Patent Publication Number: US-7907885-B2

Title: Electrostatic roll cleaner

Description:
This invention relates to an electrophotographic process and, more specifically, to a cleaning system useful in said process. 
     BACKGROUND 
     By way of background in xerography or an electrostatographic process, a uniform electrostatic charge is placed upon a photoreceptor surface. The charged surface is then exposed to a light image of an original to selectively dissipate the charge to form a latent electrostatic image of the original. The latent image is developed by depositing finely divided and charged particles of toner upon the photoreceptor surface. The charged toner is electrostatically attached to the latent electrostatic image areas to create a visible replica of the original. The developed image is then usually transferred from the photoreceptor surface to a final support material such as paper, and the toner image is fixed thereto to form a permanent record corresponding to the original. 
     In some xerographic copiers or printers, a photoreceptor surface is generally arranged to move in an endless path through the various processing stations of the xerographic process. Since the photoreceptor surface is reusable, the toner image is then transferred to a final support material, such as paper, and the surface of the photoreceptor is prepared to be used once again for the reproduction of a copy of an original. In this endless path, several xerographic related stations are traversed by the photoconductive belt. 
     Generally, after the transfer station, a photoconductor cleaning station is next and it comprises an endless photoconduction belt which passes sequentially to a first cleaning brush, often a second cleaning brush and after the brushes are positioned, a spots blade which is used to remove residual debris from the belt, such as toner additive and other filming. A problem is that the good cleaning efficiency of the cleaner brushes leaves a minimal amount of toner on the photoconductor and the spots blade is therefore inadequately lubricated. 
     One widely accepted prior art method of cleaning residual toner from the surface of a photoreceptor of a typical copier or printer is by means of a cylindrical brush or brushes rotated in contact with the photoreceptor surface at a relatively high rate of speed. Generally, rotatable brushes are mounted in interference contact to the photoreceptor surface to be cleaned, and the brushes are rotated so that the brush fibers continually wipe across the photoreceptor. Electrical bias applied to conductive brush fibers aids in removing and transporting cleaned material away from the photoreceptor surface. In order to reduce the dirt level within the brush, a flicker bar and vacuum system may be provided which removes some residual toner and toner agents from the brush fibers and exhausts some of the residual toner and toner agents from the cleaner. Alternatively, toner may be cleaned from the brush fibers by electrostatic transfer to electrically biased detoning rolls. Charged toner particles are transferred from the brush fiber tips to the detoning roll surface electrically biased to the opposite polarity of the toner charge. The toner cleaned from the cleaning blade is then removed from the detoning roll by a scraper blade. Unfortunately, the brush could become contaminated with toner and toner agents and, after extended usage, needs to be frequently replaced. Brush life is ultimately compromised by toner and additive impaction on fiber ends that affects conductivity and physical changes to brush through mechanical or electrical breakdown that affect the mechanical integrity and/or electrical conductivity. With increased processing speeds of today&#39;s copiers and printers and the expanded use of toner agents, the foregoing brush cleaning techniques are not totally effective or practical. 
     Electrostatic brush (ESB) cleaning has been long the choice for high volume cleaning applications. ESB cleaning provides superior reliability when compared to blade cleaning but at much higher unit manufacturing cost (UMC). Air detoning prevents the build up of toner within the brush but requires an expensive and high power usage air and filtration system to remove cleaned toner from the detoning air stream. Electrostatic detoning of ESB cleaners is lower cost than air detoning but the brushes must be periodically vacuumed or replaced to prevent print defects when toner build up within the brush falls out. 
     ESB cleaners are limited in their cleaning capacity by the density of fibers on the brush and photoreceptor drag and wear caused by the brush pile. Smaller brush fiber diameters allow greater fiber densities for greater cleaning capacity and can reduce the stiffness of the brush pile. There is, however, a practical limit to the reduction of brush fiber diameter. Experience has shown that brush stiffness can be reduced with very small fiber diameters, but photoreceptor wear increases when compared to larger fibers. The explanation is that electric discharges from the smaller fiber tips generate erosion of the photoreceptor surface. The minimum brush fiber diameter limitation creates an ESB cleaning capacity limit. 
