Patent Publication Number: US-8994118-B2

Title: Semiconductor devices comprising getter layers and methods of making and using the same

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/245,172, filed Apr. 4, 2014, which itself claims priority to and the benefit of, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e), U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/808,332, filed Apr. 4, 2013, all the above disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates generally to semiconductor devices comprising one or more layers of a getter material and to methods of making and using the devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
     Silicon carbide devices are advantageous in some applications over silicon devices due to the approximately 10× larger critical electric field strength of SiC over silicon. Also, the wide bandgap of SiC (3.2 eV) versus silicon (1.1 eV) allows SiC based devices to operate at much higher temperature than silicon devices. These properties are advantageous for applications requiring high-temperature and high-power. 
     Silicon carbide MOSFETs have been observed to be susceptible to Bias-Temperature Instability (BTI). Also, in SiC diodes and transistors, premature failure has been observed, particularly under voltage blocking conditions. 
     While not wishing to be bound by theory, the presence of chemical species may interact with the SiC electronic device to cause bias-temperature instability or premature device failure. Any changes in the concentration of the chemical species with operating condition, temperature or time can cause undesirable, unstable variations in their performance, or complete device failure. 
     Semiconductor devices are, by their nature, controlled by the presence or absence of mobile or stationary charges in the device. These charges can be located in the semiconductor or in other materials in the device such as metals or dielectrics. The charges may include donor and acceptor ions, electrons and holes, and other chemical species. 
     Semiconductor devices can be affected by chemical species that interact with the semiconductor to affect the device performance. This may include changes in the device parameters, such as leakage current, carrier lifetime, threshold voltage, blocking voltage, bipolar gain, channel mobility, and/or transconductance. 
     Semiconductor devices such as silicon MOSFETs or GaAs HEMTs have been demonstrated to be susceptible to the presence of chemical species in the device, such as hydrogen and/or water. Silicon carbide devices may also be susceptible to chemical species in the device, such as hydrogen and/or water or other species. Silicon carbide devices in structures such as bipolar transistors, IGBTs, MOSFETs, thyristors, JFETs, IGBTs and other electronic devices may be affected by these chemical species to affect the blocking voltage, gain, mobility, surface recombination velocity, carrier lifetime, oxide reliability, blocking voltage and other device parameters. 
     However due to the properties of SiC compared to silicon, SiC-based devices may be additionally susceptible to the influence of chemical species. Silicon carbide may be susceptible to the effects of these chemical species due to the much higher electric fields that are present in silicon carbide devices (in comparison to silicon and GaAs devices). Also, since SiC devices can operate at higher temperature (up to 500° C. or higher), operating at these temperatures may cause chemical species to be more reactive, have higher solubility and/or have increased diffusivity than devices that operate at lower temperature. 
     Accordingly, there still exists a need for semiconductor devices having improved device stability. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first embodiment, a semiconductor device is provided which comprises: 
     a semiconductor substrate layer of a first conductivity type; 
     a drift layer of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity type on the substrate layer; 
     one or more regions of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type different than the first conductivity type on or in the drift layer in a central portion of the device; 
     a first passivation layer on the drift layer in a peripheral portion of the device, the first passivation layer comprising an upper surface, an inner sidewall adjacent the central portion of the device and an outer sidewall in the peripheral portion of the device; and 
     a getter layer comprising a getter material, wherein the getter layer is on the upper surface of the first passivation layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the one or more regions of a semiconductor material of the second conductivity type comprise: 
     a first well region of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type different than the first conductivity type in the drift layer in a central portion of the device; and 
     a second well region of a semiconductor material of the second conductivity type in the drift layer and spaced from the first well region in the central portion of the device; and wherein the device further comprises: 
     a first source region of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity in the first source well region; 
     a second source region of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity in the second source well region; 
     a first gate dielectric layer on the drift layer and in contact with the first source region and the second source region; 
     a gate electrode on the first gate dielectric layer, the gate electrode comprising a lower surface on the first gate dielectric layer, an upper surface opposite the lower surface and sidewalls; 
     source ohmic contacts on the source regions; and 
     a source metal region in contact with the source ohmic contacts. 
