Patent Publication Number: US-11385246-B2

Title: Antibodies to paliperidone and use thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/287,301, filed Oct. 6, 2016, and published on Feb. 16, 2017, as U.S. 2017/0045537, and which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/971,416, filed Aug. 20, 2013, published on Feb. 27, 2014, as U.S. 2014/0057298, and issued on Oct. 11, 2016 as U.S. Pat. No. 9,465,041, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/691,692, filed Aug. 21, 2012, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of immunoassays, and in particular to antibodies that bind to paliperidone which can be used in immunoassays for detection of paliperidone. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 0.45-1% of the world&#39;s population (van Os, J.; Kapur, S. “Schizophrenia” Lancet 2009, 374, 635-645). The principal goals of treatment are to achieve sustained remission from psychotic symptoms, reduce the risk and consequences of relapse, and improve patient functioning and overall quality of life. While many patients with schizophrenia are able to achieve symptom stability with the available antipsychotic medications, poor adherence to medication is a common reason for relapse with daily administered oral medications. Several studies (Abdel-Baki, A.; Ouellet-Plamondon, C.; Malla, A. “Pharmacotherapy Challenges in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis”  Journal of Affective Disorders  2012, 138, S3-S14) investigating the outcomes of non-compliance have shown that patients with schizophrenia who do not take their medication as prescribed have higher rates of relapse, hospital admission and suicide as well as increased mortality. It is estimated that 40 to 75% of patients with schizophrenia have difficulty adhering to a daily oral treatment regimen (Lieberman, J. A.; Stroup, T. S.; McEvoy, J. P.; Swartz, M. S.; Rosenheck, R. A.; Perkins, D. O.; Keefe, R. S. E.; Davis, S. M.; Davis, C. E.; Lebowitz, B. D.; Severe, J.; Hsiao, J. K. “Effectiveness of Antipyschotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia”  New England Journal of Medicine  2005, 353(12), 1209-1223). 
     Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the quantification of serum or plasma concentrations of drugs, including anti-psychotic drugs, for treatment monitoring and optimization. Such monitoring permits, for example, the identification of patients that are not adhering to their medication regimen, that are not achieving therapeutic doses, that are non-responsive at therapeutic doses, that have suboptimal tolerability, that have pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, or that have abnormal metabolism resulting in inappropriate plasma concentrations. Considerable individual variability exists in the patient&#39;s ability to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete anti-psychotic drugs. Such differences can be caused by concurrent disease, age, concomitant medication or genetic peculiarities. Different drug formulations can also influence the metabolism of anti-psychotic drugs. TDM permits dose optimization for individual patients, improving therapeutic and functional outcomes. TDM further permits a prescribing clinician to ensure compliance with prescribed dosages and achievement of effective serum concentrations. 
     To date, methods for determining the levels of serum or plasma concentrations of anti-psychotic drugs involve the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with UV or mass spectrometry detection, and radioimmunoassays (see, for example, Woestenborghs et al., 1990 “On the selectivity of some recently developed RIA&#39;s” in Methodological Surveys in Biochemistry and Analysis 20:241-246. Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites, Including Anti-infective Agents; Heykants et al., 1994 “The Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone in Humans: A Summary”, J Clin Psychiatry 55/5, suppl: 13-17; Huang et al., 1993 “Pharmacokinetics of the novel anti-psychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects”, Clin Pharmacol Ther 54:257-268). Radioimmunoassays detect one or both of risperidone and paliperidone. Salamone et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,594 disclose a competitive immunoassay for risperidone using antibodies that detect both risperidone and paliperidone but not pharmacologically inactive metabolites. The antibodies used in the competitive immunoassay are developed against a particular immunogen. ID Labs Inc. (London, Ontario, Canada) markets an ELISA for olanzapine, another anti-psychotic drug, which also utilizes a competitive format. The Instructions For Use indicate that the assay is designed for screening purposes and intended for forensic or research use, and is specifically not intended for therapeutic use. The Instructions recommend that all positive samples should be confirmed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and indicate that the antibody used detects olanzapine and clozapine (see ID Labs Inc., “Instructions For Use Data Sheet IDEL-F083”, Rev. Date Aug. 8, 2011). Some of these methods, namely HPLC and GC/MS, can be expensive and labor-intensive, and are generally only performed in large or specialty labs having the appropriate equipment. 
     A need exists for other methods for determining the levels of anti-psychotic drugs, particularly methods that can be performed in a prescribing clinician&#39;s office (where the treatment for an individual patient can be adjusted accordingly in a much more timely manner) and in other medical settings lacking LC or GC/MS equipment or requiring rapid test results. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an isolated antibody or a binding fragment thereof, which binds to paliperidone and which: (i) is an antibody selected from the group consisting of: a) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:7; b) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:8; c) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; or d) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; or (ii) competes for an epitope which is the same as an epitope bound by the antibody of (i). 
     The antibodies of the subject invention can be provided in assay kits and assay devices, with a presently preferred device being a lateral flow assay device which provides for point-of-care analysis. 
     The invention further provides a method of detecting paliperidone in a sample. The method comprises: (i) contacting a sample with an antibody according to the subject invention which is labeled with a detectable marker, wherein the labeled antibody and paliperidone present in the sample form a labeled complex; and (ii) detecting the labeled complex so as to detect paliperidone in the sample. 
     Further provided is a competitive immunoassay method for detecting paliperidone in a sample. The method comprises: (i) contacting a sample with an antibody according to the subject invention, and with paliperidone or a competitive binding partner of paliperidone, wherein one of the antibody and the paliperidone or competitive binding partner thereof is labeled with a detectable marker, and wherein sample paliperidone competes with the paliperidone or competitive binding partner thereof for binding to the antibody; and (ii) detecting the label so as to detect sample paliperidone. 
     Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from detailed consideration of the preferred embodiments that follow. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1 and 2  show Competitive ELISA results generated with hybridoma 5-9; 
         FIG. 3  shows Competitive ELISA results generated with risperidone/paliperidone clone 2A5; 
         FIG. 4  shows the competitive immunoassay format used on a lateral flow assay device; 
         FIG. 5  shows a typical dose response curve generated with risperidone/paliperidone clone 5-9; 
         FIG. 6  shows the chip design of a lateral flow assay device according to the subject invention; 
         FIG. 7  shows a typical dose response curve for an aripiprazole positive control generated with antibody 5C7 and a labeled aripiprazole competitive binding partner; 
         FIG. 8  shows a typical dose response curve for an olanzapine positive control generated with antibody 4G9-1 and a labeled olanzapine competitive binding partner; 
         FIG. 9  shows a typical dose response curve for a quetiapine positive control generated with antibody 11 and a labeled quetiapine competitive binding partner; 
         FIG. 10  shows a typical dose response curve for a risperidone positive control generated with antibody 5-9 and a labeled risperidone competitive binding partner; 
         FIG. 11  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing aripiprazole generated with aripiprazole antibody 5C7 in the presence of labeled aripiprazole competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone in the presence of a labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 12  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing olanzapine generated with olanzapine antibody 4G9-1 in the presence of a labeled olanzapine competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, quetiapine, or risperidone in the presence of a labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 13  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing quetiapine generated with quetiapine antibody 11 in the presence of a labeled quetiapine competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or risperidone in the presence of a labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 14  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing risperidone generated with risperidone antibody 5-9 in the presence of a labeled risperidone competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or quetiapine in the presence of a labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 15  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing aripiprazole generated with aripiprazole antibody 5C7 in the presence of a labeled aripiprazole competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone in the presence of antibody and labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 16  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing olanzapine generated with olanzapine antibody 4G9-1 in the presence of a labeled olanzapine competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, quetiapine, or risperidone in the presence of antibody and labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 17  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing quetiapine generated with quetiapine antibody 11 in the presence of labeled quetiapine competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or risperidone in the presence of antibody and labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 18  shows a typical dose response curve for a sample containing risperidone generated with risperidone antibody 5-9 in the presence of a labeled risperidone competitive binding partner, with no dose response curve for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or quetiapine in the presence of antibody and labeled competitive binding partner for each; 
