Patent Publication Number: US-11389761-B1

Title: System and method for improving the performance and lowering the cost of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal by direct air capture

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO APPLICATIONS 
     This application relates to corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 17/345,753, filed on Jun. 11, 2021, titled System and Method for Improving the Performance and Lowering the Cost of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal by Direct Air Capture and U.S. application Ser. No. 17/345,890, filed on Jun. 11, 2021, titled System and Method for Improving the Performance and Lowering the Cost of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal by Direct Air Capture, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and in particular to systems and methods for optimizing the advection of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, systems and methods for optimizing the contact and capture of carbon dioxide by a sorbent, and systems and methods for optimizing sorbent regeneration and removal of carbon dioxide therefrom for utilization or sequestration. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Recent developments have focused attention on achieving a goal of net zero emissions where globally no more carbon is emitted into the atmosphere that what is removed. There is currently no feasible way to avoid using the carbon emitting fuels that are required to sustain present living standards. 
     Systems and methods are being implemented around the world to remove the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in an effort to achieve the goal of net zero emissions. Current systems and methods are costly both in terms of money and resources required, such as land and energy. Additionally, the current state of the art systems do not remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in large enough quantities to make a significant impact when compared to legacy emissions and the overall amount of carbon dioxide being emitted each year. 
     To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and achieve the goal of net zero emissions, technological innovation is needed to drive down the cost of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an example aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a direct air capture structure for removing atmospheric carbon dioxide that has improved performance and lower cost than existing atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structures. In some example implementations, the structure may include a sorbent media filled cylinder, a fan for blowing air through the cylinder and over the sorbent media, and a regeneration station for removing carbon dioxide from the sorbent media. 
     In an aspect, the direct air capture structure may include stacks of sorbent media filled cylinders arranged in an almost circular manner. In an aspect, multiple fans may be placed on the exterior of the circle of sorbent media filled cylinder stacks. In an aspect, the fans may blow air from the exterior of the structure, through the cylinders, over the sorbent media, and into the interior of the direct air capture structure. In this manner, the sorbent media may collect carbon dioxide from bulk air flow advection through the cylinder. In an aspect, one or more regeneration stations may be positioned around the exterior of the direct air capture structure. Each regeneration station may lock onto a cylinder and remove the collected carbon dioxide from the sorbent media. In an aspect, the direct air capture structure may rotate, thereby moving the sorbent media filled cylinder stacks from a state of carbon collection, where the fans blow air through the cylinders, to a state of carbon release, were the regeneration station removes the collected carbon from the sorbent media. 
     In an aspect, an air shifting structure may be erected inside the direct air capture structure to direct the flow of air up and out of the direct air capture structure. In an aspect, the air shifting structure may include a fabric material arranged in a manner to direct the flow of air away from the sides of the structure and out of the open top of the structure. 
     In an aspect, a roof structure may be placed on top of the direct air capture structure to accelerate the flow of air out of the direct air capture structure. In an aspect, the roof structure may be wider at the bottom than at the top, having a larger opening at the bottom than at the top. In an aspect, the walls of the roof structure may slope inward and upward from the exterior walls of the direct air capture structure. In an aspect, the roof structure is suitable for accelerating the flow of air from within the structure upward and away from the structure. 
     In an aspect, the regeneration station may form a seal around a sorbent media containing cylinder. In an aspect, the regeneration station may pull a vacuum within the cylinder to remove air from the sorbent media containing cylinder. In an aspect, the regeneration station may fill and flush the cylinder with water to displace any residual air from the sorbent media containing cylinder. In an aspect, the regeneration station may heat the cylinder to promote the release of carbon dioxide from the sorbent media containing cylinder. In an aspect, the regeneration station may pull a vacuum within the cylinder to further promote the release of carbon dioxide from the sorbent media containing cylinder and to cool it. In an aspect, the regeneration station may fill and pressurize the cylinder with a cold water to further promote the release of carbon dioxide from the sorbent media containing cylinder. In an aspect, the regeneration station may mechanically vibrate the cylinder to promote the release of carbon dioxide from the sorbent media containing cylinder into the cold water. The regeneration station may then capture the carbon dioxide for transport by pipes to the centralized balance of plant for disposal or utilization. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following drawings and detailed description are exemplary and explanatory in nature and are intended to provide an understanding of the present disclosure without limiting the scope of the present disclosure. In that regard, additional aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent to one skilled in the art from the following. One or more features of any embodiment or aspect may be combinable with one or more features of other embodiment or aspect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate implementations of the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein and together with the description, explain the principles of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  are perspective, side, and top-down illustrations of material structural components of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2-6  are perspective illustrations of portions of an exemplary hoop structure of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 7-8  are perspective illustrations of an exemplary diverter of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective illustration of an exemplary velocity stack of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is an illustration of a partial sectional view of an exemplary velocity stack of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D and 12  are perspective illustrations of an exemplary carbon capture media cylinder of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective illustration of an exemplary fan panel of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 14A-14C and 15-17  are perspective and top-down illustrations of an exemplary regeneration structure of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 18A-18B  are perspective illustrations of exemplary configurations for operating two atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structures, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 19A-19B  are flow diagrams of exemplary methods for regenerating the sorbent media within the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 20A-20B  are perspective illustrations of exemplary carbon dioxide sensor locations within an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal structure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the implementations illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is intended. Any alterations and further modifications to the described devices, instruments, methods, and any further application of the principles of the present disclosure are fully contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure relates. In addition, this disclosure describes some elements or features in detail with respect to one or more implementations or Figures, when those same elements or features appear in subsequent Figures, without such a high level of detail. It is fully contemplated that the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to one or more implementations or Figures may be combined with the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to other implementations or Figures of the present disclosure. For simplicity, in some instances the same or similar reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
     The Direct Air Capture Structure 
     The Direct Air Capture Structure 
       FIGS. 1A-1D  depict perspective, side view, and top down illustrations, respectively, of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal direct air capture (DAC) structure  100  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 1C  shows a perspective illustration of only some components of the DAC structure  100 . The DAC structure  100  includes a lower structure  102  and a roof structure  104 . The lower structure  102  includes a hoop structure  108 , and an exterior support structure  110  best shown in hidden lines in  FIG. 1D . In some embodiments, an interior support structure  106  may be part of lower structure  102 . The hoop structure  108  shown in  FIG. 1C  supports one or more square cells  112  that each includes a carbon capture cylinder  114  that holds a sorbent material. One or more fan panel  116  is secured to the exterior support structure  110 . Each fan panel  116  may include a bottom fan  118 A and a top fan  118 B. A regeneration station  120 , including one or more regeneration structures  122 , is also secured to the exterior support structure  110 . The roof structure  104  has an opening  104 A on top to allow air to flow out of the top of the DAC structure  100 . In some embodiments, the roof structure  104  may be a velocity stack  124 . In some embodiments, an air diverter  126  (also referred to as a hex shifter) is located inside the lower structure  102 . The air diverter  126  may redirect the air flowing into the DAC structure  100  upward and out the opening in the roof structure  104 . 
     The exterior support structure  110  is shown in this example implementation as a multi-sided polygon having sides  128 . Each side  128  of the exterior support structure  110  includes either a fan panel  116  or a portion of the regeneration station  120 . In the depicted embodiment, the exterior support structure  110  has twelve sides  128  having ten fan panels  116  occupying ten of the sides  128  and the regeneration station  120  occupying two of the sides  128 . Therefore, fan panels  116  occupy about ⅚ of the exterior of the DAC structure  100  and the regeneration station  120  occupies about ⅙ of the exterior of the DAC structure  100 . Although the exterior support structure  110  may have more than twelve sides  128  or fewer than twelve sides  128 , twelve sides  128  will be used in the discussion below for the sake of clarity and consistency. Each side  128  has a length  128 L that may be about 3.0 m to about 10 m. In some embodiments, the length  128 L may be about 5 m. 
     The hoop structure  108  may be a multi-sided polygon having sides  130 . The number of sides  130  of the hoop structure  108  may be a multiple of the number of sides  128  of the exterior support structure. In the depicted embodiment, the hoop structure  108  has 24 sides, although more or fewer sides are contemplated. Each side of the hoop structure  108  supports one or more square cells  112 . This configuration allows the hoop structure  108  to rotate freely around the interior of the exterior support structure  110 . Although the hoop structure  108  may have more than 24 sides  130  or fewer than 24 sides  130 , 24 sides  130  will be used in the discussion below for the sake of clarity and consistency. 
     The one or more square cells  112  may be stacked in a vertical direction. In the illustrated embodiment, the hoop structure  108  contains 24 stacks of four square cells  112 . This configuration includes 24 stacks of square cells  112  supported by the hoop structure  108  for a total of 96 square cells  112 , or 96 carbon capture cylinders  114 , also referred to as carbon capture containers. As arranged, each fan  118  may blow air through 4 carbon capture cylinders  114  in a 2×2 grid pattern. Each carbon capture cylinder  114  has an outwardly facing side facing a fan  118  and an inwardly facing side facing the interior of the DAC structure  100 . 
     Each side  130  of the hoop structure  108  has a width  130 W and the hoop structure  108  has a diameter of  108 D. The width  130 W may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m giving a diameter  108 D of about 11.5 m to about 39 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the width  130 W may be about 2.5 m giving a diameter  108 D of about 20 m. In some embodiments, the width  130 W may be larger than 5 m giving a diameter  108 D of more than 39 m. 
     In the example implementation shown, the DAC structure  100  has an overall height  100 H that may be about 9.3 m to about 31.7 m, although other sizes, both larger and smaller are contemplated. In some embodiments, height  100 H may be about 16.3 m. In the example implementation shown, the base structure  102  has a height  102 H that may be about 5.7 m to about 19.6 m. In some embodiments, the height  102 H may be about 10 m, although other sizes, larger and smaller are contemplated. The example roof structure  104  shown has a height  104 H that may be about 3.6 m to about 12.1 m. In some embodiments, the height  104 H may be about 6.3 m, although other sizes, larger and smaller are contemplated. The height  100 H is a combination of height  102 H and  104 H and about 1.6 times larger than the height  102 H, which may be the golden ratio. 
