Patent Publication Number: US-8112628-B2

Title: Using a portable computing device as a smart key device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation and claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Pat. No. 7,475,247 entitled, “Using a Portable Computing Device as a Smart Key Device,” filed Dec. 16, 2004 and issued Jan. 6, 2009, assigned to the assignee of the present application, and herein incorporated by reference. 
     The present application is related to the following applications with a common assignee and are hereby incorporated by reference: 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/753,820, filed Jan. 8, 2004, entitled “Method and System for Establishing a Trust Framework Based on Smart Key Devices.” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/753,818, filed Jan. 8, 2004, entitled “Method and System for Protecting Master Secrets Using Smart Key Devices.” 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an improved data processing system and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for data storage protection using cryptography. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Most data processing systems contain sensitive data that needs to be protected. For example, the data integrity of configuration information needs to be protected from illegitimate modification, while other information, such as a password file, needs to be protected from illegitimate disclosure. An operator of a given data processing system may employ many different types of security mechanisms to protect the data processing system. For example, the operating system on the data processing system may provide various software mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as various authentication and authorization schemes, while certain hardware devices and software applications may rely upon hardware mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as hardware security tokens and biometric sensor devices. Even though multiple software and hardware mechanisms may be employed within a given data processing system to protect sensitive data, the sensitive data may also be encrypted so that if someone gains illegitimate access to the encrypted sensitive data, any copy of the encrypted sensitive data would be useless without the ability to decrypt the encrypted sensitive data. 
     The ability to ultimately protect all information that is contained within the data processing system has limitations, though. For example, in an effort to further protect a password file, the password file may be encrypted using yet another secret, such as a password or a cryptographic key, often referred to as a master secret. However, this new secret also needs to be protected in some manner. Thus, a system administrator may enter a type of dilemma in which any attempt to implement another layer of security results in additional sensitive information that also needs to be protected. Turning now to the present invention, the remaining figures depict exemplary embodiments of the present invention which resolves this dilemma. 
     Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a mechanism for securely storing and managing secret information, such as cryptographic keys. It would be particularly advantageous to securely store and manage master secrets that are used to protect other secret information. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first data processing system, which includes a first, internal cryptographic device, is communicatively coupled with a second data processing system, which includes a second, internal cryptographic device. The two cryptographic devices authenticate themselves with respect to their respective systems. The two cryptographic device then mutually authenticate each other. The first cryptographic device stores a private key of a first asymmetric cryptographic key pair and a public key of a second asymmetric cryptographic key pair that is associated with the second data processing system. The second cryptographic device stores a private key of the second asymmetric cryptographic key pair and a public key of the first asymmetric cryptographic key pair that is associated with the first data processing system. In response to successfully performing the mutual authentication operation between the two cryptographic systems, the first data processing system is enabled to invoke sensitive cryptographic functions on the first cryptographic device while the first data processing system remains communicatively coupled with the second data processing system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, further objectives, and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts a typical network of data processing systems, each of which may implement the present invention; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts a typical computer architecture that may be used within a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a block diagram that shows a typical manner in which an individual obtains a digital certificate; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a block diagram that shows a typical manner in which an entity may use a digital certificate to be authenticated to a data processing system; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a block diagram that shows a portion of a data processing system that accepts a removable hardware device to enable cryptographic functionality in a hardware security unit within the data processing system; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram that shows a system unit that contains an internal smart key device and that uses an external smart key device to enable the cryptographic functionality within the internal smart key device; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a flowchart that shows an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a flowchart that shows an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system for use by a particular software smart key unit; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for disabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system; 
         FIGS. 9A-9B  depict a pair of flowcharts that show further detail for the mutual authentication procedure that is shown in block  604  of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIGS. 10A-10B  depict a pair of flowcharts that show further detail for the mutual authentication procedure that is shown in block  704  of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 11A  depicts a flowchart that shows a process in an internal smart key device for performing operations as requested by a software smart key unit in which the operations are enabled or disabled based on the presence of an external smart key device; 
         FIG. 11B  depicts a flowchart that shows a process in an internal smart key device for performing operations as requested by a software smart key unit in which the operations are not required to be enabled by the presence of an external smart key device; 
         FIG. 12  depicts a block diagram that shows an embodiment of the present invention for protecting master secrets; 
         FIGS. 13-15  depict block diagrams that show different relationships between multiple external smart key devices and multiple internal smart key devices; 
         FIGS. 16A-16C  depict block diagrams that show a typical set of trusted relationships; 
         FIG. 17  depicts a block diagram that shows an example of a trust model that is constructed of trust relationships that are based on the trust provided by internal smart key devices; 
         FIG. 18  depicts a block diagram that shows a data processing system for generating operating system files in which each programmatic entity in the operating system contains functionality for establishing trust relationships in a trust hierarchy based on internal smart key devices; 
         FIG. 19  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for generating operating system modules that contain software smart key units such that the operating system modules are able to perform authentication operations with each other: 
         FIG. 20  depicts a block diagram that shows a data processing system for generating project code in which each programmatic entity contains functionality for establishing trust relationships in a trust hierarchy based on internal smart key devices; 
         FIG. 21  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for extending the certificate chain for an internal smart key device; 
         FIG. 22  depicts a block diagram that shows an example of a trust model that is constructed of trust relationships that are based on the trust provided by a single local internal smart key device that maintains a certificate chain containing multiple root certificates for foreign internal smart key devices; 
         FIG. 23  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for obtaining a current root certificate chain maintained by the local internal smart key device; 
         FIG. 24  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for determining whether a digital certificate from a foreign internal smart key device is trustworthy; 
         FIG. 25  depicts a dataflow diagram that shows entities within a hardware-assisted trust model that may be used to ensure the integrity of software modules; and 
         FIG. 26  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for ensuring the integrity of software modules. 
         FIG. 27  depicts a block diagram that shows a portion of the data processing system of  FIG. 5  and a second data processing system, which, when communicatively coupled, mutually authenticate each other to enable cryptographic functionality in a hardware security unit within one or both of the data processing systems; 
         FIG. 28  depicts a block diagram that shows the second system unit, described in  FIG. 27 , that contains an internal smart key device for executing cryptographic functionality within the system unit of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 29  depicts a flowchart that shows an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of the first system unit of  FIGS. 5 and 27  by means of the second system unit of  FIGS. 27 and 28 ; 
         FIG. 30  depicts a flowchart that shows an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of the system unit of  FIGS. 5 and 27 ; 
         FIG. 31  depicts a flowchart that shows a process for disabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of the first system unit of  FIGS. 5 and 27 ; and 
         FIG. 32  depicts a block diagram of portions of the first and second data processing systems of  FIGS. 5 ,  27  and  28 , illustrating the cryptographic key pairs employed to execute the disclosed subject matter. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, the devices that may comprise or relate to the present invention include a wide variety of data processing technology. Therefore, as background, a typical organization of hardware and software components within a distributed data processing system is described prior to describing the present invention in more detail. 
     With reference now to the figures,  FIG. 1A  depicts a typical network of data processing systems, each of which may implement a portion of the present invention. Distributed data processing system  100  contains network  101 , which is a medium that may be used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within distributed data processing system  100 . Network  101  may include permanent connections, such as wire or fiber optic cables, or temporary connections made through telephone or wireless communications. In the depicted example, server  102  and server  103  are connected to network  101  along with storage unit  104 . In addition, clients  105 - 107  also are connected to network  101 . Clients  105 - 107  and servers  102 - 103  may be represented by a variety of computing devices, such as mainframes, personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Distributed data processing system  100  may include additional servers, clients, routers, other devices, and peer-to-peer architectures that are not shown. 
     In the depicted example, distributed data processing system  100  may include the Internet with network  101  representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use various protocols to communicate with one another, such as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), etc. Of course, distributed data processing system  100  may also include a number of different types of networks, such as, for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). For example, server  102  directly supports client  109  and network  110 , which incorporates wireless communication links. Network-enabled phone  111  connects to network  110  through wireless link  112 , and PDA  113  connects to network  110  through wireless link  114 . Phone  111  and PDA  113  can also directly transfer data between themselves across wireless link  115  using an appropriate technology, such as Bluetooth™ wireless technology, to create so-called personal area networks (PAN) or personal ad-hoc networks. In a similar manner, PDA  113  can transfer data to PDA  107  via wireless communication link  116 . 
     The present invention could be implemented on a variety of hardware platforms;  FIG. 1A  is intended as an example of a heterogeneous computing environment and not as an architectural limitation for the present invention. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 1B , a diagram depicts a typical computer architecture of a data processing system, such as those shown in  FIG. 1A , in which the present invention may be implemented. Data processing system  120  contains one or more central processing units (CPUs)  122  connected to internal system bus  123 , which interconnects random access memory (RAM)  124 , read-only memory  126 , and input/output adapter  128 , which supports various I/O devices, such as printer  130 , disk units  132 , or other devices not shown, such as an audio output system, etc. System bus  123  also connects communication adapter  134  that provides access to communication link  136 . User interface adapter  148  connects various user devices, such as keyboard  140  and mouse  142 , or other devices not shown, such as a touch screen, stylus, microphone, etc. Display adapter  144  connects system bus  123  to display device  146 . 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in  FIG. 1B  may vary depending on the system implementation. For example, the system may have one or more processors, such as an Intel® Pentium®-based processor and a digital signal processor (DSP), and one or more types of volatile and non-volatile memory. Other peripheral devices may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in  FIG. 1B . The depicted examples are not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention. 
     In addition to being able to be implemented on a variety of hardware platforms, the present invention may be implemented in a variety of software environments. A typical operating system may be used to control program execution within each data processing system. For example, one device may run a Unix® operating system, while another device contains a simple Java® runtime environment. A representative computer platform may include a browser, which is a well known software application for accessing hypertext documents in a variety of formats, such as graphic files, word processing files, Extensible Markup Language (XML), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), and various other formats and types of files. 
     The present invention may be implemented on a variety of hardware and software platforms, as described above with respect to  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B . More specifically, though, the present invention is directed to a mechanism for securing secret information through the use of a hardware security token. Before describing the present invention in more detail, though, some background information about digital certificates is provided for evaluating the operational efficiencies and other advantages of the present invention. 
     Digital certificates support public key cryptography in which each party involved in a communication or transaction has a pair of keys, called the public key and the private key. Each party&#39;s public key is published while the private key is kept secret. Public keys are numbers associated with a particular entity and are intended to be known to everyone who needs to have trusted interactions with that entity. Private keys are numbers that are supposed to be known only to a particular entity, i.e. kept secret. In a typical asymmetric cryptographic system, a private key corresponds to exactly one public key. 
     Within a public key cryptography system, since all communications involve only public keys and no private key is ever transmitted or shared, confidential messages can be generated using only public information and can be decrypted using only a private key that is in the sole possession of the intended recipient. Furthermore, public key cryptography can be used for authentication, i.e. digital signatures, as well as for privacy, i.e. encryption. 
     Encryption is the transformation of data into a form unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key; encryption ensures privacy by keeping the content of the information hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who can see the encrypted data. Authentication is a process whereby the receiver of a digital message can be confident of the identity of the sender and/or the integrity of the message. 
     For example, when a sender encrypts a message, the public key of the receiver is used to transform the data within the original message into the contents of the encrypted message. A sender uses a public key of the intended recipient to encrypt data, and the receiver uses its private key to decrypt the encrypted message. 
     When authenticating data, data can be signed by computing a digital signature from the data using the private key of the signer. Once the data is digitally signed, it can be stored with the identity of the signer and the signature that proves that the data originated from the signer. A signer uses its private key to sign data, and a receiver uses the public key of the signer to verify the signature. 
