Patent Publication Number: US-11031697-B2

Title: Electromagnetic device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/772,884, filed 29 Nov. 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to an electromagnetic, EM, device, and particularly to an electromagnetic device having a three-dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material that is so configured to have an EM radiation pattern in the far field with a wide field of view, FOV. 
     An example EM device having a 3D body made from a dielectric material is disclosed in WO 2017/075177 A1, assigned to Applicant. 
     While existing EM devices configured to radiate an EM radiation pattern in the far field may be suitable for their intended purpose, the art relating EM devices would be advanced with an EM device having a 3D body made from a dielectric material that is capable of producing an EM radiation pattern in the far field with a wide FOV. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In an embodiment, an EM device includes: a 3D body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body having a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     In another embodiment, an EM device includes: a 3D body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first portion made from a dielectric material other than air having a first average dielectric constant, the first portion extending from the proximal end and only partially toward the distal end of the 3D body, the first portion forming an inner portion of the 3D body; the 3D body having a second portion made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is less than the first average dielectric constant, the second portion extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body, the second portion forming an outer portion of the 3D body that envelopes the inner portion; the first portion having a first inner region having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the first average dielectric constant; and the second portion having a second inner region having a fourth average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the second inner region being an extension of the first inner region. 
     In another embodiment, an EM device includes: a 3D body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending from the distal end and only partially toward the proximal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body having a second region outboard of and subordinate to the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     In another embodiment, an EM device includes: a three dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from a first base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body having a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body having a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from a second base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body having a fourth region outboard of the third region made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     In another embodiment, an EM device includes: a three dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from a first base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body having a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body having a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from a second base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body having a fourth region outboard of the third region made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; wherein the second base structure includes a relatively thin connecting structure, disposed at the proximal end of the 3D body, that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region and the fourth region, such that the second region, the fourth region, and the relatively thin connecting structure, are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body; and wherein the second base structure in the third region is absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure. 
     In another embodiment, an EM device includes: a base substrate having a first plurality of vias; a three dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material comprised of a medium other than air, the 3D body having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the 3D body being disposed on the base substrate so that the 3D body at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of vias; wherein the first plurality of vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body, such that the 3D body and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias form a monolithic. 
     In another embodiment, an antenna subsystem for a steerable array of EM devices includes: a plurality of the EM devices, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices having a wide FOV dielectric resonator antenna, DRA, arranged on a surface; a subsystem board having for each EM device of the plurality of EM devices a signal feed structure; the plurality of EM devices being affixed to the subsystem board. 
     In another embodiment, an antenna subsystem for a steerable array of EM devices includes: a plurality of the EM devices, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices having a wide FOV dielectric resonator antenna, DRA, arranged on a surface, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices further having a base substrate, each base substrate having a signal feed structure disposed in EM signal communication with a corresponding DRA; wherein the base substrate of each EM device is a contiguous extension of a neighboring base substrate to form an aggregate base substrate, the DRAs being affixed to the aggregate base substrate; wherein the aggregate base substrate includes a plurality of input ports equal in number to the number of DRAs, each input port being electrically connected to a corresponding signal feed structure that is in signal communication with a corresponding DRA; the antenna subsystem providing a structure suitable for an arrangement of the EM devices to any arrangement size formable from multiple ones of the antenna subsystem. 
     The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Referring to the exemplary non-limiting drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike, or wherein similar elements are numbered similarly but with a differing leading numeral, in the accompanying Figures: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts corresponding transparent and solid rotated isometric views of an EM device, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts a partial plan view and a corresponding elevation view of the EM device of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 1C  depicts a plan view of the EM device of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a transparent rotated isometric view of an EM device alternative to that of  FIGS. 1A-1C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 3A  depicts corresponding transparent rotated isometric, y-z cross section elevation, and x-z cross section elevation, views of an EM device alternative to that of  FIG. 2 , but related to  FIGS. 1A-1C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 3B  depicts corresponding transparent y-z cross section elevation, and x-z cross section elevation, views of the EM device of  FIG. 3A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 3C  depicts alternative transparent cross section elevation views of an array of the EM device of any of  FIGS. 3A-3B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4A  depicts corresponding solid rotated isometric, and transparent cross section elevation, views of an EM device alternative to that of  FIG. 2 , but related to  FIGS. 1A-1C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4B  depicts a corresponding transparent rotated isometric view of an array of the EM device of  FIG. 4A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  depicts corresponding cross section elevation, plan, and solid rotated isometric, views of an EM device alternative to that of  FIG. 2 , but related to  FIGS. 1A-1C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6A  depicts corresponding transparent plan and rotated isometric views of an EM device alternative to that of  FIG. 2 , but related to  FIGS. 1A-1C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6B  depicts corresponding transparent plan and rotated isometric views of a form of the EM device of  FIG. 6A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6C  depicts a transparent cross section elevation view of another form of the EM device of  FIG. 6A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6D  depicts a transparent cross section elevation view of another form of the EM device of  FIG. 6A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 6E, 6F, 6G, and 6H , depict analytical modeling performance characteristics of a unit cell of the EM device of  FIG. 6B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6I  depicts a transparent plan view of an array of the EM device of  FIG. 6B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 6J  depicts a transparent rotated isometric view of an array of the EM device of  FIG. 6B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7A  depicts a transparent plan view of an antenna subsystem for a steerable array of an EM device, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7B  depicts a transparent rotated isometric view of the array of  FIG. 7A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7C  depicts a transparent side elevation view of the array of  FIG. 7A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7D  depicts a transparent side elevation view of the antenna subsystem of  FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C , with an EM beam steering subsystem coupled thereto, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 8A  depicts a transparent elevation view of an antenna subsystem for a steerable array of EM devices coupled to an EM beam steering subsystem, similar to that of  FIG. 7B , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 8B  depicts a transparent elevation view of the antenna subsystem of  FIG. 8A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 8C  depicts corresponding plan and transparent elevation views of a tiled planar array of the antenna subsystem of  FIG. 8A , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 8D  depicts a transparent elevation view of the array of  FIG. 8C , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 8E  depicts a transparent elevation view of the array of  FIGS. 8C and 8D  with a steerable electromagnetic beam illustrated, in accordance with an embodiment; and 
         FIG. 8F  depicts a transparent elevation view of a tiled non-planar array of the antenna subsystems and the EM beam steering subsystems of  FIG. 8A , in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Although the following detailed description contains many specifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the following example embodiments are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention disclosed herein. 
     As used herein, an orthogonal set of x-y-z axes are provided in the various figures for describing plan views (a view in the plane of the x-y axis) and elevation views (a view in the plane of either the x-z axis or the y-z axis) of embodiments of the invention. 
     An embodiment, as shown and described by the various figures and accompanying text, provides an EM device and an array of EM devices having a DRA configured and structured to provide an EM radiation pattern in the far field with a wide FOV. In an embodiment, the DRA is configured having a central region with a lower average dielectric constant, Dk, than a surrounding outer region of the DRA, where the lower average Dk central region extends at least partially to the distal end of the DRA. In an embodiment, the array of EM devices is configured as an antenna subsystem for providing a steerable array of EM devices, which is steerable by an EM beam steering subsystem. While embodiments illustrated and described herein depict DRAs having a particular cross-section profile (x-y, x-z, or y-z), it will be appreciated that such profiles may be modified without departing from a scope of the invention. As such, any profile that falls within the ambit of the disclosure herein, and is suitable for a purpose disclosed herein, is contemplated and considered to be complementary to the embodiments disclosed herein. 
     The following description of an example EM device  1100  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C , collectively. The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  1101  depicted in  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C  are for illustration purposes, and establish the three dimensional, 3D, arrangement of the various features of the EM device  1100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  1100  includes: a 3D body  1102  made from a dielectric material having a proximal end  1104  and a distal end  1106 ; the 3D body  1102  having a first region  1108  disposed toward the center  1110  (see  FIG. 1C ) of the 3D body  1102 , as observed in a plan view of the EM device  1100 , made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 1100 ), the first region  1108  extending at least partially to the distal end  1106  of the 3D body  1102 , and in an embodiment extending completely to the distal end  1106  of the 3D body  1102 ; and, the 3D body  1102  having a second region  1112  disposed radially outboard of the first region  1108 , as observed in a plan view of the EM device  1100 , made from a dielectric material comprising a dielectric medium other than air, which may also comprise air such as a dielectric foam, having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 1100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region  1112  extending from the proximal end  1104  to the distal end  1106  of the 3D body  1102 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  1100  (see  FIG. 1B  for example). Axes  1101  (depicted in  FIGS. 1B and 1C ) may be translated such that the z-axis aligns with the center  1110  of the 3D body  1102 , and the x-y plane is coincident with the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102  (see  FIGS. 1B and 1C ) to establish a local coordinate system of the EM device  1100 . As used herein below, reference to the x-y-z coordinate system  1101  is reference to the aforementioned translated coordinate system that establishes the local coordinate system of the EM device  1100 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region  1108  is centrally disposed within the 3D body  1102  relative to the z-axis of axes  1101 . In an embodiment, the first region  1108  comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the first region  1108  comprises a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment the Dk 1 - 1100  of the first region  1108  has a relatively low dielectric constant that is equal to or greater than 1 (including air) and equal to or less than 8, or more particularly equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5. In an embodiment, the first region  1108  is a depression in the 3D body  1102 , relative to the second region  1112 , that extends from the distal end  1106  toward the proximal end  1104 . In an embodiment, the depression of the first region  1108  may be formed by removal of material of the second region  1112 , by use of a removable insert during the forming of the second region  1112 , or by any other means suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 100% of the distance from the distal end  1106  to the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102 . As noted herein above, the Dk 1 - 1100  of the depression of the first region  1108  is a relatively lower dielectric constant than that of the Dk 2 - 1100  of the second region  1112 . 
     In an embodiment, the 3D body  1102  further includes a third region  1114  disposed radially outboard of the second region  1112 , as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100 , made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 1100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region  1114  extending from the proximal end  1104  to the distal end  1106  of the 3D body  1102 , as observed in the elevation view of the EM device  1100 . In an embodiment, the third region  1114  includes a combination of; a dielectric material (see projections  1118  described herein below for example) having the second average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material  1116  that is different from the dielectric material having the second average dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the other dielectric material  1116  of the third region  1114  comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the other dielectric material  1116  of the third region  1114  comprises a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment, the combination of dielectric materials of the third region  1114  form a dielectric region having a relatively lower dielectric constant than that of the second region  1112 . In an embodiment, the third region  1114  includes projections  1118  that extend radially outward, relative to the z-axis of axes  1101 , from and are integral and monolithic with the second region  1112 . In an embodiment, as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100  and as also observed in an x-y plane cross-section, each one of the projections  1118  has a cross-section overall length, L 1 , and a cross-section overall width, W 1 , where L 1  and W 1  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device  1100  when the EM device  1100  is electromagnetically excited. In an embodiment, L 1  and W 1  are each less than λ/4. In an embodiment, each one of the projections  1118  has a cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is tapered radially outward from broad to narrow. 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  1100  further includes: a fourth region  1120  made from a dielectric material other than air having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 1100 ); wherein the fourth region  1120 , as observed in the plan view of the the EM device  1100 , substantially surrounds the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102  and wherein the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the fourth region  1120  has a height H 4  that is less than the height H 2  of the second region  1112 , relative to the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102  and as observed in the elevation view of the EM device  1100 . In an embodiment, the fourth region  1120 , as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100 , substantially surrounds the third region  1114  at the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102 . 
