Patent Publication Number: US-2022233635-A1

Title: Stable Formulations of Linaclotide

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/465,006 filed Sep. 2, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/147,915 filed Jan. 13, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/575,477 filed Sep. 19, 2019, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/264,792 filed Feb. 1, 2019, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/006,070 filed Jun. 12, 2018, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/727,700 filed Oct. 9, 2017, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/439,049 filed Feb. 22, 2017, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/203,951 filed Jul. 7, 2016, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/948,795 filed Nov. 23, 2015, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/689,561 filed Apr. 17, 2015, which is the continuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/484,568 filed Sep. 12, 2014, which is the continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/816,154 filed Sep. 10, 2013, which is the United States national phase application of PCT/US2011/047434, filed on Aug. 11, 2011. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/372,804 filed Aug. 11, 2010. The entire contents of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     This application incorporates by reference in its entirety the Sequence Listing entitled “IW099PCT1US1CON2_ST25.txt” which is 620 bytes in size and last modified on Apr. 17, 2015 and filed electronically herewith. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to stable pharmaceutical compositions of linaclotide and methods for treating gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome or chronic constipation) by administering the pharmaceutical compositions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Linaclotide is a peptide that is useful as an agonist of the guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) receptor in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Linaclotide is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,304,036 and 7,371,727, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     There is an existing and continual need for linaclotide formulations, for example, low-dose and pediatric formulations, having improved stability and performance. This need arises in part because of the intrinsic and chemical instability of linaclotide (for example, induced by moisture-driven degradation reactions such as hydrolysis, deamidation, isomerization, and multimerization). These difficulties may be exacerbated when producing pediatric formulations and other low-dose formulations of linaclotide, e.g., because the linaclotide is more dispersed and has greater surface area exposure to aqueous environments such as during preparation. 
     The present invention provides such improved stability formulations of linaclotide. These formulations are described herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates stability performance data for the linaclotide compositions prepared in Examples 2-5 as described in Example 6. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       In some embodiments of the present invention, a stable pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or salt thereof, and a sterically hindered amine selected from meglumine, histidine or a mixture thereof, and, optionally, a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amine selected from meglumine or a mixture of meglumine and histidine. 
       In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and histidine, wherein the composition has a molar ratio of cation:histidine of less than 2:1. 
       In some embodiments, a stable pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide,a cation or salt thereof, meglumine, and, optionally, a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a stable pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or salt thereof, histidine, and, optionally, a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., capsule, tablet, granule or bead) is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a sterically hindered amine selected from histidine, meglumine or a mixture thereof, and a polymer selected from polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or a mixture thereof. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and melamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and gelatin. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and glycine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the dipeptide glycine-leucine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the dipeptide leucine-glycine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and albumin. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided which comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and asparagine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer. 
       In some embodiments, a stable low-dose pharmaceutical composition of linaclotide is provided. In some embodiments, a stable pediatric pharmaceutical composition of linaclotide is provided. 
       In some embodiments, a method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Stable formulations of linaclotide (SEQ ID NO:1) are provided herein. In addition, methods of using the formulations to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (“IBS”) (for example, constipation-predominant IBS) and/or constipation (for example, chronic constipation), and processes for making the compositions are provided. 
     It has been found that the stability of linaclotide within solid oral dosage forms (e.g., capsules and tablets) can be improved by combining linaclotide with specific concentrations or molar ratios of a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an amine selected from histidine, meglumine or combination thereof. In some embodiments, stability may be improved by combining linaclotide with specific concentrations or molar ratios of a polymer, cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an amine selected from histidine, meglumine or combination thereof. It has been found, in some embodiments, that combining these components with linaclotide causes a synergistic increase or improvement in the stability of linaclotide within the composition, for example as compared to similar compositions not containing the cation and/or sterically hindered amine and/or the same concentrations of these components. 
     The pharmaceutical composition may include any effective amount of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 400 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 350 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 300 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 250 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 200 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 150 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 125 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 100 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 80 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 60 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 50 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 40 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises from 0.001 μg to 30 μg of linaclotide. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.001 μg to 300 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.01 μg to 300 μg, 0.1 μg to 300 μg, 1 μg to 300 μg, 5 μg to 300 μg, 10 μg to 300 μg, 25 μg to 300 μg, or 50 μg to 300 μg of linaclotide). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.001 μg to 200 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.01 μg to 200 μg, 0.1 μg to 200 μg, 1 μg to 200 μg, 5 μg to 200 μg, 10 μg to 200 μg, 25 μg to 200 μg, or 50 μg to 200 μg of linaclotide). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.001 μg to 125 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.01 μg to 125 μg, 0.1 μg to 125 μg, 1 μg to 125 μg, 5 μg to 125 μg, 10 μg to 125 μg, 25 μg to 125 μg, or 50 μg to 125 μg of linaclotide). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.01 μg to 100 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.1 μg to 100 μg, 1 μg to 100 μg, 5 μg to 100 μg, 10 μg to 100 μg, 25 μg to 100 μg, or 50 μg to 100 μg of linaclotide). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.01 μg to 75 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.1 μg to 75 μg, 1 μg to 75 μg, 5 μg to 75 μg, 10 μg to 75 μg, 25 μg to 75 μg, or 50 μg to 75 μg of linaclotide). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.01 μg to 50 μg of linaclotide (e.g., 0.1 μg to 50 μg, 1 μg to 50 μg, 5 μg to 50 μg, 10 μg to 50 μg, or 20 μg to 50 μg of linaclotide). 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.001 μg, 0.005 μg, 0.01 μg, 0.05 μg, 0.1 μg, 0.15 μg, 0.25 μg, 0.5 μg, 0.75 μg, 1 μg, 2.5 μg, 5 μg, 7.5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg, 30 μg, 40 μg, 50 μg, 60 μg, 80 μg, 100 μg, 125 μg, 133 μg, 150 μg, 200 μg, 250 μg, 266 μg, 300 μg, 350 μg, 400 μg, 450 μg, 500 μg, 550 μg, 600 μg, 650 μg, 700 μg, 750 μg, 800 μg, 850 μg, 900 μg, 950 μg or 1 mg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 75 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 133 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 150 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 266 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 300 μg of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 600 μg of linaclotide. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises 0.00001 to 5% by weight of linaclotide, for example, 0.00001 to 3% by weight, 0.00001 to 1% by weight, 0.0001 to 0.5% by weight, 0.0001 to 0.3% by weight, 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, 0.0001 to 0.07 wt. %, 0.0005 to 0.05 wt. %, 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, or about 0.012% by weight of linaclotide. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also comprises meglumine, histidine or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amine selected from meglumine or a mixture of meglumine and histidine. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises linaclotide, a cation or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and histidine, wherein the composition has a molar ratio of cation:histidine of less than 2:1. For example, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises meglumine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises histidine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises meglumine and histidine. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise any stabilizing amount of meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 1:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 1:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 90:1 and 2:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 80:1 and 5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 70:1 and 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 60:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 50:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 40:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 25:1. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 40:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 60:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 100:1 and 70:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 25:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide of at least 40:1. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., capsule, tablet, bead or granule) comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) (e.g., an amine such as histidine or meglumine) to linaclotide between 200:1 and 1:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 175:1 and 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 160:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 125:1 and 75:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 120:1 and 80:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) to linaclotide between 110:1 and 90:1. 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead) comprises 0.00001 to 1% by weight of histidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.0001 to 0.5% by weight of histidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.0001 to 0.3% by weight of histidine (for example, 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, 0.001 to 0.07 wt. %, 0.005 to 0.05 wt. %, 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.012 wt. %, or even about 0.01% by weight of histidine). 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises 0.00001 to 1% by weight of meglumine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.0001 to 0.5% by weight of meglumine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.0001 to 0.3% by weight of meglumine (for example, 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, 0.001 to 0.07 wt. %, 0.005 to 0.05 wt. %, 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.012 wt. %, or even about 0.01% by weight of meglumine). 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises melamine, gelatin, glycine, glycine-leucine, albumin or asparagine in place of, or in combination with, the meglumine, histidine (or mixture thereof) component. The melamine, gelatin, glycine, glycine-leucine, albumin or asparagine can be included in the composition in any desired amount, such as at the same concentration or in the same molar ratios disclosed herein with respect to the meglumine and histidine component. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise any suitable cation(s) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Suitable cations include, for example, metal or organic cations. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a metal cation selected from calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, iron, tin, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, barium, sodium, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a metal cation selected from calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, barium, sodium, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a metal cation selected from aluminum, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a metal cation selected from calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a divalent metal cation. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a divalent metal cation selected from Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ , or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Mg 2+ . In some embodiments, the composition comprises Ca 2+ . In some embodiments, the composition comprises Zn 2+ . In some embodiments, the composition comprises aluminum. 
     The cation can be added to the composition in any suitable form, for example any pharmaceutically acceptable salt with any appropriate counterion. Suitable metal salts include, for example, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, zinc acetate, zinc chloride, aluminum chorlide or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc acetate, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises calcium chloride. In some embodiments, the composition comprises magnesium chloride. In some embodiments, the composition comprises zinc acetate. 
     Suitable organic cations include, for example, ammonium hydroxide, D-arginine, L-arginine, t-butylamine, calcium acetate hydrate, calcium carbonate, calcium DL-malate, calcium hydroxide, choline, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, glycine, L-histidine, L-lysine, magnesium hydroxide, N-methyl-D-glucamine, L-ornithine hydrochloride, potassium hydroxide, procaine hydrochloride, L-proline, pyridoxine, L-serine, sodium hydroxide, DL-tryptophan, tromethamine, L-tyrosine, L-valine, carnitine, taurine, creatine malate, arginine alpha keto glutarate, ornithine alpha keto glutarate, spermine acetate, spermidine chloride, or combinations or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the organic cation is selected from the group consisting of N-methyl D-glucamine, choline, arginine, lysine, procaine, tromethamine (TRIS), spermine, N-methyl-morpholine, glucosamine, N,N-bis 2-hydroxyethyl glycine, diazabicycloundecene, creatine, arginine ethyl ester, amantadine, rimantadine, ornithine, taurine, citrulline, or a combination or mixture thereof. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise any stabilizing amount of a cation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 200:1 and 1:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 175:1 and 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 160:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 125:1 and 75:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 120:1 and 80:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) to linaclotide between 110:1 and 90:1. 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises 0.0001 to 2% by weight of Ca 2+  or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.0005 to 1.5 wt. % of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.001 to 1 wt. % (e.g., 0.01 to 0.75 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.5 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.3 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %, 0.07 to 0.15 wt. %, or even about 0.1% by weight) of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 1:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 1:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 90:1 and 2:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 80:1 and 5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 70:1 and 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 60:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 50:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 40:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 25:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 40:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 60:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide between 100:1 and 70:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 10:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 20:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 25:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 30:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 40:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a molar ratio of cation to linaclotide of at least 60:1. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise any suitable polymer. Suitable polymers include, for example, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxylpropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose, methacrylate polymers, cyclodextrin, dextrin, dextran, polyacrylic acid, chitosan, guar gum, xanthan gum, polyethylene oxide (e.g., polyethylene polypropylene oxide), poly (sodium vinylsulfonate), polyethylene glycol, poly(arginine), poly carbophil, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate, a poloxamer (e.g., Pluronic® products available from BASF), alginate, trehalose, sucrose, inulin, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a polymer selected from PVP, PVA, methacrylate polymers, cyclodextrin, dextran, polyacrylic acid, chitosan, guar gum, xanthan gum, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, poly(arginine), poly carbophil, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate, a poloxamer, or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVP, PVA, polyethylene oxide, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVP, PVA, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVP. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVA. 
     The composition can contain any suitable amount of a polymer. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises 0.1 to 10% by weight of a polymer (for example, PVA or PVP). In some embodiments, the composition comprises 1 to 5 wt. % of a polymer component. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 2 to 5 wt. % (e.g., 3 to 5 wt. %, 3.5 to 4.5 wt. %, or about 4% by weight) of a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises PVP and a stabilizing amount of an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVP and a stabilizing amount of histidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVP and a stabilizing amount of meglumine. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises PVA and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVA and histidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises PVA and meglumine. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a stabilizing amount of an amino acid selected from histidine, meglumine and combinations thereof; and a stabilizing amount of a cation (e.g., a metal cation, for example, a divalent metal cation selected from Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+  or a salt thereof or a combination or mixture thereof). In some embodiments, the composition comprises a stabilizing amount of an amino acid selected from histidine, meglumine and combinations thereof; and a stabilizing amount of a divalent metal cation selected from Mg 2+ , Ca 2+  or a salt thereof or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a stabilizing amount of histidine, meglumine or a mixture thereof; and a divalent metal cation selected from Ca 2+ , Zn 2+  or a salt thereof or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a stabilizing amount of meglumine and a stabilizing amount of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a stabilizing amount of histidine and a stabilizing amount of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between 2:1 and 1:2. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between 1.75:1 and 1:1.75. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between 1.5:1 and 1:1.5. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between 1.25:1 and 1:1.25. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between 1.1:1 and 1:1.1. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 4:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 3:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 2:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 1.75:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 1.5:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cation and amino acid (e.g., meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof) in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) of less than 1.25:1. 
     In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between about 1.5:1 and 0.5:1. In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between about 1.4:1 and 0.6:1. In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between about 1.3:1 and 0.7:1. In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between about 1.2:1 and 0.8:1. In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) and an amino acid selected from meglumine, histidine or mixture thereof in a molar ratio of cation:amino acid (e.g., Ca 2+ :meglumine or Ca 2+ :histidine) between about 1.1:1 and 0.9:1. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a polymer (e.g., PVP or PVA), (ii) a stabilizing amount of meglumine, histidine or a combination thereof, and (iii) a stabilizing amount of a cation (e.g., a divalent metal cation for example Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+  or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof or a combination or mixture thereof). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a polymer (e.g., PVP and/or PVA), (ii) histidine or meglumine, and (iii) Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+  or a salt thereof or a combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a stabilizing amount of PVA and stabilizing amounts of meglumine, and a metal cation. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises linaclotide (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, for example, between 0.01 μg and 300 μg, between 0.01 μg and 150 μg, or between 0.01 μg and 125 μg of linaclotide), histidine in a molar ratio to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1 (e.g., between 125:1 and 75:1, between 120:1 and 80:1, between 110:1 and 90:1 or a molar ratio of histidine to linaclotide of about 100:1), Ca 2+  or a salt thereof in a molar ratio to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1 (e.g., between 125:1 and 75:1, between 120:1 and 80:1, between 110:1 and 90:1 or a molar ratio of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof to linaclotide of about 100:1) and optionally a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises linaclotide (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, for example, between 0.01 μg and 300 μg, between 0.01 μg and 150 μg, or between 0.01 μg and 125 μg of linaclotide), meglumine in a molar ratio to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1 (e.g., between 125:1 and 75:1, between 120:1 and 80:1, between 110:1 and 90:1 or even a molar ratio of meglumine to linaclotide of about 100:1), Ca 2+  or a salt thereof in a molar ratio to linaclotide between 150:1 and 50:1 (e.g., between 125:1 and 75:1, between 120:1 and 80:1, between 110:1 and 90:1 or a molar ratio of Ca 2+  or a salt thereof to linaclotide of about 100:1) and optionally a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises linaclotide (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, for example, between 0.01 μg and 300 μg, between 0.01 μg and 150 μg, or between 0.01 μg and 125 μg of linaclotide), an amino acid (e.g., meglumine or histidine) in a concentration of 0.005 to 0.05% by weight (e.g., 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.012 wt. %, or even about 0.01 wt. %), a metal cation (e.g., Ca 2+  or a salt thereof) in a concentration of 0.01 to 0.75% by weight (e.g., 0.05 to 0.5 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.3 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %, 0.07 to 0.15 wt. %, or even about 0.1% by weight) and optionally a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises linaclotide (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, for example, between 0.01 μg and 300 μg, between 0.01 μg and 150 μg, or between 0.01 μg and 125 μg of linaclotide), meglumine in a concentration of 0.005 to 0.05% by weight (e.g., 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.012 wt. %, or even about 0.01 wt. %), Ca 2+  or a salt thereof in a concentration of 0.01 to 0.75% by weight (e.g., 0.05 to 0.5 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.3 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %, 0.07 to 0.15 wt. %, or even about 0.1% by weight) and optionally a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., bead or granule) comprises linaclotide (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, for example, between 0.01 μg and 300 μg, between 0.01 μg and 150 μg, or between 0.01 μg and 125 μg of linaclotide), histidine in a concentration of 0.005 to 0.05% by weight (e.g., 0.005 to 0.04 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.03 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.02 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.015 wt. %, 0.008 to 0.012 wt. %, or even about 0.01 wt. %), Ca 2+  or a salt thereof in a concentration of 0.01 to 0.75% by weight (e.g., 0.05 to 0.5 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.3 wt. %, 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %, 0.07 to 0.15 wt. %, or even about 0.1% by weight) and optionally a polymer (e.g., PVA or PVP). 
