Patent Publication Number: US-2012041157-A9

Title: Cement Additives

Description:
The present invention relates to cement additives. More closely, the present invention relates to cement additives which render to cement compositions high fluidity and the retention thereof, excellent shrinkage reducing effect and frost-thaw resistance without entraining excessive air, and exhibit excellent solution stability. 
     Many compounds for improving the shrinkage reducing properties and fluidity of cement compositions such as mortar and concrete have been proposed. For example, a shrinkage reducing agent composed mainly of C 1-4  alcohol alkylene oxide adduct or C 1-4  alkylphenol alkylene oxide adduct is generally used with an antifoaming agent since it has a disadvantage of entraining excessive air into cement compositions; it involves problems of difficulty in air volume control and reduction in frost-thaw resistance of cement compositions. 
     In contrast, various kinds of polycarboxylic acid-based cement dispersants for improving the fluidity of cement compositions have been proposed. Polycarboxylic acid-based cement dispersants, which improve the fluidity of cement compositions by their high water-reducing properties, are generally used with an antifoaming agent since they involve a disadvantage of entraining a large volume of air and increasing air volume contained in cement compositions with time; they involve problems of difficulties in air volume control and reduction in frost-thaw resistance of cement compositions. 
     In addition, the above shrinkage reducing agent and cement dispersants involve also a problem of poor solution stability since antifoaming agents generally have poor compatibility with a water solution of polycarboxylic acid-based cement dispersant, and are easily separated when used in the form of one solution consisting of the mixture thereof. 
     Responding to the above problems, Reference 1 proposes a shrinkage reducing agent for cement wherein polyalkylene compounds having a C 1-9  hydrocarbon group, for example, an alkyl-, alkenyl-, aryl- or cycloalkyl group are impregnated into cement hardened products. Reference 2 proposes a dry-shrinkage reducing agent for cement containing a polyalkylene compound having a C 1-8  alkyl group or C 1-8  alkenyl group. Reference 3 proposes a cement additive obtained by mixing, in a specific ratio, a polyalkylene compound having a C 1-4  alkyl group and a water-soluble polymer obtained by polymerizing an oxyalkylene group-containing unsaturated ester or ether with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which exhibits excellent self-shrinkage reducing effect even in a low water to powder ratio. 
     Reference 4 proposes a cement additive composed essentially of a polycarboxylic acid-based copolymer containing a polyalkyleneimine-based monomer as an essential constituting unit and a polyalkylene-based ether compound having a C 1-8  alkyl group, which exhibits good self-shrinkage reducing effect in the ultra high strength range and excels in making low viscosity concrete. Reference 5 proposes an admixture which is an admixture composition for hydraulic materials containing a polyalkylene-based shrinkage reducing agent having a C 2-30  hydrocarbon group (e.g., alkyl group and cyclic alkyl group) and a polycarboxylic acid-based high performance AE water reducing admixture, which can effectively reduce dry-shrinkage and render fluidity and dispersibility. Reference 6 proposes a cement admixture containing polyalkyleneglycol and a polyalkyleneglycol mono(meth)acrylate/unsaturated carboxylic acid-based copolymer, which can exhibit excellent crack preventing effect by the addition in a small amount and has good fluidity. 
     Though disclosing the use of polyalkylene compounds as shrinkage reducing agents and arts for improving fluidity and shrinkage reducing properties of cement compositions by the use of polyalkylene compounds with polycarboxylic acid compounds, the above References 1 to 6 disclose no art addressing the improvement of frost-thaw resistance of hardened cement compositions and solution stability of cement additives. 
     Regarding the arts addressing the improvement of shrinkage reducing properties and frost-thaw resistance of hardened cement compositions, Reference 7 proposes an ad-mixture containing a polyalkylene-based shrinkage reducing agent having a C 1-10  alkyl-, C 1-10  cycloalkyl-, alkylphenyl-, C 1-10  cycloalkylalkyl- or C 1-10  alkenyl group, an antifoaming agent and a polycarboxylic acid-based water reducing admixture, which excels in shrinkage reducing effect and frost damage resistance. Reference 8 proposes an additive for hydraulic cement compositions, obtained by mixing an allyl- or methallyl group-containing polyalkylene compound, a C 1-6  alkyl- or C 4-6  cycloalkyl group-containing polyalkylene compound and aliphatic diol diester or aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diester in a specific ratio, which reduces dry-shrinkage and renders resistance against frost-thaw action. The arts disclosed in References 7 and 8 use an antifoaming agent as an essential component, exhibiting insufficient frost-thaw resistance and solution stability. 
     As stated above, cement additives which can solve all the problems above were not disclosed in prior arts.
     [Reference 1] JP Patent Publication No. 2002-226246   [Reference 2] JP Patent Publication No. 2003-171155   [Reference 3] JP Patent Publication No. 2001-302307   [Reference 4] JP Patent Publication No. 2007-153641   [Reference 5] JP Patent Publication No. 2007-76970   [Reference 6] JP Patent Publication No. 2002-12461   [Reference 7] JP Patent Publication No. 2001-294466   [Reference 8] JP Patent Publication No. 2002-338315   

     The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide cement additives which render high fluidity and the retention thereof, excellent shrinkage reducing effect and frost-thaw resistance to cement compositions without entraining excessive air, and exhibit excellent solution stability. 
     As a result of various kinds of examinations for solving the above problem, the present inventors have found that a mixture of a specific polyalkylene compound having a hydrocarbon group, especially an alkenyl group, and a specific polycarboxylic acid copolymer can solve the above problem perfectly, and accomplished the present invention. 
     The present invention relates to a cement additive essentially comprising: one or more kinds of alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compounds (SR) represented by the formula (1); one or more kinds of ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymers (PC1) containing, as essential constituting units, a monomer 1 represented by the formula (2) and a copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC1); and one or more kinds of ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymers (PC2) containing, as essential constituting units, a monomer 2 represented by the formula (3) and a copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC2): 
       [R 1 -(A 1 O) s —R 2 ]  (1)
 
     (wherein R 1  is an alkenyl group-containing C 2-10  alcohol residue, R 2  is hydrogen or a C 1-30  hydrocarbon group, A 1 O is one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups and s is a mean addition number of moles of A 1 O and an integer of 1 to 20); 
       [R 3 -(A 2 O) t —R 4 ]  (2)
 
     (wherein R 3  is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid- or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residue represented by the formula (2a)) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (in the formulae (2) and (2a), R 4 , R 5  and R 7  are each independently hydrogen or a methyl group, R 6  is hydrogen, a methyl group or COOM, M is hydrogen, alkaline metal, alkaline earth metal or (A 4 O)l-R 8 , A 2 O and A 4 O are one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups, R 8  is hydrogen or a methyl group, t and l are mean addition numbers of moles of A 2 O and A 4 O, respectively, and integers of 1 to 100); and 
       [R 9 -(A 3 O) u —R 10 ]  (3)
 
     (wherein R 9  is an unsaturated alcohol residue represented by the formula (3a) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (in the formulae (3) and (3a), R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  are each independently hydrogen or a methyl group, A 3 O is one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups, n is an integer of 0 to 2 and u is a mean addition number of moles of (A 3 O) and an integer of 1 to 100). 
     In addition, the present invention relates to the above cement additive, wherein the compounding ratio of the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) is 5 to 90 wt % on the basis of the total amount (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). 
     The present invention further relates to the above cement additive, wherein the compounding ratio of the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR) is 0.1 to 10 wt parts on the basis of the total wt parts (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). 
     The present cement additive renders to cement compositions high fluidity and the retention thereof, and excellent shrinkage reducing effect and frost-thaw resistance without entraining excessive air, exhibits excellent solution stability. 
     The present invention is more closely explained in the following section. 
     The present cement additive essentially comprises: one or more kinds of alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compounds (SR) represented by the formula (1); one or more kinds of ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymers (PC1) containing, as essential constituting units, a monomer 1 represented by the formula (2) and a copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC1); and one or more kinds of ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymers (PC2) containing, as essential constituting units, a monomer 2 represented by the formula (3) and a copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC2). 
     In the present cement additive, the above alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR) is not particularly limited, but should preferably be water-soluble. The compounding ratio of the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) should preferably be 5 to 90 wt % on the basis of the total amount (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). As for the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR), the compounding ratio should preferably be 0.1 to 10 wt parts on the basis of the total wt parts (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). 
       [R 1 -(A 1 O) s —R 2 ]  (1)
 
