Patent Publication Number: US-10768773-B2

Title: Dynamic text scroll control in a user interface

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of user interface functions, and more particularly to displaying overlapping text elements using a text scroll control bar. 
     Electronic devices such as cellular phones, smart phones, mobile phones, Wi-Fi phones, laptop computers, tablet computers, netbooks, handheld computers, personal organizers, e-reading devices, gaming devices and the like, may provide a graphical user interface that allows users to easily interact with the various functionalities of the electronic device. Many graphical user interfaces provide a zoom feature, which allows a user to increase or decrease the size of an object on the display. A zooming feature may be useful when the viewing information is larger than the screen size. Alternatively, a zooming feature may be useful when the viewing information is significantly smaller than the screen size, making either text or figure details difficult to visualize. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method for dynamic text scroll control in a user interface is provided, the method comprising: determining, by one or more processors, whether a first set of display elements overlap with a second set of display elements; in response to determining the first set display elements overlap with a second set of display elements, creating, by one or more processors, at least one text stack, wherein the at least one text stack comprises a subset of the first set of display elements and the second set of display elements which overlap; identifying, by one or more processors, at least one display element of the at least one text stack, wherein only the identified at least one display element of the at least one text stack is displayed; and providing, by one or more processors, a scroll mechanism, wherein the scroll mechanism allows a user to scroll through and display the first and second set of display elements which overlap. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides a computer program product for dynamic text scroll control in a user interface, based on the method described above. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides a computer system for dynamic text scroll control in a user interface, based on the method described above. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram illustrating a data processing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating operational steps for altering content in a display, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  illustrate an exemplary user interface depicting a display of a text scroll controller, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of precedence order relation to recall previous text scroll selections, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of internal and external components of a data processing system, such as computing device of  FIG. 1 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments of the present invention will be described in the context of a computing device and a corresponding user interface. Computing devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, personal computers, e-readers, or any other electronic devices having a graphical user interface (GUI) allow a user to interact with the device through various input/output (I/O) interfaces. The GUI of an electronic device is capable of representing information from the electronic device to the user. Specifically, the GUI depicts a user interface (e.g., icons). Additionally, the GUI, for example, can include a traditional display screen or a touch screen. 
     Electronic devices will commonly utilize a sensory input device wherein the user, through various sensory oriented means, controls the electronic device. Sensory input devices convert a physical act by the user to an analog or digital command to the electronic device, thereby allowing a user to interact and instruct the electronic device. For example, a sensory input device can include a mouse, a keyboard, a microphone, a touchpad and a touchscreen, etc. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may be utilized in a plurality of environments and functions. Many GUIs utilize a zooming feature which is useful when viewing information on a display. For example, zooming-in increases a magnification providing more details of the viewing information. Alternatively, zooming-out decreases a magnification providing less details, but permits a user to view a global overview of the viewing information. 
     If the viewing information is larger than the screen size, the user may not appreciate the entirety of the displayed text and or graphical aspects of the viewing information. For instance, a geographic map contains both text and pictorial information, where the text positions on the pictorial information are an important aspect of the viewing information. If zooming out uniformly of both the pictorial and text aspects, the text may become too small and unreadable while the pictorial aspects make more sense. If however, the text size is kept unchanged while zooming out, eventually, adjacent text areas may overlap also causing the text to be unreadable. Embodiments of the present invention provide an efficient method to effectively display both text and pictorial viewing information. 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the Figures.  FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram illustrating a data processing environment, generally designated  100 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 1  provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as recited by the claims. Data processing environment  100  includes computing device  120  and server  130 , interconnected over network  110   
     Greater or fewer components may alternatively be implemented. While  FIG. 1  shows computing device  120  having various components, it is understood that implementing all of the illustrated components is not a requirement. For example, computing device  120  may include internal and external hardware components, as depicted and described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 5 . Data processing environment  100  may include additional computing devices, servers or other devices not shown. 
