Patent Publication Number: US-2023153180-A1

Title: Management of content transfer

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure relates generally to managing content transfer, and in particular to managing content transfer between electronic devices utilizing contextual positioning. 
     Short-range wireless communication allows for two electronic devices to exchange data, as long as the two electronic devices are located within close proximity with one another. A user operating an originating electronic device can select data (e.g., digital content) for sharing with another user operating a receiving electronic device, where the receiving electronic device is located with a predetermined proximity to the originating device. Presently, the user of the receiving electronic device can accept the data being shared and subsequently, the receiving electronic device displays the data being shared to the user. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments in accordance with the present invention disclose a method, computer program product and computer system for managing content transfer utilizing contextual positioning, the method, computer program product and computer system can receive a content selection for transferring from an originating device. The method, computer program product and computer system can determine contextual positioning in a user interface of the originating device for each portion of the content selection, wherein the contextual positioning is based on the content selection and one or more objects in the user interface of the originating device. The method, computer program product and computer system can send, to a receiving device, each portion of the content selection with the determined contextual positioning in the user interface of the originating device. The method, computer program product and computer system can place, in the user interface of the receiving device, each portion of the content selection is based on the determined contextual positioning in the user interface of the originating device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a functional block diagram illustrating a distributed data processing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  2    depicts a flowchart for a content transfer program for sending content utilizing contextual positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a content transfer program transferring content between two electronics device utilizing contextual positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of components of a computer system, such as the server computer of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  5    depicts a cloud computing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  6    depicts abstraction model layers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention manage content transfer between electronic devices utilizing contextual positioning. While transferring contenting between an originating device and a receiving device, embodiments of the present invention provide an option to a user of the originating device to utilize contextual positioning when transferring the content. Contextual positioning is based on the content being transferred to the receiving device and a position of the content relative to one or more objects on the originating device. As the content is transferred between the originating device and the receiving device, a contextual position is maintained for the content upon receipt at the receiving device. Based on historical content transferring patterns of a user between two associated devices, iterative learning is utilized to predict when the user transfers content between two associated devices (i.e., the originating device and the receiving device) and applies contextual positioning for the content being transferred. As the user interacts with a first device, embodiments of the present invention identify completed activities and pending activities relative to the content being interacted with on the first device. As the user completes an activity, the activity is transferred from the first device (i.e., originating device) to a second device (i.e., receiving device), where contextual positioning allows for the completed activity to appear in a similar position in the second device. 
     Embodiments of the present invention can identify and highlight portions of the content being transferred, where the highlighted portions include identified contextual positioning information. The user can select whether to transfer the highlighted portions of the content based on the identified contextual positioning information and can alter a positioning of the highlight portions of the content upon transferring to the receiving device. Embodiments of the present invention can display a user interface of the receiving device in the originating device, where the user can assign the portions of the content being transferred to one or more positions in the user interface on the receiving device. If a first user interface on the originating device is displaying a different webform than a second user interface on the receiving device, embodiments of the present invention performs contextual analysis on the content and a position of the content relative to one or more objects in the first user interface and transfers the content to one or more positions on the second user interface on receiving device based on the contextual analysis. Embodiments of the present invention can also anticipate a depletion of battery power at the originating power and initialize a transfer of the content selection to the receiving device. 
       FIG.  1    is a functional block diagram illustrating a distributed data processing environment, generally designated  100 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The term “distributed” as used herein describes a computer system that includes multiple, physically distinct devices that operate together as a single computer system.  FIG.  1    provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as recited by the claims. 
     Distributed data processing environment includes server computer  102 , originating device  104 , and receiving device  106  all interconnected over network  108 . Server computer  102  can be a standalone computing device, a management server, a web server, a mobile computing device, or any other electronic device or computing system capable of receiving, sending, and processing data. In other embodiments, server computer  102  can represent a server computing system utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a cloud computing environment. In another embodiment, server computer  102  can be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a smart phone, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating with originating device  104  and receiving device  106 , and other computing devices (not shown) within the distributed data processing environment via network  108 . In another embodiment, server computer  102  represents a computing system utilizing clustered computers and components (e.g., database server computers, application server computers, etc.) that act as a single pool of seamless resources when accessed within the distributed data processing environment. Server computer  102  includes server-side content transfer program  110 A for managing content transfer between originating device  104  and receiving device  106 . Server computer  102  may include internal and external hardware components, as depicted and described in further detail with respect to  FIG.  4   . 
