Patent Publication Number: US-2023134874-A1

Title: Systems And Methods For Coherent Beam Combining

Description:
The present disclosure relates in general to systems and methods for coherent beam combining incorporating a phase locking and/or polarization locking mechanism. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Near diffraction-limit High power lasers, such as amplification fiber lasers (fiber amplifiers), have a variety of scientific and industrial implementations and enable achieving high power output optical signals having excellent beam quality. However, for a single fiber laser, maintaining its near diffraction limit beam quality may be limited, mainly due to three physical phenomena: Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, Stimulated Raman Scattering and modal thermal instability. To overcome these limitations, techniques for combining multiple optical beams are used, which combine multiple optical beams emanating from multiple fiber lasers into a single combined optical beam. 
     The techniques and system layouts used for combining multiple optical beams depend, inter alia, on the spectral coherency of these optical beams, where combination of spectrally coherent optical beams, known as coherent beam combining (CBC), may be carried out by using a phased array (also known as “side-by-side CBC) such as an array of collimators, each collimating a separate optical beam. Other techniques for CBC involve using one or more diffraction grating elements (also known as “field aperture techniques”). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The figures illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document. 
       For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. References to previously presented elements are implied without necessarily further citing the drawing or description in which they appear. The figures are listed below. 
         FIG.  1 A  shows a far field (FF) beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having unsynchronized phases and randomly oriented polarizations. 
         FIG.  18    shows a FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having synchronized phases and orderly oriented polarizations. 
         FIG.  2    shows a CBC system  1000  for combining M×N temporally coherent input optical beams, using a fast phase and polarization locking mechanisms, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 A  shows a FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having unsynchronized phases and randomly oriented polarizations. 
         FIG.  3 B  shows a FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having locked synchronized phases and locked and orderly oriented polarizations, using a CBC system with a phase and polarization locking mechanisms, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 A  shows combined output optical beam steering, according to some embodiments, based on reference optical beam steering using a CBC system having phase and/or polarization locking, in a case in which the reference optical beam has a planar wave-front, propagated such that the combined output optical beam is steered to a zero steering angle. 
         FIG.  48    shows combined output optical beam steering, according to some embodiments, based on reference optical beam steering using a CBC system having phase and/or polarization locking, in a case in which the reference optical beam has a planar wave-front, propagated such that the combined output optical beam is steered to a non-zero steering angle. 
         FIG.  4 C  shows combined output optical beam steering, according to some embodiments, based on reference optical beam steering using a CBC system having phase and/or polarization locking, in a case in which the reference optical beam has a parabolic wave-front, propagated such that the combined output optical beam is steered to a zero steering angle. 
         FIG.  4 D  shows combined output optical beam steering, according to some embodiments, based on reference optical beam steering using a CBC system having phase and/or polarization locking, in a case in which the reference optical beam has a parabolic wave-front, propagated such that the combined output optical beam is steered to a non-zero steering angle. 
         FIG.  5 A  shows a CBC system configured to enable phase and/or polarization locking having a controllable phased array wave-front control mechanism including multiple phase control modules, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 B  shows the CBC system of  FIG.  5 A , used for wave-front steering control, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 C  shows the CBC system of  FIG.  5 A , used for wave-front collimation control, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    shows a process for CBC phase locking, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    shows a process for CBC polarization locking, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    shows combined output optical beam wave-front control process, using a CBC system with wave-front control, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    shows a process of a CBC system phase locking and combined output optical beam wave-front control, based on received target data. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Coherent beam combining (CBC) aims to combine a plurality of temporally coherent input optical beams having the same optical wavelength or overlapping wavelength bands into a single coherent combined optical beam of a single wavelength or a narrow wavelengths band. Implementations of CBC often require maintaining a high beam quality, e.g. enabling high far field (FF) spatial and/or spectral beam coherency. 
     In some cases, a plurality of optical amplifiers such as fiber lasers (e.g. doped fibers) can be used to provide the input optical beams, enabling guiding light emanating from one or more light sources and power scaling the light guided therethrough. 
     The term “doped optical fiber” or “doped fiber” relates to any type of optical fiber doped with one or more elements such as, yet not limited to, erbium, dysprosium, ytterbium, neodymium, thulium, praseodymium, and/or holmium. 
     The term “optical beam”, “light beam” and/or “beam” used (interchangeably) herein may refer to any propagating electromagnetic signal, field and/or wave in the optical wavelengths range. 
     The term “beam quality” may relate to any one or more beam characteristics, such as, yet not limited to: wave-front (profile) quality, beam waist, beam radius, beam divergence, beam intensity/amplitude, beam brightness level (radiance), phase deviation (phase coherence), and the like and/or the maintaining over time and/or distance of these beam characteristics. 
     The term “temporally coherent optical beams” or “temporally coherent input optical beams”, used herein, may relate to multiple optical beams having correlated electromagnetic fields, e.g. where the frequency bandwidth Δf of the optical beams is conversely proportional to a temporal coherence time. For example, coherent optical beams may be temporally coherent by having the same signal modulation, the same or overlapping frequency/wavelength and/or the same or overlapping frequency/wavelength bandwidths. 
     In order to achieve CBC of FF high beam quality, the phases and polarization of the input optical beams that are to be combined should be controlled such that the phase/polarization is identical for all input optical beams, or such that the phases of the input optical beams are at desired specific differences from one another (e.g. in case of FF beam steering). 
     In many cases the input optical beams are of unknown phase and/or polarization, where the phase and/or polarization of each input optical beam may be unstable, i.e. rapidly change over time causing phase asynchronization between the input optical beams, which dramatically affects the FF beam quality of their combined optical beam. 
     Light source(s) and optical waveguides, such as fiber lasers, used as sources of the input optical beams, may be highly sensitive to environmental conditions and/or changes in those conditions such as trembling, quakes, temperature etc. such that under some environmental conditions the phase of an input optical beam may significantly change in a range of between every few milliseconds to every few microseconds. Typically polarization changes in a range of between every few seconds to every tenth of a second, under destabilizing conditions. The phase of an input optical beam typically changes at a pace that is of several scales faster than the pace of changes in the polarization, when under destabilizing conditions. 
       FIG.  1 A  shows a FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having unsynchronized phases and randomly oriented polarizations. It is evident that the FF wave-front of the combined beam, in this case, will show scattered distribution of light, with no central lobe. 
       FIG.  18    shows a FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having synchronized phases and orderly oriented polarizations. It is evident that the FF wave-front of the combined beam, in this case, will show a central lobe concentrating most of the combined optical beam FF power onto a much smaller angular spot size, performing a high quality wave-front spatial distribution. 
     Aspects of disclosed embodiments pertain to systems and methods for CBC incorporating a closed-loop parallel phase locking mechanism and/or a parallel polarization locking mechanism that provide fast phase and/or polarization locking, to provide high quality and high power CBC, that can endure various environmental and other conditions and changes of such conditions, causing rapid phase and/or polarization changes. 
     According to some embodiments, the CBC systems and methods enable combining multiple input optical beams (defining multiple channels) with automatic multi-channel close-looped phase and/or polarization locking, e.g. by using one or more reference optical beams and multiple optical detectors, where the phase and/or polarization locking is based entirely on intensity readings from the optical detectors and does not require calculation of the optimal phase and/or polarization for each channel, thereby allowing rapid phase and/or polarization locking. 
     According to some embodiments, the system is configured for CBC of a M×N array of multiple temporally coherent input optical beams defining M×N channels, each channel may be defined as all transformations of a respective single input optical beam, where M and/or N are non-zero integer numbers, and wherein M indicates number of lines in the array and N indicates the number of columns in the array. 
     The phase/polarization locking may be performed in an ongoing parallel closed-loop manner, e.g. to all channels simultaneously and separately. 
     According to some embodiments, the CBC systems and methods may be configured to: 
     provide a M×N array of temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam; 
     generate M×N output optical beams corresponding to the M×N input optical beams such that the output optical beams propagate in parallel along a first propagation direction (e.g. by using a M×N array of collimating elements); 
     divide each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam, and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam; 
     direct the reference optical beam, such that the reference optical beam interferes with the sample optical beams, generating a plurality of corresponding optical interference signals; 
     provide a plurality of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity respective of each optical interference signal, to simultaneously and continuously generate a power output value, indicative of the detected intensity of its respective optical interference signal; 
     automatically and separately change a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of its corresponding optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector; and 
     locking the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum (maximum or minimum) power output value of its respective optical interference signal. 
     The above process may performed such that the system phase-locks each channel separately when reaching a maximum intensity of its respective interference optical signal caused in a case of a constructive interference between the reference optical beam and the respective sample optical beam; or when reaching a minimum intensity of its respective interference optical signal caused in a case of a destructive interference between the reference optical beam and the respective sample optical beam. 
     Aspects of disclosed embodiments provide a system for coherent beam combining (CBC) that may include: 
     a light source, generating a source optical beam; 
     a beam splitting mechanism, configured to divide the source optical beam into an array of M×N temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam; 
     an array of M×N collimating elements, configured to direct each of the input optical beams through a separate collimating element, generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the input optical beams passed through the collimating elements, such that the output optical beams are parallel to one another, defining a first propagation direction; 
     a beam splitting element, configured to divide each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam; 
     a plurality of optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity of a respective optical interference signal and output a corresponding power output value; 
     a control subsystem, configured to continuously receive measured power output values from each of the optical detectors, change a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value from the respective optical detector, and lock the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal. 
     According to some embodiments, the changing of the phase of each input optical beam may be carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating or estimating the correct phase and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith. 
     According to some embodiments, the system may be set to lock the phase and/or polarization of each respective channel only for a single extremum type for all channels, i.e. locking all channels when reaching their respective maximum intensity or when reaching their respective minimum intensity. 
     According to some embodiments, the changing of the phase and/or the polarization of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating, estimating or previous knowledge of the correct phase/polarization and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith. This means, that only the identification (e.g. by comparison) of the maximum/minimum intensity of the respective channel is used to automatically lock the phase/polarization of the respective channel. For example, the phase of each input optical signal may be shifted upwards or downwards at equal phase steps differing from one another by a phase shift span Δϕ where for each phase shift, the intensity of the channel&#39;s respective interference optical signal is measured to find the extremum of the intensity of the respective channel within a time-span. According to some embodiments, the phase shift span Δϕ may be selectively controllable and/or adjustable. 
     According to some embodiments, the phase/polarization locking mechanism may be configured such that an updated intensity reading (i.e. last power output value of a respective detector) is only compared to one consecutive previously measured intensity reading of the respective optical detector of the respective channel. In other embodiments several previously measured intensity readings of the respective channel within a predefined detection time span may be used to locate the extremum intensity value. 
     The terms “reading”, “detector(s) reading”, “intensity reading(s)”, “intensity value” etc. may refer to and used interchangeably with the term “power output value(s)” of the optical detector(s). 
     According to some embodiments, the extremum value may only be identified after the phase has been shifted several times within a specific (short) time span (e.g. a microsecond), where the extremum is selected from those several measured intensities. 
     According to some embodiments, in order to lock the phase of a specific input optical beam, the system may be configured to shift the phase from its last state upwards or downwards e.g. by increasing or decreasing the phase, at a phase shift span Δϕ, while checking whether the intensity has been increased (in case of achieving a desired maximum extremum), in order to reach the location of the phase that provides the maximum intensity detector reading (herein “extremum phase”). 
     According to some embodiments, the polarization of the input optical beams may be linear or elliptical polarization, where the polarization controlling mechanism (i.e. “polarization locking mechanism”), may be configured for linear or elliptical polarization control. 
     According to some embodiments, the process of CBC may further include controlling one or more characteristics of a wave-front of the combined output optical beam, such as far field (FF) distribution of the wave-front, FF position of a central lobe formable by the combined output optical beams, central lobe focusing characteristics, wave-front spatial configuration, environmental optical aberrations corrections etc. 
