Patent Publication Number: US-11657802-B2

Title: Utilizing a dynamic memory network for state tracking

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/135,957, filed on Sep. 19, 2018. The aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Recent years have seen significant improvements in hardware and software platforms that utilize artificial intelligence to facilitate dialog between a device and a user. For example, many modern devices provide a virtual assistant with which a user may engage to ask questions or perform search queries. Many of these dialog platforms employ systems to intelligently track the state of a dialog at any given point in order to determine a response that is relevant to a particular dialog segment (e.g., statement or question) in light of a surrounding context. For example, a dialog state tracking system may determine a current dialog state in light of a current dialog segment and its surrounding context. The system can then use the current dialog state to provide a response to the current dialog segment. 
     Although these conventional systems can track digital dialog states to provide digital responses, such systems have several technological shortcomings that result in inflexible, inaccurate, and inefficient operation. For example, conventional dialog state tracking systems are often inflexible in that they rigidly determine the current state of dialog corresponding to a current dialog segment without considering pertinent dialog segments that may be relevant to the current state. In particular, many conventional systems employ dialog state tracking models (e.g., neural network architectures, such as LSTMs and GRUs) that fail to retain pertinent information regarding previous segments of dialog. For example, as the models process new segments of dialog, they may continuously update their datastores with the new data corresponding to each segment. Consequently, the models tend to push out (i.e., “forget”) the old, previously stored data, even if the data is still relevant. Therefore, when a user provides a new segment of dialog having a context that is informed by previous segments of dialog that preceded the new segment significantly, the models may not take these previous segments into consideration. 
     In addition to flexibility concerns, conventional dialog state tracking systems are also inaccurate. For example, conventional systems typically struggle to accurately determine digital dialog states. In particular, because conventional systems often employ models that struggle to retain pertinent information regarding old segments of dialog—even when relevant to the current state of dialog—such systems fail to generate digital dialog states that are based on all relevant information. Consequently, the conventional systems may generate a digital dialog state prediction that does not accurately reflect the true current state of dialog. 
     In addition to problems with flexibility and accuracy, conventional dialog state tracking systems are also inefficient. In particular, because the conventional systems often determine the digital dialog state inaccurately, such systems generally provide unhelpful responses to dialog segments, requiring additional user interactions to arrive at the correct response. For example, a conventional system may require a user to rephrase a statement or ask a different question (often many times) before providing the correct response. Due to increased interactions, such conventional systems often require additional computing resources (e.g., processing power and memory) in order to provide an appropriate response. 
     These, along with additional problems and issues, exist with regard to conventional dialog state tracking systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments described herein provide benefits and/or solve one or more of the foregoing or other problems in the art with systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable storage media that generate responses based on digital dialog states generated by a neural network having a dynamic memory network architecture. For example, in one or more embodiments, the disclosed systems provide a digital dialog having one or more segments (e.g., statements, questions, etc.) to a dialog state tracking neural network trained to generate digital dialog states. In particular, the dialog state tracking neural network can include a dynamic memory network architecture having a plurality of memory slots, each of which encodes a latent representation corresponding to an important subject of the dialog (e.g., topic, action to be taken, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network processes each segment of dialog to modify the values of one or more memory slots using a gating mechanism (e.g., a reset gate and an update gate). In some embodiments, the gating mechanism modifies the values of a memory slot based on cross-slot interactions between the memory slot and other memory slots utilizing the reset gate and the update gate. After processing each segment of digital dialog, the dialog state tracking neural network determines a digital dialog state based on the final slot values, and the disclosed systems generate a digital response to the segment based on the determined state. In this manner, the disclosed systems can flexibly, accurately, and efficiently generate digital responses that are based on all relevant information. 
     To illustrate, in one or more embodiments, a system can identify a digital dialog including a first segment and a second segment (e.g., two portions of a conversation). Subsequently, the system can provide the digital dialog to a dialog state tracking neural network that includes a dynamic memory network having a plurality of memory slots and a plurality of corresponding reset gates. The system can utilize the dialog state tracking neural network to generate a value for a memory slot based on the first segment and then utilize a reset gate associated with the memory slot to generate a new value for the memory slot based on the second segment. In some embodiments, the system also uses an update gate associated with the memory slot to generate the new value. In further embodiments, the system reset gate and the update gate are cross-slot interaction gates that function based on cross-slot interactions identified between memory slots in the dynamic memory network. After generating the new value, the system can generate a digital dialog state that corresponds to the second segment based on the new value of the memory slot. The system can then generate a digital response to the second segment based on the digital dialog state. 
     Additional features and advantages of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are outlined in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of such example embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description provides one or more embodiments with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings, as briefly described below. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of the dialog state tracking system generating responses for segments of digital dialog in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example exchange of dialog segments and responses in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a schematic diagram of a dynamic memory network architecture of a dialog state tracking neural network trained to generate digital dialog states in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  illustrate a schematic diagram of a dynamic memory unit having a single update gate in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 D  illustrate a schematic diagram of a dynamic memory unit having an update gate and a reset gate in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a schematic diagram of a dynamic memory unit having cross-slot interaction gates in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a block diagram of the dialog state tracking system generating a response based on a digital dialog state in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a block diagram of training a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a table reflecting experimental results regarding the effectiveness of the dialog state tracking system in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example environment in which a dialog state tracking system can operate in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example schematic diagram of a dialog state tracking system in accordance with one or more embodiments 
         FIG.  12    illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts of generating a response to a segment of digital dialog based on the digital dialog state in accordance with one or more embodiments; and 
         FIG.  13    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computing device in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more embodiments described herein include a dialog state tracking system that generates responses based on digital dialog states generated by a neural network having a dynamic memory network architecture. For instance, the dialog state tracking system can utilize a dialog state tracking neural network that generates digital dialog states based on values stored in a plurality of memory slots, which each encode a latent representation corresponding to an important subject of the dialog. The dialog state tracking neural network can generate the memory slot values by processing segments of digital dialog. In some embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network generates the memory slot values using gating mechanisms (e.g., reset gates and update gates) that determine the impact of a current segment of dialog or previous segments of dialog. In some embodiments, the gating mechanisms further generate the values based on correlations between memory slots. The dialog state tracking neural network uses the memory slot values to generate digital dialog states, and the dialog state tracking system then uses those states to generate digital responses to the segments of dialog. 
     To provide an example, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system provides a digital dialog to a dialog state tracking neural network having a dynamic memory architecture that includes a plurality of memory slots and reset gates. The dialog state tracking system uses the neural network to generate a first value of a memory slot based on a first segment of the digital dialog. Subsequently, the dialog state tracking neural network utilizes a reset gate associated with the memory slot to generate a second value for the memory slot based on a second segment of the digital dialog. In some embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network generates the second value of the memory slot by further using an update gate associated with the first memory slot. In some embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network uses the reset gate and the update gate to generate the second value based on cross-slot interactions between the memory slot and other memory slots in the dynamic memory architecture. The dialog state tracking neural network generates a digital dialog state corresponding to the second segment of the digital dialog based on the second value of the memory slot. Using the digital dialog state, the dialog state tracking system can generate a digital response to the second segment. 
     As just mentioned, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system utilizes a dialog state tracking neural network having a dynamic memory network architecture to generate digital dialog states. In particular the dynamic memory network architecture provides a plurality of memory slots where each memory slot stores values indicative of a characteristic of a digital dialog state (i.e., encodes a latent representation of an important subject of the dialog). The dialog state tracking neural network utilizes the values of the plurality of memory slots to generate digital dialog states. When the dialog state tracking neural network processes a segment of digital dialog, the dialog state tracking neural network generates new values for one or more of the memory slots in order to generate a new digital dialog state corresponding to the segment. 
     Additionally, as mentioned above, the dialog state tracking neural network uses a plurality of reset gates associated with the plurality of memory slots to generate values for those memory slots. In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network utilizes a reset gate associated with a memory slot to modify an impact of previous segments of digital dialog on the current values generated for that memory slot. For instance, the dialog state tracking neural network can utilize a reset gate to ignore a previous segment of digital dialog in determining a memory slot value for a subsequent segment of the digital dialog. In some embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network utilizes the reset gate by determining a reset value and then applying the reset value to modify the impact of the previous segments of dialog. 
