Patent Publication Number: US-4584304-A

Title: 2-pyridinylmethyl oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylates as pesticides

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 618,788, filed June 8, 1984, abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is directed to new 2-pyridinylmethyl oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylates, their use as pesticides and to pesticidal formulations containing these new compounds. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,269 and European Pat. No. 5,882 each broadly describes oxyiminosubstituted cyclopropanecarboxylates and their use as pesticides. U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,787 and Japanese Pat. No. 58/35,175 describe esters of substituted 2-pyridinemethanols. 
     However, these patents do not illustrate the various 2-pyridinylmethyl oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylates of the present invention or their use as insecticides and acaricides. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to new 2-pyridinylmethyl oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylates of the formula I ##STR2## wherein R 1  is a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms; a (cycloalkyl)alkyl group containing from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms and a total of from 4 to 9 carbon atoms optionally ring-substituted by one or more halogen atoms; a cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms; an alkenyl group containing 2 to 5 carbon atoms optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms; an alkynyl group containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; or an aryl group containing from 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group containing from 7 to 11 carbon atoms, each optionally ring-substituted by one or more halogen atoms; D is a hydrogen atom, a cyano group or an ethynyl group; Y is a bond, or an oxygen or sulfur atom; m is 0-5; n is 0-3; and each R 2  and R 3  independently is a halogen atom or an alkyl or an alkoxy group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms each optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms. In the above formula, the halogen atoms are preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine. Nonlimiting illustrative examples of species within the scope of the invention include: 
     3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-pyridinyl)propynyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((propargyloxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     cyano(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methylcyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclopropylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     (6-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((sec-butoxyimino)methylcyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     (6-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((1-methylcyclopropylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     Preferably, in the Compounds of the Invention R 1  is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a (cycloalkyl)alkyl group containing from 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms and a total of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms; a cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms; an alkenyl or alkynyl group containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group containing from 7 to 11 carbon atoms. 
     A further preferred embodiment of the Compounds of the Invention is when R 1  is an alkyl group containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, amyl, isoamyl, tert-amyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl or the like; a (cycloalkyl)alkyl group containing from 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms and a total of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropylmethyl, 1-(cyclopropyl)ethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl and the like; a cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like; an alkenyl or alkynyl group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as allyl or propargyl and the like; an aryl group containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl or the like; or an aryl group containing from 7 to 10 carbon atoms such as benzyl, phenethyl or the like. 
     An even more preferred embodiment of the invention is when R 1  is an alkyl group containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a (cycloalkyl)alkyl or cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms and a total of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, allyl, phenyl or benzyl. Particularly useful are those compounds wherein R 1  is an alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl or cycloalkyl group each containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms, particularly isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, neopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, l-methylcyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl and the like. 
     Because of their pesticidal properties, one preferred embodiment of the invention is when D is a hydrogen atom or a cyano group and Y is an oxygen atom. Another preferred embodiment of the invention is when one of m and n is 1 and the other is 0, and R 2  or R 3  is a fluorine atom which is at the 4-position of the ring. 
     Examples of particularly active embodiments of compounds are when R 1  is an alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl or cycloalkyl group containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and D is a cyano group. 
     cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclopropylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     cyano(6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((neopentoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclobutylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     cyano(6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     Examples of other very active embodiments of compounds are when R 1  is an alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl or cycloalkyl group containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and D is a hydrogen atom. 
     (6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclopropylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((neopentoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclobutylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methylcyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     (6-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((neopentoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     Because of their pesticidal properties, another preferred embodiment of the invention is when R 1  is an alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl or cycloalkyl group containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms and D is an ethynyl group. For example, 
     3-(6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)propynyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     3-(6-phenoxy-5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)propynyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((neopentoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     3-(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)propynyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((cyclobutylmethoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, 
     3-(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)propynyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     The oxime substituent group of the compounds of the invention gives rise to geometric isomerism by virtue of the presence of an imino double bond with three different substituents. These isomers are usually described as follows: ##STR3## A useful embodiment of the invention comprises esters in which the oxime substituent is in the Z-isomer form, as such isomers can be several times more pesticidally active than when the oxime substituent is in the E-isomer form, or is a mixture of the E- and Z-isomer forms. 
