Patent Publication Number: US-2022225628-A1

Title: Functionalized non-dairy base and method for producing non-dairy analogs

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/086,252, filed on 30 Oct. 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/820,502, filed on 16 Mar. 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/874,885, filed on 16 Jul. 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/819,431, filed on 15 Mar. 2019, each of which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to the field of food science and more specifically to a new and useful non-dairy base mixture and method for producing non-dairy analogs in the field of food processing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a flowchart representation of a method; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are flowchart representations of the method; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are schematic representations of a composition; 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart representation of the method; and 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are flowchart representations of the method. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments but rather to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use this invention. Variations, configurations, implementations, example implementations, and examples described herein are optional and are not exclusive to the variations, configurations, implementations, example implementations, and examples they describe. The invention described herein can include any and all permutations of these variations, configurations, implementations, example implementations, and examples. 
     1. Non-Dairy Base Mixture Composition 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1, 3A, 3B, 4, 5A, and 5B , a non-dairy base mixture composition (hereinafter a “base mixture composition”) includes: a proportion of water defining an aqueous phase; a proportion of salt dissolved in the aqueous phase; a proportion of calcium dissolved in the aqueous phase; a proportion of plant-extracted proteins configured to form a barrier between the aqueous phase and oil droplets of an oil phase; a proportion of sweeteners; a proportion of fats defining the oil phase and comprising a volume of oil droplets dispersed throughout the aqueous phase; and a proportion of starches. 
     In one variation, the base mixture composition includes: a proportion of water; a proportion of salt; a proportion of calcium including calcium lactate and/or calcium gluconate; a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including rapeseed proteins (e.g., canola proteins); a proportion of starches including modified food starches and/or tapioca maltodextrin; a proportion of sweeteners including cane sugar, tapioca syrup, and/or vanilla extract; and a proportion of fats including low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (e.g., canola oil). 
     2. Base Mixture 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1, 3A, 3B, and 4 , a base mixture  100 : includes the base mixture composition; excludes dairy proteins; and is configured to form a set of consumable, non-dairy products (e.g., non-dairy milk, non-dairy frozen dessert, non-dairy yogurt, non-dairy cheese). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1, 3A, 3B, and 4 , one variation of the base mixture  100  includes: an emulsion (e.g., formed of the base mixture composition) configured to form a set of consumable non-dairy products excluding dairy proteins and including: a proportion of water defining an aqueous phase; a proportion of salt dissolved in the proportion of water; a proportion of calcium dissolved in the proportion of water; a proportion of plant-extracted proteins configured to form a barrier between the aqueous phase and oil droplets of an oil phase; a proportion of starches configured to stabilize the emulsion; a proportion of sweeteners; and a proportion of fats defining the oil phase and including a volume of oil droplets dispersed throughout the aqueous phase and configured to cooperate with the proportion of plant-extracted proteins to form the emulsion. 
     One variation of the base mixture  100  includes: a proportion of water defining an aqueous phase; a proportion of salt dissolved in the aqueous phase; a proportion of calcium dissolved in the aqueous phase; a proportion of sweeteners; a proportion of fats defining an oil phase comprising a volume of oil droplets dispersed throughout the aqueous phase; a proportion of Canola proteins configured to form a barrier between oil droplets of the oil phase and the aqueous phase to form an emulsion excluding dairy proteins and configured to form a set of consumable non-dairy products excluding dairy proteins; and a proportion of starches configured to stabilize the emulsion. 
     One variation of the base mixture  100  includes: a volume of a base mixture  100  includes an aqueous phase  102  including: a proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of salt  120  dissolved in the proportion of water  110  and configured to solubilize proteins in the aqueous phase  102 ; a proportion of calcium  130  dissolved in the proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of proteins  140  configured to form a barrier between the aqueous phase  102  and oil droplets  172  of an oil phase  104 ; a proportion of starches  150  configured to stabilize the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104 ; and a proportion of sweeteners  160 . The volume of the base mixture  100  further includes the oil phase  104  defining a volume of oil droplets  172  dispersed throughout the aqueous phase  102 , immiscible in the aqueous phase  102 , and configured to form an emulsion with the aqueous phase  102 . 
     One variation of the base mixture  100  includes: a first proportion of water  110  forming an aqueous phase  102 ; a first proportion of salt  120  dissolved in the aqueous phase  102 ; a first proportion of calcium  130  dissolved in the aqueous phase  102 ; a first proportion of sweeteners  160  dissolved in the aqueous phase  102 ; a first proportion of fats  170  forming an oil phase  104  and configured to form oil droplets  172  dispersed throughout the aqueous phase  102 . The base mixture  100  further includes a first proportion of a protein-starch blend  145  including a first proportion of proteins  140  and a first proportion of starches  150 , and configured to: absorb water in the aqueous phase  102 ; form an interface between the aqueous phase  102  and oil droplets  172  of the oil phase  104  to form an emulsion; and form micelles responsive to acidification of the emulsion. The base mixture  100  further includes a second proportion of starches configured to absorb water from the first proportion of water  110  and stabilize the aqueous phase  102  in the emulsion. 
     In another variation, the volume of the base mixture  100  includes an aqueous phase  102  including: a proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of salt  120  dissolved in the proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of calcium  130  dissolved in the proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of proteins hydrated by the proportion of water  110  and configured to interact with the proportion of calcium  130  to form micelles; a proportion of starches hydrated by the proportion of water  110 ; and a proportion of sweeteners. The volume of the base mixture  100  further includes an oil phase  104 : including a proportion of fats; immiscible in the aqueous phase  102 ; and configured to interact with a subset of the proportion of proteins and a subset of the proportion of starches to form an emulsion with the aqueous phase  102 . 
     In one variation, the base mixture  100  further includes: a proportion of a buffer configured to raise a pH of the base mixture  100 ; and a proportion of an amino acid configured to counter desiccation of the base mixture  100  generated by the proportion of proteins. 
     3. Method 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B , a method S 100  for generating a non-dairy base mixture  100  (hereinafter “base mixture  100 ”) includes: treating a volume of water  110  with a first set of ingredients to form a first mixture in Block S 110 , the first set of ingredients including salt and soluble in the volume of water  110 ; mixing a second set of ingredients at a first speed for a first duration into the first mixture to form a second mixture in Block S 120 , the second set of ingredients including a protein-starch blend; adding a third set of ingredients to the second mixture to form a third mixture in Block S 130 , the third set of ingredients including sweeteners; pasteurizing the third mixture within a first temperature range and for a second duration in Block S 140 ; blending an oil into the third mixture, regulated within a second temperature range, to form an emulsion including a dispersion of oil droplets  172  within the volume of water no in Block S 150 ; homogenizing the emulsion, regulated within a third temperature range, over a third duration to form a base mixture  100  in Block S 160 ; and cooling the base mixture  100  from within the third temperature range to within a fourth temperature range in Block S 170 . 
     In one variation, the method further includes: adding an acid to the third mixture, prior to blending the oil into the third mixture, to promote micelle formation between proteins, starches, and the dispersion of oil droplets  172  in the base mixture  100  in Block S 180 . 
     In one variation, the method S 100  further includes: hydrating the second set of ingredients in the second mixture without shear for a fourth duration; adding a fourth set of ingredients to the third mixture in Block S 142 , the fourth set of ingredients including a proportion of a buffer configured to raise a pH level of the third mixture and a proportion of an amino acid configured to neutralize tannins present in the second set of ingredients; and storing the base mixture  100  in a chilled environment to inhibit reactions between the second set of ingredients. 
     4. Applications 
     Generally, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a set of ingredients can be mixed to form a base mixture  100  that can be processed further—according to various food processing techniques and/or in combination with additional ingredients—to form various dairy-alternative end products (e.g., excluding dairy proteins and excluding dairy ingredients), such as: a non-functional milk substitute for direct consumption; a functional milk substitute for baking, for at-home cheese-making, or that may be frothed; non-dairy frozen yogurt; non-dairy ice cream; non-dairy cream cheese; non-dairy soft cheese; non-dairy hard cheese; etc. The base mixture  100  can include: water, salt, starches, sugars, proteins, and calcium. These ingredients can be mixed in particular concentrations designated for the base mixture  100  (or at concentrations designated for a particular end product derived from the mixture) and processed at high sheer to form a homogeneous mixture. These ingredients are then heated to a target temperature and emulsified with oil to reach a stable emulsion exhibiting substantially uniform oil droplet size (e.g., one to ten microns). This addition of oil to the homogeneous aqueous mixture initiates the formation of micelles in the resulting plant-based, non-dairy milk substitute. In particular, the base mixture  100  includes this set of ingredients and is processed to form micelles, which define microscopic structures that include hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and are formed by aggregate surfactant molecules in aqueous solution, which enable the base mixture  100  to be transformed into many different forms, such as a non-dairy hard cheese, soft cheese, yogurt, cream, spread, ice cream, and/or butter, etc., much like a bovine milk. However, the base mixture  100  can include additional and/or any substitute ingredients to achieve qualities (e.g., taste, texture, functionality) of any other traditional dairy product. For example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a consumable, non-dairy product (e.g., non-dairy milk, non-dairy cream, non-dairy frozen dessert, non-dairy spreadable cheese) exhibiting a target flavor profile, a target texture profile, and/or a target color profile (or “pigment profile”) corresponding to a traditional dairy product. 
