Patent Publication Number: US-2021182484-A1

Title: Computer processes and interfaces for analyzing and suggesting improvements for text readability

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION AND CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/440,871, filed on Jun. 13, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/160,963, filed on Oct. 15, 2018 and issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 10,325,016 on Jun. 18, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/957,735, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/191,418, filed on Jun. 23, 2016 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,953,026 on Apr. 24, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/268,460, filed on May 2, 2014 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,378,201 on Jun. 28, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/481,533, filed on May 25, 2012 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,719,008 on May 6, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/853,628, filed on Sep. 11, 2007 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,190,419 on May 29, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed on Sep. 11, 2006. This application is related, but does not claim priority, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/530,797, filed on Sep. 11, 2006, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/438,083, filed on May 13, 2003, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,313,513 on Dec. 25, 2007. The entire disclosures of the aforesaid applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein, and each is made part of the specification hereof. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/853,561, 11/853,516, 11/853,648, and 11/853,551, each filed on Sep. 11, 2007. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Technology disclosed herein relates generally to computer-aided writing composition and to automated computer systems and methods for making written text more concise. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Writers face problems arising from various combinations of unnecessary words, passive voice, weak verbs, and convoluted construction. For years, writing texts and teachers have addressed these problems using technical terms—participle, idiom, subjunctive, relative pronoun—or generally advised writers to add vigor to their sentences by writing in the active voice. Although it is possible to become a good writer given enough practice and study, there is a continued need for improved, automated systems that provide the writer an editing method that is quick, precise, repeatable, and productive. 
     Commercially-available software tools exist for analyzing authored documents to search for common writing problems such as passive voice and useless phrases. These tools are currently very limited. For example, upon detecting a potential writing problem, existing tools commonly provide the user only with general guidance, not specific edits. Where they suggest specific edits, the suggestions are often inaccurate or undesirable. Other drawbacks of existing automated grammar checkers are further detailed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0212541, published on Nov. 13, 2003. As a result of these drawbacks, these tools have proved too cumbersome and frustrating to gain widespread acceptance among authors. 
     There is, therefore, a need for improved and/or automated systems and methods for writing concisely (or making text more concise), which systematically identifies and removes useless words, passive voice, nominalizations, and other writing problems, or helps the author to do so. 
     SUMMARY 
     A text analysis system is disclosed that uses a database of rules to analyze authored documents and to make editing suggestions (or in some embodiments to automatically make edits) for improving the readability of such documents. The system preferably includes a user interface that enables a user to accept or reject each editing suggestion. 
     Also disclosed are a number of rules that can be applied by the system to analyze sentences and identify potential edits. These rules can be applied in conjunction with each other (e.g., in series, in parallel, or in some combination) to a given text. Applicant(s) reserve the right to claim each such rule independently of the others, and to claim and any all combinations of the disclosed rules. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the components of a text analysis system. 
         FIG. 2  (shown in two parts as  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B ) is a diagram illustrating an editing method performed by a computer or system such as that illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the steps of applying an example rule to text as part of the editing method illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate example screen displays provided by the user interface (UI) shown in  FIG. 1 . ( FIG. 5  is shown in two parts as  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B ). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a text analysis system  110  according to some embodiments. The system  110  includes a text analysis program  120  that uses a database of rules  122  to analyze text (e.g., apply rules). The text analysis program  120  may, for example, be a component of a word processing or other document authoring application, or may be a distinct application or web service that interoperates with (e.g., is called by) one or more document authoring applications. The rules database  122  stores rules that are adapted to be applied by the text analysis program  120  to an input document textual passage. Most or all of the rules can be adapted to be applied sentence by sentence, meaning that each sentence is analyzed independently of any preceding and following sentences. As discussed below, the rules database  122  may also be used to collect data regarding user acceptance rates of edits suggested by particular rules. 
     Rules can include the following components, for example: (1) detection logic for detecting whether a particular writing “problem” exists in the sentence being analyzed, and (2) correction logic for correcting the problem. The detection logic can include or consist of a particular sign, such as a particular word or set of words, representing a possible occurrence of a particular type of writing problem. In some cases, the detection logic specifies certain conditions in which the rule should not be applied even though the sign is present. A rule&#39;s correction logic may, for example, specify a particular deletion, addition, reordering of words, and/or some combination of the foregoing. As discussed below, the correction logic is used to make editing suggestions that can be accepted or rejected by the user. Processes that can be accomplished by the system  110  are illustrated in  FIGS. 2-5 , for example. 
     Additional processes that can be implemented by the system  110  are described further as “rules” below. Some or all of the rules are preferably intended to reduce grammatically correct but unnecessary language from sentences. However, the invention is not so limited. For example, the invention can also be used to assess the performance of grammar checking rules. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a method that can be implemented by a computer system (e.g., the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 ). At the Start  212  the system can select a first text sentence or phrase to analyze  214  (e.g., by automatically analyzing characters to locate punctuation, capitalization, spacing, indentation, or other formatting). At shown at  216 , the system can select a first sign  216  and determine if a first sign is present in the sentence  218 . If a first sign is present, then the system selects a first sign rule  220  for that first sign. The system determines if the rule applies  222  (e.g., by determining if threshold parameters or indicators specified by the rule are present in relation to the first sign). Although  FIG. 2  illustrates selection of a first sentence or phrase to analyze  214  as a distinct step, this step is optional and in some advantageous embodiments, can be entirely omitted. Thus, in some embodiments, the system can search for a sign as shown at  216  without ever needing to identify sentences or other text structure. Thus, the system can analyze most groups of words without having to determine if the words form a sentence. 
     With continuing reference to  FIG. 2 , if the first rule for the first sign does apply, then the first rule is provisionally applied  224  to the sentence (e.g., the system changes the sentence by removing and/or rearranging words), displaying to a user what the sentence would look like (e.g., the sentence can be shown with extraneous words in a different color or different intensity, font, etc.). After a rule is provisionally applied  224  to a sentence, the system prompts the user to accept or reject the suggested change (see “Writer Approves?”  226 ).  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate one convenient user interface that can be employed by the system to prompt a user to accept or reject a suggested change. If the user accepts or approves of the suggestion, it is applied to the document  228 ; otherwise, the provisional change is removed and/or the change is not applied to the document. Whether or not the user accepts the suggested edit, the method can then determine if the rule applies again  230  to the selected sentence (e.g., by searching for additional occurrences of the first sign or other indicators corresponding to the first sign rule). If so, the method iterates by applying the rule  224  and repeating the subsequent steps as described above. In some embodiments, the method does not repeat the same analysis for the first sign rule for the first sign, because it has already ascertained the writer&#39;s preference on that question, but it can determine if the same rule applies to a different portion of the sentence, for example. 
     When the method queries whether the rule applies again  230 , if the answer is “no,” the system determines if there are more sign rules  232  for that first sign (e.g., by searching a database or listing of sign rules). If there are more sign rules, the system selects the next sign rule  234  and determines if the rule applies, as shown at  222 , iterating the steps described above for a second sign rule. These iterations can continue until there are no more sign rules for that sign, or until the method is otherwise stopped. 
     When the method queries whether there are more sign rules, if the answer is “no,” the method determines if there are any more signs  236  in the selected sentence. If so, the method selects the next sign  238  and determines if the sign is in the sentence  218 , iterating the steps described above for a second sign. 
     When the method queries whether there are more signs, if the answer is “no,” the method determines if there are any “no-sign” rules  240  that have not yet been applied to the sentence. If so, then the next “no-sign” rule is selected  242 , and the method determines if the rule applies  222 . In this case, the steps used for applying sign rules can be followed, asking for writer approval, as illustrated at steps  222  through  230 , iterating as needed. Although the illustrated iteration of the application of “no-sign” rules includes queries about further sign rules and/or signs, in some embodiments, the method can skip (or otherwise expedite the processing of) these redundant questions, having already determined that the selected sentence has no more sign rules and/or signs. 
     When the method queries whether there are more “no-sign” rules, if the answer is “no” and it has been determined that there are no remaining signs or sign rules for that sentence, the method queries whether there are more sentences  244 , selects the next sentence  246 , and iterates by selecting the first sign  216  again and processing the second sentence in the same way as the first sentence, following the steps and iterations outlined above. When there are no more sentences, the method can finish  248 . 
     This rule, and all rules and methods disclosed herein, can be applied not only to sentences, but also to other text portions, including paragraphs, clauses, chapters, blurbs, etc. Furthermore, the steps can be performed in different orders. For example, a system can scan all sentences for one sign, and apply the rules for that sign to each of those sentences before going on to a different sign. This is an alternative approach to scanning each sentence for the various signs and sign rules and then moving on to the next sentence to repeat the process. Similarly, the entire text can be scanned and the “no-sign” rules applied to the various sentences in the text. In some embodiments, the writer or user is not asked for approval before changes are made to the document or sentence according to the rule. In some embodiments, each sign rule is not grouped underneath a sign, but instead the text is independently searched according to any signs or other indicators for each sign rule and/or “no-sign” rule. Any of the steps described above in connection with  FIG. 1  can include sub-routines and/or underlying method steps. For example, application of any given rule  124  can involve method steps of looking up information in a computer memory, comparing information, altering the appearance or other properties of the text as displayed or communicated, etc. Some of the rules, including sub-routines, are described further below. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 3-4 , the text analysis program  220  can include a user interface (UI) that enables users to interactively accept and reject specific edits suggested by the system. In the particular example shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the user interface includes three text boxes. The main text box  328  shows the document, or a portion of the document, currently being analyzed, with the currently selected sentence highlighted in blue (shown in the italics to account for lack of color in patent drawings). The “before” and “after” text boxes  330 ,  332  show how the text analysis program suggests modifying the currently selected sentence. Any words or phrases to be deleted are shown in red in the “before” box  330  (shown in strikethrough in the drawings). Any words or phrases to be added are shown in green in the “after” box  332  (shown underlined in the drawings). 
     The user can accept or reject each suggested edit using the “accept” and “reject” buttons. Selecting “accept” causes the suggested edit to be made in the input text, and selecting “reject” causes the suggestion to be ignored. Whenever a user selects either “accept” or “reject,” the system records the user&#39;s selection together with, or in association with, event metadata. The event metadata preferably include an identifier of the rule, and at least some of the words in the vicinity of the associated sign or signs. In some embodiments, the identity of the user is also logged or taken into consideration, as discussed below. The accept and reject actions of users are a form of implicit feedback that is highly relevant to whether particular editing suggestions represent false positives. 
     The interface shown in the drawings is just one example of an interface that can be used for accepting and rejecting suggested edits, and the invention is not limited to any particular interface. For example, the interface may alternatively enable the user to view and select from multiple alternative rewrites (revised versions) of the selected sentence, with each such rewrite corresponding to a respective rule. In such embodiments, the selection of a particular rewrite may be treated as an acceptance of the corresponding rule&#39;s suggestion and a rejection of the other rule&#39;s suggestions. Further, a voice interface may be provided for accepting and rejecting the suggested edits. 
     The system  110  can analyze text according to rules, each one of which can comprise an independent algorithm for improving the readability of text. The system can perform steps of a method as shown in  FIG. 2 , determining whether a rule applies  222  and applying the rule  224 . Alternatively, a system can determine whether a rule applies and apply the rule without performing the other steps outlined in  FIG. 2 . Various rules are described further below, each one of which may be the subject of a separate patentable claim. A computer system such as that illustrated in  FIG. 1  can implement rules independently, or be used by a user to perform the steps of the rules and methods described below. 
     I. Passive Voice 
     A rule for recognizing and improving problems of passive voice in a text can comprise sub-rules such as the following: 
     A. “to be” verb—“required to” (True Positive); 
     B. “to be” verb—“involved” (False Positive); 
     C. “to be” verb—infinitive (False Positive); 
     D. “to be”—past participle—“by” 
     E. “to be” verb—past participle “by” “time noun” (False Positive); 
     F. Determining the object noun unit preceding the “to be” verb; 
     G. Object “to be” verb, past participle “by” actor; 
     H. “to be” verb—past participle—“by”—“transport noun” (False Positive); “to be” verb—past participle—“and” or “or”—past participle 
     J. object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by” 
     K. “to be” verb—“being”—past participle 
     These rules are described in more detail below. 
     A. “to Be” Verb—“Required To” (True Positive) 
     The “to be” verb “required to” rule identifies words that are extraneous and can be appropriately removed. Thus, this rule is a “True Positive” rule.  FIG. 5  illustrates a logical flow that can be implemented by a computer to accomplish this rule. The method as illustrated can fit into the flow illustrated in  FIG. 1 , as indicated by the reference numerals  112 ,  114 ,  122 , and  124 , which correspond to those same reference numerals used in  FIG. 1 . 
     The system can first determine that a “to be” verb is present  518 . Then, the “to be” verb—“required to” rule can be selected  520 . To implement “to be” verb—“required to” rule, the system queries: “is the ‘to be’ verb followed immediately by ‘required’?”  521 . If not, the rule does not apply  523  (the fact that a “no” answer to this question is associated with the rule not applying makes it a “True Positive” rule. If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words after “required”  522 . If not, the rule does not apply  523 . If so, then the system deletes the “to be” verb, “required” and “to,” but does not delete any adverbs  524 . The system then replaces “required” with “must” at the same position as “required”  525 . 
     The “to be” verb “required to” rule can be applied to sample sentences as illustrated in Example 1 below. 
     Example 1 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC will be 
               
               
                 required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC 
               
               
                 finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to 
               
               
                 participate in the South Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . . will someday be required to . . .  
               
               
                 . . . will be required someday to . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC  will be   
               
               
                 required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC 
               
               
                 finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to 
               
               
                 participate in the South Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . .  will  someday  be  required to . . .  
               
               
                 . . .  will be  required someday to . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC  will be   
               
               
                   required  to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC 
               
               
                 finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to 
               
               
                 participate in the South Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . .  will  someday  be required  to . . .  
               
               
                 . . .  will be required  someday to . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC  will be   
               
               
                   required   to  give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC 
               
               
                 finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to 
               
               
                 participate in the South Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . .  will  someday  be required   to  . . .  
               
               
                 . . .  will be required  someday  to  . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC  required   
               
               
                   to  give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding if  
               
               
                 the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate in the  
               
               
                 South Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . . someday  required   to  . . .  
               
               
                 . . .  required  someday  to  . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC  to  give 
               
               
                 full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding if the State 
               
               
                 of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate in the South 
               
               
                 Dakota proceeding. 
               
               
                 . . . someday  to  . . .  
               
               
                 . . . someday  to  . . .  
               
               
                 The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC must give 
               
               
                 full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding if the State 
               
               
                 of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate in the South 
               
               
                 Dakota proceeding.” 
               
               
                 . . . someday must . . .  
               
               
                 . . . must someday . . . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. “to Be” Verb—“Involved” (False Positive) 
     The “to be” verb “involved” rule identifies words that are not extraneous and thus cannot be appropriately removed. It identifies constructions that are not improper passive voice. Thus, this rule is a “False Positive” rule. 
     To implement this rule, the system searches for a “to be” verb. The system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged,” then the system will ignore the “to be” verb. (Note that the words “involved,” “dedicated,” and “engaged” are included in this list, but that the list can include additional words that play the same role as a false positive. Indeed, other idiomatic usages that have no stylistically preferable alternative can also be included in this step.) An example of how the “to be” verb “involved” rule can be implemented is illustrated in Example 2 below. 
     Because the first portion of the “to be” verb “involved” rule is identical to the first portion of the “to be” verb “required to” rule, the two rules can be implemented automatically in series one after another. For example, if a “to be” verb has already been identified, but “required to” is not present, the method can subsequently search for the terms “involved,” “dedicated,” etc. as described in this rule. 
     Example 2 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence also proves that Google is involved in speech and natural 
               
               
                 language technologies. 
               
               
                 Dr. Lee was deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft&#39;s China 
               
               
                 operations and business strategies, including its R&amp;D facilities. 
               
               
                 On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC was 
               
               
                 involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona. 
               
               
                 It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us. 
               
               
                 Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation, 
               
               
                 or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 
               
               
                 Not only is the village process working there, but the national 
               
               
                 government is very deeply engaged so even though it&#39;s a village program,  
               
               
                 it&#39;s also a national program. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The “to be” verb “involved” rule searches for a “to be” verb: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence also proves that Google  is  involved in speech and natural 
               
               
                 language technologies. 
               
               
                 Dr. Lee  was  deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft&#39;s China 
               
               
                 operations and business strategies, including its R&amp;D facilities. 
               
               
                 On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus  being  leased by Transportes from ABC  was   
               
               
                 involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona. 
               
               
                 It  is  rather for us  to be  dedicated to the great task remaining before us. 
               
               
                 Now we  are  engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation, 
               
               
                 or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 
               
               
                 Not only  is  the village process working there, but the national 
               
               
                 government  is  very deeply engaged so even though it&#39;s a village program,  
               
               
                 it&#39;s also a national program. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence also proves that Google  is   involved  in speech and natural 
               
               
                 language technologies. 
               
               
                 Dr. Lee  was  deeply  involved  in all aspects of Microsoft&#39;s China 
               
               
                 operations and business strategies, including its R&amp;D facilities. 
               
               
                 On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus  being  leased by Transportes from ABC  was   
               
               
                   involved  in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona. 
               
               
                 It  is  rather for us  to be   dedicated  to the great task remaining before us. 
               
               
                 Now we  are   engaged  in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation, 
               
               
                 or any nation, so conceived and so  dedicated , can long endure. 
               
               
                 Not only  is  the village process working there, but the national 
               
               
                 government  is  very deeply  engaged  so even though it&#39;s a village program,  
               
               
                 it&#39;s also a national program. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Where the “to be” verb is followed by one of these three words, the system has identified a place where passive voice has not been used incorrectly. Thus, these are “False Positives.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged,” then the system will ignore the “to be” verb. If the “to be” verb is removed and treated as a “True Positive,” the sentences no longer make sense: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence also proves that Google involved in speech and natural 
               
               
                 language technologies. 
               
               
                 Dr. Lee deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft&#39;s China operations 
               
               
                 and business strategies, including its R&amp;D facilities. 
               
               
                 On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC 
               
               
                 involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona. 
               
               
                 It rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us. 
               
               
                 Now we engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation, or 
               
               
                 any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 
               
               
                 Not only is the village process working there, but the national 
               
               
                 government very deeply engaged so even though it&#39;s a village program,  
               
               
                 it&#39;s also a national program. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. “to Be” Verb=Infinitive 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb. If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system moves to the “to be”—past participle—“by” rule below. If, however, the “to be” verb is not the specific phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed soon thereafter by the word “involved.” If it is not, the system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is, then the system ignores the “to be” verb. As with other rules that search for a “to be” verb as a first step, this rule can be iterated in a series with those rules, so that the first step of searching for a “to be” verb is not performed redundantly. The “to be” verb=infinitive rule is illustrated in Example 3 below. 
     Example 3 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The smart move, the seaman’s move, would have been to allow them 
               
               
                 to run for their lives. 
               
               
                  The Hull’s job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley’s 
               
               
                 fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, 
               
               
                 from the bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups. 
               
               
                  Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could 
               
               
                 well have been the moment Admiral Housey determined his 
               
               
                 need for legal counsel. 
               
               
                  Nimitz was not about to repeat the error. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The method searches for a “to be” verb: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The smart move, the seaman’s move,  would   have   been  to allow them 
               
               
                 to run for their lives. 
               
               
                  The Hull’s job  was  to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley’s 
               
               
                 fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, 
               
               
                 from the bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups. 
               
               
                  Although he  was  never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this  could   
               
               
                 well  have   been  the moment Admiral Housey determined his 
               
               
                 need for legal counsel. 
               
               
                  Nimitz  was  not about to repeat the error. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The smart move, the seaman’s move,  would   have   been     to       allow    them 
               
               
                 to run for their lives. 
               
               
                  The Hull’s job  was     to       screen    for enemy submarines, as Halsley’s 
               
               
                 fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, 
               
               
                 from the bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups. 
               
               
                  Although he  was  never    to       speak    of it for the rest of his life, this  could   
               
               
                 well  have   been  the moment Admiral Housey determined his 
               
               
                 need for legal counsel. 
               
               
                  Nimitz  was  not about    to       repeat    the error. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If it is, then the system ignores the “to be” verb: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The smart move, the seaman’s move, would have been to allow them 
               
               
                 to run for their lives. 
               
               
                  The Hull’s job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley’s 
               
               
                 fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, 
               
               
                 from the bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups. 
               
               
                  Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could 
               
               
                 well  have   been  the moment Admiral Housey determined his 
               
               
                 need for legal counsel. 
               
               
                  Nimitz was not about to repeat the error. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. “to Be”—Past Participle—“By” 
     An exception to the “to be” verb—infinitive rule described above arises if the “to be” verb is the actual infinitive “to be.” Thus, in some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is the actual phrase “to be.” If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the phrase “to be” is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by.” If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by,” then the system deletes the “be” from the “to be” verb, and the word “by” (but does not delete the helping verb). The system also deletes the letter “d” or the letters “ed” from the past participle. The system moves the object of the preposition “by” to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system also moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle. The system matches the number of “to be” verb to the actor. The “to be”—past participle—“by” rule is illustrated in Example 4 below. 
     Example 4 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This is essential if a program is to be upgraded on a regular basis by 
               
               
                 different programmers. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is the actual phrase “to be”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This  is  essential if a program  is   to   be  upgraded on a regular basis by 
               
               
                 different programmers. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the phrase “to be” is followed by a past participle followed by the word “ky”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This  is  essential if a program  is   to   be     upgraded    on a regular basis    by     
               
               
                 different programmers. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by,” then the system deletes the “be” from the “to be” verb, and the word “by” (but does not delete the helping verb). The system also deletes the letter “d” or the letters “ed” from the Past participle: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This is essential if a program  is   to   upgrade  on a regular basis 
               
               
                 different programmers. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system moves the object of the preposition “by” to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system also moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This  is  essential if different  programmers   is   to   upgrade  a program on a 
               
               
                 regular basis. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system matches the number of “to be” verb to the actor: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This is essential if different programmers  are   to   upgrade  a program on 
               
               
                 a regular basis. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     E. “to Be” Verb, Past Participle “by,” “Time Noun” 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb. Then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If it is, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool and their plurals (see Table 1 below for examples). If the object of “by” is followed by a noun expressing time from the time noun pool, then the system determines if the particular “time noun” is followed by the word “of” If it is not, then the system proceeds as though it is another preposition (see, e.g., section H, Example 8 below). If the “time noun” is followed by the word “of,” then the system proceeds as though the phrase is a preposition “by” following a “to be” verb (see section G, Example 7 below). If the “time noun” is not followed by “of,” the system determines whether the object of “by” is followed by “of.” If it is, the system asks “Is the object of ‘of’ a ‘time noun’”? If it is, the system then proceeds as though it is another preposition. In some embodiments, a time noun pool can comprise the following words and/or words similar thereto, as wells as their plurals: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example Time Noun Pool 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Monday 
                 one 
                 January 
                 minute 
               
               
                   
                 Tuesday 
                 two 
                 February 
                 moment 
               
               
                   
                 Wednesday 
                 three 
                 March 
                 afternoon 
               
               
                   
                 Thursday 
                 four 
                 April 
                 morning 
               
               
                   
                 Friday 
                 five 
                 May 
                 night 
               
               
                   
                 Saturday 
                 six 
                 June 
                 nighttime 
               
               
                   
                 Sunday 
                 seven 
                 July 
                 tomorrow 
               
               
                   
                 yesterday 
                 eight 
                 August 
                 next week 
               
               
                   
                 tomorrow 
                 nine 
                 September 
                 day 
               
               
                   
                 week 
                 ten 
                 October 
                 daytime 
               
               
                   
                 year 
                 eleven 
                 November 
                 hour 
               
               
                   
                 decade 
                 twelve 
                 December 
                 second 
               
               
                   
                 century 
                 season 
                 year 
                 date 
               
               
                   
                 millennium 
                 age 
                 era 
                 epoch 
               
               
                   
                 eon 
                 period 
                 instant 
                 cycle 
               
               
                   
                 quarter 
                 semester 
                 trimester 
                 fortnight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule is illustrated in Example 5 below: 
     Example 5 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn has been parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It  has   to   be  picked up by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn  has   been  parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory  will   be  counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds  can   be  healed by time. 
               
               
                 You  can   be  moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It  has   to   be     picked       up    by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn  has   been     parched    by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory  will   be     counted    by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds  can   be     healed    by time. 
               
               
                 You  can   be     moved    to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If it is, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It  has   to   be     picked       up     by  tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn  has   been     parched     by  days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory  will   be     counted     by  the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds  can   be     healed     by  time. 
               
               
                 You  can   be     moved    to action  by  an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the time noun pool and their plurals. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn has been parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the object of “by” is followed by a noun expressing time from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the particular “time noun” is followed by the word “of.” 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn has been parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If it is not, then the system can proceed to other sub-routines, examining the text under other sub-rules that assume there is no “by.” (See, e.g., the subrule discussed below in section J: object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by”). If the “time noun” is followed by the word “of,” then the system can proceed to other sub-routines, as though the phrase is the preposition “by” following a “to be” verb (see, e.g., the subrule discussed below in section G). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon. 
               
               
                 The corn has been parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                 The corn has been parched by days of hot weather. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the “time noun” is not followed by “of,” the system determines whether the object of “by” is followed by “of” If it is, the system determines if the object of “of” is a “time noun”? If it is, the system then proceeds as though it is another preposition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                 Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year. 
               
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F. Determining the “Object” Noun Unit Preceding the “to Be” Verb 
     In the example sequence described here, an “object” noun unit can be identified after the sub-rule described in the section immediately above (“to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun”). However, the identification of an “object” noun unit also applies to other situations and can occur with other rules and in other sequences. Indeed, as described below, each rule, sub-rule, sequence, and sub-sequence described herein can be considered a distinct and separately novel invention in its own right. The method described here for determining the “object” noun unit can apply to any situation where “by” follows a past participle and an exception or false positive is not identified, not just those where a “time noun” is followed by “of” not followed by a “time noun.” Thus, even though this rule is described in this context, this rule can be appropriately applied anytime a “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by “by.” 
     In some embodiments, after completing the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, the system then determines if the object of “of” is a “time noun.” If the object of the word “of” is not a “time noun,” then the system proceeds to the “object” noun unit. More generally stated, after completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for an object. To determine the object, the system asks “Does ‘that,’ ‘who,’ ‘if,’ ‘when,’ ‘where,’ ‘whether,’ ‘as,’ ‘which,’ ‘while,’ ‘after,’ ‘before,’ or ‘, and’ precede the ‘to be’ verb?” If one does, the system ignores the noun units preceding the closest of those words. The system then determines whether more than one noun unit still precedes the “to be” verb. If more than one noun unit does precede the “to be” verb, then the system asks “Is a preceding noun: the object of a preposition, or part of a clause set off by commas, or preceding another ‘to be’ verb followed by a past participle?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores the identified noun units. If the answer is no, the system then asks “Is the core ‘to be’ verb ‘am’ or ‘is’ or ‘was’?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores all of the preceding plural noun units. If the answer is no, the system ignores all preceding singular noun units. The system then queries: “Does more than one noun unit still remain?” The system then determines whether the answer to that question is yes. If the answer is yes, the system asks “Does ‘and’ appear between two noun units or in a series of noun units?” If the answer to that question is yes, the system will select both or all. If the answer is no, the system will highlight the remaining noun units and will form a question by placing the words “who” or “what” before the “to be” verb and past participle. For example, the phrase “Who or what was rocked?” Or “Who” or “what” are required?” At this point, the system prompts the user to select the correct object from the question presented to the user. Determining the “object” noun unit preceding the “to be” verb rule is illustrated in Example 6 below. 
     Example 6 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for  
               
               
                 Chinese language search. 
               
               
                 It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that 
               
               
                 can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their 
               
               
                 development of office-based solutions. 
               
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system can apply one or various “to be” verb rules and determine the presence of passive voice. In the process, “to be” verbs, past participles, etc. can be identified. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese 
               
               
                 language search. 
               
               
                 It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that 
               
               
                 can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their 
               
               
                 development of office-based solutions. 
               
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the hull was rocked by 
               
               
                 another mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for objects: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese 
               
               
                 language search. 
               
               
                 It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” 
               
               
                 that can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their 
               
               
                 development of office-based solutions. 
               
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system can then determine if ‘that,’ ‘who,’ ‘if’ ‘when,’ ‘where,’ ‘whether,’ ‘as,’ ‘which,’ ‘while,’ ‘after,’ ‘before,’ or ‘, and’ precede the ‘to be’ verb: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese 
               
               
                 language search. 
               
               
                 It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” 
               
               
                 that can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their 
               
               
                 development of office-based solutions. 
               
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched 
               
               
                 as Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If one of these words does precede the “to be” verb, the system ignores the noun units preceding the closest of those words. Note that under this analysis, in the first two examples, there is no object. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese 
               
               
                 language search. 
               
               
                 It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that 
               
               
                 can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their 
               
               
                 development of office-based solutions. 
               
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system determines whether there is still more than one noun unit preceding the “to be” verb (aside from those already ignored by the method). If there is still more than one noun unit preceding the “to be” verb, the system asks: “Is a preceding noun unit: the object of a preposition, or part of a clause set off by commas, or preceding another ‘to be’ verb followed by a past participle?” 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores the identified noun units: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the answer is no, the system then asks “Is the core ‘to be’ verb ‘am,’ ‘is,’ or ‘was’?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores all of the preceding plural noun units. If the answer is no, the system ignores all preceding singular noun units. (Although not illustrated here, in some embodiments, the core “to be” verb is ‘am,’ ‘is,’ or ‘was’ and the “object” noun unit cannot otherwise be identified.) The system then queries: “Does more than one noun unit still remain?” 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the answer is yes, the system asks “Does ‘and’ appear between two noun units or in a series of noun units?” 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the answer to that question is yes, the system will select both or all (e.g., treating “consideration and mutual assent” as one compound noun unit): 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as 
               
               
                 Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another 
               
               
                 mountainous surge. 
               
               
                 The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern 
               
               
                 expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the answer is no, the system will highlight the remaining noun units and form a question by placing the words “Who or what” before the “to be” verb and past participle. For example, the phrase “Who or what was rocked?” Or “Who or what are required?” At this point, the system prompts the user to select the correct object from the question presented to the user. Because the “object” noun units have already been identified here, these examples do not illustrate where this is necessary. 
     G. Object “to Be” Verb, Past Participle “By” Actor 
     In some embodiments, after completing the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, (see section E, including Example 5 above) if the object of the word “of” is not a “time noun,” then the system can search for an “object” noun unit preceding the “to be” verb. When the system identifies the “object” noun unit, it then deletes the “to be” verb and “by,” but does not delete the helping verb. The system then moves the object of the preposition “by” noun unit to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system then moves the preceding “object” noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle and asks the question “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb ‘be’?” If the answer is yes, then the system removes “d” or “ed” from the past participle. 
     The system then asks “Was the preceding object noun unit ‘I,’ ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘we,’ or ‘they’?” If the answer is yes, the system converts the noun unit to its objective form. For example, “I” becomes “me,” “he” becomes “him,” “she” becomes “her,” “we” becomes “us,” and “they” becomes “them.” The system then asks “Was the object of the preposition ‘by’ noun unit ‘me,’ ‘him,’ ‘her,’ ‘us,’ or ‘them.’?” If the answer is yes, the system converts the object noun unit to its subjective form, for example, “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.” 
     The system then asks “Does ‘not’ appear in the middle of the ‘to be’ verb?” If it does, then the system removes “d” or “ed” from the past participle. The system then asks “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb in the past tense?” If it was, then the system places “did” in front of “not.” If the deleted verb was not in the past tense, then the system asks “Is the new noun unit ‘not’ the third person singular, e.g., ‘he,’ ‘she,’ or almost anything not ending in ‘s’?” If yes, the system places “does” in front of “not.” If it does not, the system places “do” in front of “not.” The system then will recapitalize as needed. The object “to be” verb, past participle “by” actor rule is illustrated in Example 7 below. 
     Example 7 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 All wounds can be healed by time. 
               
               
                 You can be moved to action by an idea. 
               
               
                 The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft 
               
               
                 developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese 
               
               
                 language search. 
               
               
                 A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected by the 
               
               
                 local government to head the project for us and get the community 
               
               
                 together. 
               
               
                 Secondly, I was not advised by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that 
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer. 
               
               
                 Current Windows users are not impacted by this Court ruling. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Applying the steps of the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, (see section E, including Example 5 above), including searching for “to be” verbs, determining if the “to be” verbs are followed by infinitives or past participles, and determining if the past participles are followed by the word “by”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  All wounds  can be     healed    by time.  
               
               
                  You  can be     moved    to action by an idea.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  would be     used    by Microsoft for Chinese  
               
               
                 language search.  
               
               
                  A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian,  was     selected    by the  
               
               
                 local government to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly, I  was  not    advised    by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                  Current Windows users  are  not    impacted    by this Court ruling. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool and their plurals. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  All wounds  can be     healed    by time.  
               
               
                  You  can be  moved    to action by an idea.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  would be     used    by Microsoft for Chinese  
               
               
                 language search.  
               
               
                  A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian,  was     selected    by the  
               
               
                 local government to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly, I  was  not    advised    by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                  Current Windows users  are  not    impacted    by this Court ruling. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the object of “by” is not from the “time noun” pool, or if the object of “by” is not followed by “of,” the system searches for an object noun unit preceding the “to be” verb. Alternatively stated, after completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for objects: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   All   wounds   can be     healed    by time.  
               
               
                   You   can be  moved    to action by an idea.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  would be     used    by Microsoft for Chinese  
               
               
                 language search.  
               
               
                   A   local   scientist,   a   wonderful   young   Ethiopian ,  was     selected    by the  
               
               
                 local government to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly,  I   was  not    advised    by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   Current   Windows   users   are  not    impacted    by this Court ruling. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system deletes the “to be” verb, but not the help verb, and also deletes the word “by”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   All   wounds  can    healed    time.  
               
               
                   You  can    moved    to action an idea.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that would    used    Microsoft for Chinese language  
               
               
                 search.  
               
               
                   A   local   scientist,   a   wonderful   young   Ethiopian ,  was     selected    the local  
               
               
                 government to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly,  I  not    advised    your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly  
               
               
                   had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   Current   Windows   users  not    impacted    this Court ruling. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system moves the object of the preposition “by” noun units to a position immediately before the past participle and its help verb (and negative, if applicable): 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   All   wounds   time  can    healed   .  
               
               
                   You   an idea  can    moved    to action.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  Microsoft  would    used    for Chinese language  
               
               
                 search.  
               
               
                   A   local   scientist,   a   wonderful   young   Ethiopian ,  the local government   
               
               
                     selected    to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly,  I   your office  not    advised    until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly  
               
               
                   had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   Current   Windows   users   this court ruline  not    impacted   . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   time  can    healed     All   wounds   
               
               
                   an idea  can    moved     You  to action.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  Microsoft  would    used    for Chinese language  
               
               
                 search.  
               
               
                   the local government     selected     A   local   scientist,   a   wonderful   young   
               
               
                   Ethiopian , to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly,  your office  not    advised     I  until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly  
               
               
                   had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   this court ruling  not    impacted     Current   Windows   users . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then asks “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb ‘be?’” If yes, the system removes the “-d” or “-ed” from the past participle (as with each of the first three examples here): 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   time  can    heal     All   wounds   
               
               
                   an idea  can    move     You  to action.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that  Microsoft  would    use    for Chinese language  
               
               
                 search.  
               
               
                   the local government     selected     A   local   scientist,   a   wonderful   young   
               
               
                   Ethiopian , to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly,  your office  not    advised     I  until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly  
               
               
                   had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   this court ruling  not    impacted     Current   Windows   users.   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then determines if the preceding object noun unit “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.” If so, the system converts the noun unit to its object form: “me,” “him,” “her,” “us,” or “them.” (Similarly, the system also determines if the object of the preposition “by” noun unit was “me,” “him,” “her,” “us,” or “them”; if so, the system converts the object noun unit into its subject form: “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.” This is not illustrated in these examples). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Secondly,  your office  not    advised     me  until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Does “not” appear in the middle of a “to be” verb unit? If so, the system removes the “d” or “-ed” from the past participle: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Secondly,  your office  not    advise     me  until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer.  
               
               
                   this court ruling  not    impact     Current   Windows   users . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then determines if the deleted “to be” verb was past tense. If so, the system places “did” in front of “not”: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Secondly,  your office   did  not    advise     me  until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly  had  recently  been     diagnosed    with lung cancer. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the deleted “to be” verb was not past tense, on the other hand, the system determines if the new noun unit preceding “not” is the third person singular (e.g., he, she, it, or almost anything not ending in “s.”) If so, the system places “does” in front of “not.” (If not, the system places “do” in front of “not.”) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   this court ruling   does  not    impact     Current   Windows   users . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system then fixes capitalization: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Time can heal all wounds.  
               
               
                  An idea can move you to action.  
               
               
                  The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee&#39;s group at Microsoft  
               
               
                 developed technologies that Microsoft would use for Chinese language  
               
               
                 search.  
               
               
                  The local government selected a local scientist, a wonderful young  
               
               
                 Ethiopian, to head the project for us and get the community together.  
               
               
                  Secondly, your office did not advise me until Jun. 15, 2006, that  
               
               
                 Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.  
               
               
                  This court ruling does not impact current Windows users. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     H. “to be” verb—past participle—“by”—“transport noun”—FALSE POSITIVE 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “51” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, steps 1-3, and 6-13 can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments. 
     (1) system searches for “to be” verb 
     (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”? 
     (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words? 
     6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?” 
     7. if yes, system ignores 
     8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive? 
     9. if yes, system ignores 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle? 
     11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”? 
     12. if yes, is the object of “by” a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals): minute, moment, afternoon, morning, night, nighttime, tomorrow, next week, yesterday, day, daytime, hour, second, season, year, date, decade, age, era, epoch, eon, period, instant, cycle, quarter, semester, trimester, century (other time nouns can also be included) (The word “time” is not a “time noun.”) 
     13. if yes, is “time noun” followed by “of”? 
     51. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is the object of “by” a noun representing something that transports people or things (and their plurals): car, automobile, truck, van, motorcycle, plane, jet, airplane, boat, ship, scooter, wagon, covered wagon, train, bus, cart, carriage, sled, sleigh, wheelbarrow, ambulance, ski, skate, roller skate, snowshoe, bike, bicycle, coach, chariot, cab, hansom, stagecoach, motor home, subway, trolley, horse, pony, colt) 
     52. if yes, does an article appear between “by” and the “transport noun”? 
     53. if no, system examines under Sub Rule 9 (as though there is no “by”) 
     54. if yes, system examines under Sub Rule 6 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not immediately followed by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “engaged,” or the word “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals) including words like “minute,” “moment,” “afternoon,” “morning,” “night,” “night time,” “tomorrow,” “next week,” “yesterday,” “day,” “daytime,” “hour,” “second,” “season,” “year,” “date,” “decade,” “age,” “era,” “epic,” “eon,” “period,” “instant,” “cycle,” “quarter,” “semester,” “trimester,” and “century.” If the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the “time noun” is followed by the word “of.” (The word “time” is not a “time noun.”) 
     If, however, the object of the word “by” is not a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun representing something that transports people or things (and their plurals), for example, “car,” “automobile,” “truck,” “van,” “motorcycle,” “plane,” “jet,” “airplane,” “boat,” “ship,” “skooter,” “wagon,” “covered wagon,” “train,” “bus,” “cart,” “carriage,” “sled,” “sleigh,” wheelbarrow,” “ambulance,” “ski,” “skate,” “roller-skate,” “snowshoe,” “bike,” “bicycle,” “coach,” “chariot,” “cab,” “Hanson,” “stage coach,” “motor home,” “subway,” “trolley,” “horse,” “pony,” and “colt.” If the object of “by” is a noun representing something that transports people, then the system determines if an article appears between the word “by” and the “transport noun.” If an article does not appear between the word “by” and the “transport noun,” then the system examines the phrase as though there is no word “by.” If, however, an article does appear between the word “by” and the “transport noun,” then the system examines the phrase under the object “to be” verb, past participle, “by” actor rule. The “to be” verb—past participle—“by”—“transport noun”—FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 8 below. 
     Example 8 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Creole was flown back to the Hailey shelter by private jet.  
               
               
                   
                 The Queen was almost hit by a runaway carriage.  
               
               
                   
                 Creole  was   flown  back to the Hailey shelter  by  private jet.  
               
               
                   
                 The Queen  was  almost  hit   by  a runaway carriage.  
               
               
                   
                 Creole  was   flown  back to the Hailey shelter  by  private  jet .  
               
               
                   
                 The Queen  was  almost  hit   by  a runaway  carriage .  
               
               
                   
                 Creole  was   flown  back to the Hailey shelter  by  private  jet .  
               
               
                   
                 The Queen  was  almost  hit   by   a  runaway  carriage . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     I. “to Be” Verb—Past Participle—“And” or “Or”—Past Participle 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “55” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, steps 1-3, and 6-12 can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments. 
     (1) system searches for “to be” verb 
     (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”? 
     (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words? 
     6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?” 
     7. if yes, system ignores 
     8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive? 
     9. if yes, system ignores 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle? 
     11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”? 
     12. if yes, is the object of “by” a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals): minute, moment, afternoon, morning, night, nighttime, tomorrow, next week, yesterday, day, daytime, hour, second, season, year, date, decade, age, era, epoch, eon, period, instant, cycle, quarter, semester, trimester, century 
     55. is past participle followed by “and” or “or”? 
     56. if yes, is “and” or “or” followed by another past participle? 
     57. if no, system ignores 
     58. if yes, system treats “and” or “or” and second past participle as part of the first participle 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase. 
     If the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool or a “transport noun.” If, however, the past participle is not followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “and” or the word “or.” If the past participle is followed by the word “and” or the word “or,” then the system determines if either the word “and” or the word “or” is followed by another past participle. If not, then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the word “and” or the word “or” is followed by another past participle, then the system treats the word “and” or the word “or” and the second past participle as if it were part of the first participle in the phrase. The “to be” verb—past participle—“and” or “or”—past participle rule is illustrated in Example 9 below. 
     Example 9 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     J. Object—“to Be” Verb—Past Participle—No “By” 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “59” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments, as indicated. For example, the system can delete certain words under the “There Rule” before it applies the “Passive Rule.” (See, e.g., section V, in the “third there” rule). 
     59. [referring to the question posed in Step 11] if no, system highlights sentence 
     60. System asks user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?” 
     61. User selects “Yes” or “No” 
     62. if User selects “No”, system ignores 
     63. if User selects “Yes”, system forms a question 
     64. system begins question “Who or what” 
     65. system follows those words with the help verbs and adverbs in “to be” verb unit (but not “to be” verb) 
     66. is “to be” verb “am” “is” “are” or “be”? 
     67. if yes, system forms the question by converting the past participle to its present tense form 
     68. if no, system forms the question by converting the past participle to its past tense form 
     69. using the noun unit that forms the object, system finishes question 
     70. User answers question by typing the actor 
     71. system replaces “Who or what” with the typed in actor 
     72. system removes question mark 
     73. system deletes words that form passive part of sentence 
     74. system places new active version where system deleted passive part of sentence 
     75. system matches number and capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system, following pairing down of sentences and phrases using other rules disclosed herein, will search for the “to be” verb. The system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” the system will determine if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not immediately followed by the word “required,” then the system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” then the system will ignore the phrase. 
     If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated,” then the system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system will ignore the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system will determine if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system will determine if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, or a “transport noun.” If, however, the past participle is not followed by the word “by,” then the system will highlight the sentence and prompt the user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?” 
     The user will then select the word “Yes” or the word “No.” If the user selects the word “No,” then the system will ignore the phrase. If the user selects the word “Yes,” then the system will form a question, beginning the question “Who or what.” The system will follow the words “Who or what” with helping verbs and adverbs in the “to be” verb unit without using the “to be” verb. The system determines if the “to be” verb is “am,” “is,” “are,” or “be.” If the “to be” verb is one of those verbs from the list, the system forms the question by converting the past participle to its present tense form. If, however, the “to be” verb is not from the above list, then the system forms the question by converting the past participle to its past tense form. 
     Using the noun unit that forms the object, the system finishes the question. The user answers the question by typing the appropriate actor. The system then replaces “Who or what” with the typed actor. The system removes the question mark, deletes words that form the passive part of the sentence, places a new active version where the system deleted the passive part of the sentence, and matches the verb number and capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by” rule is illustrated in Example 10 below. 
     Example 10 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.  
               
               
                  There is a tremendous amount of local research that has been done on  
               
               
                 African agriculture.  
               
               
                  A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.  
               
               
                   There is  a tremendous amount of local research  that  has been done on  
               
               
                 African agriculture.  
               
               
                  A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.  
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                   A   distinction   must   also     be       made     between   conflicts   and   hassles.    
               
               
                   He   had   borne   the   Allied   cause   on   his   shoulders   during   the   war&#39;s   first,    
               
               
                 
                   flickering hours, and this would not soon  
                   
                     be 
                   
                   
                     forgotten 
                   
                   .  
                 
               
               
                   That   is   the   kind   of   scrutiny   each   gift   received   before   it     was       approved     .    
               
               
                   Instead,   we&#39;re   using   SharePoint   workspaces,   intranet   sites   where    
               
               
                   documents   and   other   data   can     be     centrally     located       and       accessed   .  
               
               
                   a   tremendous   amount   of   local   research   has     been       done     on   African    
               
               
                 
                   agriculture.  
                 
               
               
                  A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon  be   forgotten .  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.  
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  A distinction must also  be   made  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what must also?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon  be   forgotten .  
               
