Patent Publication Number: US-2003225230-A1

Title: Polymers for antifouling coatings and a process for the preparation thereof

Description:
[0001] The present invention relates to tin-free, hydrolysable polymers for use in antifouling coatings and a process for the preparation of tin-free, slowly hydrolysable, polymerisable compounds which can be used for the preparation of binder systems for antifouling coatings to protect underwater surfaces against the growth of marine organisms.  
       [0002] Under suitable conditions, surfaces which are permanently exposed to sea water such as ships, buoys, drilling platforms, underwater pipelines, fishing nets etc. very quickly become overgrown with marine organisms such as algae, sea grass, mussels, tube worms, sponges etc. This growth proves extremely troublesome in a lot of cases, it restricts, and is prejudicial to the characteristics pertaining to the use of many types of equipment. For example, the growth on underwater surfaces of ships results in a limitation of their maneuverability and a substantial additional consumption of fuel because of the increased frictional resistance in the water.  
       [0003] For these reasons coatings known as antifouling paints which prevent such growth, are widely used to protect underwater surfaces against the settlement of these organisms. These paints generally consist of a biocidal or non-biocidal polymer and film-forming binder, together with co-biocides and pigments.  
       [0004] Antifouling paints which have frequently been used in recent years not only prevent growth but also possess self-polishing film properties (“self-polishing” copolymers). In these systems, the self-polishing effect is obtained by the controlled hydrolysis of functional groups which cause the paint surface to become hydrophilic and hence erodible. Such paints are for example described in EP-A-0 289 481. Antifouling paints whose copolymers contain triorgano tin esters, in particular tri-n-butyl and triphenyl tin esters, are particularly widely used. Examples are described in GB-A-1 457 590. Because of the slow and controlled hydrolysis of the triorgano tin ester group, these systems have self-polishing properties and also excellent antifouling characteristics because of the biocidal effect of the tributyl/triphenyl-tin compound. This particularly favourable combination of properties has resulted in the widespread use of tin-based antifouling paints  
       [0005] In recent years the use of paints which contain tributyl/triphenyl-tin has been the subject of controversy as the strong biocidal effect of these systems does not appear to be necessary in all areas. In some countries, the use of antifouling paints which contain tributyl/triphenyl-tin on yachts and ships with a length of less than 25 m has been limited or even prohibited.  
       [0006] There is therefore a need for effective, tin-free, slow and controlled hydrolysable antifouling paint systems.  
       [0007] Various examples of antifouling paints characterized by groups which are hydrolysable in sea water are described in the relevant literature. For example, WO 84/02915 lists a large number of possible groups which are reported to form readily hydrolysable compounds with groups which contain carboxylic acid. EP-A-0 204 444, EP-A-0 331 147 and GB 2 152 947 also describe polymer systems containing esters for antifouling applications. However, all these systems have either not been used commercially or else require a multi-stage and relatively complex process of synthesis for their preparation.  
       [0008] We have discovered that, unlike polymers which are structured solely on the basis of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid alkyl esters (e.g. methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate), homopolymers and copolymers which are made of certain functionalized acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters can be hydrolysed in an alkaline environment (sea water pH: 8.1-8.3). This hydrolysis is a prerequisite firstly for the self-polishing properties and secondly for a growth-impeding effect of the paint as a result of the slow and continuous release of the hydrolysed compounds.  
       [0009] The present invention accordingly relates to a polymer for use in antifouling coatings, and it is characterized in that it comprises units corresponding to the following monomers:  
       [0010] A) 5 to 100 mol-% of one or more compounds of the general formula I  
                 
 
       [0011]  in which:  
       [0012] R=H or CH 3    
       [0013] X=O or S  
       [0014] R 1 =Ph(R 2 ) m , —C(H) 3−(p+q) (CO—R 3 ) p (COOR 3 ) q , —(CH 2 ) s —(CO) t —COOR 3  or optionally substituted thiadiazolyl and thiazolylsulfamyl groups  
       [0015] Ph=phenyl  
       [0016] m=1-3  
       [0017] p=0-3  
       [0018] q=0-3  
       [0019] p+q=1-3  
       [0020] s=0 or 1  
       [0021] t=0 or 1  
       [0022] R 2 =each independently selected from halogen, —C(O)H, —COOR 3 , —CH 2 —COOR 3 , —O—R 3 , —NH—COOR 3 , —NH—CO—R 3  and —NH 2    
       [0023] R 3 =H or optionally halogen substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl and aralkyl groups with 1-10 C atoms  
       [0024] and  
       [0025] B) 0 to 95 mol-% of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated compound.  
       [0026] Another object of the invention is a process for preparation of binders for use in antifouling coatings by homopolymerisation or copolymerisation of polymerisable monomers, characterized in that the polymerisable monomers which are polymerised consist of mixtures of one or more component A) and one or more component B).  
       [0027] Another object of the invention is a variation of the process for the preparation of binders for antifouling coatings, characterized in that in step I as polymerisable monomers mixtures of  
       [0028] C) 5 to 100 mol-% of one or more compounds of the general formula II  
                 
 
       [0029] and  
       [0030] D) 0 to 95 mol-% of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated compound are polymerised in the presence of radical-forming initiators and inert solvents by techniques known to one skilled in the art  
       [0031] and in step II in a polymer-analogous reaction  
       [0032] the obtained copolymers are reacted with one or more compounds of the general formula III 
       R 1 -Z  III 
       [0033]  in which  
       [0034] R=H or CH 3    
       [0035] Y=Cl or XH  
       [0036] Z=groups which are reactive with Y, as XH or Cl  
       [0037] X=O or S  
       [0038] R 1 =Ph(R 2 ) m , —C(H) 3−(p+q) (CO—R 3 ) p (COOR 3 ) q , —(CH 2 ) s —(CO) t —COOR 3  or optionally substituted thiadiazolyl and thiazolylsulfamyl groups  
       [0039] Ph=phenyl  
       [0040] m=1-3  
       [0041] p=0-3  
       [0042] q=0-3  
       [0043] p+q=1-3  
       [0044] s=0 or 1  
       [0045] t=0 or 1  
       [0046] R 2 =each independently selected from halogen, —C(O)H, —COOR 3 , —CH 2 —COOR 3 , —O—R 3 , —NH—COOR 3 , —NH—CO—R 3  and —NH 2    
       [0047] R 3 =H or optionally halogen substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl groups with 1-10 C atoms,  
       [0048] The reactive group Z should be selected in that way, that it reacts preferably with Y and side reactions with other groups can be neglected.  
       [0049] The optionally substituted thiadiazolyl groups as R 1  in the general formulas I and III, can be 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, alkyl with 1-4 C atoms or phenyl.  
       [0050] The optionally substituted thiazolylsulfamyl groups as R 1  in the general formulas I and III, can be unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, alkyl with 1-4 C atoms or phenyl.  
       [0051] Other objects of the invention are characterized by the claims.  
       [0052] Examples of the substances which may be used as component A) for the preparation of binders for antifouling coatings include  
       [0053] ester-substituted phenyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid such as 4-methacryloyloxy methyl benzoate, 4-methacryloyloxy propyl benzoate, 2-methacryloyloxy methyl benzoate;  
       [0054] halogen-substituted phenyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 4-bromophenyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-tribromophenylmethacrylate, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl methacrylate:  
       [0055] carboxy-substituted phenyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 2-methacryloyloxy benzoic acid, 4-methacryloyloxy benzoic acid;  
       [0056] alkoxy-substituted phenyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 2-methoxy phenyl methacrylate, 4-methoxy phenyl methacrylate, 4-ethoxy phenyl methacrylate;  
       [0057] formyl-substituted phenyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 2-formyl phenyl methacrylate, 5-bromo-2-methacryloyloxybenzaldehyde;  
       [0058] amide substituted phenyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 4-methacryloyloxy acetanilide;  
       [0059] carbonyl and ester substituted aliphatic esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 2-methacryloyloxy acetoacetic acid ethyl ester, methacryloyloxy malonic acid diethyl ester, methacryloyloxy formic acid ethyl ester, 3-methacryloyloxy acetylacetone, acetonyl methacrylate;  
       [0060] aromatic and aliphatic thioesters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as 4-chlorothiophenyl methacrylate, 2-aminothiophenyl methacrylate, 2,6-dichlorothiophenyl methacrylate, 4-methoxythiophenyl methacrylate, ethyloxy thioglycolic acid methacrylate, methyloxy thioglycolic acid methacrylate, methacrylic acid-S-thioglycolicacid ester;  
       [0061] methacryloyloxy acetic acid derivatives such as methacryloyloxy acetic acid, methoxy-carbonyl methyl methacrylate, t-butoxy carbonyl methyl methacrylate;  
       [0062] 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl-S-esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, derivatives which may be disubstituted at the 3,5-position such as e.g. 3-chloro-5-methacryloylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 3-phenyl-5-methacryloylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazole.  
       [0063] Preferred examples are 4-methacryloyloxy methyl benzoate, 2-methacryloyloxy methyl benzoate, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl methacrylate, 4-methacryloyloxy benzoic acid, 4-methoxyphenyl methacrylate, 2-formyl phenyl methacrylate, 5-bromo-2-methacryloyloxy benzaldehyde, 2-methacryloyloxy acetoacetic acid ethyl ester, methacryloyloxy malonic acid diethyl ester, 3-methacryloyloxy acetylacetone, 4-chlorothiophenyl methacrylate, ethyloxy thioglycolic acid methacrylate, methacryloyloxy acetic acid, methoxy carbonyl methyl methacrylate, t-butoxy carbonyl methyl methacrylate, 3-phenyl-5-methacryloylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazole.  
       [0064] The ethylenically unsaturated compounds B) or D) which may also be used in conformity with the invention, are monomers such as:  
       [0065] 1) Compounds containing carboxylic groups, e.g. acrylic, acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and itaconic acid.  
       [0066] 2) C1-C18 esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, such as e.g. methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, i-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate or n-dodecyl methacrylate; C2-C18 alkoxy esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as methoxy ethyl acrylate, methoxy ethyl methacrylate, methoxy butyl acrylate, methoxy butyl methacrylate, ethoxy butyl acrylate or ethoxy butyl methacrylate; C2-C8 hydroxy alkyl acrylates or hydroxy alkyl methacrylates such as hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate or hydroxy propyl methacrylate.  
       [0067] 3) Vinyl compounds such as styrene, a-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, p-chlorostyrene, vinyl acetate, 4-vinyl pyridine or vinyl pyrrolidone.  
       [0068] 4) Amides of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid such as methacrylic amide, dimethyl aminopropyl methacrylic amide, N,N-dimethyl acrylic amide.  
       [0069] Examples of the substances which may be used as component C) for the preparation of binders for antifouling coatings include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acryloyl chloride, methacryloyl chloride or methyl methacrylate.  
       [0070] Examples for components with the general formula III include aliphatic or aromatic alcohols or thiols.  
       [0071] The preparation of antifouling binder systems can be effected by radical or ionic copolymerisation of the monomers A) of formula 1, usually together with ethylenically unsaturated compounds B). Compounds containing conventional peroxide or azo groups may be used as the radical starter (initiator) e.g. dibenzoyl peroxide, bis-(a-,a-dimethyl benzyl) peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, potassium peroxo-disulphate, 2,2′-azobis isobutyronitrile and 2,2′-azobis-(2-methyl butyronitrile) normally in concentrations of 0.01 to 5% by weight of the monomer mixture which is used. The copolymerisation is preferably carried out in suitable solvents by means of solution or precipitation polymerisaton. The following are examples of which substances may be used for this purpose: aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, hexane, heptane, petroleum ether; esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone; ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), dibutyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofurane or solvents such as dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulphoxide, water or butanol, possibly as a mixture. Depending on the desired viscosity, the monomer concentration can be in the range between 5 and 80% by weight with reference to the total solution. The copolymerisation itself is carried out by means of known techniques such as heating of the monomers with the initiators in the solvent or by dropping the monomers and initiators into the heated solvent. Depending on the composition of the monomer mixture and the chosen copolymerisation conditions, copolymers with varying composition and with average molecular weights in the 5000 to 200,000 range can be obtained.  
       [0072] Another possibility for the preparation of polymers for antifouling binder systems consists in the already mentioned polymer-analogous reaction, in which the polymeric functionalities are synthesised in a reaction between a copolymer and appropriate reagents.  
       [0073] The antifouling binders which are prepared in this way can be mixed with auxiliary substances and additives such as pigments, biocides and stabilizers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,430. Examples of pigments include titanium dioxide, activated carbon, iron oxide and blue pigments. Examples of biocidal agents include cuprous oxide, cuprous thiocyanate, zinc oxide, zinc pyrithion, zinc-bis(dimethyl-dithio carbamate) together with compounds which contain e.g. benzothiazols, dithiocarbamates, triazine, thiodiazine, thiadiazole, isothiazoline and quaternary ammonium salts. Examples of other additives include fillers such as silicon dioxide, kaolin, talcum and auxiliary substances such as bentonite, aerosil and similar compounds. 
     
    
    
     [0074] The present invention is described in more detail in the following examples.  
     EXAMPLES  
     [0075] Example 1  
     General Synthesis Instructions for the Preparation of Monomers  
     [0076] 1 mol of the starting compound with alcoholic or phenolic OH-groups is dissolved in a three-necked flask in 250 ml of chloroform. An equimolar quantity of triethyl amine and possibly also 20 mol % 4-(dimethyl-amino) pyridine are added and the solution is then cooled to 0° C. An equimolar quantity of (meth)acryloyl chloride is then dropped during one hour into 50 ml of chloroform. While stirring, the temperature should be held at 0° C. On completion of this addition, stirring continues for 1 h at 0° C. The product is either allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for another 8 hours or else heated for 3 hours at reflux. Any salt which has been precipitated out is then filtered off. The chloroform solution is extracted with water, 1 n hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium carbonate solution and again with water after which it is dried on sodium sulphate. The raw product which is obtained after extraction of the chloroform can be cleaned by distillation or recrystallization.  
     Example 2  
     General Synthesis Instructions for the Preparation of Monomers  
     [0077] 1 mol of the starting compound with aliphatic or aromatic thiol groups is dissolved in a three-necked flask in 250 ml of anhydrous chloroform. An equimolar quantity of pyridine is added together with a small amount of hydroquinone after which the solution is cooled to 0° C. An equimolar quantity of (meth)acryloyl chloride in 50 ml of chloroform is then dropped into the solution during 1 hour. While stirring, the temperature should be held at 0° C. On completion of this addition, heating to reflux temperature and stirring for 5 hours at this temperature is performed. Any precipitated salt is filtered off and the chloroform solution extracted with water, 10% sulphuric acid, saturated sodium carbonate solution and again with water. After drying on sodium sulphate and removal of the chloroform, raw products are obtained which can be cleaned by distillation or recrystallization.  
     Example 3  
     General Synthesis Instructions for the Preparation of Monomers  
     [0078] 1 mol (meth)acrylic acid and 1.5 mol triethyl amine are added together in a three-necked flask and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, 2 mols of the starting compound (chloro acetic acid derivatives) are then added from a dropping funnel while stirring. Stirring continues for a further 12 hours at room temperature. The precipitated salt is filtered off and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate is extracted twice with a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and once with water before being dried on sodium sulphate. The raw product can be cleaned by distillation or recrystallization.  
     Example 4  
     General Synthesis Instructions for the Preparation of Monomers  
     [0079] 0.25 mol of the starting thiadiazole compound is dissolved in 1 l abs. acetone under a stream of nitrogen in a three-necked flask. 0.25 mol N,N′dicyclohexyl-carbodiimideis added in 100 ml abs. acetone. 0.25 mol (meth)acrylic acid in 100 ml abs. acetone is dropped into the solution while stirring. After further stirring for two days at room temperature, the N,N′-dicyclohexyl urea which is obtained is filtered off and the solvent removed. The raw products which are formed can be recrystallized for cleaning purposes.  
     Example 5  
     General Synthesis Instructions for the Preparation of Monomers  
     [0080] 0.5 mol of the starting compound with alcoholic or phenolic OH-groups is dissolved in a three-necked flask in 500 ml of 5% aqueous NaOH. The solution is cooled to 0° C. and 0.6 mol methacryloyl chloride is added dropwise. The solution is stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The precipitated product is filtered off and can be cleaned by recrystallization  
     Example 6  
     Synthesis of Methacryloyloxy Acetic Acid  
     [0081] 20 g t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (synthesis according to Example 3), 200 ml acetonitrile and 0.1 g p-toluenesulfonic acid are combined and heated at reflux for 32 hours. The solvent is stripped off. The resulting oil is crystallized by adding petroleum ether. The product is collected by filtration, washed and dried in a vacuum oven.  
               TABLE 1                          Synthesis of monomers                                             Synthesis                           pursuant to       m.p. (F)   Hydrolysis Rate       Product   Starting Compound   Example-No.   Yield   b.p. (K)   after 24 h                                                 4-Methacryloyloxymethylbenzoate   Methyl-4-hydroxy-benzoate   1   62.2%   F:   67.8° C.   54.8%       2-Methacryloyloxymethylbenzoate   Methylsalicylate   1   51.3%   K:   120° C.   64.4%                       (0.1   mbar)   (4.5 h)       2,4,6-Tribromophenylmethacrylate   2,4,6-Tribromophenol   1   78.8%   K:   140° C.   13.3%                       (0.1   mbar)       4-Methoxyphenylmethacrylate   4-Methoxyphenol   1   71.1%   F:   40° C.   43.2%       4-Methacryloyloxy acetanilide   4-Hydroxyacetanilide   5   65.0%   F:   126° C.   32.9%       Methacryloytoxy acetic acid   t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate   6   75.0%   F:   45° C.   70.1%       5-Bromo-2-methacryloyloxybenzaldehyde   5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde   1   22.0%   F:   52° C.   35.6%       4-Chlorothlophenylmethacrylate   4-Chloro thiophenol   2   30.0%   K:   160° C.   78.0%                       (0.5   mbar)       Ethyloxythioglycolic acid methacrylate   Thioglycolic acid ethylester   2   60.0%   K:   115° C.   80.2%                       (0.1   mbar)       Methoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate   Chloroacetic acid methylester   3   89.0%   K:   60° C.   63.1%                       (0.1   mbar)   (4.5 h)       t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate   Chloroacetic acid t-butylester   3   94.0%   K:   65° C.   77.6%                       (0.1   mbar)       3-Phenyl-5-methacryloylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazole   5-Mercapto-3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole   4   43.0%   F:   110° C.   12.6%                  
 
     [0082] For comparison: Tri-n-bulyltin methacrylate: Hydrolysis rate after 1 h: 83.7%  
     Example 7  
     General Instructions for Copolymerisation of the Monomers  
     [0083] The amount of component A and of components B corresponding to the desired copolymer composition are transferred to a three-necked flask together with the solvent and the initiator. To remove oxygen, the solution is stirred for 30 minutes in a constant stream of nitrogen. The mixture is then heated to 80° C. and copolymerised for 4 hours under these conditions. The solids content of the solution is determined, The copolymer can be recovered in the pure state by precipitation in methanol or petroleum ether and isolation in a known manner (filtration).  
     Example 8  
     Polymer-Analogous Reaction  
     [0084] Synthesis of a Copolymer: Methyl Methacrylate/Methoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate  
     [0085] 0.4 mol methyl methacrylate and 0.2 mol methacrylic acid are copolymerised in methanol according to example 7. The copolymer is precipitated in petroleum ether and dried. 20 g of the copolymer are dissolved in 180 g dimethyl formamide in a three-necked flask, 9.6 g triethyl amine are added and the solution is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. 13.7 g of chloroacetic acid methyl ester are added during 1 hour from a dropping funnel while stirring, which is continued for a further 12 hours at room temperature. The precipitated salt is filtered off. The product (copolymer) can be precipitated in water.  
     Example 9  
     General Instructions for the Preparation of Antifouling Paints  
     [0086] 75 g of the copolymer (e,g. P1-P24, VP1, VP2) as a 40-50% solution, 5 g of cuprous oxide, 13 g of zinc oxide, 11.1 g of Bentone 38 (gelling agent based on montmorillonite earth, made by Titangesellschaft, 6% solution in xylene) and 10 g of xylene are ground intensively for one hour.  
               TABLE 2                          Copolymerisation                                                         Solids       No.   Component A   Component B   Solvent   Initiator   Content               P 1   4-Methacryloyloxymethyl benzoate (15.1 g)   Butyl methacrylate (19.3 g)   Ethyl acetate    DBPO 1)     50.0%                   (34.4. g)     (0.3 g)       P 2   4-Methacryloyloxymethyl benzoate (28.5 g)   Methyl methacrylate (25.9 g)/   Xylene    AMBN 2)     50.6%               2-Methoxyethylacrylate (5.6 g)    (30.0 g)/   (1.69 g)                   1-Methoxy-2-                   propanol                   (30.0 g)       P 3   2,4,6-Tribromophenylmethacrylate (15.4 g)   Butyl methacrylate (104.6 g)   Xylene   AMBN   49.2%                    (60.0 g)/   (2.28 g)                   1-Methoxy-2-                   propanol                   (60.0 g)       P 4   2,4,6-Tribromophenylmethacrylate (20.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (14.3 g)   Toluene    AIBN 3)     44.0%                   (34.4 g)   (0.12 g)       P 5   2,4,6-Trichlorophenylmethacrylate (29.7 g)   Butyl methacrylate (90.3 g)   Xylene   AMBN   48.5%                   (120.0 g)    (2.20 g)       P 6   2,4,6-Trichlorophenylmethacrylate (53.3 g)   Butyl methacrylate (66.7 g)   Xylene   AMBN   48.0%                   (120.0 g)    (1.97 g)       P 7   4-Methoxyphenylmethacrylate (20.0 g)   Butyl methacylate (25.6 g)   Toluene   AIBN   49.0%                   (45.9 g)   (0.26 g)       P 8   2-Formylphenylmethacrylate (57.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (85.2 g)   Dioxane   AIBN   47.8%                   (142.2 g)    (2.21 g)       P 9   5-Bromo-2-methacryloyloxybenzaldehyde (18.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (18.0 g)   Toluene   AIBN   49.5%                   (36.0 g)   (0.11 g)       P 10   4-Methacryloxy acetanilide (11.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (14.2 g)   Butyl acetate   AIBN   48.2%                   (25.2 g)   (0.25 g)       P 11   4-Chlorothiophenylmethacrylate (83.8 g)   Butyl methacrylate (112.4 g)   Toluene   AIBN   47.0%                   (196.0 g)    (0.97 g)       P 12   Ethyloxythioglycolic acid methacrylate (14.7 g)   2-Hydroxyethylmethacylate (10.1 g)   Acetone   AIBN   20.0%                   (102.7 g)    (0.13 g)       P 13   Ethyloxythioglycolic acid methacrylate (18.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (28.4 g)   Ethyl acetate   AIBN   69.0%                   (20.0 g)   (0.49 g)       P 14   Ethyloxythioglycolic acid methacrylate (26.8 g)   Methyl methacrylate (33.2 g)   Xylene   AMBN   41.7%                    (30.0 g)/   (1.40 g)                   1-Methoxy-2-                   propanol                   (30.0 g)       P 15   Methacryloyloxy acetic acid (10.8 g)   Methyl methacrylate (15.0 g)   Dioxane   AIBN   46.9%                   (25.8 g)   (0.18 g)       P 16   Methoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (20 g)   Methyl methacrylate (25.3 g)   Toluene   AIBN   50.0%                   (45.3 g)   (0.62 g)       P 17   Methoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (36.5 g)   Butyl methacrylate (66.7 g)   Xylene   AIBN   44.3%                   (51.6 g)   (1.37 g)                   1-Methoxy-2-                   propanol                   (51.6 g)       P 18   t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (10.0 g)   Butyl methacrylate (12.1 g)/   Toluene   AIBN   48.3%               2-Methoxyethylacrylate (2.0 g)   (24.0 g)   (0.12 g)       P 19   t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (41.4 g)   Butyl methacrylate (68.6 g)   Xylene   AMBN   47.4%                   (110.0 g)    (2.03 g)       P 20   t-Butoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate (27.1 g)   Methyl methacrylate (27.1 g)/   Xylene   AMBN   50.3%               2-Methoxyethylacrylate (5.8 g)   (60.0 g)   (3.09 g)       P 21   3-Phenyl-5-methacryloylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazole (18.4 g)   n-Hexyl methacrylate (36.0 g)   Xylene   AIBN   35.0%                    (50.0 g)/   (0.56 g)                   Diglyme 4)                     (50.0 g)       P 22   Triethylcitrylmethacrylate (38.6 g)   Methyl methacrylate (26.2 g)   Xylene   AMBN   52.3%                   (55.2 g)   (1.47 g)       P 23   Triethylcitrylmethacrylate (29.4 g)   Methyl methacrylate (29.9 g)/   Xylene   AMBN   53.0%               2-Methoxyethylacrylate (5.5 g)   (55.2 g)   (1.67 g)                                 P 24   Polymer-analogous reaction (example 8)   Dimethyl-   —   20.0%           Copolymer:Methyl methacrylate/Methacrylic acid→Copolymer:Methyl methacrylate/   formamide           Methoxycarbonylmethylmethacrylate                                     VP 1   Tri-n-butyltin methacrylate (37.5 g)   Methyl methacrylate (20.2 g)   Xylene   AIBN   49.0%                   (57.5 g)   (0.25 g)       VP 2   —   Butyl methacrylate (142.2 g)   Xylene   AIBN   49.7%                   (142.2 g)    (2.46 g)                                                  
 
     Determination of the Hydrolysis Rate in Alkaline Environment (pH 12)  
     [0087] To determine the hydrolysis rates of the binder systems in an alkaline environment, the conductivity or pH value changes are measured as a function of time. A direct measurement in sea water (pH: 8.1 to 8.3) is impossible for technical measurement reasons (high inherent conductivity because of the salt content).  
     [0088] The measurements were performed as follows:  
     [0089] 300 ml of bidistilled and degassed water are set to a pH value of 12 in a three-necked flask, equipped with a stirrer, pH electrode (WTW, Type E50-1.5) and a conductivity electrode (WTW, Type LTA 1, cell constant 0.996—by adding NaOH pellets. The entire system is thermostatically set to 25±0.1° C. (Haake Thermostat GH-D8). The measuring instruments which are used consist of a pH meter (WTW, Type pH 192) and a conductivity measuring instrument (WTW, Type LF 530).  
     [0090] The monomer compounds shown in table 1 are introduced into an aqueous solution; in the case of the binder system in solution as shown in table 2, the substance is applied to glass beads with a diameter of 3 mm to achieve convenient layer thicknesses for practical use, and the solvent is then removed by means of a vacuum pump. The quantity of the polymer binder system which is weighed in is chosen in such a way that after theoretically complete hydrolysis a pH-value of 7 should be measured in the solution.  
     [0091] To determine the hydrolysis rates, the coated glass beads are introduced into the above solution. The pH value and conductivity changes are determined directly, as a function of time, in the solution which is stirred under a stream of nitrogen to ensure better mixing The measuring period totals 24 hours,  
     [0092] The calculation of the hydrolysis rate is based on the change in the pH-value, which decreases due to hydrolysis of the polymeric binder system resulting in the formation of carboxylic groups as substituents on the polymer backbone. Measuring the pH-value after 24 h (starting pH: 12.00) and calculation of the functional groups based on the weighed copolymers enable a determination of the hydrolysis rate (%, based on the number of functional groups).  
     [0093] The following table 3 clearly shows that the polymer binder systems according to the invention undergo hydrolysis in an alkaline environment under the chosen conditions.  
               TABLE 3                          Hydrolysis of polymer binder systems                             Binder System   Hydrolysis rate (24 h)                                         P 1    33.1%           P 2    38.2%           P 3    30.2%           P 4    41.9%           P 5    36.0%           P 6    39.7%           P 7    17.9%           P 8    38.5%           P 9    29.3%           P 10   21.9%           P 11   37.1%           P 12   72.9%           P 13   87.1%           P 14   80.9%           P 15   77.2%           P 16   31.7%           P 17   26.0%           P 18   23.5%           P 19   20.1%           P 20   27.2%           P 21   23.9%           P 22   41.2%           P 23   50.7%           P 24   32.8%           VP 1 (comparison)   30.9%           VP 2 (comparison)   3.2%                      
 
     Sea Water Exposure of Antifouling Paints  
     [0094] The antifouling effectiveness of the (meth)acrylate based copolymers according to the invention against marine organisms was determined by exposure tests in the North Sea (Cuxhaven, Germany).  
     [0095] For this purpose, test sheets of polyvinyl chloride (10×15×1.4 cm) were provide with antifouling paints which were prepared according to example 5.  
     [0096] The PVC sheets were degreased and subsequently coated with the antifouling paint and dried for 48 hours The dry film thickness was 100-150 μm. The PVC sheets are clamped in a plastic frame and immersed in seawater at a depth of 1 meter for 8 months (February to October). Table 4 clearly shows that the test sheets with the paints according to the invention were free from animal and algae fouling during this period. The test sheets without the according to the invention compounds (comparison example VP 2, polybutyl methacrylate) showed considerably fouling by algae, mussels and barnacles.  
               TABLE 4                          Results of sea water exposure of test panels in the North Sea                         Antifouling Paint Example   4 months exposure   8 months exposure                                 P 1    0   0       P 2    0   5       P 3    0   0       P 4    0   5       P 5    0   10        P 6    0   5       P 7    0   10        P 8    0   10        P 9    0   0       P 10   0   5       P 11   0   0       P 12   0   10        P 13   0   5       P 14   0   0       P 15   0   0       P 16   0   5       P 17   0   0       P 18   0   5       P 19   0   0       P 20   0   5       P 21   0   0       P 22   0   5       P 23   0   0       P 24   0   5       VP 1   0   0       VP 2   50    100