Patent Publication Number: US-2022236598-A1

Title: Polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device and method for manufacturing same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application Number 2021-012201 filed on Jan. 28, 2021. The entire contents of the above-identified application are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The disclosure pertains to a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device and a method for manufacturing the same. More specifically, the disclosure pertains to a reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device that is in a transparent state when no voltage is applied and is in a scattering state when a voltage is applied, and to a method for manufacturing the same. 
     A liquid crystal display device is a display device in which a liquid crystal composition is used for display. In a typical display system of a liquid crystal display device, the transmission amount of light is controlled by applying a voltage to a liquid crystal composition enclosed between a pair of substrates to change the alignment state of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal composition according to the applied voltage. Such liquid crystal display devices make use of merits such as a thin, lightweight design and low power consumption, and thus are used in a wide range of fields. 
     In recent years, a liquid crystal display device (hereinafter, also referred to as a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device) in which a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is used without requiring a polarizer has been developed. With a PDLC, the liquid crystal component is dispersed in a polymer network, and by changing the alignment state of the liquid crystal component through the application of a voltage, the difference in refractive indexes between the liquid crystal component and the polymer network can be used to switch between a transparent state and a scattering state. 
     Polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices include a normal type (normal mode) in which a change from the scattering state to the transparent state occurs when a voltage is applied, and a reverse-type (reverse-mode) in which a change from the transparent state to the scattering state occurs when a voltage is applied. 
     As technologies pertaining to polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices, JP 2016-184031 A, for example, discloses a liquid crystal alignment film that is used in a reverse-mode polymer dispersed liquid crystal display element that changes from a transparent state to a scattering state when a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal alignment film being obtained by homeotropic alignment of a UV-curable liquid crystal on a transparent film substrate. 
     In addition, JP 11-95195 A discloses a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device in which liquid crystals and UV-curable liquid crystals are in a liquid crystal phase in a miscible state, and when the liquid crystals and the UV-curable liquid crystals are cured and phase separated by ultraviolet light, a liquid crystal-cured polymer composite phase is formed, the liquid crystal-cured polymer composite phase is sandwiched between two substrates, each equipped with an alignment film, a transparent electrode is provided on an inner surface of at least one of the substrates, and the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device is in a light scattering state when an electrical field is applied, and when an electrical field is not applied, the liquid crystals align in parallel in the same direction or are aligned in a twisted manner, wherein in the liquid crystal-cured polymer composite layer, the liquid crystal layer is continuous, and the polymer layer is formed as a three-dimensionally continuous fibrous matrix in which a birefringent cured-polymer layer exhibits birefringence. 
     J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, No. 3, 287-290 (2014) discloses a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device in which a chiral agent is added to a liquid crystal layer, and a positive liquid crystal material is used. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a typical reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal component is planar aligned (horizontal alignment), and when no voltage is applied, the refractive indexes of the liquid crystal component and the polymer network match, and therefore the reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device achieves a transparent state. Further, when a voltage is applied, the refractive indexes of the liquid crystal component and the polymer network do not match, and therefore the reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device achieves a scattering state. However, of the two types of polarized light that are perpendicularly incident on the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, one type of polarized light does not sense a difference in refractive indexes between the liquid crystal component and the polymer network and does not contribute to scattering, and only the other type of polarized light contributes to scattering, and therefore scattering is not sufficiently obtained when a voltage is applied. In addition, when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal component and the polymer network are fully aligned horizontally (tilt angle of 0°), and this results in a problem of the drive voltage being large (for example, a drive voltage greater than 10 V). 
     With the homeotropic aligned reverse-mode polymer dispersed liquid crystal display element disclosed in JP 2016-184031 A, a negative liquid crystal is used, and a drive voltage of several tens of volts or higher is required to achieve sufficient scattering, and therefore sufficient scattering cannot be achieved while suppressing the drive voltage (for example, a drive voltage of 10 V or less). 
     The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device disclosed in JP 11-95195 A has a thin cell thickness of 5 μm, and it is difficult to achieve a transmittance of 10% or less when a voltage is applied, and thus it is thought that sufficient scattering cannot be obtained. 
     In J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, No. 3, 287-290 (2014), a small value of transmittance at a drive voltage of 10 V or less is approximately 40%, which is high, and sufficient scattering at a drive voltage of 10 V or less is not obtained. 
     The disclosure was developed in light of the current conditions described above, and an object of the disclosure is to provide a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device that can achieve sufficient scattering while suppressing the drive voltage, and to provide a method for manufacturing the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device. 
     (1) An embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device including: a pair of substrates including an electrode on at least one substrate; and a composite layer disposed between the pair of substrates; wherein the composite layer includes a liquid crystal component and a polymer network constituted by a cured product of a photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, and is in a transparent state when no voltage is applied and in a scattering state when a voltage is applied; and the polymer network has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer. 
     (2) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device wherein, in addition to the configuration of (1) above, the thickness of the composite layer and the twisting pitch of the polymer network satisfy the following relational expression 1. 
         d≥p   (Relational Expression 1)
 
     wherein, d represents the thickness of the composite layer, and p represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network. 
     (3) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device wherein, in addition to the configuration of (2) above, the thickness of the composite layer and the twisting pitch of the polymer network satisfy the following relational expression 2. 
         d≥ 2 p   (Relational Expression 2)
 
     wherein, d represents the thickness of the composite layer, and p represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network. 
     (4) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device wherein, in addition to the configuration of (3) above, the thickness of the composite layer and the twisting pitch of the polymer network satisfy the following relational expression 3. 
         d≥ 4 p   (Relational Expression 3)
 
     wherein, d represents the thickness of the composite layer, and p represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network. 
     (5) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device wherein, in addition to the configuration of (1), (2), (3), or (4) above, a refractive index anisotropy Δn of the liquid crystal component is from 0.18 to 0.24. 
     (6) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device wherein, in addition to the configuration of (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5), a weight ratio of the liquid crystal component to the polymer network is from 90:10 to 97:3. 
