Patent Publication Number: US-10316661-B2

Title: Water and/or fire resistant tunnel expansion joint systems

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application is a U.S. Non-Provisional of and claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/073,617 filed Oct. 31, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This patent application also is a Continuation-in-Part Application of pending U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/229,463 filed Mar. 28, 2014, which claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/806,194, filed Mar. 28, 2013, the disclosure of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. This application also is a Continuation-In-Part Application of copending, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/731,327, filed on Dec. 31, 2012, which is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/635,062, filed on Dec. 10, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,437, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/121,590, filed on Dec. 11, 2008, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. This application also is a Continuation-In-Part Application of copending, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/729,500, filed on Dec. 28, 2012, which is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/622,574, filed on Nov. 20, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,365,495, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/116,453, filed on Nov. 20, 2008, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to joint systems for use in concrete and other building systems and, more particularly, to expansion joints for accommodating thermal and/or seismic movements in such systems, especially in tunnel applications. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Concrete structures and other building systems often incorporate joints that accommodate movements due to thermal and/or seismic conditions. These joint systems may be positioned to extend through both interior and exterior surfaces (e.g., walls, floors, and roofs) of a building or other structure. 
     In the case of a joint in an exterior wall, roof, or floor exposed to external environmental conditions, as well as a wall, roof or floor of a tunnel, the expansion joint system should also, to some degree, resist the effects of the environment conditions. As such, most expansion joints systems are designed to resist the effects of such conditions (particularly water). In vertical joints, such conditions will likely be in the form of rain, snow, or ice that is driven by wind. In horizontal joints, the conditions will likely be in the form of rain, seeping water, standing water, snow, ice, and in some circumstances all of these at the same time. Additionally, some horizontal systems may be subjected to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic. 
     Many expansion joint products do not fully consider the irregular nature of building expansion joints. It is common for an expansion joint to have several transition areas along the length thereof. These may be walls, parapets, columns, or other obstructions. As such, the expansion joint product, in some fashion or other, follows the joint as it traverses these obstructions. In many products, this is a point of weakness, as the homogeneous nature of the product is interrupted. Methods of handling these transitions include stitching, gluing, and welding. In many situations, it is difficult or impossible to prefabricate these expansion joint transitions, as the exact details of the expansion joint and any transitions and/or dimensions may not be known at the time of manufacturing. 
     In cases of this type, job site modifications are frequently made to facilitate the function of the product with regard to the actual conditions encountered. Normally, one of two situations occurs. In the first, the product is modified to suit the actual expansion joint conditions. In the second, the manufacturer is made aware of issues pertaining to jobsite modifications, and requests to modify the product are presented to the manufacturer in an effort to better accommodate the expansion joint conditions. In the first situation, there is a chance that a person installing the product does not possess the adequate tools or knowledge of the product to modify it in a way such that the product still performs as designed or such that a transition that is commensurate with the performance expected thereof can be effectively carried out. This can lead to a premature failure at the point of modification, which may result in subsequent damage to the property. In the second case, product is oftentimes returned to the manufacturer for rework, or it is simply scrapped and re-manufactured. Both return to the manufacturer and scrapping and re-manufacture are costly, and both result in delays with regard to the building construction, which can in itself be extremely costly. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to embodiments, the present invention is directed to a fire and/or water resistant expansion joint system for installation between substrates of a tunnel. The system includes a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating applied at a predetermined thickness to achieve a substantially uniform layer on the substrates of the tunnel, and a fire and water resistant expansion joint. The expansion joint includes a core having an edge, wherein the substantially uniform layer of the fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating extends along the substrates of the tunnel to the edge of the core, and a fire retardant infused/impregnated/saturated into the core. The core is configured to define a profile to facilitate the compression of the expansion joint system when installed between the substrates. The fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating and the fire and water resistant expansion joint are each capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. or greater for about five minutes. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating and the fire and water resistant expansion joint of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system are each capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 930° C. or greater for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. or greater for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. or greater for about eight hours. In some aspects of the invention, the fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating and the fire and water resistant expansion joint of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system are each capable of meeting a tunnel fire rated standard such as the Rijkswaterstatt (RWS) standard and maintain an interface between fire protection and concrete surface below the interface at about 380° C. for about two hours. 
     According to embodiments, the fire and water resistant tunnel expansion joint system is capable of withstanding a resultant heat load of about 300 MW, with temperatures reaching about 1100° C. after about five minutes, peaking at about 1350° C. with a fire burn duration of about two hours. 
     In one embodiment, the core of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system includes a plurality of individual laminations assembled to construct a laminate, one or more of the laminations being infused/impregnated/saturated with at least one of the fire retardant and a water-based acrylic chemistry. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a layer of elastomer is applied to the core, and the fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating extends along the substrates of the tunnel past the edge of the core and along a portion of the elastomer. 
     In a further aspect of the invention, disclosed is a fire and water resistant expansion joint system. The system comprises a fire resistant board applied at a predetermined thickness to substrates of a tunnel; and a fire and water resistant expansion joint. The joint includes a core; and a fire retardant infused/impregnated/saturated into the core, the core being configured to define a profile to facilitate the compression of the expansion joint system when installed between the substrates. The fire resistant board and the fire and water resistant expansion joint are capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. or greater for about five minutes. In another aspect of the invention, the fire resistant board comprises a first layer and a second layer. In yet another aspect, a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material/coating is applied at a predetermined thickness to other substrates of the tunnel. In a further aspect, the core is located in a joint having a first edge and a second edge, and the fire and water resistant expansion joint system further comprises a second fire resistant board, the second fire resistant board extending along a surface of the core from the first edge to the second edge of the joint, wherein a gap is located between the surface of the core and the second fire resistant board. 
     According to embodiments, the construction or assembly of some systems/portions thereof described herein may be carried out off-site, and elements of the system may be trimmed to appropriate length on-site and/or assembled. By constructing or assembling some of the systems/portions thereof in a factory setting, on-site operations typically carried out by an installer (who may not have the appropriate tools or training for complex installation procedures) can be minimized. Accordingly, the opportunity for an installer to effect a modification such that the product does not perform as designed or such that a transition does not meet performance expectations is also minimized. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an expansion joint system, e.g., a vertical expansion joint system of the present invention, which includes a vertical leg and a horizontal leg. 
         FIG. 2  is an end view of the vertical expansion joint system taken along line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2A  is a detailed view of a portion of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 3  is an end view of the vertical expansion joint system installed between two substrates. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an assembly of laminations being prepared to produce the vertical expansion joint system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the assembly of laminations being further prepared to produce the vertical expansion joint system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of four sections of the vertical expansion joint system used in a building structure. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an expansion joint system, e.g., a horizontal expansion joint system of the present invention, which includes a horizontal leg and a vertical leg. 