     Originating device  104  and receiving device  106  can each be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a smart phone, a smart watch, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating with various components and devices within the distributed data processing environment (e.g., server computer  102 ) via network  108 . Originating device  104  and receiving device  106  may be a wearable computer. Wearable computers are miniature electronic devices that may be worn by the bearer under, with, or on top of clothing, as well as in or connected to glasses, hats, or other accessories. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require more complex computational support than merely hardware coded logics. In general, originating device  104  and receiving device  106  each represent one or more programmable electronic devices or combination of programmable electronic devices capable of executing machine readable program instructions and communicating with other computing devices (not shown) within the distributed data processing environment via a network, such as network  108 . In one embodiment, originating device  104  and receiving device  106  represent two devices associated with a single user. Originating device  104  and receiving device  106  include user interface  122 A and  112 B, respectively, for interacting with directional content transfer program  110 A on server computer  102  and content transfer program  110 B on originating device  104  and receiving device  106 . Originating device  104  and receiving device  106  also include storage  114 A and  114 B, respectively. Storage  114 A and  114 B is a local repository for storing various data (e.g., media content) on originating device  104  and receiving device  106 . 
     Network  108  can be, for example, a telecommunications network, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, or a combination of the three, and can include wired, wireless, or fiber optic connections. Network  108  can include one or more wired and/or wireless networks capable of receiving and transmitting data, voice, and/or video signals, including multimedia signals that include voice, data, and video information. In general, network  108  can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between server computer  102 , originating device  104 , receiving device  106 , and other computing devices (not shown) within the distributed data processing environment. 
     Content transfer program  110  manages content transfer between originating device  104  and receiving device  106  utilizing contextual positioning. As mentioned above, in one embodiment, content transfer program  110 A operating on server computer  102  manages content transfer between originating device  104  and receiving device  106  utilizing contextual positioning. In another embodiment, content transfer program  110 B operating on originating device  104  and/or content transfer program  110 B operating on receiving device  106  manage content transfer between originating device  104  and receiving device  106  utilizing contextual positioning. Content transfer program  110  receives content selection in user interface  112 A for transferring from originating device  104 . Content transfer program  110  identifies a receiving device (i.e., receiving device  106 ) for the content selection and determines contextual positioning information for the content selection based on the content being transferred to receiving device  106  and a position of the content relative to one or more objects in user interface  112 A of originating device  104 . Content transfer program  110  sends the content selection with contextual position from originating device  104  to receiving device  106 , where each portion of the content positioned in user interface  112 A is transferred to a similar position in user interface  112 B based on the determined contextual positioning. 
     In the event content transfer program  110  determines a transfer conflict is not present between originating device  104  and receiving device  106 , content transfer program  110  concludes sending all portions of the content selection to receiving device  106 . In the event content transfer program  110  determines a transfer conflict is not present between originating device  104  and receiving device  106 , content transfer program  110  receives a user specified position in user interface  112 B of receiving device  106  for a portion of the content selection being transferred from originating device  104 . In the event content transfer program  110  determines the transfer conflict was resolved, content transfer program  110  concludes sending all portions of the content selection to receiving device  106 . In the event content transfer program  110  determines the transfer conflict was not resolved, content transfer program  110  suspends the transfer of the portion of the content selection with conflict between originating device  104  and receiving device  106 . 
     User interface  112 A on originating device  104  and user interface  112 B on receiving device  106  enables a user to make requests of or issue commands to server computer  102  via network  108 . User interface  112 A and  112 B each enable the user to receive information and instructions in response on originating device  104  and receiving device  106 , respectively. In one embodiment, a user of originating device  104  and receiving device  106  accesses respective user interface  112 A and  112 B via voice commands in natural language. In one embodiment, user interface  112 A and  112 B may be a graphical user interface (GUI) or a web user interface (WUI) and can display text, documents, web browser windows, user options, application interfaces, and instructions for operation, and include the information (such as graphic, text, and sound) that a program presents to a user and the control sequences the user employs to control the program. User interface  112 A and  112 B enables a user of originating device  104  and receiving device  106  to interact with each instance of content transfer program  110 A operating on server computer  102  and content transfer program  110 B operating on originating device  104  and receiving device  106 . 
       FIG.  2    depicts a flowchart for a content transfer program for sending content utilizing contextual positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Content transfer program  110  receives content selection for transferring from an originating device ( 202 ). The originating device represents a first electronic device from which the content is being transferred to a second electronic device, where the second electronic device is designated the receiving device. The content can be an image file, a video file, an audio file, a graphics interchange format file, text, text file, spreadsheet file, a hyperlink, and any other type of content transferrable (i.e., shareable) between two devices. In one embodiment, content transfer program  110  receives the content selection for transferring from the originating device via a user input in a user interface on the originating device, where the content selection includes one or more portions. For example, a user associated with the originating device is filling out a form on the originating device and inputting various information into the form, where the originating device is mobile phone. However, during the process of filling out the form, the user associated with the originating device decides to continue filling out the form on another device (e.g., tablet computer). Content transfer program  110  receives content selection for transferring from the originating device via a user input, where the user selects the content that includes text from multiple portions of the fillable form and a text file attachment. 
     In another embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies a fillable form on the originating device and identifies the text from multiple portions of the fillable form and a text file attachment that the user provided when interacting with the fillable form. Content transfer program  110  highlights the multiple portions of the fillable form with the user provided text and the text file attachment, while providing a user interface option for the user to select which of the highlighted multiple portions of the fillable form and the text file attachment are for transferring from the originating device. In yet another embodiment, content transfer program  110  utilizes iterative historical machine learning to identify patterns for when a user selects content to transfer to transfer from an originating device. In an example, a user performs a maintenance checklist on a tablet computer while inspecting various server equipment at a client site, where the user inspects the server equipment at the client site once a week. As the user inputs maintenance information (i.e., content) into the maintenance checklist on the table computer, the user transfers from the tablet computer to another computer device located in a drawer on a server rack upon reaching a particular point in the maintenance checklist, where the user continues performing the maintenance checklist on the other computer device. Content transfer program  110  has the ability to identify the pattern of when the user switches from the tablet computer to the other computer device and select the content (i.e., inputted maintenance information from the maintenance checklist) to transfer from the tablet computer (i.e., originating device). 
     Content transfer program  110  identifies a receiving device for the content selection ( 204 ). In this embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies any device capable of receiving the content selection in a vicinity of the originating device in which the content was selected. Content transfer program  110  utilizes short distance, also referred to as short-range, wireless communication to identify visible devices within the vicinity of the originating device. The visible devices represent possible receiving devices with security settings which allow for the identifying and transferring of content from the originating device to a selected receiving device. In one embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies the visible devices in a vicinity of an originating device, displays a list of the visible devices to a user of the originating device, and receives a user selection of a receiving device from the list of the visible device for transferring the content selection from the originating device. In another embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies a receiving device associated with the user operating the originating device, where both the originating device and receiving device belong to a single user. Content transfer program  110  can also utilize iterative historical machine learning to identify patterns for identifying a receiving device for transferring the selected content from the originating device. In the example where the user performs a weekly maintenance checklist while inspecting server equipment at a customer site, content transfer program  110  identifies the pattern of the user transferring from the tablet computer to another computer device located in a drawer on server rack. Therefore, content transfer program  110  identifies the other computer device located in drawer in the server rack as the receiving device for the content selection (i.e., inputted maintenance information from the maintenance checklist). 
     Content transfer program  110  determines contextual positioning for the content selection ( 206 ). Content transfer program  110  can utilize a virtual clip board for the content selection, where the virtual clipboard is visible by a user of the originating device. The content selection includes one or more portions, where each of the one or more portions includes associated metadata utilized for providing contextual positioning for the content selection in a user interface of the receiving device. Content transfer program  110  determines the contextual positioning for the one or more portions of the content selection and stores the contextual positioning in the form of metadata with the virtual clipboard. Content transfer program  110  determines the contextual positioning for the one or more portions of the content selection based on the content selection being transferred to the receiving device and a position of the content selection relative to one or more objects in a user interface on the originating device. Content transfer program  110  analyzes the one or more portions of the content selection based on a type of content (e.g., text, image file, audio file) being transferred to the receiving device utilizing natural language processing, digital image processing, and text processing to determine a topic for the one or more portions of the content selection. Content transfer program  110  analyzes a position of the one or more portions of the media content based on identified contextual clues present in a vicinity of each of the one or more portions utilizing natural language processing, digital image processing, and text processing to determine an associated clue for each of the one or more portions of the content selection. 
     In one example, the content selection includes text from multiple portions of a fillable form and a text file attachment and content transfer program  110  determines contextual positioning for the multiple portions of the fillable form and the text file attachment. Content transfer program  110  analyzes text in each of the multiple portions of the fillable form and determines that the text for the multiple portions includes a first word appearing to be a name, a second word appearing to be another name, a date, a job title, and a company name. Content transfer program  110  also analyzes text in the text file attachment, along with the text of the file attachment, and determines the text file attachment includes a resume. Content transfer program  110  further analyzes a position of the text for each of the multiple portions of the fillable form relative to one or more objects in the user interface on the originating device. Content transfer program  110  determines the first word appearing to be a name is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “First Name”. Content transfer program  110  determines the second word appearing to be another name is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “Last Name”. Content transfer program  110  determines the date is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “Date of Birth”. Content transfer program  110  determines the job title is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “Employment Position”. Content transfer program  110  determines the company name is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “Employer”. Content transfer program  110  stores the results of analysis as metadata for the text in each of the multiple portions of the fillable form. As for the text file attachment, content transfer program  110  determines the resume file attachment is in a text box in a vicinity of a heading in the user interface on the originating device that reads, “Resume/CV” and stores the results of analysis as metadata for the text file attachment. 
     In another example, the content selection includes text for inputted maintenance information from a maintenance checklist and content transfer program  110  determines contextual positioning for text for each instance of the inputted maintenance information from the maintenance checklist. Content transfer program  110  analyzes the text for the inputted maintenance information from the maintenance checklist and one or more objects in the user interface of the originating device relative to the text for each instance of the inputted maintenance information. Content transfer program  110  stores the results of analysis as metadata associated with the text for the inputted maintenance information from the maintenance checklist. It is to be noted, as shown in the previously discussed example, the text for each portion of the content selection can vary and contextual positioning of the text for each portion of the content selection is required when transferring the content selection between the originating device and the receiving device. Embodiments of the present inventions transfers text of the one or more portions of the content selection in a user interface of the originating device to a user interface of the receiving device, utilizing the determined contextual positioning for the one or more portions of the content selection. 
     Content transfer program  110  sends the content selection with contextual positioning to the receiving device ( 208 ). To ensure the content selection remains secure, content transfer program  110  encrypts the content selection and contextual position information utilizing one or more cryptographic protocols (e.g., Transport Layer Security). Content transfer program  110  sends the content selection with contextual positioning to the receiving device from the originating device by transferring the data for the content selection and the associated metadata with the contextual positioning information to the receiving device. In one embodiment, content transfer program  110  sends the content selection with contextual positioning by means of close-range wireless communications. In another embodiment, content transfer program  110  sends the content selection with contextual positioning via a server computer of a wireless communications network. 
     Content transfer program  110  determines whether a transfer conflict is present (decision  210 ). In the event content transfer program  110  determines a transfer conflict is present (“yes” branch, decision  210 ), content transfer program  110  receives user specified positioning on the receiving device for a portion of the content selection ( 212 ). In the event content transfer program  110  determines a transfer conflict is not present (“no” branch, decision  210 ), content transfer program  110  concludes sending all portions of the content to the receiving device. 
     As content transfer program  110  sends each of the one or more portions of the content selection, content transfer program  110  places and displays each of the one or more portions of the content selection into one or more areas (e.g., fields) in a user interface on the receiving device based on the contextual positioning information. A transfer conflict occurs when content transfer program  110  is prevented from placing and displaying at least one of the one or more portion of the content selection being transferred to the receiving device. In one example, a transfer conflict occurs when content transfer program  110  determines content already exists in an area of the user interface of the receiving device where a portion of the content selection is being transferred based on the contextual positioning information. In another example, a transfer conflict occurs when content transfer program  110  determines a portion of the content selection could not be placed and displayed utilizing the contextual positioning information, since the contextual positioning information for the portion did not match one or more objects in the user interface of the receiving device. In yet another example, a transfer conflict occurs if a portion of the content selection being transferred exceeds a size (e.g., dimensions, file size, too many text characters) for an area in the user interface of the receiving device in which the portion of the content selection is to be positioned. 
     Content transfer program  110  receives user specified positioning on the receiving device for a portion of the content selection ( 212 ). For the transfer conflict, content transfer program  110  displays the portion of the content selection that resulted in the transfer conflict in the user interface of the originating device. Furthermore, content transfer program  110  can display, in the user interface of the originating device, an overlay window with a user interface of the receiving device. If the transfer conflict occurred because content was already present in an area of the user interface of the receiving device for receiving the portion of the content selection, content transfer program  110  highlights the area where the conflict occurred in the overlay window with the user interface of the receiving device. Content transfer program  110  queries the user whether to add, replace, or suspend the transfer of the portion of the content selection to the area of the user interface of the receiving device where content is already present. If the transfer conflict occurred because content transfer program  110  could not place and display the portion of the content selection utilizing the contextual positioning information, content transfer program  110  queries the user via the user interface of the originating device to select an area, via the overlay window, in the user interface of the receiving device for placement of the portion of the content selection. If the transfer conflict occurred because content transfer program  110  could not place and display the portion of the content selection due to size (e.g., dimensions, file size, too many text characters), content transfer program  110  queries the user to modify the portion of the content selection that resulted in the transfer conflict. The user can alter the dimensions of the portion of the content selection, reduce a file size of the portion of the content selection, or reduce a number of characters of portion of the content selection, to avoid exceeding a maximum size limit for the portion of the content selection. 
     Content transfer program  110  determines whether the transfer conflict was resolved (decision  214 ). In the event content transfer program  110  determines the transfer conflict was not resolved (“no” branch, decision  216 ), content transfer program  110  suspends the transfer of the portion of the content selection with the conflict ( 218 ). In the event content transfer program  110  determines the transfer conflict was resolved (“yes” branch, decision  216 ), content transfer program  110  concludes sending all portions of the content to the receiving device. 
     Content transfer program  110  suspends the transfer of the portion of the content selection with the conflict ( 218 ). In one embodiment, content transfer program  110  suspends the transfer of the portion of the content selection with the conflict and displays the portion of the content in the user interface of the originating device. Content transfer program  110  can also display an overlay in the user interface of the receiving device with a notification identifying the portion of the content selection with the conflict that was suspended due to an unresolved conflict. In another embodiment, content transfer program  110  suspends the transfer of the portion of the content selection with the conflict to the user interface in the receiving device but sends the portion of the content selection with the conflict to a local storage on the receiving device. The user of the receiving device can access the portion of the content selection and subsequent to performing one or more alteration to resolve the conflict, transfer the portion of the content selection with the conflict to the user interface on the receiving device. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a content transfer program transferring content between two electronics device utilizing contextual positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a user is performing a maintenance checklist while inspecting various server equipment at a client site, where the user is inputting various content into mobile device  302  with first user interface  304 . The user performing the inspection is associated with mobile device  302  with first user interface  304  and tablet computer  306  with second user interface  308 , where the user is transferring content from mobile device  302  (i.e., originating device) to tablet computer  306  (i.e., receiving device). First user interface  304  of mobile device  302  includes first heading  310 A with first content portion  310 B, second heading  312 A with second content portion  312 B, and third heading  314 A with third content portion  314 B. Each of first content portion  310 B, second content portion  312 B, third content portion  314 B can include text inputted by the user performing the inspection including summary reports and data logs, along with inspection photos and videos. Content transfer program  110  receives content selection for transferring from mobile device  302  that includes first content portion  310 B, second content portion  312 B, third content portion  314 B. 
     In this embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies a receiving device as tablet computer  306  based on historical usage patterns, where the user previously transferred content between mobile device  302  and tablet computer  306  when performing previous inspections of the various equipment at the client site. In another embodiment, content transfer program  110  identifies a receiving device as tablet computer  306  by locating publicly visible devices in a vicinity of mobile device  302  and querying the user for a selection of device from the publicly visible devices as the receiving device. Content transfer program  110  determines contextual position by analyzing the summary reports data logs, inspection photos, and videos of first content portion  310 B, second content portion  312 B, third content portion  314 B and analyzing one or more objects within the vicinity of the content selection (i.e., first heading  310 A, second heading  312 A, third heading  314 A). Content transfer program  110  associates metadata with the contextual positioning for each of first content portion  310 B, second content portion  312 B, third content portion  314 B and sends the content selection with the contextual positioning information to second user interface  308  of tablet computer  306 . 
     Content transfer program  110  sends first content portion  310 B and second content portion  312 B to second user interface  308  of tablet computer  306 , where content transfer program  110  positions first content portion  310 B and second content portion  312 B under first heading  310 A and second heading  312 A, respectively, based on the contextual positioning metadata. However, content transfer program  110  identifies a transfer conflict when sending third content portion  314 B to second user interface  308  of tablet computer  306 , since content transfer program  110  could not identify a placement for based on the contextual positioning metadata associated with third content portion  314 B. Content transfer program  110  can query the user to resolves the transfer conflict, which includes transferring third content portion  314 B to fourth heading  316 A. Content transfer program  110  could not place and display third content portion  314 B because third heading  314 A is titled, “Notes”, but fourth heading  316 A is titled, “Additional Comments”. Content transfer program  110  allowed the user of mobile device  302  and tablet computer  306  to resolve the discrepancy. Furthermore, content transfer program  110  can utilize machine learning to identify the resolution provided by the user and implement the resolution for any similar future transfer conflicts that occur. 
       FIG.  4    depicts computer system  400 , where server computer  102 , originative device  104 , and receiving device  106  are each an example of a computer system  400  that includes content transfer program  110 . The computer system includes processors  404 , cache  416 , memory  406 , persistent storage  408 , communications unit  410 , input/output (I/O) interface(s)  412  and communications fabric  402 . Communications fabric  402  provides communications between cache  416 , memory  406 , persistent storage  408 , communications unit  410 , and input/output (I/O) interface(s)  412 . Communications fabric  402  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  402  can be implemented with one or more buses or a crossbar switch. 
     Memory  406  and persistent storage  408  are computer readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory  406  includes random access memory (RAM). In general, memory  406  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. Cache  416  is a fast memory that enhances the performance of processors  404  by holding recently accessed data, and data near recently accessed data, from memory  406 . 
     Program instructions and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention may be stored in persistent storage  408  and in memory  406  for execution by one or more of the respective processors  404  via cache  416 . In an embodiment, persistent storage  408  includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  408  can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
     The media used by persistent storage  408  may also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  408 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  408 . 
     Communications unit  410 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices. In these examples, communications unit  410  includes one or more network interface cards. Communications unit  410  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. Program instructions and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention may be downloaded to persistent storage  408  through communications unit  410 . 
     I/O interface(s)  412  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to each computer system. For example, I/O interface  412  may provide a connection to external devices  418  such as a keyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices  418  can also include portable computer readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention can be stored on such portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded onto persistent storage  408  via I/O interface(s)  412 . I/O interface(s)  412  also connect to display  420 . 
     Display  420  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be, for example, a computer monitor. 
     The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user’s computer, partly on the user’s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user’s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user’s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be accomplished as one step, executed concurrently, substantially concurrently, in a partially or wholly temporally overlapping manner, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service’s provider.   Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).   Resource pooling: the provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).   Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.   Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.   

     Service Models are as follows: 
     Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.   Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.   Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).   

     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.   Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.   Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.   Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).   

     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  includes one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shown in  FIG.  5    are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6   , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG.  5   ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG.  6    are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  include hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83   provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and content transfer program  110 . 
     The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user’s computer, partly on the user’s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user’s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user’s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be accomplished as one step, executed concurrently, substantially concurrently, in a partially or wholly temporally overlapping manner, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.