Patent Publication Number: US-2021187270-A1

Title: Fluid handling system

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/920,553, filed Mar. 14, 2018, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2016/051553, filed Sep. 13, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/218,508, filed Sep. 14, 2015, Provisional Patent Application No. 62/218,509, filed Sep. 14, 2015, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/220,040, filed Sep. 17, 2015, and is a Continuation in Part Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/198,342, filed Jun. 30, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/203,978, filed Mar. 11, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/780,656, filed Mar. 13, 2013, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     This application is directed to pumps for mechanical circulatory support of a heart. In particular, this application is directed to a console and controller for a catheter pump and a fluid handling system configured to convey and remove fluids to and from the catheter pump. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Heart disease is a major health problem that has high mortality rate. Physicians increasingly use mechanical circulatory support systems for treating heart failure. The treatment of acute heart failure requires a device that can provide support to the patient quickly. Physicians desire treatment options that can be deployed quickly and minimally-invasively. 
     Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) are currently the most common type of circulatory support devices for treating acute heart failure. IABPs are commonly used to treat heart failure, such as to stabilize a patient after cardiogenic shock, during treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI) or decompensated heart failure, or to support a patient during high risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Circulatory support systems may be used alone or with pharmacological treatment. 
     In a conventional approach, an IABP is positioned in the aorta and actuated in a counterpulsation fashion to provide partial support to the circulatory system. More recently, minimally-invasive rotary blood pumps have been developed in an attempt to increase the level of potential support (i.e., higher flow). A rotary blood pump is typically inserted into the body and connected to the cardiovascular system, for example, to the left ventricle and the ascending aorta to assist the pumping function of the heart. Other known applications pumping venous blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery for support of the right side of the heart. An aim of acute circulatory support devices is to reduce the load on the heart muscle for a period of time, to stabilize the patient prior to heart transplant or for continuing support. 
     There is a need for improved mechanical circulatory support devices for treating acute heart failure. Fixed cross-section ventricular assist devices designed to provide near full heart flow rate are either too large to be advanced percutaneously (e.g., through the femoral artery without a cutdown) or provide insufficient flow. 
     There is a need for a pump with improved performance and clinical outcomes. There is a need for a pump that can provide elevated flow rates with reduced risk of hemolysis and thrombosis. There is a need for a pump that can be inserted minimally-invasively and provide sufficient flow rates for various indications while reducing the risk of major adverse events. In one aspect, there is a need for a heart pump that can be placed minimally-invasively, for example, through a 15FR or 12FR incision. In one aspect, there is a need for a heart pump that can provide an average flow rate of 4 Lpm or more during operation, for example, at 62 mmHg of head pressure. While the flow rate of a rotary pump can be increased by rotating the impeller faster, higher rotational speeds are known to increase the risk of hemolysis, which can lead to adverse outcomes and in some cases death. Accordingly, in one aspect, there is a need for a pump that can provide sufficient flow at significantly reduced rotational speeds. These and other problems are overcome by the inventions described herein. 
     Furthermore, in various catheter pump systems, it can be important to provide fluids to an operative device of a catheter assembly (e.g., for lubrication of moving parts and/or treatment fluids to be delivered to the patient), and to remove waste fluids from the patient&#39;s body. A controller may be provided to control the flow into and out of the catheter assembly. It can be advantageous to provide improved mechanisms for engaging the catheter assembly with the controller, which may be housed in a console. 
     Additionally, there is a need to reduce the time to implantation and treatment. In the case of therapy for acute heart failure in particular, the time it takes to start therapy can be critical to survival and good outcomes. For example, a difference of several minutes can be the difference between recovery and permanent brain damage for patients suffering myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock. Accordingly, a continuing need exists to provide pump systems that can be set up, primed, and inserted faster, easier, and more effectively. 
     It can be challenging to prepare the catheter pump system for a treatment procedure, and to automatically control the treatment procedure. For example, there may be an increased risk of user error and/or longer treatment preparation times. Conventional catheter pumps may provide the user or clinician with unclear guidance on how to proceed at various points during the procedure. Moreover, in conventional systems, it may take the user or clinician a considerable amount of time to prepare the system for use, which may unduly delay the treatment procedure. Furthermore, it can be challenging to prepare and/or operate the catheter pump system in arrangements that utilize an expandable impeller and/or an expandable cannula in which the impeller is disposed. For example, it can be challenging to account for expandable volume of the cannula during system preparation and/or operation. Furthermore, the parameters of the catheter pump system may deviate from norms in some instances and the deviation may not be easily identified by the user. 
     These and other problems are overcome by the inventions described herein. 
     SUMMARY 
     There is an urgent need for a pumping device that can be inserted percutaneously and also provide full cardiac rate flows of the left, right, or both the left and right sides of the heart when called for. 
     In one embodiment, a fluid handling system includes a console configured to connect with a first electrical interface that is configured to connect to a plurality of components of the fluid handling system, the console including a second electrical interface configured to connect with the first electrical interface, a display, and one or more hardware processors. A control system includes the one or more hardware processors and a non-transitory memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the control system to: detect an electrical signal from a first component of the plurality of components of the fluid handling system responsive to a caretaker performing a first instruction; determine a system state of the fluid handling system based at least in part on the electrical signal from the first component; compare the system state with a predetermined state condition corresponding to said first instruction; and output an indication on the display of the system state. 
     In another embodiment, a removable interface member for a fluid handling system is disclosed. The interface member can include an interface body sized and shaped to be inserted into an interface aperture of a console housing. An electrical component can be disposed on the interface body. Furthermore, an occlusion bed can be disposed on the interface body. A tube segment can be disposed on the interface body near the occlusion bed. The interface body can be dimensioned such that when the interface body is inserted into the interface aperture of the console housing, a pump in the console housing is operably engaged with the tube segment and the occlusion bed, and an electrical interconnect in the console housing is electrically coupled with the electrical component on the interface body. 
     In yet another embodiment, a method for operably coupling an infusion system to a console housing is disclosed. The method can comprise positioning an interface body of the infusion system in an interface aperture of the console housing. The interface body can comprise an occlusion bed, a tube segment mounted on the interface body near the occlusion bed, and an electrical component. The method can further comprise inserting the interface body through the interface aperture until a pump roller of the console housing compresses the tube segment against the occlusion bed and until an electrical interconnect of the console housing is electrically coupled to the electrical component of the interface body. 
     In another embodiment, a method for priming a catheter assembly is disclosed. The catheter assembly can include an elongate body and an operative device. The method can comprise inserting the operative device of the catheter assembly into a priming vessel. The method can further comprise securing a proximal portion of the priming vessel to a distal portion of the elongate body, such that the elongate body is in fluid communication with the priming vessel. Fluid can be delivered through the elongate body and the priming vessel to expel air within the catheter assembly. 
     In certain embodiments, a control system for controlling priming of a catheter assembly is disclosed. The control system can include one or more hardware processors. The one or more hardware processors can be programmed to generate a first user interface including a first instruction corresponding to priming of a catheter assembly to remove gas from the catheter assembly prior to a treatment procedure. The one or more hardware processors can be further configured to monitor one or more sensors of a fluid handling system, the fluid handling system configured to prime the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The one or more hardware processors can determine a system condition based in part on the monitoring of the one or more sensors. Further, the one or more hardware processors can control an operation of a component of the fluid handling system based on the determined system condition. In an embodiment, the operation includes directing fluid distally through the catheter assembly to remove the gas. 
     In certain embodiments, a control system for controlling priming of a catheter assembly can include one or more hardware processors. The one or more hardware processors can be programmed to generate a first user interface including a first instruction corresponding to priming of a catheter assembly to remove gas from the catheter assembly prior to a treatment procedure. The one or more hardware processors can be further configured to monitor one or more sensors of a fluid handling system, the fluid handling system configured to prime the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The one or more hardware processors can determine a system condition based in part on the monitoring of the one or more sensors. Further, the one or more hardware processors can generate an alarm based on the determined system condition. In an embodiment, the one or more hardware processors can also control an operation of a component of the fluid handling system based on the determined system condition and/or the alarm. 
     The control system of the preceding two paragraphs can have any sub-combination of the following features: wherein the determination of the system condition includes determining the first instruction was completed; wherein the determination of the system condition further includes determining the first instruction was completed based on a user input; wherein the determination of the system condition further includes determining operating parameters of a motor; wherein the motor can drive a pump that directs fluid distally through the catheter assembly to remove the gas; wherein the system condition includes gas in pressurized saline supply line or reduced saline flow to a lumen of the catheter assembly; wherein the system condition includes temperature of a motor over a threshold temperature; wherein the system condition includes a flow rate below a threshold; wherein the system condition includes connection state of at least one of a plurality of components of the fluid handling system; wherein the one or more hardware processors can determine the connection state based on a flow of current across two electrical terminals; wherein at least one of the plurality of components comprise a cassette, wherein the cassette can include a puck; wherein the one or more hardware processors can additionally control operation of an impeller to pump blood based on the determined system condition; wherein the one or more hardware processors can further control operation of an impeller motor that imparts rotation to the impeller to pump the blood; determine a current drawn by the impeller motor; compare the drawn current with a current threshold; shut down the impeller motor based on the comparison; determine a flow rate generated by the impeller motor; determine a speed of the impeller motor; control operation of the impeller motor based on at least two of the following: the determined flow rate, the speed, and the drawn current; wherein the system condition includes volume of saline in a saline bag; wherein the system condition includes at least one of: blockage in outer sheath and reduced pressure in the outer sheath; wherein the system condition includes a volume of waste bag over a threshold; wherein the system condition includes an amount time of cannula in the patient over a threshold; wherein the system condition includes a battery status; wherein the system condition includes a position of a cannula; wherein the component includes power electronics and wherein the one or more hardware processors can transmit a drive signal to the power electronics, the drive signal can to increase or decrease power transmitted by the power electronics; wherein the component includes a display and wherein the one or more hardware processors can generate a second user interface and transmit the second user interface to the display responsive to the determined system condition; wherein the component includes an alarm that can provide an indication to a user; wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more pressure sensors; wherein the one or more sensors include one or more Hall sensors; wherein the one or more sensors include one or more temperature sensors; wherein the one or more sensors include one or more bubble detector sensors; wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of the following electrical circuit components: a resistor, a constant current source, and a constant voltage source; wherein the one or more hardware processors can detect connection state between a cassette and a console of the fluid handling system, send instructions to begin priming based on the detected connection state between the cassette and the console and the determined system state; wherein the detection of the connection state includes measuring a flow of current or voltage across two electrical terminals; wherein the component includes an impeller motor that can rotate an impeller to pump blood; wherein the one or more hardware processors can generate an alarm based on the determined system condition. 
     In certain embodiments, a method controlling priming of a catheter assembly can include generating a first user interface including a first instruction corresponding to priming of a catheter assembly to remove gas from the catheter assembly prior to a treatment procedure. The method can further include monitoring one or more sensors of a fluid handling system, the fluid handling system configured to prime the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The method can additional include the step of determining a system condition based in part on the monitoring of the one or more sensors. In some embodiment, the method can further include controlling an operation of a component of the fluid handling system based on the determined system condition. In an embodiment, the operation includes directing fluid distally through the catheter assembly to remove the gas. 
     The method of the preceding paragraph can have any sub-combination of the following features: wherein the detection of the connection state comprises measuring a flow of current or voltage across two electrical terminals wherein the sending instructions comprises sending a drive signal to a motor configured to drive a pump that directs fluid distally through the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The method of the preceding paragraph can also include any of the features described in paragraph 19 above. 
     In some embodiments, a control system can control operation of a catheter assembly. The control system can include one or more hardware processors. The one or more hardware processors can transmit a drive signal to an impeller motor configured to impart rotation to an impeller to pump blood. The one or more hardware processors can receive electrical signals from at least one of the following: a plurality of sensors, a cassette connector, and the impeller motor. The one or more hardware processors can determine one or more motor parameters from the received electrical signals. The one or more hardware processors can also change operating parameters of the impeller motor based on the determined one or more motor parameters, thereby controlling pumping of blood. 