         FIG. 8  is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting an elastomer on one surface of the core and an intumescent material on another surface of the core. 
         FIG. 9  is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting alternative layering on the core. 
         FIG. 10  is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting further layering on the core. 
         FIG. 11  is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting a fire retardant layer in the core and no coatings located on two outer surfaces of the core. 
         FIG. 12  is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting a fire retardant material in the core and layering on two outer surfaces of the core. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system, according to the embodiments. 
         FIG. 14A  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel  200  with a fire therein. 
         FIG. 14B  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel  200  showing loss of portions of concrete therein. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system, according to the embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system showing chamfered edges  204 , according to the embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a fire resistant board, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including one or more fire resistant boards and a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a cantilevered fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material beneath portions of the core, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material and a fire resistant board, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a fire resistant board, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a schematic view of another tunnel expansion joint system including a fire resistant board, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system including a cantilevered fire resistant board beneath portions of the core, according to embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates a schematic view of another tunnel expansion joint system including a cantilevered fire resistant board beneath portions of the core, according to embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a resilient water resistant and/or fire resistant expansion joint system able to accommodate thermal, seismic, and other building movements while maintaining water resistance and/or fire resistance characteristics. Embodiments of present invention are especially suited for use in concrete buildings and other concrete structures including, but not limited to, parking garages, stadiums, tunnels including tunnel walls, floors and tunnel roofs, bridges, waste water treatment systems and plants, potable water treatment systems and plants, and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1-3 , embodiments of the present invention include an expansion joint system oriented in a vertical plane and configured to transition corners at right angles. This system is designated generally by the reference number  10  and is hereinafter referred to as “vertical expansion joint system  10 .” It should be noted, however, that the vertical expansion joint system  10  is not limited to being configured at right angles, as the products and systems of the present invention can be configured to accommodate any desired angle. Moreover, as further explained below, embodiments herein are not limited to transition corners at right angles or other angles. For example, embodiments of the expansion joint systems and materials described herein for such systems can be configured in any suitable shape and configuration including, e.g., the use of straight sections, curved sections, coiled sections provided as, e.g., fixed length members or coiled on a roll, and so forth. 
     The vertical expansion joint system  10  comprises sections of a core  12 ′, e.g., open or closed celled polyurethane foam  12  (hereinafter “foam  12 ” for ease of reference which is not meant to limit the core  12 ′ to a foam material, but merely illustrate on exemplary material therefore) that may be infused/impregnated/saturated with a material, such as a water-based acrylic chemistry, and/or other suitable material for imparting a hydrophobic characteristic. As shown in Detail  FIG. 2A , for example, the core  12 ′ can be infused/impregnated/saturated with a fire retardant material  60  such that the resultant composite fire and/or water resistant vertical expansion joint system  10  is capable of passing UL 2079 test program, and other test programs as described in detail below. Moreover, it should be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to the use of polyurethane foam, as other foams are within the scope of the present invention, and other non-foam materials also can be used for the core  12 ′, as explained below. 
     As is shown in  FIG. 2 , the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  can comprise individual laminations  14  of material, e.g., foam, one or more of which are infused/impregnated/saturated with a suitable amount of material, e.g., such as the acrylic chemistry and/or fire retardant material  60 . The individual laminations  14  can extend substantially perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends and be constructed by infusing at least one, e.g., an inner lamination with an amount of fire retardant  60 . It should be noted that the present invention is not so limited as other manners of constructing the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  are also possible. For example, the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  of the present invention is not limited to individual laminations  14  assembled to construct the laminate, as the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  may comprise a solid block of non-laminated foam or other material of fixed size depending upon the desired joint size, laminates comprising laminations oriented horizontally to adjacent laminations, e.g., parallel to the direction which the joint extends, or combinations of the foregoing. 
     Thus, foam  12  merely illustrates one suitable material for the core  12 ′. Accordingly, examples of materials for the core  12 ′ include, but are not limited to, foam, e.g., polyurethane foam and/or polyether foam, and can be of an open cell or dense, closed cell construction. Further examples of materials for the core  12 ′ include paper based products, cardboard, metal, plastics, thermoplastics, dense closed cell foam including polyurethane and polyether open or closed cell foam, cross-linked foam, neoprene foam rubber, urethane, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, a core chemistry (e.g., foam chemistry) which inherently imparts hydrophobic and/or fire resistant characteristics to the core; and/or composites. Combinations of any of the foregoing materials or other suitable material also can be employed. It is further noted that while foam  12  is primarily referred to herein as a material for the core  12 ′, the descriptions for foam  12  also can apply to other materials for the core  12 ′, as explained above. 
     The core  12 ′ can be infused/impregnated/saturated with a suitable material including, but not limited to, an acrylic, such as a water-based acrylic chemistry, a wax, a fire retardant material, ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, and/or polymeric materials, combinations thereof, and so forth. A particularly suitable embodiment is a core  12 ′ comprising open celled foam infused/impregnated/saturated with a water-based acrylic chemistry and/or a fire retardant material  60 . 
     The amount of fire retardant material  60  that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is such that the resultant composite can pass Underwriters Laboratories&#39; UL 2079 test program, which provides for fire exposure testing of building components. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, the amount of fire retardant material  60  that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is such that the resultant composite of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system  10  is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of at least about 540° C. for about five minutes, a temperature of about 930° C. for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. for about eight hours, without significant deformation in the integrity of the expansion joint system  10 . According to embodiments, including the open celled foam embodiment, the amount of fire retardant material that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is between 3.5:1 and 4:1 by weight in ratio with the un-infused foam/core itself. The resultant uncompressed foam/core, whether comprising a solid block or laminates, has a density of about 130 kg/m 3  to about 150 kg/m 3  and preferably about 140 kg/m 3 . Other suitable densities for the resultant core  12 ′ include between about 50 kg/m 3  and about 250 kg/m 3 , e.g., between about 100 kg/m 3  and about 180 kg/m 3 , and which are capable of providing desired water resistance and/or waterproofing and/or fire resistant characteristics to the structure. One type of fire retardant material  60  that may be used is water-based aluminum tri-hydrate (also known as aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH)). The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as other fire retardant materials may be used. Such materials include, but are not limited to, expandable graphite and/or other carbon-based derivatives that may impart fire resistance or retardation, metal oxides and other metal hydroxides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides and hydroxides, iron compounds such as ferrocene, molybdenum trioxide, nitrogen-based compounds, phosphorus based compounds, halogen based compounds, halogens, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, combinations of any of the foregoing materials, and other compounds capable of suppressing combustion and smoke formation. Also as is shown in  FIG. 3 , the vertical expansion joint system  10  is positionable between opposing substrates  18  (which may comprise concrete, glass, wood, stone, metal, or the like) to accommodate the movement thereof. In particular, opposing vertical surfaces of the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  can be retained between the edges of the substrates  18 . The compression of the core  12 ′ and/or foam  12  during the installation thereof between the substrates  18  and expansion thereafter enables the vertical expansion system  10  to be held in place between the substrates  18 . 