     In an embodiment, the third region  1114  includes a combination of; a dielectric material having the fourth average dielectric constant (see projections  1122  described herein below for example), and another dielectric material having a dielectric constant that is different from the fourth dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the third region  1114  includes projections  1122  that extend outward from and are integral and monolithic with the fourth region  1120 . As depicted in  FIG. 1C , the projections  1122  extend outward and away from the fourth region  1120  and also extend radially inward toward the center  1110  of the 3D body  1102 . 
     In an embodiment, as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100 , each one of the projections  1122  that are monolithic with the fourth region  1120  has a cross-section overall length, L 2 , and a cross-section overall width, W 2 , as also observed in an x-y plane cross-section, where L 2  and W 2  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device  1100  when the EM device  1100  is electromagnetically excited. In an embodiment, L 2  and W 2  are each less than λ/4. In an embodiment, each one of the projections  1122  that are monolithic with the fourth region  1120  has a cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is tapered outwardly, relative to the fourth region  1120 , from broad to narrow. 
     In an embodiment, the fourth region  1120  is integral and monolithic with the second region  1112  and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant, as observed by dashed lines  1103  in  FIG. 1B . 
     In an embodiment, as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100 , the third region  1114  includes bridge sections  1124  that extend between the second and fourth regions  1112 ,  1120  across the third region  1114 , the bridge sections  1124  being integral and monolithic with both the second and fourth regions  1112 ,  1120 . In an embodiment, the bridge sections  1124  have height H 4 . In an embodiment, as observed in the plan view of the EM device  1100 , each one of the bridge sections  1124  has a cross-section overall length, L 3 , and a cross-section overall width, W 3 , as also observed in an x-y plane cross-section, where L 3  and W 3  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device  1100  when the EM device  1100  is electromagnetically excited. In an embodiment, L 3  and W 3  are each less than λ/4. 
     In an embodiment, the second region  1112  of the 3D body  1102  has a textured outer surface having texture features (denoted generally by reference numeral  1118 ) with overall dimensions in any direction that are less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device  1100  when the EM device  1100  is electromagnetically excited. 
     In an embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed internal surfaces of at least the second region  1112  of the 3D body  1102  draft inward from the proximal end  1104  to the distal end  1106  of the 3D body  1102 , as depicted by tapered (draft) lines  1105  in  FIG. 1B . 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  1100  further includes: a base substrate  1200  having a signal feed  1202  configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  1102  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the proximal end  1104  of the 3D body  1102  is disposed on the base substrate  1200  relative to the signal feed  1202  such that the 3D body  1102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  1202 . 
     In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  1100 , the dielectric material of the fourth region  1120  is a dielectric material that surrounds a cavity  1107  in which at least a portion of the dielectric materials of the first, second, and third regions  1108 ,  1112 ,  1114 , are disposed. As noted herein above, the dielectric material of the fourth region  1120  has the Dk 4 - 1100 , which in an embodiment may be either a relatively high dielectric constant, such as greater than 8 for example, or a relatively low dielectric constant, such as greater than 1 and equal to or less than 8 for example, or more particularly greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5. In an embodiment, the Dk 4 - 1100  is equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20. 
     As noted herein above, portions of the third region  1114 , such as projections  1118 , are integral and monolithic with the second region  1112 , portions of the second region  1112  (see dashed lines  1103  for example) are integral an monolithic with the fourth region  1120 , and/or portions of the third region  1114 , such as the projections  1122 , are integral and monolithic with the fourth region  1120 . From the foregoing, it follows that an embodiment includes an EM device  1100  where at least portions of the second region  1112  and portions of the third region  1114  are integral an monolithic with the fourth region  1120 , which in an embodiment has the Dk 4 - 1100  that is equal to or greater than 8, or more particularly equal to or greater than 10, and equal to or less than 20. 
     The following description of an example EM device  2100  is made with particular reference to  FIG. 2 . The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  2101  depicted in  FIG. 2  is for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  2100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  2100  includes: a 3D body  2102  made from a dielectric material having a proximal end  2104  and a distal end  2106 ; the 3D body  2102  having a first portion  2130  made from a dielectric material other than air having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 2100 ), the first portion  2130  extending from the proximal end  2104  and only partially toward the distal end  2106  of the 3D body  2102 , the first portion  2130  forming an inner portion of the 3D body  2102 ; the 3D body  2102  having a second portion  2140  made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 2100 ) that is less than the first average dielectric constant, the second portion extending from the proximal end  2104  to the distal end  2106  of the 3D body  2102 , the second portion  2140  forming an outer portion of the 3D body  2102  that envelopes the inner portion  2130 ; the first portion  2130  having a first inner region  2132  having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 2100 ) that is less than the first average dielectric constant; and the second portion  2140  having a second inner region  2142  having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 2100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the second inner region  2142  is a contiguous extension of the first inner region  2132 . 
     In an embodiment, the 3D body  2102  is symmetrical about the z-axis, where the first portion  2130  is disposed radially inboard relative to an outer surface of the second portion  2140 , the first inner region  2132  is disposed radially inboard relative to an outer surface of the first portion  2130 , and the second inner region  2142  is disposed radially inboard relative to an outer surface of the second portion  2140 . 
     In an embodiment, the first portion  2130  has a frustoconical surface  2134  proximate to and defining the first inner region  2132  that is inboard of the outer surface of the first portion  2130 . In an embodiment, the frustoconical surface  2134  tapers down from a diameter D 4  at a distal end of the first portion  2130  to a diameter D 3  at a proximal end of the first portion (the proximal end  2104  of the 3D body  2102 ). In an embodiment, the second portion  2140  has a frustoconical surface  2144  proximate to and defining the second inner region  2142  that is inboard of the outer surface of the second portion  2140 . In an embodiment, the frustoconical surface  2144  tapers down from a diameter D 2  at a distal end of the second portion  2140  (the distal end of the 3D body  2102 ) to the diameter D 4 . In an embodiment, the first inner region  2132  is contiguous with the second inner region  2142 , and the third average dielectric constant is equal to the fourth average dielectric constant. 
     In an embodiment, the first inner region  2132  and the second inner region  2142  each comprise air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the first and second inner regions  2132 ,  2142  comprise a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment, at least one of the first inner region  2132  and the second inner region  2142  comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     In an embodiment, the third average dielectric constant and the fourth average dielectric constant are both less than each of the first average dielectric constant and the second average dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the fourth average dielectric constant is less than the third average dielectric constant. 
     In an embodiment, the first portion  2130  has an overall height, H 1 ; the second portion  2140  has an overall height, H 2 ; and, H 1  is less than about 70% of H 2 . In an embodiment, H 1  is about 50% of H 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the first portion  2130  and the second portion  2140  each have an outer cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment, the first portion  2130  and the second portion  2140  each have an inner cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     In an embodiment, the first inner region  2132  and the second inner region  2142  are each centrally disposed relative to the central z-axis of axes  2101 . 
     In an embodiment, the first portion  2130  has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 1 , as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section; the second portion  2140  has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 2 , as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section; and D 1  is less than D 2 . In an embodiment, D 1  is less than about 70% of D 2 . In an embodiment, D 1  is about 60% of D 2 . In an embodiment, D 3  is less than D 1 , D 2 , and D 4 , and D 4  is less than D 1  and D 2 . 
     In an embodiment: the first average dielectric constant, Dk 1 - 2100 , is equal to or greater than 10, or more particularly equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20; the second average dielectric constant, Dk 2 - 2100 , is equal to or greater than 4 and less than 10, or more particularly equal to or greater than 4 equal to or less than 9; and, the third average dielectric constant, Dk 3 - 2100 , and fourth average dielectric constant, Dk 4 - 2100 , each have a relatively lower dielectric constant that is equal to or greater than 1 (including air) and less than 4, or more particularly equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than 3. From the foregoing, it will be generally appreciated that the dielectric constants of the various portions and regions of the 3D body  2102  is such that Dk 3 - 2100  and Dk 4 - 2100  are relatively lower than Dk 2 - 2100 , and Dk 2 - 2100  is relatively lower than Dk 1 - 2100 . In an embodiment, the first inner region  2132  and the second inner region  2142  are in the form of a depression formed by removal of material of the first portion  2130  and the second portion  2140 , by use of a removable insert during the forming of the first portion  2130  and the second portion  2140 , or by any other means suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. 
     In an embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed internal surfaces of the 3D body  2102  draft inward from the proximal end  2104  to the distal end  2106  of the 3D body  2102 , as depicted generally by frustoconical surfaces  2144 ,  2134 . 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  2100  further includes: a base substrate  2200  having a signal feed  2202  configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  2102  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body  2102  is disposed on the base substrate  2200  relative to the signal feed  2202  such that the 3D body  2102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  2202 . 
     The following description of an example EM device  3100  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , collectively, in combination with  FIGS. 1A-1C . The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  3101  depicted in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  is for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  3100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  3100  includes a structure comparable to the EM device  1100 , wherein: the first region  1108 ,  3130  extends from the distal end  1106 ,  3106  and only partially toward the proximal end  1104 ,  3104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  3102 ; and the second region  1112 ,  3140  is subordinate to the first region  1108 ,  3130 . 
     In another embodiment, the example EM device  3100  includes: a 3D body  3102  made from a dielectric material having a proximal end  3104  and a distal end  3106 ; the 3D body  3102  having a first region  3130  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 3100 ), the first region  3130  extending from the distal end  3106  and only partially toward the proximal end  3104  of the 3D body  3102 ; and the 3D body  3102  having a second region  3140  disposed radially outboard of and subordinate to the first region  3130 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  3100 , made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 3100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region  3140  extending, at least at an outer periphery of the second region  3140 , from the proximal end  3104  to the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102 . 
     In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region  3130  comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the first region  3130  comprises a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region  3130  comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     In an embodiment, the first region  3130  is a depression formed in the second region  3140 . In an embodiment, the depression of the first region  3130  may be formed by removal of material of the second region  3140 , by use of a removable insert during the forming of the second region  3140 , or by any other means suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from the distal end  3106  to the proximal end  3104  of the 3D body  3102 , such as equal to or greater than 30%, or equal to or greater than 50%, or equal to or greater than 70%, or equal to or greater than 90%, and less than 100%. In an embodiment, the depression forms a region of the 3D body  3102  having a relatively lower dielectric constant (Dk) value than that of the second region  3140 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region  3130  has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 1 , as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section; the second region  3140  has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 2 , as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section; and D 1  is less than D 2 . In an embodiment, the second region  3140  has an outer cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment, the second region  3140  has an inner cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment, D 1  and D 2  are corresponding outer diameters of the first and second regions  3130 ,  3140 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region  3130  has a first cross-section profile, P 1 A, as observed in a first side elevation view or an x-z plane cross-section; the first region  3130  has a second cross-section profile, P 1 B, as observed in a second side elevation view or a y-z plane cross-section; and P 1 B is different from P 1 A. In an embodiment, the first region  3130  has a first cross-section profile, P 1 A, as observed in a first side elevation view or an x-z plane cross-section; the first region  3130  has a second cross-section profile, P 1 B, as observed in a second side elevation view or a y-z plane cross-section; and P 1 B is the same as P 1 A. For example in a non-limiting way, one profile of P 1 A and P 1 B may follow the curvature of a circle, while the other profile follows the curvature of an ellipse, or, both profiles follow the same curvature as each other. 
