Patent Publication Number: US-10331748-B2

Title: Dynamically generating recommendations based on social graph information

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/471,427, filed 14 May 2012, which is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/763,132, filed 19 Apr. 2010, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,180,804 on 15 May 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to social networking, and more particularly, to an integrated social network environment and social graph mapped based on the social network environment that includes nodes representing users and concepts in the social network environment as well as edges that define or represent connections between such nodes. The present disclosure additionally relates to processes for automatically generating nodes and edges in the social graph. The present disclosure further relates to processes for utilizing information extracted from the social graph to dynamically determine recommendations, such as recommended web pages corresponding to recommended nodes, for display to a user of the social network environment as the user is viewing a structured document. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Computer users are able to access and share vast amounts of information through various local and wide area computer networks including proprietary networks as well as public networks such as the Internet. Typically, a web browser installed on a user&#39;s computing device facilitates access to and interaction with information located at various network servers identified by, for example, associated uniform resource locators (URLs). Conventional approaches to enable sharing of user-generated content include various information sharing technologies or platforms such as social networking websites. Such websites may include, be linked with, or provide a platform for applications enabling users to view “profile” pages created or customized by other users where visibility and interaction with such profiles by other users is governed by some characteristic set of rules. By way of example, a user profile may include such user-declared information as contact information, background information, job/career information, as well as interests. 
     A traditional social network is a social structure made of individuals, groups, entities, or organizations generally referred to as “nodes,” which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency. Social network (graph) analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and edges. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and edges are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of edges between nodes. In its simplest form, a social network, or social graph, is a map of all of the relevant edges between all the nodes being studied. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example computer network environment of an example social network environment. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates example components of an example social network environment. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates an example architecture of the example social network environment of  FIG. 2A  and an example architecture of an example client device of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example social graph. 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  each illustrates an example user profile page. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example concept profile page. 
         FIG. 6  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information currently being entered by a user of a social network environment. 
         FIG. 7  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information previously entered by users of a social network environment. 
         FIG. 8  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for validating a concept node. 
         FIG. 9  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for generating one or more recommendations for display to a user based at least in part on information extracted from a social graph. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example computer system architecture. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Particular embodiments relate to a social network environment that includes an infrastructure or platform (hereinafter infrastructure and platform may be used interchangeably) enabling an integrated social network environment. In the present disclosure, the social network environment may be described in terms of a social graph including social graph information. In particular embodiments, one or more computing systems of the social network environment implementing the social network environment include, store, or have access to a data structure that includes social graph information for use in implementing the social network environment described herein. In particular embodiments, the social graph information includes a first set of user nodes that each correspond to a respective user, and a second set of concept nodes that each correspond to a respective concept. As used herein, a “user” may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over such a social network environment. As used herein, a “concept” may refer to virtually anything that a user may declare or otherwise demonstrate an interest in, a like towards, or a relationship with, such as, by way of example, a sport, a sports team, a genre of music, a musical composer, a hobby, a business (enterprise), an entity, a group, a third party application, a celebrity, a person who is not a registered user, etc. In particular embodiments, each node has, represents, or is represented by, a corresponding web page (“profile page”) hosted or accessible in the social network environment. By way of example, a user node may have a corresponding user profile page in which the corresponding user can add content, make declarations, and otherwise express him or herself, while a concept node may have a corresponding concept profile page (“hub”) in which a plurality of users can add content, make declarations, and express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept. In particular embodiments, the social graph information further includes a plurality of edges that each define or represent a connection between a corresponding pair of nodes in the social graph. 
     In some embodiments, each edge may be one of a plurality of edge types based at least in part on the types of nodes that the edge connects in the social graph. By way of example, in one particular embodiment, each edge from a first edge type defines a connection between a pair of user nodes from the first set, while each edge from a second edge type defines a connection between a user node from the first set and a concept node from the second set. Furthermore, each edge from a third edge type may define a connection between a pair of concept nodes from the second set. In such embodiments, the edge itself may store, or be stored with, data that defines a type of connection between the pair of nodes the edge connects, such as, for example, data describing the types of the nodes the edge connects (e.g., user or concept), access privileges of an administrator of one of the pair of nodes connected by the edge with respect to the other node the edge connects to (e.g., read or write access of an administrator of one node with respect to the other node connected by the edge), or data describing how or why the edge was first initialized or created (e.g., in response to an explicit user action or declaration, or automatically without an explicit user action), the strength of the connection as determined by various factors or criteria related to or shared by the nodes connected by the edge, among other suitable or relevant data. In an alternate embodiment, each edge may simply define or represent a connection between nodes regardless of the types of nodes the edge connects; that is, the edge itself may store, or be stored with, identifiers of the nodes the edge connects but may not store, or be stored with, data that describes a type of connection between the pair of nodes the edge connects. Furthermore, in any of these or other embodiments, data that may indicate the type of connection or relationship between nodes connected by an edge may be stored with the nodes themselves. 
     Particular embodiments further relate to a method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information currently being entered by a user of a social network environment. In particular embodiments, one or more client-side and/or backend (server-side) processes implement and utilize a “typeahead” feature to automatically attempt to match concepts corresponding to respective existing nodes to information currently being entered by a user in an input form rendered in conjunction with a requested web page, such as a user profile page, which may be hosted or accessible in, by the social network environment. In particular embodiments, when a match is found, these or other processes may then automatically generate an edge from a node corresponding to the user (the user&#39;s node) to the existing node corresponding to the concept match. Particular embodiments further relate to one or more processes that automatically create a new node and an edge from the new node to the user&#39;s node when a match to an existing concept and corresponding node is not found, or at least not found with a desired level of certainty. By way of example, as will be described below, various web pages hosted or accessible in, the social network environment such as, for example, user profile pages, enable users to add content, declare interests, or otherwise express themselves (hereinafter also referred to collectively as “declarations”), including by linking to, or otherwise referencing additional content, such as media content (e.g., photos, videos, music, text, etc.), uniform resource locators (URLs), an other nodes, via their respective profile pages or other concept profile pages. Such declarations may then be viewable by the authoring users as well as other users. In particular embodiments, as a user is entering text to make a declaration, the typeahead feature attempts to match the string of textual characters being entered in the declaration to strings of characters (e.g., names) corresponding to existing concepts (or users) and corresponding concept (or user) nodes in the social graph. In particular embodiments, when a match is found, the typeahead feature may automatically populate the form with a node name (or other identifier) of the existing node and, as just described, cause an edge to be created between the matching existing node and the user&#39;s node. In particular embodiments, as a user continues to enter text and the typeahead feature determines that all or a portion of the declaration does not match any existing node, at least according to a statically or dynamically determined level of certainty, the typeahead feature may cause the social network environment to automatically create a new node based on the declaration entered by the user, as well as an edge from the user&#39;s node to the new node. 
     Particular embodiments further relate to a method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information previously entered by users of a social network environment. In particular embodiments, one or more backend (server-side) processes implement and utilize a “bootstrapping” feature to automatically attempt to match known concepts indexed in a data store, each of which may or may not be associated with or correspond to a respective existing node in the social graph, to information previously entered by a user in one or more of a variety of forms or formats and stored in the social network environment. In particular embodiments, when a match to a known concept is found, these or other processes may then automatically generate an edge from a node corresponding to the user (for which the previously entered information was matched) to an existing node corresponding to the concept match. Particular embodiments further relate to one or more processes that, when a match to a known concept is found but where no node currently exists for the known concept, automatically create a new node for the known concept and an edge from the new node to the user&#39;s node. Particular embodiments further relate to one or more processes that, when a match to a known concept or existing node is not found, or at least not found with a desired level of certainty, automatically create a new node based on the previously entered information and an edge from the new node to the user&#39;s node. 
     Particular embodiments further relate to a method for populating a “concept database” using data obtained from one or more internal or external sources. In particular embodiments, the concept database includes an index of known concepts as well as, in some embodiments, various attributes, metadata, or other information associated with the respective concepts. In particular embodiments, one or more backend (server-side) processes crawl one or more external data sources (e.g., WIKIPEDIA (www.wikipedia.org), FREEBASE (www.freebase.com, available from METAWEB), or the internet in general) to facilitate or aid in generating or populating the concept database. In some embodiments, the concept database may also be augmented with information extracted from users of the social network environment described herein. 
     Particular embodiments further relate to a method for generating one or more recommendations for display to a user of a social network environment currently viewing a particular web page or structured document hosted at least in part by the social network environment. In particular embodiments, one or more server-side recommendation-generating processes generate the recommendations for display to the user in (on) the currently viewed page based at least in part on information extracted from a social graph. More particularly, the one or more server-side recommendation-generating processes may leverage the social graph information including information related to the user, the currently viewed page, friends of the user who are also connected in some fashion to the currently viewed page, and other web pages or structured documents connected in some fashion to the currently viewed page, to determine one or more other web pages or structured documents that the user may desire to connect to and then subsequently generate a list or set of these recommended pages for display in some fashion to the user in the currently viewed page. 
     Various portions of such a social networking platform may be implemented via a hardware architecture or software framework that enables various software components or processes to implement particular embodiments, as is described in more detail, by way of example and not by way of limitation, below. The platform may include one or more hardware or software components, one or more of which may be located or embodied in one or more consolidated or distributed computing systems. Additionally, as used herein, “or” may imply “and” as well as “or;” that is, “or” does not necessarily preclude “and,” unless explicitly stated or implicitly implied. 
     As just described, in various example embodiments, one or more described web pages or web applications are associated with a social network environment or social networking service. As used herein, a “user” may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over such a social network environment. As used herein, a “registered user” refers to a user that has officially registered within the social network environment (Generally, the users and user nodes described herein refer to registered users only, although this is not necessarily a requirement in other embodiments; that is, in other embodiments, the users and user nodes described herein may refer to users that have not registered with the social network environment described herein). In particular embodiments, a registered user has a corresponding “profile” page stored or hosted by the social network environment and viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. Generally, a user has administrative rights to all or a portion of his or her own respective profile page as well as, potentially, to other pages created by or for the particular user including, for example, home pages, pages hosting web applications, among other possibilities. As used herein, an “authenticated user” refers to a user who has been authenticated by the social network environment as being the user claimed in a corresponding profile page to which the user has administrative rights or, alternately, a suitable trusted representative of the claimed user. 
     As used herein, a “connection” may represent a defined relationship between users or concepts of the social network environment, which can be defined logically in a suitable data structure of the social network environment and can be used to define a relationship (hereinafter referred to as an edge) between the nodes corresponding to the users or concepts of the social network environment for which the connection has been made. As used herein, a “friendship” represents a connection, such as a defined social relationship, between a pair of users of the social network environment. A “friend,” as used herein, may refer to any user of the social network environment with which another user has formed a connection, friendship, association, or relationship with, causing an edge to be generated between the two users. By way of example, two registered users may become friends with one another explicitly such as, for example, by one of the two users selecting the other for friendship as a result of transmitting, or causing to be transmitted, a friendship request to the other user, who may then accept or deny the request. Alternately, friendships or other connections may be automatically established. Such a social friendship may be visible to other users, especially those who themselves are friends with one or both of the registered users. A friend of a registered user may also have increased access privileges to content, especially user-generated or declared content, on the registered user&#39;s profile or other page. It should be noted, however, that two users who have a friend connection established between them in the social graph may not necessarily be friends (in the conventional sense) in real life (outside the social networking environment). For example, in some implementations, a user may be a business or other non-human entity, and thus, incapable of being a friend with a human being user in the traditional sense of the word. 
     As used herein, a “fan” may refer to a user that is a supporter of a particular web page, web application, or other web content accessible in the social network environment. In particular embodiments, when a user is a fan of a particular web page (“fans” the particular web page), the user may be listed on that page as a fan for other registered users or the public in general to see. Additionally, an avatar or profile picture of the user may be shown on the page (or in/on any of the pages described below). As used herein, a “like” may refer to something, such as, by way of example and not by way of limitation, an interest, a link, a piece of media (e.g., photo, photo album, video, song, etc.) a concept, an entity, or a page, that a user, and particularly a registered or authenticated user, has declared or otherwise demonstrated that he or she likes, is a fan of (as used herein in various example embodiments, to “like” or to “fan” something, such as a concept or concept profile page, may be defined equivalently in the social networking environment and may be used interchangeably; similarly, to declare oneself a “fan” of something, such as a concept or concept profile page, or to declare that oneself “likes” the thing, may be defined equivalently in the social networking environment and used interchangeably herein), supports, enjoys, or otherwise has a positive view of. As used herein, an “interest” may refer to a user-declared interest, such as a user-declared interest presented in the user&#39;s profile page. As used herein, a “want” may refer to virtually anything that a user wants. As described above, a “concept” may refer to virtually anything that a user may declare or otherwise demonstrate an interest in, a like towards, or a relationship with, such as, by way of example, a sport, a sports team, a genre of music, a musical composer, a hobby, a business (enterprise), an entity, a group, a celebrity, a person who is not a registered user, or even, in some embodiments, another user (e.g., a non-authenticated user), etc. By way of example, there may be a concept node and concept profile page for “Jerry Rice,” the famed professional football player, created and administered by one or more of a plurality of users (e.g., other than Jerry Rice), while the social graph additionally includes a user node and user profile page for Jerry Rice created by and administered by Jerry Rice, himself. In particular embodiments, as will be described in more detail below, a friend connection or friendship may define or indicate a logical connection defined or represented by an edge between user nodes in the social graph, while a like, want, fan, or other connection demonstrating, generally, an interest or association may define a logical connection or edge between a user node and a concept node in the social graph (and in some embodiments, between two user nodes, or between two concept nodes). 
