Patent Publication Number: US-4544381-A

Title: Process for removal of emission gas pollutants by biological means

Description:
The present invention relates to a method for scrubbing emission gases in which the gases that contain noxious substances and oxygen are brought into contact with an aqueous suspension of microorganisms with the result that the noxious substances are removed. 
     Such methods have already been described. However, the concentration of pollutants in exhaust gases is usually so low that only a low concentration of biomass can be maintained in the aqueous suspension. The known methods of this type have a capability for degradation which is limited by the low concentration of microorganisms and therefore require large volumes of aqueous microorganism suspension and a high rate of circulation in order to achieve a satisfactory removal of pollutants. 
     The object of the present invention is to achieve a high rate of degradation during relatively short contact periods between gas and the suspension of microorganisms which has a high concentration of microorganisms and, in relation to the volume of gas to be scrubbed, a low aqueous volume. More precisely, the present invention relates to a method for scrubbing oxygen-containing gases that are contaminated with biologically degradable substances by bringing the gases into contact with an aqueous suspension of suitable microorganisms and which is characterised by the following features: 
     (a) the period of contact between gas and suspension is between 0.5 seconds and 5 seconds; 
     (b) the suspension is brought into contact with the gas again after a retention time of between 3 minutes and 10 minutes; 
     (c) there is a constant feeding in of active biomass suspension in amounts lying between 0.5% and 5% of the total suspension, whereby 
     (d) excess suspension is removed. 
     The continuous introduction of active biomass into the circulating suspension between the gas contact phase and the retention time phase means that it is possible to maintain a highly active biomass in the suspension that exhibits a high rate of degradation in the presence of low concentrations of pollutants, i.e. low concentrations of nutrients. 
     The contact between gas and liquid is achieved at a ratio of gas volume flow, under normal conditions, to fluid volume flow of between 6 and 30 whereby a large surface area for the transfer of gas into the liquid is achieved by the simultaneous generation of droplets. 
     The preferred apparatus for the generation of gas-fluid contact is the jet washer or the Venturi washer. The noxious substances enter into solution at the surface of the liquid droplets during the phase of contact between gas and liquid. The highly active biomass results in a continuous degradation which in turn means that a concentration gradient is maintained at the surface of the liquid and thus inhibits the formation of saturation concentrations in the boundary layer. 
     This especially high, short-term activity of the biomass, which is of importance during the period of contact between gas and suspension, is attained during the retention period following contact, because it is during this period that a complete degradation of pollutants is carried out while no further noxious substances are being introduced. 
     The suspension, which is more or less free of noxious substances, is then brought into contact with the gas again. This more or less complete degradation of pollutants during the retention period is achieved by preventing the remixing of the suspension as much as possible before it is brought into contact with the gas again. 
     In this respect it has been found that in general a two-phase retention period is sufficient. The concentration of biomass in the suspension is preferably 0.2-1 g dry weight per liter of suspension and in particular 0.5-0.8 g dry weight per liter. 
     The concentration of the active biomass which is being continuously introduced into the system is preferably 0.5-2 g dry weight per liter and in particular above 0.8 g dry weight per liter. Concentrations of 1 g dry weight per liter are generally sufficient. 
     The active biomass that, according to this invention, is introduced into the system is produced in a fermenter as appropriate. The fermenter is operated as an air-lift fermenter whereby the air that is introduced into the column of the fermenter contains the emission gas components at a high concentration or substances that are similar to the components of the emission gas with respect to their biodegradability. The longer period of contact between air and the aqueous suspension in the fermenter (air-lift column) means that a high concentration of biomass can be maintained with an adequate supply of nutrients. 
     It is usually necessary to regulate the typical biochemical parameters such as pH stabilisation, temperature stabilisation, nutrient supply and removal of metabolites. According to the invention a maintained pH of between 7 and 8 is preferred. This can be attained by addition of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. The temperature in the fermenter and also in the suspension that comes into contact with the emission gas should be between 25° C. and 35° C., preferably about 30° C. 
     With the method described in this invention it has been found only sparingly degradable substances, such as aliphatic and aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, can be removed from emission gases by up to one third. If the system is run in two stages, in other words two scrubbing systems as described in this invention are connected in series, the level of degradation of these sparingly degradable substances is increased to 50%. 
     The method according to the invention has been found to be especially advantageous because it is relatively insensitive to sudden increases in levels of acid or alkaline gases. This is because the pH regulation system responds quickly. The method according to the invention is therefore particularly suitable as the first stage in a multi-stage gas scrubbing plant whereby the subsequent stage can consist of, for example, a trickle filter filled with activated charcoal. Such trickle filters by themselves are very sensitive to variations in pH and temperature. If the emission gas treatment according to the invention is put in line in front of the trickle filter, the buffer effect of this preceding wash will synergistically improve the performance of the trickle filter, especially in long term operation. 
    