               
                  [Who or what would not soon?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it  was   approved .  
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can  be  centrally  located   and   accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what can centrally?] 
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has  been   done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has?] 
               
               
                  A distinction must also    be     made  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what must also?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this would not soon    be     forgotten .  
               
               
                  [Who or what would not soon?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it  was   approved .  
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data can    be    centrally  located   and   accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what can centrally?] 
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has  been   done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has?] 
               
               
                  A distinction  must   also     be     made  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  must   also   make ?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this  would   not   soon     be     forgotten .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  would   not   soon   forget ?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it  was   approved .  
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data  can   be   centrally   located   and   accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  can   centrally   locate   and   access ?] 
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has  been   done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has?] 
               
               
                  A distinction  must   also     be     made  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  must   also   make ?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and this  would   not   soon     be     forgotten .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  would   not   soon   forget ?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it  was     approved   .  
               
               
                  [Who or what    approved   ?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 documents and other data  can   be   centrally   located   and   accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  can   centrally   locate   and   access ?] 
               
               
                  a tremendous amount of local research has  been     done    on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has    done   ?] 
               
               
                   A distinction   must also  be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  must also  make  a distinction ?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and  this   would not soon  be forgotten.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  would not soon  forget  this ?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before  it  was  approved .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  approved   it ?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                   documents and other data  can be centrally  located and accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what can centrally  locate and access   documents and other   
               
               
                   data ?] 
               
               
                   a tremendous amount of local research  has been  done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has  done   a tremendous amount of local research ?] 
               
               
                   A distinction   must also  be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  must also  make  a distinction ?] [[ politicians ]] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and  this   would not soon  be forgotten.  
               
               
                  [Who or what  would not soon  forget  this ?] [[ his men ]] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before  it  was  approved .  
               
               
                  [Who or what  approved   it ?] [[ our   shipper ]] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                   documents and other data  can be centrally  located and accessed .  
               
               
                  [Who or what can centrally  locate and access   documents and other   
               
               
                   data ?] [[ we ]] 
               
               
                   a tremendous amount of local research  has been  done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [Who or what has  done   a tremendous amount of local research ?] 
               
               
                  [[ high   school   students ]] 
               
               
                   A distinction   must also  be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [ politicians   must also  make  a distinction ?] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and  this   would not soon  be forgotten.  
               
               
                  [ his   men   would not soo n forget  this ?] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before  it  was  approved .  
               
               
                  [ our   shipper   approved   it ?] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                   documents and other data  can be centrally  located and accessed .  
               
               
                  [ we  can centrally  locate and access   documents and other data ?] 
               
               
                   a tremendous amount of local research  has been  done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [ high   school   students  has  done   a tremendous amount of local   
               
               
                   research ?] 
               
               
                   A distinction   must also  be made between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [ politicians   must also  make  a distinction ] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and  this   would not soon  be forgotten.  
               
               
                  [ his   men   would not soon  forget  this ] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before  it  was  approved .  
               
               
                  [ our   shipper   approved   it ] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where  
               
               
                 d ocuments and other data  can be centrally  located and accessed .  
               
               
                  [ we  can centrally  locate and access   documents and other data ] 
               
               
                   a tremendous amount of local research  has been  done  on African  
               
               
                 agriculture.  
               
               
                  [ high   school   students  has  done   a tremendous amount of local research ] 
               
               
                  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  [ politicians   must also  make  a distinction ] 
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and.  
               
               
                  [ his   men   would not soon  forget  this ] 
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before .  
               
               
                  [ our   shipper   approved   it ] 
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where .  
               
               
                  [ we  can centrally  locate and access   documents and other data ] 
               
               
                  on African agriculture.  
               
               
                  [ high   school   students  has  done   a tremendous amount of local research ] 
               
               
                   politicians   must also  make  a distinction  between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and  his   men   would not soon  forget  this .  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before  our   shipper    
               
               
                   approved   it .  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we  
               
               
                 can centrally  locate and access   documents and other data .  
               
               
                   high   school   students  has  done   a tremendous amount of local research   
               
               
                 on African agriculture.  
               
               
                  politicians must also make a distinction between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and his men would not soon forget this.  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before our shipper  
               
               
                 approved it.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we  
               
               
                 can centrally locate and access documents and other data.  
               
               
                  high school  students   have  done a tremendous amount of local research  
               
               
                 on African agriculture.  
               
               
                  Politicians must also make a distinction between conflicts and hassles.  
               
               
                  He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war&#39;s first,  
               
               
                 flickering hours, and his men would not soon forget this.  
               
               
                  That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before our shipper  
               
               
                 approved it.  
               
               
                  Instead, we&#39;re using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we  
               
               
                 can centrally locate and access documents and other data.  
               
               
                  High school students have done a tremendous amount of local research  
               
               
                 on African agriculture. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     K. “to Be” Verb—“Being”—Past Participle 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “76” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-3, 6-11), in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) system searches for “to be” verb 
     (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”? 
     (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words? 
     6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?” 
     7. if yes, system ignores 
     8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive? 
     9. if yes, system ignores 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle? 
     11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”? 
     76. [referring to the question posed in Step 10], if no, is “to be” verb followed by “being”? 
     77. if yes, is “being” followed by past participle? 
     78. if yes, system continues with Steps 60 through 64 
     79. system adds the “to be” verb 
     80. system adds the adverbs in “to be” verb unit 
     81. system adds present participle form of past participle 
     82. system continues with Steps 69 through 75 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “engaged,” or the word “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase. If the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “being.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “being,” then the system determines if the word “being” is followed by a past participle. If the word “being” is followed by a past participle, then the system highlights the sentence and prompts the user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?” The user will select “Yes” or “No.” If the user selects “No,” then the system will ignore the phrase. If the user selects “Yes,” then the system forms a question, beginning “Who or what.” Then the system adds the “to be” verb, adds the adverbs in the “to be” verb unit, adds the present participle form of the past participle, and, using the noun that forms the object, the system finishes the question. The user answers the question by typing the actor, and the system responds by replacing “Who or what” with the typed actor, removing the question mark, deleting words that form the passive part of the sentence, and placing a new active version where the system deleted the passive part of the sentence. At this juncture, the system matches the verb number with the number of noun or nouns and capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The “to be” verb—“being”—past participle rule is illustrated in Example 11 below. 
     Example 11 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being 
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is 
               
               
                 being done. 
               
               
                  As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic  is   being  built and the school  is   being   
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work  is   
               
               
                   being  done. 
               
               
                  As Kohn  was   being  interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic  is   being   built  and the school  is   being   
               
               
                   expanded . 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work  is   
               
               
                   being   done . 
               
               
                  As Kohn  was   being   interviewed , the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic  is   being  built and the school  is   being   
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work  is   
               
               
                   being  done. 
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  As Kohn  was   being  interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [Who or what?] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic  is   being  built and the school  is   being   
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is ?] 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is ?] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work  is   
               
               
                   being  done. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is ?] 
               
               
                  As Kohn  was   being  interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  was ?] 
               
               
                  In the meantime,  the clinic   is  being built and  the school  is being 
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is  building  the clinic ?] 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is  expanding  the school ?] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the  interesting work   is   
               
               
                 being done. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  is  doing much of the  interesting work ?] 
               
               
                  As  Kohn   was  being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [Who or what  was  interviewing  Kohn ?] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being 
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [Who or what is building the clinic?] [[ the locals ]] 
               
               
                  [Who or what is expanding the school?] [[ the locals ]] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is 
               
               
                 being done. 
               
               
                  [Who or what is doing much of the interesting work?] [[ the UN ]] 
               
               
                  As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [Who or what was interviewing Kohn?] [[ I ]] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being 
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [ the locals  is building the clinic?] 
               
               
                  [ the locals  is expanding the school?] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is 
               
               
                 being done. 
               
               
                  [ the UN  is doing much of the interesting work?] 
               
               
                  As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [ I  was interviewing Kohn?] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being 
               
               
                 expanded. 
               
               
                  [ the locals  is building the clinic] 
               
               
                  [ the locals  is expanding the school] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is 
               
               
                 being done. 
               
               
                  [ the UN  is doing much of the interesting work] 
               
               
                  As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally 
               
               
                 next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [ I  was interviewing Kohn] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, and. 
               
               
                  [the locals is building the clinic] 
               
               
                  [the locals is expanding the school] 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where. 
               
               
                  [the UN is doing much of the interesting work] 
               
               
                  As, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to her new owner. 
               
               
                  [I was interviewing Kohn] 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the locals is building the clinic and the locals is 
               
               
                 expanding the school. 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the 
               
               
                 interesting work. 
               
               
                  As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to 
               
               
                 her new owner. 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the  locals is  building the clinic and the  locals is   
               
               
                 expanding the school. 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the 
               
               
                 interesting work. 
               
               
                  As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to 
               
               
                 her new owner. 
               
               
                  In the meantime, the locals  are  building the clinic and the locals  are   
               
               
                 expanding the school. 
               
               
                  After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the 
               
               
                 interesting work. 
               
               
                  As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to 
               
               
                 her new owner. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     II. Passive Voice 
     A. First Passive Voice 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for signs such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Next, the system determines whether the word following the sign is a past participle (from a pool of past participles.) If the word is not a past participle from the pool, the system queries if the word is an adverb from the pool of adverbs or a negative from the pool of negatives. If the answer is yes, the system then determines whether the adverb or negative is followed by a past participle from the pool. If it is, then the adverb or the negative becomes part of the past participle as the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Thereafter, the system determines if the deleted “to be” verb is a present tense verb. If it is, then the past participle is changed to the present tense. The first passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 12 below. 
     Example 12 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The issue of fraud is rarely raised by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The issue of fraud  is  rarely raised by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The issue of fraud  is rarely  raised by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The issue of fraud  is never  raised by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The issue of fraud  is never raised  by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The defendant  never raised  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The defendant  rarely raised  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The defendant  rarely raises  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Second Passive Voice 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for signs, such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Then the system determines if the word following the “to be” verb is a past participle from the pool. If it is not, the system queries: “Is the following word an adverb from the pool or negative from the pool followed by a past participle from the pool?” If the word following the “to be” verb is a negative followed by a past participle, then the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Then, the system determines if the deleted “to be” verb is present tense or past tense. If the deleted verb was in the present tense, then the system determines if the actor is a third person singular. 
     If the actor is a third person singular, then the system adds the word “does” just before the word “not” and changes the past participle to present tense, usually by dropping “ed” or “ded.” If the deleted verb was in the present tense, however, but the actor is not third person singular, the system will add “do” just before “not” and will change the past participle to present tense. If the deleted verb was in the past tense with an actor who was singular or plural, the system adds the word “did” in front of “not” and changes the past participle to present tense. The second passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 13 below. 
     Example 13 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The issue of fraud  is not raised  by the defendant. 
               
               
                 The defendant  not raised  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The  defendant not raised  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The  defendant does not raise  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The  defendants do not raise  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The  defendants did not raise  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The  defendant did not raise  the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                 The defendant did not raise the issue of fraud. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Third Passive Voice 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the “to be” verb sign, such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Second, the system determines if the word following that “to be” verb is a past participle (e.g., from a pool of past participles). If it is not, then the system determines if the following word is an adverb from an adverb pool (see Appendix C in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix C thereof) or a negative from a pool. If it is not, the system determines if the following word is “being.” If the word is “being,” then the system queries if “being” is followed by a past participle from the pool of past participles. If the system determines that the word following “being” is a past participle from the pool, then the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Then, with “to be” verb, word “being,” past participle and object and actor units identified, the system deletes the word “being” and the preposition, but keeps the “to be” verb. 
     At this point, the system turns the past participle into an “ing” word. Then the system moves the object noun unit to follow immediately after the new “ing” word. The system then moves the actor noun unit to precede the new “ing” word. Then, the system determines if the actor noun unit is singular or plural and changes the “number” of the corresponding “to be” verbs to agree with the actor noun unit. Finally, the system punctuates appropriately. The third passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 14 below. 
     Example 14 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 The pyramid  was  being designed by Egyptian architects. 
               
               
                 The pyramid  was being  designed by Egyptian architects. 
               
               
                 The pyramid  was being designed  by Egyptian architects. 
               
               
                 The pyramid was  being  designed  by   Egyptian  architects. 
               
               
                   The  pyramid was designed  Egyptian  architects. 
               
               
                 The pyramid was design ing  Egyptian architects. 
               
               
                 was designing The pyramid Egyptian architects. 
               
               
                 Egyptian architects was designing The pyramid. 
               
               
                 Egyptian architects  were  designing the pyramid. 
               
               
                 Egyptian architects were designing the pyramid. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. “This” or “These” 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb, and upon finding one, determines if the “to be” verb is preceded by “this” or “these.” If so, the system determines whether the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit. If so, the system determines whether the noun unit is followed immediately by another noun unit. If so, the system determines whether the second noun unit is followed immediately by a verb unit. If so, the system deletes “to be” verb and any article preceding the first noun unit. The system then moves the second noun unit and verb unit to a position immediately before “[T]hese” or “[T]his”. The system then capitalizes. This rule is illustrated below: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   These  are words no good writer would use. 
               
               
                   This  is an employee we can&#39;t do without. 
               
               
                   These  are  words  no good writer would use. 
               
               
                   This  is  an employee  we can&#39;t do without. 
               
               
                   These  are  words  [no good writer] would use. 
               
               
                   This  is  an employee  [we] can&#39;t do without. 
               
               
                   These  are  words  [no good writer] {would use}. 
               
               
                   This  is  an employee  [we] {can&#39;t do without}. 
               
               
                   These   words  [no good writer] {would use}. 
               
               
                   This   employee  [we] {can&#39;t do without}. 
               
               
                 [no good writer] {would use}  These   words.   
               
               
                 [we] {can&#39;t do without}  This   employee.   
               
               
                 No good writer would use these words. 
               
               
                 We can&#39;t do without this employee. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     III. Nominalization Rule 
     A. First Nominalization 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for words ending in “ion,” “ions,” “al,” “ant,” “ance,” “ancy,” “ent,” “enc,” “ency,” “ity,” “ing,” “sis,” “ise,” and “ure.” After finding one of those words, the system tries to match the word to the pool of false positive nominalizations. False positive nominalizations are illustrated below in Table 2. If the system finds a match in the false positive pool, it will ignore the word. If, however, the system finds no match in the false positive pool, it determines if the word preceding the nominalization is an adjective from an adjective pool. (See Appendix D in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix D thereof). If the system finds a match, it then tries to match the nominalization and the adjective to the second false positive pool, something that would be akin to “like an important decision.” If the system finds a match, then it ignores the two words. If the system finds no match, however, it returns to the step later. 
                     TABLE 2               Example Nominalization False Positives                                                sophistication   nation           ammunition   potion           foundation   vision           notion   premonition           lotion   reputation           section   privation           commotion   tension           excursion   circumstance           locomotion   defence           fence   defense           proposal   flagrant                        
If the system finds a match in the false positive pool, it will ignore the words.
 
     If the system finds no match, it searches the first four words preceding the nominalization for a “to be” verb or verb from a verb pool (which will often be “make,” “take,” “cause,” “reach,” “have,” “effect,” and “engage” and their past tense and third person forms). For additional verbs in a verb pool, see Appendix A in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix A thereof. If more than one of these verbs precedes the nominalization, the system chooses the verb closest to the nominalization. If the system finds the verb, then the system will delete the verb plus any article between the verb and the nominalization, or prompt the user to do so. If the system additionally finds the word “in” between the verb and the nominalization that it has just deleted, it will also delete the word “in.” If the system finds the word “of” immediately following the nominalization it has just deleted, it will also delete the word “of.” 
     At this point, the system will determine the tense of the deleted verb. The system will then match the tense of the deleted verb and turn a nominalization not modified by an adjective into its verb form. If the nominalization is modified by an adjective and there was no match found in the second false positive pool, the system then tries to match the nominalization and the adjective to the true positive pool (like immediate termination). If the system finds a match, it turns the nominalization into its verb form and the adjective into an adverb form (like immediately terminated). If the system, however, finds no match, the system will still turn the nominalization into its verb form and the adjective into the adverb form, then highlight both the adverb and the verb, prompting the user, “Does this make sense, or would you like to leave it in the original wording?” 
     While an exhaustive list would be very long, an example nominalization word pool can comprise words such as the following: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example Nominalization True Positives 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nominalization 
                 Corresponding Verb 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 agreement 
                 agree 
               
               
                   
                 circumvention 
                 circumvent 
               
               
                   
                 contention 
                 contend 
               
               
                   
                 intention 
                 intend 
               
               
                   
                 pertinence 
                 pertain 
               
               
                   
                 requirement 
                 require 
               
               
                   
                 suspicion 
                 suspect 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The first nominalization sub-rule is illustrated in Example 15 below. 
     Example 15 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumven tion  of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We stand in agreem ent  that this section has pertin ence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant  circumvention  of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We stand in  agreement  that this section has  pertinence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it is a  flagrant circumvention  of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We stand in  agreement  that this section has  pertinence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it  is  a  flagrant circumvention  of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We  stand  in  agreement  that this section  has   pertinence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it a flagrant circumvention of 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We in agreement that this section pertinence to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it  a   flagrant circumvention   of   
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We  in   agreement  that this section  pertinence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it  flagrant circumvention   
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We  agreement  that this section  pertinence  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it  flagrant circumvention   
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We  agree  that this section  pertains  to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it flagrant circumvent s   
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We agree that this section pertains to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it flagrant ly  circumvent s   
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We agree that this section pertains to any contract. 
               
               
                  We should reject the proposal because it flagrantly circumvents 
               
               
                 established rules. 
               
               
                  We agree that this section pertains to any contract. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Second Nominalization Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, when the system has completed steps to convert a nominalization to a verb, the system then searches for any word remaining between the deleted verb and the nominalization. If the system finds a word between the deleted verb and nominalization, it deletes or diminishes that word (e.g., by reducing the brightness of the word on the screen, changing it to a relatively smaller font, changing its color, reducing its loudness, etc.). If the system diminishes the word, a user can be prompted to decide if the word should be deleted. The second verb unit rule is illustrated in Example 16 below. 
     Example 16 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The manager may have some suspicion with respect to the customer&#39;s 
               
               
                 honesty. 
               
               
                  Downstream water quality has as a requirement that we treat the 
               
               
                 sewage first. 
               
               
                  The manager may  have  some  suspicion   with respect  to the customer&#39;s 
               
               
                 honesty. 
               
               
                  Downstream water quality  has  as  a   requirement  that we treat the 
               
               
                 sewage first. 
               
               
                  The manager may some  suspect  the customer&#39;s honesty. 
               
               
                  Downstream water quality as  requires  that we treat the sewage first. 
               
               
                  The manager may  some   suspect  the customer&#39;s honesty. 
               
               
                  Downstream water quality  as   requires  we treat the sewage first. 
               
               
                  The manager may  suspect  the customer&#39;s honesty. 
               
               
                  Downstream water quality  requires  that we treat the sewage first. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Third Nominalization Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, after the system has completed the first nominalization rule, the system then determines if the word “it” appears within the first six words preceding the nominalization and if the nominalization is modified by a possessive pronoun or possessive noun. The system then replaces the word “it” with the subjective form of the possessive pronoun or possessive noun. If the word “it” appears within a certain number of (e.g., the first six) words preceding the nominalization and the nominalization is immediately followed by a prepositional phrase, the system preferably replaces the word “it” with the object of the preposition and its article and adjectives. The system can then delete the prepositional phrase. At this point the system capitalizes and uncapitalizes the sentence appropriately. The system then determines if the possessive noun or pronoun is in the third person and the system will match the verb form of the nominalization. The third verb unit rule is illustrated in Example 17 below. 
     Example 17 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  If it is your intention to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                  It was the contention of the weaker players that the owners were being 
               
               
                 unfair. 
               
               
                  If it is your  intention  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                  It was the  contention  of the weaker players that the owners were being 
               
               
                 unfair. 
               
               
                  If it  is  your  intention  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                  It  was  the  contention  of the weaker players that the owners were being 
               
               
                 unfair. 
               
               
                  If it is your  intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                  It  contended  of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  it  your  intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   It   contended  of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  it   your   intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   It   contended  of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  you   intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   It   contended  of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  you   intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   the weaker players   contended   of  that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  you   intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   the weaker players   contended  of that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  you   intend  to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                   the weaker players   contended  that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you. 
               
               
                  The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If it is  his  intention to cause delay, we will oppose him. 
               
               
                  The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  it is his intention  to cause delay, we will oppose him. 
               
               
                  The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If  he intends  to cause delay, we will oppose him. 
               
               
                  The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                  If he intends to cause delay, we will oppose him. 
               
               
                  The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     IV. The Noun Unit and Verb Unit Rules 
     A. First Noun Unit Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, a noun unit is defined as a noun plus the preceding article and adjectives and adverbs modifying the adjectives and immediately following the words “of,” “with,” or “in,” and the object noun unit. 
     The first noun unit sub-rule is illustrated in Example 18: 
     Example 18 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved 
               
               
                 possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend. 
               
               
                  There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by 
               
               
                 our net worth. 
               
               
                  There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major 
               
               
                 diseases. 
               
               
                  If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things 
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                  There was no  explanation  beyond the highly-rumored, unproved 
               
               
                   possibility  of cold  drafts  in the  gallery  over the  weekend . 
               
               
                  There are a  lot  of  men  who feel that our personal  value  is defined by 
               
               
                 our net  worth . 
               
               
                  There is an  abundance  of interesting  facts  relating to all our major 
               
               
                   diseases . 
               
               
                  If  nothing  was done by political  leaders  in the  Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                  There was no  explanation  beyond  the  highly-rumored, unproved 
               
               
                   possibility  of cold  drafts  in  the   gallery  over  the   weekend . 
               
               
                  There are  a   lot  of  men  who feel that our personal  value  is defined by 
               
               
                 our net  worth . 
               
               
                  There is  an   abundance  of interesting  facts  relating to all our major 
               
               
                   diseases . 
               
               
                  If  nothing  was done by political  leaders  in  the   Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                  There was no  explanation  beyond  the  highly-rumored, unproved 
               
               
                   possibility  of cold  drafts  in  the   gallery  over  the   weekend . 
               
               
                  There are  a   lot  of  men  who feel that our personal  value  is defined by 
               
               
                 our net  worth . 
               
               
                  There is  an   abundance  of interesting  facts  relating to all our major 
               
               
                   diseases . 
               
               
                  If  nothing  was done by political  leaders  in  the   Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                  There was no  explanation  beyond  the   highly -rumored, unproved 
               
               
                   possibility  of cold  drafts  in  the   gallery  over  the   weekend . 
               
               
                  There are  a   lot  of  men  who feel that our personal  value  is defined by 
               
               
                 our net  worth . 
               
               
                  There is  an   abundance  of interesting  facts  relating to all our major 
               
               
                   diseases . 
               
               
                  If  nothing  was done by political  leaders  in  the   Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                  There was no  explanation  beyond  the   highly -rumored, unproved 
               
               
                   possibility   of  cold  drafts  in the  gallery  over  the   weekend . 
               
               
                  There are  a   lot   of   men  who feel that our personal  value  is defined by 
               
               
                 our net  worth . 
               
               
                  There is  an   abundance   of  interesting  facts  relating to all our major 
               
               
                   diseases . 
               
               
                  If  nothing  was done by political  leaders  in  the   Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, the noun units are as indicated: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  There was  no explanation  beyond  the highly-rumored, unproved    
               
               
                   possibility of cold drafts  in  the gallery  over  the weekend . 
               
               
                  There are  a lot of men  who feel that  our personal value  is defined by 
               
               
                   our net worth . 
               
               
                  There is  an abundance of interesting facts  relating to  all our major    
               
               
                 diseases. 
               
               
                  If nothing was done by  political leaders in the Middle East ,  things   
               
               
                 would get worse. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Second Noun Unit Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, a noun unit may also be a string of noun units in a series. This string of noun units in a series may be separated by commas and the word “and” or the word “or”. Furthermore, a “noun unit” may be a group of more than one noun unit. Thus, a noun unit may further comprise: 1) any word or group of words immediately following a “noun unit” (as defined above); 2) set off by commas; and 3) composed entirely of another “noun unit” (as defined above). 
     The second noun unit rule is illustrated in Example 19: 
     Example 19 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the 
               
               
                 sound, and the ocean. 
               
               
                  Seattle, Portland, or San Francisco will have openings. 
               
               
                  There were toxic levels of mercury found in  the lakes ,  the rivers ,  
               
               
                   the sound , and  the ocean . 
               
               
                   Seattle ,  Portland , or  San Francisco  will have openings. 
               
               
                  There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes ,  the rivers ,  the 
               
               
                 sound ,  and the ocean. 
               
               
                  Seattle ,  Portland ,  or San Francisco will have openings. 
               
               
                  There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the 
               
               
                 sound,  and  the ocean. 
               
               
                  Seattle, Portland,  or  San Francisco will have openings. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Verb Unit Sub-Rule 
     As defined herein, a verb unit includes the verb plus preceding helping verbs including words like “be,” “do,” “may,” “have,” “will,” “have,” “shall,” and all of their tenses and combination for example, “will have been.” The verb unit also includes all preceding adverbs and their following adverbs. Under the “there” rule, all helping verbs and adverbs remain after the system deletes “there,” “to be” verbs, the word “that” and prepositions. Under the “there” rule, if a user is asked to insert a verb in a blank, the helping verbs and the adverbs will immediately precede the blank. The fourth verb unit rule is illustrated in Examples 20 and 21 below. 
     Example 20 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Two men so alike in their features, they might have been  
               
               
                 twins swiftly rode through the night. 
               
               
                 He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam  
               
               
                 steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. 
               
               
                 Two men so alike in their features, they might have been  
               
               
                 twins swiftly rode through the night. 
               
               
                 He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam  
               
               
                 steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. 
               
               
                 Two men so alike in their features, they might have been  
               
               
                 twins swiftly rode through the night. 
               
               
                 He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam  
               
               
                 steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. 
               
               
                 Two men so alike in their features, they might have been  
               
               
                 twins swiftly rode through the night. 
               
               
                 He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam  
               
               
                 steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. 
               
               
                 Two men so alike in their features, they might have been  
               
               
                 twins swiftly rode through the night. 
               
               
                 He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam  
               
               
                 steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 21 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage  
               
               
                 your own account. 
               
               
                 There has already been a string of hopeful political events  
               
               
                 in the last year. 
               
               
                 There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage  
               
               
                 your own account. 
               
               
                 There has already been a string of hopeful political events  
               
               
                 in the last year. 
               
               
                 There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage  
               
               
                 your own account. 
               
               
                 There has already been a string of hopeful political events  
               
               
                 in the last year. 
               
               
                 rarely have been so many banks that let you manage your  
               
               
                 own account. 
               
               
                 has already been a string of hopeful political events in the past year. 
               
               
                 rarely have so many banks that let you manage your own account. 
               
               
                 has already a string of hopeful political events in the past year. 
               
               
                 rarely have been so many banks let you manage your own account. 
               
               
                 has already been a string of hopeful political events the past year. 
               
               
                 rarely have been so many banks let you manage your own account. 
               
               
                 has already a string of hopeful political events the past year. 
               
               
                 rarely have so many banks that let you manage your own account. 
               
               
                 the past year has already a string of hopeful political events. 
               
               
                 Rarely have so many banks let you manage your own account. 
               
               
                 The past year has already brought a string of hopeful political events. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     V. “There” Rule 
     A. First “There” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there.” The system then determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is not, then the system determines if the word following “there” is a preposition. If it is a preposition, then the system will delete “[T]here.” The first “there” rule is illustrated in Example 22 below. 
     Example 22 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There in the woods stood a fawn. 
               
               
                 There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies. 
               
               
                 He was just standing there in the doorway. 
               
               
                 There in the woods stood a fawn. 
               
               
                 There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies. 
               
               
                 He was just standing there in the doorway. 
               
               
                 There in the woods stood a fawn. 
               
               
                 There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies. 
               
               
                 He was just standing there in the doorway. 
               
               
                 in the woods stood a fawn. 
               
               
                 beside the cookie jar sat two brownies. 
               
               
                 He was just standing in the doorway. 
               
               
                 In the woods stood a fawn. 
               
               
                 Beside the cookie jar sat two brownies. 
               
               
                 He was just standing in the doorway. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Second “There” Sub-Rule 
     If the word following “[T]here” is a “to be” verb, then the system will identify the noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb. At this point the system will determine if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows immediately after the noun unit. If it does, then the system queries if the word following “that” (or “who” or “which”) is a noun from the noun pool (see Appendix B in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix B thereof). If the answer is yes, then the system deletes “there” and the “to be” verb. The system then inserts an underlying space in front of “that” and the system prompts the user: “What verb would you like to insert here?” The user then types in the verb. The system can then apply a “that” rule. For example, the “that” rule can be applied to determine if the word “that” automatically remains or automatically is deleted, or the system can prompt the user: “Do you want to keep ‘that’?” The user at this point indicates a “yes” or a “no” and the system capitalizes accordingly. 
     If the word following “that” is not a noun from the noun pool, the system queries whether it is a verb from the verb pool. If it is a verb from the verb pool (See Appendix A in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix A thereof), then the system deletes “there,” the “to be” verb, and the word “that.” At this point, the system will capitalize and prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user at this point says, “No,” the system will replace the edited sentence with the original. The second “there” rule is illustrated in Example 23 below. 
     Example 23 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way 
               
               
                 round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 Pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 several syntactic devices let you manage where you locate new units. 
               
               
                 three principles help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 Pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 Several syntactic devices let you manage where you locate new units. 
               
               
                 Three principles help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                 There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you 
               
               
                 locate new units. 
               
               
                 There are three principles that help to resolve this issue. 
               
               
                 Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Third “There” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there” and determines if the following word is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies the noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and queries: “Does the word ‘that’ (or ‘who’ or ‘which’) follow immediately after the noun unit. If it does not, then the system determines if the following word is a past participle. If it is, then the system determines if the word following the preposition is “by,” “in,” “from,” “for,” or “through?” If it is not, then the system deletes the word “there” and moves the “to be” verb to a position between the first noun unit and the past participle. At this point, the system will capitalize appropriately and prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says no, the system replaces the edited sentence with the original. If the user says yes, the system dims the “to be” verb and prompts the user: “Can you think of a better verb to go here?” If the user says no, the system “un-dims” the “to be” verb. If the user types a preferred verb, the system inserts that preferred verb. 
     If the word following the past participle is a preposition “by,” “in,” “from,” “for,” or “through,” then the system identifies the noun unit that forms the object of the preposition. At this point, the system deletes “there,” the “to be” verb, and the preposition. The system then will move the first noun unit to a position immediately after the participle, and the system will move the object noun unit to a position immediately before the participle and recapitalize appropriately. At this point, the system will prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says no, the system will replace the new sentence with the original. 
     The third “there” rule is illustrated in Example 24 below. 
     Example 24 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 There are balloons stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 There are balloons stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 There are balloons stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 There are balloons stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons are stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons are stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons are stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered la the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying 
               
               
                 punitive damages. 
               
               
                 There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary petition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying punitive 
               
               
                 damages. 
               
               
                 were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the 
               
               
                 involuntary partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 a few good reasons offered by the court for denying punitive damages. 
               
               
                 four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the involuntary 
               
               
                 partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 a few good reasons offered the court for denying punitive damages. 
               
               
                 four grounds stated the Perault case for ordering the involuntary 
               
               
                 partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 offered a few good reasons the court for denying punitive damages. 
               
               
                 stated four grounds the Perault case for ordering the involuntary 
               
               
                 partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 the court offered a few good reasons for denying punitive damages. 
               
               
                 the Perault case stated four grounds for ordering the involuntary 
               
               
                 partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                 The court offered a few good reasons for denying punitive damages. 
               
               
                 The Perault case stated four grounds for ordering the involuntary 
               
               
                 partition. 
               
               
                 Balloons hang stapled to every post. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. Fourth “There” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there.” Second, the system determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb, and queries: “Does the word ‘that’ (or ‘who,’ or ‘which’ or ‘where’) follow immediately after the noun unit?” If it does not, then the system determines if the following word is a past participle. 
     If the following word is not a past participle, then the system will determine if the following word is a preposition. If it is, then the system will identify the object noun unit of that preposition. At this point, the system will delete the words “there,” the “to be” verb, and the preposition. The system moves the first noun unit to a position immediately following the object noun unit. The system will then insert an underlined space between the two units and prompt the user: “What verb would you like to insert here?” After the user types in a verb, the user has the opportunity to make additional changes. The system will then recapitalize accordingly. The fourth “there” rule is illustrated further in Example 25 below. 
     Example 25 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There is no factual basis for the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the  
               
               
                 plain language of the statute. 
               
               
                 There are two errors in this report. 
               
               
                 There are three misstatements of fact in appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 There is no factual basis for the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the  
               
               
                 plain language of the statute. 
               
               
                 There are two errors in this report. 
               
               
                 There are three misstatements of fact in appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 There is no factual basis for the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the  
               
               
                 plain language of the statute. 
               
               
                 There are two errors in this report. 
               
               
                 There are three misstatements of fact in appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 There is no factual basis for the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the  
               
               
                 plain language of the statute. 
               
               
                 There are two errors in this report. 
               
               
                 There are three misstatements of fact in appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 is no factual basis for the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 are two errors in this report. 
               
               
                 are three misstatements of fact in appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 no factual basis the second cause of action. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, no way plaintiff to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 two errors this report. 
               
               
                 three misstatements of fact appellant&#39;s brief. 
               
               
                 the second cause of action no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff no way to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 this report two errors. 
               
               
                 appellant&#39;s brief three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                 the second cause of action no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff no way to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 this report two errors. 
               
               
                 appellant&#39;s brief three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                 the second cause of action has no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff has no way to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 this report contains two errors. 
               
               
                 appellant&#39;s brief contains three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                 the second cause of action has no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff has no way to avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 this report contains two errors. 
               
               
                 appellant&#39;s brief contains three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                 the second cause of action has no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff cannot avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 this report contains two errors. 
               
               
                 appellant&#39;s brief contains three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                 The second cause of action has no factual basis. 
               
               
                 Absent fraud, plaintiff cannot avoid the plain  
               
               
                 language of the statute. 
               
               
                 This report contains two errors. 
               
               
                 Appellant&#39;s brief contains three misstatements of fact. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     E. Fifth “There” Sub-Rule 
     After the system searches for the word “there” and determines that the following word is a “to be” verb, the system then will identify a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and determine if the word immediately following the noun unit is “that,” “who,” “which,” or “where.” If the word immediately following the noun unit is “who-” or “where,” then the same rules applying to “that” as outlined in the subrules above will apply to the words “who” and “where.” If that word is “which,” then the system determines if a comma appears immediately before the “which.” If it does, then the same rules applying to the word “that” apply to the word “which.” The fifth “there” rule is illustrated in Example 26 below. 
     Example 26 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by 
               
               
                 our net worth. 
               
               
                 There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain 
               
               
                 serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by 
               
               
                 our net worth. 
               
               
                 There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain 
               
               
                 serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by 
               
               
                 our net worth. 
               
               
                 There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain 
               
               
                 serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by 
               
               
                 our net worth. 
               
               
                 There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain 
               
               
                 serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth. 
               
               
                 for sure, not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth. 
               
               
                 for sure, not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth. 
               
               
                 not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth. 
               
               
                 many websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes. 
               
               
                 A lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth. 
               
               
                 Many websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F. Sixth “There” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there” and determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which” or “where”) follows immediately after the noun unit. If no word follows the noun unit, the system deletes the word “there” and the “to be” verb. After the noun unit, the system adds the word “exist,” matching the number of the word “exist” to the noun. The system recapitalizes accordingly and prompts the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says “No,” then the system replaces the provisional new sentence with the original. If the user says “Yes,” then the provisional new sentence permanently replaces the original sentence. The sixth “there” rule is illustrated in Example 27 below. 
     Example 27 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 There is no other source. 
               
               
                 There is no other source. 
               
               
                 There is no other source. 
               
               
                 no other source. 
               
               
                 no other source exist. 
               
               
                 no other source exists. 
               
               
                 No other source exists. 
               
               
                 There is no other source. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     VI. It Rule 
     A. First “It” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it.” The system then determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words. If yes, then the system determines if the word “that” (or who or which, etc.) follows the “to be” verb. If the word “that” follows the “to be” verb, then the system matches the phrase from “it” through “that” with the phrase in the “it” pool listed in Table 4 below, which includes many examples, but is not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example “it” Pool 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 It is said that 
                 It is argued that 
               
               
                 It was said that 
                 It was argued that 
               
               
                 It may be said that 
                 It may be argued that 
               
               
                 It must be said 
                 that It must be argued that 
               
               
                 It might be said that 
                 It might be argued that 
               
               
                 It should be said that 
                 It should be argued that 
               
               
                 It could be said that 
                 It could be argued that 
               
               
                 It will be said that 
                 It will be argued that 
               
               
                 It has been said that 
                 It has been argued that 
               
               
                 It bears saying that 
                 It is remembered that 
               
               
                 It bore saying that 
                 It was remembered that 
               
               
                 It is stated that 
                 It may be remembered that 
               
               
                 It was stated that 
                 It must be remembered that 
               
               
                 It may be stated that 
                 It might be remembered that 
               
               
                 It must be stated that 
                 It should be remembered that 
               
               
                 It might be stated that 
                 It could be remembered that 
               
               
                 It should be stated that 
                 It will be remembered that 
               
               
                 It could be stated that 
                 It bears remembering that 
               
               
                 It will be stated that 
                 It bore remembering that 
               
               
                 It has been stated that 
                 It is appreciated that 
               
               
                 It bears stating that 
                 It was appreciated that 
               
               
                 It bore stating that 
                 It may be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It is noted that 
                 It must be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It was noted that 
                 It might be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It may be noted that 
                 It should be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It must be noted that 
                 It could be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It might be noted that 
                 It will be appreciated that 
               
               
                 It should be noted that 
                 It is likely that 
               
               
                 It could be noted that 
                 It was likely that 
               
               
                 It will be noted that 
                 It is most likely that 
               
               
                 It has been noted that 
                 It is more likely that 
               
               
                 It bears noting that 
                 It was most likely that 
               
               
                 It bore noting that 
                 It was more likely that 
               
               
                 It is no secret that 
                 It is recognized that 
               
               
                 It was no secret that 
                 It was recognized that 
               
               
                 It may be no secret that 
                 It may be recognized that 
               
               
                 It might be no secret that 
                 It must be recognized that 
               
               
                 It must be no secret that 
                 It might be recognized that 
               
               
                 It should be no secret that 
                 It should be recognized that 
               
               
                 It could be no secret that 
                 It could be recognized that 
               
               
                 It will be no secret that 
                 It will be recognized that 
               
               
                 It has been no secret that 
                 It has been recognized that 
               
               
                 It comes as no secret that 
                 It is axiomatic that 
               
               
                 It came as no secret that 
                 It was axiomatic that 
               
               
                 It may come as no secret that 
                 It should be axiomatic that 
               
               
                 It might come as no secret that 
                 It may be axiomatic that 
               
               
                 It must come as no secret that 
                 It is fair to say that 
               
               
                 It could be that 
                 It was fair to say that 
               
               
                 It should be that 
                 It is a must that 
               
               
                 It may be that 
                 It was a must that 
               
               
                 It might be that 
                 It is imperative that 
               
               
                 It must be that 
                 It is true that 
               
               
                 It could have been that 
                 It became apparent to me that 
               
               
                 It should have been that 
                 It was well-settled that 
               
               
                 It may have been that 
                 It is well-settled that 
               
               
                 It might have been that 
                 It must have been that 
               
               
                 It seemed to me that 
                 It would seem to me that 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If the system finds a match in the “it” pool, the system deletes all words from “it” through “that.” If the system finds no match in the “it” pool, the system determines if all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are any combination of verbs (including participles, help verbs, and infinitives); adverbs; and adjectives. If the system determines that this condition is met, then the system deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that.” The system then recapitalizes appropriately. The first “it” rule is illustrated in Example 28 below. 
     Example 28 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 his known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him  
               
               
                 compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the 
               
               
                 inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 his known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose  
               
               
                 his paintings. 
               
               
                 the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure  
               
               
                 until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose  
               
               
                 his paintings. 
               
               
                 the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure  
               
               
                 until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 It is known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose  
               
               
                 his paintings. 
               
               
                 the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure  
               
               
                 until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper 
               
               
                 applied science, but it has to be said that we don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 Churchill often used photographs to help him compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until 
               
               
                 that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 we are on the verge of developing a proper applied science, but we 
               
               
                 don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                 Churchill often used photographs to help him compose his paintings. 
               
               
                 The protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure  
               
               
                 until that failure stares them in the face. 
               
               
                 We are on the verge of developing a proper applied science, but we 
               
               
                 don&#39;t have one yet. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Second “It” Sub-Rule 
     If the system determines that all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, the verbs including past participles, helping verbs, and infinitives, the system then determines if two commas appear between the “to be” verb and the word “that.” If two commas do appear, then the system deletes all the words from “it” through “that,” except for the words between the two commas. At this point, the system capitalizes appropriately, keeping only the second comma. The second “it” rule is illustrated in Example 29 below. 
     Example 29 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for 
               
               
                 leadership. 
               
               
                 It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for 
               
               
                 leadership. 
               
               
                 It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for 
               
               
                 leadership. 
               
               
                 , even then, Webster had an abundant capacity for leadership. 
               
               
                 Even then, Webster had an abundant capacity for leadership. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Third “It” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words after the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “who” follows the “to be” verb. If it does, then the system deletes “it” and the “to be” verb and determines if the “who” appears immediately after a pronoun. If it does, then the system will ignore it. If the “who” does not appear immediately after a pronoun, then the system deletes “who” and recapitalizes accordingly. The third “it” rule is illustrated in Example 30 below. 
     Example 30 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple 
               
               
                 delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 It is their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers′ 
               
               
                 acclaim. 
               
               
                 It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple 
               
               
                 delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 It is their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers&#39; 
               
               
                 acclaim. 
               
               
                 It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple 
               
               
                 delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 It is their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers&#39; 
               
               
                 acclaim. 
               
               
                 Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation  
               
               
                 of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers′ acclaim. 
               
               
                 Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation  
               
               
                 of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers′ acclaim. 
               
               
                 Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation  
               
               
                 of the basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 their son who is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers′ acclaim. 
               
               
                 Frank Daniel first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of the 
               
               
                 basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 their son is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 those who strive to honor the indigenous get our readers′ acclaim. 
               
               
                 Frank Daniel first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of the 
               
               
                 basic dramatic circumstance. 
               
               
                 Their son is reading for the first time. 
               
               
                 Those who strive to honor the indigenous get our readers′ acclaim. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. Fourth “It” Sub-Rule 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words after the word “it.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If it does not, then the system determines if the word “who” follows the “to be” verb. If it does not, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by “not until” or “n′t until.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” appears between “until” and the end of the sentence. If it does, then the system deletes “it,” the “to be” verb and converts “n′t” to “not,” if necessary. 
     The system ignores the word “that” if it appears between commas, in a prepositional phrase or after the first “that.” The system will identify the past tense verb within three words following the word “that” and will convert the past tense verb to a first person present tense. At this point, the system has two options, both of which can be presented to the user. The first option it offers is to replace “that” with the word “did” and capitalize, creating a first provisional sentence to show to the user. In the second option, the system deletes the word “not” and the word “that” and inserts “did not” in front of the new present tense verb, and will present this second provisional sentence option to the user. Following either the first option or the second option, the system will move all the words following the position of “that” to a position immediately before the word “until” and will recapitalize accordingly. The fourth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 31 below. 
     Example 31 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until 
               
               
                 1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 It wasn&#39;t until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until 
               
               
                 1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 It wasn &#39;t until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until 
               
               
                 1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 It wasn &#39;t until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that 
               
               
                 it coated pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that 
               
               
                 it coated pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that 
               
               
                 it coat pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realize  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 did 
               
               
                 it coat pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 Not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and 
               
               
                 Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, did I realize  
               
               
                 that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but until 1960 it did 
               
               
                 not coat pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline 
               
               
                 was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, I did not realize that  
               
               
                 I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but until 1960 it did 
               
               
                 not coat pans and muffin tins. 
               
               
                 until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline 
               
               
                 was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, I did not realize that  
               
               
                 I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it did not coat 
               
               
                 pans and muffin tins until 1960. 
               
               
                 I did not realize that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door until later, when the 
               
               
                 show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline was on the covers  
               
               
                 of all kinds of magazines,. 
               
               
                 Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it did not coat 
               
               
                 pans and muffin tins until 1960. 
               
               
                 I did not realize that I&#39;d gotten my foot in the door until later, when the 
               
               
                 show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline was on the covers  
               
               
                 of all kinds of magazines. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     E. Fifth “It” Sub-Rule 
     Referring to the first “it” sub-rule, paragraph 0136, if the system determines that not all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs, adverbs and adjectives, then the system determines if the word immediately following the “to be” verb is a preposition or is an adverb followed by a preposition. If it is, then the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the preposition. If it does, then the system will ignore it. At this juncture, the system will delete the words “it,” the “to be” verb and any “that” not following immediately after the preposition. The system will then recapitalize in the sentence accordingly. The fifth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 32 below. 
     Example 32 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity 
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity 
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity 
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity 
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 It&#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity 
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 was at that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 &#39;s in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity  
               
               
                 of lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 a that moment that I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity of 
               
               
                 lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 at that moment I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 during those penitential laps my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 in that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable  
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 shortly after the British Red Cross arrived a large quantity of  
               
               
                 lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                 At that moment I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                 During those penitential laps my attitude hardened. 
               
