Patent Publication Number: US-2021177130-A1

Title: Methods and systems for extracting brushing motion characteristics of a user using an oral hygiene device including at least one accelerometer to provide feedback to a user

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/739,069 filed on Dec. 21, 2017, which is the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/IB2016/053842, filed on Jun. 28, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/185,926, filed on Jun. 29, 2015. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure generally relates to oral hygiene devices and, in particular, oral hygiene devices including at least one accelerometer operable to determine a quality of a brushing motion of the oral hygiene device and providing feedback to the user based on the extracted characteristics. The present disclosure also generally relates to systems and methods using an oral hygiene device including at least one accelerometer to determine a quality of a brushing motion of the oral hygiene device. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     While correct oral hygiene is important, correcting one&#39;s oral hygiene technique is oftentimes difficult. One solution to this problem is for an individual to demonstrate their oral hygiene technique while in the presence of an oral hygiene professional, such as a dentist, and have the oral hygiene professional correct any mistakes performed by the individual. This, however, has inherent flaws because the individual may not remember all of the corrected aspects, as well as the fact that the user may not perform their true oral hygiene technique while in the presence of the oral hygiene professional. Furthermore, over time, the individual&#39;s oral hygiene technique may regress to the previous incorrect manner and/or a new incorrect style, or the individual may develop new, incorrect techniques. 
     One proposed solution to such a problem is to create a “game” where performing correct oral hygiene technique is rewarded by an individual winning the game, whereas incorrect oral hygiene techniques leads to one losing the game. Although this concept may work for children, it is often impractical and ineffective for adults. Furthermore, playing the game may only help one correct their oral hygiene technique while the game is being played, and the individual is not able to see how their overall oral hygiene technique is improving, or when they are deviating too far from a correct technique. Still further, such oral hygiene games are not typically transportable and therefore not capable of providing an individual with real-time feedback regarding the efficacy of their oral hygiene care. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an objective of this disclosure to provide an oral hygiene device, such as an electronic toothbrush, that is capable of extracting motion characteristic of a user operating the oral hygiene device and providing feedback to the user regarding the efficacy of their technique. This objective is achieved according to the present disclosure by analyzing motion characteristics of the oral hygiene device and, based on data acquired from at least one sensor included within the oral hygiene device or at least one image capturing component, provide feedback to the user informing them of the efficacy of their operation of the oral hygiene device. Furthermore, it is another object of this invention to provide a user device capable of detecting motion characteristics of a user operating an oral hygiene device. The user device is further operable to extract motion characteristics of the user operating the oral hygiene device, and provide feedback to the user. 
     In a first exemplary embodiment, a method for providing feedback to a user operating an oral hygiene device including at least one sensor is provided. In one embodiment, data acquired by the at least one sensor of the oral hygiene device is received. The acquired data is then analyzed to determine a quality of motion of the oral hygiene device operated by the user. Feedback is then provided to the user based on the determine quality of motion. 
     In a second exemplary embodiment, an oral hygiene device is provided. The oral hygiene device, in one embodiment, includes a handle including a power drive system, an attachment assembly, a drive train assembly coupled to the attachment assembly, a magnet operable to produce a magnetic field, at least one sensor mounted within the magnetic field produced by the magnet, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is operable to acquire data from the at least one sensor. The data corresponds to deformations of the magnetic field relative to the at least one sensor, the deformations occurring in response to the attachment assembly having an external force applied thereto while interacting with a region of interest of a user that is operating the oral hygiene device. 
     In a third exemplary embodiment, a method for enhancing a user&#39;s efficacy while operating an oral hygiene device is provided. In one embodiment, at least one image is captured from an image capturing component. A region of interest for operating the oral hygiene device is then determined based on the at least one captured image. Based on the determined region of interest, characteristics corresponding to a motion of the oral hygiene device operated by the user are extracted. The extracted characteristics corresponding to the motion of the oral hygiene device operated by the user are then analyzed to determine a quality of motion of the oral hygiene device. Feedback is then provided to the user regarding the determined quality of motion of the oral hygiene device. 
     In a fourth exemplary embodiment, a user device for aiding a user in enhancing an effectiveness for operating an oral hygiene device is provided. The user device includes at least one image capturing component, a display screen, communications circuitry, memory, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is operable to capture at least two images of the user operating the oral hygiene device using the at least one image capturing component. In response to detecting that the user is operating the oral hygiene device in a region of interest, motion information of the oral hygiene device is extracted from the at least two captured images. The extracted motion information of the oral hygiene device operated by the user is then analyzed by comparing the extracted motion information to a predefined targeted motion for the oral hygiene device stored in memory on the user device. The comparison determines a quality of the extracted motion of the oral hygiene device. Feedback is then provided to the user operating the oral hygiene device, where the provided feedback includes the quality of the extracted motion information. 
     In a fifth exemplary embodiment, a method for determining if a user is using an oral hygiene device correctly is provided. In some embodiments, motion information of an oral hygiene device is received from at least one accelerometer located within the oral hygiene device. The received motion information is then compared to a targeted motion of the oral hygiene device. If it is determined that the received motion information is within a predefined threshold range of the targeted motion of the oral hygiene device, feedback is provided to a user operating the oral hygiene device. For example, provided feedback may correspond to haptic feedback and/or visual feedback. 
     In a sixth exemplary embodiment, an oral hygiene device operable to determine a quality of brushing by a user is provided. The oral hygiene device includes a handle portion including a power drive system, an attachment assembly, memory located within the handle portion, at least one accelerometer located within the handle portion, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is operable to obtain information from the at least one accelerometer corresponding to a brushing motion of the oral hygiene device. The obtained information corresponding to the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device is then compared to a targeted brushing motion for the oral hygiene device that is stored within the memory. A difference between the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device and the targeted brushing motion for the oral hygiene device is then calculated, and a score for the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device is generated based on the calculated difference. 
     In a seventh exemplary embodiment, a user device for providing information to a user operating an oral hygiene device regarding a quality of the user&#39;s brushing motion is provided. The user device includes a display screen, communications circuitry, memory, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is operable to receive information obtained by at least one accelerometer located on the oral hygiene device. The received information corresponds to at least one of a frequency, an amplitude, and an energy of a brushing motion of the oral hygiene device, in some embodiments. It is then determined if at least one of the frequency, amplitude, and energy of the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device is one of greater than and equal to a predefined threshold value for a targeted brushing motion of the oral hygiene device. If at least one of the frequency, amplitude, and energy of the brushing motion is one of greater than and equal to the predefined threshold value for the targeted brushing motion of the oral hygiene device, one or more of at least one of the frequency, amplitude, and energy of the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device, and a difference between at least one of the frequency, amplitude, and energy of the brushing motion of the oral hygiene device and the predefined threshold value for the targeted brushing motion of the oral hygiene device is displayed on the display screen. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features of the present invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is an illustrative diagram of an oral hygiene device  10  including at least one sensor in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 1B  is an illustrative diagram of an oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 1C  is an illustrative diagram of oral hygiene device  10  and a user device  150  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  is an illustrative diagram of a user interface  200  in accordance with various embodiment; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are illustrative diagrams of user interfaces  300  and  300 ′, respectively, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustrative diagram of a user interface  400  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  500 , in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustrative diagram of a system  2  including a user device  150  and oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustrative block diagram of a user device  150  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  is an illustrative diagram of an image  800  of a user in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are illustrative diagrams describing a change in a location of a device  10  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of device  10  based on a change in pixel position and frame in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of device  10  based on a change in a position vector between device  10  and a reference object in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 12  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of device  10  based on a change in a center of gravity of a captured image in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 13  is an illustrative diagram of various user interfaces in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 14  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  1100  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 15  is an illustrative diagram of user device  10  being used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS. 16A-E  are illustrative diagrams of attachment assembly  20  of an oral hygiene device being used to brush one or more teeth  1304  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 17  is an illustrative flowchart of process  1700  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 18  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  1800  in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 19  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  1900  in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIG. 20  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  2000  in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various techniques, methods, or procedures and arrangements of steps. The referenced drawings are only for the purpose of illustrated embodiments, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Various inventive features are described below that can each be used independently of one another or in combination with other features. Furthermore, as used herein, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
       FIG. 1A  is an illustrative diagram of oral hygiene device  10  including at least one sensor in accordance with various embodiments. Oral hygiene device  10  includes a housing  18  containing a drive train assembly  12  resonantly driven by a power system  14  which includes a battery and an electronics carrier (e.g., a printed circuit board or PCB). Oral hygiene device  10  further includes a printed circuit board with a microprocessor control  15  for creating a drive signal for power system  14 . Removably secured to a drive stem  23  from the drive train assembly  12  is an attachment assembly  20 , at the distal end of which is a brush member  21 . At a rear end of drive train assembly  12  is a magnet  30 , and mounted within oral hygiene device  10  is also at least one sensor  32 . In one exemplary embodiment, at least one sensor  32  is a Hall Effect sensor. A more detailed description of an oral hygiene device including at least one Hall Effect sensor can be found in commonly assigned International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2014/037856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In one embodiment, sensor(s)  32  is a Hall Effect sensor capable of measuring a strength of a magnetic field within housing  18 . A magnetic field is capable of being generated by a magnet  30 . Application of a Hall Effect sensor in the exemplary embodiment, measures the magnetic field strength relative to the Hall Effect sensor. When an external load, or force, is applied to attachment assembly  20 , a deformation of the magnetic field within housing  18  occurs. This deformation is measured via sensor(s)  32 , and may provide information regarding an amount of force applied to attachment assembly  20 . 
     In one embodiment, at least one sensor  32  is a force sensor. The force sensor may be included in place of the Hall Effect sensor and/or in conjunction with the Hall Effect sensor. The force sensor allows for information to be extracted from oral hygiene device  10  corresponding to an amount of force applied to attachment assembly  20 . In one embodiment, however, the amount of force applied to attachment assembly  20  may also be extracted from a Hall Effect sensor. For example, the force applied to attachment assembly  20  may be obtained, in one embodiment, using the Lorentz Force law. 
     In one embodiment, sensor(s)  32  may also include one or more accelerometers capable of determining how quickly (e.g., a velocity and/or acceleration) oral hygiene device  10  is moving. In one embodiment, the accelerometers are operable to measure changes in the motion of oral hygiene device  10  by determining a change in an orientation of oral hygiene device  10  with respect to gravity (see below). 
     In one embodiment, an additional pre-processing step is performed to remove any effects of gravity from the accelerometer&#39;s signal. For example, the accelerometer&#39;s signal may have added noise due to gravitational effects detected by the accelerometer. By applying pre-processing, such as a low or high-pass filter, the noise may be removed such that accurate analysis of the accelerometer&#39;s motion may occur. 
       FIG. 1B  is an illustrative diagram of oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment oral hygiene device  10  also includes additional components located within housing  18 . 
     Oral hygiene device  10 , in the illustrated non-limiting embodiment, includes a processor or processors  102 , memory  106 , communications circuitry  108 , and an input/output interface  110 . These components may be located on microprocessor control  15 , or may be located elsewhere within the housing  18 . Processor  102  may include any processing circuitry, such as one or more processors capable of controlling the operations and functionality of oral hygiene device  10 . In one embodiments, processor  102  facilitates communications between various components within device  10  (e.g., sensor(s)  32  and communications circuitry  108 ). 
     Memory  106 , in one embodiment, includes one or more storage mediums. Various types of storage mediums include, but are not limited to, hard-drives, solid state drives, flash memory, permanent memory (e.g., ROM), or any other storage type, or any combination thereof Any form of data or content may be stored within memory  106 , such as photographs, music files, videos, contact information, applications, documents, or any other file, or any combination thereof Memory  106  also, in one embodiment, includes cache memory, semi-permanent memory (e.g., RAM), or any other memory type, or any combination thereof In one embodiments, memory  106  may be used in place of and/or in addition to external storage for storing data on oral hygiene device  10 . 
     Communications circuitry  108 , in one embodiment, includes any circuitry capable of connecting to a communications network and/or transmitting communications (voice and/or data) to one or more additional user devices and/or servers. Communications circuitry  108  is capable of interfacing with the communications network using any suitable communications protocol including, but not limited to, Wi-Fi (e.g., 802.11 protocol), Bluetooth®, radio frequency systems (e.g., 900 MHz, 1.4 GHz, and 5.6 GHz communications systems), infrared, GSM, GSM plus EDGE, CDMA, quadband, VOIP, or any other protocol, or any combination thereof. 
     Input/output interface  110 , in one embodiment, includes any suitable mechanism or component for receiving inputs from a user operating oral hygiene device  10  and/or generating outputs from a user operating oral hygiene device  10 . Input/output interface  110  may include, but is not limited to, an external keyboard, mouse, joystick, or any other suitable input mechanism, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, input/output interface  110  includes a display capable of displaying a user interface thereon. 
     Oral hygiene device  10  is operable to acquire data from sensor  32  or any other sensor resident therein, and analyze the data to determine a quality of a brushing motion of the user operating oral hygiene device  10 . For example, sensor(s)  32  may be a Hall Effect sensor or a Force sensor or both. In one particular example, a Hall Effect sensor may be used to extract force information. As another example, sensor(s)  32  may include one or more accelerometers. In one embodiment, the analyzed data is used to provide feedback to the user via input/output interface  110 . For example, input/output interface  110  may include a display screen operable display a user interface including analysis of the user&#39;s quality of brushing. As another example, input/output interface  110  may provide an audio, visual, or haptic feedback to the user based on the analyzed data acquired by the at least one sensor  32 . Persons of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that although at least one sensor  32  is used to acquire data, one or more additional sensors may be used. 
       FIG. 1C  is an illustrative diagram of oral hygiene device  10  and user device  150  in accordance with various embodiments. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, user device  150  includes one or more processors  102 , storage  104 , memory  106 , communications circuitry  108 , and input/output interface  110 . Oral hygiene device  10 , in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, is substantially similar to oral hygiene device  10  of  FIG. 1A  with the exception that it also include communications circuitry  108 , which is substantially similar to communications circuitry  108  of user device  150 . 
     Communications circuitry  108 , in one embodiment, enables data acquired by sensor(s)  32  to be transmitted from oral hygiene device  10  to user device  150  via communications circuitry  108 . For example, data from sensor(s)  32  (e.g., a Hall Effect sensor) of oral hygiene device  10  may be transmitted to user device  150  via a Wi-Fi connection, a Bluetooth connection, and/or a hardwire connection. 
     Data acquired by sensor(s)  32  of oral hygiene device  10  corresponds to detected deformations of a magnetic field formed within housing  18  of oral hygiene device  10  based on a user operating oral hygiene device  10 . For example, when an external force or load is applied to attachment assembly  21 , a deformation may occur to the magnetic field within housing  18  that is measurable by sensor(s)  32 . The data is capable of being sent from oral hygiene device  10  to user device  150  for processing, analysis, and/or providing feedback to the user operating oral hygiene device  10 . For example, data acquired by sensor(s)  32 , such as a Hall Effect sensor, may be analyzed on user device  150  using one or more algorithms stored within memory  106 , which determine a quality of the brushing of the user. Feedback is then capable of being provided to the user regarding the determined quality of their brushing motion. In one embodiment, the feedback is displayed on a display screen presenting a user interface. 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that oral hygiene device  10  may refer to any product able to attend to an individual&#39;s oral hygiene, including, but not limited to, electric toothbrushes, non-electric toothbrushes, floss devices, water jets, tongue cleaners, or any other oral hygiene device, or any combination thereof Furthermore, in at least one embodiment, oral hygiene device  10  may refer to a personal hygiene device, such as an electronic shaver, hair trimmer, personal groomer, etc., and the foregoing illustrations are not limited to just oral hygiene scenarios. 
       FIG. 2  is an illustrative diagram of a user interface  200  in accordance with various embodiments. User interface  200 , in one embodiment, is displayed on a user device including a display screen (e.g., input/output interface  110  of user device  150 ). For example, user interface  200  may be displayed on a touch-sensitive display screen found on a handheld device such as a smart phone or tablet. As another example, user interface  200  may be displayed on a display screen of an electric toothbrush (e.g., input/output interface  110  of oral hygiene device  10  as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
     User interface  200 , in the illustrated embodiment, includes information corresponding to the activity of a user operating oral hygiene device  10  including one or more sensor(s)  32   
     In the illustrated embodiment, user interface  200  includes a graph section  202  and a comments section  204 . Graph section  202  displays a graphical representation  206  of data obtained from sensor(s)  32  of oral hygiene device  10 , and in particular, an amplitude of a brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  over a period of time that oral hygiene device  10  is in operation. Graph section  202  allows a user operating oral hygiene device  10  to visually see how their brushing technique applies pressure to their teeth over time, and allows a user to correct various inconsistencies that may arise in their technique. For example, if graphical representation  206  has an amplitude that is continually high, low, or generally inconsistent, the user will be able to visually see that information represented within graph section  202  via graphical representation  206 . Furthermore, graphical representation  206  enables a user to visualize the frequency of their brushing motion and determine if their brushing technique is too fast or too slow. 
     Comments section  204 , in the illustrative embodiment, includes comments generated by user device  150  displaying on user interface  200  that correspond to the user&#39;s brushing technique. For example, if the user is applying a correct amount of pressure to their teeth, a message stating “PRESSURE LOOKS GOOD!” may be displayed on user interface  200 , whereas if the user is not applying enough pressure, a message stating “PRESSURE IS TOO LOW” may be displayed on user interface  200 . Other comments related to the frequency of the user&#39;s brushing and/or the quality of the user&#39;s brushing compared to a previous brushing session are also able to be displayed within comments section  204 . 
     In one embodiment, one or more algorithms resident on user device  150  and/or oral hygiene device  10  obtain data from sensor(s)  32  (e.g., a Hall Effect sensor) and convert that data into a numerical representation. The numerical representation may then be compared to a predefined value for brushing pressure, frequency, and/or quality, which are operable to cause one or more different messages to appear in comments section  204 . For example, a look-up table may be included in memory  106  on user device  150  and/or oral hygiene device  10  that informs user device  150  and/or oral hygiene device  10  to display the message “PRESSURE LOOKS GOOD!” when the obtained data from sensor(s)  32  indicates that a correct amount of pressure is being applied by the user operating oral hygiene device  10 . 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are illustrative diagrams of other user interfaces  300  and  300 ′, respectively, in accordance with various embodiments. In the illustrative embodiments, user interface  300  displays graphics that inform a user when their brushing motion is below a targeted brushing motion, whereas user interface  300 ′ displays graphics that inform a user when their brushing motion is greater than the targeted brushing motion. User interfaces  300  and  300 ′ are capable of being displayed on a display screen of a user device that receives data obtained by sensor(s)  32  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or a display screen located on oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150 . 
     In one embodiment, the targeted brushing motion is stored in memory  106  on user device  150  and/or oral hygiene device  10 , which display user interface  300 . The targeted brushing motion may be defined prior to any brushing activity occurring. For example, the targeted brushing motion may be defined by the user, the user&#39;s parents, and/or the user&#39;s dental professional. As the user brushes their teeth, sensor(s)  32  of oral hygiene device  10  acquires data related to an external force applied to oral hygiene device  10 . For example, if sensor(s)  32  is a Hall Effect sensor, the external force applied will cause an internal deformation of the magnetic field within housing  18  of oral hygiene device  10  and the internal deformation is measured relative to sensor(s)  32  (e.g., a Hall Effect sensor) of oral hygiene device  10 . The Hall Effect sensor, in one embodiment, is set to have a data acquisition rate at least twice of an expected maximum motion frequency, however persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any suitable acquisition rate may be used and the aforementioned is merely exemplary. 
     User interface  300  includes a target brushing motion window  310  that indicates bounds of the targeted brushing motion for the user operating oral hygiene device  10 . The user&#39;s current brushing motion is indicated, in one embodiment, by a marker  304 . As the brushing motion changes over time, a path  302  is displayed that indicates the various positions of marker  304  during brushing. In one embodiment,  300 , marker  304  and path  302  indicate that the user&#39;s brushing motion is lower than the targeted brushing motion defined by target brushing motion window  310 . The user may be capable of visually seeing user interface  300  presented on a display screen (e.g., input/output interface  110 ) and appropriately correcting their brushing technique. For example, marker  304  and path  302  of user interface  300  may indicate that the brushing motion of the user is lower than the targeted brushing motion, and therefore the user may increase their brushing motion (e.g., frequency and/or amplitude). 
     In user interface  300 ′, the brushing motion of the user is greater than the target brushing motion. As seen in  FIG. 3B , path  302  shows that the user, at a point  356 , has exceeded the target brushing motion defined by target brushing motion window  310 . In this particular scenario, the user is able to view user interface  300 ′ and correct their brushing by decreasing their frequency and/or amplitude of brushing to return to the target brushing motion. 
       FIG. 4  is an illustrative diagram of another user interface  400  in accordance with various embodiments. User interface  400 , in one embodiment, is displayed on a display screen (e.g., input/output interface  110 ). In one embodiment, user interface  400  includes a scoring information chart  402  that details a user&#39;s brushing score each time the user brushes their teeth. For example, a score may be given to each brushing session, where the higher the score, the better the brushing session, and the lower the score, the worse the brushing session. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, scoring information chart  402  includes a morning score and an evening score for each day of one week. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that although only seven (7) days and two sessions per day are displayed, any number of days and any number of sessions may be included within scoring information chart  402 . A scoring information graph  404  is displayed within user interface  400 , in one embodiment, that tracks the user&#39;s brushing score graphically so that the user visualizes whether or not their brushing technique is improving from day to day. This may be especially useful for parents to use with their children to ensure that they are continually brushing their teeth and that they are learning proper oral hygiene care and not repeating the same incorrect brushing techniques. 
     User interface  400  also includes, in the illustrative embodiment, a share score report button  406  and a save score report button  408 . Share score report button  406  allows data included within scoring information chart  402  and/or scoring information graph  404  to be shared with one or more contacts, social media websites, and/or user devices. For example, a user particularly proud of their score for a certain week may share their scoring information with their family member or friends. As another example, a user may share their scoring information with their dental professional to inform them of their diligent care. 
     Save score report button  408 , in one embodiment, allows a user to store their score(s) on their user device  150 . For example, a user may store each score from week to week on their user device so that a robust data set may be produced to review with their dental professional at their next appointment. The saved scoring information may be stored in a memory on a user device  150  and/or on a cloud storage system with which the user has an account on or which may be accessed by other individuals (e.g., parents, dental professionals, etc.). 
       FIG. 5A  is an illustrative flowchart of process  500  for providing feedback to a user operating oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  500  begins at step  502 . At step  502 , data is acquired, in one embodiment, from sensor(s)  32  of oral hygiene device  10 . For example, data may be acquired from a Hall Effect sensor located on oral hygiene device  10 . In another embodiment, data is acquired from one or more additional sensors located on oral hygiene device  10 , such as a force sensor and/or a combination of a force sensor, a Hall Effect sensor, and/or an accelerometer. In some embodiments, that date may be transmitted to user device  150  via communications circuitry  108  and  108 ′. Various ways that the data is transferable from oral hygiene device  10  to user device  150  include, but are not limited to, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, cellular data, and/or a wired connection. 
     In one embodiment, sensor(s)  32  is set to have an acquisition rate at least twice an expected maximum motion frequency. The motion frequency typically ranges between 0.1 Hz and 8 Hz. If the motion frequency is 0.1 Hz, then the acquisition rate should be at least 0.2 Hz, whereas if the motion frequency is 8 Hz, then the acquisition rate should be at least 16 Hz, for example. In one particular embodiment, the acquisition rate is set to be approximately 30 Hz. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any acquisition rate may be set for any maximum motion frequency, and the aforementioned is merely exemplary. 
     At step  504 , pre-processing of the acquired data is performed by one or more algorithms stored in memory  106  by processor(s)  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150 . Pre-processing the acquired data allows, in one embodiment, the data to be modified so that it can be more readily analyzed. In one embodiment, pre-processing of the acquired data corresponds to downscaling or subsampling the acquired data. In another embodiment, data reduction is performed on the acquired data to emphasize the brushing motion information. For example, Empirical Mode Decomposition (“EMD”) may be performed on the acquired data to turn raw brushing motion signals to create a collection of Intrinsic Mode Function (“IMF”) data, which highlights the extrema and/or zero-crossings of the brushing force information. In yet another embodiment, pre-processing of the acquired data corresponds to application of a band-pass filter to remove noise/irrelevant frequency information. For example, a 4 Hz low-pass filter may be applied that removes all frequency information exceed 4 Hz. In one embodiment, the frequency and amplitude relationship may be changed using time integration and/or differentiation. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that, in one embodiment, pre-processing of the acquired data may not be required because the data, as initially acquired, may already be in a suitable format. 
     At step  506 , the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is analyzed based on the pre-processed acquired data. In one embodiment, the analysis is performed by processor  102  of oral hygiene device  100  and is based on one or more algorithms stored in memory  106  of oral hygiene device  10 . In another embodiment, the analysis is performed by processor  102  of user device  150 , and is based on one or more algorithms stored in memory  106  of user device  150 . User device  150 , for example, may correspond to a smartphone or tablet, and therefore may include greater processing capabilities than oral hygiene device  10 . The one or more algorithms are operable to decompose the acquired data&#39;s analyzable features, such as, for example, brushing motion frequency and/or brushing motion amplitude. 
     The brushing motion frequency, in one embodiment, is extracted using Fourier analysis to detect a dominant motion frequency using maximum amplitude detection. For example, motion components are windowed using a Hanning window and then sent to a Fast Fourier Transform (“FFT”), to extract dominant frequencies by an index of the maximal frequency amplitude. As another example, a Hilbert transformation may be used for substantially instantaneous frequency estimation. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the brushing motion frequency is determined by extracting extrema or a number of zero-crossing in the motion components. Akin to frequency estimation, assuming that a dominant frequency carrier in the obtained signal is in fact the frequency of interest, extraction of the extrema and/or zero-crossings enables the overall system to correlate with expert assessment. 
     In still another exemplary embodiment, a three band-pass filter is used. The three-band-pass filter is capable of being implemented in software resident on oral hygiene device  10 , or user device  150 , for example. The three band-pass filter operates to compute an amount of energy as a Root Means Square (“RMS”) value in an upper and lower band of the three bands, relative to an amount of energy in a middle band, to indicate a dominant brushing frequency. For example, after the signal is obtained and translated into the frequency domain, an amount of energy in each band of the three bands is determined. If a first, second, and third band go from 0.5-1.5 Hz, 1.5-2.5 Hz, and from 2.5 Hz and higher, respectively, the energy values for each band are extracted, and the band including the dominant amount of energy is determined. Whichever band includes the dominant amount of energy will reveal the region including the dominant frequency. 
     The brushing motion amplitude, in one embodiment, is obtained by determining a distance between consecutive extrema of the motion signals. For example, the distance between two consecutive extrema may correspond to an amount of time transpiring between two maximum, or minimum, motion signals. The motion signals may change in amplitude over time, therefore the distance between consecutive extrema may be referred to as a temporal distance or a time between consecutive extrema. In another embodiment, the brushing motion amplitude is extracted based on the amplitude of the dominant frequency in the Fourier representation of the obtained signals. As still yet another embodiment, the brushing motion amplitude is obtained by enveloping about the motion components. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, additional features of the brushing motion are analyzed based on the brushing motion frequency and brushing motion amplitude extracted. Derivatives of the signal may be used to obtain various characteristics of the user&#39;s brushing pattern. For example, a first order derivative of the brushing signal will yield velocity readings corresponding to the user&#39;s motion. This data is capable of being used to determine how quickly a user is moving oral hygiene device  10  from tooth to tooth, for example. As another example, a second order derivative of the brushing signal will yield acceleration readings corresponding to the user&#39;s brushing motion. Integrations of the signals may be used to obtain various characteristics of the user&#39;s brushing pattern as well. For example, an acceleration may initially be obtained via sensor(s)  32 . The acceleration may be integrated a first time to obtained a velocity of oral hygiene device  10 . A second integration may also be performed from the velocity obtained to generate position information for oral hygiene device  10 . 
     At step  508 , feedback is provided to a user operating oral hygiene device  10 , where the feedback is based, in one embodiment, on the analysis of the user&#39;s brushing motion. In one embodiment, the provided feedback corresponds to information displayed by means of a user interface, such as user interfaces  200 ,  300 ,  350 , and/or  400  on oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150 . The information displayed therein may inform the user of a quality of their brushing motion. For example, display screens  300  and  350  indicate how well a user is adhering to a predefined brushing motion by informing the user when they are brushing below a target brushing motion or above a target brushing motion. As another example, user interface  200  indicates a user&#39;s brushing motion amplitude and/or frequency, as well as informative messages letting the user know how their current brushing motion relates to a predefined target brushing motion. 
     In one embodiment, audio, visual, and/or haptic feedback is provided to the user based on the analysis of their brushing motion. For example, if the user is applying more pressure than they should be, oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may provide a vibration, an audio signal (e.g., a beep), and or a visual signal (e.g., a flashing light) informing the user that their brushing motion is incorrect. 
     In one embodiment, the size of oral hygiene device  10  dictates which type of feedback is provided to the user. For example, if a user device  150  is not used, and oral hygiene device  10  is too small to include a display screen, or oriented such that while brushing, the user is not capable of viewing a display screen, visual feedback may be difficult or ineffective. In this particular scenario, an audio signal or haptic response may be more suitable. However persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any type of feedback may be provided to the user in any suitable manner, and the aforementioned are merely exemplary. For example, a display screen on user device  150  may display user interface  300  or  350 , which may indicate to a user operating oral hygiene device  10  that their brushing motion is too low or too high, while at the same time an audio signal may be generated by oral hygiene device  10  to signify the incorrect brushing technique of the user. 
       FIG. 6  is an illustrative diagram of system  2  including a user device  150  and oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments. User device  150  of system  2 , in one illustrative non-limiting embodiment, includes a camera  602  and a display screen  604 . For example, user device  150  may correspond to a user&#39;s smart phone or tablet, which may include software resident thereon to analyze a user&#39;s brushing motion while they operate oral hygiene device  10 . A motion of a user operating oral hygiene device  10 , in one embodiment, is capable of being viewed/monitored by camera  602  of user device  150  for analysis, as well as providing feedback to the user operating oral hygiene device  10 , which is explained in greater detail below. In one embodiment, user device  150  and oral hygiene device  10  are operable to couple with one another via connection means  610 . Connection means  610  includes any wireless or wired connection including, but not limited to, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, cellular (e.g., LTE), and/or hardwire connections. In one embodiment, connection means  610  enables feedback to be provided from user device  150  to oral hygiene device  10 , or vice versa. In another embodiment, user device  150  further includes one or more additional components such as processing circuitry, feedback circuitry, and/or charging circuitry. In one embodiment, user device  150  includes charging circuitry  656  to that is capable of charging power system  14  of oral hygiene device  10 . For example, user device  150  may be a base station compatible with oral hygiene device  10 . 
       FIG. 7  is an illustrative block diagram of user device  150  in accordance with various embodiments. User device  150 , may be a smartphone or tablet, or may be a base station for an electronic toothbrush (e.g., oral hygiene device  10 ) or electronic shaver. In yet another exemplary embodiment, user  150  also includes one or more camera for capturing images and/or videos. 
     User device  150 , in the illustrative exemplary embodiment, includes one or more processors  102 , storage  104 , memory  106 , communications circuitry  108 , and input/output interface  110 . Camera  602 , in one exemplary embodiment, corresponds to any image capturing component capable of capturing images and/or videos. For example, camera  602  may capture photographs, sequences of photographs, rapid shots, videos,  3 D images/videos, or any other image type, or any combination thereof. 
     Input/output interface  110 , in the illustrative embodiment, may also include a display  604  and a speaker  718  or any other suitable mechanism or component for generating outputs. Display  604 , in one embodiment, corresponds to any type of display capable of presenting content to a user and/or on user device  150 . Display  604  is capable of being any size and located on one or more regions/sides of user device  150 . For example, display  604  may fully occupy a first side of user device  150 , or may occupy only a portion of the first side. Various display types include, but are not limited to, liquid crystal displays (“LCD”), monochrome displays, color graphics adapter (“CGA”) displays, enhanced graphics adapter (“EGA”) displays, variable graphics array (“VGA”) displays, or any other display type, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, display  604  is a touch screen and/or an interactive display. In another embodiment, the touch screen includes a multi-touch panel coupled to processor(s)  702  of user device  150 . In still another embodiment, display  604  is a touch screen including capacitive sensing panels. 
     Speaker  718 , in one embodiment, corresponds to any suitable mechanism for outputting audio signals. For example, speaker  718  may include one or more speaker units, transducers, or array of speakers and/or transducers capable of broadcasting audio signals and audio content to a user interfacing with user device  150 . In one embodiment, speaker  718  corresponds to headphones or ear buds capable of broadcasting audio directly to a user operating user device  150 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, user device  150  includes one or more components of oral hygiene device  10  of  FIG. 1A . For example, user device  150  may includes sensor(s)  32 , magnet(s)  30 , drive train assembly  12 , power system  14 , microprocessor control  15 , and attachment assembly  20 . Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that although user device  150  includes one or more features of oral hygiene device  10 , any number of additional components may be added, or any number of components may be removed, and the aforementioned description is merely exemplary. Furthermore, user device  150 , in one embodiment, is substantially similar to oral hygiene device  100  of  FIG. 1B  with the exception that the former includes one or more of cameras  602 , display  604 , and/or speaker  718 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, user device  150  corresponds to oral hygiene device  10 , with the exception that the former includes camera  602  embedded therein. In one embodiment, camera  602  may be external such that it protrudes from housing  18  of oral hygiene device  10  to capture images of attachment assembly  20  (e.g., the brush member  21 ) while interacting with the user&#39;s teeth. In another embodiment, camera  602  is embedded in attachment assembly  20 . In this particular scenario, camera  602  may include one or more lights (e.g., LEDs, infrared) to illuminate a portion of the user&#39;s mouth that will be interacted with. Various landmarks within a user&#39;s mouth may then be used as a reference point to determine motion and/or quality of brushing activity. For example, a user&#39;s tongue, palate, and/or palatine uvula may be used as a “landmark” to determine where in the user&#39;s mouth oral hygiene device  10  is located. Motion is capable of being determined, in one embodiment, based on changes in captured images between one image and a subsequent image based on differences between the two images, such as differences in position of a tooth or teeth with respect to the physical landmark. 
       FIG. 8  is an illustrative diagram of image  800  of a user in accordance with various embodiments. Image  800  includes a face  802 , a neck  804 , and a torso  806  of the user. Head  802  includes eyes  808 , nose  810 , and mouth  812 . In one embodiment, one or more additional features may be included to describe the user including, but not limited to, ears, eyebrows, chins, cheeks, hair, and/or nostrils. 
     In one embodiment, a region of interest  820  is included within image  800  of the user. In one embodiment, region of interest  820  corresponds to a relevant portion of the user where motion corresponding to the user operating oral hygiene device  10 , will occur, such as shown in  FIG. 9 . For example, region of interest  820  may, when the user is brushing their teeth, correspond to a region surrounding mouth  812 . As another example, if the user is shaving, region of interest  820  may be slightly larger such that portions of the user&#39;s face  802  where one may shave are included. 
     In one embodiment, region of interest  820  may be predefined by the user. For example, a user may manually draw an outline of region of interest  820  on a user interface displayed on display screen  604  of user device  150 . As another example, the user may be presented with region of interest  820  approximated by user device  150 , and the user may manually adjust the borders of region of interest  820  such that they more appropriately conform with the user&#39;s facial structure. 
     In one embodiment, region of interest  820  is determined based on detection of one or more facial or body features of the user by user device  150 . In one exemplary embodiment, detection of the user&#39;s face  802  and torso  806  are performed using any suitable face detector. For example, a Viola-Jones object detection framework may be used to detect region of interest  820  within image  800 . In one embodiment, consecutive images captured by camera  602  of user device  150 , have a Viola-Jones face detector used to determine a location of various facial features within image  800  of the user. After the various facial features (e.g., nose  810 , mouth  812 , etc.) are determined, Equation 1 may be used to define region of interest  820 . 
       ROI=ROI previous +Face Area −[Face Coordinates −1.5×Height]  Equation 1
 
     In Equation 1, ROI is the region of interest, ROI previous  may include the entire previous image or a manually inputted region of interest from the previous image, Face Area  is the area of face  802  within image  800  of the user, Face Coordinates  are the coordinates defining where face  802  is within image  800 , and Height is the height of the user. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the factor of 1.5 times the Height of the user is merely an approximation of where a user&#39;s mouth would be, and any one of these variables may be modified or augmented accordingly. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, facial features of the user within image  800  are detected. For example, Supervised Descent Method (“SDM”) may be used to detect the facial features of the user. SDM, generally, learns a series of parameter updates that, incrementally, minimize the mean of all Nonlinear Least Squares (“NLS”) functions in training. SDM is especially useful in scenarios where a Newtonian image alignment method does not work (e.g., where the Hessian matrix for the image is positive definite at the local minimum but may not be elsewhere, and the function is twice differentiable). 
     In one embodiment, consecutive images captured by camera  602  of user device  150  define the region of interest as the area below the detected facial features using Equation 2. 
       ROI=ROI previous   +FF   Area −[Face Coordinates −1.5×Height]  Equation 2
 
     In Equation 2, FF Area  is defined as [Min(X),Min(Y),Max(X),Max(Y)] for the images captured by camera  602 . In one embodiment, ROI previous  consists of the entire image  800  or a manually inputted region of interest. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, region of interest  820  of image  800  is detected based on background subtraction techniques. For example, camera  602  of user device  150  may capture a set of consecutive images of a user, such as a video of the user, and extract a user&#39;s foreground image/mask. The facial area (e.g., face  802 ) is extracted, in one embodiment, using skeleton matching and region of interest  820  is defined by Equation 1. Background subtraction, generally, allows for two or more images to be compared so that a certain static portion of the images is removed to highlight a particular portion. For example, a moving image overlaid on a static background may have the static background removed using background subtraction as the static background is consistent from image to image. 
     In still another exemplary embodiment, region of interest  820  of image  800  is detected based on 3-D modelling. Various types of 3-D modelling include, but are not limited to, matching 3-D models with shape distributions, shape matching by object recognition using shape contexts, and symmetry descriptors for 3-D shape matching, or any other type of 3-D modelling technique, or any combination thereof. For example, one or more 3-D modelling techniques may be used to detect face  802  of image  800  to determine region of interest  820 . As another example, the region of interest may be detect by selecting an area of image  800  include a specific body part of the user (e.g., the user&#39;s hands). In yet another example, 3-D shape matching may be used to match oral hygiene device  10  to a pre-computed model of an oral hygiene device to determine region of interest  820  by analyzing where oral hygiene device  10  is within image  800 . 
     In yet still another exemplary embodiment, detection of the region of interest  820  is performed by extraction of physical landmarks on the user and/or oral hygiene device  10 . In one embodiment, certain color, edge, texture, or other indicia may be used to specify where region of interest  820  should be. For example, oral hygiene device  10  may have housing  18  shaded red. In this particular scenario, user device  150  may analyze images captured by camera  602  and highlight the motion of any object that is red, thereby tracking oral hygiene device  10 . In another embodiment, light-based markers, such as LEDs, are used to specify region of interest  820 . For example, oral hygiene device  10 may include one or more infrared LEDs that may be recognized by user device  150  to determine region of interest  820 . 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any of the aforementioned techniques for determining region of interest  820  within image  800  of the user may be used, or any additional technique or method may be used, and the exemplary embodiments are not to be construed as limiting. Furthermore, one or more of the aforementioned techniques may also be used to determine brushing motion of the user after region of interest  820  is determined or at a substantially same time as region of interest  820  is determined. A more detailed explanation of one or more of the aforementioned techniques will also be described below and in the foregoing figures. 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  are illustrative diagrams describing a change in a location of such as oral hygiene device  10  in accordance with various embodiments. A first image  900  of a user, includes, in one embodiment, the user&#39;s face  802 , eyes  808 , nose  810 , and mouth  812 . In addition, first image  900  includes a user device which, in one exemplary embodiment, corresponds to oral hygiene device  10 , or user device  150 . As a user brushes their teeth, a camera, such as camera  602 , captures a new location of oral hygiene device  10  within a second image  950 . Oral hygiene device  10  in second image  950  is at a different position than it was in first image  900  with respect to the user within both image  900  and  950 . In one embodiment, first and second images  900  and  950  are two individual images captured by camera  602  of user device  150 , however first and second images  900  and  950  may also be consecutive images obtained via a video captured by camera  602 . 
       FIG. 10  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of oral hygiene device  10  based on a change in pixel position and frame in accordance with various embodiments. In the illustrative embodiment, oral hygiene device  10  from first image  900  of  FIG. 9A  has an initial pixel position P 1 , which has a two-dimensional first pixel array position (X 1 , Y 1 ) and an first time when first image  900  was captured T 1 . Oral hygiene device  10 , in second image  950 , has a second pixel position P 2 , where the two-dimensional second pixel array position is (X 2 , Y 2 ) and the second time when second image  950  was captured is T 2 . 
     Based on the coordinates (e.g., pixel and time) of oral hygiene device  10  in first image  900  and second image  950 , a change in vertical displacement (e.g., ΔY) and a change in horizontal displacement (e.g., ΔX) are able to be determined. Incorporating time change (e.g., ΔT), an approximation on the motion of oral hygiene device  10  is obtainable. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the aforementioned is merely an approximation, and various additional factors such as scaling, delay, and resolution, may also affect the motion characteristics of oral hygiene device  10 . 
       FIG. 11  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of oral hygiene device  10  based on a change in a position vector between oral hygiene device  10  and a reference object in accordance with various embodiments. In the illustrative embodiment, a first position vector  904 A is determined by processor  102  of user device  150  that signifies a distance and/or angle between oral hygiene device  10  and a reference object, such as nose  810  of the user. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any other reference object may be used including, but not limited to, eyes  808 , mouth  812 , neck  804 , torso  806 , or any other feature of the user or background, or any combination thereof. 
     First position vector  904 A, in one embodiment, includes information regarding the positioning of oral hygiene device  10  with respect to nose  810  of the user in first image  900 . In second image  950 , the position of oral hygiene device  10  has changed, and information regarding the new position of oral hygiene device  10  with respect to nose  810  of the user is included in a second position vector  904 B. Each of position vectors  904 A and  904 B are analyzed by user device  150  and a relative motion of user device  902  is determined based on the change in position and timing of the change of position vectors  904 A and  904 B. Various techniques may be used to estimate the motion between consecutive images  900  and  950  using position vectors, such as position vectors  904 A and  904 B, including, but not limited to, 3DRS and Optical Flow. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any motion extraction technique may be used, however, and the aforementioned are merely exemplary. 
       FIG. 12  is an illustrative diagram describing a change in a location of oral hygiene device  10  based on a change in a center of gravity of a captured image in accordance with various embodiments. In one exemplary embodiment, motion extraction is performed using absolute frame differencing techniques. For example, a binary difference image ImDiff is computed using Equation 3: 
       ImDiff=abs(ImCurrent−ImPrevious)&gt;Threshold   Equation 3
 
     In Equation 3, ImCurrent corresponds to the current image and ImPrevious corresponds to a previous image. For example, ImCurrent may correspond to image  950  of  FIG. 9B  captured by camera  602  of user device  150 , whereas ImPrevious may correspond to image  900  of  FIG. 9A . The difference between ImCurrent and ImPrevious is taken as the absolute value. Furthermore, in Equation 3, Threshold corresponds to a variable that may be set by the user operating user device  150  or it may be predefined by user device  150 . For example, Threshold may correspond to an amount of noise associated with camera  602  and/or in the background environment. 
     In one embodiment, the difference between ImCurrent and ImPrevious from Equation 3 is projected along the x- and y-axis of the image plane causing two signals, ProjX and ProjY, to be formed. ProjX, in one embodiment, is defined as being the sum of ImDiff along the y-image axis for all values, whereas ProjY is defined as being the sum of ImDiff along the x-image axis for all values. The maximum value for both ProjX and ProjY is then extracted and, in one embodiment, is used as a “center of gravity” of motion. For example, a first center of gravity  906 A may be represented a center of gravity between oral hygiene device  10  and nose  810  within image  900 , whereas a second center of gravity  906 B may represent a center of gravity between oral hygiene device  10  and nose  810  within image  950 . In one embodiment, each center of gravity  906 A and  906 B are computed based on the ImDiff between that particular image and its previous image. Thus, center of gravity  906 B, for example, may be calculated based on the maximum value of both ProjX and ProjY for images  900  and  950 . In one embodiment, the difference between consecutive centers of gravity is used to determine the motion of oral hygiene device  10 . For example, the difference between centers of gravity  906 A and  906 B may be used to determine the motion of oral hygiene device  10 . 
     In response to extracting motion characteristics, an analysis is performed, in one exemplary embodiment, of the user&#39;s motion. By analyzing and characterizing the user&#39;s motion, the raw motion signals (e.g., data acquired via one or more of camera  602  and/or sensor(s)  32 ) may be transformed into various motion features, such as motion frequency, motion amplitude, and/or motion trajectory. 
     In one embodiment, analysis is performed by pre-processing of the acquired data. For example, various data reduction techniques may be employed to emphasize information within the acquired data corresponding to motion of the user device (e.g., oral hygiene device  10 ), and this information may be combined into a single, new motion component. Various data reduction techniques include, but are not limited to, Principle Component Analysis (“PCA”), Independent Component Analysis (“ICA”), application of a low/high band-pass filter, or any other data reduction technique, or any combination thereof. For example, a low band-pass filter with a 4 Hz cutoff may be used to remove unwanted high-frequency data. 
     In another embodiment, the analysis includes performing a frequency characterization. Motion frequency, in one embodiment, is extracted by using a Fourier analysis to find dominant motion frequency via maximum amplitude detection. For example, motion components may be windowed using a Hanning window, and then sent to a FFT, where the dominant frequencies may be extracted by the index of the maximal frequency amplitude. In one embodiment, frequency characterization includes obtaining motion frequency from the acquired data by extracting extrema (e.g., minima and/or maxima), or the number of zero crossings, from the motion components. Furthermore, as previously discussed, amplitude characterization, in one embodiment, is performed using any suitable technique. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, no data reduction techniques are needed. Here, the motion characteristics (e.g., amplitude characteristics and/or frequency characteristics), are obtained using one or more additional techniques. For example, the x-direction and/or y-direction characteristics of the motion may be combined. As another example, a linear combination of the x-direction and/or y-direction characteristics of the motion may be used. In yet another example, characteristics corresponding to the strongest frequency component with respect to the amplitude component may be used. In still yet another example, characteristics corresponding to the frequency component that is closest to, or furthest from, the targeted frequency component may be used. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the use of “x-direction” and “y-direction” is merely illustrative, and any two directions may be used instead (e.g., x- and y-direction, x- and z-direction, y- and z-direction). Furthermore, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the targeted frequency and/or strongest frequency component may correspond to any frequency component within the frequency spectrum of the system, and may be chosen prior to implementation and/or varied while performing data analysis. 
       FIG. 13  is an illustrative diagram of various user interfacesin accordance with various embodiments. User interfaces display various graphics including feedback provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10 , or user device  150 . For example, if it is determined that the user is brushing their teeth too quickly, display  604  of user device  150  may present user feedback message  1002 . As another example, if it is determined that the user is brushing their teeth too slow, display  604  of user device  150  may present user feedback message  1004  advising the user to speed up. As yet another example, if it is determined that the user is correctly brushing their teeth, then display  604  of user device  150  may present user feedback message  1006 . As still yet another example, if it is determined that the user is brushing a portion of their teeth that was already brushed, or they are brushing a certain area for too long a period of time, display  604  of user device  150  may present user a feedback message  1008  advising the user to change the position of their brushing. 
       FIG. 14  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  1100  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  1100  begins at step  1102 . At step  1102 , data is acquired from one or more cameras located on a user device. For example, camera  602  of user device  150  may capture one or more images and/or videos of a user brushing his/her teeth with oral hygiene device  10 ). As another example, the data may be acquired using a CMOS or CDD image sensor, as well as, or in addition to, a 3D camera system. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the acquired data includes data obtained from one or more captured images/videos and one or more sensors, such as sensor(s)  32  (e.g., a Hall Effect sensor, a Force sensor, and/or an accelerometer) of oral hygiene device  10 . For example, user device  150  may capture video of the user using oral hygiene device  10  while also obtaining data from sensor(s)  32 . 
     The acquisition rate of camera  602 , in one embodiment, enables relevant motion information to be extracted. For example, motion frequency and/or motion amplitude are extractable from the images captured by camera  602 . In one embodiment, the acquisition rate of camera  602  is set to be at least twice the expected maximum motion frequency. For example, if the expected motion frequency is 10 Hz, the acquisition rate will be 20 Hz. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, an additional step (not shown) of pre-processor the acquired data occurs. This optional step may be substantially similar to steps  504  of process  500 . For example, pre-processing of the acquired data may downscale the image by a factor of four (4) to reduce relatively large images captured by camera  602 . 
     In another exemplary embodiment, video channel reduction may occur for video images captured by camera  602  of user device  150 . For example, red, green, and blue channels of the captured video may be converted into a single luminance channel using Equation 4: 
         Y= 0.299  R+ 0.587  G+ 0.114  B    Equation 4
 
     In Equation 4, Y is the single luminance channel, R is the red channel, G is the green channel, and B is the blue channel. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the coefficients for each of the red, green, and blue channel may be modified accordingly depending on the desired settings, and the use of the coefficients in Equation 4 are merely exemplary. 
     As another example, any input channel of the video captured by camera  602  may be combined using any linear or non-linear combination of the input channels. As still yet another other example, only one video channel, such as a green video channel, may be used. In this particular scenario, the green video channel may be used as it typically includes most of the video signal&#39;s energy. 
     At step  1104 , a region of interest is determined. The region of interest is an area or portion of an image of a user that an appropriate motion analysis will target. For example, a user brushing his/her teeth will have region of interest  820  corresponding to an area surrounding and including his/her mouth. For different activities, such as shaving, hair maintenance, flossing, etc., region of interest  820  may change accordingly to include portion(s) of the user&#39;s image that include the intended areas where the motion will occur. 
     Various techniques may be used to determine the region of interest. For example, the region of interest may be predefined by the user and/or the user device, or the region of interest may be selected by the user. In one embodiment, the region of interest is determined automatically based on feature detection. For example, a user&#39;s face and chest may be detected using a Viola-Jones face detector or SMD in conjunction with Equation 2. As another example, background subtraction techniques may be used to determine the region of interest, as well as 3-D modelling, and/or physical marker extraction. 
     At step  1106 , the motion of the device is extracted using the region of interest as determined in step  1104 . The extraction of the motion of the device may be performed using a variety of techniques. In one embodiment, motion estimation techniques are used to extract the motion. For example, motion vectors are extracted using motion estimation between consecutive images (e.g., using 3DRS and/or Optical Flow techniques). In one embodiment, object tracking is used to extract the motion. For example, the motion is extracted by tracking a real or virtual object (e.g., oral hygiene device  10 ), or the relative distance between an object and a landmark (e.g., a vector between oral hygiene device  10  and nose  810  of the user). In yet another embodiment, absolute frame differencing is used to extract the motion. Here, a binary difference image between a first image and a second image is computed, and then a maximum value along each axis of the image is determined and used as a center of gravity for the motion. The various centers of gravity are then used in consecutive images to determine the motion. 
     At step  1108 , the extracted motion is analyzed and decomposed into various components, such as motion frequency, motion amplitude, and/or motion trajectory. In one embodiment, pre-processing is used to reduce the data. For example, a PCA, ICA, or a band-pass filter may be applied to the data to remove irrelevant or unneeded information. In one embodiment, frequency characterization is performed to extract motion frequency. For example, motion frequency may be extracted using Fourier analysis to detect a dominate motion frequency and/or by extracting extremas or zero crossings in the motion components. In one embodiment, amplitude characterization is performed to extract motion amplitude. For example, the distance between consecutive extremas, a dominate frequency in the Fourier representation, and/or an envelope of the motion components may be used to extract motion amplitude. 
     At step  1110 , feedback is provided to the user based on the analysis performed at step  1108 . In one embodiment, the motion characteristics are compared to a targeted motion stored on the user device. For example, a predefined targeted motion of a user brushing their teeth may be stored in storage  104  or memory  106  on user device  150 . After motion of the user device (e.g., oral hygiene device  10 ) is extracted, it may be analyzed by comparing it to the predefined target motion. The results of this analysis are the capable of being presented to the user on display  604  of user device  150  so that the user is able to modify their motion to conform with the predefined targeted motion. For example, display  604  may present user interfaces  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006 , or  1008  of  FIG. 11 , or user interfaces  200 ,  300 ,  300 ′, and/or  400 . 
     In one embodiment, the motion characteristics are used to compute a score presented to the user either in real-time or after the motion is performed. For example, as seen in  FIG. 4 , user interface  400  includes various scores of a user for brushing sessions. The scores are computed and capable of being presented to the user so that they are able to see days or times when their brushing was good or bad. As another example, a user may be presented with user interfaces  300  or  300 ′, which may allow a user to see in real-time how well they are adhering to target brushing window  310 . If their brushing is too low (e.g., user interface  300 ) the user may modify their brushing to increase pressure and/or frequency, whereas if their brushing is too great (e.g., user interface  300 ′), the user may modify their brushing to decrease pressure or frequency. 
       FIG. 15  is an illustrative diagram of oral hygiene device  10  being used in accordance with various embodiments. Patient interaction system  1200  includes, in one exemplary non-limiting embodiment, face  802  and mouth  812  of a patient operating oral hygiene device  10 . When a patient brushes their teeth, tongue, gums, etc., the patient moves oral hygiene device  10  such that a scrubbing motion occurs about the patient&#39;s teeth (see  FIGS. 16A-E ). 
     Depending on an orientation of the patient&#39;s teeth, the motion of oral hygiene device  10  when the patient brushes their teeth (e.g., the direction of scrubbing) varies. For example, a patient may move oral hygiene device  10  in a first and second direction, as seen by arrow  1202 , or oral hygiene device  10  may be moved in a third and fourth direction, as seen by arrow  1204 . Moving oral hygiene device  10  along the first and second direction may, for example, be better suited for cleaning of a patient&#39;s front teeth, whereas moving oral hygiene device  10  along the third and fourth directions may be better suited for cleaning a patient&#39;s back teeth. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that oral hygiene device  10  may be moved in any suitable direction to perform a brushing or scrubbing action, and the aforementioned are merely exemplary. Furthermore, the patient may brush one or more teeth along one or more directions (e.g., a front tooth or teeth may be brushed along the directions of both arrows  1202  and  1204 ). 
       FIGS. 16A-E  are illustrative diagrams of attachment assembly  20  of an oral hygiene device being used to brush one or more teeth  1304  in accordance with various embodiments. Patient mouth  812 , in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, includes gums  1302  having a plurality of teeth  1304 . Patient&#39;s mouth  812  may correspond to an upper or lower portion of a patient&#39;s mouth, such as an upper maxillary portion or a lower mandibular portion. 
     A patient, in one embodiment, moves attachment assembly  20  of oral hygiene device  10  along a first direction  1202   a  to provide a scrubbing action to teeth  1304 . The scrubbing action, or brushing motion, may be performed in any suitable direction such that attachment assembly  20  moves along gums  1302  having teeth  1304  therein. As seen in  FIGS. 16B and 16C , attachment assembly  20  moves perpendicular to a face of teeth  1304 . For example, attachment assembly  20  of oral hygiene device  10  may brush an outer surface of teeth  1304  and/or an inner surface of teeth  1304 . 
     As attachment assembly  20  moves back and forth along a first direction  1202   a  and a second direction  1202   b , one or more sensors  32  within oral hygiene device  10 , are capable of detecting the movement of attachment assembly  1306 . For example, sensors  32  of oral hygiene device  10  may correspond to one or more accelerometers. Various types of accelerometers include, but are not limited to, standalone accelerometers, parts or all of one or more inertial measurement units (“IMUs”), gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers. The accelerometers may also be single or multi-axis accelerometers. For example, various single axis accelerometers may be used within oral hygiene device  10 , to detect changes in motion of oral hygiene device  10  along multiple axes (e.g., x-, y-, and/or z-axis). As another example, multi-axes accelerometers may be used to detect motion of oral hygiene device  10  along two or more axes (e.g., x and y-axis, x and z-axis, y and z-axis, or x, y, z-axis). In one particular embodiment, oral hygiene device  10  includes at least one accelerometer along a longitudinal axis of drive shaft  23 . In one exemplary embodiment, a blind analysis may be performed using various multi-axes and/or single axis accelerometers. For example, the various multi-axes and/or single axis accelerometers may be capable of detection motion in all spatial directions and analyzing an amount of energy, frequency, and/or amplitude detected along each axis. The motion of oral hygiene device  10  is then capable of being reconstructed based on the determined motion. 
     In one embodiment, processor(s)  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  set the acquisition rate of the accelerometers within oral hygiene device  10  to be at least twice an expected maximum motion frequency of the brushing/scrubbing. The accelerometers detect the motion of oral hygiene device  10  as they move along various axes to perform a brushing motion (e.g., move along directions  1202   a  and/or  1202   b ). When the motion detected by the accelerometer corresponds to proper brushing/scrubbing technique, processor(s)  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  provide information (as described below) that the brushing motion is correct. If the detected motion by the accelerometer corresponds to incorrect brushing/scrubbing technique, processor(s)  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  provide information. 
       FIGS. 16D and 16E  are various perspective views of the brushing motion described in  FIGS. 16B and 16C , in accordance with various embodiments. To provide proper oral hygiene care, a patient should brush their teeth  1304  such that a minimal amount of side force occurs on attachment assembly  20  (e.g., such as a brush head) of oral hygiene device  10 . As attachment assembly  20  moves along a direction  1202   a , attachment assembly  20  also provides a force F in a direction  1504 , which is perpendicular to the direction of motion  1202  and parallel and opposite to an outer surface of teeth  1304 . For example, force F allows for bristles on attachment assembly  20  to interact with teeth  1304  to remove plaque, water, toothpaste and/or other elements from teeth  1304  and/or gums  1302  to clean teeth  1304  and/or gums  1302 . 
     As a user brushes their teeth  1304 , a minimal amount of side force should be applied to attachment assembly  20  such that a maximal amount of normal force F is applied to teeth  1304 . Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that although a minimal amount of side force is applied to attachment assembly  20 , the applied normal force F plus frictional effects may cause a non-zero amount of side force to be detected by attachment assembly  20 . As seen in  FIG. 16E , attachment assembly  20  of oral hygiene device  10 , when moving in direction  1402  and/or  1454 , has a force F 1 ,  1602 , applied to an outer surface of teeth  1304  such that a side force F 2 ,  1604  is as small as possible. In one particular example, the amount of side force F 2  is zero. As described in greater detail above, minimizing side force F 2  provides maximal brushing efficacy. In some embodiments, in addition to determining an amount of motion of attachment assembly  20  (and thus, oral hygiene device  10 ), accelerometers (e.g., sensors  32 ) may also be able to determine an angle that attachment assembly  20  is interacting with teeth  1304 . For example, oral hygiene device  10  may include one or more accelerometers that measure motion and one or more accelerometers that measure an amount of gravitational force or gravitational acceleration of oral hygiene device  10 . Oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  are capable of comparing the direction of motion measured by the one or more accelerometers measuring motion of oral hygiene device  10  with a direction or orientation of the gravitational force as detected by the gravitational accelerometer(s) to determine an angle between the direction of motion and gravity. 
       FIG. 17  is an illustrative flowchart of process  1700  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  1700 , in one embodiment, begins at step  1702 . At step  1702 , motion information is received from one or more accelerometers located on or within oral hygiene device  10 . For example, as a patient brushes their teeth using oral hygiene device  10 , sensor(s)  32 , such as one or more accelerometers, located thereon detect information corresponding to a displacement, velocity, acceleration, and/or angle of the motion of oral hygiene device  10 . In one exemplary embodiment, sensor(s)  32  (e.g., an accelerometer) on oral hygiene device  10  detects information corresponding to a motion of oral hygiene device  10 , which is transmitted to user device  150 ,  700  for processing and/or analysis. For example oral hygiene device  10  may transmit motion information detected by sensors  32  (e.g., accelerometers) to user device  150  using communications circuitry  108 . 
     At step  1704 , the motion information received at step  1702  is compared to a targeted motion for brushing of teeth  1304  using oral hygiene device  10 , For example, a frequency of the brushing motion may be detected by sensor(s)  32  (e.g., accelerometers) located on oral hygiene device  10 , which may be compared to a predefined frequency value or frequency range corresponding to proper or correct brushing. In one embodiment, the predefined frequency value is stored in memory  106  on oral hygiene device  10  or user device  150 . The predefined frequency value, in one embodiment, corresponds to a range of frequency values associated with proper or correct brushing motion. For example, frequency values corresponding to correct brushing motion may correspond to 1-5 Hz, however any suitable frequency or range of frequencies may be used. 
     At step  1706 , a determination is made as to whether the received motion information is within a predefined threshold of the targeted motion. For example, at step  1704 , the motion of oral hygiene device  10  may be compared to the targeted motion of oral hygiene device  10  corresponding to proper or correct brushing technique. If the comparison determines that the difference between the brushing motion detected by the accelerometers and the targeted motion is less than a predefined threshold value then process  1700  proceeds to step  1708 . If the difference between the detected brushing motion is greater than the predefined threshold value then process  1700  proceeds to step  1710 . For example, if the targeted brushing motion for proper brushing using oral hygiene device  10  is between 1-5 Hz and the detected motion is 3 Hz, then oral hygiene device  10  is within the threshold range for proper brushing. If, however, the detected motion is 10 Hz, then the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is not within the threshold values for proper brushing. 
     In some embodiments, the comparison that occurs at step  1706  may be a binary decision. For example, the detected frequency of the received motion of oral hygiene device  10  may be compared to the targeted brushing motion for oral hygiene device  10 . If the detected motion is lower than a maximum threshold frequency value or greater than a minimal threshold frequency value, then the detected motion is considered to be correct. However, if the detected motion is greater than the maximum threshold frequency value or less than the minimal threshold frequency value, then the detected motion is considered to be correct. In one embodiment, the comparison may be a continuous decision where a position in the frequency range is used to determine a score for the brushing motion (e.g., see below). For example, a range of frequencies for a targeted brushing motion may be between 1-9 Hz. If the detected frequency is 5 Hz, the score may be 50%, whereas if the detected frequency is 1 Hz or 9 Hz, the score may be 100% or 0%, respectively. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the comparison techniques described above are merely exemplary and any comparison technique may be used. 
     If, at step  1706 , it is determined that the received motion information, as compared to the targeted motion information, is within a predefined threshold value, then process  1700  proceeds to step  1708  where feedback is provided to a user operating oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150 . In one exemplary embodiment, the provided feedback is haptic feedback. For example, the provided haptic feedback may be a vibration of oral hygiene device  10 . As another example, the provided haptic feedback may be an audible sound or tone outputted by oral hygiene device  10 , or by user device  150 . In another exemplary embodiment, the feedback provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10  is visual. For example, a user interface including one or more images may be presented on display  604  of user device  150 , or oral hygiene device  10 . Various types of feedback presented to the user operating oral hygiene device  10  may include positive feedback, instructions or information regarding the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10 , or any other type of information, or any combination thereof As an illustrative example, a user may be presented with user interface  200 ,  300 ,  300 ′, and/or  400 . 
     If, at step  1706 , it is determined that the brushing motioned of oral hygiene device  10  is not within the predefined threshold of the targeted brushing motion, process  1700  proceeds to step  1710  where a difference between the received motion information measured by the accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10  and the targeted brushing motion comparison performed at step  1704  stored in memory  106  of oral hygiene device  100  or user device  150  is calculated. In one exemplary embodiment, as described previously, a determination is made as to whether the received motion information is less than, or greater than, a predefined threshold frequency value. In this particular scenario, the received motion information does not meet the predefined threshold frequency value, and the difference between the received motion information (e.g., a frequency of motion) and the targeted brushing motion frequency is calculated. For example, the received motion information from the accelerometers located on oral hygiene device  10 , may indicate that the user is moving oral hygiene device  10  at a frequency of 15 Hz. In this particular example, the targeted brushing motion frequency may be 5 Hz, and a threshold frequency value for the targeted motion may be +/−4 Hz (e.g., between 1-9 Hz). Thus, the calculated difference between the motion of oral hygiene device  10  and the targeted brushing motion for oral hygiene device  10  may be 10 Hz. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the motion information and the targeted brushing motion information described above are merely exemplary. Furthermore, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the calculated difference between the received brushing motion information of oral hygiene device  10  and the targeted brushing motion may also include a difference between the received motion information and the threshold value for the targeted brushing motion. For example, using the scenario described previously, the difference between the frequency of motion of oral hygiene device  10  and an upper limit of the targeted motion frequency may be 6 Hz. This may allow a user to know approximately how close (or how different) they are to being within the range of proper or correct brushing technique. 
     At step  1712 , feedback is provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10  that includes, in one embodiment, the calculated difference between the received motion information and the targeted brushing motion. For example, a user may be provided with haptic feedback in response to the received motion information not being within the predefined threshold of the targeted information. The provided haptic feedback, in one embodiment, corresponds to a vibration or buzzing of oral hygiene device  10 , which may indicate to the user that their brushing motion is incorrect. After the haptic feedback occurs, the user may be able to view, either on oral hygiene device  10  or on user device  150 , the calculated difference between the motion information of oral hygiene device  10  and the targeted brushing motion. For example, display  604  of oral hygiene device  100  and/or user device  150 , may have a graphical user interface displayed thereon that includes the calculated difference between the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  and the targeted brushing motion. In one embodiment, the feedback provided to the user is visual feedback, and no haptic feedback is provided. In yet another embodiment, audible feedback, such as an audio tone, is played through oral hygiene device  100  and/or user device  150  in addition to, or instead of, the haptic and/or visual feedback. 
       FIG. 18  is an illustrative flowchart of process  1800  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  1800  begins at step  1802  where motion information is received from one or more accelerometers (e.g., sensors  32 ) located on oral hygiene device  10 ,  100 . For example, accelerometers located on oral hygiene device  10  may measure an acceleration and/or motion (e.g., magnitude and/or direction) of oral hygiene device  10  while it is being used to brush a patient&#39;s teeth (e.g., teeth  1304 ). In one exemplary embodiment, step  1802  of process  1800  is substantially similar to step  1702  of process  1700 , and the previous description applies. 
     At step  1804 , one or more axis that the received motion information corresponds to is determined. For example, the accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10  may be single or multi-axes accelerometers. If the accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10  are single axis accelerometers, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may determine which accelerometers detected motion. For example, the detected motion may be only along the x-axis accelerometer. As another example, the detected motion may be along both the x-axis accelerometer and the z-axis accelerometer. This may provide information regarding an axis or axes of motion for oral hygiene device  10 . If the accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10 ,  100  are multi-axis accelerometers, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may determine which axis or axes the motion of oral hygiene device  10  occurs on from the multi-axis accelerometers. 
     As an illustrative example, oral hygiene device  10  may include three single axis accelerometers, such as an x, y, and z axis accelerometer. Processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may determine that only the x-axis accelerometer has detected motion, and therefore may determine that the motion of oral hygiene device  10  is only along the x-axis. As another illustrative example, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10 , also including three single axis accelerometers, may determine that the x-axis accelerometer and the z-axis accelerometer have both detected motion. Thus, in this particular scenario, the motion of oral hygiene device  10  may be along a portion of the x-axis and the z-axis. As still yet another example, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  may include 3 multi-axis accelerometers, such as an x-y axis accelerometer, an x-z axis accelerometer, and a y-z axis accelerometer. In this particular scenario, the x-y axis accelerometer may have detect motion, whereas the x-z and y-z axis accelerometer have not. Thus, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  may determine that the motion of oral hygiene device is along an x-y axis. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the aforementioned is merely exemplary, and if motion is detected by an x-y axis accelerometer, some motion may also be detected along an x-z axis accelerometer (an x-axis component) and a y-z axis accelerometer (a y-axis component). 
     At step  1806 , a determination is made as to whether the axis or axes that the motion information is determined to correspond to includes a gravity component. In one exemplary embodiment, a gravity may be assigned to be aligned with the z-axis. However this is merely exemplary, and the axis of gravity may vary depending on the specific embodiment or application oral hygiene device  10  is used for. If, at step  1806 , it is determined that the axis the motion information corresponds to includes a gravity component then process  1800  proceeds to step  1808 . At step  1808 , the gravity component is accounted for along that axis or axes. For example, in the aforementioned example using three single axis accelerometers, an x-axis accelerometer and a z-axis accelerometer may have both detected motion. The z-axis, as described previously, may corresponds to an axis of gravity, and therefore the motion detected along the z-axis may include a component due to gravity. Thus, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may account for the gravitational component and modify the output used for analysis from that accelerometer (e.g., the z-axis accelerometer). In one embodiment, an accelerometer that has motion detected along its axis that corresponds to gravity may have its outputs suppressed. For example, if the z-axis corresponds to gravity, an accelerometer detecting motion along the z-axis may have its output suppressed or weighted differently to negate or minimize the effects of gravity for the motion of oral hygiene device  10 . In one embodiment, the one or more accelerometers located on oral hygiene device  10  are not be aligned with an axis of gravity. In this particular scenario, more than one accelerometer may detect a gravitational component. Thus, various component breakdowns of the motion of oral hygiene device  10  may occur using processors  102  to determine a direction and magnitude of the gravitational component. After the gravitational component has been determined along each accelerometer, the gravitational component is accounted for along that accelerometer, and process  1800  proceeds to step  1810 . 
     If, however, at step  1806 , it is determined that the axis or axes that the received motion information for oral hygiene device  10  does not include a gravitational component, process  1800  proceeds to step  1810 . At step  1810 , one or more of: frequency value, an amplitude value, and an energy value of the brushing motion is determined. For example, processors  102  of oral hygiene device  10  and/or user device  150  may analyze the motion information detected by the accelerometers (e.g., sensors  32 ) and determine a frequency of the brushing motion that oral hygiene device  10  has when brushing teeth  1304 . As another example, the motion information may be analyzed to determine an amount of energy within the brushing motion. In one embodiment, the energy may include information regarding the amplitude and/or frequency of the brushing motion. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the motion information may focus or include any amount of information corresponding to the brushing motion detecting by the one or more accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10 , and the aforementioned is merely exemplary. 
     After one or more of the frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of the brushing motion is determined, a query is run at step  1812  to assess whether the determined brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy meets a predefined condition corresponding to correct or proper brushing motion for oral hygiene device  10 . For example, a threshold frequency value, amplitude value, and/or energy value for brushing may be set on by a user operating oral hygiene device  10  and/or a user operating user device  150 . The threshold frequency, amplitude, and/or energy value may be an upper or lower value such that if the determined brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy exceeds or is less than, respectively, the threshold frequency, amplitude, and/or energy value, the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is incorrect, whereas if the determined brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of oral hygiene device  10  is less than or greater than, respectively, the threshold frequency, amplitude, and/or energy value, the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is correct. 
     As an illustrative example, a pre-set brushing frequency upper threshold value may be set at 5 Hz. If the frequency of the brushing motion is greater than 5 Hz, then the brushing motion is not correct. However, if the brushing motion has a frequency less than or equal to 5 Hz then the brushing motion is correct. 
     In one embodiment, a range corresponding to a lower and upper frequency, amplitude, and/or energy threshold value for correct brushing is used. As an illustrative example, a pre-set brushing frequency threshold range may be between 1 and 9 Hz. If the determined frequency of the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is less than 1 Hz or greater than 9 Hz, then the brushing motion is incorrect. However, if the determined frequency of the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is greater than or equal to 1 Hz but less than or equal to 9 Hz, then the brushing motion is correct. 
     If, at step  1812 , the brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy meets the pre-set condition, the process  1800  proceeds to step  1814 . For example, if the upper limit for the brushing frequency is 5 Hz, then proper brushing technique would correspond to the frequency of brushing of oral hygiene device  10  being less than or equal to 5 Hz. For scenarios where the pre-set condition is met, process  1800  proceeds to step  1814  where feedback is provided to a user operating oral hygiene device  10  indicating that their brushing motion is correct. For example, a user interface displayed on oral hygiene device  10 , or user device  150  may indicate to the user that they are brushing their teeth  1304  correctly. 
     If, however, the brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy determined at step  1812  does not meet the pre-set condition, process  1800  proceeds to step  1816 . At step  1816 , feedback is provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10  that informs the user that they are brushing their teeth incorrectly. For example, a user interface may be presented to the user on oral hygiene device  10 , or user device  150 . In one embodiment, haptic feedback, such as an audible tone or vibration of oral hygiene device  10 , may be provided in response to it being determined that the frequency of the user&#39;s brushing motion is incorrect (e.g., does not meet the predefined condition for proper brushing motion). In one embodiments, both haptic and visual feedback are provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10 , however persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any other additional type of feedback may be provided to the user, and the aforementioned are merely exemplary. 
       FIG. 19  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  1900  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  1900  begins, in one embodiment, at step  1902 . At step  1902 , motion information for oral hygiene device  10  is received from one or more accelerometer(s) (e.g., sensors  32 ) located on oral hygiene device  10 . In one exemplary embodiment, step  1902  of  FIG. 19  is substantially similar to step  1702  of  FIG. 17 , and the previous description applies. 
     At step  1904 , a maximum frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is determined based on the motion information received from the accelerometers at step  1902 . The received motion information from the accelerometers located on oral hygiene device  10  includes, amongst other information, frequency, amplitude, and/or energy information regarding the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10 . In one exemplary embodiment, the amplitude of the motion of oral hygiene device  10  is analyzed, and the maximum brushing amplitude is determined. In another exemplary embodiment, multiple maximum brushing amplitudes are determined. For example, a maximum brushing amplitude may be determined every 10 seconds or after a user moves oral hygiene device  10  to a different location within their mouth. In another exemplary embodiment, a maximum brushing amplitude, and the next few (e.g., five (5)) maximum brushing amplitudes are also determined at step  1904 . For example, a maximum brushing amplitude is determined, and then the next maximum amplitude (e.g., an amplitude greater than all the other amplitudes except for the maximum amplitude) is determined, and so on. In yet another exemplary embodiment, an energy signal of the brushing motion may be analyzed, and a maximum energy signal may be determined. From the maximum energy signal, a maximum frequency and/or amplitude may also be determined as the energy signal may include frequency and/or amplitude information. 
     In one embodiment, the amplitude of the signal detected by the one or more accelerometers is defined using Equation 1: 
         A = l/ 2(2 π f ) 2    Equation 1
 
     where l is the displacement of housing  18 , attachment assembly  20 , and/or drive shaft  23  (depending on the amplitude being measured), and f is the frequency of the displaced objects movement. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any other portion of oral hygiene device  10  may be used to measure an amount of displacement  1 , and the aforementioned is merely exemplary. As an illustrative example, if the displacement l=0.05 m, and the frequency f=2 Hz, then the amplitude will be approximately 3.95. 
     At step  1906 , a determination is made as to whether or not the maximum frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of the brushing motion is within a predefined threshold range for brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of oral hygiene device  10 . In one embodiment, a predefined maximum frequency, amplitude, and/or energy for correct brushing motion is stored in memory  106  on oral hygiene device  100 , or user device  150   y.  The maximum brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy determined at step  1904  is compared to the predefined maximum frequency, amplitude, and/or energy for correct brushing motion to determine if the determined maximum brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy is within a range of the predefined maximum brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy. For example, if the predefined brushing amplitude is A, the range for the predefined maximum brushing amplitude may be A±10% of A. As another example, the predefined maximum brushing amplitude may be an upper or lower threshold, such that correct brushing motion corresponds to the maximum brushing amplitude being greater than or equal to A (if A is a lower threshold), or less than or equal to A (if A is an upper threshold). 
     If, at step  1906 , it is determined that the determined maximum brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy of the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  is within the predefined threshold range, then process  1900  proceeds to step  1908 . At step  1908 , feedback is provided to the user indicating that the brushing motion is correct. For example, a user may be presented with user interface indicating that they are brushing correctly. If, however, at step  1906 , it is determined that the determined maximum brushing frequency, amplitude, and/or energy is not within the predefined threshold range, then process  1900  proceeds to step  1910 . At step  1910 , feedback is provided to the user operating oral hygiene device  10  indicating that the brushing motion is incorrect, and instructions to correct the brushing motion are provided. For example, if a user has a brushing amplitude that is much smaller than the predefined threshold brushing amplitude, the user may be presented with a user interface on oral hygiene device  10  or user device  150  instructing the user to brush with a greater amplitude. As another example, if the user has a brushing amplitude that is much greater than the predefined threshold for maximum brushing amplitude, then the user may be presented with a user interface on oral hygiene device  10  or user device  150 , instructing the user to decrease the amplitude of their brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10 . In one exemplary embodiment, additional feedback, such as haptic feedback and/or audio feedback, are also provided to the user. For example, if the determined maximum brushing amplitude is smaller than, or greater than the predefined threshold range for the maximum brushing amplitude, then an audible tone may be outputted by user device  150  indicating to the user that their brushing motion is incorrect. In one exemplary embodiment, a first audio tone is outputted if the determined maximum brushing amplitude is too low, whereas a second audio tone is outputted if the determined maximum brushing amplitude is too high. 
       FIG. 20  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  2000  in accordance with various embodiments. Process  2000 , in one embodiment, begins at step  2002 . At step  2002 , motion information is received from one or more accelerometers (e.g., sensors  32 ) located on oral hygiene device  10 ,  100 . In one exemplary embodiment, step  2002  of  FIG. 20  is substantially similar to step  1702  of  FIG. 17 , and the previous description applies. 
     At step  2004 , the received motion information is compared to a targeted motion for oral hygiene device  10 . In one embodiment, a frequency, amplitude, and/or energy corresponding to correct brushing technique is stored in memory  106  on oral hygiene device  10  or user device  150 . Correct brushing technique thus refers to a targeted motion for oral hygiene device. For example, a predefined frequency for a targeted brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10  for a user is stored in memory  106 . As another example, a range of frequencies for a targeted brushing motion for brushing a user&#39;s teeth using oral hygiene device  10  is stored in memory  106 . The predefined frequency, amplitude, and/or energy, and/or the range of frequencies, amplitudes, and/or energies for the targeted brushing motion may be programed into memory  106  by a dental professional, a parent or guardian of a user operating oral hygiene device  10 , or by the user of oral hygiene device  10 . 
     As an illustrative example, a predefined frequency range for a targeted brushing motion may be a frequency between 1 and 9 Hz. The received motion information includes, in one exemplary embodiment, a frequency of oral hygiene device  10  for a user&#39;s brushing. This frequency is then compared, at step  2004 , to the targeted brushing motion frequency range (e.g., 1-9 Hz). In one embodiment, the comparison is performed on oral hygiene device  10 , however persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the comparison may instead, or additionally, be performed on user device  150 . 
     At step  2006 , a score is calculated based on the comparison between the received brushing motion information and the targeted brushing motion. Continuing the illustrative example above, if the frequency of the brushing motion is 1 Hz, the calculate score may be 100%. If the frequency of the brushing motion of oral hygiene device  10 ,  100  is instead 5 Hz, then the calculated score may be 50%. Thus, in this particular scenario, frequencies closer to 1 Hz are scored higher than frequencies scored closed to 9 Hz. 
     In one embodiment, the score is calculated on oral hygiene device  10 , whereas in another embodiment, the score is calculated on user device  150 . For example, received motion information (e.g., frequency of brushing) and the stored targeted brushing motion may be processed using processor(s)  102  of oral hygiene device  100  and/or user device  150 . Processor  102  may analyze the brushing motion information obtained by the accelerometers on oral hygiene device  10  and compare the brushing motion information to the targeted brushing motion information. Processor  102  may then determine the difference between the two motions. For example, if the targeted motion information is between 1-9 Hz, the calculation may determine whether or not the received brushing motion information is within this range. If it is, a score may be generated based on predefined frequency values for the targeted motion. A frequency of 1 Hz may, in one illustrative example, correspond to a substantially perfect score (e.g., 100%), whereas a frequency of 5 Hz may correspond to an average score (e.g., 50%). If the targeted motion information is not within the range, the calculated score may reflect that the brushing motion is not within the targeted motion range (e.g., a score of 0%) or the score may indicate to the user that they are outside of the range and a score is not able to be computed (e.g., a score of not applicable may be presented or “outside targeted brushing motion range”). 
     At step  2008 , the calculated score is stored in memory/storage  106  on oral hygiene device  100  and/or user device  150 . For example, each time a user operates oral hygiene device  10 , the calculated score of their brushing may be stored. In one exemplary embodiment, a user may be able to select which instance or score is to be stored. For example, a user may be presented with the score at step  2006  (e.g., input/output circuitry  110  of oral hygiene device  10  or user device  150 ). In response to being presented with the score of that brushing session, the user may be provided with an option to store that score or not store that score. If the user decides to store the calculated score, then the score is stored in storage/memory  106 . However, in one embodiment, this functionality may be capable of being disabled or locked such that certain users (e.g., children) are not able to have negative scores erased. 
     At step  2010 , data including the score and any additional scores obtain from additional brushing events is generated. In one embodiment, the generated data includes a timeline of a user&#39;s scores for each brushing session over time. For example, a graph including a calculated score for each brushing session may be presented within a display on user device  150 . This allows a user, a user&#39;s parent or guardian, and/or a user&#39;s oral hygiene professional to view the user&#39;s progress. In this way, a user is able to see if their brushing technique is improving (e.g., becoming more aligned with the targeted motion) as they continue to use oral hygiene device  10 , or if they are still deviating from the targeted motion and how they can modify their brushing technique to more closely achieve a brushing motion comparable to the targeted brushing motion. In one exemplary embodiment, the data generated includes scores for a user&#39;s various brushing sessions, and that data is transmitted (e.g., via email or to a remote storage platform) to the user&#39;s oral hygiene professional. This allows the user&#39;s dental professional to monitor the user&#39;s brushing technique between office visits. Furthermore, the oral hygiene professional will now be able to review the user&#39;s brushing motion technique and subsequent visits to help the user improve their brushing technique. 
     In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprising” or “including” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. In any device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain elements are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that these elements cannot be used in combination. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.