising purchases as well. A user could be offered an extra reward incentive to allow their entire payment history to be used for advertising purposes. 
     The phone or card may transmit location of the card, phone, or when the phone is activated to servers or to the user. Specifically, when a user transmits data to the electronic card from the application, the phone location will be recorded. This location will help to determine the current location where the card is being used. 
     All the data is encrypted with unique codes/keys and sent to a secure server for storage. A unique identifier may be stored on every card, so it is hard to clone or use the user&#39;s card if the data is ever leaked from the secure server. 
     If another electronic card is placed near a user phone it has not been authenticated to, it will be rejected and it will not receive any card information as the unique identifier will not match with the user&#39;s card. 
     When card data is successfully added to the database, the user is able to load this data in the electronic card which can then mimic the original card when desired as described. As noted above, after card data is loaded it will be wiped after a predetermined period of time. If the user wants to load the card data again he/she just need to place the card near his phone. The user would select which card data he would like to load into his electronic card by choosing it on the phone application, and if the card is near the phone, the data will be transferred to the card. The user may also use a “recall” option on the card, which transfers the card data that was last on the one card from the phone to the card without opening the application. The card must still be near the phone for the data transfer. 
     Information required to emulate the cards will be gathered from customers&#39; cards by using a provided device as described above and security measures employed to avoid using the device to do skimming/fraud/scams. Customers may need to input some data manually. 
     Customers will be required to pass security steps in order to successfully add his/her real card to a device emulation list. There are several possible steps that are optional:
     1. Current credit card magnetic stripes have the user&#39;s information embedded in the first section of the card. Users may be allowed to upload only cards with only the user&#39;s name on the magnetic stripe of the card they are loading. There are several sections of data in magnetic stripes which may be used to verify that a credit card belongs to a correct user.   2. A deposit may be made into, and then subtracted from the credit card account that was just loaded into the network. Then the user is asked to verify the amount to ensure the card account belongs to them.   3. The name on the card may be matched with the current mobile phone account, email or other account to verify the card loaded is the correct card.   

     All the information stored in the servers, user&#39;s device, user&#39;s phone/computer, etc. can be encrypted with the strongest algorithm available using private/public keys generated from user input making it near impossible for third parties to get the information from the users&#39; cards if they get access to the data. Most of the data can be stored on the servers. Credit card information from the servers may be paired with partial credit card information stored on the phone. 
     The card may be manufactured many ways, and can be manufactured to give the card many different appearances. One method is to laminate the chips, battery and magnetic emulator (i.e., cover with plastic film). The laminated configuration could then be surrounded by melted plastic (PVC, etc.), to make it look more like a common credit card. The chip configuration could be encapsulated in two (or more or less) kinds of plastic to give it an appearance similar to a normal magnetic stripe card. Two different types of plastic, one clear, one another color (or clear) could be pre-molded to encapsulate the card (i.e., two thin pieces of plastic would be hollow). The edges of where the two pre-molded pieces of plastic meet could be soldered together. The two pieces of plastic could also clip, or connect together without needing soldering. For example one of the pieces of pre-molded plastic would have small pieces that are extended at the edge to go into the other premolded plastic that had holes or grooves for the small pieces enter. The two pieces could also meet at a light that also serves as an anchor to hold the two pieces together and also immuninate the clear portion of the outside mold. Also, clear PVC or other encapsulating material could be applied to the chips and battery in layers. 
     According to the invention, data from one device can be sent to another device using a pulse generator which may be included on one device as a component or as a separate accessory. The component or accessory sends electromagnetic waves to a circuit on the second device that is sensitive to electromagnetic signals such as a phone&#39;s compass (magnometer) or magnetic sensor. An example of a devices that is doing the communicating could be between two phones, or a phone and an electronic card as disclosed herein, or a tablet and a phone. An example of a pulse generator in the disclosed electronic card would be the electromagnetic emulator found within the card. An example of the pulse generator inside a phone would be a magnet (which could be instructed by the phones processor to send pulses) that could be found in the phones speaker (among other areas). If the device is the disclosed electromagnetic card, then a magnetic sensor in the form of an integrated circuit would be placed inside the card and used as the magnetic sensor. If the device is a smart phone, then no additional hardware is needed since the phone&#39;s compass could serve this purpose. 