     The control system of the preceding paragraph can have any sub-combination of the following features: wherein the one or more motor parameters include a current drawn by the impeller motor; wherein the one or more hardware processors can compare the current drawn by the impeller motor to a threshold current; the threshold current includes a value greater than 1 ampere; wherein the one or more motor parameters include a flow rate generated by the impeller motor; wherein the one or more motor parameters include a temperature of the impeller motor; wherein the one or more motor parameters include a motor speed; wherein the changing of operating parameters of the impeller motor based on the determined motor parameters includes comparing the determined one or more motor parameters to one or more predetermined thresholds. In an embodiment, the control system of the preceding paragraph can use any of the features described in paragraph 19. 
     In an embodiment, a fluid handling system can include a console that can connect with a first electrical interface of a cassette which can connect to a plurality of components of the fluid handling system. The console can further include a second electrical interface that can connect with the first electrical interface, a display, and one or more hardware processors. The fluid handling system can include a control system that includes the one or more hardware processors. The control system can detect an electrical signal from a first component of the plurality of components of the fluid handling system responsive to a caretaker performing a first instruction. The control system can determine a system state of the fluid handling system based at least in part on the electrical signal from the first component. The control system can compare the system state with a predetermined state condition corresponding to said first instruction. 
     The fluid handling system of the preceding paragraph can have any sub-combination of the following features: wherein the control system can generate a first user interface including a visual indication of the first instruction; generate a second user interface including a visual indication of a second instruction based at least on the comparison indicating that the system state is within predetermined state condition and the first instruction is completed; generate an alarm based at least on said comparison indicating that the system state is not within predetermined state condition; detect connection state between the cassette and the console; send instructions to begin priming based on the detected connection state between the cassette and the console and the determined system state; determine a temperature of an impeller moto that rotates the impeller to pump blood and shut off the impeller motor responsive to the determination of the temperature of the impeller motor; to determine a current drawn by the impeller motor and shut off the impeller motor responsive to the determination of the current drawn by the impeller motor; to determine blockage of fluid in a catheter and trigger an alarm based on the determination of blockage. The control system of the fluid handling system of the preceding paragraph can also utilize any of the features of paragraph 19. 
     In some embodiments, a computer storage system including a non-transitory storage device can include stored executable program instructions. The program instructions can direct a computer system to generate a first user interface including a first instruction corresponding to priming of a catheter assembly to remove gas from the catheter assembly prior to a treatment procedure. The program instructions can further direct the computer system to monitor one or more sensors of a fluid handling system, the fluid handling system configured to prime the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The program instructions can further direct the computer system determine a system condition based in part on the monitoring of the one or more sensors. Further, the program instructions can direct the computer system to control an operation of a component of the fluid handling system based on the determined system condition. In an embodiment, the operation includes directing fluid distally through the catheter assembly to remove the gas. The program instruction can also direct the computer system to generate an alarm based on the determined system conditions. In some embodiment, the program instructions can direct the computer system to use or execute any of the features of paragraph 19. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the subject matter of this application and the various advantages thereof can be realized by reference to the following detailed description, in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an operative device of a catheter assembly in position within the anatomy for assisting the left ventricle. 
         FIG. 2  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a catheter assembly, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a fluid handling system that includes a console and catheter assembly. 
         FIG. 3B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface region of the console shown in  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 4  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface member, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a cap. 
         FIG. 5B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface member in an unlocked configuration. 
         FIG. 5C  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface member in a locked configuration. 
         FIG. 6A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a first side of an electrical component, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a second, opposite side of the electrical component of  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an infusate system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is an enlarged view of a priming apparatus shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a block diagram of a console and the electrical connections between the console and the various components of the fluid handling system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a block diagram of the inputs and outputs of a control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a flow chart of a process  1100  that can be managed using the control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a process  1200  for using the control system to assist with the priming process, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a process  1300  for controlling operation of the motor using the control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment of a startup user interface, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates system setup user interface for changing settings related to the console, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a save data user interface generated by the control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a first prep screen user interface generated by the control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a second prep screen user interface generated by the control system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 19 to 24  illustrate user interfaces corresponding to instructions relating to insertion of cassette (or puck), according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a user interface corresponding to hanging waste bag on hook, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates user interface generated by the control system for instructions corresponding to the sixth step in the prepping process, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system including instruction to unclamp the line connecting to the pressurized saline bag, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system including instructions to insert cassette into the console, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system indicating that the cassette was successfully connected with the console, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates a user interface displaying the indication of progress, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system indicating that the priming process has been completed, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates a user interface including an alert history during operation of fluid handling system, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates a user interface for alerting the user when the puck is disconnected, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system indicating that there is air in the saline supply line, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system based on a detection of temperature of the handle, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 32  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system in response to monitoring outer sheath pressure, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 33  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system in response to monitoring saline flow, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 34  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system in response to detecting outer sheath pressure, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 35  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system in response to monitoring the unlock button, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 36  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system based on monitoring of waste line pressure sensor, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 37  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system based on monitoring device in the patient, according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 38, 39, and 40  illustrate user interfaces generated by the control system in response to monitoring temperature, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 41  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system in response to monitoring connection status of the puck, according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 42 to 45  illustrate user interfaces generated by the control system in response to monitoring cannula position, according to one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     More detailed descriptions of various embodiments of components for heart pumps useful to treat patients experiencing cardiac stress, including acute heart failure, are set forth below. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This application is directed to fluid handling systems that are configured to control and/or manage fluid and electrical pathways in a catheter assembly, such as a catheter assembly of a percutaneous heart pump system. In particular, the disclosed percutaneous heart pump systems may include a catheter assembly and a console that includes a controller configured to control the fluid and electrical pathways that pass through the catheter assembly. Some of the disclosed embodiments generally relate to various configurations for coupling and engaging the catheter assembly with the console. For example, the console may be configured to control the flow rate of the pump and to monitor various physiological parameters and pump performance through the various electrical and fluid pathways of the catheter assembly. In some arrangements, the catheter assembly may be disposable, such that the catheter assembly can be discarded after use, while the console and controller are reusable. In embodiments with a reusable console and a disposable catheter assembly (or, indeed, in any embodiments where consoles and catheter assemblies may be coupled), it can be desirable to provide an effective interface between the catheter assembly and the console that completes the various fluid and electrical connections between the catheter assembly and the console. 
     In particular, it can be advantageous to provide an interface member at a proximal portion of the catheter assembly that is removably engageable with the console. Furthermore, to enhance usability and to minimize mistakes in making the connections, it can be important to make the interface easy to use so that users can easily connect the catheter assembly to the console before use and easily remove the catheter assembly from the console after use. Moreover, it can be important that the interface provides a secure connection between the interface member of the catheter assembly and an interface region of the console to ensure that the catheter assembly remains connected to the console uninterrupted during treatment. 
     As explained herein, one example of a catheter assembly is used in a percutaneous heart pump system having an operative device (e.g., an impeller assembly) that is configured to assist the patient&#39;s heart in pumping blood. The heart pump system may be configured to at least temporarily support the workload of the left ventricle in some embodiments. The exemplary heart pump can be designed for percutaneous entry through the femoral artery to a patient&#39;s heart. In particular, the exemplary impeller assembly can include a collapsible impeller and cannula, which can be inserted into the patient&#39;s vasculature at a catheter size of less than 13 FR, for example, about 12.5 FR in some arrangements. During insertion through the patient&#39;s vascular system to the heart, a sheath may maintain the impeller and cannula assembly in a stored configuration. When the impeller assembly is positioned in the left ventricle (or another chamber of a patient&#39;s heart), the impeller and cannula can expand to a larger diameter, for example to a catheter size of about 24 FR when the sheath is removed from the impeller assembly. The expanded diameter of the impeller and cannula may allow for the generation of higher flow rates, according to some embodiments. 
     For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates one use of the disclosed catheter pump system. A distal portion of the pump, which can include an impeller assembly  116 A, is placed in the left ventricle (LV) of the heart to pump blood from the LV into the aorta. The pump can be used in this way to treat patients with a wide range of conditions, including cardiogenic shock, myocardial infarction, and other cardiac conditions, and also to support a patient during a procedure such as percutaneous coronary intervention. One convenient manner of placement of the distal portion of the pump in the heart is by percutaneous access and delivery using the Seldinger technique, or other methods familiar to cardiologists. These approaches enable the pump to be used in emergency medicine, a catheter lab and in other non-surgical settings. Modifications can also enable the pump  10  to support the right side of the heart. Example modifications that could be used for right side support include providing delivery features and/or shaping a distal portion that is to be placed through at least one heart valve from the venous side, such as is discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,544,216; 7,070,555; and US 2012-0203056A1, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , a three-dimensional perspective view of a catheter assembly  100 A is disclosed. The catheter assembly  100 A may correspond to the disposable portion of the heart pump systems described herein. For example, the catheter assembly  100 A may include the impeller assembly  116 A near a distal portion of the catheter assembly  100 A, an elongate body  174 A extending proximally from the impeller assembly  116 A, an infusion system  195  configured to supply infusate to the catheter assembly  100 A, a motor assembly comprising a driven assembly  101  and a drive assembly  103 , one or more conduits  302  (e.g., electrical and/or fluid conduits) extending proximally from the motor assembly, and an interface member  300  coupled at a proximal portion of the conduits  302 . 
     Moving from the distal end of the catheter assembly  100 A of  FIG. 2  to the proximal end, the impeller assembly  116 A may be disposed at a distal portion of the catheter assembly  100 A. As explained above, the impeller assembly  116 A can include an expandable cannula or housing and an impeller with one or more blades. As the impeller rotates, blood can be pumped proximally (or distally in some implementations) to function as a cardiac assist device. A priming apparatus  1400  can be disposed over the impeller assembly  116 A. As explained herein with reference to  FIGS. 7-8 , the priming apparatus  1400  can be configured to expedite a process of expelling air from the catheter assembly  100 A before insertion of the operative device of the catheter assembly into the patient. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 2 , the elongate body  174 A extends proximally from the impeller assembly  116 A to an infusion system  195  configured to allow infusate to enter the catheter assembly  100 A and waste fluid to leave the catheter assembly  100 A. A catheter body  120 A (which also passes through the elongate body  174 A) can extend proximally and couple to the driven assembly  101  of the motor assembly. The catheter body  120 A can pass within the elongate body  174 A, such that the elongate body  174 A can axially translate relative to the catheter body  120 A. Axial translation of the elongate body  174 A relative to the catheter body  120 A can enable the expansion and collapse of the impeller assembly  116 A. For example, the impeller assembly  116 A, coupled to a distal portion of the catheter body  120 A, may expand into an expanded state by moving the elongate body  174 A proximally relative to the impeller assembly  116 A. The impeller assembly  116 A may self-expand into the expanded state in some embodiments. In the expanded state, the impeller assembly  116 A is able to pump blood at high flow rates. After the treatment procedure, the impeller assembly  116 A may be compressed into a collapsed state by advancing a distal portion  170 A of the elongate body  174 A distally over the impeller assembly  116 A to cause the impeller assembly  116 A to collapse. 