     In an embodiment, outer sidewalls  3108  of the 3D body  3102  are vertical, relative to a central z-axis (see  FIG. 3A ). In an embodiment, outer sidewalls  3110  of the 3D body  3102  are concave, relative to a central z-axis (see  FIG. 3B ). In an embodiment, outer sidewalls  3112  of the 3D body  3102  are convex, relative to a central z-axis (see  FIG. 3B ). 
     In an embodiment, the second region  3140  has a first outer cross-section profile, P 2 A, as observed in a first side elevation view or an x-z plane cross-section; the second region  3140  has a second outer cross-section profile, P 2 B, as observed in a second elevation view or a y-z plane cross-section; and P 2 B is the same as P 2 A. In an embodiment, the second region  3140  has a first outer cross-section profile, P 2 A, as observed in a first side elevation view or an x-z plane cross-section; the second region  3140  has a second outer cross-section profile, P 2 B, as observed in a second elevation view or a y-z plane cross-section; and P 2 B is different from P 2 A. 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  3100  further includes: a third region  3150  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 3100 ), the third region  3150  enveloping at least the sides of the outer perimeter of the 3D body  3102  from the proximal end  3104  to at least the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102 , the third average dielectric constant being less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. In an embodiment, the third region  3150  extends beyond, relative to the z-axis, the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102 . In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region  3130  comprises the dielectric material of the third region  3150 . 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  3100  further includes: a base substrate  3200  having a signal feed  3202  (see  FIG. 3B ) configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  3102  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body  3102  is disposed on the base substrate  3200  relative to the signal feed  3202  such that the 3D body  3102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  3202 . 
     In an embodiment, an array  3300  of the EM device  3100  (see  FIG. 3C ) is operational at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array  3300  includes a plurality of the EM devices  3100 , each EM device  3100  of the plurality of EM devices  3100  being physically connected to at least one other of the plurality of EM devices  3100  via a relatively thin connecting structure  3302  to form a connected array  3300 , each connecting structure  3302  being relatively thin as compared to an overall outside dimension of one of the plurality of EM devices  3100 , each connecting structure  3302  having a cross sectional overall height, H 3 , that is less than 20% of an overall height, H 4 , of a respective connected EM device  3100  and being formed from the dielectric material of the second region  3140 , each connecting structure  3302  and the associated EM device  3100  forming a single monolithic portion of the connected array  3300 . In an embodiment, each connecting structure  3302  is disposed proximate the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102  at a distance away from the proximal end  3104  of the 3D body  3102 . In an embodiment, the array  3300  further includes a base substrate  3200 , wherein the array  3300  is disposed on the base substrate  3200 . In an embodiment, the connecting structure  3302  further includes at least one leg  3304  that is integrally formed with and monolithic with the connecting structure  3302 , the at least one leg  3304  extending down from the connecting structure  3302  to the base substrate  3200 . 
     In an embodiment, the second region  3140  has a first portion  3142  proximate the proximal end  3104  of the 3D body  3102 , and a second portion  3144  proximate the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102 . In an embodiment, the second portion  3144  abuts and is in contact with (depicted as dashed line  3306  in  FIG. 3C ) the first portion  3142 . In an embodiment, the second portion  3144  is proximate the first portion  3142  with a material gap  3308  of the second average dielectric constant therebetween. That is, the gap  3308  is absent dielectric material of the second region  3140 . 
     In an embodiment, the material gap  3308  of the second average dielectric constant comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the material gap  3308  comprises a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. 
     In an embodiment, the array  3300  further includes a third region  3150  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 3100 ), the third region  3150  enveloping at least the sides of the outer perimeter of the 3D body  3102  from the proximal  3104  to at least the distal end  3106  of the 3D body  3102 , the third average dielectric constant being less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. 
     In an embodiment, the third region  3150  extends via bridge portion  3152  between adjacent ones of the plurality of EM devices  3100  of the array  3300 . In an embodiment, the third region  3150  extends via bridge portion  3152  between adjacent ones of the first portion  3142  of corresponding ones of the plurality of EM devices  3100  of the array  3300 , and the third region  3150  does not extend via a void  3154  between adjacent ones of the second portion  3144  of corresponding ones of the plurality of EM devices  3100  of the array  3300 . 
     In an embodiment, the gap  3308  that is absent dielectric material having the second average dielectric constant comprises the dielectric material having the third average dielectric constant. 
     In an embodiment of the array  3300 , the base substrate  3200  includes a plurality of signal feeds  3202 , each signal feed  3202  of the plurality of signal feeds  3202  configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices  3100  to radiate an EM field into the far field, wherein a given one of the plurality of EM devices  3100  is disposed on the base substrate  3200  relative to a corresponding signal feed  3202  such that the given EM device  3100  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed  3202 . 
     The following description of an example EM device  4100  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , collectively, in combination with  FIGS. 1A-1C . The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  4101  depicted in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  is for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  4100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  4100  includes a structure comparable to the EM device  1100 , wherein: the first region  1108 ,  4108  extends at least partially to the distal end  1106 ,  4106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  from a first base structure  4112  proximate the proximal end  1104 ,  4104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102 ; the second region  1112 ,  4114  extends at least partially to the distal end  1106 ,  4106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  from the proximal end  1104 ,  4104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102 ; the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  further comprises a third region  1114 ,  4116  disposed radially outboard of the second region  1112 ,  4114  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 1100 , Dk 3 - 4100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 1100 ), the third region  1114 ,  4116  extending to the distal end  1106 ,  4106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  from a second base structure  4118  proximate the proximal end  1104 ,  4104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102 ; and the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  further comprising a fourth region  1120 ,  4120  disposed radially outboard of the third region  1114 ,  4116  made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 4100 ) that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region  1120 ,  4120  extending to the distal end  1106 ,  4106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102  from the proximal end  1104 ,  4104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  4102 . 
     In another embodiment, the example EM device  4100  includes: a 3D body  4102  made from a dielectric material having a proximal end  4104  and a distal end  4106 ; the 3D body  4102  having a first region  4108  disposed toward the axial center  4110  of the 3D body  4102  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 4100 ), the first region  4108  extending at least partially, and in an embodiment only partially, to the distal end  4106  of the 3D body  4102  from a first base structure  4112  proximate the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102 ; the 3D body  4102  having a second region  4114  disposed radially outboard of the first region  4108  made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 4100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region  4114  extending at least partially, and in an embodiment only partially, to the distal end  4106  of the 3D body  4102  from the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102 ; the 3D body  4102  having a third region  4116  disposed radially outboard of the second region  4114  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 4100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region  4116  extending to the distal end  4106  of the 3D body  4102  from a second base structure  4118  proximate the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102 ; and the 3D body  4102  having a fourth region  4120  disposed radially outboard of the third region  4116  made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 4100 ) that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region  4120  extending to the distal end  4106  of the 3D body  4102  from the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102 . In an embodiment, the first base structure  4112  of the first region  4108 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  4100 , has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region  4114 . In an embodiment, H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. In an embodiment, the first region  4108  is centrally disposed with respect to a central z-axis within the 3D body  4102 . 
     In an embodiment, the third region  4116  is a continuum of the first region  4108 , and each of the first region  4108  and the third region  4116  comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the first and third regions  4108 ,  4116  comprise a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment, the third region  4116  is a continuum of the first region  4108 , and at least one of the first region  4108  and the third region  4116  comprises a dielectric material other than air. In an embodiment, the third region  4116  comprises a dielectric material that is different from the dielectric material of the first region  4108 . In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the third region  4116  has a dielectric constant that is less than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region  4108 . 
     In an embodiment, the fourth region  4120  is a continuum of the second region  4114 , via the second base structure  4118  for example, such that the second and fourth regions  4114 ,  4120  and the second base structure  4118  are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic, and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant. 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  4100  further includes a relatively thin connecting structure  4122  disposed at the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102  and being integrally formed with and bridging between the second region  4114  and the fourth region  4120 , such that the second region  4114 , the fourth region  4120 , and the relatively thin connecting structure  4122 , form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure  4122 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  4100 , having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 20% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body  4102 . The relatively thin connecting structure  4122  having an overall width, W 5 , as observed in the rotated isometric view of the EM device  4100 , that is less than an overall outside dimension, W 4 , of the second region  4114 . 
     In an embodiment, the second base structure  4118 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  4100 , has a thickness H 8  that is less than H 5 . In an embodiment, H 8  is equal to or less than 0.005 inches, or equal to or less than 0.003 inches. In an embodiment, the second base structure  4118  may be a separate layer disposed adjacent to and under the first, second, third, and fourth regions  4108 ,  4114 ,  4116 , and  4120  of the 3D body  4102 , made from a dielectric material having a dielectric constant that is relatively high as compared to that of the 3D body  4102 , and preferably substantially matches the dielectric constant of the 3D body  4102 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region  4108  is a depression formed in the second region  4114 . In an embodiment, the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end  4124  of the second region  4114  to the proximal end  4104  of the 3D body  4102 . In an embodiment, the second region  4114  and the first region  4108  have coexisting central z-axes, the third region  4116  and the second region  4114  have coexisting central z-axes, and the fourth region  4120  and the third region  4116  have coexisting central z-axes. In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  4100 , the second region  4114  completely surrounds the first region  4108 , the third region  4116  completely surrounds the second region  4114 , and the fourth region  4120  completely surrounds the third region  4116 . 
     In an embodiment, the second region  4114  and the fourth region  4120  each have an outer cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment, the second region  4114  and the fourth region  4120  each have an inner cross-section shape, as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     In an embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed internal surfaces of at least the second region  4114  and the fourth region  4120  of the 3D body  4102  draft inward from the proximal end  4104  disposed toward the distal end  4106  of the 3D body  4102 , as illustrated by tapered inner and outer surfaces in  FIG. 4A . 
     In view of the foregoing, the first region  4108  and/or the third region  4116  are depressions in the 3D body  4102  formed by removal of material of the 3D body  4102  (such as the second region  4114  and the fourth region  4120 ), by use of a removable insert during the forming of the 3D body  4102 , or by any other means suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the aforementioned depressions (first region  4108  and third region  4116  for example) are regions of the 3D body  4102  having a relatively lower dielectric constant than the non-depression regions (second region  4114  and fourth region  4120  for example). 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  4100  further includes: a base substrate  4200  having a signal feed  4202  configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  4102  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body  4102  is disposed on the base substrate  4200  relative to the signal feed  4202  such that the 3D body  4102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  4202 . 
     In an embodiment, an array  4300  of the EM device  4100  (see  FIG. 4B ) is operational at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array  4300  includes a plurality of the EM devices  4100  disposed on a base substrate  4200 ; the base substrate  4200  having a plurality of signal feeds  4202 , each signal feed  4202  of the plurality of signal feeds  4202  being configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices  4100  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein a given EM device  4100  is disposed on the base substrate  4200  relative to a corresponding signal feed  4202  such the given EM device  4100  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed  4202 . 