     The formula I includes all the possible configurations of the acid moiety, as well as individual configurations or mixtures. The present invention contemplates all the pesticidally active esters of the acid forms resulting from synthesis, and of deliberately created mixtures. A useful embodiment of the invention comprises esters in which the acid moiety has the cis or (1R,cis) isomer configurations, whether substantially enriched or relatively pure in such an isomer configuration. 
     A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is when the oxime substituent is in the Z-isomer form and the acid moiety is enriched or relatively pure in the cis or (1R,cis) configuration. 
     The 2-pyridinylmethyl oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylates of the invention are prepared by esterification involving treating a 2-pyridinylmethanol-type alcohol or reactive derivative thereof with an oxyiminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid or reactive derivative thereof, e.g., in the presence of triethylamine and in a solvent, such as refluxing ethyl acetate. The alcohols and some of their reactive derivatives are generally known in the art as from U.S. Pat. No. 3,163,787 and Japanese Pat. No. 58/35,175, and the like. 
     Novel and particularly useful reactive derivatives of the 2-pyridinemethanols are compounds of the formula ##STR4## wherein D is a hydrogen atom; a cyano group or an ethynyl group; m is 0 to 5; n is 0 to 3, each R 2  and R 3  independently is a halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxy group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, each optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms; Y is a bond or an oxygen or sulfur atom; and X is the anionic residue of a hydrocarbylsulfonic acid. X is the anionic residue of any hydrocarbyl sulfonic acid and, thus, any aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic sulfonic acid is used. Preferably, the sulfonic acid is an aliphatic, aryl or aralkylsulfonic acid containing up to 14 carbon atoms, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic acid and the like. 
     The acids are generally known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,922,269, 4,282,249 and 4,292,325, and European Pat. No. 5,882, and are prepared by treatment of caronaldehydic acid, or reactive derivative thereof (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,269) with hydroxylamine or an O-substituted hydroxylamine R 1  ONH 2  where R 1  is as defined above, and in the case where R 1  represents hydrogen, subsequently hydrocarbylating the resulting oxime, if desired, with an alkyl (or alkenyl) halide or the like, to give an alkoxime (or alkenyloxime), etc. Oxime formation can take place by treating substantially equimolar amounts of aldehyde and hydroxylamine or hydrocarbyloxyamine in a polar solvent such as an alkanol, e.g., ethanol or dioxane. When the aldehyde is converted into the oxime by reaction with hydroxylamine and it is desired to convert the resulting oxime into an alkylated or alkenylated derivative or the like, this reaction may be carried out by procedures customarily used for the alkylation of phenols. Thus, the oxime may be treated in a polar solvent, such as ethanol, with an alkyl halide, typically the bromide, in the presence of a hydrogen halide acceptor and the mixture heated until reaction is complete. 
     Oxime formation is normally carried out using an acid addition salt of hydroxylamine or the hydrocarbyloxyamine, e.g., the hydrochloride. In the cases where it is desired to prepare a compound where R 1  represents methyl, the availability of methoxylamine hydrochloride makes it generally more convenient to carry out the reaction in one step using methoxylamine hydrochloride, but when compounds are required where R 1  represents a larger group, it is usually more convenient to form the oxime first and subsequently to hydrocarbylate the oxime. 
     Alternatively, in another modification, the compounds of the invention are prepared by treating cis or (1R,cis)-caronaldehydic acid previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,469 and having the formula ##STR5## with an O-substituted hydroxylamine salt of the formula 
     
         R.sup.1 ONH.sub.3 --W 
    
     wherein R 1  is as defined above and W is the anion of salt-forming inorganic or organic acid. Suitable inorganic acids include hydrohalogenic acids such as hydrochloric and hydrobromic, sulfur acids such as sulfuric, fluorosulfonic, phosphorus acids such as phosphoric, and nitrogen acids such as nitric acid, or boron acids such as boric or fluoroboric acid. Suitable organic acids include oxalic tartaric, succinic, acetic or the like. 
     The reaction is preferably conducted in an aqueous medium in the presence of a buffer, such as an alkali metal salt of a polybasic acid, including sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen tartrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and the like. Generally, at least one mole of buffer is used for each mole of caronaldehydic acid. 