     Particular embodiments may operate in, or in conjunction with, a wide area network environment, such as the Internet, including multiple network addressable systems.  FIG. 1  illustrates an example network environment, in which various example embodiments may operate. Network cloud  60  generally represents one or more interconnected networks, over which various systems and hosts described herein may communicate. Network cloud  60  may include packet-based wide area networks (such as the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, satellite networks, cellular networks, paging networks, and the like. As  FIG. 1  illustrates, particular embodiments may operate in conjunction with a network environment comprising social network environment  20  and client devices  30 , as well as, in some embodiments, one or more third party web application servers  40  or one or more enterprise servers  50 . Client devices  30 , web application servers  40 , and enterprise servers  50  may be operably connected to the network environment and network cloud  60  via a network service provider, a wireless carrier, a set of routers or networking switches, or any other suitable means. 
     Each client device  30 , web application server  40 , or enterprise server  50  may generally be a computer, computing system, or computing device (such as that described below with reference to  FIG. 9 ) including functionality for communicating (e.g., remotely) over a computer network. Client device  30  in particular may be a desktop computer, laptop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), in-or out-of-car navigation system, smart phone or other cellular or mobile device, or mobile gaming device, among other suitable computing devices. Client device  30  may execute one or more client applications, such as a web browser  202  (e.g., MICROSOFT WINDOWS INTERNET EXPLORER, MOZILLA FIREFOX, APPLE SAFARI, GOOGLE CHROME, AND OPERA, etc.), as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , to access and view content over a computer network  60 . In particular implementations, the client applications allow a user of client device  30  to enter addresses of specific network resources to be retrieved, such as resources hosted by social network environment  20 , web application servers  40 , or enterprise servers  50 . These addresses can be Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). In addition, once a page or other resource has been retrieved, the client applications may provide access to other pages or records when the user “clicks” on hyperlinks to other resources. By way of example, such hyperlinks may be located within the web pages and provide an automated way for the user to enter the URL of another page and to retrieve that page. 
     More particularly, when a user at a client device  30  desires to view a particular web page (hereinafter also referred to as a target structured document) hosted by social network environment  20 , or a web application hosted by a web application server  40  and made available in conjunction with social network environment  20 , the user&#39;s web browser  202 , or other client-side structured document rendering engine or suitable client application, formulates and transmits a request to social network environment  20 . The request generally includes a URL or other document identifier as well as metadata or other information. By way of example, the request may include information identifying the user, such as a user ID, as well as information identifying or characterizing the web browser  202  or operating system running on the user&#39;s client computing device  30 . The request may also include location information identifying a geographic location of the user&#39;s client device or a logical network location of the user&#39;s client device, as well as timestamp identifying when the request was transmitted. 
     In an example implementation, when a request for a web page or structured document hosted by social network environment  20  is received by the social network environment  20 , one or more page-generating processes  200  executing within the social network environment  20  typically generate a base web page in the form of a Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), or other web browser-supported structured document. The generated structured document is then transmitted in a response, which may comprise one or more portions or partial responses, to the requesting client  30  via a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or other suitable connection for rendering by the web browser  202  at the client device  30 . The structured document may include one or more resources (e.g. JavaScript scripts, code segments, or resources, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) code segments or resources, image data or resources, video data or resources, etc.), or references to such resources, embedded within the transmitted document. By way of example, a resource embedded in an HTML document may generally be included or specified within a script element, image element, or object element, among others, depending on the type of resource. The element referencing or specifying the resource may include a source attribute (e.g., src) identifying a location of the resource, which may be within a server or data store within social network environment  20  or at one or more external locations, to the client device  30  requesting the web page. Typically, upon receipt of the response, the web browser  202  or other client document rendering application running at the client device  30  then constructs a document object model (DOM) representation of the received structured document and requests the resource(s) (which may be at one or more other external locations) embedded in the document. 
     In an example implementation, when a registered user of social network environment  20  first requests a web page from social network environment  20  in a given user session, the response transmitted to the user&#39;s client device  30  from social network environment  20  may include a structured document generated by page-generating process  200  for rendering a login page at the client device. The user may then enter his or her user login credentials (e.g., user ID and password), which are then transmitted from the user&#39;s client device  30  to social network environment  20 . Upon successful authentication of the user, social network environment  20  may then transmit a response to the user&#39;s web browser  202  at the user&#39;s client device  30  that includes a structured document generated by page-generating process  200  for rendering a user homepage or user profile page at the user&#39;s client device. Furthermore, in particular embodiments, and as will be described below, this or a subsequent response may further include one or more executable code segments (e.g., JavaScript) that, when received by the user&#39;s client device  30 , implement a frontend (client-side) typeahead process  204  that executes in conjunction with the user&#39;s web browser  202 . 
     In one example embodiment, social network environment  20  comprises computing systems that allow users at client devices  30  to communicate or otherwise interact with each other and access content, such as user profiles, as described herein. Social network environment  20  is a network addressable system that, in various example embodiments, comprises one or more physical servers  22   a  or  22   b  (hereinafter also referred to collectively as servers  22 ) as well as one or more data stores collectively referred to herein as data store  24  (which may be implemented in or by one or more of a variety of consolidated or distributed computing systems, databases, or data servers), as illustrated in  FIG. 2A . The one or more physical servers  22  are operably connected to computer network  60  via, by way of example, a set of routers or networking switches  26 . In an example embodiment, the functionality hosted by the one or more physical servers  22  may include web or HTTP servers, FTP servers, as well as, without limitation, web pages and applications implemented using Common Gateway Interface (CGI) script, PHP Hyper-text Preprocessor (PHP), Active Server Pages (ASP), Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Java, JavaScript, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX), and the like. 
     Physical servers  22  may host functionality directed to the operations of social network environment  20 . By way of example, social network environment  20  may host a website that allows one or more users, at one or more client devices  30 , to view and post information, as well as communicate with one another via the website. Hereinafter, servers  22  may be referred to as server  22 , although, as just described, server  22  may include numerous servers hosting, for example, social network environment  20 , as well as other content distribution servers, data stores, or databases. Data store  24  may store content and data relating to, and enabling, operation of the social network environment as digital data objects including content objects. A data object, in a particular implementation, is an item of digital information typically stored or embodied in a data file, database, or record. Content objects may take many forms, including: text (e.g., ASCII, SGML, HTML), images (e.g., jpeg, tif and gif), graphics (vector-based or bitmap), audio, video (e.g., mpeg), or other multimedia, and combinations thereof. Content object data may also include executable code objects (e.g., games executable within a browser window or frame), podcasts, etc. Logically, data store  24  corresponds to one or more of a variety of separate or integrated databases, such as relational databases and object-oriented databases, that maintain information as an integrated collection of logically related records or files stored on one or more physical systems. Structurally, data store  24  may generally include one or more of a large class of data storage and management systems. In particular embodiments, data store  24  may be implemented by any suitable physical system(s) including components, such as one or more database servers, mass storage media, media library systems, storage area networks, data storage clouds, and the like. In one example embodiment, data store  24  includes one or more servers, databases (e.g., MySQL), and/or data warehouses. 
     Data store  24  may include data associated with different social network environment  20  users, client devices  30 , web application servers  40 , or enterprise servers  50 , as well as, in particular embodiments, data associated with various concepts. As described above, particular embodiments relate to a social network environment  20  that includes a platform enabling an integrated social network environment. In the following example embodiments, the social network environment may be described or implemented in terms of a social graph including social graph information. In particular embodiments, data store  24  includes a social graph database  206  in which the social graph information for use in implementing the social network environment described herein is stored. In particular embodiments, the social graph information stored by social network environment  20  in data store  24 , and particularly in social graph database  206 , includes a plurality of nodes and a plurality of edges that define connections between corresponding nodes. In particular embodiments, the nodes or edges themselves are data objects that include the identifiers, attributes, and information (including the information for their corresponding profile pages) for their corresponding users or concepts (as described below), some of which is actually rendered on corresponding profile or other pages. The nodes may also include pointers or references to other objects, data structures, or resources for use in rendering content in conjunction with the rendering of the profile pages corresponding to the respective nodes. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example social graph  300  shown, for didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual map representation. In particular embodiments, the plurality of nodes and edges of social graph  300  are stored as data objects in data store  24 , and particularly social graph database  206 , as described above. Additionally, as will be described later, data store  24  may further include one or more searchable or queryable indexes of nodes or edges generated by indexing social graph database  206 . In particular embodiments, the plurality of nodes includes a first set of administered nodes  302  and a second set of un-administered nodes  304 . In particular embodiments, the first set of administered nodes  302  are user-administered nodes (hereinafter also referred to as “user nodes”) that each correspond to a respective user and a respective user profile page of that user. In particular embodiments, user profile pages corresponding to user nodes  304  may be modified, written to, or otherwise administered by, and only by, their respective owner (registered) users (unless an official administrator of social network environment  20  in general desires or requires access to modify or delete a user&#39;s profile page, e.g., as a result of scrupulous or otherwise inappropriate action on the part of the registered user). In one particular embodiment, the first set of user nodes  302  includes a first subset of authenticated nodes  302   a  and a second subset of un-authenticated nodes  302   b . In a particular embodiment, the first subset of authenticated nodes  302   a  correspond to respective registered authenticated users while the second subset of un-authenticated nodes  302   b  correspond to registered users who have not been authenticated by social network environment. For example, an authenticated user may be a user who has been verified to be who they claim to be in his or her respective profile page while an un-authenticated user may be a user who has not been verified to be who they claim to be in his or her respective profile page (e.g., an un-authenticated user may register a profile page in President Barack Obama&#39;s name, although the un-authenticated user is not President Obama). In some embodiments, for some existing user profile pages, social network environment  20  may determine whether the administrator of the user profile page is truly the authentic voice of the claimed user (real person the user claims to be). If it is determined that the current administrator is not the authentic or true claimed user, social network environment  20  may remove the user&#39;s administrative rights to the page. In this way, the user node and corresponding user profile page may be redefined in the social graph information stored in social graph database  206  as a concept node  304  and corresponding concept profile page as will be described later. It should further be noted that, in various example embodiments, user nodes  302   a  and  302   b  may or may not be classified distinctly as different node types; that is, in one embodiment, a user node  302  may be identified as an authenticated user node or an un-authenticated user node based on the data stored with or within the data object corresponding to the node rather than by an explicit user node type or sub-type. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an example user profile page of a user corresponding to a user node  302 . In particular embodiments, a user profile page is visible to the user, the user&#39;s friends, and even other non-friend users depending on privacy settings, which may be set or modified by the user via the user&#39;s profile page or a user homepage, for example. The user profile page may comprise a number of different subpages viewable or accessible via selecting one or more tabs  401 . By way of example, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4A , the user profile page includes a Wall (feed) tab  401   a  for accessing a wall (feed) for postings (described below), an Info tab  401   b  for entering and displaying information about or related to the user, a Photos tab  401   c  for uploading and displaying photos, and a Boxes tab  401   d . A user may select a particular photo or picture uploaded in photos tab  401   c  for display as a user profile picture  403 . In an example implementation, the user&#39;s profile picture  403  as well as other features such as, for example, the options to send a message to another user, edit the profile page, view friends of the user, or view photos of the user, may be displayed in a “chrome” (border) region of the page no matter which of tabs  401  is selected. In some implementations, a search bar or search interface is also rendered in the chrome of a user profile page (as well as other pages) enabling users to type in information such as names of other users or concepts the user desires to search for. 
     Generally, a great portion of, or all of, the information accessible or visible to the user and other users via the user profile page is self-declared; that is, the user types or otherwise enters information or content in various sections or forms that may or may not automatically appear by default when the user profile page is created. In particular embodiments, a user may edit his or her user profile page at anytime the user is logged into social network environment  20 . By way of example, user profiles include data that describe the respective users of the social network enabled by social network environment  20 , which may include, for example, proper names (first, middle and last of a person, a trade name or company name of a business entity, etc.) biographic, demographic, and other types of descriptive information in a basic information section  402  under Info tab  401   b . The basic information section  402  may further include a user&#39;s sex, current city of residence, birthday, hometown, relationship status, political views, what the user is looking for or how the user is using the social network (e.g., for looking for friendships, relationships, dating, networking, etc.), and the like. 
     In particular embodiments, a user profile page may also include a personal information section  406  where the user can enter more personal declarations. By way of example, a personal information section  406  may include a sub-section  408  in which the user may declare various activities he, she, or it participates in or enjoys such as, for example, sports or music. For example, in section  408 , the user may declare these activities by, for example, simply listing the activities. For example, the user may list “weight lifting, hiking, playing pingpong, and foozball,” or may use phrases such as, for example, “I enjoy weightlifting, I like hiking, I love playing pingpong, I&#39;m good at foozball.” The user may separate or delineate his or her declared activities (and other declarations described below) with, for example, commas, semicolons, dashes, or carriage returns (which may be recognizable by the typeahead or bootstrapping processes described below). An example personal information section  406  may also include a sub-section  410  in which the user may declare various interests. Again, the user may simply list such interests, such as by typing, for example, “reading and photography,” or by using phrases such as, for example, “I like to read, I like photography.” As another example, interests section  406  may include a favorite music sub-section  412  in which the user may declare music he or she likes or is interested in, a favorite TV shows sub-section  414 , a favorite movies sub-section  416 , a favorite books sub-section  418 , a favorite quotations sub-section  420 , and even a general “about me” sub-section  422  in which the user may enter general declarations about himself or herself that may not fit under the previously described sections. 
     In particular embodiments, a user profile page may also include a contact information section  424  in which the user may enter various contact information including, for example, email addresses, phone numbers, and city of residence. A user profile page may also include an education and work section  426  in which the user may enter his or her educational history. By way of example, a user may declare that he or she attended Stanford University in section  426  by, for example, simply typing “Stanford University,” by typing “I attended Stanford University,” or by selecting Stanford University from a menu interface. The user may also describe more specific information, such as, for example, the degree awarded, the field of the degree, the graduation date, etc. As another example, section  426  may enable the user to enter the user&#39;s work experience. By way of example, a user may declare that he or she works at company Z by, for example, simply typing “Company Z,” by typing “I work at Company Z,” or selecting company Z from a menu. 
     In particular embodiments, as will be described in more detail later, one or more terms in declarations entered in one or more of the previously described sections or sub-sections may be highlighted, rendered in a different color, underlined, or clickable. By way of example, one or more terms entered as declarations, and particularly terms matched to known concepts or existing concept nodes  304 , may be associated with a hyperlink that, when clicked or otherwise selected, directs the user to a concept profile page devoted to the term and, in particular embodiments, having a name identical or similar to the declared term. By way of example, clicking on a hyperlink corresponding to “Family Guy” in favorite TV shows section  414  may direct the user to a web page (a concept profile page/hub as described below) devoted to the Family Guy TV show. 
     In particular embodiments, a user profile page also includes a friends section  428  (which may be visible in the chrome or other region of the page) that displays all or a subset of the user&#39;s friends as defined by edges in the social graph stored in social graph database  206 . In particular embodiments, the user may click on a name or thumbnail image  429  associated with a friend resulting in the directing of the user to the user profile page of the selected friend. In particular embodiments, any action that a user takes with respect to another second user, whether or not the second user may be a friend of the user or not, and, in particular embodiments, actions that the user takes with respect to various concept nodes, may be displayed in a recent activity section  430 , which may be viewable as a sub-section within a wall (feed) section  432  under Wall (feed) tab  401   a . Generally, wall (feed) section  432  is a space on every user&#39;s profile page that allows the user and friends to post messages via input box  434  for the user and friends to see, as well as to comment or otherwise express themselves in relation to posts on the wall (feed). 
     In particular embodiments, the second set of un-administered nodes  304  are non-administered nodes that each correspond to a respective concept and a respective concept profile page (also referred to hereinafter as a “hub”) devoted to the respective concept. In particular embodiments, un-administered nodes (also referred to as “concept nodes” or “hub nodes”)  304  are nodes having respective concept profile pages (hubs) that are generally not administered by any one user; rather, in particular embodiments, hubs may generally be administered, created, and written and contributed to or modified by, at least in part, by any registered user of social network environment  20 , including, in particular embodiments, users not having connections with the hub nodes  304  (that is, users whose user nodes  302  are not necessarily connected with the hub nodes  304  with edges in the social graph in social graph database  206 ). In a sense, hubs may be administered, or contributed to, by the community of registered users of social network environment  20 . In particular embodiments, the second set of hub nodes  304  includes a first subset of un-administered nodes  304   a  that each correspond to a non-generic hub and a second subset of un-administered nodes  304   b  that each correspond to a generic hub. By way of example, a generic hub may be a hub devoted to an abstract activity such as running while a non-generic hub may be a hub devoted to a more specific concept, such as a profile page devoted to a particular club of runners. It should further be noted that, in various example embodiments, nodes  304   a  and  304   b  may or may not be classified distinctly as different node types; that is, in one embodiment, a hub node  304  may be identified as a generic hub node or a non-generic hub node based on the data stored with or within the data object corresponding to the hub node rather than by an explicit hub node type or sub-type. 
     Similar to user profile pages, concept profile pages (“hubs”) share information related to the concept associated with the corresponding hub node  304 . In particular embodiments, any registered user logged in to social network environment  20  and viewing a hub may add content to the hub similar to a wiki-site.  FIG. 5  illustrates an example hub for the movie, “The Shawshank Redemption.” In an example embodiment, and as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a hub may include sub-pages accessible via wall (feed) tab  501   a , info tab  501   b , photos tab  501   c , and boxes tab  501   d  similar to a user profile page. A hub may also generally include a basic information section  502 , a detailed info section  504 , as well as, potentially, other sections, any and all of which may generally be filled in by any user viewing the hub (although in particular embodiments, there may be a time delay associated with a content approval or synchronization process before the user-generated or user-added content is visible in the hub) or, additionally or alternately, based on extracting information from external or third-party sources (e.g., WIKIPEDIA). A hub may also include a photo or picture section under photos tab  501   c  allowing users to upload images in or related to the concept, one of which may be selected as a profile picture  512  for the hub. 
     In particular embodiments, wall (or news feed/activities feed) section  501   a , or other feed or activities section of the hub, displays comments, status updates, wall posts and other user activities associated with the user and friends of the user that are viewing the hub. The wall (or news feed/activities feed) section  501   a , or other feed or activities section of the hub may also display comments, status updates, wall posts and other user activities and user generated content that are related to the concept for which the hub was created. More particularly, one or more processes within social networking environment  20  may perform a search on comments, status updates, wall posts and other user-generated content and user activities associated with the requesting user and friends of the requesting user filtered by concept; that is, a keyword search for keywords related to the concept of the currently requested or viewed hub (and potentially keywords related to the concepts associated with the recommended hubs) in these streams of user feeds or activities related to the requesting user and the requesting user&#39;s friends, and display this subset of user content or activities in the wall or feed section  501   a  of the currently requested or viewed hub. By way of example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/704,400, filed 11 Feb. 2010, and titled REAL TIME CONTENT SEARCHING IN SOCIAL NETWORK, describes methods, processes, or systems for performing such searching, filtering, and displaying, and is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Wall or feed section  501   a  may also include a section, which may be a separate section from that just described, that displays comments, status updates, wall posts and other user activities of any and all users of social networking environment  20  that are related to the concept for which the hub was created, not just those of the user and friends of the user viewing the hub. 
     In particular embodiments, the default sections displayed in a particular hub upon creation of the hub may depend on the concept itself; that is, hub nodes  304  may be categorized by social network environment  20 , and these categories (e.g., people, places, things, activities, sports, sports teams, celebrities, cities, locations, movies, actors, books, restaurants, etc.) may dictate, at least in part, which sections are displayed on a particular hub. By way of example, a movie hub may include a section or sub-section for entering actors starring in the movie, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , as well as sections or sub-sections for entering information such as the director, writer, releasing studio, release date, etc. In particular embodiments, a hub also includes a section  508  (which, in particular embodiments, may be visible no matter which of tabs  501  are currently selected) that lists or displays users that have connections (and corresponding edges in the social graph) to or with the concept, such as a fans section  508  in the example illustrated in  FIG. 5 . By way of example, such users may have connections, and associated edges stored in social graph database  206 , indicating, for example, that they like the movie, saw the movie, want to see the movie, acted in the movie, etc. In some embodiments, the users displayed in fans section  508  may only include users who are also friends with the user currently viewing the hub. 
     In particular embodiments, each hub also includes a recommendations section  510  (which, in particular embodiments, may be visible no matter which of tabs  501  are currently selected) that includes or displays a list or set of names  512 , thumbnail images  514 , or other identifiers associated with other hubs, each of which may include a hyperlink to the respective other hub. In particular embodiments, the hubs displayed or listed in recommendations section  510  have some determined relation to, or are determined based on leveraging information extracted from social graph database  206  about, one or more of: the particular user (also referred to hereinafter as the “requesting user”) requesting or currently viewing the particular hub (also referred to hereinafter as the “requested hub”), the requested hub, friends of the user whose user nodes  302  may or may not also be connected to the requested hub&#39;s hub node  304  with respective edges, and other hubs having respective hub nodes  304  that are also connected to the requested hub&#39;s hub node  304 . By way of example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are liked or otherwise connected (with edges in social graph database  206 ) to friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ), and particularly friends that are also connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that users, and particularly friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ), also like or are otherwise connected to (with edges in social graph database  206 ), but who aren&#39;t necessarily connected with the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ) and one or more friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ) but that aren&#39;t necessarily connected with friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ). 
     By way of example, a recommendations section  510  for a hub corresponding to a movie may display hubs corresponding to movies that are directed by the same director, movies sharing some of the same actors, movies of the same genre, or movies liked by friends of the user, etc.  FIG. 9 , described in detail below, shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for generating one or more recommendations, and particularly recommended hubs, for display to a user currently viewing a hub based at least in part on information extracted from the social graph database  206 . Generally, as described above, one goal or motivation for displaying recommended hubs to the requesting user currently viewing or requesting a particular hub is to provide the user with recommended hubs the user may be interested in viewing or interacting with and, furthermore, facilitate navigation to such recommended hubs from the currently viewed hub and, in particular embodiments, facilitate the creation of edges connecting the user to one or more of the recommended hubs the user demonstrates or indicates an interest in. 
     In particular embodiments, hub nodes  304  and their respective hubs may be explicitly created by users of social network environment  20  or generated automatically based on various criteria as described below with reference to the example flowcharts illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7  and the example web pages illustrated in  FIGS. 4C-4D . In particular embodiments, hubs and their respective hub nodes  304  may be of two varieties such as, for example, whether or not they are considered or classified as generic or non-generic. In one particular implementation, hubs and their respective hub nodes  304  may be “locked” or “un-locked.” Hubs may be locked at the time of creation, or other suitable time, by, for example, the creator or an administrator of social network environment  20 . As described above, hubs are essentially community owned, and hence, in particular embodiments, any user of social network environment  20  may edit (e.g., add content or declarations to) hubs. However, in particular embodiments, edits in un-locked hubs may “go live” (become visible to the user or other users viewing the hub) immediately while edits in locked hubs may require approval by trusted users or administrators before being modified and presented publicly to users. Additionally, it should be noted that, in some embodiments, social network environment  20  may track which users added which content to hubs as well as when these users added the respective content. 
     It should also be noted that, in particular embodiments, social network environment  20  provides means or processes (e.g., selectable links or user interfaces) for the true voices of hubs corresponding to hub nodes  304  (or un-authenticated user profile pages corresponding to un-authenticated user nodes  302   b ), such as the actual celebrity or business for which a hub node  304  has previously been created, to claim these nodes thereby assuming administrative rights over them and redefining them in the social graph as, for example, registered authenticated user nodes  302   a  (or, alternately, as authenticated hub nodes  304 ). 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , user nodes  302  and hub nodes  304  stored in social graph database  206  may be connected with one another via edges. As described above, in some embodiments, each edge may be classified or characterized by an edge type of a plurality of edge types that define, indicate, or characterize the connection between the pair of nodes connected by the edge. By way of example, user nodes  302  may be connected with one another via edges  306  of a first edge type. In particular embodiments, edges  306  define friendship or other social relationship connections between users (e.g., friends) associated with the respective user nodes  302 . Additionally, user nodes  302  may be connected with concept nodes  304  via edges  308  of one or more second edge types. By way of example, a user corresponding to a user node  302  may make a declaration or otherwise indicate that he or she likes, is a fan of, wants, or otherwise has an interest in or association with a concept corresponding to a particular hub node  304 . The user may indicate this like or interest via clicking a link on the corresponding concept node&#39;s hub or by other suitable means, such as for example, clicking a link in the user&#39;s home or profile page in response to an invitation, clicking a link in a friend&#39;s profile page, or, in particular embodiments, by some automatic or automated means. 
