Patent Publication Number: US-11037765-B2

Title: Resonant structure for electron cyclotron resonant (ECR) plasma ionization

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Fabrication of integrated circuits (IC) in semiconductor industry typically employs plasma processing to create and assist surface chemistry necessary to remove material from—and deposit material to—a substrate within a plasma processing chamber. Examples of plasma processing apparatus include a plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) apparatus configured to deposit a thin film on a substrate, and a plasma etching apparatus configured to remove material from a substrate, which can include using an etch mask to define locations for removing material. 
     In general, such plasma processing apparatus form plasma under vacuum conditions by flowing a process gas into a processing chamber and heating electrons to energies sufficient to sustain ionizing collisions. Heated electrons can have energy sufficient to sustain dissociative collisions. As such, a specific set of gases under predetermined conditions (e.g., chamber pressure, gas flow rate, etc.) may be chosen to produce a population of charged species and/or chemically reactive species. These species may be suitable, for example, to a particular process being performed within the processing chamber. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description is described with reference to accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like features and components. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example plasma processing system according to implementations described herein. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example schematic representation of a plasma processing system with a resonant structure for generating resonant electromagnetic fields as described herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example implementation of the technology as described herein. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example implementation of the resonant structure as described herein. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example process chart illustrating an example method for generating plasma for semiconductor fabrication as described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described herein is a technology related to a method for generating a high density plasma in a plasma processing system used to manufacture semiconductor devices on a substrate. Particularly, the high density plasma ionization may include an electron cyclotron resonant (ECR) plasma that is utilized for semiconductor fabrication such as etching a semiconductor substrate. It is often desirable in semiconductor substrate processing to operate at a very low pressure. At low pressures the mean free path between collisions of charged and neutral particles with other neutral particles is long. This reduces the effects of charge exchange between ions and neutrals which reduce the average ion energy to the substrate. Low pressure also means that etch by products can travel further before colliding with neutrals. This means that either etch products can be more quickly removed by the action of the vacuum pump or in the case of etch products which have a non-zero sticking probability to allow such particles to stick to material surfaces facing the wafer. The pressure range of interest for the more rapid evacuation of etch by products or reduction of charge exchange is (&lt;10 mTorr) and, for the second process which is applicable in particular, for MRAM processing &lt;1 mTorr. Operation in this pressure regime (&lt;10 mTorr and especially &lt;1 mTorr) is difficult to achieve in any system without using magnetic fields to confine electrons long enough to heat them to the energy required for them to ionize neutrals and hence replace themselves. There are several potential concerns with using magnetic fields for plasma processing, for example, processing uniformity issues, cost, and the desire to minimize the magnetic field at the wafer in order to avoid charging damage. Described herein are systems and methods to circumvent these difficulties by enabling low pressure operation using magnetic fields while providing spatial uniformity control and minimizing the magnetic field at the wafer surface. 
     In one embodiment, a plasma processing system may include a process chamber intended to ionize process gas, at relatively low pressure, in a more uniform manner by coupling an array of resonant elements distributed along in a resonant structure when microwave energy is transmitted from a microwave transmission antenna or structure at a resonance frequency. The distribution of the resonant elements along the resonant structure may be arranged or optimized to improve energy uniformity across the process chamber. The resonant elements generate localized regions of electromagnetic energy by amplifying the energy from the antenna when the energy is transmitted at a particular frequency, which causes the electromagnetic waves to oscillate at larger amplitude than the original or initial transmission from the antenna. These localized regions of energy are of sufficient amplitude to ionize process gases, at least gas proximate to the resonant structure, such that newly generated electrons will be confined and/or rotate around in the magnetic fields transmitted from an array of magnets distributed around and/or within the resonant elements. In this instance, the electrons are trapped where the magnetic field has a value, such that electron cyclotron frequency is the same as the exciting microwave frequency. When this condition is met, the electromagnetic field couples energy very efficiently into the electron cyclotron motion which heats the electrons. The nature of the coupling increases the heating efficiency of electrons while the magnetic field prevents the spatial loss of electrons especially of high energy electrons which typically escape from non-magnetized plasmas very quickly. 
