Patent Publication Number: US-11021061-B2

Title: Power hybrid integrated management system

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/548,713 entitled “POWER HYBRID INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” filed on 18 Oct. 2011, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     CSX Trains can move a ton of freight over 400 miles per a gallon of diesel, which is a fuel efficiency of 400 mpg/ton. Calculated from fuel consumption, amount of freight and distance for over a year. A modern diesel-electric locomotive diesel engine drives an electrical generator whose output provides power to the traction motors. There is no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels. Trains are also designed to capture energy from breaking action. 
     The conventional art of powering vehicle engines and consumer motors, for automobiles, truck-trailers, generators, and the like, using combustion engines which require the motor to run when idle. There are few engines for consumer motors that cut the engine off while idling to dramatically reduce the loss of energy when not needed. These devices have some limitations and are not widely available. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,876,098 and 7,456,509 teach methods of operating a series of hybrid vehicles in a manner that responds to the operator&#39;s demand for power output, while maximizing engine efficiency and minimizing disruptions in vehicle drivability, which includes embodiments in which the engine is selectively turned off when not needed. US Patent Application No. 2010/0116574 teaches a cost effective configuration for supercapacitors for HEV in which the supercapacitors are disposed in parallel. U.S. Pat. No. 7,831,343 teaches an efficiency optimized hybrid operation strategy that includes the algorithm utilized to incorporate regenerative breaking, optimum fuel cell, or electric energy storage systems, which include supercapacitors as an energy source. 
     US Patent Application Pub. No. 2010/0065357 teaches a vehicle and control method of vehicle which tries to balance the charge discharge power demand for a vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 7,533,745 teaches a power transmission method and device for a motor vehicle comprising a heat engine and at least one electric machine, which includes a super capacitor to store unused energy from the heat engine, which is then used for power. US Patent Application Pub. No. 2002/0080523 describes silent operating mode for reducing emissions of a hybrid electric vehicle. 
     Similar technologies exist in analogous art. US Patent Application Pub. No. 2010/0145562 shows a method of controlling engine stop-start operation for heavy-duty hybrid-electric vehicles in which fuel and/or combustion is reduced when not needed or when desired. US Patent Application Pub. No. 2008/0021602 teaches an electrically powered rail propulsion vehicle and method. US Patent Application No. 2011/0094808 shows a peak demand reduction in mining haul trucks utilizing an on-board energy storage system. US Patent Application Pub. No. 2011/0094841 shows a system and method for reinjection of retard energy in a trolley-based electric mining haul truck. US Patent Application Pub. No. 2005/0080523 shows a silent operating mode for reducing emissions of a hybrid electric vehicle. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention uses power hybrid integrated management systems (PHIMS) with PHIMS Power Interface to bring fuel efficiency to automobiles, all terrain vehicles (ATV), motorcycles, trucks-trailers, and generator applications to provide equivalent or superior fuel efficiency. The present design applies similar principles of the hybrid diesel-electric locomotive to the automobile and other consumer combustion engine technologies with an added computer controller PHIMS. 
     The PHIMS ( 12 ) has a power interface ( 14 ) connected to an ultra capacitor ( 16 ), a power source ( 18 ), and a load ( 20 ), with a controller ( 22 ) for managing the power interface ( 14 ), and monitoring the ultra capacitor ( 16 ), power source ( 18 ), and demands of the load ( 20 ) attached thereto. The power interface ( 14 ) selectively switches the circuit between the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) at S 1  and the power source ( 18 ) at S 2 , and between the load ( 20 ) at S 3  and S 4  in response to the level of demand of the load ( 20 ) attached thereto such that the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) powers peak demand and the power source ( 18 ) powers steady demand. 
     The PHIMS ( 12 ) power interface ( 14 ) with fast charge and discharge energy storage may use ultra capacitors ( 16 ), also known as supercapacitors, to provide the same fuel efficiency as diesel-electric locomotive of 400 mpg/ton to consumer applications. For example, an automobile with a total weight of 1 ton, 2000 lbs. has a fuel mileage of 400 mpg or better. A further benefit is that smaller engines may be used, and need less automatic or manual transmission. 
     This principle can be applied to the way we use electricity. By using small natural gas combustion engine with 4 KW generator, the average home needs 2-3 KWH, combined with a computer controller PHIMS, PHIMS Power Interface and fast charge energy storage, such as ultracapacitor or mechanical potential energy storage, according to various embodiments of the present design. A natural gas generator, according to alternative embodiments of the present design, produces electricity for the home, or on a site unattached to power lines/transmission systems. 
     A further aspect of the power hybrid integrated management system according to alternative embodiments of the present design does not waste as much energy as drawing from power lines and transmission systems. 
     PHIMS will only operate to start/stop a generator on demand, or to reconnect to commercial power and store excess energy into fast temporary storage devices, such as ultra-capacitor or mechanical potential energy storage. The heat from the generator&#39;s engine can be captured to reuse in heating water or home. 
     The current ways we use electricity produced by combustion engines create from 70% to 90% waste. By integrating PHIMS and PHIMS Power Interface into local energy production, energy can be provided on demand to regenerate, store, and generate heat for the home or other well known uses. 
     Conventional combustion engine in automobiles need or require some minimum revolution to build up enough torque initially to move the vehicle, especially under zero to sixty miles per hour in a few seconds such as 45 to 60 seconds. Bigger sized engines will give better performance with less time to achieve the required speed of 0 to 60 MPH in 45 to 60 seconds; however, the power wasted is extreme. With the present design, to accelerate to 60 MPH, extra power is delivered from the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) as fast energy storage for a few seconds. For a one ton car, a twenty horsepower engine could be used to cruise at 60 or 70 MPH, by assigning double power up to 40 HP, it will have over excess power for fast charging back to the ultra capacitor ( 16 ). when the vehicle moves from stationary or accelerates, the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) may provide power to the motor ( 24 ). The engine ( 28 ) then switches the power generator to excess power to charge the ultra capacitor ( 16 ). The engine ( 28 ) may be turned off entirely during deceleration, stopping, or standing to save fuel. Furthermore, when the brakes are applied in a vehicle according to the present design, the engine may be turned off and the regenerative power of braking can be charged back to the ultra capacitor by the PHIMS ( 12 ). 
     These and other aspects of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following drawings and specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel features of the described embodiments are specifically set forth in the appended claims; however, embodiments relating to the structure and process of making the present invention, may best be understood with reference to the following description and accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing a generic arrangement for any type of device which uses an engine ( 28 ) and a motor ( 24 ) to rotate an axle ( 26 ), including all types of automobiles, industrial machinery, and mining vehicles, incorporating the power hybrid integrated management system ( 12 ). 
         FIG. 2  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing an arrangement for an automobile having an internal combustion engine ( 28 ) with a generator ( 30 ) and battery ( 29 ) and a motor controller ( 22 ). 
         FIG. 3  shows an object diagram depicting a conventional prior art internal combustion engine ( 28 ) for a vehicle with an automatic transmission (T), a motor ( 24 ) to rotate an axle ( 26 ). 
         FIG. 4A  shows a graph depicting calculated fuel usage in horsepower (HP) versus time, and comparing conventional diesel engine vehicles (without PHIMS), according to  FIG. 3 , to the same size/weight vehicle utilizing the present design (with PHIMS), according to  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4B  shows a graph depicting estimated normal driving conditions comparing the speed in MPH with the power required to match that speed in a 150 horsepower engine without PHIMS (prior art) and a 30 horsepower engine with PHIMS according to the present design. 
         FIG. 4C  shows a chart depicting estimated fast acceleration conditions comparing the speed in MPH with the power required to match that speed in a 150 horsepower engine without PHIMS (prior art) and a 30 horsepower engine with PHIMS according to the present design. 
         FIG. 5  shows a graph depicting power requirements in time versus speed according to the calculations of the present design. 
         FIG. 6  is an object diagram showing urban/highway driving conditions and conventional energy loss for prior art automobiles; the first percentage indicating the calculated urban energy usage and the second percentage indicating the calculated highway energy usage. 
         FIG. 7  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing a generic arrangement for any type of device having alternative energy sources, in this case for example generator ( 30 ) versus residential power supply ( 48 ). 
         FIG. 8  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design for use in residential and commercial environments. 
         FIG. 9  shows a graph comparing projected power usage according to the present design to a conventional generator with Power (KW) versus Time (t). 
     
    
    
     Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     PHIMS controller ( 22 ) and PHIMS Power Interface ( 14 ) with at least one ultra capacitor ( 16 ) together form the PHIMS ( 12 ), as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . PHIMS controller ( 22 ) will turn the power source ( 18 ), such as an internal combustion engine (ICE) ( 28 ) off when no demand for power to the load ( 20 ), such as a motor ( 24 ) is present. The PHIMS controller ( 22 ) then restarts the engine ( 28 ) through the starter battery ( 29 ) when power is needed or optionally when a depleted ultra capacitor ( 16 ) needs to be recharged. The depleted ultra capacitor ( 16 ) may alternatively be charged when the engine ( 28 ) is turned on. While the engine ( 28 ) is turned off, all the accessories and equipment are run from the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) or other storage device such as a battery ( 34 ). 
     The present invention describes ultra capacitors ( 16 ) in the singular; however, a plurality of ultra capacitors ( 16 ) may replace a single ultra capacitor ( 16 ) or any number as required. Furthermore, power sources ( 18 ), loads ( 20 ), and batteries may be described in the singular but may be replaced or added to by duplicate devices. For example, a battery may be replaced by a plurality of batteries. The same is true with motors ( 24 ), axles ( 26 ), controllers, generators ( 30 ), limiter converters ( 32 ), AC/DC converters ( 35 ), and the like. 
       FIG. 1  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing a generic arrangement for any type of device which uses an engine ( 28 ) and a motor ( 24 ) to rotate an axle ( 26 ), including all types of automobiles, industrial machinery, and mining vehicles, incorporating the power hybrid integrated management system ( 12 ). The power hybrid integrated management system ( 12 ), alternatively referred to herein as PHIMS ( 12 ), provides an active control of power demand and power resources for a power source ( 18 ). In the example of  FIG. 1 , the speed of rotation of a motor ( 24 ) driven axle ( 26 ) is actively monitored by the PHIMS ( 12 ) controller ( 22 ) which switches a power interface ( 14 ) between S 1  and S 2 , shown in  FIG. 2 , to selectively provide power to the motor ( 24 ) by either the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) at line ( 19 ) or a primary power source ( 18 ). Multiple ultra capacitors and power sources may be used; however, for simplicity sake the present design is only explained in terms of a single ultra capacitor, and in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the single power source ( 18 ) is described as an internal combustion engine ( 28 ) with a generator ( 30 ). A battery ( 29 ) may also be used to start the internal combustion engine ( 28 ). 
       FIG. 2  shows a more detailed object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing an arrangement for an automobile having an internal combustion engine ( 28 ) with a generator ( 30 ) and battery ( 29 ) and a motor controller ( 22 ) to determine the power demand by the driver (D). The PHIMS controller ( 22 ) monitors the motor controller ( 22 ) for acceleration demand of the driver (D) and switches the PHIMS power interface ( 14 ) at S 1  and S 2  to allow the ultra capacitor(s) ( 16 ) to provide responsive acceleration to power the motor ( 24 ) for the duration of the demand for increased speed of rotation in the axel ( 26 ) or until the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) is discharged. The PHIMS ( 22 ) monitors the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) and the internal combustion engine ( 28 ) as well as the motor controller ( 22 ), and switches at S 1  off and S 2  on to the internal combustion engine ( 28 ) for coasting speeds (constant power drain) or when the ultra capacitor(s) ( 16 ) is discharged. In  FIG. 2 , the dashed lines represent the monitoring signals of the PHIMS controller ( 22 ) and the solid lines represent power connections. The heavy lines represent the PHIMS apparatus ( 12 ) which may be contained within a single chamber (not shown). When the device is coasting, or does not have an active power demand, the engine, generator, battery or other power source is turned off. The ultra capacitors ( 16 ) handles at least initially any power demand by the load until the power source is turned back on, or switched to at S 2 , as appropriate, e.g., when a fully electric vehicle is used, and the power supply is a battery. Although the load ( 20 ) is generically used to designate energy loss, and the power source ( 18 ) is depicted as the energy source. 
     The PHIMS ( 12 ) has a power interface ( 14 ) connected to an ultra capacitor ( 16 ), a power source ( 18 ), and a load ( 20 ), with a controller ( 22 ) for managing the power interface ( 14 ), and monitoring the ultra capacitor ( 16 ), power source ( 18 ), and demands of the load ( 20 ) attached thereto. The power interface ( 12 ) selectively switches the circuit between the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) at S 1  and the power source ( 18 ) at S 2 , and between the load ( 20 ) at S 3 , shown in  FIG. 7 , in response to the level of demand of the load ( 20 ) attached thereto such that the ultra capacitor ( 16 ) powers peak demand and the power source ( 18 ) powers steady demand. 
       FIG. 3  shows an object diagram depicting a conventional prior art internal combustion engine ( 28 ) for a vehicle with an automatic transmission (T), a motor ( 24 ) to rotate an axle ( 26 ). When more power is needed, the output of the internal combustion engine ( 28 ) increases.  FIGS. 4A  though  4 C depict anticipated comparisons between the power efficiencies of vehicles with and without a PHIMS.  FIG. 4A  shows a graph depicting calculated fuel usage in horsepower (HP) versus time, and comparing conventional diesel engine vehicles (without PHIMS), according to  FIG. 3 , to the same size/weight vehicle utilizing the present design (with PHIMS), according to  FIG. 2 . The  FIGS. 4B and 4C  depict the differences between conventional 150 HP engine without PHIMS and a 30 HP engine with PHIMS. The anticipated results show that the amount of power required by the 30 HP engine with PHIMS would be significantly lower than the amount anticipated for the conventional 150 HP engine. 
     With reference to the graph depicted in  FIG. 4A , the anticipated impact on energy consumption can be demonstrated. While the brake is activated, the motor regenerates power back to the ultra capacitor as the car slows down. When the vehicle needs to accelerate, the ultra capacitor acts as a power booster for the motor. In alternative designs, the diesel engine size can be reduced by more than ⅓ size of a standard diesel engine while still maintaining the same performance. See Table 1. Similar results may be obtained with any combustion engine, as shown in  FIGS. 4B and 4C . The size of a combustion engine may be reduced by ⅓ to ⅕ horse power and still provide a significant burst of energy during acceleration from ultra capacitor/energy storage device by PHIMS controller and PHIMS Power Interface. See Tables 3 and 4. 
     The energy stored in diesel fuel in the form produced by combustion in an engine per one (1) gallon is equal to 40.65 kw-hr. 
     
       
         
           
             
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               737.27 
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                     40.65 
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               Car 
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               Coefficient 
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               Rolling 
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                       Diesel 
                     
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                     engine 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                     efficiency 
                   
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               Wheel 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
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               conversion 
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               efficiency 
             
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                     Total 
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                     efficiency 
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     The energy in one (1) gallon of diesel fuel will therefore be able to move one (1) ton of weight of a car at 376 mpg/ton. According to fuel efficiency report from CSX in 2007, their trains achieved 253 billion ton of freight and consumed 569 million gallons of diesel (#2) fuel. The CSX train system efficiency is 253E9/569E6, which has an average fuel efficiency of 445 mpg per ton of freight. Also, see table 1. 
     One (1) gallon of diesel is able to move a one (1) ton car over 376 miles where CRF is equal to 0.01 (CRF for Locomotive Rail 0.001 to 0.006). The reason for diesel-electric locomotives have great fuel mileage because slow take off, and average 25 to 40 mph, less stop due traffic. Automobile runs on the road or highway, constantly required to slow down, stop, start, accelerate much more frequently than railroad locomotive system. 
     In order to make trucks with fuel mileage same as or better than a diesel-electric locomotive we have to consider the differences between a conventional internal combustion engine design and a diesel electric truck with a PHIMS according to the present design. By cutting the engine in the automobile off, the fuel savings can be raised dramatically. An internal combustion engine with a 150 HP engine which is always on uses one hundred percent of the power of the engine during idle, and also uses all of the 150 HP, and to travel at 75 MPH, a 2000 pound card needs the entire 150 HP, and the power to the wheel results in a transmission loss of six percent. 
       FIG. 5  represents the advantages of the present design relative to the power required (MPH). A diesel-electric automobile may have a diesel-electric engine, with a computer controller (PHIMS controller) for start and stop requirements, slowing down, and acceleration, and to regenerate braking power. The ultra-capacitor is available for fast charge-discharge for temporary energy storage. The resultant engine size for the same mileage or power usage could be twelve percent. Only six to ten horsepower would be required for a 2000 pound vehicle traveling at 75 MPH, with the actual horsepower required for the engine being from 6/0.550=10˜10/0.055=18 HP. The power to the axle under such conditions would have an electric motor that has 95 percent efficiency. See Table 2. 
       FIG. 6  is an object diagram showing urban/highway driving conditions and conventional energy loss for prior art automobiles; the first percentage indicating the calculated urban energy usage and the second percentage indicating the calculated highway energy usage. As can be seen from the figures, the conventional automobile has a lot of energy loss during standby, idling, constant velocity, and only requires energy during acceleration. From sixty-two to sixty-nine percent of the engine power produced by conventional internal combustion engines is simply loss which represents the majority of the power generated by the conventional engine. 
     Another possible use of alternative embodiments of the present design is depicted in  FIG. 7 . By capturing the lost heat from combustion in an LP engine (typically 70%), or other household energy source including alternators, green power generators, gasoline generators, and the like, the design can be used to monitor power in a home, a camper, a business, or otherwise produce energy. Transmission lines result in a great amount of waste of electricity during transmission, and furthermore, the transmission line system results in energy/heat loss (due to resistance) into the environment. With the PHIMS system, alternatives of the traditional design may deliver almost 90% of energy from combustion NG engine. See Tables 5 and 6 for data on generator use with small loads and with small/heavy loads respectively. 
       FIG. 7  shows an object diagram according to an embodiment of the present design showing a generic arrangement for any type of device having alternative energy sources, in this case for example generator ( 30 ) versus residential power supply ( 48 ). For uses with residential low power drain ( 36 ), the PHIMS ( 12 ) is attached to an ultra capacitor ( 16 ) which in turn is attached to a limiter converter ( 32 ) to a battery ( 34 ) to handle a low power drain load ( 36 ), such as LED lighting and the like. An AC/DC converter ( 35 ) may be required to provide 120 AC current for low power drain loads ( 36 ). The PHIMS is also attached to a power source ( 18 ) which may be a conventional generator, a green power source (solar, wind, water, or the like), a bank of batteries, a battery, and the like. The power source ( 18 ) may also alternatively be or include a high power supply ( 48 ) such as conventional power line provided power. The PHIMS ( 12 ) also is connected to the high power drain ( 220 ) to provide power from the generator ( 30 ), the high power supply ( 48 ), or for transient high power requirements, from the ultra capacitors ( 16 ). The ultra capacitors ( 16 ) are recharged via the power supply ( 18 ) and operate to maintain the charge in a load battery ( 34 ) which provides power to the low power drain load ( 36 ). 
       FIG. 8  is a more detailed example, which shows an object diagram for use in residential and commercial environments. Under this usage, the PHIMS ( 12 ) has a PHIMS controller  22 , a PHIMS power interface ( 14 ), at least one ultra capacitor ( 16 ), but more likely a bank of a plurality of ultra capacitors ( 16 ). The PHIMS power interface ( 14 ) switches S 1  for the ultra capacitor, S 2  for the power source ( 18 ), and S 3  and S 4  for the load ( 20 ), as shown. 
       FIG. 9  shows a graph comparing projected power usage according to the present design to a conventional generator with Power (KW) versus Time (t). A conventional generator ( 30 ) runs the entire time that the device is in use. A constant output of power is provided by a generator ( 30 ) until 
     Examples of the present invention include providing power to an electric underground mining vehicle to extend the battery life thereof so that the battery may last for the entire time the miners are underground. 
     Another example is a toy car that can use two ultra capacitors for acceleration and a battery for constant velocity. 
     An example of a home application in which an emergency generator is used for a home. Conventional generators under such conditions run the entire time that they are powered on wasting most of the power generated. A low power load is typically required to power lights and the like. Excess power is charged back to the ultra capacitor during high power demands, and the ultra capacitor can then recharge the battery while the generated is turned off. An alternative high power soucrce such as natural gas, or other green energy source. 
     Yet another example is an off road ATV in which the internal combustion engine is supplemented during acceleration by a small bank of ultra capacitors. Table 2 describes an automotive example. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculations for Automobile (See FIG. 5 Graph for MPH v. P) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1000 
                 MPH 
                 P (kw) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P = Total power (kw) 
                 P = (Fr + Fd)V + Ps 
                 2.75 
                 5 
                 0.33101139 
               
               
                 Fr = rolling friction 
                 Fr = Cr * m * g/ 
                 0.15 
                 10 
                 0.68371906 
               
               
                 force 
                 1000 
               
               
                 g = gravity 9.81 = a 
                 9.810 
                   
                 15 
                 1.07981929 
               
               
                 Ps = incline power kw 
                 Ps = m * g * S * 
                 0.000 
                 20 
                 1.54100836 
               
               
                   
                 V/1000 
               
               
                 V = velocity m/s 
                 13.34945 
                   
                 25 
                 2.08898255 
               
               
                 Fd = air drag force 
                 Fd = 
                 0.059 
                 30 
                 2.74543815 
               
               
                   
                 ½Cd * A * U * 
               
               
                   
                 V{circumflex over ( )}2/1000 
               
               
                 Cr = co-eff rolling 
                 0.015 
                   
                 35 
                 3.53207142 
               
               
                 U = air density 
                 1.200 
                   
                 40 
                 4.47057866 
               
               
                 A = front area of car 
                 1.710 
                   
                 45 
                 5.58265614 
               
               
                 Cd = co-eff air drag 
                 0.320 
                   
                 50 
                 6.89000015 
               
               
                 m = weight kg 
                 1000 
                   
                 55 
                 8.41430695 
               
               
                 S = slope % 
                 0.00% 
                   
                 60 
                 10.1772728 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 65 
                 12.2005941 
               
               
                 mph 
                 30.00 
                   
                 70 
                 14.505967 
               
               
                 Kilometer/Sec (k/s) 
                 13.35 
                   
                 75 
                 17.1150878 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Scion Example 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 XB 
                 Ave- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Scion 
                 rage 
                   
                   
                 Need  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2008 
                 MPH 
                 MPG 
                 HP 
                 HP 
                 Need 
                 Ratio 
                 Potential 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gasoline 
                 32 
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 20 
                 8 
                 240 
               
               
                 Diesel 
                 32 
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 25 
                 6.4 
                 192 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 30 
                 5.33333333 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 35 
                 4.57142857 
                 137.1428571 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 40 
                 4 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 45 
                 3.55555556 
                 106.6666667 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 50 
                 3.2 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 55 
                 2.90909091 
                  87.27272727 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 160 
                 20 
                 60 
                 2.66666667 
                  80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 XB 
                 Ave- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Scion 
                 rage 
                   
                   
                 Need  
                   
                   
                 Potential 
               
               
                 2008 
                 MPH 
                 MPG 
                 HP 
                 HP 
                 Need 
                 Ratio 
                 mpg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diesel 
                 32 
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 20 
                 8 
                 400 
               
               
                 Diesel 
                 32 
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 25 
                 6.4 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 30 
                 5.33333333 
                 266.6666667 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 35 
                 4.57142857 
                 228.5714286 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 40 
                 4 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 45 
                 3.55555556 
                 177.7777778 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 50 
                 3.2 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 55 
                 2.90909091 
                 145.4545455 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 160 
                 20 
                 60 
                 2.66666667 
                 133.3333333 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Interstate highway driving 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Action  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Speed 
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                   
                 En- 
                 Gene- 
                   
                 con- 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 second 
                 Speed 
                 gine 
                 rator 
                 Ultra-cap 
                 troller 
                 Motor 
                 Wheel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   0 
                  0 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Off 
               
               
                   1 
                  5 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Full 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Charge 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   2 
                 10 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Full 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   3 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   4 
                 40 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   5 
                 60 
                 On 
                 On 
                   
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   6 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                  6-100 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 Slow  
                 70-60 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
               
               
                 down 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 101-140 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 141-150 
                 70 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 151-160 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 Cruise 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Speed 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 161-171 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 172-180 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Full/off  
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                  181-1200 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 1201-1300 
                 70-40 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On- 
                 Off 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Brake 
                   
                   
               
               
                 1301-1306 
                 35 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Rege- 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nerate 
                   
               
               
                 1307 
                 10 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Rege- 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nerate 
                   
               
               
                 1308 
                  0 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 Off 
               
               
                 1360 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Stop 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Light of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 traffic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1361-1371 
                 60 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge  
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 Move 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 forward 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1372-1390 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 1391-1500 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 cruise 
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1500-1505 
                 90 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 1506-1800 
                 70 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 City or Down town driving 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Action  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Speed  
                   
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                   
                 En- 
                 Gene- 
                   
                 con- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 second 
                 Speed 
                 gine 
                 rator 
                 Ultra-cap 
                 troller 
                 Motor 
                 Wheel 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   0 
                  0 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 off 
                 Off 
                 Off 
               
               
                   1 
                  5 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Full Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   2 
                 10 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   3 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                  4-10 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 11-25 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 26-30 
                 25-0 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On-off 
               
               
                 31-40 
                  0-10  
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 41-45 
                 10 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 46-100 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 101-200 
                 25 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                  201-2101 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2012-2100 
                 25 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 2110-2120 
                 25 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2121-2221 
                 25 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Small Load Generator 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Small 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Load 
               
               
                 Time 
                   
                   
                 Ultra- 
                 Current  
                   
                 (LED 
               
               
                 minute 
                 Engine 
                 Generator  
                 capacitor 
                 Limiter 
                 Battery  
                 Light ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  1-20  
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 excess 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 power-Full 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21-40 
                 Off 
                 Off 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 41-50 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Charge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On 
               
               
                 51-100 
                 On 
                 On 
                 Discharge 
                 On 
                 On 
                 On very 
               
               
                 bed 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 small 
               
               
                 time 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 load 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Household Use with Heavy and Small Loads 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                   
                 Generator 
                 Small 
                 Heavy 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Usage 
                 Waste 
                 PHIMS  
                 KW 
                 Load 
                 Load 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 1.5 
                 2.5 
                 0.8 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 1 
               
               
                  2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0.8 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                  3 
                 3.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 3 
               
               
                  4 
                 1.1 
                 2.9 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0.8 
               
               
                  5 
                 2.5 
                 1.5 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 2 
               
               
                  6 
                 0.5 
                 3.5 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0 
               
               
                  7 
                 0.5 
                 3.5 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0 
               
               
                  8 
                 0.5 
                 3.5 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0 
               
               
                  9 
                 0.5 
                 3.5 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0 
               
               
                 10 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.7 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 11 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 12 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 13 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 14 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 2 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.8 
                 3.2 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.8 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 2.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 4 
                 0.8 
                 2 
               
               
                 17 
                 2.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 4 
                 0.8 
                 2 
               
               
                 18 
                 2.8 
                 1.2 
                 2.5 
                 4 
                 0.8 
                 2 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.3 
                 3.7 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0 
               
               
                 20 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.3 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 1 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.3 
                 3.7 
                 0 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.3 
                 3.7 
                 0.05 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0 
               
               
                 23 
                 0.3 
                 3.7 
                 0.1 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0 
               
               
                 24 
                 0.3 
                 3.7 
                 0.05 
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 30.1 
                 65.9 
                 20.3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Electric Rate $0.1383 per kWh 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Saving kWh  
                 Saving$ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Per day 
                 7.908 
                 1.093676 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Month 
                 237.24 
                 32.81029 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Year 
                 2846.88 
                 393.7235 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Self-Power with natural gas 1 Million BTU = $17.00 
               
               
                   
                 Public power 293 kWh = 1 Million BTU = $44.00 at  
               
               
                   
                 0.1383 per kWh 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Saving Ratio = 44/17 
                 2.588235 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.