     In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network further includes a plurality of update gates associated with the plurality of memory slots and the plurality of reset gates. In particular, the dialog state tracking neural network can use the plurality of update gates in generating values for the corresponding memory slots. For example, the dialog state tracking neural network can utilize an update gate associated with a memory slot to modify the impact of a current segment of digital dialog on the current values generated for the memory slot. In some embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network utilizes the update gate by determining an update value and applying the update value to modify the impact of the current segment of digital dialog. 
     As further mentioned above, in one or more embodiments, the gates associated with each memory slot operate to determine the impact of segments of digital dialog (current or previous) further based on cross-slot interactions. In particular, a cross-slot interaction can include a correlation between one memory slot and another memory slot (e.g., when one memory slot changes another memory slot also changes). The dialog state tracking system can learn cross-slot interactions in training the dialog state tracking neural network and then generate values for a memory slot based on the interactions between that memory slot and every other available memory slot. For example, a reset gate can include a cross-slot interaction reset gate used to apply a cross-slot interaction reset value to modify the impact of previous segments of digital dialog on the current values generated for the memory slot. Further, an update gate can include a cross-slot interaction update gate used to apply a cross-slot interaction update value to modify the impact of the current segment of digital dialog on the current values generated for the memory slot. 
     The dialog state tracking system provides several advantages over conventional systems. For example, the dialog state tracking system improves the flexibility with which relevant data is considered when generating digital dialog states. In particular, by implementing a dialog state tracking neural network having a dynamic memory network architecture with multiple memory slots, the dialog state tracking system can generate digital dialog states based on all relevant previous segments of dialog. In particular, the dynamic memory network architecture allows relevant data stored in the memory slots to be maintained for long periods of time while also emphasizing relevant, newly-acquired data from digital dialog. Therefore, the dialog state tracking system can generate a current digital dialog state based on previous segments of digital dialog that significantly preceded the current segment if those previous segments are relevant to the current state. To illustrate, a virtual assistant helping a user to plan a trip to a particular location can store data relevant to the name of the location mentioned at the start of the dialog in order to recognize that, when the user asks for hotel recommendations several minutes later, the user specifically wants recommendations pertaining to that location. Further, by using cross-slot interaction update and reset gates, the dialog state tracking system can flexibly account for correlations between memory slots so that relevant changes to the data of one memory slot can impact the new values generated for another memory slot. 
     Further, the dialog state tracking system improves accuracy. In particular, by utilizing a dialog state tracking neural network having a dynamic memory architecture with multiple memory slots that can store relevant data for long periods of time, the dialog state tracking system can consider all relevant information when determining a digital dialog state. Additionally, by utilizing update gates and reset gates and generating new values based on cross-slot interactions between memory slots, the dialog state tracking system can more accurately determine dialog states and generate responses. To illustrate, a virtual assistant can more accurately follow a conversation with a user (e.g., what the conversation is currently about), because the virtual assistant can “remember” information it has determined is still relevant and “forget” information it has determined is irrelevant. Thus, the virtual assistant only considers relevant information when determining the state of dialog. 
     Additionally, by more accurately generating digital dialog states, the dialog state tracking system operates more efficiently. In particular, because the dialog state tracking system more accurately determines digital dialog states, the system can further generate digital responses that more accurately respond to a segment of digital dialog. This alleviates the need for additional interactions between the dialog state tracking system and a user before the system can provide an appropriate response. Due to this reduced need for additional interactions, the dialog state tracking system improves the efficiency of implementing computer systems by requiring less processing power and memory during operation. As an example, a virtual assistant can more accurately recognize that a request for hotel recommendations relates to a particular location mentioned previously in the dialog. Thus, the virtual assistant can provide the user with recommendations for the particular location without requiring the user to resubmit the request or rephrase the request to include the name of the particular location. Consequently, by providing an accurate answer the first time, the virtual assistant avoids using processing power that would be required to perform a subsequent effort. 
     As illustrated by the foregoing discussion, the present disclosure utilizes a variety of terms to describe features and benefits of the dialog state tracking system. Additional detail is now provided regarding the meaning of these terms. For example, as used herein, the term “digital dialog” refers to digital data reflecting a communication. In particular, digital dialog can include digital data representing communication between two or more systems or entities. To illustrate, a digital dialog can represent communication between a user (e.g., a person) and a device or communication between two devices. More specifically, a digital dialog can reflect an audio conversation (e.g., a conversation between human using a telephone device and an artificial intelligence response system), a text conversation (e.g., chat or text messaging between a client device and an artificial intelligence response system), or another conversation. Additionally, as used herein, the term “segment,” “dialog segment,” “digital dialog segment,” or “segment of digital dialog” refers to a portion of digital dialog. In particular, a segment can refer to a subset of digital dialog containing the entirety of the digital dialog or less than the entirety of the digital dialog. To illustrate, a segment can include a statement or a question from a conversation. 
     Further, as used herein, the term “digital dialog state” or “dialog state” refers to a description of dialog. In particular, a digital dialog state can refer to a description of the characteristics of a dialog at a given point in time. For example, a digital dialog state can describe a current topic of the dialog, a type of dialog (e.g., a type of request), a subject or target (e.g., a target of a request), particular actions to be taken per instructions given by the dialog, or a location (e.g., a location for a request) or entity described by the dialog. 
     Additionally, as used herein, the term “neural network” refers to a machine learning model that can be tuned (e.g., trained) based on inputs to approximate unknown functions. In particular, the term neural network can include a model of interconnected neurons that communicate and learn to approximate complex functions and generate outputs based on a plurality of inputs provided to the model. For instance, the term neural network includes one or more machine learning algorithms. In addition, a neural network is an algorithm (or set of algorithms) that implements deep learning techniques that utilize a set of algorithms to model high-level abstractions in data. The term neural network can include dynamic memory networks. As used herein, the term “dynamic memory network” refers to a recurrent neural network architecture that utilizes a plurality of dynamic memory units and attention mechanisms in analyzing a particular stage of a sequence. As described in greater detail below, a dynamic memory unit can include a gating mechanism (e.g., reset gate and/or update gate), a memory slot, and an algorithm (e.g., content-based operation) for updating values for the memory slot based on input data at different stages of a sequence of events. 
     As used herein, the term “memory slot” refers to latent representation of a subject, topic, and/or characteristic of the digital dialog. In particular, the term memory slot includes a memory mechanism within a dynamic memory network that reflects a subject (e.g., via a latent feature vector). A plurality of memory slots within a dynamic memory network can collectively represent a latent dialog state. A memory slot can refer to a particular location in memory (e.g., a location in hardware storage) or a particular designation of a value stored in memory (e.g., any memory location that stores values for a particular dialog characteristic). 
     Further, as used herein, the term “reset gate” or “update gate” refers to a gating mechanism for generating values for a memory slot. In particular, the term reset gate can refer to a gating mechanism that modifies the impact of previous data (e.g., previous memory slot values) on the generation of new data (e.g., current memory slot values for a current segment of dialog). To illustrate, a reset gate can include a gating mechanism corresponding to a memory slot that modifies the impact of previous inputs on a current value to be stored in that memory slot. Similarly, as used herein, the term “update gate” can refer to a gating mechanism that modifies the impact of new data on the generation of new values. To illustrate, an update gate can include a gating mechanism corresponding to a memory slot that modifies the impact of a current input (e.g., a current dialog feature representation) on a current value to be stored in that slot. 
     Further, as used herein, the term “cross-slot interactions” refers to a mechanism for modifying memory slot values based on other memory slot values (e.g., in the same time step or item of a sequence). In particular, a cross-slot interaction includes a correlation between a memory slot and another memory slot that is part of the dynamic memory network. For example, a cross-slot interaction reset gate modifies the impact of previous inputs on the current values generated for a memory slot based on the correlations between that memory slot and every other memory slot. Similarly, a cross-slot interaction update gate modifies the impact of the current input on the current values generated for a memory slot based on such correlations. 