     The present invention provides an electrostatic roll cleaner and a cleaning station whereby the roll cleaner comprises a compliant foam underlayer having a coating thereon of a conductive woven, non-woven, braided or knit fabric. The cleaning station is in electrical contact with a biasing structure. This structure is configured to bias the fabric relative to the photoreceptor ground surface from +50 to +500 volts to clean negatively charged toner and from −50 to −500 volts to clean positively charged toner. 
     Since most toners used today are negatively charged, the embodiments throughout this disclosure and claims will be described relating to the use of a negative polarity toner; however, when a positive polarity toner is used, the proper opposite polarity adjustments can easily be made, such as biasing of the detoning roll and biasing of the conductive fabric, as will be described below. 
     While the cleaner roll of this invention is described herein in reference to cleaning a photoreceptor surface, it can also be used in other xerographic stations such as a cleaner in an intermediate transfer belt, biased transfer roll, biased transfer belt, or fuser station. Similarly, the cleaner roll fabric covering of this invention is described herein as conductive. The cleaner roll fabric covering can also be non-conductive. If the cleaner roll fabric covering is non-conductive, the fabric material will be chosen to tribocharge against the contacting surfaces such that the appropriate electrical potential for cleaning and detoning is generated on the surface of the fabric. Because the cleaner roll fabric covering is non-conductive, the detoning roll surface need not be a dielectric, e.g., the anodized aluminum surface used with conductive rolls, but could be a simple conductive surface, e.g., stainless steel. Because of variations caused by environmental temperature and humidity and contamination of contacting surfaces, generation of cleaning electrical biases through tribocharging is less predictable than direct biasing of conductive fabrics with a voltage source. For these reasons direct biasing of conductive fabric electrostatic rolls is preferred. 
     SUMMARY 
     In the present invention electrostatic cleaning and detoning are performed by a biased conductive fabric supported by a compliant substrate (e.g. foam) rather than by the tips of conductive fibers. The conductive fabric, either woven, non-woven, braided or knit, can greatly increase the surface area for cleaning when compared to a fiber brush. It is important for best results that the yarns in the conductive fabric are of similar size so that the surface of the fabric has a smooth uniform texture. By similar size is meant not varying in size by more than +/−20%. Except for the use of a conductive fiber, in one embodiment the cleaning mechanism of electrostatic roll cleaning is similar to electrostatic brush cleaning as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,820. In the present invention, toner particles are mechanically dislodged from the photoreceptor surface by fibers bundled into yarn within the fabric and then electrostatically adhered to the biased conductive fibers for transport away from the photoreceptor surface. Electrostatic detoning of the fabric occurs when the roll is rotated against a biased detoning roll of the type used in ESB cleaners. The fabric covered roll is advantaged in electrostatic detoning over a brush because it doesn&#39;t have the pile depth of the brush where toner can accumulate. Detoning efficiency will be higher and toner drop out will be eliminated because toner cannot accumulate in the fabric. 
     The electrostatic roll (ESR) cleaner consists of a biased conductive fabric covered foam roll mounted on a rigid shaft. As noted, except for the use of a conductive fabric and specific biasing of the fabric, it operates similar to an electrostatic brush (ESB) cleaner with electrostatic detoning. A preclean charging (PCC) device is required to adjust toner charge so that it can be cleaned efficiently by the biased electrostatic roll.  FIG. 2  shows the components of the present ESR cleaner. 
     The conductive fabric can be fabricated from a number of different conductive fibers. Some commercially available conductive fibers and fabrics are listed below in Table 1. The fabric can be made entirely from conductive fiber yarns or the fabric can be a mixture of conducting and non-conducting yarns. The fabric can be woven, non-woven, braided or knit. The design of the fabric (e.g. weave pattern) would be optimized to provide efficient cleaning of toner, additives, and other debris. The conductive fabric can be designed to provide a desired surface texture. Fiber selection would be based on cost, brush life (e.g. resistance to wear) and cleaning surface abrasion. ESB cleaners are known to be relatively gentle to the surface being cleaned. This has resulted in the need to provide spots blades in ESB systems to remove large, well adhered particles and to suppress films. An electrostatic roll cleaner has more latitude in design of the conductive fabric than the design latitude for an electrostatic brush in providing a desirable level of surface abrasion to prevent spots and films. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Commercially Available Conductive Fibers and Fabrics: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 CONDUCTIVE FIBERS 
                 CONDUCTIVE FABRICS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Stainless steel 
                 Copper coated nylon fabric 
               
