Patent Publication Number: US-2022227950-A1

Title: Polyester film and application therefor

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display, a hard coating film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display, a foldable display, and a mobile device, and more specifically, to a foldable display and a mobile device each of which hardly causes image distortion due to deformation of a film even when repeatedly folded, and a polyester film and hard coating film for a touchscreen module substrate of the foldable display. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Becoming thinner and lighter, a mobile device, such as a smartphone, has become widely prevalent. While being required to have a variety of functions, the mobile device is also required to be convenient in use. It is taken for granted that a prevailing mobile device can be operated with one hand for simple tasks, and can be put into a clothes pocket. Thus, such mobile device needs to have a small screen size, such as about 6 inches. 
     Meanwhile, a tablet device having a screen size of from 7 inches to 10 inches is intended for use not only for video content and music, but also for business and drawing purposes, reading, and the like, and thus has a high level of functionality. However, the tablet device cannot be operated with one hand and is not particularly portable, leaving some issues in regard to convenience. 
     In order to meet the requirements described above, there is a proposal of a technique involving making a compact device by connecting a plurality of displays (see PTL 1). However, due to the remaining bezel portion, the image is cut up, and the visibility becomes low. Thus, this technique is not commonly used. 
     In recent years, a mobile device including a flexible display or a foldable display has been proposed. This technique enables one to conveniently carry a mobile device including a large-screen display without image-cutting problems. 
     The related-art display and mobile device that have no folding structure can be protected by a non-flexible material, such as glass, applied to the surface of the display. However, a foldable display using a single screen that spans over a folding portion needs to be protected by a flexible and surface-protectable hard coating film or the like. However, for example, there has been a problem in that the foldable display is repeatedly folded at a certain point that is a folding portion, and hence the film at the point deforms over time, causing image distortion on the display. In addition, not only a surface protective film, films are used in various portions of the foldable display, such as a polarizing plate, a retardation plate, a touchscreen substrate, a substrate of a display cell of organic EL or the like, and a back-surface protective member, and these films have also been required to have durability against repeated folding. 
     There is also a proposal of a technique involving partially altering a film thickness (see PTL 2). However, this method is not suitable for mass production. 
     In addition, there is also a proposal of a technique involving adjusting a refractive index of a polyester film in its bending direction (see PTL 3). However, there has been a problem in that, as the refractive index in the bending direction is decreased, pencil hardness at the time of hard coating application reduces, resulting in a reduction in function of protecting the surface of the display. There has also been a problem in that, as the refractive index in one direction is decreased, although deformation at the time of folding is ameliorated, uniaxial orientation of a folding direction is enhanced, with the result that a folding portion is cracked or fractured. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     
         