     In one embodiment, a resonant structure includes an array of resonant elements, embedded in a ceramic structure, which are designed to resonant at particular microwave frequencies. The magnetic field is provided by permanent magnets, embedded in the ceramic structure, which naturally have magnetic fields which are of sufficient magnitude to allow electron resonance in the microwave frequency regime. In one specific embodiment, the resonant elements have two half loops closest to the plasma and these half loops are concentric around a central permanent magnet embedded in the ceramic structure the north or south face parallel to the plane containing the two half loops. Several permanent magnets may be disposed along a circle outside the two half loops with a counter polarization to the central permanent magnets. Magnetic field lines which leave the face of the central permanent magnet loop and enter the face of one of the outer permanent magnets, forming the magnetic loops which trap the electrons generated by the microwave energy transmitted from the antenna. 
     In one embodiment, a method for ECR processing using the resonant structure may include receiving a semiconductor substrate on a substrate chuck disposed within a plasma processing chamber. The substrate may include a pattern that provides a mask layer to enable selective etching of portions of the substrate using gas that is flowed into the plasma processing chamber being maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure, generally at less than 10 mTorr. Igniting the plasma may be accomplished by radiating microwave energy from a transmission element coupled to the plasma chamber towards a source component (e.g., resonant structure) disposed between the substrate chuck and the transmission element, the source component including an array of resonant elements with a corresponding group of magnets distributed around or near each of the resonant elements. The transmission element and the resonant elements may form a resonant circuit based, at least in part, on an impedance of the resonant elements and frequency of the microwave energy provided by the transmission element. The impedance being a measurement of the resistance and/or reactance to an alternating current that may be induced by the microwave energy from the transmission element. In most instances, the impedance will be determined by the resonant element geometry, composition, and/or combination thereof. Broadly, the resonant circuit is formed by matching the impedance with a particular frequency that enables the incoming energy to be amplified and to ionize, at least a portion of, the process gas within the chamber, such that free electrons are generated within the process chamber. The localized microwave energy may be coupled with the magnetic field in which the electrons are confined to rotate within a localized region, in which the magnetic field has a value such that the electron cyclotron frequency is the same or similar to the microwave frequency. The electromagnetic field and the static magnetic field which together enable the ECR phenomenon heating electrons which interact with the gas to form plasma or more specifically an ECR plasma proximate to, or along the surface of, the resonance structure, which may be used to treat (e.g., etch or deposit a film) the substrate. 
     As described herein, the resonant structure may be embedded in a dielectric material that is disposed within an interior volume of a process chamber of the plasma processing system. The resonant structure may include an array of resonant elements and an array of magnets disposed adjacent to the resonant element. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example plasma processing system  100  according to implementations described herein. As shown, the plasma processing system  100  may include a transmission element  102 , a plasma processing chamber  104 , a plasma region  106 , a rotatable substrate holder  108  holding a (semiconductor) substrate  110 , a gas supply  112 , a pump  114 , and a controller  116 . 
     The plasma processing system  100  may include a microwave plasma processing apparatus used to modify chemical and physical properties of a gas mixture within an interior volume of the plasma processing chamber  104  to treat the surface of the substrate  110  disposed within the interior volume. For example, the plasma processing system  100  may be utilized for etching purposes, or for a plasma enhanced deposition processes. In this example, the microwave plasma processing apparatus generates plasma such as the ECR plasma to modify the chemical and physical properties of the substrate  110 . 
     The processing chamber  104  may enclose the plasma region  106 , within the interior volume, where radiated microwave power or energy may be transmitted over a microwave energy transmission network (not shown) to form, control, or modulate plasma in conjunction with a resonant structure (not shown). The resonant structure, for example, may be disposed within the processing chamber  104  to provide high uniformity during etching or treating of the substrate by the ECR plasma. 
     As described herein, the ECR plasma may result from a combination of the radiated microwave power from the transmission element  102  and the electromagnetic fields from the resonant structure. We will refer in what follows to the “resonant electromagnetic fields” to mean the fields which primarily arise due to the presence of the resonant elements as opposed to the electromagnetic fields which may come directly from the transmission element. In this example, the combination of the radiated microwave power and the resonant electromagnetic fields may produce uniform spreading of the plasma from the transmission element  102  to the substrate  110 . That is, even though the plasma may be generated at some distance from the substrate  110 , the resonant structure may provide improve uniformity by generating ECR plasma more evenly across the process chamber  104 . 