     In some embodiments, the controlling of the one or more wave-front characteristics may be carried out by controlling direction of a wave-front of the reference optical beam (beam steering). The beam steering may be carried out, for example by mechanically moving of an output end of an optical waveguide from which the reference optical beam is outputted, and/or by mechanically changing a relative positioning between the optical waveguide output end and a focusing lens located within the pathway of the reference optical beam. 
     According to some embodiments, the controlling of the one or more wave-front characteristics may be carried out by using an M×N array of phase controlling modules (PCMs), where each PCM may be positioned and configured to control the phase of a different portion of the reference optical beam interfering with a respective sample optical beam. 
     According to some embodiments, the PCMs used may be electronically and/or digitally controllable. For example, liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs) may be used as PCMs for the phased array wave-front control, for providing low-power electronically controllable PCMs. In other cases, an array of electronically and/or mechanically controllable steering mirrors may be used. 
     According to some embodiments, the controlling of the one or more characteristics of the wave-front of the combined output optical beam may be done according to a FF position of a target, towards which the combined optical beam is to be directed. 
     According to some embodiments, the position (e.g. distance and angular positioning) of the target in relation to the combined output beam position, may be detectable, e.g. by using a target detection device or system, configured to detect at least the position of the target (e.g. 3D detector) and optionally other characteristics values of the target such as target type, speed, material composition etc., and transmit target related data (herein also “target data”), indicative of the target characteristics values to the CBC system at least for wave-front control based on received target related data. 
     According to some embodiments, the phase and/or polarization of the reference optical beam (ϕref and Pref respectively) may be steady, i.e. having substantially slower change rate than the change rate of the phase and/or polarization of the input optical beams or show no phase and/or polarization change over time. 
     According to some embodiments, the phase locking may be carried out by having the phase of all input optical beams synchronized with the phase of the reference optical beam e.g. equal to the phase ϕref of the reference optical beam or, in case of wave front steering, having each phase of each channel being shifted at a desired shift rate Δϕsteer in respect to one or more adjacent channels. 
     For example, in case an angle of radiation θ beam,x  is desired (assuming a case in which only the x direction is treated and the distance between adjacent segments is equal throughout the M×N array along x and y directions) then the following phase distribution is required: 
       φ steering ( j )= j·Δx   seg ·2π·θ x,beam /λ laser  
 
     Where Δx seg  is the size of the segment at the array system output and λ laser  is the wavelength of the laser (light source). The same holds for the case of tilted beam θ beam,y  is desired for the y direction: 
       φ steering ( i )= i·Δy   seg ·2π·θ y,beam /λ laser  
 
     Where the value of the maximal phase difference between adjacent segments should be smaller than 2π. 
     According to some embodiments, the input optical beams and the reference optical beam may emanate from the same single light source or different light sources. 
     According to some embodiments, the input optical beams may emanate from a single light source or multiple light sources. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG.  2   , schematically illustrating a CBC system  1000  for combining M×N temporally coherent input optical beams (IOBs), using a fast phase and polarization locking mechanisms, according to some embodiments. 
     The CBC system  1000  may include: 
     a single light source  1100 , configured to output light of a single wavelength XO or a narrow wavelengths band Λλ 0 ; 
     a beam splitting mechanism for dividing the output light from the light source  1100  into a reference optical beam (ROB)  1210  and a M×N IOBs  1110 ; 
     an array of M×N phase shifters (PSs)  1800 , each PSij being configured for controlling the phase of a respective (different) IOBij of a respective ij channel; 
     an array of M×N polarization controllers (PCs)  1850 , each PCij being configured for controlling polarization of a respective (different) IOBij of a respective ij channel; 
     a M×N array of collimating elements (CEs)  1300 , each CEij being positioned and configured to collimate a respective IOBij of a different respective ij channel; 
     a beam splitter  1400 , configured and positioned such as to simultaneously divide the incoming M×N IOBs  1110  into M×N sample optical beams (SOBs)  1221  and a combined output optical beam (COOB)  1900 , where the COOB  1900  is directed towards a first a first propagation direction, defining an axis x and the SOBs  1221  are directed towards a second propagation direction defining an axis y angular to axis x (where x may be perpendicular to y), where the ROB  1210  may be directed along the y axis defined by the propagation direction of the SOBs  1221 , so as to enable the SOBs  1221  to optically interfere with the ROB  1210 ; 
     an M×N array of optical detectors such as point detectors (PDs)  1600 , each PDij being configured and positioned such as to detect intensity of a respective optical interference signal (OIS) i.e. OISij, which is a signal formed due to the optical interference between a respective SOBij and the ROB  1210 , where each PDij may be configured to output a power output value indicative of the measured intensity of the respective channel ij at a respective time; 
     a control subsystem  1700 , being associated with the M×N arrays of PDs  1600 , PSs  1800  and PCs  1850  for enabling ongoing and parallel receiving of power output values from each the PDs  1600 , and controlling phase and/or polarization of each channel, based on its respective received power output value. 
     According to some embodiments, the control subsystem  1700  may include an array of M×N processing modules (PMs), each PMij being configured to receive power output values of a respective PDij and control, based on received power output values from the respective PDij, the phase and polarization of the respective IOBij via the respective PCij and PSij. 
     According to some embodiments, the controlling of the phase and/or polarization of a respective IOBij may be carried out by gradually increasing or decreasing the phase and/or gradually changing the polarization state, e.g. such as to provide, for example, an increase in the intensity (power output value) in the PDij reading, for locking the phase and/or polarization upon reaching a maximum interference optical signal value. This can be done by comparing a currently PDij reading with one or more previously measured intensities of the respective ij channel. According to some embodiments, it may be required to step back from a current phase and/or polarization value once the intensity extremum is passed. 
     According to some embodiments, the control subsystem  1700  may include one or more processing, control and/or memory modules, for enabling (temporary and/or long term) storage of current and previously measured power output values of each PD, for processing the received power output values for identification of an extremum phase and/or polarization of each channel and/or for controlling at least the PCs  1850  and/or the PSs  1800  for optimal (lock) phase/polarization identification and for phase/polarization locking of each channel e.g. by sending control commands that indicate only increase/decrease direction for the phase/polarization shift. 