     Pulse generators can be made using a magnet and a coil; when a current is applied to the coil it makes electromagnetic interaction with the magnet producing movement on an emitter, generating electromagnetic waves as the result of this process. 
     The invented method generates this electromagnetic field in a controlled manner by emitting an electromagnetic wave with data encoded on it using the pulse generator, and using a magnetic sensor that will sense the magnetic field generated by the process described above. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , data encoded on device B can be decoded to get the original message. 
     To allow a better understanding of this invention, the following non-limiting example is provided. 
     Device A wants to send a message to device B. Device A encodes this message on a wave using Biphase Mark encoding (BMC) and then emits it on the pulse generator. While the pulse generator is emitting these pulses, it is generating a varying magnetic field because the interaction between the coil and the core magnet. 
     Device B is placed physically near (for example, less than 8 inches) Device A, and the magnetic sensor on Device B senses this varying magnetic field produced by Device A&#39;s pulse generator. Device B filters this data to get the encoded BMC message, then decodes it so Device B gets access to Device A′s message. 
     The terms device A and device B are used because they can be two phones, a phone and a card, a phone and other future device, a phone and a tablet (Ipad), etc. 
     The FlowChart: 
     The IC (Integrated Circuit) in device B is a magnetic sensor. The phone&#39;s compass is an example, but since it is technically a magnetic sensor, it is technically the “magnometer”, or magnetic sensor. 
     Magnetic generator—an example would be the magnet found in a phones speaker. Please note, that device B is not using a microphone to pick up sounds from device A. 
     A CPU/MCU always encodes and decodes the data, it may be a mcu on a card or a CPU on a phone. All devices run a special software to do this. 
     If device B is the above-described electronic card, there would be an added sensor to pick up magnetic signals from the phone. 
     A magnetic generator is used to generate a magnetic field; it can be a packaged inductance, a coil drawn on the PCB, a coil with permalloy core or a coil with air core. A CPU handles this coil to generate the magnetic fields in a way that can be interpreted as data. 
     This data can be encoded in many ways, for example using the BMC algorithm, or NRZ algorithm to encode magnetic pulses as bits of data. This can be seen as a complex morse code, where a predefined set of magnetic pulses means a bit  1  or  0 . This magnetics pulses will be sensed by a magnetometer on a phone, and as every phone model has a different model of magnetometer and they all have different “capturing speed” of magnetic fields, an algorithm is required to detect the most efficient speed at what the data will be encoded by the CPU as magnetic fields on the card; this assure a broad compatibility with different smartphones and platforms. Once the phone has the magnetic data, it will use the algorithm to decode it and get the original data. A sentinel is required to indicate where the data start and where the data ends, so the phone can alert the user when to remove the card from the back of the phone. We can use this method from phone to card using “magnetic coupling” with the phone, as it has a magnet who is excited by input. This can potentially be picked up by a magnetometer near the phone. 
     Using a magnetic generator, we can produce a magnetic field to be sensed by a magnetometer (or similar device) that can be read by custom software installed on a phone. These magnetic field(s) can be generated in a way that the encoding algorithm used to convert the data into magnetic pulses can be read by a phone app that interprets and decodes these pulses back to data. The phone app interprets this data using the sensor for a phones compass. 
     An electronic emulating card will send signals to a phone by sending electromagnetic signals (generate magnetic field) to a phones compass (magnetometer). An application in the phone will access the phone&#39;s compass (sensor that interprets magnetism) to interpret these electromagnetic signals and convert them to data for the application to read. This allows the card to communicate information to the phone using electromagnetic signals. 
     The sampling speed of the magnetometer combined with the speed of the phone&#39;s operating system provides this data to the app. Every magnetometer has a different “speed” so a special algorithm is required to detect it and be able to establish the communication successfully. 
     Math can show us how limited the data transfer speed of a method, freq=1000/delay, “freq” meaning the optimal frequency what the app can read data and “delay” meaning the delay in milliseconds that the app has between one magnetometer sample and another. If we encode one bit per peak on the magnetic pulses, we get a speed of “freq” bps. This is just one sample, and there are others. 
     Current electronic emulating cards either cannot communicate with a paired phone or use alternative methods of communication such as Bluetooth, NFC, or Wifi. These communication methods are either unsecured, use too much battery, cannot communicate with most phones and more. 