     The plasma processing system  110  may further include a pump  114  that may be configured, for example, to control pressure within the processing chamber  104 . The pump  114  may be coupled to the controller  116  that may be configured to control and organize steps for the etching and plasma enhanced deposition processes. Similarly, the system  110  may include a gas distribution network  112  capable of supplying inert gas, etchant gas, or a combination thereof. For example, the inert gases may include but are not limited to, argon, and nitrogen and the etchant gas may include, but is not limited to, oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluorocarbon-based chemistry, and/or a combination thereof. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example schematic representation of the example plasma processing system  100  with a resonant structure  200  for generating electromagnetic fields and magnetic fields as described herein. 
     The resonant structure  200  (or a source component) may include an array of magnets  202 , and array of resonant elements  204 , which are embedded in a dielectric material  206 . The dielectric material  206  may include any ceramic material capable of withstanding the process chemistry or electromagnetic energy used to generate plasma within the process chamber  104 . For example, the ceramic material may include, but is not limited to, yttrium oxide or aluminum oxide. 
     As described herein, a low-pressure environment of lesser than 10 mTorr may be maintained within the plasma region  106 . For example, the controller  116  may be configured to control the gas supply  112  in supplying ionization gas within the plasma region  106  via a gas distribution network. In this example, the low-pressure measurements within the plasma region  106  may be limited to about 10 mTorr or below. 
     With the low-pressure environment of about 10 mTorr or less, the resonant structure  200  may generate the electromagnetic fields and magnetic fields proximate to a plasma surface  212  of the resonant structure  200  and away from the substrate  110 . The presence of these electromagnetic fields and the magnetic fields make possible the creation and sustenance of the plasma within the plasma region  106  even at a low-pressure of about or less than 1 mTorr. 
     To form plasma or ECR plasma, the radiated microwave energy from the transmission element  102  is combined with the electromagnetic fields (not shown) and/or the magnetic fields (not shown) generated by the resonant structure  200 . The resonant structure  200  may include an array of resonant elements  204  disposed within the dielectric material  206  and, a corresponding array of magnets  202  ( 202 - 2 ,  202 - 4 ,  202 - 6 ) disposed around the resonant element  200 . The arrangement and polarity of the array of magnets  202  may be designed to form a magnetic field (not shown) that extends between the inner magnets (e.g., first magnet  202 - 2 ) and the outer magnets (e.g., first magnet  202 - 4  and third magnet  202 - 6 ). The resonant structures  200  and the microwave source  102  may be energized to ionize process gases, such that gas molecules lose electrons which are then confined by the magnetic field. In addition there is good energy transfer between the electromagnetic fields and the electrons at the points where the magnetic field has a magnitude, such that the electron cyclotron frequency is the same or similar to the microwave frequency. Electron cyclotron motion refers to electrons that rotate about a magnetic field line in a circular motion in which the angular frequency of this cyclotron motion is governed by equation (1), wherein CD is angular frequency, e is elementary charge (e.g., 1.69×10 −19 ), B is the magnetic field strength, and m e  is the electron rest mass of a single electron (e.g., 9.1×10 −31 ). The electron cyclotron motion is said to be resonant when the angular frequency is the same as the angular frequency of the electromagnetic fields. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                     eB 
                     
                       m 
                       e 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
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     For example, the cyclotron resonance for 2.45 GHz exists when the magnetic field strength, B, is equal to, or about, 875G. In this instance, the electrons which rotate around a particular portion of magnetic field line whose magnitude is ˜875 G will be perfectly synchronized with electromagnetic waves which oscillated at 2.45 GHz. When the electron cyclotron motion and the electromagnetic fields are thus synchronized, power is transferred very efficiently from the fields to the electrons, heating them to an energy where they can ionize neutral background gas. In this way the combination of enhanced electromagnetic fields due to the resonant structures and the static magnetic fields which cause electron cyclotron motion, enable a relatively higher density plasma, along the plasma surface  212  of the dielectric material  206  opposite the substrate holder  108 , than could be achieved without the resonant structure. 
     In the  FIG. 2  embodiment, the resonant element  204 - 2  may form an inductor-capacitance (LC) resonant circuit, which may include a 20 micron thick metal layer that may be folded to form a loop or half loop at both ends, such that a portion of the resonant element  204 - 2  may be opposite and/or parallel to the transmission element  208  that may induce current flow within the resonant element  204 - 2  to generate electromagnetic fields that can extend outside of the dielectric material  206 . The resonant element&#39;s  204  electromagnetic fields, in conjunction with the static magnetic fields, from the magnets  202 - 2  to  202 - 6 , may confine electrons within a localized region proximate to each of magnets  202 - 2  to  202 - 6 . If the resonance frequency is applied to the resonant elements  204  their corresponding electromagnetic fields will increase electron density within these localized regions and induce the electrons to rotate around the magnetic field lines at a relatively greater velocity to form the ECR plasma within the plasma region  106 . 