    
     The following is a more detailed explanation of the invention illustrated in the form of an example: 
     FIG. 1 shows the plan of the example system: 
    
    
     The jet washer 1 with the jet sprays 2 is fed with emission gas via supply line 3. Pump 7 pumps the aqueous suspension of microorganisms into the jet washer via supply line 4. 
     The suspension of microorganisms collects on the floor 5 of the jet washer after contact with the emission gas. The second retention stage for the microorganism suspension, which is designed to inhibit remixing of the suspension, is labelled 6. There is a concomitant, continuous supply of active biomass from fermenter 9 via supply line 13 into the retention time chamber. The fermenter 9 is aerated via supply line 12 whereby the aerated gas is supplemented via supply line 11 with gaseous nutrients which have biodegradation properties similar to, and which are present in similar amounts to, the noxious subatnces present in the emission gases. Inorganic salt buffer solution is supplied to the filter via line 19. Excess aqueous solution is removed via line 18. The scrubbed exhaust gas leaves the filter via line 20. A more detailed description of the conditions follows: 
     The fermenter 9 had a volume of 301 where 21 of nutrient salt solution containing 
     300 mg (NH 4 ) 2  HPO 
     200 mg Mg SO 4   
     32 mg KCl 
     30 mg CaCl 2   
     1000 mg NaHCO 3   
     were added per hour. 
     The addition of 250 liters gas per hour to the fermenter was made via line 12 whereby 
     3.3 ml/hr methylene chloride 
     1.25 ml/hr toluene 
     0.83 ml/hr xylene (technical grade) and 
     0.41 ml/hr chlorobenzene 
     were added to the air via line 11. 
     Biomass suspension containing 1 g dry weight per liter was removed from the fermenter at a rate of 2 liter per hour. 1.4 m 3  suspension/hour was circulated through the jet washer 1 via line 4. 
     The volume of suspension in the base 5 of the jet washer and in the retention time chamber 6 of the jet washer was 801. 10 m 3  of air per hour was added via 3. The exhaust gas was then led into a trickle filter column of 300 mm diameter and a working height of 780 mm which contained 20 kg granulated activated charcoal. 
     The content of pollutants in the input emission gas, the content at the outlet of the jet washer and of the trickle filter, as well as the total reduction in the amount of pollutants in the scrubbed emission gas are described in table 1 for three different flow rates. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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(Data expressed as mg/m.sup.3)                                            
             Outlet                                                       
                  Outlet       Outlet                                     
                                    Outlet       Outlet                   
                                                      Outlet              
             Jet  Trickle                                                 
                      Total    Jet  Trickle                               
                                        Total    Jet  Trickle             
                                                          Total           
          Inlet                                                           
             Washer                                                       
                  Filter                                                  
                      reduction                                           
                           Inlet                                          
                               Washer                                     
                                    Filter                                
                                        reduction                         
                                             Inlet                        
                                                 Washer                   
                                                      Filter              
                                                          reduction       
Gas Flow Rate                                                             
          12 m.sup.3 /h    5 m.sup.3 /h      3 m.sup.3 /h                 
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Methyl Chloride                                                           
          21 15.5 9   57%  21  17   6   71%  17.5                         
                                                 13.5 3   83%             
Ethyl Chloride                                                            
          78 67   35.5                                                    
                      54%  71.5                                           
                               62.5 27  62%  6.6 5    2   70%             
Dichloromethane                                                           
          120                                                             
             97.5 49.5                                                    
                      59%  132.5                                          
                               120  50.5                                  
                                        62%  155 140  66.5                
                                                          57%             
Dichloroethane                                                            
          140                                                             
             86   22.5                                                    
                      84%  90.5                                           
                               60   18.5                                  
                                        77%  110 79   31  72%             
Dimethylether                                                             
          83 53   28.5                                                    
                      65%  61.5                                           
                               43   20.5                                  
                                        67%  64  47   22.5                
                                                          65%             
Benzene    2 2    &lt;1  50%  1   &lt;1   &lt;1  100% 1   1    &lt;1                  
Toluene   22 18.5 2   91%  15.5                                           
                               13.5 &lt;2  87%  7   6.5  &lt;2  71%             
Xylene    84 60.5 &lt;2  98%  75  60   &lt;2  97%  45  25   &lt;2  96%             
Ethylbenzene                                                              
          33 25.5 &lt;2  94%  21.5                                           
                               16.5 &lt;2  91%  14.5                         
                                                 9    &lt;2  86%             
Chlorobenzene                                                             
          15 10.5 &lt;2  87%  8.5 7    &lt;2  76%  3.5 3.5  2   43%             
Chlorotoluene                                                             
          22 13   &lt;2  91%  17  13.5 &lt;2  88%  8   5    &lt;2  75%             
Sum of hydrocarbons                                                       
          294                                                             
             207.5                                                        
                  45  85%  249 201.5                                      
                                    39  84%  165.5                        
                                                 117.5                    
                                                      27  84%             
based on propane                                                          
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