         PTL 1: JP 2010-228391 A 
         PTL 2: JP 2016-155124 A 
         PTL 3: WO 2018/150940 A1 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The present invention is intended to solve the problems that arise in related-art display members as described above, and is intended to provide a polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display which is free of occurrence of a fold mark or a crack at a folding portion thereof, in order to provide a foldable display excellent in mass productivity, and free of a risk of causing distortion in an image displayed at a folding portion thereof after being repeatedly folded, and a mobile device including such foldable display. 
     Solution to Problem 
     Specifically, the present invention includes the following configurations. 
     Item 1. 
     A polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display, the polyester film satisfying the following conditions: 
     (1) a refractive index in a bending direction is from 1.590 to 1.620; 
     (2) a refractive index in a folding portion direction is from 1.670 to 1.700; 
     (3) a refractive index in a thickness direction is 1.520 or less; and 
     (4) a density is 1.380 g/cm 3  or more, wherein the bending direction refers to a direction orthogonal to a folding portion of the polyester film at a time when the polyester film is folded. 
     Item 2. 
     The polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display according to Item 1, wherein the polyester film has an elastic modulus in the bending direction of 2.7 GPa or less, and an elastic modulus in the folding portion direction of 4.5 GPa or more. 
     Item 3. 
     The polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the polyester film has a total light transmittance of 85% or more, a haze of 3% or less, and a maximum heat shrinkage ratio of 2% or less. 
     Item 4. 
     The polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the polyester film is free of a crack and deformation that are recognizable in bending resistance evaluation at a bend radius of 1.5 mm after heat treatment at 150° C. for 30 minutes. 
     Item 5. 
     The polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display includes an easy-to-adhere layer on at least one surface thereof. 
     Item 6. 
     The polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display includes a hard coating layer having a thickness of from 1 μm to 50 μm on at least one surface thereof. 
     Item 7. 
     A foldable display including the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display of any one of Items 1 to 6 as a substrate film of a touchscreen module, wherein the polyester film is a single substrate film of a touchscreen module continuous across a folding portion of the foldable display. 
     Item 8. 
     A mobile device including the foldable display of item 7. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     While the foldable display using the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display of the present invention maintains mass productivity, the polyester film is free of occurrence of a crack at the folding portion thereof, does not cause deformation after being repeatedly folded, and does not cause image distortion at the folding portion of the display. The mobile device including the foldable display using the polyester film as described above as the film for the touchscreen module substrate provides a beautiful image, is rich in functionality, and is excellent in convenience, such as portability. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view for illustrating a bend radius at a time when a foldable display in the present invention is folded. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view for illustrating the bending direction of a polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display in the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     (Display) 
     The term “display” as used in the present invention refers to display devices in general. There are several kinds of displays such as an LCD, an organic EL display, an inorganic EL display, an LED, and an FED. Of those, an LCD, an organic EL display, and an inorganic EL display, each of which has a foldable structure, are preferred. In particular, an organic EL display and an inorganic EL display, each of which can reduce a layer structure, are more preferred, and an organic EL display, which has a wide color gamut, is even more preferred. 
     (Foldable Display) 
     A foldable display is one continuous display that can be folded, for example, in half when carried. The foldable display can be reduced in size by half by being folded, to thereby improve portability. The bend radius of the foldable display is preferably 5 mm or less, more preferably 3 mm or less. When the bend radius is 5 mm or less, thinning in a folded state can be achieved. The bend radius may be said to be desirably as small as possible. However, as the bend radius becomes smaller, a fold mark becomes more liable to be formed. The bend radius is preferably 0.1 mm or more, but may be 0.5 mm or more, or may be 1 mm or more. Even when the bend radius is 1 mm, practically sufficient thinning can be achieved at the time of carrying. The bend radius of a device when folded is measured at a point marked with reference numeral  11  in the schematic view of  FIG. 1 , and means the inner radius of the folding portion of the device when folded. A surface protective film to be described later may be located on the outer side or the inner side of the folded foldable display. 
     In addition, the foldable display may be folded in thirds or fourths, or may be of a rolling type called rollable, and all of these fall within the range of the term “foldable display” as used in the present invention. 
     A polyester film for a foldable display of the present invention may be used in any portion of the constituent members of a foldable display. A typical configuration of the foldable display and portions thereof in which the polyester film of the present invention may be used are described below by taking an organic EL display as an example. The polyester film for a foldable display of the present invention is hereinafter sometimes referred to simply as “polyester film of the present invention.” 
     (Foldable Organic EL Display) 
     A foldable organic EL display essentially includes an organic EL module, and further includes, as required, a circularly polarizing plate, a touchscreen module, a surface protective film, a back-surface protective film, and the like. 
     (Touchscreen Module) 
     A mobile device preferably includes a touchscreen. When the organic EL display is used, the touchscreen module is arranged preferably on the viewing side of the organic EL module, more preferably between the organic EL module and the circularly polarizing plate. The touchscreen module preferably includes a transparent conductive film including a transparent substrate, such as a film, and a transparent conductive layer arranged thereon. The polyester film in the present invention may be used as the transparent substrate of the transparent conductive film. When used as the transparent substrate of the transparent conductive film, the polyester film is preferably provided with a refractive index adjusting layer and a hard coating layer. 
     (Transparent Conductive Layer) 
     In the present invention, the conductive layer that is preferably included in the touchscreen module only needs to be a layer that is transparent and has conductivity, and is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a conductive filler-containing layer, a metal layer, a metal oxide layer, and a conductive polymer-containing layer. 
     The term “transparent” as used herein only means being transparent to the naked eye in a state of having been processed so as to function as a touchscreen, and a portion having conductivity does not necessarily need to be transparent in itself. For example, even when the conductive layer is provided with an electrode pattern so as to function as a touchscreen, and wiring itself is made of a metal, such as gold, thereby being non-transparent, the conductive layer may be regarded as transparent if, when the touchscreen is viewed with the naked eye, the electrode pattern is invisible so as to allow an image to be observed. 
     Preferred examples of the conductive filler of the conductive filler-containing layer include: fillers or fibers of metals, such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, iron, zinc, and tin, and alloys thereof; fillers of metal oxides; metal-coated synthetic fibers; and conductive carbon fibers, such as a carbon nanotube. As the fillers of metals, alloys, and metal oxides, there may be used fillers having various shapes, such as spherical particles, flat particles, flaky particles, needle-shaped particles, and fibrous particles. Of those, flaky particles, needle-shaped particles, and fibrous fillers (fibers of metals and alloys thereof, fibers of metal oxides, metal-coated synthetic fibers, and conductive carbon fibers) are preferred from the viewpoint of bending resistance, and fibrous fillers are more preferred. 
     A binder resin is preferably used in the conductive filler-containing layer. Examples of the binder resin include a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyamide resin, and an acrylic resin. Further, any such resin is preferably crosslinked. It is appropriate to use a crosslinking agent in accordance with each resin, and examples thereof include an isocyanate compound, an epoxy resin, a melamine compound, oxazoline, a carbodiimide, and a compound having two or more double bonds. The content of the conductive filler is preferably from 10 parts by mass to 400 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of a resin component forming the conductive layer. 
     The conductive filler-containing layer may be formed by an application method. The electrode pattern may be formed by a method involving processing by chemical etching or laser etching after application, or a method involving formation by printing. Examples thereof include a gravure printing method, a relief printing method, an offset printing method, a screen printing method, and an inkjet printing method, and a method may be selected in accordance with, for example, the characteristics of a coating material and the fineness of the pattern. 
     Examples of the metal of the metal layer include metals, such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, iron, zinc, and tin. The metal layer may be formed by a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like, and the electrode pattern is preferably formed through processing by chemical etching or laser etching after the formation of the metal layer. 
     Examples of the metal oxide layer may include ZnO, CeO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , indium tin oxide (abbreviation; ITO), In 2 O 3 , antimony-doped tin oxide (abbreviation; ATO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (abbreviation; AZO). The metal oxide layer may be formed by a sputtering method or the like, and the electrode pattern is preferably formed through processing by chemical etching or laser etching after the formation of the metal oxide layer. 
     As the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer-containing layer, there may be used, for example, aromatic conjugated poly(p-phenylene), heterocyclic conjugated polypyrrole, polythiophene, aliphatic conjugated polyacetylene, heteroatom-containing conjugated polyaniline, mixed-type conjugated poly(phenylene vinylene), a multichain-type conjugated system which is a conjugated system having a plurality of conjugated chains in a molecule, or a conducting agent obtained by increasing a molecular weight, such as a conductive complex which is a polymer obtained by graft- or block-copolymerizing any of the above-mentioned conjugated polymer chains to a saturated polymer. 
     The conductive layer containing the conductive polymer may contain any of the resin components mentioned for the conductive filler-containing layer. The amount described for the conductive filler-containing layer is directly applicable to the content of the conductive polymer in the conductive layer containing the conductive polymer. 
     The conductive polymer-containing layer may be formed by an application method, and the electrode pattern may be formed by the same method as in the description of the conductive filler-containing layer. 
     In addition, in the production of the conductive layer, heating treatment may be performed in order to stabilize the conductive film (reinforce various additives and the layer). A heating treatment temperature in this case is preferably 30° C. or more, more preferably 50° C. or more, still more preferably 70° C. or more, particularly preferably 100° C. or more, and is preferably 200° C. or less, more preferably 150° C. or less, still more preferably 120° C. or less. A case in which the heating temperature is equal to or higher than the above-mentioned lower limit is preferred because the stabilization of the conductive film is promoted. A case in which the heating temperature is equal to or lower than the above-mentioned upper limit is preferred because a usable substrate is not limited to a substrate having high heat resistance. 
     In this case, the substrate is required to have so high bending resistance as to be free of a surface crack, deformation, or breakage at the time of bending even after the heating treatment. The bending resistance of the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of the present invention is not lost or degraded after the heating treatment, and high bending resistance can be maintained. 
     The polyester film of the present invention is preferably used as a substrate film of a touchscreen module. 
     A polyester film having specific characteristics is used as a substrate film for a touchscreen module of the present invention. 
     The substrate film for a touchscreen module of the present invention is sometimes referred to simply as “substrate film” or “polyester film”. 
     The polyester film of the present invention may be a monolayered film formed of one or more kinds of polyester resins. When two or more kinds of polyester resins are used, the polyester film may be a multilayered film or an ultra-multilayered lamination film having a repeating structure. 
     Examples of the polyester resin to be used in the polyester film include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate, and a polyester film formed of a copolymer containing the component of any such resin as a main component. Of those, a stretched polyethylene terephthalate film is particularly preferred from the viewpoints of, for example, mechanical properties, heat resistance, transparency, and price. 
     When the polyester copolymer is used in the polyester film, examples of the dicarboxylic acid component of the polyester include: aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid and sebacic acid; aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; and multifunctional carboxylic acids, such as trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid. In addition, examples of the glycol component of the polyester include: fatty acid glycols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, propylene glycol, and neopentyl glycol; aromatic glycols, such as p-xylene glycol; alicyclic glycols, such as 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; and polyethylene glycols each having an average molecular weight of from 150 to 20,000. The mass ratio of the copolymer component of the copolymer is preferably less than 20 mass %. A case in which the mass ratio is less than 20 mass % is preferred because film strength, transparency, and heat resistance are retained. 