     (wherein R 1  is an alkenyl group-containing C 2-10  alcohol residue, R 2  is hydrogen or a C 1-30  hydrocarbon group, A 1 O is one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups and s is a mean addition number of moles of A 1 O and an integer of 1 to 20). 
     In the formula (1), the compounds having an alkenyl-group containing C 2-10  alcohol residue include vinyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, propenyl alcohol, isopropenyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenyl alcohol, isobutenyl alcohol, pentenyl alcohol, isopentenyl alcohol, hexenyl alcohol, heptenyl alcohol, octenyl alcohol and nonenyl alcohol, and in terms of shrinkage reducing effect and water solubility, C 2-6  alcohols are preferable, and vinyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenyl alcohol and isopentenyl alcohol are more preferable. 
     Considering solution stability, the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance: a scale of the balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity) value of the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR) should preferably be not less than 10, more preferably not less than 14. 
     In the formula (1), A 1 O is a C 2-4  oxyalkylene group, concretely, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide. Regarding A 1 O, the kinds of polymerization of alkylene oxide to be added are not particularly limited, and may be the single polymerization of one kind of alkylene oxide, or the random copolymerization, block copolymerization or random/block copolymerization of two or more kinds of alkylene oxides; the single polymerization of ethylene oxide is preferable. In the formula (1), s is a mean addition number of moles of A 1 O and an integer of 1 to 20, preferably 2 to 12, and more preferably 4 to 10. In the formula (1), R 2  is hydrogen or a C 1-30  hydrocarbon group, and in terms of water solubility, it should preferably be hydrogen or a C 1-4  hydrocarbon group, more preferably hydrogen or a methyl group. 
       [R 3 -(A 2 O) t —R 4 ]  (2)
 
     (wherein R 3  is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid- or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residue represented by the formula (2a)) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (in the formula (2) and (2a), R 4 , R 5  and R 7  are each independently hydrogen or a methyl group, R 6  is hydrogen, a methyl group or COOM, M is hydrogen, alkaline metal, alkaline earth metal or (A 4 O)l-R 8 , A 2 O and A 4 O are one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups, R 8  is hydrogen or a methyl group, t and I are mean addition numbers of moles of A 2 O and A 4 O, respectively, and integers of 1 to 100). 
     In the formula (2a), the unsaturated monocarboxylic acid residues or the unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residues include unsaturated monocarboxylic acid residues such as acrylic acid residue, methacrylic acid residue and crotonic acid residue: and unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residues such as maleic acid residue, itaconic acid residue, citraconic acid residue and fumaric acid residue; acrylic acid residue, methacrylic acid residue and maleic acid residue are preferable. 
     Concretely, the compounds having an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid residue include (poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxyethylene crotonate, (poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxypropylene crotonate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene crotonate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene crotonate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene crotonate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene crotonate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene crotonate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene(meth)acrylate and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene crotonate, preferably, (poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)acrylate, and more preferably, (poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)acrylate. 
     Concretely, the compounds having an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residue include (poly)oxyethylene maleate, (poly)oxyethylene itaconate, (poly)oxyethylene citraconate, (poly)oxyethylene fumarate, (poly)oxypropylene maleate, (poly)oxypropylene itaconate, (poly)oxypropylene citraconate, (poly)oxypropylene fumarate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene maleate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene itaconate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene citraconate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene fumarate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene itaconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene citraconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene fumarate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene itaconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene citraconate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene fumarate, di(poly)oxyethylene maleate, di(poly)oxyethylene itaconate, di(poly)oxyethylene citraconate, di(poly)oxyethylene fumarate, di(poly)oxypropylene maleate, di(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, di(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, di(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene maleate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene itaconate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene citraconate, di(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene fumarate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene maleate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene itaconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene citraconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene fumarate, dimethoxy(poly)oxypropylene maleate, dimethoxy(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene itaconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene citraconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene fumarate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene maleate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene itaconate, dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene citraconate and dimethoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene fumarate, preferably, (poly)oxyethylene maleate, (poly)oxypropylene maleate, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene maleate, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene maleate and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene maleate, and more preferably, (poly)oxyethylene maleate and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene maleate. 
     In the formulae (2) and (2a), A 2 O and A 4 O are one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups, and the kinds of the polymerizations of alkylene oxide to be added are not particularly limited, and may be the single polymerization of one kind of alkylene oxide, or the random copolymerization, block copolymerization or random/block copolymerization of two or more kinds of alkylene oxides. t and l are mean addition numbers of moles of A 2 O and A 4 O, respectively, and integers of 1 to 100, preferably 5 to 50. 
       [R 9 -(A 3 O) u —R 10 ]  (3)
 
     (wherein R 9  is an unsaturated alcohol residue represented by the formula (3a) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in the formulae (3) and (3a), R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  are each independently hydrogen or a methyl group, A 3 O is one or more kinds of 024 oxyalkylene groups, n is an integer of 0 to 2 and u is a mean addition number of moles of (A 3 O) and an integer of 1 to 100. 
     In the formula (3a), the unsaturated alcohol residues include vinyl alcohol residue, allyl alcohol residue, methallyl alcohol residue, butenyl alcohol residue, methylbutenyl alcohol residue, pentenyl alcohol residue and dimethylpropenyl alcohol residue, preferably, vinyl alcohol residue, allyl alcohol residue, methallyl alcohol residue and methylbutenyl alcohol residue. The compounds having these residues concretely include (poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenebutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenepentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenedimethylpropenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenemethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenedimethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenebutenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenepentenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenedimethylpropenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenemethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenedimethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenebutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenepentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenedimethylpropenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenedimethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenebutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenepentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenedimethylpropenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenemethylpentenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenedimethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenebutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenepentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenemethylpropenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenemethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenedimethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenebutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenepentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenemethylpropenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenemethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenedimethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenebutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenepentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylpropenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenedimethylpentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenebutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenepentenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenemethylpropenyl ether and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxybutylenedimethylpentenyl ether, preferably, (poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxypropylene vinyl ether, (poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylene(meth)allyl ether and methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(poly)oxypropylenemethylbutenyl ether, and more preferably, (poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, (poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether, (poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylenevinyl ether, methoxy(poly)oxyethylene(meth)allyl ether and methoxy(poly)oxyethylenemethylbutenyl ether. 
     In the formulae (3) and (3a), A 3 O is one or more kinds of C 2-4  oxyalkylene groups, and the kinds of the polymerization of alkylene oxides to be added are not particularly limited, and may be the single polymerization of one kind of alkylene oxide, or the random copolymerization, block copolymerization or random/block copolymerization of two or more kinds of alkylene oxides. u is a mean addition number of moles of A 3 O and an integer of 1 to 100, preferably 5 to 50. 
     The monomer 1 represented by the formula (2), the monomer 2 represented by the formula (3), the copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers (UC1) and (UC2) include unsaturated monocarboxylic acid-based monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and crotonic acid, and the metal salt, ammonium salt and amine salt thereof; unsaturated dicarboxylic acid-based monomers such as maleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid and fumaric acid, and the metal salt, ammonium salt and amine salt thereof; maleic anhydride; itaconic anhydride; and citraconic anhydride. Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and maleic acid are preferable. 
     In the present invention, the above ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) should have a weight average molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 100,000, preferably 10,000 to 50,000. As long as the purpose of the invention can be achieved, constituting units derived from other copolymerizable monomers in addition to the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers (UC1) and (UC2) may be contained. The ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) may be copolymerized with the monomer 2 represented by the formula (3) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) may be copolymerized with the monomer 1 represented by the formula (2), but production efficiency is reduced because of the complicated production process. 
     In the present cement additive, the compounding ratio of the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) should be 5 to 90 wt %, preferably 15 to 85 wt % of the total amount (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). In the case where the compounding ratio of the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) is less than 5 wt %, the dry-shrinkage reducing effect tends to be reduced, and in the case where the compounding ratio exceeds 90 wt %, the frost-thaw resistance tends to be reduced. 
     In the present cement additive, the compounding ratio of the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR) should be 0.1 to 10 wt parts, preferably 0.25 to 7.5 wt parts of the total wt parts (PC1+PC2) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2). In the case where the compounding ratio of the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound (SR) is less than 0.1 wt parts, the obtained shrinkage reducing effect is insufficient, and in the case where the compounding ratio exceeds 10 wt parts, air entraining property tends to be increased and excessive shrinkage reducing effect is rendered when targeted dispersibility is achieved, resulting in cost inefficiency. 
     In the present cement additive, the mean addition number of moles (s) of (A 1 O) of the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compound should be identical with or smaller than at least the larger one of the mean addition number of moles (t) of the alkylene glycol chain part (A 2 O) of the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) or the mean addition number of moles (u) of the alkylene glycol chain part (A 2 O) of the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2), and the ratio of the addition numbers of moles should preferably be not more than 0.9. Out of the range, the fluidity of a cement composition and the retention thereof, viscosity suitable for working and shrinkage reducing effect tend to be reduced. 
     The method for adding the present cement additive is limited in no way, and similarly to the method for adding ordinary cement admixtures, method of mixing the cement additive to cement compositions, method of adding the cement additive to once kneaded concrete compositions or a method of adding the cement additive during the transportation by a concrete mixer truck or after the arrival at a site can properly be employed, and the optimal method can be selected case by case in consideration of the application conditions. 
     The present cement additives include, but not particularly limited to, ordinary-, moderate heat-, low-heat and white Portland cements; eco-cement produced from raw materials such as municipal waste incinerated ash and sewage sludge incinerated ash; mixed cements obtained by adding mineral fine powder such as blast furnace slag, silica fume, lime stone, fly ash, and gypsum to the above cements; and fast-curing cements obtained by adding aluminate minerals. Mixtures of the above cements may also be used. In addition, hydraulic gypsums such as hemihydrates gypsum and anhydrous gypsum are also used. 
     The present cement additives include all the additives containing water, sand, crushed stone, other aggregates and admixture in addition to inorganic hydraulic substances; for example, in the case where Portland cement is used as an inorganic hydraulic substance, all of cement paste consisting of cement and water, mortar consisting of cement paste and sand, concrete consisting of mortar and coarse aggregate such as crushed stone and the one with which admixture is mixed are included in the present cement additives. 
     The present cement additives may be used in combination with other materials if required, as long as the effect is not damaged. For example, water-reducing admixture, high performance AE water-reducing admixture, foaming agent, superplasticizing admixture, setting retarder, promoter, thickener and anticorrosives may be used with the present cement additives. 
     As the alkenyl group-containing polyalkylene compounds (SR) represented by the formula (1), the ester-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC1) containing, as essential constituting units, the monomer 1 represented by the formula (2) and the polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC1), and the ether-based polycarboxylic acid copolymer (PC2) containing, as essential constituting units, the monomer 2 represented by the formula (3) and the copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (UC2), which are used in the present invention, commercially available products may be used without modification, or ones separately synthesized by usual and publicly-known methods may be used. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention is more closely explained below on the basis of the following examples, but not limited thereto. The kinds of SR used in the present examples and the comparative examples are summarized in Table 1. In Table 1, HLB values were calculated by Griffin&#39;s method from the formula weight and molecular weight of ethylene oxide in accordance with the following expression: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SR 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compounds 
                 R 1   
                 (A 1 O) 6   
                 R 2   
                 HLB value* 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SR-1 
                 allyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 8   
                 hydrogen 
                 17.2 
               