     As explained above, the catheter body  120 A can couple to the driven assembly  101  of the motor assembly. The driven assembly  101  can be configured to receive torque applied by the drive assembly  103 , which is shown as being decoupled from the driven assembly  101  and the catheter assembly  100 A in  FIG. 2 . The drive assembly  103  can be coupled to the driven assembly  101  by engaging a proximal portion of the driven assembly  101  with the drive assembly, e.g., by inserting the proximal portion of the driven assembly  101  into an aperture  105  of the drive assembly  103 . 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 2 , a drive shaft can extend from the driven assembly  101  through the catheter body  120 A to couple to an impeller shaft at or proximal to the impeller assembly  116 A. The drive assembly  103  can electrically communicate with a controller in a console (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 3A-3B ), which can be configured to control the operation of the motor assembly and the infusion system  195  that supplies a flow of infusate in the catheter assembly  100 A. The impeller of the impeller assembly  116 A may thus be rotated remotely by the motor assembly during operation of the catheter pump in various embodiments. For example, the motor assembly can be disposed outside the patient. In some embodiments, the motor assembly is separate from the controller or console, e.g., to be placed closer to the patient. In other embodiments, the motor assembly is part of the controller. In still other embodiments, the motor assembly is miniaturized to be insertable into the patient. Such embodiments allow the drive shaft to be much shorter, e.g., shorter than the distance from the aortic valve to the aortic arch (about 5 cm or less). Some examples of miniaturized motors catheter pumps and related components and methods are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,964,694; 6,007,478; 6,178,922; and 6,176,848, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the motor assembly (e.g., the drive assembly  103  and the driven assembly  101 ) is in electrical communication with the controller and console by way of the conduits  302 , which may include electrical wires. In particular, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the electrical wires may extend from the motor assembly proximally to the interface member  300 . To enable the controller in the console to electrically communicate with the motor assembly and/or other sensors in the catheter assembly  100 A (such as pressure sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, bubble detectors, etc.), it can be advantageous to provide a reliable electrical connection between the interface member  300  and the console. In various embodiments disclosed herein, therefore, the removable interface member  300  may include electrical components configured to couple to one or more electrical contacts (sometimes referred to herein as interconnections) in the console. The electrical connections may be achieved in a simple, user-friendly manner. In various embodiments disclosed herein, for example, the electrical connections may be made substantially at the same time, e.g., substantially simultaneously, as fluid connections are made between the interface member  300  and console. These and other structures incorporated to reduce the complexity of operating the pump system are provided to reduce the chance of errors in set-up and delays, which for the emergency conditions in which the pump may be implemented could be life-threatening. 
     The mechanical components rotatably supporting the impeller within the impeller assembly  116 A permit high rotational speeds while controlling heat and particle generation that can come with high speeds. The infusion system  195  may deliver a cooling and lubricating solution to the distal portion of the catheter assembly  100 A for these purposes. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the infusion system  195  may be in fluid communication with the interface member  300  by way of the conduits  302 , which may also include fluid conduits or tubes. Because the catheter assembly  100 A may be disposable and/or removable from a console, it can be important to securely couple interface member  300  to the console. Furthermore, it can be important to provide an easy-to-use interface such that users can easily complete fluid connections that remain secure during a treatment procedure. Maintaining security of the connection is important because the fluids and signals carried by the conduits  302  enable the impeller to operate in a continuous manner. Stoppage of the pump system may require the catheter assembly  100 A to be removed from the patient and replaced in certain circumstances, which may be life-threatening or extremely inconvenient at a minimum. 
     When activated, the catheter pump system can effectively increase the flow of blood out of the heart and through the patient&#39;s vascular system. In various embodiments disclosed herein, the pump can be configured to produce a maximum flow rate (e.g. low mm Hg) of greater than 4 Lpm, greater than 4.5 Lpm, greater than 5 Lpm, greater than 5.5 Lpm, greater than 6 Lpm, greater than 6.5 Lpm, greater than 7 Lpm, greater than 7.5 Lpm, greater than 8 Lpm, greater than 9 Lpm, or greater than 10 Lpm. In various embodiments, the pump can be configured to produce an average flow rate at 62 mmHg pressure head of greater than 2 Lpm, greater than 2.5 Lpm, greater than 3 Lpm, greater than 3.5 Lpm, greater than 4 Lpm, greater than 4.25 Lpm, greater than 4.5 Lpm, greater than 5 Lpm, greater than 5.5 Lpm, or greater than 6 Lpm. 
     Various aspects of the pump and associated components are similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,393,181; 8,376,707; 7,841,976; 7,022,100; and 7,998,054, and in U.S. Pub. Nos. 2011/0004046; 2012/0178986; 2012/0172655; 2012/0178985; and 2012/0004495, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein for all purposes by reference. In addition, this application incorporates by reference in its entirety and for all purposes the subject matter disclosed in each of the following concurrently filed applications: application Ser. No. 13/802,556, which corresponds to attorney docket no. THOR.072A, entitled “DISTAL BEARING SUPPORT,” filed on Mar. 13, 2013; application Ser. No. 13/801,833, which corresponds to attorney docket no. THOR.089A, entitled “SHEATH SYSTEM FOR CATHETER PUMP,” filed on Mar. 13, 2013; application Ser. No. 13/802,570, which corresponds to attorney docket no. THOR.090A, entitled “IMPELLER FOR CATHETER PUMP,” filed on Mar. 13, 2013; application Ser. No. 13/801,528, which corresponds to attorney docket no. THOR.092A, entitled “CATHETER PUMP,” filed on Mar. 13, 2013; and application Ser. No. 13/802,468, which corresponds to attorney docket no. THOR.093A, entitled “MOTOR ASSEMBLY FOR CATHETER PUMP,” filed on Mar. 13, 2013. 
     Fluid Handling System 
       FIG. 3A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a fluid handling system  350  that includes a console  301  and the catheter assembly  100 A of  FIG. 2 . The console  301  can provide electrical power, control signals, medical fluids (e.g., saline) for infusion, and fluid waste extraction to the catheter assembly  100 A by way of its interface with the interface member  300 . In this manner, a plurality of fluid connections can advantageously be made with a single interface. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , for example, the removable interface member  300  may be disposed at a proximal portion of the catheter assembly  100 A and may be configured to couple to the console  301  at an interface region  303 . 
     In some embodiments, the fluid handling system  350  can be configured to deliver fluids to and/or remove fluids from the catheter assembly  100 A. As discussed above and in the incorporated patent references, saline and/or other medical solutions can lubricate and/or cool component between the motor assembly and the operative device. If desired, waste fluids can be removed from the catheter assembly  100 A using the fluid handling system  350 . In some embodiments, the fluid handling system  350  can include a multilumen catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end. The catheter body can include one or more lumens through which medical solutions (e.g., saline), waste fluids, and/or blood can flow. To drive fluid through the catheter assembly  100 A (e.g., into and/or out of the catheter assembly  100 A), the console  301  may include one or more pump(s) configured to apply positive or negative pressure to the catheter assembly  100 A when the catheter assembly  100 A is coupled to the console  301  and engages the pump(s). 
     In addition, the fluid handling system  350  may also be configured to provide electrical communication between the console  301  and the catheter assembly  100 A. For example, the console can include a controller (e.g., a processor) that is programmed to control and/or manage the operation of the motor assembly. The console  301  may also include electrical interfaces configured to supply power to the motor assembly and/or other components that are driven by electrical power when the interface member  300  is coupled to the console  301 . Moreover, one or more electrical or electronic sensors may be provided in the catheter assembly  100 A and may electrically couple to the console  301  by way of the fluid handling system  350 . The embodiments disclosed herein may thereby provide fluid and electrical connections between the catheter assembly  100 A and the console  301 . 
     As explained above, the fluid handling system  350  may provide a removable interface between the catheter assembly  100 A and the console  301 , which may include various components, including, e.g., one or more pump(s), processors (e.g., the controller), electrical interconnections, etc. For example, to activate one or more pumps in the console  301  and/or to engage one or more electrical connections between the console  301  and the interface member  300 , a user may simply insert a distal portion of the interface member  300  (e.g., including a closure member) along the illustrated Z-direction into an aperture  304  of the interface region  303  until the pump(s) are engaged and the electrical connection(s) are formed. In some aspects, the insertion of the interface member along the Z-direction may engage the pump(s) and complete the electrical connection(s) substantially simultaneously. 
     In some embodiments, the interface member  300  may be secured to the console  301  by engaging a locking device between the interface region  303  and the interface member  300 . One convenient way to engage a locking device is by rotating a portion of the interface member  300  relative to another portion of the interface member or relative to the console  301 , as explained herein. For example, rotation of an outermost structure (opposite the direction Z), sometimes referred to herein as a “cap” relative to the console may engage a locking mechanism configured to mechanically secure the interface member  300  to the console  301  to prevent the interface member  300  from being accidentally disengaged during a treatment procedure. 
     The console  301  may also include a user interface  312 , which may comprise a display device and/or a touch-screen display. The user may operate the percutaneous heart pump system by interacting with the user interface  312  to select, e.g., desired flow rates and other treatment parameters. The user may also monitor properties of the procedure on the user interface  312 . 
       FIG. 3B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of the interface region  303  of the console  301  shown in  FIG. 3A . The interface region  303  can include the aperture  304  configured to receive the distal portion of the interface member  303 . The aperture  304  may include a generally circular cavity shaped and sized to receive a portion of the interface member  300 . A bubble detector  308  (e.g., an optical sensor in some embodiments) can be positioned at a back wall of the aperture  304 . The bubble detector  308  may include a recess portion defined by two walls sized and shaped to receive a segment of tubing. When fluid flows through the tubing (see, e.g., bubble detector tube segment  326  in  FIG. 4 ), the bubble detector  308  may monitor the fluid to determine whether or not the fluid includes unwanted matter, e.g., bubbles of air or other gas. In some embodiments, the bubble detector  308  may measure the amount (number or volume) of bubbles in the fluid passing though the tube segment. It should be appreciated that it can be important to detect bubbles in the treatment fluid to avoid inducing embolisms in the patient. The bubble detector  308  may electrically communicate with the controller in the console  301  and can indicate the amount of bubbles in the treatment fluid. The console  301 , in turn, can alert the user if there are bubbles in the treatment fluid. 
     The interface region  303  can also include one or more pumps, e.g., peristaltic pumps in some embodiments. The peristaltic pumps can be used to pump fluid into or out of the catheter assembly  100 A to deliver medical fluids and to remove waste fluids, respectively. Such pumps may employ one or more rollers  306  to control delivery of a fluid within a respective tube (see, e.g., pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b  of  FIG. 4 ). For example, the one or more pump rollers  306  can be housed within the console  301 . As shown, two pump rollers  306  are mounted about their rotational axes (e.g., the Y-direction illustrated in  FIG. 3B ) at the back wall of the aperture  304 . The pump rollers  306  can be rotated by a peristaltic pump motor within the console (not shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B ). As explained in more detail herein with respect to  FIG. 4  below, the rollers  306  can engage pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b  to pump fluid into or out of the catheter assembly  100 A. The pump rollers  306  may be configured to be received within occlusion bed regions of the interface member  300  (see, e.g., occlusion beds  322   a  and  322   b  of  FIG. 4 ) to pump fluid through the catheter assembly  100 A. 
     An electrical interconnect  307  can also be provided in the back wall of the aperture  304 . The electrical interconnect  307  can be configured to provide power to the motor assembly and/or electrical signals or instructions to control the operation of the motor assembly. The electrical interconnect  307  can also be configured to receive electrical signals indicative of sensor readings for monitoring pressure, flow rates, and/or temperature of one or more components in the catheter assembly  100 A. A recessed channel  309  can extend from the bottom of the aperture  304  along the side to the lower edge of the console  301 . The recessed channel  309  can be shaped and sized to receive one or more of the conduits  302  (e.g., electrical and/or fluid conduits) extending between the interface member  300  and the motor assembly. In one embodiment, all of the conduits  302  can be received within the channel  309  providing a flush side surface when the interface member  300  is disposed in the interface aperture  304 . 
     In addition, it can be important to ensure that the interface member  300  is controllably secured within the console  301  such that it is engaged and disengaged only when the user desires to engage or disengage the interface member  300  from the console  301 . For example, as explained in more detail herein relative to  FIGS. 5A-5C , the interface region  303  can include a groove  313  sized and shaped to receive a locking mechanism (e.g., a tab or flange projecting in the X direction) on the interface member  300 . In one embodiment, a disengaging member  305  includes a spring-loaded release mechanism  310  provided above the aperture  304  and a pin  311  that can be inserted into a hole in the interface member  300  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5A-5C  and the accompanying disclosure below). As explained below with respect to  FIGS. 5A-5C , the pin  311  can assist in releasing the interface member  300  relative to the console  301 . The spring-loaded release mechanism  310  can be pressed to release the pin  311  and unlock the interface member  300  from the console  301 . As explained herein, the spring-loaded release mechanism  310  can therefore act as a further safety mechanism to ensure that the cassette is not accidentally disengaged by the user. 
     Removable Interface Member 
       FIG. 4  is a three-dimensional perspective view of the interface member  300 , according to one embodiment. The interface member  300  can comprise a body that is shaped and sized to fit into the interface region  303  of the console  301 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the interface member  300  can have a substantially circular profile, and is sometimes referred to as a puck. In some embodiments, the interface member  300  can include an outer body  333  operably coupled to a manual interface  320 , sometimes referred to as a cap. The manual interface  320  is generally palm-sized so that a user can receive it in their hand and operate it comfortably, e.g., with finger pressure on the outer rim of the cap. One or more occlusion beds can be formed or provided at the interface between the interface member  300  and the console  301 , e.g., in or on the interface member  300 . For example, first and second occlusion beds  322   a  and  322   b  may be formed in the interface member  300 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , for example, the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b,  can include arcuate recessed regions formed in the interface member  300 . 
     The interface member  300  can further include first and second pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b  positioned along the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  formed in the interface member  300 . When the interface member  300  is inserted into the console  301 , the pump rollers  306  can engage with the interface member  300  and compress the tube segment(s)  324   a,    324   b  against the occlusion bed(s)  322   a,    322   b,  respectively. As the pump motor(s) in the console  301  rotate the rollers  306 , fluid flows into uncompressed portions of the tube segment(s)  324   a,    324   b  and continues flowing throughout the catheter assembly  100 A. For example, by compressing the tube segments  324   a,    324   b,  the fluid may be pumped into or out of the catheter assembly  100 A by way of the conduits  302  extending from the interface member  300  to the motor assembly and distally beyond the motor assembly. 
     Because the tolerances for the peristaltic pump can be rather tight, the body of the interface member  300  (e.g., the outer body  333  and/or an inner body, such as inner body  339  illustrated in  FIGS. 5B-5C ) can be formed with precise tolerances (e.g., molded from a unitary structure in some implementations) such that when the interface member  300  is inserted into the console  301 , the pump rollers  306  precisely and automatically engage with the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  and occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  to reliably occlude the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  and pump fluids through the catheter assembly  100 A. Thus, when the interface member  300  is inserted sufficiently far into the interface region  303 , the pump in the console  301  can automatically engage the interface member  300 . 
     For example, the gap between the rollers  306  and the occlusion beds  322   a ,  322   b  can be less than about two wall thicknesses of the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  in some arrangements, such that the tubes  324   a,    324   b  can be effectively occluded. Due to the precise tolerances of the interface member  300 , the pump can be engaged by simply inserting the interface member  300  into the console  301 . There is no need to separately activate the pump in some embodiments. The dimensions of the interface member  300  may be selected such that the occlusion bed(s)  322   a,    322   b  automatically engages the respective pump rollers  306  upon insertion of the interface member  300  into the console  301 . 
     The above configuration provides several advantages. As one of skill in the art will appreciate from the description herein, the interface member  300  and interface region  303  provide an easy-to-use, quick connection of the tubing segments to one or more respective rollers  306 . Moreover, the components can be manufactured easily and cost-effectively because only certain components require tight tolerances and the interface of member  300  to region  303  is essentially self-aligning. The interface also eliminates any need to engage the pump through a second mechanism or operator step, streamlining operation of the heart pump and simplifying the engagement of the catheter assembly  100 A to the console  301 . Also, in implementations where the console  301  is mounted on an IV pole with rollers, or another type of lightweight cart, for example, the simplified engagement mechanisms disclosed herein can be advantageous because there is only a minimal applied force against the pole, which prevents the pole from rolling or tipping when the pump is engaged. 
     The pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b  can be mounted on the interface body  300  near or in the respective occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b.  As illustrated, the first and second pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b  can be configured to engage with the pump rollers  306  in the console  301 , as explained above. The first and second pump tube segments  324   a ,  324   b  can have an arcuate shape (which may be pre-formed in various arrangements) that generally conforms to the curved shape of each respective occlusion bed  322   a,    322   b.  The pump rollers  306  within the console  301  can thereby be positioned within the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  to compress the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  against the wall of the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b.  In addition, a bubble detector tube segment  326  can also be mounted in or on the interface member  300  and can be configured to engage with or be positioned adjacent to the bubble detector  308  illustrated in  FIG. 3B . The bubble detector tube segment  326  can be any suitable shape. As illustrated, the bubble detector tube segment can be substantially straight and can be sized and shaped to be received by the bubble detector  308  within the console  301 . As explained above with respect to  FIGS. 3A-3B , the bubble detector  308  (which may be an optical sensor) can be used to detect air bubbles in the treatment or lubricating fluid being supplied to the patient. 
     The tube segments can be fluidly connected to the remainder of the catheter assembly  100 A, including, e.g., one or more lumens of the catheter body, by way of the conduits  302 . In operation, therefore, the removable interface member  300  may allow fluid to be pumped into and out of the patient within a controlled system, e.g., such that the fluids within the catheter assembly  100 A can be pumped while maintaining a sterile environment for the fluids. Depending on the implementation, the volume of medical solution into the catheter body can be equal to, or can exceed by a minimum amount, the volume of medical solution out of the catheter body to assure that blood does not enter a blood-free portion of the heart pump. 
     In addition, one or more electrical contacts  328  can be provided in the interface member  300 . The electrical contacts  328  can be any suitable electrical interface configured to transmit electrical signals between the console  301  and the catheter assembly  100 A (e.g., the motor assembly and/or any suitable sensors). For example, the electrical contacts  328  can be configured to electrically couple to the electrical interconnect  307  disposed in the console  301 . Electrical control signals and/or power may be transmitted between the console  301  and the catheter assembly  100 A by way of the electrical connection between the electrical contacts  328  and the electrical interconnect  307 . Advantageously, the electrical connection between the electrical contacts  328  and the electrical interconnect  307  may be formed or completed when the interface member  300  is inserted into the interface region  303  of the console  301 . For example, in some embodiments, the electrical connection between the electrical contacts  328  and the electrical interconnect  307  may be formed substantially simultaneously with the fluid connection (e.g., the engagement of the pump) when the interface member  300  is inserted into the interface region  303 . In some aspects, for example, the electrical connection can be formed by inserting electrical pins from the electrical contacts  328  into corresponding holes of the electrical interconnect  307  of the console  301 , or vice versa. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the manual interface  320  can be mechanically coupled to a proximal portion of the outer body  333  and may be configured to rotate relative to the outer body  333  in a constrained manner, as explained below relative to  FIGS. 5A-5C . For example, the outer body  333  can include one or more locking apertures  331  configured to receive locking tabs  332  that are configured to lock the manual interface  320  relative to the console  301 . Moreover, as explained below relative to  FIGS. 5A-5C , the outer body  333  may include a pin hole  321  sized and shaped to receive the pin  311  illustrated in  FIG. 3B  to releasably couple the removable interface member  300  relative to the console  301 . 
     One will appreciate from the description herein that the configuration of the pump rollers, occlusion bed, and tubing can be modified depending on the application in accordance with the present inventions. For example, the configuration may be modified to provide easier access for service and repair. In various embodiments, the pump rollers may be disposed external to the console. In various embodiments, the pump rollers and occlusion bed may be both disposed within the cassette. In various embodiments, the console includes a mechanism to actuate the pump rollers in the cassette. In various embodiments, the rollers may be fixed. In various embodiments, the rollers may be configured to rotate, translate, or both. The rollers and/or the occlusion bed may be positioned on a base that is configured to move. In some embodiments, the console-cassette interface can include a positive pressure interface to pump fluid (e.g., saline) into the patient&#39;s vasculature and a negative pressure interface to pump fluid (e.g., waste fluid) out of the patient&#39;s vasculature. 
     Locking Mechanism 
     As discussed above, the interface member  300  advantageously can be fully engaged with the console  301  by simply inserting it into a correspondingly shaped aperture  304  in the housing of the console  301 . When interface member  300  is brought into adjacency with a back wall of the interface region  303  of the console, e.g., when the interface member  300  is inserted into the aperture  304 , the fluid handling and electrical connections are made, and the system  350  is operational. A locking mechanism in the interface member  300  can be provided for additional security, which can be particularly useful for patient transport and other more dynamic settings. For example, it is desirable to ensure that the catheter assembly  100 A is secured to the console  301  during the entire procedure to ensure that the procedure is not disrupted due to accidental disengagement of the interface member  300  from the console  301 . 
     In one embodiment, the locking mechanism can be disposed between the console  301  and the interface member  300  and can be configured to be engaged by a minimal movement of an actuator. For example, the manual interface  320  can be provided to cause engagement of a locking device by a small rotational turn of the manual interface  320  relative to the console  301 . 
       FIG. 5A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of the manual interface  320 . As shown in  FIG. 5A , the manual interface  320  can include or be coupled with an internal cam  335 . The cam  335  can include one or more protruding lobes, such as lobes  336   a  and  336   b.  Further, the cam  335  can include a recessed region  337  recessed inwardly relative to the lobes  336   a,    336   b.  The cam  335  can also include a stepped region  338  which can enable the interface member  300  to be locked and unlocked relative to the console  301 , as explained herein. 
       FIG. 5B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface member  300 A in an unlocked configuration, and  FIG. 5C  is a three-dimensional perspective view of an interface member  300 B in a locked configuration. It should be appreciated that the interface members  300 A,  300 B of  FIGS. 5B and 5C  are illustrated without the outer body  333 , which has been hidden in  FIGS. 5B and 5C  for purposes of illustration. Unless otherwise noted, the components of  FIGS. 5B and 5C  are the same as or similar to the components illustrated with respect to  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIGS. 5B and 5C , the interface members  300 A,  300 B can include an inner body  339  that can be disposed within the outer body  333  shown in  FIG. 4 . The occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  can be formed in the inner body  339  of the interface member  300 A,  300 B, as shown in  FIGS. 5B-5C ; however, in other arrangements, the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  may be formed in the outer body  333  or other portions of the interface member  300 A,  300 B. In addition, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , an electrical component  340  can be disposed in a recess or other portion of the inner body  339 . Additional details regarding the electrical component  340  are explained below with respect to  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
     The inner body  339  of the interface member  300 A,  300 B can further include a protrusion  330  that includes the tab  332  at a distal portion of the protrusion  330 . When the interface member  300 A is in the unlocked configuration, the protrusion  330  can be disposed in or near the recess  337  of the cam  335  in the manual interface  320 . The cam  335  may therefore not contact or apply a force against the protrusion  330  when the interface member  300 A is in the unlocked configuration, as shown in  FIG. 5B . 
     However, once the interface member  300  is inserted into the console  301 , the interface member  300  can be locked into place by rotating the manual interface  320  relative to the inner body  339  and the console  301 , e.g., rotated in the A-direction illustrated in  FIG. 5B . When the manual interface  320  is rotated, the internal cam  335  is also rotated within the interface member  300 A,  300 B. Once the cam is rotated, the lobes  336   a,    336   b  of the cam  335  can engage with the one or more protrusions  330  of the inner body  339  and can push the protrusions  330  outwardly relative to the inner body  339 . In one embodiment, the tabs  332  may extend outwardly through the locking apertures  331  formed on the outer body  333 . When the tab(s)  332  are pushed through the locking aperture(s)  331 , the tabs  332  project laterally outward from the outer body  333 . In this position, in some embodiments, each of the tabs  332  can lock into the groove(s)  313  in the console  301  (see  FIG. 3B ) to secure the interface member  300 B to the console  301 . Thus, in the unlocked position, the tab  332  can be substantially flush with the outer surface of the interface member  300 A, and in the locked position, the tab  332  can extend through the locking aperture  331  and lock into the grooves  313  in the console  301 . 
     In some embodiments, the protrusion  330  can be a cantilevered protrusion from the inner body  339 . As mentioned above, it can be important to maintain tight tolerances between the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b,  which is also formed in the interface member, and the pump rollers  306  when the interface member  300  engages with the console  301 . Because the occlusion beds  322   a,    322   b  may be formed in the same body as the cantilevered protrusions  330 , conventional manufacturing processes, such as molding processes, can be used to manufacture the interface member  300  (e.g., the outer body  333  and/or the inner body  339 ) according to precise dimensions. Thus, the protrusion(s)  330 , tab(s)  332  and the occlusion bed(s)  322   a,    322   b  can be made within tight dimensional tolerances, and the tab(s)  332  and/or protrusion(s)  330  can be positioned relative to the occlusion bed(s)  322   a,    322   b  with very high precision such that when the interface member  300  is engaged with the console  301 , the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  are optimally occluded. Moreover, because the interface member  300  can be locked by rotating the manual interface  320  on the interface member  300 , only minimal forces are applied to the console  301 . This enhances the advantages of minimizing disruption of a mobile cart or IV pole to which the system may be coupled. 
     Disengagement Mechanism 
     It can also be important to provide a disengagement mechanism configured to decouple the interface member  300  from the console  301 . With reference to  FIGS. 3B, 4, 5B, and 5C , the disengaging member  305  of the console  301  can be configured to disengage and unlock the interface member  300  from the console  301 . For example, the pin  311  may be spring-loaded such that when the interface member  300 A is in the unlocked configuration, the pin  311  extends through the pin hole  321  of the outer body  333  but only contacts a side surface of one of the lobes  336   b  of the cam  335 . Thus, in the unlocked configuration of the interface member  300 A, the pin  311  may simply slide along the cam surface, permitting rotation of the manual interface  320  relative to the pin  311  and the console  301 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3B and 5C , however, when the interface member  300 B is rotated into a locked configuration, the pin  311  can engage with the stepped region  338  of the internal cam  335 , e.g., the spring-biased pin  311  can extend into the stepped region  338  or shoulder of the cam  335 . By engaging the stepped region  338 , the pin  311  prevents the cam  335  from rotating from the locked configuration to the unlocked configuration. A user can disengage the cassette by pressing the spring-loaded release mechanism  310  to release the spring and remove the pin  311  from the stepped region  338 . The pin  311  can thereby be disengaged from the stepped region  338 , and the internal cam  335  can rotate back into the unlocked position. When the cam  335  is moved back into the unlocked position, the tab  332  can be withdrawn from the groove  313  in the console  301  to unlock the interface member  300 . 
     Electrical Interconnections, Components, and Cables 
       FIG. 6A  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a first side of the electrical component  340  illustrated in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 6B  is a three-dimensional perspective view of a second, opposite side of the electrical component  340  of  FIG. 6A . As shown in  FIGS. 5B-5C , the electrical component  340  may be disposed in a recess of the interface member  300 . The electrical component  340  can be any suitable electrical or electronic component, including, e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB) configured to provide an electrical interface between various components in the catheter assembly  100 A and the console  301 . As explained herein, the electrical component  340  can form an electrical interface between the interface member  300  and the console  301  to provide electrical communication between the console  301  and the catheter assembly  100 A (such as the motor assembly and/or various sensors). 
     For example, the electrical component  340  of the interface member  300  can include the one or more electrical contacts  328  configured to mate with the corresponding electrical interconnect  307  in the console  301 . The electrical contacts  328  and/or the electrical interconnect  307  can be, for example, nine-pin electrical interconnects, although any suitable interconnect can be used. The motor assembly that drives the operative device (e.g., impeller) of the catheter pump can be electrically connected to the interface member  300  by way of one or more electrical cables, e.g., the conduits  302 . In turn, the console  301  can be coupled to a power source, which can drive the catheter pump motor assembly by way of the interface member&#39;s contacts  328  and the electrical conduits  302  connecting the interface member  300  to the motor assembly. The electrical component  340  can also include communications interconnects configured to relay electrical signals between the console  301  and the catheter pump motor assembly or other portions of the catheter assembly  100 A. For example, a controller within the console  301  (or interface member) can send instructions to the catheter pump motor assembly via the electrical component  340  between the console  301  and the interface member  300 . In some embodiments, the electrical component  340  can include interconnects for sensors (such as pressure or temperature sensors) within the catheter assembly  100 A, including sensors at the operative device. The sensors may be used to measure a characteristic of the fluid in one or more of the tubes (e.g., saline pressure). The sensors may be used to measure an operational parameter of the system (e.g., ventricular or aortic pressure). The sensors may be provided as part of an adjunctive therapy. 
     The electrical component  340  within the interface member  300  can be used to electrically couple the cable (and the motor assembly, sensors, etc.) with the corresponding interconnects  307  in the console  301 . For example, one or more internal connectors  346  and  348  on the second side of the electrical component  340  may provide electrical communication between the contacts  328  (configured to couple to the interconnects  307  of the console  301 ) and the catheter assembly  100 . For example, electrical cables (e.g., the conduits  302 ) can couple to a first internal connector  346  and a second internal connector  348 . The internal connectors  346 ,  348  may electrically communicate with the contacts  328  on the first side of the electrical component  340 , which in turn communicate with the interconnects  307  of the console  301 . 
     In various embodiments, the electrical component  340  is fluidly sealed to prevent the internal electronics from getting wet. This may be advantageous in wet and/or sterile environments. This may also advantageously protect the electronics in the event one of the fluid tubes leaks or bursts, which is a potential risk in high pressure applications. 
     In addition, the electrical component  340  (e.g., PCB) can include various electrical or electronic components mounted thereon. As shown in  FIG. 6B , for example, two pressure sensors  344   a,    344   b  can be mounted on the electrical component  340  to detect the pressure in the pump tube segments  324   a,    324   b.  The pressure sensors  344   a,    344   b  may be used to monitor the flow of fluids in the tube segments  324   a,    324   b  to confirm proper operation of the heart pump, for example, confirming a proper balance of medical solution into the catheter body and waste out of the catheter body. Various other components, such as a processor, memory, or an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), can be provided on the circuit board. For example, respective pressure sensor ASICs  345   a,    345   b  can be coupled to the pressure sensors  344   a,    344   b  to process the signals detected by the pressure sensors  344   a,    344   b.  The processed signals may be transmitted from the ASICs  345   a,    345   b  to the console  301  by way of internal traces (not shown) in the PCB and the contacts  328 . 
     Priming and Infusate System and Apparatus 
     One embodiment of an infusate system  1300  is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Various components described herein can be understood in more detail by referencing the patent applications incorporated by reference herein. The infusate system  1300  can be configured to supply treatment and/or lubricating fluids to the operative device of the catheter assembly (e.g., an impeller assembly  116 ), and to remove waste fluid from the assembly. Furthermore, as explained herein, an elongate body  174  can be slidably disposed over a catheter body  120 , such that there may be gaps or channels between the outer surface of the catheter body  120  and the inner surface of the elongate body  174 . Such gaps or channels can contain air pockets harmful to the patient during a medical procedure. In addition, the lumen or lumens extending within the catheter body  120  also can contain air pockets harmful to the patient. Thus, it is desirable to expel air from both the lumens within catheter body  120  and the gaps or channels disposed between the elongate body  174  and the catheter body  120  before conducting a treatment procedure. 
     The system  1300  of  FIG. 7  may be configured to supply fluid to the catheter assembly during treatment, to remove waste fluid during treatment, and/or to expel air from the elongate body  174 , e.g., between the inner surface of the elongate body  174  and the outer surface of the catheter body  120  before treatment. In this embodiment, an interface member  1313  (similar to or the same as the interface member  300  described herein, in some aspects) may be provided to connect various components of the catheter assembly, as discussed herein. An outer sheath tubing  1303   a  can extend from a fluid reservoir  1305  to a luer  102  configured to be coupled to an infusate device. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the outer sheath tubing  1303   a  can be configured to deliver fluid to the outer sheath, e.g., the space between the elongate body  174  and the catheter body  120 . The fluid reservoir  1305  may optionally include a pressure cuff to urge fluid through the outer sheath tubing  1303   a . Pressure cuffs may be particularly useful in fluid delivery embodiments using gravity-induced fluid flow. The luer  102  can be configured to deliver infusate or other priming fluid to the elongate body  174  to expel air from the elongate body  174  as described herein in order to “prime” the system  1300 . In addition, a pressure sensor  1309   a,  which may be disposed on a motor housing  1314 , can be coupled to the outer sheath tubing  1303   a  to measure the pressure of the infusate or priming fluid flowing through the outer sheath tubing  1303   a  and into the luer  102 . The motor housing  1314  illustrated in  FIG. 7  may be the same as or similar to the motor assembly described above with reference to  FIG. 2 , for example, when the drive assembly  103  is coupled to the driven assembly  101 . 
     As illustrated in the embodiment of  FIG. 7 , inner catheter tubing  1303   b  can extend between the motor housing  1314  and the fluid reservoir  1305 , by way of a T-junction  1320 . The inner catheter tubing  1303   b  can be configured to deliver fluid to the lumen or lumens within catheter body  120  during treatment and/or to expel air from the catheter  120  and prime the system  1300 . A pumping mechanism  1306   a,  such as a roller pump for example, can be provided along inner catheter tubing  1303   b  to assist in pumping the infusate or priming fluid through the system  1300 . As explained herein, the roller pump can be a peristaltic pump in some arrangements. In addition, an air detector  1308  can be coupled to the inner catheter tubing  1303   b  and can be configured to detect any air or bubbles introduced into the system  1300 . In some embodiments, a pressure sensor  1309   b  can couple to inner catheter tubing  1303   b  to detect the pressure of the fluid within the tubing. Additionally, a filter  1311  can be employed to remove debris and other undesirable particles from the infusate or priming fluid before the catheter body  120  is infused or primed with liquid. In some embodiments, the air detector  1308 , the pressure sensor  1309   b,  and the pumping mechanism  1306   a  can be coupled to the interface member  1313  described above (such as the interface member  300 ). One or more electrical lines  1315  can connect the motor housing  1314  with the cassette  1313 . The electrical lines  1315  can provide electrical signals for energizing a motor or for powering the sensor  1309   a  or for other components. To expel air from the catheter body  120 , infusate or priming fluid can be introduced at the proximal end of the catheter assembly. The fluid can be driven distally to drive air out of the catheter body  120  to prime the system. 
     In some aspects, a waste fluid line  1304  can fluidly connect the catheter body  120  with a waste reservoir  1310 . A pressure sensor  1309   c,  which may be disposed on or coupled to the interface member  1313 , can measure the pressure of the fluid within the waste fluid line  1304 . A pumping mechanism  1306   b,  such as a roller pump, for example, can be coupled to the interface member  1313  and can pump the waste fluid through the waste fluid line  1304  to the waste reservoir  1310 . 
       FIG. 8  is an enlarged view of the priming apparatus  1400  shown in  FIG. 2 . As explained above, the priming apparatus  1400  may be disposed over the impeller assembly  116 A near the distal end  170 A of the elongate body  174 A. The priming apparatus  1400  can be used in connection with a procedure to expel air from the impeller assembly  116 A, e.g., any air that is trapped within the housing or that remains within the elongate body  174 A near the distal end  170 A. For example, the priming procedure may be performed before the pump is inserted into the patient&#39;s vascular system, so that air bubbles are not allowed to enter and/or injure the patient. The priming apparatus  1400  can include a primer housing  1401  configured to be disposed around both the elongate body  174 A and the impeller assembly  116 A. A sealing cap  1406  can be applied to the proximal end  1402  of the primer housing  1401  to substantially seal the priming apparatus  1400  for priming, i.e., so that air does not proximally enter the elongate body  174 A and also so that priming fluid does not flow out of the proximal end of the housing  1401 . The sealing cap  1406  can couple to the primer housing  1401  in any way known to a skilled artisan. However, in some embodiments, the sealing cap  1406  is threaded onto the primer housing by way of a threaded connector  1405  located at the proximal end  1402  of the primer housing  1401 . The sealing cap  1406  can include a sealing recess disposed at the distal end of the sealing cap  1406 . The sealing recess can be configured to allow the elongate body  174 A to pass through the sealing cap  1406 . 