     Therefore, these ingredients can be combined in a particular sequence, at specific temperatures, and under particular conditions according to the method in order to enable and control micelle formation within the resulting base mixture  100 . In particular, rather than rely on micelles that are naturally present—in varying concentrations—in bovine milk (or milk from other animals) for functionality, and rather than filter or mix large batches of bovine milk in order to achieve consistent micelle concentrations across bovine milk products, the ingredients of the base mixture  100  can instead be combined according to the method to yield any volume of base mixture  100  (e.g., from 10 grams to 10 cubic meters) with a consistent concentration (e.g., +/−0.1% by volume) of micelles. 
     Following micelle formation, this mixture can be homogenized in order to prevent phase separation and form a functionalized non-dairy base mixture  100 . This functionalized non-dairy base mixture  100  can then be packaged and served directly to consumers, who may then froth (e.g., for coffee products), bake with, or make cheese with this functionalized non-dairy base mixture  100  in place of bovine milk (or milk from another animal). Additionally or alternatively, this functionalized non-dairy base mixture  100  can be selectively processed—such as with acidification or refrigeration processes—according to the method in order to form other end products, such as: non-dairy ice cream; non-dairy cream cheese; non-dairy soft cheese; and non-dairy hard cheese. 
     For example, the base mixture  100  can include both an aqueous phase  102  and an oil phase  104 , due to the addition of oil during emulsification of the base mixture  100 . Starches present in the base mixture  100  stabilize the aqueous phase  102  of the base mixture  100  and thus maintain components of the mixture in a homogeneous suspension. A cassava base starch in the base mixture  100 —which can exist in both the aqueous phase  102  and oil phase  104 —stabilizes fats in the oil. Proteins, which include both hydrophobic and hydrophilic tails, bind to both the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  in the mixture, thus forming a protective shell (or “barrier”) between oil droplets  172  of the oil phase  104  and water and other components of the aqueous phase  102 . This combination of proteins and starches thus enable emulsion of the oil into the aqueous phase  102  of the base mixture  100  via dispersion of oil droplets  172  throughout the aqueous phase  102  and to form a homogeneous mixture. 
     When the base mixture  100  (or emulsion) is acidified—such as by addition of lactic or citric acid, the proteins expel both water and oil and seek starches that are currently bound to oils in the emulsion. The starches in the water phase thus separate to yield an aqueous phase  102  with salts, sugars, and starches. The resulting functionalized base mixture  100  can then be: chilled and processed in an ice cream machine to form ice cream; chilled, further acidified, and treated with an appropriate culture to form frozen yogurt; further chilled to form whipped topping; heated and further acidified before being chilled to form soft cheese (e.g., a mozzarella, cream cheese); or heated, further acidified, chilled, and then aged to form a hard cheese. These end products may therefore form non-dairy alternatives to traditional dairy products that exhibit similar functionalities, textures, stiffness, viscosities, thermo-reversibilities, and meltabilities as their dairy counterparts. 
     The base mixture  100  can be mixed to include additional ingredients—such as waxy maize, tapioca maltodextrin, natural flavors, and/or bioavailable trace minerals—such that resulting end products exhibit similar flavors and functionalities as their dairy counterparts. 
     5. Base Mixture 
     The base mixture  100  can be processed to produce a set of end products (e.g., non-dairy end products)—such as frozen yogurt (e.g., a non-dairy frozen “yogurt”) or a hard cheese (e.g., a non-dairy hard “cheese”). In particular, the base mixture  100  can be modified to produce various “higher-order” dairy-substitute products including: functional milk (e.g., a non-dairy milk product processed to form micelles that enable transformation into cheese); soft-serve ice cream; hard-packed ice cream; yogurt; whipped cream; spreadable cheeses; soft cheeses; and/or hard cheeses; etc. 
     Generally, (substantially) regardless of end product, the base mixture  100  includes a base set of ingredients including: water, salt, calcium, starches, proteins, sugars, and fat (e.g., oil). The base mixture  100  can be adjusted to include varying concentrations of each of these ingredients based on designated end product. In one implementation, the base mixture  100  includes: a proportion of water  110 ; a proportion of salt  120 ; a proportion of calcium  130 ; a proportion of starch; a proportion of protein; a proportion of sugar; and a proportion of fat (e.g., oil). Depending on the end product, these proportions may be adjusted. 
     For example, a first batch of the base mixture  100 —configured to generate whipped cream—can include: a first proportion of water  110 , a first proportion of salt  120 , a first proportion of calcium  130 , a first proportion of starch, a first proportion of protein, a first proportion of sugar, and a first proportion of oil. A second batch of the base mixture  100 —configured to generate ice cream—can include: a second proportion of water, a second proportion of salt, a second proportion of calcium, a second proportion of starch, a second proportion of protein, a second proportion of sugar, and a second proportion of oil, the second proportion of salt greater than the first proportion of salt  120 . A third batch of the base mixture  100 —configured to make cheese—can include: a third proportion of water, a third proportion of salt, a third proportion of calcium, a third proportion of starch, a third proportion of protein, a third proportion of sugar, a third proportion of oil, and a first proportion of acid, the third proportion of salt greater than the second proportion of salt. The third batch of the base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of acid, configured to promote micelle formation within this mixture. Additionally, the proportion of salt  120  (e.g., salt content) of the base mixture loo may be adjusted between the three batches in order to regulate protein gelation and thus regulate a firmness of a resulting end product. 
     In one implementation, a single base mixture  100  can be developed and functionalized initially with one common set of target concentrations for its ingredients regardless of a designated end product. Additional ingredients may then be added to this base mixture  100  in order to prepare the base mixture  100  for transformation into a particular non-dairy end product, such as by adding additional salt to prepare the base mixture  100  for transformation into a soft-serve ice cream or adding an acid to prepare the base mixture  100  for transformation into a cheese. Therefore, a (large) volume of the base mixture  100  can be divided into multiple subvolumes, each of which may correspond to a particular end product and may be incorporated with additional ingredients and processed further to form other non-dairy substitutes. 
     For example, the base mixture  100  can initially include: a first proportion of water  110 , a first proportion of salt  120 , a first proportion of calcium  130 , a first proportion of starch, a first proportion of protein, a first proportion of sugar; and a first proportion of oil. The base mixture  100  can be divided into a first subvolume designated to make whipped cream, a second subvolume designated to make soft-serve ice cream, and a third subvolume designated to make hard cheese. The first subvolume of the base mixture  100 —designated to make whipped cream—can be set aside and processed to generate whipped cream accordingly. The second subvolume—designated to make ice cream—can be adjusted to further include: a second proportion of salt configured to limit hardening of a soft-serve ice cream end product; and a second proportion of sugars configured to promote freezing point depression of the soft-serve ice cream end product. The third subvolume of the base mixture  100 —designated to make hard cheese—can be further adjusted to include a third proportion of salt and a first proportion of an acid configured to promote micelle formation in the third subvolume. 
     Similarly, the base mixture  100 : can define a functional non-dairy milk substitute that may be consumed directly in place of animal (e.g., bovine) milk (e.g., in place of skim, 2%, or whole milk); and can serve as a starting point for producing other non-dairy products. For example, a consumer may: purchase a carton of the functional milk product from a grocer; acidify all or a portion of this volume of the functional milk substitute; add a coagulant to the acidified functional milk substitute to trigger curdling; cut the resulting curd; stir, cook, and wash the curd; draw water from the curds; and salt and age the resulting mass, thereby transforming the functional milk substitute into a (hard) cheese at home, such as in a residential kitchen with a microwave or residential stove. Alternatively, the base mixture  100 —as a functional milk substitute—can be similarly processed in a factory setting to form cheese. 
     Alternatively, different base mixtures  100  containing different concentrations of the base ingredients can be produced and functionalized according to the designated end product. For example, in this implementation, a volume of the base mixture  100  designated for a soft-serve ice cream can be mixed and emulsified with a higher initial salt concentration than a volume of the base mixture  100  prepared for a non-functional milk. 
     5.1 Base Mixture Properties 
     The base mixture  100  can be configured to exhibit features that correspond to taste, texture, and characteristics of corresponding dairy products. For example, the base mixture  100  can include ingredients at particular concentrations such that—when fully processed to generate a particular non-dairy end product corresponding to a traditional dairy product—the base mixture  100  mimics the taste, texture, and characteristics of the traditional dairy product. The base mixture  100  can be configured to exhibit features similar to traditional dairy products such as: hardness and/or firmness, melting temperature range, freezing point range, freezing point depression, percent overrun, oil droplet size, oil droplet distribution, sweetness, etc. 