     Bluetooth, (or new generation Bluetooth, BLE), like wifi (or new generation wifi) signals can be received by many phones nearby, not just the phone that the card is meant to communicate with. Bluetooth can also use a lot of energy from the cards battery and Bluetooth is available on a smaller percentage of phones/tablets. 
     A device must have an NFC chips/parts for another device with NFC to communicate with it. There are many phones/devices on the U.S. market that do not have NFC, which is why this invention is important. 
     It is possible to attach a case or attachment to a phone that plugs into the phones audio jack or power supply. The case or attachment would have NFC (RFID) or another method of communication that the phone did not have but the card did, such as EMV. The phone case would communicate with the card using one of these communication methods. The phone case would then transfer this data to the phone using an audio jack or power supply. This solution has a few problems. First, it requires consumers to add either a phone case or attachment to their phone which can be bulky, annoying, undesirable, etc. Second, it raises the cost of the mobile wallet system because of the additional parts required to manufacture the phone case/attachment. 
     In phone to phone communication: not all devices have NFC. Bluetooth uses a signal that is long range, and therefore can be picked up by muiltiple devices and can be hard to encrypt, making it not a secure method of communication; especially if sensitive financial information is transferred. Methods that use “sound communication”, which uses a speaker and microphone to detect sound can be long range, picked up by multiple devices, and is harder to encrypt and more. 
     Typical consumers with cell phones/tablets would use the device as a mobile wallet solution that would work on most payment terminals in the U.S. while working with many U.S. phones. The device would be available to most people, where as other devices (such as NFC) would be limited to only android phones. 
     Also, this device provides a method of communication that is not heavily studied by most engineers. Since most communication with cell phones is done with other technology (NFC etc.), there will be fewer attempts at hacking the device. 
     Banks could issue the device to consumers as their typical ATM/Credit card as well as a mobile wallet solution. Banks could also use the device as a method for security protection. Thieves and people who commit credit card/payment card fraud using skimmers are becoming more and more common. Skimmers allow people to copy other people credit card information by placing a special device on credit card terminals. Data breeches are becoming more and more common as well. Thieves hack into a database, such as a merchant&#39;s database, and steal other people&#39;s credit card numbers. With this phone communication, new payment (credit/debit/atm) card numbers can frequently (daily, weekly, monthly, every use) be uploaded onto the electronic card every time the card syncs with the phone. Other companies can also use the card as a mobile wallet system for consumers. 
     For phone to phone or phone to card communication: sensitive data could be transferred at short range from one device to another. 
     A phone&#39;s “magnetometer” or “compass” is commonly used to detect the phones direction or location by reading the earth&#39;s magnetic signature. Most of the current smart phones come with an integrated magnetometer, an instrument used to measure the magnetic fields. Because the compass can detect magnetic signals/waves from the earth, it can be used to also detect signals from another device. An application in the phone can modify the sensor and how it interprets magnetic signals. When the card communicates with the phone, the magnetic field generator (communication device) generates specific magnetic waves/fields that can be interpreted by the application software in the phone by using the sensor used by the compass. 
     The general purpose of the phone application is to control the card which is linked to a mobile phone or tablet wallet app (also called or includes mobile payments, mobile rewards, mobile banking, etc). A unique part of this invention is the ability to interpret magnetic waves/signals using a devices magnetic sensor and send that information to other parts of the mobile phone wallet app or another mobile application in the phone. For example, a certain magnetic wave (field, signal, etc) or a series of magnetic waves sent by the cards magnetic communication device (emulator, generator, etc.) as a communication method would be picked up by the phones compass sensor and could notify the phone of different verification numbers, (or codes, names, problems, messages etc.) when the card is near the phone for the purpose of communication. The application may also include calibration software to ensure the compass sensor does loose its ability to interpret the signals. 
     The magnetic field generator communication device is powered by a thin battery (or other power or power transfer devices) and generates magnetic field (also called magnetic signals, codes, waves etc.) using electromagnetism. 
     Software can be used to send communication to the phone&#39;s magnetometer from the card as well as the software/code needed to interpret the data sensed by the magnetometer on the phone. 
     The communication method on the card that generated the magnetic field could be built using a variety of different coils, with different locations on the card, or with a different amount of coils.