     In the example implementation shown, the DAC structure  100  has an overall width  100 W that may be about 15.1 m to about 51.4 m, although other sizes, both larger and smaller are contemplated. In some embodiments, width  100 W may be about 26.4 m, or about 1.6 times larger than height  100 H, which may be the golden ratio. 
     Each fan panel  116  has a height  116 H, that is the sum of a height  118 H of the bottom fan  118 A and the height  118 H of the top fan  118 B, and a width  116 W. In the example implementation shown, height  118 H may be about 2.9 m to about 9.8 m. Therefore, height  116 H may be about 5.8 m to about 19.6 m, although other sizes, larger and smaller are contemplated. In some embodiments, height  118 H may be about 5 m and height  116 H may be about 10 m, although other sizes, larger and smaller are contemplated. Width  116 W may be about 3 m to about 10 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, width  116 W may be about 5 m. Each fan  118  is configured to convey air from the exterior of the DAC structure  100 , through the square cells  112 , and into the interior of the DAC structure  100 . More information about the fans will be provided further below. 
     The regeneration station  120 , including the one or more regeneration structures  122 , has a total height of  120 H that may be about the same height as the fan panels  116 . Each regeneration chamber  122  has a width  122 W and a height  122 H. In the illustrated embodiment, the width  122 W may be about half the size of length  128 L and about the same width as  130 W. In some embodiments, width  122 W may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the width  122 W may be about 2.5 m. In the illustrated embodiment, the height  122 H may be about half the height  118 H, or about half the height of a fan  118 , though larger and smaller ratios are contemplated. In the illustrated embodiment, the height  122 H may be about 2.5 m. In some embodiments, the height  122 H may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. The regeneration structure  122  will be described in more detail further below, with reference to a regeneration structure  1500 , shown in  FIGS. 14B and 15-17 . 
     The Hoop Structure 
       FIG. 2  depicts a perspective view of the inner structure of the DAC structure  100 . The inner structure  200  provides the support necessary for the cells holding the carbon capturing media including a hoop structure  202 , an interior support structure  204 , and an exterior support structure  206  with the hoop structure  202  between the interior support structure  204  and the exterior support structure  206 . The hoop structure  202 , interior support structure  204 , and exterior support structure  206  may be examples of the hoop structure  108 , the interior support structure  106 , and exterior support structure  110  described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D . The inner structure  200 , as described further below, may be designed with the interior support structure  106 , and/or exterior support structure  110 . The inner structure  200 , as described further below, may be designed in way that allows the hoop structure  202  to rotate in a clockwise direction around the inner structure  200 , while being supported and guided by the interior support structure  204  and/or the exterior support structure  206 . In some embodiments, the hoop structure  202  may rotate in counter-clockwise direction. The rotation of the hoop structure  202  enables the transport of a sorbent material from a carbon capture phase (e.g., in front of a fan) to a carbon release phase (e.g., at the regeneration station). 
     The hoop structure  202  includes multiple structural frames  208 . Each structural frame  208  includes a horizontal top member  210 , a horizontal bottom member  212 , and two vertical side members  214 . The horizontal top member  210  and the horizontal bottom member  212  may be fastened to the two vertical side members  214  to form the structural frame. In some embodiments, the structural frame  208  has a rectangular shape. In some alterative embodiments, the structural frame  208  may have a square shape. In some other embodiments, the structural frame  208  may have a hexagonal shape. In other embodiments, the structural frame  208  may have different shapes. Each structural frame  208  may be sized to receive and support a carbon capture media container, such as the square cell  112  described above or the carbon capture cylinder described below. 
     Multiple structural frames  208  may be connected to form a grid having rows and columns of structural frames  208 . The bottom member  212  of a first upper structural frame  208  may be connected to or serve as the top member  210  of a first lower structure frame  208  to form a grid having two rows and one column. The side member  214  of the first upper structural frame  208  may be connected to or serve as the side member  214  of an adjacent second upper structural frame  208 . The side member  214  of the first lower structural frame  208  may be connected to or serve as the side member  214  of a second lower structural frame  208 , forming a grid having two rows and two columns. This process may be repeated until the grid is the appropriate size and constructed of a thickness and metallurgy to provide structural integrity. The grid may be formed in a hoop that is disposed around the DAC structure  100 . 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-1D , the grid has four rows and twenty-four columns for a total of ninety-six structural frames  208 . While the structural frames  208  may be straight and rigid, the connections between the side members  214  of each structural frame  208  may be connected in a manner that allows the hoop structure  202  to form a circular shape or near circular shape. In some embodiments, a spacer member may be placed in between each of the side members  214  of each structural frame  208  to form the curve necessary for the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, the connection between each of the side members  214  of each structural frame  208  may be flexible, allowing the hoop structure  202  to form an almost circular shape. In some embodiments, the structural frame  208  is curved, allowing the hoop structure  202  to form a circular shape. Carbon capture media container supported by the hoop structure  202  may be straight, that is, not curved, but may still be supported by a curved structural frame  208  within hoop structure  202 . In this way, each carbon capture media container may still be presented squared, e.g., straight on, to a fan  118  or a regeneration structure  122 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , depicted is a bottom support structure for the hoop structure  202 . The bottom support structure  216  supports the weight of grid of the hoop structure  202  described above and directly contacts the ground. In some embodiments, the ground surface may be a cement foundation. In some embodiments, the ground surface may be another type of foundation, such as for example, a steel foundation or 316 stainless steel foundation. The bottom support structure  216  includes one or more rollers  218  that allow the hoop structure  202  to rotate around the DAC structure  100 . In some embodiments, rollers  218  may be cylindrical rollers. In some other embodiments, rollers  218  may be ball type (e.g., sphere shaped) rollers. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , the interior support structure  204  includes horizontal support members  220  and vertical support members  222 . The interior support structure  204  provides support and guidance for the hoop structure  202 . In the depicted embodiment, the horizontal support members  220  extend from a first vertical support member  222  to a second vertical support member  222 . The horizontal support members  220  may be fastened to the vertical support members  222  using any available technique. For example, each horizontal support member  220  may be fastened to a vertical support member  222  by welding, riveting, and/or bolting the horizontal support member  220  to the vertical support member  222 . 
     The horizontal support members  220  have a length  220 L in the horizontal direction. In some embodiments, the length  220 L may be about 2 m to about 9 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the length  220 L may be about 4.5 m. The vertical support members  222  have a height  222 H in the vertical direction. The vertical supports  222  may extend from the horizontal supports  220  to the ground. In some embodiments, the height  222 H may be about 5.7 m to about 19.6 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  222 H may be about 10 m. The height  222 H may be greater than the height  202 H of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, interior support structure  204  may be absent across from fan panel  116 . 
     The exterior support structure  206  includes horizontal support members  224  and vertical support members  226 . The exterior support structure  206  provides support and guidance for the hoop structure  202 . In the depicted embodiment, the horizontal support members  224  extend from a first vertical support member  226  to a second vertical support member  226 . The horizontal support members  224  may be fastened to the vertical support members  226  using any available technique, similar to those discussed above with respect to the interior support structure  204 . 
     The horizontal support members  224  have a length  224 L in the horizontal direction. In some embodiments, the length  224 L may be about 3 m to about 10 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the length  224 L may be about 5 m. The vertical support members  226  have a height  226 H in the vertical direction. The vertical supports  226  may extend from the horizontal supports  224  to the ground. In some embodiments, the height  226 H may be about 5.7 m to about 19.6 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  226 H may be about 10 m. The height  226 H may be greater than the height  202 H of the hoop structure  202 . 
     Some implementations include one or more roller guide mechanisms that guide the hoop structure  202  as it rotates around the DAC structure  100 . The roller guide mechanism may include one or more rollers  218  ( FIG. 3 or 4 ) disposed on vertical support members  226  ( FIG. 2 ) of the exterior support structure  206  and/or the vertical support members  222  ( FIG. 2 ) of the interior support structure  204 . In some implementations, the interior support structure  204  uses the roller guide mechanism to support and guide the hoop structure  202  as it rotates. The roller guide mechanism may be mounted to the vertical support structure  222  by welding, riveting, bolting, and/or other fasteners. The roller  218  may be supported by the vertical support structure and may rotate freely. Depending upon the implementation, the roller  218  may be held in place by a pin or other support. Each interior vertical support member  222  may include one or more roller guide mechanisms at various positions along the height  222 H of the vertical support member  222 . 
     In some embodiments, a roller guide mechanism may be placed at positions that correspond to the heights of the bottom frame  212  and top frame  210  of each frame  208  of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, fewer roller guide mechanisms may be placed. In some other embodiments, the roller guide mechanisms may be placed on the vertical support members  226  of the exterior support structure  206 . In yet other embodiments, roller guide mechanisms may be placed on interior vertical support members  222  and exterior vertical support member  226 . 
       FIG. 5  depicts an exemplary drive mechanism  234  for rotating the hoop structure  202 . The drive mechanism  234  may include a base  236  and a motor  238  and may be secured to the floor to rotate the hoop structure  202 . The base  236  may include gears for interfacing with and driving drive teeth  240  of the hoop structure  202 . The base  236  may include additional gearing to improve the torque of the motor  238 . The motor  238  may be an electric motor. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism  234  may be a yaw gear and drive system, such as yaw drive mechanism  600  depicted in  FIG. 6 . In some embodiments, the drive mechanism  234  may be a rack and pinion drive system. 
     In some embodiments, the drive mechanism  234  may be secured to a vertical support member  222  of the interior support structure  204 . There may be multiple drive mechanisms  234  spaced around the interior of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, there may be between two and eight drive mechanisms  234 . In some embodiments, there may be four drive mechanisms  234  equally spaced around the interior of the hoop structure  202  and configured to mechanically convey the hoop structure  202 . 
