Patent Publication Number: US-2022218144-A1

Title: Systems for controlled heating and agitation for liquid food or beverage product creation

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/389,552, entitled “Systems for Controlled Heating and Agitation for Liquid Food or Beverage Product Creation”, filed Apr. 19, 2019, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/352,245, entitled “Systems for Controlled Heating and Agitation for Liquid Food or Beverage Product Creation”, filed Nov. 15, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,264,912, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/347,591, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Controlled Liquid Food or Beverage Product Creation”, filed Nov. 9, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,11,554, which relates to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/350,928, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Creating Liquid Food and Beverage Product from a Portion-Controlled Receptacle”, filed on Jun. 16, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,170, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Creating Liquid Food and Beverage Product from a Portion-Controlled Receptacle”, filed on Aug. 26, 2016, and said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/347,591 is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/265,379, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Agitation in the Production of Beverage and Food Receptacles from Frozen Contents”, filed Sep. 14, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,615,597, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/185,744, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Providing Support for Displaceable Frozen Contents in Beverage and Food Receptacles”, filed Jun. 17, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,487,348, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/344,212, entitled “Systems for and Methods of Providing Support for Displaceable Frozen Contents in Beverage and Food Receptacles”, filed Jun. 1, 2016, and said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/185,744 is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/099,156, entitled “Method of and System for Creating a Consumable Liquid Food or Beverage Product from Frozen Liquid Contents”, filed on Apr. 14, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to International Patent Application No. PCT/US16/23226, entitled “Method of and System for Creating a Consumable Liquid Food or Beverage Product from Frozen Liquid Contents”, filed on Mar. 18, 2016, which relates to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/136, 072, entitled “Packaging an Iced Concentrate”, filed on Mar. 20, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/275,506, entitled “Method of and System for Creating a Consumable Liquid Food or Beverage Product from Frozen Liquid Contents”, filed on Jan. 6, 2016, and said PCT/US16/23226 is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/801,540, entitled “Apparatus and Processes for Creating a Consumable Liquid Food or Beverage Product from Frozen Contents”, filed on Jul. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,346,611, which relates to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/136,072, filed Mar. 20, 2015, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The technical field relates generally to systems for and methods of creating liquid food and/or beverage products from frozen contents in a controlled manner, and in particular to controlling the melting of the frozen contents into liquid and controlling the vaporization of the liquid into gas. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Current or prior machine-based coffee brewing systems and coffee packed in filtered pods allow consumers to produce purportedly fresh-brewed beverages at the touch of a button while eliminating the need for additional process steps such as measuring, handling of filters, and/or messy disposal of used grounds. These machine-based systems typically utilize a receptacle that contains dry solids or powders such as dry coffee grinds, tea leaves, or cocoa powder, as well as a filtration media to prevent migration of unwanted solids into the user&#39;s cup or glass, and some type of cover or lid. The receptacle itself is often thin-walled so it can be perforated with needles or other mechanisms so that a solvent (e.g., hot water) can be injected into the receptacle. In practice, the receptacle is inserted into the machine and, upon closing the machine&#39;s cover, the receptacle is pierced to produce an inlet and an outlet. Thereafter, the hot solvent is delivered to the inlet, added into the receptacle, and a brewed beverage exits via a filter to the outlet. 
     Such systems often suffer from problems with being able to maintain freshness of the contents in the receptacle, brew strength from a finite sized package, and/or the inability to conveniently recycle the large number of filtered receptacles with spent grinds/leaves created each year. 
     The issue of maintaining freshness can occur, for example, when the dry solid is a finely ground coffee. This issue is largely the result of unwanted oxidation of critical flavor and aroma compounds in the coffee grounds, a problem that can be exacerbated by the fact that ground coffee presents a very large surface area to its ambient environment. While some manufactures may attempt to address this problem using MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging) methods (e.g., the introduction of a non-oxidizing gas in place of ambient air), their efforts are often largely unsuccessful for a number of reasons. For example, freshly roasted whole bean or ground coffee profusely outgases CO 2 , thus requiring a pre-packaging step to allow the grounds to “degas” prior to packaging so the receptacle does not swell or puff outwardly due to pressure created from within the receptacle, which in turn would cause the receptacle to take on the appearance of spoiled product. In addition, this CO 2  outgassing carries with it and depletes a rich mixture of fresh coffee aromas from the ground coffee. Further, coffee beans and grinds are approximately 44% oxygen by composition, which may impact the flavor and fragrance of the coffee internally after the roasting process. 
     Another downfall of these receptacles that contain dry solids or powders is often their inability to create a wide range of beverage potency and serving sizes from a given packaging size. A pod that holds ten grams of ground coffee can only produce about two grams of actual brewed coffee compounds if brewed according to SCAA (Specialty Coffee Association of America) brewing guidelines. In turn, when two grams of brewed coffee compounds are diluted in a ten ounce cup of coffee, a concentration of about a 0.75 total dissolved solids (TDS) results. TDS (in % throughout) is a measure of the combined content of inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular colloidal solids suspended form. Therefore, such a cup of coffee is often considered a very weak cup of coffee for many consumers. Conversely, some brewers can over-extract the same ten grams of coffee grounds to create a higher TDS; however, the additional dissolved solids that are extracted are often harsh on the palate and can ruin the flavor integrity of the coffee. Soluble/instant coffee is often added to reduce this drawback. In addition, most brewers designed for extracting cannot deliver pressure and temperature to remove all desired compounds from the ground product, therefore often good coffee is wasted, up to 25%, and an often weaker or smaller cup of coffee is produced than desired. 
     Turning to the matter of recycling, the presence of leftover coffee grounds, tea leaves and/or other residual waste after brewing (e.g., spent filters left within the receptacles) typically makes receptacles unsuitable for recycling. Consumers could remove the cover from the spent receptacles and rinse out the residual material, but this is time consuming, messy, a waste of water, and/or a waste of valuable soil nutrients that could otherwise be recycled back into the farming ecosystem. Therefore, most consumers will not bother to recycle in return for such an insignificant apparent ecological gain. Recycling can also be impacted by the type of thermoplastic material used in some receptacles. For example, in an effort to minimize loss of freshness as discussed above, some manufacturers have chosen to use materials that have exceptional vapor barrier properties, for example, a laminated film material with an inner layer of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer. The combination of different thermoplastic materials in such a laminated film, which could be some combination of EVOH, polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC and/or others material is unsuited to recycling. 
     Despite the disadvantages above, there still exist a number of different machine-based systems on the market today that create beverages from single-serving capsuled products. These have become extremely popular with consumers, primarily for the convenience they offer in making an acceptable (not necessarily excellent) cup of coffee, often causing the consumer to swap café quality brewed coffee for the convenience of a single serving home-brewed cup. 
     In addition to single serving capsule products, there exist frozen products such as coffee extracts and juice concentrates that are currently packaged in large containers and cans (e.g., 2 liters) for creating multiple servings of beverages from a single container. However, it is usually inconvenient and time-consuming to prepare a beverage from these frozen extracts or concentrates. Some coffee products, for example, must be slowly melted prior to use, typically over a period of several hours or days. The end product is required to be stored in a refrigerator thereafter to preserve its product safety when less than all servings are consumed. Further, for beverages that are enjoyed hot, like coffee and tea, the melted extract must then be heated appropriately. Many of these products are not shelf stable, for example coffee that has a high percentage of solids in the grounds, as these solids are the result of hydrolyzed wood, which are subject to decomposition and spoilage. Accordingly, the flavor and quality in these large batch frozen products can deteriorate in a matter of hours even at refrigeration temperatures. In addition, the method of forming the final consumable beverage is not often not automated and is therefore subject to over- or under-dilution, leading to an inconsistent user experience. 
     SUMMARY 
     The techniques and systems described herein include integrated systems that enable a wider variety of food and beverage products to be dispensed than known portion control brewing systems currently available. In certain embodiments, the systems include a multi-function and multi-use dispenser that works in cooperation with multi-content frozen receptacles. The receptacles contain previously-prepared concentrates and extracts in a frozen state in a sealed MAP gas environment. Because the food or beverages contained therein are maintained in a preserved state, they exist in an FDA food-safe format. In addition, the frozen liquid contents are preserved at peak levels of flavor and fragrance without the use of conventional preservatives or additives. 
     Meanwhile, the dispenser may prepare these foods and beverages in both hot or cold format by utilizing specific receptacles containing the frozen liquid content. The integrated system that includes the dispenser and receptacles can safely provide, e.g., coffee, tea, cocoa, sodas, soups, nutraceuticals, vitamin waters, medicines, energy supplements, lattes, cappuccinos, chai lattes, to name a few. While dispensing the product, the receptacles are rinsed substantially clean, free of grounds, leaves, filters powders or crystals by the dispensing system, thereby qualifying them for recycling. 
     In some examples, the receptacle is configured such that the receptacle can be perforated before the receptacle is inserted into the apparatus, can be perforated after the receptacle is inserted into the apparatus, or both. The receptacle may include an unfilled region, e.g., headspace between the frozen liquid content and the closure, wherein the region is configured to include an inert or reduced reactivity gas in place of atmospheric air in the receptacle. This region also allows movement of the frozen liquid contents within the receptacle to allow for creation of a flow path for diluting/melting fluids around the frozen liquid contents during product preparation. 
     The disclosed subject matter includes a process for producing a liquid food or beverage from a package containing frozen liquid contents. The process includes providing frozen liquid contents in a sealed container, wherein the container is configured to store the frozen liquid contents. In this embodiment, the process always includes melting the frozen liquid contents in the sealed container to generate a melted liquid. The process includes perforating the sealed container at a first location to permit dispensing of the melted liquid from the container to create a consumable liquid food or beverage. 
     In some examples, melting the frozen liquid contents includes perforating the sealed container at a second location to permit injection of a heated liquid or heat in another format into the container to melt and dilute the frozen liquid contents in the sealed container. Melting the frozen liquid contents can include applying heat or electric frequency energy externally to the sealed container or within the sealed container via an injected liquid, gas, or steam to melt the frozen liquid contents into a consumable liquid form. 
     In addition to the food and beverage packaging system, the systems and techniques described herein include an apparatus for melting and/or diluting frozen liquid contents stored within this packaging system, wherein the frozen liquid contents of the package are made from food and beverage concentrates, extracts and other consumable fluid types with or without nutrients, and various methods for delivering these melted and/or diluted contents for immediate consumption. The techniques described herein allow, for example, consumers to conveniently and spontaneously create a single-serve, or multi serve consumable beverage or liquid-based food directly from a receptacle such that the product has the desired fresh taste, potency, volume, temperature, texture and/or the like. To achieve this goal, frozen liquid contents and preferably flash-frozen liquid contents, made from concentrates, extracts, and other consumable fluid types can be packaged in a gas impermeable, MAP packaged, full barrier and residue-free filterless recyclable receptacle. Further, this receptacle is designed to be accommodated and used by a machine-based dispensing system to facilitate the melting and/or diluting of the contents and deliver a product with desired characteristics, including taste, aroma strength, volume, temperature, color and texture, so that consumers can consistently and conveniently experience a level of superb taste and freshness that is unavailable by any other means in use today. Unlike current single-serve coffee makers, which create a finished product via a brewing process (e.g., the extraction of soluble products from solid coffee grounds), the disclosed approach creates a product by melting and diluting a frozen extract or concentrate created through an earlier manufacturing process, which can take place in a factory environment under ideal conditions to capture and preserve flavor. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a dispenser for producing a food or beverage liquid product from a frozen contents in a receptacle includes a chamber configured to hold the receptacle and a non-diluting heater configured to heat at least one of the receptacle when held in the chamber and the frozen contents within the receptacle when held in the chamber. The non-diluting heater does not add liquid to an interior of the receptacle when held in the chamber. The dispesner also includes a reservoir configured to contain a liquid in which the reservoir includes a reservoir outlet configured to withdraw liquid from the reservoir. The dispenser further includes a product outlet configured to withdraw a food or beverage liquid product from the receptacle when held in the chamber and a controller and a computer readable memory comprising instructions that when executed by the controller cause the dispenser to selectively perform at least one of: heating at least one of the receptacle and the frozen contents within the receptacle using the non-diluting heater and withdrawing liquid from the reservoir through the reservoir outlet. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method of producing a melted food or beverage liquid product from a receptacle containing frozen liquid contents includes receiving a receptacle in a chamber of a dispenser. The receptacle defines an enclosed inner volume containing a frozen liquid contents. The method also includes identifying a characteristic of at least one of the receptacle and the frozen liquid contents and melting at least a portion of the frozen liquid contents to generate a melted food or beverage liquid product by selectively performing at least one of: heating at least one of the receptacle when held in the chamber and the frozen liquid contents within the receptacle when held in the chamber without adding liquid to an interior of the receptacle when held in the chamber, supplying a dilution liquid to the interior of the receptacle, and applying motion to at least one of the receptacle and the frozen liquid contents. The selectively performing at least one of heating, supplying a dilution liquid, and applying motion is based on the identified characteristic. The method further includes perforating the receptacle and dispensing the melted food or beverage liquid product from the receptacle. 
     In a further aspect of the invention, a method of producing a melted food or beverage liquid product from a receptacle containing frozen liquid contents includes receiving a receptacle in a dispenser. The receptacle defines an enclosed inner volume containing a frozen liquid contents. The method also includes identifying a characteristic of at least one of the receptacle and the frozen liquid contents and removing the frozen liquid contents from the receptacle into a chamber. The method further includes melting at least a portion of the frozen liquid contents to generate a melted food or beverage liquid product by selectively performing at least one of: heating the frozen contents without combining a liquid with the frozen liquid contents, combining a dilution liquid with the frozen liquid contents, and applying motion to the frozen liquid contents. The selectively performing at least one of heating, combining a dilution liquid, and applying motion is based on the identified characteristic. The method still further includes dispensing the melted food or beverage liquid product. 
     In yet another aspect of the invention, a dispenser for producing a food or beverage liquid product from a frozen contents in a receptacle includes a chamber configured to hold a receptacle defining an enclosed inner volume containing a frozen liquid contents and a dilution liquid inlet configured to supply a dilution liquid to the inner volume of the receptacle when held in the chamber. The dispenser also includes a perforator configured to perforate the receptacle and form a product outlet from the receptacle for a food or beverage liquid product and an agitator configured to impart motion to at least one of the receptacle and the frozen liquid contents in the receptacle that increases a flow path from the dilution liquid inlet to the product outlet taken by at least a portion of dilution liquid, when supplied, relative to a flow path from the dilution liquid inlet to the product outlet taken by the portion of dilution liquid without the imparted motion. 
     In an aspect of the invention, a dispenser for producing a food or beverage liquid product from a frozen contents in a receptacle includes a chamber configured to hold a receptacle defining an enclosed inner volume containing a frozen liquid contents and a perforator configured to perforate the receptacle and remove at least a portion of the frozen liquid contents from the receptacle into a melting vessel. The dispenser also includes an agitator configured to impart motion to at least one of the melting vessel and the frozen liquid contents in the melting vessel and a non-diluting heater configured to heat at least one of the melting vessel and the frozen contents within the melting vessel. The non-diluting heater does not add liquid to an interior of the receptacle when held in the chamber. The dispenser further includes a product outlet configured to dispense the food or beverage liquid product. 
     Accordingly, there has thus been outlined, in broad terms, features of the disclosed subject matter in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art made by the apparatus and techniques disclosed herein may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the disclosed apparatus and techniques that will be described hereinafter. It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Moreover, any of the above aspects and embodiments can be combined with any of the other aspects and embodiments and remain within the scope of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed techniques can be more fully appreciated with reference to the following detailed description of the disclosed subject matter when considered in connection with the following drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements. 
         FIGS. 1A-1G  illustrate various embodiments of receptacle geometries and frozen liquid contents configured in different forms and packaged to allow a desired flow of a liquid through the frozen liquid contents, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 2A-2D  illustrate various embodiments showing how the dilution system may add or deliver a liquid to/from the frozen liquid contents by piercing the packaging and externally and controllably heating the packaging so melting and dilution is a result, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a method of melting the frozen liquid contents without the use of a melting/diluting liquid, but rather with some alternative source of heat, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  illustrate an exemplary machine-based apparatus that can accommodate a variety of receptacles geometries, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a range of exemplary packaging options and receptacle shapes that could be accommodated by a machine-based apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate two versions of receptacles with identical end geometries and height, but different sidewall profiles, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 8 and 9  illustrate two versions of a sidewall indentation in a receptacle, a feature that may be used both for expediting liquefaction and for product identification, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 10A-10E  illustrate five possible needle geometries that may be used to perforate a receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the use of centrifugal motion to expedite liquefying a frozen liquid content, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate a spring-loaded needle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 13A-13D  illustrate a process for producing a food or beverage from a frozen liquid content, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14A  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with an inner platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14B  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with an inner platform and a dislodged frozen liquid contents, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14C  illustrates a liquid frozen contents platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14D  illustrates a liquid frozen contents platform with an overflow tube, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a detail A of  FIG. 15A , according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with a platform having an overflow tube, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with a platform having an overflow tube, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with an annular platform designed and sized to fit over a raised protrusion on the end layer of the receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with a domed end layer, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  illustrate an operation of a receptacle with a domed end layer, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with a flat end layer and with partially melted frozen contents, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 22A-D  illustrate various features for increasing the rigidity of a platform for holding frozen contents, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a platform with mixing tabs protruding from the surface of the platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates an underside view of a frozen content mixing platform preparing to engage a perforator, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates engagement between a perforator and a frozen content mixing platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates a perforator outside of a receptacle preparing to engage a frozen content lifting platform within the receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates engagement between a perforator and a frozen content mixing platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates partial melting of a frozen content disposed on a frozen content mixing platform, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 29A and 29B  illustrate perforator internal and external channels permitting liquid flow, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 30A-D  illustrate various perforators having channels or shapes to permit liquid flow through or past the perforator, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle with a raised lip, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 32  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 33  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 34  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 35A-B  illustrate portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 36A-B  illustrate portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 37A-E  illustrate portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 38A-E  illustrate portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 39A-B  illustrate portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 40  is a cross-section view of a system for heating frozen liquid contents of a receptacle using radio frequency dielectric heating according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 41  is an isometric view of a cavity cover including two fluid delivery needles and a central electrode for ohmic heating according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 42  is a cross-section view of a first implementation of the ohmic heating system of  FIG. 41  according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 43  is a cross-section view of a second implementation of the ohmic heating system of  FIG. 41  according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 44  is an isometric view of a cavity cover including two fluid delivery needles and two electrodes for ohmic heating according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 45  is a cross-section view of the ohmic heating system of  FIG. 44  according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 46  is an isometric view, with a rotating cavity bottom shown open, for a heating system using microwave energy to heat frozen liquid contents according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 47  is an isometric view of the rotating cavity bottom of  FIG. 46 , shown closed, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 48  is a cross-section view of the heating system of  FIG. 46  according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 49  is a graph depicting the dielectric loss factor of water and ice. 
         FIG. 50  is an isometric view of an infrared heating system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 51  is an isometric view of two spiral coiled electrodes according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 52  is a second isometric view of the two spiral coiled electrodes of  FIG. 52 . 
         FIG. 53  is an isometric view of two rectangular electrodes according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 54  illustrates portions of a dispenser system, according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth regarding the systems and methods of the disclosed subject matter and the environment in which such systems and methods may operate in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed subject matter. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that the disclosed subject matter may be practiced without such specific details, and that certain features, which are well known in the art, are not described in detail in order to avoid complication of the disclosed subject matter. In addition, it will be understood that the embodiments described below are exemplary, and that it is contemplated that there are other systems and methods that are within the scope of the disclosed subject matter. 
     The various techniques described herein provide for the packaging of one or more frozen foods or beverage liquids, using a filterless receptacle, and how to efficiently convert this frozen liquid contents into a high quality, tasty food or beverage product. The single chamber filterless receptacle can be designed such that a machine-based system may accommodate the receptacle and facilitate the melting and/or diluting of the frozen liquid contents to conveniently produce a consumable liquid beverage or food product directly therefrom with a desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature, and texture in a timely manner without the need of brewing. For simplicity, a frozen food or beverage liquid may be referred to as the “frozen liquid contents” or “frozen liquid content”. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid that is frozen to create the frozen liquid content may be any frozen liquid matter, which in some embodiments can be derived from a so-called extract, e.g., a product obtained through the removal of certain dissolvable solids using a solvent. For example, the extract may be created using water to remove certain desirable dissolvable solids from coffee grounds or tea leaves. Somewhat confusingly, certain liquid extracts with a high-solids content are often referred to as a concentrated extract. The use of the term “concentrated” in this context may or may not be entirely accurate depending on whether the high solids content was achieved purely through solvent extraction of the solids or through a secondary step of concentration wherein solvent was removed from the liquid by some means, for example, by reverse osmosis or evaporation using heat or refrigeration, to increase its potency or strength. 
     In contrast to a “brewer”, which is a system for creating beverage products through extracting or dissolving solids (e.g., separately at a factory where the grinds/leaves etc. may be processed in bulk), the apparatus described herein to facilitate beverage creation is not a brewer. Rather, it melts and/or dilutes with dispensing functions that may be used to create a beverage from a previously brewed frozen liquid content. 
     The liquid used to make the frozen liquid content may also be a pure concentrate, e.g., a product obtained only by removing water or another solvent from a consumable compound such as a fruit juice or a soup, to create a fruit juice concentrate or a broth concentrate. In some embodiments, water may be removed from milk to create condensed milk. High TDS values and/or concentrations may be desirable either to reduce transportation costs and shelf space, or for convenience, for potency and serving size versatility of created products via dilution, or for enhanced shelf life due, for example, to enhanced anti-microbial activity due to reduced water activity. These specifics are intended to exemplify variation, but any liquid food or beverage product, regardless of how it is created, and regardless of its solids content falls within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the frozen liquid content can be one of a coffee or tea extract, lemonade, a fruit juice, a broth, a liquid dairy, an alcohol, a syrup, a viscous liquid, or any liquid food product that is frozen. Frozen liquid content can be matter created with or without nutritive value, may be flavored naturally or artificially, and be packaged with or without a preservative, and/or the like. The frozen liquid contents may compose carbohydrates, proteins, dietary minerals and other nutrients that support energy or metabolism. The frozen liquid contents may include or be enhanced with additives such as vitamins, calcium, potassium, sodium, and/or iron, among others. The frozen liquid contents may include preservatives such as antimicrobial additives, antioxidants and synthetic and/or non-synthetic compounds. Examples of preservative additives may include lactic acid, nitrates and nitrides, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, hydroxybenzoate, propionic acid, sodium propionate, sulfur dioxide and sulfites, sorbic acid and sodium sorbate, ascorbic acid sodium, tocopherols, ascorbate, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid and sodium gallate, an oxygen scavenger, disodium EDTA, citric acid (and citrates), tartaric acid, and lecithin, ascorbic acids, phenolase, rosemary extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous earth and sodium benzoate, among others. It will be understood that this listing of additives is intended to be within the scope of the techniques described herein, and the specifically referenced additives are exemplary only, and can also include derivatives thereof as well as other chemical compounds. 
     The frozen liquid contents or matter may or may not have suspended solids, and may include non-dissolvable solids. In some embodiments, the concentrate, extract, or other consumable fluid form which the frozen liquid contents are made may include additives that completely dissolve in a solvent before freezing. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents may also include a mass of a composition that is not dissolved within the frozen liquid contents during the packaging process, but is dissolved by the machine-based system during the creation of a beverage or food product with desired characteristics. 
       FIGS. 1A-1E  show various embodiments of how the frozen liquid contents may be structured and packaged to allow for a desired flow of a pressurized or gravity fed diluting liquid by a machine-based system through the receptacle holding the frozen liquid contents. In addition to facilitating heat transfer to the frozen liquid contents, the diluting liquid may be effective at creating turbulent motion to thereby expedite melting in a variety of ways that are not outside the scope of the techniques described herein. Within the receptacle, the frozen liquid contents may be frozen into any useful shape or size. 
     In  FIG. 1A , a section view of receptacle  110  is shown (without a sealing lid in place), wherein the receptacle defines a cavity for packaging of the frozen liquid contents  120 . The frozen liquid contents  120  can be frozen in-place by filling the receptacle with a liquid and then freezing the liquid, or the frozen contents can be frozen into a particular shape and then placed in the receptacle. In this instance, the frozen liquid contents are shown displaced away from the bottom portion of the receptacle to allow clearance for an exit needle perforation and to create a pathway around the outer surface of the frozen liquid contents in the receptacle for creating a desired flow of a melting/diluting liquid through the receptacle and around the frozen liquid contents to produce a beverage of a desired flavor, strength, volume, texture and temperature.  FIG. 1B  illustrates another embodiment, wherein the frozen liquid contents have been molded to a shape configured to match the outside of the receptacle and subsequently loaded, such that the pre-molded shape defines a through-hole  130  in its body and a relief portion  132  below for accommodating an exit needle perforation to provide for a desired liquid flow there through without blockage or back pressure.  FIG. 1C  shows a plurality of frozen liquid content pieces  140 - 180  provided in multiple and various shapes and sizes, with large interstitial spaces to provide for a desired liquid flow though the receptacle and around the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents within the sealed receptacle may include a plurality of concentrates and compositions. For example, frozen liquid contents  140  and  150  could comprise a lemonade concentrate, while frozen beverage concentrates  160 ,  170 , and  180  may comprise a tea concentrate, resulting in an “Arnold Palmer”. 