     A certificate is a digital document that vouches for the identity and key ownership of entities, such as an individual, a computer system, a specific server running on that system, etc. Certificates are issued by certificate authorities. A certificate authority (CA) is an entity, usually a trusted third party to a transaction, that is trusted to sign or issue certificates for other people or entities. The certificate authority usually has some kind of legal responsibilities for its vouching of the binding between a public key and its owner that allow one to trust the entity that signed a certificate. There are many commercial certificate authorities; these authorities are responsible for verifying the identity and key ownership of an entity when issuing the certificate. 
     If a certificate authority issues a certificate for an entity, the entity must provide a public key and some information about the entity. A software tool, such as specially equipped Web browsers, may digitally sign this information and send it to the certificate authority. The certificate authority might be a commercial company that provides trusted third-party certificate authority services. The certificate authority will then generate the certificate and return it. The certificate may contain other information, such as a serial number and dates during which the certificate is valid. One part of the value provided by a certificate authority is to serve as a neutral and trusted introduction service, based in part on their verification requirements, which are openly published in their Certification Service Practices (CSP). 
     A certificate authority creates a new digital certificate by embedding the requesting entity&#39;s public key along with other identifying information and then signing the digital certificate with the certificate authority&#39;s private key. Anyone who receives the digital certificate during a transaction or communication can then use the public key of the certificate authority to verify the signed public key within the certificate. The intention is that the certificate authority&#39;s signature acts as a tamper-proof seal on the digital certificate, thereby assuring the integrity of the data in the certificate. 
     Other aspects of certificate processing are also standardized. Myers et al., “Internet X.509 Certificate Request Message Format”, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 2511, March 1999, specifies a format that has been recommended for use whenever a relying party is requesting a certificate from a certificate authority. Adams et al., “Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocols”, IETF RFC 2511, March 1999, specifies protocols for transferring certificates. The present invention resides in a distributed data processing system that employs digital certificates; the description of  FIGS. 2-3  provides background information about typical operations involving digital certificates. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram depicts a typical manner in which an individual obtains a digital certificate. User  202 , operating on some type of client computer, has previously obtained or generated a public/private key pair, e.g., user public key  204  and user private key  206 . User  202  generates a request for certificate  208  containing user public key  204  and sends the request to certificate authority  210 , which is in possession of CA public key  212  and CA private key  214 . Certificate authority  210  verifies the identity of user  202  in some manner and generates X.509 digital certificate  216  containing user public key  218 . The entire certificate is signed with CA private key  214 ; the certificate includes the public key of the user, the name associated with the user, and other attributes. User  202  receives newly generated digital certificate  216 , and user  202  may then present digital certificate  216  as necessary to engage in trusted transactions or trusted communications. An entity that receives digital certificate  216  from user  202  may verify the signature of the certificate authority by using CA public key  212 , which is published and available to the verifying entity. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 3 , a block diagram depicts a typical manner in which an entity may use a digital certificate to be authenticated to a data processing system. User  302  possesses X.509 digital certificate  304 , which is transmitted to an Internet or intranet application  306  on host system  308 ; application  306  comprises X.509 functionality for processing and using digital certificates. User  302  signs or encrypts data that it sends to application  306  with its private key. 
     The entity that receives certificate  304  may be an application, a system, a subsystem, etc. Certificate  304  contains a subject name or subject identifier that identifies user  302  to application  306 , which may perform some type of service for user  302 . The entity that uses certificate  304  verifies the authenticity of the certificate before using the certificate with respect to the signed or encrypted data from user  302 . 
     Host system  308  may also contain system registry  310  which is used to authorize user  302  for accessing services and resources within system  308 , i.e. to reconcile a user&#39;s identity with user privileges. For example, a system administrator may have configured a user&#39;s identity to belong to certain a security group, and the user is restricted to being able to access only those resources that are configured to be available to the security group as a whole. Various well-known methods for imposing an authorization scheme may be employed within the system. 
     In order to properly validate or verify a digital certificate, an application must check whether the certificate has been revoked. When the certificate authority issues the certificate, the certificate authority generates a unique serial number by which the certificate is to be identified, and this serial number is stored within the “Serial Number” field within an X.509 certificate. Typically, a revoked X.509 certificate is identified within a CRL via the certificate&#39;s serial number; a revoked certificate&#39;s serial number appears within a list of serial numbers within the CRL. 
     In order to determine whether certificate  304  is still valid, application  306  obtains a certificate revocation list (CRL) from CRL repository  312  and validates the CRL. Application  306  compares the serial number within certificate  304  with the list of serial numbers within the retrieved CRL, and if there are no matching serial numbers, then application  306  validates certificate  304 . If the CRL has a matching serial number, then certificate  304  should be rejected, and application  306  can take appropriate measures to reject the user&#39;s request for access to any controlled resources. 
     Most data processing systems contain sensitive data that needs to be protected. For example, the data integrity of configuration information needs to be protected from illegitimate modification, while other information, such as a password file, needs to be protected from illegitimate disclosure. An operator of a given data processing system may employ many different types of security mechanisms to protect the data processing system. For example, the operating system on the data processing system may provide various software mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as various authentication and authorization schemes, while certain hardware devices and software applications may rely upon hardware mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as hardware security tokens and biometric sensor devices. Even though multiple software and hardware mechanisms may be employed within a given data processing system to protect sensitive data, the sensitive data may also be encrypted so that if someone gains illegitimate access to the encrypted sensitive data, any copy of the encrypted sensitive data would be useless without the ability to decrypt the encrypted sensitive data. 
     The ability to ultimately protect all information that is contained within the data processing system has limitations, though. For example, in an effort to further protect a password file, the password file may be encrypted using yet another secret, such as a password or a cryptographic key, often referred to as a master secret. However, this new secret also needs to be protected in some manner. Thus, a system administrator may enter a type of dilemma in which any attempt to implement another layer of security results in additional sensitive information that also needs to be protected. Turning now to the present invention, the remaining figures depict exemplary embodiments of the present invention which resolves this dilemma. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram depicts a portion of a data processing system that accepts a removable hardware device to enable cryptographic functionality in a hardware security unit within the data processing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The present invention employs a pair of matching smart key devices that hold cryptographic keys and perform encryption functions. System unit  402  interfaces with external smart key device (EXSKD)  404 , which is a portable or removable device. System unit  402  also contains internal smart key device (INSKD)  406 , which is a matching device that is an integral part of the host system that receives the removable device, such as a motherboard. The internal smart key device is preferably a packaged, integrated circuit that is difficult to remove from the host system; while it may be described as a hardware security unit or device, it may also comprise a processing unit for executing instructions. In this example, EXSKD  404  and INSKD  406  are paired devices. The removable device is physically secured by system administration personnel, e.g., an IT administrator; the removable device, i.e. EXSKD  404 , is inserted into a host machine, such as system unit  402 , when an IT administrator needs to enable certain cryptographic functions that can be performed by the matching device on the host machine, i.e. INSKD  406 . In other words, certain cryptographic functions are available when the external smart key device is inserted into the system unit. INSKD  406  produces results that are needed by the IT administrator because INSKD  406  contains one or more particular cryptographic private keys for producing certain cryptographic output. Application  408  on system unit  402  has software smart key unit (SWSKU)  410  that is analogous to EXSKD  404  and INSKD  406 . Application  408  uses SWSKU  410  to perform certain functions, which are explained in more detail hereinbelow. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 5 , a block diagram depicts a system unit that contains an internal smart key device and that uses an external smart key device to enable the cryptographic functionality within the internal smart key device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 5  is similar to  FIG. 4  except that  FIG. 5  includes additional detail on the cryptographic keys that are stored within the various components. 
     External smart key device (EXSKD)  502  is a removable hardware device; EXSKD  502  is preferably a portable device that is controlled by a system administrator and that acts as hardware security token. External smart key device  502  with electrical interface  504  is insertable into system unit  506  with electrical interface  508 ; external smart key device  502  and system unit  506  electrically engage through their respective interfaces to exchange electrical signals representing digital information. 
     External smart key device  502  contains cryptographic engine  510  for performing cryptographic functions using various data items that are stored in external smart key device  502 . EXSKD private key  512  is stored in a manner such that it cannot be read or accessed by entities that are external to EXSKD  502 ; EXSDK  502  does not contain functionality for transmitting or otherwise providing a copy of EXSKD private key  512 . EXSKD public key certificate  514  contains a copy of EXSKD public key  516  that corresponds to EXSKD private key  512  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. EXSKD  502  also contains a copy of INSKD public key certificate  518 , which itself contains a copy of INSKD public key  520  that corresponds to INSKD private key  526  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. The copy of INSKD public key certificate  518  may be written onto EXSKD  502  as part of its manufacturing or initialization processes. 
     System unit  506  contains internal smart key device (INSKD)  522 . Internal smart key device  522  contains cryptographic engine  524  for performing cryptographic functions using various data items that are stored in internal smart key device  522 . INSKD private key  526  is stored in a manner such that it cannot be read or accessed by entities that are external to INSKD  522 ; INSKD  522  does not contain functionality for transmitting or otherwise providing a copy of INSKD private key  526 . INSKD public key certificate  528  contains a copy of INSKD public key  530  that corresponds to INSKD private key  526  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. INSKD  522  also contains a copy of EXSKD public key certificate  532 , which itself contains a copy of INSKD public key  534  that corresponds to EXSKD private key  512  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. The copy of EXSKD public key certificate  532  may be written into INSKD  522  as part of its manufacturing or initialization processes. 
     In alternative embodiments, INSKD private key  526  and INSKD public key  530  may be used for other functions. In a preferred embodiment as shown in  FIG. 5 , INSKD private key  526  and INSKD public key  530  are reserved for communications between INSKD  522  and EXSKD  502  while INSKD  522  employs one or more other cryptographic key pairs for other functions. In this example, INSKD_SW private key  536  is used by INSKD  522  for securing communications between INSKD  522  and software smart key unit (SWSKU)  538  in application  540 . INSKD_SW public key certificate  542  contains a copy of INSKD_SW public key  544  that corresponds to INSKD_SW private key  536  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. INSKD  522  also contains a copy of SWSKU public key certificate  546 , which itself contains a copy of SWSKU public key  548  that corresponds to SWSKU private key  550  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. 
     System unit  506  supports execution of application  540  that contains SWSKU  538 , which itself contains cryptographic engine  552  for performing cryptographic functions using various data items that are stored in software smart key unit  538 . SWSKU  538  does not contain functionality for transmitting or otherwise providing a copy of SWSKU private key  550 . SWSKU public key certificate  554  contains a copy of SWSKU public key  556  that corresponds to SWSKU private key  550  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. SWSKU  538  also contains a copy of INSKD_SW public key certificate  558 , which itself contains a copy of INSKD_SW public key  560  that corresponds to INSKD_SW private key  536  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. As explained in more detail further below, SWSKU  538  may be digitally signed. In the example that is shown in  FIG. 5 , SWSKU  538  contains digital signature  562  that has been computed over SWSKU  538  using INSKD_SW private key  536 ; in other words, INSKD  522  has digitally signed SWSKU  538  using INSKD_SW private key  536 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 6 , a flowchart depicts an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system. The process commences when, during a block  602 , the external smart key device is electrically engaged with a system unit that includes an internal smart key device. For example, an IT administrator may insert the external smart key device into a receiving unit that includes a slot for receiving the external smart key device. The internal smart key device and the external smart key device then, during a block  604 , perform a mutual authentication procedure, after which, during a block  606 , the internal smart key device is enabled to perform cryptographic functions, and the process is concluded. It may be assumed that any error in the mutual authentication procedure results in the continued disablement of the internal smart key device. In a less restrictive embodiment, the cryptographic functions of the internal smart key device may then be invoked by any application that is running on the host system. In a more restrictive embodiment, the cryptographic functions of the internal smart key device may be invoked only by an application that includes a software smart key unit, as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 7 , a flowchart depicts a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system for use by a particular software smart key unit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The process commences when, during a block  702 , an application or an applet containing a software smart key unit invokes a cryptographic function of the internal smart key device, e.g., through an application programming interface (API). The internal smart key device and the software smart key unit then, during a block  704 , perform a mutual authentication procedure, after which, during a block  706 , the internal smart key device is enabled to perform cryptographic functions for the software smart key unit, and the process is concluded. Assuming that multiple software smart key units on a host system have completed a mutual authentication procedure with the internal smart key device, then the internal smart key device may be simultaneously enabled to perform cryptographic functions on behalf of the multiple software smart key units. 