     Additionally, the functionalized base mixture  100  exhibits features that enable the functionalized base mixture  100  to behave similarly to dairy milk. More specifically, the base mixture  100  includes an aqueous phase  102  and an oil phase  104  emulsified into the aqueous phase  102 . The aqueous phase  102  includes water, starches, sugars, salts, and other solid ingredients. The oil phase  104  includes fats, starches, and proteins binding to these fats. Starches present in the aqueous phase  102  stabilize the base mixture  100  and function to maintain a homogeneous suspension of solid particles (e.g., ingredients) in the aqueous phase  102 , thus preventing phase separation. 
     6. Base Mixture Composition 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the base mixture  100  is a homogeneous mixture of an aqueous phase  102  defining a homogeneous suspension of solid particles and an oil phase  104  defining a volume of oil droplets  172  approximately uniformly distributed throughout the aqueous phase  102 . 
     Generally, the base mixture  100  includes a volume of water  110  and a set of ingredients added to the volume of water  110 . The set of ingredients includes: a first proportion of salt  120 , a first proportion of calcium  130 , a first proportion of protein  140 , a first proportion of starch  150 , a first proportion of sweeteners  160  (e.g., sugar), and a first proportion of fats  170 . 
     The base mixture  100  defines an aqueous phase  102  including: the first proportion of salt  120 , the first proportion of calcium  130 , the first proportion of proteins  140 , the first proportion of starches  150 , and the first proportion of sweeteners  160 . The base mixture  100  further defines an oil phase  104  including a first proportion of fats dispersed within the aqueous phase  102 . The base mixture  100  can be processed to form a homogeneous mixture including each of these ingredients. 
     The base mixture  100  can also include additional ingredients such as: oat fiber; waxy maize; tapioca maltodextrin; natural flavors; bioavailable trace minerals; L. Glutamine; a set of amino acids; octanoic acid; and/or di-potassium phosphate. 
     In one example, the base mixture  100  includes: a proportion of water; a proportion of salt; a proportion of calcium including calcium lactate and/or calcium gluconate; a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including rapeseed proteins (e.g., canola proteins); a proportion of starches including modified food starches and/or tapioca maltodextrin; a proportion of sweeteners including cane sugar, tapioca syrup, and/or vanilla extract; and a proportion of fats including low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (e.g., canola oil). In this example, this base mixture can be pasteurized, emulsified, homogenized, and/or cooled according to Blocks of the method S 100  as described above. The base mixture  100  can then be stored (e.g., refrigerated) and/or consumed as a non-dairy milk product (e.g., a non-dairy milk-substitute product). 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, additional ingredients can be added to the base mixture  100  and/or additional processing can be implemented to generate additional non-dairy products from this non-dairy milk-substitute product. 
     For example, the base mixture  100  can also include a proportion of amino acids configured to impart a particular set of features—such as related to functionality, digestibility, and/or flavor—to the resulting base mixture  100 , such that the resulting base mixture  100  exhibits a target functionality, digestibility, and/or flavor profile. Additionally and/or alternatively, in another example, the base mixture  100  can also include a proportion of di-potassium phosphate configured to prevent phase separation of the aqueous phase and the oil phase of the base mixture  100 . Additionally and/or alternatively, in yet another example, the base mixture  100  can also include a proportion of sodium octanoate configured to stabilize the proportion of proteins  140  in the base mixture  100 . 
     6.1 Salt 
     The base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of salt  120  dissolved in a volume of water  110 . Salt is initially added to water to form an aqueous salt-water mixture configured to hydrate proteins and starches of a protein-starch blend and promote unfurling of proteins. The base mixture  100  thus includes salt to promote unfurling of proteins in an aqueous mixture of salt and calcium prior emulsifying oil into the aqueous phase  102 . 
     Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include salt to prevent proteins in the base mixture  100  from forming a solid gel. The salt content can be adjusted to regulate an extent of protein gelation and a consistency of an end product produced by the base mixture  100 . Thus, the base mixture  100  can include different concentrations of salt for different end products to adjust consistency and texture of the base mixture  100  for a particular end product. For example, if the base mixture  100  designates whipped cream (i.e., a non-dairy whipped topping) as the end product, the base mixture  100  can include a relatively low proportion of salt  120 —above a minimum threshold—for increased protein gelation and thus increased firmness of the whipped cream. However, if the base mixture  100  designates ice cream as the end product, the base mixture  100  can include a higher proportion of salt  120 —below a maximum threshold—to achieve a creamier texture similar to a traditional dairy ice cream product. 
     In one implementation, the proportion of salt  120  dissolved in the volume of water  110  can be adjusted based on the isoelectric point of proteins in the proportion of proteins included in the base mixture φ. For example, a first batch (or “volume”) of the base mixture  100  can include: a first proportion of salt  120  dissolved in the volume of water  110 ; and a proportion of proteins defining a first isoelectric point. In this example, a second batch of the base mixture  100  can include: a second proportion of salt  120 , less than the first proportion of salt  120 , dissolved in the volume of water  110 ; and a proportion of proteins defining a second isoelectric point greater than the first isoelectric point. 
     Further, the base mixture  100  can include varying proportions of salt to adjust freezing point temperatures and/or regulate freezing point depressions of end products. For example, for a base mixture  100  designating ice cream as an end product, a subvolume of the base mixture  100  can include a first proportion of salt  120  and exhibit a first freezing point. This first subvolume of the base mixture  100  may be packed in pint-size containers and stored in freezers at grocery stores. A second subvolume of the base mixture  100  can include a second proportion of salt greater than the first proportion of salt  120  and exhibit a second freezing point less than the first freezing point. This second subvolume of the base mixture  100  may be stored in display freezers at ice cream shops, these display freezers maintained at lower temperatures than typical freezers at grocery stores. Thus, by including a higher salt content, the base mixture  100  exhibits freezing point depression and can be stored at lower temperatures while maintaining similar consistency (e.g., for ease of serving or scooping ice cream). 
     6.2 Calcium 
     The base mixture  100  can include a first proportion of calcium  130 . Calcium is added to the aqueous salt-water mixture in preparation for addition of the protein-starch blend. Different forms of calcium can be added to the salt-water mixture dependent on the specified end product. The base mixture  100  can include different forms of calcium such as: calcium citrate, calcium lactate gluconate, calcium anhydrous chloride, calcium sulfate, tri-calcium phosphate, etc. 
     The base mixture  100  can include different forms and different concentrations of calcium to regulate protein gelation and/or rigidity of the base mixture  100 . As calcium acts as a binder between the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  in the emulsion, the base mixture  100  can include different concentrations and types of calcium in the mixture to adjust a degree and duration of binding between water and oil droplets  172  in the base mixture  100 . 
     For example, a first subvolume of the base mixture  100  may designate a soft cheese as the end product. The first subvolume can include a first proportion of calcium  130 . A second subvolume of the base mixture  100  may designate a hard cheese as the end product. The second subvolume can include a second proportion of calcium greater than the first proportion of calcium  130 , the second proportion of calcium configured to promote binding between the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  of the base mixture  100  throughout an extended aging process of the hard cheese. Thus, by including a greater proportion of calcium  130 , the second subvolume of the base mixture  100  exhibits stronger binding between the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  over an extended duration when compared to the first subvolume of the base mixture  100 . 
     Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include different forms and concentrations of calcium to regulate overrun in the end product. 
     6.3 Protein 
     The base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of proteins  140 . Proteins in the base mixture  100  act as an emulsifier between the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  of the base mixture  100 . Proteins include both hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails, which in combination enable the proteins to bind the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  to form the emulsion. 
     Generally, the base mixture  100  includes the proportion of proteins  140  including plant-extracted proteins and excluding dairy proteins (i.e., proteins derived from dairy milk)—such as casein protein and/or whey protein—such that the resulting base mixture  100  is non-dairy (i.e., excludes dairy ingredients). Further, the base mixture  100  can be mixed to include the proportion of proteins  140  including a particular blend of proteins—extracted and/or processed according to a particular method (e.g., matched to the target end product)—and at a particular concentration such that the resulting base mixture  100  exhibits a target functionality, flavor, color, and/or texture. 
     The base mixture  100  can include the first proportion of protein  140  proportional to a proportion of fats included in the oil phase  104 , such that proteins fully emulsify oil droplets  172  in the base mixture  100 . Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include the first proportion of protein  140   s  proportional to the first proportion (or “volume”) of water such that proteins are fully hydrated by water in the aqueous phase  102 . Protein concentration can be modified relative to concentration of other ingredients in the base mixture  100  in order to regulate an extent of protein gelation, which affects structure of the base mixture  100  and end product. For example, a base mixture  100  can specify whipped cream as an end product. This base mixture  100  can include the first proportion of protein  140   s  configured to exhibit a greater extent of protein gelation, such that the first proportion of protein  140   s  exhibit high overrun and thus hold (or trap) air pockets in the base mixture  100 . Thus, the base mixture  100  can be configured to include proteins that hold air in the base mixture  100 , as opposed to traditional dairy products which include fats that hold air. 
     The base mixture  100  can include varying concentrations of protein to modify protein concentration based on the final product. In one implementation, the base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of protein  140   s  defining between two percent and eight percent of the base mixture  100  by weight. 