       FIGS. 1D and 1E  illustrate an embodiment for an alternatively shaped receptacle  115  that includes a bottom portion having a dome  195  (bistable or otherwise). In  FIG. 1D  the receptacle  115  is shown in its initial condition when the frozen liquid contents are added and frozen in place, complete with a frozen dome structure  195  in the bottom, with the dome structure in a primary or initial position, distended outwardly from the receptacle.  FIG. 1E  shows the condition of the receptacle  115  after the dome  195  has been displaced to a secondary position directed inward into the cavity of the receptacle such that the liquid frozen liquid contents  190  are displaced upwardly, into the headspace, reverting or “exchanging” the space or void between the inside bottom of the receptacle and the bottom portion of the frozen liquid contents. This displacement desirably creates a space for an exit perforation needle in the bottom of the receptacle and also creates flow paths for any melting/dilution liquid to pass around the outside of the frozen liquid contents. 
       FIG. 1F  illustrates a receptacle  196  comprising a multi-faceted shape. In this embodiment, the receptacle  196  includes different shape portions  196 A-E. In some embodiments, the process of filling, melting and diluting a frozen liquid content may be generally unaffected by the size or shape of the receptacle. In some embodiments, certain design considerations can be taken into account with regard to using geometries that may, for example, promote and facilitate unrestricted release of the frozen liquid contents, accommodate needle perforation, enable the development of clearance around the frozen liquid contents to promote a ready flow path for diluting liquids, and/or the like. For example, one or more of such design considerations can be met with positive (non-locking) draft in the sidewalls of the receptacle where it is in contact with the frozen liquid contents. Draft can be achieved by, for example, tapering the sidewalls of the receptacle, such as tapering the sidewalls outward from bottom of the receptacle to top of the receptacle (e.g., the diameter of the receptacle gets larger nearer the top of the receptacle). This can create a positive draft such that pushing the frozen liquid contents away from the bottom of the receptacle creates clearance around the sides of the frozen liquid contents (e.g., which avoids mechanical locking of the frozen liquid contents against the sides of the receptacle). Such positive draft can be used to create a natural flow path for diluting liquids to travel through the receptacle, such as liquids flowing from an entry needle to an exit needle that perforate the receptacle. 
       FIG. 1G  illustrates a receptacle  197  with a lid  198  that includes a pull tab  199  that may be removed by the consumer. The pull tab  199  can be removed to facilitate use of a straw or similar device in combination with the receptacle  197 . As another example, the pull tab  199  can be removed to facilitate introduction of diluting fluids into the receptacle  197 . 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates a perspective view of the receptacle, including a formed seal closure such as a lid structure  118 , which may include a puncture  210  therein, whereby, in some embodiments, a dilution fluid, which may also act as a melting agent, can be introduced into the receptacle. The lid structure  118  can include a tab  119  for allowing manual removal of the lid to access the frozen liquid contents without a need for perforation of the lid in certain instances. This lid structure can be made from the same material as the receptacle to better support efforts toward single-stream recycling. The lid structure can be made of sufficient gage thickness to adequately withstand internal pressure created by, for example, the melting/diluting liquid, which may increase and decrease with forces created by the accommodating system. For example, a vibratory, centrifugal, or rotation platform or the like that facilitates melting, or the flow rate of a diluting liquid injected will affect the pressure put on the lid, seal, and receptacle. Furthermore, the perforations made by the accommodating system may impact the pressures created on the hermetic seal, lid, and receptacle. The lid may be attached to the receptacle by any suitable technique such as, for example, heat sealing or crimping, radial folding, sonic welding, and the function can be achieved by any mechanism or form of the lid that seals the internal cavity and acts as a barrier against gas or moisture migration. 
       FIG. 2B  shows an alternative embodiment of a punctured lid including two perforations  215 .  FIG. 2C  illustrates a bottom puncture  220  to allow the dilution liquid to exit the sealed receptacle. These examples are meant to be illustrative, however, as the puncture, or punctures, may be made anywhere on the receptacle. The punctures may be made in a specific location to dispense a solvent, diluting agent, liquid, such as water, gas or steam for a desired melting and dilution environment, and ultimately the creation of a desired beverage in a timely manner. The punctures may be of any size as needed, for example, to allow oversize solids (frozen or non-dissolvable solids) to be dispensed from the receptacle. In some variations, the perforation may be made to allow frozen structures of a specific size to escape and to be distributed from the receptacle to create a fluid, iced, slush, or smoothie-like beverage. In addition, multiple punctures may be advantageous in providing venting of the receptacle when melting/diluting fluid is input therein. 
       FIG. 2D  illustrates an embodiment having four punctures ( 230 - 233 ) situated in proximity to the periphery of a receptacle  270  for entry of a liquid through the lid  250  of a receptacle  260  that is loaded top-down into a machine-based system. As shown in this embodiment, a puncture  240  may be provided near the center of the receptacle lid for allowing the melted and diluted frozen liquid contents to exit the receptacle. In this figure, the frozen liquid contents (not shown) are frozen within the domed bottom of the upside down receptacle to allow for a desired flow environment, wherein the liquid is redirected by the tapered sides of the receptacle to the exit perforation. The melted and diluted liquid, in this example, may flow out of the receptacle into a secondary receptacle for consumption from a single or plurality of nozzles provided by an accommodating apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents contained in these receptacles can be better preserved when deaerated, or deoxygenated, including use of deaerated or deoxygenated solvents (e.g., water) during an extraction process when appropriate. In some embodiments, the liquid used to make the frozen liquid contents may be frozen at a time of peak quality in terms of freshness, flavor, taste and nutrition. In some embodiments, such as for a coffee-based beverage, the frozen liquid content is flash-frozen during the period of peak flavor immediately following extraction to preserve the optimum taste, aroma and overall quality and thereafter distributed in a frozen state for preserving taste and aroma thereof. For example, an espresso concentrate may be preserved and may taste best when it is ground within 0-36 hours following roasting, brewed immediately after grinding, and using deoxygenated water during the brewing process. By flash freezing the liquid concentrate, extract, or other consumable fluid during this period of peak flavor immediately following brewing, it is possible to capture the peak flavor, optimum taste, aroma and overall quality of the extract. Further, by packaging this flash frozen liquid in a gas impermeable and recyclable receptacle using MAP techniques (as described further herein), and providing the frozen liquid contents are maintained in a frozen state during subsequent storage and delivery to the final consumer, the fresh flavor can be maintained almost indefinitely. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid content may be frozen by removing heat from a selected and controlled portion of the receptacle so as to later facilitate dislodging the bonds (adhesion) created between the frozen liquid content and the sides of the receptacle. For example, in certain embodiments, a liquid content is placed in a receptacle, and heat is removed so as to cause the liquid to freeze starting at the top surface of the liquid and then to freeze downward. Doing so reduces the adhesion between the frozen liquid content and the interior of the sidewalls of the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments the packaging may be distributed above freezing if the quality of the content can be maintained by some other FDA food safe method e.g., a syrup used to make carbonated beverages. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents may be frozen and never melted, melted once or numerous times during distribution. Distributing and maintaining the receptacles at a temperature below the freezing point of the frozen liquid contents may increase aspects of quality preservation and nutrient-rich food safety, but is not required for all embodiments. In some embodiments, the beverage concentrate is flash-frozen and kept frozen in its receptacle until it is ready to be melted and/or diluted immediately prior to being prepared for consumption. 
     In some embodiments the frozen liquid content can also be packaged as a plurality of frozen liquid contents, configured in a layered and/or blended format. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents can be configured in any shape or multiple geometric shapes so long as the contents will fit within the cavity volume of the receptacle while maintaining an unfilled region and are capable of being repositioned for certain puncture implementations by an accommodating system. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents may be crushed or macerated to increase the surface area of the frozen liquid contents to increase melting rates. 
     In some embodiments the liquid comprising the frozen liquid content may be frozen after it has been measured into the receptacle. In some embodiments the fluid used to create the frozen liquid content may be frozen prior to delivery to the receptacle, e.g., pre-frozen in a mold, extruded, frozen and cut to size, or by other means and then deposited in the receptacle as a frozen solid of some desirable shape. This may be done in cooperation with the dimensions of a receptacle with a tapered portion such that the frozen liquid content does not interfere with areas of the receptacle designated for puncture. For example, the frozen liquid content can be shaped so as to be displaced away from a puncture area because its diameter is larger than that of a top, bottom, or other first or second end of a receptacle, as shown in  FIG. 1A . Stated another way, the frozen liquid contents may be created in a first phase or separate step, and then received, inserted and sealed in a receptacle that can be accommodated by a machine-based dispensing system. In some embodiments the liquid beverage concentrate is received as a slurry or liquid, to be frozen, and sealed in the receptacle in turn, or in unison. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents are of a potency, shape and size, and are structured within a receptacle such that a machine-based system can easily melt and/or dilute the liquid frozen liquid contents, converting the contents to a consumable liquid of a desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature, and texture. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle for holding/storing the frozen liquid contents using the techniques described herein includes a cup-shaped portion having a continuous and closed bottom portion, a continuous sidewall extending from the bottom portion, and a sealable top opening defined by a continuous sidewall that tapers outwardly as it extends away from the bottom portion. The wall is uninterrupted by filters or other internal features that would interfere with certain puncture, frozen liquid content displacement and flow implementations. 
     In some embodiments, the receptacle includes a cavity for storing the frozen liquid content. The packaging in which the frozen liquid contents are sealed, before and hereinafter referred to as a “receptacle” could otherwise be described as a cartridge, a cup, a package, a pouch, a pod, a container, a capsule or the like. The receptacle can be in any shape, styling, color or composition, and may be styled to enhance the liquefaction environment in cooperation with the dispensing apparatus. The packaging may be flexible, have a definitive shape, or combination thereof. For aesthetic or functional reasons, for example, to complement pod detection or motion drive functions applied to the pod, the walls of the receptacle may be concave and/or convex to provide for different pod sizes while keeping certain interfacing dimensions constant. Likewise, the color and/or shape can be used to convey information to the dispenser. 
     For example,  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate two versions of receptacles  610  and  710  with identical end geometries and height, but different sidewall profiles. The differently curved sidewalls produce different internal volumes available for the frozen liquid contents and headspace, but the diameter of their two ends and their overall heights are the same. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle&#39;s outer surface is colored or coated with a material designed to enhance absorption of infrared energy that may be used to heat and/or melt the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments the shape of the receptacle&#39;s sidewall, when seen in section view from a first or second end, would be the shape of a star or other non-circular shape, e.g., one whose perimeter surface area would be much greater than that of a smooth cylinder or cone and thereby promote heating and melting of the frozen concentrate proportionally faster. This may effectively facilitate melting in many ways, including increasing that surface area for heat to be transferred to the frozen liquid content through the receptacle, creating a more turbulent environment in the receptacle that expedites melting, or directing liquid away from the exit perforation(s) to promote greater heat transfer efficiency within the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , there is a “keying feature”  620  or  621 , which can help to promote internal turbulence during melting and dilution of the frozen liquid contents and can also be of use in identifying the contents or family of products used to fill the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments, the receptacle includes a closure for sealing the receptacle to assist in maintaining a MAP gas environment. In this case, a hermetic seal formed between a lid and the receptacle may be accomplished using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to a patch, glue, cork, heat seal, crimp, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the closure may be designed to be manually removable, e.g., with a pull tab on a lid as previously noted, so that the frozen liquid content can be used in other ways if a machine-based system for preparing a consumable beverage is not available. In some embodiments, the apparatus may require a manual perforation instead of a machine implemented perforation before loading the receptacle into the machine-based dispensing system. 
     The frozen liquid contents may be packaged in a material that provides control of gas migration, e.g., the receptacle may be comprised of a gas impermeable material for creating a long lasting storage package for preserving freshness and aroma of the packaged frozen liquid contents. For example, the receptacle may be comprised of an aluminum substrate or other metal material and typically prepared with a coating approved by the FDA for contact with food, if needed. As another example (e.g., if recyclability is not a critical concern), the receptacle may be comprised of a multi-layer barrier film including, for example, a layer of EVOH plastic. In some embodiments, if the receptacle is fabricated from a metal, the receptacle will preferably be made from a highly thermally conductive material such as aluminum and thereby be supportive of faster heat transfer, especially if a heated dilution liquid is not the primary means for melting the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments the packaging may include edible packaging materials that may be dissolved and consumed. In some embodiments the receptacle and its closure are comprised of a gas impermeable, recyclable material such that a spent receptacle, including the closure and other packaging features, can be recycled in its entirety 
     In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents is packaged with headspace, with no headspace or limited headspace. As mentioned above, headspace refers to any excess atmosphere within a sealed receptacle, which, optionally, is located between a top portion of the frozen liquid contents and the lid or closure portion of the receptacle. Furthermore, any headspace in the packaging receptacle may be advantageously filled using a MAP gas, such as argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or another gaseous compound which is known to be less chemically active than air or oxygen. In some embodiments the top or outermost layer or envelope of the frozen liquid contents may be layered with a frozen, deaerated coating of water which may act as a preservative barrier. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents are vacuum sealed in a flexible receptacle. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents are packaged in a receptacle in a manner that minimizes the surface area contact of contents with the atmosphere, especially oxygen gas, but also any gas that carries off aroma. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle is coated on the inside with a material that significantly reduces the force needed to dislodge the frozen liquid contents from the sides or bottom of the receptacle to facilitate movement of the frozen liquid contents out of the way or by the action of a perforating needle and to create unrestricted pathways for melting and/or diluting liquids to pass around the exterior surface of the frozen liquid contents en route to the exit perforation. In some embodiments the bottom of the receptacle incorporates a dome structure (bistable or otherwise) which can be distended downward, away from the bottom of the receptacle during filling and freezing of the liquid contents and subsequently inverted upward to a its second stable position after freezing to hold the frozen liquid contents away from the bottom of the receptacle to facilitate needle penetration and/or flow of diluting liquids around the exterior surface of the frozen liquid contents en route to the exit perforation. In some embodiments the dome is inverted at the factory prior to shipment of the product to consumers. In some embodiments the dome is inverted by the consumer immediately prior to use or by the machine as a part of insertion and needle penetration. In some embodiments the dome is inverted by the machine. These embodiments are merely examples and not cited to limit the functions or features of the receptacle that may facilitate dislodging frozen liquid contents or beverage creation. Moreover, in the example above, the frozen liquid content is displaced upward into a headspace by the perforating needle or dome. However, in other embodiments, the frozen liquid content can be displaced in a different direction (e.g., downward or sideways) into an unfilled region of the receptacle and remain within the scope of the invention. Similarly, the frozen liquid content can be of a shape and size to facilitate fracture by a needle penetrating the bottom or top of the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents may be packaged and structured in a receptacle of a specific size and shape that allows the receptacles to be accommodated by current machine-based dilution systems or systems on the market that are designed for extracting solutes or brewing coffee for the facilitation of creating a beverage of a desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature and texture. 
     In some embodiments the packaging of the frozen liquid contents includes additional barriers or secondary packaging that protects the frozen concentrates from melting or exposure to ultraviolet light during distribution. For example, packaging frozen liquid contents in a receptacle that is further packaged within a cardboard box adds a layer of insulation and would thereby slow temperature loss or melting of the frozen liquid contents, e.g., when such temperature loss or melting is undesirable. 
     In embodiments of the present techniques, the apparatus for creating a food or beverage from frozen liquid contents advantageously includes a receptacle that is filterless, as distinguishable from the filtered receptacles currently available, as exemplified, for example, by U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,765, among other filtered beverage receptacles. A filterless receptacle, and, for example, (1) the (virtually) complete removal of the frozen liquid contents during melting and/or dilution and subsequent delivery and (2) the use of a homogeneous material of construction, renders the receptacle ideally suited for recycling. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle is configured to be accommodated by a machine-based system and capable of receiving a liquid dispensed therefrom to further facilitate the melting and/or dilution of the frozen liquid contents into a consumable liquid product with a desired set of characteristics. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle may be large enough that it can contain the melted contents and all of the added dilution liquid from the machine-based system and the finished product can be consumed immediately therefrom. The perforation used to add dilution liquid may be suitable for subsequent use with a straw or other means to allow consumption directly from the receptacle, as opposed to dispensing the diluted and/or melted contents into a secondary container. 
     In some embodiments the receptacles with frozen liquid contents are provided in a controlled portion arrangement, wherein the controlled portion arrangement can comprise a single-serving sized format, or a batch-serving sized format for producing multiple servings. In some embodiments the machine-based system may accommodate the receptacle, or a plurality thereof, in any method, shape, or form to facilitate the melting and dilution of the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments a machine-based system may accommodate multiple receptacle types and sizes for a larger array of product possibilities. 
     In some embodiments the receptacle may be perforated either by the consumer or by the machine-based system. For example, the consumer may remove a patch to expose a perforation built into the receptacle before it is received by the machine-based system. Alternatively, the machine-based system may perforate the sealed receptacle using a variety of methods, including a puncture needle or pressure to rupture the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments the packaging may become perforable only after exposure to higher temperature or mechanical action. For example, the packaging may be made of a sponge-like material that the frozen liquid contents can permeate when heated. In an alternative example, the frozen liquid content is thawed or liquefied from the action as to allow a machine-driven needle to penetrate the receptacle and content with less force. 
     As previously stated, the perforation may be a single hole. In some embodiments multiple perforations may be provided in the receptacle at multiple locations. In general, since there is no need for filtration of the melted frozen liquid contents, the perforations described herein are intended for the introduction of a melting/diluting liquid, gas, or steam or to allow the melted frozen liquid contents to exit the receptacle. In some embodiments, the receptacle is perforated and a push-rod or the like is introduced to displace the entire frozen liquid contents out of the receptacle before melting and diluting. In some embodiments the perforations may be staged—one perforation then another or multiple perforations staged at different intervals in the dispensing process. The machine-based system may displace the frozen liquid contents, or the consumer may displace the frozen liquid contents, remove it from its packaging, and load only the frozen liquid contents into the system. In some embodiments the receptacle is perforated by the machine-based system in a location that allows the entire frozen liquid contents to exit the receptacle before or after melting so as not to waste any of the beverage product and to remove any recycling contaminants from the receptacle. In some embodiments, the frozen content is squeezed from the receptacle. In other embodiments, a perforator pushes the frozen content from the receptacle. A blade may be used to remove the lid, or alternatively, pressure may cause the lid to burst and remove from the pod. 
     For embodiments in which all or a part of the frozen liquid contents is displaced from the receptacle into a separate chamber (i.e., melting vessel), all of the various techniques used to prepare the final food or beverage product relevant to preparation in the receptacle apply equally, and the final product can be dispensed from the vessel. For example, the separate chamber can be heated, be agitated (as described below), and receive dilatation liquid in the same manner as set forth for heating, agitating, and injecting dilution liquid into the receptacle. For the sake of clarity, implementations of the invention are described in terms of performing the product preparation actions on a receptacle containing the contents, but it is within the scope of the invention to conduct these actions on the separate chamber. 
     The perforation may be made before, after, or during the time when the frozen liquid contents are melted and/or diluted. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents are melted and exit the receptacle before being diluted by a dispensed diluting agent for an ideal beverage. In some examples of the present techniques the frozen liquid contents may be diluted using a dispensed liquid before the contents are distributed into a subsequent or secondary receptacle. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents are melted and diluted simultaneously. For example, in some embodiments, a liquid may be introduced into the receptacle containing frozen liquid contents to melt and/or dilute the frozen liquid contents simultaneously or in unison. 
     Although pushing a pressurized liquid around or through the frozen liquid contents within a receptacle can be effective at expediting melting rates, other methods exist to achieve the same outcome and enhance the speed of this process.  FIG. 3  illustrates a method for producing a desired beverage that does not use a pressurized liquid to simultaneously melt and/or dilute the frozen liquid contents. The frozen liquid contents  310  are enclosed in a perforable receptacle. The receptacle  320  is perforated and accommodated by a machine-based system and the frozen liquid contents are liquefied via a melting component such as an external heat source or the like. The process for producing a consumable liquid product from a frozen liquid content of the techniques described herein may be carried out by an initial step of providing the content in a sealed receptacle for storing therein. The receptacle is accommodated by a machine-based system that applies heat to the receptacle via an external heat source for melting the frozen food or beverage into a consumable liquid food or beverage form, wherein the sealed enclosure is perforated for permitting dispensing of the consumable liquid beverage directly from the sealed enclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the negative energy contained in the frozen liquid content absorbs excess heat from the diluting liquid, gas or steam used to make the consumable food or beverage as a method of facilitating a cold beverage from a dispenser without need for a refrigeration system within the dispenser. In this embodiment involving beverages intended to be served cold, melting and dilution of the frozen liquid contents is carefully managed using a combination of external heat, energy contained within an ambient temperature diluting liquid, and the use of relative motion between the melting/diluting liquid and frozen liquid contents to enhance liquefaction with the goal to minimize the overall temperature of the finished product. 
     Further referring to  FIG. 3 , the melted beverage content  330  exiting its receptacle is diluted with an additional liquid dispensed via the machine-based system in a secondary step or in unison with a desired diluting agent. The melted contents may be dispensed undiluted, before, after, or simultaneously with the addition of a distinct liquid for dilution. This may include capturing the melted beverage content in a liquid reservoir that mixes the two liquids before being dispensed together by the machine-based system. When distributed, a secondary receptacle  340  receives the melted contents and diluting agent when appropriate. 
     In some embodiments, a secondary receptacle used to collect the melted/diluted contents may include any receptacle known to hold liquid food or beverages. This secondary receptacle could be a container, thermos, mug, cup, tumbler, bowl, and/or the like. This secondary receptacle may or may not be included in the secondary packaging. Note: an example of this would be a consumer package with a soup bowl containing instant rice or noodles sold along with a receptacle of frozen liquid broth concentrate that combines to make a bowl of soup after the frozen liquid contents are melted and/or diluted and discharged into the secondary packaging. Alternatively, the secondary receptacle may be separately provided by the consumer. 
     In some embodiments, the consumer may desire a beverage with no dilution of the frozen liquid contents. e.g., the frozen liquid contents are already at the correct flavor, volume and potency. For example, the frozen liquid contents may already be at a desired TDS level for consumption, e.g., an espresso, or hot fudge sauce and need to only be melted and dispensed at the desired temperature and texture. For example, the machine-based system may melt the frozen liquid contents by putting a thermally conductive receptacle against a coil heater or by irradiating it with infrared light or by impinging a heated gas or steam against the outside of the receptacle and then puncturing the receptacle after the contents reach a desired temperature. Furthermore, the frozen liquid contents may be conveniently dispensed from the machine-based system into a subsequent container. In some examples, the lid is removed prior to or after melting and heating for direct consumption from the receptacle. 
       FIGS. 4A through 4D  illustrate an exemplary machine-based apparatus that can accommodate a variety of different receptacles, according to some embodiments. The system can be, for example, a melting system. The receptacles can include, for example, a variety of different filterless receptacles, of varying sizes and shapes, each holding some amount of frozen liquid contents. The apparatus can be configured to perform melting, diluting, and delivery functions for the purpose of creating a beverage or food product with desired characteristics, as described herein. 
     In  FIG. 4A , the system  400  (also called a “dispenser” herein) includes a cassette  430  into which receptacles of different sizes and/or shapes can be loaded. Once loaded with a single receptacle, the cassette  430  can be slid into place, with the receptacle passing through a clearance tunnel  435  until it is centered on the main system body  410 . Instructions for use of the melting system  400  can be communicated to a user via a display  420 . Solvent (e.g., water) to be used for melting/diluting the frozen liquid contents of the receptacle is stored in the holding tank  440  until needed. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4B and 4C , once the receptacle is properly placed for interaction with the system, a needle support arm  450  is moved toward the receptacle using any known means, which, by way of example only, could include a motor  451 , including electric or gas-driven variations and/or a screw  452 , until the needle  457  punctures the closure end of the receptacle. Use of a manual lever to puncture the receptacle is also within the scope of the invention. The shape of the needle may comprise a protruding tip such that it may be inserted into the receptacle to a certain depth and angle to chip, fracture, or dislodge a portion of frozen liquid content to promote flow paths to an exit point. The needle  457  may spin in a screw motion at a certain depth to facilitate penetration of the receptacle and/or frozen liquid content. Alternatively, the needle may retract after puncture to a second depth within the receptacle or from the receptacle completely to ease initial dispensing pressures or provide unobstructed perforation exits. The needle may be heated before or during insertion into the receptacle. A heated probe may be inserted into the receptacle through one of the puncture to accelerate melting of dispensed contents. Depending on the receptacle design and its contents, a second needle support arm  455  can be moved toward the receptacle to penetrate the bottom of the receptacle using a similar motor  454  and drive screw  455 . A heater, such as a plate heater or an IR heating source (not shown) may be used to preheat or melt the frozen liquid contents depending on the selected product and process desired. When needed, a melting/diluting liquid stored in a holding tank  440  can be passed through a heat exchanger (not shown), using tubing (not shown), to pass through needle  457  and into the now punctured receptacle. Thereafter the melted liquid can exit from the receptacle through needle  456 . In one embodiment, the perforation needle  457  may inject a hot liquid, steam, gas, or any combination thereof directly into the pod as a way to aerate the liquefied product for creating, in a specific example, a froth-like texture for a coffee-based dairy product like cappuccinos and lattes. In one embodiment, a needle injected into the pod may include no exiting structure and be used purely to stabilize a pod. 
     In further embodiments, the cavity of a dispenser for receiving receptacles of different sizes may alternatively have perforators that can be retractable based on the shape of the receptacle being received. The perforator, which may be a needle, guillotine, blade, crusher or the like, may be retractable utilizing any known mechanical means, e.g., a pivot to rotate the perforator away from the receptacle to avoid piercing the receptacle, a telescoping mechanism to slide the perforator away from obstructing an inserted receptacle, a screw mechanism driven by a stepper motor or the like to raise or lower the perforator as needed, a spring driven device, a flexible tube that is “dispensed” from a roll or coil and retracted back to this location after use, or other alternative. In some embodiments, the perforators may be moved by a motor or solenoid. In some embodiments the perforator may be moved linearly while in other embodiments the perforator may be moved through some more complex path, for example, in a circular path around the periphery of the opening. In some embodiments, this circular path could describe a full circle to fully release a portion of the lid. In other embodiments the circular path could describe less than a full circle to leave a small “hinge” in the lid to retain the lid to the receptacle and keep it from coming loose. 
     In some embodiments, the fixed or adjustable perforators may be spring loaded as a means to prevent damage to the perforator or the dispenser if the frozen contents blocks the penetration of the needle. The pressure of the spring load may be detected by the dispenser when interrupted by a receptacle or its frozen contents. The spring load and release may also be used to begin a sequence involving the melting and diluting processes, for example, to trigger or terminate a supply of heat, agitation, or a diluting agent. In some embodiments the needles may be attached to flexible tubing to provide for channels that may move and adjust with movement, e.g., to accommodate planned agitation of the receptacle as a means for enhancing the liquefaction of the frozen contents. 
     In some embodiments, the perforators are constructed of thermal stable polymers. In other embodiments, the perforators are constructed of one or more metals, such as stainless steel or aluminum. In some implementations, regardless of the materials of construction, the perforators resist physical degradation when exposed to temperatures between about −40° F. and about 300° F. In other embodiments, the perforators resist physical degradation when exposed to temperatures between about 0° F. and about 250° F. The characteristics of the various embodiments of the perforators for use on the outlet side of the dispenser and the characteristics of the various embodiments of the perforators for use on the inlet side of the dispenser apply equally to each other. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 10A-10E , the dispensing or drain orifice(s) or reliefs of the needle may be located at its point  1001 , as in  1000 A, or elsewhere and aligned axially as in  FIG. 10A  or to the sides  1004  as in  FIGS. 10C and 10D , but in fluid communication with axial passage(s)  1005 ,  1006 , so the liquid injected into the receptacle can be directed away from the center of the frozen liquid contents, possibly to help move or rotate the frozen liquid contents relative to the side walls of the receptacle. Concerns about needle strength and durability may be addressed with a cruciform  1003  needle structure  1000 B as in  FIG. 10B . Example  10 E might be used to first easily pierce the closed end of the receptacle with the sharp point  1007  and then bear against the frozen liquid contents with the domed end  1008  without penetration, while melted/diluted liquid drains out of the side holes  1009  of the needle, wherein those side holes are positioned adjacent to the inside surface of the closed end of the receptacle. A screw like section of a perforation needle that spins may be used like an Archimedes pump to direct the flow of exiting fluid. 
       FIG. 4D  illustrates one embodiment for a cassette or other device that is capable of holding a variety of receptacle sizes and shapes to allow a wide range of beverages, soups, etc. to be used with a melting apparatus. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a range of receptacle sizes and shapes that could be accommodated by the cassette of the machine (e.g., cassette  430  of  FIG. 4A ). With different cassettes, each interchangeable with the original, but with differing hole sizes and shapes, an unlimited number of different receptacles can be accommodated by the brewer. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that the process of filling, melting and diluting a frozen liquid content may be, in some embodiments, generally unaffected by the size or shape of the receptacle. 
     The melting system may use any source of heat, motion, or a combination thereof to expedite the liquefaction of the frozen liquid contents. Therefore, the melting system may include various sources of heat and/or motion. Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radio frequency energy, microwave energy, etc.), a heated coil, hot air, a thermo-electric plate, a heated liquid bath, steam, a chemical reaction and the like are all examples of possible sources of heat that may expedite the rate of melting. In addition, motion may be introduced using a centrifuge. The motion may be one or more of rotational, rocking, whirling, rotary or linear reciprocation, including agitation both back and forth and/or up and down (e.g., shaking), or a vibration platform or the like as a means of expediting the melting rate. In another embodiment, the perforations and pressures caused by an injected liquid may spin and move the frozen liquid content inside of the receptacle to create a desirable environment for liquefaction. One skilled in the art, however, will recognize that various other physical action principles and mechanisms therefore can be used to expedite liquefaction. As described herein, manual or automatic (electronic) machine-based methods can be used to expedite the melting and an increase in temperature of the frozen liquid contents using various forms of motion, electric frequency/electromagnetic energy, and/or heat. In such examples, the perforation needles may be given a range of motion so that they may implement or complement a range of motion. For example, in a centrifuge system the needles may spin with the receptacle. 
     The system  400  includes internal electronic components, memory, and the appropriate controllers, along with programming instructions to automatically create the desired food and/or beverage. The system  400  can be given instructions by a user via a display or other known methods, e.g., wireless instructions from a handheld device. 
     The finished food or beverage serving can be made from the frozen liquid content of the receptacle at the temperature desired by the consumer, and via a method that is appropriate for direct consumption by the consumer. In one embodiment, the frozen liquid content is melted and diluted with a cool, or ambient temperature liquid, such that the frozen liquid content is melted and minimally heated for a beverage that is normally consumed cold, like a juice, iced coffee, soda, etc. 
     In a specific example, represented in  FIG. 11 , a receptacle with tapered sides  520  is punctured on the top and bottom of the receptacle, and an ambient-temperature liquid is injected via a top-puncturing needle  1000 D. As the liquid is injected into the receptacle, the machine-based apparatus spins, torques, and cooperates with the receptacle in such a manner that the liquid  1101  in the receptacle flows away from the exit perforation(s) of the receptacle, formed by the bottom-puncturing needle  1000 B. Thus, the diluting liquid may interact with the frozen liquid content  190  for a longer duration of time within the receptacle and provide more thermal exchange between the frozen content and diluting liquid. The exit of the liquid may be controlled effectively by the flow of the water in, which will push water out when the pod nears or hits capacity or by decreasing or stopping the agitating motions. Optionally, the bottom-puncturing needle  1000 B dislodges the frozen liquid content from the bottom of the receptacle. 
     In some implementations of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 11 , the dispensing system includes a motor or other known mechanism to spin the receptacle  520  around an axis of rotation. In cooperation with the radius and geometry of the receptacle, the spinning motion imparted to the liquid by the rotation around the axis overcomes the normal pull of gravity on the liquid, thereby displacing the liquid along the sides of the receptacle and away from the bottom of the receptacle  1101 . The puncture formed by needle  1000 B is positioned to be in the empty space created when the liquid is displaced. 
     In some embodiments, the inertia of the spinning liquid holds the liquid against the sidewall of the receptacle until the addition of new liquid into the receptacle forces out a desired product or rotation speed is decreased. In other words, the motion imparted to the receptacle and/or the frozen liquid contents increases the flow path the liquid takes from the liquid inlet (via top-puncturing needle  1000 D) to the liquid outlet (via bottom-puncturing needle  1000 B). Without imparted motion, the injected liquid would tend to take a direct path from inject to outlet; with imparted motion, the injected liquid travels along the outer walls of the receptacle to the outlet. In such embodiments, the flow rate of liquid entering the receptacle, in part, controls the amount of time the melted frozen content is in the receptacle. This residence time influences the temperature exchange between the frozen content and diluting liquid, and ultimately the temperature of the exiting liquid product. In some embodiments, the flow rate and pressure of the diluting liquid supplied into the receptacle influence the amount of liquid pushed through the exit perforation(s) by overcoming the displacing force imparted by the rotational motion applied to the receptacle for a clean, uniform flow out of the receptacle. In some embodiments, the motor, or other mechanism to drive the spinning of the receptacle is positioned such that it is not an obstacle for supplied or exiting liquid. For example, a belt or gear system, or the like, is used to drive the receptacle around the axis without the need to position the motor or other mechanism above or below the receptacle. 
     Other examples of agitation/imparted motion are described herein and are within the scope of the invention. These other types of agitation also increase the residence time of liquid in the receptacle and likewise increase the flow path of liquid through the receptacle from the liquid inlet to the liquid/product outlet. Advantageously, the liquid injected into the receptacle continues to flow within the receptacle during agitation, and does so for a longer time relative to a lack of agitation. This increases the heat transfer between the injected liquid and frozen contents. 
     In embodiments in which the frozen liquid content is displaced away from the bottom of the receptacle, the displacement may be accomplished by domed needle  1000 E. In some implementations, the displacement by the domed needle is coupled with inversion of a dome (bistable or otherwise) mentioned above. In such case, the dome takes a new stable position curved inward toward the interior of the receptacle and holds the frozen contents away from the bottom of the receptacle. This can occur even if the domed needle  1000 E does not remain in contact with the receptacle. In some embodiments, the domed needle  1000 E pushes against the receptacle bottom and creates a small displacement through bending or plastic deformation of the receptacle material. In some embodiments, a delayed action takes place to perforate the bottom of the receptacle with the needle. This may occur simply by applying enough force to the needle that the domed end ruptures the closed end. 
     In some embodiments, a secondary piercing head  1007 , as shown in  FIG. 10E , emerges out of the domed needle  1000 E. This piercing head easily creates an initial puncture which is more easily expanded by the domed surface  1008  of the needle, allowing the needle to move further into the receptacle and enlarge the space around the periphery of the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments, the emergence of the piercing head  1007  of the needle is driven by a pneumatic cylinder. In some embodiments this movement forms a slight tear in the closed end of the receptacle such that the domed end  1008  can expand the breach and easily pass through. Meanwhile, the piercing head  1007  can immediately retreat back into the needle body. 
     In some embodiments a component of the machine-based system used for dilution may include a liquid reserve, or a plurality thereof. In some embodiments the machine-based system may connect to a piping system that distributes a diluting agent from a larger liquid reserve or from an appropriate plumbing system, e.g., a filtered water system tied into a building&#39;s water supply. The diluting liquid may be water, however, any liquid, including carbonated liquids, dairy liquids, or combinations thereof, including any nutritive or non-nutritive liquids suitable for human consumption, may be used to dilute the frozen liquid contents to a desired composition. In some embodiments, the liquid for dilution may be carbonated to create soft drinks and the machine-based system may include a carbonating component. In some embodiments, a diluting liquid may be increased to a certain temperature or pressurized so as to melt the frozen liquid contents with room temperature or chilled fluids to make chilled or iced beverages. In some examples, the apparatus includes a refrigerated chamber for storing receptacles that may automatically load receptacles to a location to be created into a beverage without a human interacting with the receptacle. The previous example may be combined with a user interface (i.e., human machine interface) on the machine to load a desired receptacle in a vending style application. 
     In some embodiments for creating desired products that require dilution, a diluting agent is heated and/or allowed to flow to create a consumable liquid product of a desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature, and texture in a just-in-time manner from the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments the diluting component may also act as the melting component. In some embodiments a diluting agent is heated and/or allowed to flow such that it complements an arbitrary melting component (e.g., an electric heater) to create a consumable liquid product with desired characteristics in a timely manner. 
     In some embodiments, water is heated to steam inside the dispenser and used as a means to externally heat the receptacle or the exit path for the melted/diluted fluid. In some embodiments, this external heat may be used at different levels (quantities) or locations based on different possible objectives. For example, these objectives could include, but are not limited to: (a) melting just the outer layer of the frozen liquid contents to allow it to be more easily displaced away from the closed end of the receptacle; (b) partially melting the bulk of the frozen liquid contents as a supplement to lower temperature water used for melting/dilution especially for juices and other beverages where a lower temperature final product is desired; (c) fully melting the frozen liquid contents as means for dispensing an undiluted melted liquid from the receptacle; (d) secondarily warming the melted/diluted beverage once it leaves the receptacle as it flows through the exit channel to a drinking cup or mug or other container to heat the final beverage to a more desirable temperature; (e) heating one of the needles used to perforate the receptacle to facilitate some level of easy penetration into the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments, steam used for these purposes may be replaced by hot air or some other heated gas produced either inside the dispenser body or externally using electricity or some combustible fuel such as natural gas. The use of steam or a hot gas may provide a greater level of control in the heating/melting of the frozen liquid contents which may be especially important when cold beverages or food products are desired as the final consumable. This process also assumes a means for carefully metering/controlling the amount of steam or hot gas added to the total energy balance. 
     In some embodiments, a receptacle loaded into a dispenser is heated before puncturing the receptacle bottom. This allows the frozen liquid content to remain in contact with the bottom and sidewalls of the receptacle in order to increase the transfer of heat into the frozen liquid content. In such an implementation, the bottom of the receptacle is punctured after a selected time has passed, or after the receptacle has reached a selected temperature. The additional delay in perforating the closed end/bottom of the receptacle is intended to allow some amount of melting/diluting fluid to enter the receptacle and fully surround the frozen contents, filling any air gap between the sidewall and the displaced frozen content before an exit perforation is created. Doing so enables a continuation of the efficient transfer of heat from the receiver into the liquid and the frozen content without the insulating effects of an air gap. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 13A , a filterless receptacle  1310  with frozen liquid content  1320  and a headspace  1306  is placed into a supporting tray  1302  and a heatable receiver  1301  of a dispenser designed to receive the receptacle so that the sidewalls of the receptacle  1310  are in close contact with the walls of the receiver  1301  and the flange of the receptacle is supported by tray  1302 . When the dispenser&#39;s cover  1303  is closed by the user, the dispenser will capture and seat that receptacle in the close-fitting tray  1302  and receiver  1301 . The receiver is heatable using any of the techniques disclosed herein, and the close contact between the receiver walls and the receptacle sidewalls enable the dispenser to efficiently heat the receptacle&#39;s contents. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13B , during closing of the receiver cover  1303 , one or more spring-loaded supply needles  1304  penetrate the top lid of the receptacle, and one or more discharge needles  1200  penetrate the receptacle&#39;s bottom. The actuation of the needles can be powered by the manual force of the user closing the dispenser&#39;s receiver, or, alternatively, one or both of these actions can be done by a controlled actuator. As illustrated in  FIG. 13B , these needles may also be made compliant with the help of a spring mechanism that limits the force applied by the needles in attempting to penetrate the frozen contents  1320 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 10E , in some embodiments, a blunt tip  1008  on the discharge needle  1000 E displaces the receptacle&#39;s frozen liquid content away from the receptacle&#39;s closed bottom and into the tapered headspace, where it is supported by that same blunt-tipped discharge needle. In one implementation, this blunt discharge needle utilizes a T-shaped passageway  1009  with openings in the sidewall of the needle located closer to the receptacle bottom to allow dual discharge flow without interference from the supported frozen liquid content, thereby emptying/venting the receptacle. In a different embodiment, the exit needle is part of an assembly as shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . The needle assembly is anchored by a part of the dispenser frame  1201  and comprises a penetrator  1203 , a compression spring  1202 , a dome-shaped needle housing  1204 , and a fluid collecting tray  1205 . When the needle assembly  1200  first penetrates the closed end of the receptacle, the penetrator  1203  bears against needle housing  1204  and seals it to prevent fluid exiting the receptacle. Subsequently, penetrator  1203  is forced upward by spring  1202 , opening a channel on the inside of needle housing  1204 , allowing fluid to exit the receptacle and be collected by tray  1205 , and thereafter dispensed into the user&#39;s cup. 
     Meanwhile, sharp tip(s) of the spring-loaded supply needle(s)  1304  penetrate the receptacle&#39;s lid and come to rest against the recently displaced frozen content  1320 , where they may be stopped from further penetration due to the interference between the needle tips and the top surface of the frozen liquid content. The dispenser&#39;s heatable receiver  1301  controllably warms and thaws the receptacle&#39;s frozen liquid content thereby softening the recently repositioned frozen liquid content within the receptacle, readying the frozen liquid content for additional thawing and/or dilution. In some embodiments, a measured portion of liquid is injected into the receptacle simultaneously with needle insertion to help transfer heat from the receiver through the gap created when the frozen contents was displaced away from the receptacle bottom (and, potentially, the sidewalls) to accelerate the melting process. 
     In some embodiments, the injection of liquid into the receptacle is delayed until the supply needle(s) move further into the frozen liquid content of the receptacle under the influence of the spring pressure behind them as the frozen liquid content is softened due to the heating. This action further thaws and/or dilutes the frozen liquid content. In some implementations, the contents controllably flow out the twin T-shaped passageway  1009  of the blunt discharge needle  1000 E at this point. In other implementations, the discharge needle is closed along its flow path as shown in  FIG. 12A , thereby preventing contents discharge until the supply needle(s) reach a selected deployment depth as shown in  FIG. 13C . Likewise, the injection of liquid is delayed to prevent receptacle rupture and/or overflow. 
     As the dispenser continues to thaw and dilute the frozen liquid content, the supply needle(s) extend fully by spring action to their fully deployed length as shown in  FIG. 13D , which stops short of contacting the bottom of the receptacle. The supply needles may supply fluid within a range of temperatures and volumes as required by the food or beverage in the receptacle. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 10C and 10D , these needles  1000 C,  1000 D have one or two internal passageways that are “L” shaped with an exit orifice that may direct the incoming fluid somewhat tangentially to the sidewall of the receptacle. This geometry is intended to controllably agitate the receptacle&#39;s frozen liquid content to provide better mixing, a cleaner spent cup, and to speed thawing through such mechanical agitation. This agitation inside the fixed receptacle can be rotational in any direction, or tumbling in an ever changing turbulent action, as designed by the needles&#39; outlets and the flow control valves of the dispenser. Moreover, in some embodiments, the liquid is supplied to the supply needles in an alternating fashion so as to introduce a back and forth motion, a rotational motion, or other turbulent action. Such a liquid supply can be accomplished by the use of a multi-way valve controlled by the dispenser system. Further embodiments include a supply needle with a cruciform cross-sectional shape (e.g., as described elsewhere herein) that engages the top of the frozen liquid contents. The supply needle is motorized and directly agitates the frozen liquid contents inside the receptacle. 
     Optionally, a locking mechanism keeps the springs compressed until a certain criteria is met, e.g., a quantity of heat has been applied to the receptacle in order to sufficiently soften and liquefy the frozen content such that the needles will penetrate the content. In a further implementation, heat, in the form of gas, liquid, or steam is supplied through the supply needle(s) upon initial deployment. The supply of gas, liquid, or steam is continued until the needle(s) are fully extended or until other criteria are met. 
     In some embodiments the variables of the melting component, or plurality thereof, and dilution components, or plurality thereof, are programmable and adjustable to create a wider range of characteristics for creating beverages and liquid food products. For example, decreasing the temperature of a pressurized liquid used for dilution will decrease the temperature of a consumable liquid product created by the machine-based system and apparatus. 
     In one specific example embodiment, presented for illustrative purposes only, a frozen 1 oz. coffee extract with a TDS of 12, may be packaged in a receptacle and accommodated by a machine-based system that expedites the melting of the frozen liquid contents by delivering heated water to the receptacle to melt and dilute the contents thereof with 7 ounces of 200 degree water to create a single-serving of 8 ounces of a hot coffee beverage with a TDS of 1.5 at a desired temperature. In some embodiments, other measurement techniques can be used in place of TDS, such as BRIX. Alternatively, with adjustable dilution settings, the frozen coffee extract may be melted and diluted with only 1 ounce of water to create a 2 ounce espresso style beverage of a desired temperature with a TDS of approximately 6. Furthermore, the receptacle may only be heated such that the frozen extract barely melts, such that it may be added to a consumer provided liquid, like milk for a chilled or iced latte or another iced beverage like a juice, iced coffee or tea. 
     In some embodiments, the variables defining the frozen liquid contents, like temperature, volume, shape, size, portionality, etc. can also be adjusted during manufacturing of the liquids used to freeze the frozen liquid contents to better facilitate making a desired food or beverage from a machine-based system with limited machine settings/controls. For example, freezing a larger volume of a less potent fluid as the basis for the frozen liquid contents in a given receptacle may be used to create a beverage of a lower temperature, ceteris paribus. 
     It is also contemplated as part of the techniques described herein that the machine-based system includes sensor technology that can automatically adjust the settings of the melting and/or dilution component to produce a desired beverage or liquid food outcome. The perforation properties may also be programmable or automatically established using sensor technology that assists in recognizing the receptacle type, size, contents, bottom location and other properties. This sensor technology may also be used to inhibit certain settings from being applied. For example, a frozen broth concentrate receptacle may inhibit a consumer from implementing settings that would over-dilute and waste the product. As another example, a frozen broth concentrate receptacle may inhibit a consumer from implementing settings that would overheat, for example, an orange juice concentrate. In some embodiments, this sensor technology assists in creating a desirable product and eliminating human error. In some embodiments this sensor method is enabled using specific geometry formed into the receptacle. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , an indentation of a specific length could be physically or optically sensed by the dispensing machine and this measurement used to convey information about the contents of the receptacle and thereby allow the dispensing machine to automatically choose the right melting/dilution process. Physical modifications to the shape of the receptacle as exemplified in  FIGS. 8 and 9  may also assist in the mixing of the dilution liquid injected into the receptacle and thereby help to speed the liquefaction of the frozen liquid contents. 
     In some embodiments, the melting and/or diluting controls may be programmable or established using bar coded instructions or other visual data system on the receptacle to achieve a product satisfying a consumer&#39;s individual preference. The machine-based system may detect and read bar codes, data glyphs, QR Codes, patterns, external markings, RFID tags, magnetic strips, or other machine-readable labels using the appropriate sensors. In some embodiments at least one criterion of the receptacle or frozen liquid contents establishes or inhibits the settings of the accommodating machine-based system for creating a desired product. These criteria might include, but are not limited to, weight, color, shape, structure, and temperature. In some embodiments the machine-based system may include a thermocouple to detect the temperature of the frozen liquid contents and/or its receptacle and automatically adjust its settings to create a beverage of a desired flavor, strength, volume, temperature, and texture. This may include disabling the dilution function and engaging a melting component that does not dispense a liquid. Furthermore, the consumer may enter an exact desirable characteristic, like temperature or potency, and the machine-based system may use this in combination with available sensor technology to achieve desired parameters. 
     In addition, the machine-based system may be designed to create desirable beverage and liquid food products from a variety of receptacle styles, receptacle sizes and frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments, the machine-based system may include a mechanical function to distinguish and limit controls and settings for beverage creation. 
     Furthermore, the machine based system may include a mechanical function that is necessary for product creation for different receptacle and frozen liquid content types. In some embodiments the frozen liquid contents may be crushed or macerated by the machine-based system to increase the surface area of the frozen liquid contents to increase melting rates. This mechanical function may be initiated manually by the consumer or automatically implemented by a sensor trigger. For example, it has been contemplated herein that dislodging frozen liquid contents from receptacle walls may create issues and make it difficult to pierce the receptacle where it is in contact with the frozen liquid contents. In some embodiments the machine may recognize the specific frozen receptacle type, discriminating it from other frozen receptacles, using sensed criteria, like weight or temperature, and mechanically adjust the receptacle so it can be perforated in a specific location where no frozen liquid content is in contact with the receptacle. This may include flipping the receptacle upside down. 
     In some embodiments the machine-based system melts and dilutes the frozen liquid contents by flowing or pushing a specific amount of liquid, which may be heated and pressurized, through the receptacle to completely melt and dilute the frozen liquid contents to a desired flavor, strength, volume, temperature, and texture. In combination with this embodiment, the machine-based system may include an additional melting component, such as a receptacle heater, or heated puncture needles or the like, to facilitate the creation of a desired consumable liquid that the consumer does not desire to dilute. In some embodiments the flowing liquid melts the entire frozen liquid contents to eliminate waste and rinses the receptacle of any residue or contaminants as part of the melting or dilution process so that a receptacle of a homogeneous material is rendered free of grinds, residues, or filters, and is thus converted into an easily recyclable form. In some embodiments, focused specifically on recycling, the manufacturer would introduce a deposit requirement for each receptacle to encourage its return to the point of sale for a deposit refund. 
     In some embodiments the frozen food or beverage liquid is packaged to handle a flowing diluting liquid without an overflow. Again, this specific apparatus may involve freezing the food or beverage liquid into specific geometric shapes, structures, and proportionality to provide necessary flow paths through the receptacle to its exit. 
     For clarity, illustrative embodiments for different aspects of the system have been described with respect to the type and design of the receptacle, the nature of the frozen liquid content, the means for melting and/or diluting the frozen liquid content, and the delivery mechanism applied to the resulting liquid to create a consumable food or beverage on a just-in-time, consistent basis at the desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature, and texture. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these various options for receptacle type, form and characteristics of the frozen liquid content, mechanisms for melting and/or diluting the frozen liquid contents, and means for delivery of the liquefied contents can be combined in many different ways to create a pleasing final product with specific characteristics which can be conveniently enjoyed by the consumer. 
     It is clear from the above description that embodiments of the invention provide a filterless single chamber mixing vessel containing a frozen liquid contents that enables the creation of a diverse variety of food and beverage products. The receptacles are maintained as a sealed environment, optionally including an oxygen barrier, that preserves the final product, or a concentrated version thereof, in a frozen state until a user decides to create the product. Moreover, even after perforation by one or more inlets or outlets, the receptacle remains essentially a sealed mixing chamber in which a product is created by mixing a fluid or fluids with the frozen liquid contents while also providing for a controlled fluid outlet. Upon insertion into any of the dispenser embodiments described herein or other known single serving beverage makers/brewing systems, the receptacle functions as a filterless single chamber mixing vessel by accepting a melting and/or diluting liquid (e.g., water) that melts and combines with the frozen liquid contents to produce the desired product. Such use of embodiments of the receptacles described herein enables existing beverage makers/brewing systems to function as a dispenser without requiring a modification to the system, thereby allowing a user flexibility to use his or her existing system as a dispenser or brewer. 
     In some embodiments, the dispenser manipulates the timing, sequence, amount, and manner of the heating of, the agitation of, and/or the addition of dilution liquid to the receptacle and/or frozen liquid contents to control the melting and/or thawing of the frozen liquid contents. Optionally, the dispenser manipulates the temperature of the dilution liquid added to the receptacle and/or final product. In some implementations, the dispenser causes at least portions of the frozen liquid contents to transition from a frozen phase to a liquid phase while reducing or preventing the transition of the liquid and/or solid phases to a gaseous phase. For example, the dispenser can expose the receptacle and/or the frozen liquid contents to a non-diluting source of heat (i.e., a source of heat other than injecting a liquid into the interior of the receptacle that dilutes any melted frozen liquid contents) at a rate or a flux that causes the frozen liquid contents to melt but does not cause the resulting liquid to boil. Similarly, the dispenser can control the total amount of non-diluting heat supplied to the receptacle and/or frozen liquid contents during a multi-step food or beverage creation process so as to achieve an intermediate average temperature of the contents. When the dispenser then supplies a predetermined amount of diluting liquid at a known temperature to the interior of the receptacle, the diluting liquid and contents combine to form the product of the desired temperature and volume. 
     As described herein, embodiments of the dispenser can determine certain characteristics of the receptacle, frozen liquid contents, and/or final intended food or beverage product based on machine-readable labels. Likewise as described herein, implementations of the dispenser include sensors to gather data about the present state of the receptacles and/or contents therein. Further still, the dispenser can contain sensors to determine the temperature of a heated and/or ambient dilution liquid. Based on the available sensor information and characteristics gathered from the machine-readable labels, the dispenser modulates the heat, agitation, and dilution actions described herein to achieve the desired heating profile as well as a final product having the desired characteristics. For example, while supplying heat and agitation to a receptacle, the dispenser can monitor the temperature of the receptacle and modulate the heat supplied to ensure that its temperature remains below a predetermined value (e.g., below boiling or below a temperature at which the content&#39;s quality would be degraded). In a further example, the dispenser can supply heat in an intermittent fashion, either with or without agitation, with pauses in heating to allow the entire contents of the receptacle to equilibrate, again either with or without agitation during the pauses. Doing so is expected to increase the accuracy of the temperature reading with respect to the entire receptacle contents and increase the likelihood of generating “hot spots” in the receptacle. Likewise, the dispenser can control the frequency of the agitation (e.g., the speed at which vibration, reciprocation, etc. is modulated) depending on the characteristics of the receptacle, frozen liquid contents, and/or final intended food or beverage product. 
     In addition to monitoring the temperature of the receptacle and/or the entire contents of the receptacle, the dispenser can monitor the pressure inside of the receptacle. For example, before applying heat to the receptacle, the dispenser can perforate the receptacle with a needle having a lumen in fluid communication with a pressure sensor. Then, during a heating step, the dispenser can modulate the rate at which heat is applied to the receptacle based on detecting pressure increases inside the receptacle. In an alternative example, the dispenser can dispose a transducer (e.g., a stress gauge or a displacement gauge) in contact with a portion of the exterior of the receptacle. The transducer, such as a capacitive displacement sensor, can detect pressure increases inside the receptacle based on portions of the receptacle bulging during heating. 
     For example, the dispenser could heat the entire contents of a receptacle to an average temperature that remains relatively cold, potentially forming a partially melted “slush”, based on detecting information that identifies the receptacle as containing a high TDS orange juice frozen liquid contents. The dispenser can then add the appropriate amount of an ambient temperature dilution liquid to create a chilled orange juice of the correct concentration. In this example, the dispenser softens the frozen liquid contents to enable easy mixing of the contents and dilution liquid, but the dispenser does not overheat the contents. This approach takes advantage of the relatively lower freezing point of the high TDS content to provide a chilling effect on the incoming ambient dilution liquid. Any or all of the steps of the process can include agitation. 
     In certain embodiments, sufficient open space remains within the mixing chamber of the receptacle to allow the frozen liquid contents to be displaced into the open space of the chamber so as to not interfere with liquid inlets and outlets (e.g., needles) and/or incoming and outgoing liquid. In some embodiments, the frozen liquid contents in the receptacle occupy less than half of the total volume of the mixing chamber of the receptacle. In other embodiments, the frozen liquid contents occupy more than half of the total volume of the mixing chamber. 
     As described above, in certain embodiments, the frozen liquid contents are dislodged from the bottom of the receptacle by the action of a needle. Tapered sidewalls of the receptacle help the frozen liquid contents release from the bottom portion of the receptacle. The tapered sidewalls also provide for a flow path around the frozen liquid contents after the contents have been displaced into what was formerly the empty space of the receptacle. Another factor impacting the amount of force required to dislodge the frozen liquid contents is the size of the frozen liquid content itself. Relatively smaller frozen liquid contents will be in contact with relatively less interior surface area of the chamber, thereby reducing the amount of force required to dislodge the contents relative to larger frozen liquid contents. 
     Controlling the size of the frozen liquid contents imparts additional benefits. For example, by maintaining the frozen liquid contents size within a selected range or below a particular threshold, embodiments of the invention ensure that the frozen liquid contents are completely melted before the full volume of dilution liquid has passed through the receptacle. In such embodiments, the fluid passing through the receptacle after the frozen liquid contents have melted washes the interior of the receptacle and product outlet flow path clean of residue. Doing so both increases the recyclability of the receptacle and reduces contamination of the product outlet flow path. In addition, by keeping the size of the frozen liquid contents within a range or below a certain threshold, one can ensure that the final product achieves the proper temperature range for the particular product. 
     Meanwhile, controlling the degree of concentration of the frozen liquid contents (e.g., as measured by TDS and/or Brix) enables one to ensure proper final product strength in view of the size of the frozen liquid content and the amount of dilution liquid used. Relatively larger frozen liquid contents require a lower degree of concentration than relatively smaller frozen liquid contents for the same final product using the same dilution and melting liquid. The desired final product concentration also determines the degree of concentration of the frozen liquid contents, e.g., a 2 oz. espresso with a final TDS of 6 will require a relatively more concentrated frozen liquid contents than would an 8 oz. cup of coffee with a final TDS of 1.25. Further still, in some embodiments, the degree of concentration of the frozen liquid contents is high enough to enable the size of the frozen liquid contents to be small enough to permit an outlet needle from a dispenser or known brewer to pass through the frozen liquid contents, thereby enabling the needle to access the open space above the frozen liquid contents without interference from the contents. Thus, certain embodiments of the receptacles disclosed herein have a size and shape to fit in known single serving brewing systems that have known outlet needle penetration depths. Because these dimensions are known, these embodiments have frozen liquid contents that have a degree of concentration that enables the contents to be in contact with substantially the entire end layer of the receptacle while having a contents height that is less than the penetration depth of the needle. In this way, embodiments of the invention are customized for known single serving brewing systems based on the known dimensions and characteristics of those systems. 
     As mentioned above, certain embodiments described herein include a receptacle with a frozen liquid content disposed inside the receptacle cavity that is in contact with the bottom of the receptacle (the end layer). In these embodiments, a needle from a dispenser or brewing machine perforates the bottom of the receptacle and lifts frozen liquid content into the otherwise unoccupied space inside the receptacle. In order for the frozen liquid contents to be displaced by the needle, the frozen liquid contents must be of sufficient hardness (at its temperature when placed into the dispenser/brewer) to prevent the needle from embedding in the frozen liquid contents. If the needle embeds into the frozen liquid contents, the contents are not displaced from the bottom layer of the receptacle, and the exit flow path for the final product formed by the mixing of the frozen liquid contents and incoming liquid is blocked. Similarly, if the frozen liquid contents bends at the point of impact of the needle, the frozen liquid contents will not be released from the inner walls of the receptacle chamber. This, too, will result in blockage of the exit flow path. Thus, in certain embodiments of the invention, the frozen liquid contents is sufficiently hard that when force is applied to it with a dispenser needle (e.g., a hollow cylindrical needle of about 2.5 mm outer diameter with about a 4 mm long diagonal pointed section), the frozen liquid contents is dislodged from the inner surface of the receptacle rather than the needle embedding into the contents or the contents deflecting away from the needle without dislodging. The illustrative dimensions of the needle given above is not limiting, as the frozen liquid contents of these embodiments with work with other needle dimensions, including those with larger or smaller bores as well as those with non-cylindrical cross-sections. 
     It is believed that hardness levels of between about 1 and about 6 on the Mohs scale (at between about 0° F. and about 32° F.) provide sufficient hardness to dislodge from the inner surface of the receptacles described herein rather than experience the undesirable effects set forth above. Thus, certain embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 1 and 5 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Other embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 1 and 4 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Still other embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 1 and 3 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Further embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 1 and 2 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Certain embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 0.5 and 1.5 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Other embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 1.5 and 2.5 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. Yet further embodiments of the invention have a hardness of between about 0.75 and 1.25 on the Mohs scale at between about 0° F. and about 32° F. In some embodiments, the hardness of the frozen liquid contents is enhanced by the addition of food-grade hardening agents, e.g., thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. Other examples include guar gum, agars, alginates, carrageenans, gum Arabic, locust bean gum, pectin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, various starches, and xanthan gum. 
     In certain embodiments, the frozen liquid contents will be of such a concentration (i.e., relatively high % TDS) that the contents will not be hard enough to be displaced by a dispenser or brewer needle, due to freezing point depression caused by, e.g., high sugar levels. Rather, the needle will embed into the contents, the contents will clog the needle, or the contents will flex away from the needle without dislodging from the receptacle chamber inner walls.  FIG. 14A  illustrates a side cross-section view of a receptacle  1400  with an inner platform  1405 . The platform  1405  is located between an end layer  1410  of the receptacle  1400  and a frozen liquid contents  1415 . In  FIG. 14  A, the platform  1405  is shown spaced apart from end layer  1410  and frozen liquid contents  1415 . In some embodiments, the platform  1405  rests on and is in contact with the end layer  1410 , and the frozen liquid contents  1415  is in contact with the platform  1405  and, optionally, a portion of the end layer  1410 . Herein, this platform may also be referred to as a “platform”, a “pusher plate”, a “displacement disc”, or simply a “disc”. 
       FIG. 14B  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of the receptacle  1400  with the inner platform  1405  displaced away from the end layer  1410  and supporting the dislodged frozen liquid contents  1415 . As shown in the figure, dispenser/brewer needle  1420  perforates the end layer  1410 , but does not perforate platform  1405 . Rather, the needle  1420  contacts the platform  1405  and dislodges the frozen liquid contents from the inner surface of the receptacle  1400 . Thus, the platform  1405  enables frozen liquid contents to be displaced by a needle that on their own may otherwise lack sufficient hardness to be displaced by the needle. The various platforms described herein may also be used with frozen liquid contents that have sufficient hardness alone to be displaced through contact with a needle. Using a platform inside of the receptacle with a wide range of frozen liquid contents provides uniform displacement behavior. Platform  1405  is, optionally, made from the same material as receptacle  1400  to maintain the receptacle&#39;s recyclability (e.g., aluminum) , but it may also be made from a different material than the receptacle to enhance its suitability for contact with food or for cost. The platform  1405  can be made harder than end layer  1410  by hardening treatments known in the art, and/or platform  1405  can be made of thicker material that end layer  1410 . The platform may be made of a material known to have a higher or lower coefficient of friction than the receptacle material to aid in creating bypass flow around it or thru it. 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  show the platform  1405  as a flat disc. However, other embodiments include those shown in  FIGS. 14C and 14D .  FIG. 14C  shows a platform  1430  with a scalloped circumference  1435 , and  FIG. 14D  shows a scalloped platform  1440  with an overflow tube  1445 . The overflow tube  1445  forms a channel between the space above a frozen liquid contents disposed on the platform  1440  and the space created below the platform when the platform is raised by the dispenser needle (e.g., as in needle  1420  of  FIG. 14B ) or a compressed gas or liquid. Further details describing the overflow tube  1445  follow below. Still further embodiments include platforms that are slightly concave or convex (relative to the end layer), frusto-conical, corrugated, have stamped convolutions, or possess other non-flat profiles. Such embodiments reduce the likelihood that the platform would adhere to the end layer and/or reduce the likelihood of acting as a barrier to liquid flow through an outlet formed in the end layer. Platforms  1430  and  1440  may be flat or possess any other non-flat profile. Platforms  1430  and  1440  may have smooth edges or scalloped edges as shown in the figure. 
       FIG. 15A  shows an embodiment of a receptacle  1500  with a compound draft angle. Receptacle  1500  has a top flange diameter  1505  of about 2.00 inches, a bottom transition diameter  1510  of about 1.44 inches, and an end layer diameter  1515  of about 1.26 inches. Receptacle  1500  has a height  1520  of about 1.72 inches. Receptacle  1500  has a sidewall with a compound draft angle with a transition point  1525  that occurs about 0.75 inches from the end layer ( 1530 ). Above the transition point  1525 , the draft angle  1535  is about 2.5 degrees, while the draft angle below the transition point  1540  is about 8 degrees. The greater draft angle in the lower portion of the sidewall facilitates release of frozen liquid content that rests on the end layer of the receptacle. Meanwhile, the lower draft angle of the upper section aids in securing the receptacle in a receiver of a dispenser and/or known single serving brewer. 
       FIG. 15B  shows Detail A of the receptacle  1500  of  FIG. 15A . This figure illustrates a rolled lip  1545  potion of the flange of the receptacle as well as an indentation  1550  that sits below the highest part of the rolled lip  1545 . Certain materials, e.g., aluminum, will retain a sharp edge when machined or stamped. Such an edge can present a safety hazard to users of receptacles having such an edge. Rolled lip  1545  tucks the edge of the flange under the body of the flange, thereby protecting the user from any remaining sharp edges. Meanwhile, indentation  1550  allows a lid to be mounted to the flange body and maintain the top lid surface below the highest part of the rolled lip  1545 . The specific sizes set forth above for receptacle  1500  can be varied while maintaining the compound draft angle and remain within the scope of the invention. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a receptacle  1600  with a platform  1605  having an overflow tube  1610 . Although platform  1605  is shown as a flat disc, it can be any of the shapes described herein. The receptacle has a flange diameter  1615  of about 2.00 inches and a height  1620  of about 1.72 inches. Receptacle  1600  has a sidewall with a compound draft angle with a transition point  1625  that occurs about 0.75 inches from the end layer ( 1630 ). Above the transition point  1625 , the draft angle  1635  is about 2.5 degrees, while the draft angle below the transition point  1640  is about 15 degrees. The end layer of the receptacle  1600  has a stepped portion  1645  that accommodates the platform  1605  with little to no space between the outer circumference of the platform  1605  and the step. In the illustrated embodiment, the diameter of the platform  1650  and the stepped feature is about 1.16 inches. The close fit between the platform  1605  and the stepped portion  1645  reduces or prevents liquid contents from settling between the platform  1605  and the end layer  1675  before the contents is frozen, which could increase the amount of force required to dislodge the frozen liquid contents from the inner surface of the receptacle  1600  and allow frozen contents to flow into the bottom of the overflow tube  1610  blocking intended flow during the melting/dispense cycle. The close fit between the platform  1605  and the stepped portion  1645  acts to hold the platform firmly in place during liquid filling and until the liquid contents are frozen. 
     In other embodiments (not shown), a further stepped region exists below the platform  1605  to create a space between the platform  1605  and the end layer  1675  that is not occupied by frozen liquid contents. This space allows fluid to flow down the overflow tube  1610  and into the space between the platform and end layer in order to exit the receptacle through a perforation in the end layer. 
     In  FIG. 16 , the platform  1605  and overflow tube  1610  are show in cross-hatch to distinguish the platform and overflow tube from the end layer (bottom)  1675  of the receptacle  1600 . The overflow tube  1610  is disposed inboard of a point about 0.50 inches from the receptacle center line ( 1655 ). This point is a common entrance point for one or more outflow needles of known single-serving and multi-serving brewers. Thus, when the outlet needle penetrates the end layer of the receptacle, the needle will lift the platform  1605  and frozen liquid contents (not shown) in a manner similar to that described for the embodiment in  FIG. 14B  rather than the needle entering the channel of the overflow tube  1610 . The top of the overflow tube  1660  is above a nominal fill line  1665  for frozen liquid contents at about 0.50 inches from the top surface of the platform ( 1670 ). The specific sizes set forth above for receptacle  1600  can be varied while maintaining the compound draft angle and remain within the scope of the invention. 
       FIG. 17  shows a receptacle  1700  with a platform  1705  and overflow tube  1710 ; a frozen liquid contents  1715  rests on the top surface of the platform  1705 . This figure shows a needle  1720  of a dispenser or known single serving brewer that has penetrated an end layer  1725  of the receptacle  1700  and lifted the platform and frozen liquid contents. The overflow tube  1710  provides an alternate flow path for liquid injected into the receptacle  1700  (e.g., by an inlet needle that perforates a top lid (not shown)) in the event that the flow path around the frozen liquid contents becomes blocked or is insufficient for the incoming liquid flow. Rather than the excess liquid building-up inside the receptacle and overflowing outside the mixing chamber of the receptacle  1700 , when the liquid level reaches the top inlet  1730  of the overflow tube  1710 , the liquid is channeled to the space below the platform  1705  so it may exit via the needle  1720 . During this process, water that is being introduced into the receptacle via a needle penetrating the lid must also be prevented from passing directly into the overflow tube, thereby defeating its purpose of melting and diluting the frozen contents. In certain embodiments, a needle geometry similar to that shown in  FIGS. 10C or 10D  would be effective at directing the incoming water away from overflow tube  1610  and constructively toward the sidewalls of the receptacle. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a receptacle  1800  with a raised circular protrusion  1826  (in essence, providing a depression  1825 ) in the end layer and an annular platform  1805  shown in a slightly raised position. This platform is designed and sized such that its center circular opening  1806  fits tightly around the raised protrusion  1826  in the receptacle during normal liquid filling and handling, with the friction created by a light interference fit between the two components holding the platform in place during filling and until the liquid contents have frozen. During use, the needle which penetrates the bottom of the receptacle dislodges the annular platform and helps displace the frozen contents to a second position. This annular shape for the platform serves the secondary function of reducing its weight and, when the platform is made from a different material than the receptacle, allowing the receptacle as a whole to be more easily recycled. For example, if a high density polyethylene (HDPE) platform is used in an aluminum receptacle, the recyclability of the entire assembly may be maintained, without requiring the platform to be separated from the receptacle, if the total percentage of HDPE in the receptacle assembly is kept below a threshold amount. In this embodiment, the size of the annular opening in the platform may be increased to the edge of the needle perforation zone to maximize weight reduction. Alternatively, the disc might be a hybrid design as, for example, a metallic washer shape enclosed in a plastic approved by the FDA for contact with food. 
     In some implementations, rather than, or in addition to, the interference fit between the platform and the raised protrusion  1826 , the platform can have an interference fit between the circumferential edge of the platform and the sidewall of the receptacle. In these implementations, the platform can be any of the embodiments described herein. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a receptacle  1900  with a domed end layer  1926  and a matching platform  1905  whose convex surface section  1906  is sized and designed to match the outward extension of the dome in the receptacle. Prior to insertion into a dispensing machine, or as part of the machine operation, the receptacle dome  1926  is intended to be pushed inward where it achieves a new stable position and holds or displaces the frozen contents into a second position with flow paths around its exterior surfaces. The convex surface  1906  of the platform is pushed upward, but does not reverse its position, i.e., does not become concave as seen from the closed end of the receptacle. Thus, in this embodiment the platform supports partially frozen or gummy/flexible contents in this raised position by bearing against the now inwardly protruding receptacle dome on the bottom and carrying the frozen contents above. Needle penetration from the bottom of the receptacle may assist in the displacement of the platform and the frozen contents. And as with other embodiments, the platform prevents the needle from being clogged by the partially frozen contents. 
       FIG. 20A  illustrates the operation of receptacle  1900  shown in  FIG. 19 . In its initial position, domed end layer  1926  is in the convex configuration, which conforms to the convex surface of the platform  1905 . In its second position, shown in  FIG. 20B , domed end layer  1926  is in the concave configuration. A portion of the concave end layer interferes with the still convex portion of the platform  1905  to create a space  1930  between the bottom surface of platform  1905  and the top surface of the end layer  1926 . This interference also creates and maintains flow paths  1935  around the frozen contents that rests upon the top of the platform  1935 . Either or both of the domed sections of the end layer and platform can be bistable. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a receptacle  2100  with a flat end layer and a flat platform  2106  supporting partially melted frozen contents  2126 , held in place by the bottom needle  2105 . This figure clearly shows a flow path  2128  around the frozen contents when the platform is raised off the end layer. In this particular embodiment, the frozen content is seen to have shifted slightly off-center of the platform and coming to rest against the side of the receptacle. In some embodiments, to prevent the platform from moving out of place, the edge  2127  in contact with the end layer is physically attached with a hinge mechanism such as a small spot weld (e.g., to create a living hinge). This embodiment may also require a keying feature such that the bottom needle always penetrates the end layer diametrically opposite the hinge. 
     In some embodiments, the platform includes ridges in order to increase the section moment of inertia of the platform to thereby increase the platform&#39;s resistance to deformation. As shown in  FIG. 22A , one such embodiment  2205  includes single direction ridges  2210 . Another embodiment  2215 , shown in  FIG. 22B , includes a cross-hatch pattern  2220 .  FIG. 22C  shows an platform  2225  that includes sandwich structures  2230  with ridges set at perpendicular orientations to provide increased bending stiffness in all directions. A similar effect can be achieved by layering materials having anisotropic rigidity.  FIG. 22D  shows a platform  2235  that includes radial ridge structures  2240 . In some implementations, the ridge height is kept sufficiently low and the ridges are spaced sufficient close together so as to not interlock with a needle contacting the platform. 
     In further embodiments, the platform is maintained above the end layer so that some amount of the frozen contents is between the bottom surface of the platform and the top surface of the end layer. In these embodiments, the distance between the bottom surface of the platform and the top surface of the end layer is kept to a maximum such that a needle or other perforator is able to pass through the frozen contents, contact the platform, and still lift the platform sufficiently to create flow paths around the frozen contents. 
     In other implementations, the platform includes embossing or slightly raised features which assist with melting and mixing the frozen contents with a melting liquid introduced into the receptacle when the assembly is rotated or agitated. In certain implementations, a perforator is designed to engage the platform to impart agitation or a stirring action. For example, as shown in  FIG. 23  the top surface of a platform  2300  may have “tabs”  2305  that extend perpendicular to the top surface of the platform. Platform  2300  also has a keyed opening  2310  along its central axis. Keyed opening  2310  is shown in the figure as passing through the entire platform, however, in some embodiments, the opening is closed on the top surface of the platform that is in contact with the frozen liquid contents to prevent frozen contents from filling the opening.  FIG. 24  shows an underside view of the platform  2300 . A perforator  2400  has a keyed portion  2405  that has a shape that is complementary to keyed opening  2310  of the platform.  FIG. 25  shows the keyed portion  2405  of the perforator engaged with the keyed opening feature  2310  of the platform  2300 . This allows the perforator to impart a spinning, reciprocal, or other agitating motion to the platform by way of a drive mechanism such that the perforator spins the platform and frozen contents within the receptacle. 
       FIG. 26  shows a cross-sectional view of a receptacle  2600  with a frozen liquid contents  2605  disposed on a platform  2610  that has tabs and a keyed opening, as described above. The figure shows a perforator  2615  with a keyed portion  2620  positioned to perforate an end layer of the receptacle  2600 .  FIG. 27  shows a cross-section view of the receptacle  2600 , with frozen liquid contents  2605 , disposed on platform  2610 . Perforator  2615  has perforated the end layer of the receptacle and engaged the platform via the keyed opening of the platform and keyed portion of the perforator (at  2700 ). The perforator  2615  has raised the platform  2610  and frozen liquid contents  2605  to create space between the platform and end layer as well as to create flow paths around the frozen liquid contents  2705 . When the receptacle  2600  and/or platform  2610  are rotated about its central axis by the perforator  2615 , the tabs encourage the frozen contents  2605  to spin with the receptacle. As the frozen contents releases from the platform and liquid covers the top surface of the platform, the tabs introduce turbulence in the liquid and encourage mixing of still frozen portions of the frozen contents and the liquid in the receptacle.  FIG. 28  shows receptacle  2600  of  FIG. 27  after some of the frozen liquid contents  2605  has melted, exposing a portion of tabs  2805  embedded in the frozen contents. 
       FIG. 29A  shows a perforator  2900  with an opening  2905  along the length of the perforator. Opening  2905  communicates with one or more lumens in the perforator (not shown) to allow liquid to exit the receptacle via an opening  2910  at the base of the perforator  2900  that communicated with the lumen(s). Similarly,  FIG. 29B  shows a perforator  2920  that has channels  2925  on the outside of the perforator to enable liquid to exit the receptacles along the channels. 
       FIG. 30A  shows a perforator  3000  that has a cruciform keyed portion  3005 , side openings  3010 , and a top opening  3015 . Side openings  3010  and top opening  3015  communicate with a central lumen that passes through the perforator to a base of the perforator.  FIG. 30B  shows a perforator  3020  that also has a cruciform keyed portion  3025 . Perforator  3020  has channels  3030  along the outside surface of the perforator.  FIG. 30C  shows a tapered perforator  3040  with a greater dimension at its distal end  3045  relative to the dimension at its proximate end  3050 . Perforator  3040  also has a cruciform keyed portion  3055 . Such a perforator would create a hole in an end layer of a receptacle that is larger than the proximate portion of the perforator, thereby leaving a flow path around the perforator for liquid to exit the receptacle. Similarly,  FIG. 30D  shows a perforator  3060  that has a cruciform head portion  3065  that has a larger dimension than a stem portion  3070 . The head portion  3065  creates an perforation that is larger than the stem&#39;s diameter, creating a flow path for liquid to exit a receptacle. The cruciform portions of the above described perforators are designed to engage cruciform-shaped opening in platforms. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a side cross-section view of a receptacle  3100  with an inner platform  3105  that is in the form of a cup with a raised lip  3107 . Raised lip  3107  is shown spaced apart from frozen liquid contents  3115  and the side wall of the receptacle for illustration purposes only. In the envisioned embodiments, the raised lip  3107  may contact the receptacle side wall or be spaced apart. Moreover, the frozen liquid contents may contact the interior of the raised lip  3107 . Raised lip  3107  may extend only partially along the side of the frozen contents, or the raised lip may extend to the top of the frozen contents or beyond. The platform  3105  is located between an end layer  3110  of the receptacle  3100  and the frozen liquid contents  3115 . The platform  3105  is shown spaced apart from end layer  3110  and frozen liquid contents  3115 . In some embodiments, the platform  3105  rests on and is in contact with the end layer  3110 , and the frozen liquid contents  3115  is in contact with the platform  3105  and, optionally, a portion of the end layer  3110 . In some implementations, the raised lip  3107  has an interference fit with the side wall of the receptacle, while still enabling the platform to be displaced from its position near the end layer. In some embodiments, the material of the platform  3105  and/or raised lip  3107  is perforated so as to enable any liquid remaining in the space defined by the platform and raised lip to drain. 
     Any of the receptacle embodiments disclosed herein can, optionally, possess a coating on the inner surface of the mixing chamber formed by the receptacle to promote ease of release of the frozen liquid content from the inner surface. Considerations for selection of the coating include that the coating must be food safe and not exhibit unacceptable levels of chemical leaching into the frozen liquid contents during storage or into the product during the melting and/or diluting process. Similarly, it must not absorb desirable flavor and aroma compounds or oils from the frozen contents, especially during filling and dispensing operations when the contents are in liquid form. Other factors include that the coating must have a favorable coefficient of static friction, porosity measure, and surface roughness measure so as to reduce the force required to release the frozen liquid contents from the receptacle relative to an uncoated surface. The coating must maintain the aforesaid desirable characteristics under the temperature range to which the receptacle will be exposed (e.g., about −20° F. to about 212° F.) In some embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.05 to 0.7. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.3 to 0.4. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.1 to 0.2. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.05 to 0.1. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.08 to 0.3. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.07 to 0.4. In other embodiments, the coefficient of static friction of the coating ranges from 0.1 to 0.7. In some embodiments, the coating includes one or more of polypropylene, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and/or mixtures and/or co-polymers of these materials, e.g., polypropylene/polyethylene mixture. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, a receptacle having any one of the geometries disclosed herein contains a frozen liquid contents that is sized to permit at least 5 mm of space between the frozen liquid contents and the end layer (bottom) of the receptacle while also maintaining at least 5 mm of space between the frozen liquid contents and the cover layer (top) of the receptacle when the contents are displaced from the end layer. In this embodiment, the frozen liquid contents is further sized to provide a final beverage product at a temperature between about 140° F. and 190° F. when the contents (at 15° F.) are combined with  8  ounces of water at 195° F. Further in this embodiment, the frozen liquid contents has a concentration level so as to produce a coffee beverage having a final product strength of between 1.15 TDS and 1.35 TDS when combined with 8 ounces of water. Still further in this embodiment, the frozen liquid contents (at a temperature between 0° F. and 32° F.) has a hardness level such that force from a dispenser and/or known single serve brewer needle (e.g., a hollow needle of about 2.5 mm outer diameter with about a 4 mm long diagonal pointed section) contacting the contents dislodges it from the inner surface of the receptacle rather than embedding in the contents or displacing only a portion of the contents away from the receptacle&#39;s surface. In other embodiments, the spacing between the frozen liquid contents and the top and bottom of the receptacle is at least 7 mm. In still other embodiments, the frozen liquid contents has a concentration level so as to produce a coffee beverage having a final product strength of about 1.25 TDS when combined with 8 ounces of water. 
     In some implementations, information about the hardness of the frozen liquid content is included in information gathered by dispenser, e.g., by way of QR code, RFID, or the other techniques described herein. The dispenser can use this information to determine whether, when, and where to puncture the receptacle during the product making process. For example, if the dispenser receives information that indicated the hardness of the frozen content is too soft to allow a perforator to dislodge the contents from its position in the receptacle, the dispenser may use a secondary heat source to partially melt the contents before perforating the receptacle in a location corresponding to the contents position opposite the location of perforation. In alternate embodiments, the dispenser has a hardness sensor (e.g., an ultrasonic hardness sensor or other known hardness sensor) that determines the hardness of the frozen contents. 
     In addition to the receptacle geometry illustrated in  FIG. 16 , embodiments of the invention include tapered cylindrical receptacles having a profile similar to that of receptacle  3200  shown in  FIG. 32  and having heights ranging from 1.65 inches to 1.80 inches, top inner diameters (Top ID) ranging from 1.65 inches to 2.00 inches, draft angles ranging from 4 to 6 degrees, and bottom inner diameters (Bottom ID) ranging from 1.30 inches to 1.75 inches (while maintaining the draft angle within the recited range.) In certain embodiments, the height ranges from 1.70 inches to 1.75 inches, the Top ID ranges from 1.70 inches to 1.95 inches, the draft angle ranges from 4 to 6 degrees, and the Bottom ID ranges from 1.35 inches to 1.70 inches (while maintaining the draft angle within the recited range.) In other embodiments, the height ranges from 1.65 inches to 1.80 inches, the Top ID ranges from 1.75 inches to 1.90 inches, the draft angle ranges from 4 to 6 degrees, and the Bottom ID ranges from 1.40 inches to 1.65 inches (while maintaining the draft angle within the recited range.) In still further embodiments, the height ranges from 1.65 inches to 1.80 inches, the Top ID ranges from 1.80 inches to 1.90 inches, the draft angle ranges from 4 to 6 degrees, and the Bottom ID ranges from 1.45 inches to 1.60 inches (while maintaining the draft angle within the recited range.) In one embodiment, the height is about 1.72 inches, the Top ID is about 1.80 inches, the draft angle is about 5 degrees, and the Bottom ID is about 1.45 inches. Other ranges of these parameters are within the scope of the invention. 
     Various embodiments of the receptacles described above disclose a tapered sidewall. However, other embodiments of receptacles have straight sidewalls.  FIG. 33  shows a cross-sectional view of a receptacle  3300  with straight sidewalls  3305  that have a uniform diameter from the top end to the bottom end of the receptacle. Embodiments having straight sidewalls can incorporate any of the various platform features described above. When using such embodiments to create a final food or beverage product, a dispenser can at least partially melt the frozen contents  3310  in order to provide a flow path from an inlet near the top of the receptacle, past the frozen contents, to an outlet near the bottom of the receptacle. 
       FIG. 34  shows a cross-sectional side view of a receptacle  3400  with a first straight sidewall section  3405  and a second straight sidewall section  3410 . First sidewall section  3405  has a smaller diameter than second sidewall section  3410  such that when the frozen content  3415  is displaced, e.g., by an outlet perforator, a flow path through the receptacle is created. A platform with a raised lip, such as the embodiment shown in  FIG. 31 , can be used with receptacle  3400  to assist in displacing the frozen contents from the first sidewall section  3405  as described in more detail above. In such an embodiment, the raised lip of the platform can conform to the lower straight sidewall section  3405 , or the raised lip of the platform can be displaced from the inner surface of the sidewall. 
     The following non-limiting examples are provided for illustrative purposes only. Other receptacle sizes and other frozen liquid contents remain within the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Coffee Beverage 
     In one embodiment of the invention, a filterless single chamber mixing receptacle contains a frozen liquid contents. The receptacle has a profile similar to that shown in  FIG. 32  and has a height of about 1.72 inches, a Top ID of about 1.80 inches, a draft angle of about 5 degrees, and a Bottom ID of about 1.45 inches. The receptacle is sealed on top with a perforable layer and the end layer is perforable (e.g., by a dispenser/brewer needle, such as, but not limited to, the needles described above). The frozen liquid contents is a concentrated coffee extract that is in contact with substantially the entire end layer and a portion of the sidewalls. 
     In order to produce a final coffee beverage product having a TDS of between 1.15% and about 1.35% TDS (with an optional target of 1.25% TDS), the frozen liquid contents, at 15° F., is melted and diluted with eight ounces of water at 195° F. Table 1 shows several alternative implementations of the frozen liquid contents of this embodiment as well as the impact on various parameters of varying the amount of frozen liquid contents and degree of concentration of the contents. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Contents 
                 Empty Space 
                 Empty Space 
                   
                   
                 Final 
               
               
                 Contents 
                 Contents 
                 Height Above 
                 Above 
                 In Receptacle 
                 Contents 
                 Contents 
                 Product 
               
               
                 Volume 
                 Weight 
                 End Layer 
                 Contents 
                 Volume 
                 TDS 
                 Brix 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 (in 3 ) 
                 (oz) 
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (°Bx) 
                 (° F.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.3 
                 0.18 
                 0.13 
                 1.57 
                 91 
                 57 
                 67 
                 188 
               
               
                 0.5 
                 0.30 
                 0.25 
                 1.45 
                 85 
                 35 
                 41 
                 183 
               
               
                 0.7 
                 0.42 
                 0.37 
                 1.33 
                 79 
                 25 
                 29 
                 178 
               
               
                 0.9 
                 0.54 
                 0.49 
                 1.21 
                 73 
                 20 
                 24 
                 175 
               
               
                 1.5 
                 0.90 
                 0.81 
                 0.89 
                 56 
                 12 
                 14 
                 162 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 1.20 
                 1.07 
                 0.63 
                 41 
                 10 
                 12 
                 153 
               
               
                 2.9 
                 1.74 
                 1.49 
                 0.21 
                 14 
                 7 
                 8 
                 137 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 1, in order to keep the coffee beverage temperature above 140° F. (e.g., to accommodate the addition of milk or cream while maintaining a beverage temperature above 120° F.), the frozen liquid contents weight is between about 0.15 and about 1.2 ounces at a degree of concentration of between about 60% TDS and about 8% TDS (where smaller contents require higher concentration). When included in the receptacle, the length of the empty space above the frozen liquid contents and below the top layer (i.e., headspace) is between about 0.6 and about 1.6 inches, which yields an empty space volume of between about 41% and about 91%. 
     Applicants have discovered that maintaining a frozen liquid contents height of about 0.5 inches or less from the end layer of the receptacle increases the ease of release of the contents from the end layer. Thus the contents can be further restricted to a height of between about 0.5 and about 0.1 inches, thereby having a corresponding degree of concentration of between about 60% and about 20% TDS. Doing so increases the headspace and empty volume relative to the previous example, which is expected to improve melting and mixing given the increased ratio of water in the mixing chamber relative to the frozen liquid contents. 
     It may be desired to limit the range of degree of concentration of the frozen liquid contents to no more than 35% TDS. For example, to conserve energy, as creating relatively frozen liquid contents with higher degrees of concentration consume more energy to produce than those with relatively lower degrees of concentration and may require secondary processing such as by reverse osmosis removal of water during the extraction process. In such a case, the frozen liquid contents possesses a weight of about 0.30 to about 0.5 ounces, leaving a headspace of between about 1.2 and about 1.45 inches with an empty volume of about 73% to about 85%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Espresso Beverage 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a filterless single chamber mixing receptacle contains a frozen liquid contents. The receptacle has a profile and dimensions that are the same as the one described in Example 1. In this example, the frozen liquid contents is also a concentrated coffee extract that is in contact with substantially the entire end layer and a portion of the sidewalls. 
     In order to produce a final espresso beverage product having a TDS of between about 9.15% and about 9.35% TDS (with an optional target of about 9.25% TDS), the frozen liquid contents, at 15° F., is melted and diluted with sufficient water at 195° F. to yield a dispensed volume of four ounces (sometimes described as a double espresso). Table 2 shows several alternative implementations of the frozen liquid contents of this embodiment as well as the impact on various parameters of varying the amount of frozen liquid contents and degree of concentration of the contents. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Contents 
                 Empty Space 
                 Empty Space 
                   
                   
                 Final 
               
               
                 Contents 
                 Contents 
                 Height Above 
                 Above 
                 In Receptacle 
                 Contents 
                 Contents 
                 Product 
               
               
                 Volume 
                 Weight 
                 End Layer 
                 Contents 
                 Volume 
                 TDS 
                 Brix 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 (in 3 ) 
                 (oz) 
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (°Bx) 
                 (° F.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1.0 
                 0.64 
                 0.54 
                 1.16 
                 70 
                 58 
                 68 
                 145 
               
               
                 1.1 
                 0.70 
                 0.60 
                 1.10 
                 67 
                 53 
                 62 
                 140 
               
               
                 1.2 
                 0.76 
                 0.65 
                 1.05 
                 64 
                 48 
                 56 
                 134 
               