     The resonance frequency of the resonant structure  200  may be based, at least in part, on the height, width, radius, type of material, and/or relative position of the resonant elements  204  disposed within the dielectric material  206 . For example, the end-to-end distance between the loops of the resonant elements  204  may range from 1 mm to 50 mm, and the radius of the loop may range from 1 mm to 20 mm. However, the dimensions may vary, lower or higher, depending on the ECR application and the process conditions or process application in order to form a resonant circuit between the transmission element  102  and the resonant structure  200  (e.g., resonant elements  204 ). For example, the geometric size of the resonant structures  200  and/or the resonant elements  204  may be equal or considerably smaller than the free space wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation at the resonant frequency. In another embodiment, the resonant elements  204  may include a pair of magnetic coupling coils (not shown) which couple the resonant element  204  to the power source (not shown). Each of the magnetic coupling coils may terminate in a pair of capacitive components with a top plate on the coil and a bottom plate, opposite and/or parallel to the top plate that is a portion of a resonant LC circuit disposed with the dielectric material  206 . The bottom plate may be connected to one end each of two half circle loops acting as inductive components that may be opposite and/or parallel the bottom plate. Therefore, there are two inductive loops within the resonant circuit. The capacitive and inductive elements form an LC circuit within the dielectric material  206 . In such a resonant circuit, stored energy is exchanged between the capacitors and the inductors at the resonant frequency. In certain implementations, the inductive and capacitive components of the array have identical dimensions. In certain implementations, the inductive  212   a  and  212   b  and capacitive components  210  and  211  of the array have different dimensions. The resonant circuit may be representative of the resonant elements  204  being positioned in such a way that the changing magnetic fields produced by the inductive elements extend into the process chamber  104 . Under Faraday&#39;s law, the changing magnetic fields produce oscillating electric fields and this changing electric field together with the static magnetic fields from the magnets  202  couple to electrons within the ionized gas in the process chamber  103  to generate and sustain ECR plasma used to treat the substrate  110 . In one specific embodiment, permanent magnets will maintain a static field and their magnetic field may not vary in time, which is desirable in most applications. However, in other embodiments, electromagnets or non-permanent magnets may vary their magnetic field via current flow, but may also be considered static magnets for the purposes of this disclosure, such that current to the electromagnets may vary on a time scale that is much longer than the electromagnetic wave time scale (e.g., ms vs. ns). 
     In many embodiments, the array of magnets  202  may be distributed within and around an outer perimeter of each resonant element to form the magnetic field proximate to the resonant element and an exterior surface of the resonant structure. Each magnet includes a particular dimension or size. Furthermore, each magnet may be positioned at a certain distance from another magnet. In this case, the dimension or size, and positioning of the magnets provide the magnetic fields that match the generated electromagnetic fields from the resonant element in order to generate a resonance between the electromagnetic fields and the electron cyclotron motion. For example, in one particular embodiment, the array of magnets may include groups of magnets distributed and/or positioned within and around an outer perimeter of each a corresponding resonant element for the group of magnets. For example, an array of magnets includes groups of two or more magnets with at least one magnet having a different magnetic orientation from the other magnets. This embodiment may be used localize the magnetic fields around their corresponding resonant elements  204  to achieve ECR plasma. In contrast, in another embodiment, the array of magnets comprise groups of two or more magnets having the same magnetic orientation, such that the magnetic fields are less localized and extend away from the resonant structures extending in some cases to the wafer. 