     (7) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, further including, in addition to the configuration of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) above, an alignment film between at least one substrate of the pair of substrates and the composite layer, wherein the alignment film is a horizontal alignment film configured to align the liquid crystal component in parallel to a surface of the alignment film. 
     (8) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of the above-described configuration of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), or (7), the manufacturing method including: an alignment film forming step of forming an alignment film subjected to an alignment treatment on one surface of each of the pair of substrates; an injection step of disposing the substrates of the pair of substrates facing each other with the alignment films oriented inward, and injecting a composition containing the liquid crystal component, the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, a polymerization initiator, and a chiral agent between the pair of substrates; and a light irradiation step of irradiating the composition with light to thereby form the polymer network while the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is cured. 
     (9) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, wherein, in addition to the configuration of (8) above, in the light irradiation step, the composition is irradiated with light having an illuminance from 5 mW/cm 2  to 50 mW/cm 2 . 
     (10) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, wherein, in addition to the configuration of (8) or (9) above, in the light irradiation step, the composition is irradiated with light of an irradiation dose from 0.5 J/cm 2  to 5 J/cm 2 . 
     (11) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, wherein, in addition to the configuration of (8), (9), or (10) above, a weight ratio of the liquid crystal component to the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound in the composition is from 90:10 to 97:3. 
     (12) Additionally, an embodiment of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, wherein, in addition to the configuration of (8), (9), (10), or (11), the alignment film is a horizontal alignment film configured to align the liquid crystal component in parallel to a surface of the alignment film. 
     According to the disclosure, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device that can achieve sufficient scattering while suppressing the drive voltage, and a method for manufacturing the same can be provided. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram for describing a method for measuring a twisting pitch of a liquid crystal component in order to estimate a twisting pitch of a polymer network included in a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 2. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 3. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Comparative Example 1. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing the transmittance with respect to the drive voltage of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing the transmittance with respect to the drive voltage of polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The disclosure will be described in detail below through the presentation of embodiments with reference to the drawings. However, the disclosure is not limited only to these embodiments. 
     Definitions of Terms 
     In the present specification, “observation surface side” refers to a side closer to a screen (display surface) of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device, and “back surface side” refers to a side farther from the screen (display surface) of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device. 
     Embodiments 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  according to the present embodiment includes, in order from the back surface side towards the observation surface side: a liquid crystal panel  10 P including a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate  100  as one substrate of the abovementioned pair of substrates, a first alignment film  41 , a composite layer  300 , a second alignment film  42 , and a counter substrate  200  as the other substrate of the pair of substrates; and a backlight  50  disposed on the back surface side of the liquid crystal panel  10 P. 
     The TFT substrate  100  includes a support substrate  110  and a pixel electrode  120  in order from the back surface side toward the observation surface side. The counter substrate  200  includes a support substrate  210  and a common electrode  220  in order from the observation surface side toward the back surface side. 
     The composite layer  300  includes: a polymer network  310  constituted by a cured product of a photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound; and a liquid crystal component  320 ; and the composite layer  300  is in a transparent state when no voltage is applied and is in a scattering state when a voltage is applied. Through such an aspect, a display device that does not require a polarizer can be realized. More specifically, when no voltage is applied, the composite layer  300  is in a transparent state, and when a voltage is applied, the alignment of the liquid crystal component  320  changes, and the composite layer  300  enters into a scattering state. 
     Here, “when no voltage is applied” refers to a time when the voltage applied to the composite layer  300  is less than a threshold voltage (including no voltage application), and “when a voltage is applied” refers to a time when the voltage applied to the composite layer  300  is equal to or greater than the threshold voltage. 
     Also, the transparent state is a state having transparency to light. For example, the light transmittance of the composite layer  300  in the transparent state may be 80% or greater, or may be 90% or greater. Furthermore, the light transmittance of the composite layer  300  in the transparent state may be 100% or less. In the present embodiment, the composite layer  300  in the transparent state is transparent to visible light. The scattering state is a state in which light is scattered. For example, the light transmittance of the composite layer  300  in the scattering state may be 10% or less, or may be 8% or less. Furthermore, the light transmittance of the composite layer  300  in the scattering state may be 0% or greater. In addition, a haze indicating a light scattering ratio of the composite layer  300  in the scattering state varies depending on the applied voltage, but may be, for example, 80% or greater, or 90% or greater. Additionally, the haze indicating the light scattering ratio of the composite layer  300  in the scattering state may be 100% or less. In the present embodiment, the composite layer  300  in the scattering state scatters visible light. Therefore, the composite layer  300  in the scattering state is the same state as frosted glass. 
     The polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of one or more in the composite layer  300 . Through such an aspect, the amount (opportunity) at which light incident on the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  senses a difference in refractive indexes between the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  can be increased with respect to the thickness direction of the composite layer  300 , and therefore sufficient scattering can be obtained while suppressing the drive voltage. In addition, the polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of less than eight in the composite layer  300 . Here, when no voltage is applied, the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  both wind in a helix, but it is thought that as the number of rotations increases, the contact surface area between the two increases, and thereby interaction becomes stronger. Therefore, when the polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of eight or more in the composite layer  300 , a strong electric field (=a high voltage) is required to ease the interaction between the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  through voltage application and cause the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal component  320  to vertically align, and the drive voltage when achieving the scattering state increases. In the present embodiment, the polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of less than eight in the composite layer  300 , and thereby sufficient scattering can be obtained while suppressing the drive voltage. Further, in the present embodiment, the polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer  300 , and thereby, specifically for example, when a voltage is applied, a low transmittance of 10% or less can be achieved while suppressing the drive voltage to 10 V or less. 
     Each constituent element of the liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment is described in further detail below. 
     The TFT substrate  100  is a substrate provided with a TFT, which is a switching element used to switch the pixels of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  on and off. In the present embodiment, a configuration of the TFT substrate  100  for a TN mode will be described. 
     The TFT substrate  100  includes, in order from the back surface side toward the observation surface side, a support substrate  110 , a plurality of gate lines extending in parallel to each other, a gate insulating film, a plurality of source lines extending in parallel to each other in a direction intersecting each gate line, an interlayer insulating film, and a pixel electrode  120 . The plurality of gate lines and the plurality of source lines are collectively formed in a lattice pattern so as to partition each pixel. A TFT is disposed as a switching element at each intersection point between each gate line and each source line. A pixel electrode  120  is disposed in each region surrounded by two gate lines adjacent to each other and two source lines adjacent to each other. 
     Each TFT is a three-terminal switch that is connected to a corresponding gate line and a corresponding source line of the plurality of gate lines and plurality of source lines. The TFT has: a gate electrode protruded from the corresponding gate line (which is a portion of the gate line); a source electrode protruding from the corresponding source line (which is portion of the source line); a drain electrode connected to a corresponding pixel electrode of a plurality of pixel electrodes; and a thin film semiconductor. The source electrode and the drain electrode are electrodes provided on the same source wiring layer as the source line, and the gate electrode is an electrode provided on the same gate wiring layer as the gate line. 
     The thin film semiconductor layer of each TFT is configured by, for example, a high-resistance semiconductor layer made of amorphous silicon, polysilicon, or the like, and a low-resistance semiconductor layer made of n+ amorphous silicon obtained by doping amorphous silicon with an impurity such as phosphorus. An oxide semiconductor layer such as a zinc oxide layer may also be used as the thin film semiconductor layer. 
     The support substrates  110  and  210  are preferably transparent substrates, and examples thereof include glass substrates and plastic substrates. 
     The gate insulating film is, for example, an inorganic insulating film. Examples of the inorganic insulating film that can be used include inorganic films (relative dielectric constant ε=5 to 7) such as silicon nitride (SiNx) and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), or a layered film thereof. 
     The gate wiring layer and the source wiring layer are, for example, a single layer or a plurality of layers of a metal such as copper, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, and tungsten, or an alloy thereof. The various wirings and electrodes constituting the gate lines, source lines, and TFT can be formed by forming a metal such as copper, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, or tungsten, or an alloy thereof into a film with a single layer or a plurality of layers through sputtering or the like, and then patterning the film using a method such as photolithography. When these various wirings and electrodes are formed in the same layer, manufacturing can be efficiently implemented by using the same material for the various wirings and electrodes. 
     The interlayer insulating film is, for example, an inorganic insulating film. Examples of the inorganic insulating film that can be used include inorganic films (relative dielectric constant ε=5 to 7) such as silicon nitride (SiNx) and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), or a layered film thereof. 
     The pixel electrode  120  is an electrode arranged in a planar shape (solid form) in each region surrounded by two gate lines adjacent to each other and two source lines adjacent to each other. The pixel electrode  120  is electrically connected to a corresponding source line through the thin film semiconductor layer included in the TFT. The pixel electrode  120  is set to a potential according to a data signal supplied via a corresponding TFT. 
     The common electrode  220  is an electrode formed in approximately one plane regardless of the boundary of the pixel. A common signal held at a constant value is supplied to the common electrode  220 , and the common electrode  220  is held at a constant potential. 
     Examples of the materials of the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220  include indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). 
     The composite layer  300  includes the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  and is sandwiched between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . In the composite layer  300 , a fibrous matrix of a cured product of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is aggregated to form a three-dimensionally continuous polymer network  310 , and the liquid crystal component  320  is in a phase-separated state in the polymer network  310 . 
     The polymer network  310  has a helical structure and twists 360° per one turn of the helical structure. That is, one turn of the helical structure of the polymer network  310  corresponds to a 360° twist of the polymer network  310 . 
     The polymer network  310  has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer  300 . That is, the polymer network  310  has an alignment structure that is twisted by at least 360° and less than 2880° in the composite layer  300 . Through such an aspect, sufficient scattering can be obtained while suppressing the drive voltage. 
     The polymer network  310  preferably has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to four in the composite layer  300 . That is, the polymer network  310  preferably has an alignment structure that is twisted by at least 360° and 1440° or less in the composite layer  300 . Through such an aspect, sufficient scattering can be obtained while further suppressing the drive voltage. 
     In the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1 , when no voltage is applied, the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  have the same helical structure, and thus a transparent state can be achieved. In other words, the matter of the polymer network  310  having a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer  300  means that the liquid crystal component  320  has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer  300  when no voltage is applied. 
     The liquid crystal component  320  has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to less than eight in the composite layer  300  when no voltage is applied. In other words, when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal component  320  has an alignment structure that is twisted by at least 360° and less than 2880° in the composite layer  300 . Through such an aspect, sufficient scattering can be obtained while suppressing the drive voltage. 
     The liquid crystal component  320  preferably has a helical structure with a number of turns of from one to four in the composite layer  300  when no voltage is applied. In other words, when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal component  320  preferably has an alignment structure that is twisted by at least 360° and 1440° or less in the composite layer  300 . Through such an aspect, sufficient scattering can be obtained while further suppressing the drive voltage. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram for describing a method for measuring a twisting pitch of a liquid crystal component in order to estimate a twisting pitch of a polymer network included in a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of an embodiment. If the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  is in a transparent state when no voltage is applied, the polymer network  310  will twist at the same pitch as the liquid crystal component  320 . In other words, the twisting pitch of the polymer network  310  and the twisting pitch of the liquid crystal component  320  are the same when no voltage is applied, and therefore the twisting pitch of the polymer network  310  can be determined indirectly from the twisting pitch of the liquid crystal component  320 . Thus, in the present embodiment, the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  are assumed to have the same twisting pitch p, and a wedge-shaped cell illustrated in  FIG. 2  that has been subjected to a horizontal alignment treatment is used to determine the twisting pitch p from the liquid crystal component  320  extracted by disassembling the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1 . The liquid crystal component  320  may or may not contain the abovementioned photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound. Here, the twisting pitch p is the thickness of the liquid crystal component  320  corresponding to a single turn (twisting of 360°) of the helical structure, and is also the thickness of the polymer network  310  corresponding to a single turn (twisting of 360°) of the helical structure. 
