Patent Publication Number: US-9893768-B2

Title: Methodology for multiple pocket-forming

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/891,430, filed May 10, 2013, entitled “Methodology For Pocket-Forming,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/720,798, filed Oct. 31, 2012, entitled “Scalable Antenna Assemblies For Power Transmission,” 61/668,799, filed Jul. 6, 2012, entitled “Receivers For Power Transmission,” and 61/677,706, filed Jul. 31, 2012, entitled “Transmitters For Wireless Power Transmission,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/925,469, filed Jun. 24, 2013, entitled “Methodology for Multiple Pocket-Forming,” the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/946,082, filed Jul. 19, 2013, entitled “Method for 3 Dimensional Pocket-Forming,” the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/891,399, filed May 10, 2013, entitled “Receivers for Wireless Power Transmission,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/720,798, filed Oct. 31, 2012, entitled “Scalable Antenna Assemblies For Power Transmission,” 61/668,799, filed Jul. 6, 2012, entitled “Receivers For Power Transmission,” and 61/677,706, filed Jul. 31, 2012, entitled “Transmitters For Wireless Power Transmission,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/891,445, filed May 10, 2013, entitled “Transmitters for Wireless Power Transmission,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/720,798, filed Oct. 31, 2012, entitled “Scalable Antenna Assemblies For Power Transmission,” 61/668,799, filed Jul. 6, 2012, entitled “Receivers For Power Transmission,” and 61/677,706, filed Jul. 31, 2012, entitled “Transmitters For Wireless Power Transmission,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/926,020, filed Jun. 25, 2013, entitled “Wireless Power Transmission with Selective Range,” the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to wireless power transmission. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Portable electronic devices such as smart phones, tablets, notebooks and other electronic devices have become an everyday need in the way we communicate and interact with others. The frequent use of these devices may require a significant amount of power, which may easily deplete the batteries attached to these devices. Therefore, a user is frequently needed to plug in the device to a power source, and recharge such device. This may require having to charge electronic equipment at least once a day, or in high-demand electronic devices more than once a day. 
     Such an activity may be tedious and may represent a burden to users. For example, a user may be required to carry chargers in case his electronic equipment is lacking power. In addition, users have to find available power sources to connect to. Lastly, users must plugin to a wall or other power supply to be able to charge his or her electronic device. However, such an activity may render electronic devices inoperable during charging. 
     Current solutions to this problem may include devices having rechargeable batteries. However, the aforementioned approach requires a user to carry around extra batteries, and also make sure that the extra set of batteries is charged. Solar-powered battery chargers are also known, however, solar cells are expensive, and a large array of solar cells may be required to charge a battery of any significant capacity. Other approaches involve a mat or pad that allows charging of a device without physically connecting a plug of the device to an electrical outlet, by using electromagnetic signals. In this case, the device still requires to be placed in a certain location for a period of time in order to be charged. Assuming a single source power transmission of electro-magnetic (EM) signal, an EM signal power gets reduced by a factor proportional to 1/r 2  over a distance r, in other words, it is attenuated proportional to the square of the distance. Thus, the received power at a large distance from the EM transmitter is a small fraction of the power transmitted. To increase the power of the received signal, the transmission power would have to be boosted. Assuming that the transmitted signal has an efficient reception at three centimeters from the EM transmitter, receiving the same signal power over a useful distance of three meters would entail boosting the transmitted power by 10,000 times. Such power transmission is wasteful, as most of the energy would be transmitted and not received by the intended devices, it could be hazardous to living tissue, it would most likely interfere with most electronic devices in the immediate vicinity, and it may be dissipated as heat. 
     In yet another approach such as directional power transmission, it would generally require knowing the location of the device to be able to point the signal in the right direction to enhance the power transmission efficiency. However, even when the device is located, efficient transmission is not guaranteed due to reflections and interference of objects in the path or vicinity of the receiving device. In addition, in many use cases the device is not stationary, which is an added difficulty. 
     For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a wireless power transmission system where electronic devices may be powered without requiring extra chargers or plugs, and where the mobility and portability of electronic devices may not be compromised. Therefore, a wireless power transmission method solving the aforementioned problems is desired. 
     SUMMARY 
     The embodiments described herein include a transmitter that transmits a power transmission signal (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signal waves) to create a three-dimensional pocket of energy. At least one receiver can be connected to or integrated into electronic devices and receive power from the pocket of energy. The transmitter can locate the at least one receiver in a three-dimensional space using a communication medium (e.g., Bluetooth technology). The transmitter generates a waveform to create a pocket of energy around each of the at least one receiver. The transmitter uses an algorithm to direct, focus, and control the waveform in three dimensions. The receiver can convert the transmission signals (e.g., RF signals) into electricity for powering an electronic device. Accordingly, the embodiments for wireless power transmission can allow powering and charging a plurality of electrical devices without wires. 
     In one embodiment, a method for multiple pocket-forming in wireless power transmission, the method comprises establishing, by a transmitter, a first communication connection associating the transmitter with a first receiver in response to the transmitter receiving a first communication signal from the first receiver; transmitting, by the transmitter, one or more power transmission waves in a direction of the first receiver based on the first communication signal received from the first receiver; adjusting, by the transmitter, a phase of the power transmission waves and a gain of the one or more power transmission waves to converge at a location with respect to the receiver in accordance with the first communication signal received from the first receiver, thereby forming a pocket of energy at the location that the one or more power transmission waves converge; responsive to the transmitter receiving a second communication signal from a second receiver: establishing, by the transmitter, a second communication connection associating the transmitter with the second receiver; and identifying, by the transmitter, a second subset of one or more antennas from an array of antennas of the transmitter, wherein the second subset is associated with the second receiver, and wherein a first subset of one or more antennas is associated with the first receiver; and transmitting, by the transmitter, one or more power transmission waves in the direction of the second receiver based on the second signal received from the second receiver, wherein the second subset of antennas transmits the one or more power transmission waves to the second receiver. 
     In another embodiment, a system for multiple pocket-forming in wireless power transmission, the system comprises a transmitter comprising: a first communication component configured to establish one or more communication connections with one or more receivers respectively in response to receiving an advertisement signal from a respective receiver, the first communication component further configured to transmit and receive at a given interval one or more communications signals with each respective receiver over each respective communication connection; an integrated circuit configured to generate power transmission waves based on data derived from each respective communication signal, and to modify the power transmission waves in accordance with each respective communication signal to form a pocket of energy at a location associated with the respective receiver; and a plurality of antennas configured to transmit the one or more power transmission waves to a respective receiver, wherein a first subset of the plurality of antennas transmits to a first receiver of one or more receivers, and wherein one or more subsets of antennas are respectively assigned to transmit to each of the one or more receivers; and a receiver comprising: a communication component configured to transmit the advertisement signal identifying the receiver, and to transmit and receive communications signals with the transmitter over the communication channel, wherein the communication signal of the receiver indicates the amount of power derived from the pocket of energy; a plurality of antennas configured to receive the one or more power transmission waves from the transmitter, wherein the power transmission waves are derived from the pocket of energy formed at the location associated with the receiver; power circuitry, in response to the antennas deriving the power transmission waves from the pocket of energy, configured to convert the power transmission waves of the pocket of energy into a electrical energy and providing the electrical energy to a electronic device associated with the receiver; and a processor configured to determine the amount of energy derived from the pocket of energy and instruct the communication component to transmit the communication signal indicating the amount of energy to the transmitter. 
     In another embodiment, a system for multiple pocket-forming in wireless power transmission, the system comprises a transmitter comprising: at least two antennas configured to transmit power transmission waves converging in constructive interference patterns to form one or more pockets of energy; communication circuitry configured to generate the power transmission waves and one or more communications signals containing data associated with the power transmission waves; and a first micro-controller configured to control the constructive interference patterns of the power transmission waves to form the one or more pockets of energy at one or more locations associated with one or more receivers, and to control the communication circuitry, wherein an integrated chip associated with the micro-controller is configured to adjust a phase and a magnitude of the power transmission waves to form the pockets of energy at each respective location; and an electronic device comprising a receiver integrated in the electronic device comprising: at least one antenna configured to derive energy from a pocket of energy at a location of the receiver; and a micro-controller configured to generate one or more communication signals indicating the energy requirements of the electronic device to the transmitter. 
     In another embodiment, a method of forming pockets of energy, the method comprises capturing, by a transmitter, a first signal of one or more communications signals from a first receiver device; establishing, by the transmitter, a first communication connection hosting communication signals between the transmitter and the first receiver; assigning, by the transmitter, a first subset of one or more antennas of the transmitter to transmit one or more power transmission waves to the first receiver device; at a predetermined interval: ceasing, by the transmitter, processing of the communications signals arriving over the first communication connection at a predetermined interval; capturing, by the transmitter, a second signal of one or more communications signals from a second receiver; establishing, by the transmitter, a second communication connection hosting communication signals between the transmitter and the second receiver; and assigning, by the transmitter, a second subset of antennas of the transmitter to transmit one or more power transmission waves to the second receiver device. 
     Additional features and advantages of an embodiment will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the exemplary embodiments in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure can be better understood by referring to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosure. In the figures, reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. Non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. Unless indicated as representing the background art, the figures represent aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a system overview, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates steps of wireless power transmission, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an architecture for wireless power transmission, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates components of a system of wireless power transmission using pocket-forming procedures, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates steps of powering a plurality of receiver devices, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates waveforms for wireless power transmission with selective range, which may get unified in single waveform. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates waveforms for wireless power transmission with selective range, which may get unified in single waveform. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates wireless power transmission with selective range, where a plurality of pockets of energy may be generated along various radii from transmitter. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates wireless power transmission with selective range, where a plurality of pockets of energy may be generated along various radii from transmitter. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a diagram of an architecture for wirelessly charging client computing platform, according to an exemplary embodiment 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates wireless power transmission using multiple pocket-forming, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates multiple adaptive pocket-forming, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a diagram of a system architecture for wirelessly charging client devices, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a method for determining receiver location using antenna element, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 13A  illustrates an array subset configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 13B  illustrates an array subset configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a flat transmitter, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates a transmitter, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates a box transmitter, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a diagram of an architecture for incorporating transmitter into different devices, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a transmitter configuration according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 18A  illustrates multiple rectifiers connected in parallel to an antenna element, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 18B  illustrates multiple antenna elements connected in parallel to a rectifier, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 19A  illustrates multiple antenna elements outputs combined and connected to parallel rectifiers, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 19B  illustrates groups of antenna elements connected to different rectifiers, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 20A  illustrates a device with an embedded receiver, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 20B  illustrates a battery with an embedded receiver, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 20C  illustrates external hardware that may be attached to a device, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 21A  illustrates hardware in the form of case, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 21B  illustrates hardware in the form of a printed film or flexible printed circuit board, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates internal hardware according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is here described in detail with reference to embodiments illustrated in the drawings, which form a part here. Other embodiments may be used and/or other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description are not meant to be limiting of the subject matter presented here. Furthermore, the various components and embodiments described herein may be combined to form additional embodiments not expressly described, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 
     Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used here to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated here, and additional applications of the principles of the inventions as illustrated here, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention. 
     I. Systems and Methods for Wireless Power Transmissions 
     A. Components System Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  shows a system  100  for wireless power transmission by forming pockets of energy  104 . The system  100  may comprise transmitters  101 , receivers  103 , client devices  105 , and pocket detectors  107 . Transmitters  101  may transmit power transmission signals comprising power transmission waves, which may be captured by receivers  103 . The receivers  103  may comprise antennas, antenna elements, and other circuitry (detailed later), which may convert the captured waves into a useable source of electrical energy on behalf of client devices  105  associated with the receivers  103 . In some embodiments, transmitters  101  may transmit power transmission signals, made up of power transmission waves, in one or more trajectories by manipulating the phase, gain, and/or other waveform features of the power transmission waves, and/or by selecting different transmit antennas. In such embodiments, the transmitters  101  may manipulate the trajectories of the power transmission signals so that the underlying power transmission waves converge at a location in space, resulting in certain forms of interference. One type of interference generated at the convergence of the power transmission waves, “constructive interference,” may be a field of energy caused by the convergence of the power transmission waves such that they add together and strengthen the energy concentrated at that location—in contrast to adding together in a way to subtract from each other and diminish the energy concentrated at that location, which is called “destructive interference”. The accumulation of sufficient energy at the constructive interference may establish a field of energy, or “pocket of energy”  104 , which may be harvested by the antennas of a receiver  103 , provided the antennas are configured to operate on the frequency of the power transmission signals. Accordingly, the power transmission waves establish pockets of energy  104  at the location in space where the receivers  103  may receive, harvest, and convert the power transmission waves into useable electrical energy, which may power or charge associated electrical client devices  105 . Detectors  107  may be devices comprising a receiver  103  that are capable of producing a notification or alert in response to receiving power transmission signals. As an example, a user searching for the optimal placement of a receiver  103  to charge the user&#39;s client device  105  may use a detector  107  that comprises an LED light  108 , which may brighten when the detector  107  captures the power transmission signals from a single beam or a pocket of energy  104 . 
     1. Transmitters 
     The transmitter  101  may transmit or broadcast power transmission signals to a receiver  103  associated with a device  105 . Although several of the embodiments mentioned below describe the power transmission signals as radio frequency (RF) waves, it should be appreciated that the power transmission may be physical media that is capable of being propagated through space, and that is capable of being converted into a source of electrical energy  103 . The transmitter  101  may transmit the power transmission signals as a single beam directed at the receivers  103 . In some cases, one or more transmitters  101  may transmit a plurality of power transmission signals that are propagated in a multiple directions and may deflect off of physical obstructions (e.g., walls). The plurality of power transmission signals may converge at a location in a three-dimensional space, forming a pocket of energy  104 . Receivers  103  within the boundaries of an energy pocket  104  may capture and covert the power transmission signals into a useable source of energy. The transmitter  101  may control pocket-forming based on phase and/or relative amplitude adjustments of power transmission signals, to form constructive interference patterns. 
