Patent Publication Number: US-2005141709-A1

Title: Digital audio and video playback with performance complement testing

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to digital audio and video playback, and more particularly to methods and apparatus that provide management of playlists for royalty bearing and non-royalty bearing viewable items and ensure compliance with the performance complement requirements.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      For convenient reference a “selection” will refer to an audio and/or video recording herein. Listening to and/or visually watching a selection is referred to collectively as “viewing” the selection. Copyright coverage of a viewable selection often requires payment of a royalty, or of a royalty-equivalent, when the selection is viewed more than a threshold number of times. A royalty-equivalent may be “paid” by viewing one or more commercial messages or advertisements at a time contemporaneous with viewing of the selection.  
      The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (“Millennium Act”) imposes additional requirements on a user who views, or offers viewing of, a sequence of two or more selections associated with a given recording, artist, artist group or anthology. One motivation for imposition of these additional requirements is to ensure that a given selection or artist does not become “shopworn” by reason of being viewed too often. The Millennium Act requirements are fairly complex and involve more than merely counting the number of times a particular selection is viewed in a commercial context.  
      What is needed is a system and associated method that facilitates compliance with the Millennium Act and facilitates viewing of royalty bearing and non-royalty bearing selections according to earlier provisions of copyright law. Preferably, the system should be flexible enough to allow quantitative and qualitative changes that reflect foreseeable changes in the applicable copyright law and should allow automation of a procedure for compliance with applicable copyright law.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      These needs are met by the invention, which provides a system whereby a viewer or other consumer of audio and/or video selections (“user”) manages one or more “playlists”, defined as a menu of one or more program items, such as music selections, news stories, literary audio works and video works, that are viewable by the user. A connection is established between the user and a data network, such as the Internet, in which the user uses a computer equipped with a modem to interact with a network server to obtain program items and associated information.  
      Certain items in the viewer&#39;s playlist cannot be viewed more than a threshold number of times without violating certain performance requirements. The system provides a timer to control viewing and to ensure that a given item or related group of items is not viewed too often. One or more advertisements or other commercial messages is inserted in the program selections at selected times, or the viewer can choose commercial-free operation of the playback system.  
      The system allows some freedom on the part of the viewer but ensures that copyrights of the program material are not violated. The system distinguishes between a royalty bearing (“RB”) program item, on which copyright requirements are imposed, and non-royalty bearing (“NRB”) program items, on which time or viewing constraints are not normally imposed, and monitors viewing time for the RB items. By tracking each RB item viewed, the viewer will usually qualify for a reduced royalty rate. Typically, cumulative royalties paid to a licensing company, such as the American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP) or Broadcast Music Institution (BMI) are higher if a blanket license is issued and the licensee is not required to account for each viewing of a performance. Herein, a “viewing” refers to a performance of part or all of an audio work or video work. The system will also track which songs or other selections a user views, how often each selection is viewed, and at what times and dates each selection is viewed.  
      One or more advertisements may be displayed in association with a playlist, and an ad may be given preference at certain times or dates, or because of the payment or payment-equivalent associated with viewing of the ad. One or more ads are displayed when a selected payment threshold is reached. Because some selections may accrue royalties at a higher rate than other selections, the system determines how often, and in what order, a sequence of advertisements is displayed in order to cover the royalties payable by reason of the user&#39;s viewing one or more selections.  
      This approach creates a content warehouse where a user can store an entire library of viewable selections. The user may have purchased a license to view some of these selections; viewing of other selections may require one or more royalty payments; and other selections may be viewable without charge. The user may choose to view commercial-supported selections (interspersed with advertisements) and/or may choose to view certain selections commercial-free. Commercial-free viewing is available (1) by limiting selections to those for which the user has purchased a license or which are designated as NRB by the publisher or copyright holder or (2) by making payment or payment-equivalent for the selections viewed. Then system also implements a sequence of tests, for each selection viewed, that ensure compliance with the performance complement provisions of the Millennium Act. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  illustrates a playback system to implement the invention.  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a format of information fields used in practicing the invention.  
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for practicing the invention.  
       FIG. 4  illustrates a stack of selection labels, and associated time stamps, used to monitor compliance with the Millennium Act.  
       FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for ensuring compliance with the Millennium Act. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION  
       FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an embodiment of a system  100  for practicing the invention. The system  100  includes a CPU  101 , a data communications interface  103  (e.g., a modem or Ethernet card), a primary memory  105  (e.g., fast access RAM), a user interface  107  (e.g., a CRT or LED display), a pointing device or indicator  109  (e.g., a imouse and key board, or a light pen), a data port  111  (e.g., a serial or parallel port or Universal Serial Bus), a secondary memory  113  (e.g., a hard disk), a sound device  115  (e.g., a sound card, Sound Blaster or audio chip), a system clock or timer  117  and one or more speakers  119   a ,  119   b.    
      The user interface  107  includes a graphical user interface (“GUI”)  121 , a GUI window or display  123  and interface controls  125  that allow the viewer to control playback of the audio or video selection. The interface controls  125  include a selection play button  127 , a stop button  129 , a skip-to-next-selection button  131 , a rewind button  133 , a fast forward button  134 , a tuner or scan button  135  and a purchase button  137 .  
      The secondary memory  113  contains data that are downloaded from a server  141 , associated with a selections warehouse  142  and operated in association with a communications network  143 , such as the Internet, that is communicated with through the data interface  103 . The secondary memory  113  optionally includes a source  151  for station data, a playlist database  153 , an audio database  155 , a video database  157 , a selections viewed queue  159 , a selection information database  161 , a key database  163 , an advertisement database  165 , an advertisement playlist  167 , an ads played queue  169 , a user ID record  171  and/or a user payment source or “wallet”  173 . The user ID record format includes a user ID field that uniquely identifies the user or viewer to the server  141  and optionally includes a public-private encryption key field, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 .  
      The station data source  151  in  FIG. 1  contains information that describes or identifies each playlist in the playlist database  153 . This playlist information is optionally displayed in the GUI window  123  when a specified selection or playlist is being viewed and is preferably presented to the user including a station name or station indicia and a short description of one or more selections in the playlist. Presentation of this information allows a user to identify a playlist and to refer to the playlist using the common metaphor of a radio station, if desired. By pressing or otherwise activating the scan button  135 , the user can scan or step through all or a portion of the playlists included in the playlist database  153 .  
      The selection information database  161  contains information that identifies one or more selections, optionally including an audio/video record field (“avrf”) that identifies the source (e.g., sound record, sound album, video record) in which the selection appears, an artist field (“af”) that identifies an artist or group of artists featured in the selection, a title field (“tf”) that identifies the title or name of the selection, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The selection information database  161  also includes an audio record set field (“arsf”) that indicates if the selection is part of an audio record that is in turn part of an audio record set; and if so, an indicium identifying the audio record that is the source of the selection. For example, in an audio record set consisting of three audio records, arsf=i (i=1, 2, 3) for all selections taken from the audio record number i. A selection from a single audio record that is not part of an audio record set (two or more records) preferably corresponds to arsf=0. The selection information database  161  preferably contains a pointer to an encryption-decryption key in the key database  163  that may be used to decrypt a selection to be viewed.  
      The selection information database format illustrated in  FIG. 2  also contains an RB/NRB field (“sr”) that indicates if the selection is royalty bearing (“sr”=1) or non-royalty bearing (“sr”=0). Where sr=1, an associated field will include information on the royalty rate, a license duration (optional) and the recipient of the royalty payment(s). The user may convert a selection from RB to NRB by pressing or activating the purchase button  137 ; this action causes a (positive) monetary amount contained in the wallet  173  to be decremented by an appropriate amount, in payment of the specified royalty. If the wallet  173  contains insufficient funds to purchase a license to view an RB selection, the user is notified of this condition, preferably using the GUI window  123 .  