     In any embodiment, when individual laminations  14  are used, several laminations, the number depending on the expansion joint size (e.g., the width, which depends on the distance between opposing substrates  18  into which the vertical expansion system  10  is to be installed), can be compiled and then compressed and held at such compression in a fixture. The fixture, referred to as a coating fixture, is at a width slightly greater than that which the expansion joint will experience at the greatest possible movement thereof. Similarly, a core  12 ′ comprising laminations of non-foam material or comprising a solid block of desired material may be compiled and then compressed and held at such compression in a suitable fixture. 
     In one embodiment in the fixture, the assembled infused/impregnated/saturated laminations  14  or core  12 ′ are coated with a coating, such as a waterproof elastomer  20  at one surface. The elastomer  20  may comprise, for example, at least one polysulfide, silicone, acrylic, polyurethane, poly-epoxide, silyl-terminated polyether, combinations and formulations thereof, and the like, with or without other elastomeric components or similar suitable elastomeric coating or liquid sealant materials, or a mixture, blend, or other formulation of one or more the foregoing. One preferred elastomer  20  for coating core  12 ′, e.g., for coating laminations  14  for a horizontal deck or floor application where vehicular traffic is expected is PECORA 301 (available from Pecora Corporation, Harleysville, Pa.) or DOW 888 (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.), both of which are traffic grade rated silicone pavement sealants. For vertical wall applications, a preferred elastomer  20  for coating, e.g., the laminations  14  is DOW 790 (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.), DOW 795 (also available from Dow Corning Corporation), or PECORA 890 (available from Pecora Corporation, Harleysville, Pa.). A primer may be used depending on the nature of the adhesive characteristics of the elastomer  20 . For example, a primer may be applied to the outer surfaces of the laminations  14  of foam  12  and/or core  12 ′ prior to coating with the elastomer  20 . Applying such a primer may facilitate the adhesion of the elastomer  20  to the foam  12  and/or core  12 ′. 
     During or after application of the elastomer  20  to the laminations  14  and/or core  12 ′, the elastomer is tooled or otherwise configured to create a “bellows,” “bullet,” “convex,” “concave” or other suitable profile such that the vertical expansion joint system  10  can be compressed in a uniform and aesthetic fashion while being maintained in a virtually tensionless environment. The elastomer  20  is then allowed to cure while being maintained in this position, securely bonding it to the infused/impregnated/saturated foam lamination  14  and/or core  12 ′. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , in one embodiment when the elastomer  20  has cured in place, the infused/impregnated/saturated foam lamination  14  and/or core  12 ′ is cut in a location at which a bend in the vertical expansion system  10  is desired to accommodate a corner or other change in orientation of the expansion system  10 , e.g., a change in orientation from a horizontal plane to a vertical plane, as described below. The cut, which is designated by the reference number  24  and as shown in  FIG. 4 , is made from one side of the expansion system  10 , referred to for clarity and not limitation, as an outside of the system  10 , at the desired location of the bend toward an opposite side of the expansion system  10 , referred to for clarity and not limitation, as an inside of the system  10 , at the desired location of the bend using a saw or any other suitable device. The cut  24  is stopped such that a distance d is defined from the termination of the cut to the previously applied coating of the elastomer  20  on the inside of the desired location of the bend (e.g., approximately one half inch from the previously applied coating of elastomer  20  on the inside of the bend). Referring now to  FIG. 5 , the core  12 ′ is then bent to an appropriate angle A, thereby forming a gap G at the outside of the bend. Although a gap of ninety degrees (90°) is shown in  FIG. 5 , the present invention is not limited in this regard as other angles are possible. It is noted that the applied coating of the elastomer  20  may be applied at any desired point in the process. For example, the elastomer  20  may form a continuous coating applied after insertion of an uncoated insert piece  30 , as further described below. 
     Additionally, it is noted that embodiments of the invention could also be made from, e.g., a solid sheet of block core  12 ′ (e.g., foam and so forth) by cutting, stamping, and/or die-cutting the core  12 ′ to the desired angle before coating. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 5 , a piece of core  12 ′ and/or infused/impregnated/saturated foam lamination  14  constructed in a manner similar to that described above is inserted into the gap G as an insert piece  30  and held in place by the application of a similar coating of elastomer  20  as described above. In the alternative, the insert piece  30  may be held in place using a suitable adhesive. Accordingly, the angle A around the corner is made continuous via the insertion of the insert piece  30  located between a section of the open celled foam extending in the horizontal plane and a section of the open celled foam extending in the vertical plane. Once the gap has been filled and the insert piece  30  is securely in position, the entire vertical expansion system  10  including the insert piece  30  is inserted into a similar coating fixture with the previously applied elastomer  20  coated side facing down and the uncoated side facing upwards. The uncoated side is now coated with the same (or different) elastomer  20  as was used on the opposite face. Again, the elastomer  20  is then allowed to cure in position. Furthermore, the insert piece  30  inserted into the gap is not limited to being a lamination  14 , as solid blocks or the like may be used. 
     After both sides have cured, the vertical expansion system  10  as the final uninstalled product is removed from the coating fixture and packaged for shipment. In the packaging operation the vertical expansion system  10  is compressed using a hydraulic or mechanical press (or the like) to a size below the nominal size of the expansion joint at the job site. The vertical expansion system  10  is held at this size using a heat shrinkable poly film. The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as other devices (ties or the like) may be used to hold the vertical expansion system  10  to the desired size. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , portions of the vertical expansion system  10  positioned to articulate right angle bends are shown as they would be positioned in a concrete expansion joint  18   c  between substrates  18   a  and  18   b  located in a tunnel, archway, or similar structure. Each portion defines a foam laminate that is positioned in a corner of the joint  18   c . As is shown, the vertical expansion joint system  10  is installed in the joint  18   c  between horizontal coplanar substrate  18   a  and vertical coplanar substrate  18   b.    
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an alternate embodiment of the invention is shown. In this embodiment, the infused/impregnated/saturated core  12 ′ and/or foam  12 , the elastomer coating  20  on the top surface, and the elastomer coating  20  on the bottom surface are similar to the above described embodiments. However, in  FIG. 7 , the expansion joint system designated generally by the reference number  110  is oriented in the horizontal plane rather than vertical plane and is hereinafter referred to as “horizontal expansion system  110 .” As with the vertical expansion system  10  described above, the horizontal expansion system  110  may be configured to transition right angles. The horizontal expansion system  110  is not limited to being configured to transition right angles, however, as it can be configured to accommodate any desired angle. Thus, it is again noted that the applied coating of the elastomer  20  may be applied at any desired point in the process. For example, the elastomer  20  may form a continuous coating applied after insertion of an uncoated insert piece  30 . 