     The pharmaceutical composition may also comprise any one or more filling agents. Suitable filling agents include, but are not limited to, starch, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose, fructose, methyl cellulose, dextrates, dextrose, dextran, lactitol, maltose, sucrose, sorbitol, isomalt, pregelatinized starch, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, gelatin, trehalose, erythitol, maltitol, lactose, glucose, or a combination thereof, or a mixture thereof In some embodiments, the filling agent is isomalt. In some embodiments, the filling agent is gelatin. In some embodiments, the filling agent is mannitol. In some embodiments, the filling agent is pregelatinized starch. In some embodiments, the filling agent is microcrystalline cellulose. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise any suitable concentration of filling agent. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 0.1-99% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 1-95 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 10-90 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 20-90 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 25-85 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 30-80 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 40-70 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 10-60 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, for example, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of 20-50 wt. % of filling agent(s), relative to the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more filling agents in a concentration of at least 20 wt. %, for example, at least 40 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, at least 80 wt. %, or at least 90 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the composition. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., orally disintegrating composition) can comprise one or more plasticizers. Suitable plasticizers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, glycerol, monoacetin, diacetin, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethyl titrate, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, castor oil, acetylated monoglycerides, sorbitol or combinations thereof In exemplary embodiments, the concentration of the plasticizer in the formulation may be about 0 to about 30 wt %, for example, about 1 to about 20 wt %, about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, about 1 to about 5 wt %, or even 0.1 to about 4 wt %. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an orally-disintegrating composition and comprises a film-forming agent, a water-soluble polymer, a combination of two or more water-soluble polymers or a combination of a water-soluble polymer and a water-insoluble or poorly-soluble polymer. Water-soluble polymers that may be used in the orally-dissolving formulations of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cellulose derivatives, synthetic polymers polyacrylates and natural gums. For example, the water-soluble polymers used in the orally-dissolving formulations of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, amylose, dextran, casein, pullulan, gelatin, pectin, agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, tragacanth, guar gum, acacia gum, arabic gum, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, cyclodextrin, carboxyvinyl polymers, sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate or mixtures thereof In exemplary embodiments, the concentration of the water-soluble polymer in the formulation may be about 20% to about 90% (by weight), preferably between about 40% to about 80% (by weight). 
     One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will understand that other components may be included to enhance one or more properties of the pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, for example, the pharmaceutical composition may include one or more disintegrants, lubricants, anti-caking additives, anti-microbial agents, antifoaming agents, emulsifiers, surfactants, buffering agents, and/or coloring agents. 
     Suitable disintegrants include, for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, povidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof In some embodiments, the disintegrant is crospovidone. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium. 
     Suitable lubricants include, for example, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laurate, agar, syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, W. R. Grace Co., Baltimore, Md. USA), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (Evonik Degussa Co., Plano, Tex. USA), a pyrogenic silicon dioxide (CAB-O-SIL, Cabot Co., Boston, Mass. USA), and mixtures thereof. 
     Suitable anti-caking additives include, for example, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of an anti-caking additive (e.g., talc). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.05 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of an anti-caking additive (e.g., talc). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. % of an anti-caking additive (e.g., talc). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.25 wt. % to about 0.75 wt. % (e.g., about 0.5 wt. %) of an anti-caking additive (e.g., talc). 
     Suitable anti-microbial additives that may be used, e.g., as a preservative for the linaclotide compositions, include, for example, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, butyl paraben, cetylpyridinium chloride, cresol, chlorobutanol, dehydroacetic acid, ethylparaben, methylparaben, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenoxyethanol, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric nitrate, potassium sorbate, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, sodium dehydroacetate, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, thimersol, thymo, and mixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., orally-disintegrating composition) may comprise a taste-masking agent. Generally, any natural or synthetic flavoring agent or sweetening agent known in the art may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. For example, suitable taste-masking agents include, but are not limited to, essential oils, water-soluble extracts, sugar, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, aldose, ketose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol xylitol, D-sorbitol, erythritol, pentitol, hexitol, malitol, acesulfame potassium, talin, glycyrrhizin, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin, sodium saccharin, sodium cyclamate, eugenyl formate aldehyde flavorings and combinations thereof. 
     Exemplary aldehyde flavorings that may be used include, but are not limited to acetaldehyde (apple); benzaldehyde (cherry, almond); cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamon); citral, i.e., alpha citral (lemon, lime); neral, i.e., beta citral (lemon, lime); decanal (orange, lemon); ethyl vanillin (vanilla, cream); heliotropine, i.e., piperonal (vanilla, cream); vanillin (vanilla, cream); 
     alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde (spicy fruity flavors); butyraldehyde (butter, cheese); valeraldehyde (butter, cheese); citronellal (modifies, many types); decanal (citrus fruits); aldehyde C-8 (citrus fruits); aldehyde C-9 (citrus fruits); aldehyde C-12 (citrus fruits); 2-ethyl butyraldehyde (berry fruits); hexenal, i.e., trans-2 (berry fruits); tolyl aldehyde (cherry, almond); veratraldehyde (vanilla); 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, i.e., melonal (melon); 2-6-dimethyloctanal (green fruit); and 2-dodecenal (citrus, mandarin). In some embodiments, the taste-masking agents may include combination of acesulfame potassium and flavors. One skilled in the art with the benefit of the present disclosure will appreciate that other and further ingredients may be included in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, for example, a matrix-forming polymer permeation enhancer, substance for imparting mucoadhesive properties, or other auxiliary substances. 
     The composition may also comprise any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, any solvents, dispersants, pH-buffering agents, coatings, absorption-promoting agents, controlled-release agents, and one or more inert excipients (e.g., filling agents, starches, polyols, granulating agents, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents), or the like. In addition, the compositions can contain any desired additional components, additives, and/or species, for example, surface active additives, dispersing additives, humectants, suspending agents, solubilizers, buffering agents, disintegrants, preservatives, colorants, flavorants, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more ion species that interact with linaclotide. 
