Patent Publication Number: US-2016238918-A1

Title: Electrophoresis display apparatus, manufacturing method of electrophoresis display apparatus, and electronic device

Description:
This application claims a priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-026180 filed on Feb. 13, 2015 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     Several aspects of the present invention relate to an electrophoresis display apparatus, a method for manufacturing the electrophoresis display apparatus, and an electronic device. 
     2. Related Art 
     Electrophoresis display apparatuses in which particles having an electric charge move in a dispersion medium are widely known. Electrophoresis display apparatuses have little screen flicker, and thus are used as display apparatuses and the like for viewing electronic books. Such an electrophoresis display apparatus is disclosed in JP-A-2008-51932. According to this patent document, an electrophoresis display apparatus is provided with a pair of substrates, each of which has an electrode arranged thereon. A dispersion medium that contains white charged particles and black charged particles are arranged between the electrodes. 
     In this electrophoresis display apparatus, the white charged particles are negatively charged, and the black charged particles are positively charged. In addition, by applying voltages to the electrodes arranged on the substrates facing each other, the black charged particles are attracted to one electrode, and the white charged particles are attracted to the other electrode. Next, the position of the black charged particles and the position of the white charged particles are switched by switching the voltages of the electrodes. 
     A partition wall part is arranged between the substrates, the partition wall part dividing the dispersion medium in a grid shape. A portion surrounded by the partition wall part is one pixel. A predetermined graphic can be displayed by controlling the positions of the black charged particles and white charged particles on a pixel-by-pixel basis. 
     Light that is irradiated onto an electrophoresis display apparatus is irradiated onto the partition wall part and pixel regions. In the electrophoresis display apparatus of JP-A-2008-51932, the light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part is reflected. Accordingly, when the pixel regions undergo black display, the light is reflected by the partition wall part, and thus the luminance does not decrease. For this reason, the electrophoresis display apparatus does not realize high contrast. In view of this, an electrophoresis display apparatus has been demanded in which light is not readily reflected by the partition wall part and which thus realizes high contrast. 
     SUMMARY 
     An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to solve the above-described problem, and the invention can be realized as the following modes or application examples. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1 
     An electrophoresis display apparatus according to this application example includes: a first substrate on which a semiconductor element is arranged; a second substrate that faces the first substrate; and a partition wall part that is positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate and partitions pixel regions, wherein an electrophoresis dispersion liquid containing charged particles is held in each of the regions partitioned by the partition wall part as viewed from a normal direction of the second substrate, and the electrophoresis display apparatus has, in a region that overlaps the partition wall part, a reflection reduction part that reduces reflection of light. 
     According to this application example, in the electrophoresis display apparatus, a first substrate and a second substrate sandwich the partition wall part. The partition wall part partitions the pixel regions. The pixel regions are locations in which charged particles move and display that is visible to an observer changes. Light that is irradiated onto the electrophoresis display apparatus is irradiated onto the reflection reduction part and the pixel regions. The reflection reduction part reduces reflection of the light. Therefore, light that proceeds from other than the pixel regions toward the observer can be reduced. As a result, reflection of the light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part is reduced by the reflection reduction part, thereby making it possible to heighten the contrast. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2 
     In the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that the reflection reduction part is positioned between the second substrate and the partition wall part. 
     According to this application example, the reflection reduction part is positioned between the second substrate and the partition wall part. Light that is irradiated onto the second substrate is irradiated onto the reflection reduction part and the pixel regions. The reflection reduction part reduces reflection of the irradiated light. A portion of the light that is irradiated onto the pixel regions proceeds obliquely to the thickness direction of the second substrate. This portion of the light passes through the pixel regions and proceeds into the partition wall part. Light that does not pass through the pixel regions and heads from the partition wall part toward the observer passes through the reflection reduction part, thereby reducing the intensity of the light. Therefore, light that proceeds from other than the pixel regions toward the observer can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3 
     In the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that the reflection reduction part is provided between the first substrate and the partition wall part. 
     According to this application example, the reflection reduction part is arranged between the first substrate and the partition wall part. Light that passes through the second substrate and the partition wall part and proceeds toward the first substrate is irradiated onto the reflection reduction part. Because the reflection reduction part reduces reflection of the light, the intensity of the light that passes through the partition wall part and is reflected by the reflection reduction part is reduced. Therefore, the reflection intensity of the light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4 
     In the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that the partition wall part also functions as the reflection reduction part. 
     According to this application example, the partition wall part also functions as the reflection reduction part, and reflection of light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part is reduced. A portion of light that is irradiated onto the pixel regions proceeds obliquely to the thickness direction of the second substrate. This portion of the light passes through the pixel regions and proceeds to the partition wall part. The intensity of the light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part is then reduced. Therefore, light that proceeds from other than the pixel regions toward the observer can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5 
     It may be preferable that the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example includes: an element layer that is positioned on the first substrate and on which the semiconductor element is arranged; and an insulation layer that is positioned on the element layer, wherein the insulation layer also functions as the reflection reduction part. 
     According to this application example, an insulation layer is arranged on the element layer, and the insulation layer functions as the reflection reduction part. The partition wall part is positioned on the reflection reduction part, and the second substrate is positioned on the partition wall part. Light that passes through the second substrate and the partition wall part is irradiated onto the insulation layer. Because the insulation layer reduces reflection of the light, the intensity of light reflected by the partition wall part is reduced. Therefore, the reflection intensity of the light that is irradiated onto the partition wall part can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6 
     In the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that a first electrode is arranged on the first substrate, a second electrode is arranged on the second substrate, and the partition wall part insulates the first electrode and the second electrode from each other. 
     According to this application example, the first electrode is arranged on the first substrate, and the second electrode is arranged on the second substrate. The partition wall part is sandwiched by the first substrate and the second substrate. Because the partition wall part insulates the first electrode and the second electrode from each other, it is possible to prevent the first electrode and the second electrode from conducting with each other. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 7 
     In the electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that a resistance value of the partition wall part partitioning two adjacent pixel regions is 1×10 8 Ω or more. 
     According to this application example, the resistance of the partition wall part partitioning two adjacent pixel regions is 1×10 8 Ω or more. Thereby, a current that flows between the first substrate and the second substrate through the partition wall part can be suppressed. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 8 
     An electronic device according to this application example includes: a display part; and a drive part for driving the display part, wherein the display part is the above-described electrophoresis display apparatus. 
     According to this application example, the electronic device is provided with a display part and a drive part that drives the display part. The drive part drives the display part. The above-described electrophoresis display apparatus is used as the display part. Therefore, the electronic device can be configured as an apparatus in which the electrophoresis display apparatus that realizes high contrast is used as the display part. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9 
     A manufacturing method of an electrophoresis display apparatus according to this application example involves: arranging a partition wall part by molding a resin material containing carbon on a first substrate; filling an electrophoresis dispersion liquid containing a dispersion medium and charged particles into pixel regions partitioned by the partition wall part, and arranging a second substrate so as to be layered on the partition wall part. 