     Additionally, it is noted that embodiments of the invention could also be made from, e.g., a solid sheet of block core  12 ′ (e.g., foam and so forth) by cutting, stamping, and/or die-cutting the core  12 ′ to the desired angle before coating. In the horizontal expansion system  110 , the infused/impregnated/saturated core  12 ′ and/or foam lamination  14  is constructed in a similar fashion to that of the vertical expansion system  10 , namely, by constructing a core  12 ′ and/or foam  112  assembled from individual laminations  114  of suitable material, such as a foam material, one or more of which is infused/impregnated/saturated with, e.g., an acrylic chemistry and/or a fire retardant material  60 . Although the horizontal expansion system  110  is described as being fabricated from individual laminations  114 , the present invention is not so limited, and other manners of constructing the core  12 ′ and/or foam  112  are possible (e.g., solid blocks of material, e.g., foam material, as described above). 
     In fabricating the horizontal expansion system  110 , two pieces of the core  12 ′ and/or foam  112  are mitered at appropriate angles B (45 degrees is shown in  FIG. 7 , although other angles are possible). An elastomer, or other suitable adhesive, is applied to the mitered faces of the infused/impregnated/saturated foam laminations  114 . The individual laminations  114  are then pushed together and held in place in a coating fixture at a width slightly greater than the largest joint movement anticipated. At this width the top is coated with an elastomer  20  and cured, according to embodiments. Following this, the core  12 ′ and/or foam  112  is inverted and then the opposite side is likewise coated. 
     After both coatings of elastomer  20  have cured, the horizontal expansion system  110  is removed from the coating fixture and packaged for shipment. In the packaging operation, the horizontal expansion system  110  is compressed using a hydraulic or mechanical press (or the like) to a size below the nominal size of the expansion joint at the job site. The product is held at this size using a heat shrinkable poly film (or any other suitable device). 
     In a horizontal expansion system, e.g., system  110 , the installation thereof can be accomplished by adhering the core  12 ′ and/or foam  112  to a substrate (e.g., concrete, glass, wood, stone, metal, or the like) using an adhesive such as epoxy. The epoxy or other adhesive is applied to the faces of the horizontal expansion system  110  prior to removing the horizontal expansion system from the packaging restraints thereof. Once the packaging has been removed, the horizontal expansion system  110  will begin to expand, and the horizontal expansion system is inserted into the joint in the desired orientation. Once the horizontal expansion system  110  has expanded to suit the expansion joint, it will become locked in by the combination of the core  12 ′ and/or foam back pressure and the adhesive. 
     In any system of the present invention, but particularly with regard to the vertical expansion system  10 , an adhesive may be pre-applied to the core  12 ′ and/or foam lamination. In this case, for installation, the core  12 ′ and/or foam lamination is removed from the packaging and simply inserted into the expansion joint where it is allowed to expand to meet the concrete (or other) substrate. Once this is done, the adhesive in combination with the back pressure of the core  12 ′ and/or foam will hold the foam in position. 
     It is noted that, according to embodiments, it may not be necessary to install into an epoxy adhesive. For instance, according to embodiments, it is possible to install without any additional adhesive applied to the substrate; and with an adhesive (epoxy or other) applied to the core rather than to the epoxy. 
     The vertical expansion system  10  is generally used where there are vertical plane transitions in the expansion joint. For example, vertical plane transitions can occur where an expansion joint traverses a parking deck and then meets a sidewalk followed by a parapet wall. The expansion joint cuts through both the sidewalk and the parapet wall. In situations of this type, the vertical expansion system  10  also transitions from the parking deck (horizontally) to the curb (vertical), to the sidewalk (horizontal), and then from the sidewalk to the parapet (vertical) and in most cases across the parapet wall (horizontal) and down the other side of the parapet wall (vertical). Prior to the present invention, this would result in an installer having to fabricate most or all of these transitions on site using straight pieces. This process was difficult, time consuming, and error prone, and often resulted in waste and sometimes in sub-standard transitions. 
     In one example of installing the vertical expansion system  10  in a structure having a sidewalk and a parapet, the installer uses several individual sections, each section being configured to transition an angle. The installer uses the straight run of expansion joint product, stopping within about 12 inches of the transition, then installs one section of the vertical expansion system  10  with legs measuring about 12 inches by about 6 inches. If desired, the installer trims the legs of the vertical expansion system  10  to accommodate the straight run and the height of the sidewalk. Standard product is then installed across the sidewalk, stopping short of the transition to the parapet wall. Here another section of the vertical expansion system  10  is installed, which will take the product up the wall. Two further sections of the vertical expansion system  10  are used at the top inside and top outside corners of the parapet wall. The sections of the vertical expansion system  10  are adhered to each other and to the straight run expansion joint product in a similar fashion as the straight run product is adhered to itself. In this manner, the vertical expansion system  10  can be easily installed if the installer has been trained to install the standard straight run product. It should be noted, however, that the present invention is not limited to the installation of product in any particular sequence as the pieces can be installed in any suitable and/or desired order. 
     In one example of installing the horizontal expansion system  110 , the system is installed where there are horizontal plane transitions in the expansion joint. This can happen when the expansion joint encounters obstructions such as supporting columns or walls. The horizontal expansion system  110  is configured to accommodate such obstructions. Prior to the present invention, the installer would have had to create field transitions to follow the expansion joint. 
     It is noted that, according to embodiments, some directional changes could be executed in the field, and factory fabricated transitions can offer even further benefits. 
     To extend a horizontal expansion system, e.g., system  110 , around a typical support column, the installer uses four sections of the horizontal expansion system. A straight run of expansion joint product is installed and stopped approximately 12 inches short of the horizontal transition. The first section of the horizontal expansion system  110  is then installed to change directions, trimming as desired for the specific situation. Three additional sections of horizontal expansion system  110  are then joined, inserting straight run pieces as desired, such that the horizontal expansion system  110  extends around the column continues the straight run expansion joint on the opposite side. As with the vertical expansion system  10 , the sections may be installed in any sequence that is desired. 
     The present invention is not limited to products configured at right angles, as any desired angle can be used for either a horizontal or vertical configuration. Also, the present invention is not limited to foam or laminates, as solid blocks of, e.g., die-cut, hand-cut foam or other desired material and the like may alternatively or additionally be used. 