               
                 Silver coated nylon core 
                 Nickel and copper coated 
               
               
                 Nickel coated polyester core 
                 polyester fabric 
               
               
                 Carbon loaded nylon over nylon 
                 Nickel and copper coated nylon 
               
               
                 core 
                 fabric 
               
               
                 Nickel and copper coated nylon 
                 Copper and tin coated nylon fabric 
               
               
                 Nickel, copper, nickel Ni-Cobalt 
                   
               
               
                 alloy 
                   
               
               
                 coated polyester 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon loaded acrylic 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon loaded nylon coated nylon 
                   
               
               
                 core 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon loaded polyester extruded 
                   
               
               
                 through polyester core 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Electrostatic rolls can be made at costs comparable to or lower than the cost of electrostatic brushes. Foam layers or rolls used in the present invention are low cost components. The conductive fabric covering can also be low cost relative to the cost of conductive brush pile. Table 2 lists conductive fabric material costs for an example electrostatic roll. The conductive fabrics are commercially available. In production the woven, non-woven, braided or knit conductive fabric coverings could be fabricated as tubes. The tube would then be slid over and adhered to a foam roll core. Fabrication of an electrostatic roll would be easier than fabrication of an electrostatic brush. In a brush, a pile strip is woven on a backing fabric strip. The strip is wound on and glued to a brush core and then sheared to size in a fixture. An electrostatic roll diameter is controlled by the size of the conductive fabric sleeve. The foam roll core diameter is not of interest in determining the roll diameter. The foam roll diameter will impact the stiffness of the roll but within typical foam roll diameter tolerances the roll stiffness variation would not be large. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Electrostatic Roll Covering Costs from Commercially 
               
               
                 Available Conductive Fabrics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 CONDUCTIVE 
                   
                 FABRIC 
               
               
                 FABRIC 
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 $/BRUSH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Knit stainless 
                 Knit stainless steel 
                 High price 
               
               
                 steel mesh 
                   
                   
               
               
                 See-thru 
                 Knit silver coated nylon 
                 Low price 
               
               
                 Nickel Mesh 
                 Woven nickel coated polyester 
                 Low price 
               
               
                 Flectron 
                 Woven rip-stop nylon substrate 
                 Medium price 
               
               
                   
                 plated with copper 
                   
               
               
                 Flectron-N 
                 Woven polyester plated 
                 Medium price 
               
               
                   
                 with nickel and copper 
                   
               
               
                 Hi-Performance 
                 Knit 20 denier trilobal nylon 
                 Low price 
               
               
                   
                 silver coated 
                   
               
               
                 Zelt 
                 Woven nylon substrate plated with 
                 Medium price 
               
               
                   
                 copper and and tin 
                   
               
               
                 VeilShield 
                 Woven 132/inch polyester coated 
                 Medium price 
               
               
                   
                 with blackened copper 
                   
               
               
                 CobalTex 
                 Woven nickel, copper, nickel, 
                 High price 
               
               
                   