     While the external smart key device remains engaged with the system unit containing the internal smart key device, the internal smart key device is enabled to provide functionality to act as a certificate authority, i.e. generate new public certificates. In one embodiment, the external smart key device should be engaged with the system unit containing the internal smart key device when installing a new software package. A new public certificate may be issued to the new software package during the software installation; the private key that corresponds to the public key in the newly issued digital certificate may be embedded within the software package, and the private key may be protected by having the internal smart key device sign the software package. Furthermore, in a Java® environment, a JAR file and the Java® package in which the private key is embedded may be further sealed to prevent a malicious user from tampering with the private key. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 8 , a flowchart depicts a process for disabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The process commences, during a block  802 , when the external smart key device is electrically disengaged from the system unit containing the internal smart key device, e.g., at some subsequent point in time after the external smart key device had been inserted and the internal smart key device had been enabled. When the system unit detects the disengagement of the external smart key device, then, during a block  804 , the internal smart key device becomes disabled from further performing cryptographic functions, and the process is concluded. 
     The process that is shown in  FIG. 8  operates as a complementary process to either of the processes that are shown in  FIG. 6  or  FIG. 7 . It should be noted, though, that the internal smart key device may still perform some functions such that it is not completely disabled, depending on the implementation of the present invention. It may be assumed that the cryptographic functionality in the internal smart key device may be enabled or disabled through software or hardware. For example, in a hardware mode, the operation of particular circuitry in the internal smart key device might be prevented from entering an operable state by certain flip-flops or other mechanisms that must be set or cleared based on an enablement state that represents whether the external smart key device has been accepted; in a software mode, the operation of certain cryptographic functions may be protected by setting and clearing special enablement flags that logically control the execution of the cryptographic functions. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 9A-9B , a pair of flowcharts depict further detail for the mutual authentication procedure that is shown in block  604  of  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 9A  depicts the process for the internal smart key device to authenticate the external smart key device, while  FIG. 9B  depicts the process for the external smart key device to authenticate the internal smart key device. The process that is shown in  FIG. 9A  may be performed prior to the process that is shown in  FIG. 9B  or vice versa; depending on the manner in which the present invention is implemented, the processes may be independent and/or may be performed simultaneously, e.g., through appropriate signals or status flags that indicate the operations that are being attempted. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9A , the process commences when, during a block  902 , the internal smart key device uses the public key of the external smart key device to encrypt a message, e.g., a random text string. The internal smart key device, through the appropriate interface of the host system, during a block  904 , transfers the encrypted message to the external smart key device, which then, during a block  906 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key. The external smart key device then, during a block  908 , encrypts the decrypted message with the public key of the internal smart key device and passes, during a block  910 , the encrypted message to the internal smart key device. The internal smart key device then, during a block  912 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key and, during a block  914 , compares the received message with its original message. If the two messages match, then, during a block  916 , the internal smart key device provides an indication, e.g., with an appropriate signal or by setting a logical flag variable, that the internal smart key device has determined that the external smart key device is authentic, thereby concluding the process. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9B , the process commences, during a block  922 , when the external smart key device uses the public key of the internal smart key device to encrypt a message, e.g., a random text string. During a block  924 , the external smart key device transfers the encrypted message to the internal smart key device, which then, during a block  926 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key. The internal smart key device then, during a block  928 , encrypts the decrypted message with the public key of the external smart key device and, during a block  930 , passes the encrypted message to the external smart key device. The external smart key device then, during a block  932 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key and, during a block  934 , compares the received message with its original message. If the two messages match, then, during a block  936 , the external smart key device provides an indication, e.g., with an appropriate signal or by setting a logical flag variable, that the external smart key device has determined that the internal smart key device is authentic, thereby concluding the process. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 10A-10B , a pair of flowcharts depicts further detail for the mutual authentication procedure that is shown in block  704  of  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 10A  depicts the process for the software smart key unit to authenticate the internal smart key device, while  FIG. 10B  depicts the process for the internal smart key device to authenticate the software smart key unit. The process that is shown in  FIG. 10A  may be performed prior to the process that is shown in  FIG. 10B  or vice versa; depending on the manner in which the present invention is implemented, the processes may be independent and/or may be performed simultaneously, e.g., through appropriate messages or status flags that indicate the operations that are being attempted. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10A , the process commences, during a block  1002 , when the software smart key unit uses the public key of the internal smart key device to encrypt a message, e.g., a random text string. During a block  1004 , the software smart key unit transfers the encrypted message to the internal smart key device, which then, during a block  1006 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key. The internal smart key device then, during a block  1008 , encrypts the decrypted message with the public key of the software smart key unit and, during a block  1010 , passes the encrypted message to the software smart key unit. The software smart key unit then, during a block  1012 , decrypts the encrypted message with its private key and compares, during a block  1014 , the received message with its original message. If the two messages match, then, during a block  1016 , the software smart key unit provides an indication, e.g., with an appropriate message or by setting a logical flag variable, that the software smart key unit has determined that the internal smart key device is authentic, thereby concluding the process. 
     In contrast to  FIG. 10A ,  FIG. 10B  illustrates the use of a session key instead of a random text string as the message that is passed between the two entities. The session key is to be used for securing subsequent message traffic during a session between the two entities if the mutual authentication process between the two entities is successfully completed; the session may be timed, or the session may terminated by a particular event, such as the termination of the execution of a software entity or the power shutdown of a hardware entity. The session key may be placed within a larger message containing other information prior to encryption, whereafter the encrypted message is passed between the two entities. In an alternative embodiment, a random text string may be used for the authentication procedure, after which the two entities may exchange a session key. As explained in more detail further below, additional information may be securely passed between the two entities during the authentication process to reduce the number of actions that are used to exchange information. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10B , during a block  1022 , the process commences when the internal smart key device uses the public key of the software smart key unit to encrypt a session key. During a block  1024 , the internal smart key device transfers the encrypted session key to the software smart key unit, which then, during a block  1026 , decrypts the encrypted session key with its private key. The software smart key unit then, during a block  1028 , encrypts the decrypted session key with the public key of the internal smart key device and, during a block  1030 , passes the encrypted session key to the internal smart key device. The internal smart key device then, during a block  1032 , decrypts the encrypted session key with its private key and, during a block  1034 , compares the received session key with its original session key. If the two versions of the session key match, then, during a block  1036 , the internal smart key device provides an indication, e.g., with an appropriate message or by setting a logical flag variable, that the internal smart key device has determined that the software smart key unit is authentic, thereby concluding the process. 
     Additional security actions may be performed in conjunction with the process that is shown in  FIG. 7 . For example, at block  702 , an application or an applet has requested the use of functionality embedded in the internal smart key device. At some point in time, prior to starting the process that is shown in  FIG. 10B , the internal smart key device may perform an additional action of verifying whether the software smart key unit in the requesting application or applet contains secure code. As mentioned above with respect to  FIG. 5 , SWSKU  538  may be digitally signed; SWSKU  538  contains digital signature  562  that has been computed over SWSKU  538  using INSKD_SW private key  536 . Hence, the internal smart key device may verify whether or not the software smart key unit in the requesting application or applet contains secure code by verifying the digital signature associated with the software smart key unit. 
     In a Java® environment, the software smart key unit may be implemented as a signed JAR file; in one embodiment, the internal smart key device is used to verify the digital signature of the signed JAR file. In a different embodiment, the JAR file and the Java® package may be further sealed so that the class loader would enforce that all code in the package should be loaded from the sealed JAR file. The act of sealing the JAR file and the Java® package can prevent functionality from being modified by malicious users via injecting code into the class path. Moreover, the class loader itself may be signed and sealed such that the integrity of the class loader can be verified. 
     In a more generic computational environment, while internal smart key device may digitally sign a software smart key unit and later validate the digital signature, the process of ensuring that the software smart key unit is signed and validated may be controlled by an appropriate operating system module within the data processing system with assistance from the internal smart key device, e.g., a program loader that loads software modules for execution. Prior to allowing the software module to execute, the program loader could perform additional security processes. Moreover, the program loader itself may be signed and sealed such that the integrity of the program loader can be verified. 
     Although the above-mentioned process provides a mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the software smart key unit, the operations of the software smart key unit within a data processing system may still be regarded as somewhat vulnerable because its cryptographic keys may be viewed and copied by inspecting the code that comprises the software smart key unit; it may be assumed that the cryptographic keys are stored in the clear within the software smart key unit. 
     Hence, in order to protect the software smart key unit, in particular its private key, yet another security action may be performed in conjunction with the process that is shown in  FIG. 7 . At some prior point in time, the software smart key unit can be encrypted, thereby concealing any sensitive information within the software smart key unit, particularly its private key. In a different embodiment, a software module that includes a software smart key unit could be encrypted. For example, when a software module is installed on a data processing system, the internal smart key device on the data processing system could encrypt the software module as part of the installation procedure for the application program that includes the software module. 
     In a system in which this additional action is performed, then the software smart key unit and/or a software module that includes the software smart key unit would require decryption before it could be executed. At a point in time similar to that described above with respect to protecting the integrity of the software smart key unit using digital signatures, e.g., at some point in time prior to starting the process that is shown in  FIG. 10B , the internal smart key device would perform an additional action of decrypting the software smart key unit and/or the software module that includes the software smart key unit. Again, in a manner similar to that described above, the decryption process may be controlled by an appropriate operating system module within the data processing system with assistance from the internal smart key device. Further detail about the process of modifying software modules upon installation for use in conjunction with an internal smart key device and about the process of executing such software modules in a secure manner is provided hereinbelow. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 11A , a flowchart depicts a process in an internal smart key device for performing operations as requested by a software smart key unit in which the operations are enabled or disabled based on the presence of an external smart key device. The process commences in a block  1102  when the internal smart key device receives a request message from the software smart key unit; the request message contains a message-type variable that indicates the type of operation that is being requested by the software smart key unit. During a block  1104 , a determination is then made as to whether or not the software smart key unit has been authenticated by the internal smart key device; the determination may be performed by successfully decrypting the contents of the received message using the session key that the internal smart key device passed to the software smart key unit during a prior authentication procedure, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIG. 10B . If the software smart key unit has not been authenticated, then, during a block  1106 , the internal smart key device generates an appropriate error response and, during a block  1108 , returns the response message to the requesting software smart key unit, thereby concluding the process. 
     If the software smart key unit has been authenticated, then, during a block  1110 , the internal smart key device determines if the external smart key device is still electrically engaged with the system unit. For example, the determination may merely entail checking a special register that would have been cleared had the electrical connection between the system unit and the external smart key device been broken. If the external smart key device is not electrically engaged with the system unit, then the internal smart key device generates an error response at block  1106  and returns the response message to the software smart key unit at block  1108 , thereby concluding the process. 