     Although the exemplary embodiment recites the use of RF wave transmission techniques, the wireless charging techniques should not be limited to RF wave transmission techniques. Rather, it should be appreciated that possible wireless charging techniques may include any number of alternative or additional techniques for transmitting energy to a receiver converting the transmitted energy to electrical power. Non-limiting exemplary transmission techniques for energy that can be converted by a receiving device into electrical power may include: ultrasound, microwave, resonant and inductive magnetic fields, laser light, infrared, or other forms of electromagnetic energy. In the case of ultrasound, for example, one or more transducer elements may be disposed so as to form a transducer array that transmits ultrasound waves toward a receiving device that receives the ultrasound waves and converts them to electrical power. In the case of resonant or inductive magnetic fields, magnetic fields are created in a transmitter coil and converted by a receiver coil into electrical power. In addition, although the exemplary transmitter  101  is shown as a single unit comprising potentially multiple transmitters (transmit array), both for RF transmission of power and for other power transmission methods mentioned in this paragraph, the transmit arrays can comprise multiple transmitters that are physically spread around a room rather than being in a compact regular structure. 
     The transmitter includes an antenna array where the antennas are used for sending the power transmission signal. Each antenna sends power transmission waves where the transmitter applies a different phase and amplitude to the signal transmitted from different antennas. Similar to the formation of pockets of energy, the transmitter can form a phased array of delayed versions of the signal to be transmitted, then applies different amplitudes to the delayed versions of the signal, and then sends the signals from appropriate antennas. For a sinusoidal waveform, such as an RF signal, ultrasound, microwave, or others, delaying the signal is similar to applying a phase shift to the signal. 
     2. Pockets of Energy 
     A pocket of energy  104  may be formed at locations of constructive interference patterns of power transmission signals transmitted by the transmitter  101 . The pockets of energy  104  may manifest as a three-dimensional field where energy may be harvested by receivers  103  located within the pocket of energy  104 . The pocket of energy  104  produced by transmitters  101  during pocket-forming may be harvested by a receiver  103 , converted to an electrical charge, and then provided to electronic client device  105  associated with the receiver  103  (e.g., laptop computer, smartphone, rechargeable battery). In some embodiments, there may be multiple transmitters  101  and/or multiple receivers  103  powering various client devices  105 . In some embodiments, adaptive pocket-forming may adjust transmission of the power transmission signals in order to regulate power levels and/or identify movement of the devices  105 . 
     3. Receivers 
     A receiver  103  may be used for powering or charging an associated client device  105 , which may be an electrical device coupled to or integrated with the receiver  103 . The receiver  103  may receive power transmission waves from one or more power transmission signals originating from one or more transmitters  101 . The receiver  103  may receive the power transmission signals as a single beam produced by the transmitter  101 , or the receiver  103  may harvest power transmission waves from a pocket of energy  104 , which may be a three-dimensional field in space resulting from the convergence of a plurality of power transmission waves produced by one or more transmitters  101 . The receiver  103  may comprise an array of antennas  112  configured to receive power transmission waves from a power transmission signal and harvest the energy from the power transmission signals of the single beam or pocket of energy  104 . The receiver  103  may comprise circuitry that then converts the energy of the power transmission signals (e.g., the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation) to electrical energy. A rectifier of the receiver  103  may translate the electrical energy from AC to DC. Other types of conditioning may be applied, as well. For example, a voltage conditioning circuit may increase or decrease the voltage of the electrical energy as required by the client device  105 . An electrical relay may then convey the electrical energy from the receiver  103  to the client device  105 . 
     In some embodiments, the receiver  103  may comprise a communications component that transmits control signals to the transmitter  101  in order to exchange data in real-time or near real-time. The control signals may contain status information about the client device  105 , the receiver  103 , or the power transmission signals. Status information may include, for example, present location information of the device  105 , amount of charge received, amount of charged used, and user account information, among other types of information. Further, in some applications, the receiver  103  including the rectifier that it contains may be integrated into the client device  105 . For practical purposes, the receiver  103 , wire  111 , and client device  105  may be a single unit contained in a single packaging. 
     4. Control Signals 
     In some embodiments, control signals may serve as data inputs used by the various antenna elements responsible for controlling production of power transmission signals and/or pocket-forming. Control signals may be produced by the receiver  103  or the transmitter  101  using an external power supply (not shown) and a local oscillator chip (not shown), which in some cases may include using a piezoelectric material. Control signals may be RF waves or any other communication medium or protocol capable of communicating data between processors, such as Bluetooth®, RFID, infrared, near-field communication (NFC). As detailed later, control signals may be used to convey information between the transmitter  101  and the receiver  103  used to adjust the power transmission signals, as well as contain information related to status, efficiency, user data, power consumption, billing, geo-location, and other types of information. 
     5. Detectors 
     A detector  107  may comprise hardware similar to receivers  103 , which may allow the detector  107  to receive power transmission signals originating from one or more transmitters  101 . The detector  107  may be used by users to identify the location of pockets of energy  104 , so that users may determine the preferable placement of a receiver  103 . In some embodiments, the detector  107  may comprise an indicator light  108  that indicates when the detector is placed within the pocket of energy  104 . As an example, in  FIG. 1 , detectors  107   a ,  107   b  are located within the pocket of energy  104  generated by the transmitter  101 , which may trigger the detectors  107   a ,  107   b  to turn on their respective indicator lights  108   a ,  108   b , because the detectors  107   a ,  107   b  are receiving power transmission signals of the pocket of energy  104 ; whereas, the indicator light  108   c  of a third detector  107   c  located outside of the pockets of energy  104 , is turned off, because the third detector  107   c  is not receiving the power transmission signals from the transmitter  101 . It should be appreciated that the functions of a detector, such as the indicator light, may be integrated into a receiver or into a client device in alternative embodiments as well. 
     6. Client Device 
     A client device  105  may be any electrical device that requires continuous electrical energy or that requires power from a battery. Non-limiting examples of client devices  105  may include laptops, mobile phones, smartphones, tablets, music players, toys, batteries, flashlights, lamps, electronic watches, cameras, gaming consoles, appliances, GPS devices, and wearable devices or so-called “wearables” (e.g., fitness bracelets, pedometers, smartwatch), among other types of electrical devices. 
     In some embodiments, the client device  105   a  may be a physical device distinct from the receiver  103   a  associated with the client device  105   a . In such embodiments, the client device  105   a  may be connected to the receiver over a wire  111  that conveys converted electrical energy from the receiver  103   a  to the client device  105   a . In some cases, other types of data may be transported over the wire  111 , such as power consumption status, power usage metrics, device identifiers, and other types of data. 
     In some embodiments, the client device  105   b  may be permanently integrated or detachably coupled to the receiver  103   b , thereby forming a single integrated product or unit. As an example, the client device  105   b  may be placed into a sleeve that has embedded receivers  103   b  and that may detachably couple to the device&#39;s  105   b  power supply input, which may be typically used to charge the device&#39;s  105   b  battery. In this example, the device  105   b  may be decoupled from the receiver, but may remain in the sleeve regardless of whether or not the device  105   b  requires an electrical charge or is being used. In another example, in lieu of having a battery that holds a charge for the device  105   b , the device  105   b  may comprise an integrated receiver  105   b , which may be permanently integrated into the device  105   b  so as to form an indistinct product, device, or unit. In this example, the device  105   b  may rely almost entirely on the integrated receiver  103   b  to produce electrical energy by harvesting pockets of energy  104 . It should be clear to someone skilled in the art that the connection between the receiver  103  and the client device  105  may be a wire  111  or may be an electrical connection on a circuit board or an integrated circuit, or even a wireless connection, such as inductive or magnetic. 
     B. Method of Wireless Power Transmission 
       FIG. 2  shows steps of wireless power transmission, according to an exemplary method  200  embodiment. 
     In a first step  201 , a transmitter (TX) establishes a connection or otherwise associates with a receiver (RX). That is, in some embodiments, transmitters and receivers may communicate control data over using a wireless communication protocol capable of transmitting information between two processors of electrical devices (e.g., Bluetooth®, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, NFC, ZigBee®). For example, in embodiments implementing Bluetooth® or Bluetooth® variants, the transmitter may scan for receiver&#39;s broadcasting advertisement signals or a receiver may transmit an advertisement signal to the transmitter. The advertisement signal may announce the receiver&#39;s presence to the transmitter, and may trigger an association between the transmitter and the receiver. As described herein, in some embodiments, the advertisement signal may communicate information that may be used by various devices (e.g., transmitters, client devices, sever computers, other receivers) to execute and manage pocket-forming procedures. Information contained within the advertisement signal may include a device identifier (e.g., MAC address, IP address, UUID), the voltage of electrical energy received, client device power consumption, and other types of data related to power transmission. The transmitter may use the advertisement signal transmitted to identify the receiver and, in some cases, locate the receiver in a two-dimensional space or in a three-dimensional space. Once the transmitter identifies the receiver, the transmitter may establish the connection associated in the transmitter with the receiver, allowing the transmitter and receiver to communicate control signals over a second channel. 
     In a next step  203 , the transmitter may use the advertisement signal to determine a set of power transmission signal features for transmitting the power transmission signals, to then establish the pockets of energy. Non-limiting examples of features of power transmission signals may include phase, gain, amplitude, magnitude, and direction among others. The transmitter may use information contained in the receiver&#39;s advertisement signal, or in subsequent control signals received from the receiver, to determine how to produce and transmit the power transmission signals so that the receiver may receive the power transmission signals. In some cases, the transmitter may transmit power transmission signals in a way that establishes a pocket of energy, from which the receiver may harvest electrical energy. In some embodiments, the transmitter may comprise a processor executing software modules capable of automatically identifying the power transmission signal features needed to establish a pocket of energy based on information received from the receiver, such as the voltage of the electrical energy harvested by the receiver from the power transmission signals. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the functions of the processor and/or the software modules may be implemented in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the advertisement signal or subsequent signal transmitted by the receiver over a second communications channel may indicate one or more power transmission signals features, which the transmitter may then use to produce and transmit power transmission signals to establish a pocket of energy. For example, in some cases the transmitter may automatically identify the phase and gain necessary for transmitting the power transmission signals based on the location of the device and the type of device or receiver; and, in some cases, the receiver may inform the transmitter the phase and gain for effectively transmitting the power transmission signals. 
     In a next step  205 , after the transmitter determines the appropriate features to use when transmitting the power transmission signals, the transmitter may begin transmitting power transmission signals, over a separate channel from the control signals. Power transmission signals may be transmitted to establish a pocket of energy. The transmitter&#39;s antenna elements may transmit the power transmission signals such that the power transmission signals converge in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space around the receiver. The resulting field around the receiver forms a pocket of energy from which the receiver may harvest electrical energy. One antenna element may be used to transmit power transmission signals to establish two-dimensional energy transmissions; and in some cases, a second or additional antenna element may be used to transmit power transmission signals in order to establish a three-dimensional pocket of energy. In some cases, a plurality of antenna elements may be used to transmit power transmission signals in order to establish the pocket of energy. Moreover, in some cases, the plurality of antennas may include all of the antennas in the transmitter; and, in some cases, the plurality of antennas may include a number of the antennas in the transmitter, but fewer than all of the antennas of the transmitter. 
     As previously mentioned, the transmitter may produce and transmit power transmission signals, according to a determined set of power transmission signal features, which may be produced and transmitted using an external power source and a local oscillator chip comprising a piezoelectric material. The transmitter may comprise an RFIC that controls production and transmission of the power transmission signals based on information related to power transmission and pocket-forming received from the receiver. This control data may be communicated over a different channel from the power transmission signals, using wireless communications protocols, such as BLE, NFC, or ZigBee®. The RFIC of the transmitter may automatically adjust the phase and/or relative magnitudes of the power transmission signals as needed. Pocket-forming is accomplished by the transmitter transmitting the power transmission signals in a manner that forms constructive interference patterns. 
     Antenna elements of the transmitter may use concepts of wave interference to determine certain power transmission signals features (e.g., direction of transmission, phase of power transmission signal wave), when transmitting the power transmission signals during pocket-forming. The antenna elements may also use concepts of constructive interference to generate a pocket of energy, but may also utilize concepts of deconstructive interference to generate a transmission null in a particular physical location. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter may provide power to a plurality of receivers using pocket-forming, which may require the transmitter to execute a procedure for multiple pocket-forming. A transmitter comprising a plurality of antenna elements may accomplish multiple pocket-forming by automatically computing the phase and gain of power transmission signal waves, for each antenna element of the transmitter tasked with transmitting power transmission signals the respective receivers. The transmitter may compute the phase and gains independently, because multiple wave paths for each power transmission signal may be generated by the transmitter&#39;s antenna elements to transmit the power transmission signals to the respective antenna elements of the receiver. 
     As an example of the computation of phase/gain adjustments for two antenna elements of the transmitter transmitting two signals, say X and Y where Y is 180 degree phase shifted version of X (Y=−X). At a physical location where the cumulative received waveform is X−Y, a receiver receives X−Y=X+X=2X, whereas at a physical location where the cumulative received waveform is X+Y, a receiver receives X+Y=X−X=0. 
     In a next step  207 , the receiver may harvest or otherwise receive electrical energy from power transmission signals of a single beam or a pocket of energy. The receiver may comprise a rectifier and AC/DC converter, which may convert the electrical energy from AC current to DC current, and a rectifier of the receiver may then rectify the electrical energy, resulting in useable electrical energy for a client device associated with the receiver, such as a laptop computer, smartphone, battery, toy, or other electrical device. The receiver may utilize the pocket of energy produced by the transmitter during pocket-forming to charge or otherwise power the electronic device. 