     The priming operation can proceed by introducing fluid into the sealed priming apparatus  1400  to expel air from the impeller assembly  116 A and the elongate body  174 A. Fluid can be introduced into the priming apparatus  1400  in a variety of ways. For example, fluid can be introduced distally through the elongate body  174 A into the priming apparatus  1400 . In other embodiments, an inlet, such as a luer, can optionally be formed on a side of the primer housing  1401  to allow for introduction of fluid into the priming apparatus  1400 . 
     A gas permeable membrane can be disposed on a distal end  1404  of the primer housing  1401 . The gas permeable membrane can permit air to escape from the primer housing  1401  during priming. 
     The priming apparatus  1400  also can advantageously be configured to collapse an expandable portion of the catheter assembly  100 A. The primer housing  1401  can include a funnel  1415  where the inner diameter of the housing decreases from distal to proximal. The funnel may be gently curved such that relative proximal movement of the impeller housing causes the impeller housing to be collapsed by the funnel  1415 . During or after the impeller housing has been fully collapsed, the distal end  170 A of the elongate body  174 A can be moved distally relative to the collapsed housing. After the impeller housing is fully collapsed and retracted into the elongate body  174 A of the sheath assembly, the catheter assembly  100 A can be removed from the priming housing  1400  before a percutaneous heart procedure is performed, e.g., before the pump is activated to pump blood. The embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented such that the total time for infusing the system is minimized or reduced. For example, in some implementations, the time to fully infuse the system can be about six minutes or less. In other implementations, the infusate time can be less than 5 minutes, less than 4 minutes, or less than 3 minutes. In yet other implementations, the total time to infuse the system can be about 45 seconds or less. It should be appreciated that lower infusate times can be advantageous for use with cardiovascular patients. 
     Preparing a Percutaneous Heart Pump for Insertion into the Vasculature 
     As discussed herein and in the incorporated patent applications, in various embodiments the heart pump is inserted in a less invasive manner, e.g., using techniques that can be employed in a catheter lab. 
     Prior to insertion of the catheter assembly  100 A of the heart pump, various techniques can be used to prepare the system for insertion. For example, as discussed in connection with  FIG. 8 , the catheter assembly  100 A can be primed to remove gas that could be contained therein prior to any method being performed on the patient. This priming technique can be performed by placing a distal portion of the catheter assembly  100 A in a priming vessel, such as the apparatus  1400 . Thereafter, a media is delivered into the catheter assembly  100 A under pressure to displace any potentially harmful matter, e.g., air or other gas, out of the catheter assembly  100 A. In one technique, the apparatus  1400  is filled with a biocompatible liquid such as saline. Thereafter, a biocompatible liquid such as saline is caused to flow distally through the catheter assembly  100  to displace air in any of the cavities formed therein, as discussed above. A pressure or flow rate for priming can be provided that is suitable for priming, e.g., a pressure or flow rate that is lower than the operational pressure or flow rate. 
     In one technique, the biocompatible liquid is pushed under positive pressure from the proximal end through the catheter assembly  100 A until all gas is removed from voids therein. One technique for confirming that all gas has been removed is to observe the back-pressure or the current draw of the pump. As discussed above, the priming apparatus  1400  can be configured to permit gas to escape while preventing saline or other biocompatible liquid from escaping. As such, the back-pressure or current draw to maintain a pre-selected flow will change dramatically once all gas has been evacuated. 
     In another technique, the priming apparatus  1400  can include a source of negative pressure for drawing a biocompatible liquid into the proximal end of the catheter assembly  100 A. Applying a negative pressure to the priming apparatus  1400  can have the advantage of permitting the catheter assembly  100 A to be primed separate from the pumps that are used during operation of the heart pump. As a result, the priming can be done in parallel with other medical procedures on the patient by an operator that is not directly working on the patient. 
     In another approach, a positive pressure pump separate from the pump that operates the heart pump can be used to prime under positive pressure applied to the proximal end. Various priming methods may also be expedited by providing a separate inlet for faster filling of the enclosed volume of the priming apparatus  1400 . 
     Collapsing an Expandable Housing of a Fully Primed Catheter Assembly 
     A further aspect of certain methods of preparing the catheter assembly  100 A for insertion into a patient can involve collapsing the impeller housing  116 A. The collapsed state of the impeller housing  116 A reduces the size, e.g., the crossing profile, of the distal end of the system. This enables a patient to have right, left or right and left side support through a small vessel that is close to the surface of the skin, e.g., using catheter lab-type procedures. As discussed above, in one technique the priming apparatus  1400  has a funnel configuration that has a large diameter at a distal end and a smaller diameter at a proximal end. The funnel gently transitions from the large to the small diameter. The small diameter is close to the collapsed size of the impeller housing  116 A and the large diameter is close to or larger than the expanded size of the impeller housing  116 A. In one method, after the catheter assembly  100 A has been primed, the impeller housing  116 A can be collapsed by providing relative movement between the priming apparatus  1400  and the impeller housing  116 A. For example, the priming housing  1400  can be held in a fixed position, e.g., by hand, and the catheter assembly  100 A can be withdrawn until at least a portion of the impeller assembly  116 A is disposed in the small diameter segment of the priming apparatus  1400 . Thereafter, the elongate body  174 A of the sheath assembly can be advanced over the collapsed impeller assembly  116 A. 
     In another technique, the catheter assembly  100 A is held still and the priming apparatus  1400  is slid distally over the impeller assembly  116 A to cause the impeller assembly  116 A to collapse. Thereafter, relative movement between the elongate body  174 A and the impeller assembly  116 A can position the distal end  170 A of the elongate body  174 A over the impeller assembly  116 A after the catheter assembly  100 A has been fully primed. 
     Control System 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein enable the control and management of the catheter pump system during, e.g., preparation of the system and operation of the system to pump blood through a patient. As explained above, conventional systems may provide the user or clinician with unclear guidance on how to proceed at various points during the procedure. For example, the instructions provided with the packaged system may ask the user to verify various system states visually or manually (e.g., instructing the clinician to verify that the cassette has been inserted correctly, that the pump is ready to be primed, that the pump is ready to be used to pump blood, to manually verify a desired pressure, etc.). The potential for unclear user instructions and guidance may cause the user to make mistakes that can be harmful to patient outcomes. Moreover, in conventional systems, it may take the user or clinician a considerable amount of time to prepare the system for use, which may unduly delay the treatment procedure. In addition, in other systems, the user may not understand the priming process described above, and/or may not be trained to recognize that the system is ready to be primed or the status of a priming procedure. 
     Beneficially, the embodiments disclosed herein can address these problems by providing a control system that receives sensor data and automatically controls the preparation and/or operation of the catheter pump system based on that sensor data. For example, in various embodiments, the control system can automatically control the priming processes disclosed herein. The control system can instruct the user how to insert the cassette into the console, and, in response, the control system can automatically determine whether or not the cassette has been inserted correctly. The control system may monitor additional sensor data as well, such as pressure sensor data and/or bubble sensor data, to determine that the cassette is correctly receiving (and/or sending) electronic data and/or fluid from (and/or to) the console. Once the control system determines that the cassette has been correctly inserted, and that the cassette is in mechanical, fluidic, and/or electrical communication with the console, the control system can instruct a motor to drive a pump to deliver fluid distally through the catheter assembly to drive gases from the catheter assembly. 
     Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can advantageously manage the priming processes described herein, based at least on sensor data from one or more sensors. The mechanical arrangement of the cassette (e.g., interface member or puck) and console described above can enable automatic mechanical, fluid, and electrical connection between the cassette and console once the system detects proper insertion of the cassette into the console. Control of the priming and other preparatory processes can beneficially reduce user errors, reduce preparation and priming time, and improve controllability to avoid adverse events and improve treatment outcomes. 
     Further, the control system can automatically determine whether preparation and priming is complete, and can begin operation to pump blood based on sensor feedback and/or instructions provided by the user through a user interface. The control system can monitor the sensors to determine problems that may arise and can initiate an alarm to indicate any problems. For example, in some embodiments, the motor may draw excessive current that exceeds a predetermined threshold, which may indicate a problem with the impeller (such as a bind). The control system can recognize such an overcurrent condition and can initiate an alarm to alert the clinician. In some embodiments, the control system can automatically shut off the motor in the event of such an overcurrent condition. Moreover, the control system can control the supply of fluid to the patient and the removal of fluid (e.g., waste fluid) from the patient. The control system can collect and analyze sensor data representative of problems with fluid supply and/or waste withdrawal, such as clogged lines, etc. The system can initiate an alarm to the user based on these conditions. Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can also enable automatic control of the operation of the catheter pump to pump blood. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a block diagram showing electrical connections between an embodiment of the console  301  and the cassette  300 , which may be further connected to one or more Hall sensor(s)  902 , one or more pressure sensors  904 , a motor  906 , and one or more temperature sensors  908 . Examples of pressures sensors  904  include pressure sensors  344   a,  and  344   b  discussed above with respect to the detecting pressure in the pump tube segments. The console  901  can also include a display  954 . In some embodiments, the console  901  includes a separate alarm module  952 . The alarm module can include an additional display and/or a speaker. The alarm module  952  can also be integrated with the display  954 . 
     The console  301  can include a hardware processor or controller  920  as discussed above. In an embodiment, the console  301  includes multiple hardware processors. For example, a separate hardware processor can control the display  954 . In some embodiments, the hardware processors include ASICs as discussed above. In some embodiments, the console  301  may be connected to a network for transferring data to a remote system. The console  301  can also include a memory  922  for storing system conditions including parameters or thresholds for alarms or controlling other operations of the console  301 . The console  301  can include a digital to analog converters  930  and  932 . In an embodiment, the digital to analog converter  932  is implemented entirely in hardware. The converters  930  and  932  can also operate as analog to digital converters. These converters can be used by the console  301  to communicate with external devices such as the motor  906 , alarm  952  or the sensors discussed above. The console  301  can also include additional circuitry such as power electronics  924  and the low pass filters  926 . The power electronics  924  can for example provide power to motor  906 . The filter  926  may be used by the console  301  to selectively remove noise or select a particular band of interest. 
     The console  301  can also include an electrical interface  328  for receiving and sending signals from the console  301  to various components of the fluid handling system via the cassette or puck  300 . The cassette  300  may be the same as or similar to the interface member  300  illustrated and described in detail above. The cassette  300  can electrically connect with multiple sensors and motors. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an embodiment of a control system  1000  for receiving inputs and controlling operation of the fluid handling system based on the received inputs. The control system  1000  can also receive user inputs via the display  954  or other user input controls (not shown). The control system  1000  can be implemented using the hardware processor  920 . The control system  1000  can include programming instructions to implement some or all of the processes or functions described herein including controlling operations of priming, providing instructions and support to caregivers, and improving the automated functionality. The programming instructions of the control system  1000  can be saved in the memory  922 . Some or all of the portions of the control system  1000  can also be implemented in application-specific circuitry (e.g. ASICs or FPGAs) of the console  301 . 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an embodiment of a process  1100  that can be managed using the control system  1000 . In an embodiment, the control system  1000  automatically controls all aspects of the process  1000 . For example, the control system  1000  can receive inputs from the sensors discussed above and perform operations based on a determination that the parameters are in an operating range. The control system  1000  can also dynamically adapt based on detected parameters. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can operate semi-automatically in conjunction with operations performed by a caregiver. The control system  1000  can guide operations, perform checks, and provide instructions dynamically based on detected problems, such as for example, a detection of bubbles. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can advantageously improve the operations of the console  301  and the catheter pump system. 