     By way of example, as will be described in more detail below,  FIG. 6  illustrates an example method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information currently being entered by a user of a social network environment, while  FIG. 7  illustrates an example method for automatically generating nodes and edges based on information previously entered by users of a social network environment. More particularly, for example, an edge to an existing hub node  304  (or other user node  302 ) may be automatically created as a result of matching information currently being entered by a user such as, for example, as the user is typing or otherwise entering a declaration in, for example, the user&#39;s profile page, as well as by mining information previously entered by a user in, for example, the user&#39;s profile page. As a result an edge  308  may be defined and stored in social graph database  206  indicating the particular form of the connection and the nodes connected by the edge. Furthermore, as will be described below, in cases in which the mined or currently entered information doesn&#39;t match an existing node stored in social graph database  206 , a new node may be created in social graph database  206  as well as a new edge from the respective user&#39;s node to the new node. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, various hub nodes  304  may be connected with one another in social graph database  206  via edges  310  of a third edge type. This third edge type may define an informational or categorical relationship between hub nodes  304 , some of which may tend to organize such hubs into hierarchies. By way of example, a generic hub devoted to Asian food may have a link in the page to various Asian restaurants or review pages displayed in non-generic hubs. As such, in the social graph, edges  310  may connect the generic Asian food hub to one or more other generic hubs or non-generic hubs. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, each edge type may include a plurality of edge sub-types that add more detail or metadata describing the specific type of connection between corresponding pairs of nodes. Furthermore, in some embodiments, new edge types may be defined or generated automatically or dynamically. By way of example, information entered into, or in relation to, third party web applications may cause new edge types to be defined and generated. As a particular example, a web application for Netflix may result in an edge type that signifies “movies I want to see.” 
     In such embodiments in which edges have or are assigned associated edge types, the edge itself may store, or be stored with, data that defines a type of connection between the pair of nodes the edge connects, such as, for example, data describing the types of the nodes the edge connects (e.g., user, hub, category or classification of hub), access privileges of an administrator of one of the pair of nodes connected by the edge with respect to the other node the edge connects to (e.g., read or write access of an administrator of one node with respect to the other node connected by the edge), or data describing how or why the edge was first initialized or created (e.g., in response to an explicit user action or declaration, or automatically without an explicit user action), the strength of the connection as determined by various factors or criteria related to or shared by the nodes (or more particularly the users or concepts associated with the respective connected nodes) connected by the edge, among other suitable or relevant data. 
     In an alternate embodiment, each edge may simply define or represent a connection between nodes regardless of the types of nodes the edge connects; that is, the edge itself may store, or be stored with, identifiers of the nodes the edge connects but may not store, or be stored with, data that describes a type of connection between the pair of nodes the edge connects. Furthermore, in any of these or other embodiments, data that may indicate the type of connection or relationship between nodes connected by an edge may be stored with the nodes themselves. In particular embodiments, the edges, as well as attributes (e.g., edge type and node identifiers corresponding to the nodes connected by the edge), metadata, or other information defining, characterizing, or related to the edges, may be stored (e.g., as data objects) in social graph database  206  and updated periodically or in response to various actions or factors (e.g., as a user interacts more with a hub, the edge connecting the respective user and hub nodes may be updated to reflect this interaction, which may then contribute to an affinity or connection strength score characterizing the edge as described in more detail below). 
     In particular embodiments, social network environment  20  may leverage information extracted from both user nodes  302  as well as hub nodes  304  for various purposes or to implement or augment various existing or new features. Additionally, as a hub node  304  is populated with information entered or contributed by various users, other hub nodes  304  and respective hubs may be generated based on such information as described below. Furthermore, hubs may provide value to users in a number of manners. By way of example, if a first user visits a particular hub, the user may discover that various ones of the user&#39;s friends are also connected to that hub. The first user may also easily determine what other hubs those friends are connected to. Social network environment  20  may also correlate this information about the user and the user&#39;s friends to find, for example, overlapping interests or attributes, which may then be used to generate other hubs, used to generate targeted advertisements, or to make recommendations to users, such as recommended hubs, as described above and described in more detail below with reference to the flowchart shown in  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for automatically generating edges to existing hub nodes  304  (or user nodes  302 ) as well as generating new hub nodes  304  and edges from user nodes  302  (or hub nodes  304 ) to these newly generated hub nodes  304  based on information currently being entered by users of social network environment  20 . In particular embodiments, the automatic generation of hubs and edges is based on data, and particularly text, such as for example, declarations entered in the sections of user profile pages or hubs described above, as well as, in some embodiments, information entered in other sections or forms of web pages hosted by social network environment  20 , including internal or external (e.g., third party) web applications, messages sent between users, or wall (feed) postings. In an example implementation, when a registered user of social network environment  20  first requests a web page from social network environment  20  in a given user session, the response transmitted to the user&#39;s client device  30  from social network environment  20  may include a structured document for rendering a login page at the client device. The user may then enter his or her user login credentials (e.g., user ID and password), which are then transmitted from the user&#39;s client device  30  to social network environment  20 . Upon successful authentication of the user, social network environment  20  may then transmit a response to the user&#39;s web browser  202  at the user&#39;s client device  30  that includes a structured document for rendering a user homepage or user profile page at the user&#39;s client device. In particular embodiments, this or a subsequent response may further include one or more executable code segments (e.g., JavaScript) that, when received by the user&#39;s client device  30 , implement a frontend (client-side) typeahead process  204  that executes in conjunction with the user&#39;s web browser  202  or other client-side document rendering application, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B . 
     In particular embodiments, as a user types or otherwise enters text into a form used to add content or make declarations in various sections of the user&#39;s profile page or other page, the frontend typeahead process  204  works in conjunction with one or more backend (server-side) typeahead processes  208  (hereinafter referred to simply as “backend typeahead process  208 ”) executing at (or within) the social network environment  20  (e.g., within servers  22 ), as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , to interactively and virtually instantaneously (as appearing to the user) attempt to auto-populate the form with a term or terms corresponding to names of existing hubs, or terms associated with existing hubs, determined to be the most relevant or best match to the characters of text entered by the user as the user enters the characters of text. Utilizing the social graph information in social graph database  206  or information extracted and indexed from social graph database  206 , including information associated with nodes as well as edges, the frontend and backend typeahead processes  204  and  208 , in conjunction with the information from social graph database  206 , as well as potentially in conjunction with various others processes, applications, or databases located within or executing within social network environment  20 , are able to predict a user&#39;s intended declaration with a high degree of precision. However, social network environment  20  also provides user&#39;s with the freedom to enter any declaration they wish enabling users to express themselves freely. As such, social network environment  20  enables the creation of new hubs and corresponding hub nodes  304  related to virtually any concept. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 4A , in particular embodiments, a user may edit his or her user profile page and make declarations by clicking or otherwise selecting an edit link  440  corresponding to the section that the user desires to edit or make a declaration. By way of example,  FIG. 4C  illustrates the resultant rendered web page displayed to the user at the user&#39;s client device  30  after the user has selected the edit link  440  corresponding to the personal information section  406 . As shown in  FIG. 4C , a plurality of form boxes  409 ,  411 ,  413 ,  415 ,  417 ,  419 ,  421 , and  423  are rendered enabling the user to type or otherwise enter declarations into corresponding sections  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 ,  418 ,  420 , and  422 , respectively. As described above, as the user enters text characters into a form box, the frontend and backend typeahead processes  204  and  208  attempt to identify existing hub nodes  304  (or user nodes  304 , e.g., especially user nodes corresponding to celebrities, businesses, or organizations) that match the string of characters entered in the user&#39;s declaration as the user is entering the characters. 
     More particularly, referring to  FIG. 6 , as the user enters characters into a form box at  602 , the frontend typeahead process  204  reads the string of entered textual characters and, in particular embodiments, as each keystroke is made, the frontend typeahead process  204  transmits the entered character string as a request (or call) at  604  to the backend typeahead process  208  executing within social network environment  20 . In particular embodiments, the frontend and backend typeahead processes  204  and  208  may communicate via AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) or other suitable techniques, and particularly, asynchronous techniques. In one particular embodiment, the request is, or comprises, an XMLHTTPRequest enabling quick and dynamic sending and fetching of results. In particular embodiments, the frontend typeahead process  204  also transmits before, after, or with the request at  604  a section identifier (section ID) that identifies the particular section of the particular page in which the user is making the declaration. In some embodiments, a user ID parameter may also be sent, but this may be unnecessary in some embodiments, as the user is already “known” based on he or she logging into social network environment  20 . It should also be noted that, although these and other steps of  FIG. 6  may be described as occurring as “single steps” and in a particular order, it should be appreciated that, since the frontend typeahead process  204  may continue to transmit strings of characters to social network environment  20  as each keystroke is entered by the user, steps  602  and  604 , and other steps described below, may generally be repeated numerous times and potentially in parallel as a user is entering a declaration or other information. 
     In particular embodiments, as the backend typeahead process  208  receives requests or calls at  606  including a string of user-entered character data and section identifier, the backend process  208  performs, or causes to be performed (e.g., in conjunction with one or more other search processes executing at social network environment  20 ), a string search at  608  to identify existing nodes, and particularly hub nodes  304 , having respective names or other hub identifiers matching the entered text, and in particular embodiments, matching a particular category of nodes in social graph database  206  as determined, at least in part, by the particular section identifier. In various example embodiments, the granularity of the categories may vary. By way of example, in some embodiments, hubs corresponding to actors, directors, producers, movie types or genres, may all be grouped in a “movie” category while in other embodiments, each of these examples may represent their own category. Similarly, in some embodiments, hubs corresponding to football, basketball, soccer, rugby, and tennis may all be grouped in a “sports” category while in other embodiments, each of these may represent their own category. In one embodiment, the backend typeahead process  208  performs string matching; that is, the backend typeahead process  208  attempts to match the latest string of characters received from the frontend typeahead process  204  to an index of strings each corresponding to a name of a node in social graph database  206 . In particular embodiments, the index of strings is updated periodically or as nodes  302  and  304  are added to the social graph database  206  or other index generated from social graph database  206 . The backend typeahead process  208  may use one or more of a variety of factors when attempting to match the string of entered text and as such may examine one or more of a variety of different aspects or attributes of existing nodes in social graph database  206 . By way of example, in addition to attempting to match the entered text to names (name strings) of existing nodes, the backend typeahead process  208  may use the section identifier to determine a category of the declaration which may be then used to search a subset of existing hub nodes  304  associated with the category. In particular embodiments, backend typeahead process  208  searches or queries an index of nodes generated from social graph database  206  in which the nodes are indexed and searchable (or queryable) by hub category. The backend typeahead process  208  may also use information about the user entering the text including information entered in the user&#39;s profile page, information about the users friends, information about other hub nodes  304  the user is connected with, etc. in order to best match a user declaration to an existing concept and respective hub node  304  (or user node  302 ). The backend typeahead process may also attempt to correct spellings or match to synonyms of the user-entered characters or extrapolations of entered characters. 
     In particular embodiments, the backend typeahead process  208  may use one or more matching algorithms to attempt to identify matching nodes. In particular embodiments, when a match or matches are found at  610 , the backend typeahead process  208  may transmit a response (which may utilize AJAX or other suitable techniques) to the user&#39;s client device at  616  that may include, for example, the names (name strings) of the matching nodes as well as, potentially, other metadata associated with the matching nodes. By way of example,  FIG. 4D  illustrates the result of the user entering the characters “wei” into form box  409  corresponding to activities section  408 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4D , the frontend typeahead process  204  displays a drop-down menu  442  that displays names of matching existing hubs and respective hub nodes  304  (e.g., a hub named or devoted to “weight lifting”), which the user can then click on or otherwise select thereby confirming at  618  the desire to declare the matched concept name corresponding to the selected node. By way of example, upon clicking “weight lifting,” the frontend typeahead process  204  auto-populates, or causes the web browser  202  to auto-populate, the form box  409  with the declaration “weight lifting” at  620 . In an alternate embodiment, the frontend typeahead process  204  may simply auto-populate the form with the name or other identifier of the top-ranked match rather than display a drop-down menu. In such an embodiment, the user may confirm the auto-populated declaration simply by keying “enter” on his or her keyboard or by clicking on the auto-populated declaration. 