     In some other embodiments, the drive mechanism  234  may be secured to a vertical support member  226  of the exterior support structure  206 . There may be multiple drive mechanisms  234  spaced around the exterior of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, there may be between two and eight drive mechanisms  234 . In some embodiments, there may be four drive mechanisms  234  equally spaced around the exterior of the hoop structure  202  and configured to mechanically convey the hoop structure  202 . In some other embodiments, the drive mechanism  234  may be secured to a vertical support member  226  of the exterior support structure  206  and vertical support member  222  of the interior support structure  204 . There may be multiple drive mechanisms  234  spaced around the exterior and interior of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, there may be between two and eight drive mechanisms  234 . In some embodiments, there may be four drive mechanisms  234  equally spaced around the interior and exterior of the hoop structure  202  and configured to mechanically convey the hoop structure  202 . 
     The Air Diverter 
     The air diverter  126  helps remove the processed air from the DAC structure  100  by redirecting the processed air entering the DAC structure  100  upward so that the processed air does not stay inside the DAC structure  100  but is instead effectively and efficiently removed from the structure through the opening in the roof structure  104 . The air diverter  126  may reduce turbulence and decrease the pressure drop of the air allowing more air to be moved per unit pressure drop. It also minimizes the amount of land used to prevent cross circulation of processed air into the fans. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , further depictions of the air diverter  126  are provided. Diverter  700 , also referred to as an air diverter and which may correspond to the air diverter  126 , may include a center support structure  702  and a body  704  that is anchored to the center support structure  702  at upper anchor points  706  and anchored to the floor at lower anchor points  708 . The body  704  of diverter  700  provides a surface for deflecting air entering the DAC structure  100  upward in order to remove the air from DAC structure  100  and avoid recirculating the same air through DAC structure  100 . That is, the air enters the DAC structure  100  in a first direction (e.g., horizontal) and the diverter  700  redirects the air to flow in a second direction that is angled upwardly from the first direction. The body  704  should be made of a material that is able to redirect the incoming air stream upward. In some embodiments, the body  704  may be made of a canvas or plastic material that, when stretched, provides the appropriate surface to deflect the air. In some embodiments, the body  704  may be made of a molded material that provides the proper shape needed to redirect, or divert, the air. The molded material may be made of a plastic, a metal, a polycarbonate, and/or another suitable material. 
     Structure and support for the body  704  may be provided by the center support structure  702 , including upper anchor points  706 , and the lower anchor points  708 . In some embodiments, the center support structure  702  may be a pole that may be anchored to the floor. In some embodiments, the center support structure  702  may be a ring that may be suspended from above. The body  704  may be anchored to the center support structure  702  at upper anchor points  706 . Each body section  710  may be anchored individually to the center support structure  702 . 
     The diameter of the diverter  700  determines when air entering the DAC structure  100  begins to be diverted upward. Similarly, the diameter of the center support structure  702  determines how quickly the air must be diverted upward. The diverter  700  may be operably designed to maximize the efficiency of redirecting the air upward while minimizing turbulence within the air. 
     Accordingly, the diverter  700  may have a diameter of  700 D, or cross-sectional width, and the center support structure may have a diameter of  702 D, or cross-sectional width. Lower anchor points  708  may be positioned around the interior circumference of, and adjacent to, the interior support structure  404  such that the diameter  700 D of the diverter  700  is about equal to the diameter of the interior support structure  204 . In some embodiments, where the interior support structure  106  is absent, the diameter  700 D is about equal to the diameter of the hoop structure  202 . In some embodiments, the diameter  700 D may be about 10 m to about 36 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. The diameter  702 D of the center support structure  702  may about 0.5 m to about 2 m. In some embodiments, the diameter  702 D may be about 1 m. In some embodiments, the lower anchor points  708  may be located at a point between two fan panels  116  (e.g., point  712 ). In some embodiments, the lower anchor points  708  may be located at a point in the middle of a fan panel  116  (e.g., point  714 ). 
     The height of the diverter  700  also affects the turbulence of the air as it leaves the interior of the DAC structure  100 . The height of the diverter  700  may be designed to work with the diameter  700 D to maximize the efficiency of removing the air from the DAC structure  100  and minimizing the turbulence of the air flow. Accordingly, diverter  700  has a height  700 H that is about 4 m to about 19 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, height  700 H is about 10 m. In some embodiments, the height of diverter  700  is adjustable so that the air flow may be properly directed according to the height. 
     The Velocity Stack 
       FIGS. 9 and 10  depict the velocity stack  124 , referenced in these figures by the reference number  900 , according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The velocity stack functions to remove the processed air from the DAC structure  100  so that the air is not recirculated through the DAC structure  100 . The air that is redirected upward by the diverter  700  passes through the velocity stack  900  to exit out of the top of the DAC structure  100 . The velocity stack is designed to be wider at the bottom than at the top so that the air is accelerated as it passes through the velocity stack. Depending on the implementation, the DAC structure may force the air exiting through the velocity stack to achieve heights about 50 and 300 m, although higher and lower heights are contemplated. In some implementations, the air may reach a height of about 125 m to about 205 m depending on the fan speed and design of the diverter  700  and velocity stack  900 . Moving the carbon dioxide depleted air to these heights helps ensure that the air is not recirculated through the DAC structure  100 . The efficiency of the DAC structure  100  is improved by not recirculating air that has already been processed, thereby ensuring maximum carbon dioxide extraction from the surrounding air. 
     The velocity stack  900  has a bottom diameter  900 D 1  that is greater than a top diameter  900 D 2 . The bottom diameter  900 D 1  may be about the same diameter  108 D of the hoop structure  108 , about 10 m to about 40 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. The top diameter  900 D 2  may be about 5 m to about 30 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, a top diameter  900 D 2  may be about 70% of the hoop diameter  108 D, or about 14 m to maximize vertical throw with nominal pressure drop. The height  900 H of the velocity stack may be about 3.6 m to about 12.1 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  900 H of the velocity stack may be about 6.3 m. 
     Velocity stack  900  has a body portion  906  that extends from bottom portion  902  to top portion  904 . Body portion  906  may be made of a metal such as aluminum or stainless steel. In some embodiments, body portion  906  may be made of a plastic material, a molded material, or a taut canvas. The body portion  906  may extend inward and upward from bottom portion  902  creating a curvilinear slope. This shape allows air to enter the bottom portion  902  that has a larger opening and forces the air to exit the top portion  904  that has a smaller opening. This restriction forces the air to move gradually faster as it exits the DAC structure  100  thereby throwing the air higher above the ground and creating a momentum induced vacuum in the interior of DAC structure  100 , which may improve the hydraulic efficiency of DAC Structure  100 . Therefore, the air that was just processed and removed from the DAC structure  100  will be less likely to be processed again by the DAC structure  100 . 
     The Carbon Capture Cylinder 
     The Cell Frame and Cylinder 
     With respect to  FIG. 11A , there is depicted a perspective view of a carbon capture media container according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The carbon capture media container  1100  may be an example of square cell  112  discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D . The carbon capture media container  1100 , also referred to as a carbon capture vessel, includes a frame  1102  having a top surface  1104 , a first side surface  1106 , a second side surface  1108 , and a bottom surface  1110 . In some example implementations, the frame  1102  has a depth  1102 D, a width  1102 W, and a height  1102 H, although the sizes can vary. Depending upon the implementation, the depth  1102 D may be about 0.1 m to about 1 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the depth  1102 D may be about 0.15 m. The width  1102 W may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the width  1102 W may be about 2.5 m. The height  1102 H may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  1102 H may be about 2.5 m. 
     The frame  1102  may include a cylinder  1112 . Cylinder  1112  may be an example of carbon capture cylinder  114  discussed about with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D . Cylinder  1112  may have a diameter  1112 D and a length  1112 L. The diameter  1112 D may be about 1 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the diameter  1112 D may be about 2.5 m. The length  1112 L may be about 0.15 m to about 3 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the length  1112 L may be about 0.7 m. 
     The cylinder  1112  may have an opening at each end of the cylinder and a sidewall  1113  extending between each opening, forming the body of the cylinder  1112 . The cylinder  1112  may include sorbent material separation elements  1114  to form a sorbent material sub container  1116  for holding and supporting the sorbent material in a portion of the cylinder  1112 . 
     The sorbent material sub container  1116  may include a first set of identical elongated sorbent material separation elements  1114  that run parallel to each other in a first direction and a second set of identical elongated sorbent material separation elements  1114  that run parallel to each other in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. The two sets of elongated elements may form a square grid having multiple individual grid cells  1116  that run the length  1112 L. Grid cells  1116  may also be referred to as sorbent material sub containers. In some embodiments, the grid cell  1116  may be hexagonal. In other embodiments, the grid cell  1116  may be triangular. In some other embodiments, the grid cell  1116  may be circular and form a cylinder of length  1112 L. Regardless of the chosen shape, each end of the sorbent material sub container  1116  may be screened or grated to retain the adsorbent porous media inside the grid while allowing air to flow through it axially with nominal resistance. Regardless of the chosen shape, the walls of the sorbent material sub container  1116  would be screened or grated to hold and support the adsorbent porous media inside the grid while allowing air to flow through it orthogonally with nominal resistance. 
     With respect to  FIG. 11A , in the depicted embodiment, the sorbent material sub container cells  1116  have a rectangular shape. Each square grid cell  1116  has a height  1116 H and a width  1116 W. The grid height  1116 H may be about 1 cm to about 60 cm, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the grid height  1116 H may be about 25 cm. The grid width  1116 W may be about 1 cm to about 60 cm, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the sorbent material sub container width  1116 W may be about 25 cm. 
     With respect to  FIG. 11B , in the depicted embodiment, the sorbent material sub container  1116  may be constructed as a standalone pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130  to facilitate ease of loading adsorbent porous media into the carbon capture vessel and to facilitate ease of maintenance removal and replacement of adsorbent porous media from time to time. The exterior wall  1131  of a pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130  would be screened or grated to retain the adsorbent porous media inside the cartridge while allowing air to flow out of the cartridge radially with nominal resistance. Each circular grid cell  1116  has a diameter of  1116 D. The grid diameter  1116 D may be about 1 cm to about 60 cm, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the grid diameter of  1116 D may be about 25 cm. 