     Additionally, traditional dairy products typically specify a particular protein content. The base mixture  100  can be configured to reproduce this particular protein content in the base mixture  100  and thus in non-dairy (or “dairy-free”) end products, in order to achieve similar protein contents as dairy counterparts. 
     5.3.1 Protein Source 
     The proportion of proteins can be configured such that the resulting base mixture  100 —configured to form a consumable, non-dairy product—exhibits a target functionality, flavor, color, and/or texture matched to a dairy product (e.g., milk, whipping cream, ice cream, spreadable cheese, yogurt, hard cheese) corresponding to the consumable, non-dairy product formed by the base mixture  100 . Therefore, the proportion of proteins can include highly-functional proteins exhibiting characteristics of an emulsifier and/or a surfactant molecule, thereby enabling formation of the oil-in-water emulsion and/or micelle formation within this emulsion. Further, the proportion of proteins can be prepared (e.g., prior to mixing into the base mixture  100 ) via a purification process configured to improve protein functionality, flavor, color, and/or texture of the resulting base mixture  100 . 
     In particular, the proportion of proteins  140  (e.g., plant-extracted proteins) can be configured to exhibit a target functionality configured to regulate foaming, gelling, and/or micelle formation within the base mixture  100 . Additionally and/or alternatively, the proportion of proteins  140  can be configured to impart minimal color into the resulting base mixture  100 . For example, a protein filtration process—implemented prior to adding the proportion of proteins  140  to the base mixture—can include a set of filters configured to reduce (or “lighten”) yellowness exhibited by the proportion of proteins  140 . Additionally and/or alternatively, the proportion of proteins  140  can be configured to impart reduced “grassy” or “grain” flavors into the base mixture  100  (e.g., naturally and/or via the protein filtration process). 
     In one implementation, the proportion of proteins  140  can be configured to: exhibit a particular volatile profile—such as defining an amount of “grassy”, “grainy”, and/or “buttery” volatiles—corresponding to a target flavor profile of the resulting base mixture  100 ; exhibit a particular functionality profile—such as defining a set of binding, gelling, and/or foaming properties of proteins—corresponding to a target texture profile, a target flavor profile, and/or a target functionality of the resulting base mixture  100 ; and/or exhibit a particular pigment profile—such as a concentration or intensity of color—corresponding to a target color profile and/or target appearance of the resulting base mixture  100 . In this implementation, the base mixture  100  can define a target texture profile, target flavor profile, target functionality, target color profile and/or target appearance based on the target (or “desired”) consumable non-dairy product. 
     For example, a first volume of the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a consumable non-dairy whipped topping configured to exhibit a first profile (e.g., corresponding to traditional dairy whipped cream) defining: a first target flavor profile; and a first target texture profile. In this example, the first volume of the base mixture  100  can include a first proportion of proteins  140  configured to exhibit: a first volatile profile—defining a first concentration of a target volatile (e.g., a “grain” volatile, a “butter” volatile)—corresponding to the first target profile; and a first functionality profile—defining a first set of binding properties, a first set of gelling properties, and a first set of foaming properties—corresponding to the first target texture profile. 
     Further, in this example, a second volume of the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy frozen dessert configured to exhibit a second profile (e.g., corresponding to traditional dairy ice cream) including: a second target flavor profile; and a second target texture profile. The second proportion of proteins  140  can be configured to exhibit: a second volatile profile—defining a second concentration of the target volatile (e.g., exceeding the first concentration)—corresponding to the second target profile; and a second functionality profile—defining a second set of binding properties, a second set of gelling properties, and a second set of foaming properties—corresponding to the second target texture profile. 
     Therefore, these properties (e.g., volatile profile, functionality profile, pigment profile) of the proportion of proteins  140  can be controlled and/or regulated—such as before and/or after adding the proportion of proteins  140  to the base mixture  100 —in order to generate a base mixture  100  that exhibits a particular flavor, texture, color, and/or functionality profile. 
     In one implementation, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including proteins extracted from rapeseed. In particular, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of low-erucic acid rapeseed proteins (or “Canola proteins”) extracted from low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (or “Canola oil”). 
     In one example, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of Napin proteins extracted from Canola oil. In particular, the proportion of Napin proteins can be extracted from Canola oil via a filtration process (e.g., ultra-micron filtration) configured to isolate Napin proteins from Cruciferin proteins present in Canola oil and/or Canola meal (e.g., generated during cold expeller pressing of Canola oil). Additionally and/or alternatively, in another example, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of Canola proteins including a proportion of Napin proteins and/or a proportion of Cruciferin proteins. 
     The proportion of Canola proteins (i.e., low-erucic acid rapeseed proteins) can be configured to exhibit high-functionality—such as exhibited by an extent of binding, foaming, gelling, and/or shear strength—once extracted from Canola oil. Additionally and/or alternatively, the proportion of Canola proteins can be extracted (e.g., purified) according to a particular extraction process configured to increase propensity of these Canola proteins to form micelles in the base mixture  100 . 
     For example, during the extraction process, a base (e.g., a highly basic substance) can be added to the Canola proteins in order to flake out long-chain fatty acids that may form hydrophobic polymers. Later, when the proportion of Canola proteins are added to the base mixture  100 , these hydrophobic polymers can be configured to form micelles in the base mixture  100 . Additionally and/or alternatively, in another example, during the extraction process, an amount (e.g., percentage) of canola oil residual in extracted Canola proteins (e.g., Canola protein meal) can be regulated within a target range (e.g., between 5 percent and 10 percent). In this example, by maintaining the amount of Canola oil residual above a threshold amount (e.g., 1 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent), functionality of the proportion of Canola proteins as a surfactant can be improved or increased. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, the proportion of canola proteins  140  can be configured to impart reduced “grassy” or “grain” flavors into the base mixture  100 . For example, Canola protein meal can be generated via cold expeller pressing of Canola oil. The resulting Canola protein meal can be dried for a threshold duration (e.g., 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours) prior to filtration (e.g., ultra-micron filtration) of the Canola protein meal in order to enable reduction of grain volatiles (e.g., fresh grain volatiles) present in the Canola protein meal. 
     Alternatively, in another implementation, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including proteins extracted from other plants in the Brassicaceae (or “Cruciferae”) family. In one example, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including Brassica proteins, such as broccoli proteins and/or cabbage proteins. 
     In another implementation, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of potato proteins, such as proteins extracted from peels of potatoes. For example, the base mixture  100  can include a low pH stable potato protein extracted from potato peels via protein precipitation at relatively low pH levels (e.g., pH less than 4). Additionally and/or alternatively, in another example, the base mixture  100  can include a neutral pH stable protein. In one example, the base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of a particular potato protein extracted from peels of potatoes grown in the Netherlands. 
     In yet another implementation, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of plant-extracted proteins including: a first proportion of low-erucic rapeseed proteins (e.g., Canola proteins); and a second proportion of potato proteins. 
     6.4 Starch 
     The base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of starch  150 . The base mixture  100  includes the first proportion of starch  150  configured to stabilize the aqueous phase  102  of the base mixture  100  when mixing in additional ingredients and more specifically when emulsifying the oil into the base mixture  100 . The starch stabilizes the aqueous phase  102  by promoting the homogeneous suspension of proteins and starches in the base mixture  100 . By including starches configured to maintain this homogeneous suspension, the base mixture  100  can limit any phase separation, such that non-dairy end products exhibit smooth textures and consistencies similar to dairy counterparts. 
     The base mixture  100  can include different concentrations of starches to modify viscosity of the aqueous mixture. For example, the base mixture  100  can include a higher concentration of starch in the base mixture  100  configured to make ice cream, while the base mixture  100  can include a lower concentration of starch in the base mixture  100  configured to make yogurt. Thus, by including varying concentrations of starch, the base mixture  100  can exhibit different consistencies in the end product. 
     The base mixture  100  can include starches in various forms including: potato starch; cornstarch; cassava starch; waxy maize starch; tapioca maltodextrin; etc. The base mixture  100  can include a proportion of potato starch including starches extracted from peels of potatoes. The base mixture  100  can include starches and proteins extracted from the same type of potato. In one implementation, the base mixture  100  includes the first proportion of starch  150  including: a first quantity of potato starch; a first quantity of cornstarch; and a first quantity of cassava starch. In another implementation, the base mixture  100  includes the first proportion of starch  150  including: a first quantity of potato starch; a first quantity of cornstarch; a first quantity of cassava starch; a first quantity of waxy maize starch; and a first quantity of tapioca maltodextrin. In another implementation, the base mixture  100  includes the first proportion of starches  150  including: a first quantity of potato starch; a second quantity of waxy maize starch; and a third quantity of Tapioca Maltodextrin. 
     6.5 Sweetener 
     The base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of sweetener  160 . In addition to sugar, the base mixture  100  can include a first proportion of sweetener  160  such as: sugar, glucose, dextrose, maltose, corn syrup, tapioca syrup, brown rice syrup, etc. In one implementation, the base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of sweetener  160  including a first quantity of sugar and a first quantity of glucose. 