     Additionally, as used herein, the term “dialog feature representation” refers to a set of numeric values representing a digital dialog or dialog segment. In particular, the term dialog feature representation includes a feature vector generated utilizing a convolutional neural network that reflects latent and/or patent features of a dialog or dialog segment. In one or more embodiments, a dialog feature representation is a multi-dimensional dataset (e.g., matrix or vector) that represents dialog characteristics. In one or more embodiments, a dialog feature representation includes a set of numeric metrics learned by a machine learning algorithm such as convolutional layers of a dialog state tracking neural network. 
     Further, as used herein, the term “response” or “digital response” refers to a reaction to a segment of digital dialog. In particular, the term response includes a communicative reply or an action taken after receiving a segment of digital dialog. To illustrate, a response can include an answer to a question, a statement made in response to another statement, or an action taken per a request or instructions provided by one or more segments of digital dialog. A response can take the form of digital text, digital audio, or a performed action (e.g., cropping an image). 
     Additional detail regarding the dialog state tracking system will now be provided with reference to the figures. For example,  FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram for generating digital responses to segments of digital dialog in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown in  FIG.  1   , the dialog state tracking system  102  uses a digital dialog  104  comprising one or more segments to generate a plurality of digital responses  108 . It should be noted that the digital dialog  104  can comprise any number of segments and the dialog state tracking system  102  can produce any appropriate number of corresponding digital responses as part of the plurality of digital responses  108 . In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system generates a digital response for every segment of the digital dialog  104  (or all segments coming from a particular individual or source). 
     As an illustration,  FIG.  1    shows the dialog state tracking system  102  obtaining a segment  106  of the digital dialog  104 . In one or more embodiments, the segment  106  is provided to the dialog state tracking system  102  audibly (e.g., a user speaks the segment  106  or a device presents an audio representation of the segment  106 ). In some embodiments, the segment  106  is presented through written submission (e.g., a user submits a typed representation of the segment  106  using a computing device implementing the dialog state tracking system  102 .) In further embodiments, the dialog state tracking system  102  otherwise identifies the digital dialog  104  and the included segments (e.g., accesses a recording or transcript stored on a database). As shown in  FIG.  1   , the segment  106  poses a question asking for a recommendation for a location to visit while travelling to Singapore. 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  1   , the dialog state tracking system  102  uses a segment  106  of the digital dialog  104  to generate a digital response  110  to the segment  106 . In particular,  FIG.  1    shows that the dialog state tracking system  102  employs a dialog state tracking neural network  112  in generating the digital response  110 . More specifically, the dialog state tracking neural network  112  generates digital dialog states, which are used by the dialog state tracking system  102  to generate digital responses as will be discussed in more detail below. As illustrated by  FIG.  1   , the digital response  110  is an answer to the question posed by the segment  106  of the digital dialog  104 , providing a location recommendation as requested. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example exchange of dialog segments and digital responses as well as corresponding digital dialog states in accordance with one or more embodiments. In particular, the figure illustrates a dialog between a user (e.g., a person) referred to as “User” and the dialog state tracking system referred to here as “Assistant.” More specifically, the dialog includes a request by the user for a photo to be edited and posted to a social media account. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system works in collaboration with another system to perform a user request, to retrieve an answer to a user question, etc. For example, as shown in  FIG.  2   , the dialog state tracking system can work in collaboration with a photo editing system to edit a photo as requested by the user. To illustrate, the user can provide a segment of dialog requesting that the photo editing system crop a selected photo. The dialog state tracking system can receive the segment of dialog and determine the current digital dialog state. The photo editing system can then crop the selected photo based on the digital dialog state and the dialog state tracking system can subsequently generate a digital response informing the user that the action has been performed. 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  2   , as the digital dialog progresses (i.e., as the user provides successive segments of dialog), the dialog state tracking system continuously determines the current digital dialog state. For example, when the user requests for the top of a photo to be cropped, the dialog state tracking system determines that the digital dialog state  202  includes a topic (“Crop”) and a location (“Top”). Subsequently, when the user requests that the photo be changed to a black and white version, the dialog state tracking system determines that the digital dialog state  204  includes a new topic (“Adjustment”) and a type (“Black &amp; white”). 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , in some embodiments, a particular digital dialog state remains valid even after receiving a new segment of digital dialog (e.g., the dialog state tracking system generates a digital dialog state that is the same as the previous digital dialog state). For example, the dialog state tracking system maintains the digital dialog states  202 ,  206 , and  208  through multiple segments of digital dialog received from the user. However, the dialog state tracking system can change the digital dialog state with each new segment of digital dialog as needed. For example, the dialog state tracking system changed the digital dialog state from the digital dialog state  204  to the digital dialog state  206  as soon as the user provides the next segment asking for a change to the contrast of the photo. 
     As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the dialog state tracking system utilizes a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states, which are used in generating digital responses. In particular, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network includes a dynamic memory network architecture.  FIG.  3    illustrates a schematic of the dynamic memory network architecture of a dialog state tracking neural network  300  used by one or more embodiments of the dialog state tracking system to generate digital dialog states. While  FIG.  3    provides a broad overview of the dialog state tracking neural network  300 , more detail regarding the network and its architecture will be provided below with reference to  FIGS.  4 A- 6   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the dialog state tracking neural network  300  can take a sequence of digital dialog segments (e.g., utterances) from u t−w+1  to u t  as the input  302  at time step t where w represents a history window. In other words, u t  represents a current segment of digital dialog and the sequence from u t−w+1  to u t−1  represent previous segments of digital dialog within a selected time window that the dynamic memory network uses in determining the current digital dialog state (i.e., the digital dialog state at time t). In one or more embodiments, taking in the sequence of segments u t−w+1  to u t−1  as part of the input  302  includes processing the segment and storing resulting values in one or more of the memory slots before time t (e.g., processing the segment u t−1  at time t−1 and storing resulting values in the corresponding memory slots, etc.). As can be seen in  FIG.  3   , and as will be discussed in more detail below, the values of a memory slot at time t−1 can be used in generating the new values for the memory slot at time t. In other words, the values generated by processing previous segments of digital dialog can impact the current values obtained by processing the current segment of digital dialog. Thus, the sequence of segments (e.g., utterances) u t−w+1  to u t−1  become part of the input  302  for generating values for the memory slots (and, consequently, for generating a digital dialog state) at time t. 
     In particular, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  utilizes an embedded convolutional neural network to generate a dialog feature representation for a current dialog segment. In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  utilizes the embedded convolutional neural network to generate dialog feature representations as described by Y. Kim, “Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification,” in  EMNLP,  2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The dialog state tracking neural network  300  then analyzes the dialog feature representation together with values (i.e., latent feature vectors) from previous memory slots to generate new values for the memory slots. The memory slots are then utilized to generate state predictions for the current dialog segment. 
     More specifically, in relation to the embodiment of  FIG.  3   , the dialog state tracking neural network  300  represents a segment of digital dialog having n words as an n×k input matrix by concatenating vectors, each of which is a k-dimensional word embedding {right arrow over (x)} i ∈   k  representing the i-th word in the segment. Using convolutional layers (e.g., the convolutional layers  304 ) the dialog state tracking neural network  300  applies, to the input matrix, a filter  ∈   k×m  with the same width k as the input matrix and a given height m to generate the following convolutional feature at the i-th position:
 
 c   i =σ( · {right arrow over (x)}   i:i+m−1   +b )  (1)
 
     In equation 1, {right arrow over (x)} i:j  represents the sub-region from the i-th row to the j-th row in the input matrix, b∈  is a bias term, and σ represents a non-linear activation function (e.g., rectified linear units). A series of convolutional operations using equation 1 while sliding over from the first row of the input matrix to the (n−m+1)-th row produces a convolutional feature map {right arrow over (c)}=[c 1  . . . c n−m+1 ]∈   n−m+1  for the filter  . Then, the maximum element c′=max (c) is selected from each convolutional feature map and considered as the most important feature for the particular filter in the respective max-pooling layers (e.g., the max pooling layers  306 ). 
