Patent Publication Number: US-6660027-B2

Title: Patient temperature control system with fluid preconditioning

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the selective raising and/or lowering of patient temperatures, and more particularly, to systems and methods for controlling a patient&#39;s temperature via the circulation of heated/cooled fluid through one or more pads contacting a patient. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of contact pad systems for selectively cooling and/or heating bodily tissue is known. In such systems a fluid, e.g. water or air, is circulated through one or more pads to affect surface-to-surface thermal energy exchange with a patient. One highly effective contact pad and related system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,045, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As noted in the &#39;045 Patent, the ability to establish and maintain intimate pad-to-patient contact is often of key importance to fully realizing medical efficacies with contact pad systems. 
     In this later regard, the effect of temperature on the human body has been well documented. Elevated temperatures, or hyperthermia, may be harmful to the brain under normal conditions, and even more importantly, during periods of physical stress, such as illness or surgery. Conversely, lower body temperatures, or mild hypothermia, may offer some degree of neuroprotection. Moderate to severe hypothermia tends to be more detrimental to the body, particularly the cardiovascular system. 
     Temperature management, or thermoregulation, can be viewed in two different ways. The first aspect of temperature management includes treating abnormal body temperatures, i.e. cooling the body for elevated temperatures, or warming the body for lowered temperatures. The second aspect of thermoregulation is an evolving treatment that employs techniques that physically control a patient&#39;s temperature to provide a physiological benefit, such as cooling a stroke patient to gain some degree of neuroprotection. 
     Hypothermia may occur for a variety of reasons, including exposure to cold environments, brain injury, or complex surgical procedures. During surgery, a patient typically experiences mild hypothermia as a result of the effect of general anesthesia on the body&#39;s thermoregulatory system and prolonged exposure of internal organs. Mild hypothermia in the medical or the surgical patient has been thought to prolong the time to extubation, contribute to coagulopathies, increase the chance of infection, and increase cardiac demand as a result of shivering. 
     Hyperthermia may occur as a result of systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, stroke, or other brain injury. While the mechanism of the effect of the hyperthermia on the brain is not clearly understood, there is evidence to indicate that even mild increases in temperature may contribute to neurological deficits. Hyperthermia also increases the metabolic rate and may deplete energy stores in the body. 
     In view of the foregoing, it may be appreciated that recognized medical applications for contact pad systems are ever-increasing. By way of example, cooling pad systems may be utilized in early therapy to reduce neurological damage incurred by stroke and head trauma patients. Additional applications include selective patient heating/cooling during surgical procedures such as cardiopulmonary bypass operations. 
     As these and other medical applications have evolved, the present inventors have recognized the desirability of enhancing the predictability, responsivity, flexibility and portability of thermal exchange pad systems. More particularly, while known heating/cooling contact pad systems have proven effective for many applications, the present inventors have recognized that additional performance objectives and potential applications can be realized via the implementation of further improved control systems and associated control methodologies. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In particular, one objective of the present invention is to provide an improved patient temperature control system and method that provides rapid heating/cooling capabilities via one or more interconnectable contact pads while also yielding size, weight and operating efficiencies. 
     Another objective of the present invention is to provide an improved patient temperature control system and method that offers high thermal exchange reliability while accommodating application flexibility via the interconnectability of either one or a plurality of contact pads. 
     An additional objective of the present invention is to provide an improved patient temperature control system and method that facilitates ready set-up and portability. 
     A further objective of the present invention is to provide an improved patient temperature control system that yields enhanced wear and performance of one or more interconnectable contact pads. 
     Yet a further objective of the present invention is to provide an improved patient temperature control system and method that enhances patient comfort. 
     One or more of the above objectives and additional advantages may be realized by utilizing the temperature control system features and associated methods disclosed hereinbelow. The system features may include at least one heat exchanger for affecting at least one of heating and cooling a fluid, a circulating pump for circulating the fluid through the heat exchanger, and at least one interconnectable patient contact pad to affect heat transfer therebetween. For purposes hereof, the term “contact pad” refers to any type of pad through which fluid may be flowed from an input port to an output port and which is otherwise adapted to contact a patient to affect heating or cooling. 
     In one aspect, the inventive system may also include at least a first fluid reservoir, or “make-up fluid reservoir”, fluidly interconnectable with the contact pad(s). The first fluid reservoir may be utilized to contain fluid that is removable from the reservoir to fill/circulate through the pad(s) during use. In conjunction with this aspect, the system may be defined so that, during normal heating/cooling operations, fluid is circulatable through the pad(s) and the heat exchanger(s) by the circulating pump substantially free from passage through the first fluid reservoir. By virtue of this arrangement, rapid fluid temperature changes may be achieved in the system since only the circulated fluid is temperature controlled (e.g., not any additional fluid remaining within the first fluid reservoir during fluid circulation). Relatedly, reduced heat exchanger requirements may be realized. Further, flexibility may be maintained by containing a fluid volume in the first reservoir that is sufficient for filling a plurality of interconnectable contact pads. 
     Preferably, the system also comprises a second fluid reservoir, or “circulating fluid reservoir”, through which fluid is circulated during normal heating/cooling operations. In that regard, the first and second reservoirs may be directly, fluidly interconnected so that fluid may be removed from and flowed back into the first fluid reservoir via passage through the second fluid reservoir. Further, the heat exchanger, circulating pump and first and second fluid reservoirs may be supportably located within a common housing, wherein the system is substantially self-contained to facilitate portable use. 
     More particularly, all or at least a portion of the first fluid reservoir may be physically located above the second fluid reservoir to provide for gravity fluid flow from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Relatedly, the top of the first reservoir may be maintained at substantially atmospheric pressure (e.g. via a vent having a semi-permeable filter), wherein gas may be removed from/passed into the system. Further, a sensor may be provided at the second fluid reservoir for sensing the amount of fluid contained by the second reservoir, wherein a user output may be provided if/when the fluid amount drops below a predetermined amount. 
     For example, the sensor may provide an output signal to a controller (e.g. a microprocessor), wherein the controller transmits a signal to a user out put (e.g. a display and/or audible output device). Such user output may not only alert a user of the condition but may also advise the user regarding fluid refilling procedures. Further, the controller may automatically turn-off the circulating pump and heat exchanger if/when the sensed fluid amount in the reservoir drops below a predetermined level. 
     In further relation to the above-noted aspect, the first fluid reservoir and second fluid reservoir may be provided to contain first and second fluid volumes, respectively, of the fluid present within the system (e.g. when the system is fluidly disconnected from the interconnectable pads), wherein the first fluid volume is greater than the second fluid volume. Preferably, the first fluid volume is between about 3% and 50% of the first fluid volume. As may be appreciated, the interconnectable contact pad(s) may have an internal volume greater than the second fluid volume, wherein at least some of the fluid contained in the first fluid reservoir may be flowed out of the first reservoir for circulation through the pad(s) during heating/cooling. The amount of fluid removed from the first reservoir for such purpose(s) will depend on the number of pads that are interconnected. 
     In conjunction with the foregoing, it may appreciated that an inventive temperature control method is provided that includes the steps of containing a fluid in a first fluid reservoir and flowing at least a portion of that fluid out of the first reservoir, wherein the removed portion is circulated through at least one interconnected contact pad and a heat exchanger fluidly interconnected therewith, substantially free passage through the first reservoir. In turn, the method further comprises the step of contacting the pad(s) to a patient to affect heat transfer therebetween. Typically, an amount of fluid corresponding with the removed portion is returned to the first fluid reservoir, e.g. upon completion of a given patient heating/cooling procedure. 
     The method may further include the step of selectively establishing the fluid interconnection of the contact pad(s). In this regard, it is contemplated that the method may be practiced utilizing a system that may be selectively and readily interconnected to and disconnected from one or a plurality of contact pads, as deemed appropriate by medical personnel for heating/cooling a patient in a given situation. For such purposes, the method may further provide for holding a first fluid volume in the first fluid reservoir and a second fluid volume in a second fluid reservoir, wherein the first and second fluid volumes are combinatively sufficient to fill a plurality of contact pads. Preferably, the amount of fluid present in the second fluid reservoir may be sensed, wherein a sensor output signal is employable to provide a user output (e.g. when the fluid level drops below a preset amount), as noted above. 
     The described system and method may also provide for drawing the circulated fluid through the interconnectable contact pad(s) under negative pressure. Such negative pressure may be established by locating the circulating pump downstream of the pad(s), wherein fluid is pumped out of the pad(s) and then through the heat exchanger into the second fluid reservoir. As noted, the second fluid reservoir may be maintained at substantially atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the inventive method may further provide for locating the interconnected contact pad(s) above the first and second fluid reservoirs. Such location facilitates fluid flow out of the interconnectable contact pad(s) and back into the system, e.g. in the event of pad leakage/pump stoppage. 
     In another aspect, an inventive temperature patient control system is provided which includes not only a circulating pump and at least one heat exchanger, but additionally a pressure sensor fluidly interconnected between an inlet side of the circulating pump and an outlet port of the interconnectable contact pad(s). The pressure sensor may provide an output pressure signal employable to control the circulating pump. Again, the circulating pump may be disposed to establish a negative pressure in the interconnectable contact pad. In turn, the output pressure signal may be employed to control the circulating pump so as to maintain the negative pressure within a predetermined range. Such an arrangement facilitates the maintenance of a desired minimum pressure in each of the one or more interconnectable contact pads. 
     Additionally, the system may include a controller for receiving the output pressure signal from the pressure sensor and for providing a control signal to the circulating pump in response thereto. In the later regard, the control signal may be provided to control the operating speed of the pump. More particularly, the controller may utilize the outlet pressure signal and a predetermined information set (e.g. corresponding with a desired pressure range for the interconnectable contact pad(s)) to control the operating speed of the pump. 
     The inventive system may also include a flow meter for measuring a flow rate of the fluid between an outlet side of the circulating pump and an inlet port of the interconnectable contact pad(s), wherein the flow meter provides an output flow signal. In turn, a user output device may be included to provide an output in response to the identification of a predetermined relationship between the output flow signal and the pump operating speed and/or the output pressure signal. By way of primary example, such predetermined relationship may correspond with conditions which may indicate the presence of a potential fluid circuit blockage (e.g. a kink in a tubing line used for pad interconnection). The user output may include remedial action information to assist a user in addressing the situation. 
     In the described system, the flow meter and heat exchanger(s), as well as any other pressure-drop system components (e.g. fluid reservoir(s)) may be preferably located downstream of the circulating pump and upstream of the interconnectable pad(s). By so doing, the desired negative pressure in the interconnectable pads may be more reliably maintained. Again, the noted system components may be supportably disposed in a common housing to yield a self-contained system. 
     In conjunction with the inventive system noted above, it may be appreciated that a patient temperature control method is provided that includes the steps of operating a circulating pump to circulate a fluid through a heat exchanger and at least one interconnected contact pad, and sensing a pressure of the fluid between an inlet side of the circulating pump and an outlet port of the at least one interconnected contact pad, wherein the sensed fluid pressure is employed in the pump operating step. The operating step may provide for the establishment of a negative pressure in the contact pad(s). Further, an output pressure signal may be provided in relation to the sensed pressure, wherein the output pressure signal is employed in the operating step to maintain the negative pressure within a predetermined range. Such predetermined range may be set in relation to the attributes of the given interconnected contact pad(s) so as to insure a minimum fluid flow sufficient to affect the desired heat transfer while avoiding high pressures that could unduly stress the contact pad(s). 
     The inventive method may further include the steps of containing at least the portion of the circulated fluid in a fluid reservoir, and maintaining the fluid reservoir at substantially atmospheric pressure. In turn, the maintaining step may provide for a venting of the fluid reservoir, e.g. to the ambient atmosphere. 
     Additionally, the method may include the step of utilizing the above-noted output pressure signal to provide a control signal to the circulating pump (e.g. via a microprocessor controller), wherein such control signal controls an operating speed of the pump. Further, the method may include the step of measuring a flow rate downstream of the circulating pump and upstream of the inlet port of the interconnected contact pad(s), wherein an output flow signal may be provided (e.g. to controller). In turn, the method may provide a user output in response to the identification of a predetermined relationship between the output flow signal and the pump operating speed and/or the output pressure signal. As noted, such predetermined relationship may be established in relation to conditions which would indicate a blockage in the fluid circuit of the system. The user output may be provided to identify at least one remedial response that may be undertaken by a user. 
     In an additional aspect, an inventive system is provided that includes a heat exchanger for at least one of heating/cooling a fluid, a circulating pump for circulating a fluid through the heat exchanger and an interconnectable contact pad, and a fluid reservoir which is fluidly interconnectable with the interconnectable pad(s) and which contains at least a portion of the circulated fluid. Of importance to this aspect, the fluid reservoir is internally maintained at substantially atmospheric pressure. For such purposes a vent may be interconnected to the fluid reservoir, such vent having a porous, hydrophobic membrane to permit gas passage and restrict fluid passage therethrough. Further, the circulating pump may be disposed to establish a negative pressure in the interconnectable pad(s). Such an arrangement facilitates reliable fluid passage through the contact pad(s) and minimizes fluid leakage in the event the pad(s) is punctured or otherwise breached. 
     A vent line may also be provided between the noted vent (e.g. at the fluid reservoir) and an outlet side of the fluid reservoir. Further, a vent valve may be provided for opening and closing the vent line, wherein upon opening the vent line gas is free to pass through the vent line and the interconnectable contact pad(s) in response to the negative pressure established therewithin. Preferably, the vent line is interconnected to a top end of the fluid reservoir. 
     For purposes of opening/closing the vent valve a controller may also be provided. Relatedly, a user interface may be included for receiving user input instructions for operation of the controller. That is, for example, a user may operate the system in one mode of operation in which the vent valve is closed and fluid is circulated through the interconnectable contact pad(s). In another mode of operation the controller may be “instructed” to open the vent valve so that gas is drawn through the at least one interconnectable contact pad(s) to purge fluid therefrom. Such mode of operation may be utilized at the completion of a given patient temperature control procedure. Again, the various system components may be supportably disposed in a common housing. 
     In view of the foregoing, a further inventive method is also provided that includes the steps of operating a circulating pump to circulate fluid through a heat exchanger, a fluid reservoir and at least one contact pad fluidly interconnected therewith, and maintaining the fluid reservoir at substantially atmospheric pressure. The operating step may provide for the establishment of a negative pressure in the interconnected contact pad. Relatedly, the contact pad(s) may be preferably located above the fluid reservoir. 
     To purge fluid from the interconnected contact pad(s) the method may further provide for the flowing of a gas though a vent line and into the interconnected contact pad. Such gas flow may be selectively achieved by the opening/closing of a vent valve disposed in the vent line in response to control signals provided by a controller. Again, such control signals may be provided in response to input instructions provided by a user, wherein fluid may be purged in one mode of operation and circulated for heating/cooling in another mode of operation. 
     In yet a further aspect, a patient temperature control system and method are provided that utilize a heat exchanger, a circulating pump for circulating fluid through the heat exchanger and an interconnectable pad(s), and a fluid bypass line for flowing the fluid from an outlet side of the heat exchanger back to an inlet side of the circulating pump. Such an arrangement allows for the heating/cooling of the circulated fluid free from passage through an interconnectable contact pad(s), e.g. to achieve fluid preconditioning prior to interconnection of or fluid flow through the pad(s). In conjunction with this inventive system/method, a bypass valve may be employed for opening and closing the fluid bypass line. Further, a controller may be provided for supplying control signals to open/close the valve. In turn, the system/method may also utilize a user interface for receiving instructions at the controller, e.g. commands to initiate/terminate fluid conditioning thereby causing the bypass valve to be opened/closed. 
     In one arrangement, the inventive system may also comprise a fluid reservoir for containing at least a portion of the circulated fluid, wherein the fluid bypass line extends between the fluid reservoir and the inlet side of the circulating pump. Such reservoir may be vented for removing gas from the system as noted above. 
     Further, a fluid temperature sensor may be utilized for sensing the temperature of the circulated fluid and providing an output temperature signal in response thereto. In turn, such output temperature signal may be utilized in the control of the heat exchanger. For example, a controller may receive the fluid output temperature signal to control the operation of the heat exchanger, wherein the fluid is adjusted to a temperature within a predetermined range. Such range may be set at the user interface noted above. Again the noted system components may be supportably disposed in a common housing. 
     In yet a further aspect, a patient temperature control system and method are provided that utilize first and second heat exchangers for heating and cooling a fluid, respectively, and a circulating pump for circulating fluid through at least one interconnectable contact pad. A housing is also provided to supportably house the pump and first and second heat exchangers, wherein one of the heat exchangers is selectively interconnectable to an external source for providing one of a heating or cooling medium. By virtue of the noted arrangement, a temperature control system and associated method may be provided with reduced componentry and weight, thereby enhancing affordability. By way of primary example, one of the noted heat exchangers maybe selectively interconnectable with an external fluid refrigeration system that provides a chilled fluid for applications requiring significant fluid cooling. 
     The inventive system/method may further employ an auxiliary pump for pumping fluid through the heat exchanger that is interconnected with the external source. In turn, a fluid temperature sensor may be provided for sensing the temperature of the system fluid and providing an output temperature signal employable for controlling the operation of the auxiliary pump. In this regard, a controller may also be provided for receiving the output temperature signal and providing a control signal to set the speed of the auxiliary pump, wherein a desired degree of heat transfer with the external source is achieved. 
     In yet an additional aspect of the present invention, a patient temperature control system and method are provided that utilize a heat exchanger for one of heating and cooling a fluid, a circulating pump for circulating the fluid through the heat exchanger and at least one fluidly interconnectable contact pad, and first and second fluid temperature sensors that are located upstream and downstream, respectively, of the heat exchanger. Such sensors sense the Lid temperature of the circulated fluid and provide first and second temperature output signals. Further, a controller may be employed to utilize the first and second temperature output signals to provide a control signal to the heat exchanger. By virtue of the described arrangement, an amount of heat exchange through the interconnectable contact pad(s) to/from a patient may be determined since the temperature of the fluid flowing to/from the pad(s) is determined. As such, the heat exchanger may be more precisely controlled to achieve targeted patient temperature. 
     Further in this regard, the system/method may employ a flow meter for measuring a flow-rate of the fluid between the circulating pump and an outlet port to the interconnectable contact pad(s). Such flow meter may provide a flow-rate output signal that is also employable by the controller in the provision of the heat exchanger control signal. 
     Additionally, the noted system/method may include a controller adapted to receive an input signal indicative of a patient&#39;s temperature and to employ such signal in the provision of the heat exchanger control signal. By way of example, the input may signal may be received from one or more patient core temperature sensors. By way of example, such patient core temperature sensor(s) may compare a nasopharynegeal, esophageal, bladder, tympanic and/or rectal probe(s). 
     As may be appreciated, various ones of the features noted above may be combined in an optional system. Further, numerous user interface features may be implemented to yield a highly automated and user-friendly system. 
     Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the further description provided hereinbelow. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a hydraulic schematic of one embodiment of a patient temperature control system comprising numerous aspects of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic corresponding with the embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
     FIGS. 3A,  3 B and  3 C are an exploded perspective view, a front view and a side view, respectively, of the embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of one embodiment of a patient temperature control method comprising the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram for fluid preconditioning in the method embodiment of FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary use of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a front view of one embodiment of a user interface employable in conjunction with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 1,  2  and  3 A- 3 C relate to one embodiment of a patient temperature control system comprising numerous aspects of the present invention. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, such aspects may be implemented in various other embodiments. 
     In accordance with the hydraulic schematic of FIG. 1, the illustrated patient temperature control system  10  may be selectively interconnected to one or more contact pad(s)  1  for heating/cooling a patient. By way of example, pad(s)  1  may be of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,045. The system  10  includes a circulating pump  20  for drawing fluid (e.g. water) through the pad(s)  1  under negative pressure (e.g. preferably at least about −3 psi, and negative most preferably at least about −7 psi, during normal operations), a circulating reservoir  30  and make-up reservoir  40  for containing fluid, and controllable heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  (e.g., an electric heater for fluid heating and a radiator/fan for room temperature fluid cooling) for heating/cooling fluid circulated through the system  10 . 
     A main fluid line  50  (e.g., defined by tubing lines) fluidly interconnects the noted system componentry. A secondary fluid line  52  (e.g., defined by tubing lines) may be fluidly interconnected at each end to the main fluid line  50  with an in-line heat exchange device  66  to effect further selective fluid cooling/heating via an external interface. Additionally, a fluid bypass line  54  (e.g. defined by tubing lines) may be fluidly interconnected between reservoir  40  and circulating pump  20  for selective fluid conditioning purposes. 
     Reservoirs  30  and  40 , circulating pump  20 , heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 , and the noted fluid lines  50 ,  52  and  54 , all may be located within a common housing  100 . Housing  100  may be provided with a selectively openable/closeable fluid output port  110  and fluid input port  120  for selective fluid interconnection of the pad(s)  1  therebetween. In the latter regard, opposing tubing  3 /manifold  5  assemblies may be provided for interconnection to the outlet port  110  and inlet port  120 , with one or more pad(s)  1  fluidly interconnectable between the opposing manifolds  5 . 
     As will be further described, during filling/emptying of the pad(s)  1  (e.g. after fluid conditioning and interconnection of the pad(s)  1 ), fluid flows from the circulating reservoir  30  into the pad(s)  1  and from/to make-up reservoir  40  to/from circulating reservoir  30 . During normal patient heating/cooling operations, fluid is circulated through the circulating reservoir  30 , pad(s)  1 , and heat exchange devices  62  and  64  and/or  66 , substantially free from passage through the make-up reservoir  40 . 
     The fluid containment, handling and heat exchange componentry of system  10  will now be described in further detail with reference to FIGS.  1  and  3 A- 3 C. Circulating reservoir  30  may be physically located below the make-up reservoir  40 , with a fluid interconnection line  32  extending therebetween. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A-3C, the top of the circulating reservoir  30  is located below the bottom of the make-up reservoir  40 . As will become apparent, such an arrangement provides for the gravity flow of fluid flow from make-up reservoir  40  into circulating reservoir  30 . Relatedly make-up reservoir  40  may be physically located lower than pad(s)  1  when interconnected. 
     During operation, gas within circulating reservoir  30  may rise through fluid interconnection line  32  into the make-up reservoir  40 . Further, a vent line  34  may be provided at the top of circulating reservoir  30  for gas removal therefrom. Vent line  34  may be vented through a non-spill outlet to the atmosphere or, as shown in FIG. 1, may be vented into the make-up reservoir  40 . In turn, make-up reservoir  40  may be provided with a vent line  42  having a non-spill outlet  44  to the atmosphere. Vent  44  functions to maintain atmospheric pressure (e.g. about 14.7 psi) within the make-up reservoir  40 . By way of example, vent  44  may comprise a porous hydrophobic membrane that restricts fluid flow and permits gas passage therethrough. 
     As may be appreciated, the inclusion of vent lines  34  and  42  advantageously provides for the removal of gaseous bubbles from the fluid circulated through pad(s)  1 . In this regard, it should be noted that if a leak develops in the fluid circuit located outside of system  10  (e.g., a leak in the pad(s)  1 ), air will be drawn through the leak into the system  10  due to the negative pressure operating condition generated by circulating pump  20 . In turn, such air will ultimately be exhausted from make-up reservoir  40  via the non-spill vent  44 . 
     For purposes of emptying fluid from the pad(s)  1 , the system  10  may include a vent line  46  interconnected at one end to the main fluid line  50  downstream of the circulating reservoir  30 . The other end of vent line  46  may be interconnected to the top of make-up reservoir  40 . A controllable vent valve  90  may be interposed along the vent line  46  at a physical location above the make-up reservoir  40  to provide for selective gas flow therethrough. More particularly, to empty the pad(s)  1 , vent valve  90  may be selectively opened while circulating pump  20  is operating. In turn, air will be drawn through the vent  44 , make-up reservoir  40 , and vent valve  90  into the main fluid line  50  for passage through and purging of fluid within the pad(s)  1 . At the same time, the fluid within the pad(s)  1  will be drawn therefrom by circulating pump  20  and thereafter collected in the make-up reservoir  40  via passage through the circulating reservoir  30 . 
     Fluid may be removed from the system  10  via a drain  36  fluidly interconnected to and located below the circulating reservoir  30 . When the pad(s)  1  are disconnected from the system  10 , fluid may be readily introduced into the system  10  via the outlet port  110 . 
     The heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66  may all be located downstream of the circulating pump  20  and upstream of the circulating reservoir  30 . Such positioning isolates the pressure drop associated with these components to the positive pressure side of circulating pump  20 , thereby enhancing the ability of pump  20  to maintain the desired negative pressure within the pad(s)  1 . 
     As further illustrated in FIG. 1, a separately controllable auxiliary pump  68  may be interposed along the secondary fluid line  52  for selectively circulating fluid through the heat exchange device  66 . The heat exchanger device  66  may be disposed at a location within housing  100  that facilitates convenient interconnection with an external cooling and/or heating source. In one arrangement, the heat exchange device  66  may comprise a two-sided exchanger located in the bottom of housing  100 , wherein fluid is circulated from an external chiller  200  through one side of the heat exchanger  66  and back through the chiller  200 , wherein fluid within system  10  is passed through the other side of the heat exchanger  66  for enhanced cooling purposes. The speed of auxiliary pump  68  may be selectively controlled to affect the desired degree of fluid cooling/heating at exchanger  66 . The provision of a secondary fluid line  52  as described above allows large and heavy refrigeration or heating equipment to be utilized in combination with system  10 , yet be physically separated from system  10 . This results in a significantly smaller and lighter system  10 , enhancing portability. 
     With further respect to fluid bypass line  54 , FIG. 1 shows the fluid interconnection thereof between make-up reservoir  40  and main fluid line  50  at a location upstream of circulating pump  20  and downstream from the pad(s)  1 . The fluid bypass line  54  is routed through a controllable bypass valve  92 , wherein fluid flow through the fluid bypass line  54  may be selectively controlled. In particular, bypass valve  92  may be opened to provide for the preconditioning of fluid in the system  10  prior to interconnection of the pad(s)  1 . For example, fluid may be circulated through the bypass fluid line  54  via operation of circulating pump  20  and heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and/or  66 , thereby achieving the desired fluid temperature prior to interconnection of the pad(s)  1 . In turn, effective patient temperature control can be more rapidly established and patient comfort may be enhanced. 
     In addition to the above-described fluid routing, containment and heat exchange componentry, the system  10  illustrated in FIGS. 1,  2  and  3 A- 3 C also comprises a number of sensors for system control and enhanced performance purposes. In particular, a level sensor  80  may be provided at make-up reservoir  40  for sensing the amount of fluid therewithin. In one arrangement, level sensor  80  may comprise a pressure sensor, wherein the amount of fluid within reservoir  40  may be determined in relation to the sensed head pressure. Such fluid level sensing may be employed in system  10  to provide for user alert, system control and/or system disablement upon sensing of fluid levels below and/or above predetermined amounts. 
     For purposes of establishing the desired temperature of fluid circulated through the pad(s)  1 , system  10  may utilize one or more temperature sensors. In particular, an outlet temperature sensor  70  may be located along the main fluid line  50  at a location downstream of the heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 . In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the outlet temperature sensor  70  is provided at the circulating reservoir  30  for sensing the fluid temperature therewithin. Alternatively and/or additionally, an inlet temperature sensor  72  may be located along the main fluid line  50  at a location downstream of the pad(s)  1  and upstream from the heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 . In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the inlet temperature sensor  72  is located upstream from the circulating pump  20 . The fluid temperature sensed by sensors  70  and/or  72  may be utilized in connection with the control of one or more of the heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66  (e.g. by controlling operation of auxiliary pump  68 ), to obtain the desired temperature for fluid circulation. As will be further described, the inclusion of both an outlet fluid temperature sensor  70  and inlet temperature sensor  72  advantageously allows for the ongoing computation of the rate of thermal energy exchange between the pad(s)  1  and a given patient, thereby yielding information employable for enhanced system performance. (e.g. control of the heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and pump  68  to rapidly ramp to within a predetermined range of a “targeted” patient temperature). 
     In addition to temperature sensors  70  and  72 , system  10  may further include an alarm fluid temperature sensor  74  located along the main fluid line  50  downstream from the heat exchange devices  62 ,  64 , and  66 . In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the alarm temperature sensor  74  is located at the circulating reservoir  30  for sensing the fluid temperature therewithin. The alarm temperature sensor  74  provides for temperature sensing that may be redundant to that of outlet temperature sensor  70 , wherein any risk of circulating fluid outside of a predetermined temperature range may be substantially reduced. For example, system  10  may be provided so that upon the sensing of a fluid temperature outside of a predetermined high/low range, by either of the sensors  70  or  74 , circulating pump  20  is automatically stopped. 
     System  10  may further include an inlet pressure sensor  82  located downstream of the interconnectable pad(s)  1  and upstream of the circulating pump  20 . More particularly, the inlet pressure sensor  82  may be located along the main fluid line  50  between the inlet port  120  and inlet side of circulating pump  20 . The sensing of fluid pressure at the noted location facilitates the maintenance of a predetermined, desired negative pressure within the interconnectable pad(s)  1 . In this regard, the speed of the circulating pump  20  may be controlled in relation to the sensed fluid pressure at sensor  82 . Such functionality is provided by the described arrangement regardless of whether one or a plurality of pad(s)  1  are interconnected to the system  10 . 
     System  10  may also include a flow meter  94  located along the main fluid line  50  downstream of circulating pump  20 . In the illustrated embodiment, the flow meter  94  is located between the circulating pump  20  and heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 . The flow meter  94  provides for the sensing of fluid flow through the main fluid line  50 , thereby facilitating the monitoring of expected versus actual fluid flow through the pad(s)  1 . In turn, such functionality allows system  10  to detect potential, undesired fluid flow obstructions (e.g., kinks in the tubing lines  3  interconnecting the pad(s)  1  to the inlet port  110  or outlet port  120 ). Additionally, the monitoring of fluid flow rates facilitates the determination of patient thermal energy exchange and fluid heating/cooling control. 
     As indicated above, the various heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 , pumps  20  and  68 , and valves  90  and  92  may all be selectively controlled. As also noted, the identified sensors may provide information employable to achieve a number of system control functions. To further describe such functionalities, specific reference will now be made to the electrical schematic of FIG.  2 . Of importance, system  10  may include at least one controller, or microprocessor  130 , operably interconnected to the various noted sensors via a signal-conditioning interface  140 . By way of example, the signal conditioning interface  140  may comprise hardware/software for filtering, shifting, etc. of analog signals received from the various sensors. Further, an A/D converter may be provided at interface  140  or processor  130  to convert the conditioned signals into digital signals for processing. 
     As will be appreciated, the processor  130  may be preprogrammed to process the digital signals to provide the various control functionalities discussed herein. More particularly, the processor  130  may utilize control algorithms and associated preset/user-defined control limits/ranges stored in a memory  132  (e.g., a non-volatile random access memory). For purposes of selectively modifying certain control limit sets employable with the control algorithms, as well as initiating/terminating certain system operations, system  10  may include a user interface  150  interconnected with processor  130 . The user interface  150  may include one or more input devices (e.g., a keypad entry, touch screen, mouse with a pointer, etc.), as well as one or more displays  152 . The displays  152  may display system operating conditions, settings and alarms to a user and/or prompt a user in the set-up and operation of system  10 , as well as remedial actions that may be undertaken in the event of a detected system condition of concern. 
     At this point, it should be noted that system  10  may further include or be interconnectable with a power source  160  (e.g., 24-volt DC source) that powers an internal drive circuit (not shown). In turn, the drive circuit may supply drive signals to the various sensors noted above, as well as a temperature simulator  180 , calibration simulator  182  and control chip  172 . Additionally, power source  160  may provide drive signals via a switch  162  to the vent valve  90 , bypass valve  92 , circulating pump  20 , and auxiliary pump  68 , and to heater  62  via a solid state relay  164  (SSR). Finally, power source  160  may provide drive signals directly to radiator/fan  64  and an electronics fan  170 . 
     While power source  160  supplies drive signals to each of the above-noted fluid handling and heat exchange devices, processor  130  controls the operation thereof. More particularly, processor  130  may control the open/close state of vent valve  90  and bypass valve  92 . Processor  130  may also control the operation (e.g., the speed) of circulating pump  20  and auxiliary pump  68 . Further, processor  130  can control the operation of heater  62  and radiator/fan  64  (e.g., via control of the fan) to effect the desired amount of heating and cooling. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a relay  166  is interposed between the processor  130  and auxiliary pump  68  and radiator/fan  64 , wherein control signals from processor  130  will be directed to radiator/fan  64  when an external heat exchange device  200  is not utilized, and wherein control signals from processor  130  are directed to auxiliary pump  68  when an external heat exchange device  200  is interconnected. In other arrangements, control signals may be provided in tandem to both radiator/fan  64  and auxiliary pump  68  for dual operation thereof. 
     Of note, FIG. 2 illustrates the interconnection of one or more external patient temperature sensors  210  with the signal conditioning interface  140 . Patient temperature sensor(s)  210  may comprise, for example, one or more bodily core temperature sensors (e.g. nasopharynegeal, esophageal, bladder, tympanic and rectal probes) that provide analog signals to the signal conditioning interface  140 . In turn, the interface  140  provides digital signals to processor  130  for use in the application of preset temperature control algorithms. By way of primary example, the temperature data received from external sensor(s)  210  may be utilized at processor  130  to determine the amount and rate of thermal exchange to be affected by the system  10  in relation to preset/user-defined patient “target” temperatures. In turn, processor  130  may provide the appropriate control drive signals to heater  62 , radiator/fan  64  and/or auxiliary pump  68 . 
     In addition to the components, FIG. 2 also illustrates that an external operating room data logger  220  and/or an external diagnostic processor  230  may be selectively interconnected via a data bus  174  to the processor  130 . As will be appreciated, the ability to interface system  10  with logger  220  and/or processor  230  allows for the downloading and uploading of digital information, including information collected from one or more of the sensors of system  10  or digital information utilized in the processing of and response to the sensor information. 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a process flow diagram of one embodiment of a patient temperature control method. Such method may be implemented in conjunction with operation of the system embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 and will be described in relation thereto to facilitate a better understanding of the various steps. It should be appreciated, however, that the methodology described here in below may be implemented in a variety of different system embodiments. 
     As shown in FIG. 4, the operation of system  10  may initially provide for the selective establishment of system control limits/ranges by a user (step  300 ). The setting of limits/ranges may be achieved by a user at input device  154  (e.g. via user-friendly prompting at displays  152 ). By way of example, the settable limits/ranges may include a targeted patient temperature, maximum/minimum patient temperatures, a target temperature for the circulated fluid, and maximum/minimum fluid temperatures. 
     Next, a system test may be completed (step  310 ) to confirm/calibrate key operational capabilities of the system  10 . By way of example, such test may be automatically initiated upon completion of step  300  and/or otherwise may be selectively initiated pursuant to prompting at displays  152  and user input at input device  154 . The system test may include any number of automated procedures initiated by processor  130  to confirm the operability of the various sensors, fluid handling devices, heat exchange devices and associated circuitry of system  10 . 
     In particular, processor  130  may automatically transmit a test signal to temperature simulator  180  (e.g. comprising one or more resistors of known value(s)), thereby causing temperature simulator  180  to provide an analog signal input to comparator  166  for test purposes. For example, the test signal provided by processor  130  may cause temperature simulator  180  to provide an analog signal input to comparator  166  that exceeds a predetermined value (e.g. corresponding with a maximum temperature). Such signal should cause comparator  166  to transmit a signal to open switch  162  as well as a response signal to processor  130 . In turn, processor  130  may monitor the response of switch  162  to confirm the operability of both comparator  166  and switch  162 . The system test procedure may also include the provision of test signals from processor  130  to calibration simulator  182  (e.g. comprising one or more resistors). In turn, calibration simulator  182  may provide analog signals that are conditioned then employed by processor  130  to automatically calibrate the system  10  so that signals received from external sensors  210  during operation may be translated into accurate patient temperatures for display. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 4, if any of the system test procedures indicate a problem with system  10  (step  320 ), a user alert may be provided at user interface  150  (step  320 ). By way of example, visual alarms may be provided at displays  152 . Additionally, and/or alternatively audible alarm signals may be provided at user interface  150 . Upon the provision of the alarm output, a user may take appropriate corrective action to address the alarm condition. In this regard, the user interface  150  may display remedial instructions to a user and allow for user override in certain instances. 
     The process embodiment of FIG. 4 also provides for the optional preconditioning of fluid by system  10  (step  330 ). As previously noted, such preconditioning may entail the heating or cooling of fluid within system  10  prior to interconnection with one or more contact pad(s)  1 . When time permits, such preconditioning may be desirable from the standpoints of both patient comfort and rapid patient temperature alteration. By way of example, the preconditioning step may be selectively initiated by a user via the input device  154 . 
     Pursuant to the initialization of fluid preconditioning (step  330 ), various components of system  10  may be automatically and/or manually controlled (step  340 ). More particularly, and referring now to FIG. 5, bypass valve  92  of system  10  may be opened (step  500 ) via transmission of a control signal by processor  130 . In turn, circulating pump  20  may be operated at a predetermined speed (step  510 ) pursuant to the transmission of control signals by processor  130 . The opening of bypass valve  92  and operation of circulating pump  20  causes fluid within make-up reservoir  40  to flow through the bypass fluid line  54 , through circulating pump  20 , and back into the make-up reservoir  40  via circulating reservoir  30 . 
     As indicated by FIG. 5, the fluid temperature may be sensed to determine if it is within a predetermined desired range (step  520 ). More particularly, temperature sensor  70  may be employed to sense the temperature of the fluid in circulating reservoir  30 , wherein the sensed temperature signal is provided to processor  130  for comparison to a predetermined range. In the later regard, the predetermined range may be preset or otherwise established by a user in conjunction with set-up operations. In the event that the sensed temperature is not within the predetermined range, processor  130  may transmit control signals to heat exchange devices  62  or  64 , and/or to auxiliary pump  68 , to achieve the desired degree of fluid heating/cooling (step  530 ). As may be appreciated, the temperature sensing by sensor  70  and control of heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and pump  68 , by processor  130  may continue as needed to establish the desired fluid temperature. 
     Returning now to FIG. 4, the initialization of actual patient heating/cooling entails the interconnection of one or more contact pads(s)  1  to the system  10  (step  350 ). In conjunction with such interconnection, system  10  may require a user to provide an appropriate control input at input device  154 . After interconnection of the contact pad(s)  1 , fluid circulation therethrough may be initiated (step  360 ). In this regard, appropriate user input may be required at input device  154 , whereupon circulating pump  20  may be operated in accordance with a preset speed-setting algorithm. In conjunction with steps  350  and  360  noted above, the pad(s)  1  and patient should preferably be located above the system  10 , as shown in FIG.  6 . 
     At this point, further system testing may be provided (step  370 ). By way of primary example, processor  130  may utilize the signals provided by a flow meter  94  and/or pressure sensor  82 , and the known operating speed of circulating pump  20 , to determine if fluid is properly circulating through the system  10  and the interconnected pad(s)  1 . More particularly, for a given operating speed of circulating pump  20  the pressure sensed by sensor  82  and the fluid flow measured by flow meter  94  should be predictable within a predetermined range under normal operating conditions. In the event that the signal received from flow meter  94  indicates a flow volume outside of the predetermined range, processor  130  may be provided to identify a condition of potential concern to a user as well as potential remedial action to be taken at user interface  150  (step  380 ). By way of example, a message may be provided at a display  152  to check for kinks in the tubing line  3  employed to interconnect pads  1  to the system  10 . Further, processor  130  may be provided so that if system conditions fall outside of a predetermined range and/or are not corrected within a predetermined time, operation of circulating pump  20 , heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and/or auxiliary pump  68  is automatically terminated (step  190 ). 
     Assuming system  10  is operating within normal expected ranges, system  10  may be automatically controlled to provide the desired patient heating/cooling at interconnected pad(s)  1 . In this regard, the inlet pressure at inlet port  120  may be maintained in a predetermined operating range and the temperature of the circulated fluid may be established to affect the desire heating/cooling of a patient through pads  1  (step  400 ). For purposes of maintaining the desired negative pressure in the interconnected pad(s)  1 , processor  130  may utilize the sensed pressure signal provided by inlet pressure sensor  82  to control the speed of operating pump  20 . For purposes of establishing the temperature of the circulating fluid the processor  130  may utilize one or both of the output signals from temperature sensors  72 ,  70  of system  10 , as well as the sensed temperature signals provided by external temperature sensor(s)  210 . Of note, it may be particularly advantageous to utilize all of such sensed temperature signals. More particularly, the utilization of all there signals allows for the computation of thermal exchange with a patient. In turn, control of the heat exchange devices may be set. In one arrangement, such setting may be provided utilizing the algorithm provided below: 
     
       
           W=KQ ( T   i   −T   t )− MCdT   avg   /dt;    
       
     
     Where: 
     W=Transfer of heat exchange devices  62 ,  64  and  66 ; 
     K=Conversion of calories/minute to watts; 
     Q=Water flow rate (e.g. measured by flow meter  94 ); 
     T i =Water inlet temperature (e.g. measured by sensor  72 ); 
     T t =Water target temperature (e.g. as set by a user); 
     M=Mass of circulating water (e.g. as input to or determined by system  10 ); 
     C=Heat capacity of water; and, 
     dT avg /dt=Rate of change of average circulating water temperature (e.g. as determined using measurements by sensor  70 ). 
     Returning now to FIG. 4, the output signals from sensors  70 ,  72 ,  74 ,  82  and  94  may be employed on a periodic basis to in sure system operation within preset acceptable ranges (step  410 ). In the event monitored operations are outside acceptable limits user alerts for corrective action may be provided (step  420 ), and if the condition of concern continues operations may be automatically terminated (step  390 ). 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which illustrates one embodiment of a user interface  150 . Such interface  150  will be described to in relation to an exemplary application of various features of the system  10  described above. The user interface  150  comprises user operating keys  502 - 518 , a message screen  530 , and a patient temperature display  540 . The message screen  530  displays parameter settings, warnings, and alarms during operation. 
     If a patient temperature sensor  210  is utilized in a given procedure, display  540  provides the measured patient temperature. In one arrangement, display temperatures should range from 25° C. to 42° C. With a patient temperature sensor  210  in place, icon  542  indicates trends or changes in patient temperature. As shown, icon  542  may comprise a plurality of upward oriented and downward oriented arrows with a circle disposed therebetween. An illuminated upward yellow arrow indicates that a patient&#39;s temperature is rising. An illuminated downward yellow arrow indicates that a patient&#39;s temperature is falling. The higher or the lower the illuminated arrow, the faster the temperature is changing. When only the yellow circle is lit, the temperature of the patient is substantially constant. 
     Four main modes of automated operation of system  10  can be set utilizing keys  502 - 508 : 
     1. “Patient Temperature Control Mode”—set by pushing key  502 ; 
     2. “Water Temperature Control Mode”—set by pushing key  504 ; 
     3. “Purge Mode”—set by pushing key  506 ; and, 
     4. “Stop Mode”—set by pushing key  508 . 
     Additional information about a particular mode and modification of corresponding parameter settings may be achieved by pressing the “Up Arrow” key  510  or “Down Arrow” key  512  while in the given mode, as will be further described. 
     In the Patient Temperature Control Mode system  10  automatically functions to monitor and control a patient&#39;s temperature to a set target temperature. Water will be cooled or warmed as needed and pumped through the pad(s)  1  to achieve the target temperature. In one arrangement, patient temperature can be controlled and monitored between 33° C. and 37° C. When activated, a yellow indicator light over the key  502  is illuminated. A water flow rate will be displayed on the message screen  530  in liters per minute (i.e. “1 pm”). 
     In the Water Temperature Control Mode system  10  automatically functions to flow temperature-controlled water through the pad(s)  1 . Water is controlled to a specific target temperature set by the operator. In one arrangement, the target water temperature and can be set between 4° C. and 42° C. When activated, a yellow indicator light over key  504  is illuminated. Unless an alarm condition occurs, water temperature and flow rate will be displayed in the message screen  530  when this mode is active. 
     In the Purge Mode system  10  automatically functions to empty water from the pad(s)  1 . When the mode is activated a yellow light over key  506  is illuminated. A message (e.g. “Purging Water”) will be displayed on the message display screen  530  when this mode is active. When pad(s)  1  have been emptied, the system  10  may be provided to automatically return to Stop Mode. 
     Pressing the Stop Mode key  508  at any time will stop any of the three other modes (i.e. Patient Temperature Control, Water Temperature Control Mode, or Purge Modes). When activated, the yellow light over the Stop Mode key  508  is illuminated. Any other mode can be activated from Stop Mode by pressing the corresponding mode key. 
     A variety of system settings and other information may be accessed from menus and information listings displayed at message screen  530  in the Stop Mode, Water Temperature Control Mode, and Patient Treatment Mode, including e.g.: 
     1. Set patient target temperature; 
     2. Set water target temperature; 
     3. Measured water level; 
     4. Set maximum/minimum water temperatures; 
     5. Set high and low patient temperature warning settings; and, 
     6. Other setup parameters (e.g. data output intervals). 
     As may be appreciated, the noted settings may be changed for each procedure. The system  10  may be provided so that once the system  10  has been turned off, settings return to default parameters. New default parameters can also be permanently saved if desired. 
     As noted above, the “Up Arrow” key  510  and “Down Arrow” key  512  allow users to scroll through menus and information listings on the message screen  530 . Relatedly, the “Enter Key”  514  allows an operator to select and change parameter settings. For example, a given parameter listed on message screen  530  may be selected using arrow keys  510 ,  512 , then the Enter key  514  may be pressed, causing the parameter to be displayed in a pronounced manner (e.g. brightened or varied color illumination). Next, the arrow keys  510 ,  512  may be utilized to increase or decrease the setting value. When the desired value is displayed, the user may then press the Enter key  514  again to establish the setting. The “Return to Main Menu Key”  516  will exit a given menu and return a user back to a main menu. The “Alarm/Alert” icon  520  is automatically illuminated upon detection of an alert or alarm condition. Pressing the “Cancel Key”  520  clears an alert or alarm. 
     Prior to use of the system  10 , the reservoirs  30  and  40  should be filled with fluid, e.g. distilled or sterile water. To do so, the system  10  should be connected to a power source  160 , e.g. via plug-in to an appropriate power supply outlet. After being turned on, the system  10  may be provided to conduct a brief self-check and enter the Stop Mode. The yellow light over the Stop Mode key  508  will be illuminated. Using the “Down Arrow” key  512 , a user may scroll through the menu until the display reads “WATER LEVEL “XX” Uses—Press Enter to Fill”. A user may then connect a fill tube into one of the inlet connectors on the block manifold  5 . The other end of the fill tube may be placed into a water container. The Enter key  514  may then be pressed to cause system  10  to start filling and automatically stop when it is complete. The system  10  will then return the Stop Mode. 
     The filling process can be interrupted at any time by pressing the Stop Mode key  508 ; however, the reservoirs  30 ,  40  may not be adequately filled for the maximum number of uses. To determine how many procedures may be run before refilling (e.g. assuming a design limit of a predetermined number of pads), a user may use the Up and Down Arrow keys  510 ,  512 , to scroll through the menus until the message screen  530  displays the water level and number of uses left. 
     As noted, many parameters for controlling temperature with the system  10  may be changed and/or customized and saved for future use. Prior to using the system  10  for a given patient, a user may determine which settings will be used. All parameters will return to default setting unless new settings are saved. 
     Treatment parameters can be accessed while the Stop Mode key  508  is lit. A user may press the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  to scroll through the various menu options. In one arrangement, the default settings and ranges of options may be set as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 User Selected Operational Settings: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Default 
                 Options 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Data Output Interval 
                 1 minute 
                 Off, 5 seconds to 10 minutes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Intervals from 5 to 60 seconds - 5 seconds 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Intervals from 1 to 10 minutes - 1 minute 
               
               
                 Data Output Format 
                 Compacted 
                 Compacted or Detailed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 User Selected Treatment Modes: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Default 
                 Range 
                 Incremental Changes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient Target Temperature 
                 37° C. 
                 33.0° C. to 37.0° C. 
                 0.1° C. increments 
               
               
                 Water Target Temperature 
                 37° C. 
                 4.0° C. to 42.0° C. 
                 1.0° C. increments 
               
               
                 Maximum Water Temperature 
                 42° C. 
                 32.0° C. to 42.0° C. 
                 1.0° C. increments 
               
               
                 Minimum Water Temperature 
                 4° C. 
                 4.0° C. to 32° C. 
                 1.0° C. increments 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 User Adjustable Alerts: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Default 
                 Range 
                 Incremental Changes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient High Temperature Alert 
                 42.0° C. 
                 25.1° C. to 42.0° C. 
                 0.1° C. 
               
               
                 Patient Low Temperature Alert 
                 25.0° C. 
                 25.0° C. to 41.9° C. 
                 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Default 
                 Incremental Changes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chiller Connected for Cooling 
                 No 
                 Yes or No 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To change any of the default settings, from the Stop Mode a user may utilize the following procedure: 
     1. Use the Up Arrow key  510  and Down Arrow key  512  to access a setting that will be displayed on the message screen  530 . 
     2. Press the Enter key  514  and the parameter that can be modified will be highlighted. 
     3. Press the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  to reach the desired settings. Press the Enter key  514  to save. 
     4. To change additional settings, continue to scroll through the menu, pressing the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  to access the appropriate screens. 
     5. Repeat the procedure to highlight, select, and save the displayed parameters. 
     6. The newly configured parameters will remain throughout a given procedure until the system  10  is turned off. 
     All customized parameters can be permanently saved or until a user decides to change them. To save the newly set parameters as defaults settings a user may utilize the following procedure: 
     1. Scroll through the menu screen until a “SETUP” screen is displayed. 
     2. Press the Enter key  514  and scroll through the menu until “Save Current Settings” is displayed. 
     3. Press the Enter key  514  to save the settings. 
     Then, a temperature sensor  210  may be placed in the patient and connected to the system  10 . Thereafter, the patient&#39;s temperature can be monitored and controlled. 
     To continue patient treatment, a user may press the Stop Mode key  508  and confirm all of the parameters are programmed to the desired setting using menus provided when the Stop Mode key  508  is activated, as described above. The following settings are of primary note: 
     1. Patient target temperature: determines the temperature set-point for the patient. Temperature set range may be limited to 33° C. to 37° C. 
     2. Maximum water temperature: allows a user to determine the highest water temperature that will circulate through the pads during Patient Treatment Mode. 
     3. Patient temperature high limit or low limit alerts: allows a user to determine patient temperatures at which the system  10  should provide an alert. 
     Next, a user may press the Patient Temperature Control Mode key  502 . Thereafter, the message screen  530  will show the set patient target temperature, the current water temperature and the current water flow rate in the system  10 . For certain procedures or before a temperature sensor  210  is placed, a warming or cooling cycle can be initiated without controlling temperature. The Water Temperature Control Mode can be used to circulate temperature-controlled water without automatically controlling patient temperature. This mode may be used whether or not a temperature probe has been placed. To do so, a user may access a water target temperature screen by pressing the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  while in either the Stop Mode or Water Temperature Control Mode. Then a user may adjust the water temperature to a desired setting as follows: 
     1. Press the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  until the following appears in message screen  530 : “Water Target Temperature 37° C., Enter to Change”. 
     2. If a new water target temperature is desired, press the Enter key  514  to highlight the temperature. 
     3. Press the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  until the desired temperature is displayed. Press the Enter key  514 . Changes can be made in increments of 1.0° C./F. between 4.0° C. and 42° C. 
     Once the water target temperature is set, and mode key  502  is pressed, the system will begin to adjust the water temperature to the desired setting. Flow rate will be shown on the message screen  530 . Flow rate may vary depending on the size of the patient, the style of the pads used, and the number of pads that are applied. 
     As noted, system  10  may incorporate features into the system  10  that allow a user to pre-program certain alarms, including: 
     1. Patient temperature alerts; and, 
     2. Water temperature alerts. 
     In particular, the system  10  may provide a default alarm that will warn when a patient temperature exceeds a set level, provided water temperature continues to rise or stays above that set level. There is also a default alarm that will warn a user when a patient temperature falls below a set level, provided water temperature continues to decrease or stays below that set level. 
     The high and low patient set temperature alerts can be established by a user as follows: 
     1. While in Stop Mode, scroll through the menu using the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512  until the screen displays, “Patient Temperature High Alert 42° C., Enter to Change” or “Patient Temperature Low Alert 25.0° C., Enter to Change”. 
     2. Press the Enter key and select the new temperature by using the Up Arrow key  510  or Down Arrow key  512 . The high temperature range may be provided for adjustment between 25.1° C. and 52.0° C. in 0.1° C. increments. The low temperature range may be provided for adjustment between 25.0° C. and 51.9° C. in 0.1° C. increments. 
     3. Press the Enter key to save. 
     As may be appreciated, numerous additional alerts and alarms may be provided. 
     More generally in that regard, it should be noted that the foregoing description is strictly for the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the invention and is not otherwise intended to limit the scope thereof, as defined by the claims which follow.