     Network  110  may be a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a mobile data network (e.g., wireless Internet provided by a third or fourth generation of mobile phone mobile communication), a private branch exchange (PBX), any combination thereof, or any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between computing device  120  and server  130 , in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Network  110  may include wired, wireless or fiber optic connections 
     Computing device  120  includes user interface  122  and display scroll program  124 . In various embodiments of the present invention, computing device  120  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating with server  130  via network  110 . Computing device  120  may include internal and external hardware components, as depicted and described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 5 . 
     User interface  122 , may be, for example, a graphical user interface (GUI) or a web user interface (WUI) and can display text, documents, web browser windows, user options, application interfaces, and instructions for operation. A user interface, such as UI  122 , refers to the information (such as graphic, text, and sound) a program presents to a user and the control sequences the user employs to control the program. There are many types of user interfaces that allow users to interact with electronic devices, such as a computer keyboard and mouse, through graphical icons and visual indicators, such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels, or text navigation. 
     User interface  122  is a means by which a user interacts with computing device  120 . User interface  122  is capable of receiving data, user commands, and data input modifications from a user. User interface  122  is also capable of communicating with display scroll program  124 . In other embodiments, user interface  122  may be integrated with display scroll program  124 . 
     Display scroll program  124  can be an application, plug-in, service, or a built-in functionality for implementation on user interface  122  of computing device  120 . Display scroll program  124 , once invoked, is a user interface element, which assists displaying text areas on a display in an easily readable manner. Display scroll program  124 , once invoked, detects overlapping text, and stacks overlapping text, allowing a user to clearly observe the displayed information. Display scroll program  124 , once triggered, displays a small controller, allowing a user to scroll through the stacked text. Display scroll program  124  allows a user of computing device  120 , using user interface  122 , to operate a scroll bar to alter the displayed text areas in a sequential order while maintaining a clear view of displayed information. 
     In an embodiment display scroll program  124  detects text on user interface  122  that overlaps. Display scroll program  124  may analyze the overlapping text area(s) and determine how to improve a user&#39;s ability to view all the text on the screen by stacking the overlapping text. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, server  130  is a server computer. In other embodiments, server  130  may be a management server, a web server or any other electronic device capable of receiving and sending data. In another embodiment, server  130  may represent a server computing system utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a cloud computing environment. Server  130  contains an information repository  132 . 
     Information repository  132  may include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media, and may include random access memory (RAM) and cache memory (not depicted in  FIG. 1 ). Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, the persistent storage component can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. Information repository  132  can be implemented using any architecture known in the art such as, for example, a relational database, an object-oriented database, and/or one or more tables. Information repository  132  may contain lookup tables, databases, charts, graphs, functions, equations, and the like that display scroll program may access. While depicted on server  130 , in the exemplary embodiment, information repository  132  may be on a remote server or a “cloud” of computers interconnected by one or more networks utilizing clustered computers and components to act as a single pool of seamless resources, accessible to display scroll program  124  via network  110 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  is flowchart  200  depicting operational steps of display scroll program  124 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Flowchart  200  represents the operational steps for creating a user friendly environment in which pictorial and text elements are displayed on a graphical user interface, similar to that of user interface  122 . 
     The following terms are used to describe flowchart  200 . A display area is where a portion of information is displayed on a graphical user interface, such as a display. Text area is a string text displayed on a graphical user interface, such as a display. Text area is usually a rectangle however, text area may be in a more complex shape. Zoom control is a user interface element by which the zoom scale of a display area is set. Display scroll control is a user interface element which controls the display area, allowing a user to scroll right, left, up and/or down in order to view pictorial and text elements not able to fit on the display at the current zoom setting. Text scroll control is a user interface element by which the display of one or more text areas is changed. 
     In step  210 , display scroll program  124  receives an indication that information is to be displayed on display area, via user interface  122 . Responsive to detecting that a user has opened an item which displays text (i.e., program, application, file, etc.) on a GUI, display scroll program  124  can be operated. Display scroll program  124  detects pictorial and/or text areas on a GUI display. 
     In step  220 , display scroll program  124  determines if text overlaps. For example, once a zoom scale is set for the information to be displayed text may or may not overlap. If based on the current zoom scale setting, no text overlaps, then, in step  225 , display scroll program  124  displays the information on a GUI. It is noted that various application specific policies may determine what to or not to display for a given situation. For example, regarding a map, residential street names may be removed from the display when the zoom scale is set to a specific size. Further, if the zoom scale is set to a larger scale (for instance, 1,000 miles) the map may only display major interstate highways. 
     For example,  FIG. 3A  depicts an exemplary display area  302  with text areas  308  overlapping. Display area  302  is a GUI displaying only a specific portion of the entirety of the display information via a user interface  122 . Zoom scale  304  allows a user to set a specific zoom to focus in on a certain part of the information displayed on a user interface  122 . Display scroll control  306  allows a user to scroll across an entire page to view a specific portion of the page. For exemplary purposes, text area AAA  308  has no overlapping text. In contrast, text area BBB  308  is part of a grouping of three text areas with overlapping text: that of text area CCC  308  and text area DDD  308 . Similarly, text area ZZZ  308  is part of a grouping of two text areas with overlapping text, overlapping with that of text area YYY  308 . 
     Alternatively, if it is determined that text areas do overlap at a given zoom setting, then in step  230 , display scroll program  124  creates a text stack. A text stack is created when text areas to be displayed on user interface  122  is determined to overlap. If it is determined that text areas overlap, then only one text area is displayed and the other text areas are hidden. The hidden text areas are associated with and stacked on top of one another, behind the displayed text area. As a result, overlapping text areas are divided into groups, with each group of text areas displaying only one text area and hiding the remainder of the text areas. 
     In an embodiment, creating a text stack of step  230 , may be split into several small steps. First, any text area that is not overlapping is displayed. Second, all overlapping text areas on user interface  122  may be split into respective groups. Of the respective groups, only one text area is displayed to user on user interface  122 , and the remainder of the overlapping text areas are not displayed. Finally, the text areas not displayed may be considered behind the displayed text area. This approach in step  230  is repeated for each overlapping text area. 
     In step  240 , display scroll program  124  displays each text stack on user interface  122  of computing device  120 . Reference  FIG. 3B  for an exemplary depiction. Specifically,  FIG. 3B  stacks and hides any text areas that were overlapping. Comparing  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , text area AAA  308  had no overlapping text, and therefore remains unchanged in  FIG. 3B . In contrast, text area BBB  308  is part of a grouping with three overlapping texts, with text area CCC  308  and text area DDD  308  (per  FIG. 3A ). In  FIG. 3B , text area CCC  308  and text area DDD  308  are no longer displayed on display area  302  as they are hidden behind text area BBB  308 . Similarly, text area YYY  308  is hidden behind text area ZZZ  308 . 
     In step  250 , display scroll program  124  receives a trigger event to create a text scroll control. The triggering event may be caused by a specific user input. The triggering event may be accomplished by any known means in the art. For example, using a pointing device like a mouse and clicking on a node, by key input using a key board or finger gestures on a touch panel. Other triggering events known in the art may be used to trigger the creation and/or location of text scroll control. 
     In step  260 , display scroll program  124  creates text scroll control, and displays on display area of user interface  122 . Text scroll control is used to switch between the displayed text areas of each text group. Text scroll control may be displayed as a slide bar (as depicted in  FIG. 3C ). Alternative embodiments of text scroll control may be used. 
     Text scroll controller scrolls through the texts in each text grouping, displaying each text grouping on the display area. Text areas in each grouping maybe in a determined order, so that the text scroll controller may scroll through each and every text area, and display the text to the user. 
     In an embodiment, there may be an annotated number displayed near the text areas indicating the specific displayed text area. Referencing  FIGS. 3A, 3C and 3D , portrays an exemplary embodiment of overlapping text areas with displayed annotated numbers. For instance,  FIG. 3A  illustrates text area BBB  308  has three overlapping text areas. Therefore  FIG. 3C  illustrates, aside text area BBB  308 , the annotated number is ‘1/3’, where ‘one’ represents text area one (BBB) is shown out of ‘three’ overlapping text areas. Similarly  FIG. 3A  illustrates text area ZZZ  308  has two overlapping text areas. Therefore,  FIG. 3C  illustrates, aside text area ZZZ  308 , the annotated number is ‘1/2’, where ‘one’ represents text area one (ZZZ) is shown out of ‘two’ overlapping text areas. 
       FIG. 3D  depicts text scroll controller  310  scrolling through the hidden overlapping text areas. For instance,  FIG. 3D  illustrates, an annotated number is ‘3/3’, aside text area DDD  308 , representing DDD is the third of three overlapping text areas. Similarly,  FIG. 3D  illustrates, an annotated number is ‘2/2’, aside text area YYY  308 , representing YYY is the second of two overlapping text areas. Therefore, utilizing text scroll controller  310  a user can scroll through all stacked text areas instead of viewing overlapping text areas. 
     In an embodiment, text scroll controller may be limited to a specific text grouping. In an exemplary embodiment, text scroll controller may scroll through only one text grouping. In a second exemplary embodiment example, text scroll controller may scroll through all text groupings displayed on user interface  122 . In a third example, text scroll controller may control a subset of all the text areas displayed on user interface  122 . 
     Expounding on the third exemplary embodiment, text scroll controller  310  may control a specific subset of text areas.  FIG. 3E , illustrates a case where a specific subset of text areas are manipulated together. Only text area BBB  308  is being manipulated as it falls within a certain defined circle  312  surrounding text scroll controller  310 . Therefore text scroll controller  310  only scrolls text area within its diameter. Instead of text scroll controller  310  selecting all text areas, only text areas within a predefined distance from where text scroll controller is triggered (per step  250 ) may be manipulated. Thus, in an embodiment as illustrated by FIG.  3 E, text area BBB  308  is manipulated while text areas AAA  308  and text area ZZZ  308  remain unchanged. In an alternative embodiment, text scroll controller may manipulate only a predefined number of text areas. In an alternative embodiment, a user may select specific text areas which are controlled by text scroll controller. 
     In an embodiment, text scroll controller may switch the display of each grouping at the differing speed, such that, each text grouping may switch the displayed text at different intervals as the text scroll controller scrolls. For example, a text scroll controller may switch the display between one or more text area groupings at the same time. If the text scroll controller is selected to control two or more text area groupings, the text scroll controller may switch the display of each grouping at the same speed. For instance, in an embodiment, if the text scroll controller resembles text scroll controller  310 , then all the text areas are displayed as the scroll passes between the end bars. In an embodiment, if the text scroll controller is manipulated by a touch style gesture, each group may switch the displayed text areas in the same speed and keep switching in a circular manner. Alternatively, if the text scroll controller is manipulated by a touch style gesture, each group may switch independently. 
     In an embodiment, text scroll may be manual or automatic. For example, automatic text scroll may scroll through a group of text areas automatically. Groups of text areas that are subject to an automatic text scroll may include: all groups in the display area, a selected subset of groups in the display area or a specific text group in the display area. 
     Flowchart  200  depicting display scroll program  124  repeats as necessary. For example, when a change in the viewing information is detected, step  210  of display scroll program  124  is initiated. In an embodiment if a user may change the zoom scale  304  on display area  302 , then previously hidden and displayed text areas may not be properly represented on display area  302 , therefore, step  210  of display scroll program  124  is initiated. 
     In an embodiment, changing zoom scale  304 , either larger or smaller, results in previously hidden and displayed text areas changing on display area  302 , to better represent new overlapping text areas. However, if the change in zoom scale  304  is minor, then previously set displayed and hidden text areas may change, thereby not reflect the last selection. Alternatively, previously set text areas, both displayed and hidden, may always remain unchanged. In an embodiment, precedence order relation mechanism (order relation) may be utilized to recall and invoke previous text area grouping selections. Generally, order relations represent a listing of pairs of numbers that symbolize a partial order between text areas. In an order relation pairing, text areas are given a number, similar to that of the annotated numbers as depicted in  FIG. 3C  and  FIG. 3D . For each number pair, the left number proceeds over the number on the right side, meaning that there was an instance when the left number was displayed, and the right number was hidden. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary embodiment, of an order relation to recall previous text scroll selections, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It is noted, that 1-8 represent individual text area, over a period of time 
     Embodiment  410  represents time at T=0, when display  412  and order relation  414  are initially empty. Display  412  and order relation  414  are empty as display scroll program  124  has not received information to display (per step  210 ). 
     Embodiment  420 , represents time at T=1, where display scroll program  124  displays, on display area  422 , text areas 1, 4, 6, while text areas 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 are hidden. Display scroll program  124  groups the 8 different text areas into 3 separate groupings. Order relation  424  is updated to represent the corresponding displayed text groupings. The left column of order relation  424 , represents the displayed text areas, while a corresponding right column represents hidden text areas. 
     Embodiment  430 , represents time at T=2, where display scroll program  124  establishes new text area groupings as display area  432  is zoomed out. Display scroll program  124  displays, on display area  432 , text areas 1 and 5 while text areas 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are hidden. Therefore, the order relation is updated and ordered based on the precedence. For illustration, order relation pair 1-2, 1-3, 4-5, 6-7, and 6-8, are carried over from embodiment  420  at time T=1. It is noted that the order relation is looked up (from the previous embodiment), and text areas in a group are ordered based on the precedence memorized in the order relation pairing. In an embodiment, the order relation may provide a partial precedence between text areas as the overall system may have to set the total order complemented by additional information, such as, alphabetic order, numerical order, etc. 
     In an embodiment, precedency may be considered between only two text areas in the same group in order to keep the relation small. For example, reference embodiment  440  of  FIG. 4A . Alternative embodiments may utilize precedence between different quantities of text areas in the same group. For instance, if a larger precedence is remembered, it would allow for cross group precedence to be recalled for future selection. Thereby utilizing a large precedence it may provide a better user experience as display scroll program  124  may recall and invoke the previous text area order. For example, embodiment  450  of  FIG. 4A  portrays grouping 7, 6 and 8, in a different order than embodiment  420 , due to the limitation of order precedence recalling only two text areas. However, allowing cross group precedence by not limiting the order relation would result in a larger order relation. 
     As operations such as zoom-in, zoom-out, and text scroll are conducted, often new precedence between text areas is established, and conflict with previous memory. Embodiment  440 , represents time at T=3, when a user actively scrolls through the text groupings, thereby creating newly specified precedence between text areas. Display  442  depicts a text scroll controller controlling a specific subset of text areas (as previously described in reference to  FIG. 3E ) specifically text grouping 5, 6, 7 and 8. Per embodiment  440 , the newly specified precedence causes two text area conflicts with previous memory. The first conflict is between pairing ‘5-7’ (established at time T=2) and ‘7-5’ (established at time T=3), as both pairings are opposite. Similarly, the second conflict is between pairing ‘6-7’ (established at time T=1) and ‘7-6’ (established at time T=3). To resolve the conflict, the new precedence is remembered and the conflicting previous one is removed. 
     Embodiment  450  represents time at time T=4, when the user actively zooms-in, thereby re-creating the precedence between text areas at time T=2. However, due to the pairing conflict at time T=3, display area  452  displays text area  7  and hides text area  6  and  8  (as compared to display area  422  which displayed text area  6  and hid text areas 7 and 8). 
       FIGS. 4B-4D , illustrate how an order relation is used to recall history as text areas are manipulated. For example, operations such as zoom-in, zoom-out, and text scroll often create new precedence between text areas. As noted in  FIG. 4A , the order relation memorizes only the most recent precedence between two text areas.  FIG. 4B  illustrates an example of the change where H0 is the initial order relation and H1, and H2 represent an order relation at certain points later in time. (Reference to  FIG. 4A : H0 represents embodiment  410 , at time T=0, H1 represents embodiment  430  at time T=2 and H2 represents embodiment  440  at time T=3.) It is noted that the chain grows as time order relation changes over time.  FIG. 4C  demonstrates the history of order relation changes that directly impact the current text scroll. H n , represents the current number of order relation changes. H1, H3, and H n  are highlighted to identify an order relation which affects the current text scroll. If a highlighted order relation is considered, then some of the currently displayed text should be replaced. Therefore, in backwards chronological order H n , H3 and H1 directly affect the current text scroll.  FIG. 4D  introduces change history controller  460 . Change history controller  460  is used for tracing history of order relation changes on a timeline. For example, currently hidden but previously displayed text areas are easily show again. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a method to save and later use an order relation at specific points in time. A saved order relation may be given a name. A saved order relation may be used by the user who created it, or shared with other users on the same system over a network of systems. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a method to save and later use the history of order relation changes. A saved history of order relation changes may be given a name. A saved history of order relation changes may be used by the user who created it, or shared with other users on the same system over a network of systems. 