     The base mixture  100  can include varying concentrations of sweeteners configured to modify the taste and texture of the end product. The base mixture  100  includes sweeteners (e.g., sugar, glucose) and other solids in the aqueous phase  102  of the base mixture  100 . Inclusion of additional solids in the base mixture  100  increases stability and firmness of the aqueous solution. Thus, by including increased sweetener concentration in the base mixture  100 , the base mixture  100  can exhibit greater stability and better consistency. 
     Additionally, the base mixture  100  exhibits greater freeze point depression with higher concentrations of sweetener. In particular, the base mixture  100  can include higher concentrations of particular sweeteners (e.g., sucrose) in order to lower the freeze point of an end product. For example, a first subvolume of the base mixture  100  can include a first proportion of sweetener  160   s  including a first quantity of glucose and a first quantity sucrose, the first subvolume of the base mixture  100  exhibiting a first freeze point of 28 degrees Fahrenheit. A second subvolume of the base mixture  100  can include a second proportion of sweeteners—the second proportion greater than the first proportion—including the first quantity of glucose and a second quantity of sucrose greater than the first quantity of sucrose, the second subvolume of the base mixture  100  exhibiting a second freeze point of 26 degrees Fahrenheit. 
     6.6 Fat 
     The base mixture  100  includes a first proportion of fat (e.g., canola oil, sunflower oil, and/or safflower oil) . The first proportion of fat may be the final ingredient added to the base mixture  100 . Once the base mixture  100  reaches or exceeds a threshold temperature for emulsification, the oil may be added at a substantially consistent rate in order to generate uniform dispersion of approximately uniform oil droplets  172  (e.g., uniform shape, uniform size). The base mixture  100  includes a particular ratio of water to oil such to hydrate starches and sugars which compete for the same water content. Additionally and/or alternatively, the non-dairy base mixture  100  can include a proportion of fat corresponding to a standard proportion of fat present in a corresponding dairy product. For example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy whole milk product and can include a proportion of fat (e.g., canola oil) such that the resulting non-dairy whole milk product includes approximately 4.30 percent fat (e.g., within 0.50 percent). In another example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy 2% milk product and can include a proportion of fat such that the resulting non-dairy whole milk product includes approximately 2 percent fat (e.g., within 0.10 percent). In yet another example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy frozen dessert product (e.g., a non-dairy ice cream product) and can include a proportion of fat such that the resulting non-dairy frozen dessert product includes between 16 percent fat and 18 percent fat. 
     The base mixture  100  can include the first proportion of fat in the form of different oils depending on the specified end product. Fats and oils with higher saturated fat content may emulsify the base mixture  100  more readily and with greater consistency than fats with lower saturated fat content or unsaturated fat content. For example, olive oil contains a low saturated fat content and therefore may exhibit poor function as an emulsifier. Conversely, canola oil contains a high proportion of saturated fat content and can therefore emulsify the mixture more quickly and consistently and can persist in dispersion with the aqueous phase  102  of the base mixture  100  over a longer duration of time than olive oil. 
     Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include both unsaturated fats and saturated fats. For example, the base mixture  100  can include canola oil with high unsaturated fat content and low saturated fat content for the base mixture  100  configured to make ice cream. Alternatively, the base mixture  100  can include a rice bran oil with low unsaturated fat content and high saturated fat content for the base mixture  100  configured to make a hard cheese. 
     Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include additional fats configured to cooperate with unsaturated fats to act as substitute saturated fats. The base mixture  100  can include: monoglycerides; diglycerides; lecithin; etc. 
     7. Processing the Base Mixture 
     Generally, the base mixture  100  can initially incorporate the same set of (e.g., seven) ingredients, such as including: water, salt, calcium, starch, protein, sugar, and oil. However, concentrations of these base ingredients in the base mixture  100  may be set (i.e., adjusted) to yield different flavors, textures, stiffness, and/or states based on designated end products. 
     7.1 Preparing the Aqueous Phase 
     Block S 110  of the method S 100  recites treating a volume of water  110  with a first set of ingredients soluble in the volume of water  110 , the volume of water  110  within a first temperature range. Generally, the first set of ingredients can be dissolved in the volume of water  110  to generate an aqueous solution. 
     In one implementation, the first set of ingredients includes the first proportion of salt  120  and the first proportion of calcium  130 . In this implementation, the volume of water  110  can be treated with the first proportion of salt  120  and the first proportion of calcium  130  to prepare the aqueous phase  102  for addition of proteins and starches. Initially, the volume of water  110  can brought to or left at temperatures within a temperature range of approximately 40 degrees-F. to 110 degrees-F. (e.g., within ten percent), such that the first proportion of salt  120  and the first proportion of calcium  130  dissolve in the volume of water  110 . The first proportion of salt  120  can be dissolved in the first proportion of water  110  to form an aqueous salt-water mixture. The first proportion of calcium  130  can then be added to the aqueous salt-water mixture to form a first (aqueous) mixture. 
     Block S 120  of the method recites blending a second set of ingredients into the first mixture to generate a second mixture, the second set of ingredients including a protein-starch blend. The protein-starch blend can be mixed into the first mixture for a set duration (e.g., one minute, ten minutes, one hour) and at sufficient shear to achieve a homogeneous mixture of the protein-starch blend and the first mixture. 
     The protein-starch blend can be mixed prior to addition of this blend to the first mixture and can include a first proportion of protein  140   s  and a first proportion of starch  150   es . In one implementation, the second set of ingredients includes: a first quantity of plant-extracted protein, a second quantity of potato starch, a third quantity of cornstarch, and a fourth quantity of cassava starch. These ingredients can be mixed separately from the first mixture to form the protein-starch blend. 
     The second set of ingredients can additionally include: a first proportion of tapioca maltodextrin; a first proportion of an oat hydrocolloid; a first proportion of a gum (e.g., locust bean, Arabic); and/or a first proportion of bioavailable trace minerals. 
     The protein-starch blend can be mixed into the first mixture for a set duration corresponding to a volume of the first mixture. For example, if the volume of the first mixture is relatively small (e.g., less than 10 gallons), the protein-starch blend can be mixed into the first mixture for a set duration of 5 minutes. However, if the volume of the first mixture is relatively large (e.g., greater than 500 gallons), then the protein-starch blend can be mixed into the first mixture for a set duration of 20 minutes. Thus, the protein-starch blend can be mixed into the first mixture for the set duration proportional to the volume of the first mixture, in order to achieve homogeneity of the second mixture including both the first and second set of ingredients. The second mixture is then set to hydrate with no sheer for a set duration between 20 seconds and 30 minutes. 
     In one implementation, the protein-starch blend is mixed into the aqueous solution via a high-shear impeller. For example, the protein-starch blend can be mixed into the aqueous solution via a high shear bottom impeller operating between 1800 revolutions per minute and 2100 revolutions per minute for a set duration of 5 minutes. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, in another implementation, the protein-starch blend and/or proportion of proteins can be mixed into the base mixture  100  via a high-shear impeller operating at a shear within a target shear range (e.g., between 120 RPM and 1000 RPM) corresponding to a protein type (e.g., Canola, potato, cabbage) of proteins in the proportion of proteins. For example, if the proportion of proteins includes a highly-functional protein, the proportion of proteins can be mixed into the base mixture  100  at a first target shear (e.g., 150 RPM) configured to reduce foaming of the base mixture  100  due to the highly-functional protein. However, if the proportion of proteins includes a less-functional protein, the proportion of proteins can be mixed into the base mixture  100  at a second target shear (e.g., 100 RPM) less than the first target shear to conserve energy. Therefore, in order to cavitate foaming in the base mixture  100  when mixing in the proportion of proteins, the base mixture  100  can be mixed at a target shear proportional a functionality of these proteins, exhibited by an extent of foaming of the base mixture  100 . 
     In one variation, the second set of ingredients further includes sweeteners. For example, the second set of ingredients including proteins, starches, and sweeteners (e.g., sugar, glucose) can be mixed into the first solution to form the second solution. Sweeteners can be included in the second set of ingredients to promote dispersion of dry ingredients (e.g., starches) in the second mixture. Alternatively, sweeteners can be added following a hydration process in which proteins and starches absorb water from the aqueous solution. 
     Following addition of the second set of ingredients, the second solution can be left to hydrate for a set duration (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes) with no shear to enable hydration of the second set of ingredients (e.g., proteins, starches) in the second mixture. 
     Block S 130  of the method S 100  recites adding a third set of ingredients to the second mixture in a standard sequence to form a third mixture. The third set of ingredients can include sweeteners, such as: sugar; glucose; sucrose; maltose; corn syrup, tapioca syrup; flavorings (e.g., cocoa powder); etc. In one implementation, the third set of ingredients includes sugar, glucose, and sucrose. The proportions of each of these sweeteners may be adjusted depending on the desired end product. 
     In one implementation, the second and/or third mixture can be mixed (e.g., prior to pasteurization) to include a particular ratio of solids to liquid in the mixture. In particular, this mixture can be configured to exhibit a particular ratio of solids to liquids, such that the mixture exhibits a target viscosity in preparation for pasteurization of the mixture (e.g., the second and/or third mixture). By regulating viscosity of this mixture within a threshold deviation of the target viscosity, foaming of the base mixture  100  during pasteurization can be controlled. For example, during pasteurization, a first mixture exhibiting a first viscosity can exhibit a first extent of foaming. In this example, during pasteurization, a second mixture exhibiting a second viscosity, exceeding the first viscosity, can exhibit a second extent of foaming less than the first extent of foaming. 
     8. Pasteurization 
     Block S 140  of the method recites pasteurizing the third mixture, within a set temperature range and for a set duration. The third mixture can be heated to temperatures within the first temperature range (e.g., 150 degrees-F. to 200 degrees-F.) and held in this second temperature range for a set duration (e.g., 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour) to pasteurize the third mixture. For example, the third mixture—defining a homogeneous suspension of salt, calcium, proteins, starches, and sugars in water—can be heated to a temperature of  16 o degrees and held at this temperature for a duration of 30 minutes. The third mixture can be pasteurized to eliminate harmful bacteria and/or other contaminants present in the third mixture before undergoing further processing. 
     In particular, the third mixture—defining a homogenous suspension of salt, calcium, proteins, starches, and/or sugars in water—can be pasteurized according to a particular pasteurization process. 
     In one implementation, as shown in  FIG. 5B , the third mixture can be pasteurized via an HTST (or “high-temperature short-time”) pasteurization process. In this implementation, the third mixture can be: heated to a temperature within a high-temperature range (e.g., between 165 degrees Fahrenheit and 200 degrees Fahrenheit); and held at this temperature for a defined pasteurization duration (e.g., 25 seconds, 45 seconds, 1 minute). Upon expiration of the pasteurization duration, the third mixture can be run through a plate heat exchanger (e.g., within a threshold duration) to cool the third mixture to a temperature within a target temperature range (e.g., between 25 degrees Fahrenheit and 40 degrees Fahrenheit). 
     For example, the third mixture can be held at approximately (e.g., within five percent) 190 degrees Fahrenheit for a pasteurization duration of 25 seconds. The third mixture can then be cooled to a temperature of approximately (e.g., within 5 percent) 35 degrees Fahrenheit via running of the third mixture through a plate heat exchanger within 10-15 seconds of expiration of the pasteurization duration. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, in this implementation, the proportion of fats (e.g., low-erucic rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil) can be added to the mixture prior to pasteurization of the mixture. In particular, by pasteurizing the mixture at temperatures within a relatively high temperature range (e.g., between 165 degrees Fahrenheit and 200 degrees Fahrenheit) and therefore enabling pasteurization over a relatively short duration (e.g., less than 30 seconds), an extent (e.g., magnitude) of oxidation of unsaturated fats present in the proportion of fats can be reduced. 
     Alternatively, in another implementation, as shown in  FIG. 5A , the third mixture—including salt, calcium, proteins, starches, and/or sugars in water—can be pasteurized according to a slow pasteurization process (e.g., a lower-temperature, higher-duration pasteurization process). In particular, in this implementation, the third mixture can be pasteurized at temperatures within a lower temperature range (e.g., between 150 degrees Fahrenheit and 165 degrees Fahrenheit) and over a longer duration (e.g., exceeding 25 minutes). In one example, the third mixture can be held at approximately (e.g., within five percent) 156 degrees Fahrenheit for a duration of 30 minutes. In this implementation, the proportion of fats (e.g., oil) can be added to the mixture after pasteurization of the mixture in order to limit oxidation of unsaturated fats present in the proportion of fats. 
     The pasteurization process can be selected based on a type of processing (e.g., batch processing, semi-continuous processing) of the base mixture  100 . In particular, in one example, volumes of the base mixture  100  can be processed via batch-processing. In this example, the base mixture  100  can be pasteurized according to the slow pasteurization process. Alternatively, in another example, volumes of the base mixture  100  can be processed via semi-continuous processing. In this example, the base mixture  100  can be pasteurized according to the HTST process. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, the pasteurization process can be selected based on a target flavor of the resulting, non-dairy product (e.g., non-dairy milk, non-dairy whipped cream, non-dairy frozen dessert, non-dairy cheese). In particular, pasteurization at higher temperatures—such as according to the HTST pasteurization process—can reduce “grassy” flavors (e.g., via reduction of grassy volatiles in the mixture) in the mixture thereby amplifying “buttery” flavors and/or “buttery” volatiles in the mixture. Therefore, a volume of the base mixture  100  configured to form a non-dairy product exhibiting increased “buttery” flavors can be pasteurized according to the HTST pasteurization process. Alternatively, a volume of the base mixture  100  configured to form a non-dairy product exhibiting reduced “buttery” flavors and/or increased “grassy” flavors can be pasteurized according to the slow pasteurization process. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, this third mixture—defining a homogeneous suspension of salt, calcium, proteins, starches, and/or sugars in water—can be heated to a temperature within a temperature range and over a set duration according to a particular pasteurization process defined by characteristics of proteins in the proportion of proteins. 
     For example, the third mixture can include a proportion of Canola proteins (e.g., Napin proteins). During pasteurization, in order to limit denaturation of Canola proteins in the proportion of Canola proteins, the third mixture can be heated to a temperature within a temperature range (e.g., between 155 degrees Fahrenheit and 195 degrees Fahrenheit) and held at this temperature for a set duration (e.g., between 20 seconds and 40 minutes) based on times and temperatures at which Canola proteins exhibit denaturation. In particular, in this example, the third mixture—including a proportion of Canola proteins—can be pasteurized via HTST (or “high temperature short time”), such as by heating the third mixture to approximately 190 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g., within 5 degrees) for approximately of 25 seconds (e.g., within 2 seconds). Alternatively, in this example, the third mixture—including a proportion of Canola proteins—can be pasteurized by heating the third mixture to a temperature between 155 degrees Fahrenheit and 158 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 minutes. Therefore, a duration of pasteurization can be adjusted by inversely adjusting the temperature of the pasteurization process. 
     In one variation, following pasteurization, a fourth set of ingredients can be added to the third mixture to generate a fourth mixture. The fourth set of ingredients can include a first proportion of sodium bicarbonate and a first proportion of a basic amino acid (e.g., proline). The base mixture  100  can include this fourth set of ingredients to buffer a pH level of the base mixture  100 , such that the pH level is increased and the base mixture  100  is less acidic. Additionally, the base mixture  100  can include this proportion of the basic amino acid to neutralize and/or counteract tannins present in proteins in the base mixture  100 —in order to achieve a particular taste profile on the palate. 
     8.1 Emulsification 
     Following pasteurization, the base mixture  100  including these ingredients is then heated to a target temperature and emulsified with oil to reach a stable emulsion. The base mixture  100  can thus undergo a high shear coarse emulsion to achieve this stable emulsion exhibiting substantially uniform oil droplet size (e.g., diameter less than 10 microns). For example, a base mixture  100  configured to make a non-dairy milk end product may exhibit substantially uniform oil droplet size between 4 microns and 6 microns. 
     During emulsification, the base mixture  100 —and more specifically the proteins in the base mixture  100 —can be heated to a temperature above their isoelectric point, a temperature at which the proteins are stable (e.g., stay in suspension in the mixture). During this heating process, the oil is emulsified into the base mixture  100  at a steady rate to achieve a stable emulsion between the aqueous phase  102  and the oil phase  104  of the base mixture  100 . 
     In one implementation, the base mixture  100  is heated to a first target temperature before adding in the oil. Upon reaching the first target temperature, a first proportion of oil is added to the base mixture  100 . For example, a canola oil can be added to prepare the base mixture  100  for processing into whipped cream; and a rice bran oil can be added to prepare the base mixture  100  for processing into hard cheese. By adding the oil at the first target temperature, stability of the aqueous phase  102  of the mixture may increase, thereby enabling emulsion of the oil into the aqueous mixture to occur more readily and more consistently. The temperature of the mixture is then further increased to a second target temperature (e.g., approximately 80 degrees Celsius) and held at this second target temperature for a target dwell time selected for the end product (e.g., between five and 27 minutes) such that the mixture is a homogeneous blend, stable, and fully emulsified. The temperature of the mixture is again increased to a peak temperature (e.g., approximately 75 degrees Celsius); additional flavorings specific to the end product may then be added to the mixture occupying this third target temperature. Adding these flavorings to the mixture upon reaching this peak temperature and toward the end of this emulsification process may limit degradation of these flavorings due to excess temperature exposure during this temperature ramp. 
     This addition of oil to the homogeneous aqueous mixture initiates the formation of micelles in the resulting plant-based, non-dairy milk substitute. In particular, the base mixture  100  includes ingredients and is processed to form micelles, which define microscopic structures that include hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and are formed by aggregate surfactant molecules in aqueous solution, which enable the base mixture  100  to be transformed into many different forms, such as a non-dairy hard cheese, soft cheese, yogurt, cream, spread, ice cream, and/or butter, etc., much like (traditional) animal milk. 
     Therefore, these ingredients can be combined in a particular sequence, at specific temperatures, and under particular conditions according to the method S 100  in order to enable and control micelle formation within the resulting base mixture  100 . In particular, rather than rely on micelles that are naturally present—in varying concentrations—in animal milk (e.g., bovine milk) for functionality, and rather than filter or mix large batches of bovine milk in order to achieve consistent micelle concentrations across bovine milk products, the ingredients of the base mixture  100  can instead be combined according to the method to yield any volume of base mixture  100  (e.g., from 10 grams to 10 cubic meters) with a consistent concentration (e.g., +/−0.1% by volume) of micelles. 
     9. Homogenization 
     Following emulsification of the oil into the base mixture  100 , the base mixture  100  can be homogenized in order to prevent phase separation and form the functionalized non-dairy base mixture  100 . More specifically, the base mixture  100  is homogenized to achieve uniform particle distribution, particle size, fat globule distribution, and fat globule size, each of which may cooperate to prevent phase separation within the base mixture  100  and promote a consistent base mixture  100 . The base mixture  100  can be configured to exhibit particle and fat distribution and sizes substantially similar to dairy counterparts. 
     In one variation, the base mixture  100  is cooled from higher temperatures during emulsification to lower temperatures (e.g., less than 40 degrees Fahrenheit) prior to homogenization of the base mixture  100 . 
     The base mixture  100  can be homogenized within a set duration following emulsification, such as to limit reactions occurring between ingredients in the base mixture  100 . For example, a proportion of amino acids may interact with sugar in the base mixture  100  to generate molotol at particular temperatures and over a period of time. Thus, the base mixture  100  can be homogenized rapidly following emulsification of the base mixture  100  to limit molotol generation (e.g., malty flavors) in the base mixture  100 . 
     The base mixture  100  can be homogenized via a triple plate homogenizer at a set (e.g., relatively high) temperature. For example, the base mixture  100  can be homogenized via a triple plate homogenizer operating between 800-2200 psi. Alternatively, the base mixture  100  can be homogenized via ultrasonic homogenization or cavitation homogenization. 
     10. Cooling &amp; Further Processing 
     Following homogenization, if not previously cooled, the base mixture  100  can be rapidly cooled from high temperatures during homogenization to lower temperatures (e.g., less than 40 degrees Fahrenheit). The base mixture  100  can be cooled via a heat exchanger. For example, the base mixture  100  can be run through a plate heat exchanger to reduce a temperature of the base mixture  100  from approximately (within 10 degrees Fahrenheit) 150 degrees Fahrenheit during homogenization to approximately (within 10 degrees Fahrenheit) 38 degrees Fahrenheit following cooling. The base mixture  100  can be cooled quickly (within a set duration following homogenization) in order to limit side reactions between ingredients (e.g., proline and sweeteners generating malt flavors). 
     Once the base mixture  100  is generated—with varying concentrations of each base ingredient depending on the selected end product—and functionalized, the base mixture  100  can be stored at cool temperatures (e.g., less than 40 degrees Fahrenheit). Later, the base mixture  100  can be heated and mixed with various amounts of sheer and over various mixing times to transform the base mixture  100  into a particular end product. For example, the base mixture  100  can be loaded directly into an ice cream machine (e.g., including a Paco jet or liquid nitrogen dispenser)—such as an ice cream maker or soft serve ice cream maker configured to generate traditional, dairy ice cream or soft serve—to transform the base mixture  100  directly into a non-dairy (e.g., a “plant-based”) ice cream. In another example, the base mixture  100  can be acidified to produce a soft cheese, such as a feta cheese. 
     More specifically, to produce a higher-order dairy product from the functional base mixture  100 , such as a whipped cream or cheese, an acid can be added (e.g., in trace amounts) to the base mixture  100 . Depending on the selected higher-order dairy product, the acid can be introduced before increasing the temperature of the base mixture  100  and emulsifying in the oil (e.g., cream cheese) or the acid can be introduced after emulsification and after the mixture is allowed to cool (e.g., frozen yogurt, feta cheese, or cheddar cheese). For example, a moderate proportion of acid (e.g., 0.2% by weight) can be added to the base mixture  100  when transforming the base mixture  100  into a soft cheese, and a smaller proportion of acid (e.g., 0.1% by weight) can be added to the base mixture  100  when transforming the base mixture  100  into a hard cheese or other end product. 
     11. Non-Functional, Non-Dairy Milk Substitute 
     To produce a non-functional plant-based milk (e.g., to be consumed as a regular non-dairy milk substitute and not meant for transformation into other non-dairy products), the base mixture  100  does not need to complete micelle formation. For example, the base mixture  100 —and more specifically the proteins in the base mixture  100 —can be heated to a temperature above their isoelectric point, a temperature at which the proteins are stable (e.g., stay in suspension in the mixture). During this heating process, the oil is emulsified into the base mixture  100 . Once the isoelectric point is reached, the base mixture  100  is stabilized, pasteurized, and then chilled. At this point, no flocculation has occurred in the base mixture  100 , and the resulting non-dairy milk product (e.g., a low-order end product) is considered non-functional but may be consumed as non-dairy replacement for common milk (e.g., skim, 2%, or whole bovine milk). 
     This plant-based, non-dairy, non-functional milk product may thus function, taste, and yield a mouth feel similar to common bovine milk. For example, this milk product can be frothed to produce foam for certain milk-based drinks. This plant-based, non-dairy, non-functional milk product may also be added to other foods (e.g., a pasta sauce, scrambled eggs) without imparting flavors distinct from common bovine milk. 
     12. Functional, Non-Dairy Milk Substitute 
     The base mixture  100  can also be acidified to generate a plant-based, non-dairy, functional milk substitute. In particular, the addition of a small amount of acid (e.g., less than 0.2%) to the mixture functionalizes the plant-extracted protein. 
     Therefore, the base mixture  100  can include a proportion of an acid configured to functionalize the plant-extracted proteins. In particular, this proportion of the acid can be configured to neutralize polarity of canola proteins in the proportion of plant-extracted proteins (e.g., Canola proteins, potato proteins) present in the mixture and promote micelle formation between the proportion of plant-extracted proteins, the proportion of starches, and the volume of oil droplets. 
     For example, once the base mixture  100  is heated to a temperature at which the mixture reaches its isoelectric point, the base mixture  100  can be allowed to stabilize before cooling to a lower temperature, at which time the cooled base mixture  100  is acidified through the addition of a particular concentration of an acid or acidifier (e.g., lactic acid, citric acid, peroxyacetic acid, acetic acid, sodium acid sulfate) that lowers the pH of the base mixture  100 . For example, sodium acid sulfate—which is not acidic—can be added to the base mixture  100  to lower its pH while amplifying salt and sugar flavors and without producing an acidic taste in the resulting end product. 
     After acidification, the base mixture  100  can be cooled to a lower temperature (i.e., less than its isoelectric point temperature) while mixed at a specific shear, to produce the functionalized non-dairy base with micelles. 
     The base mixture  100  can undergo rapid acidification via the addition of a first proportion of acid. The first proportion of acid can include: lactic acid; citric acid; sodium acid sulfate; or any combination of these acids. Rapid acidification can be implemented for making softer or spreadable cheeses (e.g., cream cheese). During rapid acidification, the base mixture  100  can be heated to a threshold temperature before addition of the first proportion of acid. Addition of the acid promotes micelle formation with the base mixture  100 , which may then be cooled down for further processing. The acid can be added before emulsification of the oil into the base mixture  100 . 
     Alternatively, the base mixture  100  can undergo slow acidification. After the base mixture  100  is cooled following homogenization, the base mixture  100  can undergo slow acidification via addition of a slow acidifier to the base mixture  100 , such as a microbial rennet or a lactobacillus. Upon addition of this slow acidifier, the base mixture  100  expels water from the aqueous phase  102  out of the base mixture  100 . The slow acidifier causes proteins in the base mixture  100  to lose charge and therefore expel water absorbed by these proteins. The proteins then bind with starches bound to oils in the oil phase  104 , while the aqueous phase  102  separates out, forming curds. Thus, slow acidification can be implemented for making hard cheeses. 
     Again, depending on the end product, the sequence of steps in the process of acidification may be reordered. For example, when making a mozzarella cheese, the process is similar to the process for making cream cheese. Early acidification still occurs, but to a greater extent (e.g., with a higher acid concentration) in order to achieve a tighter bonded structure between the micelle molecules and therefore stronger curd formation during the flocculation process. The curds can then be placed in a salt water bath with a temperature of approximately 80-85 degrees Celsius. The curds can then be stretched into sheets of “mozzarella cheese”, before continuing the process. 
     13. Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts 
     Frozen desserts and certain whipped dairy products or spreadable cheeses may not fully complete the micelle formation process. Starting with the base mixture  100 , an additional quantity of salt can be added to ensure the appropriate frozen dessert consistency. This modified base mixture  100  can be run through a soft-serve or ice cream machine to output the non-dairy frozen dessert alternative, without requiring any further processing, due to the functionalized plant-extracted protein. In one implementation, the base mixture  100  can include canola oil as the source of fats when making the base mixture  100  for alternative frozen dessert products, as micelle formation is not necessary and therefore an oil with a high saturated fat content is not needed. Also, because the dessert product will be either refrigerated or frozen, the oxidation will be very slow and the product will have a long shelf life. Alternatively, a different unsaturated fat or combination of unsaturated fats can be used. For example, if the selected product is a “lemon rosemary gelato”, a specific olive oil may be selected for emulsion into the base mixture  100 , dependent on the flavor and texture of the dessert. 
     Ice cream end products (e.g., hard-packed ice cream, soft serve ice cream, gelato, etc.) can include varying proportions of salt, calcium, and sweeteners to control freezing point depression of the ice cream end product. Additionally, base mixture  100   s  for these products can include varying proportions of sweeteners to regulate freezing point depression. For example, the base mixture  100  can define an ice cream base mixture  100 . The ice cream base mixture  100  can be characterized by a scoopability range defining a range of temperatures at which the ice cream base mixture  100  exhibits at least a threshold scoopability (e.g., as a function of force applied to scoop consistent, smooth, frozen ice cream). The ice cream base mixture  100  can: include a first proportion of salt  120 , a first proportion of calcium  130 , and a first proportion of sweetener  160   s , each of which cooperate to regulate a freezing point range of the ice cream base mixture  100 ; exhibit a scoopability temperature range corresponding to the freezing point range; and define a sweetener ratio of a quantity of glucose to an quantity of sucrose between one and four. In this example, the ice cream base mixture  100  can regulate the freezing point range between twenty degrees Fahrenheit and thirty degrees Fahrenheit. The scoopability range corresponds to a temperature range in which ice cream exhibits a favorable texture and consistency for scooping (or serving) frozen ice cream without difficulty. A first subvolume of the ice cream base mixture  100  can: exhibit a first sweetener ratio of two; exhibit a first freezing point temperature within the freezing point range; and exhibit a first scoopability temperature range between ten degrees Fahrenheit and fifteen degrees Fahrenheit. A second subvolume of the ice cream base mixture  100  can: exhibit a second sweetener ratio of four; exhibit a second freezing point temperature less than the first freezing point temperature; and exhibit a first scoopability temperature range between five degrees Fahrenheit and ten degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, by increasing the ratio of sucrose to glucose in the ice cream base mixture  100 , the ice cream base mixture  100  exhibits a lower freezing point temperature and higher scoopability (e.g., above the threshold scoopability) at lower temperatures. 
     The base ingredients can be combined at varying concentrations, depending on the selected end product. For example, when making a whipped cream product, the salt percentage in the base mixture  100  can be decreased to be significantly less than the salt percentage in the base mixture  100  for most other products, including ice cream or cheese. The lower salt percentage in the base mixture  100  allows a minimum protein gelation to achieve a similar texture and shape of regular whipped cream, while the proteins can still withhold air. If the salt content is lowered beyond a minimum threshold, the protein gelation will not occur, and the proteins cannot withhold air. Protein gelation is necessary for the end product formation in order for the product to have a specific shape, texture, and firmness. In regular dairy product production (e.g., whipped cream production), the fats in dairy milk hold the air. In this non-dairy product production, the proteins are manipulated to hold the air. 
     13.1 Example: Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert 
     In one example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy frozen dessert (e.g., a non-dairy ice cream). In this example, the base mixture  100  can include: a proportion of water; a proportion of cane sugar; a proportion of low-erucic acid rapeseed oil; a proportion of modified food starches; a proportion of rapeseed protein; a proportion of tapioca maltodextrin; a proportion of tapioca syrup; a proportion of vanilla extract; a proportion of salt; a proportion of calcium lactate; and a proportion of calcium gluconate. In particular, these proportions of ingredients can be mixed to form an emulsion (e.g., a non-dairy emulsion excluding dairy proteins and/or dairy ingredients) configured to form a non-dairy frozen dessert. This emulsion can then be run through an ice cream maker—such as with or without inclusion of additional ingredients (e.g., for flavoring)—to form the non-dairy frozen dessert, which may then exhibit similar taste and texture to traditional dairy ice cream. 
     In one variation of this example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy, vanilla frozen dessert (e.g., a non-dairy vanilla ice cream). In this variation, the base mixture  100  can additionally include a proportion of vanilla extract. Alternatively, in another variation of this example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy, chocolate frozen dessert (e.g., a non-dairy chocolate ice cream). In this variation, the base mixture  100  can additionally include: a proportion of cocoa (e.g., processed with alkali); and/or a proportion of coffee extract. Alternatively, in another variation of this example, the base mixture  100  can be configured to form a non-dairy, “mint chip” frozen dessert (e.g., a non-dairy “mint chip” ice cream). In this variation, the base mixture  100  can additionally include: a proportion of dark chocolate (e.g., including cacao beans, cane sugar, cocoa butter, and/or vanilla beans); and/or a proportion of peppermint oil. In each of these variations of this example, the proportions of ingredients can be mixed and/or processed to form an emulsion (e.g., a non-dairy milk) which can then be transformed into a non-dairy frozen dessert by processing the emulsion within a standard ice cream maker. 
     14. Variation: Non-Dairy Spreadable and Soft Cheeses 
     Additional processing is necessary to form soft cheeses from the base product. The base mixture  100  includes the same ingredients, but may include different concentrations of these ingredients. The process also involves mixing the base mixture  100  at a higher shear than the process for producing non-functional milk. As the oil is emulsified into the base mixture  100 , at a temperature near 70 degrees Celsius, the temperature is still increased until it reaches approximately 80 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the mixture is then held for a first duration of time ranging from 5-27 minutes, depending on the end product. For a softer cheese, the duration of time held at this temperature can be shorter than the duration for a harder cheese. After the first duration, the temperature is again increased to approximately 85 degrees Celsius. Once this temperature is reached, various flavors can be added to the mixture depending on the specific end product. After addition of the flavors, the mixture can be rapidly chilled back down, via a plate exchanger system. At this point, the mixture can be used as a base mixture  100  or as an ice cream base. In order to achieve a soft cheese, a flocculation process must occur to produce curds in the mixture. This is achieved by acidification of the mixture, and then allowing the mixture to further cool in a refrigeration process. Additional cultures may be added for flavoring depending on the end product. For example, a certain culture may be added to the “cheese” to achieve a feta cheese flavor, whereas a different culture may be added to the “cheese” to achieve a Brie cheese flavor. A set of holding tanks can be used as the mixture flocculates and separates out the curds from the milk, which can be drained and collected as functional milk, or undergo further processing to produce other dairy products. 
     The acidification step can be performed at different times in the process, depending on the end product. For example, when making a spreadable cheese such as cream cheese, acidification occurs before the temperature ramp begins. In this implementation, before adding the oil and beginning the emulsification, the mixture is initially acidified, which causes the proteins and starches to bind more tightly. The oil, more specifically an oil-starch slurry, is then emulsified into this acidified mixture with the tightened protein and starch bonds, which forces the micelle formations 
     15. Variation: Non-Dairy Aged and Hard Cheeses 
     To make hard cheeses from the base mixture  100 , the mixture must undergo additional processing. Although the initial process is similar, a slow acidification is implemented rather than the rapid acidification used when making the non-functional milk or softer cheeses. In this process, the base mixture  100  including the salt, calcium, starch, protein, sugars and flavor are mixed together accordingly, and the temperature ramp up is initiated. The speed of the mixture is increased as the temperature increases to get a higher shear. At approximately 70 degrees Celsius, the oil is emulsified into the mixture. For a hard cheese, the oil can be an oxidative stable oil with a high saturated fat content (e.g., a vegetable oil, or oils that are solid at room temperature). Once the oil is fully emulsified in the mixture and the temperature of the mixture reaches approximately 80 degrees Celsius, the mixture is allowed to continue mixing and homogenize for a certain duration (e.g., between 5 minutes and 27 minutes) and then again increased in temperature to approximately 85 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the flavors for the specific type of hard cheese are added to the mixture (e.g., cheddar flavors for a “cheddar cheese”). 
     After the flavors are added and the emulsification process is complete, the mixture can be refrigerated and chilled to approximately 40-45 degrees Celsius, and can then undergo a slow acidification process. For example, a slow acidifier such as a microbial rennet or a lactobacillus may be added to the mixture so that micelles begin to form and the cheese is slowly formed. Excess water expels out of the bottom of the mixture, separating from the curds, allowing for cheese formation. The cheese can be chilled even further in the refrigerator, and additional cheese cultures may be added to the cheese for flavoring once the temperature reaches approximately 30-35 degrees Celsius. Additionally, depending on the end product, more ingredients may be added, such as additional salt if the selected cheese product is a “salty” cheese (e.g., mozzarella). 
     Again, depending on the end product, the sequence of steps in the process may be reordered. For example, when making a mozzarella cheese, the process is similar to the process for making cream cheese. Early acidification still occurs, but to a greater extent (e.g., with a higher acid concentration) in order to achieve a tighter bonded structure between the micelle molecules and therefore stronger curd formation during the flocculation process. The curds can then be placed in a salt water bath with a temperature of approximately 80-85 degrees Celsius. The curds can then be stretched into sheets of “mozzarella cheese”, before going through the rest of the process. 
     As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.