     In particular embodiments, upon user confirmation of the matching node, the frontend typeahead process  204  may transmit at  622  a request to the backend typeahead process  208  that informs the backend typeahead process of the user&#39;s confirmation of the matched hub. In particular embodiments, in response to the request transmitted at  622 , the backend typeahead process may automatically (or alternately based on an instruction in the request) call or otherwise instruct an edge-generating API (Application programming interface)  210  to create, at  624 , an edge in the social graph stored in social graph database  206  between the particular user&#39;s node  302  and the particular node (generally a hub node  304 , but in some embodiments, possibly a user node  302 ) corresponding to the confirmed declaration. In an alternate embodiment, the request transmitted at  622  may not be generated and transmitted by the frontend typeahead process  204  until the user has selected the save changes (or other submit) button  444  indicating confirmation of the user&#39;s desire to make the declaration (or declarations made in any and all of the displayed form boxes). 
     In particular embodiments, the node types (e.g.,  302   a ,  302   b ,  304   a , and  304   b ) or categories of existing nodes as, for example, determined based, at least in part, on the section category as identified by the corresponding section identifier for the section in which the declaration was made (e.g., favorite movies) or based on social graph information stored in social graph database  206 , are used by the backend typeahead process  208  to better match a string of entered characters of a declaration to existing nodes that may be candidates for matching nodes. By way of example, consider an example in which a user types “jaguar” into a user profile section. In such an example, the backend typeahead process  208  may identify numerous existing hubs having corresponding names that at least include the name “jaguar,” or a derivation thereof (e.g., “jaguars”). For example, the backend typeahead process  208  may identify a hub node  304  devoted to the jungle cat jaguar. The backend typeahead process  208  may also identify a hub node  304  devoted to the Jacksonville Jaguars professional football team and still another hub node  304  devoted to the Jaguar luxury and performance car-maker. In such cases, all of these three hub nodes may be matched at  610  by the backend typeahead process and hence, all three hub names may be transmitted at  616  in some embodiments, while in other embodiments, the backend typeahead process  208  may only transmit one matching hub node name that is determined to be the most relevant based, for example and as described above, on using the section ID or other parameters extracted from the user&#39;s profile to determine a category in which the most relevant matching hub node  304  would be indexed in. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, as described below with reference to  FIG. 9 , other factors may also be used to determine the strength or relevancy of the matching hub nodes  304  including, by way of example, the number of the user&#39;s friends having respective user nodes  302  connected with a matching hub node  304 , the number of total users having respective user nodes  302  connected with a matching hub node  304 , the number of other hub nodes  304  connected with the matching hub node  304 , information obtained by analyzing other hub nodes  304  connected to both the user&#39;s node  302  and a matching hub node  304 , or other hub nodes  304  connected to nodes  302  corresponding to friends of the user as well as to a matching hub node  304 . Moreover, as described below, information characterizing the strength of the connections associated with the edges connecting any of these nodes may also be used to weight their relevancy in determining the most relevant matching hub node or nodes  304 . 
     In particular embodiments, there are at least one or two determinations that are made by the backend typeahead process  208  before the frontend typeahead process  204  auto-populates a form box with names corresponding to matched hubs and respective hub nodes  304  (or user nodes  302 ). First, considering the above example, in the case that a plurality of matches to existing nodes are identified at  610 , the backend typeahed process may then determine at  612  a confidence score for each of the matches that indicates an absolute or relative quality of each of the names of the matching nodes, the quality of the matching nodes themselves, or otherwise a level of confidence that the backend process  208  has that the match is correct (the intended concept the user was entering or trying to enter). This determination at  612  may also result or involve a ranking of the matches (which may be reflected in the order of the matches displayed in the drop-down menu  442 ). 
     One or more of numerous factors may be used to determine a confidence score, quality, or ranking of a matching node. By way of example, such factors may again include, as just described, the number of the user&#39;s friends having respective user nodes  302  connected with a matching hub node  304 , the number of total users having respective user nodes  302  connected with a matching hub node  304 , the number of other hub nodes  304  connected with the matching hub node  304 , information obtained by analyzing other hub nodes  304  connected to both the user&#39;s node  302  and a matching hub node  304 , or other hub nodes  304  connected to nodes  302  corresponding to friends of the user as well as to a matching hub node  304 . Other suitable factors may also include the number of sections on the corresponding candidate matching hub that are filled in, the relationship of content displayed on the hub corresponding to the matching hub node to the content, including other declarations, displayed on the user&#39;s profile page, etc. Again, as described below, information characterizing the strength of the connections associated with the edges connecting any of these nodes may also be used to weight their relevancy in determining the most relevant matching hub node or nodes  304 . Referring back to the jaguar example, the backend typeahead process  208  may identify another declaration of the user that says “I love watching football,” and as such, based on this identification (as well as other factors), the backend typeahead process  208  may rank the node corresponding to the Jacksonville Jaguars professional football team as the best match and the frontend typeahead process  204  may list the name of this node at the top of the drop-down menu or automatically auto-populate the form with the name. 
     In particular embodiments, the backend typeahead process  208  may then make a second determination  614  before the frontend typeahead process  204  auto-populates a form box with names corresponding to ranked matched nodes. By way of example, based on the confidence scores, which may have been determined at  612 , one or both of the frontend and backend typeahead processes  204  and  208  may determine whether there is a determined level of certainty or confidence (a confidence score) for each match before the match is displayed to the user in the form of a drop-down menu for selection or auto-populated in the form box. That is, in particular embodiments, even though one or more matches have been identified from the existing nodes in the social graph database  206 , their respective certainties (in being the actual concept the user was intending to declare) as demonstrated by their determined confidence scores may be below a first predetermined threshold, and hence, none of the matches may be displayed to the user and be auto-populated by the frontend typeahead process  204 . That is, rather than display and provide the user with the match or matches having confidence scores below the threshold, the frontend typeahead process  204  may allow the user to finish typing the declaration himself or herself, and then transmit the request at  622 . The backend process  208  may determine the best match corresponding to the user&#39;s declaration and proceed with calling the edge-generating API  210  to which it passes information about the user&#39;s node and information about the existing node to the best matching node, resulting in the creation of an edge at  624  between the user&#39;s node and the best matching node in the social graph database  206 . 
     In alternate embodiments, determining a confidence score of each match may be performed as a part of the searching step  608  or determination step  610 . In such embodiments, the determination of whether a match or matches have been found may be based on comparing respective confidence scores determined for the prospective matches with a second predetermined threshold below the first predetermined threshold described above. That is, the second predetermined threshold may be used when determining if a match is found while the first predetermined threshold may be used when determining if the match should be auto populated for display to the user. 
     In particular embodiments, the edge type of the edge created by the edge-generating API at  624  is based on one or more of the section category as identified by the corresponding section identifier for the section in which the declaration was made, or the category of the confirmed matched hub as determined by the backend process based on social graph information stored in data store  24 . By way of example, consider another example in which a user is making a declaration about Stanford University. Also consider, for this example, that there is an existing hub node  304  devoted to Stanford University. A first example user may enter a declaration that he or she attends or attended Stanford University as a student thereby resulting in the creation of an edge of one edge type or sub-type from the first user&#39;s node  302  to the hub node  304  for Stanford University. A second example user may enter a declaration that he or she teaches or taught at Stanford University thereby resulting in the creation of an edge of another edge type or sub-type from the second user&#39;s node  302  to the hub node  304  for Stanford University. Still further, a third example user may enter a declaration that he or she likes or is a fan of Stanford University thereby resulting in the creation of an edge of another edge type or sub-type from the third user&#39;s node  302  to the hub node  304  for Stanford University. Thus, in this example, the type of edge created by the edge-generating API may be based on a word or words, and particularly a verb (e.g., attends, teaches, likes, etc), entered with the declaration but not part of the node name. Hence, in general and as evidenced by this example, a multitude of factors may be used in, first, finding a matching node, and second, determining the appropriate edge type between the user&#39;s node and the matching node, including the section identifier, the words used in the declaration, and information about the user. 
     In particular embodiments, if no suitable match is identified at  610  to a predetermined level of certainty (e.g., based on comparison of confidence scores with the second threshold), or the user abstains from selecting a provided or autopopoulated match, then, as the user continues to enter characters of text in a declaration, the frontend typeahead process  204  waits until the user is finished entering the declaration as, for example, indicated by the user clicking or otherwise selecting the save changes button  444 , before transmitting the character string, section identifier, or other information/data at  626  to backend typeahead process  208 , which then calls a node-generating API  212  (which may include or be a part of the edge-generating API  210  described above) to which the backend typeahead process  208  passes the character string, section identifier, or other information/data. The backend typeahead process  208  or node-generating API  212  may perform some pre-processing at  628  before generating a new node (e.g., generally a hub node  304 ). By way of example, assuming the user entered “I love climbing in northern California” in, for example, form box  409  corresponding to activities section  408  of his or her user profile page. While the backend process  208  may or may not have found matching existing hubs for some of the terms in the user&#39;s declaration (e.g., “climbing, California,” etc.), the backend process may determine that the qualities or confidence scores associated with these individual matched nodes are lower than the second predetermined threshold and that no existing nodes exist for the more particular declaration “I love climbing in northern California,” and hence, backend typeahead process  208  may determine that a new node should be created; that is, a concept node  304  for, and named, “I love climbing in northern California.” The node-generating API  212  then generates the new node (a hub node  304  in this example) and a corresponding hub (with appropriate default sections) at  630 . The edge-generating API  210  may then create an edge between the new node and the user&#39;s node at  632  in social graph database  206 . As mentioned above, the backend typeahead process  208  or node-generating API  212  may perform some pre-processing at  628  before generating a new node. For example, the node-generating API may attempt to correct misspellings, remove delimiters (e.g., commas), remove articles (e.g., “a,” “the,” “and,” etc.), or remove other words including verbs. By way of example, such processing may result in the creation of a new node simply called “Climbing in northern California,” as opposed to “I love Climbing in northern California.” Such preprocessing may also be performed before or during the matching step at  610  to facilitate the identification of true matches. 
     In particular embodiments, similar typeahead processes can be used to create edges between existing hub nodes  304  as well as to create new hub nodes  304  and edges from existing hub nodes  304  to such new hub nodes  304  as users “fill-in” and otherwise upload content to hubs corresponding to existing hub nodes  304 . 
       FIG. 7  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method, implemented at least in part by a “bootstrapping feature” or “bootstrapping process”  214 , for automatically generating edges to existing hub nodes  304  (or user nodes  302 ) as well as generating new hub nodes  304  and edges from user nodes  302  (or hub nodes  304 ) to these newly-generated hub nodes  304  based on information previously entered by users of social network environment  20 , as well as, in some embodiments, information obtained from one or more internal or external information sources or data repositories. In contrast to the typeahead processes  204  and  208  described with reference to the flowchart of  FIG. 6 , which may be considered “online” processes in that these typeahead process execute when a user is logged into social network environment  20 , the bootstrapping process  214  described with reference to the flowchart of  FIG. 7  may be considered an “offline” process in that it may execute at anytime whether or not any users of social network environment  20  are logged on. In particular embodiments, the reason for this difference is that the generation of nodes and edges based on previously entered information may, in one embodiment, only be performed once over all users and existing nodes of the social network environment  20 . In such an embodiment, after the bootstrapping process  214  has processed all the desired information from all the desired users or concepts associated with existing nodes and generated new nodes and edges based on the processed information, the typeahead processes  204  and  208  described above with reference to  FIG. 6  may then be used to generate any new nodes and edges. 
     In particular embodiments, the automatic generation of hubs and edges as a result of executing the bootstrapping process  214  is based on data, and particularly text, such as for example, declarations entered in the above-described sections of user profile pages or hubs, as well as, in some embodiments, information entered in other sections or forms of web pages hosted by social network environment  20 , including internal or external (e.g., third party) web applications, messages sent between users, wall (feed) postings, and generally, any form, communication, or feed in which text has been entered. 
     In particular embodiments, the method begins at  702  with bootstrapping process  214  scanning data structure  24 , including social graph database  206 , for text entered or otherwise associated with or stored with each user of social network environment  20 . As described above, all of the information about or associated with a given user including that entered and displayed with the user&#39;s profile page may be stored with the user&#39;s node  302  in social graph database  206 . In particular embodiments, for each user (but also, in some embodiments, potentially each hub having a corresponding hub node  304 ), bootstrapping process  214  identifies all of the fields or objects associated with the user&#39;s node  302  that contain textual characters at  704 . As described above, such fields may include any of sections  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 ,  418 ,  420 , and  422  in the user&#39;s profile page as well as, in some embodiments, text in private messages sent between the user and other users, public messages posted in wall (feed) sections, status updates, captions below photos, etc. 
     In particular embodiments, for each field or object containing text, bootstrapping process  214  performs, at  706 , some amount of pre-processing of the text. By way of example, in particular embodiments, all the text in a given field is considered a single character string. In particular embodiments, pre-processing of the character string at  706  includes applying a set of one or more heuristic rules to parse, separate, or delimit the character string into separate words or phrases associated with distinct concept candidates. More particularly, pre-processing may involve bootstrapping process  214  separating the character string in a given field by delimiters (e.g., commas, semicolons, carriage returns, etc.). By way of example, the character string illustrated in section  408  of  FIG. 4A  may be delimited into four distinct concept or hub candidates, the first distinct hub candidate being “weight lifting,” the second distinct hub candidate being “hiking,” the third distinct hub candidate being “playing ping pong,” and the fourth distinct hub candidate being “foozball.” Pre-processing at  706  may additionally involve identifying synonyms of the word or words in each distinct hub candidate, identifying words that may be misspelled, identifying the potentially correct spellings, expanding phrases or adding words to phrases (e.g., words that may have been unintentionally left out or left our as a result of brevity), removing URLs, removing metadata, normalizing the word or words based on language (e.g., converting words from the language in which they were entered into the language typically used by the user, or converting words from the language in which they were entered into the language in which a best match for the hub candidate is likely to be found), and the like. By way of example, consider that a user may have entered “Godfather I, II, III” in a favorite movies section  416 . In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  possesses the intelligence or capability to identify that the user has actually identified three movies: The Godfather part I, The Godfather part II, and The Godfather part III. In such a case, the bootstrapping process  214  may consider each movie as a separate hub candidate as though the user had explicitly typed out all three movie names. 
     In particular embodiments, each identified distinct hub candidate (e.g., a string of characters) may then, at  708 , be matched to or compared with a list of known concepts using one or more of a variety of suitable string matching algorithms. In particular embodiments, the known concepts with which the hub candidates are compared may be indexed in the form of corresponding strings of characters and stored in concept database  216 . Generally, concept database may be an indexed repository of concept information that bootstrapping process  214  can query against for matching candidate hubs to known concepts. That is, in particular embodiments, it is desired to match each hub candidate with a single known concept. In particular embodiments, concept database  216  may be populated with known concepts by crawling one or more external information sources or data repositories such as, for example, by crawling WIKIPEDIA (www.wikipedia.org) or FREEBASE (www.freebase.com) and combining these crawling results with each other, as well as, potentially, information extracted from one or more internal information sources, including social graph database  206 . In one example embodiment, the concepts indexed and stored in concept database  216  don&#39;t necessarily have corresponding existing hub nodes  304  (or user nodes  302 ) in social graph database  206 . That is, concept database  216  may generally store an index of known concepts (each represented by corresponding character string), as well as information about these concepts (which may be crawled from an external data source such as those just described), but not all of these known concepts may have corresponding existing hub nodes  304  stored in social graph database  206 . In an alternate embodiment, concept data base  216  may include social graph database  206  or vice versa. In particular embodiments, to facilitate the matching of hub candidates to known concepts indexed in concept database  216 , the index of known concepts in concept database  216  may be organized into categories such as, by way of example and not by way of limitation, people, places, things, activities, sports, sports teams, celebrities, cities, locations, movies, books, restaurants, etc. The particular categories searched by bootstrapping process  214  may be determined by a section ID or other field identifier associated with where the hub candidate was identified. 
     In particular embodiments, as a result of pre-processing at  706 , each hub candidate may have associated with it, one or more character strings that are each attempted to be matched with known concepts in concept database  216 . By way of example, the delimited character string corresponding to the user&#39;s entered text may be matched at  708  as well as other character strings in which spelling changes, word additions, work removals, among other changes have been made. In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  then identifies, at  710 , a “shortlist” of the best matching known concepts matching the hub candidate. In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  then generates or determines, at  712 , a confidence score or value for each match in the shortlist (similarly to the confidence score described with reference to the typeahead processes and the flowchart of  FIG. 6 ). By way of example, the confidence score for each known concept may be based on one or more of the following: a determination of how well the text in the character string of the hub candidate matched the text in the character string of each known concept, whether the spellings of any of the words in the hub candidate character string were changed to obtain the match, whether any words were added or removed in the hub candidate character string to obtain the match, etc. 
     As an example, when a shortlist of potential candidates is identified, in one embodiment, the shortlist is narrowed further by using other information known about the user. Consider a user A who wrote declared “Twilight, Harry Potter.” If bootstrapping process  214  could not unambiguously identify the movie corresponding to “Twilight,” (e.g., because there are multiple movies with the word “twilight”), bootstrapping process  214  may use the fact that many other users who like “Harry Potter” also like the movie “Twilight: New Moon” (an unambiguous movie), and therefore determine that user A is referring to “Twilight: New Moon” with a sufficient degree of certainty when user A has typed “Twilight.” Similarly, bootstrapping process  214  could use demographic information about the user. For example, an older user may prefer the 1958 version of “Romeo and Juliet,” whereas a younger user may be more likely to mean the newer version of “Romeo+Juliet” released in 1996. 
     In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  then re-queries the concept database  216  at  714  to find matches having the same confidence scores as the matches in the shortlist of matches. One motivation to do this second round of matching is to eliminate the possibility of false positives. By way of example, rather than simply choose the match having the best confidence score, which may appear high thereby indicating a high level of confidence in the match, by performing the second round of matching, bootstrapping process  214  may find that there are numerous matching known concepts having the same confidence score, thereby signaling the reality that the quality of, or confidence in, the match is misleading and the match shouldn&#39;t be accepted. 
     Based on the results of  712  and  714 , bootstrapping process  214  then determines, at  716 , whether or not a suitable match to a known concept exists for the given hub candidate. In particular embodiments, if it is determined at  716  that a match exists in concept database  716 , bootstrapping process  214  then determines, at  718 , whether or not an existing node (e.g., usually a hub node  304  but also potentially a user node  302 ) exists in social graph database  206  (In an alternate embodiment, bootstrapping process  214  may attempt to match a hub candidate to an existing node in social graph database  206  first before resorting to attempting to match the hub candidate to known concepts not having corresponding existing nodes in social graph database  206 ). If it is determined at  718  that the matching known concept has a corresponding hub node  304  (or user node  302 ) in social graph database  206 , then bootstrapping process  214  may then call edge-generating API  210  at  720 , which then generates, at  722 , an edge between the user node  302  from or for which the hub candidate was identified to the hub node  304  or (user node  302 ) corresponding to the matched known concept. In contrast, if it is determined at  718  that a corresponding hub node  304  (or user node  302 ) in social graph database  206  does not already exist for the matching known concept, then bootstrapping process  214  may then call node-generating API  212  at  724 , which then generates, at  726 , a hub node  304  (or user node  302 ) for the matching known concept. Bootstrapping process  214  may then call edge-generating API  210  at  728 , which then generates, at  730 , an edge between the user node  302  from or for which the hub candidate was identified to the newly created hub node  304  or (user node  302 ) corresponding to the matched known concept. 
     In particular embodiments, if it is determined that a match cannot be found for the character string associated with the hub candidate, at least according to a desired or predetermined level of confidence, bootstrapping process  214  may then determine, at  732 , whether the hub candidate is splittable; that is, whether the character string can be split into separate hub candidates. By way of example, a match from a hub candidate to a known concept may not be found at  716  for a variety of reasons, the simplest of which may be that the hub candidate is too generic to identify a known concept with confidence, is drastically misspelled or entered wrong, or, of particular interest, is considered a “higher order” concept that, generally, involves a phrase and even two or more concepts. By way of example, a user may have typed a declaration that, even after pre-processing at  706 , results in the higher order hub candidate character string “all movies with Johnny Depp or Edward Norton.” To facilitate this process, bootstrapping process  214  may keep a list of “connector words” such as “and” or “or,” among others. In particular embodiments, if a confident match for a character string such as this can&#39;t be found, bootstrapping process  214  may make the determination at  732  as to whether the character string corresponding to the hub candidate is splittable. In particular embodiments, if it is determined that the character string is splittable at  732  (e.g., bootstrapping process  214  identified connector words in the character string), then bootstrapping process  214  splits the character string into one or more hub candidates at  742 . For each of these split hub candidates (e.g., “all movies with Johnny Depp” and “all movies with Edward Norton”), bootstrapping process  214  then proceeds as before beginning with step  708 . 
     As another example, bootstrapping process  214  may use a second list of “common phrase language” that it may use to determine if a hub candidate is splittable or, more particularly, reducible at  732 . By way of example, in the above example, the part of the character string that reads “all movies with” may be identified as common phrase language and removed, thereby resulting in the separate hub candidates of simply “Johnny Depp” and “Edward Norton.” 
     However, in particular embodiments, in cases in which the character string is not splittable such as, for example, when bootstrapping process  214  is unable to identify any connector words (e.g., and, or, etc.), bootstrapping process  214  reverts to a fallback mechanism in which it automatically creates a “fallback node (e.g., a fallback hub node  304 );” that is, bootstrapping process  214  assumes that the user correctly entered a concept meaningful to him or her. More particularly, bootstrapping process  214  calls node-generating API  212  at  734 , which then generates a new hub node  304  in social graph database  206  corresponding to the hub candidate character string. In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process may or may not then call edge-generating API  210  at  738  to generate, at  740 , an edge from the user&#39;s node  302  to the new fallback hub node  304 . 
     In particular embodiments, the determination of whether or not to create a fallback hub node  304  is based on several criteria, many of which are implementation specific. As an example, consider that a user may have entered “The Matrix trilogy.” In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  may have the intelligence to determine, based on information in concept database  216 , that this character string actually refers to three Matrix movies. In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  may cause a new hub node  304  for the matrix trilogy to be generated, but more likely, may generate edges to each of the three hub nodes  304  corresponding to the original Matrix movie and the two sequels, respectively. In particular embodiments, bootstrapping process  214  may also then cause edges to be created between the individual hub nodes  304  associated with the Matrix movies. 
       FIG. 8  shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for validating a hub node  304 . In particular embodiments, when a fallback hub node  304  is generated because a confident match could not be found, the best matches that were found may be stored with the fallback node or with an edge that connects the fallback node to the user&#39;s node  302 . In this way, if and when the user navigates to the hub associated with the fallback hub node  304  at  802 , the user may be presented, at  804 , with a list of suggestions corresponding to the list of best matches that were below the threshold needed to be considered a match at  716 . By way of example, the hub corresponding to the fallback hub node  304  may be flagged in social graph database  206 . More particularly, the user may be prompted with a list of names (e.g., hyperlinks) or thumbnail images of the hubs or profile pages of associated nodes corresponding to the best matches or, alternately, with an “ad” or “social ad” asking the user if he or she would like to be redirected to one of the suggested hubs or profile pages of associated nodes corresponding to the best matches. In particular embodiments, if the user does not click on a redirect link or otherwise select to be redirected to one of the suggested matches, then bootstrapping process  214  confirms that the fallback hub node  304  is indeed a valid node at  808 . In particular embodiments, if the user clicks on a redirect link or otherwise selects to be redirected to one of the suggested matches, then bootstrapping process  214  redirects the user to the hub corresponding to the node associated with the selected redirection at  810 , causes the edge from the user&#39;s node to the fallback hub node  304  to be remapped at  812  to the selected match&#39;s node (which may involve deleting the old edge to the fallback node and generating a new edge to the selected node). In some embodiments, if it is determined, at  814 , that the number of users connected to the same fallback hub node  304  but who, after navigating to the hub corresponding to the fallback node, selected the same redirection is greater than a threshold, then bootstrapping process  214  causes the edges connected with that fallback hub node  304  to be remapped at  816  to the node corresponding to the selected redirection. In one embodiment, in such a case, the fallback hub node  304  is then deleted at  818 . 
     In other alternate embodiments, rather then generating fallback hub nodes  304 , bootstrapping process  214  may cause an interface to be presented to the user upon the user&#39;s next login that displays the hub candidates that bootstrapping process  214  was unable to match to known concepts. The interface may prompt the user to select to keep the user&#39;s entered text (corresponding to the unmatched hub candidate) unchanged, which may then result in the creation of a new hub node  304  for the hub candidate and the creation of a new edge from the user&#39;s node to the new hub node  304 . Otherwise, the user may be prompted to select from a shortlist of best matches, which may then result in the creation of an edge from the user&#39;s node to the node corresponding to the selected match. 
     In particular embodiments, similar processes can be used to create new hub nodes  304  from existing hub nodes  304  as well as new edges from existing hub nodes  304  to other existing or new hub nodes  304 . Additionally, in particular embodiments, there may be a review process, which may be machine or human implemented, that reviews newly generated nodes and determines whether to delete them or to add their content (e.g., merge them) with other existing nodes. By way of example, a newly generated hub node  304  for the concept “I love Britney Spears” may be deleted and any content in it may be added to an existing hub node  304  for “Britney Spears.” Additionally, if it is determined that a hub node  304  and its corresponding hub aren&#39;t being accessed by enough users or enough in a given time interval, the node may be deleted. Furthermore, as social network environment  20  may support users who use a variety of languages, in particular embodiments, the typeahead processes  204  and  208  or bootstrapping process  214  may decide to create a new node related to a particular concept identified from a user of one language even though the node already exists in another language. Alternately, the typeahead processes  204  and  208  or bootstrapping process  214  may decide to connect a user that typically uses one language to an existing node corresponding to the particular concept identified from the user even though the information stored with the existing node is in a different language. 