         FIG. 19  shows a comparison of the aripiprazole dose response curve generated as a positive control to the aripiprazole dose response curve generated in the multiplex format; 
         FIG. 20  shows a comparison of the olanzapine dose response curve generated as a positive control to the olanzapine dose response curve generated in the multiplex format; 
         FIG. 21  shows a comparison of the quetiapine dose response curve generated as a positive control to the quetiapine dose response curve generated in the multiplex format; and 
         FIG. 22  shows a comparison of the risperidone dose response curve generated as a positive control to the risperidone dose response curve generated in the multiplex format. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotide or amino acid sequences: “reference sequence”, “comparison window”, “sequence identity”, “percentage of sequence identity”, “substantial identity”, “similarity”, and “homologous”. A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison; a reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, a segment of a full length cDNA or gene sequence given in a sequence listing or may comprise a complete cDNA or gene sequence; a reference sequence may comprise a segment of a complete amino acid sequence encoding a protein as given in a sequence listing or may comprise a complete amino acid sequence encoding a protein. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 18 nucleotides or 6 amino acids in length, frequently at least 24 nucleotides or 8 amino acids in length, and often at least 48 nucleotides or 16 amino acids in length. Since two polynucleotide or amino acid sequences may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete nucleotide or amino acid sequence) that is similar between the two molecules, and (2) may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotide or amino acid sequences, sequence comparisons between two (or more) molecules are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two molecules over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A “comparison window”, as used herein, refers to a conceptual segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotide positions or 6 amino acids wherein the polynucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides or 6 amino acids and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions, deletions, substitutions, and the like (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needlemen and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0 (Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), Geneworks or MacVector software packages), or by inspection, and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of identity over the comparison window) generated by the various methods is selected. 
     The term “sequence identity” means that two polynucleotide or amino acid sequences are identical (i.e., on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide or amino acid residue-by-residue basis) over the comparison window. The term “percentage of sequence identity” is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, or U) or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the comparison window (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. The term “substantial identity” as used herein denotes a characteristic of a polynucleotide or amino acid sequence, wherein the polynucleotide or amino acid sequence comprises a sequence that has at least 85 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison window of at least 18 nucleotide (6 amino acid) positions, frequently over a window of at least 24-48 nucleotide (8-16 amino acid) positions, wherein the percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing the reference sequence to the sequence which may include deletions or additions which total 20 percent or less of the reference sequence over the comparison window. The reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence. The term “similarity”, when used to describe a polypeptide, is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and the conserved amino acid substitutions of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide. The term “homologous”, when used to describe a polynucleotide, indicates that two polynucleotides, or designated sequences thereof, when optimally aligned and compared, are identical, with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions, in at least 70% of the nucleotides, usually from about 75% to 99%, and more preferably at least about 98% to 99% of the nucleotides. 
     A “label,” “detector molecule,” “reporter” or “detectable marker” as used herein is any molecule which produces, or can be induced to produce, a detectable signal. The label can be conjugated to an analyte, immunogen, antibody, or to another molecule such as a receptor or a molecule that can bind to a receptor such as a ligand, particularly a hapten or antibody. A label can be attached directly or indirectly by means of a linking or bridging moiety. Non-limiting examples of labels include radioactive isotopes (e.g.,  125 I), enzymes (e.g. β-galactosidase, peroxidase), enzyme fragments, enzyme substrates, enzyme inhibitors, coenzymes, catalysts, fluorophores (e.g., rhodamine, fluorescein isothiocyanate or FITC, or Dylight 649), dyes, chemiluminescers and luminescers (e.g., dioxetanes, luciferin), or sensitizers. 
     The invention provides an isolated antibody which binds to paliperidone. The invention further provides an assay kit and an assay device comprising the antibody. Further provided is a method of detecting paliperidone in a sample, including a competitive immunoassay method. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an isolated antibody or a binding fragment thereof, which binds to paliperidone and which: (i) is an antibody selected from the group consisting of: a) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:7; b) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:8; c) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; or d) an isolated antibody or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; or (ii) competes for an epitope which is the same as an epitope bound by the antibody of (i). 
     In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to an isolated antibody or a binding fragment thereof, which binds to paliperidone and which comprises a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:7. 
     In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to an isolated antibody or a binding fragment thereof, which binds to paliperidone and which comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:8. 
     Presently preferred embodiments of the antibody of the subject invention are: an antibody which comprises a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:4; and an antibody which comprises a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:7 and a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:8. 
     Additional presently preferred embodiments of the antibody of the subject invention are: 1) an antibody which comprises a light chain CDR1 sequence comprising amino acid residues 44 to 60 of SEQ ID NO:3, a light chain CDR2 sequence comprising amino acid residues 76 to 82 of SEQ ID NO:3, a light chain CDR3 sequence comprising amino acid residues 115 to 123 of SEQ ID NO:3, a heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprising amino acid residues 45 to 54 of SEQ ID NO:4, a heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprising amino acid residues 69 to 85 of SEQ ID NO:4, and a heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprising amino acid residues 118 to 122 of SEQ ID NO:4; and 2) an antibody which comprises a light chain CDR1 sequence comprising amino acid residues 44 to 60 of SEQ ID NO:7, a light chain CDR2 sequence comprising amino acid residues 76 to 82 of SEQ ID NO:7, a light chain CDR3 sequence comprising amino acid residues 115 to 123 of SEQ ID NO:7, a heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprising amino acid residues 45 to 54 of SEQ ID NO:8, a heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprising amino acid residues 69 to 85 of SEQ ID NO:8, and a heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprising amino acid residues 118 to 122 of SEQ ID NO:8. 
     Further details of the antibodies of the subject invention are provided in the section below entitled “Antibodies”. 
     The subject invention further provides an assay kit comprising the antibody, as well as an assay device comprising the antibody. Preferably, the assay device is a lateral flow assay device. Further details of the assay kits and assay devices are provided below in the section entitled “Assay Kits and Devices”. 
     The invention further provides a method of detecting paliperidone in a sample. The method comprises: (i) contacting a sample with an antibody according to the subject invention which is labeled with a detectable marker, wherein the labeled antibody and paliperidone present in the sample form a labeled complex; and (ii) detecting the labeled complex so as to detect paliperidone in the sample. Further details of the method of detecting paliperidone in accordance with the subject invention are provided in the section below entitled “Immunoassays”. 
     Further provided is a competitive immunoassay method for detecting paliperidone in a sample. The method comprises: (i) contacting a sample with an antibody according to the subject invention, and with paliperidone or a competitive binding partner of paliperidone, wherein one of the antibody and the paliperidone or competitive binding partner thereof is labeled with a detectable marker, and wherein sample paliperidone competes with the paliperidone or competitive binding partner thereof for binding to the antibody; and (ii) detecting the label so as to detect sample paliperidone. Further details of the competitive immunoassay method of detecting paliperidone in accordance with the subject invention are provided in the section below entitled “Immunoassays”. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the detection of paliperidone is accompanied by the detection of one or more analytes in addition to paliperidone. Preferably the one or more analytes are anti-psychotic drugs other than paliperidone, and more preferably the anti-psychotic drugs other than paliperidone are selected from the group consisting of: aripiprazole, risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, and metabolites thereof. 