     When the liquid crystal component  320  is injected into the wedge-shaped cell illustrated in  FIG. 2  and left standing for a long period of time, the alignment state illustrated in  FIG. 2  is achieved. As the liquid crystal component  320  becomes thicker, the twisting increases by 180° at a time, and disclination (defect) lines are observed at the boundary. An interval a between disclinations is read using a polarization microscope, and the twisting pitch (pitch length) p can be calculated by the following equation P1. Note that the number of turns of the helical structure of the polymer network  310  in the composite layer  300  and the number of turns of the helical structure of the liquid crystal component  320  when no voltage is applied are determined by dividing the thickness of the composite layer  300  by the twisting pitch p. Furthermore, the twisting (twist angle) of the polymer network  310  in the composite layer  300  and the twisting (twist angle) of the liquid crystal component  320  in the composite layer  300  when no voltage is applied can be determined by multiplying the number of turns by 360°. 
         p= 2 a ×tan θ  (Equation P1)
 
     (In the above equation, p represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network, a represents the interval between disclinations, and θ represents the angle formed by the pair of substrates configuring the wedge-shaped cell.) 
     Note that p in the above equation P1 represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network  310 , and as described above, also represents the twisting pitch of the liquid crystal component  320  when no voltage is applied. 
     The thickness of the composite layer  300  and the twisting pitch of the polymer network  310  preferably satisfy the following relational expression 1, more preferably satisfy the following relational expression 2, and even more preferably satisfy the following relational expression 3. 
         d≥p   (Relational Expression 1)
 
         d≥ 2 p   (Relational Expression 2)
 
         d≥ 4 p   (Relational Expression 3)
 
     (In the relational expressions above, d represents the thickness of the composite layer, and p represents the twisting pitch of the polymer network.) 
     Additionally, the thickness of the composite layer  300  and the twisting pitch of the liquid crystal component  320  when no voltage is applied preferably satisfy the following relational expression 4, more preferably satisfy the following relational expression 5, and even more preferably satisfy the following relational expression 6. 
         d≥p   (Relational Expression 4)
 
         d≥ 2 p   (Relational Expression 5)
 
         d≥ 4 p   (Relational Expression 6)
 
     (In the relational expressions above, d represents the thickness of the composite layer, and p represents the twisting pitch of the liquid crystal component when no voltage is applied.) 
     The photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound for forming the polymer network  310  is, for example, a compound that exhibits a liquid crystal phase at room temperature, is miscible with the liquid crystal component  320 , and is phase-separated from the liquid crystal component  320  when a polymer is formed through curing by irradiation with ultraviolet light. 
     Examples of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound include monomers having: a substituent (hereinafter, also referred to as a mesogenic group) such as a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthalene group, a phenyl benzoate group, an azobenzene group, and derivatives thereof; a photoreactive group such as a cinnamoyl group, a chalcone group, a cynnamylidene group, a β-(2-phenyl)acryloyl group, a cinnamate group, and derivatives thereof; and a polymerizable group such as an acrylate, a methacrylate, a maleimide, an N-phenylmaleimide, and a siloxane. The polymerizable group is preferably an acrylate. Furthermore, the number of polymerizable groups per molecule of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is not particularly limited, but is preferably one or two. 
     The liquid crystal component  320  may be configured not containing a polymerizable group such as an acrylate, a methacrylate, a maleimide, an N-phenylmaleimide, or a siloxane. 
     In the present embodiment, the liquid crystal component  320  may have positive dielectric constant anisotropy (Δε) as defined by the following equation, or may have negative dielectric constant anisotropy (Δε), but preferably has positive dielectric constant anisotropy. The liquid crystal component having positive dielectric constant anisotropy is aligned in a direction parallel to the electric field direction, and the liquid crystal component having negative dielectric constant anisotropy is aligned in a direction perpendicular to the electric field direction. Note that the liquid crystal component having positive dielectric constant anisotropy is also referred to as a positive liquid crystal, and the liquid crystal component having negative dielectric constant anisotropy is also referred to as a negative liquid crystal. Furthermore, the major axis direction of the liquid crystal component is the direction of the slow axis. 
       Δε=(Dielectric constant in major axis direction)−(Dielectric constant in minor axis direction)
 
     As the liquid crystal component  320 , for example, a tolan-based liquid crystal material (a liquid crystal material having a —C≡C— (carbon-carbon triple bond) as a linking group) can be used. 
     Preferably, the refractive index anisotropy Δn of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 0.18 to 0.24, the dielectric constant anisotropy Δε of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 15 to 25, and a rotational viscosity γ 1  of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 100 mPa·s to 300 mPa·s. Through such an aspect, strong scattering and low voltage driving can be effectively achieved in a compatible manner, and a response speed comparable to a typical liquid crystal display device that does not contain a polymer network can be realized. Such an effect can be achieved by setting the refractive index anisotropy Δn, the dielectric constant anisotropy Δε, and the rotational viscosity γ 1  of the liquid crystal component  320  all within the ranges described above. 
     Specific examples of the tolan-based liquid crystal material include liquid crystal materials having a structure represented by the following general formula (L1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (Wherein, Q 1  and Q 2  each independently represent an aromatic ring group, X represents a fluorine group or a cyano group, and n 1  and n 2  each independently represent 0 or 1.) 
     In general formula (L1) above, n 1  and n 2  are not simultaneously 0. That is, the sum of n 1  and n 2  is 1 or 2. 
     The aromatic ring group in general formula (L1) above may have a substituent. 