       FIG. 9 , referenced above, shows a flowchart illustrating an example method, implemented by or in conjunction with one or more server-side recommendation-generating processes  218  (hereinafter referred to as recommendation-generating process  218 ) illustrated in  FIG. 2B , for generating one or more recommendations, and particularly recommended hubs corresponding to respective hubs nodes  304  in social graph database  206 , for display to a user requesting or currently viewing a particular hub, based at least in part on information extracted from social graph database  206 . In particular embodiments, the recommendation-generating process  218  leverages the social graph data from social graph database  206 , which may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes generated by indexing social graph database  206 , to generate recommendations, and particularly recommended hubs, based on at least two contributions from the social graph data. 
     In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  determines recommended hubs for a particular user (the “requesting user”) requesting or currently viewing a particular hub (the “requested hub”), and further causes the recommended hubs to be displayed or listed in recommendations section  510  of the hub described above with reference to  FIG. 5 . In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  determines recommended hubs based on leveraging information extracted from social graph database  206  including information about one or more of: the requesting user, the requested hub, friends of the user whose user nodes  302  may or may not also be connected to the requested hub&#39;s hub node  304  with respective edges, and other hubs having respective hub nodes  304  that are also connected to the requested hub&#39;s hub node  304 . As described above, for example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are liked or otherwise connected (with edges in social graph database  206 ) to friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ), and particularly friends that are also connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that users, and particularly friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ), also like or are otherwise connected to (with edges in social graph database  206 ), but who aren&#39;t necessarily connected with the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ) and one or more friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ). As another example, the recommended hubs displayed in recommendations section  510  may include hubs that are connected to the requested hub (with edges in social graph database  206 ) but that aren&#39;t necessarily connected with friends of the requesting user (as defined by edges in social graph database  206 ). Generally, as described above, one goal or motivation for displaying recommended hubs to the requesting user currently viewing or requesting a particular hub is to provide the user with recommended hubs the user may be interested in viewing or interacting with and, furthermore, facilitate navigation to such recommended hubs from the currently viewed hub and, in particular embodiments, facilitate the creation of edges connecting the user to one or more of the recommended hubs the user demonstrates or indicates an interest in. 
     In particular embodiments, the method begins when social network environment  20  receives a request for a particular hub (the requested hub) from a particular user (the requesting user) at  902 . In particular embodiments, in response to the request, social network environment  20 , and particularly page-generating process  200 , generates a structured document for rendering the hub at the requesting user&#39;s client device  30  and transmits an initial response that includes the structured document to the requesting user&#39;s client device  30  at  904 . The structured document transmitted to the requesting user may be a base structured document that includes markup language code as well as various code segments, scripts, resources, or other information or content for serving the requested hub to the client for rendering by the client&#39;s web browser  202 . In some embodiments, the base structured document may include code for rendering one or more portions of the requested hub including code for displaying portions of the recommendations section  510  but may not include the recommended hubs themselves in the form of hub names or other identifiers  512  and images  514 ; that is, in one implementation, social network environment  20  may transmit the structured document at  904  in the initial response before the recommended hubs are determined by recommendation-generating process  218 . In this way, the client&#39;s web browser  202  may start rendering the structured document and downloading resources for rendering the requested hub as recommendation-generating process  218  completes it&#39;s determination of recommended hubs. 
     In such embodiments, in parallel with or after the generation of the base structured document or sending of the initial response, recommendation-generating process  218  generates recommended hubs that are then transmitted in one or more subsequent responses to the requesting user&#39;s client device  30  at  922  for rendering by the client&#39;s web browser  202 . In one particular embodiment, after the request for the hub is received by social network environment  20  at  902 , page-generating process  200  or other process executing within social network environment  20  transmits an instruction or query at  906  to recommendation-generating process  218  requesting one or more recommended hubs for display in recommendations section  510 . In an example embodiment, the instruction or query includes information such as an identifier of the user (e.g., a user ID that identifies the requesting user&#39;s user node  302 ) and an identifier of the requested hub (e.g., a hub ID that identifies the requested hub&#39;s hub node  304 ). 
     In particular embodiments, in response to the instruction or query at  906 , recommendation-generating process  218  then determines or identifies a first data set, at  908 , that includes hubs that are each connected (via edges in social graph database  206 ) with one or more users who are, in turn, each connected with both the requesting user (e.g., friends of the requesting user) and also connected with the requested hub (e.g., users that also like the requested hub). In particular embodiments, in parallel with or after determining the first data set at  908 , recommendation-generating process  218  determines a second data set, at  910 , that includes hubs that are each connected both with the requested hub (via edges in social graph database  206 ) and also connected with one or more users who, in turn, are connected (via edges in social graph database  206 ) to the requesting user (e.g., friends of the requesting user). Generally, the first and second data sets may include one or more of the same hubs. 
     In one particular embodiment, as described above, social graph database  206  may include one or more queryable (searchable) indexes generated by indexing the data within social graph database  206  (alternately, in another embodiment, the indexes may be stored in one or more data stores or databases outside of social graph database  206 ). In one particular implementation, an indexing process  220  generates or updates the indexes periodically (e.g., daily). Additionally, or alternately, the indexes may be updated dynamically in response to the creation of new nodes or new edges in social graph database  206  as well as in response to other actions (e.g., in response to interactions between users and hubs or in response to edits made to user profile pages or hubs). In one particular implementation, indexing process  220  may generate a plurality of indexes to facilitate the determinations at  908  and  910 . By way of example, indexing process  220  may generate and maintain an index of all registered users that is indexed by user ID (e.g., the identifiers of the users and respective user nodes  302  in social graph database  206 ) and which includes, for each user ID, the set of other users identified by their respective user IDs whose respective user nodes  302  are connected to the user node  302  corresponding to the particular user ID in the index. As another example, indexing process  220  may generate and maintain another index of all registered users that is again indexed by user ID but which includes, for each user ID, the set of hubs or respective hub nodes  304  identified by their respective hub IDs (e.g. the identifiers of the hubs and respective hub nodes  304  in social graph database  206 ) that are connected to the user node  302  corresponding to the particular user ID in the index. As another example, indexing process  220  may generate and maintain another index of all the hubs indexed by hub ID and that includes, for each hub ID, the set of other hubs and respective hub nodes  304  identified by hub ID that are connected to the hub node  304  corresponding to the particular hub ID in the index. As another example, indexing process  220  may generate and maintain another index of all the hubs indexed by hub ID and that includes, for each hub ID, the set of users and respective user nodes  302  identified by user ID that are connected to the hub node  304  corresponding to the particular hub ID in the index. 
     In such embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  may determine the first and second data sets at  908  and  910 , respectively, by querying the indexes generated by indexing process  220 . This may involve querying indexing process  220  itself or some other process that is configured to receive queries and return results based on searching one or more of the indexes. By way of example, in a particular implementation, recommendation-generating process  218  determines the first data set at  908  by sending a first nested query to indexing process  220  that, in a first part or step of the first nested query, instructs indexing process to identify all the user IDs corresponding to users who are connected (e.g., friends) with the requesting user. In a second part of the nested query, indexing process  220  is instructed to identify which of the user IDs identified in the first part correspond to users who are also connected with the requested hub. In a third part of the first nested query, indexing process  220  is instructed to return, to recommendation-generating process  218 , the hub IDs corresponding to the hubs connected with the user IDs identified in the second part of the query (but in particular embodiments, excluding those hub IDs corresponding to hubs already connected to the requesting user) as well as the user IDs themselves matched with each of the hub IDs. In a similar fashion, recommendation-generating process  218  may determine the second data set at  910  by sending a second nested query to indexing process  220  that instructs indexing process to determine all the hub IDs corresponding to hubs that are connected with the requested hub and then return, to recommendation-generating process  218 , the hub IDs corresponding to the ones of the identified hubs that are also connected with one or more users connected with the requesting user (but in particular embodiments, excluding those hub IDs corresponding to hubs already connected to the requesting user) as well as the user IDs themselves matched with each of the hub IDs. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the hub indexes generated by indexing process  220  are indexed, arranged, or otherwise searchable by hub category (e.g., movie, music, activity, sport, etc.). In some embodiments, the hubs returned in the first and second data sets may only include hubs sharing the same category as the requested hub. In other embodiments, hubs of different categories may be included in the returned data sets. 
     Thus, in various example embodiments, each of the first and second data sets includes a list or index of hubs (e.g., identified by hub ID) as well as, for each hub, a set of one or more users (e.g., identified by user ID) connected with the respective hub. In one implementation, recommendation-generating process  218  then generates a score for each hub identified in the first and second data sets at  912  and subsequently ranks the hubs based on their respective scores at  914  to generate a single combined or correlated list of ranked hubs that are candidates (hereinafter also referred to as “candidate hubs”) for recommended hubs. In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  scores each hub in each of the first and second data sets based at least in part on the number of users (i.e., the friends of the requesting user) returned with the respective hub in the first or second data sets. 
     In one embodiment, recommendation-generating process  218  scores the hubs in each of the first and second data sets and then combines the resulting scores. By way of example, if a hub in the first set is connected with five of the requesting user&#39;s friends, that hub may be assigned a score or weight of five by recommendation-generating process  218 . Similarly, if a hub in the second set is connected with four of the requesting user&#39;s friends, that hub may be assigned a score or weight of four by recommendation-generating process  218 . In such an implementation, recommendation-generating process may then generate a combined data set that includes all of the hubs in each of the first and second data sets and combine or correlate the scoring results based on each of the first and second data sets to generate a single correlated score for each of the hubs at  912  in the combined data set. The single correlated scores for the respective candidate hubs are then used in ranking the hubs in the correlated ranked list of hubs at  914 . In one implementation, the weights assigned to the hubs in the first and second data sets are themselves weighted equally by recommendation-generating process  218 . By way of example, a hub with a weight of five from the first data set may be assigned a score of five in the single correlated ranked list. Similarly, a hub with a weight of four from the second data set may be assigned a score of four in the single correlated ranked list. Additionally, as the first and second data sets may share common hubs, if a hub returned in both of the first and second data sets was assigned a weight of six based on the first data set and assigned a weight of three based on the second data set, recommendation-generating process may sum the individual weights and assign the hub a score of nine in the single correlated ranked list (6+3=9). However, as the friends used to generate the weights may be shared in the first and second data sets, recommendation-generating process  218  may reduce the combined score to account for this. By way of example, continuing the above example, assuming that a hub found in both data sets also shares two friends in each data set, the resultant correlated score for the hub may be calculated as seven (6+3−2=7). 
     However, in particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  may first combine the first and second data sets to generate one combined data set and then score each of the hubs in the resultant combined data set. In this way, hubs and associated users shared between the data sets may be accounted for, if desired, before generating a score for the hub. 
     In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  determines a score for each hub in the combined data set at  912  based on other factors other than simply the number of the requesting user&#39;s friends connected with the respective hub. By way of example, in one embodiment, recommendation-generating process  218  may query indexing process  220  for one or more other data sets. As an example, in an additional or alternate embodiment, recommendation-generating process  218  may determine a third data set that includes all the hubs connected with the requested hub, or all the hubs that are connected with the requested hub and not connected to any of the requesting user&#39;s friends. As another example, recommendation-generating process  218  may determine a fourth data set that includes all of the hubs connected with the requesting user&#39;s friends, or all of the hubs connected with the requesting user&#39;s friends but not connected to the requested hub. These third or fourth data sets may be used in augmenting the data in the first and second data sets or to provide additional criteria (e.g., a global filter that indicates an overall popularity of each of the hubs) with which to score the hubs in the first and second data sets. Furthermore, the third and fourth data sets may be particularly useful in cases in which there are not any friends of the user that are connected with the requested hub or in which none of the hubs connected with the requested hub are connected to any of the requesting user&#39;s friends. 
     In one example implementation, recommendation-generating process  218  may weight the hubs in such third or fourth data sets differently than the hubs in the first and second data sets. By way of example, in one implementation, each hub in the third or fourth data sets are weighted according to the total number of user nodes  302  connected with the respective hub&#39;s hub node  304 . However, when combining the first, second, third, and fourth data sets and calculating a correlated score for each hub in the combined data set at  912 , the number of total users connected with each hub in the third and fourth data sets may account for a smaller contribution to the single correlated score. By way of example, if “hub A” is found in each of the first, second, third, and fourth data sets and is associated with 5 users in the first data set, 4 non-shared users in the second data set, 50 users in the third data set, and 75 users in the fourth data set, recommendation-generating process may calculate the correlated score for the hub as 5a+4b+50c+75d where a, b, c, and d are the weights with which the respective number of users are multiplied by. As an example, in one implementation, a=1, b=1, c=0.01, and d=0.01 such that the correlated score for the hub A is 5+4+0.5+0.75=10.25. 