     In next step  209 , the receiver may generate control data containing information indicating the effectiveness of the single beam or energy pockets providing the receiver power transmission signals. The receiver may then transmit control signals containing the control data, to the transmitter. The control signals may be transmitted intermittently, depending on whether the transmitter and receiver are communicating synchronously (i.e., the transmitter is expecting to receive control data from the receiver). Additionally, the transmitter may continuously transmit the power transmission signals to the receiver, irrespective of whether the transmitter and receiver are communicating control signals. The control data may contain information related to transmitting power transmission signals and/or establishing effective pockets of energy. Some of the information in the control data may inform the transmitter how to effectively produce and transmit, and in some cases adjust, the features of the power transmission signals. Control signals may be transmitted and received over a second channel, independent from the power transmission signals, using a wireless protocol capable of transmitting control data related to power transmission signals and/or pocket-forming, such as BLE, NFC, Wi-Fi, or the like. 
     As mentioned, the control data may contain information indicating the effectiveness of the power transmission signals of the single beam or establishing the pocket of energy. The control data may be generated by a processor of the receiver monitoring various aspects of receiver and/or the client device associated with the receiver. The control data may be based on various types of information, such as the voltage of electrical energy received from the power transmission signals, the quality of the power transmission signals reception, the quality of the battery charge or quality of the power reception, and location or motion of the receiver, among other types of information useful for adjusting the power transmission signals and/or pocket-forming. 
     In some embodiments, a receiver may determine the amount of power being received from power transmission signals transmitted from the transmitter and may then indicate that the transmitter should “split” or segment the power transmission signals into less-powerful power transmission signals. The less-powerful power transmission signals may be bounced off objects or walls nearby the device, thereby reducing the amount of power being transmitted directly from the transmitter to the receiver. 
     In a next step  211 , the transmitter may calibrate the antennas transmitting the power transmission signals, so that the antennas transmit power transmission signals having a more effective set of feature (e.g., direction, phase, gain, amplitude). In some embodiments, a processor of the transmitter may automatically determine more effective features for producing and transmitting the power transmission signals based on a control signal received from the receiver. The control signal may contain control data, and may be transmitted by the receiver using any number of wireless communication protocols (e.g., BLE, Wi-Fi, ZigBee®). The control data may contain information expressly indicating the more effective features for the power transmission waves; or the transmitter may automatically determine the more effective features based on the waveform features of the control signal (e.g., shape, frequency, amplitude). The transmitter may then automatically reconfigure the antennas to transmit recalibrated power transmission signals according to the newly determined more-effective features. For example, the processor of the transmitter may adjust gain and/or phase of the power transmission signals, among other features of power transmission feature, to adjust for a change in location of the receiver, after a user moved the receiver outside of the three-dimensional space where the pocket of energy is established. 
     C. System Architecture of Power Transmission System 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an architecture  300  for wireless power transmission using pocket-forming, according to an exemplary embodiment. “Pocket-forming” may refer to generating two or more power transmission waves  342  that converge at a location in three-dimensional space, resulting in constructive interference patterns at that location. A transmitter  302  may transmit and/or broadcast controlled power transmission waves  342  (e.g., microwaves, radio waves, ultrasound waves) that may converge in three-dimensional space. These power transmission waves  342  may be controlled through phase and/or relative amplitude adjustments to form constructive interference patterns (pocket-forming) in locations where a pocket of energy is intended. It should be understood also that the transmitter can use the same principles to create destructive interference in a location thereby creating a transmission null—a location where transmitted power transmission waves cancel each other out substantially and no significant energy can be collected by a receiver. In typical use cases the aiming of a power transmission signal at the location of the receiver is the objective; and in other cases it may be desirable to specifically avoid power transmission to a particular location; and in other cases it may be desirable to aim power transmission signal at a location while specifically avoiding transmission to a second location at the same time. The transmitter takes the use case into account when calibrating antennas for power transmission. 
     Antenna elements  306  of the transmitter  302  may operate in single array, pair array, quad array, or any other suitable arrangement that may be designed in accordance with the desired application. Pockets of energy may be formed at constructive interference patterns where the power transmission waves  342  accumulate to form a three-dimensional field of energy, around which one or more corresponding transmission null in a particular physical location may be generated by destructive interference patterns. Transmission null in a particular physical location-may refer to areas or regions of space where pockets of energy do not form because of destructive interference patterns of power transmission waves  342 . 
     A receiver  320  may then utilize power transmission waves  342  emitted by the transmitter  302  to establish a pocket of energy, for charging or powering an electronic device  313 , thus effectively providing wireless power transmission. Pockets of energy may refer to areas or regions of space where energy or power may accumulate in the form of constructive interference patterns of power transmission waves  342 . In other situations there can be multiple transmitters  302  and/or multiple receivers  320  for powering various electronic equipment for example smartphones, tablets, music players, toys and others at the same time. In other embodiments, adaptive pocket-forming may be used to regulate power on electronic devices. Adaptive pocket-forming may refer to dynamically adjusting pocket-forming to regulate power on one or more targeted receivers. 
     Receiver  320  may communicate with transmitter  302  by generating a short signal through antenna elements  324  in order to indicate its position with respect to the transmitter  302 . In some embodiments, receiver  320  may additionally utilize a network interface card (not shown) or similar computer networking component to communicate through a network  340  with other devices or components of the system  300 , such as a cloud computing service that manages several collections of transmitters  302 . The receiver  320  may comprise circuitry  308  for converting the power transmission signals  342  captured by the antenna elements  324 , into electrical energy that may be provided to and electric device  313  and/or a battery of the device  315 . In some embodiments, the circuitry may provide electrical energy to a battery of receiver  335 , which may store energy without the electrical device  313  being communicatively coupled to the receiver  320 . 
     Communications components  324  may enable receiver  320  to communicate with the transmitter  302  by transmitting control signals  345  over a wireless protocol. The wireless protocol can be a proprietary protocol or use a conventional wireless protocol, such as Bluetooth®, BLE, Wi-Fi, NFC, ZigBee, and the like. Communications component  324  may then be used to transfer information, such as an identifier for the electronic device  313 , as well as battery level information, geographic location data, or other information that may be of use for transmitter  302  in determining when to send power to receiver  320 , as well as the location to deliver power transmission waves  342  creating pockets of energy. In other embodiments, adaptive pocket-forming may be used to regulate power provided to electronic devices  313 . In such embodiments, the communications components  324  of the receiver may transmit voltage data indicating the amount of power received at the receiver  320 , and/or the amount of voltage provided to an electronic device  313   b  or battery  315 . 
     Once transmitter  302  identifies and locates receiver  320 , a channel or path for the control signals  345  can be established, through which the transmitter  302  may know the gain and phases of the control signals  345  coming from receiver  320 . Antenna elements  306  of the transmitter  302  may start to transmit or broadcast controlled power transmission waves  342  (e.g., radio frequency waves, ultrasound waves), which may converge in three-dimensional space by using at least two antenna elements  306  to manipulate the power transmission waves  342  emitted from the respective antenna element  306 . These power transmission waves  342  may be produced by using an external power source and a local oscillator chip using a suitable piezoelectric material. The power transmission waves  342  may be controlled by transmitter circuitry  301 , which may include a proprietary chip for adjusting phase and/or relative magnitudes of power transmission waves  342 . The phase, gain, amplitude, and other waveform features of the power transmission waves  342  may serve as inputs for antenna element  306  to form constructive and destructive interference patterns (pocket-forming). In some implementations, a micro-controller  310  or other circuit of the transmitter  302  may produce a power transmission signal, which comprises power transmission waves  342 , and that may be may split into multiple outputs by transmitter circuitry  301 , depending on the number of antenna elements  306  connected to the transmitter circuitry  301 . For example, if four antenna elements  306   a - d  are connected to one transmitter circuit  301   a , the power transmission signal will be split into four different outputs each output going to an antenna element  306  to be transmitted as power transmission waves  342  originating from the respective antenna elements  306 . 
     Pocket-forming may take advantage of interference to change the directionality of the antenna element  306  where constructive interference generates a pocket of energy and destructive interference generates a transmission null. Receiver  320  may then utilize pocket of energy produced by pocket-forming for charging or powering an electronic device and therefore effectively providing wireless power transmission. 
     Multiple pocket-forming may be achieved by computing the phase and gain from each antenna  306  of transmitter  302  to each receiver  320 . 
     D. Components of Systems Forming Pockets of Energy 
       FIG. 4  shows components of an exemplary system  400  of wireless power transmission using pocket-forming procedures. The system  400  may comprise one or more transmitters  402 , one or more receivers  420 , and one or more client devices  446 . 
     1. Transmitters 
     Transmitters  402  may be any device capable of broadcasting wireless power transmission signals, which may be RF waves  442 , for wireless power transmission, as described herein. Transmitters  402  may be responsible for performing tasks related to transmitting power transmission signals, which may include pocket-forming, adaptive pocket-forming, and multiple pocket-forming. In some implementations, transmitters  402  may transmit wireless power transmissions to receivers  420  in the form of RF waves, which may include any radio signal having any frequency or wavelength. A transmitter  402  may include one or more antenna elements  406 , one or more RFICs  408 , one or more microcontrollers  410 , one or more communication components  412 , a power source  414 , and a housing that may allocate all the requested components for the transmitter  402 . The various components of transmitters  402  may comprise, and/or may be manufactured using, meta-materials, micro-printing of circuits, nano-materials, and the like. 
     In the exemplary system  400 , the transmitter  402  may transmit or otherwise broadcast controlled RF waves  442  that converge at a location in three-dimensional space, thereby forming a pocket of energy  444 . These RF waves may be controlled through phase and/or relative amplitude adjustments to form constructive or destructive interference patterns (i.e., pocket-forming). Pockets of energy  444  may be fields formed at constructive interference patterns and may be three-dimensional in shape; whereas transmission null in a particular physical location may be generated at destructive interference patterns. Receivers  420  may harvest electrical energy from the pockets of energy  444  produced by pocket-forming for charging or powering an electronic client device  446  (e.g., a laptop computer, a cell phone). In some embodiments, the system  400  may comprise multiple transmitters  402  and/or multiple receivers  420 , for powering various electronic equipment. Non-limiting examples of client devices  446  may include: smartphones, tablets, music players, toys and others at the same time. In some embodiments, adaptive pocket-forming may be used to regulate power on electronic devices. 
     2. Receivers 
     Receivers  420  may include a housing where at least one antenna element  424 , one rectifier  426 , one power converter  428 , and a communications component  430  may be included. 
     Housing of the receiver  420  can be made of any material capable of facilitating signal or wave transmission and/or reception, for example plastic or hard rubber. Housing may be an external hardware that may be added to different electronic equipment, for example in the form of cases, or can be embedded within electronic equipment as well. 
     3. Antenna Elements 
     Antenna elements  424  of the receiver  420  may comprise any type of antenna capable of transmitting and/or receiving signals in frequency bands used by the transmitter  402 A. Antenna elements  424  may include vertical or horizontal polarization, right hand or left hand polarization, elliptical polarization, or other polarizations, as well as any number of polarization combinations. Using multiple polarizations can be beneficial in devices where there may not be a preferred orientation during usage or whose orientation may vary continuously through time, for example a smartphone or portable gaming system. For devices having a well-defined expected orientation (e.g., a two-handed video game controller), there might be a preferred polarization for antennas, which may dictate a ratio for the number of antennas of a given polarization. Types of antennas in antenna elements  424  of the receiver  420 , may include patch antennas, which may have heights from about ⅛ inch to about 6 inches and widths from about ⅛ inch to about 6 inches. Patch antennas may preferably have polarization that depends upon connectivity, i.e., the polarization may vary depending on from which side the patch is fed. In some embodiments, the type of antenna may be any type of antenna, such as patch antennas, capable of dynamically varying the antenna polarization to optimize wireless power transmission. 
     4. Rectifier 
     Rectifiers  426  of the receiver  420  may include diodes, resistors, inductors, and/or capacitors to rectify alternating current (AC) voltage generated by antenna elements  424  to direct current (DC) voltage. Rectifiers  426  may be placed as close as is technically possible to antenna elements A 24 B to minimize losses in electrical energy gathered from power transmission signals. After rectifying AC voltage, the resulting DC voltage may be regulated using power converters  428 . Power converters  428  can be a DC-to-DC converter that may help provide a constant voltage output, regardless of input, to an electronic device, or as in this exemplary system  400 , to a battery. Typical voltage outputs can be from about 5 volts to about 10 volts. In some embodiments, power converter may include electronic switched mode DC-DC converters, which can provide high efficiency. In such embodiments, the receiver  420  may comprise a capacitor (not shown) that is situated to receive the electrical energy before power converters  428 . The capacitor may ensure sufficient current is provided to an electronic switching device (e.g., switch mode DC-DC converter), so it may operate effectively. When charging an electronic device, for example a phone or laptop computer, initial high-currents that can exceed the minimum voltage needed to activate operation of an electronic switched mode DC-DC converter, may be required. In such a case, a capacitor (not shown) may be added at the output of receivers  420  to provide the extra energy required. Afterwards, lower power can be provided. For example, 1/80 of the total initial power that may be used while having the phone or laptop still build-up charge. 
     5. Communications Component 
     A communications component  430  of a receiver  420  may communicate with one or more other devices of the system  400 , such as other receivers  420 , client devices, and/or transmitters  402 . Different antenna, rectifier or power converter arrangements are possible for a receiver as will be explained in following embodiments. 
     E. Methods of Pocket Forming for a Plurality of Devices 
       FIG. 5  shows steps of powering a plurality of receiver devices, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     In a first step  501 , a transmitter (TX) establishes a connection or otherwise associates with a receiver (RX). That is, in some embodiments, transmitters and receivers may communicate control data over using a wireless communication protocol capable of transmitting information between two processors of electrical devices (e.g., Bluetooth®, BLE, Wi-Fi, NFC, ZigBee®). For example, in embodiments implement Bluetooth® or Bluetooth® variants, the transmitter may scan for receiver&#39;s broadcasting advertisement signals or a receiver may transmit an advertisement signal to the transmitter. The advertisement signal may announce the receiver&#39;s presence to the transmitter, and may trigger an association between the transmitter and the receiver. As described later, in some embodiments, the advertisement signal may communicate information that may be used by various devices (e.g., transmitters, client devices, sever computers, other receivers) to execute and manage pocket-forming procedures. Information contained within the advertisement signal may include a device identifier (e.g., MAC address, IP address, UUID), the voltage of electrical energy received, client device power consumption, and other types of data related to power transmission waves. The transmitter may use the advertisement signal transmitted to identify the receiver and, in some cases, locate the receiver in a two-dimensional space or in a three-dimensional space. Once the transmitter identifies the receiver, the transmitter may establish the connection associated in the transmitter with the receiver, allowing the transmitter and receiver to communicate control signals over a second channel. 
     As an example, when a receiver comprising a Bluetooth® processor is powered-up or is brought within a detection range of the transmitter, the Bluetooth processor may begin advertising the receiver according to Bluetooth® standards. The transmitter may recognize the advertisement and begin establishing connection for communicating control signals and power transmission signals. In some embodiments, the advertisement signal may contain unique identifiers so that the transmitter may distinguish that advertisement and ultimately that receiver from all the other Bluetooth® devices nearby within range. 
     In a next step  503 , when the transmitter detects the advertisement signal, the transmitter may automatically form a communication connection with that receiver, which may allow the transmitter and receiver to communicate control signals and power transmission signals. The transmitter may then command that receiver to begin transmitting real-time sample data or control data. The transmitter may also begin transmitting power transmission signals from antennas of the transmitter&#39;s antenna array. 
     In a next step  505 , the receiver may then measure the voltage, among other metrics related to effectiveness of the power transmission signals, based on the electrical energy received by the receiver&#39;s antennas. The receiver may generate control data containing the measured information, and then transmit control signals containing the control data to the transmitter. For example, the receiver may sample the voltage measurements of received electrical energy, for example, at a rate of 100 times per second. The receiver may transmit the voltage sample measurement back to the transmitter, 100 times a second, in the form of control signals. 
     In a next step  507 , the transmitter may execute one or more software modules monitoring the metrics, such as voltage measurements, received from the receiver. Algorithms may vary production and transmission of power transmission signals by the transmitter&#39;s antennas, to maximize the effectiveness of the pockets of energy around the receiver. For example, the transmitter may adjust the phase at which the transmitter&#39;s antenna transmit the power transmission signals, until that power received by the receiver indicates an effectively established pocket energy around the receiver. When an optimal configuration for the antennas is identified, memory of the transmitter may store the configurations to keep the transmitter broadcasting at that highest level. 
     In a next step  509 , algorithms of the transmitter may determine when it is necessary to adjust the power transmission signals and may also vary the configuration of the transmit antennas, in response to determining such adjustments are necessary. For example, the transmitter may determine the power received at a receiver is less than maximal, based on the data received from the receiver. The transmitter may then automatically adjust the phase of the power transmission signals, but may also simultaneously continues to receive and monitor the voltage being reported back from receiver. 
     In a next step  511 , after a determined period of time for communicating with a particular receiver, the transmitter may scan and/or automatically detect advertisements from other receivers that may be in range of the transmitter. The transmitters may establish a connection to the second receiver responsive to Bluetooth® advertisements from a second receiver. 
     In a next step  513 , after establishing a second communication connection with the second receiver, the transmitter may proceed to adjust one or more antennas in the transmitter&#39;s antenna array. In some embodiments, the transmitter may identify a subset of antennas to service the second receiver, thereby parsing the array into subsets of arrays that are associated with a receiver. In some embodiments, the entire antenna array may service a first receiver for a given period of time, and then the entire array may service the second receiver for that period of time. 
     Manual or automated processes performed by the transmitter may select a subset of arrays to service the second receiver. In this example, the transmitter&#39;s array may be split in half, forming two subsets. As a result, half of the antennas may be configured to transmit power transmission signals to the first receiver, and half of the antennas may be configured for the second receiver. In the current step  513 , the transmitter may apply similar techniques discussed above to configure or optimize the subset of antennas for the second receiver. While selecting a subset of an array for transmitting power transmission signals, the transmitter and second receiver may be communicating control data. As a result, by the time that the transmitter alternates back to communicating with the first receiver and/or scan for new receivers, the transmitter has already received a sufficient amount of sample data to adjust the phases of the waves transmitted by second subset of the transmitter&#39;s antenna array, to transmit power transmission waves to the second receiver effectively. 
     In a next step  515 , after adjusting the second subset to transmit power transmission signals to the second receiver, the transmitter may alternate back to communicating control data with the first receiver, or scanning for additional receivers. The transmitter may reconfigure the antennas of the first subset, and then alternate between the first and second receivers at a predetermined interval. 
     In a next step  517 , the transmitter may continue to alternate between receivers and scanning for new receivers, at a predetermined interval. As each new receiver is detected, the transmitter may establish a connection and begin transmitting power transmission signals, accordingly. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the receiver may be electrically connected to a device like a smart phone. The transmitter&#39;s processor would scan for any Bluetooth devices. The receiver may begin advertising that it&#39;s a Bluetooth device through the Bluetooth chip. Inside the advertisement, there may be unique identifiers so that the transmitter, when it scanned that advertisement, could distinguish that advertisement and ultimately that receiver from all the other Bluetooth devices nearby within range. When the transmitter detects that advertisement and notices it is a receiver, then the transmitter may immediately form a communication connection with that receiver and command that receiver to begin sending real time sample data. 
     The receiver would then measure the voltage at its receiving antennas, send that voltage sample measurement back to the transmitter (e.g., 100 times a second). The transmitter may start to vary the configuration of the transmit antennas by adjusting the phase. As the transmitter adjusts the phase, the transmitter monitors the voltage being sent back from the receiver. In some implementations, the higher the voltage, the more energy may be in the pocket. The antenna phases may be altered until the voltage is at the highest level and there is a maximum pocket of energy around the receiver. The transmitter may keep the antennas at the particular phase so the voltage is at the highest level. 
     The transmitter may vary each individual antenna, one at a time. For example, if there are 32 antennas in the transmitter, and each antenna has 8 phases, the transmitter may begin with the first antenna and would step the first antenna through all 8 phases. The receiver may then send back the power level for each of the 8 phases of the first antenna. The transmitter may then store the highest phase for the first antenna. The transmitter may repeat this process for the second antenna, and step it through 8 phases. The receiver may again send back the power levels from each phase, and the transmitter may store the highest level. Next the transmitter may repeat the process for the third antenna and continue to repeat the process until all 32 antennas have stepped through the 8 phases. At the end of the process, the transmitter may transmit the maximum voltage in the most efficient manner to the receiver. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the transmitter may detect a second receiver&#39;s advertisement and form a communication connection with the second receiver. When the transmitter forms the communication with the second receiver, the transmitter may aim the original 32 antennas towards the second receiver and repeat the phase process for each of the 32 antennas aimed at the second receiver. Once the process is completed, the second receiver may getting as much power as possible from the transmitter. The transmitter may communicate with the second receiver for a second, and then alternate back to the first receiver for a predetermined period of time (e.g., a second), and the transmitter may continue to alternate back and forth between the first receiver and the second receiver at the predetermined time intervals. 
     In yet another implementation, the transmitter may detect a second receiver&#39;s advertisement and form a communication connection with the second receiver. First, the transmitter may communicate with the first receiver and re-assign half of the exemplary  32  the antennas aimed at the first receiver, dedicating only 16 towards the first receiver. The transmitter may then assign the second half of the antennas to the second receiver, dedicating 16 antennas to the second receiver. The transmitter may adjust the phases for the second half of the antennas. Once the 16 antennas have gone through each of the 8 phases, the second receiver may be obtaining the maximum voltage in the most efficient manner to the receiver. 
     F. Wireless Power Transmission with Selective Range 
     1. Constructive Interference 
       FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  show an exemplary system  600  implementing wireless power transmission principles that may be implemented during exemplary pocket-forming processes. A transmitter  601  comprising a plurality of antennas in an antenna array, may adjust the phase and amplitude, among other possible attributes, of power transmission waves  607 , being transmitted from antennas of the transmitter  601 . As shown in  FIG. 6A , in the absence of any phase or amplitude adjustment, power transmission waves  607   a  may be transmitted from each of the antennas will arrive at different locations and have different phases. These differences are often due to the different distances from each antenna element of the transmitter  601   a  to a receiver  605   a  or receivers  605   a , located at the respective locations. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 6A , a receiver  605   a  may receive multiple power transmission signals, each comprising power transmission waves  607   a , from multiple antenna elements of a transmitter  601   a ; the composite of these power transmission signals may be essentially zero, because in this example, the power transmission waves add together destructively. That is, antenna elements of the transmitter  601   a  may transmit the exact same power transmission signal (i.e., comprising power transmission waves  607   a  having the same features, such as phase and amplitude), and as such, when the power transmission waves  607   a  of the respective power transmission signals arrive at the receiver  605   a , they are offset from each other by 180 degrees. Consequently, the power transmission waves  607   a  of these power transmission signals “cancel” one another. Generally, signals offsetting one another in this way may be referred to as “destructive,” and thus result in “destructive interference.” 
     In contrast, as shown in  FIG. 6B , for so-called “constructive interference,” signals comprising power transmission waves  607   b  that arrive at the receiver exactly “in phase” with one another, combine to increase the amplitude of the each signal, resulting in a composite that is stronger than each of the constituent signals. In the illustrative example in  FIG. 6A , note that the phase of the power transmission waves  607   a  in the transmit signals are the same at the location of transmission, and then eventually add up destructively at the location of the receiver  605   a . In contrast, in  FIG. 6B , the phase of the power transmission waves  607   b  of the transmit signals are adjusted at the location of transmission, such that they arrive at the receiver  605   b  in phase alignment, and consequently they add constructively. In this illustrative example, there will be a resulting pocket of energy located around the receiver  605   b  in  FIG. 6B ; and there will be a transmission null located around receiver in  FIG. 6A . 
       FIG. 7  depicts wireless power transmission with selective range  700 , where a transmitter  702  may produce pocket-forming for a plurality of receivers associated with electrical devices  701 . Transmitter  702  may generate pocket-forming through wireless power transmission with selective range  700 , which may include one or more wireless charging radii  704  and one or more radii of a transmission null at a particular physical location  706 . A plurality of electronic devices  701  may be charged or powered in wireless charging radii  704 . Thus, several spots of energy may be created, such spots may be employed for enabling restrictions for powering and charging electronic devices  701 . As an example, the restrictions may include operating specific electronics in a specific or limited spot, contained within wireless charging radii  704 . Furthermore, safety restrictions may be implemented by the use of wireless power transmission with selective range  700 , such safety restrictions may avoid pockets of energy over areas or zones where energy needs to be avoided, such areas may include areas including sensitive equipment to pockets of energy and/or people which do not want pockets of energy over and/or near them. In embodiments such as the one shown in  FIG. 7 , the transmitter  702  may comprise antenna elements found on a different plane than the receivers associated with electrical devices  701  in the served area. For example the receivers of electrical devices  701  may be in a room where a transmitter  702  may be mounted on the ceiling. Selective ranges for establishing pockets of energy using power transmission waves, which may be represented as concentric circles by placing an antenna array of the transmitter  702  on the ceiling or other elevated location, and the transmitter  702  may emit power transmission waves that will generate ‘cones’ of energy pockets. In some embodiments, the transmitter  701  may control the radius of each charging radii  704 , thereby establishing intervals for service area to create pockets of energy that are pointed down to an area at a lower plane, which may adjust the width of the cone through appropriate selection of antenna phase and amplitudes. 
       FIG. 8  depicts wireless power transmission with selective range  800 , where a transmitter  802  may produce pocket-forming for a plurality of receivers  806 . Transmitter  802  may generate pocket-forming through wireless power transmission with selective range  800 , which may include one or more wireless charging spots  804 . A plurality of electronic devices may be charged or powered in wireless charging spots  804 . Pockets of energy may be generated over a plurality of receivers  806  regardless the obstacles  804  surrounding them. Pockets of energy may be generated by creating constructive interference, according to the principles described herein, in wireless charging spots  804 . Location of pockets of energy may be performed by tacking receivers  806  and by enabling a plurality of communication protocols by a variety of communication systems such as, Bluetooth® technology, infrared communication, Wi-Fi, FM radio, among others. 
     G. Exemplary System Embodiment Using Heat Maps 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a diagram of architecture  900 A,  900 B for a wirelessly charging client computing platform, according to an exemplary embodiment. In some implementations, a user may be inside a room and may hold on his hands an electronic device (e.g. a smartphone, tablet). In some implementations, electronic device may be on furniture inside the room. The electronic device may include a receiver  920 A,  920 B either embedded to the electronic device or as a separate adapter connected to electronic device. Receivers  920 A,  920 B may include all the components described in  FIG. 11 . A transmitter  902 A,  902 B may be hanging on one of the walls of the room right behind user. Transmitters  902 A,  902 B may also include all the components described in  FIG. 11 . 
     As user may seem to be obstructing the path between receivers  920 A,  920 B and transmitters  902 A,  902 B, RF waves may not be easily aimed to the receivers  920 A,  920 B in a linear direction. However, since the short signals generated from receivers  920 A,  920 B may be omni-directional for the type of antenna element used, these signals may bounce over the walls  944 A,  944 B until they reach transmitters  902 A,  902 B. A hot spot  944 A,  944 B may be any item in the room which will reflect the RF waves. For example, a large metal clock on the wall may be used to reflect the RF waves to a user&#39;s cell phone. 
     A micro controller in the transmitter adjusts the transmitted signal from each antenna based on the signal received from the receiver. Adjustment may include forming conjugates of the signal phases received from the receivers and further adjustment of transmit antenna phases taking into account the built-in phase of antenna elements. The antenna element may be controlled simultaneously to steer energy in a given direction. The transmitter  902 A,  902 B may scan the room, and look for hot spots  944 A,  944 B. Once calibration is performed, transmitters  902 A,  902 B may focus RF waves in a channel following a path that may be the most efficient paths. Subsequently, RF signals  942 A,  942 B may form a pocket of energy on a first electronic device and another pocket of energy in a second electronic device while avoiding obstacles such as user and furniture. 
     When scanning the service area, the room in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , the transmitter  902 A,  902 B may employ different methods. As an illustrative example, but without limiting the possible methods that can be used, the transmitter  902 A,  902 B may detect the phases and magnitudes of the signal coming from the receiver and use those to form the set of transmit phases and magnitudes, for example by calculating conjugates of them and applying them at transmit. As another illustrative example, the transmitter may apply all possible phases of transmit antennas in subsequent transmissions, one at a time, and detect the strength of the pocket of energy formed by each combination by observing information related to the signal from the receiver  920 A,  920 B. Then the transmitter  902 A,  902 B repeats this calibration periodically. In some implementations, the transmitter  902 A,  902 B does not have to search through all possible phases, and can search through a set of phases that are more likely to result in strong pockets of energy based on prior calibration values. In yet another illustrative example, the transmitter  902 A,  902 B may use preset values of transmit phases for the antennas to form pockets of energy directed to different locations in the room. The transmitter may for example scan the physical space in the room from top to bottom and left to right by using preset phase values for antennas in subsequent transmissions. The transmitter  902 A,  902 B then detects the phase values that result in the strongest pocket of energy around the receiver  920   a ,  920   b  by observing the signal from the receiver  920   a ,  920   b . It should be appreciated that there are other possible methods for scanning a service area for heat mapping that may be employed, without deviating from the scope or spirit of the embodiments described herein. The result of a scan, whichever method is used, is a heat-map of the service area (e.g., room, store) from which the transmitter  902 A,  902 B may identify the hot spots that indicate the best phase and magnitude values to use for transmit antennas in order to maximize the pocket of energy around the receiver. 
     The transmitters  902 A,  902 B, may use the Bluetooth connection to determine the location of the receivers  920 A,  920 B, and may use different non-overlapping parts of the RF band to channel the RF waves to different receivers  920 A,  920 B. In some implementations, the transmitters  902 A,  902 B, may conduct a scan of the room to determine the location of the receivers  920 A,  920 B and forms pockets of energy that are orthogonal to each other, by virtue of non-overlapping RF transmission bands. Using multiple pockets of energy to direct energy to receivers may inherently be safer than some alternative power transmission methods since no single transmission is very strong, while the aggregate power transmission signal received at the receiver is strong. 
     H. Exemplary System Embodiment 
       FIG. 10A  illustrates wireless power transmission using multiple pocket-forming  1000 A that may include one transmitter  1002 A and at least two or more receivers  1020 A. Receivers  1020 A may communicate with transmitters  1002 A, which is further described in  FIG. 11 . Once transmitter  1002 A identifies and locates receivers  1020 A, a channel or path can be established by knowing the gain and phases coming from receivers  1020 A. Transmitter  1002 A may start to transmit controlled RF waves  1042 A which may converge in three-dimensional space by using a minimum of two antenna elements. These RF waves  1042 A may be produced using an external power source and a local oscillator chip using a suitable piezoelectric material. RF waves  1042 A may be controlled by RFIC, which may include a proprietary chip for adjusting phase and/or relative magnitudes of RF signals that may serve as inputs for antenna elements to form constructive and destructive interference patterns (pocket-forming). Pocket-forming may take advantage of interference to change the directionality of the antenna elements where constructive interference generates a pocket of energy  1060 A and deconstructive interference generates a transmission null. Receivers  1020 A may then utilize pocket of energy  1060 A produced by pocket-forming for charging or powering an electronic device, for example, a laptop computer  1062 A and a smartphone  1052 A and thus effectively providing wireless power transmission. 
     Multiple pocket forming  1000 A may be achieved by computing the phase and gain from each antenna of transmitter  1002 A to each receiver  1020 A. The computation may be calculated independently because multiple paths may be generated by antenna element from transmitter  1002 A to antenna element from receivers  1020 A. 
     I. Exemplary System Embodiment 
       FIG. 10B  is an exemplary illustration of multiple adaptive pocket-forming  1000 B. In this embodiment, a user may be inside a room and may hold on his hands an electronic device, which in this case may be a tablet  1064 B. In addition, smartphone  1052 B may be on furniture inside the room. Tablet  1064 B and smartphone  1052 B may each include a receiver either embedded to each electronic device or as a separate adapter connected to tablet  1064 B and smartphone  1052 B. Receiver may include all the components described in  FIG. 11 . A transmitter  1002 B may be hanging on one of the walls of the room right behind user. Transmitter  1002 B may also include all the components described in  FIG. 11 . As user may seem to be obstructing the path between receiver and transmitter  1002 B, RF waves  1042 B may not be easily aimed to each receiver in a line of sight fashion. However, since the short signals generated from receivers may be omni-directional for the type of antenna elements used, these signals may bounce over the walls until they find transmitter  1002 B. Almost instantly, a micro-controller which may reside in transmitter  1002 B, may recalibrate the transmitted signals, based on the received signals sent by each receiver, by adjusting gain and phases and forming a convergence of the power transmission waves such that they add together and strengthen the energy concentrated at that location—in contrast to adding together in a way to subtract from each other and diminish the energy concentrated at that location, which is called “destructive interference” and conjugates of the signal phases received from the receivers and further adjustment of transmit antenna phases taking into account the built-in phase of antenna elements. Once calibration is performed, transmitter  1002 B may focus RF waves following the most efficient paths. Subsequently, a pocket of energy  1060 B may form on tablet  1064 B and another pocket of energy  1060 B in smartphone  1052 B while taking into account obstacles such as user and furniture. The foregoing property may be beneficial in that wireless power transmission using multiple pocket-forming  1000 B may inherently be safe as transmission along each pocket of energy is not very strong, and that RF transmissions generally reflect from living tissue and do not penetrate. 
     Once transmitter  1002 B identities and locates receiver, a channel or path can be established by knowing the gain and phases coming from receiver. Transmitter  1002 B may start to transmit controlled RF waves  1042 B that may converge in three-dimensional space by using a minimum of two antenna elements. These RF waves  1042 B may be produced using an external power source and a local oscillator chip using a suitable piezoelectric material. RF waves  1042 B may be controlled by RFIC that may include a proprietary chip for adjusting phase and/or relative magnitudes of RF signals, which may serve as inputs for antenna elements to form constructive and destructive interference patterns (pocket-forming). Pocket-forming may take advantage of interference to change the directionality of the antenna elements where constructive interference generates a pocket of energy and deconstructive interference generates a null in a particular physical location. Receiver may then utilize pocket of energy produced by pocket-forming for charging or powering an electronic device, for example a laptop computer and a smartphone and thus effectively providing wireless power transmission. 
     Multiple pocket-forming  1000 B may be achieved by computing the phase and gain from each antenna of transmitter to each receiver. The computation may be calculated independently because multiple paths may be generated by antenna elements from transmitter to antenna elements from receiver. 
     An example of the computation for at least two antenna elements may include determining the phase of the signal from the receiver and applying the conjugate of the receive parameters to the antenna elements for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, two or more receivers may operate at different frequencies to avoid power losses during wireless power transmission. This may be achieved by including an array of multiple embedded antenna elements in transmitter  1002 B. In one embodiment, a single frequency may be transmitted by each antenna in the array. In other embodiments some of the antennas in the array may be used to transmit at a different frequency. For example, ½ of the antennas in the array may operate at 2.4 GHz while the other ½ may operate at 5.8 GHz. In another example, ⅓ of the antennas in the array may operate at 900 MHz, another ⅓ may operate at 2.4 GHz, and the remaining antennas in the array may operate at 5.8 GHz. 
     In another embodiment, each array of antenna elements may be virtually divided into one or more antenna elements during wireless power transmission, where each set of antenna elements in the array can transmit at a different frequency. For example, an antenna element of the transmitter may transmit power transmission signals at 2.4 GHz, but a corresponding antenna element of a receiver may be configured to receive power transmission signals at 5.8 GHz. In this example, a processor of the transmitter may adjust the antenna element of the transmitter to virtually or logically divide the antenna elements in the array into a plurality patches that may be fed independently. As a result, ¼ of the array of antenna elements may be able to transmit the 5.8 GHz needed for the receiver, while another set of antenna elements may transmit at 2.4 GHz. Therefore, by virtually dividing an array of antenna elements, electronic devices coupled to receivers can continue to receive wireless power transmission. The foregoing may be beneficial because, for example, one set of antenna elements may transmit at about 2.4 GHz and other antenna elements may transmit at 5.8 GHz, and thus, adjusting a number of antenna elements in a given array when working with receivers operating at different frequencies. In this example, the array is divided into equal sets of antenna elements (e.g., four antenna elements), but the array may be divided into sets of different amounts of antenna elements. In an alternative embodiment, each antenna element may alternate between select frequencies. 
     The efficiency of wireless power transmission as well as the amount of power that can be delivered (using pocket-forming) may be a function of the total number of antenna elements  1006  used in a given receivers and transmitters system. For example, for delivering about one watt at about 15 feet, a receiver may include about 80 antenna elements while a transmitter may include about 256 antenna elements. Another identical wireless power transmission system (about 1 watt at about 15 feet) may include a receiver with about 40 antenna elements, and a transmitter with about 512 antenna elements. Reducing in half the number of antenna elements in a receiver may require doubling the number of antenna elements in a transmitter. In some embodiments, it may be beneficial to put a greater number of antenna elements in transmitters than in a receivers because of cost, because there will be much fewer transmitters than receivers in a system-wide deployment. However, the opposite can be achieved, e.g., by placing more antenna elements on a receiver than on a transmitter as long as there are at least two antenna elements in a transmitter  1002 B. 
     II. Transmitters—Systems and Methods for Wireless Power Transmissions 
     Transmitters may be responsible for the pocket-forming, adaptive pocket-forming and multiple pocket-forming using the components described below. Transmitters may transmit wireless power transmission signals to receivers in the form of any physical media capable of propagating through space and being converted into useable electrical energy; examples may include RF waves, infrared, acoustics, electromagnetic fields, and ultrasound. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that power transmission signals may be most any radio signal, having any frequency or wavelength. Transmitters are described within with reference to RF transmissions, only as an example, and not to limit the scope to RF transmission only. 
     Transmitters may be located in number of locations, surfaces, mountings, or embedded structures, such as, desks, tables, floors, walls, and the like. In some cases, transmitters may be located in a client computing platforms, which may be any computing device comprising processors and software modules capable of executing the processes and tasks described herein. Non-limiting examples of client computing platforms may include a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computing platform, a netbook, a smartphone, a gaming console, and/or other computing platforms. In other embodiments, the client computing platforms may be a variety of electronic computing devices. In such embodiments, each of the client computing platforms may have distinct operating systems, and/or physical components. The client computing platforms may be executing the same operating system and/or the client computing platforms may be executing different operating systems. The client computing platforms and or devices may be capable of executing multiple operating systems. In addition, box transmitters may contain several arrangements of printed circuit board (PCB) layers, which may be oriented in X, Y, or Z axis, or in any combination of these. 
     It should be appreciated that wireless charging techniques are not limited to RF wave transmission techniques, but may include alternative or additional techniques for transmitting energy to a receiver converting the transmitted energy to electrical power. Non-limiting exemplary transmission techniques for energy that can be converted by a receiving device into electrical power may include: ultrasound, microwave, resonant and inductive magnetic fields, laser light, infrared, or other forms of electromagnetic energy. In the case of ultrasound, for example, one or more transducer elements may be disposed so as to form a transducer array that transmits ultrasound waves toward a receiving device that receives the ultrasound waves and converts them to electrical power. In the case of resonant or inductive magnetic fields, magnetic fields are created in a transmitter coil and converted by a receiver coil into electrical power. 
     A. Components of Transmitter Devices 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a diagram of a system  1100  architecture for wirelessly charging client devices, according to an exemplary embodiment. The system  1100  may comprise a transmitter  1101  and a receiver  1120  that may each comprise an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The transmitter  1101  ASIC may include one or more printed circuit boards (PCB)  1104 , one or more antenna elements  1106 , one or more radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC)  1108 , one or more microcontrollers (MCs)  1110 , a communication component  1112 , a power source  1114 . The transmitter  1101  may be encased in a housing, which may allocate all the requested components for transmitter  1101 . Components in transmitter  1101  may be manufactured using meta-materials, micro-printing of circuits, nano-materials, and/or any other materials. It should be obvious to someone skilled in the art that the entire transmitter or the entire receiver can be implemented on a single circuit board, as well as having one or more of the functional blocks implemented in separate circuit boards. 
     1. Printed Circuit Boards 
     In some implementations, the transmitter  1101  may include a plurality of PCB  1104  layers, which may include antenna element  1106  and/or RFIC  1108  for providing greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. The PCB  1104  may mechanically support and electrically connect the electronic component described herein using conductive tracks, pads and/or other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs may be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers), and/or multi-layer. Multiple PCB  1104  layers may increase the range and the amount of power that could be transferred by transmitter  1101 . PCB  1104  layers may be connected to a single MC  1110  and/or to dedicated MCs  1110 . Similarly, RFIC  1108  may be connected to antenna element  1106  as depicted in the foregoing embodiments. 
     In some implementations, a box transmitter, including a plurality of PCB  1104  layers inside it may include antenna element  1108  for providing greater control over pocket-forming and may increase the response for targeting receivers. Furthermore, range of wireless power transmission may be increased by the box transmitter. Multiple PCB  1104  layers may increase the range and the amount of power waves (e.g., RF power waves, ultrasound waves) that could be transferred and/or broadcasted wirelessly by transmitter  1101  due the higher density of antenna element  1106 . The PCB  1104  layers may be connected to a single microcontroller  1110  and/or to dedicated microcontroller  1110  for each antenna element  1106 . Similarly, RFIC  1108  may control antenna element  1101  as depicted in the foregoing embodiments. Furthermore, box shape of transmitter  1101  may increase action ratio of wireless power transmission. 
     2. Antenna Elements 
     Antenna element  1106  may be directional and/or omni-directional and include flat antenna elements, patch antenna elements, dipole antenna elements, and any other suitable antenna for wireless power transmission. Suitable antenna types may include, for example, patch antennas with heights from about ⅛ inch to about 6 inches and widths from about ⅛ inch to about 6 inches. The shape and orientation of antenna element  1106  may vary in dependency of the desired features of transmitter  1101 ; orientation may be flat in X, Y, and Z axis, as well as various orientation types and combinations in three dimensional arrangements. Antenna element  1106  materials may include any suitable material that may allow RF signal transmission with high efficiency, good heat dissipation and the like. The amount of antenna elements  1106  may vary in relation with the desired range and power transmission capability on transmitter  1101 ; the more antenna elements  1106 , the wider range and higher power transmission capability. 
     Antenna element  1106  may include suitable antenna types for operating in frequency bands such as 900 MHz, 2.5 GHz or 5.8 GHz as these frequency bands conform to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations part 18 (industrial, scientific, and medical equipment). Antenna element  1106  may operate in independent frequencies, allowing a multichannel operation of pocket-forming. 
     In addition, antenna element  1106  may have at least one polarization or a selection of polarizations. Such polarization may include vertical polarization, horizontal polarization, circularly polarized, left hand polarized, right hand polarized, or a combination of polarizations. The selection of polarizations may vary in dependency of transmitter  1101  characteristics. In addition, antenna element  1106  may be located in various surfaces of transmitter  1101 . Antenna element  1106  may operate in single array, pair array, quad array and any other suitable arrangement that may be designed in accordance with the desired application. 
     In some implementations, the entire side of the printed circuit board PCB  1104  may be closely packed with antenna element  1106 . The RFIC  1108  may connect to multiple antenna elements  1106 . Multiple antenna elements  1106  may surround a single RFIC  1108 . 
     3. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits 
     The RFIC  1108  may receive an RF signal from the MC  1110 , and split the RF signal into multiple outputs, each output linked to an antenna element  1106 . For example, each RFIC  1108  may be connected to four antenna elements  1106 . In some implementations, each RFIC  1108  may be connected to eight, sixteen, and/or multiple antenna elements  1106 . 
     The RFIC  1104  may include a plurality of RF circuits that may include digital and/or analog components, such as, amplifiers, capacitors, oscillators, piezoelectric crystals and the like. RFIC  1104  may control features of antenna element  1106 , such as gain and/or phase for pocket-forming and manage it through direction, power level, and the like. The phase and the amplitude of pocket-forming in each antenna element  1106  may be regulated by the corresponding RFIC  1108  in order to generate the desired pocket-forming and transmission null steering. In addition, RFIC  1108  may be connected to MC  1110 , which may utilize digital signal processing (DSP), ARM, PIC-Class microprocessor, central processing unit, computer, and the like. The lower number of RFICs  1108  present in the transmitter  1101  may correspond to desired features such as lower control of multiple pocket-forming, lower levels of granularity, and a less expensive embodiment. In some implementations, RFIC  1108  may be coupled to one or more MCs  1110 , and MC  1110  may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1101 . 
     In some implementations of transmitter  1101 , the phase and the amplitude of each pocket-forming in each antenna element  1106  may be regulated by the corresponding RFIC  1108  in order to generate the desired pocket-forming and transmission null steering. RFIC  1108  singled coupled to each antenna element  1106  may reduce processing requirement and may increase control over pocket-forming, allowing multiple pocket-forming and a higher granular pocket-forming with less load over MC  1110 , and a higher response of higher number of multiple pocket-forming may be allowed. Furthermore, multiple pocket-forming may charge a higher number of receivers and may allow a better trajectory to such receivers. 
     RFIC  1108  and antenna element  1106  may operate in any suitable arrangement that may be designed in accordance with the desired application. For example, transmitter  1101  may include antenna element  1106  and RFIC  1108  in a flat arrangement. A subset of 4, 8, 16, and/or any number of antenna elements  1106  may be connected to a single RFIC  1108 . RFIC  1108  may be directly embedded behind each antenna element  1106 ; such integration may reduce losses due the shorter distance between components. In some implementations, a row or column of antenna elements  1106  may be connected to a single MC  1110 . RFIC  1108  connected to each row or column may allow a less expensive transmitter  1101  that may produce pocket-forming by changing phase and gain between rows or columns. In some implementations, the RFIC  1108  may output between 2-8 volts of power for the receiver  1120  to obtain. 
     In some implementations, a cascade arrangement of RFICs  1108  may be implemented. A flat transmitter  1101  using a cascade arrangement of RFICs  1108  may provide greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers  1106 , as well as a higher reliability and accuracy may be achieved because multiple redundancy of RFICs  1108 . 
     4. Microcontrollers 
     The MC  1110  may comprise a processor running ARM and/or DSP. ARM is a family of general purpose microprocessors based on a reduced instruction set computing (RISC). A DSP is a general purpose signal processing chip may provide a mathematical manipulation of an information signal to modify or improve it in some way, and can be characterized by the representation of discrete time, discrete frequency, and/or other discrete domain signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. DSP may measure, filter, and/or compress continuous real-world analog signals. The first step may be conversion of the signal from an analog to a digital form, by sampling and then digitizing it using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which may convert the analog signal into a stream of discrete digital values. The MC  1110  may also run Linux and/or any other operating system. The MC  1110  may also be connected to Wi-Fi in order to provide information through a network  1140 . 
     MC  1110  may control a variety of features of RFIC  1108  such as, time emission of pocket-forming, direction of the pocket-forming, bounce angle, power intensity and the like. Furthermore, MC  1110  may control multiple pocket-forming over multiple receivers or over a single receiver. Transmitter  1101  may allow distance discrimination of wireless power transmission. In addition, MC  1110  may manage and control communication protocols and signals by controlling communication component  1112 . MC  1110  may process information received by communication component  1112  that may send and receive signals to and from a receiver in order to track it and concentrate radio frequency signals  1142  (i.e., pockets of energy) on it. Other information may be transmitted from and to receiver  1120 ; such information may include authentication protocols among others through a network  1140 . 
     The MC  1110  may communicate with the communication component  1112  through serial peripheral interface (SPI) and/or inter-integrated circuit (I 2 C) protocol. SPI communication may be used for short distance, single master communication, for example in embedded systems, sensors, and SD cards. Devices communicate in master/slave mode where the master device initiates the data frame. Multiple slave devices are allowed with individual slave select lines. I 2 C is a multi-master, multi-slave, single-ended, serial computer bus used for attaching low-speed peripherals to computer motherboards and embedded systems 
     5. Communications Component 
     Communication component  1112  may include and combine Bluetooth technology, infrared communication, Wi-Fi, FM radio among others. MC  1110  may determine optimum times and locations for pocket-forming, including the most efficient trajectory to transmit pocket forming in order to reduce losses because obstacles. Such trajectory may include direct pocket-forming, bouncing, and distance discrimination of pocket-forming. In some implementations, the communication component  1112  may communicate with a plurality of devices, which may include receivers  1120 , client devices, or other transmitters  1101 . 
     6. Power Source 
     Transmitters  1101  may be fed by a power source  1114  that may include AC or DC power supply. Voltage, power, and current intensity provided by power source  1114  may vary in dependency with the required power to be transmitted. Conversion of power to radio signal may be managed by MC  1110  and carried out by RFIC  1108  that may utilize a plurality of methods and components to produce radio signals in a wide variety of frequencies, wavelength, intensities, and other features. As an exemplary use of a variety of methods and components for radio signal generation, oscillators and piezoelectric crystals may be used to create and change radio frequencies in different antenna elements  1106 . In addition, a variety of filters may be used for smoothing signals as well as amplifiers for increasing power to be transmitted. 
     Transmitter  1101  may emit RF power waves that are pocket-forming with a power capability from few watts to a predetermined number of watts required by a particular chargeable electronic device. Each antenna may manage a certain power capacity. Such power capacity may be related with the application 
     7. Housing 
     In addition to a housing, an independent base station may include MC  1110  and power source  1114 , thus, several transmitters  1101  may be managed by a single base station and a single MC  1110 . Such capability may allow the location of transmitters  1101  in a variety of strategic positions, such as ceiling, decorations, walls, and the like. Antenna elements  1106 , RFIC  1108 , MC  1110 , communication component  1112 , and power source  1114  may be connected in a plurality of arrangements and combinations, which may depend on the desired characteristics of transmitter  1101 . 
     B. Exemplary Method of Transmitting Power 
       FIG. 12  is a method for determining receiver location  1200  using antenna element. Method for determining receiver location  1200  may be a set of programmed rules or logic managed by MC. The process may begin step  1201  by capturing first signal with a first subset of antennas from the antenna array. The process may follow immediately by switching to a different subset of antenna element and capturing, at a next step  1203 , a second signal with a second subset of antennas. For example, a first signal may be captured with a row of antennas and the second capturing may be done with a column of antennas. A row of antennas may provide a horizontal degree orientation such an azimuth in a spherical coordinate system. A column of antennas may provide a vertical degree orientation such as elevation. Antenna elements used for capturing first signal and capturing second signal may be aligned in straight, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal orientation. The first subset and second subset of antennas may be aligned in a cross like structure in order to cover degrees around transmitter. 
     Once both vertical and horizontal values have been measured, the MC may, in a next step  1205 , determine the appropriate values of phase and gain for the vertical and horizontal antenna elements used to capture the signal. Appropriate values for phase and gain may be determined by the relationship of the position of the receiver to the antenna. The values may be used by MC in order to adjust antenna elements to form pockets of energy that may be used by a receiver in order to charge an electronic device. 
     Data pertaining to initial values of all antenna elements in transmitter may be calculated and stored previously for use by MC in order to assist in the calculation of appropriate values for antenna elements. In a next step,  1207 , after the appropriate values for the vertical and horizontal antennas used for capturing the signal have been determined, the process may continue by using the stored data to determine appropriate values for all the antennas in the array. Stored data may contain initial test values of phase and gain for all antenna elements in the array at different frequencies. Different sets of data may be stored for different frequencies and MC may select the appropriate data set accordingly. In a next step  1209 , MC may then adjust all antennas through RFIC in order to form pockets of energy at the appropriate locations. 
     C. Array Subset Configuration 
       FIG. 13A  illustrates an example embodiment of an array subset configuration  1300 A that may be used in method for determining receiver location. Transmitter may include an array of antennas  1306 A. A row of antennas  1368 A may be used first for capturing a signal sent by a receiver. Row of antennas  1368 A may then transfer the signal to the RFIC, where the signal may be converted from a radio signal to a digital signal and passed on to MC for processing. MC may then determine appropriate adjustments for phase and gain in row of antennas  1368 A in order to form pockets of energy at the appropriate locations based on the receiver locations. A second signal may be captured by a column of antennas  1370 A. Column of antennas  1370 A may then transfer the signal to the RFIC, where the signal may be converted from a radio signal to a digital signal and passed on to MC for processing. MC may then determine appropriate adjustments for phase and gain in column of antennas  1370 A in order to form pockets of energy at the appropriate locations based on the receiver locations. Once the appropriate adjustments have been determined for row of antennas  1368 A and column of antennas  1370 A MC may determine the appropriate values for the rest of antenna elements  1306 A in array of antennas  1368 A by using previously stored data about the antennas and adjusting accordingly with the results from row of antennas  1368 A and column of antennas  1370 A. 
     D. Configurations for Transmitters, Transmitter Components, Antenna Tiles, and Systems Related to Transmitters 
     1. Exemplary System 
       FIG. 13B  illustrates another example embodiment of an array subset configuration  1300 B. In array subset configuration  1300 B, both initial signals are captured by two diagonal subsets of antennas. The process follows the same path, such that each subset is adjusted accordingly. Based on adjustments made and the previously stored data, the rest of antenna elements  1306 B in array of antennas are adjusted. 
     2. Flat Transmitter 
       FIG. 14  depicts a flat transmitter  1402  in a front view and a several embodiments of rear views. Transmitter  1402  may include antenna element  1406  and RFIC  1408  in a flat arrangement. RFIC  1408  may be directly embedded behind each antenna element  1406 ; such integration may reduce losses due the shorter distance between components. 
     In one embodiment (i.e., View 1) in transmitter  1402 , the phase and the amplitude of the pocket-forming for each antenna element  1406  may be regulated by the corresponding RFIC  1408  in order to generate the desired pocket-forming and transmission null steering. RFIC  1408  singled coupled to each antenna element  1406  may reduce processing requirement and may increase control over pocket-forming, allowing multiple pocket-forming and a higher granular pocket-forming with less load over MC  1410 ; thus, a higher response of higher number of multiple pocket-forming may be allowed. Furthermore, multiple pocket-forming may charge a higher number of receivers and may allow a better trajectory to such receivers. As described in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , RFIC  1408  may be coupled to one or more MCs  1410 , and microcontroller  1410  may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1402 . 
     In another embodiment (i.e., View 2), a subset of 4 antenna elements  1406  may be connected to a single RFIC  1408 . The lower number of RFICs  1408  present in the transmitter  1402  may correspond to desired features such as: lower control of multiple pocket-forming, lower levels of granularity and a. less expensive embodiment. As described in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , RFIC  1408  may be coupled to one or more MCs  1410 , and microcontroller  1410  may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1402 . 
     In yet another embodiment (i.e., View 3), transmitter  1402  may include antenna element  1406  and RFIC  1408  in a flat arrangement. A row or column of antenna elements  1406  may be connected to a single MC  1410 . The lower number of RFICs  1408  present in the transmitter  1402  may correspond to desired features such as: lower control of multiple pocket-forming, lower levels of granularity and a less expensive embodiment. RFIC  1408  connected to each row or column may allow a less expensive transmitter  1402 , which may produce pocket-forming by changing phase and gain between rows or columns. As described in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , RFIC  1408  may be coupled to one or more MCs  1410 , and microcontroller  1410  may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1402 . 
     In some embodiments (i.e., View 4), transmitter  1402  may include antenna element  1406  and RFIC  1408  in a flat arrangement. A cascade arrangement is depicted in this exemplary embodiment. Two antenna elements  1406  may be connected to a single RFIC  1408  and this in turn to a single RFIC  1408 , which may be connected to a final RFIC  1408  and this in turn to one or more MCs  1410 . Flat transmitter  1402  using a cascade arrangement of RFICs  1408  may provide greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Furthermore, a higher reliability and accuracy may be achieved because multiple redundancy of RFICs  1408 . As described in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , RFIC  1408  may be coupled to one or more MCs  1410 , and microcontroller  1410  may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1402 . 
     3. Multiple Printed Circuit Board Layers 
       FIG. 15A  depicts a transmitter  1502 A, which may include a plurality of PCB layers  1204 A that may include antenna element  1506 A for providing greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Multiple PCB layers  1504 A may increase the range and the amount of power that could be transferred by transmitter  1502 A. PCB layers  1504 A may he connected to a single MC or to dedicated MC. Similarly, RFIC may be connected antenna element  1506 A as depicted in the foregoing embodiments. RFIC may be coupled to one or more MCs. Furthermore, MCs may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1502 A. 
     4. Box Transmitter 
       FIG. 15B  depicts a box transmitter  1502 B, which may include a plurality of PCB layers  1504 B inside it, which may include antenna element  1506 B for providing greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Furthermore, range of wireless power transmission may be increased by the box transmitter  1502 B. Multiple PCB layers  1504 B may increase the range and the amount of RF power waves that could be transferred or broadcasted wirelessly by transmitter  1502 B due the higher density of antenna element  1506 B. PCB layers  1504 B may be connected to a single MC or to dedicated MC for each antenna element  1506 B. Similarly, RFIC may control antenna element  1506 B as depicted in the foregoing embodiments. Furthermore, box shape of transmitter  800  may increase action ratio of wireless power transmission; thus, box transmitter  1502 B may be located on a plurality of surfaces such as, desks, tables, floors, and the like. In addition, box transmitter  1502 B may comprise several arrangements of PCB layers  1504 B, which may be oriented in X, Y, and Z axis, or any combination these. The RFIC may, be coupled to one or more MCs. Furthermore, MCs may be included into an independent base station or into the transmitter  1502 B. 
     5. Irregular Arrays for Various Types of Products 
       FIG. 16  depicts a diagram of architecture  1600  for incorporating transmitter  1602  into different devices. For example, the flat transmitter  1602  may be applied to the frame of a television  1646  or across the frame of a sound bar  1648 . Transmitter  1602  may include multiple tiles  1650  with antenna elements and RFICs in a flat arrangement. The RFIC may be directly embedded behind each antenna elements; such integration may reduce losses due the shorter distance between components. 
     For example, a television  1646  may have a bezel around a television  1646 , comprising multiple tiles  1650 , each tile comprising of a certain number of antenna elements. For example, if there are 20 tiles  1650  around the bezel of the television  1646 , each tile  1650  may have 24 antenna elements and/or any number of antenna elements. 
     In tile  1650 , the phase and the amplitude of each pocket-forming in each antenna element may be regulated by the corresponding RFIC in order to generate the desired pocket-forming and transmission null steering. RFIC singled coupled to each antenna element may reduce processing requirement and may increase control over pocket-forming, allowing multiple pocket-forming and a higher granular pocket-forming with less load over microcontroller, thus, a higher response of higher number of multiple pocket-forming may be allowed. Furthermore, multiple pocket-forming may charge a higher number of receivers and may allow a better trajectory to such receivers. 
     RFIC may be coupled to one or more microcontrollers, and the microcontrollers may be included into an independent base station or into the tiles  1650  in the transmitter  1602 . A row or column of antenna elements may be connected to a single microcontroller. In some implementations, the lower number of RFICs present in the transmitters  1602  may correspond to desired features such as: lower control of multiple pocket-forming, lower levels of granularity and a less expensive embodiment. RFICs connected to each row or column may allow reduce costs by having fewer components because fewer RFICs are required to control each of the transmitters  1602 . The RFICs may produce pocket-forming power transmission waves by changing phase and gain, between rows or columns. 
     In some implementations, the transmitter  1602  may use a cascade arrangement of tiles  1650  comprising RFICs that may provide greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Furthermore, a higher reliability and accuracy may be achieved from multiple redundancies of RFICs. 
     In one embodiment, a plurality of PCB layers, including antenna elements, may provide greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Multiple PCB layers may increase the range and the amount of power that could be transferred by transmitter  1602 . PCB layers may be connected to a single microcontroller or to dedicated microcontrollers. Similarly, RFIC may be connected to antenna elements. 
     A box transmitter  1602  may include a plurality of PCB layers inside it, which may include antenna elements for providing greater control over pocket-forming and may increase response for targeting receivers. Furthermore, range of wireless power transmission may be increased by the box transmitter  1602 . Multiple PCB layers may increase the range and the amount of RF power waves that could be transferred or broadcasted wirelessly by transmitter  1602  due the higher density of antenna elements. PCB layers may be connected to a single microcontroller or to dedicated microcontrollers for each antenna element. Similarly, RFIC may control antenna elements. The box shape of transmitter  1602  may increase action ratio of wireless power transmission. Thus, box transmitter  1602  may be located on a plurality of surfaces such as, desks, tables, floors, and the like. In addition, box transmitter may comprise several arrangements of PCB layers, which may be oriented in X, Y, and Z axis, or any combination these. 
     6. Plurality of Antenna Elements 
       FIG. 17  is an example of a transmitter configuration  1700  that includes a plurality of antenna elements  1706 . Antenna element  1706  may form an array by arranging rows of antennas  1768  and columns of antennas  1770 . Transmitter configuration may include at least one RFIC  1708  to control features of antenna element  1706 , such as gain and/or phase for pocket-forming and manage it through direction, power level, and the like. The array of antenna elements  1706  may be connected to a MC  1710 , which may determine optimum times and locations for pocket-forming, including the most efficient trajectory to transmit pocket forming in order to reduce losses because of obstacles. Such trajectory may include direct pocket-forming, bouncing, and distance discrimination of pocket-forming. 
     A transmitter device may utilize antenna element  1706  to determine the location of a receiver in order to determine how to adjust antenna element  1706  to form pockets of energy in the appropriate location. A receiver may send a train signal to transmitter in order to provide information. The train signal may be any conventional know signals that may be detected by antenna element  1706 . The signal sent by receiver may contain information such as phase and gain. 
     III. Receivers—Systems and Methods for Receiving and Utilizing Wireless Power Transmissions 
     A. Components of Receiver Devices 
     Returning to  FIG. 11 , which illustrates a diagram of a system  1100  architecture for wirelessly charging client devices, according to an exemplary embodiment, the system  1100  may comprise transmitter  1101  and receivers  1120  that may each comprise an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The ASIC of the receivers  1120  may include a printed circuit board  1122 , an antenna element  1124 , a rectifier  1126 , a power converter  1129 , a communications component  1130 , and/or a power management integrated circuit (PMIC)  1132 . Receivers  1120  may also comprise a housing that may allocate all the requested components. The various components of receivers  1120  may comprise, or may be manufactured using, meta-materials, micro-printing of circuits, nano-materials, and the like. 
     1. Antenna Elements 
     Antenna elements  1124  may include suitable antenna types for operating in frequency bands similar to the bands described for antenna elements  1106  of a transmitter  1101 . Antenna element  1124  may include vertical or horizontal polarization, right hand or left hand polarization, elliptical polarization, or other suitable polarizations as well as suitable polarization combinations. Using multiple polarizations can be beneficial in devices where there may not be a preferred orientation during usage or whose orientation may vary continuously through time, for example a smartphone or portable gaming system. On the contrary, for devices with well-defined orientations, for example a two-handed video game controller, there might be a preferred polarization for antennas, which may dictate a ratio for the number of antennas of a given polarization. Suitable antenna types may include patch antennas with heights from about 118 inch to about 6 inches and widths from about ⅛ inch to about 6 inches. Patch antennas may have the advantage that polarization may depend on connectivity, i.e., depending on which side the patch is fed, the polarization may change. This may further prove advantageous as a receiver, such as receiver  1120 , may dynamically modify its antenna polarization to optimize wireless power transmission. Different antenna, rectifier, or power converter arrangements are possible for a receiver, as is described in the embodiments herein. 
     2. Rectifiers 
     A rectifier  1126  may convert alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which takes non-negative values. Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that, though non-negative, consists of pulses of current. The output of the rectifier may be smoothed by an electronic filter to produce a steady current. The rectifier  1126  may include diodes and/or resistors, inductors and/or capacitors to rectify the alternating current (AC) voltage generated by antenna element  1124  to direct current (DC) voltage. 
     In some implementations, the rectifier  1126  may be a full-wave rectifier. A full-wave rectifier may convert the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification may convert both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yield a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer and/or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap) may be utilized for a full-wave rectifier. For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output polarity required) may be utilized to form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns may be required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged. Rectifier  1126  may be placed as close as is technically possible to antenna element  1124  to minimize losses. After rectifying AC voltage, DC voltage may be regulated using power converter  1129 . 
     3. Power Converters 
     Power converter  1129  can be a DC-to-DC converter that may help provide a constant voltage output and/or to help boost the voltage to the receiver  1120 . In some implementations, the DC-to-DC converter may be a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). A MPPT is an electronic DC-to-DC converter that converts a higher voltage DC output down to the lower voltage needed to charge batteries. Typical voltage outputs can be from about 5 volts to about 10 volts. In some embodiments, power converter  1129  may include electronic switched mode DC-to-DC converters, which can provide high efficiency. In such a case, a capacitor may be included before power converter  1129  to ensure sufficient current is provided for the switching device to operate. When charging an electronic device, for example a phone or laptop computer, initial high-currents that can exceed the minimum level of power needed to activate the operation of an electronic switched mode DC-to-DC converter, may be required. In such a case, a capacitor may be added at the output of receiver  1120  to provide the extra energy required. Afterwards, lower power can be provided, as required to provide the appropriate amount electric current; for example, 1/80 of the total initial power used while having the phone or laptop still building-up charge. 
     In one embodiment, multiple rectifiers  1126  can be connected in parallel to antenna element  1124 . For example, four rectifiers  1126  may be connected in parallel to antenna element  1124 . However, several more rectifiers  1126  can be used. This arrangement may be advantageous because each rectifier  1126  may only need to handle ¼ of the total power. If one watt is to be delivered to an electronic device, then each rectifier  1126  may only need to handle a quarter of a watt. The arrangement may greatly diminish cost because using a plurality of low-power rectifiers  1126  can be cheaper than utilizing one high-power rectifier  1126  while handling the same amount of power. In some embodiments, the total power handled by rectifier  1126  can be combined into a power converter  1129 . In other embodiments, there may a power converter  1129  per each rectifier  1126 . 
     In other embodiments, multiple antenna elements  1124  may be connected in parallel to a rectifier  1126 , after which DC voltage may be regulated through a power converter  1129 . In this example, four antenna elements  1124  may be connected in parallel to a single rectifier  1126 . This arrangement may be advantageous because each antenna element  1124  may only handle ¼ of the total power. In addition, the arrangement may enable usage of antenna element  1124  of different polarizations with a single rectifier  1126  because signals may not cancel each other. Because of the foregoing property, the arrangement may be suitable for electronic client devices with an orientation that is not well-defined or otherwise varies over time. Lastly, the arrangement may be beneficial when using antenna element  1124  of equal polarization and configured for phases that do not differ greatly. In some embodiments, however, there can be a rectifier  1126  per antenna element  1124  and/or multiple rectifiers  1126  per antenna element  1124 . 
     In an exemplary implementation, an arrangement where multiple antenna elements  1124  outputs can be combined and connected to parallel rectifiers  1126  whose output may further be combined in one power converter  1129  may be implemented. There may be 16 antenna elements  1124  whose output may be combined at four parallel rectifiers  1126 . In other embodiments, antenna elements  1124  may be subdivided into groups (of four for example) and may connect to independent rectifiers  1126 . 
     In yet another embodiment, an arrangement where groups of antenna elements  1124  may be connected to different rectifiers  1126  which may in turn also be connected to different power converters  1129  may be implemented. In this embodiment, four groups of antenna elements  1124  (each containing four antenna elements  1124  in parallel) may each connect independently to four rectifiers  1126 . In this embodiment, the output of each rectifier  1126  may connect directly to a power converter  1129  (four in total). In other embodiments, the output of all four rectifiers  1126  can be combined before each power converter  1129  to handle the total power in parallel. In some embodiments, the combined outputs of each rectifier  1126  may connect to a single power converter  1129 . This arrangement may be beneficial in that it allows great proximity between rectifier  1126  and antenna element  1124 . This property may be desirable as it may keep losses at a minimum. 