     Moreover, while a core  12 ′ coated with an elastomer  20  on one or both of its outer surfaces has been primarily described above, according to embodiments, the present invention is not limited in this regard. Thus, the vertical and horizontal expansion joint systems described herein are not limited in this regard. For example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , the surface of the infused/impregnated/saturated foam laminate and/or core  12 ′ opposite the surface coated with elastomer  20  is coated with an intumescent material  16 , according to further embodiments. One type of intumescent material  16  may be a caulk having fire barrier properties. A caulk is generally a silicone, polyurethane, polysulfide, sylil-terminated-polyether, or polyurethane and acrylic sealing agent in latex or elastomeric base. Fire barrier properties are generally imparted to a caulk via the incorporation of one or more fire retardant agents. One preferred intumescent material  16  is 3M CP25WB+, which is a fire barrier caulk available from 3M of St. Paul, Minn. Like the elastomer  20 , the intumescent material  16  is tooled or otherwise configured to create a “bellows” or other suitable profile to facilitate the compression of the foam lamination and/or core  12 ′. After tooling or otherwise configuring to have, e.g., the bellows-type of profile, both the coating of the elastomer  20  and the intumescent material are cured in place on the foam  12  and/or core  12 ′ while the infused/impregnated/saturated foam lamination and/or core  12 ′ is held at the prescribed compressed width. After the elastomer  20  and the intumescent material  16  have been cured, the entire composite is removed from the fixture, optionally compressed to less than the nominal size of the material and packaged for shipment to the job site. This embodiment is particularly suited to horizontal parking deck applications where waterproofing is desired on the top side and fire resistance is desired from beneath, as in the event of a vehicle fire on the parking deck below. 
     It is further noted that, according to some embodiments, an intumescent is not employed. 
     A sealant band and/or corner bead  19  of the elastomer  20  can be applied on the side(s) of the interface between the foam laminate (and/or core  12 ′) and the substrate  18  to create a water tight seal. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , an alternate expansion joint system of the present invention illustrates the core  12 ′ having a first elastomer  14  coated on one surface and the intumescent material  16  coated on an opposing surface. A second elastomer  15  is coated on the intumescent material  16  and serves the function of waterproofing. In this manner, the system is water resistant in both directions and fire resistant in one direction. The system of  FIG. 9  is used in applications that are similar to the applications in which the other afore-referenced systems are used, but may also be used where water is present on the underside of the expansion joint. Additionally, it would be suitable for vertical expansion joints where waterproofing or water resistance is desirable in both directions while fire resistance is desired in only one direction. The second elastomer  15  may also serve to aesthetically integrate the system with surrounding substrate material. 
     Sealant bands and/or corner beads  19  of the first elastomer  20  can be applied to the sides as with the embodiments described above. Sealant bands and/or corner beads  24  can be applied on top of the second elastomer  15 , thereby further ensuring a water tight seal between the substrate and the intumescent material  16 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , in this embodiment, the foam  12  and/or core  12 ′ is similar to or the same as the above-described foam and/or core  12 ′, but both exposed surfaces are coated first with the intumescent material  16  to define a first coating of the intumescent material and a second coating of the intumescent material  16 . The first coating of the intumescent material  16  is coated with a first elastomer material  32 , and the second coating of the intumescent material  16  is coated with a second elastomer material  34 . This system can be used in the same environments as the above-described systems with the added benefit that it is both waterproof or at least water resistant and fire resistant in both directions through the joint. This makes it especially suitable for vertical joints in either interior or exterior applications. 
     Sealant bands and/or corner beads  38  of the elastomer can be applied in a similar fashion as described above and on both sides of the foam  12  and/or core  12 ′. This further ensures a water tight elastomer layer on both sides of the foam  12  and/or core  12 ′. 
     It is further noted that, according to embodiments, sealant bands/corner beads, are optional. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , shown therein is another system, according to embodiments. In  FIG. 11 , the core  12 ′ is infused/impregnated/saturated with a fire retardant material, as described above. As an example, the fire retardant material can form a “sandwich type” construction wherein the fire retardant material forms a layer  15 ′, as shown in  FIG. 11 , between the material of core  12 ′. Thus, the layer  15 ′ comprising a fire retardant can be located within the body of the core  12 ′ as, e.g., an inner layer, or lamination infused/impregnated/saturated with a higher ratio or density of fire retardant than the core  12 ′. It is noted that the term “infused/impregnated/saturated” as used throughout the descriptions can be broadly interpreted to refer to “includes” or “including.” Thus, for example, “a core infused with a fire retardant” covers a “core including a fire retardant” in any form and amount, such as a layer, and so forth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “infused” would also include, but not be limited to, more particular embodiments such as “permeated” or “filled with” and so forth. 
     Moreover, it is noted that layer  15 ′ is not limited to the exact location within the core  12 ′ shown in  FIG. 11  as the layer  15 ′ may be included at various depths in the core  12 ′ as desired. Moreover, it is further noted that the layer  15 ′ may extend in any direction. For example, layer  15 ′ may be oriented parallel to the direction in which the joint extends, perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends or combinations of the foregoing. Layer  15 ′ can function as a fire resistant barrier layer within the body of the core  12 ′. Accordingly, layer  15 ′ can comprise any suitable material providing, e.g., fire barrier properties. No coatings are shown on the outer surfaces of core  12 ′ of  FIG. 11 . 
     Accordingly, by tailoring the density as described above to achieve the desired water resistance and/or water proofing properties of the structure, combined with the infused/impregnated/saturated fire retardant in layer  15 ′, or infused/impregnated/saturated within the core  12 ′ in any other desired form including a non-layered form, additional layers, e.g. an additional water and/or fire resistant layer on either or both outer surfaces of the core  12 ′, are not be necessary to achieve a dual functioning water and fire resistant system, according to embodiments. 
     It is noted, however, that additional layers could be employed if desired in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , as well as in the other embodiments disclosed herein, and in any suitable combination and order. For example, the layering described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-10  could be employed in the embodiment of  FIG. 11  and/or  FIG. 12  described below. 
     As a further example,  FIG. 12  illustrates therein an expansion joint system comprising the layer  15 ′ comprising a fire retardant within the body of the core  12 ′ as described above with respect to  FIG. 11 , and also comprising an additional coating  17  on a surface of the core  12 ′. Coating  17  can comprise any suitable coating, such as the elastomer  20  described above, a fire barrier material including an intumescent material  16  described above or other suitable fire barrier material, e.g., a sealant, a fabric, a blanket, a foil, a tape, e.g., an intumescent tape, a mesh, a glass, e.g., fiberglass; and combinations thereof. Moreover, embodiments include various combinations of layering and fire retardant infusion (in layer and non-layer form) to achieve, e.g., the dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion joint systems described herein, according to embodiments. For example,  FIG. 12  illustrates coating  17  on one surface of the core  12 ′ and a dual coating  17 ′ on an opposite surface of the core  12 ′. The dual coating  17 ′ can comprise, e.g., an inner layer  17 ′ a  of elastomer  20 , as described above, with an outer layer  17 ′ b  of a fire barrier material including, e.g., an intumescent material. Similarly, the layers  17 ′ a  and  17 ′ b  of the dual coating  17 ′ can be reversed to comprise an inner layer of fire barrier material and an outer layer of elastomer  20 . 