     The molar ratio of reactants is not critical and can be widely varied, generally a molar ratio of the O-substituted hydroxylamine salt to caronaldehydic acid is suitable from about 1.0 to about 1.5 and preferably from about 1.02 to about 1.3. 
     The reaction is generally conducted in the liquid phase by agitating, e.g., stirring, a mixture of the reactants. The resulting product is recovered by conventional techniques such as filtering, extracting or the like. 
     The reaction temperature is not critical and can easily range from ambient to the reflux temperature of any solvent employed at normal pressure. Generally, the temperature is between about 0° C. to about 50° C. 
     A minor amount of co-solvent can be used in the reaction medium. Suitable co-solvents are lower alcohols containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol and the like. 
     The resulting cis or (1R,cis)-acids are converted to the ester compounds of the invention, for example, as previously described by reaction with the arylmethyl halide, in the presence of triethylamine, in a solvent, such as refluxing ethyl acetate. 
     Illustrative of the compounds of the invention which are made by the above-described processes include those set forth in Table I below. 
     
                                           TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
OXYIMINOCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES
 ##STR6##
                                 Acid Isomer
R.sup.1   D     Y m &amp; n
                      R.sup.2
                           R.sup.3
                                 Configuration
__________________________________________________________________________
CH.sub.3  CCH   S 0, 1
                      5-F  --    1R, trans
CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2
          CN    O 1, 0
                      --   3-F   1R, cis
CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2
          H     O 1, 0
                      --   4-F   cis-trans
benzyl    H     S 1, 0
                      --   3-CH.sub.3
                                 trans
C.sub.2 H.sub. 5
          H     O 1, 0
                      --   4-OCH.sub.3
                                 trans
CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 H.sub.5
          CN    S 0, 1
                      3-CH.sub.3
                           --    cis
CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3
          CN    S 0, 1
                      5-Br --    cis-trans
 ##STR7## H     O 1, 0
                      --   4-F   cis-trans
CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3
          CN    O 0, 1
                      3-Br --    trans
 ##STR8## CN    O 1, 0
                      --   4-SCH.sub.3
                                 cis
 ##STR9## H     O 2, 1
                      --   3,5-(CF.sub.3).sub.2
                                 cis
CH.sub.2 (CH.sub.3).sub.3
          H     O 1, 1
                      5-F  4-F   cis
 ##STR10##
          H     O 0, 1
                      3-CF.sub.3
                           --    cis
CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3
          CN    O 2, 1
                      --   2-CH.sub.3, 4-Cl
                                 1R, cis
 ##STR11##
          CN    S 0, 1
                      5-SCH.sub.3
                           --    cis
 ##STR12##
          CN    O 0, 0
                      --   --    cis
 ##STR13##
          CN    O 0, 1
                      5-CH.sub.3
                           --    1R, cis
CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2
          CCH   O 1, 0
                      --   4-Cl  trans
CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2
          H     b 1, 0
                      5-F  --    1R, cis
 ##STR14##
          H     b 0, 1
                      --   4-F   cis
CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3
          H     b 0, 1
                      --   3-CH.sub.3
                                 cis-trans
__________________________________________________________________________
 b &#34;means&#34; a single bond.
 
    
     The invention includes, within its scope, pesticidal compositions comprising a pesticidally acceptable adjuvant--that is, at least one carrier or a surface-active agent and, as active ingredient, at least one pesticidally active ester of this invention. Likewise, the invention includes also a method of combatting insect, acarine or other arthropod pests at a locus which comprises applying to the pests or to the locus a pesticidally effective amount of at least one compound of the invention. 
     With respect to the spectrum of pesticidal activity, the compounds of this invention exhibit a selective or non-selective activity on such orders as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera (especially larvae), Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Acarina depending upon a specific combination of acid and an alcohol according to the present invention. The compounds according to the present invention are very useful for controlling disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches, grain insects such as rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and mites as well as agricultural noxious insects such as planthoppers, green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix bipuntatus cinticeps Uhler), diamondback moths (Plutella maculipennis Curtis), imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae linne), rice stem borers (Chilo suppressalis Walker), corn earworm larvae (Heliothis zea Boddie), aphids, tortrixes, leaf-miners and the like. The compounds of the invention are particularly useful against aphids, e.g. Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), corn earworm larvae and mites, e.g. Tetranychus urticae (Koch). 