     4. Communications Component 
     A communications component  1130 , similar to that of transmitter  1101 , may be included in receiver  1120  to communicate with a transmitter or to other electronic equipment. In some implementations, receiver  1120  can use a built-in communications component of the device (for example, Bluetooth) for communicating to a given transmitter  1120  based on requirements provided by processor such as battery level, user predefined charging profile or others transmitters  1101  may include one or more printed circuit boards (PCB)  1104 , one or more antenna elements  1106 , one or more radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC)  1108 , one or more microcontrollers (MCs)  1110 , a communication component  1112 , and a power source  1114 . The transmitter  1101  may be encased in a housing, which may allocate all the requested components for transmitter  1101 . Components in transmitter  1101  may be manufactured using meta-materials, micro-printing of circuits, nano-materials, and/or any other materials. The types of information communicated by the communications components between the receiver and the transmitter include but not limited to the present power levels in the batteries, signal strength and power level being received at the receiver, timing information, phase and gain information, user identification, client device privileges, security related signaling, emergency signaling, and authentication exchanges, among other things. 
     5. PMICs 
     A power management integrated circuit (PMIC)  1132  is an integrated circuit and/or a system block in a system-on-a-chip device for managing power requirements of the host system. The PMIC  1132  may include battery management, voltage regulation, and charging functions. It may include a DC-to-DC converter to allow dynamic voltage scaling. In some implementations, the PMIC  1132  may provide up to a 95% power conversion efficiency. In some implementations, the PMIC  1132  may integrate with dynamic frequency scaling in a combination. The PMIC  1132  may be implemented in a battery-operated device such as mobile phones and/or portable media players. In some implementations, the battery may be replaced with an input capacitor and an output capacitor. The PMIC  1132  may be directly connected to the battery and/or capacitors. When the battery is being charged directly, a capacitor may not be implemented. In some implementations, the PMIC  1132  may be coiled around the battery. The PMIC  1132  may comprise a power management chip (PMC) that acts as a battery charger, and is connected to the battery. The PMIC  1132  can use pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) and pulse-width modulation (PWM). It can use switching amplifier (Class-D electronic amplifier). In some implementations, an output converter, a rectifier, and/or a BLE may also be included in the PMIC  1132 . 
     6. Housing 
     Housing can be made of any suitable material that may allow for signal or wave transmission and/or reception, for example plastic or hard rubber. Housing may be an external hardware that may be added to different electronic equipment, for example in the form of cases, or can be embedded within electronic equipment as well. 
     7. Network 
     The network  1140  may comprise any common communication architecture that facilitates communication between transmitter  1101  and the receiver  1120 . One having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the network  1140  may be the Internet, a private intranet, or some hybrid of the two. It should also be obvious to one skilled in the art that the network components may be implemented in dedicated processing equipment, or alternatively in a cloud processing network. 
     B. Configurations for Receivers, Receiver Components, and Systems Related to Receivers 
     1. Multiple Rectifiers Connected in Parallel to an Antenna Element 
       FIG. 18A  illustrates an arrangement  1800 A where multiple rectifiers  1826 A can be connected in parallel to an antenna element  1824 A. In this example, four rectifiers  1826 A may be connected in parallel to an antenna elements  1824 A. However, several more rectifiers  1826 A may be used. Arrangement  1800 A may be advantageous because each rectifier  1826 A may only need to handle ¼ of the total power. If one watt is to be delivered to an electronic device, then each rectifier  1826 F may only need to handle a quarter of a watt. Arrangement  1800 A may greatly diminish cost because using a plurality of low-power rectifiers  1826 A can be cheaper than utilizing one high-power rectifier  1826 A while handling the same amount of power. In some embodiments, the total power handled by rectifier  1826 A can be combined into one DC-DC converter  1828 A. In other embodiments, there may a DC-DC converter  1828 A per rectifier  1826 A. 
     2. Multiple Antenna Elements Connected in Parallel to a Rectifier 
       FIG. 18B  illustrates an arrangement  1800 B where multiple antenna elements  1824 B may be connected in parallel to a rectifier  1826 B, after which DC voltage may be regulated through a DC-DC converter  1828 B. In this example, four antenna elements  1824 B may be connected in parallel to a single rectifier  1826 B. Arrangement  1800 B may be advantageous because each antenna element  1824 B may only handle ¼ of the total power. In addition, arrangement  1800 B may enable usage of antenna element  1824 B of different polarizations with a single rectifier  1826 B because signals may not cancel each other. Because of the foregoing property, arrangement  1800 B may be suitable for electronic devices with an orientation that is not well-defined or otherwise varies over time. Lastly, arrangement  1800 B may be beneficial when using antenna element  1824 B of equal polarization and configured for phases that do not differ greatly. In some embodiments, however, there can be a rectifier  1826 B per antenna element  1824 B or multiple rectifiers  1826 B (as described in  FIG. 18A ) per antenna element  1824 B. 
     3. Multiple Antenna Elements Connected in Parallel to Multiple Rectifiers 
       FIG. 19A  illustrates an arrangement  1900 A where multiple antenna elements  1924 A outputs can be combined and connected to parallel rectifier  1926 A whose output may further be combined in one DC converter  1928 A. Arrangement  1900 A shows, by way of exemplification, 16 antenna elements  1924 A whose output may be combined at four parallel rectifiers  1926 A. In other embodiments, antenna elements  1924 A may be subdivided in groups (e.g., four groups) and may connect to independent rectifiers as shown in  FIG. 19B  below. 
     4. Permutations of Groupings 
       FIG. 19B  illustrates an arrangement  1900 B where groups of antenna elements  1624 B may be connected to different rectifiers  1926 B, which may in turn also be connected to different DC converters  1928 B. In arrangement  1900 B, four groups of antenna elements  1924 B (each containing four antenna elements  1924 B in parallel) may each connect independently to four rectifiers  1926 B. In this embodiment, the output of each rectifiers  1926 B may connect directly to a DC converter  1928 B (four in total). In other embodiments, the output of all four rectifiers  1926 B can be combined, before each DC converter  1928 B, to handle the total power in parallel. In other embodiments, the combined outputs of each rectifier  1926 B may connect to a single DC converter  1928 B. Arrangement  1900 B may be beneficial in that it allows great proximity between rectifier  1926 B and antenna element  1924 B. This property may be desirable as it may keep losses at a minimum. 
     A receiver may be implemented on, connected to or embedded in electronic devices or equipment that may rely on power for performing its intended functions, for example a phone, laptop computer, a television remote, a children&#39;s toys or any other such devices. A receiver utilizing pocket-forming can be used to fully charge a device&#39;s battery while being “On” or “Off,” or while being used or not. In addition, battery lifetime can be greatly enhanced. For example, a device operating on two watts utilizing a receiver that may deliver one watt may increase its battery duration up to about 50%. Lastly, some devices currently running on batteries can fully be powered using a receiver after which a battery may no longer be required. This last property may be beneficial for devices where replacing batteries can be tedious or hard to accomplish such as in wall-clocks. Embodiments below provide some examples of how integration of receivers may be carried out on electronic devices. 
     5. Embedded Receiver 
       FIG. 20A  illustrates an implementation scheme where a device  2000 A that may represent a typical phone, computer or other electronic device may include an embedded receiver  2020 A. Device  2000 A may also include a power source, a communications component  2030 A, and a processor. Receiver  2020 A way utilize pocket-forming for providing power to power source from device  2000 A. In addition, receiver  2020 A can use built-in communications component  2030 A of device  2000 A (for example, Bluetooth) for communicating to a given transmitter based on requirements provided by processor such as battery level, user predefined charging profile or others. 
     6. Battery with an Embedded Receiver 
       FIG. 20B  illustrates another implementation scheme where a device  2000 B may include a battery with an embedded receiver  2020 B. Battery may receive power wirelessly through pocket-forming and may charge through its embedded receiver  2020 B. Battery may function as a supply for power source, or may function as back-up supply. This configuration may be advantageous in that battery may not need to be removed for charging. This may particularly be helpful in gaming controllers, or gaming devices where batteries, typically AA or AAA may be continuously replaced. 
     7. External Communication Component 
       FIG. 20C  illustrates an alternate implementation scheme  2000 C where receiver  2020 C and a communications component  2030 C may be included in an external hardware that may be attached to a device. Hardware can take appropriate forms such as cases that may be placed on phones, computers, remote controllers and others, which may connect thorough suitable interfaces such as Universal Serial Bus (USB). In other embodiments, hardware may be printed on flexible films, which may then be pasted or otherwise attached to electronic equipment. This option may be advantageous as it may be produced at low cost and can easily be integrated into various devices. As in previous embodiments, a communications component  2030 C may be included in hardware that may provide communication to a transmitter or to electronic equipment in general. 
     8. Casing or Housing of Receiver Connecting to USB 
       FIG. 21A  illustrates hardware in the form of case including a receiver  2102 A that may connect through flex cables or USB to a smartphone and/or any other electronic device. In other embodiments, the housing or case can be a computer case, phone case, and/or camera case among other such options. 
     9. PCB on Printed Film 
       FIG. 21B  illustrates hardware in the form of a printed film or flexible printed circuit board (PCB) which may include a plurality of printed receivers  2102 B. Printed film can be pasted or otherwise attached to electronic devices and can connect trough suitable interfaces such as USB. Printed film may he advantageous in that sections can be cut from it to meet specific electronic device sizes and/or requirements. The efficiency of wireless power transmission as well as the amount of power that can be delivered (using pocket-forming) may be a function of the total number of antenna elements used in a given receiver and transmitter system. For example, for delivering about one watt at about 15 feet, a receiver may include about 80 antenna elements while a transmitter may include about 256 antenna elements. Another identical wireless power transmission system (about 1 watt, at about 15 feet) may include a receiver with about 40 antenna elements, and a transmitter with about 512 antenna elements. Reducing in half the number of antenna elements in a receiver may require doubling the number of antenna elements in a transmitter. In some cases, it may be cost-effective to put a greater number of antenna elements in a transmitter than in a receiver. However, the opposite can be achieved by placing more antenna elements on a receiver than on a transmitter, as long as there are at least two antenna elements in a transmitter. 
     IV. Antenna Hardware and Functionality 
     A. Spacing Configuration 
       FIG. 22  illustrates internal hardware, where receiver  2220  may be used for receiving wireless power transmission in an electronic device  2252  (e.g., smartphone). In some implementations, the electronic device  2252  may include receiver  2220 , which may be embedded around the internal edge of the case  2254  (e.g., smartphone case) of the electronic device  2252 . In other embodiments, the receiver  2220  may be implemented covering the back side of the case  2254 . The case  2254  may be one or more of: a smartphone cover, a laptop cover, camera cover, GPS cover, a game controller cover and/or tablet cover, among other such options. The case  2254  may be made out of plastic, rubber and/or any other suitable material. 
     Receiver  2220  may include an array of antenna elements  2224  strategically distributed on the grid area shown in  FIG. 22 . The case  2254  may include an array of antenna elements  2224  located around the edges and/or along the backside of case  2254  for optimal reception. The number, spacing, and type of antenna elements  2224  may be calculated according to the design, size, and/or type of electronic device  2252 . In some embodiments, there may be a spacing (e.g., 1 mm-4 mm) and/or a meta-material between the case  2254  containing the antenna element  2224  and the electronic device  2252 . The spacing and/or meta-material may provide additional gain for RF signals. In some implementations, the meta-materials may be used in creating a multi-layer PCB to implement into the case  2254 . 
     B. Metamaterial 
     The internal hardware may be in the form of a printed film  2256  and/or flexible PCB may include different components, such as a plurality of printed antenna elements  2224  (connected with each other in serial, parallel, or combined), rectifier, and power converter elements. Printed film  2256  may be pasted or otherwise attached to any suitable electronic devices, such as electronic device  2252  and/or tablets. Printed film  2256  may be connected through any suitable interfaces such as flexible cables  2258 . Printed film  2256  may exhibit some benefits; one of those benefits may be that sections can be cut from it to meet specific smart mobile device sizes and/or requirements. According to one embodiment, the spacing between antenna elements  2224  for receiver  2220  may range from about 2 nm to about 12 nm, being most suitable about 7 nm. 
     Additionally, in some implementations, the optimal amount of antenna elements  2224  that may be used in receiver  2220  for an electronic device  2252  such as a smartphone may range from about 20 to about 30. However, the amount of antenna elements  2224  within receiver  2220  may vary according to electronic device  2252  design and size. Antenna element  2224  may be made of different conductive materials such as cooper, gold, and silver, among others. Furthermore, antenna element  2224  may be printed, etched, or laminated onto any suitable non-conductive flexible substrate, such as flexible PCB, among others. The disclosed configuration and orientation of antenna element  2224  may exhibit a better reception, efficiency, and performance of wireless charging. 
     The foregoing method descriptions and the process flow diagrams are provided merely as illustrative examples and are not intended to require or imply that the steps of the various embodiments must be performed in the order presented. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art the steps in the foregoing embodiments may be performed in any order. Words such as “then,” “next,” and the like, are not intended to limit the order of the steps; these words are simply used to guide the reader through the description of the methods. Although process flow diagrams may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention. 
     Embodiments implemented in computer software may be implemented in software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. A code segment or machine-executable instructions may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     The actual software code or specialized control hardware used to implement these systems and methods is not limiting of the invention. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and methods were described without reference to the specific software code being understood that software and control hardware can be designed to implement the systems and methods based on the description herein. 
     When implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a non-transitory computer-readable or processor-readable storage medium. The steps of a method or algorithm disclosed herein may be embodied in a processor-executable software module that may reside on a computer-readable or processor-readable storage medium. A non-transitory computer-readable or processor-readable media includes both computer storage media and tangible storage media that facilitate transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory processor-readable storage media may be any available media that may be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such non-transitory processor-readable media may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible storage medium that may be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a computer or processor. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Additionally, the operations of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and/or instructions on a non-transitory processor-readable medium and/or computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product. The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features disclosed herein. While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.