                 Ni-Cobalt alloy coated polyester 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The electrostatic roll has the potential of a much larger cleaning capacity than an electrostatic brush. This is because the surface area of the fabric is far greater than the surface area of the brush tips. Using a cleaning capacity model to compare the electrostatic brush cleaning ESB to a plain weave CobalTex ESR of the same diameter and speed, a 20 times increase in cleaning capacity was predicted. The comparison assumed the same toner thickness calculated by the model for the toner attached to the brush fiber tips. Only half of the conductive fabric surface area was considered functional (assumption: warp cleans and weft does not). Even if the assumptions used in this projection are wildly optimistic, the cleaning capacity of the electrostatic roll ESR is still likely to be much greater than that of an ESB. The large cleaning capacity of an ESR provides the capability of cleaning both toner and toner additives better than an ESB. 
     The very shallow depth of the ESR fabric surface when compared to an ESB pile results in more efficient electrostatic detoning. Electrostatic detoning of brush fibers is only effective for a short distance from the fiber tip. Toner that migrates below the effective detoning depth accumulates along the fiber shaft and at the core of the brush. Over time detoning inefficiencies result in the build up of significant quantities of toner within the void volume of the brush. At some point the collected toner becomes unstable and can fall out of the brush when disturbed by machine vibrations, brush start-up, etc. Depending on the machine architecture, the toner can fall out of the brush directly onto the paper paths or prints. At the least, toner falling out of the cleaner creates contamination that can generate early failure of other components and create dirty conditions for the tech rep and customer. The ESR conductive fabric will be more efficiently detoned because toner is close to the detoning roll. The higher detoning efficiency results in less accumulation of toner in the fabric. Also, the fabric itself is not capable of holding anywhere near the quantities of toner that a brush can accumulate. Even if toner drops out of the conductive fabric covering of an ESR, the amount of toner released will be small enough to create little or no problem. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,820 describes a smooth biased roll cleaner. This cleaner was essentially the electrostatic detoning roll from a magnetic brush cleaner applied directly to a belt photoreceptor. The hard anodized cleaning roll was then cleaned with a steel shim blade. This cleaner was not successful because the smooth, large diameter cleaning roll did not generate high enough electric fields to efficiently remove toner from the surface of the photoreceptor. In the present invention, the ESR fabric texture contains small diameter conductive fibers that provide high electric fields to attract and hold detached toner and toner additive particles from the photoreceptor surface. The conductive fibers do not need to be as small as required in an ESB to obtain high toner cleaning capacity. This avoids the photoreceptor “scratching” problems experienced when very small brush fibers were used. The small fiber tips generated electric discharges that weakened the photoreceptor surface and resulted in photoreceptor erosion. Preliminary testing of the ESR concept indicates that larger conductive fibers may be desirable to provide a deeper texture to the fabric surface. 
     Experiments have been performed to demonstrate the cleaning function of a biased conductive fabric. In these tests a conductive fabric was mounted on a foam pad. The fabric-pad assembly was then mounted to the bottom of a rigid piece of plastic with a 25 g weight mounted above the fabric-pad on the top side of the plastic. Toner was developed onto a single component photoreceptor drum. The weighted conductive fabric pad was then pulled across the photoreceptor surface with a range of electrical biases. The first test was with the fabric and photoreceptor substrate at the same potential, i.e. no electric field between the two. In this case some toner was mechanically removed from the photoreceptor and transferred to the fabric. 
     The second test had the fabric biased 300 v more positive than the photoreceptor substrate. The majority of toner in contact with the fabric was removed from the photoreceptor. The last test biased the fabric 300 v more negative than the photoreceptor substrate. In this case toner was smeared by the fabric but very little toner was transferred from the photoreceptor to the fabric. These tests demonstrate that a biased conductive fabric of the present invention is capable of cleaning toner from the surface of a photoreceptor. See  FIG. 3  in description of Drawing.  FIG. 3  Electrostatic roll cleaning demonstration tests at three cleaning biases. Following the cleaning tests described above, electrostatic detoning of the positive biased fabric pad (that did a good job of cleaning) was attempted. The toner laden fabric pad was wiped across the surface of an anodized electrostatic detoning roll at the same three bias conditions used for the cleaning experiments. With no electric field between the conductive fabric and the electrostatic detoning roll core, very little toner was transferred to the surface of the detoning roll. Less toner was transferred to the detoning roll when the detoning roll was biased 300 v more negative than the conductive fabric. A large amount of the toner on the conductive fabric was transferred to the detoning roll when the detoning roll was biased 300 v more positive than the conductive fabric. See  FIG. 3 . 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a diagram of a complete prior art xerographic marking system.  FIG. 1B  is a xerographic marking system using the roll cleaner  35  of the present invention shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of the electrostatic roll cleaner of this invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the results of electrostatic cleaning of the photoreceptor surface using the roll cleaner of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DISCUSSION OF DRAWINGS AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In  FIG. 1A , typical xerographic marking system is shown as used in the prior art. Substituting the electrostatic roll cleaner  35  of the present invention for brush cleaner  34  shown in  FIG. 1  would provide the entire xerographic marking system of the present invention. In  FIGS. 1A and 1B  the following numbered and lettered designations are presented:
           1 . Photoconductive belt     2 . Electrically conductive substrate     3 . Charge generator layer     4 . Charge transport layer     5 . Directional arrow     6 . Stripping roller     7 . Tension roller     8 . Drive roller     9 . Motor     10 . Corona device     11 . Conductive shield     12 . Dicorotron electrode comprised of elongated bare wire     13 . Electrically insulating layer     14 . Original document     15 . Transparent platen     16 . Lamps     17 . Lens     18 . Magnetic brush developer roller     19 . Sheet of support material     20 . Sheet feeding apparatus     21 . Feed roll     22 . Stack     23 . Chute     24 . Corona generating device     25 . Detack corona generating device     26 . Directional arrow     27 . Fuser assembly     28 . Heated fuser roller     29 . Backup roller     30 . Fusing sheet guide     31 . Catch tray     32 . Resistor     33 . Shield circuit of a preclean dicorotron     34 . Conventional cleaning brush     35 . Electrostatic roller cleaner of this invention       