               
                 SR-2 
                 allyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 16   
                 hydrogen 
                 18.5 
               
               
                 SR-3 
                 allyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 12   
                 hydrogen 
                 18.0 
               
               
                 SR-4 
                 vinyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 4   
                 hydrogen 
                 16.0 
               
               
                 SR-5 
                 vinyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 8   
                 methyl 
                 17.2 
               
               
                 SR-6 
                 butenyl alcohol 
                 (EO) 10   
                 hydrogen 
                 17.2 
               
               
                 SR-7 
                 butyl alcohol 
                 (EO) 2   
                 hydrogen 
                 10.9 
               
               
                 SR-8 
                 butyl alcohol 
                 (EO) 2 (PO) 2   
                 hydrogen 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HLB value = 20 × (wt % of ethylene oxide) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The kinds of PC1 used in the present examples and the comparative examples are summarized in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Weight average 
               
               
                   
                 PC1 
                   
                 molecular weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Monomer 1 
                   
                 Molar ratio 
                 (PEG conversion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compounds 
                 R 3   
                 (A 2 O) t   
                 R 4   
                 UC1 
                 (Monomer 1:UC1) 
                 by GPC) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PC1-1 
                 methacrylic acid 
                 (EO) 25   
                 methyl 
                 methacrylic acid 
                   1:2.7 
                 27,000 
               
               
                 PC1-2 
                 methacrylic acid 
                 (EO) 12   
                 methyl 
                 methacrylic acid 
                 1:4 
                 20,000 
               
               
                 PC1-3 
                 acrylic acid 
                 (EO) 25   
                 methyl 
                 acrylic acid 
                 1:5 
                 23,000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The kinds of PC2 used in the present examples and the comparative examples are summarized in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Weight average 
               
               
                   
                 PC2 
                   
                 molecular weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Monomer 2 
                   
                 Molar ratio 
                 (PEG conversion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compounds 
                 R 9   
                 (A 3 O) u   
                 R 10   
                 UC2 
                 (Monomer 2:UC2) 
                 by GPC) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PC2-1 
                 C5 alcohol 
                 (EO) 50   
                 hydrogen 
                 maleic acid 
                 1:1 
                 35,000 
               
               
                 PC2-2 
                 C5 alcohol 
                 (EO) 50   
                 hydrogen 
                 acrylic acid 
                 1:1 
                 35,000 
               
               
                 PC2-3 
                 allyl alcohol 
                 (EO) 40   
                 hydrogen 
                 maleic acid 
                 1:1 
                 10,000 
               
               
                 PC2-4 
                 vinyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 25   
                 hydrogen 
                 maleic acid 
                 1:1 
                 15,000 
               
               
                 PC2-5 
                 vinyl alcohl 
                 (EO) 12   
                 hydrogen 
                 acrylic acid 
                   1:1.5 
                 25,000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The combinations of the test conditions of PC1, PC2 and SR are summarized in Table 4. In Table 4, the amount of the cement additive to be added (Cx %) is the weight % on the basis of the mass of the cement contained in concrete. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Polycarboxylic acid polymers 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SR 
                   
                 PC1 + PC2 
                 Amount of 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Concentration 
                   
                   
                 PC1:PC2 
                 Concentration in 
                 cement additive 
               
               
                   
                 Kinds of SR 
                 in solution 
                 Kinds of PC1 
                 Kinds of PC2 
                 ratio 
                 solution 
                 to be added 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 90:10 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 50:50 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-3 
                 PC2-1 
                 10:90 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 SR-2 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-2 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 SR-1 
                 75% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 SR-4 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 SR-5 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 SR-6 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-3 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-4 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 SR-3 
                 33% 
                 PC1-2 
                 PC2-5 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.5% 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 — 
                 100:0  
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1 
                 50% 
                 — 
                 PC2-4 
                  0:100 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-7 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 3 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-8 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 4 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1:SR-8 = 1:t 
                 50% 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 5 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 15% 
                 Cx1.0% 
               
               
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Under the concrete compounding conditions summarized in Table 5, length change test and frost-thaw resistance test were conducted using the cement additives in the amounts as shown in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 Air 
                   
                   
               
               
                 reducing 
                 Slump 
                 content 
                   
                 Unit amount (kg/m 3 ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 rate (%) 
                 (cm) 
                 (%) 
                 W/C 
                 s/a 
                 W 
                 C 
                 S 
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 18.0 ± 
                 4.5 ± 
                 47.4 
                 48.4 
                 166 
                 350 
                 846 
                 925 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Materials used: As cement, ordinary Portland cement available from Taiheiyo Cement (density=3.16 g/cm 3 ), as fine aggregate, land sand from the reservoirs along the Oi River (density in saturated surface-dry condition=2.58 g/cm 3 , water absorption rate=2.17%, FM=2.70), as coarse aggregate, crushed stone from Oume (density in saturated surface-dry condition=2.65 cm 3 , solid content=60.7%) were used. 
     Length Change Test 
     Length change rates were calculated in accordance with JIS A 1129-3-2001, using the concrete obtained by the above compounding, and shrinkage reducing properties were evaluated. 
     Frost-Thaw Resistance Test 
     Concrete specimens (10×10×40 cm) were prepared from the concrete obtained by the above compounding. The measurement was conducted in accordance with JIS A1148-2001. 
     Solution Stability Test 
     Solution stabilities of the combinations shown in Table 4 were confirmed at temperatures of 5, 20 and 40 C. 
     The results of the length change test were summarized in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Length change rate (μ) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 week 
                 2 weeks 
                 4 weeks 
                 8 weeks 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 −0.025 
                 −0.033 
                 −0.052 
                 −0.066 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.031 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.030 
                 −0.048 
                 −0.061 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4 
                 −0.021 
                 −0.027 
                 −0.045 
                 −0.060 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
                 −0.024 
                 −0.033 
                 −0.051 
                 −0.065 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.032 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 
                 −0.021 
                 −0.026 
                 −0.043 
                 −0.059 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.032 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.031 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 −0.024 
                 −0.032 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.032 
                 −0.049 
                 −0.062 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.031 
                 −0.049 
                 −0.061 
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 
                 −0.023 
                 −0.032 
                 −0.050 
                 −0.063 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.027 
                 −0.035 
                 −0.055 
                 −0.069 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.021 
                 −0.028 
                 −0.046 
                 −0.060 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.019 
                 −0.025 
                 −0.041 
                 −0.057 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.019 
                 −0.026 
                 −0.042 
                 −0.057 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.020 
                 −0.025 
                 −0.041 
                 −0.058 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 −0.029 
                 −0.042 
                 −0.059 
                 −0.073 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results of the frost-thaw resistance test were summarized in Table 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Relative dynamic modulus (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30 
                 60 
                 90 
                 120 
                 150 
                 180 
                 210 
                 240 
                 270 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
                 cycles 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 98 
                 98 
                 96 
                 95 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
                 91 
                 91 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
                 93 
                 90 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 97 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
                 91 
                 90 
                 89 
                 89 
                 88 
                 88 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 93 
                 89 
                 87 
                 83 
                 81 
                 78 
                 77 
                 73 
                 70 
                 67 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 96 
                 96 
                 95 
                 93 
                 92 
                 91 
                 90 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 94 
                 94 
                 92 
                 92 
                 90 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 94 
                 92 
                 92 
                 91 
                 90 
                 87 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 98 
                 97 
                 97 
                 96 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
                 92 
                 90 
                 88 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 99 
                 98 
                 97 
                 97 
                 95 
                 94 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
                 90 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 94 
                 94 
                 91 
                 90 
                 89 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 96 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
                 91 
                 90 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 95 
                 94 
                 91 
                 90 
                 89 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
                 91 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 89 
                 86 
                 78 
                 71 
                 60 
                 52 
                 45 
                 40 
                 38 
                 30 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 82 
                 60 
                 55 
                 47 
                 32 
                 20 
                 un- 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 measurable 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 80 
                 59 
                 50 
                 44 
                 28 
                 un- 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 measurable 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 82 
                 62 
                 54 
                 48 
                 42 
                 31 
                 24 
                 un- 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 measurable 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
                 96 
                 95 
                 95 
                 94 
                 93 
                 92 
               
               
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Overall test results were summarized in Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SR 
                 Polycarboxylic acid polymers 
                 Test evaluation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Kinds of 
                 Kinds of 
                 Kinds of 
                 PC1:PC2 
                 Dry 
                 Frost- 
                 Solution 
               
               
                   
                 SR 
                 PC1 
                 PC2 
                 ratio 
                 Shrinkage 
                 thaw 
                 stability 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 90:10 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 50:50 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-3 
                 PC2-1 
                 10:90 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 SR-2 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-2 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 SR-4 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 SR-5 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 SR-6 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-3 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-4 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 SR-3 
                 PC1-2 
                 PC2-5 
                 75:25 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1 
                 PC1-1 
                 — 
                 100:0  
                 Δ 
                 ⊚ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1 
                 — 
                 PC2-4 
                  0:100 
                 ⊚ 
                 Δ 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-7 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 X 
                 ◯ 
               
               
                 Example 3 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-8 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Example 4 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SR-1:SR-8 = 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 ⊚ 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 — 
                 PC1-1 
                 PC2-1 
                 75:25 
                 — 
                 ⊚ 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Evaluation Method: 
     Dry-shrinkage: Compared with the Comparative Example 5, length change rate (8 weeks) not more than 85% is represented by ⊚, 86˜94% is represented by ∘, and not less than 95% is represented by Δ. 
     Frost-thaw: Under 300 cycles, relative dynamic modulus not less than 80% is represented by ⊚, 60˜79% is represented by ∘, 30˜59% is represented by Δ, and broken on the way ˜29% is represented by x. 
     Solution stability: No separation observed at temperatures of 5, 20 and 40° C. is represented by ⊚, and separation observed at any one of the temperatures of 5, 20 and 40° C. is represented by x. 
     Under the concrete compounding conditions shown in Table 5, the present cement additives exhibited a slump of 18.0±1.0 cm, and this indicated that high fluidity could be rendered to the present cement additives. In addition, it was confirmed that said fluidity could be retained at a practically sufficient level.