               
                 1.3 
                 0.83 
                 0.71 
                 0.99 
                 61 
                 45 
                 53 
                 128 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Similar results can be obtained by using other receptacle designs disclosed herein with the various implementations of the frozen liquid contents set forth in the Tables 1 and 2 and as described in the accompanying descriptions above. Thus, the scope of the invention is not limited to the use of the specific implementations of frozen liquid contents in the receptacles with the profile as shown in  FIG. 32 . 
     As discussed throughout the description, embodiments of the invention provide many benefits. For example, because the receptacles are single chamber mixing vessels, the receptacles do not retain filter material, spent coffee grinds, used tea leaves, or other materials that prevent the receptacles from being easily recycled as a single stream. Moreover, by providing a frozen liquid contents that is created by an extraction process, the byproducts, such as coffee grinds, are maintained at a central facility, which can be more readily recycled or reused (such as a source of biomass energy and/or sustainable soil nutrients.) Further still, a much greater variety of final products can be supported through the use of frozen liquid contents, as described in more detail above. Thus, it is understood that frozen liquid contents having higher or lower TDS values than those given in the illustrative examples above are within the scope of the invention. Further examples include TDS values between 0.5 TDS and 68% TDS, including ranges of 1% TDS to 68% TDS, 2% TDS to 68% TDS, 3% TDS to 68% TDS, 4% TDS to 68% TDS, and 5% TDS to 68% TDS. 
     Also as discussed through the description, embodiments of the invention provide for automated systems and techniques for producing a wide variety of liquid food and beverage products based on information about the source materials (e.g., frozen liquid contents, dilution liquids, etc.) as well as information about the final product itself (e.g., desired volume, temperature, etc.). Further illustrative embodiments of systems and techniques for producing such products follow below. Aspects of these embodiments can be combined with any of the other aspects set forth above and remain within the scope of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 35A, 35B, 36A and 36B , two different embodiments of portions of a dispenser for creating liquid food and beverage products are shown. As noted above, portions of the dispenser include equipment, sensors, controls, etc. needed to store, optionally heat, and deliver liquid to a dispenser head (an inlet to supply liquid into a receptacle) as metered amounts of liquid in a set periods of time depending on the product being dispensed. In the following examples, water is used as the dilution liquid. A metered amount of water within a set temperature range is passed into the dispenser head in either continuous flow, pulsed or separated into volumes of water between air pulses. At the conclusion of the dispensing, air is blown through the lines to the dispenser head to purge the air/water lines and deal with residual water, thereby reducing sanitation issues.  FIGS. 35A and 35B  represent one embodiment in which separate fluid pumps  3551  and  3552 , and separate air pumps  3521  and  3522 , are used to route the dilution fluid (e.g., water) from the primary storage reservoir  3510  either through the heater  3530  or directly to the dispenser head via transfer point A  3570 .  FIGS. 36A and 36B  represent a different embodiment in which only one pump fluid pump  3650  and one air pump  3620  are used with diverting valves  3681  and  3682  employed to control whether the fluids go through the heater  3630  or directly to the transfer point  3670 . 
       FIG. 35A  illustrates the case in which fluid pump  3551  and air pump  3521  are active, taking fluid from reservoir  3510  and pumping it through heater  3530  such that the fluid arrives at the transfer point A at some temperature greater than that in the reservoir. Air pump  3521 , when activated, purges the heater  3530  and the air lines leading to point A  3570 . 
       FIG. 35B  illustrates the case in which fluid pump  3552  and air pump  3522  are active, taking fluid from reservoir  3510  and delivering it to point A  3570  at the same temperature as while stored in the reservoir  3510 . In some embodiments it is possible to combine the operations shown in  FIGS. 35A and 35B  at different times during the product generation/dispense cycle such that the final beverage temperature can be tailored to meet the users expectation. As an example, for a cold beverage selection such as orange juice, it may be desirable to dispense a small amount of hot water at the beginning of the cycle to slightly warm the frozen contents in the receptacle and create a clear exit path for fluids to the receptacle exit. Then, to avoid producing an overly warm beverage, the balance of the dispense cycle is conducted using ambient temperature water directly from the reservoir with the expectation that this water will be somewhat cooled by the process of melting the remaining frozen contents in the receptacle. The air pumps  3521  and  3522  can be activated during dispense of water to increase cavitation/turbulence in the receptacle. Once the dispense cycle is complete, at least through the point that the consumer removes the beverage from the dispenser, a final portion of hot water may be passed through the system to clean various components in the dispenser head. This cleaning purge of hot water could then be followed by short air purges from both air pumps  3521  and  3522  to clear the lines. In some embodiments, this cleaning water is directed to a drip tray where it either evaporates or is periodically emptied by the user. 
       FIG. 36A  illustrates a case where diverting valve  3682  is configured to divert fluid from the reservoir  3610  to heater  3630  and on to transfer point A, item  3670 . Meanwhile, diverting valve  3681  is also configured to send air to heater  3630 . 
       FIG. 36B  illustrates a case where diverting valve  3682  is configured to divert fluid from the reservoir  3610  directly to transfer point A  3670 . Meanwhile, diverting valve  3681  is also configured to send air to directly to transfer point A  3670 . 
     For some embodiments, reservoir  3510  contains an unheated fluid that may be at ambient/room temperature or may contain a chilled fluid, even one such as water containing ice cubes. For some embodiments heater  3530  is an electrically heated vessel similar to those well known in the art for quickly heating small volumes of fluids. Heater  3530  may or may not be pressure rated and suitable for creating steam instead of hot liquid water. In some implementations, reservoir  3510  is insulated from heater  3530 , e.g., to prevent the heater  3530  from heating the liquid in reservoir  3510 . Although not shown, certain implementations of the dispensers include a filter disposed in the flow path of liquid exiting the reservoir. Similarly, a water conditioner, e.g., a water softening device, can be included in the flow path of liquid exiting the reservoir. In some embodiments, the reservoir is removable. 
     For some embodiments, pumps  3550 ,  3551  and  3552  are constant displacement pumps, e.g., piston pumps or peristaltic pumps or even dual lobe pumps. For some embodiments, pumps  3550 ,  3551  and  3552  are combined with a flow sensor for measuring and controlling the rate of flow as well as the absolute volume of the flow. Any of these pumps can be an axial or centrifugal pump that does not pump a constant volume over time or per revolution, but instead are controlled in a closed-loop process to deliver a measured amount of fluid as measured by the flow sensor. In some embodiments valves  3681  and  3682  are 3-way ball valves well known in the art. In some embodiments valves  3681  and  3682  are multi-port solenoid valves also well known in the art. In some embodiments valves  3681  and  3682  are motorized compression valves. In some embodiments pressures sensors  3580  and  3582 , temperature sensors  3590  and stroke sensors for some pumps  3595  and  3597  are used to provide system performance information back to the controller for use in various feedback algorithms to keep the system operating as required to dispense a fluid in the right volume and at a preferred temperature to yield a final beverage that satisfies the user&#39;s preferences. In some embodiments the pressure sensor information is used to adjust the stroke of the pumps to fine tune the dispensed liquid for either system, hot or cold. 
     One beneficial aspect of embodiments of the dispenser is the system for supplying secondary (non-diluting) thermal energy to the receptacle and its frozen contents to help manage the final average temperature of the dispensed food or beverage product. As described herein, techniques for adding thermal energy can include direct conduction through the sidewall of the receptacle from an electrically heated or water heated collar, impingement of hot gases, air, or steam against the outside of the receptacle, use of various forms of electromagnetic energy that can heat either the receptacle or directly heat the frozen contents. Some examples of the latter include infrared irradiation, RF heating, microwave heating, and the like.  FIGS. 37A-39B  show three illustrative embodiments of portions of a dispenser system, illustrating how this secondary (non-diluting) metered thermal energy can be combined with (a) melting/diluting fluids delivered through transfer point A  3570  described above, (b) different forms of agitation to help expedite liquefaction of the frozen contents, and (c) different strategies for holding and perforating the receptacles to allow for venting, fluid addition, draining, and heating/melting using heated needles/perforators. To be clear, the characterization as these sources of heat as “secondary” does not require that the heat be applied second in time to another heat source or that the secondary heat source supplies less heat than some other source of heat. The term “non-diluting” describes a heat source that does not supply a dilution liquid to the interior of the receptacle as a way of heating the frozen contents. 
       FIGS. 37A-E  illustrates one embodiment, among many possible, wherein a system for impinging hot air against the receptacle provides the secondary (non-diluting) thermal energy. In this exemplary system, a variety of different technologies are combined to create the overall system used for melting, diluting and dispensing the frozen contents within the receptacle into a beverage of desirable potency and volume satisfactory to the user. One skilled in the art will recognize that the various technologies illustrated in  FIGS. 37A-E  and throughout the other illustrations that follow can be combined in many different variations and combinations to realize the same objective. In some embodiments, the receptacle is first scanned to determine the nature of its contents using some type of optical sensor  3705 . In some embodiments, a successful scan (e.g., the system recognizes the receptacle as acceptable via the scanned information) causes drawer  3703  to open so the receptacle cavity  3706  can be filled with the user&#39;s receptacle of choice  3704 . In some embodiments, the user initiates the continuation of the dispense cycle by pushing a button, reengaging the drawer with the dispenser housing, or some other step to positively indicate a decision to proceed. In certain implementations, the dispenser has a lock that engages after the drawer  3703  is closed so that the drawer  3703  cannot be reopened until the dispenser completes the dispense cycle or otherwise unlocks the drawer. 
     In some embodiments, upon this signal, drawer  3703 , supported by some structural elements  3710  in the dispenser slides closed. In some embodiments a mechanism such as plate  3707  is driven down onto the top of the receptacle to reinforce the receptacle lid against leakage and to puncture the lid with a liquid dispensing needle. In some embodiments, either before the start of agitation and addition of a diluting liquid or simultaneously with these steps, some amount of thermal energy is added to the receptacle  3706  to warm or partially or fully melt the frozen contents. In some embodiments this thermal energy is supplied by air blown by a fan  3701  through a duct  3702  and over a heater  3700 . In some embodiments, the heater  3700  is electrically heated. In some embodiments the heater  3700  is a water-to-air heat exchanger using hot water from the heater tank (item  3530  in  FIG. 35A ) or some secondary heater (not shown). In some embodiments the heater  3700  is an element of a thermoelectric device that can be used to cool the receptacle or the cavity at some point later in the cycle or after the cycle to remove excess heat (e.g., a Peltier cooler and/or heater). 
     The effectiveness of hot air heating will be greatly enhanced if the sides of the receptacle are directly impinged by the hot air. Accordingly, in some embodiments, cavity  3706  is an open or porous structure which allows much or all of the sidewalls of receptacle  3704  to be directly contacted by the impinging air. For example, the cavity may consist solely of a collar which captures the uppermost portions of the receptacle sidewalls or stacking ring and does not extend downward in any way to shield the receptacle from the flow of air. In some embodiments, as noted above, either in conjunction with the addition of secondary thermal energy or later in the cycle in conjunction with the addition of a dilution fluid (e.g., water), some level of agitation of the receptacle and the frozen contents inside is initiated to increase the number of collisions between the dilution liquid and the frozen contents, break up any stagnant layers of diluting liquid, etc. to hasten the liquefaction of the frozen contents. In some embodiments, this agitation is caused by motor  3708 . In some embodiments the agitation is rotary  3712 . In some embodiments the rotation is reciprocating with either large motions (e.g., 90-120° in one direction before reversal and then repeated) or small motions (e.g., vibratory or &lt;&lt;90°). In alterative implementations, a solenoid is used to impart agitation. 
     In some embodiments, in conjunction with the agitation or before agitation begins, a melting/diluting liquid is added to the receptacle. This liquid is delivered from the portions of the dispenser described above via transition point A  3570 . In some embodiments, this melting/diluting liquid is delivered directly from the water reservoir and arrives at approximately its original temperature in the reservoir. In some embodiments, this melting/diluting liquid is passed through a heater tank en route to transition point A. In some embodiments, in conjunction with the addition of melting/diluting liquids, the bottom of the receptacle  3704  is punctured with a second needle or perforator  3709  so the melted liquids can drain into the user&#39;s cup  3714 . In some embodiments, once the dispense cycle is finished and almost all of the melting/diluting liquid has drained from the receptacle, having fully melted the frozen contents and washed the inside of the receptacle clean, drawer  3703  reopens and receptacle  3704  can be removed and discarded  3716 . Optionally, before the draw reopens, the system can cool the receptacle by forcing ambient, or cooled, air through the duct  3702  into contact with the receptacle  3705 . 
     As noted elsewhere in this description, agitation of the frozen liquid contents is an efficient means for increasing its rate of liquefaction. Regardless of the exact mechanism from a fluid dynamics perspective, whether that be breaking up boundary layers between solids and the heating liquid, increasing relative velocity between the two, the increased incidence of physical contact between solids, or even the small amount of kinetic energy converted to heat, the observed results are clear. Melting of the frozen contents occurs much faster with agitation than without. 
     In some embodiments this agitation takes the form of vibration or very small amplitude oscillatory movement of the contents. Systems and techniques for mechanically inducing vibration are well known in the art, including magnetic excitation of materials, supplying a varying electrical signal to piezo-electric components, and use of an off-center weighted rotating discs. 
     While vibratory-level oscillation is more effective than no agitation, the efficiency of liquefaction increases with the amplitude and energy level of the interaction between solid (frozen or partially frozen) components and the melting/diluting liquid. In some embodiments, this larger amplitude agitation is induced by mechanical or fluidic forces. Mechanical forces include imparting relatively larger angle rotations of the cavity and/or the receptacle, typically motor driven, either through a direct axial connection or through a belt, gear or friction drive arrangement. Asymmetric oscillation, wherein the clockwise and counterclockwise amplitudes of rotation about a neutral point are unequal over short periods of time has proven especially efficient as it prevents the creation of regular patterns, standing waves, etc. with a resulting increase in the local chaotic nature of the fluid. Multi-rotation motion, i.e., spinning complete revolutions for several seconds in one direction and then the other is also useful. This motion creates less chaotic movement of the fluid, but may introduce opportunities for preferentially directing the centrifugally driven fluids. 
     In some embodiments the driving motors for mechanical agitation are DC driven motors that are driven by the magnitude and polarity of the DC voltage fed to them by the controller, sometimes through a special motor power supply optimized for the particular motor. In some embodiments the driving motors are stepper or servo motors that can be more precisely programmed to execute specific patterns of motion and can be used, if keying features are incorporated into a receptacle and cavity, to return the keyed feature to a specific location for loading, unloading, scanning, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, as described above, melting/diluting fluids are injected into the receptacle tangentially once a small liquid bearing interface has been melted between receptacle inner surface and frozen contents. This liquid is injected for the purpose of causing the frozen contents to spin inside the receptacle for faster liquefaction of the frozen contents. In some instances, the volume of the melting/diluting fluid that can be added to the receptacle is limited and unavailable to keep the frozen contents spinning long enough to achieve the desired level of melting. In some embodiments, an alternative technique to cause the frozen contents to spin is the injection of compressed air or other gas through the needle such that this gas impinges upon the frozen contents near its outer diametric edge in a tangential direction. In some embodiments this gas is developed/compressed and stored in an appropriate vessel inside or proximate to the dispenser prior to when it is needed using mechanical or chemical means as are well known in the art, e.g., mechanical pumps or chemical reactions known to produce a gas. 
     In some embodiments a mechanical or chemical means of producing a gas continuously at the required pressure is used to supply the injection needle. For example, a larger pump could be used. In some embodiments the flow of this gas to the injection needle is timed and controlled by the dispenser system controller and coordinated with the flow of melting/diluting liquid through the same or a separate needle, before or after the injection of gas, or interspersed with the gas. For example, a small amount of liquid could be injected, followed by a burst or prolonged stream of gas, followed by more liquid, and so on, until the planned cycle is complete. 
     Fluid-based techniques of inducing agitation take advantage of the low friction coefficient that exists between frozen contents within the receptacle and the receptacle walls once a thin film of liquid has been melted between the two surfaces creating a liquid bearing interface. Under this circumstance, it is possible to use steady or pulsed flows from the injection needle, directed tangentially near the sidewall of the receptacle, to cause the frozen contents to begin to spin. Fluid induced agitation is particularly attractive in its reduction of mechanical complexity and cost within the dispenser. These benefits must be weighed against the loss of process control flexibility and limits imposed by the amount of melting/diluting fluids that may be available for some types of beverage or food receptacles. In some embodiments a long needle passes fully through the receptacle and the frozen contents and remains in place as a drip guide for the contents or the dilution fluids exiting the receptacle to the user&#39;s cup or dispenseware. In some embodiments this needle is shaped like a bayonet and is electrically heated to facilitate its passage through the frozen contents. Once the needle is in place, extending through the lid and closed end of the receptacle, a second needle is introduced into the receptacle and begins to inject a fluid tangential to the diametric curvature of the sidewalls of the receptacle to induce the frozen contents to spin within the stationary receptacle utilizing the thawed contents as a lubricant to spinning. In some embodiments the stationary receptacle is externally heated before and/or during the puncturing with the bayonet and introduction of fluids as a means for increasing the entropy of the system and facilitating liquefaction. The contents, as it melts, flows past the bayonet and drips off its lowermost tip. In some embodiments the last of the frozen contents melts before all of the diluting liquid has been injected, allowing a clean cup to be removed from the dispenser once the needle/bayonet is withdrawn. 
       FIGS. 38A-E  illustrates another system and technique by which the receptacle can be captured in the dispenser and the frozen contents melted, diluted and dispensed. Because many of the features of this alternative system are similar to what was just described in connection with  FIGS. 37A-E , further explanation will focus on the alternative technique for adding secondary (non-diluting) thermal energy. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 38 , a receptacle is scanned ( FIG. 38A ) and inserted into a chamber  3801 . The receptacle  3804  is held by a closely matched conical surface  3806  of the chamber. As an analogy which will be readily understood by one knowledgeable in the art, the mating tapered sidewall surfaces of the receptacle and the heater are ideally in contact much the same way that a machine tool and a holding chuck, both machined with matching Morse Tapers, are in intimate contact. In some embodiments the external matching surface  3806  is a part of an electrical resistance heater  3800  which may be controllably heated to a desired temperature, e.g., 195-205° F. (below the boiling point of the frozen contents once melted). 
     As with the previous example involving hot air, in some embodiments this heater  3800  can be activated for a period of time calculated by the dispenser controller using knowledge about the frozen contents gained from the initial scan and various on-board sensors. This period of time may be designed to warm, partially melt or fully melt the frozen contents depending on the desired final dispensed beverage/food temperature and planned volume. For this heating process, especially if the intent is to partially melt the frozen contents, knowledge of the freeze/thaw temperature of the frozen contents is needed. This information, which can be gathered from scanning the receptacle  3804 , as described elsewhere herein, is used within a temperature feedback loop control. The nominal freeze/thaw point may also be estimated based on knowledge of the contents of the frozen contents (% water, % sugar, % fat, % protein, etc.). As described above in connection with  FIGS. 37A-E , the receptacle can be agitated before, during, or after heating, and the liquid food or beverage product is dispensed ( FIG. 38D ).  FIG. 38E  shows the removal of the empty and cleaned receptacle  3804 . Although not shown in the figures, the close-fitting relationship between the receptacle and the inner surface of the chamber could be achieved by submersing the receptacle in a heated liquid bath. 
       FIG. 39A  illustrates the use of a radio frequency (RF) coil to provide the source of secondary thermal heat to the receptacle using otherwise a similar process as described for the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 37A-E  and  38 A-E. In some embodiments, a power supply  3921  sends a high frequency electrical current to coil  3920 . The oscillating electrical field is known to interact with ice, but with substantial dielectric losses that convert to heat. Oscillation frequencies in the range of 3 MHz have been shown to be particularly efficient in this heating process. As in the other illustrations presented herein, this secondary heat is managed by a micro-controller within the dispenser to coordinate the timing, duration and power with other events throughout the melting/diluting/dispensing cycle including agitation, addition of fluids inside the receptacle, and the schedule of different needle punctures. 
       FIG. 39B  illustrates the use of electromagnetic energy as a secondary heat source to heat the frozen contents. In one implementation, microwave energy is used. One knowledgeable in the art will recognize that the magnetron used to supply high frequency electromagnetic energy can be designed to develop frequencies from the low megahertz range to the gigahertz range. In an illustrative example, a power supply  3940  feeds a magnetron (alternating electrical frequency generator)  3941  to deliver a beam of energy to the receptacle. In some operating scenarios, the electromagnetic heating cycle is started before the receptacle is punctured by one or more needles. In other scenarios, the electromagnetic heating cycle is started after the receptacle is punctured by one or more needles. In some use cases, the initial puncture of the receptacle is managed to simply provide a small vent such that any vapor or steam created by the secondary heating process is able to escape the receptacle without any significant pressure buildup. In some embodiments, the receptacle is held within the dispenser cavity with its axis of symmetry oriented vertically during heating, dilution and agitation. In this instance, the electromagnetic energy is directed into the receptacle through the sidewalls of the receptacle. In some embodiments, the receptacle is held within the dispenser cavity with its axis of symmetry oriented horizontally during heating, dilution and agitation. In this instance, the electromagnetic energy is directed into the receptacle through the lid or closed end of the receptacle. In some implementations, in which the receptacle material is aluminum, some other metal or otherwise conductive, a “window” in the lid or the closed end of the receptacle (depending on which side faces the emitter) is produced from a material that is more transparent to the frequency of the energy being used. In some embodiments this window is a circular or rectangular patch (to match the shape of the emitter or receptacle) that is thermosealed over a hole in the closed end of the receptacle or a hole in the aluminum lid. In some embodiments the entrance and exit needles are shielded by ground planes. 
       FIG. 54  illustrates a portion of a dispenser  4700  with a chamber  4710  that holds a receptacle  4715  in a horizontal position rather than a vertical position as shown in other embodiments. A dilution liquid inlet  4720  perforates the top of the receptacle (which may be covered in a metallic foil) at a position above the location at which a product outlet  4725  is formed in the top of the receptacle. In one implementation (shown by arrows), the chamber provides agitation about central axis  4730  of the chamber  4710 . In an alternate implementation, the dispenser provides agitation along the central axis  4730 . Tubing joining the dilution liquid inlet  4720  to transfer point A  3570  and/or tubing joining product outlet  4725  to the ultimate product outlet is flexible to accommodate motion imparted to the receptacle. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, a radio frequency (RF) dielectric heating system provides secondary heat (i.e., non-diluting heat) to the receptacle and/or the frozen liquid contents in the receptacle. In one implementation, the process use a high frequency electrical signal, e.g., in the range of 6-42 MHz, to cause rapid vibration of the water molecules in the compound. It is believed that the heating occurs throughout the entire volume of the contents of the receptacle simultaneously rather than being an outside-in process. Thus, RF dielectric heating, in some cases is faster at heating liquids than other known techniques, such as contact or convective heating. 
       FIG. 40  illustrates a cross-section view of a system  4000  for heating frozen liquid contents of a receptacle using RF dielectric heating.  FIG. 40  shows a receptacle  4003  housing and a lid  4002  over the housing; the receptacle holds a frozen liquid contents  4004 . The receptacle housing  4003  is metallic and conductive while the lid  4002  material is a non-conductive plastic, such as polypropylene. An RF power source  4006  is electrically connected to an upper contact  4001  and lower contact  4005 . Lower contact  4005  is also in electrical contact with metallic receptacle housing  4003 . The application of an alternating voltage between  4001  and  4005  creates an alternating electrical field which passes through the frozen contents  4004 . Optionally, upper contact  4001  is sized to achieve fairly uniform field lines/gradients through the frozen liquid contents so as to reduce hot spots. In one embodiment, the diameter of the upper contact  4001  is chosen to create an approximately equal gap between the edges of the upper contact and the side walls of the receptacle housing  4003 . 
     In another implementation, again referring to  FIG. 40 , both the receptacle housing  4003  and lid  4002  are non-conductive plastic materials. Optionally, upper contact  4001  and lower contact  4005  are identically shaped and sized with the contact being flat (i.e., without un-turned sidewalls as depicted in  FIG. 40 ), and the diameter of both would extend 1-2 mm beyond the edge of the receptacle lid  4002 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 49 , one of the known problems with RF dielectric heating techniques involving both water and ice is the non-uniform heating nature of the process. When water molecules are captured within a crystalline structure, as is the case with ice, they are no longer free to follow the rapidly changing electrical orientation of the field between the two electrical contacts or that are created by impinging microwave energy. As shown in the graph for temperatures below 0° C., this results in a relatively low dielectric loss factor. Once the ice melts, however, the loss factor rises very quickly, and the melted water, existing in small localized pockets typically formed with RF or microwave heating within the overall ice structure, heats rapidly. This non-uniform heating can even result in localized boiling and steam creation if temperatures are not allowed to equilibrate. 
     Several methods have been developed to deal with this well-known problem. One known technique is to pulse the application of power in on/off cycles. Doing so allows some of the heat in the small pockets of water to pass into the surrounding ice and thereby progressively enlarge the volume of each pocket until the entire ice structure is converted to water. While this technique of heating is less efficient than what is possible with a product that is initially all liquid (where RF or microwave power can be applied continuously), it is still considerably faster than can be achieved with more conventional conduction heating methods. This is especially true when the temperature of an external heat source is necessarily limited to prevent damage to the heated liquid near the outside of the bulk frozen contents. For example, as in heating frozen orange juice, where excess heat can affect the structure of complex sugars and degrade taste. 
       FIG. 41  is an isometric view of a cavity cover  4100  including two fluid delivery needles  4102 ,  4103  and a central electrode  4105  for ohmic heating. Ohmic heating can serve as an alternative to dielectric heating for heating the frozen liquid contents, and can still operate on a volumetric basis. This process requires frozen contents that conducts electricity, but still offers some resistance to electron flow. In one implementation, electric current is introduced at one contact, causing the electricity to flow through the frozen liquid contents or melted liquid, to a second contact. In this end view of assembly  4100 , the cavity sealing plate  4101 , made from a non-conducting material such as an injection molded plastic, locates and holds needles or penetrators  4102 ,  4103  for flowing a dilution liquid and/or a melted product. The plate  4101  also locates and holds the electrode  4105 , which includes an insulating sheath  4104 . 
     In some embodiments, the electrode assembly, the combination of sheath  4104  and electrode  4105 , is fixed in place with one end protruding beyond the back of plate  4101 . Optionally, this assembly is spring loaded, allowing the electrical contact to progressively move further into the receptacle as portions of the frozen contents melt so as to maintain contact with the frozen core. In some embodiments, insulator  4104  is a ceramic material, for example aluminum oxide, that has favorable strength and relatively high electrical resistivity. 
       FIG. 42  is a cross-section view of a first implementation of the ohmic heating system  4100  of  FIG. 41 . The single electrical probe  4105  is shown slightly embedded in frozen contents  4004 . Using an electrical insulator  4104  to cover conductor  4105  allows the use of a metallic lid, such as aluminum foil, to close the receptacle during packaging. During the secondary heating phase of a process for creating a liquid food or beverage, described in more detail above, electricity flows from electrical contact  4105  into the frozen contents  4004  to a conductive (e.g., aluminum) receptacle housing  4003 , and finally to electrical contact  4107 . Electrical power is supplied by a source  4106  that, in some embodiments, is an alternating current (AC) supply. Using an AC power supply is thought to avoid problems with electrolysis that may occur at one or both electrical contacts with the use of a direct current (DC) power supply. 
       FIG. 43  is a cross-section view of a second implementation of the ohmic heating system  4100  of  FIG. 41 . In the embodiment shown, electrical contact  4108  is equipped with one or more small penetrating cones or similar shape bodies  4109  integral to the contact. These conical protrusions  4109  pierce the bottom of the receptacle housing  4003  to make a direct electrical connection between the frozen contents  4004  and the electrical contact  4108 . This can be advantageous when the receptacle housing  4003  is non-metallic or the inside surface of the receptacle is covered with a non-conductive coating, e.g., a thin layer of polypropylene used to coat an aluminum receptacle to enhance food safety, eliminate chemical reactions between the aluminum and the food, and/or to provide a welding surface for the heat sealed lid. 
       FIG. 44  shows an isometric view of a cavity cover  4200 , including two fluid delivery needles  4102 ,  4103  and two electrodes  4105 ,  4111  for ohmic heating. Meanwhile,  FIG. 45  is a cross-section view of the ohmic heating system  4200  of  FIG. 44 . System  4200  uses two electrical contacts  4105 ,  4111  located and held by end plate  4201 . A complete electrical path includes the two electrical contacts and the frozen contents, without the need for a metallic receptacle housing  4003 . Thus, this implementation will work equally well with conductive (metallic) and non-conductive (plastic) receptacle housings  4003 . As described above, these electrode assemblies can be fixed or spring loaded. As with the other secondary heating sources set forth above, the implementations of ohmic heating can supply heat before, during, or after the addition of dilution fluids and/or with and without agitation. The concept can be easily adapted to any of the dispenser configurations set forth in more detail above, including, for example, the dispensers with vertically aligned cavities. 
     In some embodiments, power supply  4106  has circuitry to detect an impending breakdown of a dielectric and limit the current supply accordingly to prevent electrical arcing using known methods. 
       FIGS. 51 and 52  are isometric views of two spiral coiled electrodes  4500  for use with embodiments of the ohmic heating systems described herein. As described above, ohmic heating operates based on the resistivity of a frozen solid or liquid to cause heating when an electric current is passed through the material. Localized heating at the point of current introduction can lead to inefficiencies or ineffective heating. More uniform heating occurs when the electrical contact surfaces at the electrode/food interface are larger rather than smaller. In one embodiment, electrical contact surfaces (electrodes) are included in the receptacle prior to forming a frozen liquid content in the receptacle to increase the surface area available for electrical contact beyond what is achieved with needle-like electrodes. 
       FIG. 51  shows two spiral coiled shapes  4501 ,  4502  that act as the electrodes. In some embodiments, these coiled electrodes are stainless steel foil material attached to contact surfaces  4505  and  4506 , respectively.  FIG. 52  shows the same spiral coils  4501 ,  4502  and contact surfaces  4505 ,  4506  without the cup body  4515  for clarity. An insulating frame  4510  holds the coils in place. Contact surfaces  4505 ,  4506  are disposed in the receptacle so as to make contact with electrodes in a dispenser system when inserted into the receptacle (e.g., as shown and described for the embodiment of  FIG. 45 ).  FIG. 52  shows another embodiment of two electrodes  4601 ,  4602  formed as an open rectangular body. 
       FIG. 46  is an isometric view of a heating system  4300  that uses microwave energy to heat frozen liquid contents in a receptacle. Heating system  4300  has a chamber  4310  with a chamber lid  4312  and a chamber body  4314 , joined by a hinge  4316 . The chamber body  4314  has a receptacle opening  4318  sized to receive a receptacle holding frozen liquid contents.  FIG. 46  shows the chamber  4310  open, while  FIG. 47  shows the chamber  4310  closed. Meanwhile,  FIG. 48  shows a cross-section view of the heating system  4300  of  FIGS. 46 and 47 . 
     Heating system  4300  is yet another form of a secondary heating system that can be used with the several embodiments set forth herein. Heating system  4300  uses microwave energy, a source of high frequency electrical energy, which is transmitted to a receptacle when held in the chamber  4310 . Some implementations of the heating system  4300  use a magnetron as the source of microwave energy. This magnetron can operate at, e.g., approximately 2.45 Gigahertz. Other embodiments use a magnetron that operates at 5.8 Gigahertz and delivering 700 Watts or more. Magnetrons operating at still higher frequencies are available and have relatively lower power levels. At present, magnetrons operating at 5.8 Gigahertz and higher are relatively more expensive than their 2.45 Gigahertz counterparts. However, use of magnetrons with relatively higher frequencies is within the scope of the invention and can offer benefits, as described below. 
     At the lower end of the microwave frequency spectrum, e.g., 2.45 GHz, transmission of the created waveforms is possible both by waveguide and by coaxial cable. Use of a coaxial cable beyond 3 GHz can impractical, at least at relatively higher power levels. It is believed that the use of coaxial cable for energy delivery is suitable at power levels of 700 Watts or less. Thus, in certain implementations, a coaxial cable is used for energy delivery to the receptacle when held in the chamber  4310 . Such an implementation would benefit in terms of cost, flexibility and required volume within the dispenser for routing the RF energy signal. Adaptation to a coaxial cable transmission design could be accomplished, for example, in accordance with the techniques set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,327, incorporated by reference herein. 
     The disclosed techniques address challenges associated with using microwave energy to thaw and heat frozen contents. For example, as explained above, without implementing proper safeguards, portions of the frozen content volume that first transition from ice to liquid can overheat. Also as discussed above, techniques such as pulsed heating that work for RF dielectric heating will work for heating with microwave energy. Another challenge associated with using microwave energy inside of a conductive receptacle is the fact that the electrical field at the surface of the conductive material will always be essentially zero. This null condition sets up a zone of no heating that extends into the receptacle for about a quarter of the wavelength from the receptacle wall. If the receptacle is large enough, with respect to the wavelength, e.g., more than several wavelengths in depth, heating can occur in the remainder of the frozen contents. While this approach may still produce hot and cold spots if a standing wave is created, melting will occur. These hot and cold spots are dealt with in microwave ovens through dispersion fans, rotating platens, etc. Those known techniques can be applied in the systems disclosed herein. 
     One solution to the later challenge described above is to use a receptacle constructed of a non-conductive material, e.g., a polymer. Such a receptacle would be received in an enclosure that locates the top and bottom outer walls of the receptacle approximately a quarter of a wavelength of the propagated microwave frequency away from the corresponding top and bottom walls of the enclosure. For example, if a 2.45 GHz frequency microwave heating system is used, the wavelength is about 12.2 cm. One quarter of the wavelength is a distance of 3.05 cm or 1.2 inches. Thus, a metal enclosure that holds a plastic receptacle in the enclosure to maintain a gap between the top and bottom enclosure walls and corresponding receptacle walls of 1.2 inches would create a heated region roughly aligned with the center of the receptacle as measured between the top and bottom walls of the receptacle. The use of the top and bottom walls of the enclosure and the receptacle are illustrative only, other orientations of the receptacle relative to the enclosure are within the scope of the invention. 
     Meanwhile, another solution to the later problem when still using an aluminum receptacle or other conductive materials uses a relatively higher frequency microwave signal. Advantageously, the dielectric loss coefficient for water and ice increases with increasing frequency up to about 18 GHz. The dielectric heating effect is also proportional to the frequency as the energy converted to heat is the same for every cycle of vibration a molecule goes through. This combination suggests a frequency of 18-24 GHz would work well in this embodiment because the null zone between receptacle wall and the heated region would be in the range of about 0.12-0.16 inches. Optionally, a waveguide is used to deliver the microwave energy (instead of a coaxial cable). For example, for a frequency of 24.125 GHz (the highest allowable microwave frequency within the industrial-scientific-medical bands set aside for open use by the FCC and similar agencies worldwide), the optimum waveguide dimensions are 0.34×0.17 inches (WR34). 
       FIGS. 46-48  illustrate a microwave heating system  4300  that uses a magnetron  4302  supplying a 24.125 GHZ signal through waveguide  4303  to a transmitting horn  4304 , through a partially microwave transparent cavity end plate  4301  into the open space  4318  defined by the chamber body  4314  (when the chamber is closed). A metallic receptacle and the frozen liquid contents therein receive the microwave energy. Modifications and additions to the basic illustrated design to insure optimum signal impedance matching, protecting the magnetron from back scatter, etc., are within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. Moreover, for any of the embodiments described herein employing electromagnetic radiation as the secondary heating source, portions of the chamber that hold the receptacle are opaque to the wavelengths the secondary heat source uses to heat the receptacle and/or the frozen contents. In some implementations, only a “window” into the chamber permits the electromagnetic radiation to enter, while the rest of the chamber does not permit the energy to pass through the remaining walls. The chamber walls are optionally insulated to reduce heat loss from the chamber. 
       FIG. 50  is an isometric view of an infrared heating system  4400 . Heating system  4400  is yet another example of a secondary heat source. The frozen contents contained within receptacle  4410  can also be melted and heated using an infrared (IR) heater. In some embodiments, the heat source  4403  is a combined IR heater and reflector powered by an on-board power supply (not shown). In some embodiments, this IR heater emits an IR spectrum centered on about 2-2.5 microns, corresponding with a black body emitter of approximately 1200° K, to match an optimum absorption band for water and ice. In some embodiments, a band pass filter  4402  allowing radiation in the range of about 2.0-3.3 microns to reach the receptacle  4410  is disposed between the heat source  4403  and the receptacle  4410 . Such a filter reduces high absorption peaks typical of polypropylene or polyethylene materials used for covering and sealing receptacle  4410 . Reducing the energy at these absorption peaks reduces the likelihood of melting the lid material while heating the frozen contents. In some embodiments, the IR heater is an incoherent light source. In some embodiments, the heater is an infrared laser system. In some embodiments, the laser system includes beam expander optics to enlarge the coherent beam to match the full diameter of the receptacle or some smaller diameter inside of the perforation needles. 
     In some embodiments, the dispenser may have predetermined heating and agitation functions for each receptacle that do not change regardless of temperature and content of the receptacle. The settings may be established to provide beverages at an acceptable temperature from frozen receptacles of varying temperatures. However, in certain implementations, the inclusion of thermal sensing equipment and systems for and techniques of receiving information about the frozen content or the receptacle give the dispenser the capability to process and formulate, via certain equations of state and/or a table of inputs and outputs, the variables of the beverage making process to achieve a beverage of a desired flavor, potency, volume, temperature, and texture in a timely manner. 
     The thermal sensing equipment incorporated within the dispensing apparatus may include any type of sensor including but not limited to RTDs, thermistors, thermocouples, other heat sensors and infrared energy sensors. Alternatively, a temperature indicating strip created, for example, using a variety of different thermochromic inks may be included on the receptacle to visually signal the temperature within the receptacle via a change in the appearance or properties of the temperature strip. This temperature strip could be both a signal to a consumer as to whether the pod is properly frozen before loading into the dispensing apparatus and used by the dispenser via some type of camera/monitor to translate the visual signal into an electronic reading. Some embodiments of the thermochromic inks are based on leuco dyes which are sensitive to heat and transition from transparent to opaque/colored as the temperature is reduced to their activation point. In some embodiments, these leuco dyes are configured in a strip of small printed squares on the outside of the receptacle, each square of a different leuco dye formulation, and ordered such that as the temperature of the cup falls, the length of the strip that is opaque/colored steadily grows in length or changes in shape. 
     Similarly, as a means to alert the consumer that the receptacle may have been exposed to an unacceptably high temperature prior to use, in some embodiments the outside of the receptacle may include an area covered with a material which irreversibly changes color if some activation temperature is reached or exceeded. Systems of this type, based for example on colored paper and a special wax formulated to melt at the desired temperature, are well known in the art. 
     As mentioned elsewhere herein, the receptacle may include a barcode, QR code, marking, image, number or other type of glyph to convey information about the frozen content or receptacle to the dispenser via an optical sensor. In some embodiments this information is encrypted to create a barrier to imitation by other producers. Without the code, the device stays inactive and/or will refuse to accept the receptacle. Alternatively, without the code the dispenser operates to deliver a beverage, but only with a reduced set of functions that may not yield an optimum user experience. The optical sensor may be an optical switch, camera or laser configuration and use any type of photoconductive, photovoltaic, photodiode, or phototransistor device. The receptacle may alternatively include electrically resistive printing that defines what beverage it contains. Simple probes mounted in the dispenser contact the paint to read the resistance. 
     The receptacle may alternatively include a physical structure acting as a key to define a property of the frozen contents within. In some embodiments, this geometry of the receptacle is detected by the dispenser and, based on this special geometry, various settings for beverage creation are adjusted to correspond with factory or user-generated parameters for that beverage. 
     In some embodiments, a probe could be used to pierce the receptacle and identify the contents based on spectrometry, chromatography, or other known techniques to identify compositional features. In other embodiments, a communication system utilizing electromagnetic sensors in the dispenser and compatible electromagnetic labels embedded in the receptacles (e.g., using RFID, NFC, Blue Tooth™ or the like) pass information about the frozen contents to the dispenser. In another embodiment, the receptacle could be weighed using a scale/weight sensor and a mass could be assigned to different products as a method of differentiation. Similarly, a mass sensor could be used to directly determine the mass of the filled receptacle. 
     The information detected by the dispenser may include the composition of the frozen contents or be a derivative thereof that may indicate the mass and/or certain thermodynamic properties of the content. In some examples, the contents could be classified by its amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, ash or other food components. In other embodiments, it could be identified by a category, like juice, or a sub-category, like orange juice, that group receptacles with similar thermodynamic properties and desired drinking temperatures. With the mass, temperature, and a thermodynamic understanding of the frozen content the dispenser may use a microprocessor to adjust its beverage creation settings to carefully melt, dilute, and heat the frozen contents to a desired volume, potency, temperature, texture, etc. 
     Alternatively, the receptacle may include a representation of the thermodynamic properties derived from the frozen content&#39;s composition in the form of certain key variables. These thermodynamic properties and other properties acting as inputs may include, but are not limited to, mass, shape, density, specific heat, enthalpy, enthalpy of fusion, enthalpy of vaporization, thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, initial freezing point, freezing point depression, thermal diffusivity or any combination or derivation of the sort that is descriptive of melting and reheating properties. Other information about the frozen content and/or the receptacle includes volume of fill and/or headspace present in the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments, the information conveyed to the dispenser for determining certain process variables may include the date of manufacture. For example, in some embodiments the food components within the receptacle may include fresh fruit or vegetables which generate heat through respiration and lose moisture through transpiration. All of these processes should be included for accurate heat transfer calculations. In rare occasions, changes in thermodynamic properties based on a time variable should be accounted for. In other embodiments, the date of manufacture could be of importance in determining whether certain age sensitive components in the frozen contents have exceeded an allowable shelf life, which is optionally included in the information conveyed to the dispenser. In such embodiments the dispenser could be programmed to reject the receptacle and prevent its processing for the safety of the user. 
     The determination of beverage creation functions and settings may include an equation with one or more variables. For example, the dispenser could use temperature, mass, specific heats, and enthalpy of fusion in a multi-variable equation to determine the most efficient way to prepare a beverage or liquid food product to deliver it to the consumer&#39;s cup at a specific temperature, consistency, and volume. Alternatively, the determination of settings and functions may be based on a processor using a table of inputs and outputs in a database. For example, a receptacle with a detected category and temperature may be included in a database and thereby associated with variable functions to melt, dilute, and reheat. The database may be stored within the dispenser or at a remote location and accessed via a communications network. In some embodiments, a combination of equations and tables of inputs and outputs may be used to determine the proper beverage creation settings, including adjustments for dispenser altitude, voltage and in use voltage drop. 
     Every combination of mass and temperature of a frozen composition requires a certain amount of energy be added to enable it to be melted and heated to the desired temperature with a diluting liquid and other means of melting and reheating. In a thermodynamic modeling equation for creating a liquid food product at a desired temperature it is important to account for heat energy lost to atmosphere, receptacle walls, and other similar effects. In addition, ambient conditions in the environment where the product is being created may also play a factor in achieving a desired final temperature of a dispensed product. Embodiments of the dispensers described herein take into account such variables when determining the process and setting for product preparation. 
     The adjustable settings may include, but are not limited to, the duration, sequence, timing, amount, pulsing of the incoming dilution liquid, high pressure air during dispense or frequency of supplying heat, agitation, or other form of energy to a frozen contents, a period of rest between periods of agitation at specific points in the dispensing, the total diluting liquid volume, the diluting liquid temperature, a change in diluting liquid temperature, the rate of liquid injection (including pauses in the injection), the pressure of liquid injection, the positioning of the receptacle, the perforation location on the receptacle, the size of the perforation, the shape of the perforation, when a perforation is made, the number of perforations and any follow-up cleaning function such as a rinse of the injection cavity or maintenance notification. The variability, sequence, timing, reoccurrence, duration and combination of these functions may be implemented in many different ways to create a liquid product with desired characteristics. In further embodiments, the dispenser incorporates and adjusts the use of air to be co-injected with the diluting liquid as a supplement to the diluting and/or melting liquid added to the receptacle as a means to improve mixing of the contents and the efficiency of liquifaction. 
     In some embodiments, these functions may be combined to create a beverage in the least amount of time or using a minimum amount of energy. In some embodiments, the amount of time for a source of heat to achieve a certain temperature may be included in determining the beverage creation settings. For example, a heated diluting agent may be a faster source to melt the frozen content, but takes far longer to reach a certain required temperature of the frozen contents than would otherwise be required if that energy were added using electromagnetic radiation. As an example, a machine may be programmed to use more electromagnetic radiation to heat the frozen contents if the dispenser was only recently powered on and the temperature of the cavity or water in the heater tank is low. Conversely, if the water tank with the diluting agent is already hot, then the dispenser may revert to less electromagnetic radiation to create a desired product faster. 
     Alternatively, the combinations of these functions may be used to create a more uniform consistency when dispensing. For example, the settings of the dispenser may be adjusted to create a steady melting rate of the frozen contents or just the external portion of the frozen content so as to initiate flow so that potency of the liquid product is consistent for a longer duration of the dispense. 
     In some embodiments, the dispenser reads the temperature of a dispensed liquid and continually adjusts the beverage creation settings throughout the dispensing process. In some embodiments, a non-diluting heat source and a diluting agent may work harmoniously in the beverage creation cavity to heat, melt and/or dilute the frozen content. 
     In some embodiments, the dispenser has refrigeration components that chill a diluting agent for melting and diluting the frozen contents to create colder beverages. So long as the injected chilled diluting agent is warmer than the frozen contents, it will still act as a thermal resource for thawing the frozen contents. 
     In some embodiments the backpressure of the incoming liquid is measured with a pressure sensor to allow changes to the dispensing process for the diluting/melting liquid. For example, if a pressure higher than a threshold is detected, it may be the result of an insufficient flow path from the inlet, past the frozen contents, to the outlet. In such a case, the dispensing pump injecting liquid into the receptacle can be stopped temporarily to allow for some melting of the frozen contents to occur and, thereby create a larger/better flow path to the outlet before more liquid is added. This feature may prevent loss of liquid outside the receptacle or dispenser and lead to greater accuracy in the overall volume of the dispensed product. 
     In some embodiments, the desired potency, volume, texture, temperature, or other beverage characteristic is programmed or selected from a range of options by the consumer. The dispenser may take this desired output in combination with temperature and compositional information about the frozen contents to carefully adjust settings to create the desired finished product. 
     Although there are many possible embodiments for taking temperature and compositional information from a frozen liquid pod to adjust settings to create a desired beverage, there should be consistent changes in the output of dispenser functions based on certain increases and decreases in temperature, mass, and presence of certain compounds. In some embodiments, the dispenser will recognize and alert the user following the insertion of an empty/used receptacle. 
     In one example, a dispenser adjusts the settings for the creation of a beverage of the same volume, potency, and temperature from receptacles with identical frozen contents, but with different initial temperatures. The receptacle that is colder will require more transferred energy to melt and reheat the contents to a desired temperature. For the colder receptacle, the dispenser may adjust and implement a longer pre-heat, a hotter pre-heat, a hotter diluting agent, or more agitation to add the energy necessary to increase the temperature of the finished beverage to yield a final beverage that is nominally the same as one created from the initially warmer pod, ceteris paribus. Any described beverage creation settings above may be combined strategically to transfer additional energy to the colder receptacle. 
     It is understood that the mass and BRIX of a frozen content within a receptacle impacts the energy needed to melt and reheat the content to a certain temperature. In another embodiment, a user may choose from different size and potencies of a finished product at a standard temperature. This would require less or more of a diluting liquid, heat, and agitation supplied to the frozen content depending on the volume/potency selection. 
     The composition of the frozen contents dramatically impacts the temperature of a finished beverage with uniform liquid product creation settings. Each makeup of frozen contents at a given mass and temperature requires a certain amount of energy transferred to melt and reheat the contents. It should be understood that many additives impact the thermodynamic metrics of a composition. Detecting these differences in the frozen content receptacles allows the dispenser to adjust its settings to provide for a desired finished liquid product from the frozen contents. For example, a dispenser may adjust its settings to create a beverage of the same volume and temperature from receptacles having the same mass, but with one pod having a higher sugar content than the other. The additional sugar in one receptacle depresses the freezing point of the content and it impacts the specific heat, enthalpy of fusion, thermal conductivity, and more such that it requires a different amount of energy and/or melting environment to create a beverage of the same volume and temperature as the receptacle with less sugar content. Techniques are known for estimating the heat characteristics of foods and beverages and can be used with embodiments of the inventions herein. 
     As described, the dispenser can derive some thermal property representation of the frozen content in a variety of ways. This information can include multiple variables for increased precision of a final beverage. Alternatively, the information can be a single variable that represents a baseline of the ease of melting and reheating. Some examples of thermodynamic properties and how they may impact the beverage creation settings are described below. 
     Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. Increased thermal conductivity will facilitate the heat being uniformly distributed throughout the frozen contents. Thermal conductivity is also very important at the interface between the frozen contents and any diluting liquid and may be increased by agitation applied to the frozen content or other efforts to disrupt the thin surface layer of otherwise stagnant fluid at the interface. In general, increases in the amount of food components including, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and/or ash comprised in the frozen content will increase the thermal conductivity of the content. 
     Enthalpy of fusion, also known as the latent heat of fusion, is the change in system enthalpy required for the state to change from a solid to a liquid at the same temperature. In the case of this dispensing system, the enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy required to melt a quantity of the frozen contents once it has already been warmed to its melting temperature. Enthalpy of fusion plays an important role in the ability of this dispenser system to create chilled beverages from frozen content without the use of a secondary mechanical cooling system because a significant amount of heat can be removed from the diluting liquid. The greater the enthalpy of fusion of the frozen content, the more energy it will take to melt the contents. Therefore more energy will be required to melt and reheat the frozen contents to a certain temperature for products with a higher enthalpy of fusion. 
     Thermal capacity or heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity determined as a ratio of heat given or taken from an object to the resulting temperature change of the object. Specific heat, a measure which is independent of the mass of an object, is described in metric units as the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of material by one degree Kelvin. similar to enthalpy of fusion, the specific heat of a given composition plays an important role in the amount of heat necessary to first increase the temperature of the solid frozen composition to its point of fusion, and then to further heat the contents once it is a liquid. It is important to note that the specific heat may differ when a composition is in liquid versus solid form. For example, the specific heat of water in its solid form is about half of its value for its liquid form. This means it requires about half the energy to increase frozen water one degree Celsius as compared to a similar mass of liquid water. 
     It is important when calculating the beverage creation settings for the dispenser that these variables are highly inter-related. The entire reaction environment must be considered in making any adjustment for new conditions. For example, merely accounting for the amount of heat energy from the diluting liquid and/or an alternative heat source will not yield the desired final product equilibrium temperature if variables such as agitation and dilution liquid flow rate are not considered. For example, the flow rate, pressure, and agitation supplied to receptacle may be used to increase the thermal transfer between the supplied heat and the frozen content. 
     One embodiment of an algorithm for preparing a completely liquid food/beverage from a frozen content:
         input: scan pod bar code or QR code to gather:
           content mass (M fc )   content volume when liquid (V fc )   melting point of content (T mp )   latent heat of fusion of content (H fc )   specific heat capacity of solid content (c s —use average)   specific heat capacity of content when liquid (c l —use average)   final product acceptable temperature range   final product acceptable volume range   
           input: dispenser thermal sensor determines frozen content temperature (T fc )   input: user provided desired volume (V d ) and temperature of final product (T d ), limited by scanned ranges (or these values are set by coded information)   input: dispenser thermal sensors determines ambient water temperature (T a ) and hot water temperature (T h )   determine: amount of heat needed to bring entire frozen content to melting point and then to liquefy the entire content (Q l ):       

         Q   l =[ M   fc   ×c   s ×( T   mp   −T   fc )]+ H   fc  
         T mp  will likely be an empirically determined temperature rather than a sharp melting point for “mixed” foods/beverages   determine: amount of heat needed to bring liquid content at melting point to desired product temperature, accounting for heat loss during the beverage creation process (Q d ):       

         Q   d   =M   fc   ×c   l ×( T   d   −T   mp )
         determine: amount of excess heat available from hot dilution water (Q ex ):       

         Q   ex =( V   d   −V   fc )×(volumetric heat capacity)×( T   h   −T   d )
         determine: amount of additional heat needed, if excess from dilution is not enough (Q add ):       

       if  Q   ex   &lt;Q   l   +Q   d   : Q   add   =Q   l   +Q   d   −Q   ex            for the supply of this additional heat, we will need to apply a loss factor
           for a microwave heat source, we will need to apply an “absorption” factor based on food/beverage content   
           Determine: mix of hot water and ambient water, if excess from dilution is too much:       
       if  Q   ex   &gt;=Q   l   +Q   d : 
         V   h   =V   dil /(( T   d   −T   h )/( T   a   −T   d )+1) 
     
       
      
       V 
       a 
       =V 
       dil 
       −V 
       h  
      
         
         
           
             where:
           V h  is volume of hot water
               V dil  is volume of total dilution (V d −V fc )   V a  is volume of ambient water or chilled water.   
               