     The esters are used for harvested crops, horticultural application, forests, cultures in green house, and packaging materials for foodstuffs. 
     The term &#34;carrier&#34; as used herein means an inert material, that may be inorganic or organic and of synthetic or natural origin with which the active compound is mixed or formulated to facilitate its application to the plant, seed, soil and other object to be treated, or its storage, transport or handling. The carrier may be a solid or a liquid. 
     Suitable solid carriers may be natural and synthetic clays and silicates, for example, natural silicas such as diatomaceous earths; magnesium silicates, for example, talcs; magnesium aluminum silicates, for example, attapulgites and vermiculites; aluminum silicates, for example, kaolinites, montmorillonites and micas; calcium carbonate; calcium sulfate; synthetic hydrated silicon oxides and synthetic calcium or aluminum silicates; elements such as for example, carbon and sulfur; natural and synthetic resins such as, for example, coumarone resins, polyvinyl chloride and styrene polymers and copolymers; solid polychlorophenols; bitumen, waxes such as beeswax, paraffin wax, and chlorinated mineral waxes; degradable organic solids, such as ground corn cobs and walnut shells; and solid fertilizers, for example superphosphates. 
     Suitable liquid carriers include solvents for the compound of this invention and liquids in which the toxicant is insoluble or only slightly soluble. 
     Examples of such solvents and liquid carriers, generally, are water, alcohols, for example, isopropyl alcohol, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethers; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene; petroleum fractions, such as kerosene, light mineral oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, perchlorethylene, trichloroethane, including liquified, normally vaporous, gaseous compounds. Mixtures of different liquids are often suitable. 
     If used, the surface-active agent may be an emulsifying agent or a dispersing agent or a wetting agent. It may be nonionic, ionic or preferably, mixtures of both. Surface-active agents usually applied in formulating pesticides may be used. Examples of such surface-active agents are the sodium or calcium salts of polyacrylic acids and lignin sulfonic acids; the condensation products of fatty acids or aliphatic amines or amides containing at least 12 carbon atoms in the molecule with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide; fatty acid esters of glycerol, sorbitan, sucrose or pentaerythritol; fatty acid salts of low molecular weight, mono-, di- and trialkylamines; condensates of these with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide; condensation products of fatty alcohols or alkyl phenols, for example, p-octylphenol or p-octylcresol, with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide; sulfates or sulfonates of these condensation products; alkali or alkaline earth metal salts, preferably sodium salts of sulfonated castor oil, and sodium alkylaryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; and polymers of ethylene oxide and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. 
     The compositions of the invention may be formulated as wettable powders, dusts, granules, solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, suspension concentrates or aerosols; Encapsulated formulations and controlled release formulations are also contemplated, as are bait formulations. Wettable powders are usually compounded to contain 25, 50 or 75% w of toxicant and usually contain, in addition to solid carrier, 3-10% w of stabilizer(s) and/or other additives such as penetrants or stickers. Dusts are usually formulated as a dust concentrate having a similar composition to that of a wettable powder but without a dispersant, and are diluted in the field with further solid carrier to give a composition usually containing 0.5-10% w of toxicant. Granules may be manufactured by extrusion of plastics, agglomeration or impregnation techniques. Generally, granules will contain 0.5-25% w toxicant and 0-10% w of additives such as stabilizers, slow release modifiers and binding agents. Emulsifiable concentrates usually contain, in addition to the solvent, and when necessary, cosolvent, 10-50% w/v toxicant, 2-20% w/v emulsifiers and 0-20% w/v of appropriate additives such as stabilizers, penetrants and corrosion inhibitors. Suspension concentrates are compounded so as to obtain a stable, nonsedimenting, flowable product and usually contain 10-75% w toxicant, 0-5% w of dispersing agents, 0.1-10% w of suspending agents such as protective colloids and thixotropic agents, 0-10% w of appropriate additives such as defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, penetrants and stickers, and as carrier, water or an organic liquid in which the toxicant is substantially insoluble; certain organic additives or inorganic salts may be dissolved in the carrier to assist in preventing sedimentation or as antifreeze agents for water. 
     Aqueous dispersions and emulsions, for example, compositions obtained by diluting a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate according to the invention with water, also lie within the scope of the present invention. 