     In addition, in the production of the polyester film, at least one kind of resin pellet preferably has a limiting viscosity of from 0.50 dl/g to 1.0 dl/g. A case in which the limiting viscosity is 0.50 dl/g or more is preferred because the impact resistance of a film to be obtained is improved, and hence breakage of a circuit in the display due to an external impact hardly occurs. Meanwhile, a case in which the limiting viscosity is 1.00 dl/g or less is preferred because film production can be easily operated in a stable manner without an excessively large increase in filtration pressure of molten fluid. 
     The thickness of the polyester film is preferably from 10 μm to 300 μm, more preferably from 10 μm to 80 μm, still more preferably from 25 μm to 75 μm. When the thickness is 10 μm or more, improvement effects on bending resistance, pencil hardness, and impact resistance are exhibited. When the thickness is 300 μm or less, there is an advantage in terms of weight reduction, and excellent flexibility, processability, handleability, and the like are obtained. 
     The surface of the polyester film of the present invention may be smooth or uneven. However, decreased optical properties due to unevenness are not preferred because the film is used for a touchscreen of a display. A haze is preferably 3% or less, more preferably 2% or less, most preferably 1% or less. When the haze is 3% or less, the visibility of an image can be improved. The lower limit of the haze is desirably as small as possible, but is preferably 0.1% or more from the viewpoint of stable production, and may be 0.3% or more. 
     From the purpose of reducing the haze as described above, the unevenness of the film surface is preferably not so large. However, to provide the film with moderate slipperiness for the viewpoint of handleability, unevenness may be formed on the film surface by blending particles into the polyester resin layer serving as the surface layer, or by coating the polyester resin layer with a particle-containing coating layer during a film formation process. 
     A known method may be adopted as a method of blending particles into the polyester resin layer. For example, the particles, which may be added in any stage of polyester production, may be preferably added in the form of a slurry prepared by dispersing the particles in, for example, ethylene glycol in the stage of esterification, in a stage after the completion of a transesterification reaction, or in a stage before the start of a polycondensation reaction to advance the polycondensation reaction. Alternatively, the particles may be added by, for example, a method of blending a slurry prepared by dispersing the particles in, for example, ethylene glycol or water with a polyester material by using a kneading extruder with a vent, or a method of blending dry particles with a polyester material by using a kneading extruder. 
     In particular, preferred is a method involving: homogeneously dispersing the aggregates of inorganic particles in a monomer solution, which is part of a polyester material; then filtering the dispersion; and adding the filtrate to the remainder of the polyester material before, during, or after an esterification reaction. This method, due to the low viscosity of the monomer solution, enables homogeneous dispersion of particles and high-precision filtration of the slurry in a simple manner, while ensuring excellent particle dispersibility and low likeliness of the occurrence of new aggregates when the particles are added to the remainder of the polyester material. From such viewpoints, it is particularly preferred to add the particles to the remainder of the polyester material in a low-temperature state before the esterification reaction. 
     In addition, the number of protrusions on the surface of the film may be further reduced by a method involving preparing a particle-containing polyester beforehand, and then subjecting pellets of the particle-containing polyester and particle-free pellets to kneading extrusion or the like (master batch method). 
     In addition, the polyester film may contain various additives within the range in which a preferred range of a total light transmittance is maintained. Examples of the additives include an antistatic agent, a UV absorber, and a stabilizer. 
     The polyester film has a total light transmittance of preferably 85% or more, more preferably 87% or more. When the transmittance is 85% or more, visibility can be sufficiently ensured. The total light transmittance of the polyester film may be said to be desirably as high as possible, but is preferably 99% or less from the viewpoint of stable production, and may be 97% or less. 
     The maximum heat shrinkage ratio of the polyester film after heat treatment at 150° C. for 30 minutes is preferably from 0% to 2% or less, more preferably from 0% to 1.5% or less, still more preferably from 0% to 1.0% or less. When the maximum heat shrinkage ratio is 2% or less, a flat surface failure such as curling or waviness after bonding to the touchscreen module or after hard coating application processing can be suppressed. A case in which the maximum shrinkage ratio is 0% or more is preferred because, after various functional lavers, such as a hard coating, have been provided on the polyester film through post-processing, the polyester film layer and the functional layers hardly undergo curling due to a thermal dimensional change, resulting in a good yield at the time when the film is set in the touchscreen. 
     After the lamination of a hard coating layer on the polyester film for a foldable display of the present invention, a sufficient pencil hardness can be imparted to the hard coating film. After the lamination of a hard coating layer on a related-art polyester film, it is conceived that, in pencil hardness evaluation of the pencil hardness of the hard coating film, the pencil hardness is reduced owing to deformation of the film in its thickness direction. In the present invention, when an indentation depth after test force unloading in the film thickness direction with a dynamic ultramicrohardness meter to be described later is set to fall within a specific range, a high hardness can be achieved in the pencil hardness evaluation of the hard coating film. The indentation depth after test force unloading in the film thickness direction is preferably 1.5 μm or less, more preferably 1.4 μm or less, still more preferably 1.3 μm or less. When the indentation depth after test force unloading (final deformation amount under loading) is 1.5 μm or less, in the pencil hardness evaluation of the hard coating film after the lamination of the hard coating layer, the film is hardly deformed in its thickness direction, and hence the pencil hardness can be increased. When the pencil hardness of the hard coating film can be increased, the surface of the display hardly has a scratch or a dent, and hence the visibility of the display is improved. The indentation depth after test force unloading may be said to be desirably as low as possible, but is preferably 0.3 μm or more, more preferably 0.5 μm or more from the viewpoints of stable production and saturation of the effect. 
     In order to reduce the indentation depth after test force unloading, it is effective to adjust a refractive index in the thickness direction to 1.520 or less. Means for adjusting the refractive index to 1.520 or less may be exemplified by condition settings, such as adjusting stretching ratios in a bending direction and a folding direction to high ratios, setting stretching temperatures in the bending direction and the folding direction to low temperatures, and setting a heat fixation temperature to a high temperature, within ranges in which other physical properties, and refractive indices in the bending direction and the folding direction, which are described later, can be controlled to preferred ranges. 
     The polyester film for a foldable display of the present invention is free of occurrence of a fold mark, a crack, or a fracture at the time of folding, and besides, can adjust a neutral plane of the display. The “neutral plane” refers to a plane to which no stress is applied between the inside of folding, to which a compressive stress is applied, and the outside, to which a tensile stress is applied. In the foldable display, the neutral plane is generally designed to be in an organic EL layer. The neutral plane may be adjusted on the basis of the elastic modulus and thickness of each layer. For this reason, the elastic modulus of the polyester film in its bending direction is preferably 2.7 GPa or less, more preferably 2.6 GPa or less, still more preferably 2.5 GPa or less. It may be said that a reduction in elastic modulus in the bending direction improves bendability, but the elastic modulus in the bending direction is preferably 1.8 GPa or more for the adjustment of the neutral plane. The elastic modulus of the polyester film in its folding direction is preferably 4.5 GPa or more, more preferably 4.6 GPa or more, still more preferably 4.7 GPa or more. When the elastic modulus in the folding direction is set to be high, the flatness of the surface of the display can be maintained during the production of the display. In addition, the touchscreen module can be protected from an external impact. The elastic modulus in the folding direction is preferably as high as possible, but is preferably 8.0 GPa or less from the viewpoint of film formability. 
     The surface of the polyester film of the present invention may be subjected to treatment for improving adhesiveness with a resin for forming, for example, a transparent conductive layer, an adhesive layer, or a hard coating layer. 
     Examples of surface treatment methods include: unevenness-forming treatment by sandblasting treatment, solvent treatment, or the like; and oxidation treatment, such as corona discharge treatment, electron beam irradiation treatment, plasma treatment, ozone/UV irradiation treatment, flame treatment, chromic acid treatment, or hot air treatment. Those methods may be used without any particular limitation. 
     In addition, adhesiveness may also be improved by an adhesion-improving layer, such as an easy-to-adhere layer. Resins such as an acrylic resin, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, and a polyether resin may be used for the easy-to-adhere layer without any particular limitation. The easy-to-adhere layer may be formed by a general coating method, preferably a so-called in-line coating formulation. 
     The above-mentioned polyester film may be produced, for example, through: a polymerization step of homogenously dispersing inorganic particles in a monomer solution, which is part of a polyester material, filtering the dispersion, and then adding the filtrate to the remainder of the polyester material to polymerize a polyester; and a film-forming step of melt-extruding the polyester into a sheet shape through a filter, cooling the sheet, and then stretching the cooled sheet to form a substrate film. 
     Next, a method of producing the polyester film is described in detail with an example in which pellets of polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “PET”) are used as a material for a substrate film. However, the method is not limited to this example. In addition, the example is not intended to limit the number of layers such as a monolayer structure or a multilayer structure. 
     After a predetermined proportion of PET pellets are mixed and dried, the mixture is fed to a known extruder for melting and laminating, and extruded from a slit die into a sheet shape, followed by cooling and solidifying the sheet on a casting roll to form an unstretched film. A monolayer may be produced with a single extruder. A multilayered (i.e., including two or more layers) film may be produced by: laminating a plurality of film layers for forming an outermost layer using two or more extruders, a multilayered manifold, or a confluence block (e.g., a confluence block with a square joint); extruding a sheet of two or more layers from a mouthpiece; and cooling the sheet on a casting roll to form an unstretched film. 
     In this case, it is preferred to perform high-precision filtration to remove foreign matter contained in the resin at any portion of the extruder at which the molten resin is maintained at about 280° C. during melt-extrusion. A filtering medium to be used in the high-precision filtration of the molten resin is not particularly limited, but is preferably a filtering medium of a stainless-steel sintered body because of its excellent performance for removing an aggregate containing Si, Ti, Sb, Ge, or Cu as a main component and organic matter having a high melting point. 
     Further, the filtering medium has a filtered particle size (initial filtration efficiency: 95%) of preferably 20 μm or less, particularly preferably 15 μm or less. When the filtered particle size (initial filtration efficiency: 95%) of the filtering medium is more than 20 μm, foreign matter having a size of 20 μm or more cannot be sufficiently removed. Although high-precision filtration of a molten resin using a filtering medium having a filtered particle size (initial filtration efficiency: 95%) of 20 μm or less may reduce productivity, such filtering medium is preferred from the viewpoint of obtaining a film having fewer protrusions caused by coarse particles. 
     (With regard to Refractive Index in Bending Direction) In the present invention, the refractive index of the polyester film in at least any one of its longitudinal direction (machine direction) and width direction is preferably from 1.590 to 1.620, more preferably from 1.591 to 1.600. In addition, the refractive index of the polyester film in its bending direction is preferably from 1.590 to 1.620, more preferably from 1.591 to 1.600. Herein, as denoted by reference numeral  22  on a polyester film (reference numeral  2 ) in  FIG. 2 , the “bending direction” refers to a direction orthogonal to a folding portion (reference numeral  21 ) assumed in a foldable display application. A case in which the refractive index in at least any one of the longitudinal direction and the width direction is from 1.590 to 1.620 is preferred because deformation at the time of repeated folding is reduced to preclude a risk of reducing the image quality of the foldable display. The refractive index is more preferably from 1.591 to 1.600. Of course, the direction of the refractive index is preferably the above-mentioned bending direction. When the refractive index is 1.590 or more, there is no risk of cracking in the folding portion direction after a bending test to be described later, and as a matter of course, fracture does not occur either. Accordingly, the visibility of the display can be kept satisfactory. The refractive index of the polyester film can be effectively adjusted by adjusting the stretching ratios and the stretching temperatures. In addition, a relaxation step in a stretching direction or multi-stage stretching may be used in order to adjust the refractive index. When the multi-stage stretching is performed, it is preferred that a stretching ratio in a second or later stage be set to be higher than a stretching ratio in a first stage. 