     According to this application example, a partition wall part containing carbon is arranged on a first substrate. Next, pixel regions partitioned by the partition wall part are filled with an electrophoresis dispersion liquid containing a dispersion medium and charged particles. Next, a second substrate is arranged so as to be layered on the partition wall part. Accordingly, movement of charged particles between the first substrate side and the second substrate side can be controlled. Because the partition wall part contains carbon, light entering the partition wall part is absorbed by the carbon. Therefore, the reflection intensity of the light irradiated onto the partition wall part can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 10 
     In the manufacturing method of an electrophoresis display apparatus according to the above application example, it may be preferable that a resistance value of the partition wall part partitioning two adjacent pixel regions is 1×10 8 Ω or more. 
     According to this application example, resistance of the partition wall part partitioning two adjacent pixel regions is 1×10 8 Ω or more. Thereby, a current that flows between the first substrate and the second substrate through the partition wall part can be suppressed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements. 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are related to a first embodiment, where  FIG. 1A  is a schematic perspective diagram showing a structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus, and  FIG. 1B  is a schematic plan diagram showing a structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIG. 2  is a partial schematic exploded perspective diagram showing a structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIG. 3  is an electric control block diagram of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are schematic side cross-sectional views showing a structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram for describing the loci of light entering the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of a manufacturing method of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIGS. 7A to 7E  are schematic diagrams for describing a manufacturing method of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIGS. 8A to 8C  are schematic diagrams for describing a manufacturing method of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing a structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus according to a second embodiment 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing a structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus according to a third embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11A to 11C  are schematic diagrams for describing a manufacturing method of a partition wall. 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing a structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 13A and 11B  are related to a fifth embodiment, where  FIG. 13A  is a schematic perspective diagram showing a structure of an electronic book, and  FIG. 13B  is a schematic perspective diagram showing a structure of a watch. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     In this embodiment, characteristic examples of an electrophoresis display apparatus and a method for manufacturing this electrophoresis display apparatus will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that each of the constituent elements in the drawings is illustrated with a different scale so as to have a size that allows the constituent element to be recognized in the drawing. 
     First Embodiment 
     An electrophoresis display apparatus according to a first embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 8C .  FIG. 1A  is a schematic perspective diagram showing the structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus, and  FIG. 1B  is a schematic plan diagram showing the structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , an electrophoresis display apparatus  1  has a structure in which a lower substrate  2  and an upper substrate  3  are layered on each other. Assume that the normal direction of the lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  3  is a Z direction, and the upper substrate  3  is positioned on the +Z direction side. As an observer views the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 , he or she views it from the side in the +Z direction. The surface of the upper substrate  3  on the +Z direction side is an image display surface  3   a . The lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  3  extend in an X direction and a Y direction. The lower substrate  2  has a shape longer than the upper substrate  3  in a −Y direction. On the −Y direction side of the lower substrate  2 , a flexible cable  4  is arranged on the surface on the +Z direction side. The flexible cable  4  is connected to a drive circuit (not illustrated), and electricity and a drive signal are supplied via the flexible cable  4 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1  B, the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  has partition walls  5  as the partition wall part arranged between the lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  3 . The partition walls  5  have a grid-like shape and partition pixel regions  6 . In the figure, the pixel regions  6  are arranged such that  14  pixel regions  6  are aligned in the X direction and  10  pixel regions  6  are aligned in the Y direction in order to make the figure easily visible. The number of pixel regions  6  is not particularly limited, but in this embodiment, for example, arrangement is made such that 300 pixel regions  6  are aligned in the X direction and 200 pixel regions  6  are aligned in the Y direction. Although the size of the pixel regions  6  is not particularly limited, a length in the X direction is 80 μm and a length in the Y direction is 80 μm in this embodiment, for example. Although the size of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is also not particularly limited, a length of the lower substrate  2  in the X direction is 30 mm and a length in the Y direction is 25 mm in this embodiment, for example. 
     On the +Z direction side of the partition walls  5 , a reflection reduction film  7  as the reflection reduction part is arranged in a location that faces the partition walls  5 . The reflection reduction film  7  absorbs light that proceeds from the side in the +Z direction toward the partition walls  5 , and reduces reflection of the light. The reflection reduction film  7  viewed from the Z direction in a plane view has substantially the same shape as the partition walls  5 . 
       FIG. 2  is a partial schematic exploded perspective diagram showing the structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus, and is a diagram in which a portion of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is disassembled in the Z direction. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the lower substrate  2  is provided with a first base member  8  as the first substrate. The first base member  8  is a substrate made of glass, plastic, ceramic, silicon or the like, and having an insulating property. The first base member  8  is arranged on an opposite side to the image display surface  3   a  that can be viewed from the +Z direction, and thus may be an opaque material. 
     An element layer  9  is arranged on the first base member  8 . Voltage supply lines  9   a , control signal lines  9   b , semiconductor elements  9   c , through-electrodes  9   d  and the like are arranged on the element layer  9 . The semiconductor elements  9   c  are TFT (Thin Film Transistor) elements, and are elements for performing switching. An insulation layer  10  is arranged on the element layer  9 , and pixel electrodes  11  as the first electrode are arranged on the insulation layer  10 . The insulation layer  10  is a layer that insulates the element layer  9  and the pixel electrodes  11  from each other. The through-electrodes  9   d  are arranged on the element layer  9 , and the through-electrodes  9   d  are connected to the pixel electrodes  11 . The pixel electrodes  11  are separated for each of the pixel regions  6 . The lower substrate  2  is constituted by the first base member  8 , the element layer  9 , the insulation layer  10 , the pixel electrodes  11  and the like. 
     It is sufficient that a material of the element layer  9  is a material that can form a semiconductor, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium arsenide phosphide, gallium nitride, silicon carbide and the like can be used. It is sufficient that a material of the insulation layer  10  is a material having an insulating property and being easily molded, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Glass, resin, silicon oxide, silicon nitride and the like can be used. In this embodiment, for example, acrylic resin is used as the material of the insulation layer  10 . 
     It is sufficient that a material of the pixel electrodes  11  is a material having conductivity, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Copper, aluminum, nickel, gold, silver and ITO (indium-tin oxide) as well as a laminate of a nickel film or a gold film on a copper foil, and a laminate of a nickel film or a gold film on an aluminum foil can be used. In this embodiment, for example, the pixel electrodes  11  have a structure in which a gold film is arranged on an aluminum foil. 