     The “conventional stations” in a xerographic marking system comprises as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  the following stations:
         A. Charging Station   B. Exposure station   C. Development Station   D. Transfer station   E. Detack station   F. Fusing station   G. Cleaning station       

     As above noted, removing prior art brush cleaning apparatus and replacing it with the electrostatic roll cleaner  35  of the present invention will result in a complete marking system using the roll cleaner  35  of the present invention. 
     In  FIG. 2  the electrostatic roll cleaner  35  of this invention comprises a foam roll  36 , a conductive fabric cleaning layer  37 , an anodized detoning roll  38 , a waste moving auger  39  and a cleaner blade  40 . The roll cleaner  35  operates much the same as an electrostatic brush (ESB) cleaner  34  of the prior art. A preclean charging (PCC) device is required to adjust toner charge so that it can be cleaned efficiently by the biased electrostatic roll. The toner cleaned from the photoreceptor  1  by the conductive fabric  37  is transferred to the detoning roll  38 , then scraped off detoning roll  38  by blade  40  where the toner falls into waste auger  39  for removal from the marking system. The conductive fabric used must be flexible and resilient, has preferably a flat, relatively smooth, uniform surface texture, that uniformly conforms to the cleaning and detoning surfaces. The roughness of the fabric should not exceed about 8 μm to 10 μm Ra (average roughness). 
     To illustrate that smooth surfaces are necessary, the following tests were conducted: 
     Equipment/Conditions: Five electrostatic rolls were tested with a range of textures from smooth to very rough. Roll foam cores  36  were fabricated as indicated with the fabric layers or coverings below. The fabric coverings for the five rolls were as shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Identification and description of ESR fabric coverings 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ESR No. 
                 Covering Fabric 
                 Texture Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Zelt 
                 Smooth plain weave 
               
               
                 2 
                 Shieldit Super 
                 Smooth plain weave with ripstop 
               
               
                 3 
                 Stainless Steel Mesh 
                 Very coarse open knit 
               
               
                 4 
                 Aluminum foil 
                 Very smooth with some small 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wrinkles developed after use 
               
               
                 5 
                 Nickel mesh 
                 Fairly fine mesh plain weave 
               
               
                   
                   
                 screen 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Procedure: The prototype rolls were mounted in a cleaner housing. A dual electrostatic brush cleaner was operated with an electrostatic roll of this invention in the first position, right sign toner cleaning (positive bias), and without a second cleaning brush or roll (1ESR cleaner). The test was performed in a paperless bench fixture, computer controlled for run length and toner patch development. A heavy cycle up stripe extended across the process width at the start of each job and a lighter stripe appeared at the end of each job. All development toner entered the cleaner with no transfer. 
     A standard test run was performed for each ESR type. Pairs of the largest full density toner patches were developed on each print panel. Fifteen of these toner patch pairs were developed and then the fixture allowed to cycle out. Then the machine was hardstopped after the development of six toner patch pairs. The hard stop location was programmed into the test fixture control computer to have the toner patch stopped partially through the cleaning nip. The print cartridge unit was removed from the fixture. The photoreceptor was rotated in the process direction to bring the toner patch into view. The computer controller was not totally repeatable in finding the location for the hardstop, so sometimes several hardstops were required to get the desired position. A tape transfer of the photoreceptor surface was taken to record toner on the surface before and after the ESR cleaning nip. 
     Results: Table 4 summarizes the cleaning performance of the five electrostatic rolls with a range of surface textures. Additional comments on each roll tested follow. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of ESR fabric coverings cleaning performance tests 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ESR 
                 COVERING 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 FABRIC 
                 CLEANING 
                 RANK 
                 COMMENTS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Zelt 
                 Good 
                 1 
                 Very good cleaning 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with a few 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 streaks remaining 
               