     According to some embodiments, the phase and/or polarization control may also include controlling the phase and/or polarization shift span. For example, the phase shift span may be reduced once an area in which an extremum intensity is identified, to fine-tune the phase locking. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the CBC system  1000  may further include: 
     a first optical waveguide  1101 , which may be an optical fiber, connecting to one output node of the light source  1100  and configured to guide the light from the light source  1100  to a beam dividing device  1102  configured to device the light guided by the first optical waveguide  1101  into the M×N IOBs  1110 , e.g. by having M×N optical fibers guiding the M×N IOBs  1110 ; 
     a second optical waveguide  1201 , such as a second optical fiber, connecting to a second output node of the light source  1100  and configured for guiding the light to its distal fiber end, which may be held by a ferrule holder element  1203  for outputting therefrom the ROB  1210 ; and 
     a reference beam collimator  1205  such as one or more collimating lenses, mirrors, and/or a diffractive optical element (DOE), position in respect to the positioning of the output end of the second optical waveguide e.g. the edge of the holder element  1203  such that the ROB  1210  is to be collimated (e.g. by positioning the reference beam collimator  1205  at the focal plane and/or point of the reference beam collimator  1205 ). 
     According to some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  2   , the CBC system  1000  may further include a M×N array of sampling collimating elements (SCEs)  1500 , each SCEij being positioned and configured to intensify (e.g. by focusing) received light signal resulting from interference of the SOBij and the ROB  1210 , of respective ij channel, onto a respective PDij. 
     According to some embodiments, the light source  1100  may include any type of light source that can output light at a single wavelength and/or a single narrow wavelengths band, such as a light emitting diode (LED), a monochromatic and/or tunable laser device etc. 
     According to some embodiments each PSij may be configured to control the phase of the respective IOBij by being electronically controlled and/or computer-controlled, e.g. by having its respective PMij being configured to change the phase based on received signal power value, input voltage or current value etc., applied to the respective PSij. The received signal power value may only be indicative of the phase shift direction (increase or decrease). 
     According to some embodiments each PMij may be configured to control the polarization of the respective IOBij by being electronically controlled and/or computer-controlled, e.g. by having its respective PMij being configured to change the polarization based on received signal power value, input voltage or current value etc., applied to the respective PMij. The received signal power value may only be indicative of the polarization deviation state (e.g. in case of an elliptic polarization, changing ellipticity and/or angle of the polarization vector(s)). 
     According to some embodiments, each PSij may include any type of phase shifting device and/or element configured to receive control commands (e.g. input power/voltage change), and shift the phase of the respective IOBij accordingly within a time span that is preferably faster than the natural IOBs phase changes time rates. The PSs  1800  may include for example, spatial light modulators (SLMs), devices including electrically/electronically controllable deformable mirrors, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), such as micro-electro-mechanical optics (e.g. mirrors), etc. 
     According to some embodiments, each PCij may include any type of polarization controlling device and/or element configured to receive control commands (e.g. input power/voltage change), and change the polarization state of the respective IOBij accordingly within a time span that is preferably faster than the IOBs natural polarization changes time rates. The PCs  1850  may include for example, piezoelectric element(s) based controllers, LiNO2 (LN) controllers, etc. 
       FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  show resulting effect of using a fast CBC system with a phase lock mechanism as illustrated above:  FIG.  3 A  shows a resulting FF beam distribution of a CBC of multiple input optical beams having unsynchronized phases and polarizations and  FIG.  38   , show a result of using fast CBC system having the phase lock mechanism. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS.  4 A,  4 B,  4 C and  4 D  showing a COOB  1900  wave-front control mechanism, enabling beam steering of the COOB  1900  by controlling a relative positioning between the reference beam collimator  1205  and the holder element  1203  holding an output node of the second optical waveguide  1201  guiding the reference optical beam (ROB), according to some embodiments. 
       FIG.  4 A  shows a ROB having a planar wave-front, propagated along the y axis. In this case, both the holder element  1203  and the reference beam collimator  1205  are positioned such that the planar ROB is propagated along the axis y where the focal point of the reference beam collimator  1205  is also located. In this configuration, all SOBs are directed through the same optical path length (OPL), and in parallel to the propagation direction of the ROB, where upon operation of the CBC system  1000  the phases and/or polarizations of all channels will automatically lock to the same phase and/or polarization resulting in a COOB  1900  having a planar wave-front that is steered (directed) in parallel to the x axis (perpendicular to the direction of the ROB). 
       FIG.  4 B  shows a ROB having a planar wave-front, propagated angularly to the y axis, e.g. at a non-zero angle β in respect to the y axis. The resulting COOB in that case will be at angle −β. 
     In this case, the holder element  1203  is located with a shifted distance from the axis defined by the focal point of the reference beam collimator  1205  e.g. by shifting the holder element  1203  and/or the reference beam collimator  1205  along the x axis. In this configuration, each SOB of each j column of the M×N channels is directed through a different optical path length (OPL) and interferes with the angularly shifted ROB. In this case, upon operation of the CBC system  1000 , the phases and/or polarizations of adjacent channels of a respective column j will automatically lock to different phases and/or polarizations according to: 
       Δ x   steering   =F   1 ·β
 
     Where F 1  is the focal length of the beam collimator  1205 . The automatic phase difference between adjacent channels (segments) will be: 
       Δφ steering   =−Δx   seg ·2π·β x,beam /λ laser  
 
     resulting in a COOB  1900  having a planar wave-front that is steered (directed) angularly to the x axis, where the different phases and/or polarizations will be automatically locked (without having to calculate them) upon reaching the extremum intensity reading from their respective PDs, thereby provide fast, automatic phase/polarization locking with optimal wave-front steering. 
       FIG.  4 C  shows a ROB having a parabolic wave-front, propagated in parabolic symmetry about the y axis. In this case, both the holder element  1203  and the reference beam collimator  1205  are positioned such that the parabolic ROB is propagated symmetrically about the axis y where the focal point of the reference beam collimator  1205  is also located. In this configuration, upon operation of the CBC system  1000  the phases and/or polarizations of all channels will automatically lock to the optimal phases and/or polarizations resulting in a COOB  1900  having a parabolic wave-front that is steered (directed) in parallel to the x axis (perpendicular to the direction of the ROB). 
       FIG.  4 D  shows a ROB having a parabolic wave-front, propagated in symmetry about and axis w which forms a non-zero angle β with the y axis. In this case, the holder element  1203  and the focal point of the reference beam collimator  1205  may be shifted from one another at sh 1  along axis x and sh 2  along axis y. This may be achieved by shifting (moving) the holder element  1203  and/or the reference beam collimator  1205  along the x and y axes. 
     In this configuration, upon operation of the CBC system  1000  the phases and/or polarizations of channels of a respective column j will automatically lock the optimal phases and/or polarizations resulting in a COOB  1900  having a parabolic wave-front that is steered (directed) angularly, in respect to the x and/or y axes. 
     According to some embodiments, in order to enable steering wave-front control, the CBC system  1000  may further include a steering mechanism that enable control (e.g. electronic-based and/or computer-based control) of one or more mechanical elements and/or devices for physically changing the relative positioning between the focal point axis of the reference beam collimator  1205  and the ROB initial output direction when exiting the reference beam optical waveguide output node. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS.  5 A,  5 B and  5 C  showing a CBC system  2000  configured to enable phase and/or polarization locking as well as to control a wave-front of the combined output optical beam, by using an electronically controllable phased array wave-front control mechanism including multiple PCMs  2850 , according to some embodiments. 
     The CBC system  2000  may include any mechanism for providing and controlling an M×N array of IOBs  2110  and directing thereof towards a beam splitter  2400  (e.g. by using an M×N array of collimating elements  2300 ), for dividing the IOBs  2110  into a COOB  2900  propagating to a first propagation direction along an x′ axis, and to an array of M×N SOBs propagated along a second propagation direction (e.g. perpendicular to the first propagation direction parallel to axis y′), while controlling each phase and/or polarization of each separate IOB via M×N arrays of PSs  2800  and PCs  2850 , respectively, e.g. by using a control subsystem  2700 , operatively associated therewith. 
     The CBC system  2000  may further include a M×N array of electronically controlled and/or computer-controlled PCMs  2001 , a M×N array of PDs  2600 , a reference optical beam source  2201 , a reference beam collimator  2205  and an output collimator  2002  configured to focus the COOB  2900 . 
     The PCMs  2001  may be located between the beam splitter  2400  and the reference beam source  2201  (e.g. after the reference beam collimator  2205 ), so as to have each portion of the reference optical beam (herein reference optical beam (ROB) of each ij channel (i.e. ROBij)) being phase-shifted in a separately controllable manner, for example to enable beam steering of the COOB  2900 . 
     The PMCs  2001  may include, for example, liquid crystal SLMs, each being separately electronically controllable, enabling to set a different phase for each ROB of each channel, e.g. to enable beam steering of the COOB  2900 . 
     The phase and/or polarization locking may be carried out by a closed loop iterative changing of the phase and/or polarization of each IOBij, based on intensity readings from its associated PDij, such that the phase and/or polarization of each channel ij is locked when the intensity reading of the respective PDij of the channel is set on a maximum/minimum intensity value. The maximum intensity value, for example, for each channel ij, may be achieved, when the interference of the respective IOBij and ROBij is fully constructive, producing a respective maximum intensity of the OISij. 
     For example, if a target  20  is located over an x′z′ plane (as illustrated in  FIG.  5 B ), at the FF from the CBC system  2000 , then if the target is located at 0,0,0, location of the x′y′z′ axes (e.g. where x′ is defined by the propagation direction of the COOB  2900 ), the phases of all IOBs should be equal to one another. In this case, the PCMs may be set such that all phases of all ROBs are equal to one another, in order to enable the CBC system  2000  to automatically lock each of the IOBs  2110  upon reaching an extremum intensity value of their respective OISs. If the target is located at a shifted position, for example at a d shifted position from the 0,0,0 position of the x′y′z′ axes, (e.g. at a position of 0,d,0 as shown in  FIG.  5 B ), then the phases of the ROBs of each column N, may each be set to a different value, in order to steer the wave-front of the COOB  2900  to the target  20  location 0,d,0, by having each of the IOBs  2110  automatically lock to the optimal (different) phase value, upon reaching maximum/minimum intensity value of their corresponding OISs. 
     According to some embodiments, an output beam collimating device  2002  such as one or more focusing lenses, may be used to enable controlling focusing positioning such as focal length of the COOB  2900 . 
     In cases in which the wave-front control for the COOB  2900  additionally or alternatively requires focus control of the COOB wave-front, e.g. by controlling the focal point or plane of the COOB  2900 , the output beam collimating device  2002  may enable mechanical shifting of relative positionings of one or more collimating elements (e.g. lenses) thereof, in an electronically and/or computer controllable manner. 
       FIG.  5 C  shows exemplary cases, in which the target  20  can be positioned along the x′ axis at a focal length D 1  of the output beam collimating device  2002  or shifted a length D 2  along the x′ axis, in the latter case, the output beam collimating device  2002  may be adjusted (e.g. by electronically controlling relative positioning of several lenses) to focus the COOB  2900  to a focal length of D 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, the CBC system  2000  may further include a M×N array of sampling collimating elements (SCEs)  2500 , each SCEij being positioned and configured to focus light resulting from interference of the SOBij and the ROBij  1210 , of respective ij channel, onto a respective PDij. 
     According to some embodiments, the IOBs  2110  and the ROB may all originate from a single monochromatic light source such as light source  2100 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG.  6    showing a process for CBC phase locking, according to some embodiments. The process may include: 
     providing a M×N array of temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam  61 ; 
     generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the M×N input optical beams such that the output optical beams propagate along a first propagation direction  62 ; 
     dividing each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam  63 ; 
     directing the reference optical beam, such that the reference optical beam interferes with the sample optical beams, generating a plurality of optical interference signals  64 ; 
     providing a plurality of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an intensity respective of each optical interference signal of the plurality of optical interference signals to simultaneously and continuously generate a corresponding power output value  65 ; 
     automatically and separately changing a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector; wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output value of its respective optical interference signal  66 ; and 
     locking the phase of each respective input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal  67 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG.  7    showing a process for CBC polarization locking, according to some embodiments. The process may include: 
     providing a M×N array of temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam  71 ; 
     generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the M×N input optical beams such that the output optical beams propagate along a first propagation direction  72 ; 
     dividing each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam  73 ; 
     directing the reference optical beam, such that the reference optical beam interferes with the sample optical beams, generating a plurality of optical interference signals  74 ; 
     providing a plurality of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an intensity respective of each optical interference signal of the plurality of optical interference signals to simultaneously and continuously generate a corresponding power output value  75 ; 
     automatically and separately changing a polarization of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector; wherein the changing of the polarization of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output value of its respective optical interference signal  76 ; and 
     locking the polarization of each respective input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal  77 . 
     Reference is made to  FIG.  8   , illustrating a wave-front control process, using a CBC system with wave-front control, according to some embodiments. This process may include: 
     receiving target data  81 , e.g. indicative of one or more target characteristics values such as a target positioning, movement characteristics values (such as speed), etc.; 
     determining control parameter(s) value(s) for COOB wave-front control  82  (e.g. determining focusing and/or steering related parameters values for focusing and/or steering the COOB towards the target, based on the target positioning target data); 
     controlling the wave-front of the COOB, based on determined control parameter(s) value(s)  83 , e.g. by generating and transmitting control commands and/or control signals for electronically/computer controlling of a focusing device and/or of a steering mechanism that can controllably change phase of each portion of the reference optical beam or each reference optical beam; 
     automatically and separately changing the phase and/or polarization of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector; wherein the changing of the phase/polarization of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output value of its respective optical interference signal  84 ; and 
     locking the phase and/or polarization of each respective input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal  85 . 
     Reference is made to  FIG.  9   , illustrating an embodiment of a process of a CBC system phase locking and COOB wave-front control, using M×N channels and M×N PCMs, based on received target data. This process may include: 
     receiving target data and setting phase of each of the reference optical beams e.g. using the M×N array of PCMs, based on the received target data  91 ; 
     for each ij channel: 
     receiving PDij current intensity reading (at time tc)  92 ; 
     storing the received PDij current reading  93 ; 
     if the intensity reading of the respective channel is not the first  94  comparing the received PDij intensity reading with one or more previously received PDij intensity readings (e.g. limited number of previous intensity readings taken within a limited time-span)  95  and checking whether the current intensity reading is higher or lower than at least one of the one or more previously received intensity readings of the respective channel ij  96 ; 
     if an optimal phase of the IOBij that provides an extremum intensity reading within the time-span is identified  96 , then the optimal phase is locked  97 ; 
     If the optimal phase is not identified, a phase change direction (e.g. increase or decrease) is determined and the respective phase of the IOBij is changed  98 . 
     Steps  92 - 98  can be repeated for each channel and for each predefined time-span, for locking onto the optimal phase of each respective channel in a fast and efficient manner. 
     According to some embodiments, all phase and/or polarization locking mechanisms described above, allow extremely fast and efficient phase/polarization locking such that can enable locking the phase/polarization within a locking time T lock  that is faster than or equal to the input optical beam phase/polarization change rate regardless of the environmental or other conditions influencing the input optical beams phase/polarization value instabilities (e.g. change and/or phase/polarization values fluctuations rate). 
     Examples 
     Example 1 is method for coherent beam combining (CBC) comprising: 
     generating a source optical beam, using a light source; 
     dividing the source optical beam into a M×N array of temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam; 
     generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the M×N input optical beams such that the output optical beams propagate along a first propagation direction; 
     dividing each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam, and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam; 
     directing the reference optical beam, such that the reference optical beam interferes with the sample optical beams, generating a plurality of corresponding optical interference signals; 
     providing a plurality of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity of a respective optical interference signal, and generate a power output value, indicative of the detected overall intensity of its respective optical interference signal; 
     automatically and separately changing a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of its corresponding optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector, wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating or estimating the correct phase and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith; and 
     locking the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the generating of the optical interference optical signals, measuring of the power output values of the multiple optical detectors and phase locking are carried out continuously and simultaneously for all M×N input and output optical beams and optical interference signals. 
     In example 2, the subject matter of example 1 may include, wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried by using M×N phase shifters (PSs), each PS being configured to change the phase of a respective input optical beam, and M×N control modules (CMs), each CM being associated with a different PS and a corresponding optical detector and configured to iteratively transmit control commands to its associated PS, based on the power output value received from the respective optical detector. 
     In example 3, the subject matter of example 2 may include, wherein the control command for each input PS are indicative only of an increase or decrease direction of the respective phase, such that each PS increases or decreases the phase of the respective input optical beam by predefined and/or controllable phase shift span Δϕ. 
     In example 4, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1 to 3 may include, wherein the step of generating the output optical beams is carried out using an array of M×N collimating elements for separately collimating each of the input optical beams. 
     In example 5, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1 to 4 may include, wherein the method may further comprise controlling one or more characteristics of a wave-front of the combined output optical beam. 
     In example 6, the subject matter of example 5 includes, wherein the one or more characteristics the wave-front of the combined output optical beam comprises one or more of: 
     far field (FF) distribution of the wave-front; 
     FF position of a central lobe formable by the combined output optical beams; 
     central lobe focusing characteristics; 
     wave-front spatial configuration; 
     environmental optical aberrations corrections. 
     In example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 5 to 6 may include, wherein the controlling of the one or more wave-front characteristics is carried out by controlling direction of a wave-front of the reference optical beam. 
     In example 8, the subject matter of example 7 may include, wherein the controlling of the wave-front of the reference optical beam is carried out by: 
     mechanically moving of an output end of an optical waveguide from which the reference optical beam is outputted; and/or 
     mechanically changing a relative positioning between the optical waveguide output end and a focusing lens located within the pathway of the reference optical beam. 
     In example 9, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 5 to 6 may include, wherein the controlling of the one or more wave-front characteristics is carried out by using an M×N array of phase controlling modules (PCMs), each PCM positioned and configured to control the phase of a different portion of the reference optical beam interfering with a respective sample optical beam. 
     In example 10, the subject matter of example 9 may include, wherein the M×N array of PCMs are electronically and/or digitally controllable. 
     In example 11, the subject matter of example 10 may include, wherein the M×N array of PCMs comprise a M×N array of spatial light modulators. 
     In example 12, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 5 to 11 may include, wherein the controlling of the one or more characteristics of the wave-front of the combined output optical beam is done according to a FF position of a target. 
     In example 13, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1 to 12, wherein the method may further include controlling polarization of each of the input optical beams, based on the received power output value of its respective optical interference signal. 
     In example 14, the subject matter of example 13 may include, wherein the controlling of the polarization of each of the input optical beams comprises the steps of: 
     automatically, and separately changing the polarization of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value from the respective optical detector; and locking the polarization of each respective input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value from the respective optical detector, wherein the changing of the polarization of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating or estimating the correct polarization and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith. 
     In example 15, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1 to 14, wherein the method may further include a controllably focusing of the combined output optical beam, using a controllable output beam collimating device. 
     Example 16 is a system for coherent beam combining (CBC) comprising: 
     a light source, generating a source optical beam; 
     a beam splitting mechanism, configured to divide the source optical beam into an array of M×N temporally coherent input optical beams and a reference optical beam; 
     an array of M×N collimating elements, configured to direct each of the input optical beams through a separate collimating element, generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the input optical beams passed through the collimating elements, such that the output optical beams are parallel to one another, defining a first propagation direction; 
     a beam splitting element, configured to divide each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam; 
     an array of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity of a respective optical interference signal and output a power output value that corresponds to the overall intensity of the respective optical interference signal; 
     a control subsystem, configured to continuously receive measured power output values from each of the optical detectors, change a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value from the respective optical detector, and lock the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating or estimating the correct phase and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith, 
     wherein the generating of the optical interference optical signals, measuring of the outputs of the multiple optical detectors and phase locking are carried out continuously and simultaneously for all M×N input and output optical beams and optical interference signals. 
     In example 17, the subject matter of example 16 may include, wherein the control subsystem comprises one or more of: 
     M×N phase shifters (PSs), each PS being configured to change the phase of a different input optical beam; and 
     M×N processing modules (PMs), each PM being configured to receive power output value of a different optical detector and control a PS associated therewith, in an iterative manner. 
     In example 18, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 16 to 17, wherein the system may further include one or more of: 
     a reference optical fiber for guiding the reference beam, the optical fiber having an input end for inputting light from the light source and an output end from which the reference beam is emitted; and 
     a reference beam collimator positioned such as to collimate the reference optical beam before interfering with the sample optical beams. 
     In example 19, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 16 to 18, wherein the system further includes a wave-front control mechanism, configured to control one or more characteristics of a wave-front of the combined output optical beam. 
     In example 20, the subject matter of example 19 may include, wherein the one or more characteristics of the wave-front of the combined output optical beam comprises one or more of: 
     far field (FF) distribution of the wave-front; 
     FF position of a central lobe formable by the combined output optical beams; 
     central lobe focusing characteristics; 
     wave-front spatial configuration; 
     environmental optical aberrations corrections. 
     In example 21, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 19 to 20 may include, wherein the wave-front control mechanism is configured to control a relative positioning between the reference optical fiber output end and the reference beam collimator, for steering control of the combined output optical beam. 
     In example 22, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 19 to 20, wherein the system further includes an M×N array of phase controlling modules (PCMs), each PCM positioned and configured to control the phase of a different portion of the reference optical beam interfering with a respective sample optical beam. 
     In example 23, the subject matter of example 22 may include, wherein the M×N array of PCMs are electronically and/or digitally controllable by the control subsystem or by a separate controller. 
     In example 24, the subject matter of example 23 may include, wherein the M×N array of PCMs comprise a M×N array of spatial light modulators (SLMs). 
     In example 25, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 19 to 24 may include, wherein the controlling of the one or more characteristics of the wave-front of the combined output optical beam is done according to a FF position of a target. 
     In example 26, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 16 to 25, wherein the system may further include M×N polarization controllers (PCs) each PC being associated with a different PM and configured to control polarization of each of the input optical beams, based on the received power output value of its respective measured power output value. 
     In example 27, the subject matter of example 26 may include, wherein the controlling of the polarization of each of the input optical beams comprises: 
     automatically, and separately changing the polarization of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal; and 
     locking the polarization of each respective input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the changing of the polarization of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output values of its respective optical interference signals, without calculating or estimating the correct polarization and/or without producing any other signal associated therewith. 
     In example 28, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 16 to 27, wherein the system may further include a focusing device, configured and position to controllably focus the combined output optical beam. 
     In example 29, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 16 to 28, wherein the system may further include an array of M×N optical waveguides, each being configured to guide therethrough a different input optical beam and/or an output optical beam. 
     In example 30, the subject matter of example 29 may include, wherein the optical waveguides are: optical fibers, fiber amplifiers, doped fibers. 
     Example 31 is a method for coherent beam combining (CBC) comprising: 
     providing a M×N array of temporally coherent input optical beams; 
     providing a reference optical beam; 
     generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the M×N input optical beams such that the output optical beams propagate along a first propagation direction; 
     dividing each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam; 
     directing the reference optical beam, such that the reference optical beam interferes with the sample optical beams, generating a plurality of optical interference signals; 
     providing a plurality of M×N optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity respective of each optical interference signal of the plurality of optical interference signals to generate a power output value that corresponds to the overall intensity of the respective optical interference signal; 
     automatically and separately changing a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value generated by the respective optical detector; wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output value of its respective optical interference signal; and 
     locking the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the generating of the optical interference optical signals, measuring of the outputs of the multiple optical detectors and phase locking are carried out continuously and simultaneously for all M×N input and output optical beams and optical interference signals. 
     Example 32 is a system for coherent beam combining (CBC) comprising: 
     an array of M×N temporally coherent input optical beams; 
     a reference optical beam; 
     an array of M×N collimating elements, configured to direct each of the input optical beams through a separate collimating element, generating M×N output optical beams corresponding to the input optical beams passed through the collimating elements, such that the output optical beams are parallel to one another, defining a first propagation direction; 
     a beam splitting element, configured to divide each of the output optical beams such that a first portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards the first propagation direction, all first portions of the output optical beams forming a combined output optical beam and a second portion of each of the output optical beams is directed towards a second propagation direction and used as a sample optical beam, directed such as to interfere with the reference optical beam, generating a plurality of optical interference signals; 
     a plurality of optical detectors, each being positioned and configured to measure an overall intensity of a respective optical interference signal and output a power output value that corresponds to the overall intensity of the respective optical interference signal; and 
     a control subsystem, configured to continuously receive measured power output values from each of the optical detectors, change a phase of each of the input optical beams, while comparing the measured power output value of the respective optical interference signal with at least one previously measured power output value from the respective optical detector, and lock the phase of the input optical beam when reaching an extremum power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the changing of the phase of each input optical beam is carried out directly based on the measured power output value of its respective optical interference signal, 
     wherein the generating of the optical interference optical signals, measuring of the outputs of the multiple optical detectors and phase locking are carried out continuously and simultaneously for all M×N input and output optical beams and optical interference signals. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of some of the embodiments. 
     Any digital computer system, unit, device, module and/or engine exemplified herein can be configured or otherwise programmed to implement a method disclosed herein, and to the extent that the system, module and/or engine is configured to implement such a method, it is within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Once the system, module and/or engine are programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to computer readable and executable instructions from program software that implements a method disclosed herein, it in effect becomes a special purpose computer particular to embodiments of the method disclosed herein. The methods and/or processes disclosed herein may be implemented as a computer program product that may be tangibly embodied in an information carrier including, for example, in a non-transitory tangible computer-readable and/or non-transitory tangible machine-readable storage device. The computer program product may directly loadable into an internal memory of a digital computer, comprising software code portions for performing the methods and/or processes as disclosed herein. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the methods and/or processes disclosed herein may be implemented as a computer program that may be intangibly embodied by a computer readable signal medium. A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a non-transitory computer or machine-readable storage device and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with apparatuses, systems, platforms, methods, operations and/or processes discussed herein. 
     The terms “non-transitory computer-readable storage device” and “non-transitory machine-readable storage device” encompasses distribution media, intermediate storage media, execution memory of a computer, and any other medium or device capable of storing for later reading by a computer program implementing embodiments of a method disclosed herein. A computer program product can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by one or more communication networks. 
     These computer readable and executable instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable and executable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable and executable instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     A module, a device, a mechanism, a unit and or a subsystem may each comprise a machine or machines executable instructions (e.g. commands). A module may be embodied by a circuit or a controller programmed to cause the system to implement the method, process and/or operation as disclosed herein. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising, e.g., custom very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, an Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, and/or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices and/or the like. 
     In the discussion, unless otherwise stated, adjectives such as “substantially” and “about” that modify a condition or relationship characteristic of a feature or features of an embodiment of the invention, are to be understood to mean that the condition or characteristic is defined to within tolerances that are acceptable for operation of the embodiment for an application for which it is intended. 
     Unless otherwise specified, the terms “substantially”, “about” and/or “close” with respect to a magnitude or a numerical value may imply to be within an inclusive range of −10% to +10% of the respective magnitude or value. 
     It is important to note that the method may include is not limited to those diagrams or to the corresponding descriptions. For example, the method may include additional or even fewer processes or operations in comparison to what is described in the figures. In addition, embodiments of the method are not necessarily limited to the chronological order as illustrated and described herein. 
     Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”, “checking”, “estimating”, “deriving”, “selecting”, “inferring” or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer&#39;s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer&#39;s registers and/or memories or other information storage medium that may store instructions to perform operations and/or processes. The term determining may, where applicable, also refer to “heuristically determining”. 
     It should be noted that where an embodiment refers to a condition of “above a threshold”, this should not be construed as excluding an embodiment referring to a condition of “equal or above a threshold”. Analogously, where an embodiment refers to a condition “below a threshold”, this should not be construed as excluding an embodiment referring to a condition “equal or below a threshold”. It is clear that should a condition be interpreted as being fulfilled if the value of a given parameter is above a threshold, then the same condition is considered as not being fulfilled if the value of the given parameter is equal or below the given threshold. Conversely, should a condition be interpreted as being fulfilled if the value of a given parameter is equal or above a threshold, then the same condition is considered as not being fulfilled if the value of the given parameter is below (and only below) the given threshold. 
     It should be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element and/or feature, such reference is not to be construed as there being only one of those elements. Hence, reference to “an element” or “at least one element” for instance may also encompass “one or more elements”. 
     Terms used in the singular shall also include the plural, except where expressly otherwise stated or where the context otherwise requires. 
     In the description and claims of the present application, each of the verbs, “comprise” “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of components, elements or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. 
     Unless otherwise stated, the use of the expression “and/or” between the last two members of a list of options for selection indicates that a selection of one or more of the listed options is appropriate and may be made. Further, the use of the expression “and/or” may be used interchangeably with the expressions “at least one of the following”, “any one of the following” or “one or more of the following”, followed by a listing of the various options. 
     It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments or example, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, example and/or option, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment, example or option of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments, examples and/or optional implementation are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment, example and/or optional implementation is inoperative without those elements. 
     It is noted that the terms “in some embodiments”, “according to some embodiments”, “according to some embodiments of the invention”, “for example”, “e.g.”, “for instance” and “optionally” may herein be used interchangeably. 
     The number of elements shown in the Figures should by no means be construed as limiting and is for illustrative purposes only. 
     It is noted that the terms “operable to” can encompass the meaning of the term “modified or configured to”. In other words, a machine “operable to” perform a task can in some embodiments, embrace a mere capability (e.g., “modified”) to perform the function and, in some other embodiments, a machine that is actually made (e.g., “configured”) to perform the function. 
     Throughout this application, various embodiments may be presented in and/or relate to a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the embodiments. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range. 
     The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals there between.