     In some embodiments, at the center of each standalone pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130  is a tube  1132  that runs the length  1112 L and may be supported in the center of cartridge by any suitable manner. Sorbent material would be placed in the annulus  1333  between tube  1132  and exterior wall  1131  of cylindrical cartridge  1130 . The end of tube  1132  that faces a fan panel  116  would be open to allow air flow into the tube along its axis. The end of tube  1132  that faces the interior of the DAC structure  100  would be plugged. The tube diameter  1132 D may be between 1 cm and 10 cm, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, tube diameter  1115 D may be about 2.5 cm. 
     Along the axis of tube  1132 , the tube is either perforated with apertures such as holes  1134  or slots to allow bulk air flow in all radial directions away from tube  1132 , for radial propagation through the sorbent materials inside the standalone pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130 , and out exterior wall  1131  with nominal pressure drop. 
     With respect to  FIG. 11C , in the depicted embodiment, standalone pre-packed cylindrical cartridges  1130  are arranged in an array pattern  1140  inside cylinder  1112  to create an open annular space  1141  between the cylindrical cartridges  1130  that are placed inside cylinder  1112  (for convenience, only a portion of the array pattern  1140  is displayed). Open annular space  1141  serves as an exhaust pathway to evacuate processed air into the interior of the DAC structure  100  as it radially exits exterior wall  1131 . With respect to  FIG. 11D , at the end of cylinder  1112  that faces fan panel  116 , a radial flow enabler lid  1142  is installed to direct air flow into tubes  1132  and prevent unprocessed air flow from entering the open annular space  1141  (for convenience, only a portion of the array pattern  1140  is displayed). Lid  1142  is fitted with tubing of a sufficient length and having an outside diameter slightly smaller or larger than the interior diameter of tube  1132  to cause air flow to flow exclusively into tubes  1132 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 11A , the cylinder  1112  may include one or more clamp points  1118 . In some embodiments, there may be four clamp points  1118 , also referred to as locking points, located on an exterior surface of cylinder  1112 . In some embodiments, there may be fewer than four clamp points  1118 . In some embodiments, there may be more than four clamp points  1118 . In some embodiments, the clamp point  1118  may have a rectangular shape. In some embodiments, the clamp point  1118  may have triangular shape. In the depicted embodiment, the clamp point  1118  has a stair like shape. 
     Each of the one or more clamp points  1118  may include a hole  1120  for securely clamping to the clamp point  1118 . Each clamp point  1118  may be securely fixed in a trench  1122  around the circumference of the cylinder  1112 . The trench  1122  may provide support and structural stability for the clamp point  1118 . The clamp point  1118  may be secured to the cylinder  1112  through a hole  1120  in the cylinder  1112 . 
     Carbon capture media container  1100 , including cylinder  1112 , sorbent material separation elements  1114 , sorbent material sub container  1116 , pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130 , standalone exterior wall  1131 , tube  1132 , and radial flow enabler lid  1142  may be collectively referred to as a sorbent material holding apparatus and may be constructed from a metal or polymer that does not oxidize and does not react with the sorbent material. In some examples, the carbon capture media container  1100  is constructed of 316 stainless steel. 
     Two or more carbon capture media containers  1100  may be joined together to form a stack of carbon capture media containers, such as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . The stack  1200  of carbon capture media containers  1100  may be an example of the stack of four square cells  112  discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D . The stack  1200  of carbon capture containers  1100  (also referred to as frame stack  1200 ) has a height  1200 H and a width  1200 W. The frame stack height  1200 H may be about 5 m to about 20 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the frame stack height  1200 H may be about 10 m. The frame stack width  1200 W may be about 1.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the frame stack width  1200 W may be about 2.5 m. 
     The frame stack  1200  may include two or more frames  1102  (e.g., carbon capture media containers  1100 ) connected to each other. The frames  1102  may be connected vertically to form frame stack  1200 . That is, the bottom surface  1110  of a first frame  1102  may be connected to the top surface  1104  of a second frame  1102 . In some embodiments the frames  1102  may be bolted together. In some embodiments, the frames  1102  may be welded together. In some embodiments, the frame stack  1200  may include four frames  1102  connected in a vertical stack with a bottom surface of the first, second, and third frames serving as or being connected to a top surface of the second, third, and fourth frames, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, four frames  1102  are connected to form a stack. In this embodiment, four frames  1102  are used because a frame stack  1200  having four frames  1102  may be transported using a standard flatbed trailer. 
     The Carbon Adsorbing Media 
     The cylinder  1112  of the carbon capture media container  1100  is filled with a carbon dioxide sorbent material, also referred to collectively as adsorbent porous media. The carbon capture media container  1100  is designed to be agnostic to the type of adsorbent porous media selected for use. Certain characteristics are nonetheless preferred for use in the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal DAC structure  100  to facilitate efficient advection, contact, and capture of carbon dioxide. 
     With atmospheric carbon dioxide levels currently under 500 ppm, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal DAC structure  100  must handle at least 2,000 constituent molecules of air for each carbon dioxide molecule advected through the sorbent material. At today&#39;s levels, about forty-five million standard cubic feet of air must be handled to supply a single metric ton of carbon dioxide to the carbon capture media container  1100 . A preferred characteristic of the sorbent material is therefore one that possesses a high relative permeability to air, to improve the carbon dioxide advection flux across it per unit pressure drop to minimize bulk airflow energy used. To achieve this, the sorbent material may be supported by or be a functional embodiment of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, monoliths, activated carbon, fibrous sheets, fibrous matter, packed beds, sand, porous polymer networks, and/or other materials. 
     Another preferred characteristic of a sorbent material is one that promotes a high contact efficiency between the bulk flow of air and the surface of the sorbent material. The contacting system inside the carbon capture media container  1100  is expected to either be a conventional fixed bed configuration (comprised of random packed pellets or structured packings or other materials) or a structured fixed bed configuration (such as parallel flow monoliths or other geometrically arranged structured packing materials). A contacting system that orients air flow parallel to a structured fixed bed walls may result in laminar flow and low pressure drop at the expense of carbon dioxide slippage and low contacting efficiency. Conversely, a contacting structure that orients air flow perpendicular to the sorbent material may result in high contacting efficiency from tortuous flow, at the expense of pressure drop. Adsorbent porous media that makes use of radial flow contactors such as standalone pre-packed cylindrical cartridge  1130 , dual porosity systems with hierarchical pore structures, and sorbent materials that can be engineered or tuned to optimize contacting efficiency, surface area and permeability are preferred. 
     Another preferred characteristic of a sorbent material is one that can be supplied at low cost and can capture carbon in an energy efficient reversible process, as measured by uptake capacity, kinetics, carbon dioxide selectivity over other gases, binding energy, regeneration energy, and extended cyclability. Amines (i.e., ammonia derivatives in which one, or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an organic radical) are well known for having high selectivity to chemically bind carbon dioxide to it in a reversible process. The most mature application of an amine-based process is the absorption of carbon dioxide from anaerobic oil and gas production flow streams. Another proven application of amine-based absorption involves separating carbon dioxide from post-combustion flue gasses for utilization or sequestration. Post-combustion carbon capture processes do, however, suffer operationally from corrosion, solvent degradation issues and a large regeneration energy penalty. A less developed application of an amine-based process is one that physically or chemically adsorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere onto a porous solid material. The benefit of this approach is a lower regeneration energy penalty and potentially lower cost of operations. Many promising sorbent materials have been demonstrated by researchers. In some embodiments, amines are physically embedded in or on the underlying porous media support structure. In other embodiments, the adsorbent porous media may be of an amino polymer composition or may be prepared by grafting amine materials onto the support structure. Regardless, the carbon capture media container  1100  is designed to be agnostic to the type of adsorbent porous media to be used, provided the sorbent material possesses the preferred characteristics. As will be discussed further below, once saturated with carbon dioxide, the sorbent material will be regenerated in a unique process and the carbon capture cycle repeated. 
     The Fans 
     The Fans 
     With reference to  FIG. 13 , depicted is an exemplary fan panel according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Fan panel  1300  provides a mechanism for effectively and efficiently forcing air containing carbon dioxide through the sorbent material to extract the carbon dioxide from the air. Fan panel  1300  may be an example of fan panel  116  described above in  FIG. 1A . A goal of the fan panel  1300  is to generally drive air flow at a rate and static pressure that matches the resistance pressure presented by DAC structure  100  downstream of the fans. Accordingly, depending on a number of factors related to the design of DAC structure  100  in general and the selected adsorbent porous media in particular, fan panel  1300  can naturally pressure balance with the resistance of DAC structure  100  at fan air flow speeds of about 5 m/s to about 10 m/s, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. Depending on the fan, each fan may be configured to move air through the fan at a rate of about 100,000 cubic feet per minute (CFM) to about 250,000 CFM, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, each fan may move air at a rate of about 220,000 CFM at a static pressure of about one inch water gauge. 
     As an example, with reference to  FIG. 1A , the illustrated embodiment includes twenty fans that each move air at a rate of 220,000 CFM so that each DAC structure  100  is capable of moving about 4.4 million CFM of air, or about 150 tons of air per minute. These are example values only, and larger and smaller fans and/or fan motors may move more or less air. In an example, one metric ton of carbon dioxide occupies forty-five million standard cubic feet of air at 420 ppm carbon dioxide. As an example, with the fan panels  1300  arranged in the illustrated configuration and depending on size, a single DAC structure  100  may advect about 10,000 tons to about 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide from the air annually. In some embodiments, a single DAC structure  100  may advect about 50,000 tons of carbon dioxide from the air annually. 
     Fan panel  1300  has a height  1300 H from the ground, or floor, to the top of the fan panel  1300 . Height  1300 H may be about 5 m to about 15 m. In some embodiments, height  1300 H may be about 10 m. Fan stack  1300  has a width  1300 W that is about 3 m to about 8 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, width  1300 W may be about 5 m. 