               
                 In that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                 Shortly after the British Red Cross arrived a large quantity of  
               
               
                 lipstick arrived. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F. Sixth “It” Sub-Rule 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “29” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-5, 6-7), in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) System searches for “[I]t” 
     (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words? 
     (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb 
     (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool 
     (5) if system finds match, it deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that” 
     6. if system finds no match in “it” pool, are all words between “to be” verb and “that” verbs (including participles, help verbs, and infinitives), adverbs, and adjectives? 
     7. if yes, system deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that” 
     29. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is word following “to be” verb a preposition, or an adverb followed by a preposition? 
     30. if yes, does a “that” follow immediately after the preposition? 
     34. [referring to the question posed in Step 29], if no, is word or words following immediately after “to be” verb a noun unit? 
     35. if yes, does the “that” follow immediately after noun unit, or a prepositional phrase attached to noun unit? 
     36. if yes, system deletes “[I]t” “to be” verb and “that” 
     37. does another “that” appear later in sentence? 
     38. if yes, does a verb follow “that”? 
     39. if yes, system also deletes that “that”, and replaces it with a comma 
     40. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If it does, then the system tries to match the phrase from “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool above. If the system finds a match, then it finds a match in the “it” pool. It deletes all of the words from “it” through “that.” 
     If the system finds no match in the “it” pool, the system determines if all of the words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs (including participles, helping verbs and infinitives), adverbs and adjectives. If they are, then the system will delete all of the words from “it” through “that.” If they are not, however, the system will determine if the word following the “to be” verb is a preposition or an adverb followed by a preposition. If it is, the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the preposition. If it does not, the system determines if a word or words following immediately after the “to be” verb is a noun unit. If it is, then the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the noun unit or a prepositional phrase attached to the noun unit. If so, then the system will delete the word “it,” the “to be” verb and the word “that” (except in the case of the idiomatic phrase “it is a shame that,” which the system can ignore as a false positive). At this point, the system determines if another word “that” appears later in the sentence. And if so, does a verb follow the word “that?” If so, then the system will delete the word “that” and will replace it with a comma. At this point, the system will recapitalize accordingly. The sixth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 33 below. 
     Example 33 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 It is their decisions that determine both characters′ actions, and it is 
               
               
                 their desire that overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 It is the character&#39;s belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the 
               
               
                 needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 It is the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective that we follow as the 
               
               
                 story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 It is their decisions that determine both characters′ actions, and it is 
               
               
                 their desire that overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 It is the character&#39;s belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the 
               
               
                 needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 It is the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective that we follow as the 
               
               
                 story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 It is their decisions that determine both characters′ actions, and it is 
               
               
                 their desire that overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 It is the character&#39;s belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the 
               
               
                 needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 It is the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective that we follow as the 
               
               
                 story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 It is their decisions that determine both characters′ actions, and it is 
               
               
                 their desire that overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 It is the character&#39;s belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the 
               
               
                 needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 It is the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective that we follow as the 
               
               
                 story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 It is their decisions that determine both characters′ actions, and it is 
               
               
                 their desire that overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 It is the character&#39;s belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the 
               
               
                 needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 It is the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective that we follow as the 
               
               
                 story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 their decisions determine both characters′ actions, and their desire 
               
               
                 overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 the character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive that gives us the needed 
               
               
                 shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective we follow as the story 
               
               
                 unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 their decisions determine both characters′ actions, and their desire 
               
               
                 overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 the character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive that gives us the needed 
               
               
                 shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective we follow as the story 
               
               
                 unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 their decisions determine both characters′ actions, and their desire 
               
               
                 overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 the character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred 
               
               
                 of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 the protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective we follow as the story 
               
               
                 unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story. 
               
               
                 Their decisions determine both characters′ actions, and their desire 
               
               
                 overwhelms the partner&#39;s desire. 
               
               
                 The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred 
               
               
                 of hope that the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                 The protagonist&#39;s pursuit of his objective we follow as the story 
               
               
                 unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     G. Seventh “It” Sub-Rule 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “41” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-4), in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) System searches for “[I]t” 
     (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words? 
     (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb 
     (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool 
     41. [referring to the question posed in Step 3], if no, is “it” preceded by conjunction from conjunction pool? 
     42. If yes, system deletes “it” and “to be” verb 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If so, the system determines if the word “that” (or “who or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If so, then the system tries to match the phrase “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool above. If not, however, the system determines if “it” is preceded by a conjunction from a conjunction pool (see section XVIII, Table 12). If so, then the system deletes the word “it” and the “to be” verb. The seventh “it” rule is illustrated by Example 34 below. 
     Example 34 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering- 
               
               
                 whether it was real or imagined. 
               
               
                  This can be a very effective tool, but it is not the tool of first choice 
               
               
                 under most circumstances. 
               
               
                  Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if it is revealed in 
               
               
                 conflict. 
               
               
                  Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering- 
               
               
                 whether  it was  real or imagined. 
               
               
                  This can be a very effective tool, but  it is  not the tool of first choice 
               
               
                 under most circumstances. 
               
               
                  Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if  it is  revealed in 
               
               
                 conflict. 
               
               
                  Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering- 
               
               
                   whether   it was  real or imagined. 
               
               
                  This can be a very effective tool,  but   it is  not the tool of first choice 
               
               
                 under most circumstances. 
               
               
                  Exposition can usually be made more engrossing  if   it is  revealed in 
               
               
                 conflict. 
               
               
                  Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering- 
               
               
                   whether  real or imagined. 
               
               
                  This can be a very effective tool,  but  not the tool of first choice under 
               
               
                 most circumstances. 
               
               
                  Exposition can usually be made more engrossing  if  revealed in 
               
               
                 conflict. 
               
               
                  Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering- 
               
               
                 whether real or imagined. 
               
               
                  This can be a very effective tool, but not the tool of first choice under 
               
               
                 most circumstances. 
               
               
                  Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if revealed in 
               
               
                 conflict. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     H. Eighth “It” Sub-Rule 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “43” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-4), in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) System searches for “[I]t” 
     (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words? 
     (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb 
     (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool 
     43. [referring to the question posed in Step 3], if yes, or no, is “to be” verb followed by noun unit, followed by infinitive? 
     44. If yes, system deletes “it”, “to be” verb, noun unit, and “to” 
     45. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which” or “where”) follows the “to be” verb. If “Yes,” then the system tries to match the phrase from “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool. As discussed above, the “it” pool contains various “it” phrases. 
     If the system is able to match the word “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool, or if it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit followed by an infinitive. If “Yes,” then the system deletes the word “it,” the “to be” verb, the noun unit and the word “to.” At this point, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The eighth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 35 below. 
     Example 35 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  It is a good idea to remember that the characters don&#39;t know who the 
               
               
                 protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                  It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an 
               
               
                 explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous 
               
               
                 territory. 
               
               
                   It is  a good idea to remember that the characters don&#39;t know who the 
               
               
                 protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   It is  a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an 
               
               
                 explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous 
               
               
                 territory. 
               
               
                   It is  a good idea to remember  that  the characters don&#39;t know who the 
               
               
                 protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   It is  a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an 
               
               
                 explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous 
               
               
                 territory. 
               
               
                   It is   a good idea  to remember  that  the characters don&#39;t know who the 
               
               
                 protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   It is   a good idea  to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an 
               
               
                 explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous 
               
               
                 territory. 
               
               
                   It is   a good idea   to remember   that  the characters don&#39;t know who the 
               
               
                 protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   It is   a good idea   to think  of the three acts as a set of landmarks an 
               
               
                 explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous 
               
               
                 territory. 
               
               
                   remember   that  the characters don&#39;t know who the protagonist is, who 
               
               
                 the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   think  of the three acts as a set of landmarks an explorer tries to keep 
               
               
                 sight of when traveling through new and dangerous territory. 
               
               
                   R emember that the characters don&#39;t know who the protagonist is, who 
               
               
                 the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are. 
               
               
                   T hink of the three acts as a set of landmarks an explorer tries to keep 
               
               
                 sight of when traveling through new and dangerous territory. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     I. Ninth “It” Sub-Rule 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “46” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-3), in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) System searches for “[I]t” 
     (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words? 
     (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb 
     46. [referring to the question posed in Step 2], if no, is “it” followed immediately by any other verb? 
     47. If yes, does any infinitive follow? 
     48. If yes, system deletes “it”, and moves all words beginning with infinitive to position “it” occupied 
     49. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If the word “it” is not part of a contraction or a “to be” verb does not appear within the next five words following the word “it,” then the system determines if the word “it” is followed immediately by any other verb. If it is, then the system queries: “Does any infinitive follows the word ‘it’?” If “Yes,” then the system deletes the word “it” and moves all words beginning with the infinitive to the position that the word “it” occupied. At this point, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The ninth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 36 below. 
     Example 36 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  It overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern 
               
               
                 medicine began with the era of antibiotics. 
               
               
                   It  overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern 
               
               
                 medicine began with the era of antibiotics. 
               
               
                   It   overlooks  a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern 
               
               
                 medicine began with the era of antibiotics. 
               
               
                   It   overlooks  a staggering amount of basic research  to say  that modern 
               
               
                 medicine began with the era of antibiotics. 
               
               
                   overlooks  a staggering amount of basic research  to say  that modern 
               
               
                 medicine began with the era of antibiotics. 
               
               
                   overlooks  a staggering amount of basic research  to say that modern   
               
               
                   medicine began with the era of antibiotics . 
               
               
                   to say that modern medicine began with the era of antibiotics   
               
               
                   overlooks  a staggering amount of basic research. 
               
               
                   To  say that modern medicine began with the era of antibiotics 
               
               
                 overlooks a staggering amount of basic research. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     VII. What Rule 
     The What Rule has seven sub-rules. They are: (A) “[W]hat”—verb unit—“to be” verb—“that” (or no “that”); (B) “[W]hat”—verb unit—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE; (C) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to do”—“to be” verb—verb; (D) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—“to do” verb—“to be” verb—verb; (E) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to be” verb; (F) “[W]hat”—noun unit—“to be” verb; (G) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE. Each is discussed in greater detail below. 
     A. “[W]Hat”—Verb Unit—“to Be” Verb—“That” (or No “That”) 
     1. System searches for “[W]hat” 
     2. is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     4. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by “that” 
     5. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, verb unit, “to be” verb, and “that” 
     6. if no, is “to be” verb followed by noun unit? 
     7. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, verb unit, and “to be” verb 
     8. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If it is, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “that.” If the word “that” does follow a “to be” verb, then the system deletes the word “what,” the verb unit, the “to be” verb, and the word “that.” If it does not, however, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit. If the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit, then the system deletes the word “what,” the verb unit, and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The “[W]hat”—verb unit—“to be” verb—“that” (or no “that”) rule is illustrated in Example 37 below. 
     Example 37 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  what  happens is that the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  what   happens  is that the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  what   happens   is  that the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  what   happens   is   that  the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time the little impulse that gets me started on a story leads 
               
               
                 to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  what   happens   is   the little impulse  that gets me started 
               
               
                 on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time  the little impulse  that gets me started on a story leads 
               
               
                 to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time the little impulse that gets me started on a story leads 
               
               
                 to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. “[W]Hat”—Verb Unit—No “to Be” Verb=FALSE POSITIVE 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     4. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by “that” 
     9. [referring to the question posed in Step 3] if no, system ignores as FALSE POSITIVE 
     In some embodiments, the system detects the word “what” followed by a verb unit that is not followed by a “to be” verb. When the system determines that no “to be” verb follows the verb unit, the system ignores the phrase as a FALSE POSITIVE. The “[W]hat”—verb unit—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 38 below. 
     Example 38 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the 
               
               
                 user&#39;s guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand. 
               
               
                  What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it&#39;s so resolutely 
               
               
                 ordinary. 
               
               
                  What are your smallest particles? 
               
               
                  What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to 
               
               
                 take. 
               
               
                  If the user panders to the audience,  what   determines  the action is the 
               
               
                 user&#39;s guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand. 
               
               
                   What   makes  it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it&#39;s so resolutely 
               
               
                 ordinary. 
               
               
                   What   are  your smallest particles? 
               
               
                   What   was being said  late last summer, however, was hard for him to 
               
               
                 take. 
               
               
                  If the user panders to the audience,  what   determines  the action is the 
               
               
                 user&#39;s guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand. 
               
               
                   What   makes  it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it&#39;s so resolutely 
               
               
                 ordinary. 
               
               
                   What   are  your smallest particles? 
               
               
                   What   was being  said late last summer, however, was hard for him to 
               
               
                 take. 
               
               
                  If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the 
               
               
                 user&#39;s guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand. 
               
               
                  What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it&#39;s so resolutely 
               
               
                 ordinary. 
               
               
                  What are your smallest particles? 
               
               
                  What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to 
               
               
                 take. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, when help verbs appear, and they are also “to be” verbs, they should not be interpreted as “to be” verbs but as part of another verb unit. E.g., “What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to take.” This example appears under the What Rule #2, which says that if “[W]hat” is followed by a verb unit that is not followed by a “to be” verb, a false positive is present. Preferably, the system interprets the example above as “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit that is not followed by a “to be” verb. I.e., “was” is not a verb unit followed by the “to be” verb “being”. 
     C. “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to do”—“to be” verb—verb 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “[W]hat” followed by a noun or pronoun? 
     11. if yes, is noun or pronoun followed by a verb unit? 
     12. if yes, is verb unit followed by infinitive “to do”? 
     13. if yes, is infinitive “to do” followed by “to be” verb? 
     14. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by a verb unit? 
     15. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, do, and “to be” verb 
     16. if “to” now appears twice in a row, system deletes one 
     17. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If it is not followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the word “what” is followed by a noun or a pronoun. If it is, then the system determines if the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit. If it is, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by an infinitive “to do.” If the verb unit is followed by the infinitive “to do,” then the system determines if the infinitive “to do” is followed by a “to be” verb. If it is, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a verb unit. If it is, then the system deletes the word “what,” the word “do” and the “to be” verb. If the word “to” now appears twice in a row in the sentence or phrase, the system deletes one of the words “to.” At this juncture, the system will recapitalize as appropriate. The “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to do”—“to be” verb—verb rule is illustrated in Example 39 below. 
     Example 39 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Ultimately, what you are trying to do is to find what the story&#39;s going 
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                  What he decides to do is have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                  What I&#39;ve figured out how to do is make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what  you are trying to do is to find  what  the story&#39;s going 
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What  he decides to do is have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What  I&#39;ve figured out how to do is make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what   you  are trying to do is to find  what   the story&#39;s  going 
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What   he  decides to do is have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What   I &#39;ve figured out how to do is make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what   you are trying  to do is to find  what   the story&#39;s going   
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What   he decides  to do is have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What   I&#39;ve figured out how  to do is make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what   you are trying   to do  is to find  what   the story&#39;s going   
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What   he decides   to do  is have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What   I&#39;ve figured out how   to do  is make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what   you are trying   to do   is  to find  what   the story&#39;s going   
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What   he decides   to do   is  have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What   I&#39;ve figured out how   to do   is  make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  what   you are trying   to do   is  to find  what   the story&#39;s going   
               
               
                 to be. 
               
               
                   What   he decides   to do   is  have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   What   I&#39;ve figured out how   to do   is  make people feel comfortable on 
               
               
                 television and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately,  you are trying to to find what the story&#39;s going  to be. 
               
               
                   he decides to have  his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                   I&#39;ve figured out how to make  people feel comfortable on television 
               
               
                 and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying  to   to  find what the story&#39;s going to be. 
               
               
                  he decides  to  have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                  I&#39;ve figured out how  to  make people feel comfortable on television 
               
               
                 and on the radio. 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find what the story&#39;s going to be. 
               
               
                  He decides to have his wife kidnapped. 
               
               
                  I&#39;ve figured out how to make people feel comfortable on television 
               
               
                 and on the radio. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. “[W]Hat”—Noun or Pronoun—“to Do” Verb—“to Be” Verb—Verb 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “[W]hat” followed by a noun or pronoun? 
     11. if yes, is noun or pronoun followed by a verb unit? 
     12. if yes, is verb unit followed by infinitive “to do”? 
     13. if yes, is infinitive “to do” followed by “to be” verb? 
     18. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is verb unit a “to do” verb? 
     19. if yes, is “to do” verb followed by “to be” verb? 
     20. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by a verb unit? 
     21. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, “to do” verb, and “to be” verb 
     22. if deleted “to be” verb is past tense, system converts following verb unit to past tense 
     23. if deleted “to be” verb is present tense, system leaves following verb unit in present tense, but matches it in number to deleted “to do” verb 
     24. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If it is not followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the word “what” is followed by a noun or pronoun. If it is, the system determines if the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit. If the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by the infinitive “to do.” 
     If the verb unit is not followed by the infinitive “to do,” then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to do” verb. If the verb unit is a “to do” verb, then the system determines if the “to do” verb is followed by a “to be” verb. If the “to do” verb is followed by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a verb unit. If the “to be” verb is followed by a verb unit, then the system deletes the word “what,” the “to do” verb and the “to be” verb. If the deleted “to be” verb is past tense, then the system converts the following verb unit to past tense. If, however, the deleted “to be” verb is present tense, then the system leaves the following verb unit in present tense but matches it in number to the deleted “to do” verb. At this stage, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—“to do” verb—“to be” verb—verb rule is illustrated in Example 40 below. 
     Example 40 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  What Nora and Carl did was write their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  What the Millennium Project does is bring these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                   What   Nora and Carl  did was write their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                   What   the Millennium Project  does is bring these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                   What   Nora and Carl   did  was write their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                   What   the Millennium Project   does  is bring these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                   What   Nora and Carl did   was  write their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                   What   the Millennium Project does   is  bring these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                   What Nora and Carl did   was   write  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                   What the Millennium Project does   is   bring  these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                   Nora and Carl   write  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                   the Millennium Project   bring  these different groups together, because 
               
               
                 villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only on clinics. 
               
               
                  Nora and Carl ( was )  write  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  the Millennium Project  bring  these different groups together, because 
               
               
                 villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only on clinics. 
               
               
                  Nora and Carl  wrote  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  the Millennium Project  bring  these different groups together, because 
               
               
                 villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only on clinics. 
               
               
                  Nora and Carl  wrote  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  the Millennium Project ( is )  bring  these different groups together, 
               
               
                 because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only on 
               
               
                 clinics. 
               
               
                  Nora and Carl  wrote  their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  the Millennium Project (does) ( is )  bring(s)  these different groups 
               
               
                 together, because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only 
               
               
                 on clinics. 
               
               
                  Nora and Carl wrote their version of my screenplay. 
               
               
                  The Millennium Project brings these different groups together, 
               
               
                 because villages don&#39;t live only on farming or only on water or only on 
               
               
                 clinics. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     E. “[W]Hat”—Noun or Pronoun—Verb Unit—“to Be” Verb 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “[W]hat” followed by a noun or pronoun? 
     11. if yes, is noun or pronoun followed by a verb unit? 
     12. if yes, is verb unit followed by infinitive “to do”? 
     18. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is verb unit a “to do” verb? 
     25. [referring to the question posed in Step 18] if no, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     26. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat” and “to be” verb 
     27. System capitalizes 
     ((It Rule will take this further)) 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If it is not followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the word “what” is followed by a noun or pronoun. If it is, then the system determines if the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit. If a verb unit does follow the noun or pronoun, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by the infinitive “to do.” 
     If the verb unit is not followed by the infinitive “to do,” then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to do” verb. If it is not a “to do” verb, the system determines if the verb unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system deletes the word “what” and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. We note that the “it” rule described herein continues this portion of the method. The “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to be” verb rule is illustrated in Example 41 below. 
     Example 41 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  What I realized is that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                  What it comes down to is this. 
               
               
                  What this latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations 
               
               
                 demonstrates is that it is the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of 
               
               
                 it that produces quality. 
               
               
                   What   I   realized  is that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                   What   it   comes down to  is this. 
               
               
                   What   this latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations   
               
               
                   demonstrates  is that it is the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of 
               
               
                 it that produces quality. 
               
               
                   What   I   realized   is  that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                   What   it   comes down to   is  this. 
               
               
                   What   this latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations   
               
               
                   demonstrates   is  that it is the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of 
               
               
                 it that produces quality. 
               
               
                   I realized  that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                   it comes down to  this. 
               
               
                   this latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations demonstrates  that 
               
               
                 it is the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of it that produces 
               
               
                 quality. 
               
               
                  I realized that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                   It  comes down to this. 
               
               
                   T his latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations demonstrates 
               
               
                 that it is the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of it that produces 
               
               
                 quality. 
               
               
                  I realized that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                  It comes down to this. 
               
               
                  This latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations demonstrates 
               
               
                 that  it is  the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of it  that  produces 
               
               
                 quality. 
               
               
                  I realized that all I could do was focus on the next move. 
               
               
                  It comes down to this. 
               
               
                  This latest tally of the world&#39;s finest accommodations demonstrates 
               
               
                 that the striving for perfection, rather than the claiming of it produces quality. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F. “[W]Hat”—Noun Unit—“to Be” Verb 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “what.” Thus, the term “what” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “28” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, (e.g. 1-2, 3-19, 25-26) in some embodiments, as indicated. Throughout this specification, where a step includes the following: “[referring to the question posed in Step #],” the listed sub-rule can provide alternative logic for a query in the noted step (Step #) that was answered differently when previously treated. Thus, if a query is posed in Step 2 and answered “yes” in Step 3, Steps 4-9 may all be based on the assumption that the answer to the question in Step 2 was yes. Later steps, e.g., Step 10 et seq., may treat the alternative answer, e.g., where the answer to the question posed in Step 2 is “no.” Where a step includes the following: “[referring to Step ##],” the listed sub-rule can provide further steps that can be performed as alternative or additional steps to the noted step (Step ##), but can in some embodiments replace that step. Thus, if in Step 1 a system searches for a sign, (e.g., the term “what”), Step 2 may include a query based on that sign, and Step 28 may also include a query based on that same sign. Moreover, steps may be listed in parenthetical format (e.g., (1), (2), instead of 1., 2.). When this is the case, the steps may be included in a list not because they new to a particular rule being described, but instead to provide context for that rule and reminder of one or more preceding steps of logic upon which a sub-rule may be based. 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “[W]hat” followed by a noun or pronoun? 
     11. if yes, is noun or pronoun followed by a verb unit? 
     12. if yes, is verb unit followed by infinitive “to do”? 
     13. if yes, is infinitive “to do” followed by “to be” verb? 
     18. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is verb unit a “to do” verb? 
     19. if yes, is “to do” verb followed by “to be” verb? 
     25. [referring to the question posed in Step 18] if no, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     26. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat” and “to be” verb 
     28. [referring to Step 2] is “[W]hat” followed by a noun unit (only—no pronoun)? 
     29. [referring the question posed in to Step 25] if no, is verb unit a “to be” verb? 
     30. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat” and “to be” verb 
     31. System capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If the word “what” is not followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the word “what” is followed by a noun or a pronoun. If it is, then the system determines if the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit. If the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by the infinitive “to do.” If the verb unit is not followed by the infinitive “to do,” then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to do” verb. If the verb unit is not a “to do” verb, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If the verb unit is not followed by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to be” verb. If the verb unit is a “to be” verb, then the system deletes the word “what” and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The “[W]hat”—noun unit—“to be” verb rule is illustrated in Example 42 below. 
     Example 42 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find what the story&#39;s going to be. 
               
               
                  We can be sure that the author of every great screenplay imagined 
               
               
                 what the effect of settings, costume, and music would be. 
               
               
                  I just wanted you to know what the possibilities are. 
               
               
                  These are all legitimate reasons to do a movie-as long as you&#39;re 
               
               
                 honest with yourself about what the reasons are. 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find  what   the story&#39;s  going to be. 
               
               
                  We can be sure that the author of every great screenplay imagined 
               
               
                   what   the effect of settings, costume, and music  would be. 
               
               
                  I just wanted you to know  what   the possibilities  are. 
               
               
                  These are all legitimate reasons to do a movie-as long as you&#39;re 
               
               
                 honest with yourself about  what   the reasons  are. 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find  what   the story  &#39;s going to be. 
               
               
                  We can be sure that the author of every great screenplay imagined 
               
               
                   what   the effect of settings, costume, and  music  would be. 
               
               
                  I just wanted you to know  what   the possibilities  are. 
               
               
                  These are all legitimate reasons to do a movie-as long as you&#39;re 
               
               
                 honest with yourself about  what   the reasons  are. 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find  the story . 
               
               
                  We can be sure that the author of every great screenplay imagined  the   
               
               
                   effect of settings, costume, and music . 
               
               
                  I just wanted you to know the  possibilities . 
               
               
                  These are all legitimate reasons to do a movie-as long as you&#39;re 
               
               
                 honest with yourself about  the reasons . 
               
               
                  Ultimately, you are trying to find the story. 
               
               
                  We can be sure that the author of every great screenplay imagined the 
               
               
                 effect of settings, costume, and music. 
               
               
                  I just wanted you to know the possibilities. 
               
               
                  These are all legitimate reasons to do a movie-as long as you&#39;re 
               
               
                 honest with yourself about the reasons. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     G. “[W]Hat”—Noun or Pronoun—No “to Be” Verb=FALSE POSITIVE 
     This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “what.” Thus, the term “what” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “32” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, (e.g. 1-2, 3, 10-13, 18-19, 25-26, 29-30) in some embodiments, as indicated. 
     (1) System searches for “[W]hat” 
     (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit? 
     3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “[W]hat” followed by a noun or pronoun? 
     11. if yes, is noun or pronoun followed by a verb unit? 
     12. if yes, is verb unit followed by infinitive “to do”? 
     13. if yes, is infinitive “to do” followed by “to be” verb? 
     18. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is verb unit a “to do” verb? 
     19. if yes, is “to do” verb followed by “to be” verb? 
     25. [referring to the question posed in Step 18] if no, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     26. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat” and “to be” verb 
     29. [referring to the question posed in Step 25] if no, is verb unit a “to be” verb? 
     30. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat” and “to be” verb 
     32. [referring to the question posed in Step 29] if no, system ignores as FALSE POSITIVE 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If the word “what” is not followed by a verb unit, then the system determines if the word “what” is followed by a noun or pronoun. If the word “what” is followed by a noun or pronoun, the system determines if the noun or pronoun is followed by a verb unit. If a verb unit does follow the noun or pronoun, then the system determines if the verb unit is then followed by the infinitive “to do.” 
     If the verb unit is not followed by the infinitive “to do,” then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to do” verb. If the verb unit is not a “to do” verb, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If, however, the verb unit is not followed by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the verb unit is a “to be” verb. If the verb unit is not a “to be” verb, then the system ignores the phrase as a FALSE POSITIVE. The “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 43 below. 
     Example 43 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  There&#39;s actually nothing wrong with what these tough, self-interested 
               
               
                 types in foreign policy have been saying, because what they have been saying 
               
               
                 is that it is completely within our national interest to be helping in these 
               
               
                 circumstances. 
               
               
                  There&#39;s actually nothing wrong with  what   these tough, self-interested   
               
               
                   types in foreign policy   have been saying , because  what   they   have been saying   
               
               
                   is  that it is completely within our national interest to be helping in these 
               
               
                 circumstances. 
               
               
                  There&#39;s actually nothing wrong with what these tough, self-interested 
               
               
                 types in foreign policy have been saying, because  what   they   have been saying   
               
               
                   is  that it is completely within our national interest to be helping in these 
               
               
                 circumstances. 
               
               
                  There&#39;s actually nothing wrong with what these tough, self-interested 
               
               
                 types in foreign policy have been saying, because  they   have been saying   is   
               
               
                   that  it is completely within our national interest to be helping in these 
               
               
                 circumstances. 
               
               
                  There&#39;s actually nothing wrong with what these tough, self-interested 
               
               
                 types in foreign policy have been saying, because they have been saying it is 
               
               
                 completely within our national interest to be helping in these circumstances. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     VIII. That Rule 
     As described above, the word “that” can play a role with the primary signs “it” “there” and “what.” However, the word “that” can also be used as a primary sign to identify other problems. In some embodiments, the difference here is that “that” might be the last word in a series to be deleted, but the system can locate the word as a first step. After the system uses “that” to spot problems involving other words, it examines the remaining occurrences of “that” to see which ones can be deleted. Some have to stay; some can always be deleted; for a few, the system preferably requests input from a user before determining a proposed edit. 
     In some embodiments, the false positive and true positive Sub Rules 10-13 are combined and put at the beginning of the sequence. 
     In some embodiments, a “that rule” can include fourteen sub-rules: A) “what/who”—“it”—“to be” verb—“that”; B) “the reason”—______ “to be” verb—“that”; C) “[T]his/[T]hese”—“to be” verb—“that/who”; D) “to be” verb—“one”—“that/who”—verb; E) noun unit—“that/who”—“to have” verb—“______ to be”—past participle; F) noun unit—“that/who”—“to be” verb—infinitive; G) “that/who”—“to be” verb; H) “that which”; I) “that” in first seven words of sentence; J) “that/who”—verb unit (not including “to be” verb)=FALSE POSITIVE; K) “that”—“because” “for” “since” “as” “inasmuch”=FALSE POSITIVE; L) preposition—“that”=FALSE POSITIVE; M) “that/who/whom”—pronoun—TRUE POSITIVE; N) “that/who/whom”—noun. Each of these rules is discussed further below: 
     A. “What/Who”—“It”—“to Be” Verb—“That” 
     This Rule includes seven sub-rules: 1. System searches for “that”; 2. Is word immediately preceding “that” a “to be” verb?; 3. if yes, is “to be” verb preceded immediately by “it”?; 4. if yes, is “it” preceded immediately by “what/who”?; 5. if yes, system deletes “it”, “to be” verb, and “that”; 6. System capitalizes. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is immediately preceded by the word “it.” If the “to be” verb is preceded immediately by the word “it,” then the system determines if the word “it” is preceded immediately by the word “what” or the word “who.” If the word “it” is preceded immediately by either the word “what” or the word “who,” then the system deletes the word “it,” the “to be” verb and the word “that.” At this juncture, the system can recapitalize as appropriate. The “what/who”—“it”—“to be” verb—“that” rule is illustrated in Example 44 below. 
     Example 44 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  I don&#39;t remember what it was that got me and my beloved book back 
               
               
                 together. 
               
               
                  I don&#39;t remember  what   it   was   that  got me and my beloved book back 
               
               
                 together. 
               
               
                  I don&#39;t remember  what  got me and my beloved book back together. 
               
               
                  I don&#39;t remember what got me and my beloved book back together. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. “the Reason”—“to Be” Verb—“That” 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with seven: 7. [referring to the question posed in Step 3] if no, does phrase “[T]he reason” appear in the ten words preceding the “to be” verb”?; 8. If yes, system deletes “[T]he reason”, the “to be” verb, and “that”; 9. System places “because” where “that” was. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is preceded immediately by the word “it.” If the “to be” verb is not preceded immediately by the word “it,” then the system determines if the phrase “the reason” appears in the ten words preceding the “to be” verb. If the phrase “the reason” appears within the ten words prior to the “to be” verb, then the system deletes the phrase “the reason,” the “to be” verb and the word “that.” At this juncture, the system places the word “because” in the place where the word “that” was prior to being deleted. The “the reason”—______ “to be” verb—“that” rule is illustrated in Example 45 below. 
     Example 45 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The reason I was there is that Banksy donated one of his works to this 
               
               
                 museum. 
               
               
                  The reason I was there  is   that  Banksy donated one of his works to this 
               
               
                 museum. 
               
               
                   The reason  I was there  is   that  Banksy donated one of his works to this 
               
               
                 museum. 
               
               
                  I was there Banksy donated one of his works to this museum. 
               
               
                  I was there  because  Banksy donated one of his works to this museum. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. “[T]his/[T]Hese”—“to Be” Verb—“that/Who” 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with ten: 10. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, does “to be” verb appear anywhere before “that/who”?; 11. if yes, is “to be” verb preceded by “[T]his/[T]hese”; 12. If yes, system keeps “[T]his/[T]hese”, deletes the “to be” verb, if present deletes the article following the “to be” verb, and “that/who”. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If the word immediately preceding “that” is not a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the words “that” or “who.” If a “to be” verb does appear somewhere before the word “that” or the word “who,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is preceded by the word “this” or the word “these.” If the “to be” verb is preceded by either the word “this” or the word “these,” then the system keeps the word “this” or the word “these,” deletes the “to be” verb, deletes the article following the “to be” verb, and deletes the word “that” or the word “who.” The “[T]his/[T]hese”—“to be” verb—“that/who” rule is illustrated in Example 46 below. 
     Example 46 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 These are diet and lifestyle changes that make you feel good. 
               
               
                 This is a diet and lifestyle change that makes you feel good. 
               
               
                 These  are  diet and lifestyle changes  that  make you feel good. 
               
               
                 This  is  a diet and lifestyle change  that  makes you feel good. 
               
               
                   These   are  diet and lifestyle changes  that  make you feel good. 
               
               
                   This   is  a diet and lifestyle change  that  makes you feel good. 
               
               
                 These diet and lifestyle changes  that  make you feel good. 
               
               
                 This  a  diet and lifestyle change  that  makes you feel good. 
               
               
                 These diet and lifestyle changes  that  make you feel good. 
               
               
                 This diet and lifestyle change  that  makes you feel good. 
               
               
                 These diet and lifestyle changes make you feel good. 
               
               
                 This diet and lifestyle change makes you feel good. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. “to Be” Verb—“One”—“that/Who”—Verb 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with thirteen: 13. [referring to the question posed in Step 11] if no, is word immediately preceding “that/who” “one”?; 14. if yes, is word immediately following “that” a verb?; 15. if no, system ignores; 16. if yes, system deletes “to be” verb (but not “to” if infinitive), “one”, and “that”; 17. is word immediately preceding “to be” verb a verb?; 18. if yes, system converts verb following “that” to infinitive form; 19. system capitalizes. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If it is not a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who.” If it does, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is preceded by the word “this” or the word “these.” If the “to be” verb is not preceded by the word “this” or the word “these,” then the system determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” or the word “who” is the word “one” (or any of the following derivatives of “one”: “ones,” “the one,” or “the ones”). If any of these words immediately precede the word “that” or the word “who,” then the system determines if the word immediately following the word “that” is a verb. If the word immediately following the word “that” is not a verb, then the system ignores the sentence. If, however, the word “that” is immediately followed by a verb, then the system deletes the “to be” verb (but not the word “to” if the verb is an infinitive), the word “one” and the word “that.” At this juncture, the system determines if the word immediately preceding the “to be” verb is a verb. If the word immediately preceding the “to be” verb is a verb, then the system converts the verb following the word “that” to the infinitive form. The system will then recapitalize as appropriate. The “to be” verb—“one”—“that/who”—verb rule is illustrated below in Example 47. 
     Examples 47 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The internet model is one that offers search, email, calendar, contacts 
               
               
                 and even word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears to be one that satisfies a lot 
               
               
                 of prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  is  one  that  offers search, email, calendar, contacts 
               
               
                 and even word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove  to be   
               
               
                 one  that  Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears  to be  one  that  satisfies a lot 
               
               
                 of prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  is   one   that  offers search, email, calendar, contacts 
               
               
                 and even word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove  to be   
               
               
                   one   that  Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears  to be   one   that  satisfies a lot 
               
               
                 of prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  is   one   that  offers search, email, calendar, contacts 
               
               
                 and even word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove  to be   
               
               
                   one   that   Americans  are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears  to be   one   that  satisfies a lot 
               
               
                 of prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  is   one   that   offers  search, email, calendar, contacts 
               
               
                 and even word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears  to be   one   that   satisfies  a lot 
               
               
                 of prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  offers  search, email, calendar, contacts and even 
               
               
                 word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears  to   satisfies  a lot of 
               
               
                 prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  offers  search, email, calendar, contacts and even 
               
               
                 word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts  appears   to   satisfies  a lot of 
               
               
                 prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model  offers  search, email, calendar, contacts and even 
               
               
                 word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts  appears   to   satisfy  a lot of 
               
               
                 prognosticators. 
               
               
                  The internet model offers search, email, calendar, contacts and even 
               
               
                 word processing as services accessible remotely. 
               
               
                  While to friend has become a frivolous verb, to bond might prove to be 
               
               
                 one that Americans are taking, if anything, more to heart than ever. 
               
               
                  The recent upturn in housing starts appears to satisfy a lot of 
               
               
                 prognosticators. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     E. Noun Unit—“that/Who”—“to Have” Verb—“to Be”—Past Participle 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub rules for the previous rule, beginning with twenty: 20. [referring to the question posed in Step 10] if no, is “that/who” immediately preceded by a noun unit?; 21. if yes, is “that/who” immediately followed by a “to have” verb?; 22. if yes, do next seven words include infinitive “to be”, followed immediately by a past participle?; 23. if yes, system deletes all words from “that/who” through “to be”; 24. System capitalizes. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If the word immediately preceding the “that” is not a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who.” If a “to be” verb does not appear anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who,” then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit. If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit, then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to have” verb. If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to have” verb, then the system determines if the next seven words include the infinitive “to be,” followed immediately by a past participle. If the next seven words include the infinitive “to be,” followed immediately by a past participle, then the system deletes all words from the word “that” or the word “who” through the “to be” infinitive. At this juncture, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The noun unit—“that/who”—“to have” verb—“to be”—past participle rule is illustrated in Example 48 below. 
     Example 48 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier,  
               
               
                 describing the wall of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds that has since 
               
               
                 come to be referred to as the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier, 
               
               
                 describing  the  wall  of  cumulus  and  cumulonimbus  clouds   that  has since  
               
               
                 come to be referred to as the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier,  
               
               
                 describing  the  wall  of  cumulus  and  cumulonimbus  clouds   that   has  since  
               
               
                 come to be referred to as the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier,  
               
               
                 describing  the  wall  of  cumulus  and  cumulonimbus  clouds   that   has   since    
               
               
                   come   to        be        referred   to  as  the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier,  
               
               
                 describing  the  wall  of  cumulus  and  cumulonimbus  clouds     referred   to  as   
               
               
                 the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                  “Before these whirlwinds come on there appears a heavy cloud to the 
               
               
                 northeast which is very black near the horizon,” reported Dampier,  
               
               
                 describing the wall of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds referred to as  
               
               
                 the “bar” of a tropical cyclone. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F. Noun Unit—“that/Who”—“to Be” Verb—Infinitive 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with twenty-five: 25. [referring to the question posed in Step 21] if no, is “that/who” immediately followed by a “to be” verb?; 26. if yes, is “to be” verb followed immediately by an infinitive?; 27. if yes, system deletes “to be” verb and “to”; 28. verb following “that/who” must match former “to be” verb in tense and number 29. System capitalizes. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a “to be” verb. If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is not a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who.” If a “to be” verb does not appear anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who,” then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit. 
     If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit, the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to have” verb. If the word “that” or the word “who” is not immediately followed by a “to have” verb, then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to be” verb. 
     If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by an infinitive, then the system deletes the “to be” verb” and the word “to.” At this juncture, the system matches the verb following the word “that” or the word “who” with the former “to be” verb, both in tense and in number. At this junction, the system capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The noun unit—“that/who”—“to be” verb—infinitive rule is illustrated in Example 49 below. 
     Example 49 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                 impending drama that was to change the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                   impending  drama   that   was  to change the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                   impending  drama   that   was   to  change  the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                   impending  drama   that   change  the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                   impending  drama   that     changed    the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                  He and his ship were, in fact, destined to employ what one senior 
               
               
                 officer called Plage&#39;s “peculiar magic” and play an outsized role in an 
               
               
                 impending drama that changed the nature of seafaring navies forever. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     G. “that/Who”—“to Be” Verb 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with thirty: 
     30. [referring to the question posed in Step 26] if no, is “to be” verb followed immediately by a noun unit?; 31. if yes, system ignores; 32. if no, is “to be” verb followed immediately by an adjective?; 33. if yes, is “that” preceded immediately by a noun?; 34. if yes, system deletes “that/who” and “to be” verb; 35. System asks User, “Which works better?” and displays both noun before adjective and adjective before noun; 36. User selects one or the other; 37. [referring to the question posed by Step 32] if no, system deletes “that/who” and “to be” verb; 38. System capitalizes (other sub-rules will examine remaining “that” s). 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word “that” is immediately preceded by a “to be” verb. If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is not a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who.” 
     If the “to be” verb does not appear anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who,” then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit. If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit, then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to have” verb. If the word “that” or the word “who” is not immediately followed by a “to have” verb, then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to be” verb. 
     If the word “that” or the word “who” is followed immediately by a “to be” verb, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by a noun unit. If the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by a noun unit, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by an adjective. 
     If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by an adjective, then the system determines if the word “that” is preceded immediately by a noun. If the word “that” is preceded immediately by a noun, then the system deletes the word “that” or the word “who” and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system prompts the user: “Which works better?” And displays both the noun before the adjective and the adjective before the noun. The user will have the opportunity to select one or the other of the two options. 
     If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by an adjective, then the system deletes the word “that” or the word “who” and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system will capitalize or recapitalize as appropriate. As illustrated herein, other sub-rules examine any remaining “that” words. The “that/who”—“to be” verb rule is illustrated in Example 50 below. 
     Example 50 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The famous example that Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb that 
               
               
                 is placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something that&#39;s more interesting. 
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass that was located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of argument that is 
               
               
                 bulletproof. 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                 is placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something  that&#39;s  more interesting. 
               
               
                  But  that   is  the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of argument  that   is   
               
               
                 bulletproof.  
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something  that&#39;s  more interesting. 
               
               
                  But  that   is   the  problem  we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of argument  that   is   
               
               
                 bulletproof. 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something  that&#39;s  more interesting. 
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of argument  that   is   
               
               
                 bulletproof. 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something  that&#39;s   more  interesting.   
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of argument  that   is   
               
               
                 
                   bulletproof. 
                 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to  something   that&#39;s   more  interesting.   
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of  argument   that   is   
               
               
                 
                   bulletproof. 
                 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to  something   more  interesting.   
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of  argument   bulletproof.   
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to  something   more  interesting.  [ more  interesting   
               
               
                   something ] 
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of  argument   bulletproof.   
               
               
                 [ bulletproof   argument ] 
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb  that   
               
               
                   is  placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to  something   more  interesting.   
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass  that   was  located directly behind 
               
               
                 me and said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of  bulletproof   argument.   
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb 
               
               
                 placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to  something   more  interesting.   
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass located directly behind me and 
               
               
                 said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of  bulletproof   argument.   
               
               
                  The famous example  that  Alfred Hitchcock gave concerns a bomb 
               
               
                 placed under a table. 
               
               
                  A lot of the time what happens is  that  the little impulse  that  gets me 
               
               
                 started on a story leads to something more interesting. 
               
               
                  But that is the problem we are trying to solve. 
               
               
                  The girl then pointed to the overpass located directly behind me and 
               
               
                 said, “Did you see that one?” 
               
               
                  This method forces you to create a paragraph of bulletproof argument. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     H. “that Which” 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the rules for the previous rule, beginning with thirty nine: 39. [referring to the question posed in Step 25] if no, is “that” followed immediately by “which”; 40. if yes, system replaces “that which” with “what”. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and determines if the word “that” is immediately preceded by a “to be” verb. If the word “that” is not immediately preceded by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if a “to be” verb appears anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who.” If a “to be” verb does not appear anywhere before the word “that” or the word “who,” the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit. 
     If the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately preceded by a noun unit, the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to have” verb. If the word “that” or the word “who” is not immediately followed by a “to have” verb, then the system determines if the word “that” or the word “who” is immediately followed by a “to be” verb. 
     If the word “that” or the word “who” is not immediately followed by a “to be” verb, the system determines if the word “that” is followed immediately by the word “which.” If the word “that” is followed immediately by the word “which,” then the system replaces the phrase “that which” with the word “what.” The “that which” rule is illustrated in Example 51 below. 
     Example 51 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Kosco&#39;s staff, who maintained a round-the-clock weather watch on the 
               
               
                 navigation deck of the New Jersey, realized that the meteorological  
               
               
                 equipment on Halsey&#39;s flag ship was not that much more efficient than 
               
               
                 that which sailors of Bowditch&#39;s era carried on sea voyages. 
               
               
                  Kosco&#39;s staff, who maintained a round-the-clock weather watch on the 
               
               
                 navigation deck of the New Jersey, realized that the meteorological  
               
               
                 equipment on Halsey&#39;s flag ship was not that much more efficient than  
               
               
                   that   which  sailors of Bowditch&#39;s era carried on sea voyages. 
               
               
                  Kosco&#39;s staff, who maintained a round-the-clock weather watch on the 
               
               
                 navigation deck of the New Jersey, realized that the meteorological  
               
               
                 equipment on Halsey&#39;s flag ship was not that much more efficient than  
               
               
                   what  sailors of Bowditch&#39;s era carried on sea voyages. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     I. “That” in First Seven Words of Sentence 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with forty one: 41. [referring to Step 2] excluding prepositional phrases and words within commas, does the “that” appear in the first three through seven words of the sentence?; 42. if yes, is word immediately preceding “that” a noun/pronoun?; 43. if yes, system ignores; 44. if no, system indicates or “dims” (e.g., de-emphasizes by dimming a brightness of the words on the screen, reducing a font size, changing a color, changing a background color, leaving a blank, etc.) all words from beginning of sentence through “that” (except prepositional phrases not beginning with “of” and words within commas) and asks User “Do you need these words?”; 45. if User says, “Yes,” the system un-dims; 46. if User says, “No,” system deletes all dimmed words; 47. System capitalizes. 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “that” and asks “Does the word ‘that’ appear in the first three through seven words of the sentence?” If the word “that” appears within the first three through seven words of the sentence, then the system determines if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a noun or a pronoun. If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a noun or a pronoun, then the system ignores the phrase. 
     If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is not a noun or a pronoun, then the system dims all words from the beginning of the sentence through the word “that,” excluding prepositional phrases not beginning with the word “of” and words between commas, and asks the user “Do you need these words?” If the user says, “Yes, the words are needed,” then the system will undim all of the previously dimmed words. If the user elects “No,” then the system deletes all of the dimmed words. At this juncture, the system capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The “that” in first seven words of sentence rule is illustrated in Example 52 below. 
     Example 52 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  A good rule of thumb is that most handicraft stores are open to 
               
               
                 haggling, and markets specializing in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  We have been aware for many years now that an update of Churchill 
               
               
                 was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him that it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                  On the other hand, we have found that many other users are 
               
               
                 comfortable with a more analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  I will say, however, that ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the 
               
               
                 entrance to the vagina. 
               
               
                  Kosco predicted that the storm would collide with the cold front 
               
               
                 bearing down across Japan and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                  A good rule  of  thumb  is  that  most handicraft stores are open to 
               
               
                 haggling, and markets specializing in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  We have been aware  for  many  years  now  that  an update of Churchill 
               
               
                 was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him  that  it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                   On  the  other  hand , we have found  that  many other users are 
               
               
                 comfortable with a more analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  I will say,  however ,  that  ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the 
               
               
                 entrance to the vagina. 
               
               
                  Kosco predicted  that  the storm would collide with the cold front 
               
               
                 bearing down across Japan and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                  A good rule  of  thumb  is  that  most handicraft stores are open to 
               
               
                 haggling, and markets specializing in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  We have been aware  for  many  years  now  that  an update of Churchill 
               
               
                 was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told  him   that  it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                   On  the  other  hand , we have found  that  many other users are 
               
               
                 comfortable with a more analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  I will say,  however ,  that  ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the 
               
               
                 entrance to the vagina. 
               
               
                  Kosco predicted  that  the storm would collide with the cold front 
               
               
                 bearing down across Japan and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                   A  good  rule  of  thumb  is  that  most handicraft stores are open to 
               
               
                 haggling, and markets specializing in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                   We  have  been  aware  for many years  now  that  an update of Churchill 
               
               
                 was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him that it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                  On the other hand ,  we  have  found  that  many other users are 
               
               
                 comfortable with a more analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                   I  will  say , however, that  ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the 
               
               
                 entrance to the vagina. 
               
               
                   Kosco  predicted  that  the storm would collide with the cold front 
               
               
                 bearing down across Japan and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                  A good rule of thumb is that most handicraft stores are open to 
               
               
                 haggling, and markets specializing in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  We have been aware for many years now that an update of Churchill 
               
               
                 was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him that it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                  On the other hand, we have found that many other users are 
               
               
                 comfortable with a more analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  I will say, however, that ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the 
               
               
                 entrance to the vagina. 
               
               
                  Kosco predicted that the storm would collide with the cold front 
               
               
                 bearing down across Japan and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                  most handicraft stores are open to haggling, and markets specializing 
               
               
                 in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  for many years_an update of Churchill was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him that it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                  On the other hand many other users are comfortable with a more 
               
               
                 analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  however, ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the entrance to the 
               
               
                 vagina. 
               
               
                  the storm would collide with the cold front bearing down across Japan 
               
               
                 and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                  Most handicraft stores are open to haggling, and markets specializing 
               
               
                 in handicrafts expect it. 
               
               
                  For many years_an update of Churchill was long overdue. 
               
               
                  I told him that it was because I think they are making him one of this 
               
               
                 year&#39;s Best and Brightest. 
               
               
                  On the other hand many other users are comfortable with a more 
               
               
                 analytical account of writing. 
               
               
                  However, ribbed condoms have the greatest effect at the entrance to 
               
               
                 the vagina. 
               
               
                  The storm would collide with the cold front bearing down across Japan 
               
               
                 and rebound to the northeast. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     J. “that/Who”—Verb Unit (not Including “to Be” Verb)=FALSE POSITIVE 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with forty eight: 48. [after Step 47, the system will examine any “that”s left by first searching for FALSE POSITIVES]; 49. is word immediately following “that” a verb unit, including past and present participles?; 50. if yes, system ignores (another sub-rule will examine remaining “that”). 
     In some embodiments, after the system performs the “that”-in-the-first-seven-words-of-sentence rule, the system will examine any “that”s left by searching for FALSE POSITIVES. For example, the system will determine if the word immediately following the word “that” is a verb unit, including past and present participles. If the word following the word “that” is a verb unit including past and present participles, then the system will ignore the phrase, leaving for another sub-rule to examine any remaining “that”s. The “that/who”—verb unit (not including “to be” verb)=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 53 below. 
     Example 53 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Under the influence of drink and the strangeness of the night,  
               
               
                 Blount admitted he was terrified of the fighting that almost certainly  
               
               
                 lay before him. 
               
               
                  Yahoo! took advantage of this in its new web mail software that lets 
               
               
                 you drag and drop appointments and messages, just like a desktop  
               
               
                 program. 
               
               
                  But Cobra, as tightly coiled as a DNA helix, was maturing so slowly 
               
               
                 that she was not yet throwing out to her periphery the massive gusts  
               
               
                 and swells that would typically herald the arrival of a full-blown  
               
               
                 typhoon. 
               
               
                  Under the influence of drink and the strangeness of the night,  
               
               
                 Blount admitted he was terrified of the fighting  that  almost certainly  
               
               
                 lay before him. 
               
               
                  Yahoo! took advantage of this in its new web mail software  that  lets 
               
               
                 you drag and drop appointments and messages, just like a desktop  
               
               
                 program. 
               
               
                  But Cobra, as tightly coiled as a DNA helix, was maturing so slowly 
               
               
                   that  she was not yet throwing out to her periphery the massive gusts  
               
               
                 and swells  that  would typically herald the arrival of a full-blown  
               
               
                 typhoon. 
               
               
                  Under the influence of drink and the strangeness of the night,  
               
               
                 Blount admitted he was terrified of the fighting  that   almost  certainly   
               
               
                   lay  before him. 
               
               
                  Yahoo! took advantage of this in its new web mail software  that   lets   
               
               
                 you drag and drop appointments and messages, just like a desktop  
               
               
                 program. 
               
               
                  But Cobra, as tightly coiled as a DNA helix, was maturing so slowly 
               
               
                   that  she was not yet throwing out to her periphery the massive gusts  
               
               
                 and swells  that   would  typically  herald  the arrival of a full-blown 
               
               
                 typhoon. 
               
               
                  Under the influence of drink and the strangeness of the night,  
               
               
                 Blount admitted he was terrified of the fighting that almost certainly  
               
               
                 lay before him. 
               
               
                  Yahoo! took advantage of this in its new web mail software that lets 
               
               
                 you drag and drop appointments and messages, just like a desktop 
               
               
                 program. 
               
               
                  But Cobra, as tightly coiled as a DNA helix, was maturing so slowly 
               
               
                   that  she was not yet throwing out to her periphery the massive gusts  
               
               
                 and swells that would typically herald the arrival of a full-blown  
               
               
                 typhoon. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     K. “That”—“Because” “For” “Since” “As” “Inasmuch”=False Positive 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with fifty one: 51. [referring to the question posed in Step 49] if no, is word immediately following “that” “because”, “for”, “since”, “as”, or “inasmuch”?; 52. if yes, system ignores. 
     In some embodiments, after the rule has completed the “that”-in-first-seven-words-of-sentence rule, the system will examine any “that”s left by first searching for FALSE POSITIVES. The system will determine if the word immediately following the word “that” is a verb unit including any past or present participles. If not, then the system determines if the word immediately following the word “that” is the word “that,” the word “because,” the word “for,” the word “since,” the word “as,” or the word “inasmuch.” If the word “that”, the word “because,” the word “for,” the word “since,” the word “as,” or the word “inasmuch” immediately follows the word “that,” then the system ignores the phrase. The “that”—“because” “for” “since” “as” “inasmuch”=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 54 below. 
     Example 54 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  McCrane had no way of knowing that because of the pounding the 
               
               
                 ship was taking, the overhead in the engine room was starting to rip loose 
               
               
                 from her bulkheads.  
               
               
                  McCrane had no way of knowing  that   because  of the pounding the 
               
               
                 ship was taking, the overhead in the engine room was starting to rip loose 
               
               
                 from her bulkheads.  
               
               
                  McCrane had no way of knowing that because of the pounding the 
               
               
                 ship was taking, the overhead in the engine room was starting to rip loose 
               
               
                 from her bulkheads. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     L. Preposition—“That”=False Positive 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with fifty three: 53. [referring to the question posed in Step 48] if no, is word immediately preceding “that” a preposition?; 54. if yes, system ignores (another sub rule will examine remaining “that”). 
     In some embodiments, after the system has completed the “that”-in-first-seven-words-of-sentence rule, the system will examine any “that” words left by search for FALSE POSITIVES. In some embodiments, the system will determine if the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a preposition. If the word immediately preceding the word “that” is a preposition, the system will ignore the phrase (allowing another sub-rule to examine any remaining “that” words). The preposition—“that”=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 55 below. 
     Example 55 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Recall that the central conceptual terms will go toward the end of that 
               
               
                 POINT sentence. 
               
               
                  At that moment I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                  In that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                  I wished I was out of that tree, but I dasn&#39;t come down. 
               
               
                  Recall  that  the central conceptual terms will go toward the end  of   that   
               
               
                 POINT sentence. 
               
               
                   At   that  moment I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                   In   that  context of skepticism toward science some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                  I wished I was out  of   that  tree, but I dasn&#39;t come down. 
               
               
                  Recall  that  the central conceptual terms will go toward the end of that 
               
               
                 POINT sentence. 
               
               
                  At that moment I knew he could really see me. 
               
               
                  In that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable 
               
               
                 questions have been raised. 
               
               
                  I wished I was out of that tree, but I dasn&#39;t come down. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     M. “that/Who/Whom”—Pronoun—TRUE POSITIVE 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with fifty-five: 55. [referring to the question posed in Step 51] if no, is word immediately following “that/who/whom” a pronoun?; 56. if yes, system deletes “that/who/whom” 
     In some embodiments, after the system has completed the “that”-in-first-seven-words-of-sentence rule, the system will examine any “that” left by searching for FALSE POSITIVES. In some embodiments, the system determines if the word immediately following the word “that/who/whom” is a pronoun. If the word immediately following the word “that/who/whom” is a pronoun, then the system will delete the word “that/who/whom.” The “that/who/whom”—pronoun—TRUE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 56 below. 
     Example 56 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  This book is specifically for screenwriters who want to learn how to 
               
               
                 write the most commercial, money-making “Megahit” that they can. 
               
               
                  He also concluded that the request, at this point in time, would give 
               
               
                 him a career jump on the generation of men whom he was certain would 
               
               
                 shortly be called up or drafted. 
               
               
                  You can be certain that your readers will find your document 
               
               
                 confusing.  
               
               
                  “You can&#39;t hear,” he said, already moving his lips more deliberately,  
               
               
                 so that she might understand. 
               
               
                  One of them that I came across sold a lot of Banksy&#39;s original art and  
               
               
                 screen prints.  
               
               
                  Many feel that they owe the Sunnis nothing after years of oppression.  
               
               
                  This book is specifically for screenwriters who want to learn how to  
               
               
                 write the most commercial, money-making “Megahit”  that   they  can.  
               
               
                  He also concluded that the request, at this point in time, would give 
               
               
                 him a career jump on the generation of men  whom   he  was certain would 
               
               
                 shortly be called up or drafted. 
               
               
                  You can be certain  that   your  readers will find your document 
               
               
                 confusing.  
               
               
                  “You can&#39;t hear,” he said, already moving his lips more deliberately, 
               
               
                 so  that   she  might understand. 
               
               
                  One of them  that   I  came across sold a lot of Banksy&#39;s original art and 
               
               
                 screen prints.  
               
               
                  Many feel  that   they  owe the Sunnis nothing after years of oppression. 
               
               
                  This book is specifically for screenwriters who want to learn how to 
               
               
                 write the most commercial, money-making “Megahit”  they  can. 
               
               
                  He also concluded that the request, at this point in time, would give 
               
               
                 him a career jump on the generation of men  he  was certain would shortly  
               
               
                 be called up or drafted.  
               
               
                  You can be certain  your  readers will find your document confusing. 
               
               
                  “You can&#39;t hear,” he said, already moving his lips more deliberately, 
               
               
                 so  she  might understand. 
               
               
                  One of them  I  came across sold a lot of Banksy&#39;s original art and 
               
               
                 screen prints.  
               
               
                  Many feel  they  owe the Sunnis nothing after years of oppression. 
               
               
                  This book is specifically for screenwriters who want to learn how to 
               
               
                 write the most commercial, money-making “Megahit” they can. 
               
               
                  He also concluded that the request, at this point in time, would give 
               
               
                 him a career jump on the generation of men he was certain would shortly  
               
               
                 be called up or drafted.  
               
               
                  You can be certain your readers will find your document confusing. 
               
               
                  “You can&#39;t hear,” he said, already moving his lips more deliberately, 
               
               
                 so she might understand.  
               
               
                  One of them I came across sold a lot of Banksy&#39;s original art and 
               
               
                 screen prints. 
               
               
                  Many feel they owe the Sunnis nothing after years of oppression. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     N. “that/Who/Whom”—Noun 
     This rule has sub-rules, numbered consecutively with the sub-rules for the previous rule, beginning with fifty-seven: 57. [referring to the question posed in Step 55] is/are the word(s) following “that/who/whom” a noun unit?; 58. if yes, does “that/who/whom” immediately follow a comma?; 59. if yes, system ignores; 60. Does noun unit introduce a noun-that/who-verb combination?; 61. if yes, system ignores; 62. if neither exception above exists, system deletes “that/who/whom”; 63. System highlights two words on either side of the deleted “that/who/whom”; 64. System prompts user: “Does this sound okay to you, or do you prefer to reinsert “that/[who/whom]” between these two words?”; 65. User responds okay or prefer original. 
     In some embodiments, after completing the “that/who/whom”—pronoun—TRUE POSITIVE rule, the system determines if the words following the word “that/who/whom” is a noun unit. If the word or words following the word “that/who/whom” is a noun unit, then the system determines if the word “that/who/whom” immediately follows a comma. If the word “that/who/whom” immediately follows a comma, the system will ignore the phrase. 
     The system will determine at this juncture whether a noun unit introduces a noun—that/who—verb combination. If a noun unit introduces a noun—that/who—verb combination, then the system will ignore the phrase. If the word “that/who/whom” does not follow a comma, and the word(s) following “that” is not a noun unit introducing a noun—that/who—verb combination, then the system will dim the word “that/who/whom.” The system will prompt the user: “Does this sound OK to you, or do you prefer to reinsert ‘that/who/whom’ between these two words?” The user responds, “OK” or “Prefer original.” If the user responds “OK,” then in some embodiments the system will recapitalize as appropriate. If the user responds, “Prefer original,” then the system will replace the provisional sentence with the original phrasing. The “that/who/whom”—noun rule is illustrated in Example 57 below. 
     Example 57 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  An activity is anything that a character might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services that  
               
               
                 Microsoft is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live.  
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits that this information is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred  
               
               
                 of hope that the goal might still be achieved.  
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational  
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them.  
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry 
               
               
                 that anything that advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman.  
               
               
                  An activity is anything  that   a  character  might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services  that   
               
               
                   Microsoft  is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live.  
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits  that   this  information  is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred 
               
               
                 of hope  that   the  goal  might still be achieved.  
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational 
               
               
                 look to writing,  that   good  readers  don&#39;t need them.  
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                   that   anything    that  advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman. 
               
               
                  An activity is anything  that   a  character  might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services  that   
               
               
                   Microsoft  is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live.  
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits  that   this  information  is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred 
               
               
                 of hope  that   the  goal  might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational 
               
               
                 look to writing ,   that  good  readers  don&#39;t need them.  
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                   that   anything   that  advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman. 
               
               
                  An activity is anything  that   a  character  might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services  that   
               
               
                   Microsoft  is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live. 
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits  that   this  information  is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred  
               
               
                 of hope  that   the  goal  might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational  
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them. 
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                   that   anything   that  advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman.  
               
               
                  An activity is anything  that   a  character  might be doing in a scene. 
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services  that   
               
               
                   Microsoft  is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live. 
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits  that   this  information  is confidential to Microsoft. 
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred 
               
               
                 of hope  that   the  goal  might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational 
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them. 
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                   that   anything that advocates  for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman.  
               
               
                  An activity is anything  that   a  character  might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services  that   
               
               
                   Microsoft  is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live.  
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits  that   this  information  is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred  
               
               
                 of hope  that   the  goal  might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational  
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them. 
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                 that anything that advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman.  
               
               
                  An activity is anything a character might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and services Microsoft  
               
               
                 is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live. 
               
               
                  Dr. Lee admits this information is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred  
               
               
                 of hope the goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational  
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them. 
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                 that anything that advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman.  
               
               
                  An activity is  anything  a  character might be doing in a scene.  
               
               
                  Ajax is also the basis of a package of programs and  services  Microsoft   
               
               
                 is bundling under the catchall brand Windows Live. 
               
               
                  Dr. Lee  admits  this  information is confidential to Microsoft.  
               
               
                  The character&#39;s belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred  
               
               
                 of  hope  the  goal might still be achieved. 
               
               
                  Not all readers like headings; some feel they give a crude vocational  
               
               
                 look to writing, that good readers don&#39;t need them.  
               
               
                  Second, I suspect-though this is rarely expressed openly-they worry  
               
               
                 that anything that advocates for boys and young men must, in some way,  
               
               
                 be antiwoman. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     IX. “Of” Rule 
     The signpost word “of” often reveals various unnecessary words. The following rule narrows the use of the word “of”. In some instances the system can indicate or “dim” (e.g., de-emphasize by dimming a brightness of the words on the screen, reducing a font size, changing a color, changing a background color, leaving a blank, etc.) the word “of,” a noun immediately before the “of,” an article immediately before the noun, and the noun unit after the “of” At the same time, the system or computer implementable method would prompt the user: “Would you like to get rid of any of these words?” 
     A. Of: False Positives 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. False positives includes those phrases found in Table 5 below. If the word “of” is part of a false positive, then the system ignores the phrase. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section IX are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example “of” phrase False Positives 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 advantage of 
                 package of 
               
               
                   
                 all of [noun] 
                 part of 
               
               
                   
                 of all 
                 percentage of 
               
               
                   
                 basis of 
                 portion of 
               
               
                   
                 [capitalized word] of 
                 range of 
               
               
                   
                 charge of 
                 rate of 
               
               
                   
                 edition of 
                 rest of 
               
               
                   
                 example of 
                 rid of 
               
               
                   
                 growth of 
                 some of 
               
               
                   
                 lack of 
                 standard(s) of 
               
               
                   
                 list of 
                 survey of 
               
               
                   
                 many of 
                 tale of 
               
               
                   
                 meaning of 
                 the______of the______ 
               
               
                   
                 number of 
                 time of 
               
               
                   
                 use of 
                 [time noun] of 
               
               
                   
                 variety of 
                 tip of 
               
               
                   
                 [infinitive]-of 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     First, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. If the word “of” is part of a false positive, then the system will ignore the phrase. If, however, the word “of” is not part of a false positive, the system determines if the word “of” is part of a true positive (see below). True positives are illustrated in Table 6 below. If the word “of” is part of a true positive, the system determines if the true positive is preceded by an adjective. If the true positive is not preceded by an adjective, then the system deletes the phrase. These steps can be summarized thus: 
     1. System searches for “of” 
     2. is “of” part of a false positive? 
     3. if yes, System ignores 
     B. Of: True Positives 
     True positives are illustrated in Table 6 below. If the word “of” is part of a true positive, the system determines if the true positive is preceded by an adjective. If the true positive is not preceded by an adjective, then the system deletes the phrase. These steps can be summarized thus: 
     4. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “of” part of a true positive? 
     5. if yes, is true positive preceded by an adjective? 
     6. [referring to the question posed in Step 4] if no, System deletes 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example “of” phrase True Positives 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (preposition) any of 
                 delete “any of” 
               
               
                 act of 
                 delete “the [an] act of” 
               
               
                 all of [pronoun] 
                 delete “all of” 
               
               
                 amount of 
                   
               
               
                 any of [pronoun] 
                 delete “of” and pronoun 
               
               
                 area(s) of 
                 delete “the area(s) of” 
               
               
                 bit of 
                 delete “bit of” 
               
               
                 center of [pronoun] 
                   
               
               
                 course of 
                 delete “the______course of” 
               
               
                 difference of [“minus” “subtracted from” 
                   
               
               
                 within six words-delete “the difference of”] 
                   
               
               
                 “the”______noun of each 
                 delete “of each”, change “the” to “their” 
               
               
                 existence of 
                 delete “the existence of” 
               
               
                 free of charge 
                 delete “of charge” 
               
               
                 in and of itself 
                 delete “and of” 
               
               
                 kind of 
                 delete “kind of” 
               
               
                 many of [objective pronoun] 
                 delete “of” and pronoun 
               
               
                 nature of 
                 delete “the nature of” 
               
               
                 of necessity  
                 delete “of necessity” 
               
               
                 period of 
                 delete “(article) (adjective) period of” 
               
               
                 of the situation 
                   
               
               
                 set of 
                 delete “set of” 
               
               
                 sum of [“plus” “added to” within six  
                 delete “the sum of” 
               
               
                 words] 
                   
               
               
                 terms of 
                 delete “the terms of” 
               
               
                 of them 
                 delete “of them” 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Of: “Amount of” 
     7. [referring to the question posed in Step 4] if yes, is true positive “amount of”? 
     8. if no, System ignores as a false positive 
     9. [referring to the question posed in Step 7] if yes, is adjective preceded by “a”? 
     10. if no, System deletes “amount of” 
     11. [referring to the question posed in Step 9] if yes, System deletes “of” and the noun unit following “of” 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. If the word “of” is part of a false positive, then the system ignores the phrase. If the word “of” is not part of a false positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is part of a true positive. If the word “of” is part of a true positive, then the system determines if the true positive is preceded by an adjective. If the true positive is not preceded by an adjective, then the system deletes the phrase. If, however, the true positive is preceded by an adjective, then the system determines if the true positive is the phrase “amount of.” 
     If the true positive is not the phrase “amount of,” then the system ignores the phrase as a false positive. If the true positive is the phrase “amount of,” then the system determines if the adjective is preceded by the article “a.” If the adjective is not preceded by the word “a,” then the system deletes the phrase “amount of.” If the adjective is preceded by the article “a,” then the system deletes the word “of” and the noun unit following the word “of.” The “amount of” rule is illustrated in Example 58 below 
     Example 58 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Stevens Healthcare, a leading medical services provider in Washington 
               
               
                 State, says that using SharePoint Portal Server has reduced by 75 percent 
               
               
                 the  amount  of  time needed for meetings to comply with new federal  
               
               
                 privacy regulations. 
               
               
                  So while our user base continues to grow steadily, the average  amount   
               
               
                   of  time users are spending with us outpaced growth of time spent in the 
               
               
                 industry.  
               
