Patent Publication Number: US-2021161856-A1

Title: L-theanine and tetrahydrocannabinol formulation

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/715,828, filed Aug. 8, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 62/730,253, filed Sep. 12, 2018. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the field of medical marijuana. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of marijuana is known to cause neuronal, molecular and neuropsychiatric side effects. This complicates the use of marijuana for medical treatment. Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana (MJ). As demonstrated in both clinical and pre-clinical research, THC is associated with a wide-range of deleterious neuropsychiatric side-effects in both adolescent and adult users of MJ. In particular, chronic or acute THC exposure has been shown to increase anxiety, increase depressive symptoms, increase vulnerability to schizophrenia-related symptoms and to produce profound cognitive side effects such as deficits in cognitive filtering and memory impairments. Given the increasing use of ‘medical’ marijuana for the treatment of wide variety of ailments, there is therefore an urgent need for the development of a safer THC formulation that lacks the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric side-effects associated with MJ usage. In addition, marijuana and specific THC derivatives are now widely used for a variety of symptoms and disease states, including pain management, control of chemotherapy-related nausea, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis and others. 
     Importantly, one of the primary concerns (from patients and physicians) associated with therapeutic marijuana use and prescription is the neuropsychiatric side-effects associated with THC. 
     SUMMARY 
     Forming one aspect of the invention is a method for use with a treatment regime that includes the exposure of a patient to THC, the method comprising the step of: administering Theanine to the patient. 
     Forming another aspect of the invention is a method for use with a treatment regime involving a plurality of administrations of THC, the method comprising the step of administering Theanine to the patient with each administration of THC. 
     According to another aspect, the method of administration can be such that the peak bioavailability of THC occurs substantially contemporaneously with the peak bioavailability of Theanine. 
     According to another aspect, the administration can be by needle, transdermal, ingestion, inhalation, sublingual or by suppository. 
     Forming another aspect of the invention is a consumer package adapted for carrying out the method, the package being selected from the group consisting of: IV bag, prefilled syringe, cream, patch, pill, capsule, liquid, inhaler, sublingual strip, suppository and edible. 
     According to another aspect, the Theanine can be L-Theanine. 
     Advantages, features and characteristics of the invention will become evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description, with reference to the appended drawings, the latter being briefly described hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A . Using a pre-clinical model of cognitive filtering in rats (paired-pulse-inhibition) it was demonstrated that L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) co-administration with THC blocked the effects of THC alone on the disruption of sensorimotor filtering at 30 msec stimulus intervals at 72 and 84 decibel stimulus intensities. 
         FIG. 1B . Using a pre-clinical model of cognitive filtering in rats (paired-pulse-inhibition) it was demonstrated that L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) co-administration with THC blocked the effects of THC alone on the disruption of sensorimotor filtering at 100 msec stimulus intervals at 72, 76 and 80 decibel stimulus intensities. 
         FIG. 2 . Using a pre-clinical model of depression (sucrose preference task) in rats, it was demonstrated that L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) co-administration with THC, reversed the anhedonic (depression-like) effects of chronic THC administration. 
         FIG. 3 . Using a pre-clinical behavioural model of memory impairment (Novel Object Recognition) it was demonstrates that chronic exposure to THC caused a significant object memory impairment. This effect is blocked by co-administration with L-Theanine (10 mg/kg). 
         FIG. 4 . Chronic THC exposure caused a significant dysregulation of the dopamine neurotransmitter system, shown by hyperactive activity rates in recordings of single dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Co-administration of THC with L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) blocks this effect. 
         FIG. 5 . Chronic THC exposure caused a significant dysregulation of the frontal cortex in rats demonstrated by a hyperactive ‘bursting’ pattern activity state recorded in single neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Co-administration of THC with L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) blocks this effect. 
         FIG. 6 . Electrophysiological recordings of neural, local field potentials in the rat prefrontal cortex revealed a significant decrease in gamma-band activity states following chronic THC exposure; a neuronal biomarker of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This effect was reversed by co-administration of L-Theanine (10 mg/kg). 
         FIG. 7 . Consistent with clinical findings in post-mortem schizophrenia frontal cortex tissue, chronic THC exposure caused a significant loss in the protein expression levels of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3A and 3B, both of which are linked to dopamine and prefrontal cortex neuronal dysregulation. These molecular signaling effects are prevented by co-administration with L-Theanine (10 mg/kg), as measured in a Western Blot procedure. 
         FIG. 8 . Consistent with clinical genetic findings in human populations showing that polymorphic abnormalities in the gene encoding Akt (protein kinase B) increase vulnerability to cannabis-induced neuropsychiatric side-effects, specifically at the threanine308 binding residue, chronic THC causes significant downregulation in protein expression levels of Akt308 in the prefrontal cortex of rat brain. This effect is prevented by L-Theanine (10 mg/kg) co-administration. In contrast, no effect on Akt at serine 473 was observed, suggesting that L-Theanine can selectively prevent the expression of THC-neuropsychiatric molecular biomarkers, such as Akt308. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An embodiment of the invention is a method for use with a treatment regime involving a plurality of THC administrations, the method comprising the administration of L-Theanine with each administration of THC, the administration being such that the peak bioavailability of THC occurs substantially contemporaneously with the peak bioavailability of L-Theanine. This THC exposure regimen is designed to mimic a long-term, chronic exposure period to cannabis use in humans. The dose of THC is gradually increased to account for possible receptor tolerance effects from THC exposure, as would be predicted to occur in long-term human users of cannabis. 
     EXPERIMENTAL 
     Four groups of ten rats were studied. The first group of rats was given twice daily intra-peritoneal doses of THC. The dosage regime was as follows 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
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     Immediately preceding each dose of THC, each rat was dosed with 10 mg/kg L-Theanine, administered intra-peritoneally. 
     The second group of rats was given the same doses of THC and no L-Theanine. 
     The third group of rats was given twice daily doses of L-Theanine but no THC. 
     The fourth group of rats was given neither THC nor L-Theanine. 
     All groups of rats were fed, watered and otherwise housed identically. At the end of the 10 day period, the rats were subject to a serious of tests. 
     Paired-Pulse Inhibition Test for Cognitive Filtering Deficits 
     Rats were acclimatized to the startle chambers (Med Associates) for 5 min over 3 days. On the last day of acclimation, rats were tested in an input/output (I/O) function consisting of 12 increasing startle pulses (from 65 to 120 dB, 5 dB increments) to determine the appropriate gain setting for each individual rat. The testing procedure consisted of the following phases: the acclimation phase, a habituation phase (Block 1), and PPI measurement (Block 2). During acclimation, rats were exposed to the chambers and white background noise (68 dB) for 5 min. During Block 1, 10 pulse alone trials (110 dB white noise, 20 ms duration) were delivered at 15-20 s inter-trial intervals. Block 2 consisted of 9 different trials presented 10 times in a pseudo-randomized order at 15-20 s intervals: 10 pulse-alone trials, and 10 of each of the three different prepulse-pulse trial types (72, 76, 80) with interstimulus intervals of 30 and 100 ms. Pulse-alone trials consisted of a startle stimulus-only presentation, whereas prepulse-pulse trials consisted of the presentation of a weaker non-startling prepulse (white noise, 20 ms duration) before the startling stimulus. PPI was calculated for each animal and each trial condition as PPI (%)=(1−average startle amplitude to pulse with prepulse/average startle amplitude to pulse only)×100. 
     Sucrose Preference Testing for Depression/an Hedonia Symptoms 
     Rats were water-restricted for 12 hrs prior to being given a 2-bottle choice test between a solution containing 2% sucrose vs. plain water. The amounts consumed from each bottle were measured over 24 hr for 4 days. A sucrose preference index was calculated for each rat and averaged across groups by taking the percentage of the volume of sucrose intake over the total volume of fluid intake over the 60-min test phase. 
     Novel Object Memory Test for Memory Deficits: 
     The test sessions consisted of two 3-min trials. During the first trial (T 1  acquisition trial), each rat was placed in the center of an arena containing two identical objects placed in the far corners 15 cm from the side wall. After a delay of 60 min during which the rat was returned to its cage, and both objects were replaced (one by an identical copy, the other by a novel object in the same location), the rat was returned to the arena for the second trial (T 2  test trial). Between rats, both the role (familiar or novel object) and the relative position of the two objects were randomly counterbalanced. Object exploration was considered when the head of the rat was facing the object or the rat was touching or sniffing the object. Times spent in exploration were videotaped with a video-tracking system (ANY-maze; Stoelting) and analyzed by an experimenter blind to the treatment conditions. Exploration times were recorded and used to calculate object recognition index [time spent with novel object/total time exploring both objects] 
     Neuronal Electrophysiology Recordings in the VTA and PFC: 
     Extracellular single-unit electrophysiological recordings were performed in vivo in adult (&gt;PND 75) pretreated rats during adolescence. The recordings were taken from either putative glutamatergic (GLUT) PFC neurons or dopaminergic (DA) VTA neurons. Rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 g/kg, i.p., Sigma-Aldrich) and placed in a stereotaxic frame with body temperature maintained at 37° C. A scalp incision was made and a hole was drilled in the skull overlaying the targeted structure at the following coordinates: mPFC: AP: +2.7 to +3.5 mm from bregma, L: ±0.8 to ±1 mm, DV: −2.5 to −4 mm from the dural surface; VTA: AP: −5.2 mm from bregma, L: ±0.8 to ±1 mm, DV: −6.5 to −9 mm from the dural surface. Recordings were taken with glass microelectrodes (average impedance of 6-10 MQ) filled with 2 M sodium acetate solution containing 2% pontamine sky blue (Sigma-Aldrich). A bone screw was placed over the cerebellum and was connected with the return of the headstage and served as a reference electrode. Extracellular signals were amplified (×5000) using a MultiClamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices), digitized at 25 kHz and recorded on the computer using a Digidata 1440 A and pClamp software (Molecular Devices). The wideband signal of PFC recordings was fed to two channels of the digitizer and filtered to obtain single unit recordings (band pass between 0.3 and 3 kHz). 
     VTA DA neurons were identified according to well established electrophysiological features86: (1) action potential width &gt;2.5 ms, (2) spontaneous firing rate between 2-5 Hz, (3) a triphasic waveform consisting of a notch on the rising phase followed by a delayed after potential, and (4) a single irregular or burst firing pattern. 
     Putative mPFC pyramidal cells were identified based on established criteria85: (1) firing frequency &lt;10 Hz, (2) waveform shape, and (3) action potential duration &gt;2.5 ms. Cells exhibiting 3 consecutive spikes with inter-spike intervals &lt;45 ms were classified as burst-firing cells85. The electrophysiological properties of spontaneously active pyramidal neurons were sampled in the mPFC by making vertical passes of the electrode through the pyramidal cell body region. These tracks were made in a predefined pattern, with each track separated by 200 μm. After an individual putative pyramidal neuron was isolated, its spontaneous activity was recorded for 5 min. Two parameters of activity were sampled, the basal firing rate and the bursting rate. 
     The results of the tests were as follows. 
     Paired Pulse 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 :
         THC exposure alone produces strong deficits in the prepulse inhibition at both 30 and 100 msec durations between the ‘pre-pulse’ and test pulse.   L-Theanine administration alone has no apparent effects on sensory filtering, relative to vehicle control rats   THC co-administration with L-Theanine produces no apparent deficits and thereby blocked the negative effects of THC on cognitive filtering.       