         
           
         
       
    
     The duration and timing for the application of secondary (non-diluting) heat are two of many parameters that will affect the overall timing, efficiency and success (achieving a positive experience for the consumer as measured by beverage/food taste, temperature, potency, volume and required time/convenience) of the dispensing operation. In some embodiments all of these parameters are determined by a control algorithm built into the firmware or software of the system controller. Inputs to this algorithm may include user preferences for dispensed product temperature, volume, and strength or potency of the consumable as input by the user to an human machine interface at the start of the dispense cycle. Also included as inputs may be data gathered during a scan of the product bar code, QR code, RFID or other data transmission mechanism that are attached to the specific product chosen by the user for dispensing. This data may include information about the thermodynamic properties of the frozen contents; a range of dispensed volumes the contents can supply within preferred potency limits; and whether the contents have exceeded a recommended shelf life or whether they have been exposed to temperatures considered unsafe from a bacterial growth perspective. And finally, data gathered may include physical property and location information gathered from sensors embedded in the dispenser. In some embodiments this data will include temperature and volume of the reservoir fluid; temperature, mass and volume characteristics of the dispenseware; temperature of the receptacle and/or the frozen contents; knowledge about what was dispensed during the previous cycle and when that occurred; and the altitude where the dispenser is located since barometric pressure affects boiling temperature and in most instances it is not desirable to create steam within the system or the receptacle. 
     With all of this information available to the system controller&#39;s algorithm, the controller will, in some embodiments, use this algorithm to calculate/select various control values for cycle timing, temperatures, durations, liquid volumes, liquid flow rates, a decision about when to puncture or vent the receptacle, etc. to arrive at the desired end point of beverage quality given all the known starting conditions. In some embodiments the system controller also makes use of ongoing data input from sensors to “learn” during the cycle and adjust ongoing temperatures or durations or volumes to correct small observed out-of-spec or adverse-trending conditions. Thus the timing for lid venting or puncture, addition of secondary heating, addition of fluids, agitation timing and duration, and final dispense will all be set and adjusted in accordance with an algorithm. Over time (months or years) this algorithm can be updated via WiFi or other digital means as improvements are developed, new products are introduced, dangerous or counterfeit products are discovered, or unanticipated safety concerns become known. In some embodiments the algorithm adjusts the heating rate and maximum temperature of the frozen contents so as not to overheat certain thermally sensitive ingredients such as orange juice and thereby preserve the freshest taste possible. 
     Diluting fluid injection rates can vary widely depending on the type and size of the beverage/food product being dispensed. As discussed previously, these values will for some embodiments be calculated and set by the system controller. As a rough guide, however, a range of probable flow rates can be estimated, considering the creation of a 2-ounce espresso dispensed over 30 seconds on the low side and considering a 32 ounce carafe dispensed over 90 seconds on the high side. These flow rates suggest a range of flows of 0.02-0.25 gallons per minute as a specification for the fluid flow pumps. It is understood that faster and slower flow rates are within the scope of the invention, as is larger and smaller serving sizes. 
     In some embodiments the rate and timing of fluid flows are adjusted based on whether the water is sourced directly from the reservoir or must first pass through the heating chamber and whether some means is employed to take maximum advantage of the cooling effects possible from the frozen contents when making a cold beverage. For example, in some embodiments ambient temperature or tempered (mixed hot and ambient) water is first used to apply some heat to the exterior of a receptacle by passing it through a water jacket in close contact with the receptacle. As heat is passes to the receptacle, the temperature of the fluid passing through the water jacket is reduced. If this cooled water can be captured and stored in secondary container, e.g., a pressurized device (similar in function to a commercial product such as an Extrol tank), then the fluid can be subsequently flowed to the interior of the receptacle to further melt and dilute the frozen contents without use of additional pumps or motors. If the intermediate storage tank is large enough, it is not necessary to worry about balancing the volumes of heat transfer fluid and what is later to be injected into the receptacle. (Excess fluid in the storage tank can be returned to the reservoir at the end of a dispense cycle.) In this way it is possible to capture much of the “coldness” or “negative thermal energy” of the frozen contents to permit the dispensing of cold beverages without onboard mechanical refrigeration inside the dispenser. 
     The temperature of the water added to the receptacle is an important parameter in the dispense cycle as it greatly affects the finished product temperature and weighs heavily in the consumers judgment about whether the dispensed product has met their expectations. The water temperature is controlled by the system controller via mechanisms and sensors built into the dispenser. First, ambient temperature water supplied by the dispenser to the receptacle can be sourced directly from the dispenser&#39;s reservoir or be routed through a heater tank. The reservoir water itself can also range in temperature based on the season of the year if it comes from the user&#39;s tap, how long it has been given to equilibrate to room temperature, and whether the user has chosen to add ice when, for example, a cold beverage is planned. Water routed through the heater tank can be heated to a fixed temperature for all operations as is common in most coffee brewers today or it can be controlled to some other variable temperature based on output signals from the system controller. Delivered water can be tempered, that is, a combination of waters sourced from a hot water tank and the cooler water reservoir can be mixed together, with the final temperature determined by a set of proportional flow valves and a downstream thermal sensor. Some final “fine tuning” of the temperature of the water delivered to the receptacle can be made as it passes through a needle or tubing with secondary heater around it. And finally, the water exiting the receptacle can be further heated as it leaves the receptacle and flows through some dispensing channel to the user&#39;s coffee cup or other dispenseware. 
     It should be noted that since the device is a dispenser and not a brewer, the maximum water temperature required for proper functioning may be considerable lower than that found in most well-known coffee brewers today. (The water for brewers is typically supplied at a temperature between 190° and 205° F. to achieve the optimum level of solute extraction from, for example, coffee grounds.) Accordingly, concerns about high temperature settings that may actually exceed the local boiling point in some high-altitude locations can be easily addressed. It is possible, for example, to use a maximum temperature setting for the water of 180-185° F. and thereby insure the boiling point will not be exceeded for any location below approximately 12,000 feet mean sea level. Thus, while the system controller could be programmed to use input from a barometric sensor or estimate altitude based on a GPS or WiFi derived location, this complexity is not required to achieve excellent performance as well as operational safety related to boiling water concerns. In some embodiments the temperature of the water produced by the hot water tank is kept at the hottest temperature possible for local conditions based on location inputs and then that water is tempered as needed for optimizing the thermodynamics required to dispense a beverage at the temperature desired by the user. 
     In another embodiment, the principals of machine learning are applied to the calculation of the dispenser properties. For example, the scans of the pod and the temperatures of various components may be taken as initial input. Thereafter, however, the dispenser conducts a series of short “experiments” to validate or refine the inputted thermodynamic properties. For example, the secondary heat source is activated for five seconds and the resulting impact on temperature is noted. Given this level of energy input and the originally inputted properties of the frozen contents, a specific temperature rise will be expected. If the measured temperature rise differs sufficiently, the values for specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc. may be adjusted to more closely match the observed reality. These new parameter values can be used to immediately recalculate the planned dispenser “recipe” to more closely yield a beverage matching the users stated preferences. 
     In some embodiments the characteristics of the user&#39;s glass, coffee cup, bowl other container (hereinafter “dispenseware”) are also communicated to the dispenser via bar code, QR code, RFID, or other means. This information is of interest to the dispenser to (1) ensure the receiving dispenseware for the melted and dispensed beverage liquid or food is of sufficiently large volume to receive all of the dispensed material without overflowing and (2) to better understand the cooling effect the dispenseware will have on the dispensed food or beverage so that the dispensed temperature setting for the control system can be adjusted. In some embodiments, the temperature of the dispensed beverage, as measured in the dispenserware after the dispensed fluid and the dispenserware have come to thermal equilibrium, is the temperature specified by the user as his/her preferred beverage/food temperature. 
     In some embodiments the dispenser includes an active device to heat or cool the user&#39;s dispenserware before or during the time the dispenser is melting/dispensing the frozen contents. In some embodiments this device is a surface plate that is heated or cooled by a thermoelectric device. In some embodiments the dispenserware communicates its actual temperature to the dispenser for more accurate adjustment of the dispensed fluid temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the addition of supplemental heat is controlled to limit the speed or localization of the liquefaction and vaporization of the frozen contents. In some embodiments, a non-diluting heat source may heat the receptacle in order to melt the frozen contents therein, or the dispenser may heat an ambient temperature liquid as a diluting liquid as it travels through the receptacle and beverage creation cavity. 
     In some embodiments, a secondary, non-diluting heat source may be applied to the receptacle while the receptacle is being agitated. In further embodiments, a diluting liquid may be dispensed through the receptacle while it is being agitation and heated by a non-diluting heat source. The combination of agitating while melting provides a means for a more even distribution of heat. Agitating the receptacle will allow heat to disperse throughout the receptacle instead of certain areas overheating. 
     In some embodiments, the diluting liquid does not travel through the receptacle, but rather bypasses an injection through the receptacle and is dispensed in a location proximate to the dispense location of the melted frozen content. Optionally, the cavity in which the receptacle is held has a mixing area that receives the melted liquid product from the receptacle and combines it with dilution liquid. In some embodiments, a perforator injected a pressurized air to rinse the receptacle clean and increase the pressure at which the melted frozen content mixes in a beverage container with the diluting agent. This may include an air compression system within the dispenser. The dispense of the diluting liquid and melted frozen content may happen in unison, or one dispense may happen before the other. In another embodiment, the dispense of the liquids could alternate multiple times. In some embodiments, an amount of the diluting liquid is dispensed through the receptacle and an amount is dispensed directly into a beverage container. 
     In some embodiments, water is only heated to one temperature in the dispenser, but the dispenser includes fluid paths that bypass the heating before being injected into a receptacle such that the water added to the receptacle is at ambient temperature. Bypassing the water heater could be done in at least two ways: (a) a 3 way valve after the piston pump could divert ambient water from a reservoir either through a hot water heating tank en route to the dispense head or directly into the dispense head. See L-type Valve in  FIGS. 36A and 36B , or (b) a simple tee at the base of the water reservoir may feed two separate piston pumps in which one piston pump feeds water through the water heater en route to the dispense head and the other piston pump feeds water directly to the dispense head as shown in  FIGS. 35A and 35B . In some embodiments, the plumbing system may include a dispense channel or bypass system to refrigerate diluting agents. Any of the described techniques enables the dispenser to control the temperature of the dilution liquid supplied to the receptacle. 
     In some embodiments, the dispenser has at least two reservoirs: one for ambient water and one for water that has been heated. The dispenser also has fluid paths to supply hot water separately from ambient water to the receptacle and/or final food or beverage container. In some implementations, the dispenser includes a source of carbon dioxide and an injection path to supply the carbon dioxide to the ambient water reservoir to carbonate the water. In other implementations, the dispenser has a separate vessel that receives water from the ambient water reservoir or another water supply, and the carbonation system carbonates the water in the separate vessel. In some embodiments, water can be carbonated in-line along a flow path. Thus, implementations of the invention include the ability to carbonate liquid that is supplied directly to the final food or beverage container. 
     The dispenser includes a supplemental (non-diluting) source of heat, which can include electromagnetic energy (e.g., microwaves), hot air, an electrical heater, or other sources. The dispenser can also use agitation (e.g., reciprocating or circular motion or vibration) to facilitate and control the melting, thawing and/or heating of frozen contents. The dispenser includes detection components (sensors) including, for example, temperature and pressure sensors, and an optical reader for obtaining information about the receptacle and its contents. It is important to note the sources of heat, agitation, and detection components described herein are purely exemplary and these steps may be applied with any means of heat, movement, or detection known within the art. In addition, the steps included in this embodiment are exemplary and steps may be added and deleted to form a similar outcome. 
     In some embodiments, the dispensing system includes a network interface and is capable of being connected to a communication network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wireless LAN (WLAN), so that it may communicate with other devices, e.g., a smart phone or a server system that records information about the dispenser&#39;s use. In some embodiments, the dispenser may record data about the dispenser&#39;s use, e.g., what products are being made with it, and record the data locally to be updated to a server when a network connection is re-established. In some embodiments this network connection can be used to diagnose issues and update software for new and future product parameters. 
     Illustrative examples of how embodiments of the dispensers described herein vary their operational parameters and overall process to create different types of liquid food or beverages follow below. Other food and beverage types are within the scope of the invention as are other method of operation to create such products. 
     In the first example, based on the detection of the beverage style and a 2 oz. setting selected by the user, the dispenser creates a ventilation opening in the top lid of the receptacle to allow any internal pressure generated during the beverage making process to escape to atmosphere. Next, some amount of supplemental (i.e., secondary) heat (provided as set forth above) is added to warm or melt (partially or fully) the frozen contents. In this instance, a hot beverage is desired and the beverage creation recipe calls for too small a diluting volume of heated water to properly melt and heat the contents to a desired temperature. Accordingly, the preheat duration is calculated to melt the entire frozen content and increase the temperature of the resulting liquid to about 85° F. before dispensing or adding a diluting agent. This heat up of the frozen/melted contents to 85° F. can be accomplished either in an open-loop manner based on knowledge of the thermal properties of the contents or in a closed-loop, feedback driven system wherein one or more thermal sensors track the heat-up of the contents and cut power to the secondary heater at the appropriate time. The reciprocating motion may be applied thereafter or in unison with the supplemental heat to homogenize the content. The intensity of the supplemental heat and its overall duration is also controlled to minimize the local vaporization of any of the frozen contents to steam. 
     Once the approximate 85° F. temperature is reached, the perforator located beneath the cavity in which the receptacle is disposed is thrust upwards through the bottom of the receptacle, perforating it and allowing the liquid content to flow out a channel of the perforator and through a nozzle of the dispenser into a beverage container. A perforator with a larger diameter than the vent hole made earlier (to ensure a tight fit around the periphery of the perforator) is inserted at the same location as the vent hole in the lid of the receptacle, creating a substantially leak-free fitting between the perforator and the receptacle lid so 1.25 oz. of water heated to 190° F. can be dispensed into the receptacle to mix, dilute and dispense the melted frozen content to create an espresso beverage with a TDS of 7.5, volume of 2 oz., and temperature of approximately 150° F. The hot water injection occurring at the end of the dispense cycle rinses the receptacle clean of all extract to optimize the suitability of the receptacle for recycling. Agitation may be added in sync with the dispensing of the hot diluting agent to better flush the receptacle and dispensing channels of any residue. The empty receptacle may then be removed and recycled. 
     In a second example, a 1 oz. receptacle contains 0.5 oz. of a frozen concentrated tea extract with a TDS of 40 and 0.25 oz. of a frozen peach concentrate with a Brix of 50, intended to create a hot peach green tea beverage. The dispenser gathers information from marks or other indicators on the receptacle, and for this beverage, does not provide an option to select a volume (the options being controlled by the information associated with the receptacle). Following receptacle detection, a button blinking red on the dispenser may communicate the beverage will be dispensed hot. The dispenser establishes a recipe based on the information associated with the receptacle detected by the dispenser. In this example, the dispenser establishes a pre-heat duration, time of puncture, time of injection, temperature of diluting liquid, and volume of diluting liquid based on information acquired. As in the example above, the receptacle is next loaded into the beverage creation cavity of the dispenser and secured in place, resting on an intermediate step in the cavity that accommodates more than one receptacle size. 
     Once the receptacle is secured, the user may initiate one final action, e.g., the press of a button on the dispenser or a connected device, to commence automated functions for product creation. Based on the detection of the beverage style settings, the dispenser creates a vent opening in the top lid of the receptacle and a supplemental preheat duration is initiated to only soften and liquefy an outside portion of the frozen content so the perforator beneath the step can penetrate the receptacle without great force, displacing the frozen content away from the entry point, if needed. After the outlet perforator has perforated the receptacle, a perforator with a larger diameter than the vent hole in the lid is inserted at the same location as the vent hole in the lid of the receptacle. This creates a tight fitting for the addition of 7.25 oz. of water heated to approximately 190° F. (as calculated by the processor based on the original recipe and subsequently modified based on an actual temperature measurement made of the receptacle at the conclusion of the preheat), which will be dispensed into the receptacle to mix, melt, dilute and dispense with the receptacles content to create an 8 oz. beverage with a desired concentration of green tea and peach flavoring. 
     The pre-heat function and 7.25 oz. of approximately 190° F. diluting agent bring the final dispensed product to a temperature of approximately 150° F. The hot water injection rinses the receptacle clean of substantially all contents, and again, agitation may be added in sync with the dispensing of hot diluting agent to better flush the receptacle and dispensing channels of any residue. The agitation may also increase the melting rate of the frozen content and provide for a longer rinse of pure water for sanitation. The empty receptacle may then be removed and recycled. 
     A second, higher capacity receptacle is designed to provide for, e.g., a cold single-serve beverage, a single-serve relatively larger hot beverage that includes components that are more difficult to concentrate, e.g., dairy, and large batch servings of hot beverages. In one example, a 2.25 oz. receptacle contains 2 ounces of a frozen concentrated orange juice with a BRIX of 47.2 intended to create an 8 oz. cold serving of juice. The dispenser gathers information about the frozen contents in the receptacle (by, e.g., reading an optical mark on the receptacle with an optical sensor) and establishes the necessary process settings to create an 8 oz. cold orange juice qualifying by FDA standards as 100% juice (BRIX of 11.8) from the receptacle contents. In addition, following receptacle detection, a button on the front of the dispenser blinks blue to communicate the beverage is a cold one, and perhaps remind the user to use the appropriate cup to receive the final dispensed product. (Optionally, the dispenser may have a sensor which checks for the presence of a glass or cup of the minimum size needed to receive the full 8 ounce serving.) 
     In this example, the dispenser establishes a pre-heat duration, time of puncture, time of injection, temperature of diluting liquid, volume of diluting liquid, and a flow rate of the injected diluting liquid based on information acquired by the dispenser. The receptacle is next loaded into the beverage creation cavity of the dispenser and is secured in place. The bottom depth of the cavity also has a perforator, and in this embodiment, can puncture inwards of the receptacle, retract, and also move side to side with its connected tubing to create a dispense channel capable of moving with agitation used to enhance liquefaction of the frozen contents. The perforator is initially positioned beneath the bottom depth of the cavity and does not enter the receptacle. Once the receptacle is secured the user may initiate one final action, e.g., the press of a button on the dispenser or a connected device, to commence automated functions for product creation. 
     Based on the detection of the beverage style, the dispenser creates a vent opening in the lid of the receptacle and initiates a period of supplemental preheat to only melt the outer-most portions of the frozen content inside the receptacle while keeping the majority of the content frozen. In this instance, because the desired beverage is to be cold, the enthalpy of fusion of the frozen content is to be used to lower the temperature of a diluting liquid to chilled temperatures. After the outer portion of the frozen orange juice content is melted, as determined open-loop by knowledge of the frozen contents and the amount of energy added or as determined closed-loop via information gathered by one or more thermal sensors, the perforator located beneath the bottom depth of the cavity is thrust upwards into the receptacle, perforating it and allowing the liquid content to flow out a channel of the perforator, through a nozzle in the dispenser, and into a beverage container. In addition, another perforator, this one with a larger diameter than the vent hole in the lid, is inserted at the same location as the vent hole in the lid of the receptacle, creating a tight fitting seal and allowing for delivery of about  6  oz. of ambient water into the receptacle at a slower rate than typically used for hot beverages to give the cooler injected liquid more time to interact with the frozen contents and promote fully melting the contents. Agitation is added to expedite the mixing of the frozen content and the diluting liquid to the target potency and temperature. In this way, the dispensed product created may reach refrigerated temperatures when equilibrium is reached between the frozen content and the ambient temperature diluting agent. The final product is a chilled glass of orange juice with a Brix of 11.8, meeting the FDA standard for 100% orange juice. 
     In another illustrative example, a 2.25 oz. receptacle contains 1 oz. of frozen condensed milk, ½ oz. of frozen heavy cream, 10 grams of sugar, and ½ oz. of a frozen coffee extract with a BRIX of  24 , collectively intended to create a hot serving of a café latte. The dispenser reads a visual mark on the receptacle with an optical sensor and establishes the process settings to create an 8 oz. hot latte with a coffee concentration of 1.5% TDS and target dairy and sweetness levels. In addition, following receptacle detection, a button blinking red on the front of the dispenser may communicate the beverage will be dispensed hot. 
     In this example, the dispenser establishes a pre-heat duration, time of puncture, time of injection, temperature of diluting liquid, volume of diluting liquid, and the flow rate of the injected diluting liquid based on information acquired by the dispenser from the receptacle markings. As in the examples above, the receptacle is next loaded into the beverage creation cavity of the dispenser and is secured in place. Once the receptacle is secured the user may initiate one final action, e.g., the press of a button on the dispenser or a connected device, to commence functions for product creation. The dispenser creates a vent opening in the lid of the receptacle and initiates a period of supplemental heating to melt the majority of the frozen content. As before, this period of time can be open-loop or closed-loop controlled. In this instance, since the desired beverage is to be hot and a full 2 oz. of frozen content must be melted and heated, a longer preheat is required than a similar sized hot coffee beverage created from the first lower capacity receptacle. 
     After the majority of the mass of the frozen content is melted, based on thermal sensor readings and/or total energy input, the perforator located beneath the bottom depth of the cavity is thrust upwards into the receptacle, perforating it and allowing the liquid content to flow out a channel of the perforator, through a nozzle of the dispenser, and into a beverage container. In addition, a perforator with a larger diameter than the vent hole in the lid is inserted at the same location as the vent hole of the receptacle, creating a tight fitting seal around the penetrator for delivery of 6 oz. of water, heated to 190° F. by the water heater, to the receptacle. The water fully melts any remaining frozen content, mixes with, dilutes, and heats the content of the receptacle to allow dispensing of a beverage of the target temperature and potency. Agitation and flowrate may be controlled to homogenize the melted contents and the dispensing liquid as much as possible within the receptacle. 
     In a further illustrative example, a 2.25 oz. receptacle contains 2 oz. of a frozen coffee extract with a BRIX of 44.8 intended to create a large batch serving of coffee. The dispenser reads a visual mark on the receptacle with an optical sensor and establishes the process settings to create 64 oz. of hot coffee with a TDS of 1.4. The dispenser may detect the water level in the reservoir and instruct the user to add more water if necessary. Following receptacle detection a button blinking red on the front of the dispenser may be used to communicate the beverage is hot and a reminder may notify the user to use a large beverage container to receive the dispensed product. Or the dispenser senses the presence of a carafe which has been designed to be easily detected (e.g., proximity sensor, RFID chip, bar or QR code, etc.) by the dispenser as being suitable for a 64 oz beverage serving. In this example, the dispenser establishes a pre-heat duration, time of puncture, time of injection, temperature of diluting liquid, volume of diluting liquid, and the flow rate of the injected diluting liquid based on information acquired by the dispenser. 
     As in previous examples, the receptacle is next loaded into the beverage creation cavity of the dispenser and is secured in place. Once the receptacle is secured the user may initiate one final action, e.g., the press of a button on the dispenser or a connected device, to commence functions for product creation. The dispenser creates a vent opening in the lid of the receptacle and a period of supplemental heating is initiated to melt a small outside layer of the content frozen. In this instance, the beverage with be diluted with a large amount of heated liquid and requires a minimal preheat only to soften the frozen contents for receptacle perforation. Once the preheat has commenced, the perforator located beneath the bottom depth of the cavity is thrust upwards into the receptacle, perforating it and allowing the liquid content to flow out a channel of the perforator, through a nozzle of the dispenser, and into a large beverage container. In addition, a perforator with a larger diameter than the vent hole in the lid is inserted at the same location as the vent hole in the top lid of the receptacle, creating a tight fitting seal for delivery of 62 oz. of water, heated to 190° F. The added water melts any remaining frozen portions of the contents, mixes with, dilutes, heats and dispenses the contents of the receptacle to create a large batch serving of coffee. 
     Any of the dispenser system embodiments herein can include a drip tray disposed beneath any or all of the components of the dispenser system. For example, the drip tray can be contained within the lowest part of the dispenser housing such that any uncontained liquid generated by any part of the dispenser is captured by the drip tray. Also, because the final product is dispensed into a container, such as a thermos, mug, cup, tumbler, bowl, and/or the like, the product container can be placed on a portion of the drip tray that has a grated opening to capture overflow or spillage. The drip can be disposed below the product outlet and/or diluting liquid outlet to capture liquid in the event that the product container is removed during the product making process. The drip tray is removable from the dispenser system, and can be removed manually or be motor driven. Optionally, the dispenser has a level sensor that detects a liquid level in the drip tray and alerts the user to empty the drip tray when a liquid threshold is reaches. Further, the dispenser can halt the final product creation process if the dispenser detects a high liquid level in the drip tray. 
     Optionally, many of the parts of the various embodiments of the dispenser systems described herein are removable and dishwasher-safe. That is, the parts may be cleaning using a standard commercial or residential dishwasher without suffering ill effects. For example, all or parts of the chamber, the perforator(s) used for dilution liquid supply inlets, the perforator(s) used for product outlets, and all or parts of the drip tray assembly can be cleaned in a standard dishwater. Alternatively, or in addition, certain implementations include self-cleaning mechanisms. For example, the dispenser may pass hot liquid or steam through the various liquid flow paths, chambers, vessels, and reservoirs to clean and sanitize those elements. Also, a UV light source may be included in areas of the dispenser that are prone to contamination to service as a way to clean those portions. For example, the chamber that holds the receptacle can contain a UV light source that exposes the inside of the chamber and/or the dilution liquid perforator/injector and final product outlet/perforator to UV light. 
     In another aspect of the invention, any of the dispenser systems described herein can be implemented without a chamber to hold the receptacle that contains frozen liquid contents. Rather, in the alternative implementations, the dispenser systems include an external connection that mates with a complementary connection on a frozen contents receptacle. The complementary connections enable the dispenser system to provide dilution liquid to the inside of the receptacle while minimizing leaks. Optionally, the receptacle inlet connection has an inlet seal that ruptures to permit dilution liquid flow into the receptacle. In some embodiments, the receptacle is a pouch that expands when the diluting liquid is injected. In other embodiments, the pressure of injected diluting liquid ruptures an outlet seal to provide an exit for a final food or beverage product. Although the receptacle is external to the dispenser, the various techniques for the dispenser learning information about the receptacle and/or the frozen liquid contents and the techniques for controlling the final product preparation are equally applicable. 
     Aspects of the techniques and systems related to producing a food or a beverage at a desired temperature and a desired volume and in an automated fashion as disclosed herein may be implemented as a computer program product for use with a computer system or computerized electronic device. Such implementations may include a series of computer instructions, or logic, fixed either on a tangible/non-transitory medium, such as a computer readable medium (e.g., a diskette, CD-ROM, ROM, flash memory or other memory or fixed disk) or transmittable to a computer system or a device, via a modem or other interface device, such as a communications adapter connected to a network over a medium. 
     The medium may be either a tangible medium (e.g., optical or analog communications lines) or a medium implemented with wireless techniques (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, microwave, infrared or other transmission techniques). The series of computer instructions embodies at least part of the functionality described herein with respect to the system. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that such computer instructions can be written in a number of programming languages for use with many computer architectures or operating systems. 
     Such instructions may be stored in any tangible memory device, such as semiconductor, magnetic, optical or other memory devices, and may be transmitted using any communications technology, such as optical, infrared, microwave, or other transmission technologies. 
     It is expected that such a computer program product may be distributed as a removable medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the network (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web). Of course, some embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a combination of both software (e.g., a computer program product) and hardware. Still other embodiments of the invention are implemented as entirely hardware, or entirely software (e.g., a computer program product). 
     As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of this disclosure, the present disclosure can be embodied in forms other than those specifically disclosed above. The particular embodiments described above are, therefore, to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein.