Patent Publication Number: US-2005119223-A1

Title: Injectable solution containing a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/267,848 filed Oct. 10, 2002. This application claims priority based on Japanese patent application 2001-314977, filed Oct. 12, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.  
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to an iron preparation capable of preventing and treating the symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia in humans and mammals. More specifically, the present invention relates to an injectable solution with excellent safety and pharmaceutical stability for the supply of chondroitin sulfate iron colloid.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Iron is one of essential metallic nutrients for humans and mammals. If a deficiency of iron is caused by an insufficient uptake of iron by oral administration, bleeding, or the like, the supply of iron becomes absolutely indispensable. When iron is parenterally supplied, there is a problem in terms of toxicity because an ionic iron compound binds to transferrin and also binds to plasma protein, causing shock or the like. Thus, there is a need to devise the supplying of iron in a colloidal form with less side effects. For an iron ion to be parenterally supplied to humans, ferric chloride is used in general. In a solution, such ferric chloride exists as a ferric hydroxide colloid particle. Such a colloid particle includes oxy chloride (FeOCl) in addition to ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) and water, and oxy chloride dissociates to FeO+ and Cl − . As a result, the colloid particle becomes a hydrophobic colloid, which is positively charged and has a tendency to aggregate. If the pH value thereof rises to about 3 or more, it will precipitate out of solution as a result of the aggregation (“Colloid Chemistry”, written by B. Jirgensons et al., and translated under the editorship of Fumikazu Tamamushi, Baifukan, Tokyo, 1967, Japan).  
      Heretofore, an iron hydroxide colloid solution in which dextran is used as a protective colloid has been used in the United States, while iron-poly(sorbitol gluconic acid) complex salt has been used in Europe (Goodman and Gilman: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, MacMillan, New York 1980, pp. 1325-1326). In Japan, on the other hand, an iron colloid solution, in which chondroitin sulfate having a high iron utilization ratio and less side effects is used as a protective colloid, has been used. For example, in Japan, chondroitin sulfate iron colloid is commercially available as an intravenous injection preparation for iron deficiency anemia, Blutal (trade name, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Japan). In addition, a preparation containing chondroitin sulfate iron colloid as a supplement of essential trace elements of total parenteral nutrition is also commercially available as Elemenmic injection, Elemate injection (tradenames, AjinomotoPharma, Co., Ltd. Japan), Mineralin injection, Parmirin injection (trade names, Nippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Japan/Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. Japan), Elemeal injection (trade name, Sawai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd. Japan), and Volvix injection (trade name, Fujiyakuhin Co., Ltd. Japan/Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. Japan).  
      Each of these preparations containing chondroitin sulfate iron colloid, commercially available in Japan, is prepared using a bovine sodium chondroitin sulfate as a protective colloid. In 1996, it was announced in Britain that there was a relationship between the onset of a patient of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). An abnormal prion protein regarded as a cause of BSE is heat stable, so that a high-temperature, high-pressure treatment and an alkali treatment will not perfectly deactivate the prion protein.  
      In consideration of the outbreak trend of bovine BSE in Europe, for any drug or the like manufactured using a raw material derived from cows or the like, there is a need that manufacturers and so on take measures for ensuring quality and safety.  
      Bovine chondroitin sulfate has been isolated and purified from bovine tracheae. However, there is a demand to use a safer and more secure chondroitin sulfate.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention provides an injectable solution which comprises a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid not containing any BSE causative agent, which is safe and excellent in pharmaceutical stability, and in addition is stable when it is mixed in infusions such as hyperalimentation preparations or the like.  
      After intensively studying various ways of obtaining an injectable solution with excellent pharmaceutical stability and stability when mixed in infusions such as hyperalimentation preparations or the like, the inventors have found that a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solution, in which shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate is provided as a protective colloid, has excellent stability after the application of heat. By devoting themselves to research depending on these findings, the present invention has finally been completed.  
      That is, the present invention relates to: 
      (1) an injectable solution which comprises a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid,     (2) an injectable solution as described in item (1), wherein the shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid is prepared from a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate,     (3) an injectable solution as described in item (2), wherein the shark-derived chondroitin sulfate is an alkali metal salt of shark-derived chondroitin sulfate,     (4) an injectable solution as described in item (2), wherein the shark-derived chondroitin sulfate is a shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate,     (5) an injectable solution as described in item (4), wherein the shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate has an average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 25,000, a limiting viscosity of from about 0.27 to about 0.65 dL/g (measured by a capillary tube viscometer), and a sulfur content of from about 6.4 to about 7.0 w/w %,     (6) an injectable solution as described in item (1), wherein the shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid is produced by adding an aqueous ferric salt solution and an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to an aqueous shark-derived chondroitin sulfate solution, and maintaining the pH value of the resulting mixture in the range of from about 5.5 to about 7.5,     (7) a method for manufacturing an injectable solution, which comprises adding an aqueous ferric salt solution and an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide salt solution to an aqueous shark-derived chondroitin sulfate solution and maintaining the pH value of the resulting mixture in the range of from about 5.5 to about 7.5, and     (8) a method for manufacturing an injectable solution, which comprises adding an aqueous ferric salt solution and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to a shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate solution and maintaining the pH value of the resulting mixture in the range of from about 5.5 to about 7.5.   

    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      An injectable solution of the present invention, which includes a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid, can be manufactured by adding an aqueous ferric salt solution and an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to an aqueous shark-derived chondroitin sulfate solution so that the resulting mixture has a pH value adjusted to any pH value within the range of from about 5.5 to about 7.5.  
      The shark-derived chondroitin sulfate is, for example, an alkali metal salt such as a sodium salt or potassium salt of shark-derived chondroitin sulfate and, preferably, shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate. The shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate maybe, for example, one which is derived from shark cartilage, and has an average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 25,000, a limiting viscosity of from about 0.27 to about 0.65, and a sulfur content of from about 6.4 to about 7.0%. Preferably, the shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate is one in which a composition ratio of chondroitin-4-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate A): chondroitin-6-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate C) is about 1:3.  
      The chondroitin sulfate is a linear polymeric polysaccharide having a repetitive structure with disaccharide units of [→4-glucuronic acid β1→3N-acetyl-D-galactosamine β1→] and is a poly anion having a high negative charge in which the isomers present depend on the number of sulfate groups bound to such disaccharide units and the binding positions thereof. Table 1 shows a comparison of the isomer-composition ratio of sodium chondroitin sulfate (an average molecular weight of 20,000 to 25,000) derived from each of shark cartilage and from bovine tracheae.  
                           TABLE 1                                      Isomer composition ratio                                         Shark-cartilage-   Bovine-trachea-           Position of   derived Chs   derived Chs           sulfate   Molecular weight   Molecular weight           group   20,000-25,000   20,000-25,000                                             ΔDi-0S   4.4%   5.1%           ΔDi-4S   21.0%   47.5%           ΔDi-6S   60.4%   43.0%           ΔDi-diS D     12.1%   1.1%           ΔDi-diS E     2.0%   0.7%                         (Notes)                Chs: sodium chondroitin sulfate                ΔDi-0S: A sulfate group is not bonded.                ΔDi-4S: A sulfate group is bonded to C-4 position of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.                ΔDi-6S: A sulfate group is bonded to C-6 position of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.                ΔDi-diS D : A sulfate group is bonded to C-6 position of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and a sulfate group is bonded to C-2 position of D-glucuronic acid.                ΔDi-diS E : Sulfate groups are bonded to C-4 and C-6 positions of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.             
 