     The composition can also comprise any suitable pH buffering agent. In some embodiments, the pH buffering agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to achieve the isoelectric point of linaclotide. In the regard, the composition can have any desired pH. In some embodiments, the composition has a pH of 2 to 5 (for example, a pH of 2 to 4.5, a pH of 2 4o 4, a pH of 2.5 to 4, a pH of 2.5 to 3.5, a pH of 2.5 to 3, or even a pH of 3). 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and a hydrolysis product, e.g., a hydrolysis product comprising or having a structure of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The composition can contain any desired concentration of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of the hydrolysis product. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and a formaldehyde imine product, e.g., a formaldehyde imine product comprising or having a structure of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The composition can contain any desired concentration of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of the formaldehyde imine product. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and a peptide modified with the addition of methylene at the α-amine group of the N-terminal Cys 1 that is cross-linked to the amine group of Cys 2  to form an imidazolidinone 5 membered ring at the N-terminus of the peptide (“Cys 1 -IMD product”) comprising or having a structure of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The composition can contain any desired concentration of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of the Cys 1 -IMD product. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and an oxidation product, e.g., an oxidation product comprising or having a structure of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Alternatively, or in addition, the composition comprises linaclotide and an oxidation product having the depicted structure but wherein oxidation occurs at any one or more of the six depicted cysteinyl sulfurs. The composition can contain any desired concentration of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of the oxidation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of the oxidation product. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and an acetylation product, e.g., an acetylation product comprising or having a structure of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The composition can contain any desired concentration of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of the acetylation product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of the acetylation product. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises linaclotide and any desired concentration of multimers. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of multimer(s). In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of multimer(s). 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises an effective amount of linaclotide and any desired amount of reduced form linaclotide. As used herein, the term “reduced form linaclotide” refers to linaclotide having no disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0. 1 and 4 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of reduced form linaclotide. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises an effective amount of linaclotide and any desired amount of scrambled-form linaclotide. As used herein, the term “scrambled-form linaclotide” refers to linaclotide having disulfide bonds between Cys 1 and Cys 10 , between Cys 1 and Cys 13 , between Cys 1 and Cys 5 , between Cys 1 and Cys 2 , between Cys 2  and Cys 6 , between Cys 2  and Cys 13 , between Cys 2  and Cys 5 , between Cys 5  and Cys 6 , and/or between Cys 5  and Cys 10  . In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 7 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 6 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 4 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 3 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 2 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than 1 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.01 and 10 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 7 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 4 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 4 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 4 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 3 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 3 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 3 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2.5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2.5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2.5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 2 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 2 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 1 and 2 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1.5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.5 and 1 wt. % of scrambled-form linaclotide 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 10 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 8 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 7 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 6.5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 6 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 5.5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 4 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 3 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 2.5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 2 wt. %. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a total degradant concentration of less than about 1 wt. %. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can be used to treat and diseases, disorders and conditions that are responsive to treatment with agonists of the GC-C receptor. For example, the composition can be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders including, but not limited to, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia (including functional dyspepsia or non-ulcer dyspepsia), gastrointestinal motility disorders, functional gastrointestinal disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Crohn&#39;s disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, functional heartburn, gastroparesis, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (or colonic pseudo-obstruction), and disorders and conditions associated with constipation, for example, chronic constipation, opioid induced constipation, post-surgical constipation (post-operative ileus), constipation associated with neuropathic disorders or a combination of symptoms thereof (such as a combination of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation), or inflammation or pain associated therewith. In some embodiments, a method is provided for treating gastrointestinal disorders in a patient (e.g., mammal or human) diagnosed with one or more gastrointestinal disorders or conditions, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of the composition to the patient. 
     In another embodiment, a method is provided for increasing intestinal motility in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition to the patient. Intestinal motility involves spontaneous coordinated dissentions and contractions of the stomach, intestines, colon and rectum to move food through the gastrointestinal tract during the digestive process. 
     In some embodiments, the methods may comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to a patient in need thereof. 
     An effective amount of a composition comprising linaclotide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof required to achieve desired results (such as desired treatment and/or symptom relief) of a subject is dependent on several understood factors, such as the identity and severity of the disorder being treated, as well as the age, weight, etc., of the patient being treated. 
     A subject or patient in whom administration of the pharmaceutical composition is an effective therapeutic regimen for a disease or disorder is preferably a human, but can be any animal, including a laboratory animal in the context of a clinical trial or screening or activity experiment. Thus, as can be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the methods, compounds and compositions described herein are particularly suited for administration to any animal, particularly a mammal, and including, but by no means limited to, humans, rodents and non-rodents, such as feline or canine subjects, farm animals, such as but not limited to bovine, equine, caprine, ovine, and porcine subjects, wild animals (whether in the wild or in a zoological garden), research animals, such as mice, rats, rabbits, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, etc., avian species, such as chickens, turkeys, songbirds, etc., e.g., for veterinary medical use. 