     Fatigue due to a compressive stress applied to the inside of folding at the time of folding can be reduced by controlling the refractive index of the polyester film in at least any one of its longitudinal direction (machine direction) and width direction within the above-mentioned ranges, more preferably by controlling the refractive index in the bending direction within the above-mentioned ranges. The fatigue due to the compressive stress is considered to occur mainly in a crystalline portion, and a reduction in amount of crystals in the bending direction reduces the fatigue. Accordingly, it is conceived that, when the refractive index is decreased, the amount of crystals oriented in the bending direction is reduced to suppress the compression fatigue. 
     In addition, a creep phenomenon caused by a tensile stress applied to the outside of folding at the time of folding can be suppressed by reducing the refractive index. Fatigue due to the tensile stress is considered to occur mainly in an amorphous portion, and alignment of molecular chains due to repeatedly applied stress occurs to cause deformation. Presumably, as the number of molecular chains arranged in the bending direction becomes smaller, the deformation caused by the alignment reduces. In addition, as the amount of the amorphous portion becomes smaller, the tensile fatigue can be suppressed more, and hence a higher crystallinity, that is, a higher density is preferred. 
     In the present invention, the stretching ratio of an unstretched polyester sheet in at least any one of the longitudinal direction (machine direction) and the width direction is set to preferably from 1.2 times to 2.0 times, more preferably from 1.7 times to 2.0 times. In addition, the stretching direction is preferably the above-mentioned bending direction. A case in which the stretching ratio is 1.2 times or more is preferred because no deformation occurs in post-processing, such as hard coating application, and a case in which the stretching ratio is 2.0 times or less is preferred because thickness unevenness is prevented from occurring in the film. A stretching temperature is preferably from 75° C. to 120° C., more preferably from 75° C. to 105° C. Hitherto known means, such as a hot-air heating system, a roll heating system, or an infrared heating system, may be adopted as a heating method at the time of the stretching. When the stretching temperature is set to from 75° C. to 120° C., large thickness unevenness due to the stretching at the above-mentioned stretching ratio can be prevented. In addition, when the stretching is performed at as low a temperature as possible within a range in which large thickness unevenness is prevented from occurring as described above, the refractive index in the thickness direction can be reduced. 
     (With Regard to Refractive Index in Folding Portion Direction) 
     The refractive index in the direction orthogonal to the above-mentioned direction in which the refractive index of the polyester film is from 1.590 to 1.620 is preferably from 1.670 to 1.700. That is, the refractive index in the direction (folding portion direction) orthogonal to the bending direction is preferably from 1.670 to 1.700. When the refractive index is set to from 1.670 to 1.700, deformation at the time of folding in the bending direction can be reduced. When the refractive index is set to 1.700 or less, cracking or fracturing in the folding portion direction can be suppressed. When the refractive index is set to 1.670 or more, bendability in the bending direction can be improved, and surface hardness can be improved. The refractive index is more preferably from 1.680 to 1.695. As a method of adjusting the refractive index in the direction orthogonal to the bending direction, there are given a stretching ratio, a stretching preheating temperature, a stretching temperature, multi-stage stretching, and film relaxation. The stretching ratio is preferably from 4.0 times to 6.0 times, more preferably from 4.4 times to 6.0 times. In addition, the stretching preheating temperature in the direction orthogonal to the bending direction is preferably from 70° C. to 110° C. When multi-stage stretching is performed in the direction orthogonal to the bending direction, it is preferred that a stretching ratio in a second or later stage be set to be higher than that in a first stage. The film may be relaxed by from 1% to 10% in each of the machine direction (longitudinal direction) and the perpendicular direction (width direction). 
     (With Regard to Refractive Index in Thickness Direction) 
     The refractive index in the thickness direction is preferably 1.520 or less. This is because, when the refractive index is set to 1.520 or less, even if the refractive index in the bending direction is designed to be low, a reduction in hardness of a film surface can be suppressed, and hence bendability and surface hardness can both be achieved. When the refractive index is set to 1.520 or less, the indentation depth after test force unloading in the thickness direction can be reduced to improve the hardness of the film surface, in particular, the pencil hardness of the hard coating film after the lamination of the hard coating layer. The refractive index is more preferably 1.515 or less, still more preferably 1.510 or less, particularly preferably 1.505 or less, most preferably 1.500 or less. The refractive index in the thickness direction is preferably low, but is preferably 1.3 or more from the viewpoint of stable production, and may be 1.4 or more. The refractive index is particularly preferably 1.410 or more. The above-mentioned range may be said to be achievable by increasing both of the stretching ratios in the bending direction and the folding direction, but in order to control the refractive index in the thickness direction while controlling the refractive indices in the bending direction and the width direction to preferred ranges, it is preferred to set conditions while checking a balance among the conditions of the steps of a film formation process. 
     As a method of controlling the refractive index in the thickness direction to the above-mentioned ranges, there is given a stretching preheating temperature, the stretching temperature, or the stretching ratio in the bending direction, the stretching preheating temperature or the stretching temperature in the folding portion direction, multi-stage stretching, high-ratio stretching, or a temperature setting for heat fixation. The stretching preheating temperature in the bending direction is preferably from 70° C. to 110° C. The stretching temperature in the bending direction is preferably from 75° C. to 120° C. The stretching ratio in the bending direction is preferably from 1.2 times to 2.0 times, more preferably from 1.7 times to 2.0 times. When stretching is performed at a low stretching temperature and a low stretching ratio, the refractive index in the thickness direction can be effectively decreased while the bendability in the bending direction is maintained. The stretching preheating temperature in the folding portion direction is also preferably from 75° C. to 110° C. The stretching temperature is preferably from 75° C. to 120° C. The stretching ratio in the folding portion is preferably from 4.0 times to 6.0 times, more preferably from 4.4 times to 6.0 times. While the refractive index in the bending direction is maintained or reduced, the refractive index in the thickness direction can be effectively reduced. Multi-stage stretching may be used as a method for high-ratio stretching. In that case, a stretching ratio in a second stage is preferably set to be higher than a stretching ratio in a first stage because the refractive index can be effectively controlled. In addition, a system involving performing stretching again after a crystallization step may be used. Accelerated stretching involving increasing stretching speed from an early stage of stretching to a late stage may be used. 
     The heat fixation temperature is preferably from 180° C. to 240° C. When heat fixation is performed, crystallization oriented in the stretching direction can proceed to decrease the refractive index in the thickness direction. 
     The reason why the hardness of the film surface is improved by decreasing the refractive index in the thickness direction is not necessarily clear, but it is conceivable that aromatics, such as benzene rings, in molecular chains are oriented in a plane direction to exhibit a suppressing effect on deformation due to stress applied in the thickness direction. 
     (With Regard to Density of Polyester Film) 
     The density of the polyester film is preferably 1.380 g/cm 3  or more. The density is more preferably 1.383 g/cm 3  or more. When the density is set to 1.380 g/cm 3  or more, the bendability can be improved, and the film surface hardness, in particular, the pencil hardness of the hard coating film after the lamination of the hard coating layer can be improved. The density is preferably as high as possible, and is preferably 1.40 g/cm 3  or less, though somewhat depending on, for example, the presence or absence of particles in the film. When the heat fixation temperature at the time of film formation is set to from 180° C. to 240° C., crystallization can be caused to proceed to effectively increase the density. 
     The bending direction of the polyester film is preferably caused to correspond to its longitudinal direction (machine direction). With this configuration, the refractive index in the bending direction can be easily decreased in second-axial stretching, and hence the bendability can be easily improved. That is, a preferred polyester film is obtained by stretching the unstretched polyester sheet in its longitudinal direction at a stretching ratio of from 1.2 times to 2.0 times, more preferably from 1.7 times to 2.0 times. In addition, it may be said that a preferred mode involves performing stretching in the width direction at a stretching ratio of from 4.0 times to 6.0 times, more preferably from 4.4 times to 6.0 times. 
     In addition, in the present invention, it may be said that, in a particularly preferred mode, the polyester film is caused to simultaneously have the following four characteristics: 
     (1) the refractive index in the bending direction is from 1.590 to 1.620; 
     (2) the refractive index in the folding portion direction is from 1.670 to 1.700; 
     (3) the refractive index in the thickness direction is 1.520 or less; and 
     (4) the density is 1.380 g/cm 3  or more. 
     However, even in the case of a combination within the ranges of the above-mentioned preferred production conditions, when the combination is a combination of conditions that cannot be said to be the best within the respective preferred production condition ranges, such as a combination of a stretching ratio in the bending direction of 1.4 times or less, a stretching ratio in the folding portion direction of less than 4.4 times, and a heat fixation temperature of 220° C. or less, a polyester film that simultaneously satisfies the above-mentioned four characteristics may not be necessarily obtained in some cases. In this case, the above-mentioned four characteristics can be simultaneously satisfied through a fine adjustment of any one of the conditions, such as an increase in stretching ratio in the bending direction to 1.7 times or more, an increase in stretching ratio in the folding portion direction to 4.4 times or more, an increase in heat fixation temperature to about 230° C., or a decrease in stretching temperature in the bending direction and/or the folding portion direction, or a combination thereof. 
     In order to adjust film formability, film strength, thermal dimensional stability, appearance failure, and the like, any film formation system involving, for example, stretching, relaxation, heat fixation, and surface treatment may be adopted, but it may be said that the control of the refractive indices and density of the film to the above-mentioned preferred ranges is a particularly preferred mode in the present invention. When the refractive indices and the density are controlled to the preferred ranges, there can be provided a polyester film suitable for a foldable display, which can obtain bending resistance and surface hardness superior to those of the related-art film, in particular, a high pencil hardness of the hard coating film after the lamination of the hard coating layer. 
     Specifically, for example, after the pellets of PET are sufficiently dried in vacuum, the pellets are fed into an extruder, and melt-extruded in a sheet shape at about 280° C., followed by cooling and solidifying the sheet to form an unstretched PET sheet. The obtained unstretched sheet is stretched at a ratio of from 1.2 times to 2.0 times, more preferably from 1.7 times to 2.0 times in the longitudinal direction with rolls heated to from 75° C. to 120° C. to obtain a uniaxially oriented PET film. Further, the film is held with clips at the end portions thereof, guided to a hot air zone heated to from 75° C. to 120° C., dried, and then stretched at a ratio of from 4.0 times to 6.0 times, more preferably from 4.4 times to 6.0 times in the width direction. Subsequently, the film may be guided to a heat treatment zone at from 180° C. to 240° C., and treated with heat for 1 second to 60 seconds. During this heat treatment step, the film may be subjected to relaxation treatment by from 0% to 10% in the width direction or the longitudinal direction as required. 
     The limiting viscosity of the polyester film preferably falls within the range of from 0.50 dl/g to 1.0 dl/g. A case in which the limiting viscosity is 0.50 dl/g or more is preferred because impact resistance is improved, and hence breakage of a circuit in the display due to an external impact hardly occurs. Meanwhile, a case in which the limiting viscosity is 1.00 dl/g or less is preferred because film production is stabilized without an excessively large increase in filtration pressure of molten fluid. 
     (Easy-to-Adhere Layer) 
     In the present invention, in order to improve an adhesive property between the polyester film and the transparent conductive layer, the hard coating layer, or the like, it is also preferred to laminate an easy-to-adhere layer on the polyester film. The easy-to-adhere layer may be obtained by applying an application liquid for forming the easy-to-adhere layer to one surface or both surfaces of an unstretched or longitudinally uniaxially stretched film, then drying the application liquid through heat treatment as required, and stretching the film in at least one unstretched direction. Heat treatment may also be performed after biaxial stretching. The final application amount of the easy-to-adhere layer is preferably controlled to from 0.005 g/m 2  to 0.20 g/m 2 . A case in which the application amount is 0.005 g/m 2  or more is preferred because an adhesive property is obtained. Meanwhile, a case in which the application amount is 0.20 g/m 2  or less is preferred because blocking resistance is obtained. 
     As a resin that is incorporated into the application liquid to be used in the lamination of the easy-to-adhere layer, resins such as a polyester-based resin, a polyether polyurethane-based resin, a polyester polyurethane resin, a polycarbonate polyurethane resin, and an acrylic resin may be used without any particular limitation. Examples of a crosslinking agent that is incorporated into the application liquid for forming the easy-to-adhere layer include a melamine compound, an isocyanate compound, an oxazoline compound, an epoxy compound, and a carbodiimide compound. A mixture of two or more kinds may be used as each of the resin and the crosslinking agent. Those materials are preferably applied as an aqueous application liquid because of the properties of in-line coating, and the resin and the crosslinking agent are preferably a water-soluble or water-dispersible resin and compound. 
     Particles are preferably added to the easy-to-adhere layer in order to impart an easy slipping property. The average particle diameter of the fine particles is preferably 2 μm or less. When the average particle diameter of the particles is more than 2 μm, the particles are liable to fall out of the easy-to-adhere layer. Examples of the particles that are incorporated into the easy-to-adhere layer include: inorganic particles, such as titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, silica, alumina, talc, kaolin, clay, calcium phosphate, mica, hectorite, zirconia, tungsten oxide, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride; and organic polymer-based particles, such as styrene-based particles, acrylic particles, melamine-based particles, benzoguanamine-based particles, and silicone-based particles. Those particles may be added alone or in combination thereof to the easy-to-adhere layer. 
     In addition, a known method may be used as a method of applying the application liquid as in the case of the application layer described above. Examples thereof include a reverse roll coating method, a gravure coating method, a kiss coating method, a roll brush coating method, a spray coating method, an air knife coating method, a wire bar coating method, and a pipe doctor method. Those methods may be performed alone or in combination thereof. 
     (Hard Coating Layer) 
     The polyester film preferably has the hard coating layer on at least one surface thereof for the purpose of, for example, adjusting the refractive indices, improving the surface hardness, improving bending resistance or breakage/tear resistance, or blocking the adverse influence of an oligomer precipitated from polyester on the transparent conductive layer. The hard coating layer is preferably used by being positioned on the polyester film or on the easy-to-adhere layer. As a resin for forming the hard coating layer, resins such as an acrylic resin, a siloxane-based resin, an inorganic hybrid-based resin, a urethane acrylate-based resin, a polyester acrylate-based resin, and an epoxy-based resin may be used without any particular limitation. In addition, a mixture of two or more materials may be used, and particles such as an inorganic filler and an organic filler may be added. 
     (Thickness of Hard Coating Layer) 
     The thickness of the hard coating layer is preferably from 1 μm to 50 μm. A case in which the thickness is 1 μm or more is preferred because sufficient curing occurs to increase pencil hardness. In addition, when the thickness is set to 50 μm or less, curling caused by hardening and contraction of the hard coating can be suppressed, and thus film handleability can be increased. 
     (Application Method) 
     As a method of applying the hard coating layer, for example, a Meyer bar, a gravure coater, a die coater, and a knife coater may be used without any particular limitation and may be appropriately selected in accordance with viscosity and thickness. 
     (Curing Condition) 
     As a method of curing the hard coating layer, for example, a curing method using energy beams, such as UP light or electron beams, or a curing method using heat may be used. In order to reduce damage to the film, a curing method using UP light or electron beams is preferred. 
     (Pencil Hardness) 
     The pencil hardness of the hard coating layer is preferably 3H or more, more preferably 4H or more. When the pencil hardness is 3H or more, the surface of the hard coating layer is protected to prevent the hard coating layer from being easily scratched or dented, and the visibility is not decreased. The pencil hardness of the hard coating layer is generally preferably as high as possible. However, the pencil hardness may be 9H or less or 8H or less, and even a hard coating layer having a pencil hardness of 6H or less is usable in practice without problems. 
     (Characteristics of Hard Coating Layer) 
     The hard coating layer in the present invention may be used for the purpose of protecting the touchscreen module or the display by increasing the pencil hardness of the surface as described above, and preferably has a high transmittance. The transmittance of the hard coating film is preferably 87% or more, more preferably 88% or more. When the transmittance is 87% or more, sufficient visibility is obtained. The total light transmittance of the hard coating film is generally preferably as high as possible, but is preferably 99% or less from the viewpoint of stable production, and may be 97% or less. In addition, the haze of the hard coating film is generally preferably low, and is preferably 3% or less. The haze of the hard coating film is more preferably 2% or less, most preferably 1% or less. When the haze is 3% or less, the visibility of an image can be improved. The haze is generally desirably as low as possible, but is preferably 0.1% or more from the viewpoint of stable production, and may be 0.3% or more. 
     The hard coating layer may further have any other function imparted thereto. For example, hard coating layers each having functionality imparted thereto, such as an antiglare layer, an antiglare antireflection layer, an antireflection layer, a low-reflection layer, and an antistatic layer each having the above-mentioned certain pencil hardness, are also preferably applied in the present invention. 
     It is also preferred that the polyester film be provided with a refractive index adjusting layer between the polyester film and the transparent electrode layer or between the hard coating layer and the transparent electrode layer in order to make the electrode pattern of the transparent conductive layer less visible. In that case, the hard coating layer itself may double as the refractive index adjusting layer, or a separate refractive index adjusting layer may be further laminated. Examples of the refractive index adjusting layer include: a resin layer containing the above-mentioned particles for refractive index adjustment; a fluorine-containing resin layer; and layers of, for example, resins each having a high refractive index obtained by incorporating an aromatic ring, a sulfur atom, or a bromine atom into resin materials, such as an aromatic polyimide resin, an epoxy resin, a (meth)acrylic resin (acrylate or methacrylate compound), a polyester resin, and a urethane resin, and precursors thereof. Any such layer may be formed by application. In addition, an inorganic layer of, for example, ZnO, CeO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , indium tin oxide, In 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, SiO 2 , or magnesium fluoride is also preferred as the refractive index adjusting layer, and such layer may be formed by a wet film formation method. 
     When the transparent conductive film is produced using the polyester film for a touchscreen module in the present invention, preferred examples of the laminated structure thereof include: polyester film/transparent conductive layer; polyester film/easy-to-adhere layer/transparent conductive layer; polyester film/hard coating layer/transparent conductive laver; polyester film/easy-to-adhere layer/hard coating layer/transparent conductive laver; polyester film/refractive index adjusting layer (one layer or plurality of layers having different refractive indices)/transparent conductive layer; polyester film/easy-to-adhere layer/refractive index adjusting layer (one layer or plurality of layers having different refractive indices)/transparent conductive layer; polyester film/hard coating layer/refractive index adjusting layer (one layer or plurality of layers having different refractive indices)/transparent conductive layer; and polyester film/easy-to-adhere laver/hard coating layer/refractive index adjusting layer (one layer or plurality of layers having different refractive indices)/transparent conductive layer. A combination of those laminated structures may be present on one surface of the polyester film, or may be present on both surfaces via the polyester film. 
     In a touchscreen module of a foldable display of the present invention, the polyester film of the present invention is used as a substrate included in the touchscreen module, but does not need to be used for all films included in the touchscreen module. In the touchscreen module of the foldable display, in addition to the polyester film of the present invention, a polyimide film, a polyamide film, a polyamide imide film, a polyester film except the polyester film of the present invention, a polycarbonate film, an acrylic film, a triacetylcellulose film, a cycloolefin polymer film, a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polymethylpentene film, or the like may be appropriately used as a substrate film for a touchscreen module depending on its suitability. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Next, the present invention is described by way of Examples and Comparative Examples. First, methods of evaluating characteristic values performed in the present invention are shown below. 
     (1) Limiting Viscosity 
     A film or a polyester resin was pulverized and dried, and then dissolved in a mixed solvent of phenol/tetrachloroethane=60/40 (mass ratio). After this solution was centrifuged to remove inorganic particles, the flow time of the solution having a concentration of 0.4 (g/dl) at 30° C. and the flow time of the solvent alone were measured with an Ubbelohde viscometer. From a time ratio therebetween, the limiting viscosity was calculated using the Huggins equation on the assumption that the constant of the Huggins equation was 0.38. 
     (2) Bending Resistance of Polyester Film Sample (bend radius: 1.5 mm) 
     A polyester film sample having a size of 20 mm in its width direction and 110 mm in its machine direction was prepared. The sample was bent 200,000 times at a rate of once per second using a tension-free U-shape folding test jig (DLDMLH-FS manufactured by Yuasa System Co., Ltd.) with the bend radius being set to 1.5 mm. In that case, the sample was fixed at a position of 10 mm from both end portions of the long side, and the portion to be bent was 20 mm×90 mm. Here,  FIG. 1  is a schematic view for illustrating a bend radius at a time when a foldable display is folded, and in consideration of a case in which a polyester film is arranged on the inside surface of the folded mode, the bending test is performed as a model assuming that the portion denoted by reference numeral  11  in  FIG. 1  is set to 1.5 mm. After the completion of the bending treatment, the sample was placed on a flat surface with its bending inside facing down, and was visually observed. 
     ∘: No crack and deformation can be recognized on the sample. 
     x: The sample has a crack or a fold mark, and has a maximum floating height of 5 mm or more when horizontally placed. 
     (3) Bending Resistance of Polyester Film Sample (Bend Radius: 0.5 mm) 
     A polyester film sample was bent 200,000 times at a rate of once per second by the same method as in the above-mentioned bending test with the bend radius being set to 0.5 mm. Here,  FIG. 1  is a schematic view for illustrating a bend radius at a time when a foldable display is folded, and in consideration of a case in which a polyester film is arranged on the inside surface of the folded mode, the bending test is performed as a model assuming that the portion denoted by reference numeral  11  in  FIG. 1  is set to 0.5 mm. The film surface on the outside of the bent portion was observed with a digital microscope (RH8800 manufactured by Hirox Co., Ltd.) at a magnification of 700, and the presence or absence of a wrinkle (crack) was observed. Separate from the above-mentioned bending resistance visual observation test at a bend radius of 1.5 mm, this test, in which the bend radius was reduced to 0.5 mm, was performed with the intention of performing evaluation under a state closer to the state of actual use of a foldable display having a hard coating layer and other members laminated or bonded thereto. Separate from the above-mentioned visual observation at a bend radius of 1.5 mm, this test is intended to detect a defect of being liable to be fractured or being liable to be cracked, which is a minute defect difficult to detect by visual observation. 
     ∘: No defect is found on the film surface on the outside of the bending. 
     x: Fracture occurred, or a wrinkle (crack) can be recognized on the film surface on the outside of the bending. 
     (4) Bending Resistance of Polyester Film Sample after Heat Treatment (Bend Radius: 1.5 mm) 
     A sample film was cut to measure 210 mm in its lateral direction by 300 mm, and an interval A between marks was measured under a constant tension of 5 g. Subsequently, the sample film was left to stand under no load in an oven having an atmosphere of 150° C. for 30 minutes, and was then removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature. After that, the sample film was cut into a size measuring 20 mm in its width direction by 110 mm in its longitudinal direction to prepare a polyester film sample. The sample was bent 200,000 times at a rate of once per second using a tension-free U-shape folding test jig (DLDMLH-FS manufactured by Yuasa System Co., Ltd.) with the bend radius being set to 1.5 mm. In that case, the sample was fixed at a position of 10 mm from both end portions of the long side, and the portion to be bent was 20 mm×90 mm. Here,  FIG. 1  is a schematic view for illustrating a bend radius at a time when a foldable display is folded, and in consideration of a case in which a polyester film is arranged on the inside surface of the folded mode, the bending test is performed as a model assuming that the portion denoted by reference numeral  11  in  FIG. 1  is set to 1.5 mm. After the completion of the bending treatment, the sample was placed on a flat surface with its bending inside facing down, and was visually observed. 
     ∘: No crack and deformation (strain) can be recognized on the sample. 
     x: The sample has a crack or a fold mark, and has a maximum floating height of 5 mm or more when horizontally placed. 
     (5) Refractive Index 
     A refractive index in a longitudinal direction, a refractive index in a width direction, and a refractive index in a thickness direction were determined using an Abbe refractometer (NAR-4T manufactured by Atago Co., Ltd., measurement wavelength: 589 nm) in conformity with JIS K 7142:2014 “Determination of the refractive index of plastics (Method A).” 
     (6) Pencil Hardness 
     The pencil hardness of a hard coating film was measured as a sample at a rate of 1.0 mm/s under a load of 750 g in conformity with JIS K 5600-5-4:1999. In the present invention, 3H or more was regarded as acceptable. 
     (7) Total Light Transmittance and Haze 
     Measurement was performed using a haze meter (NDH 5000 manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.) 
     (8) Density 
     A density was measured in accordance with a method in conformity with JIS K 7112:1999 (density gradient tube method). (Unit: g/cm 3 ). 
     (9) Indentation Depth after Test Force Unloading 
     A sample was cut into a square about 2 cm on a side, and its surface opposite to a measurement surface was fixed onto a micro cover glass measuring 18 mmχ18 mm (manufactured by Matsunami Glass Ind., Ltd.) with an adhesive (Cemedine (trademark) High-super 30). After the fixation by bonding, the whole was left to stand at room temperature for 12 hours or more, and then an indentation depth (μm) after test force unloading was measured using a dynamic ultramicrohardness meter “DUH-211” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) under the following conditions. 
     &lt;&lt;Measurement Conditions&gt;&gt; 
     Test mode: loading-unloading test
 
Indenter used: triangular pyramid indenter having an angle between ridges of 115°
 
Elastic modulus of indenter: 1.140×10 6  N/mm 2  
 
Poisson&#39;s ratio of indenter: 0.07
 
Test force: 50 mN
 
Loading speed: 4.44 mN/sec
 
Loading retention time: 2 sec
 
Unloading retention time: 0 sec
 
     (10) Maximum Heat Shrinkage Ratio 
     A sample film was cut to measure 10 mm in its width direction by 250 mm in its longitudinal direction. The long sides were aligned to a direction in which measurement was to be performed, the sample film was marked at an interval of 200 mm, and an interval A between the marks was measured under a constant tension of 5 g. Subsequently, the sample film was left to stand under no load in an oven having an atmosphere of 150° C. for 30 minutes, and was then removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature. After that, an interval B between the marks was determined under a constant tension of 5 g, and a heat shrinkage ratio (%) was determined by the following equation. For the heat shrinkage ratio, measurement is performed at positions equally dividing the sample film in its width direction into three parts, and the average value of three points is adopted as the heat shrinkage ratio (%). 
     
       
         
           
             
               Heat 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               shrinkage 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               ratio 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 % 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       A 
                       - 
                       B 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   × 
                   100 
                 
                 ] 
               
               / 
               A 
             
           
         
       
     
     The sample film is separately cut so as to be different in length and width for each of both its bending direction and folding direction and subjected to measurement, and data in the direction in which the measured value is larger is adopted as a maximum heat shrinkage ratio (%). 
     (11) Elastic Moduli (Young&#39;s Moduli (Unit: GPa)) 
     The elastic moduli of a polyester film in its bending direction and folding direction were measured at 23° C. in conformity with JIS K7127. 
     (Preparation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Pellets (a)) A continuous esterification reactor including a three-stage complete mixing vessel including a stirrer, a condenser, a raw material feeder, and a product extracting port was used as an esterification reactor. A slurry of TPA (2 tons/hr), EG (2 mol per mol of TPA), and antimony trioxide (160 ppm of Sb atoms based on produced PET) was continuously supplied to the first esterification reaction unit of the esterification reactor, and was allowed to react at 255° C. for an average residence time of 4 hours under normal pressure. Subsequently, the reaction product in the first esterification reaction unit was taken out of the system, and supplied to the second esterification reaction unit. EG evaporated from the first esterification reaction unit (8 mass % of the produced polymer (produced PET)) was supplied to the second esterification reaction unit. Further, an EG solution containing magnesium acetate such that the amount of Mg atoms was 65 ppm based on the produced PET and an EG solution containing TMPA such that the amount of P atoms was 20 ppm based on the produced PET were added thereto, and the mixture was reacted at 260° C. for an average residence time of 1.5 hours under normal pressure. Subsequently, the reaction product in the second esterification reaction unit was continuously taken out of the system and supplied to the third esterification reaction unit. An EG solution containing TMPA such that the amount of P atoms was 20 ppm based on the produced PET was further added thereto, followed by a reaction at 260° C. for an average residence time of 0.5 hour under normal pressure. The esterification reaction product generated in the third esterification reaction unit was continuously supplied to a three-stage continuous polycondensation reactor to perform polycondensation, followed by filtration through a filtering medium of a stainless-steel sintered body (nominal filtration accuracy: 5-μm particle 90% cut). Thus, polyethylene terephthalate pellets (a) having a limiting viscosity of 0.62 dl/g were obtained. 
     (Preparation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Pellets (b)) 
     Polyethylene terephthalate pellets (b) were obtained by adjusting the limiting viscosity to 0.580 dl/g by the same method as in the production process of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets (a) except that the residence time for the third esterification reaction was adjusted. 
     (Preparation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Pellets (c)) 
     The polyethylene terephthalate pellets (a) were subjected to solid-phase polymerization at 220° C. under a reduced pressure of 0.5 mmHg with a rotary vacuum polymerization apparatus while changing the reaction time. Thus, polyethylene terephthalate pellets (c) having a limiting viscosity of 0.75 dl/g were prepared. 
     (Polymerization of Urethane Resin) 
     A four-necked flask with a stirrer, a Dimroth condenser, a nitrogen inlet tube, a silica gel drying tube, and a temperature gauge was loaded with 72.96 parts by mass of 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 12.60 parts by mass of dimethylol propionic acid, 11.74 parts by mass of neopentyl glycol, 112.70 parts by mass of a polycarbonate diol having a number-average molecular weight of 2,000, and 85.00 parts by mass of acetonitrile and 5.00 parts by mass of N-methylpyrrolidone serving as solvents. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the mixture was stirred at 75° C. for 3 hours, and it was recognized that the reaction liquid had reached a predetermined amine equivalent. Next, the temperature of the reaction liquid was decreased to 40° C., and then 9.03 parts by mass of triethylamine was added to provide a polyurethane prepolymer D solution. Next, 450 g of water was added to a reaction vessel with a homodisper capable of high-speed stirring. The temperature was adjusted to 25° C., and water dispersion was performed by adding the isocyanate group-terminated prepolymer while the contents were mixed by stirring at 2,000 min-1. After that, some of the acetonitrile and the water were removed under reduced pressure to prepare a water-soluble polyurethane resin (A) having a solid content of 35 mass %. 
     (Polymerization of Water-soluble Carbodiimide Compound) 
     A flask with a temperature gauge, a nitrogen gas inlet tube, a reflux condenser, a dropping funnel, and a stirrer was loaded with 200 parts by mass of isophorone diisocyanate and 4 parts by mass of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-phosphorene-1-oxide serving as a carbodiimidation catalyst, and the mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 180° C. for 10 hours to provide an isocyanate-terminated isophorone carbodiimide (degree of polymerization=5). Then, 111.2 g of the resultant carbodiimide and 80 g of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (molecular weight: 400) were subjected to a reaction at 100° C. for 24 hours. Water was gradually added thereto at 50° C. to provide a yellow transparent water-soluble carbodiimide compound (B) having a solid content of 40 mass %. 
     (Preparation of Application Liquid for Forming Easy-to-Adhere Layer) 
     The following coating agents were mixed to prepare an application liquid. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Water 
                 16.97 parts by mass 
               
               
                 Isopropanol 
                 21.96 parts by mass 
               
               
                 Polyurethane resin (A) 
                  3.27 parts by mass 
               
               
                 Water-soluble carbodiimide compound (B) 
                  1.22 parts by mass 
               
               
                 Particles 
                  0.51 part by mass 
               
               
                 (silica sol having an average particle diameter 
                   
               
               
                 of 40 nm, solid content concentration: 40 mass %) 
                   
               
               
                 Surfactant 
                  0.05 part by mass 
               
               
                 (silicone-based, solid content concentration: 100  
                   
               
               
                 mass %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (Preparation of Hard Coating Application Liquid “a”) 
     To 100 parts by mass of a hard coating material (OPSTAR (trademark) 27503 manufactured by JSR Corporation, concentration: 75%), 0.1 part by mass of a leveling agent (BYK307 manufactured by BYK-Chemie Japan, concentration: 100%) was added, and the mixture was diluted with methyl ethyl ketone to prepare a hard coating application liquid “a” having a solid content concentration of 40 mass %. 
     (Preparation of Hard Coating Application Liquid “b”) 
     95 Parts by mass of pentaerythritol triacrylate (A-TMM-3 manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 100%), 5 parts by mass of a photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure (trademark) 907 manufactured by BASF Japan, solid content concentration: 100%), and 0.1 part by mass of a leveling agent (BYK307 manufactured by BYK-Chemie Japan, solid content concentration: 100%) were mixed, and the mixture was diluted with a solvent of toluene/MEK=1/1 to prepare a hard coating application liquid “b” having a concentration of 40 mass %. 
     (Preparation of Application Liquid Containing Metal Nanowire as Conductive Fibrous Filler) 
     A mixed solution of 0.6 g of silver nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), 36 g of a solution of 1.4 wt % of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical industries, Ltd., average molecular weight: 360,000) in ethylene glycol (EG, manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.), 4 g of a solution of 165 ppm of iron(III) chloride (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) in EG, and 109 g of EG was prepared and used as a reaction solution 1. The reaction solution 1 was increased in temperature from room temperature to 130° C. and subjected to a reaction for 187 minutes through use of a personal synthesizer (ChemiStation, PPV-CTRL1, manufactured by Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd.). 
     A cylindrical paper filter (No. 86R, retained particle diameter: 1 μm, 20 mm×90 mm, manufactured by Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd.) filled with 20 mL of the reaction solution 1 was placed in a 300 mL beaker, and isopropyl alcohol (manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.) was placed therein outside the cylindrical paper filter so as to have the same height as the reaction solution in the cylindrical paper filter. After 1 week, the solution in the cylindrical paper filter was collected and used as a metal nanowire-containing application liquid. 
     Example 1 
     The polyethylene terephthalate pellets (a) were fed to an extruder and melted at 285° C. The polymer was filtered through a filtering medium of a stainless-steel sintered body (nominal filtration accuracy: 10 μm-particle 95% cut) and extruded into a sheet shape from a mouthpiece, and then cooled and solidified through contact with a casting drum having a surface temperature of 30° C. using a static electricity applying casting method, to thereby produce an unstretched film. The unstretched film was uniformly heated to 75° C. using a heating roll, heated to 85° C. with a non-contact heater, and subjected to roll stretching (longitudinal stretching) at a ratio of 1.4 times. The above-mentioned application liquid for forming an easy-to-adhere layer was applied to both surfaces of the resultant uniaxially stretched film by a roll coating method, and was then dried at 80° C. for 20 seconds. An application amount after final (after biaxial stretching) drying was adjusted to 0.06 g/m 2 . After that, the film was introduced into a tenter and preheated at 105° C., and then laterally stretched at 95° C. at a ratio of 4.0 times. The film was subjected to heat fixation at 230° C. for 5 seconds with its width fixed, and was relaxed by 4% in its width direction at 180° C. to provide a polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of 50 μm. 
     Examples 2 and 3 
     Polyester films were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     Example 4 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching ratio in the width direction was changed to 4.4 times, and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 220° C. 
     Examples 5 and 6 
     Polyester films were obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     Example 7 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching ratio in the width direction was changed to 5.5 times, and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 190° C. 
     Examples 8 and 9 
     Polyester films were obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     Example 10 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that, in the production process of Example 5, 10% relaxation heat treatment was performed at 100° C. after the stretching in the longitudinal direction. 
     Example 11 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that, in the production process of Example 5, clips were released at 200° C. after the heat fixation, and relaxation heat treatment was performed in the longitudinal direction and the width direction. A tenter speed and a take-up roll speed were adjusted so as to achieve a relaxation ratio of 3% in the longitudinal direction. The relaxation in the width direction was performed so as to achieve a free state. 
     Example 12 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature at the time of the stretching in the longitudinal direction was changed to 75° C., and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 220° C. 
     Example 13 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching in the longitudinal direction was performed with the temperature at the time of the stretching being changed to 75° C. and the stretching ratio being changed to 1.2 times, and then the stretching in the width direction was performed with the stretching ratio being changed to 5.0 times. 
     Example 14 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the stretching in the longitudinal direction of Example 3 was changed to two-stage stretching in which a stretching ratio in the first stage was set to 1.2 times and a stretching ratio in the second stage was set to 1.67 times. The total stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction is about 2.0 times. 
     Example 15 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the preheating temperature at the time of the stretching in the width direction was changed to 95° C., and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 190° C. 
     Example 16 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the stretching in the width direction of Example 2 was changed to two-stage stretching in which a stretching ratio in the first stage was set to 1.5 times and a stretching ratio in the second stage was set to 4.0 times, and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 190° C. The total stretching ratio in the width direction is 6.0 times. 
     Examples 17 and 18 
     Polyester films were obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the thickness was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     Example 19 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that, in the production process of Example 1, the relaxation heat treatment in the width direction was not performed. 
     Example 20 
     An unstretched film was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. After that, in a tenter, the unstretched film was preheated at 75° C. and laterally stretched at 85° C. at a ratio of 1.4 times. The above-mentioned application liquid for forming an easy-to-adhere layer was applied to both surfaces of the resultant uniaxially stretched film by a roll coating method, and was then dried at 80° C. for 20 seconds. An application amount after final (after biaxial stretching) drying was adjusted to 0.06 g/m 2 . The film was uniformly heated to 105° C. using a heating roll, heated to 95° C. with a non-contact heater, and subjected to roll stretching (longitudinal stretching) at a ratio of 4.0 times. The film was subjected to heat fixation at 230° C. for 5 seconds with its width fixed to provide a polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of 50 μm. 
     Example 21 
     A polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of 50 μm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and then a hard coating film was obtained by applying the hard coating application liquid “b”. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that lateral uniaxial stretching was performed by performing stretching only in the width direction without performing the stretching in the longitudinal direction. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that lateral uniaxial stretching was performed by performing stretching only in the width direction without performing the stretching in the longitudinal direction. 
     Comparative Examples 3 to 7 
     Polyester films were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heat fixation temperature was changed to 220° C., and PET pellets and thicknesses shown in Table 1 were adopted. 
     In Comparative Examples 3 to 7, as described above, the heat fixation temperature is lower than in Example 1, and the stretching ratios in the longitudinal direction and the width direction are a combination of respective condition levels that cannot be said to be the best within preferred condition ranges. Consequently, as shown in Table 1, the refractive index in the thickness direction increased, the indentation depth after test force unloading increased, and the pencil hardness after the lamination of a hard coating layer reduced as compared to Examples. 
     Comparative Example 8 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction was changed to 2.7 times, and the heat fixation temperature was changed to 220° C. 
     Comparative Example 9 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the stretching ratio in the longitudinal direction was changed to 3.4 times. 
     Comparative Example 10 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the heat fixation temperature was changed to 100° C. 
     Comparative Example 11 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the stretching temperature in the longitudinal direction was changed to 130° C. 
     Comparative Example 12 
     A polyester film was obtained in the same manner as Example 1 except that the preheating temperature in the width direction was changed to 120° C. 
     The hard coating application liquid “a” was applied with a Meyer bar to one side of each of the produced films described above so as to have a film thickness of 5 μm after drying, and was dried at 80° C. for 1 minute, followed by irradiation with UV light (cumulative light quantity: 200 mJ/cm 2 ) to provide a hard coating film. After that, the metal nanowire-containing application liquid was applied with a Meyer bar to the surface of the produced hard coating layer so as to have a film thickness of 5 μm after drying, and was dried at 80° C. for 10 minutes. Thus, a transparent conductive polyester film was obtained. Evaluation results are shown in Table 1. 
     The transparent conductive polyester film produced above was incorporated into a touchscreen module to produce a foldable display of a smartphone type capable of being folded in half at the center of the whole with a radius of 3 mm corresponding to the bend radius in  FIG. 1 . The foldable display using the touchscreen module including the transparent conductive polyester film based on the polyester film of each Example was satisfactory in terms of operation and visibility as a smartphone capable of being carried by being folded in half at the center. In addition, its surface was not dented by an external force. In this case, Examples 6 to 9, 15, and 16 were slightly inferior to the other Examples in terms of reduced curling after thermal processing because of a slightly larger maximum heat shrinkage ratio of the polyester film, but were satisfactory on the whole. Meanwhile, the foldable displays prepared by using the polyester films or the hard coating films of Comparative Examples were not particularly preferred because the displays appeared to begin having image distortion in the folding portion as the displays were used frequently. In addition, some of the displays had a dent or a scratch on their surfaces. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PET film 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stretching 
                 Preheating 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PET pellets 
                   
                   
                   
                 temperature in 
                 temperature 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Limiting 
                 Limiting 
                 Stretching ratio 
                 longitudinal 
                 in width 
                 Heat fixation 
                   
                 Relaxation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 viscosity 
                 viscosity 
                 Longitudinal 
                 Width 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 temperature 
                 Relaxation 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Kind 
                 (dl/g) 
                 (dl/g) 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 direction 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 1  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 2  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 3  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 2.0 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 4  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 5  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 6  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 2.0 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 7  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 5.5 
                  85 
                 105 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 8  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 5.5 
                  85 
                 105 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 9  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 2.0 
                 5.5 
                  85 
                 105 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Longitudinal 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Longitudinal/ 
                 3/− 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Width 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  75 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.2 
                 5.0 
                  75 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 2.0 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (two stages) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                  95 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 6.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (two stages) 
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.7 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 — 
                  0 
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 4.0 
                 1.4 
                 105 
                  85 
                 230 
                 — 
                  0 
               
               
                 Example 21 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.0 
                 4.0 
                 — 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 1  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.0 
                 5.5 
                 — 
                 105 
                 190 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 2  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 3  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 4  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 5  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (b) 
                 0.58 
                 0.54 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 6  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (c) 
                 0.75 
                 0.69 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 7  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 2.7 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 8  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 3.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 105 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 9  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.4 
                  85 
                 105 
                 100 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.2 
                 5.0 
                 130 
                 105 
                 220 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  
                 (a) 
                 0.62 
                 0.58 
                 1.4 
                 4.0 
                  85 
                 120 
                 230 
                 Width 
                  4 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 PET film 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Continuous 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bending 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Continuous 
                 Continuous 
                 test 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bending 
                 bending 
                 at bend 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 test 
                 test 
                 radius of 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Refractive index 
                   
                 at bend 
                 at bend 
                 1.5 mm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Thickness 
                 Density 
                 Longitudinal 
                 Width 
                 Thickness 
                 Bending 
                 radius of 
                 radius of 
                 after heat 
               
               
                   
                 (μm) 
                 (g/cm 3 ) 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 1.5 mm 
                 0.5 mm 
                 treatment 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 1  
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.596 
                 1.684 
                 1.516 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 2  
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.602 
                 1.681 
                 1.512 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 3  
                 50 
                 1.387 
                 1.609 
                 1.679 
                 1.509 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 4  
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.592 
                 1.69  
                 1.517 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 5  
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.597 
                 1.688 
                 1.515 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 6  
                 50 
                 1.384 
                 1.598 
                 1.686 
                 1.513 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 7  
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.591 
                 1.694 
                 1.513 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 8  
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.596 
                 1.690 
                 1.512 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 9  
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.597 
                 1.688 
                 1.513 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.594 
                 1.689 
                 1.515 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.596 
                 1.687 
                 1.515 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.606 
                 1.684 
                 1.518 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 50 
                 1.386 
                 1.591 
                 1.685 
                 1.519 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 50 
                 1.388 
                 1.606 
                 1.681 
                 1.511 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.598 
                 1.691 
                 1.495 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 50 
                 1.384 
                 1.594 
                 1.695 
                 1.508 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 25 
                 1.387 
                 1.602 
                 1.681 
                 1.512 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 75 
                 1.386 
                 1.602 
                 1.681 
                 1.512 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 50 
                 1.384 
                 1.598 
                 1.687 
                 1.513 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.686 
                 1.593 
                 1.516 
                 Width 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 21 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.596 
                 1.684 
                 1.516 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.380 
                 1.588 
                 1.694 
                 1.522 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 1  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.383 
                 1.584 
                 1.701 
                 1.512 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 x 
               
               
                 Example 2  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.381 
                 1.601 
                 1.684 
                 1.524 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 3  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 25 
                 1.381 
                 1.591 
                 1.676 
                 1.530 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 4  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 75 
                 1.381 
                 1.623 
                 1.690 
                 1.526 
                 Longitudinal 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
               
               
                 Example 5  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.382 
                 1.598 
                 1.682 
                 1.524 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 6  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.380 
                 1.603 
                 1.686 
                 1.522 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 7  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.398 
                 1.631 
                 1.686 
                 1.500 
                 Longitudinal 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
               
               
                 Example 8  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.396 
                 1.650 
                 1.669 
                 1.496 
                 Longitudinal 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
               
               
                 Example 9  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.364 
                 1.578 
                 1.660 
                 1.532 
                 Longitudinal 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.385 
                 1.589 
                 1.685 
                 1.525 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 50 
                 1.384 
                 1.596 
                 1.679 
                 1.526 
                 Longitudinal 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 PET film 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Maximum 
                 Hard coating film 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Indentation 
                   
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 heat 
                 Hard 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 depth after 
                 Elastic modulus (GPa) 
                 light 
                   
                 shrinkage 
                 coating 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 unloading 
                 Longitudinal 
                 Width 
                 transmittance 
                 Haze 
                 ratio 
                 application 
                 Pencil 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (μm) 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 liquid 
                 hardness 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 1  
                  1.48 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.4 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2  
                  1.47 
                 2.4 
                 4.8 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3  
                  1.42 
                 2.3 
                 4.7 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.6 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4  
                  1.48 
                 2.2 
                 5.7 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.7 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5  
                  1.45 
                 2.3 
                 5.1 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.9 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6  
                 1.4 
                 2.4 
                 5.0 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 2.2 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7  
                  1.35 
                 2.2 
                 6.3 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 4.4 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8  
                  1.38 
                 2.3 
                 5.9 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 4.9 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9  
                  1.41 
                 2.4 
                 5.8 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 5.1 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                  1.45 
                 2.1 
                 5.1 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11 
                  1.45 
                 2.1 
                 5.1 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12 
                  1.48 
                 2.4 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 
                  1.48 
                 2.0 
                 5.7 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 14 
                  1.43 
                 2.4 
                 4.7 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.6 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 15 
                  1.27 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 5.0 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 16 
                  1.26 
                 2.3 
                 6.8 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 4.7 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                  1.47 
                 2.4 
                 4.8 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.4 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 18 
                  1.47 
                 2.4 
                 4.8 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 19 
                  1.48 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 2.0 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 20 
                  1.48 
                 5.1 
                 2.4 
                 90.2  
                 0.3 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 21 
                  1.48 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.4 
                 b 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.64 
                 2.1 
                 5.6 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.4 
                 a 
                 1H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.56 
                 2.0 
                 7.5 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 3.7 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.60 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.8 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.62 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.8 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.63 
                 2.3 
                 5.4 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.8 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.66 
                 2.1 
                 5.1 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.8 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.56 
                 2.4 
                 5.6 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.8 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.46 
                 3.2 
                 3.9 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.36 
                 3.4 
                 4.3 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 a 
                 3H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.56 
                 2.4 
                 6.3 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 6.3 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.55 
                 2.0 
                 5.7 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.5 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                  1.55 
                 2.5 
                 4.0 
                 91   
                 0.8 
                 1.4 
                 a 
                 2H 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     While maintaining mass productivity, the foldable display using the polyester film for a touchscreen module substrate of a foldable display of the present invention does not undergo deformation after the polyester film positioned on the touchscreen module of the foldable display is repeatedly folded, and hence does not cause image distortion in the folding portion of the display. In particular, a mobile device or an image display apparatus including the foldable display using the polyester film of the present invention as a touchscreen module substrate provides an beautiful image, is rich in functionality, and is excellent in convenience, such as portability. 
     EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
           1 : foldable display 
           11 : bend radius 
           2 : polyester film for touchscreen module of foldable display 
           21 : folding portion 
           22 : bending direction (direction orthogonal to folding portion)