Patent Publication Number: US-11022101-B2

Title: Angular momentum engine

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     With only a 40 year supply of fossil fuels remaining worldwide, new cleaner sources of alternative energy, such as automotive ‘hybrid systems’, are on the forefront in development Some automakers, such as MERCEDES BENZ, will no longer make cars with internal combustion engines as they look to their future in electric vehicles, while others such as TESLA MOTORS use the AC 3 phase induction motor, invented by the genius Nichols Tesla, in their electric cars. 
     The alternative energy system in this patent application uses three simple systems: angular momentum, centripetal force, and relative motion to create one of the more powerful alternative engines in the world. The design of this engine can be used across the broad spectrum of transportation including space. 
     This Angular Momentum Engine applies its ‘linear centripetal force’, created by angular momentum, to a vehicles ‘net force resistance’ the resistance of a physical object to any change in velocity. It includes an objects inertia, gravitational and frictional forces. 
     This Angular Momentum Engine is simply an ‘add-on’ product to a vehicle, military, aircraft, or space craft vehicles and space stations propulsion systems. 
     Centripetal force is defined as “the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a circular path and is directed inward toward the center of rotation”, while centrifugal force is defined as “the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of rotation.” according to Merriam Webster Dictionary. 
     “The difference between centripetal and centrifugal force has to do with different ‘frames of reference’ that is different viewpoint from which you measure something, according to Andrew A. Ganse, a research physicist at the University of Washington. 
     If you are observing a rotating system from the outside, you see a rotating centripetal force acting to contain the rotating body to a circular path. However, if you are part of the rotating system, you experience an apparent centrifugal force pushing you away from the center of the circle, even though what you are actually feeling is the inward centripetal force that is literally keeping you from going off in a tangent.”  FIG. 6A   
     Live Science https://www.livescience.com/52488-centrifugal-centripetal-forces.html 
     A centripetal force can never accelerate a vehicle as its force becomes tangential when greater than a vehicles ‘net force resistance’, its inertia, gravitational and frictional resistance forces that oppose a change in velocity. 
     A centripetal force can only bring a vehicle close to the moment of a change in velocity and therefore has to interface with a vehicles propulsion system to accelerate the vehicle. 
     For every industry, the ‘net force resistance’ of a vehicle continuously changes in a ‘real time’ environment, therefore, the industries motion control systems must interface with this Angular Momentum Engine to provide a continuously changing centripetal force. 
     The centripetal force created by this Angular Momentum Engine is exponential, while a vehicles propulsion force is linear. Each industries motion control system must interface with this Angular Momentum Engine’ to control its centripetal force and with their vehicles own propulsion system, for example, an automotive hybrid parallel system, for any required change in velocity in a real time fly-by-wire system. 
     “Centripetal force can be increased by increasing either the speed of rotation or the mass of the body or by decreasing the radius, which is the distance of the body from the center of the curve. Increasing the mass or decreasing the radius increases the centripetal force in direct or inverse proportion, respectively, but increasing the speed of rotation increases it in proportion to the square of the speed; that is, an increase in speed of 10 times say from 10 to 100 revolutions per minute, increase the centripetal force by a factor of one hundred”, ** ** written by the editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica last updated Feb. 13, 2018. 