     The following description of an example EM device  5100  is made with particular reference to  FIG. 5 , in combination with  FIGS. 1A-1C . The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  5101  depicted in  FIG. 5  is for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  5100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  5100  includes a structure comparable to the EM device  1100 , wherein: the first region  1108 ,  5108  extends at least partially to the distal end  1106 ,  5106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  from a first base structure  5112  proximate the proximal end  1104 ,  5104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102 ; the second region  1112 ,  5114  extends at least partially to the distal end  1106 ,  5106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  from the proximal end  1104 ,  5104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102 ; the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  further comprises a third region  1114 ,  5116  disposed radially outboard of the second region  1112 ,  5114  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 1100 , Dk 3 - 5100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 1100 ), the third region  1114 ,  5116  extending to the distal end  1106 ,  5106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  from a second base structure  5118  proximate the proximal end  1104 ,  5104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102 ; the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  further comprises a fourth region  1120 ,  5120  disposed radially outboard of the third region  1114 ,  5116  made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 5100 ) that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region  1120 ,  5120  extending to the distal end  1106 ,  5106  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102  from the proximal end  1104 ,  5104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  5102 ; the second base structure  5118  comprising a relatively thin connecting structure  5122 , disposed at the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 , that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120 , such that the second region  5114 , the fourth region  5120 , and the relatively thin connecting structure  5122 , are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure  5122  having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body  1102 ; and the second base structure  5118  in the third region  5116  being absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure  5122 . 
     In another embodiment, the example EM device  5100  includes: a 3D body  5102  made from a dielectric material having a proximal end  5104  and a distal end  5106 ; the 3D body  5102  having a first region  5108  disposed toward the center  5110  of the 3D body  5102  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 5100 ), the first region  5108  extending at least partially to the distal end  5106  of the 3D body  5102  from a first base structure  5112  proximate the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 ; the 3D body  5102  having a second region  5114  disposed radially outboard of the first region  5108  made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 5100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region  5114  extending at least partially to the distal end  5106  of the 3D body  5102  from the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 ; the 3D body  5102  having a third region  5116  disposed radially outboard of the second region  5114  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 5100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region  5116  extending to the distal end  5106  of the 3D body  5102  from a second base structure  5118  proximate the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 ; the 3D body  5102  having a fourth region  5120  disposed radially outboard of the third region  5116  made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 5100 ) that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region  5120  extending to the distal end  5106  of the 3D body  5102  from the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 ; wherein the second base structure  5118  includes a relatively thin connecting structure  5122 , disposed at the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 , that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120 , such that the second region  5114 , the fourth region  5120 , and the relatively thin connecting structure  5122 , are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure  5122 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  5100 , having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body  5102 ; and wherein the second base structure  5118  in the third region  5116  is absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure  5122 . 
     In an embodiment, the first base structure  5112  of the first region  5108 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  5100 , has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region  5114 . In an embodiment, H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. 
     In an embodiment, the relatively thin connecting structure  5122  has at least two arms  5124  that bridge between the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120 . In an embodiment, the relatively thin connecting  5122  structure, as observed in a plan view of the EM device  5100 , has an overall width, W 1 , that is less than an overall width, W 2 , of the second region  5114 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region  5108  is axially centrally disposed with respect to a central z-axis within the 3D body  5102 . 
     In an embodiment, the third region  5116  is a continuum of the first region  5108 , and each of the first region  5108  and the third region  5116  comprises air, which may be composed entirely of air, or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In an embodiment, the first and third regions  5108 ,  5116  comprise a dielectric medium in the form of a foam. In an embodiment, the third region  5116  is a continuum of the first region  5108 , and at least one of the first region  5108  and the third region  5116  comprises a dielectric material other than air. In an embodiment, the third region  5116  comprises a dielectric material that is different from the dielectric material of the first region  5108 . In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the third region  5116  has a dielectric constant that is less than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region  5108 . In an embodiment, the monolithic has a dielectric constant equal to the second average dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the first region  5108  is a depression formed in the second region  5114 . In an embodiment, the depression of the first region  5108  may be formed by removal of material of the second region  5114 , by use of a removable insert during the forming of the second region  5114 , or by any other means suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end  5126  of the second region  5114  to the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102 . In an embodiment, the second region  5114  and the first region  5108  have coexisting central z-axes, the third region  5116  and the second region  5114  have coexisting central z-axes, and the fourth region  5120  and the third region  5116  have coexisting central z-axes. In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  5100 , the second region  5114  completely surrounds the first region  5108 , the third region  5116  completely surrounds the second region  5114 , and the fourth region  5120  completely surrounds the third region  5116 . 
     In an embodiment and as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  5100 , at least a portion of the second region  5114  has a convex outer surface  5128 . In an embodiment, the convex outer surface  5128  extends from the proximal end  5104  of the 3D body  5102  to the distal end  5126  of the second region  5114 . 
     In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  5100 , the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120  each have an outer cross-section shape, as also observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  5100 , the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120  each have an inner cross-section shape, as also observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. In an embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed internal surfaces of at least the second region  5114  and the fourth region  5120  of the 3D body  5102  draft inward from the proximal end  5104  toward the distal end  5106  of the 3D body  5102 . 
     In an embodiment, the EM device  5100  further includes: a base substrate (see  4200 ,  FIGS. 4A and 4B , for example) having a signal feed (see  4202 ,  FIGS. 4A and 4B , for example) configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  5102  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body  5102  is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body  5102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     In an embodiment, an array (see  4300 ,  FIG. 4B , for example) of the EM device  5100  is operational at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array comprises a plurality of the EM devices  5100  disposed on a base substrate (see  4200 ,  FIG. 4B , for example); the base substrate comprises a plurality of signal feeds (see  4202 ,  FIG. 4B , for example), each signal feed of the plurality of signal feeds being configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices  5100  to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein a given EM device  5100  is disposed on the base substrate relative to a corresponding signal feed such the given EM device  5100  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed. 
     The following description of an example EM device  6100  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, 6G, 6H, 6I, and 6J , collectively, in combination with  FIGS. 1A-1C . The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  6101  depicted in  FIGS. 6B-6C, 6I and 6J , are for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  6100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example EM device  6100  includes a structure comparable to the EM device  1100 , that further includes: a base substrate  6200  having a first plurality of vias  6204  that extend through the base substrate  6200 ; wherein the 3D body  1102 ,  6102  comprises a medium other than air, the proximal end  1104 ,  6104  of the 3D body  1102 ,  6102  being disposed on the base substrate  6200  so that the 3D body  1102 ,  6102  at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of vias  6204 ; wherein the first plurality of vias  6204  are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  1102 ,  6102 , such that the 3D body  1102 ,  6102  and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias  6204  form a monolithic. 
     In another embodiment, the example EM device  6100  includes: a base substrate  6200  having a first plurality of vias  6204  that extend through the base substrate  6200  from one side to an opposing side; a 3D body  6102  made from a dielectric material comprised of a medium other than air, the 3D body  6102  having a proximal end  6104  and a distal end  6106 , the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102  being disposed on the base substrate  6200  so that the 3D body  6102  at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of vias  6204 ; wherein the first plurality of vias  6204  are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102 , such that the 3D body  6102  and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias  6204  form a monolithic. In an embodiment, the 3D body  6102  completely covers the first plurality of vias  6204 . In an embodiment, the first plurality of vias  6204  are completely filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102 . In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102  is a moldable dielectric material. 
     In an embodiment, the base substrate  6200  further comprises a second plurality of vias  6206  that may be fully covered by the 3D body  6102 , partially covered by the 3D body  6102 , or fully exposed relative to the 3D body  6102 . In an embodiment, the second plurality of vias  6206  that are fully or partially covered by the 3D body  6102  are either; at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102 , or filled with an electrically conductive material (such as but not limited to copper for example); and the second plurality of vias  6206  that are fully exposed relative to the 3D body  6102  are filled with an electrically conductive material (such as but not limited to copper for example). 
     From the foregoing description of the first and second plurality of vias  6204 ,  6206 , it will be appreciated that a distinction may be made between the two. That is, the first plurality of vias  6204  are necessarily at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102 , while the second plurality of vias  6206  are not necessarily at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102 . In an embodiment, the first plurality of vias  6204  may serve as a structural anchor for anchoring the 3D body  6102  to the substrate  6200 , and the second plurality of vias  6206  may serve as an electrically conductive wall for a slotted aperture signal feed (discussed further below). 
     In an embodiment, the base substrate  6200  further includes a signal feed  6202  configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body  6102  to radiate an EM field into the far field when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  6202 . In an embodiment, the 3D body  6102  is disposed on the base substrate  6200  relative to the signal feed  6202  such that the 3D body  6102  is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed  6202 . In an embodiment, the signal feed  6202  comprises a stripline  6208  and a slotted aperture  6210  (see  FIG. 6D ), the slotted aperture  6210  being completely covered by the 3D body  6102 . 
     In an embodiment and with particular reference now to  FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6D , the base substrate  6200  includes an electrically conductive lower layer  6212  that provides an electrical ground reference potential, an electrically conductive upper layer  6214  that is electrically connected to the ground reference potential, and at least one dielectric substrate  6216 ,  6218  disposed between the lower  6212  and upper  6214  electrically conductive layers; and the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102  is disposed on the upper layer  6214 . 
     In an embodiment, the aforementioned at least one dielectric substrate includes a first dielectric substrate  6216  disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer  6212 , and a second dielectric substrate  6218  disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer  6214 ; and the base substrate  6200  further includes a thin film adhesive bondply  6220  disposed between and affixed to the first  6216  and second  6218  dielectric substrates, wherein the stripline  6208  is disposed between the thin film adhesive  6220  and the second dielectric substrate  6218  below and orthogonal to the slotted aperture  6210 . 
     In an embodiment, the 3D body  6102  has: a first region  6108  toward the center  6110  of the 3D body  6102  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 6100 ), the first region  6108  extending at least partially to the distal end  6106  of the 3D body  6102  from a first base structure  6112  proximate the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102 ; the 3D body  6102  has a second region  6114  disposed radially outboard of the first region  6108  made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 6100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region  6114  extending at least partially to the distal end  6106  of the 3D body  6102  from the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102 ; the 3D body has a third region  6116  disposed radially outboard of the second region  6114  made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk 3 - 6100 ) that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region  6116  extending to the distal end  6106  of the 3D body  6102  from a second base structure  6118  proximate the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102 ; the 3D body  6102  has a fourth region  6120  disposed radially outboard of the third region  6116  made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk 4 - 6100 ) that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region  6120  extending to the distal end  6106  of the 3D body  6102  from the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102 ; wherein the second base structure  6118  includes a relatively thin connecting structure  6122 , disposed at the proximal end  6104  of the 3D body  6102 , that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region  6114  and the fourth region  6120 , such that the second region  6114 , the fourth region  6120 , and the relatively thin connecting structure  6122 , are integrally formed with each other to form a portion of the aforementioned monolithic of the EM device  6100 , the relatively thin connecting structure  6122  having an overall height, H 5 , as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  6100 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body  6102 ; and wherein the second base structure  6118  in the third region  6116  is absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure  6122 . 
     In an embodiment and as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  6100 , the first base structure  6112  of the first region  6108  has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region  6114 . In an embodiment, H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. 
     In an embodiment, the slotted aperture  6210  is completely covered by the first base structure  6112  of the first region  6108  and the second region  6114  of the 3D body  6102 . 
     In an embodiment, the relatively thin connecting structure  6122  has at least two arms  6124  that bridge between the second region  6114  and the fourth region  6120 . In an embodiment and as observed in a plan view of the EM device  6100 , the relatively thin connecting structure  6122  has an overall width, W 1 , that is less than an overall width, W 2 , of the second region  6114 . 