     If the software smart key unit has been authenticated and the external smart key device is still electrically engaged with the system unit, then the internal smart key device performs the requested function for the software smart key unit, if possible. Block  1112  and block  1114  depict examples of functionality that may be provided by an internal smart key device; the enumeration of these examples does not imply that other functions may not be available in other implementations of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the internal smart key device performs the following functions only if the external smart key device remains electrically engaged with the internal smart key device after mutual authentication: issuing new digital certificates while acting as a certificate authority; and signing a software module using a private key of the internal smart key device, wherein the private key corresponds to an available public key certificate. It should be noted that the present invention does not allow any interface for retrieving a private key of the internal smart key device; hence, performing a signing operation using its private key can only be performed by the internal smart key device. 
     If the software smart key unit has requested a digital signature on a data item that was embedded within the request message, then, during a block  112 , the internal smart key device computes a digital signature over the data item using an appropriate private key and inserts the digitally signature (preferably, along with the copy of the data item that it returns) into the response message. If the software smart key unit has requested a digital certificate, then, during a block  1114 , the internal smart key device generates a digital certificate using an appropriate private key and inserts the digital certificate into the response message; the digital certificate may include various identifying information that was provided by the software smart key unit within the request message. After the appropriate response message has been generated, which would include encrypting any sensitive data with the appropriate session key, the response message is returned to the software smart key unit at block  1108 , and the process is concluded. 
     Referring again to block  1112 , any type of digital data item may be signed. Referring again to  FIG. 4 , application  408  represents many different types of applications that may incorporate the functionality of the present invention. In one embodiment, the application may be an application server that signs Java® JAR files, either files that have been generated directly by the application server or on behalf of other applications on the host system. In certain cases, a newly generated JAR file may itself contain a software smart key unit that is able to invoke functionality in the internal smart key device of the host system. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 11B , a flowchart depicts a process in an internal smart key device for performing operations as requested by a software smart key unit in which the operations are not required to be enabled by the presence of an external smart key device. The process commences in a block  1122  when the internal smart key device receives a request message from the software smart key unit; the request message contains a message-type variable that indicates the type of operation that is being requested by the software smart key unit. A determination is then made, during a block  1124 , as to whether or not the software smart key unit has been authenticated by the internal smart key device; the determination may be performed by successfully decrypting the contents of the received message using the session key that the internal smart key device passed to the software smart key unit during a prior authentication procedure, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIG. 10B . If the software smart key unit has not been authenticated, then, during a block  1126 , the internal smart key device generates an appropriate error response and, during a block  1128 , returns the response message to the requesting software smart key unit, thereby concluding the process. 
     If the software smart key unit has been authenticated, then the internal smart key device performs the requested function for the software smart key unit, if possible. A block  1130  and a block  1132  depict examples of functionality that may be provided by an internal smart key device; the enumeration of these examples does not imply that other functions may not be available in other implementations of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the following functions would be performed by an internal smart key device without the presence of an external smart key device: encryption and decryption given the required keys; validating a digital signature given the certificate; mutually authenticating a software smart key unit; and allowing stored sensitive information to be read/write accessed by a mutually authenticated software smart key unit. 
     If the software smart key unit has requested the registration of a master secret that was embedded within the request message, then, during a block  1130 , the internal smart key device stores the master secret in association with some identifying information for the software smart key unit and generates a response message. If the software smart key unit has requested the retrieval of a previously registered master secret, then, during a block  1132 , the internal smart key device retrieves the master secret based on the identity of the software smart key unit and generates a response message. After the appropriate response message has been generated, which would include encrypting any sensitive data with the appropriate session key, the response message is returned to the software smart key unit at block  1128 , and the process is concluded. 
     In this manner, it is only necessary to keep an external smart key device electrically engaged with the internal smart key device if particularly sensitive operations need to be performed by the internal smart key device, such as issuing digital certificates. As described with respect to  FIG. 11B , a software smart key unit can save sensitive information, such as cryptographic keys, in the internal smart key device after the software smart key unit has mutually authenticated with the internal smart key device without requiring the presence of an external smart key device; the sensitive information can only be retrieved by the same software smart key unit. 
     This approach is advantageous because the software smart key unit can mutually authenticate with the internal smart key device in a manner that is independent from the external smart key device. For example, this approach allows starting a software program in an unattended mode, i.e. no human to insert the external smart key device; the program may use a previously signed and sealed software smart key unit to retrieve any sensitive information from the internal smart key device. The software program may retrieve a master secret from the internal smart key device to decrypt passwords and other encrypted configuration information to complete the start-up process securely without human intervention. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 12 , a block diagram illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for protecting master secrets. As noted above, secret information that is stored on a data processing system may be encrypted with a master secret, which necessitates the need to protect the master secret. In prior art system, the protection of the master secret is typically protected through mechanisms that are external to the host system on which the master secret is being used. In contrast to a typical prior art system, an embodiment of the present invention may be used to protect master secrets on the host system in which the master secrets will be used. 
       FIG. 12  is similar to  FIG. 4 ; system unit  1202  interfaces with external smart key device  1204 , and system unit  1202  also contains internal smart key device  1206 . System unit  1202  also supports software smart key units  1208 - 1212 . In contrast to  FIG. 4 , though, internal smart key device  1206  in  FIG. 12  has been enhanced to include master secret registry  1214  for securing master secrets, which may be a password, an encryption key, or some other form. As briefly described above with respect to blocks  1130  and  1132  in  FIG. 11B , software smart key units  1208 - 1212  may store a master secret in internal smart key device  1206  through a secure request/response mechanism. Internal smart key device  1206  stores the master secrets from software smart key units  1208 - 1212  in association with identifying information for the requesting software smart key unit. For example, master secret registry  1214  contains SWSKU identifier  1216  associated with master secret  1218 ; a lookup operation that might be performed on SWSKU ID  1216  would relate it to master secret  1218 . Alternatively, master secret registry  1214  may support more than one master secret per software smart key unit; a group of master secrets may be registered or retrieved with each requested operation as appropriate. Although  FIG. 11B  only illustrates a registration operation and a retrieval operation, other operations that may be relevant to the management of master secrets, e.g., a deletion operation or an overwrite operation, may also be supported. 
     As noted above the description of  FIG. 10B , additional information may be securely passed between the internal smart key device and the software smart key unit during the authentication process to reduce the number of actions that are used to exchange information. To that end, the master secrets for the software smart key unit may be passed during the authentication process. Since the authentic software smart key unit is the only entity that should have a copy of the software smart key unit&#39;s private key, then only the software smart key unit should be able to decrypt the software smart key unit&#39;s master secrets that are provided by the internal smart key device during the authentication process. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 13-15 , block diagrams illustrate different relationships between multiple external smart key devices and multiple internal smart key devices. The description of the previous figures may appear to imply that the there is a unique one-to-one relationship between an external smart key device and an internal smart key device. Referring to  FIG. 13 , solitary internal smart key device  1302  may be enabled through the use of any of multiple external smart key devices  1304 - 1308 . For example, each of a small group of IT administrators may have a removable smart key device that may be inserted into a particular server machine that contains internal smart key device  1302 . Referring to  FIG. 14 , solitary external smart key device  1402  may enable any of multiple internal smart key devices  1404 - 1408 . For example, an IT administrator may use a single removable smart key device on multiple server machines, each of which contains only one of internal smart key devices  1404 - 1408 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , multiple external smart key devices  1502 - 1506  may enable any of multiple internal smart key devices  1512 - 1516 . For example, each of a small group of IT administrators may have a removable smart key device that may be inserted into many different server machines, each of which contains only one of internal smart key devices  1512 - 1516 . In order to support a many-to-one relationship or a one-to-many relationship on a given smart key device, the given smart key device only requires the storage or configuration of additional public key certificates for the additional corresponding internal smart key devices and/or external smart key devices. 
     Before discussing additional embodiments for the present invention, some background information about trust relationships based on digital certificates is provided for evaluating the operational efficiencies and other advantages of the additional embodiments of present invention. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 16A-16C , each block diagram depicts a typical set of trusted relationships. Referring now to  FIG. 16A , certificate authority  1602  has issued digital certificates to servers  1604  and  1606 . As noted above, a certificate authority is a trusted entity that issues digital certificates on behalf of other entities, possibly human users but possibly on behalf of programmatic entities or hardware entities, such as applications or data processing devices. Thus, servers  1604  and  1606  may have been represented by users, such as users  202  or  302  shown in  FIG. 2  or  FIG. 3 ; alternatively, servers  1604  and  1606  may be some other type of programmatic entities, such as application  408  shown in  FIG. 4 . The certificate authority  1602  has issued digital certificates to servers  1604  and  1606 . Servers  1604  and  1606  can establish trust relationships  1608  and  1610  with the certificate authority  1602  subsequently by performing mutual authentication with the certificate authority  1602  as described by this invention. At some point in time, server  1604  may present its digital certificate to server  1606  along with proof-of-possession of the corresponding private key, e.g., a data item that has been signed using its private key, while requesting a service that is provided by server  1606 . Because server  1606  trusts certificate authority  1602 , server  1606  is able to authenticate server  1604  by verifying that the digital certificate which was received from server  1604  was signed by certificate authority  1602 . The reverse situation is also true, and server  1604  would be able to authenticate server  1606 . In this manner, server  1604  and server  1606  are able to establish trust relationship  1612  between themselves. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16B , server  1614  has established trust relationship  1616  with server  1606 . In this example, no basis is provided for trust relationship  1616 , and server  1604  has not accepted trust relationship  1616  with server  1614 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 16C , similar reference numerals refer to similar elements as shown in  FIG. 16A ;  FIG. 16C , though, shows additional elements to those shown in  FIG. 16A . Certificate authority  1620  has issued digital certificates to servers  1606  and  1622 . Given that certificate authority  1620  has issued digital certificates to servers  1606  and  1622 , certificate authority is said to have established trust relationships  1624  and  1626  with servers  1606  and  1622 , respectively. At some point in time, server  1622  may present its digital certificate to server  1606  while requesting a service that is provided by server  1606 . Because server  1622  trusts certificate authority  1620 , server  1606  is able to authenticate server  1622  by verifying that the digital certificate which was received from server  1622  was signed by certificate authority  1620 . The reverse situation is also true, and server  1622  would be able to authenticate server  1606 . In this manner, server  1622  and server  1606  are able to establish trust relationship  1628  between themselves. 
     Trust relationships may be transitive. As noted above with respect to  FIG. 16B , server  1606  had established trust relationship  1616  with server  1614 . However, server  1604  did not recognize trust relationship  1616 , possibly because server  1606  was not able to provide sufficient information about the basis for trust relationship  1616 . In  FIG. 16C , though, server  1606  is able to provide sufficient information about its trusted relationships among the servers with which server  1606  has established trust relationships. In this example, server  1606  provides information about trust relationship  1628  to server  1604 . Given trust relationship  1612  between server  1604  and server  1606  and trust relationship  1628  between server  1606  and server  1622 , server  1604  and server  1622  are able to establish transitive trust relationship  1630  between server  1604  and server  1622 . The servers may transfer certificates in accordance with the certificate management protocols that were mentioned above. 