     Additionally or alternately, in some embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  may determine, at  912 , the single correlated score for each hub in the first and second data sets (in some embodiments the hubs in the third and fourth data sets that are not also in one or more of the first and second data sets are not scored) by summing or otherwise combining, for each hub in the combined data set, a number of coefficient scores that are, in turn, generated for each hub in the combined data set and each user connected with the respective hub. In particular embodiments, a coefficient score in this sense refers to the strength of the connection (as defined or represented by an edge) or plurality of connections. The coefficient scores generated by recommendation-generating process  218  for a particular hub and associated users may be based on numerous and various criteria. By way of example, determining a single correlated score for each hub in the combined data set at  912  may involve recommendation-generating process  218  generating one or more coefficient scores between each hub in the combined data set and each of the requesting user&#39;s friends connected to the respective hub, one or more coefficient scores between each hub in the combined data set and the requesting user, one or more coefficient scores between each hub in the combined data set and the requested hub, or one or more coefficient scores between the requesting user and each of the users connected with a hub from the combined data set. Determining a single correlated score for each hub in the combined data set at  912  may additionally involve summing or otherwise combining each of the coefficient scores to generate the single correlated score for each hub. 
     The coefficient scores generated for each hub or user connected with the hub may be based on factors such as, by way of example and not by way of limitation, the relationship of the user to the hub; the relationship of the user to the requesting user (e.g., friend, relative, spouse, etc.); a level or frequency of interaction between the hub and the user (e.g., how many times the user views the hub or how much content was added to the hub by the user over a period of time); a level or frequency of interaction between the user and the requesting user (e.g., how times the users viewed one another&#39;s profile pages or how many times the users posted comments, wall (feed) postings, sent messages, or otherwise interacted with one another&#39;s profile pages over a period of time); the number of user nodes  302 , hub nodes  304 , or total nodes connected to both the hub and the user, or connected to both the user and the requesting user, or connected to both the hub and the requested hub, or connected to both the hub and the requested user; the quantity or quality of shared content between the hub and the requested hub, etc. 
     In a particular implementation, in order to calculate coefficient scores and subsequently single correlated scores for each of the hubs in the combined data set, the data results returned in the first and second data sets (and in some embodiments the third and fourth data sets as well) are first sent by recommendation-generating process (or directly from indexing process  220 ) to a data mining system such as, for example, HIVE (a data warehouse infrastructure built on top of HADOOP) where HADOOP then runs or executes a number of MapReduce jobs or processes on the data to generate the coefficient scores which are then used by recommendation-generating process  218  to generate the single correlated scores for each hub at  912 . 
     In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  ranks the hubs by their respective correlated scores and generates a ranked list of hubs (e.g., a ranked list of hub IDs) at  914  with the hubs having the highest correlated scores representing the most relevant hubs. In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  then selects, at  916 , the top x (e.g., four in the illustrated embodiment) hubs having the highest correlated scores as the recommended hubs to be displayed in recommendations section  510 . 
     In particular embodiments, recommendation-generating process  218  then communicates, at  918 , the hub IDs of the recommended hubs to page-generating process  200  or other process that then generates, at  920 , code including, for example, HTML or other markup language code as well as, in some embodiments, various other code segments or resources including, for example, image resources for use in rendering the recommended hub names  512  or images  514  in recommendations section  510 , and in some embodiments, code segments for implementing hyperlinks that direct the user to a recommended hub upon clicking or otherwise selecting a recommended hub name text field  512  or hub image  514 . The code and resources are then sent to the user&#39;s client device  30  in a subsequent response at  922  for rendering by the client&#39;s web browser  202 . In particular embodiments, the subsequent response sent at  922  is sent using AJAX or other asynchronous techniques as the base structured document for rendering the requested hub may have already been sent in an initial response at  904 . In an alternate embodiment, social network environment  20  waits for recommendation-generating process  218  to provide the hub IDs of the recommended hubs and includes the code or resources for displaying the recommended hub names  512  or hub images  514  with the rest of the structured document for rendering the hub at the client device  30  prior to sending the structured document to the requesting user. 
     In some embodiments, code for rendering user names (e.g., text)  516  or user images  518  (e.g., user profile pictures or avatars) of a select subset of the users connected with each of the recommended hubs and the requesting user is also sent with the subsequent response at  922  for rendering and display next to the respective recommended hub in recommendations section  510 . Additionally or alternately, the subsequent response sent at  922  may include code for displaying a text string for each of the recommended hubs in proximity to the respective recommended hub that reads, for example, “n of your friends also like this,” where n is the number of the requesting user&#39;s friends that are connected to the respective recommended hub or “these friends also like this,” where “these friends” are represented by the user names  516  or user images  518  displayed next to the respective recommended hub, or “n of your friends also like this including:”. 
     Furthermore, in particular embodiments, upon clicking or otherwise selecting a hyperlink (e.g., clicking text  512  or images  514 ) corresponding to a particular one of the recommended hubs, the user may be prompted with a user interface that asks the user if he or she would like to be connected with the recommended hub. By way of example, upon clicking an image  514  corresponding to a recommended hub, the user&#39;s web browser  202  may send a request for the hub to social network environment  20 . In response to the request, social network environment  20 , and particularly, page-generating process  200  constructs a structured document to be sent to the web browser  202  for rendering. Prior to, in parallel with, or after the construction or sending of the structured document corresponding to the selected recommended hub, social network environment  20 , may send a response to the web browser  202  that causes the web browser to display the user interface asking the user if he or she would like to be connected with the recommended hub (e.g., the user interface may present a link that reads “I like hub A,” where hub A is the name of the selected recommended hub. Alternately, the initial response or subsequent response that included the recommended hubs may include one or more code segments (e.g., JavaScript) that when executed by the web browser  202  implement a client-side process that recognizes when recommended hubs are selected and which may cause the user interface to be displayed and which may further use asynchronous techniques (e.g., AJAX) or other suitable techniques to communicate a message to social network environment  20  that a recommended hub was selected. In response to the user indicating a desire to be connected with the selected recommended hub (e.g., by clicking the link in the user interface prompt), the client-side process may use asynchronous techniques (e.g., AJAX) or other suitable techniques to communicate a message to social network environment  20  that the user desired to be connected with the selected recommended hub. In response, edge-generating API  210  to cause an edge to be created in social graph database  206  that connects the user to the selected recommended hub. 
     In particular embodiments, as described above, wall (or news feed/activities feed) section  501   a , or other feed or activities section of the hub, displays comments, status updates, wall posts and other user activities associated with the user and friends of the user that are viewing the hub. The wall (or news feed/activities feed) section  501   a , or other feed or activities section of the hub may also display comments, status updates, wall posts and other user activities and user generated content that are related to the concept for which the hub was created as well as, in some embodiments, the concepts associated with the recommended hubs determined for the currently requested or viewed hub. More particularly, recommendation-generating process  218  may perform a search on comments, status updates, wall posts and other user-generated content and user activities associated with the requesting user and friends of the requesting user filtered by concept; that is, a keyword search for keywords related to the concept of the currently requested or viewed hub (and potentially keywords related to the concepts associated with the recommended hubs) in these streams of user feeds or activities related to the requesting user and the requesting user&#39;s friends, and display this subset of user content or activities in the wall or feed section of the currently requested or viewed hub. 
     Moreover, those of skill in art will readily be able to apply the teachings described with reference to the flowchart of  FIG. 9  to determine and cause to be displayed recommended hubs (or recommended users) to a user requesting or currently viewing another user&#39;s profile page within a recommendations section displayed on the other user&#39;s profile page. 
     The applications or processes described herein can be implemented as a series of computer-readable instructions, embodied or encoded on or within a tangible data storage medium, that when executed are operable to cause one or more processors to implement the operations described above. While the foregoing processes and mechanisms can be implemented by a wide variety of physical systems and in a wide variety of network and computing environments, the computing systems described below provide example computing system architectures of the server and client systems described above, for didactic, rather than limiting, purposes. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example computing system architecture, which may be used to implement a server  22   a ,  22   b . In one embodiment, hardware system  1000  comprises a processor  1002 , a cache memory  1004 , and one or more executable modules and drivers, stored on a tangible computer readable medium, directed to the functions described herein. Additionally, hardware system  1000  includes a high performance input/output (I/O) bus  1006  and a standard I/O bus  1008 . A host bridge  1010  couples processor  1002  to high performance I/O bus  1006 , whereas I/O bus bridge  1012  couples the two buses  1006  and  1008  to each other. A system memory  1014  and one or more network/communication interfaces  1016  couple to bus  1006 . Hardware system  1000  may further include video memory (not shown) and a display device coupled to the video memory. Mass storage  1018 , and I/O ports  1020  couple to bus  1008 . Hardware system  1000  may optionally include a keyboard and pointing device, and a display device (not shown) coupled to bus  1008 . Collectively, these elements are intended to represent a broad category of computer hardware systems, including but not limited to general purpose computer systems based on the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., and the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as well as any other suitable processor. 
     The elements of hardware system  1000  are described in greater detail below. In particular, network interface  1016  provides communication between hardware system  1000  and any of a wide range of networks, such as an Ethernet (e.g., IEEE 802.3) network, a backplane, etc. Mass storage  1018  provides permanent storage for the data and programming instructions to perform the above-described functions implemented in the servers  22   a ,  22   b , whereas system memory  1014  (e.g., DRAM) provides temporary storage for the data and programming instructions when executed by processor  1002 . I/O ports  620  are one or more serial and/or parallel communication ports that provide communication between additional peripheral devices, which may be coupled to hardware system  1000 . 
     Hardware system  1000  may include a variety of system architectures; and various components of hardware system  1000  may be rearranged. For example, cache  1004  may be on-chip with processor  1002 . Alternatively, cache  1004  and processor  1002  may be packed together as a “processor module,” with processor  1002  being referred to as the “processor core.” Furthermore, certain embodiments of the present invention may not require nor include all of the above components. For example, the peripheral devices shown coupled to standard I/O bus  1008  may couple to high performance I/O bus  1006 . In addition, in some embodiments, only a single bus may exist, with the components of hardware system  1000  being coupled to the single bus. Furthermore, hardware system  1000  may include additional components, such as additional processors, storage devices, or memories. 
     In one implementation, the operations of the embodiments described herein are implemented as a series of executable modules run by hardware system  1000 , individually or collectively in a distributed computing environment. In a particular embodiment, a set of software modules and/or drivers implements a network communications protocol stack, browsing and other computing functions, optimization processes, and the like. The foregoing functional modules may be realized by hardware, executable modules stored on a computer readable medium, or a combination of both. For example, the functional modules may comprise a plurality or series of instructions to be executed by a processor in a hardware system, such as processor  1002 . Initially, the series of instructions may be stored on a storage device, such as mass storage  1018 . However, the series of instructions can be tangibly stored on any suitable storage medium, such as a diskette, CD-ROM, ROM, EEPROM, etc. Furthermore, the series of instructions need not be stored locally, and could be received from a remote storage device, such as a server on a network, via network/communications interface  1016 . The instructions are copied from the storage device, such as mass storage  1018 , into memory  1014  and then accessed and executed by processor  1002 . 
     An operating system manages and controls the operation of hardware system  1000 , including the input and output of data to and from software applications (not shown). The operating system provides an interface between the software applications being executed on the system and the hardware components of the system. Any suitable operating system may be used, such as the LINUX Operating System, the Apple Macintosh Operating System, available from Apple Computer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., UNIX operating systems, Microsoft® Windows® operating systems, BSD operating systems, and the like. Of course, other implementations are possible. For example, the nickname generating functions described herein may be implemented in firmware or on an application specific integrated circuit. 
     Furthermore, the above-described elements and operations can be comprised of instructions that are stored on storage media. The instructions can be retrieved and executed by a processing system. Some examples of instructions are software, program code, and firmware. Some examples of storage media are memory devices, tape, disks, integrated circuits, and servers. The instructions are operational when executed by the processing system to direct the processing system to operate in accord with the invention. The term “processing system” refers to a single processing device or a group of inter-operational processing devices. Some examples of processing devices are integrated circuits and logic circuitry. Those skilled in the art are familiar with instructions, computers, and storage media. 
     The present disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Similarly, where appropriate, the appended claims encompass all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. By way of example, while embodiments of the present invention have been described as operating in connection with a social networking website, the present invention can be used in connection with any communications facility that supports web applications. Furthermore, in some embodiments the term “web service” and “web-site” may be used interchangeably and additionally may refer to a custom or generalized API on a device, such as a mobile device (e.g., cellular phone, smart phone, personal GPS, personal digital assistance, personal gaming device, etc.), that makes API calls directly to a server.