               
                 2 
                 Shieldit Super 
                 Good 
                 2 
                 Very good cleaning 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with remaining fabric 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 texture streaks 
               
               
                 4 
                 Aluminum Foil 
                 Poor 
                 3 
                 High mass removed, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 many streaks remaining 
               
               
                 5 
                 Nickel Mesh 
                 Very poor 
                 4 
                 Very little cleaning 
               
               
                 3 
                 Stainless Steel 
                 Very poor 
                 5 
                 Essentially no 
               
               
                   
                 Mesh 
                   
                   
                 cleaning 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     ESR 1—Zelt 
     Zelt fabric was the finest smooth plain weave of the conductive fabric samples obtained. Cleaning of the photoreceptor surface with this fabric was very good. The few streaks remaining were probably related to wrinkles in the fabric covering or low spots in the foam core. The toner streaks after the electrostatic cleaning roll tended to be seen in similar locations on each hardstop. This suggests that a defect in the uniformity of the roll exists in that location. 
     ESR2—Shieldit Super 
     The Shieldit Super roll cleaned quite well. The heavy input toner mass was generally removed. Some toner streaks remained that probably corresponded to defects in the handmade roll. There were also very fine streaks that corresponded to the rip stop pattern in the fabric. This result, along with the good performance of the fine weave Zelt fabric, suggests that very smooth texture is desirable. 
     ESR3—Stainless Steel Mesh 
     This material is a disaster as a cleaner. This is not unexpected since the open knit is not dense, but rather is very sparse. The tape transfer is almost as though the cleaner wasn&#39;t even there. White streaks through the toner image are due to cleaning by the sparse fiber loops of the fabric. 
     ESR4—Aluminum Foil 
     Aluminum foil covering for the ESR did remarkably well. The high mass of the toner input was mostly cleaned. Many fine streaks of toner did get past the cleaning roll. These are probably due to tiny wrinkles in the aluminum foil. The tiny wrinkles were generally created after the roll had been run in the fixture. Flexing of the foil when going through the cleaning and detoning nip seemed to have crinkled the surface. This result shows that a flexible and resilient material as well as smooth is needed for the ESR covering. 
     ESR—Nickel Mesh 
     The nickel mesh ESR covering did reasonably well. The cleaning was poor but better than might have been expected considering that the mesh is about twice as fine as ordinary window screen. The failures consisted of a high density of fine toner streaks. This suggests that the fabric has a fairly high cleaning capacity but that the weave isn&#39;t tight enough to handle the high toner input in this test. This conclusion would be consistent with early calculations comparing conductive fabric electrostatic cleaning to conductive fiber electrostatic cleaning. In this comparison, the conductive fabric had much higher cleaning capacity due to much higher surface contact than the brush fiber tips. 
     Preliminary experiments have been performed to demonstrate the cleaning function of a biased conductive fabric, as shown in  FIG. 3 . In these tests a conductive fabric  37  was mounted on a foam pad  36 . The fabric-pad assembly  36 - 37  was then mounted to the bottom of a rigid piece of plastic with a 25 g weight mounted above the fabric-pad on the top side of the plastic. Toner was developed onto a single component photoreceptor drum. The weighted conductive fabric pad  36 - 37  was then pulled across the photoreceptor surface  1  with a range of electrical biases. The first test was with the fabric  37  and photoreceptor substrate  1  at the same potential, i.e. no electric field between the two, as shown at  47 . The second test had the fabric biased 300 v more positive than the photoreceptor substrate  1 . The majority of toner in contact with the fabric  37  was removed from the photoreceptor, as shown at  42 . The last test biased the fabric 300 v more negative than the photoreceptor substrate  1 . In this case toner was smeared by the fabric but very little toner was transferred from the photoreceptor  1  to the fabric, as shown at  43 . These tests demonstrate that a biased conductive fabric  37  is capable of cleaning toner from the surface of a photoreceptor  1 . Following the cleaning tests described above, electrostatic detoning of the positive biased fabric pad (that did a good job of cleaning) was attempted. The toner laden fabric pad was wiped across the surface of an anodized electrostatic detoning roll at the same three bias conditions used for the cleaning experiments. With no electric field between the conductive fabric and the electrostatic detoning roll core very little toner was transferred to the surface of the detoning roll. Less toner was transferred to the detoning roll when the detoning roll was biased 300 v more negative than the conductive fabric. A large amount of the toner on the conductive fabric was transferred to the detoning roll when the detoning roll was biased 300 v more positive than the conductive fabric. 