     The compositions of the invention can also contain other ingredients, for example, other compounds possessing pesticidal, herbicidal or fungicidal properties, or attractants, such as pheromones, attractive food ingredients, and the like, for use in baits and trap formulations. 
     Particularly useful compositions can be obtained by using a mixture of two or more kinds of the present compounds, or by the use of synergists, such as those known for the use with the general class of &#34;pyrethroid&#34; compounds, especially alpha-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene, also known as piperonyl butoxide, 1,2-methylenedioxy4-[2-(octylsulfinyl)propyl]benzene, 4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane, also known as safroxane, N-(2-ethylhexyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxamide, octachlorodipropyl ether, isobornyl thiocyanoacetate, and other synergists used for allethrin and pyrethrin. Useful compositions can be prepared with other biological chemicals including other cyclopropanecarboxylates, organic phosphate-type insecticides and carbamate-type insecticides. 
     The compositions of the invention are applied in sufficient amount to supply the effective dosage of toxicant at the locus to be protected. This dosage is dependent upon many factors, including the carrier employed, the method and conditions of application, whether the formulation is present at the locus in the form of an aerosol, or as a film, or as discrete particles, the thickness of film or size of particles, the insect or acarine species to be controlled and the like, proper consideration and resolution of these factors to provide the necessary dosage of active material at the locus being within the skill of those versed in the art. In general, however, the effective dosage of toxicants of this invention at the locus to be protected--i.e. the applied dosage--is of the order of 0.01% to 0.5% based on the total weight of the formulation, though under some circumstances the effective concentration will be as little as 0.001% or as much as 2%, on the same basis. 
     The superior activity of the cis or (1R,cis) forms of the esters of the invention is usefully employed when such an ester form is present in an amount substantially greater than that usually present in the racemate of the oxyimino-substituted ester. Therefore, use of the cis or (1R,cis) forms of the esters of the invention in such a form substantially free of other stereoisomers is preferred, for example, in a cis or (1R,cis) isomer purity of greater than from about 70% to about 85%, preferably in a cis or (1R,cis) isomer purity greater than about 90% or even greater than 95%. 
    
    
     ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention is illustrated by the following embodiments which are presented for the purpose of illustration, and should not be regarded as limiting the invention in any way. The identity of the products, including intermediates, was confirmed by elemental, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis as necessary. 
     EMBODIMENT 1 
     CYANO(6-PHENOXY-2-PYRIDINYL)METHYL TOSYLATE 
     A 25 ml roundbottom flask equipped with a dropping funnel, thermometer and stirring bar was charged with 6 ml of toluene, 5 g of 6-phenoxy-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 4.41 g of toluenesulfonyl chloride. The dropping funnel was charged with 10 ml of water, 1.2 g of sodium cyanide and 50 mg of tetrabutylammonium chloride. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and the sodium cyanide solution was added dropwise over 25 minutes. The temperature was controlled to about 4° C. as the solution turned pink and exothermic. The solution was allowed to stand at 4° C. for 1/2 hour. The reaction mixture was poured into 150 ml of water and extracted with four 75 ml portions of diethyl ether. The combined extract was washed with two 150 ml portions of water, dried (MgSO 4 ) and stripped to give a crude amber oil. The crude oil product was chromatographed using 1:1 methylene chloride/hexane as eluent to yield 4.2 g of the desired product as an amber oil. 
     EMBODIMENT 2 
     (6-PHENOXY-2-PYRIDINYL)METHYL 2,2-DIMETHYL-3-((ISOBUTOXYIMINO)METHYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE 
     To a stirred solution of 0.75 g of (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 0.71 g of 6-phenoxy-2-pyridinemethanol and a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in 40 ml of methylene chloride under argon was added as one portion 1.19 g of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight, then diluted with an equal volume of hexane, filtered and stripped. The resulting oil was dissolved in hexane, filtered, washed with dilute potassium carbonate solution, dried and stripped. The crude product was chromatographed using 20% diethyl ether in hexane as eluent to yield 1.0 g of the desired product. 