      The ferric salt of the ferric salt solution is a compound containing ferric iron which can be used in the body, for example, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O), ferric citrate (FeC 6 H 5 O 7 ), iron oxyhydroxide (FeO(OH)), iron nitrate enneahydrate (Fe (NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), iron sulfate (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3.nH 2 O), iron phosphate (FePO 4 .nH 2 O), or the like. Ferric salt changes to ferric hydroxide in an aqueous solution, and the shark-derived chondroitin sulfate is used as a protective colloid of the hydrophobic colloid solution thereof. Among others, ferric chloride such as ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O) or the like is preferable. The weight ratio of iron: shark-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate is 1:7 or less.  
      The alkali metal hydroxide is, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide.  
      In the manufacturing method of the present invention, an appropriate amount of the aqueous solution of ferric salt (e.g., ferric chloride hexahydrate) in a water for injection and an appropriate amount of the aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., sodium hydroxide) are added with stirring to an aqueous solution of shark-derived chondroitin sulfate (e.g., sodium chondroitin sulfate) in a water for injection corresponding to the above weight ratio to iron. It is preferable to adjust the pH value of the reaction mixture to any constant pH value within the range of from about 5.5 to about 7.5.  
      The concentration of ferric salt (e.g., ferric chloride hexahydrate) in the water for injection is generally in the range of from about 3 to about 62 W/V % (in terms of g/100 ml), preferably about 13 to about 32 W/V %.  
      The concentration of alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., sodium hydroxide) in the aqueous solution to be added is generally in the range of from about 1 to about 28 W/V %, preferably from about 2 to about 7 W/V %.  
      The concentration of chondroitin sulfate in the aqueous chondroitin sulfate solution is generally in the range of from about 3 to about 30 W/V %, preferably about 4 to about 20 W/V %.  
      The reaction mixture containing the ferric salt, the alkali metal hydroxide and the chondroitin sulfate is stirred sufficiently to maintain the pH value of the mixture at a predetermined value.  
      The reaction time to form the chondroitin sulfate iron colloid may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art. In general, however it is about 1 hour to about 6 hours. The reaction temperature may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art. Preferably it is about 5° C. to about 25° C.  
      The thus-obtained solution containing a shark-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid may be used as an injection after sterilization, if required. In addition, containers can each be filled with a small limited amount of the solution (e.g., 1, 2, or 4 ml each), and then sealed and subjected to sterilization (e.g., high-pressure steam sterilization). For the injectable solution of the present invention, it is preferable that the pH value is in the range of from about 5.0 to about 7.5.  
      For the container for the injectable solution of the present invention, for example, a glass container (such as an ampule), and a container made of a plastic material such as polypropylene, including a pre-filled syringe type, can be used.  
      The injectable solution of the present invention can be administered to humans or mammals safely, while scarcely causing any side effects, in accordance with per se known methods. The amount of iron contained in the injectable solution of the present invention to be administered is in the range of from about 0.9 to about 720 μmol, preferably from about 9 to about 720 μmol, in about 2 to about 20 ml of the aqueous solution. The injectable solution of the present invention may optionally include an additional element such as copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, iodine, and chromium. In this case, the injectable solution of the present invention to be administered preferably includes, as a daily amount per an adult person, from about 0.9 to about 55 μmol of copper, from about 3.85 to about 210 μmol of zinc, from 0 to about 51 μmol of manganese, from about 0.025 to about 5.0 μmol of selenium, and from 0 to about 11 μmol of iodine and, more preferably, from about 9.1 to about 27.3 μmol of copper, from about 38.5 to about 61.5 μmol of zinc, from 0 to about 14.5 μmol of manganese, from about 0.25 to about 2.5 μmol of selenium, and from about 0.6 to about 1.1 μmol of iodine.  
     EXAMPLES  
      Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples.  
     Example 1  
      An aqueous ferric chloride solution (20.8 W/V %) and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4.3 W/V %) were fed into separate solutions (6.4 W/V %) of shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate at weight ratios of iron:chondroitin sodium sulfate of 1:5, 1:10 and 1:12 with stirring at 5 to 25° C. for about 60 minutes, while keeping the pH value at about 6.5. Consequently, the resulting chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions were diluted with purified water to obtain the object chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions with 4 mg/ml of iron concentration.  
      Each of the thus-obtained solutions was filled into 2-ml glass ampules, followed by melt sealing. Subsequently, ampules of each of the solutions were subjected to a high-pressure steam sterilization under the conditions of 105° C. for 20 min., 110° C. for 20 min., 115° C. for 20 min., and 121° C. for 20 min., respectively, to obtain samples. This procedure was repeated 5 times.  
      For each of the samples, the property thereof was observed, followed by the conducting of a filtration test on 10 ml of the sample using a membrane filter (0.2 μm in pore size). The obtained results are shown in Table 2.  
      Two kinds of the shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate (Chs), one with a molecular weight of about 10,000 and the other with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 25,000, were examined.  
                           TABLE 2                          Molecular   (Fe:Chs)       Heat condition                                         weight of   Weight   Evaluation   105° C.   110° C.   115° C.   121° C.       Chs   ratio   item   20 minutes   20 minutes   20 minutes   20 minutes               20,000-25,000   1:5    Property   C   C   C   C               Filtration test   X   O   O   O           1:10   Property   A   A   A   A               Filtration test   O   O   O   O           1:12   Property   A   A   A   A               Filtration test   O   O   O   O       10,000   1:5    Property   B   B   B   B               Filtration test   O   O   O   O           1:10   Property   A   A   A   A               Filtration test   O   O   O   O           1:12   Property   A   A   A   A               Filtration test   O   O   O   O                 (Note)            Chs: sodium chondroitin sulfate            Contents of evaluation            Property:            A: Clear dark reddish brown            B: Slightly clouded dark reddish brown            C: Clearly clouded dark reddish brown            Filtration test:            O: Passing through the filter            X: Not passing through the filter             
 
      As shown in Table 2, it was confirmed that chondroitinsulfate iron colloid solutions prepared with the respective weight ratio of iron:chondroitin sodium sulfate of 1:10 and 1:12 were stable under the respective heat conditions without causing any precipitates of insoluble contaminants or the like in the property and filtration tests.  
     Example 2  
      An aqueous ferric chloride solution (20.8 W/V %) and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4.3 W/V %) were fed into separate solutions of shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate* at weight ratios of iron:sodium chondroitin sulfate of 1:7, 1:9, 1:11, 1:13 and 1:20 with stirring at 5 to 25° C. for about 60 minutes, while keeping the pH value at about 6.5. The resulting chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions were diluted with purified water to obtain the object chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions with 4 mg/ml of iron concentration.  
      *Concentration of sodium chondroitin sulfate:  
                                                       Concentration of           Iron:sodium chondroitin   W/V % of sodium           sulfate   chondroitin sulfate                                                    1:7, 1:9   6.4           1:11   7.8           1:13   9.1           1:20   13.7                      
 
      Each of the thus-obtained solutions was filled into 2-ml glass ampules, followed by melt sealing. Subsequently, ampules of each of the solutions were subjected to a high-pressure steam sterilization under the conditions of 110° C. for 20 min. and 121° C. for 20 min., respectively, to obtain samples.  
      For each of the samples, the property thereof was observed and a filtration test was conducted according to the same conditions as in Example 1. The obtained results are shown in Table 3.  
      The shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate (Chs) examined had a molecular weight of about 10,000.  
      As shown in Table 3, it was confirmed that chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions prepared with respective weight ratios of iron:sodium chondroitin sulfate of 1:7 to 20 under the respective heat conditions were stable in the property and filtration tests.  
                           TABLE 3                                      Heat Condition                                             Molecular   (Fe:Chs)       110° C.   121° C.           weight   Weight   Evaluation   20   20           of Chs   ratio   item   minutes   minutes                       10,000   1:7   Property   A   A                   Filtration test   O   O               1:9   Property   A   A                   Filtration test   O   O               1:11   Property   A   A                   Filtration test   O   O               1:13   Property   A   A                   Filtration test   O   O               1:20   Property   A   A                   Filtration test   O   O                         (Note)                Chs: sodium chondroitin sulfate             
 
     Example 3  
      An aqueous ferric chloride solution (20.8 W/V %) and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4.3 W/V %) were fed into separate solutions of shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate* at weight ratios of iron:sodium chondroitin sulfate of 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:11, 1:13, and 1:20 with stirring at 5 to 25° C. for about 60 minutes, while maintaining the pH value at about 6.5. The resulting chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions were diluted with purified water to obtain the object chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions with 4 mg/ml of iron concentration.  
      *Concentration of sodium chondroitin sulfate:  
                                                       Concentration of            Iron:sodium chondroitin   W/V % of sodium           sulfate   chondroitin sulfate                                                    1:5, 1:7, 1:9   6.4           1:11   7.8           1:13   9.1           1:20   13.7                      
 
      Two ml each of the aqueous solution of shark-cartilage-derived chondroitin sulfate iron colloid were filled into a glass ampule (2 ml), followed by melt sealing. Sealed ampules were subjected to a high-pressure steam sterilization under the conditions of 110° C. for 20 min.  
      The stability test of samples in these ampules was conducted at 70° C. The obtained results are shown in Table 4.  
      As shown in Table 4, it was confirmed that chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions prepared with the respective weight ratios of iron: sodium chondroitin sulfate of 1:5 to 20 were stable in the tests of the insoluble contaminant and the iron content as a percentage of the initial content.  
                       TABLE 4                                      Term of storage                                     Evaluation   (Fe:Chs)       After   After   After       items   Weight ratio   Initial   10 days   20 days   31 days               Insoluble   1:5    none   none   none   none       cotaminant   1:7    none   none   none   none           1:9    none   none   none   none           1:11   none   none   none   none           1:13   none   none   none   none           1:20   none   none   none   none       Iron content   1:5    100    98.0    99.6    99.4       (% per the           (97.5-98.5)    (99.0-100.4)    (99.1-99.6)        initial content)   1:7    100   101.5   100.1   100.4                   (100.6-102.9)   (99.0-101.2)    (99.9-101.0)            1:9    100   101.6   100.3    99.9                   (100.8-102.1)   (99.7-100.6)    (99.3-100.4)            1:11   100   103.0   101.1   101.7                   (103.0-103.1)   (100.8-101.4)   (100.8-102.3)           1:13   100   101.0    99.8    99.0                   (100.7-101.3)   (99.4-100.2)    (98.8-99.2)            1:20   100   100.9    99.9   100.6                   (100.1-101.5)   (99.1-101.3)    (99.4-101.8)                  (Note)            Iron content shows the mean (n = 3) and minimum-maximum values as parenthesis.             
 
      It was confirmed from the test results in Examples 1 to 3 that chondroitin sulfate iron colloid solutions prepared with a respective weight ratio of iron:sodium chondroitin sulfate of 1:7 or less were stable.  
     Example 4  
      A shark-cartilage-derived chondroitin sodium sulfate iron colloid solution in which the weight of sodium chondroitin sulfate was 12 times higher than that of iron (Fe), prepared in Example 1 was filled in a 2-ml glass ampule, followed by melt sealing. Subsequently, the glass ampule was subjected to a high-pressure steam sterilization under the conditions of 110° C. for 20 minutes to obtain a sample. Then, 1 ml of the solution was mixed in a commercially available infusion described below, followed by conducting an incompatibility test.  
      Two kinds of the shark-cartilage-derived sodium chondroitin sulfate (Chs), one with a molecular weight of about 10,000 and the other with a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 25,000, were investigated. That is, the observation was performed with respect to the pH value, and the insoluble contaminants before mixing, just after mixing and 24 hours after mixing. The results are shown in Table 5. The commercially available infusion used was “AMINOTRIPA No.2” (trade name, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Japan) and “PNTWIN-3” (trade name, Ajinomoto Pharma Co., Ltd. Japan).  
                                   TABLE 5                                           24 hours           Molecular weight           Just after   after       Infusion   of Chs   Test item   Before mixing   mixing   mixing                  AMINOTRI   20,000-25,000   Property   Clear and   Clear   Clear       PA No. 2           colorless   yellowish   yellowish                       brown   brown               pH value   5.55   5.54   5.50               Insoluble   None   None   None               contaminant           10,000   Property   Clear and   Clear   Clear                   colorless   yellowish   yellowish                       brown   brown               pH value   5.53   5.55   5.50               Insoluble   None   None   None               contaminant       PNTWIN-3   20,000-25,000   Property   Clear and   Clear   Clear                   colorless   yellowish   yellowish                       brown   brown               pH value   5.16   5.16   5.13               Insoluble   None   None   None               contaminant           10,000   Property   Clear and   Clear   Clear                   colorless   yellowish   yellowish                       brown   brown               pH value   5.16   5.16   5.14               Insoluble   None   None   None               contaminant                  
 
      As shown in Table 5, each of the injectable solutions (Example 4) of the present invention did not show any change in its properties up to 24 hours after mixing in the commercially available infusion, and precipitates of insoluble contaminants or the like were not observed.  
     EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION  
      The injectable solution of the present invention can be safely applied in clinical use without worry of BSE infection. It is pharmaceutically stable and stable in an infusion such as an intravenous hyperalimentation preparation and the like.