     As discussed above, the antibodies of the subject invention can be used in assays to detect the presence and/or amount of the anti-psychotic drug in patient samples. Such detection permits therapeutic drug monitoring enabling all of the benefits thereof. Detection of levels of anti-psychotic drugs may be useful for many purposes, each of which represents another embodiment of the subject invention, including: determination of patient adherence or compliance with prescribed therapy; use as a decision tool to determine whether a patient should be converted from an oral anti-psychotic regimen to a long-acting injectable anti-psychotic regimen; use as a decision tool to determine if the dose level or dosing interval of oral or injectable anti-psychotics should be increased or decreased to ensure attainment or maintenance of efficacious or safe drug levels; use as an aid in the initiation of anti-psychotic drug therapy by providing evidence of the attainment of minimum pK levels; use to determine bioequivalence of anti-psychotic drug in multiple formulations or from multiple sources; use to assess the impact of polypharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions; and use as an indication that a patient should be excluded from or included in a clinical trial and as an aid in the subsequent monitoring of adherence to clinical trial medication requirements. 
     Antibodies 
     The present invention provides an isolated antibody which binds to paliperidone. The term “antibody” refers to a specific protein capable of binding an antigen or portion thereof (in accordance with this invention, capable of binding to an anti-psychotic drug or metabolite thereof). An antibody is produced in response to an immunogen which may have been introduced into a host, e.g., an animal or a human, by injection. The generic term “antibody” includes polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody fragments. 
     “Antibody” or “antigen-binding antibody fragment” refers to an intact antibody, or a fragment thereof, that competes with the intact antibody for binding. Generally speaking, an antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment, is said to specifically bind an antigen when the dissociation constant is less than or equal to 1 μM, preferably less than or equal to 100 nM and most preferably less than or equal to 10 nM. Binding can be measured by methods know to those skilled in the art, an example being the use of a BIAcore™ instrument. 
     Antibodies are made up of two heavy chains and two light chains. Each heavy chain has one variable domain or region (V H ) followed by a constant domain or region (C H 1), a hinge region, and two more constant domains or regions (C H 2 and C H 3). Each light chain has one variable domain or region (V L ) and one constant domain or region (C L ). The variable domains or regions of the heavy and light chains form the paratope of the antibody (a structure analogous to a lock), which is specific for a particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key), allowing the paratope and the epitope to bind together with precision. Within the variable domain, variable loops of β-strands, three each on the light and heavy chains, are responsible for binding to the antigen. These loops are referred to as the complementarity determining regions (CDRs, namely CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3). 
     Antibody fragments comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably the antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody. Binding fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; minibodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFV); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. An antibody other than a “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. 
     As used herein, “epitope” includes any protein determinant capable of specific binding to an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor. Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Two antibodies are said to “bind the same epitope” (“compete”) if one antibody is shown to compete with the second antibody in a competitive binding assay, by any of the methods well known to those skilled in the art (such as the BIAcore™ method referred to above). In reference to a hapten (such as paliperidone or other anti-psychotic drug), an antibody can be generated against the non-antigenic hapten molecule by conjugating the hapten to an immunogenic carrier. An antibody is then generated which recognizes an “epitope” defined by the hapten. 
     “Isolated” when used in the context of an antibody means altered “by the hand of man” from any natural state; i.e., that, if it occurs in nature, it has been changed or removed from its original environment, or both. For example, a naturally occurring antibody naturally present in a living animal in its natural state is not “isolated”, but the same antibody separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated”, as the term is employed herein. Antibodies may occur in a composition, such as an immunoassay reagent, which are not naturally occurring compositions, and therein remain isolated antibodies within the meaning of that term as it is employed herein. 
     “Cross-reactivity” refers to the reaction of an antibody with an antigen that was not used to induce that antibody. 
     Preferably, the antibody of the subject invention will bind to the drug and any desired pharmacologically active metabolites. By altering the location of the attachment of an immunogenic carrier in a drug conjugate, selectivity and cross-reactivity with metabolites and/or related drugs can be engineered into the antibodies. For paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone), cross-reactivity with risperidone or other risperidone metabolites such as 7-hydroxyrisperidone and N-dealkylrisperidone may or may not be desirable. An antibody that cross-reacts with risperidone and paliperidone may be desirable, which does not react with 7-hydroxyrisperidone or N-dealkylrisperidone, thus detecting risperidone and its major pharmacologically active metabolite paliperidone. Alternatively, it may be desirable to detect the pharmacologically active metabolites, risperidone and paliperidone, separately, while still not detecting the inactive metabolites, 7-hydroxyrisperidone and N-dealkylrisperidone. Antibodies may be generated that detect multiple ones of these drugs and/or metabolites, or antibodies may be generated that detect each separately (thus defining the antibody “specific binding” properties). An antibody specifically binds one or more compounds when its binding of the one or more compounds is equimolar or substantially equimolar. 
     The antibodies herein are described by the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of their variable domains. Each was generated by inoculating a host with a conjugate comprising an anti-psychotic drug conjugated to an immunogenic carrier. Having now provided the nucleotide and amino acid sequences thereof, the antibodies can be produced by the recombinant methods such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,452. 
     Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for the anti-psychotic drug may also be generated. Such fragments include, but are not limited to, the F(ab′) 2  fragments which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′) 2  fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity (Huse et al.,  Science  256:1270-1281 (1989)). Fab, Fv and ScFv antibody fragments can all be expressed in and secreted from  Escherichia coli , allowing for the production of large amounts of these fragments. Alternatively, Fab′-SH fragments can be directly recovered from  E. coli  and chemically coupled to form F(ab′) 2  fragments (Carter et al.,  BioTechnology  10:163-167 (1992)). Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments are known to those skilled in the art. Single chain Fv fragments (scFv) are also envisioned (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,761,894 and 5,587,458). Fv and sFv fragments are the only species with intact combining sites that are devoid of constant regions; thus, they are likely to show reduced non-specific binding. The antibody fragment may also be a “linear antibody” e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,870, for example. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific. 
     Assay Kits and Devices 
     An assay kit (also referred to as a reagent kit) can also be provided comprising an antibody as described above. A representative reagent kit may comprise an antibody that binds to the anti-psychotic drug, paliperidone, a complex comprising an analog of an anti-psychotic drug or a derivative thereof coupled to a labeling moiety, and may optionally also comprise one or more calibrators comprising a known amount of an anti-psychotic drug or a related standard. 
     The phrase “assay kit” refers to an assembly of materials and reagents that is used in performing an assay. The reagents can be provided in packaged combination in the same or in separate containers, depending on their cross-reactivities and stabilities, and in liquid or in lyophilized form. The amounts and proportions of reagents provided in the kit can be selected so as to provide optimum results for a particular application. An assay kit embodying features of the present invention comprises antibodies which bind paliperidone. The kit may further comprise competitive binding partners of paliperidone and calibration and control materials. 
     The phrase “calibration and control material” refers to any standard or reference material containing a known amount of an analyte. A sample suspected of containing an analyte and the corresponding calibration material are assayed under similar conditions. The concentration of analyte is calculated by comparing the results obtained for the unknown specimen with the results obtained for the standard. This is commonly done by constructing a calibration curve. 
     Antibodies embodying features of the present invention can be included in a kit, container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for their utilization. When the antibodies are supplied in a kit, the different components of the immunoassay may be packaged in separate containers and admixed prior to use. Such packaging of the components separately may permit long-term storage without substantially diminishing the functioning of the active components. Furthermore, reagents can be packaged under inert environments, e.g., under a positive pressure of nitrogen gas, argon gas, or the like, which is especially preferred for reagents that are sensitive to air and/or moisture. 