      If payment of the royalty by the user provides a license to view of unlimited duration, the user may download the (now-NRB) selection to an NRB selection source, such as an MP3 disk, that can be viewed as often and for as long as the user wishes. If payment of the royalty by the user provides a license to view of limited time duration, a time stamp becomes associated with the selection. The user may download the selection plus time stamp to an NRB selection source that can be viewed as often as the user wishes, until the viewing system reads the time stamp and senses that the license time interval has run out. Beyond that time point, this downloaded selection cannot be viewed without making payment or payment-equivalent for another license to view this selection.  
      A user may make payment or payment-equivalent by presenting actual payment, using the purchase button or wallet  173  ( FIG. 1 ), or by viewing one or more advertisements. Each ad has a payment-equivalent amount (e.g., $0.01 to $1.00) associated with viewing of the ad. Because the payment amount for viewing an ad is normally not uniform for all ads, the system optionally gives priority to certain ads over all other ads, based on the payment amount. For example, the system may give priority to the available ads with the highest associated payment equivalent amount. The system may, alternatively, sense the present time and/or date and may give priority to certain ads associated with that time and/or date. For example, if the date sensed is early February, the system may give priority to ads associated with Valentine&#39;s Day activities; and if the time sensed is late afternoon, the system may give priority to ads directed to evening activities, such as restaurants and theaters. Further, the system operator may have agreed to present a given advertisement at least once but no more than N times (N≧1) in a given time interval, such as 24 hours or 7 days; a given ad may be given priority, or have priority and viewing availability withheld, based on the terms of this agreement.  
      A sound recording “performance complement” is introduced in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (“Millennium Act”), in order to limit the number of times a particular selection, artist or group of artists is viewed within a specified time interval. A viewing sequence of selections complies with the Millennium Act performance complement if, over a three-hour time interval: (i) no more than three selections from the same recording are viewed, (ii) no more than two consecutive selections from the same recording are viewed, (iii) no more than four selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed and (iv) no more than three consecutive selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed.  
      More generally, a viewing sequence of selections may be said to comply with a performance complement if, over a specified time interval of length Δt(PC): (i) no more than a first specified number N 1  of selections from the same recording are viewed; (ii) no more than a second specified number N 2  of consecutive selections from the same recording are viewed; (iii) no more than a third specified number N 3  of selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed; and (iv) no more than a fourth specified number N 4  of consecutive selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed. An analogous performance complement may be applied to a sequence of video selections, such as a sequence of transmissions of television programs, or to the more familiar sequence of audio selections.  
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart of a procedure for practicing the invention. In step  201 , the system checks the present time (and, optionally, the present date) and determines if a specified ad should be viewed at this time. If the answer to the query in step  201  is “yes”, the system disables one or more user controls in step  203 , and determines, in step  205 , if the ad to be viewed is a priority ad. “User control” herein refers to one or more of the following activities: rewind of a tape or other selection; fast forward through, or skipping portions of, a tape or other selection; stopping or pausing during viewing of a selection; and any similar activity associated with viewing a selection.  
      If the answer to the query in step  205  is “yes”, the system causes a priority ad to be viewed, in step  207 , and moves to step  211 . If the answer to the query in step  205  is “no”, the system moves to step  209  and causes the next ad in a list to be viewed. In step  211 , the system updates the ads-played queue by adding the ad just viewed to this queue. In step  213 , the system (re)enables user control and recycles to step  201 .  
      If the answer to the query in step  201  is “no”, the system provides or examines the next selection from a playlist, in step  215 . In step  217 , the system determines if a performance complement applies to this next selection. If the answer to the query in step  217  is “no”, the system recycles to step  201 .  
      If the answer to the query in step  217  is “yes”, the system determines if this nest selection is restricted, in step  219 . If the answer to the query in step  219  is “yes”, the system disables a user control (e.g., a selection rewind apparatus), in step  221 , and moves to step  223 . If the answer to the query in step  219  is “no”, the system allows viewing of this next selection to begin, in step  223 , and senses the end of this selection, in step  225 . In step  227 , the system (re)enables the user control and recycles to step  201 .  
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a structure of a selections-viewed queue,  300 . When a selection is viewed, an identifying label or indicium for a selection, referred to as “SID”, is created and used as a pointer to relevant information for that selection (module  109  in  FIG. 1 ). The SID is pushed onto a stack and is given a time stamp. Each SID and associated time stamp, for a selection viewed within a specified time interval with a specified length Δt(PC), is kept on the stack. A label for the selection that was viewed most recently, referred to as the “MRS” label, and its associated time stamp, referred to as “T MRS ”, appear at the top of the stack. Optionally, the MRS label may include information on (i) the recording from which the selection is drawn and/or (ii) the artist or artist group featured in the selection.  
      Next in line in the stack queue are the labels 2MRS, 3MRS, 4MRS, etc., which refer to the selections viewed second-most recently, third-most recently, fourth-most recently, etc., each with its associated time stamp, T nMRS  (n=2, 3, 4, . . . ). The system compares the selection information associated with each label to facilitate compliance with the (often complex) requirements of the Millennium Act. When a particular selection with label nMRS satisfies the condition 
 
 T   MRS   −T   nMRS   ≧Δt ( PC ), 
 
 that particular selection label is removed from the bottom of the stack. 
 
      One result of this removal of the label nMRS from the stack is that the time at which this particular selection was last viewed is ignored. For example, the time interval length Δt(PC) may be taken to be a time interval corresponding to one or more of the performance complement time intervals (e.g., Δt(PC)=3 hours), in order to account for the number of times a given selection is viewed within the performance complement time interval.  
      The system tests each selection to be viewed to verify that such viewing will not violate the copyright holder&#39;s rights according to the performance complement (“PC”). Before the next (chosen) selection is viewed, the selection (title), the selection, the recording of the selection, and the featured artist or artist group are subjected to four PC tests over a specified PC time interval: (i) no more than a first specified number N 1  of selections from the same recording are viewed, (ii) no more than a second specified number N 2  of consecutive selections from the same recording are viewed, (iii) no more than a third specified number N 3  of selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed and (iv) no more than a fourth specified number N 4  of consecutive selections from the same recording artist or artist group or anthology are viewed. Presently, N 1 =3, N 2 =2, N 3 =4 and N 4 =3, although these numbers may be changed by subsequent copyright legislation.  
      In one embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the audio/video record field avrf and the audio record set field arsf for the selection under test are compared to the avrf and arsf fields for the selections with labels MRS, 2MRS, . . . , K1MRS, in a first group of tests in steps  301  and  305 . If a match occurs in any of these tests, the chosen selection cannot be viewed and the system tests the following selection in the playlist, in step  303 .  
      If no match occurs, the system applies a second test, in step  307 . The avrf field for the chosen selection is compared to the avrf field for each selection previously viewed during the PC time interval. If more than K 2  matches occur, of the chosen selection avrf field with a previous selection avrf field, the chosen selection cannot be viewed at this time, and the tests are applied to a following selection in the playlist.  
      If no more than K 2  matches occur, of the chosen selection avrf field with a previous selection avrf field, a third test is applied, in step  309 . The artist (and artist group) field af for the chosen selection is compared with the af field for each selection viewed within the preceding PC time interval. If more than K 3  matches occur in the af field, the chosen selection cannot be viewed at this time, and the tests are applied to a following selection in the playlist.  
      If no more than three matches occur in the af field, the system applies a fourth test, in step  311 . The title field tf for the chosen selection is compared to the title field tf of each selection viewed within the preceding PC time interval. If more than K 4  matches occur, the chosen selection cannot be viewed at this time, and the tests are applied to a following selection in the playlist.  
      If no matches occur in the title field tf, the system applies a fifth test, in step  313 , and compares the audio record set field arsf field of the chosen selection with the arsf field for each selection viewed within the preceding PC time interval. If more than K 5  matches occur in the arsf field, the chosen selection cannot be viewed at this time, and the tests are applied to a following selection in the playlist. If no more than K 5  matches occur in the arsf field, the system allows the chosen selection to be viewed, in step  315 .