     In this manner, the servers are able to form complex, hierarchical, trust relationships between themselves and the certificate authorities. Each certificate authority may be considered as the root of a tree structure; a certificate authority is sometimes referred to as the root authority, especially when other entities within a tree structure also act as secondary certificate authorities. The use of multiple root certificate authorities allows multiple tree structures to overlap, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 16C . Turning back now to the present invention, the remaining figures depict examples of embodiments of the present invention in which the present invention is implemented to construct a trust model using the advantages of the internal and external smart key devices that have been described above. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 17 , a block diagram depicts an example of a trust model that is constructed of trust relationships that are based on the trust provided by internal smart key devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The internal smart key devices of the present invention provide a high level of trustworthiness in acting as a certificate authority. As described above with respect to other figures, the internal smart key device provides a mechanism for securing information. As described with respect to  FIG. 11 , one of the functions that may be provided by an internal smart key device is the issuance of digital certificates. Since the internal smart key device would be implemented as part of a system unit within a data processing system, e.g., such as a specialized chip on a motherboard, the internal smart key device should be protected physically, thereby making it difficult for malicious users to implement improper schemes. In addition, the trustworthiness of an internal smart key device is enhanced by the fact that the issuance of digital certificates by the internal smart key device may be controlled by a system administrator through the use of an external smart key device. Hence, the ability of an internal smart key device to issue digital certificates allows an internal smart key device to act as the foundation for a trust model. 
     In this manner, different types of entities, e.g., different kinds of hardware and software computing resources, are able to form complex, hierarchical, trust relationships between themselves and the internal smart key devices acting as hardware-based certificate authorities. In this trust model, trust is rooted in the certificate authority functionality that is provided by an internal smart key device on a data processing system. The trust relationship hierarchy may be represented, as in  FIG. 17 , by an inverted pyramid in which the internal smart key device is at the apex of the inverted pyramid, and the computing resources form the inverted pyramid. In a distributed data processing environment, the trust relationships may be viewed as a collection of overlapping inverted pyramids where each pyramid is based on the internal smart key device on each machine, as shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     In  FIG. 17 , an example of a trust model shows two internal smart key devices  1702  and  1704 , which include certificate authority modules  1706  and  1708 , respectively, that contain functionality for allowing each internal smart key device to act as a certificate authority. Internal smart key device  1704  has issued a certificate to secondary software certificate authority module  1710 , which is a software application executing on the same system unit on which internal smart key device  1704  resides. Hierarchically superior software certificate authority modules within the data processing system, such as secondary software certificate authority module  1710 , derive authority from a hierarchically inferior software certificate authority within the trust hierarchy, such as the root trust that is provided by the certificate authority functionality of the internal smart key device on the data processing system, i.e., internal smart key device  1704 . For example, internal smart key device  1704  may sign the digital certificate of secondary software certificate authority module  1710 , which uses the corresponding private key to sign the digital certificates that it issues. In this manner, secondary software certificate authority module  1710  acts as a subordinate certificate authority to internal smart key device  1704 , which would be reflected in certificate chains which are rooted by internal smart key device  1704 . In another example, internal smart key device  1704  may sign a subordinate software certificate authority module, which itself may sign another subordinate software certificate authority module. 
     Internal smart key device  1702  has issued digital certificates to entities  1712 - 1718 , while secondary software certificate authority  1710  has issued digital certificates to entities  1722 - 1728 , thereby establishing trust relationships between certificate issuers and the certificate issues; entities  1712 - 1718  and entities  1722 - 1728  may be applications or some other type of programmatic entity. In addition, secondary software certificate authority  1710  has issued a digital certificate to entity  1716 , thereby establishing a trust relationship between those two entities. 
     While  FIG. 17  represents a trust model in which all of the computing resources may comprise certificate-handling functionality for authenticating themselves with each other, these computing resources need to be configured to include the certificate-handling functionality. For example, if the different entities in  FIG. 17  represent software applications, these software applications need to include a module that has been provided a unique public key certificate and that bears a unique corresponding private key. 
     For example, each computing resource that is to act independently such that it requires the ability to perform authentication operations with other resources may have an embedded software smart key unit, e.g., in the manner shown in  FIG. 5  in which application  540  contains SWSKU  538 . Application  540  contains SWSKU  538  which includes SWSKU private key  550 ; SWSKU public key certificate  554  contains a copy of SWSKU public key  556  that corresponds to SWSKU private key  550  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. SWSKU  538  also contains a copy of INSKD_SW public key certificate  558 . Hence, application  540  is part of a trust hierarchy that is rooted in INSKD  522 . Using the information that is embedded within SWSKU  538  and the functional abilities of SWSKU  538 , application  540  is able to authenticate with any other computing resource that also trusts INSKD  522 . Thus, in order to implement a trust model in which all of the computing resources may comprise certificate-handling functionality for authenticating themselves with each other in accordance with the present invention, a system administrator needs to ensure that each computing resource comprises an internal smart key device, if the computing resource is a data processing device, or comprises a software smart key unit, if the computing resource is a programmatic entity. 
     However, in the example shown in  FIG. 5 , SWSKU  538  came to be embedded in application  540  in some manner. Various processes may be used to embed the required functionality in each of the programmatic resources, as described hereinbelow. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 18 , a block diagram depicts a data processing system for generating operating system files in which each programmatic entity in the operating system contains functionality for establishing trust relationships in a trust hierarchy based on internal smart key devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 18  is similar to  FIG. 4 ; system unit  1802  interfaces with external smart key device  1804 , and system unit  1802  also contains internal smart key device  1806 . 
     In this example, operating system installation application  1808  is responsible for installing operating system files on a machine that includes system unit  1802 . During the installation procedure, operating system installation application  1808  reads operating system files  1812  from the distribution medium, such as magnetic tape or CD-ROM, and generates fully operable modules  1814 , as explained in more detail hereinbelow. 
     It should be noted that although  FIG. 18  depicts an example in which actions are performed with respect to operating system files, an alternative embodiment is applicable to any type of application file. For example, operating system installation application  1808  may be generalized to be described as an installation application for any given software application, and the given software application may be represented by generic application files that are similar to operating system files  1812 . After the installation process is completed, the installation application has generated application files with certificate-bearing software smart key units that are similar to signed operating system files  1814 . 
     Whereas  FIG. 18  depicts an example of a system in which all operating system files are secured so that only properly installed operating system modules may be executed on system unit  1802 , the alternative embodiment that is mentioned above could restrict execution of all software within the system. Using an appropriate installation process for each installed application, each application module may be secured. In this manner, system unit  1802  may restrict software execution only to software modules that have been installed on the system through a process that is controlled by the presence of an external smart key device. In a Java®-based implementation of the present invention, all Java® applications may be required to contain a software smart key unit that is placed into the application during an installation process, as mentioned above, all JAR files and Java® packages may be sealed so that the class loader would enforce that all code in the package should be loaded from a sealed JAR file. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 19 , a flowchart depicts a process for generating operating system modules that contain software smart key units such that the operating system modules are able to perform authentication operations with each other in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The process begins in a block  1902  with an operating system installation application checking whether there is at least one additional operating system module that has not yet been processed. If not, then the process is concluded. If so, then, during a block  1904 , the operating system installation application reads an operating system module from a distribution medium. For example, referring again to  FIG. 18 , the operating system modules on the distribution medium is not complete; the operating system modules may not be installed without further processing. Operating system modules  1812  incorporate stub routines or empty modules in the form of distribution versions of the operating system files; if these operating system files are installed and then executed without further modification, the operating system services would not be able to perform authentication operations, thereby causing the operating system to be inoperable. 
     Hence, after the operating system installation application has read an operating system module  1812  from the distribution medium, such as magnetic tape or CD-ROM, the operating system installation application deletes, during a block  1906 , the stub routines or empty modules from the operating system module that is currently being processed. During a block  1908 , the operating system installation application generates an asymmetric cryptographic key pair and then, during a block  1910 , requests the internal smart key device on the local system unit to issue a digital certificate based on the newly generated key pair on behalf of the operating system module that is currently being processed. In this manner, the SWSKU of the operating system installation application impersonates the entity on behalf of which the digital certificate is being requested and issued; alternatively, a software certificate authority function within the operating system installation application may issue the digital certificate, thereby requiring the public key certificate of the software certificate authority along with the public key certificate of the internal smart key device to become part of the certificate chain of the entity on behalf of which the digital certificate is being requested and issued. It may be assumed that the operating system installation operation is controlled by a system administrator who possesses an external smart key device; by engaging the external smart key device with the system unit during the operating system installation procedure, the system administrator enables the internal smart key device to issue digital certificates, thereby preventing the installation procedure from being spoofed in some manner by a malicious user. It may also be assumed that each operating system module has a unique identifier within a namespace that covers all of the operating system modules such that the unique identifier may be incorporated into the digital certificate. 
     The operating system installation application then, during a block  1912 , generates an instance of a software smart key unit. The newly generated SWSKU incorporates the unique private key that was generated by the operating system installation application on behalf of the new SWSKU. The new SWSKU also incorporates the public key certificate that corresponds to the private key that was issued by the local INSKD; in addition, any other public key certificates that form part of the digital certificate chain for the new SWSKU may also be included. Certificate chains represent a trust path through a trust hierarchy. Although public key certificates are generally freely given and freely obtainable, building a certificate chain can be computationally expensive; thus, the inclusion of any digital certificates that the new SWSKU may need to represent its certificate chain allows the new SWSKU, when executing, to quickly present its certificate chain during an authentication operation, thereby making the authentication operation more efficient. 
     The operating system installation application then, during a block  1914 , generates a fully operable module, such as one of modules  1814  in  FIG. 18 , by embedding the new SWSKU into the operating system module that is currently being processed, i.e. in place of the removed stubs and empty modules. The process then loops back to block  1902  to check if there are any unprocessed operating system modules, and if not, the process is concluded. As operating system modules are processed, the newly generated SWSKU modules are incorporated into modified operating system modules as necessary. The deployed operating system modules and/or the newly embedded SWSKU modules may also be digitally signed by SWSKU  1810  to show their authenticity. 
     In this manner, all of the operating system files are enabled to perform authentication operations with embedded functionality for implementing trust relationships. During the operating system installation procedure, INSKD  1806  acts as a certificate authority to issue digital certificates, or alternatively, operating system installation application  1808  acts as a certificate authority to issue digital certificates for modules  1814 ; in their certificate chains, each module in modules  1814  has its own private key and corresponding public key certificate, the public key certificate of INSKD  1806 , and if necessary because it acted as a certificate authority, the public key certificate of the operating system installation application  1808 . Thus, each module has a certificate chain that asserts a trust hierarchy that is based on INSKD  1806 . In the runtime environment, when a first module in modules  1814  attempts to authenticate to a second module in modules  1814 , the first module would present its certificate chain along with proper proof-of-possession, e.g., a digital signature signed by using the corresponding private key, to the second module; because the second module trusts INSKD  1806  on which the first module&#39;s certificate chain is based, the second module will authenticate and trust the first module. Because each module in modules  1814  trusts INSKD  1806  and is able to present a certificate chain that relates back to INSKD  1806 , each module is able to trust the other similar modules, thereby implementing the trust model as described with respect to  FIG. 17 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 20 , a block diagram depicts a data processing system for generating project code in which each programmatic entity contains functionality for establishing trust relationships in a trust hierarchy based on internal smart key devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 20  is similar to  FIG. 4 ; system unit  2002  interfaces with external smart key device  2004 , and system unit  2002  also contains internal smart key device  2006 . 
     In this example, software configuration management (SCM) application  2008  is responsible for managing all code modules and other types of files for a particular project in which a software application is being created. As project files are created by software engineers, the project files are checked into the SCM system, which is able to track versions of the source code in accordance with discrepancy reports and project timelines. The engineers incorporate stub routines or empty modules into the project modules such that preliminary versions of the project modules are able to be tested and integrated without regard to fully implementing authentication considerations. 