     Reagents included in kits embodying features of the present invention can be supplied in all manner of containers such that the activities of the different components are substantially preserved while the components themselves are not substantially adsorbed or altered by the materials of the container. Suitable containers include, but are not limited to, ampules, bottles, test tubes, vials, flasks, syringes, envelopes, e.g., foil-lined, and the like. The containers may be comprised of any suitable material including, but not limited to, glass, organic polymers, e.g., polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, etc., ceramic, metal, e.g., aluminum, metal alloys, e.g., steel, cork, and the like. In addition, the containers may comprise one or more sterile access ports, e.g., for access via a needle, such as may be provided by a septum. Preferred materials for septa include rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene of the type sold under the trade name TEFLON by DuPont (Wilmington, Del.). In addition, the containers may comprise two or more compartments separated by partitions or membranes that can be removed to allow mixing of the components. 
     Reagent kits embodying features of the present invention may also be supplied with instructional materials. Instructions may be printed, e.g., on paper and/or supplied in an electronically-readable medium. Alternatively, instructions may be provided by directing a user to an internet website, e.g., specified by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit and/or via electronic mail. 
     The antibody may also be provided as part of an assay device. Such assay devices include lateral flow assay devices. A common type of disposable lateral flow assay device includes a zone or area for receiving the liquid sample, a conjugate zone, and a reaction zone. These assay devices are commonly known as lateral flow test strips. They employ a porous material, e.g., nitrocellulose, defining a path for fluid flow capable of supporting capillary flow. Examples include those shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,559,041, 5,714,389, 5,120,643, and 6,228,660 all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Another type of assay device is a non-porous assay device having projections to induce capillary flow. Examples of such assay devices include the open lateral flow device as disclosed in PCT International Publication Nos. WO 2003/103835, WO 2005/089082, WO 2005/118139, and WO 2006/137785, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     In a non-porous assay device, the assay device generally has at least one sample addition zone, at least one conjugate zone, at least one reaction zone, and at least one wicking zone. The zones form a flow path by which sample flows from the sample addition zone to the wicking zone. Also included are capture elements, such as antibodies, in the reaction zone, capable of binding to the analyte, optionally deposited on the device (such as by coating); and a labeled conjugate material also capable of participating in reactions that will enable determination of the concentration of the analyte, deposited on the device in the conjugate zone, wherein the labeled conjugate material carries a label for detection in the reaction zone. The conjugate material is dissolved as the sample flows through the conjugate zone forming a conjugate plume of dissolved labeled conjugate material and sample that flows downstream to the reaction zone. As the conjugate plume flows into the reaction zone, the conjugated material will be captured by the capture elements such as via a complex of conjugated material and analyte (as in a “sandwich” assay) or directly (as in a “competitive” assay). Unbound dissolved conjugate material will be swept past the reaction zone into the at least one wicking zone. Such devices can include projections or micropillars in the flow path. 
     An instrument such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2006/0289787A1 and 2007/0231883A1, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,416,700 and 6,139,800, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, is able to detect the bound conjugated material in the reaction zone. Common labels include fluorescent dyes that can be detected by instruments which excite the fluorescent dyes and incorporate a detector capable of detecting the fluorescent dyes. 
     Immunoassays 
     The antibodies thus produced can be used in immunoassays to recognize/bind to the anti-psychotic drug, thereby detecting the presence and/or amount of the drug in a patient sample. Preferably, the assay format is a competitive immunoassay format. Such an assay format and other assays are described, among other places, in Hampton et al. ( Serological Methods, A Laboratory Manual , APS Press, St. Paul, Minn. 1990) and Maddox et al. ( J. Exp. Med.  158:12111, 1983). 
     The term “analyte” refers to any substance or group of substances, the presence or amount of which is to be determined. Representative anti-psychotic drug analytes include, but are not limited to, risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and quetiapine. 
     The term “competitive binding partner” refers to a substance or group of substances, such as may be employed in a competitive immunoassay, which behave similarly to an analyte with respect to binding affinity to an antibody. Representative competitive binding partners include, but are not limited to, anti-psychotic drug derivatives and the like. 
     The term “detecting” when used with an analyte refers to any quantitative, semi-quantitative, or qualitative method as well as to all other methods for determining an analyte in general, and an anti-psychotic drug in particular. For example, a method that merely detects the presence or absence of an anti-psychotic drug in a sample lies within the scope of the present invention, as do methods that provide data as to the amount or concentration of the anti-psychotic drug in the sample. The terms “detecting”, “determining”, “identifying”, and the like are used synonymously herein, and all lie within the scope of the present invention. 
     A preferred embodiment of the subject invention is a competitive immunoassay wherein antibodies which bind the anti-psychotic drug, or the drug or competitive binding partner thereof, are attached to a solid support (such as the reaction zone in a lateral flow assay device) and labeled drug or competitive binding partner thereof, or labeled antibody, respectively, and a sample derived from the host are passed over the solid support and the amount of label detected attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of drug in the sample. 
     Any sample that is suspected of containing an analyte, e.g., an anti-psychotic drug, can be analyzed in accordance with the methods of the presently preferred embodiments. The sample can be pretreated if desired and can be prepared in any convenient medium that does not interfere with the assay. Preferably, the sample comprises an aqueous medium such as a body fluid from a host, most preferably plasma or serum. 
     It is to be understood that all manner of immunoassays employing antibodies are contemplated for use in accordance with the presently preferred embodiments, including assays in which antibodies are bound to solid phases and assays in which antibodies are in liquid media. Methods of immunoassays that can be used to detect analytes using antibodies embodying features of the present invention include, but are not limited to, competitive (reagent limited) assays wherein labeled analyte (analyte analog) and analyte in a sample compete for antibodies and single-site immunometric assays wherein the antibody is labeled; and the like. 
     All examples were carried out using standard techniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in the art, except where otherwise described in detail. Routine molecular biology techniques of the following examples can be carried out as described in standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook et al.,  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,  2nd Ed., Cold Spring Habor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). 
     Copending applications entitled “Haptens of Aripiprazole” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,450, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0163206, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Haptens of Olanzapine” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,454, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0213766, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Haptens of Paliperidone” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,459, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0213767, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Haptens of Quetiapine” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,462, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0221616, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Haptens of Risperidone and Paliperidone” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,469, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0155585, Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Aripiprazole Haptens and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,544, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057299, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Olanzapine Haptens and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,572, filed Aug. 21, 2012, U.S. 2014/0057303, filed Aug. 20, 2013, Attorney Docket No. CDS5132USPSP/USNP), “Antibodies to Paliperidone Haptens and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,634, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057297, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Quetiapine Haptens and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,598, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057305, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Risperidone Haptens and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,615, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057301, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Aripiprazole and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,522, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057300, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Olanzapine and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,645, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057304, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Quetiapine and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,659, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. 2014/0057306, filed Aug. 20, 2013, “Antibodies to Risperidone and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/691,675, filed Aug. 21, 2012, and “Antibodies to Risperidone and Use Thereof” (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/790,880, filed Mar. 15, 2013, are all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Example 1 