     This invention provides an electrostatic roll cleaner for use in cleaning a photoreceptor surface of a xerographic marking system. This roll cleaner comprises a compliant foam layer and a coating comprising a fabric overcoating said foam layer. 
     The fabric being woven, non-woven, braided or knit and preferably having a surface roughness not exceeding about 8 μm to 10 μm Ra (roughness average). The fabric, because of its shallow depth, is able to minimize toner accumulation therein. The fabric surface electrical resistivity may range between 3.5×10 −4  to 3.3×10 25  Ω/square. This range covers conductive fabrics (3.5×10 −4  to 2.2×10 11  Ω/square) that must be actively biased through connection to a voltage source to non-conductive fabrics that are tribo-electrically charged by rubbing against contacting surfaces. As earlier noted, the yarns in the fabric must be of similar size to provide a smooth and uniform surface texture. 
     The foam layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polystyrenes and other polymeric foamable materials. The fabric preferably has a substantially flat, relatively smooth, uniform surface texture. The yarns used in constructing the fabric are preferably all the same or similar diameters and not a mixture of widely varying sizes. If the fabric is woven, for example, a balanced plain weave is preferred because the warp and weft yarns are of equal size. The fabric is configured to substantially conform to the cleaning and detoning photoreceptor surface being cleaned. 
     The roll cleaner is configured to clean a photoreceptor surface when the fabric is biased from 50 to 500 volts more positive than the bias on a photoreceptor surface when negative charged toner is used and to be cleaned off said photoreceptor. The opposite is true if positive charged toner is used. It is biased 50 to 500 volts more negative than the bias on the photoreceptor surface. Therefore, the roll cleaner is configured to clean a photoreceptor surface when the fabric is biased from 50 to 500 volts more negative than the bias on the photoreceptor surface when positive charged toner is used and to be cleaned off the photoreceptor. 
     The electrostatic roll cleaner system is used in cleaning toner from a photoreceptor surface. As noted above, the roll cleaner system comprises a cleaning roll comprising a conductive fabric overcoating a foam substrate and an anodized detoning roll. The conductive fabric has an average roughness, Ra, not exceeding about 8 μm to 10 μm and a surface resistivity in the range of 3.5×10 4  to 2.2×10 11  Ω/square. 
     The anodized detoning roll is in contact with the conductive fabric and is configured to remove toner from the conductive fabric for removal from the system. The detoning roll is configured to be biased at a higher voltage than a bias of the conductive fabric when cleaning the photoreceptor surface. 
     This invention also provides a cleaning station useful in a xerographic marking system. This station comprises an electrostatic roll cleaner, a detoning roll and an electrical connection to a biasing structure. Alternatively, the cleaning station may comprise two or more electrostatic roll cleaners, detoning rolls and electrical connections to biasing structures. The additional electrostatic roll cleaners may be biased to the same polarity or opposite polarity as the first electrostatic roll cleaner. The cleaning roll comprises a compliant foam layer overcoated with a conductive fabric overcoating. The fabric overcoating is configured to make cleaning contact with residual toner on a photoreceptor surface. The fabric has a substantially uniform, even and dense surface. 
     The biasing structure and the electrical connection in the station are configured to bias the fiber overcoating from about 50 to 500 volts more positive than a charge on the photoreceptor surface. 
     The station wherein the detoning roll is in cleaning contact with the fabric overcoating is configured to convey toner removed by it from the fabric overcoating to a location out of the station. The station is configured wherein the biasing structure is configured to bias the detoning roll to a higher positive voltage than the bias on the fabric overcoating. 
     It will be appreciated that variations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.