     In some embodiments, the effective dose range of linaclotide for adult humans is from 25 μg to 6 mg per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose range is 25 μg to 2 mg per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose range for adult humans is 50 μg to 1 mg per day orally (e.g., 50 μg, 100 μg, 150 μg, 200 μg, 250 μg, 300 μg, 350 μg, 400 μg, 450 μg, 500 μg, 550 μg, 600 μg, 650 μg, 700 μg, 750 μg, 800 μg, 850 μg, 900 μg, 950 μg or 1 mg). In some embodiments, the dose range is 100 μg to 600 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 50 μg, 100 μg, 150 μg, 200 μg, 300 μg, 400 μg, 500 μg or 600 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 50 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 100 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 150 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 200 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 300 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 400 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 500 μg linaclotide per day orally. In some embodiments, the dose is 600 linaclotide per day orally. 
     In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.05 μg to 2 mg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.05 μg to 100 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 90 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 50 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 25 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 10 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 5 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 1μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is from 0.1 μg to 0.5 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 0.1 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 0.15 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 0.25 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 0.5 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 3.5 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 15 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 45 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 60 μg per day orally. In some embodiments, the effective pediatric dose range of linaclotide is 90 μg per day orally. 
     In some embodiments, the unit dosage form and daily dose are equivalent. In some embodiments, the unit dosage form is administered with food at anytime of the day, without food at anytime of the day, with food after an overnight fast (e.g., with breakfast). In some embodiments, the unit dosage form is administered once a day, twice a day or three times a day. In some embodiments, one, two or three unit dosage forms will contain the daily oral dose of linaclotide. The precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However, the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions are administered as a monotherapy. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of an effective amount of linaclotide. In some embodiments, the composition consists of an effective amount of linaclotide. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions are directly administered to a patient, for example, in the form of a capsule, tablet or orally-disintegrating composition (e.g., orally-disintegrating tablet or film). In some embodiments, the compositions are dissolved, disintegrated and/or mixed on or within food or beverage prior to administration to patients (e.g., elderly or pediatric patients). In some embodiments, the composition is dissolved or disintegrated in a liquid, solution, or fluid optionally containing stabilizing agent(s), preservative(s), sweetener(s), or the like, etc. prior to administration to a patient (e.g., elderly or pediatric patient). 
     In some embodiments, the composition is a multiple dose composition, i.e., containing two, three, five, seven, ten, fifteen, twenty, twenty-five, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety or more daily doses of linaclotide. In some embodiments, one or more orally-disintegrating tablets or films containing 3.5 μg of linaclotide are dissolved or disintegrated within a liquid, solution or fluid to provide a composition that contains a five day supply of 0.5 μg of linaclotide dosages of the composition (“a five dose composition”). In some embodiments, one or more orally-disintegrating tablets or films containing 15 μg of linaclotide are dissolved or disintegrated within a liquid, solution, or fluid to provide a composition that contains a thirty day supply of 0.5 μg of linaclotide dosages of the composition (“a thirty dose composition”). In some embodiments, one or more orally-disintegrating tablets or films containing 45 μg of linaclotide are dissolved or disintegrated within a liquid, solution, or fluid to provide a composition that contains a ninety day supply of 0.5 μg of linaclotide dosages of the composition (“a ninety dose composition”). In some embodiments, one or more orally-disintegrating tablets or films containing 60 μg of linaclotide are dissolved or disintegrated within a liquid, solution, or fluid to provide a composition that contains a 120 day supply of 0.5 μg of linaclotide dosages of the composition (“a 120 dose composition”). In some embodiments, one or more orally-disintegrating tablets or films containing 90 μg of linaclotide are dissolved or disintegrated within a liquid, solution, or fluid to provide a composition that contains a 180 day supply of 0.5 μg of linaclotide dosages of the composition (“a 180 dose composition”). 
     In other embodiments, the compositions are administered as part of a combination therapy. For example, a composition may be used in combination with other drugs or therapies that are used in the treatment, prevention, suppression, and/or amelioration of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of the invention are useful. The linaclotide can be co-administered or co-formulated with other medications. In one embodiment, the linaclotide composition can be co-administered with other medications used to treat gastrointestinal disorders including but not limited to acid suppressing agents such as Histamine-2 receptor agonists (H2As) and/or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). 
     Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the invention. When a compound of the present invention is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical unit dosage form containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of the invention may be employed. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active components, in addition to a compound of invention. 
     Several methods can be used for evaluating the bioactivity of the linaclotide composition, including, but not limited to, immunoassays (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), radioimmuno assays, immunoradiometric assays, gel electrophoresis (e.g., SDS-PAGE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and/or high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). In some embodiments, the bioactivity of the composition is assessed by a method comprising fixing linaclotide, incubating linaclotide with guanylate cyclase C (GCC), incubating GCC bound linaclotide with antibodies against GCC, incubating GCC antibody-bound linaclotide with fluorescently labeled antibodies against GCC antibodies, and detecting the linaclotide bound to the GCC antibodies by measuring the fluorescence intensity using a plate reader. The drug concentration can then be calculated based on the fluorescence reading of the solution. 
     For example, the bioactivity of the linaclotide compositions can be assessed and quantified using the following method, although other methods are available. The composition is added to a volumetric flask containing 60 ml of phosphate buffer having a pH of 4.5, and the flask is shaken for 60 minutes. 0.2 ml of the supernatant is then removed, and is added into one or more wells of a 96-well plate that is coated with GCC. The plate is sealed and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hr. At the end of incubation, the sample is removed and the plate is washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The bound linaclotide is then incubated for 1 hour, at room temperature, with GCC (such as is available from Sigma-Aldrich Inc.) labeled with fluorescein isocyanate (FITC) in blocking buffer. After incubation, the well is washed with PBS. The fluorescence intensity of the end product is detected, for example, by using a plate reader. The linaclotide concentration is then calculated based on the fluorescence reading of the solution. 
     Definitions 
     Linaclotide is a peptide that consists of the amino acid sequence Cys 1  Cys 2  Glu 3  Tyr 4  Cys 5  Cys 6  Asn 7  Pros Ala 9  Cys 10  Thr 11  Gly 12  Cys 13  Tyr 14 . Linaclotide can exist in free form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “entry into a use environment” means contact of the composition with saliva of the patient to whom it is administered, or with a fluid intended to simulate saliva, e.g., having a pH greater than 5, or with a phosphate buffer solution having a pH of 4.5 and maintained at 37±1° C. 
     The term “released from”, when referring to the release of linaclotide from the composition, unless otherwise indicated, is used herein to mean that the linaclotide no longer remains in a composition form. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, “stabilizing agent” refers to a polymer, sterically hindered primary amine (e.g., amino acid), or cation (e.g., metal cation) component of the composition which is included in the composition in a stabilizing amount. For example, a polymeric stabilizing agent is a polymer that is included in the composition in a stabilizing amount. Similarly, a sterically hindered primary amine stabilizing agent is a sterically hindered primary amine that is included in the composition in a stabilizing amount. Moreover, a cationic stabilizing agent is a cation that is included in the composition in a stabilizing amount. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, “stabilizing amount” refers to a concentration, within the composition, of a polymer, sterically hindered primary amine (e.g., amino acid), or metal cation component at which the component increases the stability of linaclotide in the composition, as compared to a similar composition not having a stabilizing amount of the same component. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, a “low-dose pharmaceutical composition” is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises less than 125 μg of linaclotide, for example less than 110 μg, less than 100 μg, less than 80 μg, less than 70 μg, less than 60 μg, or even less than 50 μg of linaclotide (for example, between 0.001 μg and 125 μg, between 0.001 μg and 100 μg, between 0.001 μg and 80 μg, or between 0.001 μg and 50 μg of linaclotide). 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “substantially all” means at least about 90%, for example, at least about 95% or even at least about 99%. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “isolated and purified” means at least 95 percent pure (for example, at least 96% pure, at least 97% pure, at least 98% pure, or even at least 99% pure), as measured, for example, by chromatographic purity using HPLC. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a linaclotide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that, when administered to a mammal for treating a state, disorder or condition, is sufficient to effect a treatment (as defined below). The “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, sex, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the mammal to be treated. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of linaclotide, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate, can be an amount effective to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, opioid induced constipation and/or dyspepsia. 
     As used herein, unless other indicated, “pharmaceutically acceptable” means biologically or pharmacologically compatible for in vivo use in animals or humans, and preferably means, approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “treat”, in all its verb forms, is used herein to mean to relieve, alleviate, prevent, and/or manage at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject, the disorder including, for example, a gastrointestinal disorder, such as, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, opioid induced constipation, dyspepsia, or a combination of symptoms thereof. Within the meaning of the present invention, the term “treat” also denotes, to arrest, delay the onset (i.e., the period prior to clinical manifestation of a disease) and/or reduce the risk of developing or worsening a disease. The term “treatment” means the act of “treating” as defined above. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “additives” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable additive. Pharmaceutically acceptable additives include, without limitation, binders, disintegrants, dispersing additives, lubricants, glidants, antioxidants, coating additives, diluents, surfactants, flavoring additives, humectants, absorption promoting additives, controlled release additives, anti-caking additives, anti-microbial agents (e.g., preservatives), colorants, desiccants, plasticizers and dyes. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, an “excipient” is any pharmaceutically acceptable additive, filler, binder or agent. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indication, “stressed conditions” refer to 40° C. and 75% relative humidity (RH). 
     As used here, unless otherwise indicated, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend, in part, on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” with respect to the compositions can mean plus or minus a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value. 
     All weight percentages (i.e., “% by weight” and “wt. %” and w/w) referenced herein, unless otherwise indicated, are measured relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. 
     The term “consisting essentially of”, and variants thereof, when used to refer to the composition, are used herein to mean that the composition includes linaclotide and other desired pharmaceutically inactive additives, excipients, and/or components (e.g., polymers, sterically hindered primary amines, cations, filling agents, binders, carriers, excipients, diluents, disintegrating additives, lubricants, solvents, dispersants, coating additives, absorption promoting additives, hydrolysis products, formaldehyde imine products, oxidation products, acetylation products, deamidation products, multimers, controlled release additives, anti-caking additives, anti-microbial additives, preservatives, sweetening additives, colorants, flavors, desiccants, plasticizers, dyes, or the like), and no other active pharmaceutical ingredient(s). 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way as many variations and equivalents that are encompassed by the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. 
     The following tests were employed in the examples section, unless otherwise indicated: 
     1) Stability of linaclotide compositions. For stability evaluation, linaclotide compositions (0.15 mg theoretical, actual 0.135 mg) were packaged into a HDPE bottle with desiccant, and stored under at 40° C. and 75% RH (“stressed conditions”). The amount of linaclotide was assayed initially and after up to 18 months of storage at stressed conditions. The concentration of linaclotide was analyzed and quantified using an HPLC method with the following mobile phase gradient: Mobile phase A: 50 mM of sodium perchlorate in a solvent containing 76% water and 24% acetonitrile and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile phase B: 50 mM of sodium perchlorate in a solvent containing 5% water and 95% acetonitrile and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid; Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min; Column: YMC Pro C18, 150 mm×3 mm ID, 3 μm or equivalent; Column temperature: 40° C.; Fluorescence detection: excitation: 274 nm; emission: 303 nm; Injection volume: 100 μl. 
     2) Analysis of total degradants in the pharmaceutical composition: Degradant analysis was performed using an HPLC method employing the following conditions: Mobile phase A: Water:acetonitrile 98:2, with 0.1% (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile phase B: Water:acetonitrile 595, with 0.1% (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid; Flow rate : 0.6 ml/min; Column: YMC Pro C18, 150 mm×3 mm ID, 3 μm or equivalent; Column temperature: 40° C.; UV detection: excitation: 220 nm; Injection volume: 50 μl. The percentage amounts of degradants in the composition were calculated by quantifying the area of all peaks in the HPLC chromatogram to obtain the “total peak area”, and dividing the peak area of each degradant by the total peak area. Specific degradants assayed include, for example, the hydrolysis product, Asp-7. 
     Example 1 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the following manner using the components set forth in Table 1. First, a linaclotide solution was prepared by combining linaclotide, polyvinyl alcohol, calcium chloride, meglumine and water in the concentrations set forth in Table 1. The linaclotide solution was then pH-adjusted to about 2.5 and mixed until clear. Next, the linaclotide solution was layered onto isomalt beads by spraying the beads with the linaclotide solution using a Wurster process. The linaclotide-layered beads were then dried until the product loss on drying (LOD) was less than about 3%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1915 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Meglumine 
                 2.6 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 QS 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 QS 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The stability performance of the linaclotide beads were assessed following storage of the beads for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% RH in 45 cc HDPE bottles (induction sealed and not containing desiccant). Results of the stability performance assay are set forth in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of stability performance assay 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Asp-7 
                 Imine 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                 Degradant 
                 Degradant 
                 Purity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 initial 
                 0.11 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 97.8 
               