     Using the max pooling layers (e.g., the max pooling layers  306 ), the dialog state tracking neural network  300  generates a dialog feature representation (e.g., feature vector) {right arrow over (u)} l ∈   l , which is an l-dimensional vector representation of the respective segment of digital dialog where l is the total number of filters used in the convolutional layers. The dialog state tracking neural network  300  then provides the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} l  to the dynamic memories layer (e.g., the dynamic memories layer  308 ), which uses one or more dynamic memory units to produce a latent feature vector for each memory slot j. The dynamic memory units will be discussed in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  4 A- 6   . Each memory slot j stores the latent feature vector as one or more values that encode a latent representation corresponding to an important subject of the digital dialog. For example, a first memory slot can store values that correspond to a topic of digital dialog and a second memory slot can store values that correspond to an action to be taken per instructions provided by the digital dialog. 
     When processing a current segment of digital dialog, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  routes the values previously held in each memory slot h t−1   j  to a corresponding dynamic memory unit, which can use the previously held values of that memory slot (along with the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} l  generated from the current segment of digital dialog and a corresponding key vector w j ) in generating the current latent feature vector h t   j  to be stored in that memory slot. By routing the previously held values of each memory slot to the corresponding dynamic memory unit for generating the current values, the dialog state tracking system  300  enables previous segments of digital dialog to impact the current digital dialog state. In other words, the impact of the previous segments of digital dialog u t−w+1  to u t−1  on the current digital dialog state is provided as the previous values held by the memory slots are used in determining the current values for the memory slots. In one or more embodiments, generating current values for a memory slot includes overwriting the previous values of the memory slot in a memory location designated for that memory slot. In some embodiments, generating the current values includes storing the current values in a different memory location and designating that new memory location as the memory slot. 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  3   , after generating the current values for each memory slot, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  uses a prediction layer  310  to generate a current digital dialog state. In particular, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  provides the current values of each memory slot, the current dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} t  (generated by processing the current segment of digital dialog u t  via the convolution layers  304 ) and the previous dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} t−1  (generated by processing the previous segment of digital dialog u t−1  via the convolution layers  304 ) to the prediction layer  310  to generate the digital dialog state. In one or more embodiments, the prediction layer  310  includes a softmax classifier. 
     As mentioned, the dialog state tracking neural network  300  uses a dynamic memory unit corresponding to each memory slot to generate the current values (i.e., latent feature vector) for that memory slot.  FIGS.  4 A- 6    provide more detail with regard to dynamic memory units utilized by one or more embodiments. In particular, it can be seen in  FIGS.  4 A- 6    that the dialog state tracking neural network  300  uses memory units that include a gating mechanism to determine what data gets used in generating the latent feature vectors to be stored as values in the corresponding memory slots. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates a dynamic memory unit  400  with an update gate  402  in accordance with one or more embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  4 A  illustrates the inputs and functions used by the dynamic memory unit  400  in generating values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step. In particular, θ represents one or more (update) functions  404  with trainable parameters that analyze the collection of inputs as part of the dynamic memory unit  400 . For example, in relation to  FIG.  4   , θ can represent equation 2 and/or trainable parameters for generating update values, such as z i   j . In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system  102  generates update (or reset) values utilizing an update (or reset) function as described by M. Henaff, J. Weston, A. Szlam, A. Bordes, and Y. LeCun in  Tracking the World State With Recurrent Entity Networks , ICLR 2017, CoRR abs/1612.03969. http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.03969, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     It should be noted that the arrow  406  represents that h 1  is provided as part of the collection of inputs when generating values for the memory slot in the next time step (i.e., after receiving the next segment of digital dialog). In other words, when generating values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step, the arrow  406  represents that the previous values h i−1   j  are provided as input to the function  404 . 
     The dynamic memory unit  400  generates the values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step, using the following:
 
 z   i   j =σ( {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   w   j   +{right arrow over (u)}   i   T   h   i−1   j )  (2)
 
 {tilde over (h)}   i   j =tanh( Uh   i−1   j   +Vw   j   +W{right arrow over (u)}   i )  (3)
 
 h   i   j =(1− z   i   j )· h   i−1   j   +z   i   j   ·h   i   j   (4)
 
     In the above equations, z i   j  represents an update value, w j  is a trainable key vector, {tilde over (h)} i   j  represents candidate values, and the parameters U, V, W are shared across all memory slots. It should be noted that, as shown in equation 2, the update value z i   j  depends on two terms {right arrow over (u)} i   T w j  and {right arrow over (u)} i   T h i−1   j  which represents that the update value is controlled by a correspondence between the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  and the key vector and the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot, respectively. In other words, the previous values h i−1   j  and the key vector act as an activation signal, controlling whether the segment of dialog “activates” the j-th memory slot (i.e., determines whether the memory slot will be updated or the degree to which the memory slot will be updated with the new information). 
     Upon generation of the update value z i   j  using equation 2, the dynamic memory unit  400  applies the update value to the update gate  402 . In particular the update gate  402  controls the degree to which the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  impact the current values h i   j  as seen in equation 4. Because the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  incorporate the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  generated by processing the current segment of digital dialog as shown in equation 3, the update gate  402  controls the degree to which the current segment of digital dialog impacts the current values h i−1   j . In other words, application of the update value z i   j  modifies the impact of the current segment of digital dialog to the current values h i   j . 
       FIGS.  4 B- 4 C  each illustrate a schematic of a dynamic memory unit corresponding to the dynamic memory unit  400  when the update gate  402  is positioned in accordance with the update value z i   j . For example,  FIG.  4 B  illustrates the memory unit  410  corresponding to a positioning of the update gate  402  when the update value z i   j =0. As illustrated in  FIG.  4 B  and as seen from equation 4, when z i   j =0, the memory unit  410  generates the current values h i   j  based entirely on the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot. In other words, when z i   j =0, the simplified memory unit  410  does not update the values of the memory slot with new information obtained from the current segment of digital dialog. 
     Similarly,  FIG.  4 C  illustrates the simplified memory unit  420  corresponding to a positioning of the update gate  402  when the update value z i   j =1. As can be seen in  FIG.  4 C  and from equation 4, when z i   j =1, the simplified memory unit  420  generates the current values h i   j  based entirely on the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j . Because the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  incorporate the collection of inputs  422 , the simplified memory unit  420  updates the values of the memory slot based on the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot, the key vector w j  corresponding to the memory slot, and the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  generated by processing the current segment of digital dialog. 
     It should be noted that  FIGS.  4 B- 4 C  illustrate a position of the update gate  402  corresponding to the extreme values available to the update value z i   j . However, as shown by equation 2, z i   j  can have any value between 0 and 1. Consequently, the dialog state tracking system  102  applying the update gate  402  so that the current values for a memory slot h i   j  can be generated based partly on both the previous values of the memory slot h i−1   j  and the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j . 
     As mentioned above, the dialog state tracking system  102  can also utilize a dynamic memory unit with a reset gate.  FIG.  5 A  illustrates a dynamic memory unit  500  with an update gate  502  and a reset gate  504  in accordance with one or more embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  5 A  illustrates the inputs and functions used by the dynamic memory unit  500  in generating values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step. As mentioned, θ represents one or more update/reset functions  506  with trainable parameters that analyze the collection of inputs  506  as part of the dynamic memory unit  500  (e.g., Equation 2 discussed above and/or Equation 5 discussed below). 
     It should be noted that, as with the arrow  406  of the dynamic memory unit  400  shown in  FIG.  4 A , the arrow  508  represents that the previous values h i−1   j  can be provided as part of the collection of inputs  506  when generating values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step; however, there is one key difference—the reset gate  504  controls whether (and to what degree) the previous values h i−1   j  are used as part of the collection of inputs  506 . 
     The dynamic memory unit  500  generates the values h i   j  for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step with the following additional equations:
 
 r   i   j =σ( {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   W   r   w   j   +{right arrow over (u)}   i   T   U   r   h   i−1   j   (5)
 
 {tilde over (h)}   i   j =tanh( U ( r   i   j   ·h   i−1   j )+ Vw   j   +W{right arrow over (u)}   i )  (6)
 
     In the above, r i   j  represents a reset value and equation 6 modifies equation 3 to incorporate the reset value into the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j . As with the update value z i   j  in equation 2, the reset value r i   j  depends on two terms {right arrow over (u)} i   T W r w j  and {right arrow over (u)} i   T U r h i−1   j  which represents that the reset value r i   j  is controlled by a correspondence between the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  and the key vector w j  and the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot, respectively. Further, W r  and U r  are trainable transform parameters. 
     Upon generation of the update value z i   j  using equation 2 and the reset value r i   j  using equation 5, the dynamic memory unit  500  applies the update value z i   j  at the update gate  502  and applies the reset value r i   j  at the reset gate  504 . In particular, the reset gate  504  controls the degree to which the previous values h i−1   j  of a memory slot impact the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  as seen in equation 6. Because the previous values h i−1   j  incorporate data obtained from previous segments of digital dialog and the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  can impact the current values h i   j  (depending on the update value z i   j  as shown in equation 5), the position of the reset gate  504  controls the degree to which previous segments of digital dialog impact the current values h i   j . In other words, application of the reset value r i   j  modifies the impact of the previous segments of digital dialog to the current values h i   j  (i.e., the reset gate  504  can “reset” the memory slot by ignoring the previous values of that memory slot). 
       FIGS.  5 B- 5 D  each illustrate a schematic of a dynamic memory unit corresponding to the dynamic memory unit  500  when the update gate  502  is applied in accordance with the update value z i   j  and the reset gate  504  is applied in accordance with the reset value r i   j . For example,  FIG.  5 B  illustrates the simplified memory unit  510  corresponding to the update gate  502  when the update value z i   j =0. As illustrated in  FIG.  5 B  and as seen from equation 4, when z i   j =0, the simplified memory unit  510  generates the current values h i   j  based entirely on the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot. In other words, when z i   j =0, the simplified memory unit  510  does not update the values of the memory slot with new information obtained from the current segment of digital dialog. 
       FIG.  5 C  illustrates the simplified memory unit  520  for the update gate  502  when the update value z i   j =1 and for the reset gate  504  when the reset value r i   j =0. As can be seen in  FIG.  5 C  and from equation 6, when r i   j =0, the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  do not incorporate the previous values h i−1   j . Accordingly, the collection of inputs  522  used to generate the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  include the key vector w j  corresponding to the memory slot and the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  generated by processing the current segment of digital dialog. In other words, the memory slot is “reset” (e.g., it does not take into consideration the previous values h i−1   j ). 
       FIG.  5 D  illustrates the simplified memory unit  530  corresponding to a positioning of the update gate when the update value z i   j =1 and a positioning of the reset gate  504  when the reset value r i   j =1. As can be seen in  FIG.  5 D  and from equation 6, when r i   j =1, the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  do incorporate the previous values h i−1   j . Accordingly, the collection of inputs  532  used to generate the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j  include the previous values h i−1   j  of the memory slot, the key vector w j  corresponding to the memory slot, and the dialog feature representation {right arrow over (u)} i  generated by processing the current segment of digital dialog. 
     It should be noted that  FIGS.  5 B- 5 D  illustrate the update gate  502  and the reset gate  504  in relation to extreme values for the update value z i   j  and the reset value r i   j , respectively. However, as shown by the equations, z i   j  and r i   j  can have any value between 0 and 1. Consequently, the update gate  502  and the reset gate  504  can be positioned so that the current values for a memory slot h i   j  can be generated based partly on both the previous values of the memory slot h i−1   j  and the candidate values {tilde over (h)} i   j . 
     As discussed above, the digital state tracking system  102  can also utilize dynamic memory units that consider cross-slot interactions. For instance, the digital state tracking system  102  can utilize cross-slot interaction reset gates and cross-slot interaction update gates that consider interactions between memory slots in applying the respective gating mechanisms.  FIG.  6    illustrates a dynamic memory unit  600  with a cross-slot interaction update gate  602  and a cross-slot interaction reset gate  604  in accordance with one or more embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  6    illustrates the inputs and functions used by the dynamic memory unit  600  in generating values for the j-th memory slot at the i-th time step where θ represents one or more (update/reset) functions  606  with trainable parameters that analyze the collection of inputs as part of the dynamic memory unit  600 . The dynamic memory unit  600  operates similarly to the dynamic memory unit  500  of  FIG.  5 A  except equation 2 and equation 5 are modified as shown below, respectively.
 
 z   i   j =σ(Σ k α z   kj   {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   w   k +β z   kj   {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   h   i−1   k )  (7)
 
 r   i   j =σ(Σ k α r   kj   {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   w   k +β r   kj   {right arrow over (u)}   i   T   h   i−1   k )  (8)
 
     As shown in equation 7, z i   j  represents a cross-slot interaction update value that controls the cross-slot interaction update gate  602 . Similarly, as shown in equation 8, r i   j  represents a cross-slot interaction reset value that controls the cross-slot interaction reset gate  604 . The coefficients α z   kj , β z   kj , α r   kj , and β r   kj  are parameters trained to provide the correlations between the j-th and the k-th memory slots. As shown by equations 7-8 and  FIG.  6   , the key vectors [w 1  . . . w m ], and the hidden states [h 1  . . . h m ] of each memory slot contribute to the generation of the current values h i   j  for the j-th memory slot. 
     As discussed above, after generating current values for each memory slot, the dialog state tracking neural network generates a digital dialog state. Thus, the dialog state tracking system can utilize a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states corresponding to segments of digital dialog. The algorithms and acts described with reference to  FIGS.  3 - 6    can comprise the corresponding structure for performing a step for utilizing the dialog state tracking neural network comprising the dynamic memory network to generate a digital dialog state for the dialog segment. Additionally, the neural network architecture and the dynamic memory unit architectures described in relation to  FIGS.  3 - 6    can comprise the corresponding structure for performing a step for utilizing the dialog state tracking neural network comprising the dynamic memory network to generate a digital dialog state for the dialog segment. 
     Using the generated digital dialog state, the dialog state tracking system can generate a digital response to a current segment of digital dialog.  FIG.  7    illustrates a block diagram of the dialog state tracking system generating a digital response to a current segment of digital dialog. As shown in  FIG.  7   , the dialog state tracking system provides a segment of digital dialog  702  to a trained dialog state tracking neural network  704 . In particular, the segment of digital dialog  702  includes a statement followed by an action request. Upon receiving the segment of digital dialog  702 , the trained dialog state tracking neural network  704  generates a digital dialog state  706 . In particular, the digital dialog state  706  shown in  FIG.  7    characterizes the current topic, type, and target of the digital dialog. The dialog state tracking system then provides the digital dialog state  706  to a digital response generator  708 , which provides the digital response  710 . For example, the digital response generator  708  can utilize natural language generation (e.g., a data-to-text generator) to determine the content, organization, and lexical representation of the digital response  710 . Further, the digital response generator  708  can use text-to-speech synthesis (e.g., concatenation synthesis or formant synthesis) to produce an audio representation of the digital response  710 . In particular, the digital response  710  includes a statement that the action requested by the segment of digital dialog has been performed. In one or more embodiments, the digital response includes an audio response. 
     As mentioned above, the dialog state tracking system utilizes a trained dialog state tracking neural network when generating digital dialog states.  FIG.  8    illustrates a block diagram of the dialog state tracking system training a dialog state tracking neural network in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown in  FIG.  8   , the dialog state tracking system trains the dialog state tracking neural network  804  using training digital dialogs  802 . In particular, each dialog of the training digital dialogs  802  includes a set of training segments. For example, a training digital dialog can include a first training segment and a second training segment. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the dialog state tracking neural network  804  includes a dynamic memory network architecture such as the dynamic memory network architecture described with regards to  FIGS.  3 - 6   . The dialog state tracking system provides the training digital dialogs  802  to the dialog state tracking neural network  804  and the dialog state tracking neural network  804  generates a predicted dialog state  806 . In particular, the dialog state tracking system provides a training segment of a training digital dialog and the dialog state tracking neural network generates a predicted dialog state corresponding to that particular training segment. For example, the dialog state tracking system can provide a first training segment and the dialog state tracking neural network  804  can generate a first predicted dialog state corresponding to the first training segment. Subsequently, the dialog state tracking segment can provide a second training segment and the dialog state tracking neural network  804  can generate a second predicted dialog state corresponding to the second training segment. When generating the predicted dialog state  806 , the dialog state tracking neural network  804  processes each training segment in accordance with the processes discussed above with reference to  FIGS.  3 - 6   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the dialog state tracking system then compares the predicted dialog state  806  with a ground truth dialog state  808 . In particular, the ground truth dialog state  808  provides the true dialog state for the particular training digital dialog after the particular training segment that was most recently processed by the dialog state tracking neural network  804 . For example, the ground truth dialog state  808  can include an annotation providing a predetermined state of the training digital dialog after the particular training segment (i.e., an annotation by an administrator of the dialog state tracking system). 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the dialog state tracking system compares the predicted dialog state  806  to the ground truth dialog state  808  by applying a loss function  810 . The loss function  810  determines the cost (i.e., error) resulting from the dialog state tracking neural network  804  based on the difference between an estimated value (i.e., the predicted dialog state  806 ) and the true value (i.e., the ground truth dialog state  808 ). The dialog state tracking system can utilize a variety of loss functions, including a squared error loss function, a 0-1 indicator function, a cross entropy loss function, or an L2 loss function. 
     The dialog state tracking system can train the dialog state tracking neural network  804  based on the determined loss. For example, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system back propagates the determined loss to the dialog state tracking neural network (as indicated by the dashed line  812 ) to modify its parameters. In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system modifies the parameters of each layer of the dialog state tracking neural network  804  (e.g., trainable parameters corresponding to the update gates and/or reset gates, such as W r , W r , α z   kj , β z   kj , α r   kj , and β r   kj ). Consequently, with each iteration of training, the image relighting system gradually increases the accuracy of the dialog state tracking neural network  804  (e.g., through gradient assent or gradient descent). As shown, the dialog state tracking system can thus generate the trained dialog state tracking neural network  814 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system can separately train the embedded convolutional neural network. In particular, the dialog state tracking system can train the embedded convolutional neural network before training the dialog state tracking neural network  804  in a supervised or unsupervised fashion. To illustrate, the dialog state tracking system can train the convolutional neural network to encode digital dialogs based on ground truth data or by utilizing an unsupervised training approach (e.g., autoencoders or an adversarial neural network.) 
     Thus, the dialog state tracking system can train a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states corresponding to segments of digital dialog. The algorithms and acts described with reference to  FIGS.  3 - 6    and  FIG.  8    can comprise the corresponding structure for performing a step for training a dialog state tracking neural network comprising a dynamic memory network to generate digital dialog states. Additionally, the neural network architecture and the dynamic memory unit architectures described in relation to  FIGS.  3 - 6    can comprise the corresponding structure for training a dialog state tracking neural network comprising a dynamic memory network to generate digital dialog states. 
     As mentioned above, using a dialog state tracking neural network with a dynamic memory network architecture, the dialog state tracking system more accurately and efficiently generates digital dialog states, which leads to better digital responses to segments of dialog. Researches have conducted a study to determine the accuracy and effectiveness of one or more embodiments of the dialog state tracking system. 
     The researchers evaluated six neural network models. In particular, the researchers evaluated three different embodiments of the dialog state tracking system (i.e., an embodiment with dynamic memory units having a single gate, an embodiment with dynamic memory units having both a reset and update gate, and an embodiment with dynamic memory units having cross-slot interaction gates) and three neural network models using other neural network architectures (i.e., CNN, RCNN, and RCNN with GRUs). The embodiment of the dialog state tracking system having the single gate and the embodiment having both the reset and update gate were trained having five memory slots each. The embodiment having the cross-slot interaction gates was trained having ten memory slots. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a table reflecting the results of the study. Higher precision (P), recall (R), and F-measure scores indicate better topic prediction, while lower P k  and WindowDiff values indicate more accurate segmentations. The best score for each metric is highlighted in bold face. As shown in the  FIG.  9   , the various embodiments of the dialog state tracking system outperformed the other neural network models in both topic prediction and segmentation. Notably, each of the improvements in the F-measure metric by the various embodiments of the dialog state tracking system was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Additionally, the improvements in segmentation were also statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) except for the improvement over the CNN model. 
     As can be seen from the table of  FIG.  9   , all tested embodiments of the dialog state tracking system resulted in improvements with regards to topic prediction and segmentation accuracy. In particular, the embodiment of the dialog state tracking system having the cross-slot interaction gates resulted in the most improved scores. That embodiment performed better than the other tested models in every metric except recall. In particular, improvements in F-measure passed the statistical significance tests at p=0.05 from the other embodiments of the dialog state tracking system and p=0.001 from the CNN and RCNN baselines. The differences of the segmentation performances were also significant (p&lt;0.001) in both metrics. Thus, the table of  FIG.  9    illustrates the improved accuracy of the dialog state tracking system. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  10   , further information will be provided regarding implementation of the dialog state tracking system. Specifically,  FIG.  10    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary system environment (“environment”)  1000  in which a dialog state tracking system  102  can be implemented. As illustrated in  FIG.  10    the environment  1000  can include a server(s)  1002 , a network  1008 , client devices  1010   a - 1010   n , and users  1014   a - 1014   n.    
     Although,  FIG.  10    illustrates a particular number of client devices, it will be appreciated that the environment  1000  can include any number of computing devices (few or greater than shown). Similarly, although  FIG.  10    illustrates a particular arrangement of the server(s)  1002 , the network  1008 , the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n , and the users  1014   a - 1014   n , various additional arrangements are possible. 
     The server(s)  1002 , the network  1008 , and the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  may be communicatively coupled with each other either directly or indirectly (e.g., through the network  1008 , discussed in greater detail below in relation to  FIG.  13   ). Moreover, the server(s)  1002  and the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  may include any type of computing device (including one or more computing devices as discussed in greater detail below in relation to  FIG.  13   ). 
     As mentioned above, the environment  1000  includes the server(s)  1002 . The server(s)  1002  can generate, store, receive, and/or transmit any type of data, including the digital dialogs and digital responses. For example, the server(s)  1002  can receive a segment of digital dialog from the client device  1010   a  and transmit a digital response back to the client device  1010   a . In one or more embodiments, the server(s)  1002  comprises a data server. The server(s)  1002  can also comprise a communication server or a web-hosting server. 
     As shown in  FIG.  10   , the server(s)  1002  can include the artificial intelligence communications system  1004 . In particular, the artificial intelligence communications system  1004  can perform digital communications functions. For example, the artificial communications system can receive a segment of digital dialog from the user  1014   a  via the client device  1010   a . The artificial intelligence communications system  1004  can subsequently provide the segment of digital dialog to the dialog state tracking system  102  and prepare the resulting digital response for communication back to the user  1014   a . In particular, the artificial intelligence communications system  1004  can employ natural language generation and text-to-speech synthesis functionality in preparing the digital response for communication. 
     Additionally, the server(s)  1002  can include the dialog state tracking system  102 . In particular, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system  102  uses the server(s)  1002  to generate digital responses to segments of digital dialog. For example, the dialog state tracking system  102  can use the server(s)  1002  to receive a segment of digital dialog and then generate a digital response. 
     For example, in one or more embodiments, the server(s)  1002  can receive a digital dialog that includes various segments of digital dialog. The server(s)  1002  can process a first segment of digital dialog to generate a first digital dialog state and then generate a digital response to the first segment based on the first digital dialog state. The server(s)  1002  can then process a second segment of digital dialog to generate a second digital dialog state and then generate a digital response to the second segment based on the second digital dialog state. In particular, the server(s)  1002  can process each segment of digital dialog to produce a corresponding digital dialog state using a dialog state tracking neural network having a dynamic memory network architecture with a plurality of memory slots and corresponding update and reset gates. 
     As illustrated by the previous example embodiments, the dialog state tracking system  102  can be implemented in whole, or in part, by the individual elements of the environment  1000 . Although  FIG.  10    illustrates the dialog state tracking system  102  implemented with regard to the server(s)  1002 , it will be appreciated that components of the dialog state tracking system  102  can be implemented in any of the components of the environment  1000 . The components of the dialog state tracking system  102  will be discussed in more detail with regard to  FIG.  11    below. 