     In an embodiment, the 3D body  6102  is anchored to the base substrate by way of the dielectric material of the 3D body  6102  at least partially filling and being integral with the first plurality of vias  6204 . 
     In an embodiment as observed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section of the EM device  6100  and with particular reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the first plurality of vias  6204  includes: a first pair of diametrically opposed vias  6222  having an overall width dimension, D 3 ; a second pair of diametrically opposed vias  6224  having an overall width dimension, D 4 ; and a third pair of diametrically opposed vias  6226  having an overall width dimension, D 5 . In an embodiment, D 4  is less than D 3 , and D 5  is equal to D 4 . In an embodiment, dimensions D 3 , D 4 , and D 5 , are diameter dimensions. 
     In an embodiment and with particular reference to  FIGS. 6B, 6C, and 6D , the EM device  6100  further includes: an electromagnetically reflective structure  6300  having an electrically conductive structure  6302  and an electrically conductive electromagnetic reflector  6304  that is integrally formed with or is in electrical communication with the electrically conductive structure  6302 ; wherein the electromagnetically reflective structure  6300  is disposed on or is in electrical communication with the upper electrically conductive layer  6214 ; wherein the electrically conductive electromagnetic reflector  6304  forms a wall  6306  that defines and at least partially circumscribes or surrounds a recess  6308 , as observed in a plan view of the EM device  6100 ; wherein the 3D body  6102  is disposed within the recess  6308 . In an embodiment as observed in an elevation view of the EM device  6100 , the wall  6306  of the reflector  6304  has a height, H 9 , that is greater than a height, H 10 , of the second region  6114 . 
     In an embodiment with particular reference to  FIG. 6E , and in response to a 40 GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed  6202 , the 3D body  6102  radiates an EM field having a wide field of view, FOV, into the far field with the following characteristics: a gain profile that includes a 3 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−60-degrees in the E-field direction (see  FIG. 6E ); a gain profile that includes a 3 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−45-degrees in the H-field direction; a gain profile that includes a 6 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−90-degrees in the E-field direction; and a gain profile that includes a 6 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−60-degrees in the H-field direction. 
     In an embodiment with particular reference to  FIGS. 6G and 6H , and in response to a particular GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed  6202 , the 3D body  6102  radiates an EM field into the far field with the following characteristics: a boresight gain of about 4.4 dBi at 36 GHz to about 5.8 dBi at 41 GHz, with a resulting bandwidth greater than 10%. In an embodiment, and in response to a particular GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed  6202 , the 3D body  6102  radiates an EM field into the far field with the following characteristics: a boresight gain of about 4.4 dBi at 36 GHz to about 6 dBi at 46 GHz, with a resulting relatively flat gain and a bandwidth greater than 20%. 
     In an embodiment and with particular reference to  FIGS. 6I and 6J , an array  6400  of the EM device  6100  is operational at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array  6400  comprises a plurality of the EM devices  6100  disposed in a side by side arrangement wherein the base substrate  6200  of each EM device  6100  is a contiguous extension of a neighboring base substrate  6200  to form an aggregate base substrate  6230 , wherein each EM device  6100  has a discrete signal feed  6202  (see  FIG. 6B ) relative to an adjacent one of the plurality of EM devices  6100 , and wherein each discrete signal feed  6202  is configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding 3D body  6100  to radiate an EM field into the far field when a particular electrical signal is present on the associated signal feed  6202 . 
     In an embodiment, a method of making the EM device  6100  includes: molding the 3D body  6102  onto a topside of the base substrate  6200  by injection molding a moldable dielectric medium through the first plurality of vias  6204  from an underside or backside of the base substrate  6200 ; and at least partially curing the dielectric medium. 
     The following description of an example antenna subsystem  7000  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D , collectively, and in view of other figures and structures disclosed herein. The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  7101  depicted in  FIGS. 7A-7D , are for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  7100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example antenna subsystem  7000  for a steerable array of EM devices  7100  (such as any EM device  1100 ,  2100 ,  3100 ,  4100 ,  5100 ,  6100  disclosed herein) includes: a plurality of the EM devices  7100 , each EM device  7100  of the plurality of EM devices  7100  having a wide FOV DRA  7150  arranged and disposed on a surface  7002  (see  FIG. 7B ); a subsystem board  7010  having, for each EM device  7100  of the plurality of EM devices  7100 , a signal feed structure  7202  (see  FIG. 7A ); the plurality of EM devices  7100  being affixed to the subsystem board  7010 . 
     In an embodiment, each DRA  7150  has a 3D body  7102  (see other 3D bodies disclosed herein) having a first region (see  1108 ,  FIG. 1C , for example) toward the center of the 3D body  7102  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 7100 ), the first region extending to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body  7102  has a second region (see  1112 ,  FIG. 1C , for example) disposed radially outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 7100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of EM devices  7100  are arranged in an x-by-y array. In an embodiment, the DRAs  7150  are arranged on a two-dimensional, 2D, surface. In an embodiment, the signal feed structure  7202  includes a signal line having a signal input end  7204 . In an embodiment, the subsystem board  7010  further includes, for each EM device  7100 , a signal communication path  7012  having an input port  7014  disposed at one end thereof, the other opposing end of the signal communication path  7012  being electrically connected to the signal input end  7204  of a corresponding signal feed structure  7202 . In an embodiment, each input port  7014  of the subsystem board  7010  is connectable to an EM beam steering subsystem  7500  (see  FIG. 7D ). 
     In an embodiment with particular reference to  FIG. 7D , an EM beam steering subsystem  7500  includes an EM beam steering chip  7502  connected to a number of signal communication channels  7504 , each signal communication channel  7504  associated with the EM beam steering chip  7502  having a corresponding output end  7506 , the number of signal communication channels  7504  and output ends  7506  being equal in number to the plurality of EM devices  7100  depicted in  FIGS. 7A and 7B ; wherein each output end  7506  of a corresponding signal communication channel  7504  of the EM beam steering subsystem  7500  is connected to a corresponding input port  7014  of the subsystem board  7010  of the antenna subsystem  7000 . In an embodiment, the beam steering chip  7502  is disposed in thermal communication with a heat sink  7508  disposed below the subsystem board  7010 , which may also be configured to provide a phase shift and/or time delay to the beam steering function. 
     In an embodiment with particular reference to  FIG. 7A , the subsystem board  7010  further includes a plurality of sets of non-conductive vias (see  6204 ,  FIG. 6A , for example) that extend therethrough, each set of the non-conductive vias being associated with a different one of the plurality of EM devices  7100 ; each 3D body  7102  of a corresponding EM device  7100  is made from a dielectric material comprised of a medium other than air, each 3D body  7102  having a proximal end and a distal end (see  6104  and  6106 ,  FIG. 6C , for example), the proximal end of each 3D body  7102  being disposed on the subsystem board  7010  so that each 3D body  7102  at least partially or completely covers a corresponding set of the non-conductive vias; and the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the associated 3D body  7102 , such that each 3D body  7102  and the dielectric material of the corresponding set of non-conductive at least partially filled vias form a monolithic (see aforementioned description relating to EM device  6100 ). In an embodiment, the 3D body  7102  completely covers the corresponding set of the non-conductive vias. In an embodiment, the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the associated 3D body  7102 . In an embodiment, the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias extend between the lower electrically conductive layer and the upper electrically conductive layer. 
     In an embodiment, the subsystem board  7010  further includes: an electrically conductive lower layer, an electrically conductive upper layer, a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer, a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer, and a thin film adhesive disposed between and affixed to the first and second dielectric substrates (see  6212 ,  6214 ,  6216 ,  6218 ,  6220 ,  FIG. 6D , for example). 
     In an embodiment and with reference also to  FIG. 6D , the signal feed structure  7202  further includes: a stripline  7208  (see also  6208 ,  FIG. 6D , for example) disposed between the thin film adhesive  6220  and the second dielectric substrate  6218 , the electrically conductive upper layer  6214  having a slotted aperture (see  6210 ,  FIG. 6D , for example) disposed over and orthogonal to the corresponding stripline  7208  (see also  6208 ,  FIG. 6D ), each stripline  7208  having the signal input end  7204 , each slotted aperture being completely covered by the 3D body  7102  (see also  6102 ,  FIG. 6D ) of the corresponding EM device  7100 , the proximal end of the 3D body  7102  being disposed on the electrically conductive upper layer. 
     In an embodiment, similar to the stripline  7208 , the signal communication path  7012  of the subsystem board  7010  is disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the signal communication path  7012  having the input port  7014  disposed at one end thereof, the other opposing end of the signal communication path being electrically connected to the signal input end  7204  of a corresponding stripline  7208 . 
     In an embodiment, the subsystem board  7010  further includes a first plurality of electrically conductive vias  7016  that connect the upper electrically conductive layer to the lower electrically conductive layer, the first plurality of electrically conductive vias  7016  being disposed on each side of respective ones of the plurality of signal communication paths  7012 , which serve to provide an electrically conductive wall adjacent a corresponding signal communication path  7012 . 
     In an embodiment, the substrate board  7010  further includes a second plurality of electrically conductive vias  7018  that connect the upper electrically conductive layer to the lower electrically conductive layer, the second plurality of electrically conductive vias  7018  being disposed on each side of, and at an end of, respective ones of the striplines  7208 , which serve to provide an electrically conductive wall adjacent a corresponding signal feed structure  7202 . 
     The following description of an example antenna subsystem  8000  is made with particular reference to  FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, and 8F , collectively, and in view of other figures and structures disclosed herein. The orthogonal set of x-y-z axes  8101  depicted in  FIGS. 8A-8D , are for illustration purposes, and establishes the 3D arrangement of the various features of the EM device  8100  relative to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the example antenna subsystem  8000  for a steerable array of EM devices  8100  (such as any EM device  1100 ,  2100 ,  3100 ,  4100 ,  5100 ,  6100  disclosed herein) includes: a plurality of the EM devices  8100 , each EM device  8100  of the plurality of EM devices  8100  having a wide FOV DRA  8150  arranged and disposed on a surface  8002 , each EM device  8100  of the plurality of EM devices  8100  further having a base substrate  8200 , each base substrate  8200  comprising a signal feed structure  8202  disposed in EM signal communication with a corresponding DRA  8150 ; wherein the base substrate  8200  of each EM device  8100  is a contiguous extension of a neighboring base substrate  8200  to form an aggregate base substrate  8230 , the DRAs  8150  being affixed to the aggregate base substrate  8230 ; wherein the aggregate base substrate  8230  includes a plurality of input ports  8204  equal in number to the number of DRAs  8150 , each input port  8204  being electrically connected to a corresponding signal feed structure  8202  that is in signal communication with a corresponding DRA  8150 ; the antenna subsystem  8000  providing a structure suitable for an arrangement of the EM devices  8100  to any arrangement size formable from multiple ones of the antenna subsystem  8000 . 
     In an embodiment, each DRA  8150  has a 3D body  8102  (see other 3D bodies disclosed herein) having a first region (see  1108 ,  FIG. 1C , for example) toward the center of the 3D body  8102  made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk 1 - 8100 ), the first region extending to the distal end of the 3D body  8102 ; and the 3D body  8102  has a second region (see  1112 ,  FIG. 1C , for example) outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk 2 - 8100 ) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of EM devices  8100  are arranged in an x-by-y array. In an embodiment, the DRAs  8150  are arranged on a two-dimensional, 2D, surface  8002 . 