     According to a second embodiment, a semiconductor device is provided which comprises: 
     a semiconductor substrate layer of a first conductivity type; 
     a drift layer of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity type on the substrate layer; 
     a first well region of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type different than the first conductivity type in the drift layer in a central portion of the device; 
     a second well region of a semiconductor material of the second conductivity type in the drift layer and spaced from the first well region in the central portion of the device; 
     a first source region of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity in the first source well region; 
     a second source region of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity in the second source well region; 
     a first gate dielectric layer on the drift layer and in contact with the first source region and the second source region; 
     a gate electrode on the first gate dielectric layer, the gate electrode comprising a lower surface on the first gate dielectric layer, an upper surface opposite the lower surface and sidewalls; 
     source ohmic contacts on the first and second source regions; 
     a source metal region in contact with the source ohmic contacts; and 
     a getter layer comprising a getter material, wherein the getter layer is between the upper surface of the source metal region and the upper surface of the drift layer in the central portion of the device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET showing a single cell of the active region and the periphery including the termination and multiple passivation layers, wherein the device comprises a getter material in the termination region between two passivation layers. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter material in the termination region, including along the edge of the passivation layer to the SiC surface. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter material in the termination region, including in the dicing lane over the pad metal. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter material in the termination region in isolated regions in between passivation layers. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter material over the gate electrode. 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a sixth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter material adjacent to the gate electrode. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a seventh embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter layer in between the pad metal and underlying structures. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a eighth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter layer in between the pad metal and underlying structures, including in the dicing lane region. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a ninth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter layer in between the pad metal and underlying structures, including an alternate structure including getter material in the dicing lane region. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a tenth embodiment of a silicon carbide vertical MOSFET comprising a getter layer incorporated as an intermediate layer within the pad metal layer. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a semiconductor device comprising an active region and a termination region comprising multiple passivation layers, wherein the device comprises a getter material in the termination region between two passivation layers. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a MOSFET device comprising getter material on the gate, on the interlayer dielectric and on the source ohmic contacts. 
         FIG. 13  is a scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a SiC MOSFET device having a structure as shown in  FIG. 12  showing the top metal layers and interlayer dielectric. 
         FIG. 14  is a scanning electron micrograph of a cross section of the device of  FIG. 13  showing the getter material on the polysilicon gate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This application describes techniques to partially or fully ameliorate the impact of chemical species on the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device advantageously includes a getter material to “getter” (collect and/or immobilize) the chemical species, immobilizing these chemical species to reduce or eliminate the effect of the chemical species on the semiconductor device. This getter material may getter one or more chemical species including hydrogen, water or other chemical species. The getter layer can getter chemical species present in one or more layers of the device, including dielectrics, polysilicon and metals. Also, the getter layer may also act to immobilize and/or block chemical species that may enter the device from the outside of the device, to prevent or reduce the effect of these species to affect the device performance. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter material can be implemented as a continuous film across the device. The getter material may be located in various regions of the device. It can be located in or over the active area of the device and/or in or over the termination region of the device. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter material can be an insulating material positioned in the termination region of the device. Alternately, an insulating or conducting getter material can be dispersed in a matrix or the getter material can be present in isolated regions so that a plurality of discontinuous getter regions is present. In the termination region of the device, the getter may be made of any material, but is preferably an insulator, or as a conductor in isolated regions or in a matrix form with other insulating material. According to some embodiments, the getter material may be a polymer material. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter material is present in or over the active region of the device and is conductive. Non-conductive or insulating getter materials can also be used in the active region of the device. According to some embodiments, a conductive getter material used in the active region can be part of the contacts or electrodes of the device. According to some embodiments, the drain, source and/or gate electrodes may comprise the conductive getter material. 
     Different materials may be used as the getter. One or more getter materials may be used in the same device. Multiple getter layers or regions can be used on the same device. The same or different getter materials may be used in or over the active area and termination regions of the device. A multilayer stack of differing or the same material may be used. 
     The getter can be structured in the form of a matrix of multiple material types, including one or more getter materials. The getter material may be included on the device die. The getter material can alternately be included in the mold compound of the packaging materials. 
     Exemplary getter materials include, but are not limited to, the following materials: 
     Titanium (Ti) and titanium compounds, including TiSi, TiN, TiW; 
     Tungsten (W) and tungsten compounds, including tungsten silicide; 
     Barium; 
     Zirconium (Zr) and zirconium compounds, including but not limited to ZrO; 
     Palladium (Pd) and palladium compounds, including but not limited to PdO; 
     Platinum (Pt) and platinum compounds, including but not limited to PtO; 
     Vanadium (V); 
     Tin (Sn); 
     Antimony (Sb); 
     Germanium (Ge); 
     polymeric getter materials; and 
     zeolites. 
     Exemplary hydrogen barrier materials include, but are not limited to, the following materials: 
     Titanium (Ti) and titanium compounds including, but not limited to, titanium silicide, TiW, and TiN; 
     dielectric materials including, but not limited to, Silicon nitride; and zeolites. 
     The getter layer can be provided “on top” of the interlayer dielectric layers. The getter layer can be provided as an intermediary layer between dielectric layers. The getter layer can be provided as a conductor and may contribute additional functions related to the metallization layers or contact layers. The getter layer may be provided as all or part of the gate electrode or may be part of the contact layer to the gate electrode. 
     To prevent additional incorporation of chemical species from the ambient around the device, a chemical barrier may be provided. This barrier is provided on or in the device to prevent further incorporation of chemical species into the device from the ambient. This chemical barrier may include one or more layers to prevent incorporation of one or more chemical species into the chemically sensitive regions of the device. 
     The semiconductor device can be fabricated using a variety of semiconductor processing techniques. One embodiment of a method of forming a semiconductor device comprising a getter layer is described below. This method can be used to manufacture a device as shown in the drawings. 
     A starting semiconductor wafer is provided with an epitaxially-grown layer with n-type doping of a specified concentration and thickness. Several patterning and ion-implantation steps are used to form the p-well, n-plus source, p-plus and p-type termination regions. The ion implants are activated by annealing at high temperatures, for example up to 1600° C. The gate oxide is then formed by thermal treatment in an oxidizing ambient. The gate electrode is deposited followed by patterning and forming interlayer-dielectric and Ohmic contacts, for example using nickel. The Ohmic contacts are annealed, for example up to 1100° C. The getter layer is then deposited and patterned and etched. The final metal such as Aluminum is then deposited and patterned and etched to form the source and gate pads. A final passivation layer may be deposited and patterned, such as polyimide. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET which comprises a getter layer in the termination region. Several regions are described including an active region, a termination region and a dicing lane. As depicted, this structure comprises an n+ SiC substrate with an n-type doped drift epilayer. Within the epilayer are several doped regions of n-type and p-type, including a p-well region, a p+ region, an n+ source and p-type Junction Termination Extension (JTE) region. The n+ source region and the p+ regions are contacted by an Ohmic contact. A gate dielectric is provided with a gate electrode (labeled “gate”) located on top of the gate dielectric. An interlayer dielectric is provided between the gate electrode and the pad metal. The pad metal electrically contacts the Ohmic contact regions. Also provided are several passivation layers. The active region consists of one more repetitions of the basic active cell structure. The active region is surrounded by a termination. The termination region is then itself further surrounded by a dicing lane. In this embodiment, a getter is layer is provided in between the passivation layers. The getter layer is provided in the termination region of the device between the dicing lane and extending into the active region of the device, optionally touching the pad metal. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the termination region and the dicing lane. In this embodiment, the device comprises a plurality of passivation layers and the getter material is provided between passivation layers. The getter layer touches the SiC surface at the dicing layer, then extends vertically up the sidewall of the passivation, and then extends in between the passivation layers and into the active region. Optionally, the getter layer touches the pad metal. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the termination region and the dicing lane. In this embodiment, the Ohmic contact and pad metal is provided in the dicing lane. The getter layer touches the SiC surface, extends up the pad metal, across the top of the pad layer, then in between two passivation layers and into the active region of the device. Optionally, the getter layer extends over a portion of the pad metal in the active region of the device. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including isolated getter regions in the termination region. In this embodiment, a getter material is provided in distinct regions in the termination region. These distinct regions consist of either isolated regions of the getter material or a grid-like structure of the getter material. The getter is provided between two passivation layers. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter region in the active region of the device. In this embodiment, the getter region is provided in between the gate electrode and below the interlayer dielectric. 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the active region of the device. In this embodiment, the getter region is provided at the edges of the gate region in between the edge of the gate electrode and the interlayer dielectric. In this embodiment, the getter layer is provided in region to collect undesired species (such as hydrogen) that would otherwise diffuse into the gate dielectric and possibly cause threshold voltage instability. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the active region of the device. In this embodiment, the getter layer is provided between the pad metal and all underlying layers. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the active area of the device and in the dicing lane. In this embodiment, the getter layer is provided between the pad metal and all underlying layers, both in the active region and in the dicing lane region. In this embodiment, the Ohmic contact is provided in the dicing lane. The getter layer extends over the Ohmic contact and extends to touch the SiC layer. Optionally, the getter layer extends between the dicing lane and the passivation layer in the termination region of the device. 
       FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the active region and the dicing lane. In this embodiment, the getter layer is provided in the active region between the pad metal and all underlying layers. The getter material is also provided in the dicing lane, including touching the SiC layer and extending up and over the passivation layer. Pad metal is optionally present in the dicing layer on top of the getter layer. 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertical SiC MOSFET including a getter layer in the active region of the device. In this embodiment, the getter material is provided as an intermediate layer between multiple layers of pad metal. The getter is provided only in regions where pad metal is provided. Optionally, the intermediate layer of the getter and the pad metal is present in the dicing lane. 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a semiconductor device comprising an active region and a termination region comprising multiple passivation layers, wherein the device comprises a getter material in the termination region between two passivation layers. According to some embodiments, Passivation layer  1  can comprise silicon dioxide and/or phosphosilicate glass. According to some embodiments, passivation layer  2  can comprise silicon nitride. According to some embodiments, passivation layer  3  can comprise polyimide. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the device can comprise a p-type junction termination extension (JTE) region in the termination region of the device. Alternatively, the device can comprise or plurality of isolated p-type regions circumscribing the central portion of the device thereby forming guard rings in the termination region of the device (not shown). 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a MOSFET device. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the MOSFET device comprises a drift layer  122  of a semiconductor material of a first type on a semiconductor substrate  120 . The device also comprises a plurality of well regions  124  (2 shown) of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type on the drift layer  122  and spaced apart from one another with region of semiconductor material of the first conductivity type (JFET region) between the well regions. Source regions  126  of a semiconductor material of the first conductivity type are on the well regions. The source regions  126  can be more heavily doped than the drift layer. Regions of semiconductor material of the second conductivity type  128  are adjacent the well regions  124  and source regions  126  in a peripheral portion of the device. Regions  128  can be more heavily doped than the well regions  124 . A gate oxide layer  130  is formed in a central portion of the device in contact with the JFET region. A polysilicon gate  132  is on the gate oxide layer  130 . A first getter material  134  is shown on the polysilicon gate  132 . Source ohmic contacts  136  are on the source regions  126 . An interlayer dielectric  138  is covering the polysilicon gate  132  and first getter material  134 . A second getter material  140  is formed on the interlayer dielectric  138  over the polysilicon gate in the central portion of the device. As shown in  FIG. 12 , openings are formed in the interlayer dielectric  138  over the source ohmic contacts  136  and the second getter material  140  is on the surfaces of the opening, including on the surface of the source ohmic contacts  136  at the bottom of the opening. A third getter material  142  is in the openings. As shown in  FIG. 12 , a layer of a fourth getter material  144  is formed on the second and third getter materials. The fourth getter material can be titanium. A source metal layer  146  is shown covering the device. A drain ohmic contact  148  and a drain metal  150  are formed on the surface of the substrate opposite the drift layer. 
     The first getter material is optional. According to some embodiments, the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type. 
     According to some embodiments, the first getter material is tungsten silicide, the second getter material is a Ti/TiN layer, the third getter material is tungsten and/or the fourth getter material is titanium. 
     According to some embodiments, the device is a SiC semiconductor device. 
     According to some embodiments, the source ohmic contacts  136  are nickel silicide and/or the drain ohmic contact  148  is nickel silicide. According to some embodiments, the source metal is aluminum and/or the drain metal comprises titanium, nickel and silver. 
     The device depicted in  FIG. 12  can be made by a method as set forth below. First, the “frontend” processing is performed by forming doped well regions  124 , source regions  126  and regions  128  in the drift layer, performing high-temperature implant activation of the doped regions, forming the field oxide, patterning and etching the field oxide, growing the gate oxide, depositing and doping the polysilicon gate. A getter material can then be deposited over the gate. While referred to as a getter material, this material acts as a getter and/or barrier layer. Additionally, this material can reduce the gate resistance. Ohmic contacts are then formed on the front (source) and back (drain) of the wafer. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the source contacts can contact the regions  128 . A nickel silicide Ohmic process can be used which includes depositing, patterning and etching a nickel layer, then annealing to form the nickel silicide (e.g., at 1000° C.). The interlayer dielectric (ILD) is then deposited. The ILD can be made of a combination of layers of undoped silicon dioxide and phosphorous-doped silicon dioxide. Via openings are then etched through the ILD over the source contacts. Getter material  140  can then be deposited over the ILD and in the via openings. The getter material  140  can be Ti/TiN. The Ti/TiN layer can be formed by depositing a Ti layer and annealing the layer in nitrogen at about 750° C. This converts a portion of the titanium layer to titanium nitride (TiN). The Ti layer can be approximately 50 nm in thickness. Getter material  142  can then be deposited and etched it back to form plugs in the vias. Getter material  142  can be tungsten (W). The combination of layers of Ti/TiN/W acts as getter and/or barrier layers. The final source metal can then be deposited. The source metal can be a combination of metals such as titanium and aluminum. For example, titanium (e.g., 0.25 μm thick) and aluminum (4 μm thick) can be deposited to form the final source metal. Optionally, the source metal can be annealed (e.g., at approximately 450° C.). The source metal can be etched to separate the source and gate contact regions. After etching of the source and gate contact regions, optionally additional passivation layers can be deposited. The additional passivation layers can comprise silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and polyimide. 
       FIG. 13  is a scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a MOSFET of having a structure as shown in  FIG. 12  wherein the first getter material is tungsten silicide, the second getter material is a Ti/TiN layer, the third getter material is tungsten and the fourth getter material is titanium. The final metal  162 , Ti/TiN layers  164 , interlayer dielectric  164 , source metal  168 , Tungsten plugs  170 ,  174  and polysilicon gate  172  are shown in  FIG. 13 . 
       FIG. 14  is a scanning electron micrograph of a cross section of a MOSFET showing the first getter material  180  (Tungsten Silicide) on the polysilicon gate  184 . The interlayer dielectric  184  is also shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     According to some embodiments, an electronic device is provided that comprises at least one getter material. The device can be a SiC electronic device such as a SiC MOSFET. According to some embodiments, the getter material is a material selected to getter hydrogen. According to some embodiments, the getter material is a material selected to getter water. 
     The getter material can be dispersed into a matrix of a different material. The getter material can be present in the device as a continuous or discontinuous film. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter material can be located in the termination region of the device (e.g., in a peripheral region or toward the edges of the device). According to some embodiments, the getter is located in an active area of the device (e.g., where the device conducts current). 
     The getter comprises can comprise an insulator, a metal, a metal oxide, a semiconductor, a polymer or other organic material. 
     The quantity of getter material in the device (e.g., the volume of getter material if present in a matrix or discontinuous or the thickness of a continuous film) is selected such that the quantity of getter can absorb an amount of chemical species equal or more than the amount of chemical species present in the dielectric films. The chemical species can be hydrogen, water or any other chemical species that can interact with the device. According to some embodiments, the quantity of getter material is selected to absorb more total chemical species than the device will be exposed to during the service life of the device. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter is used in coordination with other dielectric films. 
     According to some embodiments, a combination of one or more getter materials is used. 
     According to some embodiments, the getter material is protected from the ambient by a barrier layer such as a hydrogen or water barrier. According to some embodiments, the barrier layer comprises Titanium. According to some embodiments, the barrier layer comprises silicon nitride. 
     According to some embodiments, the barrier layer is on top of all device layers. According to some embodiments, the barrier layer is integrated within the device layers. (i.e., between layers of the device) 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is a silicon carbide semiconductor device. According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is a gallium nitride semiconductor device. 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is a MOSFET. According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is an IGBT. According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is a diode. For example, the device can be a device selected from the group consisting of a PiN diode, a Schottky diode, a JBS diode and an MPS diode. 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is a bipolar junction transistor. 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprising the getter material is selected from the group consisting of a JFET, a MESFET, a thyristor, a GTO, an IGCT, an IEGT, and an HEMT. 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor device comprises a getter and/or diffusion barrier at the outer edge of the termination. Locating the getter material at the outer edge of the termination may prevent diffusion along the SiC/passivation interface. 
     As shown in the drawings, various locations of the getter and/or barrier can be used. For example, the getter can be located on top of a gate electrode, on the interlayer dielectric, between the interlayer dielectric and the metallization, as part of the metallization layer or within the passivation layers over the termination. 
     While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from reading this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention.