Patent Publication Number: US-2022234591-A1

Title: Grip strength smart sleeves

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related to co-pending and co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/148,932, filed Jan. 14, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to autonomous driving/assisted driving, and in particular, some implementations may relate to mechanisms influencing driver interaction with a vehicle steering wheel in response to certain autonomous driving/assisted driving operations or actions. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) can refer to electronic systems that assist a vehicle operator while driving, parking, or otherwise maneuvering a vehicle. ADAS can increase vehicle and road safety by minimizing human error, and introducing some level of automated vehicle/vehicle feature control. Autonomous driving systems may go further than ADAS by leaving responsibility of maneuvering and controlling a vehicle to the autonomous driving systems. For example, an autonomous driving system may comprise some package or combination of sensors to perceive a vehicle&#39;s surroundings, and advanced control systems that interpret the sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, obstacles, road signage, etc. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In accordance with one embodiment, a vehicle may comprise an autonomous control system adapted to provide one or more commands to autonomously control one or more systems of the vehicle. The vehicle may further comprise an influential control component adapted to impart influential control over at least one of a driver&#39;s grip relative to a steering wheel of the vehicle. The imparted influential control effectuates reinforcement of the one or more commands to autonomously control the one or more systems of the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, the influential control component comprises a smart sleeve. 
     In some embodiments, the smart sleeve comprises a wearable garment covering at least a portion of the driver&#39;s arm, and a plurality of electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, the smart sleeve further comprises a power source generating electrical stimuli in the form of electrical signals sent to one or more of the plurality of electrodes to effectuate the imparting of the influential control. 
     In some embodiments, the electrical stimuli stimulate one or more muscles of the driver&#39;s arm to induce at least one of contraction and expansion of the driver&#39;s grip1 on a steering wheel of the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, the contraction and expansion of the grip causes at least one of increasing strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel, decreasing strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel, gripping of the steering wheel via the driver&#39;s grip, and releasing the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel. 
     In some embodiments, gripping of the steering wheel or increasing the strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel comprises augmentative influential control. 
     In some embodiments, releasing the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel or decreasing the strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel comprises intervening influential control. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more commands to autonomously control one or more systems of the vehicle comprise application of torque to the steering wheel. 
     In some embodiments, the imparting of influential control over the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel induces application of additional torque to the steering wheel by the driver. 
     In some embodiments, the imparting of influential control over the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel further comprises imparting complementary influential control over at least one of hand, wrist, and arm positioning of the driver. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, a vehicle may comprise a processor, and a memory unit operatively connected to the processor. The memory unit may include computer code, that when executed, causes the processor to: monitor autonomous control signals controlling motion of the vehicle; monitor the vehicle&#39;s motion in response to the autonomous control signals; and apply influential control over a driver via a smart sleeve based on a differential between the monitored autonomous control signals and the monitored vehicle&#39;s motion in response to the autonomous control signals. 
     In some embodiments, the smart sleeve comprises a wearable garment covering at least a portion of the driver&#39;s arm, and a plurality of electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, the smart sleeve further comprises a power source generating electrical stimuli in the form of electrical signals sent to one or more of the plurality of electrodes to effectuate the imparting of the influential control. 
     In some embodiments, the electrical stimuli stimulate one or more muscles of the driver&#39;s arm to induce at least one of contraction and expansion of a grip of the driver on a steering wheel of the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, the contraction and expansion of the grip causes at least one of increasing strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel, decreasing strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel, gripping of the steering wheel via the driver&#39;s grip, and releasing the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel. 
     In some embodiments, gripping of the steering wheel or increasing the strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel comprises augmentative influential control. 
     In some embodiments, releasing the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel or decreasing the strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel comprises intervening influential control. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The figures are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of an example hybrid vehicle with which embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates an example autonomous control system. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates an example safety control unit aspect of the autonomous control system of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example influential control mechanism in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate an example smart sleeve(s) used to effectuate influential control in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating operations that may be performed to effectuate influential control in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is an example computing component that may be used to implement various features of embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     The figures are not exhaustive and do not limit the present disclosure to the precise form disclosed. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As alluded to above, ADAS and autonomous driving control systems can be used in vehicles that at least, in part, controls or manages vehicle operation to provide varying levels of automated control or assistance. For ease of reference, the term “autonomous control” will be used herein to refer to such systems. In some vehicles, an override mechanism, such as an override switch, may be used to turn off or disengage a vehicle&#39;s autonomous control system. Such an override mechanism can allow a driver/operator or passenger to assume manual control of a vehicle. When invoking conventional implementations of override mechanisms in a safety scenario (e.g., to avoid a collision), a vehicle operator engages in a human/manual situational assessment, and may intervene/override autonomous control by manually actuating a driving control mechanism, such as grasping and controlling a steering wheel, actuating a brake pedal, actuating a throttle pedal, and so on. In some vehicles, ADAS provide warning alerts or notifications to a driver, where these alerts/notifications are intended to invoke some reaction or response from the driver to, e.g., correct a current driving behavior. 
     It should be understood that the current (and a least a portion of a future) state of vehicular autonomous control may fall under what can be referred to as a transition period prior to the realization of fully autonomous driving. Thus, a human operator, i.e., a driver of a vehicle, may still inject some amount of control and/or may be prompted to take certain action(s), e.g., in response to some road or vehicle operating condition as alluded to above. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to effectuating influential control over a driver of a vehicle. In the event a vehicle ADAS determines that influencing a driver to engage the vehicle in a particular way is warranted, one or more signals can be sent a wearable device, such as a forearm sleeve worn by the driver. The one or more signals can provide influential control, e.g., augmentative or intervening control of the hand(s) of the driver vis-à-vis such a sleeve(s). In particular, such influential control may act as an intuitive reinforcement of some action(s) being promulgated by a vehicle ADAS, e.g., so that the driver of the vehicle may understand and appreciate the autonomous control being effectuated over the vehicle. In some embodiments, such influential control, alternatively, or in addition to the aforementioned reinforcement, may act to induce or prompt the driver to impart some complementary action(s) to existing ADAS-initiated control of the vehicle, or even in response to current driver-initiated control of the vehicle. In the event the driver&#39;s current action(s) do not comport with ADAS-effectuated control (or if the driver&#39;s current action(s) should be enhanced or augmented with additional action(s)/greater level of action(s)), such influential control can make the driver aware that his/her action(s) differ from the ADAS-effectuated control and/or intervene to induce or prompt the driver to stop his/her non-conforming action(s)/behavior(s). 
     For example, a vehicle may be approaching some obstacle in the road on which it is traversing. The driver of the vehicle may recognize a need to avert a collision with the approaching obstacle, and hence, may grip the vehicle&#39;s steering wheel to steer the car, e.g., to the right of the approaching obstacle. The ADAS may determine that a more severe turning radius may be necessary to avoid the approaching obstacle, in which case, an augmenting signal may be transmitted to the sleeve(s) causing the driver&#39;s hand(s) to more forcefully grip the steering wheel. In this way, the driver can be made aware that more force (in this case steering torque) should be applied to the steering wheel to avoid the approaching obstacle. Indeed, in some embodiments, effectuating greater grip may itself induce increased steering torque to be applied by the driver. By virtue of providing such augmented control, the driver can be better influenced and in a more direct manner. It should be understood that steering torque can be applied by the ADAS alone or by both the ADAS and the driver (in response to the influential, in this case augmented, control). 
     Current ADAS may effectuate vibrations in a driver&#39;s seat, may initiate the presentation of visual or audible warnings, e.g., flashing lights, beeps, etc. However, such current warnings can be more easily ignored by a driver. Some drivers may even find such warnings to be annoying, and may in some instances, disable this aspect of the ADAS. Moreover, following the above example, it can be appreciated that some drivers may view or experience conventional audible/visual alerts or warnings to be somewhat removed from the action/operation a current ADAS seeks to prompt. For example, conventional lane assist mechanisms may initiate vibration of the driver&#39;s seat to let the driver know that he/she is veering out of a particular lane. However, a vibrating seat is contextually unrelated to how a driver should steer the vehicle. This disconnect can lead to driver annoyance, or worse, a driver ignoring a maneuver that should be performed to avoid a collision, accident, or other negative driving event. 
     In contrast, various embodiments, due to the direct nature of the influential control, i.e., influence over a driver&#39;s hand(s) that can directly control a vehicle vis-à-vis the steering wheel, may be better accepted by drivers. That is, a driver may better understand that he/she needs to apply more torque/turn more sharply in response to a control signal forcing increased grip on the steering wheel, as opposed to feeling a seat vibrate, hearing a “random” beep, etc. A driver may simply better understand why the ADAS or autonomous control of the vehicle involves a particular maneuver(s) by virtue of the influential control, making the driving experience more enjoyable, perceived to be less intrusive, intuitive, etc. Over time, the driving behavior of a driver may be altered due to such influential control reinforcement. 
     It should be understood in some embodiments, influential control as contemplated herein may further include, but is not limited to and intervening control action. For example, in the event that a driver attempts to steer or otherwise control a vehicle in some manner contrary to an autonomous control-determined operation(s), some embodiments may effectuate intervening control. A scenario may arise where a vehicle may be approaching a moving road obstacle, such as another vehicle or bicycle. In response, the driver may attempt to turn right to avoid the road obstacle. The ADAS may determine that the vehicle should instead continue straight along its current path (rather than veer to the right) of the road obstacle, in which case, various embodiments may effectuate an influential control signal that comprises an intervening control signal. Such an intervening control signal may control the aforementioned sleeve(s) to effectuate a loosening of the user&#39;s grip on the steering wheel. In this way, the ADAS may effectively communicate, to the driver, that he/she is engaging in some action/operation that might be detrimental, is unwarranted, etc. That is, loosening the driver&#39;s grip on the steering can let the driver know he/she should not be operating the vehicle in a manner that the driver intends. Again, conventional systems and methods of influencing a driver may not be as effective as intended because the typical alerts do not involve one of a driver&#39;s closest point of control/contact with the vehicle—the steering wheel. 
     Moreover, effectuating a hand-based response can reduce latency/reaction time on the part of the driver. Again, conventional ADAS may present some form(s) of audible/visual warning. However, it may take the driver some time to: (a) pick up on the warning; (b) understand what the warning is for; and (c) engaging or initiating in some reactive/responsive action. Various embodiments may avoid such delays in reaction by directly influencing a driver&#39;s grip on/relative to a vehicle&#39;s steering wheel. 
     The systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented with or by any of a number of different vehicles and vehicle types. For example, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be used with automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other like on-or off-road vehicles. In addition, the principles disclosed herein may also extend to other vehicle types as well. An example hybrid electric vehicle is illustrated and described below as one example. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)  100  in which various embodiments for driver disengagement of autonomous vehicle/driving controls may be implemented. It should be understood that various embodiments disclosed herein may be applicable to/used in various vehicles (internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, fully electric vehicles (EVs), etc.) that are fully or partially autonomously controlled/operated, not only HEVs. 
     HEV  100  can include drive force unit  105  and wheels  170 . Drive force unit  105  may include an engine  110 , motor generators (MGs)  191  and  192 , a battery  195 , an inverter  197 , a brake pedal  130 , a brake pedal sensor  140 , a transmission  120 , a memory  160 , an electronic control unit (ECU)  150 , a shifter  180 , a speed sensor  182 , and an accelerometer  184 . 
     Engine  110  primarily drives the wheels  170 . Engine  110  can be an ICE that combusts fuel, such as gasoline, ethanol, diesel, biofuel, or other types of fuels which are suitable for combustion. The torque output by engine  110  is received by the transmission  120 . MGs  191  and  192  can also output torque to the transmission  120 . Engine  110  and MGs  191  and  192  may be coupled through a planetary gear (not shown in  FIG. 1B ). The transmission  120  delivers an applied torque to the wheels  170 . The torque output by engine  110  does not directly translate into the applied torque to the wheels  170 . 
     MGs  191  and  192  can serve as motors which output torque in a drive mode, and can serve as generators to recharge the battery  195  in a regeneration mode. The electric power delivered from or to MGs  191  and  192  passes through inverter  197  to battery  195 . Brake pedal sensor  140  can detect pressure applied to brake pedal  130 , which may further affect the applied torque to wheels  170 . Speed sensor  182  is connected to an output shaft of transmission  120  to detect a speed input which is converted into a vehicle speed by ECU  150 . Accelerometer  184  is connected to the body of HEV  100  to detect the actual deceleration of HEV  100 , which corresponds to a deceleration torque. 
     Transmission  120  is a transmission suitable for an HEV. For example, transmission  120  can be an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT), which is coupled to engine  110  as well as to MGs  191  and  192 . Transmission  120  can deliver torque output from a combination of engine  110  and MGs  191  and  192 . The ECU  150  controls the transmission  120 , utilizing data stored in memory  160  to determine the applied torque delivered to the wheels  170 . For example, ECU  150  may determine that at a certain vehicle speed, engine  110  should provide a fraction of the applied torque to the wheels while MG  191  provides most of the applied torque. ECU  150  and transmission  120  can control an engine speed (N E ) of engine  110  independently of the vehicle speed (V). 
     ECU  150  may include circuitry to control the above aspects of vehicle operation. ECU  150  may include, for example, a microcomputer that includes a one or more processing units (e.g., microprocessors), memory storage (e.g., RAM, ROM, etc.), and I/O devices. ECU  150  may execute instructions stored in memory to control one or more electrical systems or subsystems in the vehicle. ECU  150  can include a plurality of electronic control units such as, for example, an electronic engine control module, a powertrain control module, a transmission control module, a suspension control module, a body control module, and so on. As a further example, electronic control units can be included to control systems and functions such as doors and door locking, lighting, human-machine interfaces, cruise control, telematics, braking systems (e.g., anti-lock braking system (ABS) or electronic stability control (ESC)), battery management systems, and so on. These various control units can be implemented using two or more separate electronic control units, or using a single electronic control unit. 
     MGs  191  and  192  each may be a permanent magnet type synchronous motor including for example, a rotor with a permanent magnet embedded therein. MGs  191  and  192  may each be driven by an inverter controlled by a control signal from ECU  150  so as to convert direct current (DC) power from battery  195  to alternating current (AC) power, and supply the AC power to MGs  191 ,  192 . MG  192  may be driven by electric power generated by motor generator MG 191 . It should be understood that in embodiments where MG 191  and MG 192  are DC motors, no inverter is required. The inverter, in conjunction with a converter assembly may also accept power from one or more of MGs  191 ,  192  (e.g., during engine charging), convert this power from AC back to DC, and use this power to charge battery  195  (hence the name, motor generator). ECU  150  may control the inverter, adjust driving current supplied to MG  192 , and adjust the current received from MG 191  during regenerative coasting and braking. 
     Battery  195  may be implemented as one or more batteries or other power storage devices including, for example, lead-acid batteries, lithium ion, and nickel batteries, capacitive storage devices, and so on. Battery  195  may also be charged by one or more of MGs  191 ,  192 , such as, for example, by regenerative braking or by coasting during which one or more of MGs  191 ,  192  operates as generator. Alternatively (or additionally, battery  195  can be charged by MG  191 , for example, when HEV  100  is in idle (not moving/not in drive). Further still, battery  195  may be charged by a battery charger (not shown) that receives energy from engine  110 . The battery charger may be switched or otherwise controlled to engage/disengage it with battery  195 . For example, an alternator or generator may be coupled directly or indirectly to a drive shaft of engine  110  to generate an electrical current as a result of the operation of engine  110 . Still other embodiments contemplate the use of one or more additional motor generators to power the rear wheels of a vehicle (e.g., in vehicles equipped with 4-Wheel Drive), or using two rear motor generators, each powering a rear wheel. 
     Battery  195  may also be used to power other electrical or electronic systems in the vehicle. Battery  195  can include, for example, one or more batteries, capacitive storage units, or other storage reservoirs suitable for storing electrical energy that can be used to power MG  191  and/or MG  192 . When battery  195  is implemented using one or more batteries, the batteries can include, for example, nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, lead acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, lithium ion polymer batteries, and other types of batteries. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates an example autonomous control system  200  that may be used to autonomously control a vehicle, e.g., HEV  100 . Autonomous control system  200  may be installed in HEV  100 , and executes autonomous control of HEV  100 . As described herein, autonomous control can refer to control that executes driving/assistive driving operations such as acceleration, deceleration, and/or steering of a vehicle, general movement of the vehicle, without necessarily depending or relying on driving operations/directions by a driver or operator of the vehicle. 
     As an example, autonomous control may include lane keeping assist control where a steering wheel (not shown) is steered automatically (namely, without depending on a steering operation by the driver) such that HEV  100  does not depart from a running lane. That is, the steering wheel is automatically operated/controlled such that HEV  100  runs along the running lane, even when the driver does not perform any steering operation. As alluded to above, other autonomous control may include assistive driving mechanisms in the form of, e.g., visual or audible alerts or warnings, indirect haptic feedback, such as vibrating the driver&#39;s seat, etc. 
     As another example, autonomous control may include navigation control, where when there is no preceding vehicle in front of the HEV  100 , constant speed (cruise) control is effectuated to make HEV  100  run at a predetermined constant speed. When there is a preceding vehicle in front of HEV  100 , follow-up control is effectuated to adjust HEV  100 &#39;s speed according to a distance between HEV  100  and the preceding vehicle. 
     In some scenarios, switching from autonomous control to manual driving may be executed. Whether or not to execute this switch from autonomous control to manual driving may be determined based on a comparison between a comparison target and a threshold. In one embodiment, the comparison target is quantified so as to be compared with the threshold. When the comparison target is equal to or more than the threshold, the autonomous control system  200  executes the switch from an autonomous control mode to a manual driving mode. In other situations/scenarios, autonomous control system  200  may take over operation, effecting a switch from manual driving/control to autonomous control. As will be discussed in greater detail below, autonomous control system  200  may make certain determinations regarding whether to comply or proceed with autonomous control based on a command from autonomous control system  200 . For example, considerations regarding recoverability and vehicle control under certain conditions may be considered as factors in determining whether or not autonomous control can be safely executed. Such considerations may also be reflected as thresholds for comparison. 
     For example, when an operation amount of any of a steering operation, an acceleration operation, and brake operation by the driver of HEV  100  during the autonomous driving control becomes equal to or more than a threshold, autonomous control system  200  may execute a switch from autonomous control to manual control. 
     It should be understood that manual control or manual driving can refer to a vehicle operating status wherein a vehicle&#39;s operation is based mainly on driver-controlled operations/maneuvers. In an ADAS context, driving operation support control can be performed during manual driving. For example, a driver may be actively performing any of a steering operation, an acceleration operation, and a brake operation of the vehicle, while autonomous control apparatus  200  performs some subset of one or more of those operations, e.g., in an assistive, complementary, or corrective manner. As another example, driving operation support control adds or subtracts an operation amount to or from the operation amount of the manual driving (steering, acceleration, or deceleration) that is performed by the driver. It should be understood that in such scenarios, use of influential control over a driver&#39;s steering hand(s), because a driver is already engaging in a “proper” operation, may enforce or positively reinforce the driver&#39;s action(s). 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 2A , autonomous control system  200  is provided with an external sensor  201 , a GPS (Global Positioning System) reception unit  202 , an internal sensor  203 , a map database  204 , a navigation system  205 , actuators  206 , an HMI (Human Machine Interface)  207 , a monitor device  208 , a shift lever  209 , auxiliary devices  210 . Autonomous control system  200  may communicate with ECU  150 , or in some embodiments (may be implemented with its own ECU). 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 2A , external sensor  201  is a detector that detects external circumstances such as surrounding information of HEV  100 . The external sensor  201  may include at least one of a camera, a radar, and a Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) unit. 
     The camera unit may be an imaging device that images the external circumstances surrounding the vehicle. For example, the camera is provided on a back side of a front windshield of the vehicle. The camera may be a monocular camera or a stereo camera. The camera outputs, to the ECU  150 , image information on the external circumstances surrounding the vehicle. The camera is not limited to a visible light wavelength camera but can be an infrared camera. 
     The radar unit uses radio waves to detect obstacles outside of the vehicle by transmitting radio waves to the surroundings of the vehicle, and receiving reflected radio waves from an obstacle to detect the obstacle, distance to the obstacle or a relative positional direction of the obstacle. The radar unit outputs detected obstacle information to the ECU  150 . 
     The LIDAR unit may operate similar to the manner in which the radar unit operates except that light is used in place of radio waves. The LIDAR unit outputs detected obstacle information to the ECU  150 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 2A , GPS reception unit  202  receives signals from three or more GPS satellites to obtain position information indicating a position of HEV  100 . For example, the position information can include latitude information and longitude information. The GPS reception unit  202  outputs the measured position information of the vehicle to the ECU  150 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 2A , the internal sensor  203  is a detector for detecting information regarding, e.g., a running status of HEV  100 , operational/operating conditions, e.g., amount of steering wheel actuation, rotation, angle, amount of acceleration, accelerator pedal depression, brake operation by the driver of HEV  100 . The internal sensor  203  includes at least one of a vehicle speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, and a yaw rate sensor. Moreover, internal sensor  203  may include at least one of a steering sensor, an accelerator pedal sensor, and a brake pedal sensor. 
     A vehicle speed sensor is a detector that detects a speed of the HEV  100 . In some embodiments, HEV  100 &#39;s speed may be measured directly or through calculations/inference depending on the operating conditions/status of one or more other components of HEV  100 . For example, a wheel speed sensor can be used as the vehicle speed sensor to detect a rotational speed of the wheel, which can be outputted to ECU  150 . 
     The acceleration sensor can be a detector that detects an acceleration of the vehicle. For example, the acceleration sensor may include a longitudinal acceleration sensor for detecting a longitudinal acceleration of HEV  100 , and a lateral acceleration sensor for detecting a lateral acceleration of HEV  100 . The acceleration sensor outputs, to the ECU  150 , acceleration information. 
     The yaw rate sensor can be a detector that detects a yaw rate (rotation angular velocity) around a vertical axis passing through the center of gravity of HEV  100 . For example, a gyroscopic sensor is used as the yaw rate sensor. The yaw rate sensor outputs, to the ECU  150 , yaw rate information including the yaw rate of HEV  100 . 
     The steering sensor may be a detector that detects an amount of a steering operation/actuation with respect to a steering wheel  30  by the driver of HEV  100 . The steering operation amount detected by the steering sensor may be a steering angle of the steering wheel or a steering torque applied to the steering wheel, for example. The steering sensor outputs, to the ECU  150 , information including the steering angle of the steering wheel or the steering torque applied to the steering wheel of HEV  100 . 
     The accelerator pedal sensor may be a detector that detects a stroke amount of an accelerator pedal, for example, a pedal position of the accelerator pedal with respect to a reference position. The reference position may be a fixed position or a variable position depending on a determined parameter. The accelerator pedal sensor is provided to a shaft portion of the accelerator pedal AP of the vehicle, for example. The accelerator pedal sensor outputs, to the ECU  150 , operation information reflecting the stroke amount of the accelerator pedal. 
     The brake pedal sensor may be a detector that detects a stroke amount of a brake pedal, for example, a pedal position of the brake pedal with respect to a reference position. Like the accelerator position, a brake pedal reference position may be a fixed position or a variable position depending on a determined parameter. The brake pedal sensor may detect an operation force of the brake pedal (e.g. force on the brake pedal, oil pressure of a master cylinder, and so on). The brake pedal sensor outputs, to the ECU  150 , operation information reflecting the stroke amount or the operation force of the brake pedal. 
     A map database  204  may be a database including map information. The map database  204  is implemented, for example, in a disk drive or other memory installed in HEV  100 . The map information may include road position information, road shape information, intersection position information, and fork position information, for example. The road shape information may include information regarding a road type such as a curve and a straight line, and a curvature angle of the curve. When autonomous control system  200  uses a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technology or position information of blocking structural objects such as buildings and walls, the map information may further include an output signal from external sensor  201 . In some embodiments, map database  204  may be a remote data base or repository with which HEV  100  communicates. 
     Navigation system  205  may be a component or series of interoperating components that guides the driver of HEV  100  to a destination on a map designated by the driver of HEV  100 . For example, navigation system  205  may calculate a route followed or to be followed by HEV  100 , based on the position information of HEV  100  measured by GPS reception unit  202  and map information of map database  204 . The route may indicate a running lane of a section(s) of roadway in which HEV  100  traverses, for example. Navigation system  205  calculates a target route from the current position of HEV  100  to the destination, and notifies the driver of the target route through a display, e.g., a display of a head unit, HMI  207  (described below), and/or via audio through a speaker(s) for example. The navigation system  205  outputs, to the ECU  150 , information of the target route for HEV  100 . In some embodiments, navigation system  205  may use information stored in a remote database, like map database  204 , and/or some information processing center with which HEV  100  can communicate. A part of the processing executed by the navigation system  205  may be executed remotely as well. 
     Actuators  206  may be devices that execute running controls of HEV  100 . The actuators  206  may include, for example, a throttle actuator, a brake actuator, and a steering actuator. For example, the throttle actuator controls, in accordance with a control signal output from the ECU  150 , an amount by which to open the throttle of HEV  100  to control a driving force (the engine) of HEV  100 . In another example, actuators  206  may include one or more of MGs  191  and  192 , where a control signal is supplied from the ECU  150  to MGs  191  and/or  192  to output motive force/energy. The brake actuator controls, in accordance with a control signal output from the ECU  150 , the amount of braking force to be applied to each wheel of the vehicle, for example, by a hydraulic brake system. The steering actuator controls, in accordance with a control signal output from the ECU  150 , driving an assist motor of an electric power steering system that controls steering torque. 
     HMI  207  may be an interface used for communicating information between a passenger(s) (including the operator) of HEV  100  and autonomous control system  200 . For example, the HMI  207  may include a display panel for displaying image information for the passenger(s), a speaker for outputting audio information, and operation buttons or a touch panel used by the occupant for performing an input operation. HMI  207  may also or alternatively transmit the information to the passenger(s) through a mobile information terminal connected wirelessly and receive the input operation by the passenger(s) through the mobile information terminal. 
     Monitor device  208  monitors a status of the driver/operator. The monitor device  208  can check a manual driving preparation state of the driver. More specifically, the monitor device  208  can check, for example, whether or not the driver is ready to start manual operation of HEV  100 . Moreover, the monitor device  208  can check, for example, whether or not the driver has some intention of switching HEV  100  to a manual mode of operation. 
     For example, the monitor device  208  may be a camera that can take an image of the driver, where the image can be used for estimating the degree to which the driver&#39;s eyes are open, the direction of the driver&#39;s gaze, whether or not the driver is holding the steering wheel, etc. Monitor device  208  may also be a pressure sensor for detecting the amount of pressure the driver&#39;s hand(s) are applying to the steering wheel. As another example, the monitor device  208  can be a camera that takes an image of a hand of the driver. 
     A shift lever  209  can be positioned at a shift position, e.g., “A (AUTOMATIC),” “D (DRIVE),” etc. The shift position “A” indicates, for example, an automatic engage mode where autonomous control is engaged automatically. The shift position “D” indicates a triggered engage mode where autonomous control is engaged in response to a driver-initiated request to operate HEV  100  in an autonomous driving mode. 
     Auxiliary devices  210  may include devices that can be operated by the driver of the vehicle, but are not necessarily drive-related, such as actuators  206 . For example, auxiliary devices  210  may include a direction indicator, a headlight, a windshield wiper and the like. 
     ECU  150  may execute autonomous control of the vehicle, and may include an acquisition unit  211 , a recognition unit  212 , a navigation plan generation unit  213 , a calculation unit  214 , a presentation unit  215 , and a control unit  216 . 
     Acquisition unit  211  may obtain the following operation amounts or levels of actuation based on the information obtained by the internal sensor  203 : steering operation, acceleration operation, and brake operation by the driver during an autonomous control mode; and the level of steering operation, acceleration operation, and brake operation by the driver of the vehicle during a manual control mode. 
     Recognition unit  212  may recognize or assess the environment surrounding or neighboring HEV  100  based on the information obtained by the external sensor  201 , the GPS reception unit  202 , and/or the map database  204 . For example, the recognition unit  212  includes an obstacle recognition unit (not shown), a road width recognition unit (not shown), and a facility recognition unit (not shown). The obstacle recognition unit recognizes, based on the information obtained by the external sensor  201 , obstacles surrounding the vehicle. For example, the obstacles recognized by the obstacle recognition unit include moving objects such as pedestrians, other vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles and stationary objects such as a road lane boundary (white line, yellow line), a curb, a guard rail, poles, a median strip, buildings and trees. The obstacle recognition unit obtains information regarding a distance between the obstacle and the vehicle, a position of the obstacle, a direction, a relative velocity, a relative acceleration of the obstacle with respect to the vehicle, and a category and attribution of the obstacle. The category of the obstacle includes a pedestrian, another vehicle, a moving object, and a stationary object. The attribution of the obstacle can refer to a property of the obstacle such as hardness and a shape of the obstacle. 
     The road width recognition unit recognizes, based on the information obtained by the external sensor  201 , the GPS reception unit  202 , and/or the map database  204 , a road width of a road in which the vehicle is running. 
     The facility recognition unit recognizes, based on the map information obtained from the map database  204  and/or the vehicle position information obtained by the GPS reception unit  202 , whether or not HEV  100  is operating/being driven through an intersection, in a parking structure, etc. The facility recognition unit may recognize, based on the map information and the vehicle position information, whether or not the vehicle is running in a school zone, near a childcare facility, near a school, or near a park, etc. 
     Navigation plan generation unit  213  may generate a navigation plan for HEV  100  based on the target route calculated by the navigation system  205 , the information on obstacles surrounding HEV  100  recognized by recognition unit  212 , and/or the map information obtained from map database  204 . The navigation plan may be reflect one or more operating conditions/controls to effectuate the target route. For example, the navigation plan can include a target speed, a target acceleration, a target deceleration, a target direction, and/or a target steering angle with which HEV  100  should be operated at any point(s) along the target route so that the target route can be achieved to reach a desired destination. It should be understood that navigation plan generation unit  213  generates the navigation plan such that HEV  100  operates along the target route while satisfying one or more criteria and/or constraints, including, for example, safety constraints, legal compliance rules, operating (fuel/energy) efficiency, and the like. Moreover, based on the existence of obstacles surrounding HEV  100 , the navigation plan generation unit  213  generates the navigation plan for the vehicle so as to avoid contact with such obstacles. 
     Calculation unit  214  may calculate a threshold used for determining whether or not to switch from autonomous control to manual driving or vice versa. The determination can be performed based on the operating levels associated with the manner in which the driver is operating HEV  100  during autonomous control which is obtained by the acquisition unit  211 . For example, the driver of HEV  100  may suddenly grasp the steering wheel (which can be sensed by internal sensor  203 ) and stomp on the brake pedal (which can be sensed by monitor device  208 ). The pressure on the steering wheel and the level of actuation of the brake pedal may be excessive enough (exceed a threshold) suggesting that the driver intends to override the autonomous control system  200 . 
     Presentation unit  215  displays, on a display of the HMI  207 , a threshold which is calculated by the calculation unit  214  and used for determining whether or not to execute the switching from autonomous control to the manual driving or vice versa. 
     Control unit  216  can autonomously control HEV  100  based on the navigation plan generated by navigation plan generation unit  213 . The control unit  216  outputs, to the actuators  206 , control signals according to the navigation plan. That is, the control unit  216  controls actuators  206  based on the navigation plan, and thereby autonomous control of HEV  100  is executed/achieved. Moreover, certain levels of operation, e.g., steering wheel actuation, by the driver can be detected by the acquisition unit  211 . When such level(s) equal or exceed the threshold calculated by the calculation unit  214  in a period during which autonomous control is being used to operate HEV  100 , control unit  216  executes a switching from autonomous control to manual control. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2B , control unit  216  operatively interacts with safety control unit  220  that determines whether or not autonomous control system  200  (in particular, control unit  216 ) can engage (activate, start) in autonomous control of HEV  100 . For example, safety control unit  220  may include one or more determination units, e.g., determination unit  222   a  determines whether or not autonomous control can be engaged, based on a difference between a vehicle position calculated from signals received by the GPS reception unit  202  and an actual vehicle position calculated based on an output signal from the external sensor  201 , the map information of the map database  204  and so forth. For example, a threshold condition associated with engagement of autonomous control in HEV  100  may be predicated on travel along a certain type of roadway, e.g., known segment(s) of road within map database  204 , such as a freeway (versus) country lane. Road curvature may be another condition/characteristic on which autonomous control of HEV  100  may be based. Determination unit  222   a  may make its determination based on one or more determinative factors. 
     Control unit  216  may further interact with a determination unit  222   b  of safety control unit  220  that determines whether or not a trigger to deactivate (stop) an autonomous control mode exists. For example, determination unit  222   b  can determine whether or not to execute the switch from the autonomous control to manual control based on the level of steering wheel actuation, brake pedal actuation, etc. effectuated by the driver while HEV  100  is being operated in an autonomous control mode, which is obtained by the acquisition unit  211 . Other determinative factors or considerations may be the amount of acceleration or deceleration experienced by HEV  100 , also determined by acquisition unit  211 . When determination unit  222  determines that the autonomous control can be engaged, based on the determinations performed by determination units  222   a  and/or  222   b , control unit  216  engages autonomous control of HEV  100 . That is, determination unit  222  may act as a determination aggregator that aggregates determinations rendered by other determination units. Determination unit  222  may be a circuit, e.g., application-specific integrated circuit, logic, software, or some combination thereof that processes the individual determinations rendered by the other determination units (e.g., determination units  222   a  and  222   b ) to render an overall determination. That overall determination may control operation of control unit  216 , e.g., to disengage autonomous control and switch to manual control or engage in autonomous control. 
     On the other hand, when determination units  222   a  and/or  222   b  determine that a switch from autonomous control to the manual control should be executed, autonomous control is deactivated/disengaged by control unit  216  or control unit  216  is itself deactivated/disengaged, and the driver proceeds to manually control HEV  100 . It should be understood that other determination units may be used (or only a single determination unit may be used). In the case of multiple determination units being used, in some embodiments, any single determination that manual control should be executed can serve as a trigger to deactivate autonomous control. In some embodiments, presentation unit  215  is provided with a control state notification unit  215   a  that notifies the driver of a fact that HEV  100  is operating under autonomous control is in execution, and so forth. Such a notification may be displayed on a display of HMI  207 , for example. Likewise, If a switch from autonomous control to the manual control is executed, the control state notification unit  215   a  displays, on the display of HMI  207  a corresponding notification. 
     HMI  207 , in some embodiments, may include an autonomous control engagement trigger input unit  207   a  that can be actuated by the driver of HEV  100  to engage in an autonomous control mode (after safety control unit  220  determines that autonomous control can be effectuated). 
     In some embodiments, the driver of HEV  100  may be able to select an automatic autonomous control engage mode, where autonomous control unit  216  can be automatically engaged when safety control unit  220  determines that the autonomous control can be engaged. In some embodiments, shift lever  209  may be used to set a triggered autonomous control mode and an automatic engage mode (as alluded to above by actuating shift lever  209  to an “A” (AUTOMATIC) position or to a “D” (DRIVE) position. 
     As alluded to above, an influential control mechanism may be used to effectuate influential control over a driver&#39;s use of an actuator, e.g., a steering wheel.  FIG. 3  illustrates an example implementation of such an influential control mechanism. That is, in addition the above-described components and functionality of autonomous control system  200 ,  FIG. 3  illustrates an influential control component  300  that is operatively connected to determination unit  222 , which in turn is operatively connected to determining unit  322 . 
     Determination unit  322 , like the other determination units  222 ,  222   a , and/or  222   b , may comprise logic, circuitry, software, or some combination thereof effectuating processing and determining capabilities described in conjunction with  FIG. 4 . Information regarding the actuation or intended actuation of one of actuators  206 , such as a steering wheel actuator may be transmitted to determination unit  322  via determination unit  222 . 
     Determination unit  322  may comprise logic that upon receiving a signal or notification that an actuator  206  is being actuated or operated in some way, determines whether augmented or intervening control should be effectuated for the driver. In some embodiments, such signals or notifications may simply be used to trigger an augmented control response in the form of a signal to influential control component  300 , e.g., a smart sleeve(s) worn by the driver). The signal instructs or causes influential control component  300  to, in this case strengthen the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel, or initiate gripping of the steering wheel. In some embodiments, such signals or notifications may be used to trigger an intervening control response in the form of a signal to influential control component  300 , again a smart sleeve(s). In this case, the signal may instruct or cause influential control component  300  to release the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel or reduce the strength of the driver&#39;s grip on the steering wheel. 
     In some embodiments, determination unit  322  may transmit such signals or notifications in response to an indication/signal/notification regarding the actuation of one or more actuators  206 , such as actuation of a steering wheel. In some embodiments, determination unit  322  may compare feedback regarding actual actuation of one or more actuators  206  and intended actuation (e.g., control signals output by control unit  216 ). If the comparison indicates that a level of actual actuation of actuators  206  does not meet the level of the intended actuation, determination unit  322  may transmit augmenting signals to influential control component  300  to prompt the driver to exert a greater level of actuation. 
     In some embodiments, as noted above, the augmenting signals are meant to reinforce compliance with or understanding of the current actuation or operation (or level(s) thereof) of actuators  206 . For example, navigating a turn may take one second, during which control unit  216  sends a plurality of control signals to iteratively control a vehicle as it turns. During the time period of the turn, determination unit  322  may, in response to control unit  216  signals sent to actuators  206  vis-à-vis determination unit  222  compare the control unit  216  signals with actuation feedback from actuators  206 . As the turn is being navigated, such comparisons may indicate actuators  206 , e.g., a steering wheel actuator should continue to turn (apply steering torque in a particular direction in accordance with a certain level of actuation/angle of rotation). Accordingly, determination unit  322  may signal influential control component  300  to induce gripping of the steering wheel. In some instances, determination unit  222  may receive information from other units, e.g., recognition unit  212 , navigation plan generation unit  213 , calculation unit  214 , etc. (or feedback from influential control component  300  or actuators  206 ), that the vehicle is in some way, not moving or acting/reacting in a desired manner. In response to such a determination, determination unit  322  may signal influential control component  300  to, e.g., prompt the driver to release his/her grip on the steering wheel. 
     In some embodiments, calculation unit  214  may calculate one or more thresholds against which determination unit  322  may compare its received information, feedback, etc. to determine whether or not to instruct influential control component  300  to effectuate augmented control or intervention control. Following a previous example, the driver of HEV  100  may suddenly grasp the steering wheel (which can be sensed by internal sensor  203 ). The pressure on the steering wheel and the level of actuation of the steering wheel may be excessive enough (exceeds a threshold) suggesting that the driver intends to override the autonomous control system  200 . If a determination is made, e.g., by safety control unit  220 , one or more other determination units, or some combination thereof, that the driver&#39;s intend action(s) is not warranted or would result in some negative event, determination unit  322  may signal to influential control component  300  to impart intervening control. In some embodiments, intervening control may be embodied by influential control component  300 , e.g., a smart sleeve(s), to force or induce the driver to release or lessen his/her grip on the steering wheel. 
     It should be understood that various algorithms, methods, mechanisms for determining how/when to impart influential control on a driver by way of influential control component  300 . Such algorithms, methods, mechanisms may be programmable via safety control unit  220  and one or more of its determination units, and various embodiments contemplate the incorporation of such algorithms, methods, mechanisms to achieve the desired influential control. It should be understood that scope of the present application contemplates such a variety of such algorithms, methods, and mechanisms for effectuating influential control/upon which influential control may be based through an influential control component  300 , such as a smart sleeve(s) that can effect a driver&#39;s grip on a steering wheel. 
     It should also be noted that influential control can be effectuated through more fine-grained control. For example, in some embodiments, grip, via influential control component  300  can be increased or reduced. However, in some embodiments, influential control component  300  can be controlled in accordance with a series of operations. For example, in some embodiments, influential control component  300  may comprise a pair of sleeves, and determination unit  322  may signal influential control component  300  to actuate only one of the pair of sleeves. That is, in a turn navigation scenario, reinforcing a right turn may be accomplished by determination unit  322  controlling influential control component  300  to actuate only the right handed smart sleeve being worn by the driver. It should be understood (and will be discussed in greater detail below) that sleeve actuation may comprise receiving instructions/signals to apply, and subsequently applying electrical stimulation to the driver&#39;s forearm flexor/extensor muscles to produce a reaction in the driver&#39;s wrist or hands, e.g., causing the driver&#39;s hands to grip or release the steering wheel. 
     Data collection at a memory unit  220   a  of safety control unit  220 , e.g., a cache, a data repository, log, etc. may comprise continual receipt and storing/logging of information regarding the commands that control unit  216  is sending. Memory unit  220   a  may also store/log information regarding activation of influential control component  300 . In some embodiments, memory unit  220   a  may offload stored information to a remote data store, e.g., data store  224 . Thus, any processing of autonomous control data can include both command information from control unit  216  regarding autonomous control operations, e.g., commands to move HEV  100 , along with information regarding when or how influential control component  300  was activated, to what extent, and so on. Such information can be useful in determining, e.g., erroneous or potentially erroneous operation of autonomous control system  200  that would otherwise be lost in conventional systems where simple disengagement of autonomous control actually prevents autonomous control systems from operating at all, including sending autonomous control commands. Such information can also be useful in determining, e.g., expected driver response(s) to certain road obstacles, road conditions, actuation of actuators  206 , and so on. Such information can be used to develop or refine the underlying logic (algorithms, methods, mechanisms) for controlling how/when influential control component  300  is to be activated and to what extent/level, that may be implemented in safety control unit  220 , determination unit  322 , control unit  216 , etc. 
     In some embodiments, data collection can comprise monitoring the operation of autonomous control system or aspects thereof, e.g., control unit  216  over time. Thus, the aforementioned data/information that is stored/logged can include time-series data involving some subset of or all aspects of autonomous control system  200 . For example, commands from control unit  216  to actuators  206  may be monitored, and time-series data representative of the operating states/conditions of control unit  216  may be captured. For example, time-series data may be collected which includes not only the commands/operating conditions or characteristics of control unit  216 , but also determination units  222 ,  222   a ,  222   b ,  322 , external sensor  201 , GPS reception unit  202 , and so on. 
     As alluded to above, in some embodiments, influential control component  300  may comprise one or more smart sleeves.  FIG. 4A  illustrates an example of such a smart sleeve  402   a  capable of imparting influential control over a hand wearing smart sleeve  402   a . As illustrated in  FIG. 4A , a driver&#39;s hand, e.g., hand  400   a , may be influenced resulting in the closing/opening of the driver&#39;s grip. Smart sleeve  402   a  may comprise a wearable sleeve having one or more electrodes implemented therein/thereon. Such a smart sleeve  402   a  may cover all or a portion(s) of user&#39;s/driver&#39;s forearm  401   a , and, e.g., a portion of the driver&#39;s hand. In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 4A , smart sleeve  402   a  may leave the fingers/thumb of hand  400   a  open or uncovered. It should be understood that the form factor of smart sleeve  402   a  can vary in terms of the amount of a driver&#39;s forearm that is covered/uncovered, the amount of a driver&#39;s hand that is covered/not covered, whether or not one or more fingers are covered, and so on. In still other embodiments, as an alternative to a sleeve, one or more electrodes may be attached to the driver&#39;s forearm to effectuate the same/similar movement of the driver&#39;s hand or wrist. 
     In some embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  may comprise a sleeve (e.g., wearable garment covering all or a portion of a user&#39;s arm (in some embodiments, the hand may also be covered at least in part), made of some textile, such as cotton, nylon, or other material(s) commonly used in the manufacture of clothing or similar wearable accessories/items. Integrated or embedded into the sleeve may be one or more electrodes for delivering electrical stimulation to the flexor and extensor forearm muscles that evoke movement of the hand or wrist. It should be understood that extensor muscles are located on the posterior of the forearm and are chiefly responsible for extension of the wrist and digits/fingers of the hand, while flexor muscles are located on the anterior of the forearm and are responsible for contraction of the digits, closing of the wrist, etc. Through the aforementioned electrodes, whether implemented as part of a smart sleeve, or positioned on the driver&#39;s forearm directly, the extensor and flexor muscles of the forearm can be induced and controlled to extend or flex, resulting in gripping/increased grip strength or releasing or lessening of grip. Accordingly, a driver&#39;s hand(s), such as hand  400   a  can be influenced to perform augmenting or intervening grip/grip releasing actions as required/warranted by a vehicle&#39;s autonomous control system, e.g., autonomous control system  200 . Because smart sleeve  402   a  actually stimulates the muscle(s) that control, e.g., hand movement or use, smart sleeve  402   a  is able to impart direct influence on the driver&#39;s hand(s). Moreover, use of a smart sleeve, such as smart sleeve  402   a  leaves the driver&#39;s hand(s) uncovered, or relatively uncovered making for a comfortable experience, and one that does not result in impacting a hands haptic or tactile sensitivity. Indeed, such a sleeve can be useful for drivers with certain challenges, such as physical disabilities, e.g., missing digit, deformed digit, etc. Further still, in certain embodiments, where a sensor such as a camera, e.g., infrared camera or time of flight camera, detection of the movement of a driver&#39;s hand(s) may be better detectable without any covering in situations such as gesture control recognition, since skin is more reflective. 
     It should be noted that smart sleeve  402   a  is not necessarily limited to controlling the hands of a driver. As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the human forearm contains muscles beyond digit flexors and extensors, such as an elbow flexor, pronators and supinators that can turn a hand, such as hand  400   a  to face upwards (palm up) or downwards (palm down), respectively. Accordingly, in some embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  may be used to control not only grip of a driver&#39;s hand(s), but also the position/orientation of the driver&#39;s hand(s) and arm(s). For example, as noted above, situations may arise when autonomous control system  200  deems it necessary or desirable for a driver to augment vehicle-provided steering torque with his/her own steering torque/motive force. In some situations, augmentative steering torque can be applied, e.g., more quickly, to a greater extent, etc. with the application of motive force from a driver&#39;s arm in addition to increasing the level of grip applied to the steering wheel by the driver&#39;s hand. In some embodiments, in the case of autonomous control system  200  initiating intervening control, the smart sleeve  402   a  may be controlled to cause the driver&#39;s hand to release its grip from the steering wheel. The smart sleeve  402   a  may also be controlled to cause the driver&#39;s hand to turn upward clearing the driver&#39;s hand completely from gripping the steering wheel, more strongly reinforcing the intervening control of autonomous control system  200 . There are various ways in which a driver&#39;s hand(s), arm(s), elbow(s), etc. may be controlled vis-à-vis a smart sleeve, such as smart sleeve  402   a  to effectuate the requisite augmentative or intervening control. 
     Smart sleeve  402   a  may comprise a plurality of electrodes, one or more or sets of which may be implemented along sections of smart sleeve  402   a  meant to cover/enrobe the anterior and posterior sections of a forearm. For example, a first set of electrodes may be configured stimulate the flexors of the digits, while a second set of electrodes may be configured to stimulate the digit extensors. Thus, positioning of such electrodes may be effectuated to contact the requisite portions of the forearm in order to stimulate the desired muscles, and elicit the desired action(s). The location of a thumb hole may be utilized to properly align or sufficiently align (enough to stimulate the desired muscles) the electrodes of the smart sleeve  402   a  with the muscles of forearm  401   a.    
     In other embodiments, smart sleeve  402  may have an array or matrix of electrodes, each identifiable with a particular position or coordinate about a forearm. In this way, the electrode(s) used to stimulate digit flexor muscles can be targeted to receive electrical stimulating signals to effectuate grip/increased grip, whereas other electrodes used to stimulate digit extensor muscles can be targeted to receive electrical stimulating signals to effectuate reduced or releasing of the grip. 
     The textile material used to manufacture the smart sleeve  402   a  may include a conductive thread, such as silver thread that can be used to form electrode sites throughout smart sleeve  402   a . It should be understood various functional electrical stimulation sleeves can be configured, designed, or manufactured in myriad ways, and thus, the particular manner of electrode implementation, the type of sleeve material, and such details can vary while still realizing the functionality contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     Electrodes or electrode sites of smart sleeve  402   a  may receive electrical pulses at a given frequency and a given duration. For example, in some embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  may receive rectangular pulses at 50 Hz, each phase being, e.g., 500 microseconds in duration. Current amplitude may be, e.g., 16 mA. It should be understood that those of ordinary skill in the art can configure use of smart sleeve  402   a  accordingly such that autonomous control system  200  can deliver/instruct smart sleeve  402   a  to deliver the requisite electrical stimulus. The intensity of the electrical stimuli can reflect or be a function of the amount or level of influential control to be effectuated. 
     A smart sleeve, such as smart sleeve  402   a  may further comprise a sleeve control system  408   a , which may comprise one or more communication circuits or elements that may allow for wired or wireless communication with autonomous control system  200  or one or more elements thereof including, e.g., safety control unit  220 , one or more determination units, etc. For example, sleeve control system  408   a  may comprise a wireless transceiver with an associated antenna or a wired I/O interface with an associated hardwired data port (not illustrated). Accordingly, control signals for producing electrical stimuli to be transmitted to one or more electrodes or electrode sites may be received by sleeve control system  408   a , from a signal transmitter implemented in steering wheel  410 , a seat of vehicle  100 , or other transmitter component. In some embodiments, a single sleeve control system, such as sleeve control system  408   a  may provide control over a pair of smart sleeves. In other embodiments, each smart sleeve may have a corresponding sleeve control system. In some embodiments, sleeve control system  408   a  may be implemented remotely from smart sleeve  402   a , such as within or part of a vehicle, e.g., as part of steering wheel  410 . 
     In some embodiments, sleeve control system  408   a  may comprise inductive coupling circuitry/elements that allow actuation/de-actuation of smart sleeve  402   a  through contact or near-contact with a vehicle component or element, such as a steering wheel, e.g., steering wheel  410  ( FIG. 4B ). For example, steering wheel  410  may include a first conductor(s) that may operatively couple with a second conductor(s) of smart sleeve  402   a  (controlling hand  400   a ) and smart sleeve  402   b  (controlling hand  400   b ), for example. A change in current in the first conductor, which can be in response to a control signal from determination unit  322  requiring augmented control, may induce voltage in the second conductor(s) through electromotive induction inducing an electrical stimulus or signal to be transmitted through one or more electrodes or electrode sites of smart sleeve  402   a . As alluded to above, certain electrodes or electrode sites may correspond to a particular muscle/group of muscles in a forearm. Accordingly, autonomous control system  200  or components thereof, e.g., control unit  216 , may specify particular electrodes to be activated with electrical signals to stimulate the muscles with which the particular electrodes are in contact. In some embodiments, control unit  216  may transmit instructions to increase grip by some amount, and sleeve control system  408   a  may process the instructions and convert them to an actual amount of electrical stimuli, e.g., current amplitude, to be applied, as well as determine to which electrodes or electrode sites the electrical stimuli is to be applied. For example, a map or other data set representative of the electrode/electrode site locations on smart sleeve  402   a  may be maintained and accessed to determine which electrodes/electrode sites are to be stimulated to achieve the desired grip/grip release/hand movement/etc. 
     Sleeve control system  408   a  may further comprise a battery/power element (not shown) for providing the electrical stimuli/signals to smart sleeve  402   a  and for providing power to smart sleeve  402   a . In some embodiments, charging/re-charging of smart sleeve  402   a  may also be effectuated through inductive coupling. In some embodiments, the battery of smart sleeve  402   a  may be a low voltage battery having exposed leads that complete a circuit with steering wheel  410 , where the driver&#39;s body may act as a circuit ground or negative pole. In some embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  may only be operative upon contact or near-contact with a corresponding conductor, such as steering wheel  410 . In some embodiments, an internal sensor  203 , such as an in-vehicle camera may visually sense when smart sleeve  402   a  is in operative proximity (e.g., close enough to effectuate/warrant operation of smart sleeve  402 ) of steering wheel  410 . In response, determination unit  322  may activate smart sleeve  402   a  so that it may receive a subsequent control signal(s) to stimulate one or more electrodes of smart sleeve  402   a  vis-à-vis the battery. 
     In some embodiments, sleeve control system  408   a  may comprise one or more sensors to monitor operation of smart sleeve  402   a  (not shown). Such sensors may provide the aforementioned feedback to determination unit  322  so that the amount of grip or lack thereof can be communicated to autonomous control system  200 , and appropriate action can be taken. In other words, such sensors are able to determine a current state of smart sleeve  402   a , which in some embodiments reflects some amount or level of grip being applied by hand  400  to steering wheel  410 . In response to one or more control signals from determination unit  322 , for example, and based on the level of grip/lack of grip monitored/determined by the sensors, an appropriate amount or level of influential control can be applied vis-à-vis the electrodes of smart sleeve  402   a.    
     In some embodiments, steering wheel  410  may be configured with one or more sensors that are able to detect the amount of pressure, the amount of contact, etc. that smart sleeves  402   a / 402   b  may have with steering wheel  410 . For example, the sensors, when implemented, e.g., on a surface of the steering wheel  410  may be able to detect how much of a driver&#39;s hands  400   a / 400   b  are in contact with steering wheel  410 , which in turn may be treated as an indicator of how firm or loose the driver&#39;s grip may be. It should be understood that in some embodiments, no sensors are necessarily required. Determination unit  322  may simply instruct smart sleeve  402   a / 402   b  to effectuate some level of grip or release its grip without a need to ascertain current state of the grip or lack thereof on steering wheel  410 . 
     Depending on a current state of grip, determination unit  322  may transmit one or more control signals to smart sleeve  402   a / 402   b  (an embodiment of influential control component  300  of  FIG. 3 ) to effectuate a desired amount of grip or a desired reduction in grip strength. For example, and as discussed above, control unit  216  may, based on input/analysis regarding road conditions (current, past, future), environmental considerations, target route, destination, and the like, output one or more control signals to actuators  206  to effectuate desired autonomous or semi-autonomous control over vehicle  100 . Determination unit  322  may compare the intended autonomous or semi-autonomous control aspects, e.g., amount of forward motive force, turning radius and corresponding steering wheel torque/rotational angle, etc., to current vehicle operating characteristics regarding those same aspects, e.g., current amount of forward motive force, current amount of steering wheel torque being applied, current rotational angle, etc. In this way, determination unit  322  is able to ascertain whether or not vehicle  100  is behaving in accordance with the behavior intended by control unit  216 /autonomous control system  200 . 
     To reinforce the intended and actual operation of vehicle  100 , as noted above, smart sleeve  402   a  may be controlled electrically stimulate forearm muscles to grip, increase grip, loosen grip, turn a hand(s), move a wrist(s), etc. on or relative to steering wheel  410 . If the actual operation of vehicle  100  does not comport with the intended operation of vehicle  100  (per autonomous control system  200 /control unit  216 ), determination unit  322  may transmit one or more control signals to counteract the current forward motive force, current steering wheel torque/rotational angle, etc. This may also indicate to the driver that he/she may not be operating vehicle  100  as is intended/should be operated. The amount by which grip is effectuated, increased, lessened, or released may be calculated, e.g., in conjunction with calculation unit  214 . In some embodiments, the difference between intended operating characteristics and actual operating characteristics during some time period(s) may indirectly or directly be reflected in the amount of grip being applied, increased, released, or lessened. As noted above, the amount of stimulation applied to a driver&#39;s hand vis-à-vis smart sleeve  402   a  may be adjusted over time. For example, smart sleeve  402   a  may begin providing electrical stimulation to the flexors/extensors of the forearm  401   a  to achieve a first amount or level of grip force, and may transition to applying a second amount or level of grip force, and so on as may be needed to comport with desired augmented or intervening control. In some embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  may transition from effectuating grip/increased grip to effectuating a release of/lessening of grip. In some embodiments, in the case of reinforcing a driver&#39;s understanding of the vehicle&#39;s operation, more grip force may be used to indicate that the driver is not comporting with a desired operation, whereas less grip force may be used to indicate that the driver is comporting with the desired operation. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4B , it should be understood that smart sleeve  402   a  may be controlled together with sleeve  402   b , e.g., sleeve control system  408   a  and/or determination circuit  322  may be used to instruct both smart sleeves  402   a  and  402   b  in accordance with the same/similar kind and/or amount of influential control. In other embodiments, smart sleeve  402   a  and smart sleeve  402   b  may be controlled separately, or independent of each other, e.g., smart sleeve  402   a  and smart sleeve  402   b  may be controlled to deliver or otherwise impart differing types and/or levels of influential control to different hands of the driver. In some embodiments, as alluded to above, only a single smart sleeve may be utilized by a driver. 
     In some embodiments, monitored operation of smart sleeve  402   a  may provide feedback that can inform the programming or configuration of safety control unit  220 , determination unit  322 , smart sleeve  402   a , etc. That is, in some embodiments, certain autonomously or semi-autonomously controlled vehicle maneuvers may be associated with drivers better or more closely following the intended vehicle maneuvers and vice-versa. For example, some combination of speed reduction and steering wheel angle of rotation may be used to achieve a desired result, e.g., properly navigating a particular turn. It may be that a greater amount of speed reduction may require less severe steering wheel manipulation/torque while greater speed requires more severe steering to compensate for that increased speed. In this scenario, feedback from smart sleeve  402   a  may suggest that drivers are more comfortable with the first combination of operations (greater speed reduction with less steering wheel rotation) Accordingly, autonomous control system  200  may be adjusted or reprogrammed to respond to navigating the same turn or similar turns in the future commensurate with the first combination of operations. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating example operations that may be performed to impart influential control over a driver operating a vehicle. At operation  500 , autonomous control signals may be monitored. As described above, a safety control unit or one or more determination units thereof may receive autonomous control signals from an autonomous control unit, e.g., control unit  216  of autonomous control system  200  ( FIG. 2A ). The autonomous control signals may reflect desired operation of the vehicle, e.g., activation or actuation or one or more actuators, e.g., actuators  206  (which can be embodied as a steering wheel actuator, a brake pedal actuator, and so on). 
     At operation  502 , the vehicle response to the autonomous control signals may be monitored. As described above, the autonomous control system of a vehicle, e.g., autonomous control system  200  may intend for vehicle  100  to operate in a particular manner, e.g., turn a certain direction by a certain amount, while moving at a certain speed, etc. Vehicle  100  may have external sensors (e.g., sensors  201 ), internal sensors (e.g., sensors  203 ), as well as other vehicle systems that may be able to provide information regarding a current operational state or condition of vehicle  100 . This information can be compared to that reflecting the intended operation of vehicle  100 . For example, autonomous control signals from control unit  216  to actuators  206  may indicate a desire to turn the vehicle 90 degrees commensurate within one second time period. 
     In response to the comparison at operation  502 , at operation  504 , influential control is applied to a driver of the vehicle via a smart sleeve based on the differential between the monitored autonomous control signals and the vehicle response. Following the above example, after the one second time period, it may be determined from one or more sensors that vehicle  100  has only turned 70 degrees in the desired direction. Accordingly, control unit  216  may increase the amount of steering torque applied to the steering wheel actuator (one of actuators  206 ) while simultaneously instructing a smart sleeve(s) being worn by the driver to increase the driver&#39;s grip onto the vehicle&#39;s steering wheel. In this way, a direct correlation can be drawn by the driver between intended operation of vehicle  100  and the added steering torque. Moreover, the increased grip can signal a need for the driver to impart greater steering torque and/or actually induce greater steering torque. Thus, in some scenarios, influential control as described herein may be used as strictly, a notification mechanism, whereas in other scenarios, influential control as described herein may be used to prompt and/or effectuate increased/decreased action or involvement by the driver. 
     As used herein, the terms circuit and component might describe a given unit of functionality that can be performed in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present application. As used herein, a component might be implemented utilizing any form of hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more processors, controllers, ASICs, PLAs, PALs, CPLDs, FPGAs, logical components, software routines or other mechanisms might be implemented to make up a component. Various components described herein may be implemented as discrete components or described functions and features can be shared in part or in total among one or more components. In other words, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this description, the various features and functionality described herein may be implemented in any given application. They can be implemented in one or more separate or shared components in various combinations and permutations. Although various features or functional elements may be individually described or claimed as separate components, it should be understood that these features/functionality can be shared among one or more common software and hardware elements. Such a description shall not require or imply that separate hardware or software components are used to implement such features or functionality. 
     Where components are implemented in whole or in part using software, these software elements can be implemented to operate with a computing or processing component capable of carrying out the functionality described with respect thereto. One such example computing component is shown in  FIG. 6 . Various embodiments are described in terms of this example-computing component  600 . After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the application using other computing components or architectures. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , computing component  600  may represent, for example, computing or processing capabilities found within a self-adjusting display, desktop, laptop, notebook, and tablet computers. They may be found in hand-held computing devices (tablets, PDA&#39;s, smart phones, cell phones, palmtops, etc.). They may be found in workstations or other devices with displays, servers, or any other type of special-purpose or general-purpose computing devices as may be desirable or appropriate for a given application or environment. Computing component  600  might also represent computing capabilities embedded within or otherwise available to a given device. For example, a computing component might be found in other electronic devices such as, for example, portable computing devices, and other electronic devices that might include some form of processing capability. 
     Computing component  600  might include, for example, one or more processors, controllers, control components, or other processing devices. This can include a processor  604 . Processor  604  might be implemented using a general-purpose or special-purpose processing engine such as, for example, a microprocessor, controller, or other control logic. Processor  604  may be connected to a bus  602 . However, any communication medium can be used to facilitate interaction with other components of computing component  600  or to communicate externally. 
     Computing component  600  might also include one or more memory components, simply referred to herein as main memory  608 . For example, random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, might be used for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor  604 . Main memory  608  might also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor  604 . Computing component  600  might likewise include a read only memory (“ROM”) or other static storage device coupled to bus  602  for storing static information and instructions for processor  604 . 
     The computing component  600  might also include one or more various forms of information storage mechanism  610 , which might include, for example, a media drive  612  and a storage unit interface  620 . The media drive  612  might include a drive or other mechanism to support fixed or removable storage media  614 . For example, a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical drive, a compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD) drive (R or RW), or other removable or fixed media drive might be provided. Storage media  614  might include, for example, a hard disk, an integrated circuit assembly, magnetic tape, cartridge, optical disk, a CD or DVD. Storage media  614  may be any other fixed or removable medium that is read by, written to or accessed by media drive  612 . As these examples illustrate, the storage media  614  can include a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software or data. 
     In alternative embodiments, information storage mechanism  610  might include other similar instrumentalities for allowing computer programs or other instructions or data to be loaded into computing component  600 . Such instrumentalities might include, for example, a fixed or removable storage unit  622  and an interface  620 . Examples of such storage units  622  and interfaces  620  can include a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memory component) and memory slot. Other examples may include a PCMCIA slot and card, and other fixed or removable storage units  622  and interfaces  620  that allow software and data to be transferred from storage unit  622  to computing component  600 . 
     Computing component  600  might also include a communications interface  624 . Communications interface  624  might be used to allow software and data to be transferred between computing component  600  and external devices. Examples of communications interface  624  might include a modem or softmodem, a network interface (such as Ethernet, network interface card, IEEE 802.XX or other interface). Other examples include a communications port (such as for example, a USB port, IR port, RS232 port Bluetooth® interface, or other port), or other communications interface. Software/data transferred via communications interface  624  may be carried on signals, which can be electronic, electromagnetic (which includes optical) or other signals capable of being exchanged by a given communications interface  624 . These signals might be provided to communications interface  624  via a channel  628 . Channel  628  might carry signals and might be implemented using a wired or wireless communication medium. Some examples of a channel might include a phone line, a cellular link, an RF link, an optical link, a network interface, a local or wide area network, and other wired or wireless communications channels. 
     In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to transitory or non-transitory media. Such media may be, e.g., memory  608 , storage unit  620 , media  614 , and channel  628 . These and other various forms of computer program media or computer usable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processing device for execution. Such instructions embodied on the medium, are generally referred to as “computer program code” or a “computer program product” (which may be grouped in the form of computer programs or other groupings). When executed, such instructions might enable the computing component  600  to perform features or functions of the present application as discussed herein. 
     It should be understood that the various features, aspects and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described. Instead, they can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more other embodiments, whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. 
     Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term “including” should be read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like. The term “example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof. The terms “a” or “an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or the like; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known.” Terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time. Instead, they should be read to encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future. Where this document refers to technologies that would be apparent or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such technologies encompass those apparent or known to the skilled artisan now or at any time in the future. 
     The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the term “component” does not imply that the aspects or functionality described or claimed as part of the component are all configured in a common package. Indeed, any or all of the various aspects of a component, whether control logic or other components, can be combined in a single package or separately maintained and can further be distributed in multiple groupings or packages or across multiple locations. 
     Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.