     In one or more embodiments, the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  include computer devices that allow users of the devices (e.g., the users  1014   a - 1014   n ) to send and receive digital communications. For example, the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  can include smartphones, tablets, desktop computers, laptop computers, or other electronic devices. The client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  can include one or more applications (e.g., the dialog state tracking application  1012 ) that allows users  1014   a - 1014   n  to send and receive digital communications. For example, the dialog state tracking application  1012  can include a software application installed on the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n . Additionally, or alternatively, the dialog state tracking application  1012  can include a software application hosted on the server(s)  1002 , which may be accessed by the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  through another application, such as a web browser. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  11   , additional detail will be provided regarding various components and capabilities of the dialog state tracking system  102 . In particular,  FIG.  11    illustrates the dialog state tracking system  102  implemented by the computing device  1102  (e.g., the server(s)  1002  and/or the client devices  1010   a - 1010   n  as discussed above with reference to  FIG.  10   ). Additionally, the dialog state tracking system  102  is also part of the artificial intelligence communications system  1004 . As shown, the dialog state tracking system  102  can include, but is not limited to, a neural network training engine  1104 , a neural network application manager  1106 , a digital response generator  1108 , and data storage  1110  (which includes the training digital dialogs  1112  and the neural network  1114 ). 
     As just mentioned, and as illustrated in  FIG.  11   , the dialog state tracking system  102  includes the neural network training engine  1104 . In particular, the neural network training engine  1104  trains a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital state dialogs used in generating digital responses to segments of digital dialog. For example, the neural network training engine  1104  trains the dialog state tracking neural network  804  using the training digital dialogs  802  as discussed with reference to  FIG.  8   . 
     As show in  FIG.  11   , the dialog state tracking system  102  also includes the neural network application manager  1106 . In particular, the neural network application manager  1106  uses the dialog state tracking neural network trained by the neural network training engine  1104 . For example, the neural network application manager  1106  applies a digital dialog to the trained dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states for each segment of the digital dialog that are used to further generate digital responses to those segments. 
     Additionally, as shown in  FIG.  11   , the dialog state tracking system  102  includes the digital response generator  1108 . In particular, the digital response generator  1108  generates digital responses that respond to segments of digital dialog. For example, the digital response generator  1108  can utilize the digital dialog states generated by the neural network application manager  1106  to generate the digital responses for each segment of the corresponding digital dialog. For example, the digital response generator  1108  can utilize a first digital dialog state generated by processing a first segment of a digital dialog to produce a first digital response. The digital response generator  1108  can then utilize a second digital dialog state generated by processing a second segment of the digital dialog to produce a second digital response. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG.  11   , the dialog state tracking system  102  includes data storage  1110 . In particular, data storage  1110  includes training digital dialogs  1112  and neural network  1114 . Training digital dialogs  1112  stores a plurality of training digital dialogs that include the sets of training segments. The neural network training engine  1104  can obtain the plurality of training digital dialogs from training digital dialogs  1112  when training the dialog state tracking neural network. The neural network  1114  stores the dialog state tracking neural network trained by the neural network training engine  1104  and applied by the neural network application manager  1106  to generate digital dialog states by processing segments of digital dialog. 
     The components  1104 - 1114  and their corresponding elements can comprise software, hardware, or both. For example, the components  1104 - 1114  and their corresponding elements can comprise one or more instructions stored on a computer-readable storage medium and executable by processors of one or more computing devices. The components  1104 - 1114  and their corresponding elements can comprise hardware, such as a special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the components  1104 - 1114  and their corresponding elements can comprise a combination of computer-executable instructions and hardware. 
     Furthermore, the components  1104 - 1114  of the dialog state tracking system  102  may, for example, be implemented as one or more stand-alone applications, as one or more modules of an application, as one or more plug-ins, as one or more library functions or functions that may be called by other applications, and/or as a cloud-computing model. Thus, the components  1104 - 1114  of the dialog state tracking system  102  may be implemented as a stand-alone application, such as a desktop or mobile application. Furthermore, the components  1104 - 1114  of the dialog state tracking system  102  may be implemented as one or more web-based applications hosted on a remote server. Alternatively, or additionally, the components  1104 - 1114  of the dialog state tracking system  102  may be implemented in a suite of mobile device applications or “apps.” For example, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system  102  can comprise or operate in connection with digital software applications such as ADOBE® SENSEI® or ADOBE® PHOTOSHOP®. “ADOBE,” “SENSEI,” and “PHOTOSHOP” are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. 
       FIGS.  1 - 11   , the corresponding text, and the examples provide a number of different methods, systems, devices, and non-transitory computer-readable media of the dialog state tracking system. In addition to the foregoing, one or more embodiments can also be described in terms of flowcharts comprising acts for accomplishing a particular result, as shown in  FIG.  12   .  FIG.  12    may be performed with more or fewer acts. Further, the acts may be performed in differing orders. Additionally, the acts described herein may be repeated or performed in parallel with one another or parallel with different instances of the same or similar acts. 
     As mentioned,  FIG.  12    illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts  1200  for generating a digital response to a segment of digital dialog based on the digital dialog state in accordance with one or more embodiments. While  FIG.  12    illustrates acts according to one embodiment, alternative embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, and/or modify any of the acts shown in  FIG.  12   . The acts of  FIG.  12    can be performed as part of a method. Alternatively, a non-transitory computer-readable medium can comprise instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a computing device to perform the acts of  FIG.  12   . In some embodiments, a system can perform the acts of  FIG.  12   . 
     The series of acts  1200  includes an act  1202  of providing a segment of digital dialog to a dialog state tracking neural network. For example, the act  1202  involves providing a segment of digital dialog to a dialog state tracking neural network comprising a dynamic memory network having a plurality of memory slots and a plurality of reset gates. In one or more embodiments, the dynamic memory network further comprises a plurality of update gates corresponding to the plurality of reset gates and the plurality of memory slots. One or more embodiments further involve previously identifying the segment of digital dialog by receiving an audio representation of the segment of digital dialog. 
     The series of acts  1200  also includes an act  1204  of utilizing a reset gate to generate a value of a first memory slot. For example, the act  1204  involves utilizing the dialog state tracking neural network to generate a digital dialog state corresponding to the segment of digital dialog by utilizing a reset gate associated with a first memory slot of the dynamic memory network to generate a value for the first memory slot based on the segment of digital dialog, wherein the value replaces a previous value generated for the first memory slot based on a previous segment of digital dialog. In one or more embodiments, utilizing the reset gate associated with the first memory slot to generate the value comprises determining a reset value and applying the reset value to modify an impact of the previous segment of digital dialog on the value. In one or more embodiments, the reset gate comprises a cross-slot interaction reset gate (i.e., the dialog state tracking neural network comprises a plurality of cross-slot interaction reset gates). In such embodiments, the dialog state tracking system utilizes the reset gate associated with the first memory slot to generate the second value by comparing values of the plurality of memory slots to determine a cross-slot interaction reset value corresponding to the first memory slot and applying the cross-slot interaction reset value to modify an impact of the previous segment of digital dialog on the value. 
     Some embodiments further involve utilizing an update gate associated with the first memory slot to determine an update value and apply the update value to modify an impact of the segment of digital dialog on the value. Further, in some embodiments, the update gate comprises a cross-slot interaction update gate (i.e., the dialog state tracking neural network further comprises a plurality of cross-slot interaction update gates). In such embodiments, the dialog state tracking system utilizes the update gate associated with the first memory slot to generate the value by comparing values of the plurality of memory slots to determine a cross-slot interaction update value corresponding to the first memory slot and applying the cross-slot interaction update value to modify an impact of the segment of digital dialog on the value. 
     The series of acts  1200  further includes an act  1206  of generating a digital dialog state. For example, the act  1208  involves utilizing the dialog state tracking neural network to generate the digital dialog state corresponding to the segment of digital dialog by generating the digital dialog state based on the value of the first memory slot. In some embodiments, the digital dialog state comprises at least one of a dialog topic, a location, an entity, or an action. 
     In one or more embodiments, generating the digital dialog state corresponding to the segment of digital dialog comprises determining that the segment of digital dialog corresponds to a key vector associated with the first memory slot. In such embodiments, utilizing the reset gate associated with the first memory slot to generate the value comprises utilizing the reset gate to generate the value of the first memory slot further based on determining that the segment of digital dialog corresponds to the key vector associated with the first memory slot. 