     In the  FIG. 2  embodiment, the resonant structure  200  may include an array of magnets  202  that are positioned or distributed within and around an outer perimeter of each of the resonant elements  204 - 2  to  204 - 6 , such that the array of magnets comprise groups of two or more magnets with at least one magnet having a different magnetic orientation from the other magnets. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a first magnet  202 - 2  may be disposed on a center of the resonant element loop  204 - 2  where the first magnet  202 - 2  may include a positive polarity. On the other hand, a second magnet  202 - 4  and a third magnet  202 - 6 , which are configured to have negative polarities, may be positioned along the outer perimeter of the resonant element loop  204 - 2 . In this case, the setup of the plurality of magnets  202  and the configuration of the resonant element loop  204 - 2  may create the resonance between the electromagnetic fields and the electron cyclotron motion across the resonant element loop  204 - 2   
     The plurality of magnets  202  may be configured to have a certain amount of magnetic induction depending upon the resonant electromagnetic fields to be generated. For example, for 200 MHz resonant electromagnetic fields frequency, the plurality of magnets  202  may have a magnetic induction of about 70 Gauss. In this example, each magnet  202  may be positioned to trap the electrons along the electromagnetic fields of the resonant element  204 . In this manner, the resulting resonant electromagnetic fields may facilitate an increase plasma density in the ECR plasma proximate to the plasma surface  212 . 
     In certain embodiments, the frequency of the energy provided by the resonant structure  200  and the transmission element  102   102  may increase the rotation velocity of the electrons within the electromagnetic fields. These velocities may vary depending upon arrangement and/or the design of microwave source  102 , resonant elements  204 , magnets  202 , type of dielectric material  206 , or any combination thereof. Generally, the electromagnetic wave frequency at which high plasma ionization is generated due to this increase or spike in electron density may be referred to as a resonance frequency. This phenomena is evidenced by electrons, within the ionized gas, rotating or oscillating with greater amplitude when electromagnetic energy is applied at certain frequencies, when compared with other frequencies when the phenomena does not occur. The resonance phenomena may also increase plasma density proximate to the resonant element  204  and magnet pairings  400 , 402 . In some instances, the plasma density will be greater near the plasma surface  212  than at other locations further away from the resonant structure  200 . 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 2 , liquid cooling channels may be embedded on the dielectric material  206  and proximate to locations of the magnets  202  in order to provide a regulated temperature on the resonant structure  200 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example implementation of the technology as described herein. Particularly, the example implementation of  FIG. 3  is used for generating the ECR plasma with high uniformity during the treating of the substrate  110 . 
     As shown, the microwave energy transmission network includes an RF microwave source  300  that is connected to a microwave power source  302  through a waveguide  304  in order to radiate microwave energy  306 . Furthermore,  FIG. 3  shows magnetic fields  310 , from the array of magnets  202 , that interact with the microwave energy  306 , and the electromagnetic energy (not shown) from the resonant elements  204  to form localized regions of higher electron density within the magnetic fields  310 . 
     The RF microwave source  300  may be used to generate plasma  312 , by ionizing gas, within the process chamber  104 , which results in freeing electrons that may be used to form ECR plasma as described herein. The RF microwave source  300  may generate microwave energy in 300 MHz to 300 GHz range to enable the ECR plasma. However, for this range and particularly at GHz range, bigger magnetic induction may be required for the array of magnets  202 . In an embodiment, the RF microwave source  300  may be used to generate VHF frequency that may generate ECR plasma using a smaller array of magnets  202 . For example, at 250 MHz electromagnetic energy, a magnetic induction of about 100 Gauss may require smaller magnets  202  to be disposed around the resonant element  204 . 
     As described herein, a liquid cooling channel  314  may be further embedded in between the array of resonant element loops  204  in order to cool down the permanent magnets  202 . For example, the liquid cooling channel  314  includes a heat transfer element that sends a fluid mixture through passages of the heat transfer element to pick up heat from the resonant structure  200 . In this example, liquid cooling channel  314  may sustain efficiency and further provides durability for the resonant structure  200 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example implementation of the resonant structure  200  as seen from the bottom view or from the point of view of the substrate holder  110 . As shown, an example resonant element  204  is surrounded by a plurality of magnets  400 , which are positioned along a perimeter of the resonant element  204 , and another set of permanent magnets  402  that are disposed between the components of the resonant element  204 . 
     As described herein, the polarities of the small perimeter magnets  400  and the permanent magnets  402  are configured to generate magnetic fields  308  across the resonant element  204  and the plasma surface  212 . For example, each of the plurality of small magnets  400 - 2  to  400 - 16  includes South polarity, while the set of permanent magnets  402 - 2  to  402 - 8  include North polarities. In this example, the sizes and distances of the plurality of small magnets  400  from each other are configured to enable the charge distribution along the plasma surface  212 . Similarly, the sizes and distances of the set of permanent magnets  402  from each other are configured to generate the charge distribution for the resonant electromagnetic fields. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example process chart  500  illustrating an example method for generating ECR plasma for semiconductor fabrication as described herein. The order in which the method is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described method blocks can be combined in any order to implement the method, or alternate method. Additionally, individual blocks may be deleted from the method without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, the method may be implemented in any suitable hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     At block  502 , receiving a semiconductor substrate  110  on a substrate chuck disposed within a plasma processing chamber is performed. For example the rotatable substrate holder  108  includes the substrate chuck to hold the semiconductor substrate  110 . In this example, the semiconductor substrate  110  such as the metal film stack is received by the substrate holder  108 . 
