Patent Publication Number: US-11664310-B2

Title: Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0177705, filed on Dec. 17, 2020, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to semiconductor devices and/or methods of fabricating the same, and in particular, to semiconductor devices including a field effect transistor and/or methods of fabricating the same. 
     A semiconductor device includes an integrated circuit consisting of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOS-FETs). To meet an increasing demand for a semiconductor device with a small pattern size and a reduced design rule, the MOS-FETs are being aggressively scaled down. The scale-down of the MOS-FETs may lead to deterioration in operational properties of the semiconductor device. A variety of studies are being conducted to overcome technical limitations associated with the scale-down of the semiconductor device and to realize semiconductor devices with high performance. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some example embodiments of the inventive concepts provide semiconductor devices with improved reliability and electrical characteristics, and/or methods of fabricating the same. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include transistors on a substrate, a first interlayer insulating layer on the transistors, a first lower interconnection line and a second lower interconnection line in an upper portion of the first interlayer insulating layer, a dielectric layer being selectively on a top surface of the first interlayer insulating layer except top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines, an etch stop layer on the first and second lower interconnection lines and the dielectric layer, a second interlayer insulating layer on the etch stop layer, and an upper interconnection line in the second interlayer insulating layer. The upper interconnection line may include a line portion and a bar via extending from the line portion to the first and second lower interconnection lines to penetrate the etch stop layer. The bar via may include a first contact portion and a second contact portion connected to the first and second lower interconnection lines, respectively, and a first connecting portion between the first and second contact portions. A bottom surface of the first connecting portion may be higher than the top surface of the first interlayer insulating layer and may be lower than a top surface of the etch stop layer, due to the dielectric layer. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include transistors on a substrate, a first interlayer insulating layer on the transistors, a first lower interconnection line and a second lower interconnection line in an upper portion of the first interlayer insulating layer, a dielectric layer being selectively on a top surface of the first interlayer insulating layer except top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines, an etch stop layer on the first and second lower interconnection lines and the dielectric layer, a second interlayer insulating layer on the etch stop layer, and a first upper interconnection line in the second interlayer insulating layer. The first upper interconnection line may include a first line portion and a bar via extending from the first line portion to the first and second lower interconnection lines to penetrate the etch stop layer. The bar via may include a first contact portion and a second contact portion connected to the first and second lower interconnection lines, respectively, and a first connecting portion between the first and second contact portions. A top surface of the dielectric layer between the first and second contact portions may be covered with the first connecting portion. A thickness of the dielectric layer between the first and second contact portions may increase until the thickness reaches a maximum value and then may decrease, along a direction from the first contact portion to the second contact portion. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include a substrate including an active region, a device isolation layer defining active patterns on the active region, the device isolation layer covering a lower side surface of each of the active patterns, an upper portion of each of the active patterns protruding above the device isolation layer, a pair of source/drain patterns at the upper portion of each of the active patterns, a channel pattern between the pair of source/drain patterns, a gate electrode extending in a first direction to cross the channel pattern, a gate spacer on opposite side surfaces of the gate electrode and extending along the gate electrode in the first direction, a gate insulating layer between the gate electrode and the channel pattern and between the gate electrode and the gate spacer, a gate capping pattern on a top surface of the gate electrode and extending along the gate electrode and in the first direction, a first interlayer insulating layer on the gate capping pattern, an active contact penetrating the first interlayer insulating layer and electrically connected to at least one of the source/drain patterns, a first metal layer in a second interlayer insulating layer, the second interlayer insulating layer being on the first interlayer insulating layer, a second metal layer in a third interlayer insulating layer, the third interlayer insulating layer being on the second interlayer insulating layer, and a dielectric layer and an etch stop layer between the second interlayer insulating layer and the third interlayer insulating layer. The etch stop layer may cover the dielectric layer, the first metal layer may include a first lower interconnection line and a second lower interconnection line, and the second metal layer may include a first upper interconnection line electrically connected to the first and second lower interconnection lines. The first upper interconnection line may include a first line portion and a bar via extending from the first line portion to the first and second lower interconnection lines to penetrate the etch stop layer. The bar via may include a first contact portion and a second contact portion connected to the first and second lower interconnection lines, respectively, and a first connecting portion between the first and second contact portions. A bottom surface of the first connecting portion may be higher than a top surface of the second interlayer insulating layer and may be lower than a top surface of the etch stop layer, due to the dielectric layer. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device may include forming transistors on a substrate, forming a first interlayer insulating layer on the transistors, forming a first lower interconnection line and a second lower interconnection line in an upper portion of the first interlayer insulating layer, selectively forming a dielectric layer on a top surface of the first interlayer insulating layer except top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines, forming an etch stop layer on the first and second lower interconnection lines and the dielectric layer, forming a second interlayer insulating layer on the etch stop layer, patterning the second interlayer insulating layer to form an upper interconnection hole, and forming an upper interconnection line to fill the upper interconnection hole. The upper interconnection hole may include a first contact hole and a second contact hole, which are formed to penetrate the etch stop layer and to expose the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines, respectively, and the dielectric layer between the first and second contact holes may be exposed through the upper interconnection hole. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS.  2 A to  2 D  are sectional views taken along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, and D-D′ of  FIG.  1   , respectively. 
         FIG.  3    is an enlarged sectional view of a portion M of  FIG.  2 D . 
         FIG.  4    is a sectional view taken along a line D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to a comparative example. 
         FIGS.  5 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11    are plan views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS.  6 ,  8 A,  10 A, and  12 A  are sectional views taken along lines A-A′ of  FIGS.  5 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11   , respectively. 
         FIGS.  8 B,  10 B, and  12 B  are sectional views taken along lines B-B′ of  FIGS.  7 ,  9 , and  11   , respectively. 
         FIGS.  10 C and  12 C  are sectional views taken along lines C-C′ of  FIGS.  9  and  11   , respectively. 
         FIGS.  10 D and  12 D  are sectional views taken along lines D-D′ of  FIGS.  9  and  11   , respectively. 
         FIGS.  13  to  17    are enlarged sectional views, which illustrate the portion M of  FIG.  2 D  to explain a method of forming an upper interconnection line according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS.  18  to  20    are sectional views, each of which is taken along the line D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
         FIG.  21    is a sectional view, which is taken along the line A-A′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS.  22 A to  22 D  are sectional views, which are respectively taken along the lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, and D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     While the term “same,” “equal” or “identical” is used in description of example embodiments, it should be understood that some imprecisions may exist. Thus, when one element is referred to as being the same as another element, it should be understood that an element or a value is the same as another element within a desired manufacturing or operational tolerance range (e.g., ±10%). 
     When the terms “about” or “substantially” are used in this specification in connection with a numerical value, it is intended that the associated numerical value includes a manufacturing or operational tolerance (e.g., ±10%) around the stated numerical value. Moreover, when the words “about” and “substantially” are used in connection with geometric shapes, it is intended that precision of the geometric shape is not required but that latitude for the shape is within the scope of the disclosure. Further, regardless of whether numerical values or shapes are modified as “about” or “substantially,” it will be understood that these values and shapes should be construed as including a manufacturing or operational tolerance (e.g., ±10%) around the stated numerical values or shapes. 
       FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts.  FIGS.  2 A to  2 D  are sectional views taken along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, and D-D′ of  FIG.  1   , respectively.  FIG.  3    is an enlarged sectional view of a portion M of  FIG.  2 D . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  2 A to  2 D , a logic cell LC may be provided on a substrate  100 . In the present specification, the logic cell LC may mean a logic device (e.g., an inverter, a flip-flop, and so forth), which is configured to execute a specific function. For example, the logic cell LC may include transistors constituting the logic device and interconnection lines connecting the transistors to each other. 
     The substrate  100  may include a first active region PR and a second active region NR. In an example embodiment, the first active region PR may be a PMOSFET region, and the second active region NR may be an NMOSFET region. The substrate  100  may be a semiconductor substrate that is formed of or includes silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium, a compound semiconductor material, or the like. In an example embodiment, the substrate  100  may be a silicon wafer. 
     The first and second active regions PR and NR may be defined by a second trench TR 2 , which is formed in an upper portion of the substrate  100 . The second trench TR 2  may be positioned between the first and second active regions PR and NR. The first and second active regions PR and NR may be spaced apart from each other, in a first direction D 1 , with the second trench TR 2  interposed therebetween. Each of the first and second active regions PR and NR may be extended in a second direction D 2  that is different from the first direction D 1 . 
     First active patterns AP 1  and second active patterns AP 2  may be provided on the first active region PR and the second active region NR, respectively. The first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may extend in the second direction D 2  and may be parallel to each other. The first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be portions of the substrate  100  protruding in a vertical direction (e.g., a third direction D 3 ). A first trench TR 1  may be defined between adjacent ones of the first active patterns AP 1  and between adjacent ones of the second active patterns AP 2 . The first trench TR 1  may be shallower than the second trench TR 2 . 
     A device isolation layer ST may fill the first and second trenches TR 1  and TR 2 . The device isolation layer ST may be formed of or include silicon oxide. The upper portions of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be protruding patterns, which are vertically extended above the device isolation layer ST (e.g., see  FIG.  2 D ). Each of the upper portions of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be shaped like a fin. The device isolation layer ST may not cover the upper portions of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . The device isolation layer ST may cover lower portions of side surfaces of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . 
     First source/drain patterns SD 1  may be provided in the upper portions of the first active patterns AP 1 . The first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be impurity regions of a first conductivity type (e.g., p-type). A first channel pattern CH 1  may be interposed between a pair of the first source/drain patterns SD 1 . Second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be provided in the upper portions of the second active patterns AP 2 . The second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be impurity regions of a second conductivity type (e.g., n-type). A second channel pattern CH 2  may be interposed between a pair of the second source/drain patterns SD 2 . 
     The first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2  may be epitaxial patterns, which are formed by a selective epitaxial growth process. As an example, the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2  may have top surfaces that are coplanar with top surfaces of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . As another example, the top surfaces of the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2  may be higher than the top surfaces of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . 
     The first source/drain patterns SD 1  may include a semiconductor element (e.g., SiGe), whose lattice constant is larger than a lattice constant of a semiconductor element in the substrate  100 . Accordingly, the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may exert a compressive stress on the first channel patterns CH 1 . As an example, the second source/drain patterns SD 2  may include the semiconductor element (e.g., Si) as the substrate  100 . 
     Gate electrodes GE may be provided to cross the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  and extend in the first direction D 1 . The gate electrodes GE may be arranged to be spaced apart from each other with a first pitch P 1  in the second direction D 2 . The gate electrodes GE may overlap the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2  when viewed in a plan view. Each of the gate electrodes GE may enclose a top surface and opposite side surfaces of each of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . 
     Referring back to  FIG.  2 D , the gate electrode GE may be provided on a first top surface TS 1  of the first channel pattern CH 1  and on at least one first side surface SW 1  of the first channel pattern CH 1 . The gate electrode GE may be provided on a second top surface TS 2  of the second channel pattern CH 2  and on at least one second side surface SW 2  of the second channel pattern CH 2 . For example, the transistor according to the present example embodiment may be a three-dimensional field effect transistor (e.g., FinFET), in which the gate electrode GE is disposed to three-dimensionally surround the channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . 
     Referring back to  FIGS.  1  and  2 A to  2 D , a pair of gate spacers GS may be disposed on opposite side surfaces of each of the gate electrodes GE. The gate spacers GS may extend along the gate electrodes GE and in the first direction D 1 . Top surfaces of the gate spacers GS may be higher than top surfaces of the gate electrodes GE. The top surfaces of the gate spacers GS may be coplanar with a top surface of a first interlayered insulating layer  110 , which will be described below. The gate spacers GS may be formed of or include at least one of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. In an example embodiment, the gate spacers GS may be a multi-layered structure, which includes at least two different materials selected from SiCN, SiCON, and SiN. 
     A gate capping pattern GP may be provided on each of the gate electrodes GE. The gate capping pattern GP may extend along the gate electrode GE and in the first direction D 1 . The gate capping pattern GP may be formed of or include at least one of materials, which have an etch selectivity with respect to first and second interlayered insulating layers  110  and  120  to be described below. For example, the gate capping patterns GP may be formed of or include at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     A gate insulating layer GI may be interposed between the gate electrode GE and the first active pattern AP 1  and between the gate electrode GE and the second active pattern AP 2 . The gate insulating layer GI may extend along a bottom surface of the gate electrode GE thereon. As an example, the gate insulating layer GI may cover the first top surface TS 1  and the first side surfaces SW 1  of the first channel pattern CH 1 . The gate insulating layer GI may cover the second top surface TS 2  and both of the second side surfaces SW 2  of the second channel pattern CH 2 . The gate insulating layer GI may cover a top surface of the device isolation layer ST below the gate electrode GE (e.g., see  FIG.  2 D ). 
     In an example embodiment, the gate insulating layer GI may be formed of or include a high-k dielectric material, whose dielectric constant is higher than that of a silicon oxide layer. For example, the high-k dielectric material may include at least one of hafnium oxide, hafnium silicon oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, hafnium tantalum oxide, lanthanum oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, lithium oxide, aluminum oxide, lead scandium tantalum oxide, or lead zinc niobate. 
     In another example embodiment, the semiconductor device may include a negative capacitance (NC) FET using a negative capacitor. For example, the gate insulating layer GI may include a ferroelectric layer exhibiting a ferroelectric property and a paraelectric layer exhibiting a paraelectric property. 
     The ferroelectric layer may have a negative capacitance, and the paraelectric layer may have a positive capacitance. In the case where two or more capacitors are connected in series and each capacitor has a positive capacitance, a total capacitance may be reduced to a value that is less than a capacitance of each of the capacitors. In contrast, in the case where at least one of serially-connected capacitors has a negative capacitance, a total capacitance of the serially-connected capacitors may have a positive value and may be greater than an absolute value of each capacitance. 
     In the case where a ferroelectric layer having a negative capacitance and a paraelectric layer having a positive capacitance are connected in series, a total capacitance of the serially-connected ferroelectric and paraelectric layers may be increased. Due to such an increase of the total capacitance, a transistor including the ferroelectric layer may have a subthreshold swing (SS), which is less than 60 mV/decade, at the room temperature. 
     The ferroelectric layer may have the ferroelectric property. The ferroelectric layer may be formed of or include at least one of, for example, hafnium oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, and/or lead zirconium titanium oxide. Here, the hafnium zirconium oxide may be hafnium oxide that is doped with zirconium (Zr). In some example embodiments, the hafnium zirconium oxide may be a compound composed of hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and/or oxygen (O). 
     The ferroelectric layer may further include dopants. For example, the dopants may include at least one of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), lanthanum (La), yttrium (Y), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), scandium (Sc), strontium (Sr), and/or tin (Sn). The kind of the dopants in the ferroelectric layer may vary depending on a ferroelectric material included in the ferroelectric layer. 
     In the case where the ferroelectric layer includes hafnium oxide, the dopants in the ferroelectric layer may include at least one of, for example, gadolinium (Gd), silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and/or yttrium (Y). 
     In the case where the dopants are aluminum (Al), a content of aluminum in the ferroelectric layer may range from 3 to 8 at % (atomic percentage). Here, the content of the aluminum as the dopants may be a ratio of the number of aluminum atoms to the number of hafnium and aluminum atoms. 
     In the case where the dopants are silicon (Si), a content of silicon in the ferroelectric layer may range from 2 at % to 10 at %. In the case where the dopants are yttrium (Y), a content of yttrium in the ferroelectric layer may range from 2 at % to 10 at %. In the case where the dopants are gadolinium (Gd), a content of gadolinium in the ferroelectric layer may range from 1 at % to 7 at %. In the case where the dopants are zirconium (Zr), a content of zirconium in the ferroelectric layer may range from 50 at % to 80 at %. 
     The paraelectric layer may have the paraelectric property. The paraelectric layer may be formed of or include at least one of, for example, silicon oxide and/or high-k metal oxides. The metal oxides, which can be used as the paraelectric layer, may include at least one of, for example, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide, but the inventive concepts are not limited to these examples. 
     The ferroelectric layer and the paraelectric layer may be formed of or include the same material. The ferroelectric layer may have the ferroelectric property, but the paraelectric layer may not have the ferroelectric property. For example, in the case where the ferroelectric and paraelectric layers contain hafnium oxide, a crystal structure of the hafnium oxide in the ferroelectric layer may be different from a crystal structure of the hafnium oxide in the paraelectric layer. 
     The ferroelectric layer may exhibit the ferroelectric property, only when its thickness is in a specific range. In an example embodiment, the ferroelectric layer may have a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 10 nm, but the inventive concepts are not limited to this example. Since a critical thickness associated with the occurrence of the ferroelectric property varies depending on the kind of the ferroelectric material, the thickness of the ferroelectric layer may be changed depending on the kind of the ferroelectric material. 
     As an example, the gate insulating layer GI may include a single ferroelectric layer. As another example, the gate insulating layer GI may include a plurality of ferroelectric layers spaced apart from each other. The gate insulating layer GI may have a multi-layered structure, in which a plurality of ferroelectric layers and a plurality of paraelectric layers are alternately stacked. 
     The gate electrode GE may include a first metal and a second metal on the first metal. The first metal may be provided on the gate insulating layer GI and may be adjacent to the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . The first metal may include a work function metal adjusting a threshold voltage of a transistor. By adjusting a thickness and composition of the first metal, it may be possible to realize a transistor having a desired threshold voltage. 
     The first metal may include a metal nitride layer. For example, the first metal may include at least one metal, which is selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo), and nitrogen (N). In an example embodiment, the first metal may further include carbon (C). The first metal may include a plurality of work function metal layers, which are stacked. 
     The second metal may include a metal having electric resistance lower than the first metal. For example, the second metal may include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), and tantalum (Ta). 
     A first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be provided on the substrate  100 . The first interlayered insulating layer  110  may cover the gate spacers GS and the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2 . A top surface of the first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be substantially coplanar with top surfaces of the gate capping patterns GP and the top surfaces of the gate spacers GS. A second interlayered insulating layer  120  may be provided on the first interlayered insulating layer  110  to cover the gate capping patterns GP. A third interlayered insulating layer  130  may be provided on the second interlayered insulating layer  120 . A fourth interlayered insulating layer  140  may be provided on the third interlayered insulating layer  130 . In an example embodiment, the first to fourth interlayered insulating layers  110  to  140  may be formed of or include silicon oxide. 
     A pair of isolation structures DB may be provided at both sides of the logic cell LC, which are opposite to each other in the second direction D 2 . The isolation structure DB may be extended in the first direction D 1  and parallel to the gate electrodes GE. In an example embodiment, a pitch between the isolation structure DB and the gate electrode GE adjacent to each other may be equal to the first pitch P 1 . 
     The isolation structure DB may be provided to penetrate the first and second interlayered insulating layers  110  and  120  and may be extended into the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . The isolation structure DB may penetrate the upper portion of each of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . The isolation structure DB may separate the first and second active regions PR and NR of the logic cell LC from the active region of a neighboring logic cell. 
     Active contacts AC may be provided to penetrate the first and second interlayered insulating layers  110  and  120  and may be electrically connected to the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2 , respectively. Each of the active contacts AC may be provided between a pair of the gate electrodes GE. 
     The active contact AC may be a self-aligned contact. For example, the active contact AC may be formed by a self-alignment process using the gate capping pattern GP and the gate spacer GS. For example, the active contact AC may cover at least a portion of a side surface of the gate spacer GS. Although not shown, in certain example embodiments, the active contact AC may cover a portion of the top surface of the gate capping pattern GP. 
     A silicide pattern SC may be interposed between the active contact AC and the first source/drain pattern SD 1  and between the active contact AC and the second source/drain pattern SD 2 . The active contact AC may be electrically connected to the source/drain pattern SD 1  or SD 2  through the silicide pattern SC. The silicide pattern SC may be formed of or include at least one of metal-silicide materials (e.g., titanium silicide, tantalum silicide, tungsten silicide, nickel silicide, and cobalt-silicide). 
     A gate contact GC may be provided to penetrate the second interlayered insulating layer  120  and the gate capping pattern GP and to be connected to the gate electrode GE. When viewed in a plan view, the gate contact GC may be provided between the first and second active regions PR and NR. A bottom surface of the gate contact GC may be in contact with the top surface of the gate electrode GE. The gate contact GC may have a top surface that is coplanar with a top surface of the second interlayered insulating layer  120 . 
     Each of the active and gate contacts AC and GC may include a conductive pattern FM and a barrier pattern BM enclosing the conductive pattern FM. For example, the conductive pattern FM may be formed of or include at least one metal of aluminum, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, or cobalt. The barrier pattern BM may cover side and bottom surfaces of the conductive pattern FM. The barrier pattern BM may include at least one of a metal layer or a metal nitride layer. The metal layer may be formed of or include at least one of titanium, tantalum, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, or platinum. The metal nitride layer may be formed of or include at least one of titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), tungsten nitride (WN), nickel nitride (NiN), cobalt nitride (CoN), or platinum nitride (PtN). 
     A first metal layer M 1  may be provided in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The first metal layer M 1  may include first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2 , first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5 , and lower vias VI. The lower vias VI may be provided below the first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  and the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5 . 
     The first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  may be provided to cross the logic cell LC and may be extended in the second direction D 2  to be parallel to each other. The first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  may be applied with a drain voltage VDD and a source voltage VSS, respectively. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a first cell boundary CB 1  extending in the second direction D 2  may be defined in a region of the logic cell LC. A second cell boundary CB 2  extending in the second direction D 2  may be defined in a region of the logic cell LC opposite to the first cell boundary CB 1 . The first power line PILL to which the drain voltage VDD is applied, may be disposed on the first cell boundary CB 1 . That is, the first power line PIL 1  applied with the drain voltage VDD may be extended along the first cell boundary CB 1  and in the second direction D 2 . The second power line PIL 2 , to which the source voltage VSS (e.g., the ground voltage) is applied, may be disposed on the second cell boundary CB 2 . In other words, the second power line PIL 2  applied with the source voltage VSS may be extended along the second cell boundary CB 2  and in the second direction D 2 . 
     The first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may be disposed between the first power line PIL 1  and the second power line PIL 2 . The first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may be extended in the second direction D 2  to be parallel to each other. Each of the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may have a line shape or a bar shape, when viewed in a plan view. The first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may be arranged to be spaced apart from each other with a second pitch P 2  in the first direction D 1 . The second pitch P 2  may be smaller than the first pitch P 1 . 
     A line width of each of the first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  may be a first width W 1 . A line width of each of the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may be a second width W 2 . The second width W 2  may be smaller than the first width W 1 . For example, the second width W 2  may be smaller than 12 nm. The first width W 1  may be larger than 12 nm. 
     The lower vias VI may be interposed between the first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  and the active contacts AC. The lower vias VI may be interposed between the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  and the active contacts AC and the gate contacts GC. 
     Each of the first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2  and the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5  may include a first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  and a first metal pattern MEP 1  on the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1 . 
     The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may have a U-shaped section. A top surface of the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may be located at substantially the same level as a top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . As an example, the top surface of the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may be lower than the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . 
     The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may improve an adhesion property between the first metal pattern MEP 1  and the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may serve as a barrier preventing metallic elements in the first metal pattern MEP 1  from being diffused into the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may be formed of or include at least one of tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum oxide (TaO), titanium oxide (TiO), manganese nitride (MnN), or manganese oxide (MnO). 
     The first metal pattern MEP 1  may be provided on the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1 . The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may cover both side surfaces and a bottom surface of the first metal pattern MEP 1 . A top surface of the first metal pattern MEP 1  may be located at a level that is equal to or lower than the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . Although not shown, the first metal pattern MEP 1  may have a convex top surface. 
     A volume of the first metal pattern MEP 1  may be larger than a volume of the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1 . The first metal pattern MEP 1  may be formed of or include at least one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum binary alloys (e.g., Al 3 Sc, Nb 3 Al, and AlRu), molybdenum binary alloys (e.g., MoTa and Co 3 Mo), ruthenium binary alloys, nickel binary alloys, MAX, or combinations thereof. The MAX may be metal phase compounds represented by the formula M n+1 AX n , where n is 1, 2, or 3, M is a transition metal, A is an element in a group  13  or  14 , and X is C and/or N. As an example, the MAX may be V 2 SiN, V 2 AlC, or Cr 2 AlC. 
     In an example embodiment, although not shown, a metal capping pattern may be additionally provided on the top surface of the first metal pattern MEP 1 . The metal capping pattern may have a thin and uniform thickness. For example, the metal capping pattern may be formed of or include at least one of ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), or graphene. 
     A dielectric layer DOD and an etch stop layer ESL may be interposed between the third and fourth interlayer insulating layers  130  and  140 . The dielectric layer DOD may be in direct contact with the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The dielectric layer DOD may be locally disposed on the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130  but not on the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  of the first metal layer M 1 . This is because the dielectric layer DOD is selectively formed on only the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130  except on the interconnection line. Each of the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  of the first metal layer M 1  may have a top surface that is lower than the top surface of the dielectric layer DOD. 
     The dielectric layer DOD may contain elements X and Y. Here, the element X is an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo, and the element Y may be O or N. The dielectric layer DOD may further include carbon (C). In an example embodiment, the dielectric layer DOD may be formed of or include substantially the same material as the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . As an example, the dielectric layer DOD may be formed of or include SiOC. 
     The etch stop layer ESL may be provided on the dielectric layer DOD. The etch stop layer ESL may directly cover the dielectric layer DOD. The etch stop layer ESL may cover the top surfaces of the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  which are not covered with the dielectric layer DOD. That is, the etch stop layer ESL may be in direct contact with the top surface of the dielectric layer DOD and the top surfaces of the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5 . 
     The etch stop layer ESL may include a metal oxide layer or a metal nitride layer. The metal oxide layer or the metal nitride layer may contain at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo. For example, the etch stop layer ESL may be formed of or include aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, hafnium nitride, or hafnium zirconium nitride. 
     The etch stop layer ESL may include a single layer or two or more stacked layers. The etch stop layer ESL will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG.  3   . 
     The fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  may cover a top surface of the etch stop layer ESL. A second metal layer M 2  may be provided in the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140 . The second metal layer M 2  may include first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4 . The first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  may be extended in the first direction D 1  to be parallel to each other. When viewed in a plan view, at least one or each of the first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  may have a line shape or a bar shape. As an example, the first to third upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 3  may be arranged in the second direction D 2 . 
     Each of the first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  may include a second barrier metal pattern BAP 2  and a second metal pattern MEP 2  on the second barrier metal pattern BAP 2 . The second barrier metal pattern BAP 2  and the second metal pattern MEP 2  may be configured to have substantially the same features as the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  and the first metal pattern MEP 1  described above. 
     In an example embodiment, referring to  FIGS.  2 A to  2 C , the first upper interconnection line UIL 1  may include a line portion LIN and upper vias VVI thereunder. The line portion LIN may be provided in an upper portion of the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  and may be extended in the first direction D 1 . The upper vias VVI may be provided in a lower portion of the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  and may be extended from the line portion LIN toward the first and fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 5 , respectively. That is, the upper vias VVI may be interposed between the first metal layer M 1  and the line portion LIN to connect them to each other. 
     The upper via VVI may be provided to penetrate the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  and the etch stop layer ESL and to extend toward the first metal layer M 1 . The upper via VVI may be in contact with a top surface of a corresponding one of the first and fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 5 . Although not shown, the upper via VVI may be in contact with at least a portion of the dielectric layer DOD adjacent thereto. 
     The line portion LIN and the upper vias VVI may be connected to each other, thereby forming a single conductive object (e.g., the first upper interconnection line UIL 1 ). The line portion LIN and the upper vias VVI may be formed by a dual damascene process, and in this case, they may form the first upper interconnection line UIL 1 , which is one of the upper interconnection lines. 
     In an example embodiment, referring to  FIG.  2 D , a second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include the line portion LIN and a bar via BVI thereunder. The bar via BVI may be provided in a lower portion of the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  and may be extended from the line portion LIN toward the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . That is, the bar via BVI may be interposed between the first metal layer M 1  and the line portion LIN to connect them to each other. 
     A pair of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , which are adjacent to each other, may be connected to each other by one of the bar vias BVI. For example, a width W 3  of the bar via BVI in the first direction D 1  may be equal to or larger than the second pitch P 2  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
     The bar via BVI may be provided to penetrate the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  and the etch stop layer ESL and to be in contact with the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . However, the bar via BVI may not penetrate the dielectric layer DOD between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . The bar via BVI may be in direct contact with the dielectric layer DOD between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
     The line portion LIN and the bar via BVI may be connected to each other, thereby forming a single conductive object (e.g., the second upper interconnection line UIL 2 ). The line portion LIN and the bar via BVI may be formed by a dual damascene process, and in this case, they may form the second upper interconnection line UIL 2 , which is one of the upper interconnection lines. 
     The bar via BVI of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  according to the present example embodiment will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG.  3   . An air gap AG may be interposed between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . The air gap AG may be provided in the third interlayer insulating layer  130  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . In an example embodiment, the air gap AG may be omitted. 
     The etch stop layer ESL may include a first etch stop layer ESL 1 , a second etch stop layer ESL 2 , and a third etch stop layer ESL 3 . The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may directly cover the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  and the dielectric layer DOD. The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may cover a top surface of the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . The third etch stop layer ESL 3  may cover a top surface of the second etch stop layer ESL 2 . 
     The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be a layer having a high dielectric constant and a low density. The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be a metal oxide layer or a metal nitride layer, which contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo. For example, the first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be formed of or include at least one of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, hafnium nitride, or hafnium zirconium nitride. 
     The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be a layer having a low dielectric constant and a high density. The dielectric constant of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be lower than the dielectric constant of the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . The density of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be higher than the density of the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . 
     The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may contain elements X and Y and carbon (C). Here, the element X is an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo, and the element Y may be O or N. For example, the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be formed of or include SiOC, SiNC, GeOC, or GeNC. 
     A content of carbon (C) in the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may range from 10 at % to 25 at %. For example, the content of carbon (C) in the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may range from 15 at % to 20 at %. A content of the element X in the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may range from 30 at % to 50 at %. 
     The third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be a metal oxide layer which contains at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo. For example, the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be formed of or include aluminum oxide. In an example embodiment, the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be formed of or include the same material as the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . In another example embodiment, the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be formed of or include a material different from the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . A dielectric constant of the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be higher than the dielectric constant of the second etch stop layer ESL 2 . A density of the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be lower than the density of the second etch stop layer ESL 2 . 
     A thickness of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be larger than a thickness of each of the first and third etch stop layers ESL 1  and ESL 3 . For example, the thickness of each of the first and third etch stop layers ESL 1  and ESL 3  may range from 2 nm to 5 nm. The thickness of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may range from 3 nm to 10 nm. 
     The bar via BVI of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include a first contact portion CTP 1 , a second contact portion CTP 2 , and a connecting portion CNP between the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2 . The first contact portion CTP 1  may be provided to penetrate the first to third etch stop layers ESL 1  to ESL 3  and to be in contact with the top surface of the first lower interconnection line LIL 1 . The second contact portion CTP 2  may be provided to penetrate the first to third etch stop layers ESL 1  to ESL 3  and to be in contact with the top surface of the second lower interconnection line LIL 2 . The connecting portion CNP may connect the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  to each other. 
     In an example embodiment, the etch stop layer ESL may be a triple etch stop layer, which are composed of three etch stop layers (e.g., the first etch stop layer ESL 1 , the second etch stop layer ESL 2  and the third etch stop layer ESL 3 ). The triple etch stop layer ESL according to the present example embodiment may make it possible to realize a very high etch selectivity. Accordingly, the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may be in stable contact with the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , without any process failure. 
     The dielectric layer DOD may be interposed between the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2 . A thickness TB of the dielectric layer DOD may be increased until it reaches a maximum value and then may be decreased, as it goes from the first contact portion CTP 1  to the second contact portion CTP 2 . That is, the dielectric layer DOD may have a dome shape. A bottom surface BOS 2  of the connecting portion CNP may be in direct contact with a top surface TOS of the dielectric layer DOD. 
     A bottom surface BOS 1  of each of the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  may be positioned at a first level LV 1 . The top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130  may also be positioned at the first level LV 1 . The bottom surface BOS 2  of the connecting portion CNP may be positioned at a second level LV 2 . The second level LV 2  may be higher than the first level LV 1 . The top surface of the dielectric layer DOD may also be positioned at the second level LV 2 . 
     The top surface of the etch stop layer ESL (e.g., a top surface of the third etch stop layer ESL 3 ) may be located at a third level LV 3 . The second level LV 2  may be a level between the first level LV 1  and the third level LV 3 . A bottom surface BOS 3  of the line portion LIN may be located at a fourth level LV 4 . The fourth level LV 4  may be higher than the third level LV 3 . 
     Referring back to  FIG.  2 C , the first upper interconnection line UIL 1  may be connected to the first lower interconnection line LIL 1  and the fifth lower interconnection line LIL 5  through a plurality of the upper vias VVI, not through the bar-shaped via BVI. The upper vias VVI may be connected to each other through the line portion LIN. The bottom surface BOS 3  of the line portion LIN connecting the upper vias VVI to each other may be located at the fourth level LV 4 , as described above. That is, the bottom surface BOS 3  of the line portion LIN connecting the upper vias VVI to each other may be located at a level that is higher than the bottom surface BOS 2  of the connecting portion CNP connecting the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  to each other. 
     In the case where the upper vias VVI of  FIG.  2 C  are used instead of the bar via BVI of  FIG.  3   , it may be difficult to form the upper vias VVI on the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , respectively, which are disposed with a very small pitch (e.g., the second pitch P 2 ). This is because there are restrictions in design rule and fine-patterning process. Meanwhile, the bar via BVI according to the present example embodiment may be formed to have a bar shape, and this may make it possible to simultaneously connect adjacent ones of interconnection lines which are spaced apart from each other with a very small pitch. As a result, it may be possible to increase a degree of freedom in constructing a routing structure through a BEOL process. 
       FIG.  4    is a sectional view taken along a line D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to a comparative example. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , the dielectric layer DOD in the afore-described example embodiment may be omitted from the semiconductor device according to the comparative example. In this case, the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may further include a protruding portion PRT that is extended downward from the bar via BVI. For example, the protruding portion PRT may be formed when the third interlayer insulating layer  130  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  is over-etched during the formation of the bar via BVI. 
     In the semiconductor device according to the comparative example, at least one of upper portions of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be damaged by the protruding portion PRT therebetween. Furthermore, an upper portion of the third interlayer insulating layer  130  may be recessed, and in this case, electric characteristics of the semiconductor device may be deteriorated. In addition, although not shown, the protruding portion PRT may have an irregular profile causing a process failure (for example, the second barrier metal pattern BAP 2  of the protruding portion PRT may not be connected to the second barrier metal pattern BAP 2  of the bar via BVI). 
     In contrast, according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, the dielectric layer DOD on the third interlayer insulating layer  130  may mitigate or prevent the protruding portion PRT of  FIG.  4    from being formed. Accordingly, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent the afore-described process failures, which are caused by the protruding portion PRT, and thereby to improve reliability and electrical characteristics of the semiconductor device. 
       FIGS.  5 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11    are plan views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts.  FIGS.  6 ,  8 A,  10 A, and  12 A  are sectional views taken along lines A-A′ of  FIGS.  5 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11   , respectively.  FIGS.  8 B,  10 B, and  12 B  are sectional views taken along lines B-B′ of  FIGS.  7 ,  9 , and  11   , respectively.  FIGS.  10 C and  12 C  are sectional views taken along lines C-C′ of  FIGS.  9  and  11   , respectively.  FIGS.  10 D and  12 D  are sectional views taken along lines D-D′ of  FIGS.  9  and  11   , respectively. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the substrate  100  including the first and second active regions PR and NR may be provided. The first and second active regions PR and NR may define the logic cell LC on the substrate  100 . 
     The first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be formed by patterning the substrate  100 . The first active patterns AP 1  may be formed on the first active region PR, and the second active patterns AP 2  may be formed on the second active region NR. The first trench TR 1  may be formed between the first active patterns AP 1  and between the second active patterns AP 2 . The second trench TR 2  may be formed by patterning a portion of the substrate  100  between the first and second active regions PR and NR. The second trench TR 2  may be formed to have a depth that is larger than that of the first trench TR 1 . 
     The device isolation layer ST may be formed on the substrate  100  to fill the first and second trenches TR 1  and TR 2 . The device isolation layer ST may be formed of or include an insulating material (e.g., silicon oxide). The device isolation layer ST may be recessed to expose upper portions of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . For example, the upper portions of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may protrude vertically above the device isolation layer ST. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  7 ,  8 A, and  8 B , sacrificial patterns PP may be formed to cross the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2 . The sacrificial patterns PP may be formed to have a line or bar shape extending in the first direction D 1 . As shown in  FIG.  1   , the sacrificial patterns PP may be formed to be spaced apart from each other with the first pitch P 1  in the second direction D 2 . 
     For example, the formation of the sacrificial patterns PP may include forming a sacrificial layer on the substrate  100 , forming hard mask patterns MA on the sacrificial layer, and patterning the sacrificial layer using the hard mask patterns MA as an etch mask. The sacrificial layer may be formed of or include poly silicon. 
     A pair of the gate spacers GS may be formed on both side surfaces of each of the sacrificial patterns PP. The formation of the gate spacers GS may include conformally forming a gate spacer layer on the substrate  100  and anisotropically etching the gate spacer layer. In an example embodiment, the gate spacer layer may be formed of or include at least one of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. In certain example embodiments, the gate spacer layer may be a multi-layered structure including at least two of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN layers. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  9  and  10 A to  10 D , the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be formed in an upper portion of the first active pattern AP 1 . A pair of the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be formed at both sides of each of the sacrificial patterns PP. 
     For example, first recesses RSR 1  may be formed by etching the upper portion of the first active pattern AP 1  using the hard mask patterns MA and the gate spacers GS as an etch mask. The device isolation layer ST between the first active patterns AP 1  may be recessed during the etching of the upper portion of the first active pattern AP 1  (e.g., see  FIG.  10 C ). 
     The first source/drain pattern SD 1  may be formed by performing a selective epitaxial growth process using an inner side surface of the first recess RSR 1  of the first active pattern AP 1  as a seed layer. As a result of the formation of the first source/drain patterns SD 1 , the first channel pattern CH 1  may be defined between each pair of the first source/drain patterns SD 1 . In an example embodiment, the selective epitaxial growth process may include a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process. The first source/drain patterns SD 1  may include a semiconductor element (e.g., SiGe), whose lattice constant is larger than a lattice constant of a semiconductor element in the substrate  100 . Each of the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be a multi-layered structure including a plurality of semiconductor layers. 
     In an example embodiment, the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be doped in situ during a selective epitaxial growth process. In certain example embodiments, impurities may be injected into the first source/drain patterns SD 1 , after the formation of the first source/drain patterns SD 1 . The first source/drain patterns SD 1  may be doped to have a first conductivity type (e.g., p-type). 
     The second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be formed on the second active pattern AP 2 . A pair of the second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be formed at both sides of each of the sacrificial patterns PP. 
     For example, second recesses RSR 2  may be formed by etching an upper portion of the second active pattern AP 2  using the hard mask patterns MA and the gate spacers GS as an etch mask. The second source/drain pattern SD 2  may be formed by performing a selective epitaxial growth process using an inner side surface of the second recess RSR 2  of the second active pattern AP 2  as a seed layer, may be performed to form. As a result of the formation of the second source/drain patterns SD 2 , the second channel pattern CH 2  may be defined between each pair of the second source/drain patterns SD 2 . In an example embodiment, the second source/drain patterns SD 2  may include the semiconductor element (e.g., Si) as the substrate  100 . The second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be doped to have a second conductivity type (e.g., n-type). 
     The first source/drain patterns SD 1  and the second source/drain patterns SD 2  may be sequentially formed through different processes. That is, the second source/drain patterns SD 2  of the first source/drain patterns SD 1  may not be formed at the same time. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  11  and  12 A to  12 D , the first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be formed to cover the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2 , the hard mask patterns MA, and the gate spacers GS. In an example embodiment, the first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be formed of or include silicon oxide. 
     The first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be planarized to expose the top surfaces of the sacrificial patterns PP. The planarization of the first interlayered insulating layer  110  may be performed using an etch-back or chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. In an example embodiment, the planarization process may be performed to fully remove the hard mask patterns MA. Accordingly, the first interlayered insulating layer  110  may have a top surface that is coplanar with the top surfaces of the sacrificial patterns PP and the top surfaces of the gate spacers GS. 
     The sacrificial patterns PP may be replaced with the gate electrodes GE, respectively. For example, the exposed sacrificial patterns PP may be selectively removed. As a result of the removal of the sacrificial patterns PP, empty spaces may be formed. The gate insulating layer GI, the gate electrode GE, and the gate capping pattern GP may be formed in each of the empty spaces. The gate electrode GE may include a first metal pattern and a second metal pattern on the first metal pattern. The first metal pattern may be formed of a work function metal capable of adjusting a threshold voltage of a transistor, and the second metal pattern may be formed of a metallic material whose resistance is low. 
     The second interlayered insulating layer  120  may be formed on the first interlayered insulating layer  110 . The second interlayered insulating layer  120  may be formed of or include silicon oxide. The active contacts AC may be formed to penetrate the second interlayered insulating layer  120  and the first interlayered insulating layer  110  and to be electrically connected to the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2 . The gate contact GC may be formed to penetrate the second interlayered insulating layer  120  and the gate capping pattern GP and to be electrically connected to the gate electrode GE. 
     A pair of the isolation structures DB may be formed along both sides of the logic cell LC, which are opposite to each other in the second direction D 2 . The isolation structures DB may overlap the gate electrodes GE, which are formed at the both sides of the logic cell LC. For example, the formation of the isolation structures DB may include forming a hole, which is extended into the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  through the first and second interlayered insulating layers  110  and  120  and the gate electrode GE, and then filling the hole with an insulating layer. 
     Referring back to  FIGS.  1  and  2 A to  2 D , the third interlayered insulating layer  130  may be formed on the second interlayered insulating layer  120 . The first metal layer M 1  may be formed in the third interlayered insulating layer  130 . The formation of the first metal layer M 1  may include forming the first and second power lines PIL 1  and PIL 2 , the first to fifth lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 5 , and the lower vias VI. 
     The etch stop layer ESL may be formed on the first metal layer M 1 . The fourth interlayered insulating layer  140  may be formed on the etch stop layer ESL. The second metal layer M 2  may be formed in the fourth interlayered insulating layer  140 . The formation of the second metal layer M 2  may include forming the first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4 . In an example embodiment, the first to fourth upper interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  may be formed by a dual damascene process. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a process for forming the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  of the first metal layer M 1  or the interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  of the second metal layer M 2  may include a lithography process performed using an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. In the present specification, the EUV light may have a wavelength ranging from 4 nm to 124 nm and, in particular, from 4 nm to 20 nm and may be, for example, an ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 13.5 nm. The EUV light may have an energy of 6.21 eV to 124 eV, and, in particular, from 90 eV to 95 eV. 
     The lithography process using the EUV light may include performing an exposing process of irradiating the EUV light onto a photoresist layer and performing a developing process. As an example, the photoresist layer may be an organic photoresist layer containing an organic polymer (e.g., polyhydroxystyrene). The organic photoresist layer may further include a photosensitive compound which can be reacted with the EUV light. The organic photoresist layer may further contain a material having high EUV absorptivity (e.g., organometallic materials, iodine-containing materials, or fluorine-containing materials). As another example, the photoresist layer may be an inorganic photoresist layer containing an inorganic material (e.g., tin oxide). 
     The photoresist layer may be formed to have a relatively small thickness. Photoresist patterns may be formed by developing the photoresist layer, which is exposed to the EUV light. When viewed in a plan view, the photoresist patterns may be formed to have a line shape extending in a specific direction, an island shape, a zigzag shape, a honeycomb shape, or a circular shape, but the inventive concepts are not limited to these examples. 
     Mask patterns may be formed by patterning at least one mask layer, which is disposed below the photoresist patterns, using the photoresist patterns as an etch mask. Thereafter, trenches, which will be filled with desired patterns (e.g., the interconnection lines), may be formed on a wafer by patterning the interlayer insulating layer  130  or  140 , which is a target layer, using the mask patterns as an etch mask. 
     In a comparative example of the inventive concepts, a multi-patterning technology (MPT) using two or more photomasks is required to form fine-pitch patterns on the wafer. In contrast, in the case where the EUV lithography process according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts is performed, the interconnection lines may be formed to have a fine pitch, using just one photomask. 
     For example, referring back to  FIG.  2 D , the second pitch P 2  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , which are realized by the EUV lithography process according to the present example embodiment, may be less than or equal to 45 nm. That is, the EUV lithography process may be performed to precisely and finely form the interconnection lines, without a multi-patterning technology. 
       FIGS.  13  to  17    are enlarged sectional views, which illustrate the portion M of  FIG.  2 D  to explain a method of forming an upper interconnection line according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. Hereinafter, a method of forming the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  will be described in more detail with reference to  FIGS.  13  to  17   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , the first lower interconnection line LIL 1  and the second lower interconnection line LIL 2  may be formed in an upper portion of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be adjacent to each other. In an example embodiment, the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be formed by a single damascene process. Each of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be formed by sequentially forming a first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  and a first metal pattern MEP 1 . 
     The air gap AG may be formed in the third interlayer insulating layer  130  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . For example, the formation of the air gap AG may include forming the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  in a preliminary interlayer insulating layer, removing the preliminary interlayer insulating layer, forming the third interlayer insulating layer  130  on the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  exposed, and planarizing the third interlayer insulating layer  130  to expose the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . The air gap AG may be formed between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , when the third interlayer insulating layer  130  is formed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , the dielectric layer DOD may be selectively formed on the top surface of the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The dielectric layer DOD may not be formed on the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
     For example, the formation of the dielectric layer DOD may include selectively providing an inhibitor on the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  and depositing the dielectric layer DOD on the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The inhibitor may mitigate or prevent a precursor of the dielectric layer DOD from being attached on the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
     The dielectric layer DOD may contain elements X and Y. Here, the element X is an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo, and the element Y may be 0 or N. The dielectric layer DOD may further contain carbon (C). 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , the first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be formed on the dielectric layer DOD and the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may cover the top surface of the dielectric layer DOD and the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be formed to a thickness of 2 nm to 5 nm. The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be formed of a material having a high dielectric constant and a low density. The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may be a metal oxide layer which contains at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo. The first etch stop layer ESL 1  may have an etch selectivity with respect to the dielectric layer DOD. 
     The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be formed on the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be formed to a thickness of 3 nm to 10 nm. The thickness of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be larger than the thickness of the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be formed of a material having a low dielectric constant and a high density. The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may contain elements X and Y and carbon (C). Here, the element X is an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo, and the element Y may be 0 or N. 
     The third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be formed on the second etch stop layer ESL 2 . The second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be formed to a thickness of 2 nm to 5 nm. The thickness of the second etch stop layer ESL 2  may be larger than the thickness of the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . The third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be a metal oxide layer which contains at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of Al, Zr, Y, Hf, and Mo. For example, the third etch stop layer ESL 3  may be formed of or include the same material as the first etch stop layer ESL 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  may be formed on the third etch stop layer ESL 3 . For example, the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  may include a silicon oxide layer containing silicon (Si) and oxygen (O). The fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  may further contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , an upper interconnection hole UIH may be formed by patterning an upper portion of the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140 . The etch stop layer ESL may be patterned to form a first contact hole CTH 1  and a second contact hole CTH 2 , which expose the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 , respectively. 
     Meanwhile, because the dielectric layer DOD has an etch selectivity with respect to the etch stop layer ESL, it may not be removed during the pattering of the etch stop layer ESL and may be left between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . Thus, the first contact hole CTH 1  and the second contact hole CTH 2  may be spaced apart from each other with the dielectric layer DOD interposed therebetween. The top surface TOS of the dielectric layer DOD between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be exposed through the upper interconnection hole UIH. 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, the triple etch stop layer may make it possible to realize a high etch selectivity, during the etching process for forming the first and second contact holes CTH 1  and CTH 2 , and thus, the first and second contact holes CTH 1  and CTH 2  may be formed to stably expose the top surfaces of the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . In addition, due to the high etch selectivity of the triple etch stop layer, the dielectric layer DOD may not be removed by the etching process and thus, it may be used to protect the third interlayer insulating layer  130  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . Accordingly, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent the third interlayer insulating layer  130  from being over-etched and thereby to prevent a process failure (e.g., exposure of the air gap AG) from occurring, when the first and second contact holes CTH 1  and CTH 2  are formed. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  3   , the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may be formed by filling the upper interconnection hole UIH with a conductive material. For example, the formation of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include forming a barrier layer (e.g., the second barrier metal pattern BAP 2 ) in the upper interconnection hole UIH and forming a metal layer (e.g., the second metal pattern MEP 2 ) on the barrier layer. 
     The second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include the bar via BVI filling both of the first and second contact holes CTH 1  and CTH 2 . The bar via BVI may include the connecting portion CNP, which is provided on the dielectric layer DOD between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
       FIGS.  18  to  20    are sectional views, each of which is taken along the line D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the inventive concepts. For concise description, an element previously described with reference to  FIGS.  1 ,  2 A to  2 D, and  3    may be identified by the same reference number without repeating an overlapping description thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  in the first metal layer M 1  may be formed by a subtractive process, not by the damascene process. For example, the third lower interconnection line LIL 3  may include the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  and the first metal pattern MEP 1 . The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may be provided as just a bottom portion of the third lower interconnection line LIL 3 . The first metal pattern MEP 1  may be provided on the top surface of the first barrier metal pattern BAP 1 . The first barrier metal pattern BAP 1  may cover only the bottom surface of the first metal pattern MEP 1  and may not cover the side surfaces of the first metal pattern MEP 1 . 
     A side surface SW 3  of the third lower interconnection line LIL 3  may have a negative slope. That is, a line width of the third lower interconnection line LIL 3  may gradually decrease as it goes up in the third direction D 3 . The air gap AG may be provided in the third interlayer insulating layer  130  between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2 . 
     The interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  in the first metal layer M 1  may be formed by depositing and pattering a metal layer. Thus, the first metal pattern MEP 1  may be formed of or include a metallic material which can be patterned by an etching process. For example, the first metal pattern MEP 1  may be formed of or include ruthenium (Ru) and/or molybdenum (Mo). 
     The interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  in the second metal layer M 2  may be formed through a single damascene process. For example, the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include the line portion LIN and the bar via BVI thereunder. Each of the line portion LIN and the bar via BVI may include a metal pattern and a barrier metal pattern surrounding the metal pattern. For example, the second barrier metal pattern BAP 2  may be provided as an interface layer between the line portion LIN and the bar via BVI. 
     A side surface SW 4  of the fourth upper interconnection line UIL 4  may have a positive slope. That is, a slope of the side surface SW 4  of the fourth upper interconnection line UIL 4  may have a sign that is opposite to a slope of the side surface SW 3  of the third lower interconnection line LIL 3 . This is because the interconnection lines PILL PIL 2 , and LIL 1  to LIL 5  in the first metal layer M 1  are formed by the subtractive process, whereas the interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  in the second metal layer M 2  are formed by the damascene process. 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , the vias BVI and VVI in the second metal layer M 2  may be formed by a single damascene process, and the line portions LIN in the second metal layer M 2  may be formed by a subtractive process. That is, the interconnection lines UIL 1  to UIL 4  in the second metal layer M 2  may be formed by a semi-damascene process. The side surface SW 4  of the line portion LIN of the fourth upper interconnection line UIL 4  may have a negative slope. In other words, the slope of the side surface SW 4  of the fourth upper interconnection line UIL 4  may have the same sign as the slope of the side surface SW 3  of the third lower interconnection line LIL 3 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , the bar via BVI of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may be connected to all of the first to third lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 3 . For example, the bar via BVI of the second upper interconnection line UIL 2  may include the first contact portion CTP 1 , the second contact portion CTP 2 , a third contact portion CTP 3 . The first to third contact portions CTP 1  to CTP 3  may be connected to the first to third lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 3 , respectively. 
     The bar via BVI may further include a first connecting portion CNP 1  between the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  and a second connecting portion CNP 2  between the second and third contact portions CTP 2  and CTP 3 . A first dielectric layer DOD 1  may be interposed between the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2 . A second dielectric layer DOD 2  may be interposed between the second and third contact portions CTP 2  and CTP 3 . The bottom surface BOS 2  of the first connecting portion CNP 1  may be in direct contact with a top surface of the first dielectric layer DOD 1 , and a bottom surface BOS 4  of the second connecting portion CNP 2  may be in direct contact with a top surface of the second dielectric layer DOD 2 . 
     The first to third lower interconnection lines LIL 1  to LIL 3  may be arranged with at least two different pitches, in the first direction D 1 . For example, a pitch between the first and second lower interconnection lines LIL 1  and LIL 2  may be a second pitch P 2 , and a pitch between the second and third lower interconnection lines LIL 2  and LIL 3  may be a third pitch P 3 . The third pitch P 3  may be larger than the second pitch P 2 . 
     Because the third pitch P 3  is larger than the second pitch P 2 , a width of the second dielectric layer DOD 2  may be larger than a width of the first dielectric layer DOD 1 . Because the third pitch P 3  is larger than the second pitch P 2 , a width of the first connecting portion CNP 1  may be larger than a width of the second connecting portion CNP 2 . 
     In an example embodiment, a level of the bottom surface BOS 2  of the first connecting portion CNP 1  may be different from a level of the bottom surface BOS 4  of the second connecting portion CNP 2 . For example, the level of the bottom surface BOS 2  of the first connecting portion CNP 1  may be higher than the level of the bottom surface BOS 4  of the second connecting portion CNP 2 . That is, the topmost surface of the first dielectric layer DOD 1  may be higher than the topmost surface of the second dielectric layer DOD 2 . This is because the second and third pitches P 2  and P 3  are different from each other. 
       FIG.  21    is a sectional view, which is taken along the line A-A′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the inventive concepts. For concise description, an element previously described with reference to  FIGS.  1 ,  2 A to  2 D , and  3  may be identified by the same reference number without repeating an overlapping description thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG.  21   , a lower dielectric layer LDOD and a lower etch stop layer LESL may be interposed between the second interlayer insulating layer  120  and the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The lower dielectric layer LDOD may be in direct contact with the top surface of the second interlayer insulating layer  120 . The lower dielectric layer LDOD may be selectively disposed on only the top surface of the second interlayer insulating layer  120  but not on the active contacts AC. The lower etch stop layer LESL may directly cover the dielectric layer DOD. 
     A lower bar via LBVI may be provided between the second lower interconnection line LIL 2  and the active contacts AC. The lower bar via LBVI may include the first contact portion CTP 1 , the second contact portion CTP 2 , and the connecting portion CNP between the first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2 . 
     The first and second contact portions CTP 1  and CTP 2  may be provided to penetrate the lower etch stop layer LESL and may be respectively coupled to an adjacent pair of the active contacts AC. The connecting portion CNP may be provided on the lower dielectric layer LDOD between the pair of the active contacts AC. 
     That is, the bar via according to the present example embodiment may be provided not only between the first and second metal layers M 1  and M 2  but also between the second interlayer insulating layer  120 , in which the active and gate contacts AC and GC are provided, and the first metal layer M 1 . 
       FIGS.  22 A to  22 D  are sectional views, which are respectively taken along the lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, and D-D′ of  FIG.  1    to illustrate a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts. For concise description, an element previously described with reference to  FIGS.  1  and  2 A to  2 D  may be identified by the same reference number without repeating an overlapping description thereof. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  22 A to  22 D , the substrate  100  including the first and second active regions PR and NR may be provided. The device isolation layer ST may be provided on the substrate  100 . The device isolation layer ST may define the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  in an upper portion of the substrate  100 . The first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be defined on the first and second active regions PR and NR, respectively. 
     The first active pattern AP 1  may include the first channel patterns CH 1 , which are vertically stacked on the substrate  100 . The stacked first channel patterns CH 1  may be spaced apart from each other in the third direction D 3 . The stacked first channel patterns CH 1  may overlap each other, when viewed in a plan view. The second active pattern AP 2  may include the second channel patterns CH 2 , which are vertically stacked on the substrate  100 . The stacked second channel patterns CH 2  may be spaced apart from each other in the third direction D 3 . The stacked second channel patterns CH 2  may overlap each other, when viewed in a plan view. The first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2  may be formed of or include at least one of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), or silicon germanium (SiGe). 
     The first active pattern AP 1  may further include the first source/drain patterns SD 1 . The stacked first channel patterns CH 1  may be interposed between each adjacent pair of the first source/drain patterns SD 1 . The stacked first channel patterns CH 1  may connect each adjacent pair of the first source/drain patterns SD 1  to each other. 
     The second active pattern AP 2  may further include the second source/drain patterns SD 2 . The stacked second channel patterns CH 2  may be interposed between each adjacent pair of the second source/drain patterns SD 2 . The stacked second channel patterns CH 2  may connect each adjacent pair of the second source/drain patterns SD 2  to each other. 
     The gate electrodes GE may be provided to extend in the first direction D 1  and to cross the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . The gate electrode GE may overlap the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 , when viewed in a plan view. A pair of the gate spacers GS may be disposed on both side surfaces of the gate electrode GE. The gate capping pattern GP may be provided on the gate electrode GE. 
     The gate electrode GE may be provided to surround each of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2  (e.g., see  FIG.  22 D ). The gate electrode GE may be provided on a first top surface TS 1 , at least one first side surface SW 1 , and a first bottom surface BS 1  of the first channel pattern CH 1 . The gate electrode GE may be provided on a second top surface TS 2 , at least one second side surface SW 2 , and a second bottom surface BS 2  of the second channel pattern CH 2 . That is, the gate electrode GE may surround a top surface, a bottom surface and both side surfaces of each of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . The transistor according to the present example embodiment may be a three-dimensional field effect transistor (e.g., a multi-bridge channel field-effect transistor (MBCFET)), in which the gate electrode GE is disposed to three-dimensionally surround the channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . 
     The gate insulating layer GI may be provided between each of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2  and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulating layer GI may surround each of the first and second channel patterns CH 1  and CH 2 . 
     On the second active region NR, an insulating pattern IP may be interposed between the gate insulating layer GI and the second source/drain pattern SD 2 . The gate electrode GE may be spaced apart from the second source/drain pattern SD 2  by the gate insulating layer GI and the insulating pattern IP. In contrast, on the first active region PR, the insulating pattern IP may be omitted. 
     The first interlayered insulating layer  110  and the second interlayered insulating layer  120  may be provided to cover the substrate  100 . The active contacts AC may be provided to penetrate the first and second interlayered insulating layers  110  and  120  and may be connected to the first and second source/drain patterns SD 1  and SD 2 , respectively. The gate contact GC may be provided to penetrate the second interlayered insulating layer  120  and the gate capping pattern GP and may be connected to the gate electrode GE. 
     The third interlayered insulating layer  130  may be provided on the second interlayered insulating layer  120 . The fourth interlayered insulating layer  140  may be provided on the third interlayered insulating layer  130 . The first metal layer M 1  may be provided in the third interlayered insulating layer  130 . The second metal layer M 2  may be provided in the fourth interlayered insulating layer  140 . The first metal layer M 1  and the second metal layer M 2  may be substantially the same as those in the previous example embodiment described with reference to  FIGS.  1  and  2 A to  2 D . 
     According to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include an upper interconnection line with a bar-shaped via (hereinafter, a bar via) and lower interconnection lines, which are adjacent to each other with a very small pitch, connected in common to the upper interconnection line through the bar via. As a result, it may be possible to increase a degree of freedom in constructing a routing structure through a BEOL process. 
     Further, according to an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent a protruding portion from being extended downward from the bar via to a region between the lower interconnection lines. Accordingly, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent a process failure from occurring between the lower interconnection lines and to improve reliability and electrical characteristics of the semiconductor device. 
     While some example embodiments of the inventive concepts have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that variations in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the attached claims.