     As discussed above, the control system  1000  can assist users in the priming operation of the catheter pump system. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to have at least some or all of the aspects of the priming operation automated using the control system  1000 . The control system  1000  can also provide feedback to the users to guide them in successfully completing the priming process. The control system  1000  can use the sensor inputs to determine parameters of the system. Based on the determined parameters, the control system  1000  can provide audio or visual output. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  can generate user interfaces for output to the display  954 . The user interfaces can include feedback from the determined system parameters. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an embodiment of a process  1200  for using the control system  1000  to assist with the priming process. The process  1200  can be implemented by any of the systems described herein. In an embodiment, the process  1200  is implemented by the control system  1000 . The process can begin at block  1202  with the control system  1000  generating one or more user interfaces and sending the user interfaces to the display. The user interface can include instructions for a user to prepare for the priming process. Example user interfaces are described in detail below with respect to  FIG. 14  to  FIG. 51 . The control system  1000  can also receive inputs from selection by a user on the generated user interfaces. 
     At block  1204 , the control system  1000  can detect electrical signals from various hardware components of the fluid handling system in response to a user following a first set of instructions. For instance, the control system  1000  can monitor electrical signals from a combination of the pressure sensor(s)  904 , temperature sensor(s)  908 , Hall sensor(s)  902 , and other components of the fluid handling system. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can determine system parameters or conditions from the received electrical signals at block  1206 . System parameters may include flow rate, pressure differences, bubble detection, motor speed, motor current, temperature of the motor, temperature inside the console, etc. 
     The control system  1000  can also monitor a connection state of the various components of the fluid handling system. For example, the control system  1000  can detect whether the cassette  300  is properly attached to the console  301 . The control system  1000  can also determine if a saline bag is empty as discussed herein. The specific parameters and operation of the control system  1000  is described in more detail below with respect to the user interfaces. 
     At block  1208 , the control system  1000  can determine whether the user can proceed to the next step or if there is a problem with the system conditions. For example, if the control system  1000  determines that the puck is not properly attached, the control system  1000  can generate an alarm at block  1210 . The alarm can be generated as an audio alarm and/or displayed on the display. The control system  1000  can also detect other conditions, such as a bubble in the line, using an optical or acoustic sensor or the like. Some of these conditions may not be readily apparent to the users and may result in malfunction or improper therapeutic operation of the catheter pump system. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can improve the operation of the catheter pump system by determining system conditions based on electrical and mechanical events that may not have been detected in the absence of the control system  1000 . 
     If at block  1208 , the control system  1000  determines that the user was successful in following the instructions based on the determined system conditions, the control system  1000  can determine if all the steps of priming are completed at block  1212 . If not completed, the control system  1000  can generate another user interface indicating a next set of instructions. The generated user interface can also indicate status of the system. For example, the generated user interface can indicate flow rate, motor current, motor speed, time remaining for priming, cassette connected. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can automatically carry out some of the instructions based on successful completion of previous instructions. For example, when the control system  1000  determines that a cassette is detected and properly attached, the control system  1000  can automatically start pumping fluid to prime the system. 
     Accordingly, the control system  1000  can assist a user in completing the priming operation. The control system  1000  can maintain a system state in the memory throughout the operation of the process  1200 . The system state can include parameters described herein including connection state of various components. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an embodiment of a process  1300  for controlling operation of the motor  906  using the control system  1000 . In an embodiment, the motor  906  is the motor that drives the impeller. For example, in some embodiments, the motor  906  can be disposed outside the body of the patient, and can rotate a drive shaft extending through the catheter to drive the impeller. In other embodiments, the motor can be miniaturized and inserted into the body, with one or more wires extending through the catheter to connect the motor  906  with the control system  1000 . In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can implement the process  1300  for other motors of the system such as the peristaltic pump motor that pumps saline solution for lubrication. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can use the process  1300  for controlling many motors of the catheter pump system. 
     The process can begin at block  1302  with the control system  1000  sending a drive signal to a motor. The drive signal can be a low power control signal to activate the motor  906 . The motor  906  can receive power for its operation from another source. In response to receiving the drive signal, the motor can begin its operation. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to monitor the operation of the motor  906  for protecting the motor  906 . Monitoring the motor can also reveal system conditions as discussed above including, for example, detection of a blockage in a line. 
     Thus, at block  1304 , the control system  1000  can monitor various electrical signals from the motor, sensors, and other components that can directly or indirectly provide indication of operation of the motor  906 . 
     At block  1306 , the control system  1000  can determine parameters corresponding to the received electrical signals. Parameters can include motor speed, motor current, peristaltic pump speeds, pressure sensor outputs, temperature sensor output, bubble detector status, battery voltage, battery charge level, and battery temperature. The control system  1000  can store these parameters over time to monitor change in the state of the catheter pump system over time. 
     Further, at block  1306 , the control system  1000  can determine if any of the parameters discussed above exceeds a predetermined threshold. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  may prevent the motor current from exceeding a motor current threshold of 1.2 A. In some embodiments, the motor current threshold can be in a range of 0.5 A to 5 A, 0.5 A to 3 A, 0.5 A to 2.5 A, 1 A to 3 A, or 1 A to 2 A. The control system can also compare the measured motor speed with predetermined values stored in the memory. The thresholds may vary depending on the size of the motor and other motor characteristics. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  calculates flow rate based on the readings from the pressure sensor, such as the outer sheath pressure sensor (which may comprise a column of fluid that extends distally through the catheter body) and the catheter motor speed. The control system  1000  can use a lookup table for the relationships between the flow rate, motor speed, and pressure. Based on these stored parameters, the control system  1000  can correlate the flow rate, pressure, with motor speed to determine system conditions. For example, if the motor is drawing large current, but the large current is not translated into flow rate, the control system  1000  can determine an existence of a system condition, such as blockage or a bind in the impeller and/or drive shaft. 
     In some embodiments, when the parameters fall outside of predetermined operating parameters, the control system  1000  can modify the drive signal to the motor. For example, when the control system  1000  determines that the motor has stopped spinning based on a measured motor speed or if the motor  906  is drawing excessive current, the control system  1000  can generate an alarm and may switch to a backup motor or a secondary console. 
     The control system  1000  can also compare the motor current and motor speed, for example, in revolutions per minute with a lookup table. The lookup tables can be stored in the memory. If the motor current is below or above a certain predetermined range for a particular motor speed, the control system  1000  can generate an alarm. 
     In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can determine that the cassette  300  has been removed or connection with the cassette  300  has been lost. The control system  1000  can stop the motor  906  in response to the detection that connection with the cassette  300  has been lost. As discussed above, the motor  906  can be the impeller motor. Stopping the impeller motor when the connection with the cassette is lost may be advantageous in some embodiments to protect the components and therapeutic efficacy of the fluid handling system. 
     Alarm can be audio and/or visual. The control system  1000  can generate a user interface with the alarm and send it to the display. In some embodiments, at block  1308 , the control system  1000  can reduce power or increase power supplied to the motor based on the determinations of at least one of the following: the flow rate, pressure, motor current. The control system  1000  can also stop sending the drive signal to the motor if the parameters exceed threshold. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment of a startup user interface. The startup user interface can include multiple active links corresponding to operation of the catheter pump system and/or the fluid handling system. In the illustrated example, the startup user interface includes active links for performing a new procedure, emergency restart, and shut down. The startup user interface can also display system status. In the example, the startup user interface shows a text, “System ready.” The text can be generated by the control system  1000  in response detecting that the cassette  300  is properly attached to the console  301 . The control system  1000  can also generate the text based on determination of other system parameters discussed herein. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an embodiment of a system setup user interface for changing settings related to the console. In an embodiment, the system setup user interface can be used by caretakers to change alarm conditions described herein. The setup user interface can also include an active link for testing the system. In the illustrated example, when a user selects the “Self Test” link, the control system  1000  can run multiple checks on the components of the fluid handling system including the console to determine any problems. For example, the control system  1000  can check for battery status, check motor(s) by doing a sample run and measuring motor parameters, such as speed, power, current drawn by the motor. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can determine flow rate to determine if there are any occlusions. Flow rate can be calculated based on pressure differences measured by the pressure sensors. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates an embodiment of save data user interface generated by the control system  1000 . The save data user interface can enable users to save the measurements from the console on to an external drive. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can send stored data over a network to a computing device. The control system  1000  can also receive instructions for operation over the network. In an embodiment, the network includes local network or internet or a combination of local and wide area network. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates an embodiment of a first prep screen user interface generated by the control system  1000 . The first prep screen user interface can include instructions to enable a caretaker to prepare the fluid handling system. In the illustrated embodiment, the instructions relate to spiking and priming a 1 liter heparinized saline bag. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  may determine that instructions were successfully carried out by the caretaker. For example, the control system  1000  can run the pump and measure the pressure to determine whether the saline bag is connected properly. The control system  1000  can automatically move on to the next step in the process based on the successful completion of the current instructions. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can request input from the caretaker to move to the next step of the process. The numeral (e.g. “1”) shown in the prep user interface can indicate the current step or status. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates an embodiment of a second prep screen user interface generated by the control system  1000 . The second prep screen user interface may correspond to a second set of instructions following the first set of instructions. As discussed above, the control system  1000  can generate the second prep screen user interface and send it to the display after a successful completion of the previous instructions as determined by the control system  1000 . As illustrated, the user interfaces can also include a back and forward link to enable caretakers to navigate the instructions. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  can automatically navigate through the user interfaces based on the current system state, which can be stored in the memory. In the illustrated user interface, the instructions correspond to placing a pressure cuff on bag. The user interface can visually indicate the location of where the pressure cuff should go in relation to other components of the fluid handling system. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can attempt to measure the pressure for detection of whether the pressure cuff was attached. 
       FIGS. 19 to 24  illustrate embodiments of user interfaces corresponding to instructions relating to insertion of cassette (or puck). As discussed above, the control system  1000  can monitor if the instructions are successfully followed based on received electrical signals. For example, in some embodiments, the control system  1000  can detect removal of puck from top tray based on a change in electrical connection between the puck and the top tray. The change may be a measurement of current, resistance, or voltage. In other embodiments, the user may advance to the next screen manually by engaging with the user interface.  FIG. 20  illustrates an example where the control system  1000  may request a user to perform an instruction and manually select the next link. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can run a timer for each instruction and optionally display it on the user interface so that the next task screen is automatically displayed. 
     In  FIG. 21 , the user interface includes instructions corresponding to hanging waste bag on hook at bottom of console prior to attaching the cassette  300  with the console  301 . The control system  1000  can monitor attachment of the cassette  300 . If the user inserts the cassette  300  before completion of the instructions, the control system  1000  can generate an alert. Monitoring attachment of the cassette  300  can be performed via electrical signals. For example, when the cassette  300  is attached, an electrical circuit might close and cause current flow, which can be detected by the control system  1000 . In some embodiments, attachment of the cassette  300  can be detected by measuring a fixed-value resistor in an electrical circuit of the puck. Different values of resistors can indicate different types of cassette connected. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can change its operating parameters based on the electrical circuit configuration in the puck.  FIG. 22  illustrates user interface for instructions corresponding to the sixth step in the prepping process. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can selectively animate the instructions visually on the user interface when multiple instructions are displayed on a singles user interface as shown. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  including instruction to unclamp the line connecting to the pressurized saline bag. The control system  1000  can automatically determine if the caretaker has unclamped the line. For example, the control system  1000  can take pressure measurement from the pressure sensors discussed above and generate an alarm or an indication to unclamp the line before moving on to the next set of instructions. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  including instructions to insert cassette  300  into the console  301 . In some embodiments, the fluid handling system may require a certain amount of time to elapse after unclamping the line as instructed in  FIG. 23 . In the illustrated example, the elapsed time is 15 seconds. The control system  1000  can include a timer and display an indication when the cassette is ready to be attached. The control system  1000  can measure the pressure to determine if the saline has not filled the tubing and generate an alarm indicator. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  indicating that the cassette  300  was successfully connected with the console  301 . In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can automatically start the priming process responsive to detecting the puck and display the indication of progress as shown in  FIG. 26 . For example, the control system  1000  can send a signal to the peristaltic pump to operate at a particular rate for a period of time. In an embodiment, the speed is 30 rpm or less. The period of time can be two minutes or less. The control system  1000  can also detect whether the stopcock to the outer sheath is opened before beginning the priming process. 
     The following disclosure describes some of the other parameters monitored by the control system  1000  during the operations illustrated in the instructional user interfaces above. It further describes some of the system conditions identified based on the monitoring. For example, the control system  1000  can monitor waste pressure sensor. In one embodiment, if the waste supply pressure is less than 200 mm Hg, the control system  1000  can determine there is a blockage. In another embodiment, the waste supply pressure of less than 150 mm Hg may indicate blockage. Further, a waste supply pressure of less than 200 mm Hg may indicate blockage in the saline line. The control system  1000  can also monitor saline supply pressure sensor. A saline supply pressure of less than a leak threshold pressure value can suggest a leak or empty bag. The leak threshold pressure value can be 200 mm Hg. In some embodiments, the leak threshold pressure value is less than 200 mm Hg or greater than 200 mm Hg. Furthermore, a saline supply pressure of greater than block threshold value may indicate a blockage in the saline line. The block threshold value can be 600 mm Hg. In some embodiments, the block threshold pressure value is less than 600 mm Hg or greater than 600 mm Hg. A saline supply pressure of less than 150 mm Hg can indicate there is no saline flow to catheter. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can use a combination of measurements from the saline supply pressure and the waste pressure sensor to determine if there is a leak (for example, saline supply pressure less than 200 mm Hg and waste pressure sensor less than 100 mm Hg) or blockage (for example, saline supply pressure &gt;550 mmHg and waste pressure sensor &lt;150 mmHg). Furthermore, in some embodiments, the control system  1000  can monitor outer sheath pressure during priming. An outer sheath pressure of less than 35 mm Hg during priming may be a result stopcock being closed or infusion set clamp closed off or blockage in saline line. The control system  1000  can indicate an alarm including particular problems based on the detected conditions. The control system  1000  can also stop the prime timer until the condition is resolved. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  indicating that the priming process has been completed. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  can determine whether there are bubbles in the tube and indicate to the caretaker to remove the bubbles. In some arrangements, the caretaker can tap the distal end of the priming vessel to cause the bubbles to exit the distal end of the system. In other arrangements, the control system  1000  can automatically cause the fluid handling system to continue driving fluid through the catheter pump system, or to increase the pressure and/or flow rate of fluid through the system, in order to remove bubbles from the system prior to the treatment procedure. 
     As illustrated in the figures, the steps that require user input to carry out operations shown in  FIG. 11  may be complex and also prone to errors. The errors can be caused by human operators or unforeseen system or environment conditions. Further, any error in the operation of the fluid handling system may negatively affect treatment outcomes. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can provide an automated support for operating the fluid handling system. While in the above embodiments, the control system  1000  is described with respect to the priming operation, the control system  1000  can also be programmed to provide support and control other functions of the fluid handling system described in  FIG. 11 , such as delivering the catheter to the patient, running the heart pump, and removing the catheter from the patient. 
     The control system  1000  can monitor multiple system parameters. For example, the control system can monitor motor speed, device motor current, peristaltic pump speeds, pressure sensor outputs, temperature output, bubble detector status, battery voltage, battery charge level, and battery temperature. Based on these parameters, the control system  1000  can verify system conditions and operation. Further, the control system  1000  can also use these parameters to control components, such as motors, of the fluid handling system. 
     In some embodiments, the control system  1000  continuously monitors the fluid handling system including console  301  by reading inputs or calculating parameters at a rate of greater than 1 Hz. In some embodiments, sampling frequency is greater than or equal to 10 Hz. The rate can also be less than 1 Hz. The control system  1000  can perform these measurements during any time or operation of the fluid handling system. These operations can be performed using parallel processing and/or software or hardware interrupts. 
     In some embodiments, the control system  1000  monitors several inputs simultaneously to ensure successful operation of the fluid handling system and for providing support during unexpected problems. The control system  1000  can generate alarms or send signals when the fluid handling system  100  deviates from its normal course of operation. The following examples illustrate how the control system  1000  generates alerts and/or control operations of the fluid handling system during deviation from operating range. 
       FIG. 28  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface including an alert history during operation of fluid handling system. In an embodiment, the alert history user interface shown in  FIG. 28  is generated by the control system  1000  for display after specific processes, such as priming, delivering, and the like are completed. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface for alerting the user when the puck is disconnected. The control system  1000  can detect if the puck gets disconnected based on received or loss of electrical signal as discussed above. The control system  1000  can generate a user interface notifying the user of the condition and to enable the user to restart the system. The control system  1000  can guide the users to emergency restart or prepare to connect a secondary console. In response to detection of puck disconnection, the control system  1000  can automatically cut off or clamp saline supply lines. The control system  1000  can also stop or maintain current to the motors depending on the process, such as, priming or delivering. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system  1000  indicating that there is air in the saline supply line. The control system  1000  can detect for bubbles using a bubble detector based on for example, optical or sound wave sensors. Based on the detection of bubble, the control system  1000  can generate the user interface shown in  FIG. 30 . The control system  1000  can halt the operation of the fluid handling system until the bubble is removed. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  can automatically detect removal of bubble. The control system  1000  can also require user input for removal of bubble as shown in the illustrated figure. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a user interface generated by the control system  1000  based on a detection of temperature of the handle, in which the motor  906  may be disposed. Operation of the motor  906  within the handle can generate significant heat, which may cause the patient discomfort. The control system  1000  can monitor the temperature of the handle using one or more temperature sensors. In an embodiment, temperature sensor includes a thermocouple. The control system  1000  can compare the temperature with a predetermined threshold and generate the illustrated user interface when the temperature exceeds the threshold. The predetermined threshold can be in a range of 30° C. to 60° C., in a range of 35° C. to 50° C., or in a range of 38° C. to 45° C. The control system  1000  can provide instructions to the user based on the detected temperature. In an embodiment, the control system  1000  automatically shuts down some or all portions of fluid handling system (e.g., the motor  906 ) if the temperature continues to increase for a period of time or a higher threshold value. 
       FIG. 32  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring outer sheath pressure. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can determine if there is a blockage in the outer sheath based on monitoring outer sheath pressure sensor. If the pressure is less than 50 mm Hg during operation, the control system  1000  can determine there is a blockage and generate an alert as shown in the illustrated figure. In some embodiments, if the pressure is less than 60 mm Hg, less than 45 mm HG, or less than 40 mmHg, the control system  1000  can determine there is a blockage and generate an alert. The control system  1000  can provide instructions and enable the user to flush the outer sheath with heparinized saline to clear the line. In other embodiments, in response to the alert, the system  1000  can automatically drive fluid down the outer sheath to remove the blockage. 
       FIG. 33  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring saline flow that passes distally to the impeller and cannula. The control system  1000  can monitor saline flow using direct flow measurements or indirect measurements using pressure sensors as discussed above. Based on the sensor measurements, the control system  1000  can determine that there is little or no saline flow to the catheter. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can generate the illustrated user interface to provide a user with instructions on resolving the error. 
       FIG. 34  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  in response to detecting outer sheath pressure. As discussed above, the control system  1000  can monitor the outer sheath pressure from the pressure sensor. If the pressure is below a threshold, the control system  1000  can generate the illustrated user interface to provide instructions to the user on resolving the error. 
       FIG. 35  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring the unlock button. The control system  1000  can monitor the unlock button using electrical connection and if the button is pressed during an operation, the control system  1000  can alert the user of the consequences. 
       FIG. 36  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  based on monitoring of waste line pressure sensor. For example, the control system  1000  can determine if the waste bag is full or clamped based on the readings of the waste pressure sensor. The control system  1000  can compare the waste pressure sensor with one or more thresholds or a range. Based on the comparison, the control system  1000  can determine that the waste bag is full or clamped. In some embodiments, the range is between 100 and 200 mm Hg. In other embodiments, the range is between 200 and 760 mmHg. Further, if the waste line pressure sensor goes below −30 mmHg or greater than 700 mmHg, the control system  1000  can determine that there might be a waste system failure. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can detect condition of the waste bag and generate the illustrated user interface, which can act as an alert or alarm to the user. 
       FIG. 37  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  based on monitoring device in the patient. In some embodiments, the control system  1000  can continue to monitor the arterial pressure sensor following deactivation of the motor. If the sensor indicates that the device has not been removed after a certain time has elapsed, the control system  1000  can generate the illustrated user interface. The control system  1000  can also generate an alert or the illustrated user interface based on the elapsed time after the impeller had stopped. In some embodiments, if the impeller has been running too long, the system  1000  can automatically shut off the impeller and notify the user that the impeller has been stopped. Beneficially, automatically monitoring the time of the treatment procedure can reduce the risk of hemolysis or other negative patient outcomes. 
       FIGS. 38, 39, and 40  illustrate embodiment of user interfaces generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring temperature. The handle temperature was discussed above with respect to  FIG. 31 .  FIG. 40  shows another embodiment of the user interface corresponding to handle temperature. The control system  1000  can also monitor motor temperature, the control board temperature, and the battery board temperature. It may be advantageous to monitor temperature to ensure that it does not exceed safe ranges. The control system  1000  can monitor temperature using temperature sensors such as thermocouple or the like. 
       FIG. 41  illustrates an embodiment of a user interface generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring connection status of the puck as discussed above. 
       FIGS. 42 to 45  illustrate an embodiment of user interfaces generated by the control system  1000  in response to monitoring cannula position. It can be important to position the cannula accurately in order to provide adequate pumping support to the heart. For example, in left ventricular assist procedures, it can be important to place the cannula across the aortic valve such that the cannula inlet is disposed in the left ventricle and the cannula outlet is disposed in the aorta. The cannula position inside the patient may not be directly visible to the caregiver without an imager. Accordingly, the control system  1000  can indirectly through measurements determine if the position of the cannula is incorrect. For example, the control system  1000  can measure motor current. The high motor current may be a result of incorrect positioning or alignment of the cannula and impeller. It may also be a result of excessive bending of the catheter. The control system can accordingly alert the user when motor current is above a specific threshold to check positioning and alignment. Flow rate and/or pressure may also be affected by incorrect cannula position. For example, if the cannula is disposed completely within the left ventricle or completely within the aorta, then the flow profiles will be different from the flow profiles generated when the cannula is disposed across the aortic valve. Thus, the control system may also monitor flow rate based on flow rate and/or pressure measurements. Further, the frequency and/or amplitude modulation of motor parameters may also be used by the control system  1000  to determine cannula position. Similarly, the control system  1000  can also monitor the current drawn by a saline pump and/or waste pump and the corresponding output of the pumps. The control system  1000  can automatically stop the pumps if they exceed threshold values. The user interface can instruct the clinician to reposition the cannula. The system  1000  can continuously monitor the cannula position until the cannula is positioned correctly (e.g., across the aortic valve). The system  1000  can then indicate that the cannula is positioned correctly. In response to the indication, the system  1000  can automatically continue running, or the system  1000  can prompt the user to manually continue the procedure. 
     The control system  1000  can also determine if a component of the fluid handling system  100  has failed. For instance the control system  1000  can determine that a pressure sensor, such as an outer sheath pressure sensor has failed. The control system  1000  can acquire the pressure reading from the outer sheath pressure sensor and if it is less than −20 mmHg or greater than 300 mmHg, it is likely that the pressure sensor has failed. 
     The control system  1000  can measure flow rates based on pressure difference and/or motor speed. Further, in some embodiments, the control system  1000  can generate an alarm when the flow rate goes outside of a threshold range. A flow rate outside of the threshold range may indicate an issue with the patient condition, or with the positioning of the cannula. The control system  1000  can generate an alert to the caretaker or a secondary computer system to take a blood pressure measurement based on the flow rate. The control system  1000  can also measure motor current. The optimal range of motor currents and speed for particular processes of  FIG. 11  may be stored in a lookup table. The control system  1000  can determine that the motor current is increasing, but the speed of the impeller is the same. Based on this determination, the control system  1000  can identify that the system may be operating outside of its optimal condition. 
     The ranges and numerical values discussed above may be a function of the fluid handling system, patient characteristics, among others. Accordingly, the numerical values can vary as will be understood by a person skilled in the art.