               
                  This is  a  tiny  amount  of  our  income  that could save millions of people 
               
               
                 and make a safer world.  
               
               
                  Stevens Healthcare, a leading medical services provider in Washington 
               
               
                 State, says that using SharePoint Portal Server has reduced by 75 percent  
               
               
                 the time needed for meetings to comply with new federal privacy  
               
               
                 regulations. 
               
               
                  So while our user base continues to grow steadily, the average time 
               
               
                 users are spending with us outpaced growth of time spent in the industry. 
               
               
                  This is  a  tiny  amount  that could save millions of people and make a 
               
               
                 safer world. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. Of: “[E]Very”—“One”—“Of”—“The” or Possessive Pronoun—Plural Noun Unit 
     12. [referring to the question posed in Step 4] if no, is “of” immediately preceded by the number “one”? 
     13. if yes, is “one” preceded by “[E]very” “[E]very single” or “[E]very last” 
     14. if no, system ignores 
     15. if yes, is “of” followed by “the” “my” “your” “his” “her” “its” “our” “their”? 
     16. if yes, is that word followed by a plural noun? 
     17. if yes, system deletes “single” “one” “of” and “the” or possessive pronoun 
     18. system converts noun to singular form 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. If the word “of” is not part of a false positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is part of a true positive. If the word “of” is not part of a true positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by the number “one.” 
     If the word “of” is immediately preceded by a number “one,” then the system determines if the word “one” is preceded by the word “every,” the phrase “every single,” or the phrase “every last.” If the word “one” is not preceded by the word “every,” the phrase “every single,” or the phrase, “every last,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the system is preceded by the word “every,” the phrase “every single,” or the phrase “every last,” then the system determines if the word “of” is followed by any of the words “the,” “my,” “your,” “his,” “her,” “its,” “our,” or “their.” If the word “of” is followed by any of the words “the,” “my,” “your,” “his,” “her,” “its,” “our,” or “their,” then the system determines if that word is followed by a plural noun. If it is, then the system deletes the word “single,” the word “one,” the word “of” and the word “the” or the possessive pronoun. At this juncture, the system converts the noun to a singular form. The “[E]very”—“one”—“of”—“the” or possessive pronoun—plural noun unit rule is illustrated in Example 59 below. 
     Example 59 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Many of the advances in Office System will be obvious to users, but 
               
               
                   one  of  the most profound changes isn&#39;t as apparent. 
               
               
                  Our high standards of quality and commitment to provide the best 
               
               
                 experience for our users permeated  every  one  of  our  offerings.   
               
               
                   Every  single  one  of  the  ships  battling  Kurita  suffered devastating hits, 
               
               
                 over 1,000 sailors were killed, and an escort carrier, two destroyers, and  
               
               
                 one destroyer escort sent to the bottom of the Philippine Sea. 
               
               
                  Many of the advances in Office System will be obvious to users, but 
               
               
                   one  of  the most profound changes isn&#39;t as apparent. 
               
               
                  Our high standards of quality and commitment to provide the best 
               
               
                 experience for our users permeated  every  offering.   
               
               
                   Every  ship  battling  Kurita  suffered devastating hits, over 1,000 sailors 
               
               
                 were killed, and an escort carrier, two destroyers, and one destroyer  
               
               
                 escort sent to the bottom of the Philippine Sea. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. [Number] “Of”—Noun Unit 
     19. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is “of” immediately preceded by any other number or plural of any number, written or numerical (four of, thousands of, 22 of)? 
     20. if yes, system ignores 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. If it is not, then the system determines if the word “of” is part of a true positive. If the word “of” is not part of a true positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by the number “one.” If the word “of” is not immediately preceded by the number “one,” then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by any other number or plural of any number, either written or numerical (e.g., “four of,” “thousands of,” or “22 of”). If the word “of” is immediately preceded by any other number or plural of any number, either written or numerical, then the system ignores the phrase. The [number] “of”—noun unit rule is illustrated in Example 60 below. 
     Example 60 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  Rescue efforts saved  thousands  of  animals that were later moved from 
               
               
                 the Gulf Coast to other areas, including the Animal Shelter of the Wood  
               
               
                 River Valley, near Hailey.  
               
               
                  This is a tiny amount of our income that could save  millions  of  people 
               
               
                 and make a safer world. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D. Verb—Article—Adjective—Noun—“Of”—Noun Unit 
     21. [referring to the question posed in Step 19], if no, is “of” immediately followed by a noun unit? 
     22. if yes, is “of” immediately preceded by a noun? 
     23. if yes, is noun immediately preceded by an adjective? 
     24. if yes, is adjective immediately preceded by an article? 
     25. if yes, is article immediately preceded by a verb? 
     26. if yes, system deletes article, noun, and “of” 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “of” and determines if the word “of” is part of a false positive. If the word “of” is not part of a false positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is part of a true positive. If the word “of” is not part of a true positive, then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by the number “one.” If the word “of” is not immediately preceded by the number “one,” then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by any other number or plural of any number, either written or numerical. If the word “of” is not immediately preceded by any other numerical number or plural of any number, either written or numerical, then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately followed by a noun unit. 
     If the word “of” is immediately followed by a noun unit, then the system determines if the word “of” is immediately preceded by a noun. If the word “of” is immediately preceded by a noun, the system determines if the noun is immediately preceded by an adjective. If the noun is immediately preceded by an adjective, the system determines if the adjective is immediately preceded by an article. If the adjective is immediately preceded by an article, the system determines if the article is immediately preceded by a verb. If the article is immediately preceded by the verb, the system deletes the article, the noun and the word “of.” The verb—article—adjective—noun—“of”—noun unit rule is illustrated in Example 61 below. 
     Example 61 
       
                                 All of these changes are giving people new and better ways to        work, but they also  bring a new set of challenges .        The software innovations of the 1980s and 1990s, which       revolutionized how we create and manipulate information,  have           created a new set of challenges .        All of these changes are giving people new and better ways to        work, but they also  bring new challenges .        The software innovations of the 1980s and 1990s, which       revolutionized how we create and manipulate information,          have created new challenges .                    
X. “Purpose of” Rule
 
     A. “[T]he Purpose[s] of”—Noun Unit—“to Be” Verb—Infinitive 
     1. system searches for “[T]he purpose[s] of” 
     2. is “[T]he purpose[s] of” followed by a noun unit? 
     3. if yes, is the noun unit followed by a “to be” verb? 
     4. if yes, is the “to be” verb followed by an infinitive? 
     5. if yes, system deletes “[T]he purpose[s] of”, “to be” verb, and “to” 
     6. system matches number of verb to noun unit 
     7. system capitalizes 
     In some embodiments, the system searches for the phrase “the purpose of”or “the purposes of.” If the system finds the phrase “the purpose of” or the phrase “the purposes of,” the system determines if the phrase is followed by a noun unit. If the phrase is followed by a noun unit, the system determines if the noun unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If the noun unit is followed by a “to be” verb, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, the system deletes the phrase “the purpose of” (or “the purposes of”), the “to be” verb and the word “to.” At this juncture, the system matches the number of the verb to the noun unit and either capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The “[T]he purpose[s] of”—noun unit—“to be” verb—infinitive rule is illustrated in Example 62 below. 
     Example 62 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  The purpose of this document is to explain the difference between an 
               
               
                 IRA and a Roth IRA. 
               
               
                   The purpose of  this document is to explain the difference between an 
               
               
                 IRA and a Roth IRA. 
               
               
                   The purpose of   this document  is to explain the difference between an 
               
               
                 IRA and a Roth IRA. 
               
               
                   The purpose of   this document   is  to explain the difference between an 
               
               
                 IRA and a Roth IRA. 
               
               
                   The purpose of   this document   is  [explain] the difference between an 
               
               
                 IRA and a Roth IRA. 
               
               
                    this document  [explain] the difference between an IRA and a Roth 
               
               
                 IRA. 
               
               
                    this document  [explain s ] the difference between an IRA and a Roth 
               
               
                 IRA. 
               
               
                   T his document explains the difference between an IRA and a Roth 
               
               
                 IRA. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     XI. In Rule 
     In some embodiments, a system can search for the word “in” as a signal to trigger this rule. If any of the following idiomatic phrases are found, the system ignores that occurrence of the term “in” as a false positive: in detail; in love; in the meantime; (verb) in; in mind; in the world; in vain; in heat; etc. (This is only a partial list that has been included as an example; it is not intended to be an exhaustive list.) On the other hand, if any of the following phrases are found, the system replaces them (or suggests that the user replace them) as indicated (and this, too, is only a partial list). Indeed, as with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XI are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 True Positive 
                 Replacement 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 in accordance with 
                 under 
               
               
                   
                 in advance of 
                 before 
               
               
                   
                 in the amount of 
                 for 
               
               
                   
                 in the amount of 
                 for 
               
               
                   
                 in concert with 
                 with 
               
               
                   
                 in considering 
                 considering 
               
               
                   
                 in the context of 
                 under 
               
               
                   
                 in the course of 
                 during 
               
               
                   
                 in the direction of 
                 toward 
               
               
                   
                 in excess of 
                 exceeding 
               
               
                   
                 in the employ of 
                 employed by 
               
               
                   
                 in the event 
                 if 
               
               
                   
                 in the event that 
                 if 
               
               
                   
                 in the form of 
                 by 
               
               
                   
                 in hopes of 
                 hoping to 
               
               
                   
                 in light of 
                 because 
               
               
                   
                 in light of the fact 
                 because 
               
               
                   
                 in light of the fact that 
                 because 
               
               
                   
                 in the majority of 
                 usually 
               
               
                   
                 in a situation where 
                 where 
               
               
                   
                 in the situation where 
                 where 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If any of the following phrases are found, the system deletes them (or suggests that the user delete them, as with the “junk words” described above): in addition; (or) in the alternative; in an attempt; in its brief; in any case; in color; in conclusion; in duration; in earnest; in effect; in an effort; in the end; in essence; in fact; in the first instance; in the first place; in the future; in the matter; in other words; in particular; in pertinent part; in point of fact; in price; in the process of; in the present case; in relevant part; in short; in significant part; in size; in some way; in sum; in that moment; in this action; in time. 
     If any of the following phrases are found, the system prompts the user: “You might delete this phrase or replace it with something shorter.” or a similar phrase: in accord; in addition to; in advance; in this aspect; in attendance; in its capacity; in this case; in this cause; in these circumstances; in connection with; in its entirety in no event; in the form of; in this instance; in length; in this matter; in her mind; in his mind; in my mind; in this respect in response to; in a row; in the same manner; in this situation; in that situation; in its subject matter; in such a proceeding; in such a way; in terms of; in their minds; in turn; in your mind; in the way of; in which. 
     XII. Or Rule 
     In some embodiments, a system can search for the word “or” as a signal to trigger this rule. If any of the following word groups are found, the system indicates the word “or” and the following words that are part of the indicated word group and prompts the user: “Do you need these words?”: “whether or not”; “may or may not”. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XII are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     XIII. As Rule 
     In some embodiments, a system can search for the word “as” as a signal to trigger this rule. If any of the following idiomatic phrases are found, the system ignores that occurrence of the term “as” as a false positive: “as” followed by a noun or pronoun; “as ______ as”; “as if”, preceded by a “to be” verb or appearing at the beginning of a sentence or clause; “known as”; “may as well have been”; and “such as”. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XIII are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     If any of the following phrases are found, the system replaces them (or suggests that the user replace them) as indicated: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 True Positive 
                 Replacement 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 as concerns 
                 about 
               
               
                   
                 as a general matter 
                 generally 
               
               
                   
                 as long as 
                 if 
               
               
                   
                 as a result 
                 so 
               
               
                   
                 as a result of 
                 because of 
               
               
                   
                 as well as 
                 and 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If any of the following phrases are found, the system deletes them (or suggests that the user delete them): defined as; as it happens; as it happened; as is; as a matter of course; regarded as; as set forth; as such; as it was; as well; as a whole; as written. 
     If any of the following phrases are found, the system indicates the phrase to the user and prompts the user: “Can you delete these words?”: as appropriate; as ______ as possible; as far as possible; as if—preceded by any word not a “to be” verb; as much as possible; as necessary; as needed; as I said; as possible; as to; as—verb [highlight both]; as with; as it would be. 
     XIV. Clich—Rule 
     In some embodiments, a system can search a pool or database of clichés, any of which can trigger this rule. If any of the following word groups are found, the system can prompt the user: “This is a cliché. Can you delete it or write it in a more original way?” As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XIV are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 the bottom line 
                 avoid like the plague 
                 walk a mile in his shoes 
               
               
                 open Pandora&#39;s box 
                 few and far between 
                 barking up the wrong tree 
               
               
                 catch-22 situation 
                 shoot from the hip 
                 water under the bridge 
               
               
                 the best of all worlds 
                 fly by the seat of the pants 
                 below the belt 
               
               
                 out of the blue 
                 let the chips fall where they may 
                 pick your brain 
               
               
                 state of the art 
                 beating my head against the wall 
                 beating a dead horse 
               
               
                 high and dry 
                 the whole nine yards 
                 a no-win situation 
               
               
                 get off his back 
                 between a rock and a hard place 
                 a big deal 
               
               
                 tip of the iceberg 
                 grab the bull by the horns 
                 put the cart before the horse 
               
               
                 the whole ball of wax 
                 back to the drawing board 
                 let the cat out of the bag 
               
               
                 a disaster area 
                 cut off nose to spite face 
                 slice and dice 
               
               
                 hit the nail on the head 
                 the forest for the trees 
                 on the nose 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     XV. Redundancy Rule 
     In some embodiments, a system can identify redundant words by recognizing word groupings from a pool of redundant constructions. For example, when the system recognizes the constructions in the following pool, the system can automatically delete, or suggest that the user authorize deletion of, the first word in the set of two words. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XV are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 brief overview 
                 mandatory requirement 
                 patently obvious 
               
               
                   
                 sworn testimony 
                 short synopsis 
                 true facts 
               
               
                   
                 excess verbiage 
                 several different 
                 binding contract 
               
               
                   
                 actively engaged 
                 basic principles 
                 many diverse 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     XVI. Junk Words and Phrases 
     When the system recognizes the words in this pool, the system preferably replaces the recognized word (on the left) with the word (on the right): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 firstly 
                 first 
               
               
                   
                 secondly 
                 second 
               
               
                   
                 thirdly 
                 third 
               
               
                   
                 fourthly 
                 fourth 
               
               
                   
                 fifthly 
                 fifth 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     When the system recognizes the words in the following pool, the system preferably prompts the user: “You could probably delete this word.” 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 actually 
                 aforementioned 
                 aforesaid 
                 and further 
                 therein 
                 herewith 
               
               
                 any 
                 apparently 
                 applicable 
                 basic 
                 clearly 
                 expressly 
               
               
                 basically 
                 currently 
                 directly 
                 effective 
                 totally 
                 quite 
               
               
                 effectively 
                 essentially 
                 evidently 
                 given 
                 duly 
                 particular 
               
               
                 herein 
                 at all 
                 hereinafter 
                 heretofore 
                 really 
                 thereof 
               
               
                 herewith 
                 incurred 
                 individual 
                 just 
                 upcoming 
                 express 
               
               
                 merely 
                 outright 
                 personally 
                 primarily 
                 necessary 
                 yet 
               
               
                 purposes 
                 consequently 
                 respective 
                 set forth 
                 respective 
                 squarely 
               
               
                 simple 
                 simply 
                 sometime 
                 specific 
                 very 
                 else 
               
               
                 specifically 
                 no doubt 
                 thereby 
                 seeming 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the system identifies words from a pool that commonly play no useful role in a sentence and can be generally removed as “junk” words. In some embodiments, the system highlights or otherwise indicates the junk word and prompts the user: “You could probably delete this word.” 
     A system can also identify junk phrases from a pool of junk phrases. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XVI are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. The system preferably replaces the following junk phrases automatically with the corresponding replacement words on the right: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Junk Phrase 
                 Replacement 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 am indebted to 
                 owe 
               
               
                   
                 are indebted to 
                 owe 
               
               
                   
                 is indebted to 
                 owes 
               
               
                   
                 were indebted to 
                 owed 
               
               
                   
                 was indebted to 
                 owed 
               
               
                   
                 will be indebted to 
                 will owe 
               
               
                   
                 have been indebted to 
                 have owed 
               
               
                   
                 has been indebted to 
                 has owed 
               
               
                   
                 desires to obtain 
                 desires 
               
               
                   
                 purports to rely 
                 relies 
               
               
                   
                 at the time 
                 when 
               
               
                   
                 incur the cost 
                 pay 
               
               
                   
                 with certain knowledge 
                 knowing 
               
               
                   
                 question at issue 
                 question 
               
               
                   
                 with respect to 
                 about 
               
               
                   
                 appears to have no relevance 
                   
               
               
                   
                 decline to accept 
                 decline 
               
               
                   
                 reason why 
                 reason 
               
               
                   
                 reasons why 
                 reasons why 
               
               
                   
                 briefly stated 
                 briefly 
               
               
                   
                 generally speaking 
                 generally 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     XVII. Word Pairings Rule 
     As with the “Redundancy Rule” above, when the system recognizes the constructions in the following pool, the system can automatically delete, or suggest that the user authorize deletion of, the first word in the set of two words. As with all word lists and pools in this specification, all lists in Section XVII are for example only; they are not meant to be exhaustive. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 found in 
                 provided in 
                 provided under 
               
               
                   
                 provided below 
                 authored by 
                 located at 
               
               
                   
                 displayed on 
                 found within 
                 imposed under 
               
               
                   
                 contained in 
                 listed below 
                 included in 
               
               
                   
                 sent to 
                 taken from 
                 appearing in 
               
               
                   
                 appearing within 
                 located by 
                 located in 
               
               
                   
                 contained within 
                 brought by 
                 located next to 
               
               
                   
                 located behind 
                 located near 
                 located far away 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     XVIII. Other Word Pools 
     Rules can also draw on other word pools not already set forth above. Those additional word pools can include those set forth in the following tables. Except for Table 9, all lists in Section XVIII are for example only and are not intended to be exhaustive: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Relative Pronouns 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 who 
                 whom 
               
               
                   
                 where 
                 which 
               
               
                   
                 whose 
                 that 
               
               
                   
                 why 
                 when 
               
               
                   
                 what 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Articles 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 the 
                 this 
               
               
                   
                 that 
                 these 
               
               
                   
                 those 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                 an 
                 one 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 forms of “to be” 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 am 
                 are 
               
               
                   
                 is 
                 be 
               
               
                   
                 being 
                 was 
               
               
                   
                 were 
                 been 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Prepositions 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IN 
                 IN 
                 BEFORE 
                 SAVING 
                 ALONG 
                 OUT 
                 DESPITE 
               
               
                 BESIDE 
                 INCLUDING 
                 BEHIND 
                 SINCE 
                 ALONGSIDE 
                 OUTSIDE 
                 DOWN 
               
               
                 ABOARD 
                 INSIDE 
                 BELOW 
                 THAN 
                 AMID 
                 OVER 
                 DURING 
               
               
                 ABOUT 
                 INTO 
                 BENEATH 
                 THROUGH 
                 AMIDST 
                 PAST 
                 EXCEPT 
               
               
                 ABOVE 
                 LESS 
                 BESIDE 
                 THROUGHOUT 
                 AMONG 
                 PENDING 
                 EXCEPTING 
               
               
                 ABSENT 
                 LIKE 
                 BESIDES 
                 THRU 
                 AMONGST 
                 PER 
                 EXCLUDING 
               
               
                 ACROSS 
                 MINUS 
                 BETWEEN 
                 TILL 
                 ANTI 
                 PLUS 
                 FAILING 
               
               
                 AFTER 
                 NEAR 
                 BEYOND 
                 TO 
                 AROUND 
                 REGARDING 
                 FOLLOWING 
               
               
                 AGAINST 
                 NOTWITHSTANDING 
                 BUT 
                 TOWARD 
                 AS 
                 RESPECTING 
                 FOR 
               
               
                 AHEAD 
                 OF 
                 BY 
                 TOWARDS 
                 ASIDE 
                 ROUND 
                 FROM 
               
               
                 UNTO 
                 OFF 
                 CIRCA 
                 UNDER 
                 ASTRADDLE 
                 SAVE 
                 GIVEN 
               
               
                 BARRING 
                 ON 
                 CONCERNING 
                 UNDERNEATH 
                 ASTRIDE 
                 UP 
                 WANTING 
               
               
                 VIA 
                 ONTO 
                 CONSIDERING 
                 UNLIKE 
                 AT 
                 UPON 
                 WITH 
               
               
                 WITHOUT 
                 OPPOSITE 
                   
                 UNTIL 
                 BAR 
                 VERSUS 
                 WITHIN 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Personal Pronouns 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 I 
                 those 
               
               
                   
                 you 
                 him 
               
               
                   
                 he 
                 her 
               
               
                   
                 she 
                 them 
               
               
                   
                 it 
                 their 
               
               
                   
                 we 
                 his 
               
               
                   
                 you 
                 our 
               
               
                   
                 they 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conjunctions 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 but 
                 if 
               
               
                   
                 whether 
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 or 
                 because 
               
               
                   
                 while 
                 during 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Another aspect of the invention involves incorporating some or all of the rules disclosed herein into a document scoring algorithm that assigns quality scores to documents or texts. These quality scores can be used in various ways to assist users in locating well-written documents. For example, an internet search engine could consider the quality scores of documents returned by a search query in ranking these documents for display to a user. 
     The inventive features described above can also be used in environments and scenarios in which no specific editing suggestion is made to the user. While the systems and methods described herein can, in some embodiments, provide a general editing suggestion or problem description, such as “rewrite sentence to eliminate passive voice,” preferred embodiments go further to either make the sentence active, or present the writer with the possibilities for making it active. For example, some rules perform a certain amount of work, then highlight additional parts of a sentence, and prompt the user in a general manner, such as: “Consider rewording the highlighted phrase.” A user may be prompted to provide explicit feedback on whether the general suggestion is helpful, such as by selecting either a “yes” or “no” button. Alternatively, the system may assume that the user followed the general suggestion if the user edits the sentence immediately after viewing the general suggestion. The user feedback (whether explicit or implicit) may in turn be used, as described above, to assess whether the rule&#39;s general suggestion should be made in particular contexts. 
     CONCLUSION 
     All of the methods and processes described above may be embodied in, and fully automated via, software code modules executed by one or more general purpose computers. The code modules may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium or other computer storage device. Some or all of the methods may alternatively be embodied in specialized computer hardware. The collected user feedback data (e.g., accept/rejection actions and associated metadata) can be stored in any type of computer data repository, such as relational databases and/or flat files systems. 
     Any wordy, dull, or otherwise non-vigorous sentences contained in this specification are attributable not to the inventor(s), but to the patent drafter(s). 
     Although the above-described embodiments have been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments and applications, other embodiments and applications that are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is defined only by reference to claims, which are intended to be interpreted without reference to any explicit or implicit definitions that may be set forth in any incorporated-by-reference materials.