     In some embodiments, generating the digital dialog state corresponding to the segment of digital dialog comprises generating a first dialog feature representation by processing the previous segment of digital dialog using one or more convolutional layers of the dialog state tracking neural network and generating a second dialog feature representation by processing the segment of digital dialog using the one or more convolutional layers of the dialog state tracking neural network. In such embodiments, generating the digital dialog state comprises generating the digital dialog state based on the first dialog feature representation, the second dialog feature representation, and the value of the first memory slot. In further embodiments, the dialog state tracking system utilizes the dialog state tracking neural network to generate the digital dialog state corresponding to the segment of digital dialog by utilizing the second dialog feature representation to generate a latent feature vector corresponding to the first memory slot and generating the value of the first memory slot further based on the latent feature vector. 
     Additionally, the series of acts  1200  includes an act  1208  of generating a digital response. For example, the act  1208  involves generate a digital response to the segment of digital dialog based on the digital dialog state. In one or more embodiments, the digital response to the segment of digital dialog comprises an audio response. 
     In one or more embodiments, the series of acts  1200  further includes acts for training a dialog state tracking neural network to generate digital dialog states used in generating digital responses to segments in digital dialogs. For example, in one or more embodiments, the dialog state tracking system trains a dialog state tracking neural network comprising a dynamic memory network having a set of memory slots and a corresponding set of cross-slot interaction reset gates to generate digital dialog states used in generating digital responses to segments in digital dialogs by: generating a first set of values for the set of memory slots based on a first training segment of a training digital dialog; applying a cross-slot interaction reset gate based on a comparison of the first set of values for the set of memory slots to generate a second set of values for the set of memory slots; and generating a predicted dialog state for comparison with a ground truth dialog state based on the second set of values for the set of memory slots. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise or utilize a special purpose or general-purpose computer including computer hardware, such as, for example, one or more processors and system memory, as discussed in greater detail below. Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure also include physical and other computer-readable media for carrying or storing computer-executable instructions and/or data structures. In particular, one or more of the processes described herein may be implemented at least in part as instructions embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more computing devices (e.g., any of the media content access devices described herein). In general, a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) receives instructions, from a non-transitory computer-readable medium, (e.g., a memory, etc.), and executes those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes, including one or more of the processes described herein. 
     Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer system. Computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions are non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices). Computer-readable media that carry computer-executable instructions are transmission media. Thus, by way of example, and not limitation, embodiments of the disclosure can comprise at least two distinctly different kinds of computer-readable media: non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) and transmission media. 
     Non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, solid state drives (“SSDs”) (e.g., based on RAM), Flash memory, phase-change memory (“PCM”), other types of memory, other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. 
     A “network” is defined as one or more data links that enable the transport of electronic data between computer systems and/or modules and/or other electronic devices. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a transmission medium. Transmissions media can include a network and/or data links which can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Further, upon reaching various computer system components, program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures can be transferred automatically from transmission media to non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) (or vice versa). For example, computer-executable instructions or data structures received over a network or data link can be buffered in RAM within a network interface module (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventually transferred to computer system RAM and/or to less volatile computer storage media (devices) at a computer system. Thus, it should be understood that non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) can be included in computer system components that also (or even primarily) utilize transmission media. 
     Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which, when executed by a processor, cause a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. In some embodiments, computer-executable instructions are executed on a general-purpose computer to turn the general-purpose computer into a special purpose computer implementing elements of the disclosure. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or even source code. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the described features or acts described above. Rather, the described features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure may be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including, personal computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, message processors, hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, mobile telephones, PDAs, tablets, pagers, routers, switches, and the like. The disclosure may also be practiced in distributed system environments where local and remote computer systems, which are linked (either by hardwired data links, wireless data links, or by a combination of hardwired and wireless data links) through a network, both perform tasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure can also be implemented in cloud computing environments. In this description, “cloud computing” is defined as a model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. For example, cloud computing can be employed in the marketplace to offer ubiquitous and convenient on-demand access to the shared pool of configurable computing resources. The shared pool of configurable computing resources can be rapidly provisioned via virtualization and released with low management effort or service provider interaction, and then scaled accordingly. 
     A cloud-computing model can be composed of various characteristics such as, for example, on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service, and so forth. A cloud-computing model can also expose various service models, such as, for example, Software as a Service (“SaaS”), Platform as a Service (“PaaS”), and Infrastructure as a Service (“IaaS”). A cloud-computing model can also be deployed using different deployment models such as private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud, and so forth. In this description and in the claims, a “cloud-computing environment” is an environment in which cloud computing is employed. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates a block diagram of an example computing device  1300  that may be configured to perform one or more of the processes described above. One will appreciate that one or more computing devices, such as the computing device  1300  may represent the computing devices described above (e.g., computing device  1102 , the server(s)  1002 , and client devices  1010   a - 1010   n ). In one or more embodiments, the computing device  1300  may be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile telephone, a smartphone, a PDA, a tablet, a laptop, a camera, a tracker, a watch, a wearable device, etc.). In some embodiments, the computing device  1300  may be a non-mobile device (e.g., a desktop computer or another type of client device). Further, the computing device  1300  may be a server device that includes cloud-based processing and storage capabilities. 
     As shown in  FIG.  13   , the computing device  1300  can include one or more processor(s)  1302 , memory  1304 , a storage device  1306 , input/output interfaces  1308  (or “I/O interfaces  1308 ”), and a communication interface  1310 , which may be communicatively coupled by way of a communication infrastructure (e.g., bus  1312 ). While the computing device  1300  is shown in  FIG.  13   , the components illustrated in  FIG.  13    are not intended to be limiting. Additional or alternative components may be used in other embodiments. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the computing device  1300  includes fewer components than those shown in  FIG.  13   . Components of the computing device  1300  shown in  FIG.  13    will now be described in additional detail. 
     In particular embodiments, the processor(s)  1302  includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example, and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, the processor(s)  1302  may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory  1304 , or a storage device  1306  and decode and execute them. 
     The computing device  1300  includes memory  1304 , which is coupled to the processor(s)  1302 . The memory  1304  may be used for storing data, metadata, and programs for execution by the processor(s). The memory  1304  may include one or more of volatile and non-volatile memories, such as Random-Access Memory (“RAM”), Read-Only Memory (“ROM”), a solid-state disk (“SSD”), Flash, Phase Change Memory (“PCM”), or other types of data storage. The memory  1304  may be internal or distributed memory. 
     The computing device  1300  includes a storage device  1306  includes storage for storing data or instructions. As an example, and not by way of limitation, the storage device  1306  can include a non-transitory storage medium described above. The storage device  1306  may include a hard disk drive (HDD), flash memory, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination these or other storage devices. 
     As shown, the computing device  1300  includes one or more I/O interfaces  1308 , which are provided to allow a user to provide input to (such as user strokes), receive output from, and otherwise transfer data to and from the computing device  1300 . These I/O interfaces  1308  may include a mouse, keypad or a keyboard, a touch screen, camera, optical scanner, network interface, modem, other known I/O devices or a combination of such I/O interfaces  1308 . The touch screen may be activated with a stylus or a finger. 
     The I/O interfaces  1308  may include one or more devices for presenting output to a user, including, but not limited to, a graphics engine, a display (e.g., a display screen), one or more output drivers (e.g., display drivers), one or more audio speakers, and one or more audio drivers. In certain embodiments, I/O interfaces  1308  are configured to provide graphical data to a display for presentation to a user. The graphical data may be representative of one or more graphical user interfaces and/or any other graphical content as may serve a particular implementation. 
     The computing device  1300  can further include a communication interface  1310 . The communication interface  1310  can include hardware, software, or both. The communication interface  1310  provides one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between the computing device and one or more other computing devices or one or more networks. As an example, and not by way of limitation, communication interface  1310  may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI. The computing device  1300  can further include a bus  1312 . The bus  1312  can include hardware, software, or both that connects components of computing device  1300  to each other. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific example embodiments thereof. Various embodiments and aspects of the invention(s) are described with reference to details discussed herein, and the accompanying drawings illustrate the various embodiments. The description above and drawings are illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. For example, the methods described herein may be performed with less or more steps/acts or the steps/acts may be performed in differing orders. Additionally, the steps/acts described herein may be repeated or performed in parallel to one another or in parallel to different instances of the same or similar steps/acts. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.