     Antibodies to Aripiprazole 
     Antibody 17.3 Clone 3D7 
     The hybridoma designated 17.3 clone 3D7 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for aripiprazole. The antibody is designated 17.3 clone 3D7. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:41 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:42. Within mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s V L , nucleotides 136-165 of SEQ ID NO:41 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 211-231 of SEQ ID NO:41 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 328-354 of SEQ ID NO:41 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:42 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:42 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-375 of SEQ ID NO:42 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:43 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:44 (heavy chain). Within mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 46-55 of SEQ ID NO:43 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 71-77 of SEQ ID NO:43 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 110-118 of SEQ ID NO:43 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 3D7&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:44 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:44 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-125 of SEQ ID NO:44 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 17.3 Clone 5C7 (First) 
     The hybridoma designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (first) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for aripiprazole. The antibody is designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (first). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:45 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:46. Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:45 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:45 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:45 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:46 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:46 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-378 of SEQ ID NO:46 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:47 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:48 (heavy chain). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:47 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:47 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:47 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (first)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:48 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:48 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-126 of SEQ ID NO:48 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 17.3 Clone 5C7 (Second) 
     The hybridoma designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (second) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for aripiprazole. The antibody is designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (second). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:49 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:50. Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-174 of SEQ ID NO:49 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 220-240 of SEQ ID NO:49 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 337-363 of SEQ ID NO:49 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:50 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:50 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-390 of SEQ ID NO:50 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:51 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:52 (heavy chain). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-58 of SEQ ID NO:51 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 74-80 of SEQ ID NO:51 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 113-121 of SEQ ID NO:51 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (second)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:52 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:52 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-130 of SEQ ID NO:52 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 17.3 Clone 5C7 (Third) 
     The hybridoma designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (third) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for aripiprazole. The antibody is designated 17.3 clone 5C7 (third). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:53 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:54. Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:53 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:53 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:53 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:54 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:54 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-366 of SEQ ID NO:54 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:55 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:56 (heavy chain). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:55 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:55 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:55 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 17.3 clone 5C7 (third)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:56 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:56 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-122 of SEQ ID NO:56 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Example 2 
     Antibodies to Olanzapine 
     Antibody 11.1 Clone 35 
     The hybridoma designated 11.1 clone 35 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for olanzapine. The antibody is designated 11.1 clone 35. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:9 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:10. Within mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:9 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:9 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:9 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:10 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:10 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-366 of SEQ ID NO:10 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:11 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:12 (heavy chain). Within mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:11 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:11 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:11 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 11.1 clone 35&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:12 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:12 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-122 of SEQ ID NO:12 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 11.1 Clone 61 
     The hybridoma designated 11.1 clone 61 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for olanzapine. The antibody is designated 11.1 clone 61. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:13 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:14. Within mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:13 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:13 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:13 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:14 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:14 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-366 of SEQ ID NO:14 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:15 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:16 (heavy chain). Within mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:15 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:15 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:15 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 11.1 clone 61&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:16 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:16 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-122 of SEQ ID NO:16 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 15.5 Clone 3F11 (First) 
     The hybridoma designated 15.5 clone 3F11 (first) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for olanzapine. The antibody is designated 15.5 clone 3F11 (first). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:29 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:30. Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:29 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:29 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:29 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:30 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-252 of SEQ ID NO:30 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 355-381 of SEQ ID NO:30 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:31 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:32 (heavy chain). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:31 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:31 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:31 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (first)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:32 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-84 of SEQ ID NO:32 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 119-127 of SEQ ID NO:32 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 15.5 Clone 3F11 (Second) 
     The hybridoma designated 15.5 clone 3F11 (second) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for olanzapine. The antibody is designated 15.5 clone 3F11 (second). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:33 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:34. Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:33 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:33 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:33 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:34 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-261 of SEQ ID NO:34 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 358-381 of SEQ ID NO:34 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:35 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:36 (heavy chain). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:35 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:35 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:35 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 clone 3F11 (second)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:36 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-87 of SEQ ID NO:36 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 120-127 of SEQ ID NO:36 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 15.5 Sub-Clone 4G9-1 
     The hybridoma designated 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for olanzapine. The antibody is designated 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:37 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:38. Within mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:37 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 208-228 of SEQ ID NO:37 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 325-351 of SEQ ID NO:37 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s V H , nucleotides 130-162 of SEQ ID NO:38 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-252 of SEQ ID NO:38 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 358-381 of SEQ ID NO:38 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:39 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:40 (heavy chain). Within mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:39 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 70-76 of SEQ ID NO:39 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 109-117 of SEQ ID NO:39 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 15.5 sub-clone 4G9-1&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 44-54 of SEQ ID NO:40 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-84 of SEQ ID NO:40 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 120-127 of SEQ ID NO:40 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Example 3 
     Antibodies to Quetiapine 
     Antibody 13.2 Sub-Clone 89-3 (First) 
     The hybridoma designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for quetiapine. The antibody is designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO: 17 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:18. Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 127-174 of SEQ ID NO:17 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 220-240 of SEQ ID NO:17 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 337-363 of SEQ ID NO:17 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:18 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:18 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-387 of SEQ ID NO:18 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:19 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:20 (heavy chain). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 43-58 of SEQ ID NO:19 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 74-80 of SEQ ID NO:19 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 113-121 of SEQ ID NO:19 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (first)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:20 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:20 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-129 of SEQ ID NO:20 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 13.2 Sub-Clone 89-3 (Second) 
     The hybridoma designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second) secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for quetiapine. The antibody is designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second). The nucleotide sequence of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:21 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:22. Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s V L , nucleotides 127-174 of SEQ ID NO:21 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 220-240 of SEQ ID NO:21 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 337-363 of SEQ ID NO:21 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:22 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:22 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 367-387 of SEQ ID NO:22 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:23 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:24 (heavy chain). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 43-58 of SEQ ID NO:23 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 74-80 of SEQ ID NO:23 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 113-121 of SEQ ID NO:23 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-3 (second)&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:24 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:24 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 123-129 of SEQ ID NO:24 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 13.2 Sub-Clone 89-5 
     The hybridoma designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-5 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for quetiapine. The antibody is designated 13.2 sub-clone 89-5. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:25 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:26. Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s V L , nucleotides 127-174 of SEQ ID NO:25 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 220-240 of SEQ ID NO:25 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 337-363 of SEQ ID NO:25 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:26 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:26 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 367-387 of SEQ ID NO:26 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:27 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:28 (heavy chain). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 43-58 of SEQ ID NO:27 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 74-80 of SEQ ID NO:27 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 113-121 of SEQ ID NO:27 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 13.2 sub-clone 89-5&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:28 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:28 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 123-129 of SEQ ID NO:28 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Example 4 
     Antibodies to Risperidone/Paliperidone 
     Antibody 5_9 
     The hybridoma designated 5_9 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for risperidone (and its metabolite paliperidone). The antibody is designated 5-9. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 5-9&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:1 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:2. Within mAb 5-9&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-180 of SEQ ID NO:1 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 226-246 of SEQ ID NO:1 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 343-369 of SEQ ID NO:1 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 5-9&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:2 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:2 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-366 of SEQ ID NO:2 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 5-9&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:3 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:4 (heavy chain). Within mAb 5-9&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-60 of SEQ ID NO:3 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 76-82 of SEQ ID NO:3 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 115-123 of SEQ ID NO:3 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 5-9&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:4 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:4 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-122 of SEQ ID NO:4 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Antibody 5_5 
     The hybridoma designated 5_5 secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for risperidone (and its metabolite paliperidone). The antibody is designated 5-5. The nucleotide sequence of mAb 5-5&#39;s light chain variable region (V L ) is designated SEQ ID NO:5 and that of the heavy chain variable region (V H ) is designated SEQ ID NO:6. Within mAb 5-5&#39;s V L , nucleotides 130-180 of SEQ ID NO:5 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 226-246 of SEQ ID NO:5 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 343-369 of SEQ ID NO:5 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 5-9&#39;s V H , nucleotides 133-162 of SEQ ID NO:6 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); nucleotides 205-255 of SEQ ID NO:6 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and nucleotides 352-366 of SEQ ID NO:6 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     The corresponding predicted amino acid sequences of mAb 5-5&#39;s variable chain regions were also determined, and are designated SEQ ID NO:7 (light chain) and SEQ ID NO:8 (heavy chain). Within mAb 5-5&#39;s V L , amino acid residues 44-60 of SEQ ID NO:7 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 76-82 of SEQ ID NO:7 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 115-123 of SEQ ID NO:7 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Within mAb 5-5&#39;s V H , amino acid residues 45-54 of SEQ ID NO:8 represent the first complementarity determining region (CDR1); amino acid residues 69-85 of SEQ ID NO:8 represent the second complementarity determining region (CDR2); and amino acid residues 118-122 of SEQ ID NO:8 represent the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). 
     Example 5 
     Competitive Immunoassays for Risperidone/Paliperidone and Multiplex Competitive Immunoassay for Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Risperidone/Paliperidone 
     Following a series of immunizations with paliperidone/risperidone immunogens, mouse tail bleeds were tested for reactivity using an ELISA. Hybridoma supernatants were also tested, and the ELISA data shown in Tables 1 and 2 below shows reactivity of several hybridomas (fusion partner was NSO cells). As shown in Table 2, reactivity of hybridomas 2A5 and 5G11 was seen. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Dilution 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                  400 
                 1 
                 5 
                 14 
                 39 
                 41 
                 47 
                 58 
                 62 
                 67 
                 72 
                 76 
                 Blank 
                 Ag = Bt- 
               
               
                   
                  1200 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Compound#1 
               
               
                   
                  3600 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10800 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  400 
                 1 
                 5 
                 14 
                 39 
                 41 
                 47 
                 58 
                 62 
                 67 
                 72 
                 76 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  1200 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  3600 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10800 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dilution 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 400 
                 3.2562 
                 3.2897 
                 3.3148 
                 3.6038 
                 0.6857 
                 3.3976 
                 1.3444 
                 2.8639 
                 0.5676 
                 3.5993 
                 2.5144 
                 0.0143 
                 Ag = Bt- 
               
               
                 1200 
                 1.3591 
                 1.4605 
                 1.521 
                 2.3063 
                 0.1476 
                 1.9245 
                 0.2841 
                 1.0387 
                 0.1158 
                 2.6921 
                 0.8711 
                 0.0142 
                 Cmpd#1 
               
               
                 3600 
                 0.3745 
                 0.4617 
                 0.3733 
                 0.7613 
                 0.038 
                 0.6163 
                 0.0689 
                 0.2742 
                 0.0304 
                 0.9549 
                 0.2236 
                 0.0115 
                   
               
               
                 10800 
                 0.0918 
                 0.1149 
                 0.0908 
                 0.1919 
                 0.0156 
                 0.1834 
                 0.0199 
                 0.0639 
                 0.013 
                 0.2766 
                 0.056 
                 0.0099 
                   
               
               
                 400 
                 3.1217 
                 3.1103 
                 3.1532 
                 3.633 
                 0.6089 
                 3.5705 
                 1.1067 
                 2.4001 
                 0.4963 
                 3.4172 
                 2.2432 
                 0.0095 
                 Ag = Bt- 
               
               
                 1200 
                 1.2607 
                 1.4817 
                 1.3412 
                 2.1411 
                 0.1327 
                 1.9831 
                 0.2691 
                 0.961 
                 0.1027 
                 2.5321 
                 0.7418 
                 0.0098 
                 Cmpd#1 
               
               
                 3600 
                 0.3281 
                 0.4159 
                 0.3819 
                 0.7373 
                 0.0361 
                 0.593 
                 0.0723 
                 0.292 
                 0.0284 
                 0.8426 
                 0.2024 
                 0.0079 
                   
               
               
                 10800 
                 0.0879 
                 0.1127 
                 0.0929 
                 0.1949 
                 0.0156 
                 0.189 
                 0.0229 
                 0.0722 
                 0.0141 
                 0.2393 
                 0.052 
                 0.0086 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Plate 1 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dilution 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                 Blank 
                 1C4 
                 6E6 
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                 2A5 
                 7A7 
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                  2G10 
                 Empty 
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                 3B7 
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                 4D8 
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                  5A12 
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                  5G11 
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                   
                 6C1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dilution 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0072 
                 0.038 
                 0.0309 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0077 
                 3.9563 
                 0.1163 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0069 
                 0.0093 
                 0.0086 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0076 
                 0.0753 
                 0.0108 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0114 
                 0.1139 
                 0.0084 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.009 
                 0.0193 
                 0.0123 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0087 
                 0.2503 
                 0.0085 
               
               
                 neat 
                 0.0092 
                 0.086 
                 0.0121 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After clones were identified via ELISA reactivity, competition ELISAs were run to approximate affinity and cross-reactivity with similar compounds.  FIGS. 1 and 2  show the ELISA cross-reactivity results from hybridoma subclone 5_9. Data shows reactivity to risperidone, as well as its metabolites paliperidone and 7-hydroxyrisperidone. 
     Supernatants were also tested by competition ELISA to determine if the signals were specific to either risperidone or paliperidone.  FIG. 3  shows the results from hybridoma subclone 2A5. Data shows reactivity to both risperidone and paliperidone. 
       FIG. 4  shows the competitive immunoassay format used on a lateral flow assay device in which the capture antibody, risperidone/paliperidone clone 5-9, was deposited on a chip along with a detection conjugate consisting of risperidone conjugated to a fluorophore. In this competitive format as show in  FIG. 4 , a low level of analyte (paliperidone) results in high signal, whereas a high level of analyte (paliperidone) results in low signal. The amount of paliperidone in the sample can be calculated from the loss of fluorescence compared to a control sample with no drug present. A typical dose response curve generated with risperidone/paliperidone clone 5-9 is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 6  shows the chip design of a lateral flow assay device according to one embodiment of the subject invention. The device includes a zone or area for receiving the sample, a conjugate zone (which contains desired labeled competitive binding partner(s)), and a reaction zone (eight areas within the reaction zone are indicated; each area can contain a separate desired antibody). Sample flows from the sample zone through the conjugate zone and to the reaction zone. 
       FIGS. 7-10  show typical dose response curves for an aripiprazole positive control (sample containing aripiprazole) generated with antibody 5C7 deposited in reaction zone 2 and a labeled aripiprazole competitive binding partner in the conjugate zone ( FIG. 7 ), an olanzapine positive control (sample containing olanzapine) generated with antibody 4G9-1 deposited in reaction zone 4 and a labeled olanzapine competitive binding partner in the conjugate zone ( FIG. 8 ), a quetiapine positive control (sample containing quetiapine) generated with antibody 11 deposited in reaction zone 6 and a labeled quetiapine competitive binding partner in the conjugate zone ( FIG. 9 ), and a risperidone positive control (sample containing risperidone) generated with antibody 5-9 deposited in reaction zone 8 and a labeled risperidone competitive binding partner in the conjugate zone ( FIG. 10 ). The labeled competitive binding partners in the conjugate zone compete with the drugs present in the samples for binding to the antibodies. The amount of label is detected and is an indication of the amount of drug present in the sample (the amount of signal being inversely proportional to the amount of drug in the sample—see  FIG. 4 ). 
     In order to confirm that conjugates of labeled competitive binding partners do not bind to antibodies deposited in the reaction zones, negative controls were conducted by using samples containing no drugs. Referring to Table 3, a sample containing no aripiprazole is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary 
     action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone, but no labeled aripiprazole) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2. Table 3 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response and the olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone conjugates that move by capillary action through the reaction zone do not bind to the aripiprazole antibody. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Aripiprazole-Clone 5C7-Math Model 1 (0 ng/ml Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                 Read 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                 ARIP 
                 2 
                 0.77 
                 1.56 
                 3.99 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 4 
                 −0.02 
                 0.06 
                 4.14 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 6 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
                 4.29 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 4.61 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Other Conjugates do not bind to Aripiprazole 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 4, a sample containing no olanzapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone, but no labeled olanzapine) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4. Table 4 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response and the aripiprazole, quetiapine, and risperidone conjugates that move by capillary action through the reaction zone do not bind to the olanzapine antibody. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OLA Clone 4G Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                 Read 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OLA-MM1 
                 ARIP, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 2 
                 0.03 
                 0.05 
                 4.38 
               
               
                 OLA-MM1 
                 ARIP, QUET, RISP 
                 OLAN 
                 4 
                 0.74 
                 1.10 
                 4.56 
               
               
                 OLA-MM1 
                 ARIP, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 6 
                 0.06 
                 0.09 
                 4.79 
               
               
                 OLA-MM1 
                 ARIP, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 5.17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Other Conjugates do not bind to Olanzapine 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 5, a sample containing no quetiapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, and labeled risperidone, but no labeled quetiapine) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6. Table 5 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response and the aripiprazole, olanzapine, and risperidone conjugates that move by capillary action through the reaction zone do not bind to the quetiapine antibody. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quetiapine-Clone 11-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                 Read 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, RISP 
                   
                 2 
                 −0.01 
                 0.07 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, RISP 
                   
                 4 
                 0.01 
                 0.12 
                 4.01 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, RISP 
                 QUET 
                 6 
                 0.03 
                 0.08 
                 4.24 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 0.04 
                 0.07 
                 4.56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Other Conjugates do not bind to Quetiapine 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 6, a sample containing no risperidone is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, and labeled quetiapine, but no labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. Table 6 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response and the aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine conjugates that move by capillary action through the reaction zone do not bind to the risperidone antibody. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Risperidone-Clone 5-9-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                 Read 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Peak Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET 
                   
                 2 
                 0.02 
                 0.11 
                 7.43 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET 
                   
                 4 
                 0.05 
                 0.14 
                 7.73 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET 
                   
                 6 
                 0.20 
                 0.19 
                 8.11 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET 
                 RISP 
                 8 
                 1.97 
                 3.23 
                 8.85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Other Conjugates do not bind to Risperidone 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In order to confirm that conjugates of labeled competitive binding partners bind only to their respective antibodies deposited in the reaction zones, additional negative controls were conducted by again using samples containing no drugs. Referring to Table 7, a sample containing no aripiprazole is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2, as well as olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4, quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6, and risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. Table 7 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response except to the aripiprazole antibody 5C7 (in reaction zone 2). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Aripiprazole-Clone 5C7-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                 Peak 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                   
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Read Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                 ARIP 
                 2 
                 60.34 
                 97.53 
                 5.44 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 4 
                 2.86 
                 3.91 
                 11.66 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 6 
                 1.12 
                 1.23 
                 11.03 
               
               
                 ARIP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 3.14 
                 4.19 
                 12.94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Only the Aripiprazole Reaction Zone is binding 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 8, a sample containing no olanzapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled olanzapine) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2, as well as olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4, quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6, and risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. Table 8 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response except to the olanzapine antibody 4G9-1 (in reaction zone 4). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OLAN-Clone 4G9-1-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                 Peak 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                   
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Read Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OLAN-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 2 
                 0.02 
                 0.08 
                 4.86 
               
               
                 OLAN-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                 OLAN 
                 4 
                 34.23 
                 51.80 
                 5.39 
               
               
                 OLAN-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 6 
                 0.22 
                 0.32 
                 5.39 
               
               
                 OLAN-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 0.15 
                 0.17 
                 5.59 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Only the Olanzapine Reaction Zone is binding 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 9, a sample containing no quetiapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled quetiapine) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2, as well as olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4, quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6, and risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. Table 9 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response except to the quetiapine antibody 11 (in reaction zone 6). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quetiapine-Clone 11-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                 Peak 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                   
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Read Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 2 
                 0.13 
                 0.41 
                 10.02 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 4 
                 0.08 
                 0.23 
                 10.47 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                 QUET 
                 6 
                 140.35 
                 181.33 
                 7.91 
               
               
                 QUET-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 8 
                 1.58 
                 2.61 
                 11.53 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Only the Quetiapine Reaction Zone is binding 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 10, a sample containing no risperidone is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2, as well as olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4, quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6, and risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. Table 10 below shows the results, confirming that there is no dose response except to the risperidone antibody 5-9 (in reaction zone 8). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Risperidone-Clone 5-9-Math Model 1 (0 ng/mL Conc.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                 Peak 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                   
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Assay-MM 
                 Conj 
                 Zone 
                 Read Position 
                 Area 
                 Height 
                 Background 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 2 
                 1.03 
                 1.51 
                 9.07 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 4 
                 0.65 
                 0.91 
                 9.60 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                   
                 6 
                 2.61 
                 6.39 
                 10.48 
               
               
                 RISP-MM1 
                 ARIP, OLAN, QUET, RISP 
                 RISP 
                 8 
                 55.98 
                 100.91 
                 11.58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Only the Risperidone Reaction Zone is binding 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results shown above confirm that conjugates of labeled competitive binding partners bind only to their respective antibodies in the reaction zone. 
       FIGS. 11-14  show typical dose response curves in specific antibody reaction zones, and proof of dose response low/high concentration for each specific assay in the presence of other conjugates. In  FIG. 11 , a sample containing aripiprazole is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2. A typical dose response curve was generated as is shown in  FIG. 11  only for aripiprazole, and not for olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. 
     In  FIG. 12 , a sample containing olanzapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4. A typical dose response curve was generated as is shown in  FIG. 12  only for olanzapine, and not for aripiprazole, quetiapine, or risperidone. 
     In  FIG. 13 , a sample containing quetiapine is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6. A typical dose response curve was generated as is shown in  FIG. 13  only for quetiapine, and not for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or risperidone. 
     In  FIG. 14 , a sample containing risperidone is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (this time containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. A typical dose response curve was generated as is shown in  FIG. 14  only for risperidone, and not for aripiprazole, olanzapine, or quetiapine. 
       FIGS. 15-18  show typical dose response curves for each assay in the presence of other conjugates and antibodies. In  FIG. 15 , a sample containing aripiprazole is deposited in the sample zone and moves by capillary action through the conjugate zone (again containing labeled aripiprazole, labeled olanzapine, labeled quetiapine, and labeled risperidone) and to the reaction zone. The reaction zone again contains aripiprazole antibody (5C7) in reaction zone 2, as well as olanzapine antibody (4G9-1) in reaction zone 4, quetiapine antibody (11) in reaction zone 6, and risperidone antibody (5-9) in reaction zone 8. A typical dose response curve was generated for aripiprazole, as is shown in  FIG. 15 . When a sample containing olanzapine was deposited in the sample zone of this chip, a typical dose response curve was generated for olanzapine as shown in  FIG. 16 . When a sample containing quetiapine was deposited in the sample zone of this chip, a typical dose response curve for quetiapine was generated as shown in  FIG. 17 . When a sample containing risperidone was deposited in the sample zone of this chip, a typical dose response curve for risperidone was generated as shown in  FIG. 18 . 
       FIGS. 19-22  show comparisons of dose response curves generated as positive controls ( FIGS. 7-10 ) to dose response curves generated in the multiplex format ( FIGS. 15-18 ). The comparison for aripiprazole is shown in  FIG. 19 ; for olanzapine in  FIG. 20 ; for quetiapine in  FIG. 21 ; and for risperidone in  FIG. 22 . These figures show that the positive control curves are similar to the multiplex curves. 
     These data show that a lateral flow assay device of the subject invention can be used to detect multiple anti-psychotic drugs using a single sample from a patient on one portable, point-of-care device.