     Fan panel  1300  includes an upper fan body  1302 A and a lower fan body  1302 B. Upper fan body  1302 A is disposed over, and attached to, lower fan body  1302 B. Fan bodies  1302 A,  1302 B may each have a height  1302 H that is about 3 m to about 8 m, though larger and smaller dimensions are contemplated. In some embodiments, height  1302 H may be about 5 m. Each fan body  1302 A,  1302 B includes a body panel  1304 , a fan frame  1306 , a motor  1308 , a motor support  1310 , fan blades  1312 , and a support structure  1314  including bottom supports  1316 , vertical supports  1318 , middle supports  1320 , and top supports  1322 . Body panels  1304  may be located on the side of fan stack  1300  facing the interior of the DAC structure  100 . Body panels  1304  may be a solid surface and made of a metal, such as aluminum or stainless steel. Body panels  1304  have an opening for air to pass from the fan stack  1300  and into, and through, the carbon capture cylinders  1112 . Body panels  1304  are secured to support structure  1314 . Body panels  1304  further includes a horizontal attachment  1324  for securing fan stack  1300  to external support structure  406 . 
     Fan frame  1306  is a cylindrical frame attached to body panel  1304  to allow for movement of air through the fan frame  1306 . Frame  1306  has a diameter of  1306 D that may be about 2 m to about 6 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, diameter  1306 D may be about 4.0 m. Motor support  1310  may be attached to frame  1306  and support fan motor  1308 . Motor support  1310  may be made of metal, such as for example, aluminum, steel, or stainless steel. Fan motor  1308  may be supported by motor support  1310  and configured to drive fan blades  1312 . Fan motor  1308  may be an electric motor with associated control equipment and variable frequency drives. 
     Fan blades  1312  may be variable fan blades. Each fan  1302  may include about 3 and 16 fan blades, though more and fewer fan blades are contemplated. In some embodiments, each fan  1302  may include 8 fan blades. The fan blades  1312  may be variable pitch, or angle, allowing each fan  1302  to be tuned for maximum air throughput efficiency. In some implementations, each blade may have an angle of about 4° to about 12°, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the fan blades have an angle of about 10°. The fan blades  1312  may run about 300 RPM to about 500 RPM, though larger and smaller RPM values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the fan blades may run at about 359 RPM. The flexibility provided by the variable pitch and speed fans allows different adsorbent porous media to be used in DAC structures  100 . For example, for a given fan blade pitch and motor horsepower, there is a certain air outflow, or performance. For a given adsorbent porous media, there is a certain air inflow, or resistance. Each fan may be tuned to the optimum performance for the resistance of the given sorbent material. 
     Support structure  1314  includes bottom horizontal supports  1316 , middle horizontal supports  1320 , and top horizontal supports  1322  and vertical supports  1318 . The top fan  1302 A is supported by top horizontal supports  1322 , middle horizontal supports  1320 , and vertical supports  1318 . The bottom fan  1302 B is supported by middle horizontal supports  1320 , bottom horizontal supports  1316 , and vertical supports  1318 . More or less supports are contemplated. Vertical supports  1318 , bottom horizontal supports  1316 , middle horizontal supports  1320 , and top horizontal supports  1322  may be manufactured of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, and/or another metal or composite material. 
     The Regeneration Station 
     The Regeneration Station 
     With reference to  FIGS. 14A-14C and 15-17 , depicted are a single regeneration structure, a stack of regeneration structures, and a regeneration station including a grid of regeneration structures. Multiple regeneration structure  1500  may be stacked to form a regeneration structure stack  1600  ( FIG. 16 ) and multiple regeneration structure stacks  1600  may be placed adjacent to one another to form a regeneration station  1700  ( FIG. 17 ). Regeneration structure  1500  may be an example the regeneration structure  122  described about with respect to  FIG. 1A . Regeneration station  1700  may be an example of the regeneration station  120  described above with respect to  FIG. 1A . The regeneration station  1700 , and more specifically, the regeneration structure  1500  are important for removing the carbon captured by the carbon capture media within the carbon capture cylinders  1112 . Without the regeneration station  1700 , the carbon capture media within the carbon capture cylinder  1112  would, over time, become saturated and less effective at capturing carbon dioxide from bulk air flow advection. By removing the captured carbon from the carbon capture cylinder  1112 , the adsorbent media is refreshed, or regenerated, and able to repeat the carbon capture cycle. 
     The regeneration structure  1500 , also referred to as a carbon removal apparatus, has a height of  1500 H, a width of  1500 W, a depth of  1500 D (though larger and smaller values are contemplated), and includes two chamber doors  1502  (also referred to as doors) disposable and connectable with carbon capture cylinders  1112 . The chamber doors  1502  may be shaped to match the carbon capture cylinders  1112  (which are not required to be cylindrical), and in the embodiment shown, are circular in shape and have a diameter of 1 m to 5 m, though larger and smaller doors are contemplated. The height  1500 H may be about 1 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  1500 H may be about 2.5 m. The width  1500 W may be about 1 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the width  1500 W may be about 2.5 m. The depth  1500 D may be about 0.5 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the depth  1500 D may be about 1 m. The diameter  1502 D may be about 1 m to about 5 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the diameter  1502 D may be about 2.5 m. Generally, the regeneration structure  1500  may be sized to interface with the carbon capture media container  1100 , specifically the carbon capture cylinder  1112 , described above with respect to  FIG. 2 . 
     The regeneration structure  1500  may include horizontal supports  1504  and vertical supports  1506  connected to form a support structure  1508  for each regeneration structure  1500 . A bottom portion and a top portion of the support structure  1508  may each be formed by four horizontal supports  1504  connected at right angles, forming a rectangle. The bottom portion and the top portion may be connected at the corners by vertical supports  1506 . The support structure  1508  may be made from a metal, such as aluminum, steel, or stainless steel or other supporting material, for example. The horizontal supports  1504  and the vertical supports  1506  may be connected by welding, riveting, bolting, and/or other fastening method, for example. 
     The support structure  1508  for the regeneration structure  1500  may facilitate the stacking of multiple regeneration structures  1500 , such as illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17 . Additionally, the support structure  1508  may facilitate the movement (e.g., opening and closing) of the chamber door  1502 . A support base  1510  may be fastened to the chamber door  1502  to provide support for the weight of the door  1502  as well as provide for opening and closing of the door  1502  as will be discussed further below. 
     The chamber door  1502  further includes one or more locks, described as lock mechanisms  1512  around the outer perimeter of the door  1502 . The one or more lock mechanisms  1512  are suited for interfacing with the clamp points  1118  of the carbon capture cylinders  1112 . In the illustrated embodiment, the lock mechanism  1512  is linearly translated through an opening in the clamp point  1118  to effectively lock the chamber door  1502  to the carbon capture cylinder  1112 . In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  1512  may rotationally translate in a manner that locks the chamber door  1502  to the carbon capture cylinder  1112 . In some other embodiments, the lock mechanisms  1512  may be screw type mechanisms that provide resistance to movement in multiple directions. Other types of lock mechanisms are contemplated for use with the regeneration structure  1500 . 
     A seal mechanism is used at an interface  1514  of the chamber door  1502  and the media cylinder  1112 . The seal mechanism provides an airtight seal between the door  1502  and the cylinder  1112  at the interface  1514 . Creating an airtight seal allows the regeneration station to perform the process of releasing the carbon from the adsorbent media in the cylinder  1112 . Multiple different techniques may be used for releasing the carbon from the adsorbent media including, for example, pulling a vacuum, flushing with a liquid, heating, and/or pressurizing with cold water or a solvent. Generally, providing an airtight seal provides the flexibility to utilize multiple different methods of releasing the trapped carbon from the adsorbent porous media. 
     The seal mechanism may be any suitable mechanism for providing an airtight seal. In some embodiments, an inflatable toroid or other inflatable apparatus, formed for example, of an inflatable elastomer, may be placed along an inside rim of the door  1502 . The apparatus would then be inflated after engaging the lock mechanisms  1512  to thereby create an airtight seal. The combination of the compression from the door  1502  placed against the cylinder  1112  and the inflatable apparatus may provide the necessary sealing. In some embodiments, a gasket may be inserted into an inside rim of the door  1502  to form the seal at the interface  1514 . The gasket may be sized such that it is compressed when the door  1502  contacts the cylinder  1112  so that the gasket is compressed to fill the space in the interface  1514  and thereby create an airtight seal. 
     Each regeneration structure  1500  include two doors  1502 , an interior door  1502 A and an exterior door  1502 B. When a cell containing a carbon capture cylinder  1112  is moved into position within the regeneration structure (e.g., between the doors  1502 A and  1502 B), the doors  1502 A and  1502 B are moved to interface with the cylinder  1112 . The doors  1502 A,  1502 B may be translated linearly toward and away from the cylinder  1112 . In some embodiments, the doors  1502 A,  1502 B may rotationally translate toward and way from the cylinder  1112 . In some embodiments, the doors  1502 A,  1502 B may be translated in a combination of linear and rotational movement. Each door  1502 A,  1502 B is locked into place using lock mechanisms  1512 , thereby engaging the seal mechanism to create an airtight seal between the doors  1502 A,  1502 B and the cylinder  1112  and turning cylinder  1112  into a pressure vessel. When in this position, the regeneration structure may perform the regeneration process. Each regeneration structure may be connected to a vacuum pump or other pump to depressurize and pressurize the pressure vessel. Each regeneration structure may be connected to rigid pipes or flexible hoses that deliver water, solvents, or steam to the pressure vessel or the other pump. Each regeneration structure may be connected to rigid pipes or flexible hoses that extract water, solvents, steam, and carbon dioxide from the pressure vessel or the vacuum pump. 
     With reference to  FIG. 15 , an exemplary mechanism is illustrated for closing the regeneration structure  1500  with and sealing a carbon capture cylinder  1112  for processing. In the depicted embodiment, regeneration structure  1500  includes an interior base  1510 A and door  1502 A and an exterior base  1510 B and door  1502 B. Each regeneration base  1510 A,  1510 B and door  1502 A,  1502 B moves along respective tracks  1516  and are moved by motors  1518 A and  1518 B. Motors  1518 A,  1518 B translate, or convey, each half of the regeneration structure  1500  linearly toward and away from carbon capture cylinder  1112 . This separation of each half of regeneration structure  1500  allows the hoop structure  108  to rotate thereby removing a processed cylinder  1112  away from the regeneration structure  1500  and bringing another cylinder  1112  to be processed by the regeneration structure  1500 . 
     Multiple regeneration structures  1500  may be stacked vertically to form a regeneration structure stack  1600  (also referred to as a stack). The stack  1600  may have a height  1600 H that may be about the height of the total number of regeneration structures included in the stack. That is, if there are two regeneration structures  1500  in the stack  1600 , then the height  1600 H is twice the height  1500 H. The height  1600 H may be about 4 m to about 20 m, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the height  1600 H may be about 10 m. The support structure  1508  of each regeneration structure  1500  may be used to form the stack  1600 . The stack  1600  contains the same number of regeneration structures  1500  as the number of frames  208  in the stack  300  as discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     Multiple stacks  1600  may be connected adjacent to one another to form the regeneration station  1700 . The regeneration station  1700  has a height  1700 H that is equal to the height  1600 H of the stacks included in the regeneration station. The regeneration station  1700  has a width  1700 W that is about equal to a multiple of the width of the stacks  1600 , or regeneration structure  1500 . The width  1700 W may be larger or smaller depending on whether the stacks  1600  are arranged in an arcing manner, such as the depicted in  FIG. 17 . In the illustrated embodiment, the regeneration station  1700  includes a four-by-four grid of sixteen regeneration structures  1500 . In this configuration, the regeneration station  1700  may regenerate sixteen carbon capture media containers  1100 , including cylinders  1112 , at a time which represents one-sixth of the total number of cylinders  1112  in the DAC structure  100 . The size of the regeneration station  1700  and quantity of the carbon capture media containers  1100  that may be regenerated at a time may be larger or smaller. In the illustrated embodiment, this configuration allows five-sixths (e.g., eighty) of the cylinders  1112  to be actively advecting carbon dioxide from the air while one-sixth (e.g., sixteen) of the cylinders  1112  are being regenerated by the regeneration station  1700 . 
     As previously mentioned, regeneration of the sorbent material may be accomplished using a variety of different processes. The design of the regeneration structure  1500  provides flexibility for using one or more different processes concurrently or consecutively to provide the best results in regenerating the adsorbent media. 
     With reference to  FIG. 18A , depicted is an exemplary dual direct air capture (DAC) structure configuration where two DAC structures share a regeneration region according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The dual structure configuration  1800  includes a first DAC structure  1802 A including a first regeneration station  1804 A and a second DAC structure  1802 B including a second regeneration station  1804 B. The first and second DAC structures  1804 A,  1804 B may be examples of the DAC structure  100  described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D . The first and second regeneration stations  1804 A,  1804 B may be examples of the regeneration station  1700  described above with respect to  FIG. 17 . The first and second regeneration stations  1804 A,  1804 B of the first and second DAC structures  1802 A,  1802 B are connected at the regeneration region  1806  and enclosed by a shroud  1808  (also referred to as a plenum). 
     The shroud  1808  may include the infrastructure necessary to process the adsorbent porous media and desorb carbon dioxide from it. Necessary infrastructure may include vacuum pumps, other pumps, water and steam supply pipes, extraction pipes (also referred to as atmospheric vent pipes, drainpipes, condensation pipes), holding tanks, and process control equipment. Infrastructure located within the shroud  1808  may be connected to a centralized balance of plant (i.e., a facility that serves more than one DAC Structure configuration  100  or dual DAC Structure configuration  1820  from which cold water, hot water, steam, and electricity can be supplied to the infrastructure located within the shroud  1808  and carbon dioxide laden steam and water can be transferred away from the shroud  1808  region for separation, treating, and compression). Placing the regeneration regions adjacent to one another and sharing the regeneration region reduces the infrastructure footprint and costs by sharing the necessary infrastructure. Additionally, there may be an energy savings achieved by co-locating regeneration station  1804 A and  1804 B in regeneration region  1806 . For example, the regeneration stations  1804 A,  1804 B may be configured to operate on an alternating cycle. That is, regeneration station  1804 A may be beginning the process as regeneration station  1804 B is finishing the process. In this configuration, steam or heated water used by regeneration station  1804 B may be pumped to regeneration stations  1804 A to improve thermal efficiency of the regeneration process. The same is true for any chilled water that could be used by regeneration station  1804 A,  1804 B. 
     With reference to  FIG. 18B , depicted is another exemplary dual direct air capture (DAC) structure configuration where two DAC structures share a regeneration region according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The dual structure configuration  1820  includes a first DAC structure  1802 A including a first regeneration station  1804 A and a second DAC structure  1802 B including a second regeneration station  1804 B. The first and second regeneration stations  1804 A,  1804 B of the first and second DAC structures  1802 A,  1802 B are connected at the regeneration region  1806  and enclosed by a shroud  1808  as described above with respect to  FIG. 18A . 
     The dual structure configuration  1820  further includes an infinity shield  1822  that surrounds the perimeter of the dual structure configuration  1820 . The infinity shield  1822  may be constructed of a fencing, screen, or flexible netting material that provides a level of protection for the exposed fans and fan blades on the exterior of each DAC structure  100 . The infinity shield  1822  may prevent debris from being pulled in by the fan panels. Additionally, the infinity shield  1822  may prevent birds and bats from being pulled into the fan panels. The infinity shield  1822  may be about 2 m to about 4 m away from the fan panels, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. The vertical posts that support the infinity shield may be constructed using perforated hollow tubing constructed out of any suitable material. When connected to any centralized balance of plant thermal exhaust distribution system, the vertical posts can also serve to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide advected into each DAC structure  100  which may improve advection efficiency. 
       FIGS. 19A and 19B  depict exemplary methods of regenerating the adsorbent porous media. With reference to  FIG. 19A , a flow diagram for releasing, or desorbing, carbon dioxide from the sorbent material according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an embodiment, method  1900  may be implemented by a regeneration station, such as regeneration station  1700 , and more specifically by each regeneration structure in the regeneration station, such as regeneration structure  1500 . It is understood that additional steps can be provided before, and after the steps of method  1900 , and that some of the steps described can be replaced or eliminated for other embodiments of the method  1900 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the total amount of time needed to perform the method  1900  may be about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, though shorter and longer times are contemplated. In some embodiments, the method  1900  may be completed in about 15 minutes. 
     At block  1902 , the regeneration structure receives a carbon capture cylinder for processing. The carbon capture cylinder may have been in a carbon capture state, adsorbing carbon dioxide from the air. The media cylinder may be moved into position between the doors of the regeneration structure by the hoop structure as described above. In some embodiments, the carbon capture cylinder may be translated laterally into position between the doors of the regeneration structure. 
     At block  1904 , the regeneration structure seals the carbon capture cylinder for desorption, also referred to as regeneration. The regeneration structure may close the doors on either side of the carbon capture cylinder and engages the door locks, thereby sealing the media cylinder. In some embodiments, an inflatable seal is then engaged to form an airtight seal between the doors of the regeneration structure and the cylinder. In some alternative embodiments, the doors include a gasket that expands to form an airtight seal when the pressure of the doors compresses the gasket. At this point the regeneration structure and the cylinder combined may be referred to as a regeneration chamber. The term regeneration chamber will be used for the remainder of the discussion below. In its sealed state, the regeneration chamber is now in the carbon removal state, where carbon dioxide can be removed from the carbon capture cylinder. 
     At block  1906 , the regeneration structure lowers the air pressure in the regeneration chamber, creating a vacuum. Pulling a vacuum in the regeneration chamber helps to create an anaerobic environment inside the regeneration chamber and may improve the useful life of the sorbent material across multiple adsorption/desorption cycles. The air in the regeneration chamber may be vented by the vacuum pump into the atmosphere. The air pressure within the regeneration chamber may be about 0 bar to about 0.5 bar, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the air pressure may be about 0.2 bar. 
     At block  1908 , the regeneration structure flushes the regeneration chamber with water to further help create an anaerobic environment. The water may purge any residual air within the sorbent media by displacing any residual air in the regeneration chamber with the water. The water may be heated to aid in pre-heating the regeneration chamber. The water may be heated about 30° C. to about 70° C., though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the water may be heated to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the regeneration chamber may first be filled by suction, as the regeneration chamber pressure equilibrates to the water supply line pressure of around 1 bar. Subsequent pumping of water may be needed to displace any residual air from the regeneration chamber, which may be vented to atmosphere. 
     At block  1910 , the regeneration structure heats the regeneration chamber. The regeneration structure may use steam to further heat the regeneration chamber. Steam is introduced at one end of the regeneration chamber and extracted at the opposite end of the regeneration chamber along with carbon dioxide. The heat and steam desorb carbon dioxide from the sorbent material. Steam and carbon dioxide are extracted from the regeneration chamber and transported by pipes to the centralized balance of plant for processing. 
     At block  1912 , the regeneration structure lowers the air pressure in the regeneration chamber by creating a vacuum to further desorb carbon dioxide from the sorbent material. The pressure within the regeneration chamber during method  1912  may be about 0 bar to about 0.5 bar, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the pressure may be about 0.2 bar. Steam and carbon dioxide are extracted from the regeneration chamber by the vacuum pump and transported by pipes to the centralized balance of plant. Creating a vacuum within the regeneration chamber results in an isenthalpic expansion of the steam which may serve to cool the regeneration chamber and the adsorbent porous media. 
     At block  1914 , the centralized balance of plant separates the carbon dioxide from the steam. As the carbon dioxide laden steam leaves the regeneration chamber, either directly or via the vacuum pump, the centralized balance of plant condenses the steam to liquid water and extracts the desorbed carbon dioxide. In some examples, the extracted carbon dioxide is pure carbon dioxide. The centralized balance of plant may use cooling pipes to condense the steam. The centralized balance of plant may include a condenser, collection pipes, pumps, liquid traps, and glycol dehydration units for treating and compressing the carbon dioxide for transport via pipeline for subsequent utilization or geologic sequestration. 
     At block  1916 , the regeneration structure fills the regeneration chamber with water or possibly another solvent. The term water when used in the remainder of the discussion that references  FIG. 19A  means water or solvent or any alternating sequential use thereof. The water may be cooled to a temperature of about 0° C. to about 10° C., though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments the water may be cooled to about 5° C. Flushing the still warm regeneration chamber with water may produce steam as the cold water contacts the warm sorbent martial. The steam may desorb and further evacuate residual carbon dioxide from the sorbent media. The steam and desorbed carbon dioxide may be extracted from the regeneration chamber in a manner as discussed above with respect to method  1914 . The regeneration structure may continue filling the regeneration chamber with cold water until the regeneration chamber is filled. 
     At block  1918 , the regeneration structure pressurizes the regeneration chamber. The regeneration chamber may be pressurized to a pressure of about 8 bar to about 12 bar, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the regeneration chamber may be pressurized to about 10 bar. 
     At block  1920 , the regeneration structure vibrates the regeneration chamber. The vibration may induce solubility of residual carbon dioxide into the water. In various embodiments, the regeneration structure may vibrate the regeneration chamber continuously. Depending upon the settings, the regeneration structure may vibrate the regeneration chamber either continuously or for specific intervals over a period of time about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the regeneration station may vibrate the regeneration chamber over a 3 minute time period. In some embodiments, the regeneration structure may vibrate the regeneration chamber in pulses for a period of time about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds every minute. In some embodiments, the regeneration structure may pulse vibrate the regeneration chamber for 5 seconds four times a minute. 
     At block  1922 , additional pressurized water may be used to displace the carbonated water out of the regeneration chamber for processing at the centralized balance of plant. The water used to flush the regeneration chamber may be chilled to a temperature about 0° C. to about 10° C., though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the water may be cooled to about 5° C. 
     At block  1924 , after approximately one pore volume of water (i.e., defined as the volume of the regeneration chamber less the bulk volume of the adsorbent porous media bulk plus the adsorbent porous media pore volume), more or less, is injected into regeneration chamber and one pore volume, more or less, of carbonated water is removed from the regeneration chamber, the water supply line to regeneration chamber may be closed and the regeneration chamber may be allowed to depressurize into the centralized balance of plant. Adsorption of carbon dioxide may be enhanced by flowing chilled water and lowering the temperature of the sorbent material when it is subsequently returned to carbon capture mode. Sorbent material resiliency may also be enhanced by flowing chilled water and lowering the temperature of the sorbent material before exposing the sorbent material to oxygen in the air. 
     At block  1926 , the regeneration structure unseals the regeneration chamber. The lock mechanisms are released and the doors are removed from the media cylinder. In so doing, the regeneration chamber is converted back to a carbon capture cylinder. The now cooled carbon capture cylinder is ready to capture more carbon dioxide. The carbon capture cylinder may then be moved, making room for another carbon capture cylinder to be received by the regeneration structure. When introduced back to air flow, the regenerated and wet carbon capture cylinder may further enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide as a result of evaporative cooling of air flow through the sorbent media and residual water that is trapped in the sorbent material. 
     With reference to  FIG. 19B , a flow diagram for releasing, or desorbing, carbon dioxide from the sorbent material according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an embodiment, method  1950  may be implemented by a first regeneration station that shares a regeneration region with a second regeneration station as described above. It is understood that additional steps can be provided before, and after the steps of method  1950 , and that some of the steps described can be replaced or eliminated for other embodiments of the method  1950 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the total amount of time needed to perform the method  1950  may be about 10 minutes to about 50 minutes, though larger and smaller values are contemplated. In some embodiments, the method  1950  may be completed in about 20 minutes. The regeneration cycles of the first and second regeneration stations may be offset in time to take advantage of the shared regeneration region. 
     At block  1952 , the regeneration structure receives a carbon capture cylinder, similar to block  1902 . 
     At block  1954 , the regeneration structure seals the carbon capture cylinder for desorption, similar to block  1904 . 
     At block  1956 , the regeneration structure lowers the air pressure in the regeneration chamber, creating a vacuum, similar to block  1906 . 
     At block  1958 , the regeneration structure flushes the regeneration chamber with water to further help create an anaerobic environment, similar to block  1908 . 
     At block  1959 , the regeneration chamber is placed in pressure communication with a regeneration chamber at a second regeneration station that has completed method  1960  and a vacuum is pulled on the first regeneration chamber to transfer heat from the second regeneration chamber to preheat the regeneration chamber at the first regeneration station. The regeneration chamber is isolated and removed from pressure communication with the regeneration chamber at a second regeneration station. 
     At block  1960 , the regeneration structure heats the regeneration chamber, similar to block  1910 . 
     At block  1961 , the regeneration chamber is placed in pressure communication with a regeneration chamber at a second regeneration station that has completed method  1958 . 
     At block  1962 , the regeneration structure at the second regeneration station lowers the air pressure in a regeneration chamber at the second regeneration station to indirectly create a vacuum in the regeneration chamber at the first regeneration station and transfer heat away from it and to a regeneration chamber at the second regeneration station, to further desorb carbon dioxide from the sorbent material in the regeneration chamber at the first regeneration station, similar to block  1912 . The regeneration chamber is isolated and removed from pressure communication with the regeneration chamber at a second regeneration station. 
     At block  1964 , the centralized balance of plant separates the carbon dioxide from the steam, similar to block  1914 . 
     At block  1966 , the regeneration structure fills the regeneration chamber with water or possibly another solvent, similar to block  1916 . The term water when used in the remainder of the discussion that references  FIG. 19B  means water or solvent or any alternating sequential use thereof. 
     At block  1968 , the regeneration structure pressurizes the regeneration chamber, similar to block  1918 . 
     At block  1970 , the regeneration structure vibrates the regeneration chamber, similar to block  1920 . 
     At block  1972 , additional pressurized water may be used to displace the carbonated water out of the regeneration chamber for processing at the centralized balance of plant, similar to block  1922 . 
     At block  1974 , after approximately one pore volume of water (i.e., defined as the volume of the regeneration chamber less the bulk volume of the adsorbent porous media bulk plus the adsorbent porous media pore volume), more or less, is injected into regeneration chamber and one pore volume, more or less, of carbonated water is removed from the regeneration chamber, the water supply line to regeneration chamber would be closed and the regeneration chamber would be allowed to depressurize into the centralized balance of plant, similar to block  1924 . 
     At block  1976 , the regeneration structure unseals the regeneration chamber, similar to block  1926 . 
     Carbon Dioxide Sensors 
     With reference to  FIGS. 20A-20B , depicted are cross sections of an exemplary DAC structure with locations for upstream and downstream carbon dioxide sensors for calculating total carbon dioxide adsorbed by the adsorbent material. The method relies on mass conservation principles and data on the amount of carbon dioxide concentration levels upstream and downstream of a sorbent holding apparatus  2006 .  FIG. 20A  depicts an exterior view of a DAC structure, such as DAC structure  100 , and the location of upstream carbon dioxide sensors. DAC structure  2000  includes carbon capture vessels  2002 , fan stacks  2004  and sorbent holding apparatuses  2006 .  FIG. 20B  depicts a side view of the DAC structure including locations of downstream carbon dioxide sensors. Sensors  2008  are placed at multiple points around DAC structure  2000  including exterior to the exterior facing and interior facing sides of the sorbent holding apparatuses  2006 . 
     One or more sensors  2008  are positioned at upstream sensor positions  2010 A- 2010 D, as illustrated in  FIG. 20A . Sensors  2008  may detect an amount of carbon dioxide advected by bulk air flow prior to the air entering the sorbent holding apparatus  2006 . The detected amount of carbon dioxide may be stored and compared to the detected amount of carbon dioxide detected at downstream locations. 
     One or more sensors  2008  are positioned at downstream sensor positions  2012 A- 2012 D. Sensors  2008  positioned at downstream sensor location  2012 A- 2012 D may detect an amount of carbon dioxide advected by bulk air flow as the air exits the sorbent holding apparatus  2006 . The amount of carbon dioxide in the air downstream of the sorbent holding apparatus  2006  should be less than the amount of carbon dioxide in the air upstream of the sorbent holding apparatus  2006 . 
     A difference in the amount of carbon dioxide measured across a carbon capture vessel  2002  may be used to infer, or calculate, the amount of carbon dioxide adsorbed by the sorbent materials in a carbon capture vessel  2002  on a real time basis across from each carbon capture vessel  2002 . 
     Powering the DAC Structure 
     A contractual or behind the meter green power supply is preferred to reduce the carbon footprint of the electrical load of the DAC structure. Process waste heat from an industrial source is also preferred to reduce the carbon footprint of the thermal load used to regenerate the sorbent material. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, a behind-the-meter, on-site, natural gas fired power plant with a thermal heat recovery unit is preferred for generating the electricity used by the DAC structure and suppling a portion of the thermal load used by the regeneration process. On-site, natural gas fired boilers may be used to supplement and supply any unmet thermal load. Alternatively, or in addition, a grid power supply may be used to power the direct air capture (DAC) structure together with on-site natural gas fired boilers to satisfy thermal load. Regardless, net carbon capture from the DAC structured would be reduced by the direct and indirect carbon emissions from these power and thermal energy supply options. 
     As discussed above, exhaust from any on-site combustion of natural gas may be collected and distributed through the infinity shield  1822  to increase the carbon dioxide concentration of the air upstream of the fans, improving process economics. Co-locating DAC structures and other opportunities to recover and use thermal heat, such as waste heat from carbon dioxide compression, may also maximize the thermal efficiency of the chosen power and thermal supply option. 
     Although various embodiments of the claimed subject matter have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the claimed subject matter. Still other embodiments are contemplated. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic elements of the subject matter as defined in the following claims. 
     The present disclosure is directed to an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system that includes a plurality of carbon capture containers forming an enclosed space. Each carbon capture container has an outwardly facing side and an inwardly facing side with the inwardly facing side facing the enclosed space. The atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a plurality of fans disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers with the plurality of fans being arranged to move air through the plurality of carbon capture containers in a first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. The plurality of carbon capture containers contains a plurality of sorbent material sub containers configured to receive air flowing in the first direction, to redirect the air through the sorbent material in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and to return the air flowing to the first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. An air diverter is disposed within the enclosed space that is structurally configured to receive the air flowing in the first direction and redirect the air to flow in a second direction that is angled upwardly from the first direction. A velocity stack is disposed on top of the enclosed space and configured to accelerate the flow of the air in the second direction. 
     In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system may further include a plurality of regeneration structures disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers. The carbon capture containers may be configured to remove carbon dioxide from the air. The regeneration structures may be configured to remove the carbon dioxide from the carbon capture containers. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers includes carbon capture containers disposed on top of other carbon capture containers to form a stack of carbon capture containers. The stack of carbon capture containers has a first height, the velocity stack has a second height, and the second height is greater than the first height. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers contains a sorbent material designed to remove carbon dioxide from the air. 
     In some embodiments, the velocity stack has a bottom opening with a first diameter and a top opening with a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter. In some embodiments, the air diverter has a base with a first cross-sectional width and a top with a second cross-sectional width than is smaller than the first cross-sectional width. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system that includes a first support structure arranged, disposed, and configured to support a plurality of fans, a second support structure and a hoop structure arranged to hold a plurality of carbon capture containers that is disposed between the first support structure and the second support structure. The hoop structure may rotate relative to the first support structure driven by one or more motors that are disposed at a base of the hoop structure such that the one or more motors convey the hoop structure relative to the first support structure. 
     In some embodiments, a plurality of rollers may be disposed on the first support structure and second support structure to guide the hoop structure as it rotates relative to the first support structure. In some embodiments, a plurality of rollers may be disposed on a bottom surface of the hoop structure and contact a ground surface to reduce friction of the hoop structure as it rotates. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers are supported by the hoop structure. The plurality of fans may be disposed to blow air through the carbon capture containers. The first support structure may be disposed between the plurality of fans and the plurality of carbon capture containers. 
     In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system may further include a plurality of regeneration structures arranged, disposed and configured on each side of the plurality of carbon capture containers. In some embodiments, the hoop structure conveys the plurality of carbon capture containers from a carbon capture state to a carbon removal state. The carbon capture state includes the plurality of carbon capture containers being adjacent to the plurality of fans. The carbon removal state includes the plurality of carbon capture containers being adjacent to the plurality of regeneration structures. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers is a first plurality of carbon capture containers and the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a second plurality of carbon capture containers supported by the hoop structure. The second plurality of carbon capture containers may be in the carbon capture state when the first plurality of carbon capture containers are in the carbon removal state. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to a carbon capture container that includes a sorbent material holding apparatus that has a sidewall and a first opening on a first side of the sorbent material holding apparatus and a second opening on an opposing second side of the sorbent material holding apparatus. The carbon capture container further includes a frame that supports the sorbent material holding apparatus, a first grating covering the first opening, and a second grating covering the second opening. In some embodiments, the carbon capture container may further include at least one locking point disposed on an exterior surface of the sorbent material holding apparatus. In some embodiments, the sorbent material holding apparatus is a cylinder having a diameter, wherein the diameter is equal to a height of the frame. In some embodiments, the sorbent material holding apparatus may contain a plurality of sorbent material sub containers configured to receive air flowing in the first direction, to redirect the air through the sorbent material in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and to return the air flowing to the first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. In some embodiments, the sorbent material sub containers is a cylinder having a diameter, wherein the diameter is smaller than the apparatus diameter. In some embodiments, the sorbent material holding apparatus or sorbent material sub containers may be filled with a sorbent material having a first diameter. The first grating may include openings having a second diameter so that the second diameter is smaller than the first diameter. In some embodiments, the sorbent material holding apparatus may be constructed of 316 stainless steel. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to a carbon dioxide removal system that includes a carbon capture vessel, a carbon removal apparatus, and an apparatus that conveys the carbon capture apparatus from a first position to a second position. The carbon capture apparatus may be inside the carbon removal apparatus when in the first position. The carbon capture apparatus is disposed outside of the carbon removal apparatus when in the second position. The carbon removal apparatus converts the carbon capture apparatus into a pressure vessel that removes carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the carbon removal apparatus further includes a first door and a second door. When in the first position the carbon capture apparatus may be disposed between the first door and the second door. When in the second position the carbon capture apparatus may be disposed laterally from the first door and the second door. 
     In some embodiments, the carbon capture apparatus includes a first opening at a first end and a second opening at an opposing second end. In some embodiments, the carbon removal apparatus seals the first opening and the second opening to convert the carbon capture apparatus into the pressure vessel. In some embodiments, a motor is configured to increase and decrease the pressure inside the pressure vessel. In some embodiments, water pipes deliver water to the pressure vessel and drain pipes that remove water from the pressure vessel. In some embodiments, steam pipes that deliver steam to the pressure vessel and condensation pipes extract and condense the steam into water and extract carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, a motor that opens and closes the carbon removal apparatus and tracks that convey the carbon removal apparatus as it opens and closes. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to a method of laterally displacing a carbon capture vessel containing a sorbent material to align with doors for the carbon capture vessel. Then sealing the carbon capture vessel by closing the doors to form a regeneration chamber. Then performing a carbon dioxide extraction process. Then, unsealing the regeneration chamber to thereby convert it to a carbon capture cylinder. Finally, laterally displacing the carbon capture cylinder to align with airflow from a fan. 
     In some embodiments, the method further includes performing, after sealing the carbon capture vessel, a first pressure reducing process inside the regeneration chamber to evacuate air. Followed by, performing a first flushing process including flushing the regeneration chamber with water. Next, performing a heating process to increase a temperature of the regeneration chamber to desorb carbon dioxide from the sorbent material. Followed by a second pressure reducing process inside the regeneration chamber to further desorb carbon dioxide from the sorbent material. Then, filling the regeneration chamber with water that produces steam when it contacts the heated sorbent material. Then performing a pressurizing and vibration process. Finally, performing a third pressure reducing process to the regeneration chamber, wherein the pressure is reduced to about 1 bar. 
     In some embodiments, the carbon capture vessel has an opening on a first side and an opening on an opposing second side so that sealing the carbon capture vessel includes sealing the opening on the first side and the opening on the second side. The sealing may be performed by closing one or more doors. In some embodiments, the first pressure reducing process lowers an air pressure inside the regeneration chamber to a pressure of about 0 bar to about 0.5 bar. In some embodiments, the second pressure reducing process lowers an air pressure inside the regeneration chamber to a pressure of about 0 bar to about 0.5 bar In some embodiments, the method further includes placing a second regeneration chamber in pressure communication with a first regeneration chamber so that the second regeneration chamber transfers heat from the first regeneration chamber. In some embodiments, the heating process includes flowing steam through the regeneration chamber. 
     In some embodiments, the carbon dioxide extraction process includes flowing steam through the regeneration chamber, removing the steam from the regeneration chamber, and condensing the steam to form liquid water and pure carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, after performing the heating process, performing the second pressure reducing process inside the regeneration chamber. In some embodiments, filling the regeneration chamber with water includes cooling the water to a temperature of about 0° C. to about 10° C. In some embodiments, the first pressurizing process increases the pressure of the regeneration chamber to a pressure of about 8 bar to about 12 bar. In some embodiments, after performing the first pressurizing process, vibrating the regeneration chamber over a time period of about 1 minute to about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the vibrating includes continuously vibrating the regeneration chamber during the time period. In some embodiments, the vibrating includes vibrating the regeneration chamber over a period of about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds during each minute of the time period. In some embodiments, the third pressure reducing process further includes removing the water from the regeneration chamber and flushing the regeneration chamber with water cooled to a temperature of about 0° C. to about 10° C. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system that includes a plurality of carbon capture containers having an outwardly facing side and an inwardly facing side, the inwardly facing side facing an enclosed space. Further including, a plurality of fans disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers, the plurality of fans being arranged to move air through the plurality of carbon capture containers in a first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. Further including a plurality of sorbent material sub containers arranged within the plurality of carbon capture containers to receive air flowing in the first direction, to redirect the air through the sorbent material in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and to return the air flowing to the first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. And further including an air diverter that is disposed within the enclosed spaced that is structurally configured to receive the air flowing in the first direction and redirect the air to flow in a second direction angled upwardly from the first direction. 
     In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a plurality of regeneration structures disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers and adjacent the plurality of fans. The carbon capture containers remove carbon dioxide from the air and the regeneration structures remove the carbon dioxide from the carbon capture containers. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers is a first plurality of carbon capture containers and the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a second plurality of carbon capture containers disposed on top of the first plurality of carbon capture containers to form a stack of carbon capture containers. 
     In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a velocity stack disposed over the enclosed space. The stack of carbon capture containers has a first height and the velocity stack has a second height that is greater than the first height. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers contains a sorbent material designed to remove carbon dioxide from the air. In some embodiments, the air diverter has a base and a top. The base has a first cross-sectional width and the top has a second cross-sectional width that is smaller than the first cross-sectional width. In some embodiments, the air diverter is formed of a flexible material and may be adjusted in height. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system that includes a plurality of carbon capture containers having an outwardly facing side and an inwardly facing side, the inwardly facing side facing an enclosed space. A plurality of fans disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers, the plurality of fans being arranged to move air through the plurality of carbon capture containers in a first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. Further including a plurality of sorbent material sub containers arranged within the plurality of carbon capture containers to receive air flowing in the first direction, to redirect the air through the sorbent material in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and to return the air flowing to the first direction from the outwardly facing side into the enclosed space. Further including a velocity stack disposed on top of the enclosed space that accelerates the flow of the air in a second direction. In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a plurality of regeneration structures disposed adjacent the plurality of carbon capture containers and adjacent the plurality of fans. The carbon capture containers remove carbon dioxide from the air that is flowing in the first direction. The regeneration structures remove the carbon dioxide from the carbon capture containers. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers is a first plurality of carbon capture containers and the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes a second plurality of carbon capture containers disposed on top of the first plurality of carbon capture containers to form a stack of carbon capture containers. In some embodiments, the stack of carbon capture containers has a first height and the velocity stack has a second height that is greater than the first height. In some embodiments, the plurality of carbon capture containers contains a sorbent material designed to remove carbon dioxide from the air. In some embodiments, the velocity stack has a bottom opening and a top opening. The bottom opening has a first diameter and the top opening has a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter. In some embodiments, the atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system further includes an air diverter in the enclosed space. The air diverter may have a base and a top, with the base having a first cross-sectional width and the top having a second cross-sectional width smaller than the first cross-sectional width.