     In an embodiment, each input port  8204  of the plurality of input ports  8204  of the aggregate base substrate  8230  is a solder pad. In an embodiment, the plurality of input ports  8204  of the aggregate base substrate  8230  are connectable to an EM beam steering subsystem  8500 . 
     In an embodiment, the antenna subsystem  8000  further includes: an EM beam steering subsystem  8500  having an EM beam steering chip  8502  connected to a plurality of signal communication channels  8504 , each signal communication channel  8504  associated with the EM beam steering chip  8502  having a corresponding output port  8506 ; wherein each output port  8506  of the EM beam steering subsystem  8500  is connected to a corresponding input port  8204  of the aggregate base substrate  8230  of the antenna subsystem  8000 . 
     In an embodiment, each base substrate  8200  includes (with reference to details depicted in  FIG. 6D  and described herein above): an electrically conductive lower layer  6212 , an electrically conductive upper layer  6214 , a first dielectric substrate  6216  disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer  6212 , and a second dielectric substrate  6218  disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer  6214 , and a thin film adhesive  6220  disposed between and affixed to the first and second dielectric substrates  6216 ,  6218 , a stripline  6208  disposed between the thin film adhesive  6220  and the second dielectric substrate  6218 , the electrically conductive upper layer  6214  having a slotted aperture  6210  disposed over and orthogonal to the stripline  6208 , each slotted aperture  6210  being completely covered by the 3D body  8102  of the corresponding EM device  8100 , and the proximal end of the 3D body  8102  being disposed on the electrically conductive upper layer  6214 . 
     In an embodiment, each input port  8204  is electrically connected to a corresponding stripline  6208  that is in signal communication with an associated slotted aperture  6210  disposed underneath the 3D body  8102  of a given EM device  8100 . 
     In an embodiment, an antenna array  8600  for a steerable array of EM devices  8100  includes a tiled plurality  8300  of the antenna subsystem  8000 . In an embodiment, the antenna array  8600  having the tiled plurality of antenna subsystems  8000  is formable to a non-planar configuration. In an embodiment, the antenna array  8600  has an aggregate base substrate  8230  in the form of a flexible circuit board. 
     In an embodiment and as depicted in  FIG. 8C , the antenna subsystem  8000  may comprise a tiled array  8300  having a 10×10 array of DRAs  8150 , or a 5×5 array of tiled subsystems having a 2×2 array of DRAs  8150 , which in an embodiment may be upwards of an 128×128 array of DRAs  8150 , or a 64×64 array of tiled parts having a 2×2 array of DRAs  8150 , or greater.  FIG. 8E  depicts a representation of a steerable antenna array  8600  having components depicted and described in connection with  FIGS. 8A-8D  that is productive of a steerable beam  8610 , which in an embodiment is steerable in one-dimension or two-dimension, and may be configure to transmit, receive, or transmit and receive. In an embodiment, the antenna array  8600  may be employed as a communication system or radar system, for example. 
     In an embodiment and as depicted in  FIG. 8F , the antenna array  8600  may be arranged on a flexible circuit board  8230 , which when appropriately curved may enable beam steering to +/−90 degrees. In an embodiment it is contemplated that only two arrayed panels would be needed to steer an EM beam a full 360 degrees, which would provide a substantial system level cost reduction as compared to existing beam steering antenna arrays. 
     While embodiments disclosed herein illustrate a representative electromagnetic signal feed as being a slotted aperture signal feed, it will be appreciated that this is for illustration purposes only, and that the scope of the invention encompasses any electromagnetic signal feed suitable for a purpose disclosed herein. 
     While certain combinations of individual features have been described and illustrated herein, it will be appreciated that these certain combinations of features are for illustration purposes only and that any combination of any of such individual features may be employed in accordance with an embodiment, whether or not such combination is explicitly illustrated, and consistent with the disclosure herein. Any and all such combinations of features as disclosed herein are contemplated herein, are considered to be within the understanding of one skilled in the art when considering the application as a whole, and are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims in a manner that would be understood by one skilled in the art. 
     While an invention has been described herein with reference to example embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the claims. Many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment or embodiments disclosed herein as the best or only mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. In the drawings and the description, there have been disclosed example embodiments and, although specific terms and/or dimensions may have been employed, they are unless otherwise stated used in a generic, exemplary and/or descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the claims therefore not being so limited. When an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element, or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. The use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. The use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The term “comprising” as used herein does not exclude the possible inclusion of one or more additional features. And, any background information provided herein is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the invention disclosed herein. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of such background information constitutes prior art against an embodiment of the invention disclosed herein. 
     In view of all of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various aspects of an embodiment are disclosed herein, which are in accordance with, but not limited to, at least the following aspects and combinations of aspects. 
     Aspect 1: An electromagnetic, EM, device, comprising: a three dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body having a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 2: The EM device of Aspect 1, wherein: the first region is centrally disposed within the 3D body. 
     Aspect 3: The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 2, wherein: the first region comprises air. 
     Aspect 4: The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein: the first region is a depression in the 3D body, relative to the second region, that extends from the distal end toward the proximal end. 
     Aspect 5: The EM device of Aspect 4, wherein: the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 100% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 6: The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein: the 3D body further comprises a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 7. The EM device of Aspect 6, wherein: the third region comprises a combination of; a dielectric material having the second average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material. 
     Aspect 8. The EM device of Aspect 7, wherein: the other dielectric material of the third region is air. 
     Aspect 9. The EM device of any of Aspects 6 to 8, wherein: the third region comprises projections that extend radially outward from and are integral and monolithic with the second region. 
     Aspect 10. The EM device of Aspect 9, wherein: each one of the projections has a cross-section overall length, L 1 , and a cross-section overall width, W 1 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, where L 1  and W 1  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device when the EM device is electromagnetically excited. 
     Aspect 11. The EM device of Aspect 10, wherein: L 1  and W 1  are each less than λ/4. 
     Aspect 12. The EM device of any of Aspects 9 to 11, wherein: each one of the projections has a cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is tapered radially from broad to narrow. 
     Aspect 13. The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 12, further comprising: a fourth region made from a dielectric material other than air having a fourth average dielectric constant; wherein the fourth region substantially surrounds the proximal end of the 3D body and wherein the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 14. The EM device of any of Aspects 6 to 12, further comprising: a fourth region made from a dielectric material other than air having a fourth average dielectric constant; wherein the fourth region substantially surrounds the third region at the proximal end of the 3D body; and wherein the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 15. The EM device of Aspect 14, wherein: the third region comprises a combination of; a dielectric material having the fourth average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material. 
     Aspect 16. The EM device of any of Aspects 14 to 15, wherein: the third region comprises projections that extend outward from and are integral and monolithic with the fourth region. 
     Aspect 17. The EM device of Aspect 16, wherein: each one of the projections that are monolithic with the fourth region has a cross-section overall length, L 2 , and a cross-section overall width, W 2 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, where L 2  and W 2  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device when the EM device is electromagnetically excited. 
     Aspect 18. The EM device of Aspect 17, wherein: L 2  and W 2  are each less than λ/b  4 . 
     Aspect 19. The EM device of any of Aspects 16 to 18, wherein: each one of the projections that are monolithic with the fourth region has a cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is tapered outwardly from broad to narrow. 
     Aspect 20. The EM device of any of Aspects 14 to 19, wherein: the fourth region is integral and monolithic with the second region and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 21. The EM device of Aspect 20, wherein: the third region comprises bridge sections that extend between the second and fourth regions across the third region, the bridge sections being integral and monolithic with both the second and fourth regions. 
     Aspect 22. The EM device of Aspect 21, wherein: each one of the bridge sections has a cross-section overall length, L 3 , and a cross-section overall width, W 3 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, where L 3  and W 3  are each less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device when the EM device is electromagnetically excited. 
     Aspect 23. The EM device of Aspect 22, wherein: L 3  and W 3  are each less than λ/4. 
     Aspect 24. The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 23, wherein: the second region of the 3D body comprises a textured outer surface having texture features with overall dimensions in any direction that are less than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device when the EM device is electromagnetically excited. 
     Aspect 25. The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 24, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second region of the 3D body draft inward from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 26. The EM device of any of Aspects 1 to 25, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 101. An electromagnetic, EM, device, comprising: a three dimensional, 3D, body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first portion made from a dielectric material other than air having a first average dielectric constant, the first portion extending from the proximal end and only partially toward the distal end of the 3D body, the first portion forming an inner portion of the 3D body; the 3D body having a second portion made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is less than the first average dielectric constant, the second portion extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body, the second portion forming an outer portion of the 3D body that envelopes the inner portion; the first portion having a first inner region having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the first average dielectric constant; and the second portion having a second inner region having a fourth average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the second inner region being an extension of the first inner region. 
     Aspect 102. The EM device of Aspect 101, wherein: the second portion has a frustoconical surface proximate the second inner region. 
     Aspect 103. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 102, wherein: the third average dielectric constant is equal to the fourth average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 104. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 103, wherein: the first inner region and the second inner region each comprise air. 
     Aspect 105. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 104, wherein: at least one of the first inner region and the second inner region comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     Aspect 106. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 105, wherein: the third average dielectric constant and the fourth average dielectric constant are both less than each of the first average dielectric constant and the second average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 107. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 102, wherein: the fourth average dielectric constant is less than the third average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 108. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 107, wherein: the first portion has an overall height, H 1 ; the second portion has an overall height, H 2 ; and H 1  is less than about 70% of H 2 . 
     Aspect 109. The EM device of Aspect 108, wherein: H 1  is about 50% of H 2 . 
     Aspect 110. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 109, wherein: the 3D body has axial symmetry about a central z-axis. 
     Aspect 111. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 110, wherein: the first portion and the second portion each have an outer cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 112. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 111, wherein: the first portion and the second portion each have an inner cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 113. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 112, wherein: the first inner region and the second inner region are each centrally disposed relative to central z-axis. 
     Aspect 114. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 113, wherein: the first portion has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 1 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; the second portion has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 2 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; and D 1  is less than D 2 . 
     Aspect 115. The EM device of Aspect 114, wherein: D 1  is less than about 70% of D 2 . 
     Aspect 116. The EM device of Aspect 115, wherein: D 1  is about 60% of D 2 . 
     Aspect 117. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 116, wherein: the first average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20; and the second average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 4 and equal to or less than 9. 
     Aspect 118. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 117, wherein: all exposed surfaces of the 3D body draft inward from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 119. The EM device of any of Aspects 101 to 118, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 201. The EM device of Aspect 1, wherein: the first region extends from the distal end and only partially toward the proximal end of the 3D body; and second region is subordinate to the first region. 
     Aspect 202. The EM device of Aspect 201, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region comprises air. 
     Aspect 203. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 202, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     Aspect 204. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 203, wherein: the first region is a depression formed in the second region. 
     Aspect 205. The EM device of Aspect 204, wherein: the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 90% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 206. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 205, wherein: the first region has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 1 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; the second region has an overall outside cross-section dimension, D 2 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; and D 1  is less than D 2 . 
     Aspect 207. The EM device of Aspect 206, wherein: the second region has an outer cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 208. The EM device of Aspect 207, wherein: the second region has an inner cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 209. The EM device of any of Aspects 206 to 208, wherein: D 1  and D 2  are corresponding diameters of the first and second regions. 
     Aspect 210. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 209, wherein: the first region has a first cross-section profile, P 1 A, as observed in an x-z plane cross-section; the first region has a second cross-section profile, P 1 B, as observed in a y-z plane cross-section; and P 1 B is different from P 1 A. 