     Alternatively, only one layer may be present on either surface of core  12 ′, such as one layer of a fire barrier material, e.g., sealant, on a surface of the core  12 ′, which is infused/impregnated/saturated with a fire retardant material in layer  15 ′ or infused/impregnated/saturated in a non-layer form. Still further, other combinations of suitable layering include, e.g., dual coating  17 ′ on both surfaces of the core  12 ′ and in any combination of inner and outer layers, as described above. 
     It is additionally noted that the embodiments shown in, e.g.,  FIGS. 8-12  can be similarly constructed and installed, as described above with respect to, e.g., the embodiments of  FIGS. 1-7 , modified as appropriate for inclusion/deletion of various layering, and so forth. Thus, for example, as described above, while a “bellows” construction is illustrated by the figures, the embodiments described herein are not limited to such a profile as other suitable profiles may be employed, such as straight, curved, and so forth. 
     Accordingly, as further evident from the foregoing, embodiments of the dual functioning fire and water resistant expansion joint systems can comprise various ordering and layering of materials on the outer surfaces of the core  12 ′. Similarly, a fire retardant material can be infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ in various forms, to create, e.g., the above described layered “sandwich type” construction with use of, e.g., layer  15 ′. 
     In the embodiments described herein, the infused/impregnated/saturated foam laminate and/or core  12 ′ may be constructed in a manner which insures that the amount of fire retardant material  60  that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is such that the resultant composite can pass Underwriters Laboratories&#39; UL 2079 test program and other test programs regardless of the final size of the product. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, the amount of fire retardant material  60  that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is such that the resultant composite of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system  10  is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of at least about 540° C. for about five minutes, a temperature of about 930° C. for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. for about eight hours, without significant deformation in the integrity of the expansion joint system  10 . According to embodiments, including the open celled foam embodiment, the amount of fire retardant material that is infused/impregnated/saturated into the core  12 ′ is between 3.5:1 and 4:1 by weight in ratio with the un-infused foam/core itself. For example, considering the amount of infusion as it relates to density, the starting density of the infused/impregnated/saturated foam/core is approximately 140 kg/m 3 , according to embodiments. Other suitable densities include between about 80 kg/m 3  and about 180 kg/m 3 . After compression, the infused/impregnated/saturated foam/core density is in the range of about 160-800 kg/m 3 , according to embodiments. After installation the laminate and/or core  12 ′ will typically cycle between densities of approximately 750 kg/m 3  at the smallest size of the expansion joint to approximately 360-450 kg/m 3 , e.g., approximately 400-450 kg/m 3  (or less) at the maximum size of the joint. A density of 400-450 kg/m 3  was determined through experimentation, as a reasonable value which still affords adequate fire retardant capacity, such that the resultant composite can pass the UL 2079 and other test programs. The present invention is not limited to cycling in the foregoing ranges, however, and the foam/core may attain densities outside of the herein-described ranges. 
     It is further noted that various embodiments, including constructions, layering, lack of layering/coating and so forth described herein can be combined in any order to result in, e.g., a dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion joint system. Thus, embodiments described herein are not limited to the specific construction of the figures, as the various materials, layering and so forth described herein can be combined in any desired combination and order. 
     Moreover, as explained above, embodiments of the invention are not limited to transition corners at angles. For example, embodiments of the joint systems and materials described therefore can be configured in any suitable shape and configuration including straight sections, curved sections, coiled sections provided as, e.g., fixed length members or coiled on a roll, and so forth. 
     Thus, the descriptions set forth above with respect to, e.g., the core  12 ′ and any coatings/materials thereon and/or therein, also apply to non-corner transition configurations. Such a configuration is shown, e.g., in  FIG. 13 , which illustrates a tunnel expansion joint system  210 , according to embodiments, positioned along structural joint  202  in one or more of a roof, a floor and a wall of a tunnel  200  and thereby extending from a straight section configuration along the roof or floor to a curved section configuration as the construction transitions to extend up down or up to the wall of the tunnel  200 . As with the above described embodiments, the tunnel expansion joint system  210  may be used to securely fill, with non-invasive, non-mechanical fastening, the structural joints  202  to accommodate seismic, thermal, concrete shrinkage and other movement in the roof, floor and wall of the tunnel  200 , while maintaining fire rating of surfaces of the tunnel. 
     As is known in the art, Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) is a tunnel fire standard created as a result of testing done in 1979 by the Rijkswaterstaat, the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, in the Netherlands. As illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B , the RWS standard is based, in part, on a worst case scenario of a typical fuel tanker having a full payload of about 1765 ft 3  (50 m 3 ) of fuel igniting within the relatively small confines of a tunnel. The resultant heat load was determined to be approximately 300 MW, with temperatures reaching 2012° F. (1100° C.) after about five (5) minutes, peaking at about 2462° F. (1350° C.) with a fire burn duration of about two (2) hours. Products that meet the RWS standard are able to keep an interface between the fire protection and the concrete surface below the interface at about 716° F. (380° C.) for the entire two (2) hour duration of the RWS fire curve. It is noted that that the expansion joint system embodiments described herein, e.g., the tunnel expansion joint system embodiments described herein and shown in, e.g.,  FIGS. 15-25 , are advantageously capable of meeting the afore-referenced RWS standard. As illustrated in  FIG. 14B , concrete that is not coated with a fire proofing can spall due to exposure to the above noted temperatures resulting in a loss of portions of the concrete, as shown generally at  220 , and thus compromise the structural integrity of the tunnel  200 . Significant spalling may require costly remediation post-fire to restore structural integrity and if left unchecked, may result in complete tunnel collapse. 
     Linings or coatings such as, for example, a high density cement based fireproofing material sold under the brand name Monokote® Z146T by W. R. Grace &amp; Co., Columbia Md., or Isolatek® Type M-II by Isolatek International, Stanhope, N.J., may be used to treat the surface of the concrete of the roof, the floor and the walls of the tunnel  200  and to provide the interface, described above, between the fire protection and the concrete surface. However, the structural joints  202  in, e.g., the roof, floor and/or wall of the tunnel  200  have been found to create a gap in this layer of fire protection. Accordingly, the embodiments of the expansion joint systems  10 ,  110  and  210  depicted herein in  FIGS. 1-16 , especially the tunnel expansion joint system  210  of  FIGS. 13-16  and tunnel expansion joint system  240  of  FIGS. 17-25 , are particularly suitable for tunnel applications and in conjuction with the coatings such as, e.g., the aforementioned Monokote® Z146T coating, seal the gap in the layer of fire protection of the tunnel  200 . 
       FIGS. 15 and 16  depict embodiments of the tunnel expansion joint system  210  used in conjunction with a coating  230 , e.g., a fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 , such as the Monokote® Z146T coating, to provide the layer of fire protection to the tunnel  200 . In one embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 15 , the tunnel expansion joint system  210  is positioned within the structural joint  202  in one or more of the roof, the floor and the wall of the tunnel  200 . Through experimentation a preferred thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  is determined relative to use with the tunnel expansion joint system  210  to provide a fire protection barrier that meets the RWS standard. As shown in  FIG. 15 , a first thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  labeled CT 1  is applied (e.g., spray applied, e.g. SFRM (sprayed fire retardant material) and/or troweled) over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200  until the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  reaches a predetermined distance CD 1  from one of the structural joints  202 . In one embodiment, the first thickness CT 1  of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  is about one (1) inch (25 mm) until reaching the predetermined distance CD 1  of about six (6) inches (150 mm) from an edge of the structural joint  202 , and thus an edge of the tunnel expansion joint system  210  positioned within the joint  202 . As shown in  FIG. 15 , over the predetermined distance CD 1  to the tunnel expansion joint system  210 , the thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  is gradually increased to a second thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  labeled CT 2  at the edge of the structural joint  202 , e.g., the edge of the tunnel expansion joint system  210  disposed in the joint  202 . In one embodiment, the second thickness CT 2  of the coating  230  is about one and one half (1.5) inches (40 mm). It is noted that dimensions noted throughout the specification, as well as the Figures, are not limiting and set forth examples of suitable dimensions. As shown in a partially enlarged portion of  FIG. 15 , a sealant band and/or corner bead  19  of the elastomer  20  or equivalent fire rated sealant, can be applied on the sides of the interface between the tunnel expansion joint system  210 , the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  and the edge of the joint  202  to further ensure a water tight and/or fire rated seal and thus ensure a continuity in the layer of fire protection for the tunnel  200 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates another embodiment where, e.g., the roof, the floor and/or the wall of the tunnel  200  include chamfered edges  204  at the transition to the structural joint  202 . As shown in  FIG. 16 , providing the chamfered edges  204  permits application of a uniform thickness of the coating  230  labeled CT 3  over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200  until the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  reaches the structural joints  202 . At the structural joints  202 , the chamfered edges  204  are filled with the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 13-16 , embodiments of the present invention provide an expansion joint that, among other characteristics, fills a gap in, e.g., the tunnel floor, wall and/or roof, provides movement and supports RWS fire rating, e.g., performs within RWS time/temperature curve and other tunnel fire standards. However, other fire resistant, fireproof coatings could also be employed with the expansion joint systems described herein to provide, e.g., a build up of thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  and protect the tunnel and/or other desired structure. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 17-25 , as in the case of, e.g.,  FIGS. 15-16  described above, these embodiments also provide expansion joint systems that, among other characteristics, fill a gap in a tunnel floor, wall, and/or roof, provide movement and support RWS fire rating, e.g., performs within RWS time/temperature curve and other fire standards. 
     More particularly,  FIGS. 17-21  illustrate a tunnel expansion joint system  240 , according to embodiments, positioned along a structural joint  242  in one or more of a roof, a floor and a wall of a tunnel, such as for instance tunnel  200  and thereby extending from a straight section configuration along, e.g., the roof or floor to a curved section configuration as the construction transitions to extend down or up to the wall of the tunnel  200 . As with the other herein described embodiments, the tunnel expansion joint system  240  may be used to securely fill, with non-invasive, non-mechanical fastening, according to embodiments, the structural joint  242  to accommodate seismic, thermal, concrete shrinking and other movement in the roof, floor and/or wall of the tunnel  200 , while maintaining fire rating of surfaces of the tunnel  200 . 
       FIGS. 17-18, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25  depict embodiments of the tunnel expansion joint system  240  used in conjunction with a fire resistant (FR) board  244  (RWS-Rated FR board) to provide a layer or barrier of fire protection to the tunnel  200 . In the illustrated embodiments, the tunnel expansion joint system  240  is positioned within the structural joint  242  in one or more of the roof, the floor and the wall of the tunnel  200 . Through experimentation and analysis a desired thickness of the board  244  was determined relative to use with the tunnel expansion joint system  240  to provide a fire protection barrier that meets the RWS standard. Thus, the fire resistant board  244  can be made of any suitable thickness, size and shape, examples of which are further described below, to meet the RWS standard. 
     Fire resistant boards  244  are also made of any suitable composition capable of providing the desired qualities for a fire protective/thermal protection board for protecting tunnels, particularly tunnels made of cast iron and concrete materials. An example of a particularly suitable composition for fire resistant board  244  is a composition comprising calcium silicate-aluminate. Other particular examples of suitable boards  244  may include matrix engineered mineral boards sold by Promat as Promat®-H, which a non-combustible matrix engineered mineral board including reinforcement with fillers and fibers, without formaldehyde, as well as Promat®-T matrix engineered mineral boards and PROMATECT®-T panels also both sold by Promat. 
     As shown in, e.g.,  FIGS. 17 and 18 , in the illustrated embodiments the board  244  has an overall thickness T 1 B of about one (1) inch (25.4 mm) over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200  and positioned on opposing sides of the joint  242 . The overall thickness T 1 B is illustrated as being approximately constant (e.g., substantially uniform) in  FIG. 17 . However, the thickness of board  244  could vary. Similarly, board  244  may comprise one solid piece of desired thickness T 1 B or layers of boards  244  or segments and/or layers of boards  244 , as shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , tunnel expansion joint system  240  comprises board  244  of overall thickness TIB of about one (1) inch (25.4 mm) and comprising, in one embodiment, a first layer  246  and a second layer  248  of board  244 . As noted above, there may be a single and/or multiple layers of board  244 . In  FIG. 18 , the first layer  246  and second layer  248  are shown as each having a constant thickness, which is about the same thickness as each other. However, the thickness may vary and the thickness of each of the first layer  246  and the second layer  248  need not be about the same. As also shown in  FIG. 18 , the length of first layer  246  is not the same as the length of the second layer  248 . However, the lengths could be the same. As shown in  FIG. 18 , the length of the first layer  246  extends from an edge of the joint  242  to a predetermined distance D 1 , and the length of the second layer  248  upon which the first layer  246  is located extends from the edge of the joint  242  to a predetermined distance D 2 . D 2  is less than D 1  in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 18 . However, D 2  could be greater than D 1 , or D 2  could be equal to D 1 , according to embodiments. As can be seen in  FIG. 18 , fire resistant board  244  is symmetrical on each side of joint  242 . However, while such a configuration is advantageous other configurations are contemplated, according to embodiments of the invention. 
     The tunnel expansion joint system  240  of  FIG. 18  also comprises a fire protection coating  230 ′, e.g., fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material also described above, such as a spray (and/or trowelled) applied fire rated material (RWS rated SFRM), which can include but is not limited to coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230  described above. Thus coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ can comprise any suitable coating/material capable of, e.g., providing fire protection/resistance properties to surfaces such as concrete and cast iron tunnel surfaces, and are typically high density coatings, such as high density cement based coatings, capable of meet the afore-described RWS requirements. 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ is applied (e.g., spray applied and/or troweled) over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200  until the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ reaches the predetermined distances D 1  and D 2  of the board  244 . The skill artisan will appreciate that the board  244  need not be applied first to the concrete surfaces. Also, according to the embodiments disclosed herein, coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ could also be located under and/or over the surfaces of board  244 , as desired. 
       FIG. 18 , described above, illustrates an embodiment of the tunnel expansion joint system  240  comprising both coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ and fire resistant board  244  on the concrete surfaces of tunnel  200 . However, it is contemplated that either or both of these fire protecting mechanisms could be employed. For instance, as described above,  FIG. 17  illustrates tunnel expansion joint system  240  comprising fire resistant board  244  without coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ (although coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ could be employed according to embodiments). 
     Similarly,  FIG. 19  illustrates tunnel expansion joint system  240  comprising only coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ applied (e.g., sprayed and/or trowelled) over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200  until the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ reaches the edge of joint  242  (although first resistant board  244  could be employed according to embodiments). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 19 , coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ is similarly applied to an overall constant thickness TIB (e.g., substantially uniform layer) of about one (1) inch (25.4 mm). However, it will be appreciated that other overall thicknesses could be employed and that the thickness of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing  230 ′ could vary along the length of the concrete surfaces of the tunnel  200 .  FIG. 19  further illustrates the use of securing mechanisms  250 , such as an anchor and/pin, as well as a gauge (e.g., stainless steel angle)  252 . As shown in  FIG. 19 , securing mechanism  250  is located on the concrete surface of tunnel  200  at predetermined distance X from the edge of the coating  230 ′ adjacent joint  242 . Distance X is shown as about one (1) and one-half (½) inches (38.1 mm) from the edge of the coating  230 ′ adjacent joint  242 . However, other distances are contemplated, according to embodiments. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a tunnel expansion joint system  240  according to embodiments which is similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 19  and described above. However, in the embodiment of  FIG. 19  the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ also extends along a surface of coating  17  to a predetermined distance Y. In  FIG. 20 , predetermined distance Y is shown as about three-fourths (¾) inch (19 mm). However, other distances are contemplated according to embodiments. As also shown in  FIG. 20 , predetermined distance Y is measured from the edge of joint  242  along the length of coating  17 , which is non-limitly depicted therein as a traffic grade silicone facing located on core  12 ′. It is further noted, with regard to coating  17  as shown in  FIG. 19 , as well as in  FIGS. 17-18, 20-21 and 24-25 , while coating  17  is depicted therein as an elastomeric silicone coating on the core as noted above, other coatings, as well as multiple layered coating, such as those described herein at  17 ′,  17 ′ a  and  17 ′ b , and so forth, could be employed. Moreover, this coating on opposing sides of core  12 ′ also need not be the same on each side. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 21 ,  FIG. 21  illustrates a tunnel expansion joint system  240  according to embodiments which is similar to the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 19  and described above. However,  FIG. 21  additionally includes an overlap of fire resistant board  244  located on a portion of the coating  230 ′ and along a length L of coating  17  located in joint  242 . Thus, as shown in  FIG. 21 , fire resistant board  244  extends along the length L of coating  17  (with or without a gap between the board  244  and coating  17 ) and also extends a desired distance along the concrete surface of the tunnel  200  located on opposing sides of the joint  242 , thereby forming an overlapping and further reinforced and fire protecting system. It will be appreciated that any suitable desired lengths, thicknesses and positioning of the coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′ and/or board  244  may be employed, according to embodiments. Moreover, as shown in  FIG. 21 , another fire resistant board  244  could be employed in place of coating/fire resistant tunnel surface fireproofing material  230 ′, according to embodiments. 
       FIG. 21  further illustrates the use of a securing mechanism  250 ′, such as pin and/or anchor, located between layers of board  244 . It is noted that while embodiments, such as for instance, those illustrated in  FIGS. 19-20  show the use of securing mechanisms  250 ,  250 ′ and/or gauges  252 , such mechanisms may not need to be employed, according to embodiments. 
     It is further noted that while embodiments of the tunnel expansion joint systems described herein, e.g., see  FIGS. 17-21  are shown and/or described as including a coating on the core, e.g., coating  17  on core  12 ′, it is noted that such a coating on the core is not required, according to embodiments. For example,  FIG. 22  illustrates an embodiment of tunnel expansion joint system  240 , which is similar to  FIG. 17 , but without the referenced coating  17  on any portion of the core  12 ′. It is noted that this configuration (i.e., without the coating on the core) can apply to any and all other embodiments disclosed herein.  FIG. 23  is also similar to  FIG. 22  in that no coating  17  is located on the core  12 ′. A coating may or may not be located on the lower portion of the core  12 ′. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 24 and 25 ,  FIG. 24  and  FIG. 25  are similar to  FIG. 20  described above, however instead, depict a cantilevered fire board  244  as the coating  230 ′ was employed in  FIG. 20 .  FIG. 25  also depicts no coating on the upper surface of core  12 ′ and coating  17  located on the lower surface of core  12 ′. However, as described herein, it is noted that any combination of coatings/lack of coating on the core  12 ′ could be employed. Thus, while coating  17  is depicted in  FIG. 25  on the upper surface of the core  12 ′, it should be understood that embodiments also include no coating  17  thereon, and so forth. 
     Moreover, according to embodiments, topical application at the fire-facing surface of the expansion joint systems described herein of a less dilute mixture (more dense) of the fire retardant infusion/impregation/saturation material or compound (e.g., fire retardant material  60 ) may be employed. For example,  FIG. 23  illustrates an embodiment of a tunnel expansion joint system  240 , which is similar to  FIG. 22 . However, in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 23 , the afore-reference more dense fire retardant material (denoted in  FIG. 23  as  60 ′) is shown. It is noted that, according to embodiments fire retardant material  60  may or may not still be infused/impregnated/saturated in the core. Additionally, it is particularly noted that this configuration (i.e., topical application of more dense fire retardant material) can apply to any and all other embodiments disclosed herein with or without fire retardant material  60 . Thus, the embodiments described and shown herein may include, e.g., fire retardant material  60 , fire retardant material  60 ′ and/or a combination of fire retardant material  60  and fire retardant material  60 ′. 
     Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention, and further that the features of the embodiments described herein can be employed in any combination with each other. Thus, the elements of each of the Figures disclosed herein and their descriptions thereof can be used in any combination with each other. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.