     Thus, L-Theanine appears to block the ability of THC to cause cognitive filtering deficits. 
     Sucrose Preference 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 :
         THC exposure induces strong sucrose preference reduction   L-Theanine administration alone has no apparent effects on sucrose preference, relative to vehicle control rats   THC co-administration with L-Theanine significantly reduces sucrose preferences compared to THC rats.       

     Thus, L-Theanine appears to block the ability of THC to induce anhedonic, depressive-like effects. 
     Novel Object Testing 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 :
         THC exposure induces strong reductions in object recognition   L-Theanine administration alone has no apparent effects on object recognition   THC co-administration with L-Theanine significantly improves object recognition compared to THC rats.       

     Thus, L-Theanine appears to prevent short term memory deficits associated with THC exposure, with no apparent effects on short-term memory processing in and of itself. 
     VTA Testing 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , L-Theanine with THC co-administration prevents neuronal hyperactivity recorded in dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic pathway 
     PFC Neuronal Burst Testing 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , L-Theanine administration with THC can block the neuronal hyperactivity observed in the brain&#39;s prefrontal cortex induced by THC exposure. 
     Theory 
     Normalized Power Testing 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , L-Theanine+THC rats demonstrated generally enhanced gamma wave activity through the 0-100 Hz range, in contrast to generally decreased activity on the part of the THC only rats; given that schizophrenia is associated with lower gamma wave activity over this range, the enhanced activity associated with L-Theanine is suggestive of improvement in terms of reduced schizophrenic side effects in the context of THC use. 
     GSK-3α and GSK-3β 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , whereas THC-alone resulted in significant decrease in the levels of the GSK-3α and GSK-3β, the co-administration of L-Theanine appeared to reverse this effect; given that these two isoforms are strongly related to schizophrenia, the tests suggests that co-administration of L-Theanine will reduce the schizophrenia-like symptoms sometimes associated with chronic THC use. 
     Thr308 
     The Thr308 gene is linked to susceptibility to long-term  cannabis -related psychotic effects. The co-administration of L-Theanine appeared to counteract the effects of THC, as indicated by  FIG. 8 . This strongly augurs in favor of co-administration of L-Theanine in the context of any THC treatment of persons having this gene. 
     About the Commentary 
     In this document, use is made of the terms “reverse”, “block”, “prevent”, “counteract”, “improve”, such terms should be interpreted reasonably, with reference to the experimental results; thus, for example, “prevent” should not necessarily be construed to require a complete prevention in all cases. 
     About the Dosages 
     Whereas in this document, specific dosage regimes are described, it will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill that the dosages mentioned, which have been proven to be useful in the context of rats and in experimental conditions selected to mimic/approximate chronic THC exposure in humans; routine experimentation will be required to modify the dosages for human use. 
     Variations 
     Whereas the experimental evidence relates to substantially contemporaneous intra-peritoneal administration, it is reasonable to assume that any other method of administration wherein the peak bioavailability of THC occurs substantially contemporaneously with the peak bioavailability of L-Theanine will have similar utility. 
     Thus, for example and without limitation, persons of ordinary skill could be expected to produce consumer packages adapted to carry out the method in at least the following forms: intravenous bag, prefilled syringe, cream, patch, pill, capsule, liquid, inhaler, sublingual strip and suppository. 
     Techniques such as the DehydraTECH™ system of Lexaria Bioscience Corp. would also be expected to be useful to produce edibles. The NANOSTABILIZER™ of Industrial Sonomechanics would also be expected to be useful in formulation. 
     Further, whereas L-Theanine is specified throughout this specification, other forms of Theanine would be expected to have useful results. 
     Accordingly the invention should be understood to be limited only by the accompanying claims, purposively construed.