     Aspect 211. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 209, wherein: the first region has a first cross-section profile, P 1 A, as observed in an x-z plane cross-section; the first region has a second cross-section profile, P 1 B, as observed in a y-z plane cross-section; and P 1 B is the same as P 1 A. 
     Aspect 212. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 211, wherein: outer sidewalls of the 3D body are vertical, relative to a central z-axis. 
     Aspect 213. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 211, wherein: outer sidewalls of the 3D body are convex, relative to a central z-axis. 
     Aspect 214. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 211, wherein: outer sidewalls of the 3D body are concave, relative to a central z-axis. 
     Aspect 215. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 214, wherein: the second region has a first outer cross-section profile, P 2 A, as observed in an x-z plane cross-section; the second region has a second outer cross-section profile, P 2 B, as observed in a y-z plane cross-section; and P 2 B is the same as P 2 A. 
     Aspect 216. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 214, wherein: the second region has a first outer cross-section profile, P 2 A, as observed in an x-z plane cross-section; the second region has a second outer cross-section profile, P 2 B, as observed in a y-z plane cross-section; and P 2 B is different from P 2 A. 
     Aspect 217. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 216, further comprising: a third region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region enveloping at least the sides of the 3D body from the proximal end to at least the distal end of the 3D body, the third average dielectric constant being less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. 
     Aspect 218. The EM device of Aspect 217, wherein: the third region extends beyond the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 219. The EM device of any of Aspects 217 to 218, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region comprises the dielectric material of the third region. 
     Aspect 220. The EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 219, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 221. An array of the EM device of any of Aspects 201 to 216 operational at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array comprises a plurality of the EM devices, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices being physically connected to at least one other of the plurality of EM devices via a relatively thin connecting structure to form a connected array, each connecting structure being relatively thin as compared to an overall outside dimension of one of the plurality of EM devices, each connecting structure having a cross sectional overall height, H 3 , that is less than 20% of an overall height, H 4 , of a respective connected EM device and being formed from the dielectric material of the second region, each connecting structure and the associated EM device forming a single monolithic portion of the connected array. 
     Aspect 222. The array of Aspect 221, further comprising: a base substrate, wherein the array is disposed on the base substrate. 
     Aspect 223. The array of Aspect 222, wherein the connecting structure further comprises: at least one leg that is integrally formed with and monolithic with the connecting structure, the at least one leg extending down from the connecting structure to the base substrate. 
     Aspect 224. The array of Aspect 223, wherein: the second region comprises a first portion proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; and a second portion proximate the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 225. The array of Aspect 224, wherein: the second portion abuts and is in contact with the first portion 
     Aspect 226. The array of Aspect 224, wherein: the second portion is proximate the first portion with a material gap of the second average dielectric constant therebetween. 
     Aspect 227. The array of any of Aspects 224 to 226, further comprising: a third region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region enveloping at least the sides of the 3D body from the proximal to at least the distal end of the 3D body, the third average dielectric constant being less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. 
     Aspect 228. The array of Aspect 227, wherein: the third region extends between adjacent ones of the plurality of EM devices of the array. 
     Aspect 229. The array of any of Aspects 227 to 228, wherein: the third region extends between adjacent ones of the first portion of corresponding ones of the plurality of EM devices of the array; and the third region does not extend between adjacent ones of the second portion of corresponding ones of the plurality of EM devices of the array. 
     Aspect 230. The array of any of Aspects 227 to 229, wherein: the second portion is proximate the first portion with a material gap of the second average dielectric constant therebetween. 
     Aspect 231. The array of Aspect 230, wherein: the material gap of the second average dielectric constant comprises air. 
     Aspect 232. The array of Aspect 230, wherein: the material gap of the second average dielectric constant comprises the dielectric material having the third average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 233. The array of any of Aspects 222 to 232, wherein: the base substrate comprises a plurality of signal feeds, each signal feed of the plurality of signal feeds configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein a given one of the plurality of EM devices is disposed on the base substrate relative to a corresponding signal feed such that the given EM device is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed. 
     Aspect 301. The EM device of Aspect 1, wherein: the first region extends at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from a first base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the second region extends at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body further having a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from a second base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body further having a fourth region outboard of the third region made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 302. The EM device of Aspect 301, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region. 
     Aspect 303. The EM device of Aspect 302, wherein: H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. 
     Aspect 304. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 303, wherein: the first region is centrally disposed with respect to a central z-axis within the 3D body. 
     Aspect 305. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 304, wherein: the third region is a continuum of the first region; and each of the first region and the third region comprises air. 
     Aspect 306. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 305, wherein: the third region is a continuum of the first region; and at least one of the first region and the third region comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     Aspect 307. The EM device of Aspect 305, wherein: the third region comprises a dielectric material that is different from the dielectric material of the first region. 
     Aspect 308. The EM device of Aspect 307, wherein: the dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant that is less than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region. 
     Aspect 309. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 308, wherein: the fourth region is a continuum of the second region such that the second and fourth regions are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic; and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 310. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 309, further comprising: a relatively thin connecting structure disposed at the proximal end of the 3D body and being integrally formed with and bridging between the second region and the fourth region, such that the second region, the fourth region, and the relatively thin connecting structure, form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 20% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 311. The EM device of Aspect 310, wherein: the second base structure has a thickness H 8  that is less than H 5 . 
     Aspect 312. The EM device of Aspect 311, wherein: H 8  is equal to or less than 0.005 inches. 
     Aspect 313. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 312, wherein: the first region is a depression formed in the second region. 
     Aspect 314. The EM device of Aspect 313, wherein: the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 315. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 314, wherein: the second region and the first region have coexisting central z-axes; the third region and the second region have coexisting central z-axes; and the fourth region and the third region have coexisting central z-axes. 
     Aspect 316. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 315, wherein: the second region completely surrounds the first region; the third region completely surrounds the second region; and the fourth region completely surrounds the third region. 
     Aspect 317. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 316, wherein: the second region and the fourth region each have an outer cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 318. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 317, wherein: the second region and the fourth region each have an inner cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 319. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 318, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second region and the fourth region of the 3D body draft inward from the proximal end toward the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 320. The EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 319, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 321. An array of the EM device of any of Aspects 301 to 319, wherein: the array comprises a plurality of the EM devices disposed on a base substrate; the base substrate comprises a plurality of signal feeds, each signal feed of the plurality of signal feeds being configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein a given EM device is disposed on the base substrate relative to a corresponding signal feed such the given EM device is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed. 
     Aspect 401. The EM device of Aspect 1, wherein: the first region extends at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from a first base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the second region extends at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body further having a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from a second base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body further having a fourth region outboard of the third region made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; wherein the second base structure comprises a relatively thin connecting structure, disposed at the proximal end of the 3D body, that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region and the fourth region, such that the second region, the fourth region, and the relatively thin connecting structure, are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body; and wherein the second base structure in the third region is absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure. 
     Aspect 402. The EM device of Aspect 401, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region. 
     Aspect 403. The EM device of Aspect 402, wherein: H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. 
     Aspect 404. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 403, wherein: the relatively thin connecting structure comprises at least two arms that bridge between the second region and the fourth region. 
     Aspect 405. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 404, wherein: the relatively thin connecting structure has an overall width, W 1 , that is less than an overall width, W 2 , of the second region. 
     Aspect 406. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 405, wherein: the first region is centrally disposed with respect to a central z-axis within the 3D body. 
     Aspect 407. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 406, wherein: the third region is a continuum of the first region; and each of the first region and the third region comprises air. 
     Aspect 408. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 407, wherein: the third region is a continuum of the first region; and at least one of the first region and the third region comprises a dielectric material other than air. 
     Aspect 409. The EM device of Aspect 408, wherein: the third region comprises a dielectric material that is different from the dielectric material of the first region. 
     Aspect 410. The EM device of Aspect 409, wherein: the dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant that is less than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region. 
     Aspect 411. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 410, wherein: the monolithic has a dielectric constant equal to the second average dielectric constant. 
     Aspect 412. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 411, wherein: the first region is a depression formed in the second region. 
     Aspect 413. The EM device of Aspect 412, wherein: the depression extends anywhere between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 414. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 413, wherein: the second region and the first region have coexisting central z-axes; the third region and the second region have coexisting central z-axes; and the fourth region and the third region have coexisting central z-axes. 
     Aspect 415. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 414, wherein: the second region completely surrounds the first region; the third region completely surrounds the second region; and the fourth region completely surrounds the third region. 
     Aspect 416. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 415, wherein: at least a portion of the second region has a convex outer surface. 
     Aspect 417. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 416, wherein: the second region and the fourth region each have an outer cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 418. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 417, wherein: the second region and the fourth region each have an inner cross-section shape, as observed in an x-y plane cross-section, that is circular. 
     Aspect 419. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 418, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second region and the fourth region of the 3D body draft inward from the proximal end toward the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 420. The EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 419, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 421. An array of the EM device of any of Aspects 401 to 419, wherein: the array comprises a plurality of the EM devices disposed on a base substrate; the base substrate comprises a plurality of signal feeds, each signal feed of the plurality of signal feeds being configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding one of the plurality of EM devices to radiate an EM field into the far field; wherein a given EM device is disposed on the base substrate relative to a corresponding signal feed such the given EM device is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the corresponding signal feed. 
     Aspect 501. The EM device of Aspect 1, further comprising: a base substrate comprising a first plurality of vias; wherein the 3D body includes a medium other than air, the proximal end of the 3D body being disposed on the base substrate so that the 3D body at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of vias; wherein the first plurality of vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body, such that the 3D body and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias form a monolithic. 
     Aspect 502. The EM device of Aspect 501, wherein: the 3D body completely covers the first plurality of vias. 
     Aspect 503. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 502, wherein: the first plurality of vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body 
     Aspect 504. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 503, wherein: the dielectric material of the 3D body is a moldable dielectric material. 
     Aspect 505. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 504, wherein: the base substrate further comprises a second plurality of vias that may be fully covered by the 3D body, partially covered by the 3D body, or fully exposed relative to the 3D body. 
     Aspect 506. The EM device of Aspect 505, wherein: the second plurality of vias that are fully or partially covered by the 3D body are either; at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the 3D body, or filled with an electrically conductive material; and the second plurality of vias that are fully exposed relative to the 3D body are filled with an electrically conductive material. 
     Aspect 507. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 506, wherein: the base substrate further comprises a signal feed configured to electromagnetically excite the 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 508. The EM device of Aspect 507, wherein: the 3D body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed such that the 3D body is centrally electromagnetically excited when a particular electrical signal is present on the signal feed. 
     Aspect 509. The EM device of any of Aspects 507 to 508, wherein: the signal feed comprises a stripline and a slotted aperture, the slotted aperture being completely covered by the 3D body. 
     Aspect 510. The EM device of Aspect 509, wherein: the base substrate comprises an electrically conductive lower layer, an electrically conductive upper layer, and at least one dielectric substrate disposed between the lower and upper electrically conductive layers; and the proximal end of the 3D body is disposed on the upper layer. 
     Aspect 511. The EM device of Aspect 510, wherein the at least one dielectric substrate comprises a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer, and a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer, the base substrate further comprising: a thin film adhesive disposed between and affixed to the first and second dielectric substrates; wherein the stripline is disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate below and orthogonal to the slotted aperture. 
     Aspect 512. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 511, wherein: the 3D body has a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from a first base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body has a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body has a third region outboard of the second region made from a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from a second base structure proximate the proximal end of the 3D body; the 3D body has a fourth region outboard of the third region made from a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant that is greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth region extending to the distal end of the 3D body from the proximal end of the 3D body; wherein the second base structure comprises a relatively thin connecting structure, disposed at the proximal end of the 3D body, that is integrally formed with and bridges between the second region and the fourth region, such that the second region, the fourth region, and the relatively thin connecting structure, are integrally formed with each other to form a portion of the monolithic, the relatively thin connecting structure having an overall height, H 5 , that is less than 30% of an overall height, H 6 , of the 3D body; and wherein the second base structure in the third region is absent dielectric material of the monolithic except for the relatively thin connecting structure. 
     Aspect 513. The EM device of Aspect 512, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness, H 7 , and is integrally formed and monolithic with the second region. 
     Aspect 514. The EM device of Aspect 513, wherein: H 7  is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. 
     Aspect 515. The EM device of any of Aspects 512 to 514, wherein: the slotted aperture is completely covered by the first base structure of the first region and the second region of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 516. The EM device of any of Aspects 512 to 515, wherein: the relatively thin connecting structure comprises at least two arms that bridge between the second region and the fourth region. 
     Aspect 517. The EM device of any of Aspects 512 to 516, wherein: the relatively thin connecting structure has an overall width, W 1 , that is less than an overall width, W 2 , of the second region. 
     Aspect 518. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 517, wherein: the 3D body is anchored to the base substrate by way of the first plurality of vias. 
     Aspect 519. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 518, wherein: the first plurality of vias comprises: a first pair of diametrically opposed vias having an overall width dimension, D 3 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; a second pair of diametrically opposed vias having an overall width dimension, D 4 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section; and a third pair of diametrically opposed vias having an overall width dimension, D 5 , as observed in an x-y plane cross-section. 
     Aspect 520. The EM device of Aspect 519, wherein: D 4  is less than D 3 ; and D 5  is equal to D 4 . 
     Aspect 521. The EM device of any of Aspects 519 to 520, wherein: dimensions D 3 , D 4 , and D 5 , are diameter dimensions. 
     Aspect 522. The EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 521, further comprising: an electromagnetically reflective structure comprising an electrically conductive structure and an electrically conductive electromagnetic reflector that is integrally formed with or is in electrical communication with the electrically conductive structure; wherein the electromagnetically reflective structure is disposed on or is in electrical communication with the upper electrically conductive layer; wherein the electrically conductive electromagnetic reflector forms a wall that defines and at least partially circumscribes a recess; wherein the 3D body is disposed within the recess. 
     Aspect 523. The EM device of Aspect 522, wherein: the wall of the reflector has a height, H 9 , that is greater than a height, H 10 , of the second region. 
     Aspect 524. The EM device of Aspect 523, wherein: in response to a 40 GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed, the 3D body radiates an EM field into the far field with the following characteristics: a gain profile that includes a 3 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−60-degrees in the E-field direction; a gain profile that includes a 3 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−45-degrees in the H-field direction; a gain profile that includes a 6 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−90-degrees in the E-field direction; and a gain profile that includes a 6 dBi beamwidth of equal to or greater than +/−60-degrees in the H-field direction. 
     Aspect 525. The EM device of Aspect 523, wherein: in response to a particular GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed, the 3D body radiates an EM field into the far field with the following characteristics: a boresight gain of about 4.4 dBi at 36 GHz to about 5.8 dBi at 41 GHz, with a resulting bandwidth greater than 10%. 
     Aspect 526. The EM device of Aspect 523, wherein: in response to a particular GHz electrical signal being present on the signal feed, the 3D body radiates an EM field into the far field with the following characteristics: a boresight gain of about 4.4 dBi at 36 GHz to about 6 dBi at 46 GHz, with a resulting bandwidth greater than 20%. 
     Aspect 527. An array of the EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 526, wherein: the array comprises a plurality of the EM devices disposed in a side by side arrangement wherein the base substrate of each EM device is a contiguous extension of a neighboring base substrate to form an aggregate base substrate, wherein each EM device comprises a discrete signal feed relative to an adjacent one of the plurality of EM devices, and wherein each discrete signal feed is configured to electromagnetically excite a corresponding 3D body to radiate an EM field into the far field when a particular electrical signal is present on the associated signal feed. 
     Aspect 528. A method of making the EM device of any of Aspects 501 to 526, comprising: molding the 3D body onto a topside of the base substrate by injection molding a moldable dielectric medium through the first plurality of vias from an underside of the base substrate; and at least partially curing the dielectric medium. 
     Aspect 601. An antenna subsystem for a steerable array of EM devices, comprising: a plurality of the EM devices, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices comprising a wide field of view, FOV, dielectric resonator antenna, DRA, arranged on a surface; a subsystem board comprising for each EM device of the plurality of EM devices a signal feed structure; the plurality of EM devices being affixed to the subsystem board. 
     Aspect 602. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 601, wherein: each of the DRA comprises a 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body has a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 603. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 602, wherein: the plurality of EM devices are arranged in an x-by-y array. 
     Aspect 604. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 602 to 603, wherein: the DRAs are arranged on a two-dimensional, 2D, surface. 
     Aspect 604. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 602 to 603, wherein: the signal feed structure comprises a signal line having a signal input end. 
     Aspect 605. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 604, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises for each EM device a signal communication path having an input port disposed at one end thereof, the other opposing end of the signal communication path being electrically connected to the signal input end of a corresponding signal feed structure. 
     Aspect 606. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 605, wherein: each input port of the subsystem board is connectable to an EM beam steering subsystem. 
     Aspect 607. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 606, further comprising: an EM beam steering subsystem comprising an EM beam steering chip connected to a number of signal communication channels, each signal communication channel associated with the EM beam steering chip having a corresponding output end, the number of signal communication channels and output ends being equal in number to the plurality of EM devices; wherein each output end of a corresponding signal communication channel of the EM beam steering subsystem is connected to a corresponding input port of the subsystem board of the antenna subsystem. 
     Aspect 608. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 602 to 607, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises a plurality of sets of non-conductive vias that extend therethrough, each set of the non-conductive vias being associated with a different one of the plurality of EM devices; each 3D body of a corresponding EM device is made from a dielectric material comprised of a medium other than air, each 3D body having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of each 3D body being disposed on the subsystem board so that each 3D body at least partially or completely covers a corresponding set of the non-conductive vias; and the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the associated 3D body, such that each 3D body and the dielectric material of the corresponding set of non-conductive at least partially filled vias form a monolithic. 
     Aspect 609. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 608, wherein: the 3D body completely covers the corresponding set of the non-conductive vias. 
     Aspect 610. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 608 to 609, wherein: the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the associated 3D body. 
     Aspect 611. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 608 to 610, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises: an electrically conductive lower layer, an electrically conductive upper layer, a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer, a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer, and a thin film adhesive disposed between and affixed to the first and second dielectric substrates. 
     Aspect 612. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 611, wherein: the signal feed structure further comprises: a stripline disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the electrically conductive upper layer comprising a slotted aperture disposed over and orthogonal to the corresponding stripline, each stripline having the signal input end, each slotted aperture being completely covered by the 3D body of the corresponding EM device, the proximal end of the 3D body being disposed on the electrically conductive upper layer. 
     Aspect 613. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 611 to 612, wherein: the signal communication path of the subsystem board is disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the signal communication path having the input port disposed at one end thereof, the other opposing end of the signal communication path being electrically connected to the signal input end of a corresponding stripline. 
     Aspect 614. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 611 to 613, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises a first plurality of electrically conductive vias that connect the upper electrically conductive layer to the lower electrically conductive layer, the first plurality of electrically conductive vias being disposed on each side of respective ones of the plurality of signal communication paths. 
     Aspect 615. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 612 to 614, wherein: the substrate board further comprises a second plurality of electrically conductive vias that connect the upper electrically conductive layer to the lower electrically conductive layer, the second plurality of electrically conductive vias being disposed on each side of, and at an end of, respective ones of the striplines. 
     Aspect 616. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 608 to 609, wherein: the plurality of sets of non-conductive vias extend between the lower electrically conductive layer and the upper electrically conductive layer. 
     Aspect 617. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 601 to 616, wherein: the plurality of the EM devices are according to a corresponding EM device of any of Aspects 25, 116, 219, 319, and 419. 
     Aspect 701. An antenna subsystem for a steerable array of EM devices, comprising: a plurality of the EM devices, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices comprising a wide field of view, FOV, dielectric resonator antenna, DRA, arranged on a surface, each EM device of the plurality of EM devices further comprising a base substrate, each base substrate comprising a signal feed structure disposed in EM signal communication with a corresponding DRA; wherein the base substrate of each EM device is a contiguous extension of a neighboring base substrate to form an aggregate base substrate, the DRAs being affixed to the aggregate base substrate; wherein the aggregate base substrate comprises a plurality of input ports equal in number to the number of DRAs, each input port being electrically connected to a corresponding signal feed structure that is in signal communication with a corresponding DRA; the antenna subsystem providing a structure suitable for an arrangement of the EM devices to any arrangement size formable from multiple ones of the antenna subsystem. 
     Aspect 702. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 701, wherein: each DRA comprises a 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body has a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body. 
     Aspect 703. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 702, wherein: the plurality of EM devices are arranged in an x-by-y array. 
     Aspect 704. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 703, wherein: the DRAs are arranged on a two-dimensional, 2D, surface. 
     Aspect 705. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 704, wherein: each input port of the plurality of input ports of the aggregate base substrate is a solder pad. 
     Aspect 706. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 705, wherein: the plurality of input ports of the aggregate base substrate are connectable to an EM beam steering subsystem. 
     Aspect 707. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 706, further comprising: an EM beam steering subsystem comprising an EM beam steering chip connected to a plurality of signal communication channels, each signal communication channel associated with the EM beam steering chip having a corresponding output port; wherein each output port of the EM beam steering subsystem is connected to a corresponding input port of the aggregate base substrate of the antenna subsystem. 
     Aspect 708. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 702 to 707, wherein each base substrate comprises: an electrically conductive lower layer, an electrically conductive upper layer, a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent an upper surface of the electrically conductive lower layer, and a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent a lower surface of the electrically conductive upper layer, and a thin film adhesive disposed between and affixed to the first and second dielectric substrates, a stripline disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the electrically conductive upper layer comprising a slotted aperture disposed over and orthogonal to the stripline, each slotted aperture being completely covered by the 3D body of the corresponding EM device, and the proximal end of the 3D body being disposed on the electrically conductive upper layer. 
     Aspect 709. The antenna subsystem of Aspect 708, wherein: each input port is electrically connected to a corresponding stripline that is in signal communication with an associated slotted aperture disposed underneath the 3D body of a given EM device. 
     Aspect 710. An antenna array for a steerable array of EM devices comprising a tiled plurality of the antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 709. 
     Aspect 711. The antenna array of Aspect 710, wherein the tiled plurality of antenna subsystems is formable to a non-planar configuration. 
     Aspect 712. The antenna array of Aspect 711, wherein the aggregate base substrate is a flexible circuit board. 
     Aspect 713. The antenna subsystem of any of Aspects 701 to 712, wherein: the plurality of the EM devices are according to a corresponding EM device of any of Aspects 26, 117, 220, 320, 420, and 520.