     Embodiments of the present invention allow users to share the same order relation where changes on the older relation may be merged and shared among users. For example, a user may access a shared order relation, and any changes the user made, are automatically updated and shared for other users. Sharing order relations may be useful particularly, when the displayed information is public and shared by a large number of users (i.e., a geographical map). If an error occurs in the precedence order between users, the later changes may overwrite the precedence error. Alternatively, the conflicting portions may be separately recorded for each user as personal memory, where the personal memory is precedent to the shared memory. Alternatively, the conflicting precedence is remembered and the precedence that are preferred by more users is selected for a new user. Additional solutions are appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may also allow a user to pin a text area. A pinned text area is always displayed and never hidden, even during a zoom-in or zoom-out operation. For example, pinned text areas may not be considered for grouping and text scroll. If an unpinned text area(s) overlaps a pinned text area(s), then the unpinned text area(s), may be displayed distantly enough from the pinned text area(s). 
     Embodiments of the present invention may also allow all hidden text areas of one or more text groups to be momentarily displayed and shown on the display area, thereby allowing user to review all text areas simultaneously. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of internal and external components of a computer system  500 , of  FIG. 1 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that  FIG. 5  provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. In general, the components illustrated in  FIG. 5  are representative of any electronic device capable of executing machine-readable program instructions. Examples of computer systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be represented by the components illustrated in  FIG. 5  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, laptop computer systems, wearable computing devices, tablet computer systems, cellular telephones (e.g., smart phones), multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices. 
     Computer system  500  includes communications fabric  502 , which provides for communications between one or more processors  504 , memory  506 , persistent storage  508 , communications unit  512 , and one or more input/output (I/O) interfaces  514 . Communications fabric  502  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  502  can be implemented with one or more buses. 
     Memory  506  and persistent storage  508  are computer readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory  506  includes random access memory (RAM)  516  and cache memory  518 . In general, memory  506  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. Software (e.g., display scroll program  124 ) is stored in persistent storage  508  for execution and/or access by one or more of the respective processors  504  via one or more memories of memory  506 . 
     Persistent storage  508  may include, for example, a plurality of magnetic hard disk drives. Alternatively, or in addition to magnetic hard disk drives, persistent storage  508  can include one or more solid state hard drives, semiconductor storage devices, read-only memories (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROM), flash memories, or any other computer-readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
     The media used by persistent storage  508  can also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive can be used for persistent storage  508 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  508 . 
     Communications unit  512  provides for communications with other computer systems or devices via a network. In this exemplary embodiment, communications unit  512  includes network adapters or interfaces such as a TCP/IP adapter cards, wireless Wi-Fi interface cards, or 3G or 4G wireless interface cards or other wired or wireless communication links. The network can comprise, for example, copper wires, optical fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention can be downloaded to through communications unit  512  (e.g., via the Internet, a local area network or other wide area network). From communications unit  512 , the software and data can be loaded onto persistent storage  508 . 
     One or more I/O interfaces  514  allow for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to computer system  500 . For example, I/O interface  514  can provide a connection to one or more external devices  520  such as a keyboard, computer mouse, touch screen, virtual keyboard, touch pad, pointing device, or other human interface devices. External devices  520  can also include portable computer readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. I/O interface  514  also connects to display  522 . 
     Display  522  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and can be, for example, a computer monitor. Display  522  can also be an incorporated display and may function as a touch screen, such as a built-in display of a tablet computer. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiment, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.