     EMBODIMENT 3 
     CYANO(6-PHENOXY-2-PYRIDINYL)METHYL 2,2-DIMETHYL-3-((ISOBUTOXYIMINO)METHYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE 
     To a solution of 0.95 g of 2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 1.70 g of cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl tosylate in 30 ml of toluene was added 200 mg of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. To this mixture was added in one portion 0.75 g of potassium carbonate dissolved in 10 ml of water. The reaction mixture turned from yellow to bright purple in 30 seconds. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously and heated to 75° C. The purple color disappeared after 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated for four hours at 70° C. and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting mixture was washed with 100 ml of 5% potassium carbonate solution and extracted thrice with 50 ml portions of diethyl ether. The combined extract was stripped to give 440 mg of a crude oil. This crude product was chromatographed using 30% diethyl ether in hexane as eluent. The product was washed off the silica with ethyl acetate and the eluate was stripped to give 180 mg of the desired product as a yellow oil. 
     EMBODIMENT 4 
     (6-PHENYLTHIO-2-PYRIDINYL)METHYL 2,2-DIMETHYL-3((ISOBUTOXYIMINO)METHYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE 
     Following procedures similar to those described in Embodiment 2 above, the desired product was prepared from (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 6-phenylthio-2-pyridinemethanol. 
     EMBODIMENT 5 
     (6-PHENOXY-2-PYRIDINYL)PROPYNYL 2,2-DIMETHYL-3-((ISOBUTOXYIMINO)METHYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE 
     Following procedures similar to those described in Embodiment 2 above, the desired product was prepared from (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and alpha-ethynyl-6-phenoxy-2-pyridinemethanol. 
     EMBODIMENT 6 
     3-(6-PHENYLTHIO-2-PYRIDINYL)PROPYNYL 2,2-DIMETHYL-3-((ISOBUTOXYIMINO)METHYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE 
     Following procedures similar to those described in Embodiment 2 above, the desired product was prepared from (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-((isobutoxyimino)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and alpha-ethynyl-6-phenylthio-2-pyridinemethanol. 
     EMBODIMENT 
     PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY 
     Activity of the compounds of this invention with respect to insect and acarine pests determined by using test methods to test the toxicity of the compounds as follows: 
     I. Houseflies (Musca domestica (Linne)) were tested by placing 50 5-day-old houseflies into a spray cage and spraying with 0.6 ml of a solution of test compound. After spraying, the flies were anesthetized with CO 2  and transferred to a recovery cage containing a milk pad for food. The cages were held for 18-20 hours after which mortality counts were made. Both dead and moribund were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates of each test compound. 
     II. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) were tested by placing about 100 aphids on broad bean plants. The plants were sprayed with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier and held in containers under laboratory conditions for 18 to 20 hours at which time the living aphids in the containers were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates of each test compound. 
     III. Adult female two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) were tested by placing 50-75 mites on the bottom side of leaves of pinto bean plants. The leaves were sprayed with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier and kept under laboratory conditions for about 20 hours at which time mortality counts were made. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates of test compounds. 
     IV. Corn earworm larvae (Heliothis zea (Boddie)) were tested by spraying broad bean plants with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier. Immediately after spraying, 5 larvae were transferred to the plants and held for 44-46 hours, at which time the dead and moribund larvae were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates for each test compound. 
     In each instance, the toxicity of the compound of the invention was compared to that of a standard pesticide (Parathion), its relative toxicity then being expressed in terms of the relationship between the amount of compound of the invention and the amount of the standard pesticide required to produce the same percentage (50) of mortality in the test insect or acarine. By assigning the standard pesticide an arbitrary rating of 100, the toxicities of the compounds of the invention were expressed in terms of the toxicity indices, which compares the toxicity of the compounds of the invention with that of the standard pesticide. That is to say, a test compound having a Toxicity Index of 50 would be half as active, while one having a Toxicity Index of 200 would be twice as active as the standard pesticide. The Toxicity Indices are set forth in Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II
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PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY EXPRESSED AS TOXICITY
INDEX RELATIVE TO THAT OF PARATHION
AS A STANDARD EQUAL TO 100
                             Corn   Two-Spotted
Embodiment
         Housefly  Pea Aphid Earworm
                                    Spider Mite
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2        112       179       233    82
3        --        41467     3700   233
4         4.5       22        44     1
5        193       2000      640    45
6         4        155        3      0
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 --means &#34;no test&#34;.