     At block  504 , flowing gas into the plasma processing chamber while maintaining a low-pressure environment by controlling gas flow within the plasma processing chamber is performed. For example, the controller  116  may be operated to control the gas supply  112  to deliver gas to the interior volume. In one embodiment, the low-pressure environment within the plasma region  106  may be limited to about 10 mTorr or below, while flowing one or more processes gases in to the plasma processing chamber, which may include, but is not limited to, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluorocarbon-based chemistry, and/or a combination thereof. In one specific embodiment, the pressure may be limited to less than 1 mTorr to enable ECR plasma formation, particularly for MRAM metal film stack etching that incorporates one or more metal films disposed on the substrate. The controller  116  will operate to confirm the pressure and gas flow conditions are at desired set points to enable plasma ignition within the plasma processing chamber. 
     At block  506 , the controller  116  may be the plasma ignition process by radiating microwave energy from a transmission element  102  coupled to the plasma chamber towards a resonant structure  200  or source component disposed between the substrate chuck and the transmission element, the source component or resonant structure  200  which may include the array of resonant elements  204  and the array of magnets  400 ,  402  proximate to the array of resonant elements In one embodiment, the transmission element  102  may be powered by a microwave power source  302  to radiate microwave energy  306  towards the direction of the resonant structure  200 . In this example, the microwave energy  306  may be in the VHF frequency range of 100-200 MHz. In this VHF frequency range, the resonant element  204  may be include, for example, a continuous coil that is folded at both ends to form a resonant element loop. In this example, the formed resonant element loop may include an enhanced capacitance at each end. In some embodiments, the resonant element loop may be designed to form a resonant circuit at certain frequencies of microwave energy provided by the transmission element  102 . 
     At block  508 , when the transmission element  102  transmits microwave energy at a predetermined frequency (e.g., resonance frequency) towards the resonant elements  204 , a resonant circuit may be formed between the transmission element  102  and the resonant elements based, at least in part, on an impedance of the resonant elements  204  and frequency of the microwave energy provided by the transmission element  102 . The impedance being a measurement of the resistance and/or reactance to an alternating current that may be induced by the microwave energy from the transmission element  102 . In most instances, the impedance will be determined by the resonant element geometry, composition, and/or combination thereof. 
     At block  510 , the resonant elements  204 , based at least in part, on the resonance phenomena may generate an electromagnetic field from the array of resonant elements  204  and be coupled with magnetic fields from the array of magnets  400 ,  402 . In one embodiment, the microwave energy from the transmission element  102  comprises an amplitude being less than an amplitude of the electromagnetic energy radiating from the array of resonant elements  204 . The radiating electromagnetic energy and magnetic field from resonant structure  200 , which is disposed between the substrate chuck and the transmission element  102 , such that the coupling of the electromagnetic energy from the resonant elements  204  and magnetic fields from the magnets  400 ,  402  create free electrons within the process gas which are trapped in the magnetic field and rotate with an angular velocity as governed by equation (1). 
     At block  512 , the energy from the transmission element  102 , the resonant structure  200 , and/or the rotating electrons may enable ECR plasma to form proximate to a surface of the resonant structure  200 . The surface being opposite the substrate holder  108 . In one specific embodiment, the ECR plasma is formed based, at least in part, on the electromagnetic field and the magnetic field interacting with the gas in the plasma processing chamber. In some instances, the plasma is formed based, at least in part, on the microwave energy from the transmission element  102 . 
     At block  514 , treating the semiconductor substrate using the ECR plasma k performed. For example, the high density plasma ionization  308  may be utilized to etch the substrate  110  by using the ions in the ECR plasma that may be accelerated toward the substrate  110 . In one embodiment, the substrate holder  108  may include a powered electrode that may create a potential difference between the resonant structure  200  and the substrate holder  108 , such that the ions would accelerated towards the substrate  110  and impact the substrate  110 .