     However, when the need arises to generate a so-called production-level application that may be distributed to customers or otherwise deployed in a production environment, the SCM system removes the stubs and empty modules and replaces them with embedded software smart key units, which are software modules themselves. Hence, at some point in time when the final compilation and linking operations occur, SWSKU  2010  in SCM application  2008  generates asymmetric key pairs along with SWSKU modules containing the newly generated key pairs and corresponding digital certificates. As project modules  2012  are processed, the newly generated SWSKU modules are linked into project modules  2014  as necessary. The production-level project modules  2014  and/or the newly embedded SWSKU modules may also be digitally signed by SWSKU  2010  to show their authenticity. 
     In this manner, each computing resource within a project application that requires the ability to complete an authentication operation may be provided with a software smart key unit that is able to perform the authentication operation. However, the scenario that is illustrated within  FIG. 20  differs significantly from the scenario that is illustrated within  FIG. 18 . In  FIG. 18 , the operating system modules  1814  are modified by operating system installation application  1808  on system unit  1802 . In a preferred embodiment, the digital certificates that have been issued to the SWSKU&#39;s in the modified operating system modules  1816  have been signed by INSKD  1806  on system unit  1802 . 
     Hence, when the modified operating system modules are executing in a runtime environment, the certificate authority that issued the digital certificates for the modified operating system modules is part of the runtime environment. This is not the case in the scenario that is presented in  FIG. 20 . When the modified project modules are executing in a runtime environment, the digital certificates that are embedded in the SWSKU&#39;s of the modified project modules have been signed by the internal smart key device of the system unit on which the production version of the project application was created. In other words, the certificate authority that issued the digital certificates to the SWSKU&#39;s in the modified project modules is not part of the runtime environment. When a modified project module attempts to complete an authentication operation with another modified project module, the authentication operation can be completed because each of the modified project modules trusts the internal smart key device of the system unit on which the production version of the project application was created. However, when a modified project module attempts to complete an authentication operation with an operating system module, e.g., one of operating system modules  1814 , the authentication operation fails because the operating system module does not trust the internal smart key device that acted as the certificate authority for the operating system module&#39;s digital certificate. Therefore, a mechanism is needed for extending the trust relationships in a runtime environment. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 21 , a flowchart depicts a process for extending the certificate chain for an internal smart key device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As noted above, some modules that are executing within a runtime environment may have functionality for establishing trust relationships that are based on an internal smart key device that is present within the runtime environment; since the internal smart key device has acted as the certificate authority for these modules, these modules are able to present digital certificate chains that are easily verifiable because the internal smart key device is at the root of the trust hierarchy. When an application is installed into a runtime environment that supports the internal smart key device of the present invention, the application modules may have the functionality for establishing trust relationships between the application modules yet lack the ability to establish trust relationships with other modules in the runtime environment because the root certificate authorities differ; the other modules do not have the ability to trust the digital certificates that are presented by the application modules. 
     The process that is described with respect to  FIG. 21  hereinbelow provides a mechanism for allowing those application modules to establish themselves as trustworthy. The process is preferably performed when the application modules are being installed within a runtime environment that includes an internal smart key device, although the runtime environment can be modified at any time before the application modules are executed within the runtime environment. In this example, though, the application modules do not need to be modified. Thus, the process that is described hereinbelow differs from the process that is described with respect to  FIG. 19  in which the modification of the operating system modules was required. 
     The process commences in a block  2102  when the internal smart key device receives a request message from a software smart key unit in an installation application or some other form of administrative utility application in which the request message indicates a request to assert the root digital certificate of a foreign internal smart key device, i.e. outside of the local runtime environment. For example, the administrative utility application has access to configuration files that accompany the production version of the application modules that have been installed or that are being installed within the local runtime environment. These configuration files contain a copy of the digital certificate that was used by a foreign internal smart key device to generate the digital certificates for the software smart key units that were embedded within the application modules, e.g., in a manner similar to that described with respect to  FIG. 20 . In other words, the configuration files may be accompanied by a copy of the public key certificate that was used by the foreign internal smart key device of the runtime environment of a vendor that produced the application that is being installed. The request to assert the digital certificate of the foreign internal smart key device is made without the ability of the internal smart key device of the current runtime environment to check for a common trusted entity; since each internal smart key device acts as the root trusted entity within its own trust hierarchy, there is no other common trusted entity on which trust can be founded for the internal smart key device of the current runtime environment and the foreign internal smart key device. Hence, the process of asserting the digital certificate must be a secure procedure that provides the trustworthiness for completing the task. 
     In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the operation to assert the digital certificate of a foreign internal smart key device, a determination is made, during a block  2104 , as to whether or not the software smart key unit of the requesting application has been authenticated by the internal smart key device; the determination may be performed by successfully decrypting the contents of the received message using the session key that the internal smart key device passed to the software smart key unit during a prior authentication procedure, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIG. 10B . If the software smart key unit has not been authenticated, then, during a block  2106 , the internal smart key device generates an appropriate error response and returns, during a block  2108 , the response message to the requesting software smart key unit, thereby concluding the process. 
     If the software smart key unit has been authenticated, then, during a block  2110 , the internal smart key device determines if the external smart key device is still electrically engaged with the system unit. In this manner, the entire procedure is determined to be under the control of a system administrator that has the privilege of performing the procedure. If the external smart key device is not electrically engaged with the system unit, then the internal smart key device generates an error response at block  2106  and returns the response message to the software smart key unit at block  2108 , thereby concluding the process. 
     If the software smart key unit has been authenticated and the external smart key device is still electrically engaged with the system unit, then the internal smart key device performs the requested function for the software smart key unit. During a block  2112 , the internal smart key device adds the asserted root certificate of the foreign internal smart key device to a table or a list of trusted root certificates, which possibly contains multiple certificates that have been previously asserted. After the appropriate response message has been created during a block  2114 , the response message is returned to the software smart key unit during a block  2108 , and the process is concluded. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 22 , a block diagram depicts an example of a trust model that is constructed of trust relationships that are based on the trust provided by a single local internal smart key device that maintains a certificate chain containing multiple root certificates for foreign internal smart key devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As explained with respect to  FIG. 5  and other figures, an internal smart key device possesses at least one private key and its corresponding public key certificate; similarly,  FIG. 22  shows internal smart key device  2202  containing digital certificate  2204 . As explained with respect to  FIG. 21 , it may be necessary for a system administrator to assert additional root certificates into the trust hierarchy of a particular runtime environment;  FIG. 22  shows that digital certificates  2206  and  2208  have been previously asserted and are now stored within internal smart key device  2202  as part of its trusted certificate chain. 
     As noted above, when application modules are installed into a runtime environment that supports the internal smart key device of the present invention, the application modules may have been provided with the functionality for establishing trust relationships between the application modules yet lack the ability to establish trust relationships with other modules in the runtime environment because the root certificate authorities differ. The application modules can be regarded as residing in one trust hierarchy with the other modules residing within a different trust hierarchy. 
     In order to overcome this problem, the process that is described with respect to  FIG. 21  illustrates a mechanism for introducing multiple trust hierarchies within a single runtime environment. This solution is further illustrated with respect to  FIG. 22 . By accepting digital certificates  2206  and  2208 , internal smart key device  2202  implicitly forms trust relationships  2210  and  2212  with the foreign internal smart key devices that are associated with the accepted digital certificates. In this manner, internal smart key device  2202  supports trust hierarchies  2214 ,  2216 , and  2218  with root certificates  2204 ,  2206 , and  2208 , respectively. Given that root certificates  2206  and  2208  are available for validating the digital certificates of application modules that were signed by the foreign internal smart key devices that are represented by root certificates  2206  and  2208 , other modules in the runtime environment are able to form trust relationships  2220  and  2222  that bridge the trust hierarchies. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 23 , a flowchart depicts a process for obtaining a current root certificate chain maintained by the local internal smart key device. Whereas  FIG. 21  depicts a process for a system administrator to assert a root certificate into the trust hierarchy of a particular runtime environment by storing the root certificate within the local smart key device,  FIG. 23  illustrates a process for obtaining the current root certificate chain from the local internal smart key device. The process commences in a block  2302  when the internal smart key device receives a request message from a software smart key unit whereby it requests the current root certificate chain that is maintained by the local internal smart key device. During a block  2304 , the local internal smart key device then returns a response message containing the current root certificate chain to the requesting software smart key unit, and the process is concluded. The local internal smart key device may require that the requesting software smart key unit had previously authenticated to the local internal smart key device. In contrast to  FIG. 11  or  FIG. 21 , which illustrate operations in an internal smart key device that are only performed when the system administrator has used an external smart key device to enable the operations, the process that is illustrated in  FIG. 23  does not require enablement via an external smart key device. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 24 , a flowchart depicts a process for determining whether a digital certificate from a foreign internal smart key device is trustworthy. At some point in time, a module requests access to a computing resource that is controlled by another module within a runtime environment. Assuming that the two modules have not previously completed a mutual authentication operation, then the two modules attempt to complete a mutual authentication operation, e.g., similar to the mutual authentication operation that is described with respect to  FIGS. 9A-9B . In this example, it may be assumed that the module that is controlling the desired computing resource is included within the local trust hierarchy that is based on the local internal smart key device while the requesting module is included within a trust hierarchy that is based on a foreign internal smart key device; however, a root certificate for the foreign internal smart key device has been previously asserted into the local smart key device. 
     The process commences in a block  2402  when the controlling module and the requesting module have initiated an authentication operation. During a block  2404 , the controlling module then obtains the digital certificate of the requesting module, most likely directly from the requesting module; the public key from the digital certificate is used to determine whether the requesting module possesses the private key that corresponds to the public key, although these actions are not shown in  FIG. 24 . 
     In order to determine the authenticity of the digital signature on the requesting module&#39;s digital certificate, the controlling module requires a trustworthy copy of the foreign internal smart key device&#39;s digital certificate, thereby providing a copy of the public key that corresponds to the private key that was used to generate the digital signature. Although the requesting module should possess a copy of the digital certificate for the foreign internal smart key device that has issued the requesting module&#39;s digital certificate, thereby allowing the requesting module to provide a copy of the foreign internal smart key device&#39;s digital certificate to the controlling module, the controlling module needs an independent, trustworthy method for obtaining a copy of the foreign internal smart key device&#39;s digital certificate. In an attempt to obtain a copy of the foreign internal smart key device&#39;s digital certificate, the controlling module obtains, during a block  2406 , the root certificate chain that is currently being maintained by the local internal smart key device. 
     During a block  2408 , the controlling module then verifies that the root certificate for the foreign internal smart key device is in the retrieved root certificate chain. As mentioned above, in the example that is shown in  FIG. 24 , it may be assumed that a root certificate for the foreign internal smart key device has been previously asserted into the local smart key device. Hence, block  2406  results in the return of a root certificate chain that includes a copy of the foreign internal smart key device&#39;s digital certificate. 
     During a block  2410 , the controlling module then verifies the authenticity of the requesting module&#39;s digital certificate by verifying the digital signature on the requesting module&#39;s digital certificate, and the process is concluded. Assuming that the digital signature is verified, the controlling module may proceed with the authentication operation. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is provided hereinbelow with respect to  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 26 , and the example of this implementation relies on various aspects of the present invention that have been previously described. As described above, a hardware security unit within a data processing system, such as an internal smart key device, can function as a certificate authority. As described with respect to  FIG. 17 , the certificate authority functionality of an internal smart key device may be viewed as the root of a trust model in which the computing resources within a data processing system are entities within a trust relationship hierarchy. The trust relationship hierarchy may be represented, as in  FIG. 17 , by an inverted pyramid in which the internal smart key device is at the apex of the inverted pyramid, and the computing resources form the inverted pyramid. As described with respect to  FIGS. 18-20 , the certificate authority functionality of a hardware security unit may be used to sign software cryptographic modules, i.e. software security units or software smart key units, and also to issue digital certificates to software cryptographic modules. As mentioned briefly above, the software package of the software cryptographic module can be sealed to prevent code tampering. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 25 , a dataflow diagram illustrates entities within a data processing system that implements a hardware-assisted trust model that may be used to ensure the integrity of software modules in accordance with an implementation of the present invention. Before describing  FIG. 25 , a specific example is described within a Java® runtime environment. After the class files of a Java® application, which includes some form of software cryptographic unit, have been sealed to prevent code tampering, program integrity is enforced by class loaders. To ensure that a class loader can be trusted, the class loader needs to be signed and sealed as well. To guarantee the integrity of the class loader, the loader that loads the class loader, i.e., the operating system program loader, needs to be signed and sealed in some manner. To guarantee the integrity of the operating system program loader, the loader that loads the operating system program loader, i.e. the boot loader in a ROM of the data processing system, needs to be signed and sealed. 
     With respect to a more generic, non-Java® environment, after the software package of a software cryptographic module has been sealed to prevent code tampering, program integrity is enforced by the operating system program loader. To ensure that the operating system program loader can be trusted, the operating system program loader needs to be signed and sealed as well. To guarantee the integrity of the operating system program loader, the loader that loads the operating system program loader, i.e. the boot loader in the system ROM, needs to be signed and sealed as well. These requirements and operations are reflected in  FIG. 25 . 
     Boot ROM  2502  has been signed by the private key of internal smart key device  2504 ; this may occur during the manufacturing process, during an site-specific installation procedure in which the boot ROM is configured using a flash memory update, or in some other manner. Thereafter, boot ROM  2502  is able to perform a mutual authentication procedure with internal smart key device  2504 , thereby creating a trust relationship between boot ROM  2502  and internal smart key device  2504 . 
     Operating system program loader  2506  has also been signed by the private key of internal smart key device  2504 ; this may occur in accordance with the process that is described with respect to  FIG. 18  and  FIG. 19 . Boot ROM  2502  is able to guarantee the integrity of operating system program loader  2506  by validating the signature on the sealed program module(s) of the operating system program loader  2506  with assistance from internal smart key device  2504 , which assists boot ROM  2502  because it has already established a trust relationship with boot ROM  2502  through the completion of a mutual authentication procedure. Thereafter, operating system program loader  2506  is able to perform a mutual authentication procedure with internal smart key device  2504 , thereby creating a trust relationship between operating system program loader  2506  and internal smart key device  2504 . 
     Application module  2508  has been signed by the private key of internal smart key device  2504  or by a software cryptographic unit in the operating system that acts as a certificate authority with internal smart key device  2504  acting as the root certificate authority; this may occur in accordance with the process that is described with respect to  FIG. 20 . Operating system program loader  2506  is able to guarantee the integrity of application module  2508  by validating the signature on the sealed application program module with assistance from internal smart key device  2504 , which assists operating system program loader  2506  because it has already established a trust relationship with operating system program loader  2506  through the completion of a mutual authentication procedure. Thereafter, application module  2508  is able to perform a mutual authentication procedure with internal smart key device  2504 , operating system modules  2510 , or other application modules  2512  in order to trust relationships as necessary. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 26 , a flowchart illustrates a process for ensuring the integrity of software modules in accordance with an implementation of the present invention. The process begins in a block  2602  during the startup of a data processing system when hardware circuitry within the data processing system validates the digital signature on the boot ROM through assistance of the internal smart key unit within the data processing system. Assuming that the digital signature on the boot ROM has been successfully validated, during a block  2604 , the startup hardware on the data processing system then activates the boot ROM of the data processing system, thereby preventing the boot ROM from performing many types of operations until the internal smart key device has validated it, or in alternative implementations, preventing the boot ROM from performing any operations until the internal smart key device has validated it. 
     At some subsequent point in time, presumably still during the startup procedure of the data processing system, during a block  2606 , the boot ROM verifies the digital signature(s) on signed/sealed operating system module(s) that are required for further initialization of the data processing system. Assuming that the boot ROM is able to validate the digital signature(s) on operating system module(s), the boot ROM then, during a block  2608 , loads the operating system module(s) during a block  2608  and passes execution control to the operating system module(s) during a block  2610 . 
     At some subsequent point in time, during a block  2612 , a program loader within the operating system verifies the digital signature on signed/sealed application module(s) that are being invoked on the data processing system, e.g., in response to a request by a user of the data processing system. Assuming that the program loader is able to validate the digital signature(s) on the application module(s), then, during a block  2614 , the program loader loads the application module(s) and, during a block  2616 , passes execution control to the application module(s), thereby concluding the process. In this manner, the present invention may be employed to ensure the integrity of all software modules that execute on the data processing system; all software that executes on the data processing system must be signed by the internal smart key device or by a software certificate authority module that is trusted by the internal smart key device. The trust relationship is established via mutual authentication between the software certificate authority module and the internal smart key device and also via a configuration process to add the certificate of the software certificate authority module into the list of trusted certificates into the internal smart key device. As partially described with respect to  FIG. 25  and more fully with respect to the previous figures, appropriate trust relationships are established during software execution through mutual authentication procedures that employ the digital certificates that have been previously embedded in the respective entities. 
       FIG. 27  depicts a block diagram that shows a portion of two data processing systems that, when communicatively coupled, mutually authenticate each other to enable cryptographic functionality in a hardware security unit within one of the data processing systems in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. First system unit  506  was described above in conjunction with  FIG. 5 . One with skill in the computing arts should recognize that there is a multitude of ways to communicatively couple two systems, such as, but not limited to, direct connections, wirelessly or over many different types of networks. 
     System unit  506  contains internal smart key device (INSKD)  522  ( FIG. 5 ), which is an integral part of the host system  506 , i.e. installed within system  506  such as on a motherboard (not shown). As mentioned above, internal smart key device  522  is preferably a packaged, integrated circuit that is difficult to remove from the host system. While it may be described as a hardware security unit or device, it may also comprise a processing unit for executing instructions. In addition to the components of INSKD  522  described above in conjunction with  FIG. 5 , INSKD  522  includes a remote INSKD (RINSKD) public key certificate  2702 , which includes a RINSKD public key  2704 . INSKD  522  also includes a local INSKD (LINSKD) public key certificate  2706  that has LINSKD public key  2708 . INSKD  522  also includes a LINSKD private key  2709 , which corresponds to LINSKD public key  2708  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. LINSKD private key  2709  is stored in a manner such that it cannot be read or accessed by entities that are external INSKD  522 . The cryptographic key pair represented by LINSKD public key  2708  and LINSKD private key  2709  are generated by INSKD  522  after INSKD  522  has been authenticated by EXSKD  502  ( FIG. 5 ) or, in the alternative, installed as part of the manufacturing process. 
     A second system unit  2710  contains a second internal smart key device (INSKD_ 2 )  2712 , which is an integral part of the host system  2710 , i.e. installed within system  2710  such as on a motherboard (not shown). Like INSKD  522 , INSKD_ 2   2712  is preferably a packaged, integrated circuit that is difficult to remove from the host system. While it may be described as a hardware security unit or device, it may also comprise a processing unit for executing instructions. Like system unit  506 , INSKD  522  and EXSKD  502  ( FIG. 5 ), system unit  2710  and INSKD_ 2   2712  also interface with an external smart key device (EXSKD_ 2 )  2802  (see  FIG. 28 ), which is a portable or removable device. The EXSKD_ 2   2802  associated with system unit  2710  is employed to enable system unit  2710  to accept new keys and certificates, using corresponding INSKD_ 2  private and public key pairs and EXSKD_ 2  public and private key pairs, like the process described above in conjunction with system unit  506  and  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B. The cryptographic key pair represented by RINSKD public key  2716  and RINSKD private key  2724  are generated by INSKD_ 2   2712  after INSKD_ 2   2712  has been authenticated by EXSKD_ 2   2816  (see  FIG. 29 ) or, in the alternative, installed as part of the manufacturing process. 
     INSKD_ 2   2712  includes a RINSKD public key certificate  2714 , which includes a RINSKD public key  2716 , and a LINSKD public key certificate  2718 , which includes a LINSKD public key  2720 . INSKD_ 2   2712  also includes a cryptographic engine  2722  and a RINSKD private key  2724 , which corresponds to RINSKD public key  2716  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. LINSKD public key  2720  is a copy of LINSKD public key  2708  and RINSKD public key  2704  is a copy of RINSKD public key  2716 . RINSKD private key  2724  is stored in a manner such that it cannot be read or accessed by entities that are external INSKD_ 2   2712 . 
     In this example, system unit  2710  is a portable computer such as, but not limited to, a laptop computer, a notebook computer or a personal digital assistant (PDA) device. INSKD_ 2   2712  of system unit  2710  enables the functionality of INSKD  506 . In the alternative, INSKD_ 2   2712  and INSKD  506 , and thus system unit  2701  and system unit  506 , mutually authenticate each other. The process of mutual authentication of system unit  506  and system unit  2710  is explained in more detail below in conjunction with  FIGS. 29-31 . Simply stated, once INSKD  522  has been enabled as described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B and INSKD_ 2   2710  has been enabled using a process like that described in  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B, INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2710  authenticate and digitally sign each other using public key certificates  2702 ,  2706 ,  2714  and  2718 , public keys  2704 ,  2708 ,  2716  and  2720  and private keys  2709  and  2704  in a process similar to that described in  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B and described in more detail below in conjunction with  FIGS. 29-30 . In this manner, multiple system units may be employed to authenticate each other. 
     System unit  2710  is physically secured by system administration personnel, e.g., an IT administrator. System unit  2710  is secure-communicatively coupled to system unit  506  when an IT administrator needs to enable certain cryptographic functions that can be performed by the INSKD on the host machine, i.e. INSKD  522  on system unit  506 . In other words, certain cryptographic functions on system unit  506  are available when system unit  2710  is secure-communicatively coupled with system unit  506 . INSKD  2712  produces the results that are needed by the IT administrator because INSKD  2712  contains one or more particular cryptographic private keys for producing certain cryptographic output. Of course, as mentioned above, this relationship may be symmetric in that INSKD  522  may also be configured to enable cryptographic functionality of INSKD  2712  on system unit  2710 . Those with skill in the computing arts should realize that there are any number of means to secure-communicatively couple system units  506  and  2710 , including but not limited to, direct connections, connections via a secure wireless connection and various network connections employing Secure Socket Layer technology and Virtual Private Network technology, and web services message-layer encryption such as WS-Security, etc. 
     With reference to  FIG. 28 , a block diagram depicts system unit  2710  ( FIG. 27 ) and INSKD_ 2   2712  ( FIG. 27 ) in more detail. INSKD_ 2   2712  includes cryptographic engine  2722  ( FIG. 27 ), an INSKD_ 2  private key  2802 , an INSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2804  and an EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2808 . INSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2804  includes an INSKD_ 2  public key  2806 . EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2808  includes an EXSKD_ 2  public key  2810 . 
     Cryptographic engine  2722  executes cryptographic functions using various data items that are stored in INSKD_ 2   2712 . INSKD_ 2  private key  2802  is stored in a manner such that it cannot be read or accessed by entities that are external to INSKD_ 2   2712 . The keys are protected by an INSKD_ 2   2712  signing and verification process (see  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B), in a fashion similar to the process employed to protect SWSKU  538  ( FIG. 6 ). INSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2804  employs INSKD_ 2  public key  2806  that corresponds to INSKD_ 2  private key  2802  as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. INSKD_ 2   2712  also contains a copy of an EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2808 , which itself contains a copy of EXSKD_ 2  public key  2810  that corresponds to an EXSKD_ 2  private key  2818 , stored on an external smart key device (EXSKD_ 2 )  2816 , as an asymmetric cryptographic key pair. The copy of EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2808  may be written onto INSKD_ 2   2712  as part of its manufacturing or initialization processes. 
     System unit  2710  includes an electrical interface  2812  that connects to a corresponding electrical interface  2814  on EXSKD_ 2   2816 . EXSKD_ 2   2816  includes a cryptographic engine  2820  that executes cryptographic functions using various data items that are stored in EXSKD_ 2   2816 . As mentioned above, EXSKD_ 2   2816  stores EXSKD_ 2  private key  2818 . EXSKD_ 2  also includes an EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2822  and an INSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2826 . EXSKD_ 2  public key certificate stores a EXSKD_ 2  public key  2824  and INSKD_ 2  public key certificate  2826  stores a INSKD_ 2  public key  2828 . 
     EXSKD_ 2   2816  INSKD_ 2   2712  authenticate and digitally sign each other using public key certificates  2822 ,  2826 ,  2804  and  2808 , public keys  2824 ,  2828 ,  2806  and  2810  and private keys  2818  and  2802  in a process similar to that described in  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B. System unit  506  and system unit  2710  are communicatively coupled; INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2712  are authenticated by EXSKD  502  and EXSKD_ 2   2816 , respectively; and, then, INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2712  are authenticated with respect to each other. These authentication processes are described in more detail below in conjunction with  FIGS. 29-31 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 29 , a flowchart depicts an overview of a process for enabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a system by means of a second system unit. The process commences in a block  2902  during which  2902 , INSKD  522  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ) of system  506  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ) performs an authentication process with EXSKD  502  and INSKD_ 2   2712  of system  2710  ( FIG. 27 ) performs an authentication procedure with EXSKD_ 2   2816 . During a block  2904 , INSKD  522  generates the cryptographic key pair represented by LINSKD public key  2708  and LINSKD private key  2709  and INSKD_ 2   2712  generates the cryptographic key pair represented by RINSKD public key  2716  and RINSKD private key  2724 . The generation of the cryptographic key pairs in each of INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2712  occurs after the particular device has been authenticated, as in block  2902 . In addition, the LINSKD public key  2708  is transmitted to INSKD_ 2   2712  and RINSKD public key  2716  is transmitted to INSKD  522 . The means for distributing public keys  2708  and  2716  is not critical, for example, a technician can manually enter keys  2708  and  2716  into the appropriate device by typing at the corresponding system&#39;s keyboard (not shown). 
     During a block  2906 , a properly configured computing device, such as system unit  506 , ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ) is electrically engaged with a system unit, such as system unit  2710  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ), that includes an internal smart key device, which in this example is INSKD_ 2   2712  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ). During a block  2908 , INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2712  then perform a mutual authentication procedure by employing public key certificates  2822 ,  2826 ,  2804  and  2808 , public keys  2824 ,  2828 ,  2806  and  2810  and private keys  2818  and  2802  in a process similar to that described in  FIGS. 6-8  and  9 A-B. 
     During a block  2910 , INSKD_ 2   2712  is then enabled to validate INSKD  522  subsequently when EXSKD  502  and EXSKD_ 2   2816  are no longer present. In short, system unit  2710  becomes a smart key device for managing system unit  506 . In the alternative, INSKD_ 2   2712  is also enabled to perform cryptographic functions with respect to system unit  2710  and system unit  506  also becomes a smart key device for system unit  2710 . It should be noted that the process of establishing trust between system  506  and  2710 , described in conjunction with  FIG. 29 , only needs to be performed once for system  2710  to be able to function as a smart key device for system  506 . 
     It should also be noted that system unit  506  and system unit  2710  are typically unrelated at the end of the manufacturing process. Each system unit  506  and  2710  ships with its own smart key device  502  and  2816 , respectively. At a customer site, an IT administrator can use the process described in this invention to establish the trust relationship between the two system units  506  and  2710  so that he can use system unit  2710  as a “smart key” device to manage the system unit  506  over a secure-communication link across a network. This process can be easily extended to allow one laptop to be used to manage multiple remote system units. 
     It may be assumed that any error in the mutual authentication procedure prevents INSKD  522  from providing a digital signing of the device or software that failed the mutual authentication process. In other words, without INSKD_ 2   2712 , INSKD  522  is unable to sign new software, such as application  540  ( FIG. 5 ), thus preventing modification or installation of software on system  506 . Any software already installed can execute normally and INSKU  522  can provide digital signature validation, decryption and encryption services. In a less restrictive embodiment, the cryptographic functions of INSKD  522  may then be invoked by any application that is running on the host system. In a more restrictive embodiment, the cryptographic functions of the INSKD  522  may be invoked only by an application that includes a software smart key unit, such as SWSKU  538  ( FIG. 5 ). 
     With reference now to  FIG. 30 , a flowchart depicts a process for enabling, in this example, the cryptographic functionality of INSKD  522  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ) of host system  506  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention once the mutual authentication procedures of  FIG. 29  have been executed. During a block  3002 , the process commences when system units  506  and  2710  become communicatively coupled, i.e. electrically or via a communication link. During a block  3104 , INSKD  522  and INSKD_ 2   2708  then perform a mutual authentication procedure. Then, during a block  3006 , INSKD  522  is enabled to perform cryptographic functions for other components of system unit  506  such as SWSKU  538  ( FIG. 5 ), and the process is concluded. 
     While system unit  506  remains communicatively coupled with system unit  2710  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ), which contains INSKU  2712 , INSKU  522  is enabled to provide functionality to act as a certificate authority, i.e. generate new public certificates. INSKD  522 , which engages in the mutual authentication upon request from the INSKD_ 2   2708 , may issue a session key to track the session. Typical techniques such as unique (random) session key, session key expiration timeout, session key renewal process, applies to keep track the session. In other words, once the mutual authentication procedure of  FIG. 29  is complete, system unit  2710 , in conjunction with INSKD_ 2   2712 , can enable INSKD  522  in a manner similar to that performed by EXSKD  502 . 
     In one embodiment, system unit  2710  should be engaged with system unit  522  when installing a new software package. A new public certificate may be issued to the new software package during the software installation; the private key that corresponds to the public key in the newly issued digital certificate may be embedded within the software package, and the private key may be protected by having the internal smart key device sign the software package. Furthermore, in a Java® environment, a JAR file and the Java® package in which the private key is embedded may be further sealed to prevent a malicious user from tampering with the private key. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 31 , a flowchart depicts a process for disabling the cryptographic functionality of the internal smart key device of a host system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The process commences during a block  3102  when system unit  2710  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ) is decoupled from system unit  506  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ), which contains INSKD  522  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ). During a block  3104 , when system unit  506  detects the decoupling of system unit  2710 , INSKD  522  becomes disabled from further performing cryptographic functions, and the process is concluded. 
     The process that is shown in  FIG. 31  operates as a complementary process to either of the processes that are shown in  FIG. 29  or  FIG. 30 . It should be noted, though, that the INSKD  522  may, in the alternative, continue to perform some functions such that it is not completely disabled, depending on the implementation of the present invention. It should also be noted that the processes relating to an internal smart key device and an external smart key device, described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B,  10 A,  10 B,  11 A,  11 B and  19 - 26 , are also applicable to the cryptographic capabilities of the hardware systems system described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 27-31 . For the sake of simplicity, figures corresponding to  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B,  10 A,  10 B,  11 A,  11 B and  19 - 26  are not duplicated. 
       FIG. 32  depicts a block diagram of portions of data processing system  506  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ), INSKD  522  ( FIGS. 5 and 27 ), EXSKD  502  ( FIG. 5 ), data processing system  2710  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ), INSKD_ 2   2712  ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ), and EXSKD_ 2   2816  ( FIG. 28 ) illustrating the cryptographic key pairs employed to execute the disclosed subject matter. A first pair of cryptographic keys includes INSKD private key  526  ( FIG. 5 ) and INSKD public key  520  ( FIG. 5 ), which is employed to authenticate INSKD  522  with respect to EXSKD  502 . A second pair of cryptographic keys includes EXSKD private key  512  ( FIG. 5 ) and EXSKD public key  534  ( FIG. 5 ), which is employed to authenticate EXSKD  502  with respect to INSKD  522 . A third pair of cryptographic keys includes LINSKD private key  2709  ( FIG. 27 ) and LINSKD public key  2708  ( FIG. 27 ), which are employed to authenticate INSKD  522  with respect to INSKD_ 2   2712 . A fourth pair of cryptographic keys includes RINSKD private key  2724  ( FIG. 27 ) and RINSKD public key  2704  ( FIG. 27 ), which is employed to authenticate INSKD_ 2   2712  with respect to INSKD  522 . A fifth pair of cryptographic keys includes INSKD_ 2  private key  2802  ( FIG. 28 ) and INSKD_ 2  public key  2828  ( FIG. 28 ), which is employed to authenticate INSKD_ 2   2712  with respect to EXSKD_ 2   2816 . Finally, a sixth pair of cryptographic keys includes EXSKD_ 2  private key  2818  ( FIG. 28 ) and EXSKD_ 2  public key  2810  ( FIG. 28 ), which is employed to authenticate EXSKD_ 2   2816  with respect to INSKD_ 2   2712 . 
     It should be noted that every cryptographic key does not necessarily have to be unique. For example, the first cryptographic key pair and the third cryptographic key pair may both employ the same private key, i.e. INSKD private key  526  may be equal to LINSKD private key  2709 . In other words, each device may store a single private key that is employed in multiple cryptographic key pairs. 
     It may be assumed that the cryptographic functionality in the internal smart key device may be enabled or disabled through software or hardware. For example, in a hardware mode, the operation of particular circuitry in the internal smart key device might be prevented from entering an operable state by certain flip-flops or other mechanisms that must be set or cleared based on an enablement state that represents whether the external smart key device has been accepted; in a software mode, the operation of certain cryptographic functions may be protected by setting and clearing special enablement flags that logically control the execution of the cryptographic functions. 
     The advantages of the present invention should be apparent in view of the detailed description that is provided above. The present invention provides a mechanism for securing cryptographic functionality within a host system such that it may only be used when a system administrator physically allows it via a hardware security token. In addition, a hardware security unit is integrated into a data processing system, and the hardware security unit acts as a hardware certificate authority. The hardware security unit may be viewed as supporting a trust hierarchy or trust framework within a distributed data processing system. The hardware security unit can sign software that is installed on the machine that contains the hardware security unit. Server processes that use the signed software that is run on the machine can establish mutual trust relationships with the hardware security unit and amongst the other server processes based on their common trust of the hardware security unit. 
     It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of instructions in a computer readable medium and a variety of other forms, regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include media such as EPROM, ROM, tape, paper, floppy disc, hard disk drive, RAM, and CD-ROMs and transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communications links. 
     A method is generally conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of actions leading to a desired result. These actions require physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It is convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, parameters, items, elements, objects, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these terms and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. 
     The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments were chosen to explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention in order to implement various embodiments with various modifications as might be suited to other contemplated uses.