               
                   
                 1 wk 
                 0.25 
                 0.11 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
                 2 wk 
                 0.31 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
                 1 m 
                 0.37 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 92.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the following manner using the components set forth in Table 3. First, a linaclotide solution was prepared by combining linaclotide, polyvinyl alcohol, calcium chloride, histidine and water in the concentrations set forth in Table 3. The linaclotide solution was then pH-adjusted to about 2.5 and mixed until clear. Next, the linaclotide solution was layered onto isomalt beads by spraying the beads with the linaclotide solution using a Wurster process. The linaclotide-layered beads were then dried until the product loss on drying (LOD) was less than about 3%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Histidine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Leucine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Lysine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     The stability and dissolution performance were assessed for the linaclotide beads prepared in Examples 2-5 following storage of the beads at 40° C. and 75% RH in HDPE bottles (sealed with heat and not containing desiccant). Results of the stability and dissolution performance assays are set forth in Tables 7-8 and  FIG. 1  (which illustrates imine degradant concentrations). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability of linaclotide beads at 40° C., 75% RH 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Assay (normalized) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Amino acid 
                 1 wk 
                 2 wk 
                 1 mo 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Histidine 
                 96.5 
                 99.7 
                 93.1 
               
               
                 Leucine 
                 95.9 
                 95.2 
                 93.5 
               
               
                 Lysine 
                 92.5 
                 91.4 
                 87.6 
               
               
                 Arginine 
                 96.9 
                 92.5 
                 89.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Degradation profile of linaclotide beads at 40° C., 75% RH 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Duration of 
                 Asp-7 
                 Imine 
                   
               
               
                 Amino acid 
                 Storage 
                 Degradant 
                 Degradant 
                 Purity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Histidine 
                 initial 
                 0.18 
                 0.16 
                 98.3 
               
               
                   
                 1 wk 
                 0.11 
                 0.27 
                 98.3 
               
               
                   
                 2 wk 
                 0.15 
                 0.41 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
                 1 m 
                 0.26 
                 0.61 
                 93.4 
               
               
                 Leucine 
                 initial 
                 — 
                 0.18 
                 97.6 
               
               
                   
                 1 wk 
                 0.17 
                 0.79 
                 96.9 
               
               
                   
                 2 wk 
                 0.19 
                 1.00 
                 94.8 
               
               
                   
                 1 m 
                 0.20 
                 1.92 
                 90.7 
               
               
                 Lysine 
                 initial 
                 0.17 
                 0.24 
                 97.5 
               
               
                   
                 1 wk 
                 0.12 
                 1.74 
                 94.8 
               
               
                   
                 2 wk 
                 0.18 
                 2.57 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 m 
                 0.14 
                 3.64 
                 85.9 
               
               
                 Arginine 
                 initial 
                 0.10 
                 0.14 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 1 wk 
                 0.18 
                 1.41 
                 95.7 
               
               
                   
                 2 wk 
                 0.28 
                 2.12 
                 92.8 
               
               
                   
                 1 m 
                 0.24 
                 2.55 
                 88.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 7 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Melamine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Gelatin 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 9 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine-Leucine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 13. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Leucine-Glycine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 12 
     Linaclotide beads may be prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 14. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Albumin 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dehydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13 
     Linaclotide beads were prepared in the manner described in Example 2 using the components set forth in Table 15. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Linaclotide beads, 5 μg/50 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Linaclotide 
                 0.24 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 1916 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                 Asparagine 
                 2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride dihydrate 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 
                 80 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 Q.S. 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water* 
                 1000 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 2000 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Water is removed during the manufacturing process 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is further to be understood that all values are approximate, and are provided for description. 
     All patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols are cited throughout this application, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.