     In general formula (L1) above, preferably, Q 1  and Q 2  are each independently a structure of any of the following general formulas (L2-1) to (L2-7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of specific structures of the liquid crystal material having a structure represented by the above general formula (L1) include the following structures. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  to the polymer network  310  (liquid crystal component:polymer network) is preferably from 90:10 to 97:3. In other words, preferably, the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 90 to 97, and when the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is 90 or greater, the weight ratio of the polymer network  310  is 10 or less, and when the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is 97 or less, the weight ratio of the polymer network  310  is 3 or greater. Through such an aspect, strong scattering and low voltage driving can be effectively achieved in a compatible manner. If the weight ratio of the polymer network  310  exceeds 10, strong scattering is obtained, but the drive voltage increases, and when the weight ratio of the polymer network  310  is less than 3, the drive voltage is suppressed, but strong scattering may not be achieved. 
     The first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are layers that have been subjected to an alignment treatment for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal component  320  and the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, and an alignment film made of polyimide or the like that is commonly used in the field of liquid crystal display devices can be used. The first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  may be rubbing alignment films that have been subjected to a rubbing treatment, or may be photo-alignment films that have been subjected to a photo-alignment treatment. In the following, the liquid crystal component  320  and the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound may also be simply referred to as liquid crystal molecules. 
     The rubbing alignment film is obtained, for example, by depositing an alignment film material containing a polymer for a rubbing alignment film on a substrate to form a film, rotating a roller on which is wound a fabric made of rayon, cotton, or the like while maintaining a constant rotational speed and a constant distance between the roller and the substrate, and rubbing the surface of the film containing the polymer for the rubbing alignment film in a predetermined direction (rubbing method). 
     An example of the polymer for a rubbing alignment film is a polyimide. The polymer for the rubbing alignment film contained in the rubbing alignment film may be one type, or may be two or more types. 
     The photo-alignment film is obtained, for example, by depositing, on a substrate, an alignment film material containing a photo-alignment polymer having a photo-functional group to form a film, and irradiating the film with polarized ultraviolet light to generate anisotropy in the surface of the film containing the photo-alignment polymer (photo-alignment method). 
     Examples of the photo-alignment polymer include photo-alignment polymers having at least one photo-functional group selected from a cyclobutane group, an azobenzene group, a chalcone group, a cinnamate group, a coumarin group, a stilbene group, a phenol ester group, and a phenyl benzoate group. The photo-alignment polymer contained in the photo-alignment film may be one type, or may be two or more types. The photo-functional group of the photo-alignment polymer may be present on the main chain of the polymer, on a side chain of the polymer, or on both the main chain and a side chain of the polymer. 
     The type of photoreaction of the photo-alignment polymer is not particularly limited, and suitable examples of photo-alignment polymers include photolytic polymers, photo-rearrangement polymers (preferably photo-Fires rearrangement polymers), photo-isomerization polymers, photo-dimerization polymers and photo-crosslinked polymers. Any one of these may be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination. Among these, from the perspective of alignment stability, a photolytic polymer having a reaction wavelength (main sensitivity wavelength) near 254 nm is particularly preferable. Photo-isomerization and photo-dimerization polymers having a photo-functional group on a side chain are also preferable. 
     The main chain structure of the photo-alignment polymer is not particularly limited, and examples of suitable structures include a polyamic acid structure, a polyimide structure, a poly(meth)acrylic acid structure, a polysiloxane structure, a polyethylene structure, a polystyrene structure, and a polyvinyl structure. 
     The first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are horizontal alignment films in which the liquid crystal component  320  is aligned in parallel to the surfaces of the alignment films, or are vertical alignment films in which the liquid crystal component  320  is aligned so as to be perpendicular to the surfaces of the alignment films. The first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are preferably horizontal alignment films. Through such an aspect, strong scattering and low voltage driving can be effectively achieved in a compatible manner. More preferably, the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are horizontal alignment films, and the liquid crystal component  320  has positive dielectric constant anisotropy. Through such an aspect, strong scattering and low voltage driving can be more effectively achieved in a compatible manner. 
     In a case in which the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are vertical alignment films, when the voltage applied to the composite layer  300  is less than the threshold voltage (including no voltage application), the alignment of the liquid crystal component is controlled mainly by the function of the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  such that the major axis of the liquid crystal component  320  is oriented in the horizontal direction relative to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 . 
     In other words, the liquid crystal component  320  is aligned horizontally with respect to the TFT substrate  100  when no voltage is applied, and the transmission amount of light transmitted through the composite layer  300  can be controlled by changing the alignment of the liquid crystal component  320  in accordance with the electric field generated in the composite layer  300  due to the voltage applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 . The liquid crystal component  320  is horizontally aligned by a regulating force of the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  when no voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 , and rotates in accordance with a vertical electric field generated in the composite layer  300  when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 . 
     Here, the matter of the major axis of the liquid crystal component  320  being oriented in the horizontal direction relative to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  means that a tilt angle (including a pre-tilt angle) of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 0 to 5° with respect to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 , and the tilt angle is preferably from 0 to 3° and more preferably from 0 to 1°. The tilt angle of the liquid crystal component  320  refers to an angle at which the major axis (optical axis) of the liquid crystal component  320  is inclined with respect to the surfaces of the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 . 
     In a case in which the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are vertical alignment films, when the voltage applied to the composite layer  300  is less than the threshold voltage (including no voltage application), the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules is controlled mainly by the function of the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  such that the major axis of the liquid crystal molecules is oriented in the perpendicular direction relative to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 . 
     In other words, the liquid crystal component  320  is aligned perpendicularly with respect to the TFT substrate  100  when no voltage is applied, and the transmission amount of light transmitted through the composite layer  300  can be controlled by changing the alignment of the liquid crystal component  320  in accordance with the electric field generated in the composite layer  300  due to the voltage applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 . The liquid crystal component  320  is perpendicularly aligned by a regulating force of the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  when no voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 , and rotates in accordance with a vertical electric field generated in the composite layer  300  when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220 . 
     Here, the matter of the major axis of the liquid crystal component  320  being oriented in the perpendicular direction relative to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  means that a tilt angle (including a pre-tilt angle) of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 86 to 90° with respect to the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 , and the tilt angle is preferably from 87 to 89° and more preferably from 87.5 to 89°. 
     In the present embodiment, the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are provided between the TFT substrate  100  and the composite layer  300 , and also between the counter substrate  200  and the composite layer  300 , respectively. However, it is sufficient that the alignment films be provided between the composite layer  300  and at least one substrate selected from the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . For example, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  may include only the first alignment film  41  or the second alignment film  42 . For example, when the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  has only the first alignment film  41  or the second alignment film  42 , and the alignment film is a horizontal alignment film, if the other substrate side is slippery (zero anchoring), the liquid crystal component  320  assumes a twisted horizontal alignment state, and as a result, the same alignment state as in the case in which a horizontal alignment film is provided on the substrates of both sides can be achieved. 
     The backlight  50  is not particularly limited as long as it emits light to the liquid crystal panel  10 P. An edge-type backlight, for example, can be used as the backlight  50 . Use of an edge-type backlight  50  enables a display in which the back surface side of the liquid crystal panel  10 P appears to be transparent, and thus the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  can be used as a see-through display. In addition, the liquid crystal panel  10 P may be installed in a see-through display box, and a light source may be turned on from the side with respect to the liquid crystal panel  10 P. Light from the light source diffuses and is reflected within the see-through display box, and the light source acts as the backlight  50 . Through such an aspect, a display can be implemented in which the back surface side of the liquid crystal panel  10 P appears to be transparent, and the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  can be used as a see-through display. 
     In addition to the liquid crystal panel  10 P and the backlight  50 , the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  of the present embodiment is constituted of a plurality of members such as: an external circuit such as a tape-carrier package (TCP) and a printed circuit board (PCB); an optical film such as a viewing angle increasing film and a luminance improving film; and a bezel (frame), and depending on the members, the members may be incorporated into another member. Members other than those described above are not particularly limited to specific members and, because such members can be those commonly used in the field of liquid crystal display devices, descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Next, a method for manufacturing the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  of the present embodiment is described. The method for manufacturing the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  includes: an alignment film forming step of forming the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  subjected to an alignment treatment on one surface of the TFT substrate  100  and one surface of the counter substrate  200 , respectively; an injection step of disposing the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  facing each other with the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  oriented inward, and injecting a composition containing the liquid crystal component  320 , the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, a polymerization initiator, and a chiral agent between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 ; and a light irradiation step of irradiating the composition with light to form a polymer network  310  while the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is cured. 
     The TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  can be fabricated by methods commonly used in the field of liquid crystal display devices. 
     In the above-described alignment film forming step, an alignment film material is applied to each of the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  to form the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 . Examples of the method of applying the alignment film material include application methods such as an ink-jet method and a roll coater method. Next, the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  are subjected to an alignment treatment. Examples of the alignment treatment include a rubbing treatment in which the alignment film surface is rubbed with a roller or the like, and a photo-alignment treatment in which the alignment film surface is irradiated with light. According to the photo-alignment treatment, the alignment treatment can be implemented without contacting the surface of the alignment film, and therefore unlike the rubbing treatment, a merit is provided of being able to suppress the generation of dirtiness, waste, and the like during the alignment treatment. An alignment film that is alignment treated through the photo-alignment treatment is also referred to as a photo-alignment film. 
     The first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  may be subjected to a rubbing treatment so as to be aligned in a mutually anti-parallel manner (anti-parallel alignment), or may be subjected to a rubbing treatment so as to be aligned in a mutually parallel manner (parallel alignment). 
     In the injection step described above, the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  are disposed facing each other with the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  oriented inward, and a composition containing the liquid crystal component  320 , a photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, a polymerization initiator, and a chiral agent is injected between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . In the injection step, the liquid crystal molecules on the first alignment film  41  side are aligned along the alignment treatment direction of the first alignment film  41 , the liquid crystal molecules on the second alignment film  42  side are aligned along the alignment treatment direction of the second alignment film  42 , and the alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules located between the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  is continuously changed between the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42 . 
     The polymerization initiator is not particularly limited, and a known polymerization initiator can be used. Examples of the polymerization initiator that can be used include Omnirad  184  (trade name, available from IGM Resins B.V.) represented by the following chemical formula (IN1) and OXE03 (available from BASF SE) represented by the following chemical formula (IN2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The chiral agent is not particularly limited, and a known chiral agent can be used. Examples of the chiral agent include CM-51L (available from JNC Corporation) and S-811 (available from Merck &amp; Co., Inc.) represented by the following chemical formula (C1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  to the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound in the composition is preferably from 90:10 to 97:3. In other words, preferably, the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is from 90 to 97, and when the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is 90 or greater, the weight ratio of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is 10 or less, and when the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  is 97 or less, the weight ratio of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is 3 or greater. Through such an aspect, strong scattering and low voltage driving can be effectively achieved in a compatible manner. When the weight ratio of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound exceeds 10, strong scattering is obtained, but the drive voltage increases, and when the weight ratio of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is less than 3, the drive voltage is suppressed, but strong scattering may not be obtained. 
     When the helical twisting power of the chiral agent contained in the composition is from 9 [1/μm] to 12 [1/μm], preferably, the weight ratio of the liquid crystal component  320  to the entire composition is from 92 wt. % to 95 wt. %, the weight ratio of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is from 1 wt. % to 7 wt. %, the weight ratio of the chiral agent is from 0.1 wt. % to 6 wt. %, and the weight ratio of the polymerization initiator is from 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %. 
     In the light irradiation step, the polymer network  310  is formed by irradiating the composition with light while curing the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound. Here, when the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the injection step described above, the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is in a liquid crystal phase. However, in the light irradiation step, the composition is irradiated with light, and the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is cured through a photo polymerization reaction. Thereby, the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is solidified with the alignment state thereof being maintained, and the polymer network  310  is formed, resulting in a failure of electric field response. Thus, the alignment direction of the polymer network  310  constituted of the cured product of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound is not aligned with the electric field direction even when a voltage is applied thereafter. On the other hand, the alignment state of the liquid crystal component  320  is not fixed, and therefore the alignment direction is aligned with the electric field direction when a voltage is applied. The number of turns in the helical structure of the polymer network  310  can be adjusted, for example, by changing the concentration of the chiral agent. 
     Accordingly, when no voltage is applied, the alignment directions of the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  are in a state of matching the direction parallel to the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . In this state, the refractive indexes of the polymer network  310  and the liquid crystal component  320  are matched, and thereby the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  is in a transparent state. In addition, when a power supply is connected between the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220  and a voltage is applied to the composite layer  300 , the alignment direction of the liquid crystal component  320  is aligned with the electric field direction. Therefore, a light scattering state is caused by the mismatching of the refractive indexes at the interface between the liquid crystal component  320  and the polymer network  310 , and the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  becomes cloudy (scattering state). 
     The type of the light used in the light irradiation step is not particularly limited, and for example, ultraviolet light can be used. Examples of the ultraviolet light include light having a peak wavelength in a wavelength band of from 340 nm to 390 nm. 
     In the light irradiation step, the composition is preferably irradiated with light having an illuminance of from 5 mW/cm 2  to 50 mW/cm 2 . When the illuminance is set to 5 mW/cm 2  or higher, more sufficient scattering can be obtained, and when the illuminance is set to 50 mW/cm 2  or less, increases in temperature during irradiation can be suppressed, and deterioration in production yield and variations in characteristics can be suppressed. 
     In the aforementioned light irradiation step, the composition is preferably irradiated with light having an irradiation dose from 0.5 J/cm 2  to 5 J/cm 2 . When the irradiation dose is set to 0.5 J/cm 2  or higher, the polymerization reaction of the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound can be sufficiently promoted, an amount of unreacted photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound can be reduced, and the polymer network  310  can be formed. As a result, the hysteresis and baking characteristics of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  can be improved. Furthermore, production tact time can be improved by setting the irradiation dose to 5 J/cm 2  or less. 
     The disclosure is described in further detail below using examples and comparative examples, but the disclosure is not limited to these examples alone. 
     Example 1 
     A reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  of Example 1 having the same configuration as the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  was fabricated. In Example 1, a TFT substrate  100  including a pixel electrode  120  constituted of ITO, and a counter substrate  200  including a common electrode  220  constituted of ITO were prepared. A film was formed from an alignment film material containing polyimide on each of the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  and was subjected to a rubbing treatment so as to be anti-parallel, and thereby a first alignment film  41 , which is a horizontal alignment film, was formed on the TFT substrate  100 , and a second alignment film  42 , which is a horizontal alignment film, was formed on the counter substrate  200 . 
     Next, the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  were disposed facing each other with the first alignment film  41  and the second alignment film  42  oriented inward, and a composition containing a positive liquid crystal component  320 , a photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, a polymerization initiator, and a chiral agent was injected between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . 
     As the liquid crystal component  320 , a tolan-based liquid crystal material for which Δn was in a range of from 0.18 to 0.24, Δε was in a range of from 15 to 25, and the rotational viscosity γ 1  was in a range of from 100 to 300 mPa·s was used. As the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, a monomer having a mesogenic group, a photoreactive group, and an acrylate group was used. As the polymerization initiator, OXE03 (available from BASF SE) was used. CM-51L (available from JNC Corporation) was used as the chiral agent. The helical casting power (HTP) of the chiral agent was 10.8 [1/μm]. Here, the definition of HTP=1/pC (p: twisting pitch, C: concentration of chiral agent) means that for a case in which HTP is 10 [1/μm], the chiral agent has a function of causing a helical structure that is wound once every 10 μm (a helical structure twisting 360° every 10 μm) through the addition of 1 wt. %. The weight ratio with respect to the composition was 93.6 wt. % (95 parts by weight) for the positive liquid crystal component  320 , 4.93 wt. % (5 parts by weight) for the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, 0.493 wt. % (0.5 parts by weight) for the polymerization initiator, and 0.990 wt. % (1 part by weight) for the chiral agent. 
     Next, the composition described above was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light with a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an illuminance of 5 mW/cm 2  and an irradiation dose of 2 J/cm 2  to cure (polymerize) the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound, thereby forming a composite layer  300  including the liquid crystal component  320  and a polymer network  310 . The thickness of the composite layer  300  was 10 μm. When the liquid crystal component  320  was twisted by the chiral agent, the photopolymerizable liquid crystal compound likewise twisted in the same manner (at the same pitch). Thus, after UV irradiation, a polymer network  310  having a helical structure with one turn in the composite layer  300  (having an alignment structure twisted by 360° in the composite layer  300 ) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320  had a helical structure with one turn (alignment structure twisted by 360°) in the composite layer  300 . 
     In the transparent state (when no voltage was applied) of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 1 illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the liquid crystal component  320  and the polymer network  310  were twisted at the same pitch. As a result, matching of the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indexes (ne, no) between the liquid crystal component  320  and the polymer network  310  was achieved, and thus the composite layer  300  was able to function in a transparent state. 
     On the other hand, application of a voltage to the pixel electrode  120  and the common electrode  220  caused the liquid crystal component  320  to rise, resulting in mismatching of the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indexes (ne, no) between the liquid crystal component  320  and the polymer network  310 , and when unpolarized light was incident thereon, the light scattered without dependence on the polarized light, and therefore it was possible to achieve a scattering state. At this time, it is thought that when the twisting pitch of the polymer network  310  is large (when the number of twist rotations is large), the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indexes (ne, no) between the liquid crystal component  320  and the polymer network  310  are effectively mismatched with respect to the thickness direction of the composite layer  300 , and therefore scattering is strengthened. 
     Example 2 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 2. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  of Example 2 illustrated in  FIG. 3  was fabricated. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 2 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 2 parts by weight. In Example 2, a polymer network  310  having a helical structure with two turns in the composite layer  300  (having an alignment structure twisted by 720° in the composite layer  300 ) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320  had a helical structure with two turns (alignment structure twisted by 720°) in the composite layer  300 . 
     Example 3 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device according to Example 3. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1  of Example 3 illustrated in  FIG. 4  was fabricated. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 3 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 4 parts by weight. In Example 3, a polymer network  310  having a helical structure with four turns in the composite layer  300  (having an alignment structure twisted by 1440° in the composite layer  300 ) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320  had a helical structure with four turns (alignment structure twisted by 1440°) in the composite layer  300 . 
     Comparative Example 1 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device according to Comparative Example 1. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1 R of Comparative Example 1 illustrated in  FIG. 5  was fabricated. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1 R of Comparative Example 1 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 0.5 parts by weight. In Comparative Example 1, a polymer network  310 R having a helical structure with 0.5 turns in the composite layer  300 R (having an alignment structure twisted by 180° in the composite layer  300 R) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320 R had a helical structure with 0.5 turns (alignment structure twisted by 180°) in the composite layer  300 R. 
     Evaluation of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display Devices of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 
     The transmittance with respect to the drive voltage was measured for each of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices  1  of Examples 1 to 3 and for the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device  1 R of Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  is a graph showing the transmittance with respect to the drive voltage of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , with the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices  1  of Examples 1 to 3, reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices that can be driven with a general purpose driver (drive voltage of 10 V or less) were successfully realized. 
     Specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , in Example 1, when functioning in a scattering state (when a voltage was applied), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device successfully exhibited low transmittance (strong scattering) of approximately 10% at a low drive voltage (approximately 7.5 V). On the other hand, when the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device functioned in a transparent state (when no voltage was applied), a transmittance of 80% or greater was obtained, and it was confirmed that high transmittance was exhibited. 
     Similarly, in Example 2, when functioning in a scattering state (when a voltage was applied), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device successfully exhibited low transmittance (strong scattering) of approximately 9% at a low drive voltage (approximately 7.5 V). On the other hand, when the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device functioned in a transparent state (when no voltage was applied), a transmittance of 80% or greater was obtained, and it was confirmed that high transmittance was exhibited. 
     Similarly, in Example 3, when functioning in a scattering state (when a voltage was applied), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device exhibited low transmittance (strong scattering) of approximately 5% at a low drive voltage (approximately 7.5 V). On the other hand, when the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device functioned in a transparent state (when no voltage was applied), a transmittance of 80% or greater was obtained, and it was confirmed that high transmittance was exhibited. In Example 3, a large contrast of approximately 15 was obtained, and it was possible to achieve a higher contrast than that of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device disclosed in JP 11-95195 A, which has a contrast ratio of approximately 10. 
     On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1, when functioning in a scattering state (when a voltage is applied), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display exhibited a transmittance of from 20 to 30%, which is high, and strong scattering could not be achieved. 
     Example 4 
     A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 4 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 0.5 parts by weight, the thickness of the composite layer was 20 μm, and the composition was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light having a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an irradiation dose of 500 mJ/cm 2 . In Example 4, a polymer network  310  having a helical structure with one turn in the composite layer  300  (having an alignment structure twisted by 360° in the composite layer  300 ) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320  had a helical structure with one turn (alignment structure twisted by 360°) in the composite layer  300 . 
     Example 5 
     A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Example 5 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 2 parts by weight, the thickness of the composite layer was 20 μm, and the composition was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light having a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an irradiation dose of 500 mJ/cm 2 . In Example 5, a polymer network  310  having a helical structure with four turns in the composite layer  300  (having an alignment structure twisted by  14400  in the composite layer  300 ) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component  320  had a helical structure with four turns (alignment structure twisted by 1440°) in the composite layer  300 . 
     Comparative Example 2 
     A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Comparative Example 2 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 4 parts by weight, the thickness of the composite layer was 20 μm, and the composition was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light having a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an irradiation dose of 500 mJ/cm 2 . In Comparative Example 2, a polymer network having a helical structure with eight turns in the composite layer (having an alignment structure twisted by 2880° in the composite layer) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component had a helical structure with eight turns (an alignment structure twisted by 2880°) in the composite layer. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Comparative Example 3 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 8 parts by weight, the thickness of the composite layer was 20 μm, and the composition was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light having a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an irradiation dose of 500 mJ/cm 2 . In Comparative Example 3, a polymer network having a helical structure with 16 turns in the composite layer (having an alignment structure twisted by 5760° in the composite layer) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component had a helical structure with 16 turns (an alignment structure twisted by 5760°) in the composite layer. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device of Comparative Example 4 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that the amount of chiral agent added to the composition was changed to 16 parts by weight, the thickness of the composite layer was 20 μm, and the composition was irradiated with ultraviolet light having a main wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet light having a peak wavelength of 365 nm) at an irradiation dose of 500 mJ/cm 2 . In Comparative Example 4, a polymer network having a helical structure with 32 turns in the composite layer (having an alignment structure twisted by 11520° in the composite layer) was formed. In addition, when no voltage was applied, the liquid crystal component had a helical structure with 32 turns (an alignment structure twisted by 11520°) in the composite layer. 
     Evaluation of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display Devices of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4 
     The transmittance with respect to the drive voltage was measured for each of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4. The results are shown in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 7  is a graph showing the transmittance with respect to the drive voltage of polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , with the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices of Examples 4 and 5, reverse-type polymer dispersed liquid crystal display devices that can be driven with a general purpose driver (drive voltage of 10 V or less) were successfully realized. 
     Specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , in Examples 4 and 5, when functioning as a scattering state (when a voltage is applied), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device successfully exhibited low transmittance (strong scattering) of approximately 10% at a low drive voltage of 10 V or less. On the other hand, when the polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device functioned in a transparent state (when no voltage was applied), a transmittance of approximately 80% was obtained, and it was confirmed that high transmittance was exhibited. 
     Meanwhile, as shown in Comparative Examples 2 to 4, it was confirmed that when the polymer network has a helical structure with 8 or more turns in the composite layer (the polymer network has an alignment structure twisted by 2880° or greater in the composite layer), the drive voltage was 10 V or greater, and a general purpose driver could not be used. 
     While preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been described above, it is to be understood that variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The scope of the disclosure, therefore, is to be determined solely by the following claims.