     The partition walls  5  on the pixel electrodes  11  are arranged in a grid shape, and the pixel regions  6  partitioned by the partition walls  5  are filled with an electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . It is sufficient that a material of the partition walls  5  is a material having an insulating property and strength and being easy to be formed, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Acrylic acid resin, epoxy resin and the like can be used. In this embodiment, for example, photosensitive resin is used. Thereby, a resistance value of the partition walls  5  that partition the pixel regions  6  is 1×10 8 Ω or more. The partition walls  5  insulate the pixel electrodes  11  and a common electrode  17  from each other. The electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  has white charged particles  13  as charged particles and black charged particles  14  as charged particles, and the white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14  are dispersed in a dispersion medium  15 . 
     It is sufficient that a material of the white charged particles  13  is white and chargeable and can be formed into fine particles, and there are no particular limitations thereon. As the material of the white charged particles  13 , for example, particles, high polymer or a colloid that are made of white pigment such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or antimony trioxide can be used. In this embodiment, for example, particles of titanium dioxide are positively charged and used as the white charged particles  13 . 
     It is sufficient the black charged particles  14  are black and chargeable and can be formed into fine particles, and there are no particular limitations thereon. As the material of the black charged particles  14 , for example, particles, high polymer or a colloid that are made of black pigment such as aniline black, carbon black or titanium oxynitride can be used. In this embodiment, for example, titanium oxynitride is negatively charged and used as the black charged particles  14 . In the white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14 , a charge control agent such as an electrolyte, a surfactant, metallic soap, resin, rubber, oil, varnish, or compound can be used in these particles as necessary. Additionally, a dispersant such as a titanium-based coupling agent, an aluminum-based coupling agent, or a silane-based coupling agent, a lubricant, a stabilizer or the like can be added to the white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14 . 
     It is sufficient that the dispersion medium  15  is made of a material that has fluidity and does not readily decompose, and there are no particular limitations thereon. As the material of the dispersion medium  15 , water, alcohol-based solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, octanol and methyl cellosolve, esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone, aliphatic hydrocarbon such as pentane, hexane and octane, and alicyclic hydrocarbon such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane can be used. Additionally, as the material of the dispersion medium  15 , aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzen, toluene, xylene and benzens having a long-chain alkyl group can be used. As the benzens having a long-chain alkyl group, hexylbenzen, heptyl benzene, octyl benzene, nonyl benzene, decyl benzene, undecyl benzene, dodecyl benzene, tridecyl benzene, tetradecyl benzene and the like can be used. Additionally, as the dispersion medium  15 , halogenated hydrocarbon such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane can be used. Additionally, oils and silicone oil can be used as the material of the dispersion medium  15 . These substances can be used alone or as a compound, and furthermore, a surfactant such as carboxylate or the like may be blended. 
     The upper substrate  3  is arranged on the partition walls  5  and the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . The upper substrate  3  is provided with a second base member  16  as a second substrate. The reflection reduction film  7  is arranged on the second base member  16 . The reflection reduction film  7  has a grid shape similarly to the partition walls  5 , and is positioned in a location facing the partition walls  5 . The reflection reduction film  7  has a shape of a thin film. The common electrode  17  as the second electrode is arranged so as to cover the second base member  16  and the reflection reduction film  7 , and an adhesion layer  18  is arranged on the common electrode  17 . The common electrode  17  is a common electrode that is arranged over a plurality of the pixel regions  6 . Therefore, the common electrode  17  faces a plurality of the pixel electrodes  11 . The adhesion layer  18  has a function of adhering the partition walls  5  and the upper substrate  3  to each other. 
     It is sufficient that a material of the second base member  16  has a light-transmitting property, strength and an insulating property, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Glass or a resin material can be used as the material of the second base member  16 . In this embodiment, for example, a glass plate is used as the material of the second base member  16 . It is sufficient that the reflection reduction film  7  is made of a material that absorbs light and is easy to be arranged in a shape of a thin film, and there are no particular limitations thereon. Metal such as chromium or molybdenum can be used. In this embodiment, for example, molybdenum is used as the material of the reflection reduction film  7 . 
     It is sufficient that the common electrode  17  is a transparent conductive film, and there are no particular limitations thereon. For example, MgAg, IGO (Indium-galliumoxide), ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), ICO (Indium-ceriumoxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide) and the like can be used for the common electrode  17 . In this embodiment, ITO is used for the common electrode  17 , for example. 
     It is sufficient that a material of the adhesion layer  18  can adhere the partition walls  5  and the upper substrate  3  to each other, and does not deteriorate the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 , and there are no particular limitations thereon. For example, as the material of the adhesion layer  18 , acrylic acid resin such as polyurethane, polyurea, polyurea-polyurethane, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polysulfonamide, polycarbonate, polysulfinate, epoxy resin and polyacrylic ester, polymethacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, gelatin, phenolic resin, vinyl resin and the like can be used. In this embodiment, for example, ultraviolet curing type acrylic resin and epoxy resin are used. 
       FIG. 3  is an electric control block diagram of an electrophoresis display apparatus. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is connected to a drive apparatus  21  when used. The drive apparatus  21  is provided with an input part  22 , and the input part  22  is connected to an apparatus that outputs an image signal indicating an image to be displayed on the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 , and inputs the image signal. The input part  22  is connected to a control part  23 . The control part  23  is connected to a storage part  24 , a first waveform forming part  25  and a second waveform forming part  26 . 
     The storage part  24  stores, besides the image signal, information that is used when forming a signal for driving the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  from the image signal. The control part  23  is a part that controls the first waveform forming part  25  and the second waveform forming part  26 . The control part  23  transmits the image signal input from the input part  22  to the first waveform forming part  25  and the second waveform forming part  26 . Furthermore, the control part  23  transmits information that is used when the first waveform forming part  25  and the second waveform forming part  26  form a waveform. 
     The first waveform forming part  25  forms a drive signal for driving the semiconductor elements  9   c . The second waveform forming part  26  forms a voltage waveform for driving the common electrode  17 . The first waveform forming part  25  is connected to the semiconductor elements  9   c  via the flexible cable  4  and the control signal lines  9   b , and outputs the drive signal for each pixel to the semiconductor elements  9   c . The semiconductor elements  9   c  are connected to the pixel electrodes  11 , and output a voltage corresponding to the drive signal to the pixel electrodes  11 . The second waveform forming part  26  is connected to the common electrode  17  via the flexible cable  4 , and outputs a voltage waveform to the common electrode  17 . 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing the structure of an electrophoresis display apparatus, and is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 4A , the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is used with a voltage being applied between the pixel electrodes  11  and the common electrode  17 . Display can be changed by switching relative voltages between the pixel electrodes  11  and the common electrode  17 . 
     A voltage of the common electrode  17  is set to be lower than that of the pixel electrodes  11 . At this time, because the black charged particles  14  are charged to a cathode voltage, the black charged particles  14  are attracted to the pixel electrodes  11 . Because the white charged particles  13  are charged to an anode voltage, the white charged particles  13  are attracted to the common electrode  17 . As a result, the black charged particles  14  gather on the lower substrate  2 , and the white charged particles  13  gather on the upper substrate  3 . As the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is viewed from the upper substrate  3  side, an observer can see the white charged particles  13  through the upper substrate  3 . Therefore, the pixel regions  6  undergo white display. 
     Drain electrodes  9   p  are arranged so as to be connected to the semiconductor elements  9   c , and the through-electrodes  9   d  are arranged so as to be connected to the drain electrode  9   p . Thereby, the semiconductor elements  9   c  are electrically connected to the pixel electrodes  11 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4B , a voltage of the common electrode  17  is set to be higher than that of the pixel electrodes  11 . At this time, because the black charged particles  14  are charged to a cathode voltage, the black charged particles  14  are attracted to the common electrode  17 . Because the white charged particles  13  are charged to an anode voltage, the white charged particles  13  are attracted to the pixel electrodes  11 . As a result, the white charged particles  13  gather on the lower substrate  2 , and the black charged particles  14  gather on the upper substrate  3 . As viewing the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  from the upper substrate  3  side, the observer can see the black charged particles  14  through the upper substrate  3 . Therefore, the pixel regions  6  undergo black display. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram for describing the loci of light entering an electrophoresis display apparatus. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the white charged particles  13  are attracted to the common electrode  17 , and the black charged particles  14  are attracted to the pixel electrodes  11 . Therefore, the pixel regions  6  in the figure undergo white display. As the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is viewed from the +Z direction, the pixel regions  6  are white, and regions surrounding the pixel regions  6  are non-pixel regions  27 . 
     Light  28  irradiated onto the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  and the pixel regions  6 . Most of the light  28  irradiated onto the pixel regions  6  is irradiated onto the white charged particles  13 , is scatteringly reflected by the white charged particles  13 , and proceeds in the +Z direction. Thereby, the light  28  reflected in the pikel regions  6  appears to the observer to be white. A portion of the light  28  that is irradiated onto the pixel regions  6  passes through the dispersion medium  15  and is irradiated onto the black charged particles  14  and the lower substrate  2 . Because the black charged particles  14  absorb the light  28 , it is difficult for the observer to notice the light  28  reflected by the black charged particles  14 . The light  28  irradiated onto the reflection reduction film  7 , which is a portion of the light  28  reflected by the black charged particles  14  and the lower substrate  2 , is absorbed by the reflection reduction film  7 . Therefore, the light  28  that proceeds from other than the pixel regions  6  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     The light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  enters the reflection reduction film  7 . Because the reflection reduction film  7  absorbs the light  28 , reflection of the light  28  is reduced in the non-pixel regions  27 . Therefore, the light  28  that proceeds from other than the pixel regions  6  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     Similarly, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  enters the reflection reduction film  7 , when display of the pixel regions  6  undergoes black display. Because the reflection reduction film  7  absorbs the light  28 , reflection of the light  28  is reduced in the non-pixel regions  27 . Contrast of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is a ratio of the luminance during black display to the luminance during white display. By decreasing the luminance of reflection light in the non-pixel regions  27  during black display, it is possible to heighten the contrast of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 . In this embodiment, because the reflection reduction film  7  absorbs the light  28 , the light  28  that proceeds to the observer during black display can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to heighten the contrast of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 . 
     A reflectivity of the pixel regions  6  during black display is approximately 5%. A reflectivity of the reflection reduction film  7  arranged on the non-pixel regions  27  is preferably 10% or less of the light  28  having a wavelength of 380 nm to 750 nm, and is more preferably 5% or less of the same. A reflectivity of the non-pixel regions  27  when the reflection reduction film  7  is not arranged is 15%. By reducing the reflection in the non-pixel regions  27  below the reflection when the reflection reduction film  7  is not arranged, it is possible to heighten the contrast of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  and obtain an easy-to-view screen. 
     Next, the above-described manufacturing method of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  will be described with reference to  FIGS. 6 to 8C .  FIG. 6  is a flowchart of a manufacturing method of an electrophoresis display apparatus, and  FIGS. 7A and 8C  are schematic diagrams for describing the manufacturing method of the electrophoresis display apparatus. In the flowchart of  FIG. 6 , step S 1  corresponds to an upper electrode arranging process. This process is a process of arranging the reflection reduction film  7 , the common electrode  17  and the adhesion layer  18  on the upper substrate  3 . Next, the procedure advances to step S 2 . Step S 2  is an element arranging process. This process is a process of arranging the element layer  9  on the first base member  8 . Next, the procedure advances to step S 3 . Step S 3  is a lower electrode arranging process. This process is a process of arranging the insulation layer  10 , the through-electrodes  9   d  and the pixel electrodes  11  on the element layer  9 . Next, the procedure advances to step S 4 . 
     Step S 4  is a partition wall arranging process. This process is a process of arranging the partition walls  5  on the lower substrate  2 . Next, the procedure advances to step S 5 . Step S 5  is a dispersion liquid filling process. This process is a process of filling the pixel regions  6  with the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . Next, the procedure advances to step S 6 . Step S 6  is a substrate assembling process. This process is a process of adhering the partition walls  5  and the upper substrate  3  to each other. The aforementioned processes complete manufacturing the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 . 
     Next, the manufacturing method will be described in detail in correspondence with the steps shown in  FIG. 6  with reference to  FIGS. 7A to 8C . 
     First, the upper substrate  3  is manufactured.  FIGS. 7A and 7B  are diagrams corresponding to the upper electrode arranging process of step S 1 . As shown in  FIG. 7A , the second base member  16  is prepared. A plate having a predetermined thickness and small surface roughness obtained by grinding and polishing a glass plate is used for the second base member  16 . Next, the reflection reduction film  7  is arranged on the second base member  16 . A molybdenum film is formed on the second base member  16  using a film forming method such as a spattering method. Next, the molybdenum film is patterned by a photolithography method to form the reflection reduction film  7 . The plane shape of the reflection reduction film  7  is a grid shape. Subsequently, as shown in  FIG. 7B , the common electrode  17  is arranged on the second base member  16  and the reflection reduction film  7 . Using a film forming method such as a spattering method, an ITO film having a film thickness of approximately 100 nm is formed on the second base member  16  and the reflection reduction film  7 . Next, the ITO film is patterned using the photolithography method and an etching method, to form the common electrode  17 . 
     Next, the adhesion layer  18  is arranged on the common electrode  17 . The adhesion layer  18  can be arranged using various printing methods, for example, an inkjet method, offset printing, screen printing, letterpress printing such as flexographic printing, or intaglio printing such as gravure printing. In addition, a spin coating method, a roll coating method, a die coating method, a slit coating method, a curtain coating method, a spray coating method, a die coating method, or a dip coating method may be used. 
     Subsequently, the lower substrate  2  is manufactured.  FIG. 7C  is a diagram corresponding to the element arranging process of step S 2 . As shown in  FIG. 7C , in step S 2 , the first base member  8  is prepared. A plate having a predetermined thickness and small surface roughness obtained by grinding and polishing a glass plate is also used for the first base member  8 . The element layer  9  is formed on the first base member  8 . Because a method for forming the element layer  9  is known, detailed description thereof is omitted, and an outline of the manufacturing method will be described. There is a plurality of methods for forming the element layer  9 , and there are no particular limitations thereon. 
     First, an underlying insulation film of SiO 2  (not illustrated) is formed on the first base member  8  by a CVD method (chemical vapor deposition). Next, an amorphous silicon film having a film thickness of approximately 50 nm is formed on the underlying insulation film by the CVD method or the like. The amorphous silicon film is crystalized by a laser crystallization method or the like, and a polycrystal silicon film is formed. Subsequently, a semiconductor film  9   e , which is an island-shaped polycrystal silicon film, is formed using the photolithography method, the etching method and the like. 
     Next, a gate insulation film  9   f  is arranged so as to cover the semiconductor film  9   e  and the underlying insulation film. The gate insulation film  9   f  is a SiO 2  film having a film thickness of approximately 100 nm. The gate insulation film  9   f  is formed using the CVD method or the like. Next, an Mo film having a film thickness of approximately 500 nm is formed on the gate insulation film  9   f  using the spattering method or the like. Subsequently, the Mo film is patterned by the photolithography method and the etching method to form an island-shaped gate electrode  9   g . Next, a source region  9   h , a drain region  9   j , and a channel forming region  9   k  are formed by implanting impurity ions into the semiconductor film  9   e  by an ion implantation method. Subsequently, a first interlayer insulation film  9   m  is arranged so as to cover the gate insulation film  9   f  and the gate electrode  9   g . The first interlayer insulation film  9   m  is a SiO 2  film having a film thickness of approximately 800 nm. This first interlayer insulation film  9   m  is formed using the spattering method or the like. 
     Next, a contact hole that reaches the source region  9   h  and a contact hole that reaches the drain region  9   j  are formed on the first interlayer insulation film  9   m . Subsequently, an Mo film having a film thickness of approximately 500 nm is formed on the first interlayer insulation film  9   m  and in the contact holes by the spattering method or the like, and is patterned by the photolithography method and the etching method to form a source electrode  9   n , the drain electrode  9   p  and wiring. 
     A Si 3 N 4  film having a film thickness of approximately 800 nm is formed so as to cover the first interlayer insulation film  9   m , the source electrode  9   n , the drain electrode  9   p  and wiring, and forms a second interlayer insulation film  9   r . The second interlayer insulation film  9   r  is patterned using the photolithography method and the etching method to form a contact hole thereon. 
       FIGS. 7D and 7E  are diagrams corresponding to the lower electrode arranging process of step S 3 . As shown in  FIG. 7D , the insulation layer  10  is arranged on the element layer  9  in step S 3 . First, a solution in which acrylic resin is dissolved is applied to the element layer  9 , dried, and solidified. Next, the insulation layer  10  is patterned by the photolithography method. The external shape of the insulation layer  10  and the shape of a through hole  29  are formed by the patterning. Subsequently, the insulation layer  10  is etched using an etching liquid to form the through hole  29 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7E , an Al film having a film thickness of approximately 500 nm is formed on the insulation layer  10  and in the through hole  29  using a film forming method such as the spattering method or vapor deposition. Furthermore, an Au film is laminated on the Al film by the spattering method, vapor deposition or the like. Subsequently, the Al film and the Au film are patterned by the photolithography method, and are etched, thereby forming the pixel electrodes  11  and a conductive film  30 . A dry etching method can be used for the etching. The conductive film  30  brings the drain electrode  9   p  into conduction with the pixel electrodes  11 . 
       FIG. 8A  is a diagram corresponding to the partition wall arranging process of step S 4 . As shown in  FIG. 8A , the partition walls  5  are arranged on the pixel electrodes  11  in step S 4 . First, a photosensitive resin material that is to be the material of the partition walls  5  is applied to the pixel electrodes  11 . The arrangement can be performed using various printing methods such as offset printing, screen printing, or letterpress printing as an applying method. Additionally, coating methods such as a spin coating method or a roll coating method may be used. Subsequently, the photosensitive resin material is heat-dried and is solidified. Next, the photosensitive resin material is patterned by the photolithography method and etched, thereby forming the partition walls  5 . 
       FIG. 8B  is a diagram corresponding to the dispersion liquid filling process of step S 5 . As shown in  FIG. 8B , the first base member  8  on which the partition walls  5  are arranged is arranged in a container (not illustrated) in step S 5 . The white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14  are then added to the dispersion medium  15 , which is then stirred, thereby preparing the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . Next, the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  is supplied to the pixel regions  6  using a supplying instrument such as a syringe. As a method for supplying the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 , various printing methods or the inkjet method can be used. The electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  is supplied to an extent of spilling from the pixel regions  6 . 
       FIG. 8C  is a diagram corresponding to the substrate assembling process of step S 6 . As shown in  FIG. 8C , the upper substrate  3  is arranged on the partition walls  5  in step S 6 . First, the lower substrate  2  to which the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  has been supplied is arranged in a pressure reducing chamber. Next, the upper substrate  3  is mounted on the partition walls  5 . Subsequently, the pressure in the pressure reducing chamber is reduced and ultraviolet rays are irradiated onto the adhesion layer  18 . The adhesion layer  18  is made of an ultraviolet curing type adhesive, and the partition walls  5  and the upper substrate  3  are provisionally fixed. Next, the lower substrate  2 , on which the upper substrate  3  has been arranged, is heated such that the adhesion layer  18  is solidified, whereby the upper substrate  3  is fixed to the partition walls  5 . The electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is completed by the aforementioned processes. 
     As described above, in accordance with this embodiment, the following effects are obtained. 
     (1) According to this embodiment, the light  28  irradiated onto the electrophoresis display apparatus  1  is irradiated onto the reflection reduction film  7  and the pixel regions  6 . The reflection reduction film  7  reduces reflection of the light  28 . Therefore, the light  28  that proceeds from the reflection reduction film  7  toward an observer can be reduced. As a result, reflection in the non-pixel regions  27  is reduced, thereby making it possible to heighten the contrast. 
     (2) According to this embodiment, the reflection reduction film  7  is positioned between the second base member  16  and the partition walls  5 . The light  28  irradiated onto the second base member  16  is irradiated onto the reflection reduction film  7  and the pixel regions  6 . The reflection reduction film  7  reduces reflection of the irradiated light  28 . A portion of the light  28  irradiated onto the pixel regions  6  proceeds obliquely to the thickness direction of the second base member  16 . This portion of the light  28  proceeds into the partition walls  5  without passing through the reflection reduction film  7 . The light  28  that heads from the partition walls  5  toward the observer without passing through the pixel regions  6  passes through the reflection reduction film  7 , and thus the intensity of the light  28  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that proceeds from other than the pixel regions  6  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     (3) According to this embodiment, the reflection reduction film  7  is positioned in a location near the second base member  16 . Therefore, light reflected by the surface on the −Z direction side of the second base member  16  can be reliably reduced. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, one embodiment of an electrophoresis display apparatus will be described with reference to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing the structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. This embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the reflection reduction film  7  is arranged on the lower substrate  2 . Note that description on the same points as the first embodiment is omitted. 
     Specifically, in this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 9 , an electrophoresis display apparatus  33  is provided with a lower substrate  34  and an upper substrate  35 , and has a structure in which the lower substrate  34  and the upper substrate  35  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  5 . The lower substrate  34  has a structure in which the element layer  9 , a first insulation layer  36 , a reflection reduction film  37  as the reflection reduction part, a second insulation layer  38  and the pixel electrodes  11  are laminated in this order on the first base member  8 . 
     As a material of the first insulation layer  36  and the second insulation layer  38 , the same material as the insulation layer  10  in the first embodiment can be used. As a material of the reflection reduction film  37 , the same material as the reflection reduction film  7  in the first embodiment can be used. The reflection reduction film  37  absorbs the light  28  and reduces reflection of the light  28 . 
     The upper substrate  35  has the common electrode  17  and the adhesion layer  18  that are laminated in this order on the second base member  16 . The reflection reduction film  7  is not arranged on the upper substrate  35 . Therefore, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  passes through the upper substrate  35  and is irradiated onto the partition walls  5 . Furthermore, the light  28  irradiated onto the partition walls  5  reaches the reflection reduction film  37  and is absorbed by the reflection reduction film  37 . Therefore, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  is absorbed by the reflection reduction film  37 , and therefore reflection light can be reduced in the non-pixel regions  27 . 
     A manufacturing process of the lower substrate  34  will be outlined. In the upper electrode arranging process of step S 1 , a process of forming the reflection reduction film  7  is deleted from the processes of the first embodiment. The element arranging process of step S 2  is the same process as the process of the first embodiment. In the lower electrode arranging process of step S 3 , the first insulation layer  36  is arranged on the element layer  9 . First, a solution in which acrylic resin is dissolved is applied to the element layer  9 , dried, and solidified. Next, a film of acrylic acid resin is patterned by the photolithography method to form the external shape of the first insulation layer  36  and the shape of a through hole  36   a . Subsequently, the film of acrylic acid resin is etched using an etching liquid so as to form the external shape of the first insulation layer  36  and the through hole  36   a.    
     Next, a process of arranging the reflection reduction film  37  on the first insulation layer  36  is performed. A molybdenum film is formed on the first insulation layer  36  using a film forming method such as the spattering method or a vapor deposition method. Next, the molybdenum film is patterned using the photolithography method and the etching method to form the reflection reduction film  37 . The plane shape of the reflection reduction film  37  is a grid shape. 
     Subsequently, the second insulation layer  38  is arranged on the first insulation layer  36 . A solution in which acrylic resin is dissolved is applied to the first insulation layer  36  and the reflection reduction film  37 , dried, and solidified. Next, a film of acrylic resin is patterned by the photolithography method to form the external shape of the second insulation layer  38  and the shape of a through hole  38   a . Subsequently, the film of acrylic resin is etched using the etching method so as to form the external shape of the second insulation layer  38  and the through hole  38   a.    
     Next, Al films are formed on the second insulation layer  38  and in the through hole  38   a  using a film forming method such as the spattering method. Furthermore, Au films are laminated on the Al films by the spattering method, vapor deposition or the like. Subsequently, the pixel electrodes  11  and the conductive film  30  are formed from the Al films and the Au films using the photolithography method and the etching method. The dry etching method can be used for the etching. The conductive film  30  is a film that brings the drain electrode  9   p  into conduction with the pixel electrodes  11 . The lower substrate  34  is formed by the aforementioned process. 
     As described above, according to this embodiment, the following effects are obtained. 
     (1) According to this embodiment, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  is absorbed by the reflection reduction film  37 . Therefore, reflection light can be reduced in the non-pixel regions  27 , thereby making it possible to display the screen with good contrast. 
     (2) According to this embodiment, the reflection reduction film  37  is positioned on the first base member  8  side relative to the partition walls  5 . Therefore, even if the reflection reduction film  37  is larger than the partition walls  5 , the area of the pixel regions  6  does not decrease. As a result, it is possible to prevent the opening ratio from decreasing even if the reflection reduction film  37  is arranged. Note that the opening ratio is a value obtained by dividing the total area of the pixel regions  6  by the total area of the pixel regions  6  and the non-pixel regions  27 . The larger the opening ratio is, the brighter the white display can be. 
     Third Embodiment 
     Next, one embodiment of an electrophoresis display apparatus will be described with reference to  FIGS. 10 to 11C .  FIG. 10  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing the structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. This embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the partition walls  5 , instead of the reflection reduction film  7 , absorb the light  28 . Note that description on the same points as the first embodiment is omitted. 
     Specifically, in this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10 , an electrophoresis display apparatus  41  is provided with the lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  35 , and has a structure in which the lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  35  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 , and partition walls  42  as the partition wall part and the reflection reduction part. Similarly to the second embodiment, the upper substrate  35  has the common electrode  17  and the adhesion layer  18  that are laminated in this order on the second base member  16 . The reflection reduction film  7  is not arranged on the upper substrate  35 . Therefore, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  passes through the upper substrate  35  and is irradiated onto the partition walls  42 . 
     It is sufficient that a material of the partition walls  42  is a material that has a low reflectivity of the light  28 , an insulating property and good workability, and there are no particular limitations thereon. As the material of the partition walls  42 , resin such as acrylic resin or epoxy resin containing a carbon filler can be used, for example. A carbon filler is a filler that is mainly composed of carbon. The higher the filler concentration in the resin is, the lower the reflectivity of the light  28  can be. On the other hand, the higher the filler concentration in the resin is, the more the volume resistivity of the resin decreases and the insulating property decreases. In this embodiment, acrylic resin containing a carbon filler is adopted, for example. 
     The light  28  entering from the upper substrate  35  of the non-pixel regions  27  is irradiated onto the partition walls  42 . Because the light  28  irradiated onto the partition walls  42  is absorbed by the partition walls  42 , the intensity of the light reflected by the partition walls  42  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that enters from the non-pixel regions  27  and proceeds from the non-pixel regions  27  toward an observer can be reduced. 
     In this embodiment, the width of the partition wall  42  is 5 μm, and the height of the partition wall  42  is 30 μm. The length of the partition wall  42  as one side of the square pixel regions  6  is 80 μm. The volume resistivity of the partition walls  42  is 2.81×10 5  Ωcm. At this time, the resistance of the partition walls  42  between the lower substrate  2  and the upper substrate  35  is 1.5×10 9 Ω. In addition, a current passing through the partition walls  42  when a voltage of 15 V is applied between the pixel electrodes  11  and the common electrode  17  is 1×10 −8  A. It was confirmed that the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  can be driven in a stable manner at this current value. Therefore, by the resistance of the partition wall  42  as one side of the pixel regions  6  being 1.5×10 9 Ω or more, it is possible to drive the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  in a stable manner. 
     In this embodiment, the reflectivity of the non-pixel regions  27  during black display was set to 5% or less by adjusting the filler concentration in the resin. The resistance of the partition walls  42  could be set to 1.5×10 9 Ω or more. Therefore, the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  could perform display with good contrast in a stable manner. 
       FIGS. 11A to 11C  are schematic diagrams for describing a manufacturing method of the partition wall  42 . A manufacturing process of the lower substrate  2  will be outlined with reference to  FIGS. 11A to 11C . As shown in  FIG. 11A , in the partition wall arranging process of step S 4 , a resin film  43  of acrylic resin containing a carbon filler is arranged on the lower substrate  2 . The volume resistivity of the resin film  43  of acrylic resin is set to 2.81×10 5  Ωcm by adjusting the filler concentration in the resin. A solution in which acrylic resin containing a carbon filler is dissolved is applied to the lower substrate  2 , dried, and solidified. As a result, the resin film  43  is arranged on the lower substrate  2 . The resin film  43  has hardness that allows for deformation. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 11B , a mold  44  is pressed against the resin film  43 . Recesses  44   a  having the shape of the partition wall  42  are formed in the mold  44 . The resin film  43  is pressed against the mold  44  and flows into the recesses  44   a . A heater (not illustrated) for heating the mold  44  is arranged on the mold  44 . Next, the heater is turned on and the resin film  43  is heated via the mold  44 . Thereby, the resin film  43  cures and becomes the partition walls  42 . The resistance of the partition walls  42  is set to 1.5×10 9 Ω or more by adjusting the filler concentration in the resin. 
     The surface of the lower substrate  2  is covered by the thin resin film  43 . Next, the lower substrate  2  is arranged in an ashing apparatus (not illustrated). As shown in  FIG. 11C , oxygen gas is turned into plasma by non-ionizing radiation, and the oxygen gas that has turned into plasma is caused to flow onto the surface of the lower substrate  2 . The resin film  43  that is not part of the partition walls  42  is coupled to oxygen radicals in the plasma to form carbon dioxide and water, and evaporates and exfoliates. The partition walls  42  are formed by the aforementioned process. Then, the dispersion liquid filling process of step S 5  and the substrate assembling process of step S 6  are performed, and the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  is completed. 
     As described above, in accordance with this embodiment, the following effects are obtained. 
     (1) According to this embodiment, the light  28  entering from the upper substrate  35  of the non-pixel regions  27  is irradiated onto the partition walls  42 . The intensity of the light  28  irradiated onto the partition walls  42  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that enters from the non-pixel regions  27  and proceeds from the non-pixel regions  27  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     (2) According to this embodiment, a portion of the light  28  irradiated onto the pixel regions  6  proceeds obliquely to the thickness direction of the upper substrate  35 . This portion of the light  28  passes through the upper substrate  35  of the pixel regions  6  and is irradiated onto the partition walls  42 . The intensity of the light  28  irradiated onto the partition walls  42  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that enters from the pixel regions  6  and proceeds from the non-pixel regions  27  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     (3) According to this embodiment, because the partition walls  42  insulate the pixel electrodes  11  and the common electrode  17  from each other, it is possible to prevent the pixel electrodes  11  and the common electrode  17  from being brought into conduction with each other. 
     (4) According to this embodiment, the partition walls  42  absorb the light  28 . Therefore, because the area of the pixel regions  6  is not reduced, it is possible to prevent the opening rate from decreasing. 
     (5) According to this embodiment, a process for arranging the reflection reduction film  7  or the reflection reduction film  37  is not added. Therefore, the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  can be manufactured with good productivity. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Next, one embodiment of an electrophoresis display apparatus will be described with reference to  FIG. 12 .  FIG. 12  is a schematic side cross-sectional view showing the structure of the electrophoresis display apparatus. This embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the insulation layer  10  of the lower substrate  2 , instead of the reflection reduction film  7 , absorbs the light  28 . Note that description on the same points as the first embodiment is omitted. 
     Specifically, in this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12 , an electrophoresis display apparatus  47  is provided with a first substrate  48  and the upper substrate  35 , and has a structure in which the first substrate  48  and the upper substrate  35  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  5 . Similarly to the second embodiment, the upper substrate  35  has the common electrode  17  and the adhesion layer  18  that are laminated on the second base member  16  in this order. The reflection reduction film  7  is not arranged on the upper substrate  35 . Therefore, the light  28  irradiated onto the non-pixel regions  27  passes through the upper substrate  35  and is irradiated onto the partition walls  5 . 
     The first substrate  48  has the element layer  9 , an insulation layer  49  as the reflection reduction part and the pixel electrodes  11  that are laminated on the first base member  8  in this order. The insulation layer  49  has a function of absorbing the light  28 . It is sufficient that a material of the insulation layer  49  is a material that has a low reflectivity of the light  28 , an insulating property and good workability, and there are no particular limitations thereon. As the material of the insulation layer  49 , the same material as the material of the partition walls  42  in the third embodiment can be used. In this embodiment, acrylic resin containing a carbon filler is adopted as the material of the insulation layer  49 , for example. 
     In this embodiment, the volume resistivity of the insulation layer  49  is 2.81×10 5  Ωcm. At this time, it was confirmed that the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  can be driven in a stable manner. Therefore, the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  can be driven in a stable manner by setting the volume resistivity of the insulation layer  49  to 2.81×10 5  Ωcm or more. 
     In this embodiment, the reflectivity of the non-pixel regions  27  during black display was set to 5% or less by adjusting the filler concentration in the resin. The volume resistivity of the insulation layer  49  could be set to 2.81×10 5  Ωcm or more. Therefore, the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  could perform display with good contrast in a stable manner. 
     As described above, in accordance with this embodiment, the following effects are obtained. 
     (1) According to this embodiment, the insulation layer  49  reduces reflection of the light  28 . The light  28  entered from the upper substrate  35  of the non-pixel regions  27  passes through the partition walls  5  and is irradiated onto the insulation layer  49 . The intensity of the light  28  irradiated onto the insulation layer  49  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that enters from the non-pixel regions  27  and proceeds from the non-pixel regions  27  toward the observer can be reduced. 
     (2) According to this embodiment, a portion of the light  28  that entered from the upper substrate  35  of the pixel regions  6  passes through the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and is irradiated onto the insulation layer  49 . The intensity of the light  28  irradiated onto the insulation layer  49  is reduced. Therefore, the light  28  that enters from the pixel regions  6 , is reflected by the insulation layer  49 , passes through the non-pixel regions  27  and proceeds toward the observer can be reduced. 
     (3) According to this embodiment, because the insulation layer  49  insulates the pixel electrodes  11  and the voltage supply lines  9   a  from each other, it is possible to prevent the pixel electrodes  11  and the voltage supply lines  9   a  from being brought into conduction with each other. 
     (4) According to this embodiment, the insulation layer  49  absorbs the light  28 . Therefore, because the area of the pixel regions  6  is not reduced, it is possible to prevent the opening rate from decreasing. 
     (5) According to this embodiment, a process of arranging the reflection reduction film  7  or the reflection reduction film  37  is not added. Therefore, the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  can be manufactured with good productivity. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
     Next, one embodiment of electronic devices having an electrophoresis display apparatus equipped therewith will be described with reference to  FIGS. 13A and 13B .  FIG. 13A  is a schematic perspective diagram showing the structure of an electronic book, and  FIG. 13B  is a schematic perspective diagram showing the structure of a watch. As shown in  FIG. 13A , an electronic book  52  as the electronic device is provided with a plate-like a case  53 . A lid part  55  is arranged on the case  53  via hinges  54 . Furthermore, operation buttons  56  and a display part  57  are arranged on the case  53 . An operator can perform operation on content that is displayed on the display part  57  by operating the operation buttons  56 . 
     A control part  58  for controlling the electronic book  52  and a drive part  59  for driving the display part  57  are arranged inside the case  53 . The control part  58  outputs display data to the drive part  59 . The drive part  59  inputs the display data and drives the display part  57 . The drive part  59  then causes the display part  57  to display content corresponding to the display data. One of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 , the electrophoresis display apparatus  33 , the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  and the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  is used as the display part  57 . Therefore, the electronic book  52  can be an apparatus having an electrophoresis display apparatus provided as the display part  57 , the electrophoresis display apparatus being capable of performing display with good contrast. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13B , a watch  62  as the electronic device is provided with a plate-like case  63 . A band  64  is arranged on the case  63 , and an operator can fix the watch  62  on his/her wrist by wrapping the band  64  around the wrist. Furthermore, operation buttons  65  and a display part  66  are arranged on the case  63 . The operator can perform operation on content that is displayed on the display part  66  by operating the operation buttons  65 . 
     A control part  67  for controlling the watch  62  and a drive part  68  for driving the display part  66  are arranged inside the case  63 . The control part  67  outputs display data to the drive part  68 . The drive part  68  inputs the display data and drives the display part  66 . The drive part  68  then causes the display part  66  to display content corresponding to the display data. One of the electrophoresis display apparatus  1 , the electrophoresis display apparatus  33 , the electrophoresis display apparatus  41  and the electrophoresis display apparatus  47  is used as the display part  66 . Therefore, the watch  62  can be an apparatus having an electrophoresis display apparatus provided as the display part  66 , the electrophoresis display apparatus being capable of performing display with good contrast. 
     Note that this embodiment is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications and improvements can be made thereon within the technical ideas of the invention by those skilled in the art. Modified examples will be described below. 
     MODIFIED EXAMPLE 1 
     In the first embodiment, the white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14  are arranged in the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . In place of the white charged particles  13  and the black charged particles  14 , charged particles of red, green and blue may be used. With this configuration, color display can be performed by displaying a red color, a green color, a blue color and the like. 
     MODIFIED EXAMPLE 2 
     In the first embodiment, one pixel electrode  11  is arranged for one pixel region  6 . A plurality of pixel electrodes  11  may be arranged for one pixel region  6 . Then it is possible to subdivide display. 
     MODIFIED EXAMPLE 3 
     In the first embodiment, the white charged particles  13  are positively charged and the black charged particles  14  are negatively charged. A configuration is also possible in which the white charged particles  13  are negatively charged and the black charged particles  14  are positively charged. An easy-to-control charged condition may also be achieved. 
     MODIFIED EXAMPLE 4 
     In the first embodiment, the reflection reduction film  7  is arranged on the upper substrate  3 . In the second embodiment, the reflection reduction film  37  is arranged on the lower substrate  34 . A structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  3  provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the lower substrate  34  provided with the reflection reduction film  37  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . The reflection reduction film  7  and the reflection reduction film  37  make it possible to display a screen with even better contrast. 
     In the third embodiment, the partition walls  42  absorb the light  28 . A structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  3  provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the lower substrate  34  provided with the reflection reduction film  37  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  42 . The reflection reduction film  7 , the reflection reduction film  37  and the partition walls  42  make it possible to display a screen with even better contrast. 
     Additionally, a structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  3  provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the lower substrate  2  not provided with the reflection reduction film  37  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  42 . Additionally, a structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  35  not provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the lower substrate  34  provided with the reflection reduction film  37  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  42 . 
     In the fourth embodiment, the insulation layer  49  absorbs the light  28 . A structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  3  provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the first substrate  48  provided with the insulation layer  49  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12 . The reflection reduction film  7  and the insulation layer  49  make it possible to display a screen with even better contrast. Furthermore, a structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  3  provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the first substrate  48  provided with the insulation layer  49  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  42 . The reflection reduction film  7 , the insulation layer  49  and the partition walls  42  make it possible to display a screen with even better contrast. 
     Additionally, a structure may be adopted in which the upper substrate  35  not provided with the reflection reduction film  7  and the first substrate  48  provided with the insulation layer  49  sandwich the electrophoresis dispersion liquid  12  and the partition walls  42 .