     As the centripetal force created by angular momentum is only limited by its speed of rotation, mass, and radius this accelerating force can easily reach a ‘half million pounds’ and beyond in a larger engine for use in space flight. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 —System design— 1  stage planetary gearbox (front view) 
         FIG. 1 a   .—System design— 1  stage planetary gearbox (top view) 
         FIG. 1 b   .—System design— 1  stage planetary gearbox (bottom view) 
         FIG. 2 .—System design—Angular Momentum Engine (front view) 
         FIG. 2.2 —Reversing sprockets 
         FIG. 2.3 —Timing Marks 
         FIG. 3 a   — 101  Planetary gearbox  1 —top view (clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 3 b   — 101  Planetary gearbox  1 —top view (clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 3 c   — 102  Planetary gearbox  2 —top view (counter-clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 3 d   — 102  Planetary gearbox  2 —top view (counter-clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 4 — 1 —Pinion Gear—2×2 inch gear 
         FIG. 4 — 2 —Planet Gear—4×2 inch gear 
         FIG. 4 — 3 —Sun Gear—4×2 inch gear 
         FIG. 5 —Tungsten weight ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d )—Centripetal force from planet axis 
         FIG. 6A —Centripetal and Centrifugal force illustration 
         FIG. 6B —Equation for Centripetal force 
         FIG. 7 —Tungsten weight ( 6   a )—Centripetal force from sun gear 
         FIG. 8 —Patent Design compared to other planetary gearboxes 
         FIG. 9 a   —Planetary gearbox  1 —top view (clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 9 b   —Planetary gearbox  2 —top view (counter-clockwise rotation) 
         FIG. 10 —Tungsten weight ( 6   c )—Centripetal force from sun gear 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This patent application illustrates how to change, from the perspective of different frames of reference, a rotating centripetal force to a linear centripetal force, using the science of relativity to harness one of the most powerful and highly energy efficient source of alternative energy . . . angular momentum. 
       FIG. 1  This ‘Angular Momentum engine’ uses a simple  1  stage planetary gearbox in its design. The  3 . ‘sun gear’ and the  6 . ‘planet gear’s have a 1:1 gear ratio. 
     The  99 . ‘pinion gear’s have a 2:1 gear ratio to the  3 . ‘sun gear’ and the  6 . ‘planet gear’s. 
     The  3 . ‘sun gear’ is held by the  2 . ‘sun gear shaft’. The gearbox does not have a ring gear’. These gears have a double helical design and are orientated horizontally on their vertical axes. 
       FIG. 1   FIG. 1 a      FIG. 1 b    This  1  stage planetary gearbox has a  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’, four  99 . ‘pinion gear’s, four  6 . ‘planet gear’s and a one piece  3 . ‘sun gear’ and  2 . ‘sun gear shaft’ design. The  3 . ‘sun gear’ is held by the  2 . ‘sun gear shaft’. The  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’ has an upper and lower flange. Each of the gears and flanges have a zero, ninety, one hundred eight, and two hundred seventy degree timing marks and are aligned on these timing marks.  FIG. 2.3   
     The gearbox does not have a ring gear. 
       FIG. 4-2  illustrates the ‘one piece’ four inch diameter by 2 inch face width carbon steel  6 . ‘planet gear’. Four lightening holes are machined into the carbon steel  6 . ‘planet gear’, creating four ‘empty shell’s. The one by two inch  7   a . ‘empty shell’,  7   b . ‘empty shell’, and  7   c . ‘empty shell’ reduce the weight of the  6 . ‘planet gear’ to improve ‘spin up time’. 
       FIG. 4-2  The  9 . ‘tungsten-weight’ is a one by two inch tungsten round bar pressed into the empty shell. This tungsten 0.496 kg. (1.094 lb.)  9 . ‘tungsten-weight’ is 2.4 times heavier than carbon steel. The  8 - 1 . ‘planet gear axis’ uses the  8   a . ‘bearing’. The  8 - 2 . ‘planet gear axis’ uses the  8   b . ‘bearing’. 
       FIG. 4-1  illustrates the ‘one piece’ two inch diameter by 2 inch face width carbon steel  99 . ‘Pinion Gear’. The  8 - 1 . ‘pinion gear axis’ uses the  8   a . ‘bearing’. 
     The  8 - 2 . ‘pinion gear axis’ uses the  8   b . ‘bearing’ 
       FIG. 4-3  illustrates the ‘one piece’ four inch diameter by 2 inch face width carbon steel  3 . ‘sun gear’. The  3 . ‘sun gear’ is ‘held’ by the  2 . ‘sun gear shaft. 
       FIG. 1   FIG. 2   FIG. 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , 3 d    The  101 . ‘Planetary gearbox  1 ’, and  102 . ‘Planetary gearbox  2 ’ turn clockwise and counter-clockwise, respectively, rotating their  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’ assembly ie.  99 . ‘pinion gear’s and  6 . ‘planet gear’s around the held  3 . ‘sun gear’. As the  6 . ‘planet gear’s are rotated around the held  3 . ‘sun gear’, a centripetal force is created on each  9 . ‘tungsten-weight’ as a result of their angular momentum. 
       FIG. 1   FIG. 2   FIG. 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , 3 d    The  6 . ‘planet gear’s are simultaneously turned in the opposite direction on their ‘axis’ as a result of the held  3 . ‘sun gear’ creating a second centripetal force on each  9 . ‘tungsten-weight’ as a result of their angular momentum. 
     These two sets of ‘centripetal forces’ are examined in the following detailed description. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     There is a huge diversity in the design of planetary gearboxes compared to this ‘patent design’ In a standard automotive transmission one gear is held, one turned, and one gear used as the output to drive the vehicle. This design enables the vehicle torque to match the vehicle load while the automobile is accelerating to highway speed. 
     The ‘fly by wire’ TOYOTA PRIUS ‘power split device’ is designed to use input from its two permanent magnet motor/generators, MG 2  and MG 1  as well as its internal combustion engine (ICE) to specifically match torque with load demands in this 60 mile per gallon parallel hybrid system. 
     The complex ALLISON transmission uses sets of gears, called compound planetary gearsets, that look like a single planetary gearset but actually works like two planetary gearsets combined. It has one ring gear that is always the output of the transmission, but it has two sun gears and two sets of planets. 
     Each of these transmissions have in common an output drive shaft that is used to turn the vehicle&#39;s wheels. 
     In this patent design, the relative motion of a tungsten-weight generates a linear centripetal force (see arrows)  FIG. 8 . that is applied against a vehicles net force resistance, its resistance to a change in velocity and therefore does not require an output drive shaft. 
     This Angular Momentum Engine uses two identical ‘side by side’, vertically orientated ‘one stage’ planetary gearboxes.  FIG. 2   
     The two identical ‘side by side’ gearboxes  101 . ‘Planetary Gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘Planetary Gearbox  2 ’ rotate in opposite directions to balance the rotational forces.  FIG. 2   
       FIG. 1   FIG. 2   FIG. 3 a      FIG. 3 b    The B. ‘3 phase induction Motor’ rotates the  101 . ‘Planetary gearbox  1 ’ 45 degrees clockwise around the held  3 . ‘sun gear’. 
       FIG. 1   FIG. 2   FIG. 3 a      FIG. 3 b    With the  3 . ‘sun gear’ held, the  99 . ‘pinion’ gear turns 90 degrees clockwise and the  6 . ‘planet gear’ turns 45 degrees counter-clockwise. 
     In summary. the  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’ has rotated 45 degrees clockwise around the held  3 . ‘sun gear’, while the  99 . ‘pinion’ gear turns 90 degrees clockwise and the  6 . ‘planet gear’ turns 45 degrees counter-clockwise on their axis in  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’. 
       FIG. 2   FIG. 3 c      FIG. 3 d    The  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ turns in the opposite direction of  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ due to  12 . ‘drive sprocket’,  15 . ‘driven sprocket’ the  13 . ‘idler sprocket’ and,  14 . ‘idler sprocket’ and the  16 . ‘double duplex timing chain’ reversing the rotational direction of the input to  102 . ‘Planetary Gearbox  2 .  FIG. 2.2   
       FIG. 2   FIG. 3 c      FIG. 3 d    With the  15 . ‘driven sprocket’ turning 45 degrees counter-clockwise the  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’ assembly rotates 45 degrees counter-clockwise around the held  3 . ‘sun gear’ 
       FIG. 2   FIG. 3 c      FIG. 3 d    With the  3 . ‘sun gear’ held, the  99 . ‘pinion’ gear turns 90 degrees counter-clockwise and the  6 . ‘planet gear’s turn 45 degrees clockwise on their axis. 
     In summary. the  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’ has rotated 45 degrees counter-clockwise around the held  3 . ‘sun gear; while the  99 . ‘pinion’ gear turns 90 degrees counter-clockwise and the  6 . ‘planet gear’s turn 45 degrees clockwise on their axis in  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’. 
     This 45 degree motion analogy is used to illustrate the movement of the component parts of this Angular Momentum Engine in slow motion. 
     The linear centripetal force of this ‘angular momentum engine’ is 922 ft/lbs. at 2000 rpm for each of the two ‘side by side’ planetary gearboxes,  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’, for a total of 1,844 ft/lbs. of centripetal force for this ‘angular momentum engine’.  FIG. 2   
     The 922 ft/lbs. of linear centripetal force, for  101 . planetary gearbox  1  is the sum of the clockwise rotation of the ‘planet gear’ ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ). by the  5 . ‘planet gear carrier’, and the counter-clockwise turning of the ‘planet gear’ ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ). as a result of the ‘held’  3 . ‘sun gear’.  FIG. 9 a      
     The 922 ft/lbs. of linear centripetal force, for  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ is the sum of the counter-clockwise rotation of the ‘planet gear’ ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ). by the  5 . ‘planet gear carrier and the clockwise turning of the ‘planet gear’ ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ). as a result of the ‘held’  3 . ‘sun gear’ . . .  FIG. 9   b    
     In summary,  102 . ‘Planetary Gearbox  2 ’ runs in the opposite direction of the  101 . ‘Planetary Gearbox  1 ’ each producing 922 ft/lbs of linear centripetal force at 2000 rpm. 
     A refined explanation of how this 1,844 ft/lbs of linear centripetal force is created for each of the two planetary gearboxes at 2000 rpm follows. 
     The 1.094 lb. ‘tungsten-weight’ (0.496 kg) on ‘planet gears’  1  thru  4  ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ) in  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ are 1.25 inches away from its axis’, each creating +154 foot-pounds of linear centripetal force as they are turned 2000 rpm.  FIG. 5   FIG. 9 a      FIG. 9 b      
     The 1,094 lb. tungsten-weight (0.496 kg) on  6   a . ‘planet— 1 ’ in  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ are 7.25 inches away from the  3 . ‘sun gear’, creating +888 foot-pounds of linear centripetal force. as it is rotated 2000 rpm.  FIG. 7   FIG. 9 a      FIG. 9 b      
     The 1.094 lb. ‘tungsten-weight’ (0.49 kg) on  6   c . ‘planet—’ in  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ are 4.75 inches away from the  3 . ‘sun gear’, creating a negative −582 foot-pounds of linear centripetal force as it is rotated 2000 rpm.  FIG. 10-3   FIG. 9 a      FIG. 9 b      
     In summary, the sum of these forces [154+154+154+154+888−582] equals +922 foot pounds of linear centripetal force at 2000 rpm for 101. ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’ and  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’, for a total of 1,844 ft/lbs. of linear centripetal force. 
     The linear centripetal force for each of the planet gears ( 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c ,  6   d ) ‘tungsten-weight’ change as they rotate around the  3 . ‘sun gear’. The net sum of these forces, however, remains the same at 922 foot pounds for  101 . ‘planetary gearbox  1 ’, and 922 foot pounds for  102 . ‘planetary gearbox  2 ’ as the planet gears rotate around the  3 . ‘sun gear’.  FIG. 9 a      FIG. 9 b      
     This ‘patent gearbox’ is 95 percent efficient. Increasing the speed of rotation increases the centripetal force in proportion to the square of the speed making it one of the most efficient and powerful engines in today&#39;s marketplace.  FIG. 6B   
     The TESLA electric motor delivers  360  to 470 HP depending on the model. Using this electric motor as input, the ‘linear centripetal force’ for each of the two gearboxes with a (1.094 lbs.) tungsten-weight are: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Planetary gearbox 1 
                 Planetary gearbox 2 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 230.5 ft/lbs. @ 1000 rpm 
                 230.5 ft/lbs. @ 1000 rpm 
                 461 
                 ft lbs. 
               
               
                   
                 922 ft/lbs. @ 2000 rpm 
                 922 ft/lbs. @ 2000 rpm 
                 1,844 
                 ft lbs. 
               
               
                   
                 3,688 ft/lbs. @ 4000 rpm 
                 3,688 ft/lbs. @ 4000 rpm 
                 7,376 
                 ft lbs. 
               
               
                   
                 14,752 ft/lbs. @ 8000 rpm 
                 14,752 ft/lbs. @ 8000 rpm 
                 29,504 
                 ft/lbs. 
               
               
                   
                 59,008 ft/lbs. @16000 rpm 
                 59,008 ft/lbs. @16000 rpm 
                 118,016′ 
                 ft lbs. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Increasing the speed of rotation, from 1,000 to 16,000 rpm increases the linear centripetal force is proportion to the square of the speed, or 16 squared. The linear centripetal force is 256 times greater for this ‘angular momentum engine’ at 16,000 rpm (118,016 ft/lbs) than at 1000 rpm (461 ft/lbs). Increasing the tungsten weight, by four, from 1.094 to 4.376 pounds would produces 472,064 ft/lbs of centripetal force @ 16,000 rpm. 
     Although these forces are well beyond the normal automotive power/torque curve it brings into sharp focus the sheer power of this type of engine for use across the broad spectrum of transportation including space. 
     This Angular Momentum Engine has a 280 mpg highway estimate for a 3,200 pound automobile and is 95 percent efficient, as its linear centripetal force is proportion to the square of the speed.  FIG. 2   
     In comparison. a hybrid automobile with a L-ion battery has a 99 percent charge efficiency and the discharge loss is small, with a 63 mpg estimate. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is 20 to 60 percent while the internal combustion engine is 25 to 30 percent, giving significantly lower mpg ratings.” 
     It is not the purpose of this patent application to define the type of Motor that would be used as input, nor to define and illustrate the type of hybrid system to incorporate with this patent ‘Angular Momentum Engine’. Its purpose, however, is to highlight the maximum capability of its design for marketability and utilization. 
     “Most of the auto manufacturers use synchronous motors, but whether it is a permanent magnet or electromagnet strongly influences the performance. TESLA MOTORS in its new Model-3 uses a permanent magnet electric motor instead of the AC induction motor it has used so far.” 
     “The key difference is that AC induction motors have to use electricity to generate the magnetic currents inside the motor, which cause the rotor to spin, whereas a permanent magnet motor doesn&#39;t require that additional current since its magnets are always ‘on’. This means that the Model-3&#39;s TESLA motor is more efficient and thus better for smaller and lighter cars, but not ideal for high performance cars, since an AC induction motor can produce greater power!” 
     “The 3 phase A/C induction motor invented by the genius Nicholas Tesla has a simple and rugged construction. This TESLA motor has no permanent magnets, no brushes, no communicator ring, and no position sensors. A variable speed drive controls the 3 phase current input power frequency. It uses highly permeable thin slices of steel laminations inside a steel or cast iron frame minimizing eddy currents”. The TESLA roadster electric motors offers 758 lb/ft of torque nearly 1000 hp. 
     “The maximum torque of an induction motor is at zero rpm. This means that right from the moment the motor starts to rotate a near maximum torque is available”. Induction motors are also used in the e-hybrid FORMULA ONE race cars putting a spotlight on the power/torque capabilities of these hybrid technologies. 
     Parallel hybrid system is defined as having both an internal combusting engine and an electric motor that both individually or jointly couple up to drive the car. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine”. In an all electric vehicle the battery is charged at a charging station. 
     Which ever system, series or parallel hybrid or an all electric, is chosen to use with this ‘Angular Momentum Engine’, utilization of a ‘motor/gererator’ to continuously generate electricity from the car wheels to charge its L-ion battery is optionally recommended. 
     This patent application has illustrated how to change, from different frames of reference, a rotational centripetal force to a linear centripetal force to apply to a vehicles net force resistance to a change in velocity. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     This Angular Momentum Engine converts rotating centripetal forces to linear centripetal forces. Two identical side by side single stage planetary gearboxes, rotating synchronously clockwise and counter-clockwise, are used to accomplish this conversion. Each of these two identical gearboxes contain a planet gear carrier, four pinion gears, four planet gears, a sun gear, and do not have a ring gear. 
     There is a one to one gear ratio between the held sun and planet gears. 
     The pinion gears have a two to one gear ratio to the planet gears. 
     A tungsten weight is press fit into each planet gear at the zero degree timing mark, while corresponding lightening holes are at the ninety, one hundred eighty, and two hundred seventy degree timing marks. The tungsten weight and the three lightening holes are all equal distance from their planet gears axes. 
     For every degree the planet gear carrier is rotated around the held sun gear, the four planet gears turn one degree in the opposite direction. Both of these rotations result in the same net positive linear centripetal force on the two gearboxes. 
     Centripetal forces are unable to accelerate a vehicle as once the centripetal forces are greater than a vehicles net force resistance they become tangential. 
     This Angular Momentum Engine centripetal force is used to equal a vehicles net force resistance to a change in velocity, in combination with a vehicles propulsion system, for example an automobile industries series or parallel hybrid system, to accelerated the vehicle. 
     As a vehicles net force resistance depends on the ‘real time’ environment in which it operates these conditions will dictate the magnitude of the centripetal forces required under ‘real time’ conditions. 
     The industries motion controlled motor, interfaces with this Angular Momentum Engine, so that the centripetal force equal the vehicles net force resistance, and with the industries vehicle&#39;s motion control propulsion system to accelerated the vehicle. 
     Centripetal forces are proportional to the square of the speed an therefore have an exponential advance over linear acceleration forces.