Patent Publication Number: US-2021163583-A1

Title: Anti-activin a antibodies and uses thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/692,583, filed Nov. 22, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/637,867, filed Jun. 29, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/447,444, filed Jul. 30, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,718,881, issued Aug. 1, 2017, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of US provisional application Nos. 61/859,926, filed Jul. 30, 2013, 61/864,036, filed Aug. 9, 2013, 61/911,834, filed Dec. 4, 2013, and 61/913,885, filed Dec. 9, 2013, the disclosures of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which are specific for Activin A, and methods of use thereof, including methods of using antibodies specific for Activin A in conjunction with a myostatin inhibitor. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Activins belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily and exert a broad range of biological effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of InhibinβA, InhibinβB, InhibinβC and InhibinβE, different combinations of which create the various members of the activin protein group. For example, Activin A is a homodimer of InhibinβA and Activin B is a homodimer of InhibinβB, whereas Activin AB is a heterodimer of InhibinβA and InhibinβB and Activin AC is a heterodimer of InhibinβA and InhibinβC (Tsuchida, K. et al., Cell Commun Signal 7:15 (2009)). 
     Activin A binds to and activates receptor complexes on the surface of cells known as Activin Type II receptors (Type IIA and Type IIB, also known as ActRIIA and ActRIIB, respectively). The activation of these receptors leads to the phosphorylation of an Activin Type I receptor (e.g., Alk4 or 7), which in turn leads to the phosphorylation of SMAD 2 and 3 proteins, the formation of SMAD complexes (with SMAD4), and the translocation of the SMAD complex to the cell nucleus, where SMAD2 and SMAD3 function to regulate transcription of various genes (Sozzani, S. and Musso, T., Blood 117(19):5013-5015 (2011)). 
     Numerous other ligands bind to and activate ActRIIB, including GDF8 (myostatin), Activin B, Activin AB, Inhibin A, Inhibin B, GDF3, GDF11, Nodal, BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, BMP9, and BMP10. Blocking the interactions of ActRIIB with its ligands can lead to beneficial physiological effects. For example, GDF8 plays a central role in the development and maintenance of skeletal muscle, acting as a negative regulator of muscle mass (McPherron A C et al. (1997). Nature 387(6628):83-90). Administration of ActRIIB-Fc (i.e., the extracellular portion of the Type IIB receptor, ActRIIB, stabilized by fusion to an IgG Fc domain) leads to significant increases in skeletal muscle mass and improves muscle weight and measurements of muscle strength in mice (Lee S J, et al. (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(50):18117-18122). The efficacy of ActRIIB-Fc is attenuated but not eliminated in Mstn (myostatin) null mice, demonstrating that other ActRIIB ligand(s) in addition to myostatin can function as negative regulators of muscle growth. Thus, a need exists for additional inhibitors of ActRIIB signaling that can provide clinical benefits. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides antibodies that bind inhibin βA and dimers containing inhibin βA, e.g., Activin A, Activin AB, etc. The antibodies of the invention are useful, inter alia, for inhibiting Activin A-mediated signaling, producing beneficial clinical outcomes through the inhibition of Activin A-mediated signaling, e.g., for treating diseases and disorders caused by or related to Activin A activity and/or signaling. The antibodies of the invention also have utility for use in conjunction with inhibitors of other ligands of the ActRIIA and ActRIIB receptors, such as GDF8 inhibitors. 
     The antibodies of the invention can be full-length (for example, an IgG1 or IgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (for example, a Fab, F(ab) 2  or scFv fragment), and may be modified to affect functionality, e.g., to eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al., J Immunol 164:1925-1933 (2000)). 
     The present invention provides isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, that specifically bind Activin A with a binding association equilibrium constant (K a ) of less than about 500 nM and a dissociation equilibrium constant (K D ) of less than about 5 pM as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay at 25° C. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, specifically bind Activin A with a K D  of less than about 4 pM as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay at 25° C. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, specifically bind Activin A with a binding association equilibrium constant (K a ) of less than about 500 nM. 
     The present invention provides isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, that specifically bind Activin A and block binding of at least one Activin A receptor to Activin A. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, block Activin A binding to an Activin A receptor with an IC 50  value of less than about 80 pM as measured in an in vivo receptor/ligand binding bioassay at 25° C. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, block Activin A binding to an Activin A receptor with an IC 50  value of less than about 60 pM as measured in an in vivo receptor/ligand binding bioassay at 25° C. The present invention also provides isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, that specifically bind Activin A and block activation of at least one Activin A receptor by Activin A. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, do not significantly block binding of Activin A to an Activin Type II receptor. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, inhibit binding of Activin A to an Activin A receptor selected from the group consisting of Activin Type IIA receptor (ActRIIA), Activin Type IIB receptor (ActRIIB), and Activin Type I receptor. In some embodiments of the invention, the isolated antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, inhibit Activin A-mediated activation of SMAD complex signaling. 
     The present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 18, 34, 50, 66, 82, 98, 106, 114, 122, 130, 138, 154, 162, 170, 178, 186, 194, and 202, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. 
     The present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a light chain variable region (LCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, 26, 42, 58, 74, 90, 146, and 210, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. 
     The present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/90, 106/90, 114/90, 122/90, 130/90, 138/146, 154/146, 162/146, 170/146, 178/146, 186/146, 194/146, and 202/210. 
     The present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, 24, 40, 56, 72, 88, 104, 112, 120, 128, 136, 144, 160, 168, 176, 184, 192, 200, and 208, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 152, and 216, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. 
     In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding portion of an antibody comprises a HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8/16, 24/32, 40/48, 56/64, 72/80, 88/96, 104/96, 112/96, 120/96, 128/96, 136/96, 144/152, 160/152, 168/152, 176/152, 184/152, 192/152, 200/152, and 208/216. 
     The present invention also provides an antibody or fragment thereof further comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 20, 36, 52, 68, 84, 100, 108, 116, 124, 132, 140, 156, 164, 172, 180, 188, 196, and 204, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, 22, 38, 54, 70, 86, 102, 110, 118, 126, 134, 142, 158, 166, 174, 182, 190, 198, and 206, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 28, 44, 60, 76, 92, 148, and 212, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14, 30, 46, 62, 78, 94, 150, and 214, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. 
     Certain non-limiting, exemplary antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the invention comprise HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 domains, respectively, having the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 4-6-8-12-14-16 (e.g. H4H10423P); 20-22-24-28-30-32 (e.g. H4H10424P); 36-38-40-44-46-48 (e.g. H4H10426P); 52-54-56-60-62-64 (e.g. H4H10429P); 68-70-72-76-78-80 (e.g. H4H10430P); 84-86-88-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10432P2; 100-102-104-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10433P2); 108-110-112-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10436P2); 116-118-120-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10437P2); 124-126-128-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10438P2); 132-134-136-92-94-96 (e.g. H4H10440P2); 140-142-144-148-150-152 (e.g. H4H10442P2); 156-158-160-148-150-152 (H4H10445P2); 164-166-168-148-150-152 (H4H10446P2); 172-174-176-148-150-152 (H4H10447P2); 180-182-184-148-150-152 (H4H10448P2); 188-190-192-148-150-152 (H4H10452P2); 196-198-200-148-150-152 (H4H10468P2); and 204-206-208-212-214-216 (H2aM10965N). 
     In a related embodiment, the invention includes an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody which specifically binds Activin A, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises the heavy and light chain CDR domains contained within heavy and light chain variable region (HCVR/LCVR) sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/90, 106/90, 114/90, 122/90, 130/90, 138/146, 154/146, 162/146,170/146, 178/146, 186/146, 194/146, and 202/210. Methods and techniques for identifying CDRs within HCVR and LCVR amino acid sequences are well known in the art and can be used to identify CDRs within the specified HCVR and/or LCVR amino acid sequences disclosed herein. Exemplary conventions that can be used to identify the boundaries of CDRs include, e.g., the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, and the AbM definition. In general terms, the Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions, and the AbM definition is a compromise between the Kabat and Chothia approaches. See, e.g., Kabat, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,” National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991); Al-Lazikani et al., J Mol Biol 273:927-948 (1997); and Martin et al., PNAS (USA) 86:9268-9272 (1989). Public databases are also available for identifying CDR sequences within an antibody. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-Activin A antibodies or portions thereof. For example, the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding an HCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises a set of three CDRs HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3), wherein the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-Activin A antibodies listed in Table 1. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding an LCVR, wherein the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-Activin A antibodies listed in Table 1. 
     The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding both an HCVR and an LCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, and wherein the LCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto, and a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto. In certain embodiments according to this aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an HCVR and LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR are both derived from the same anti-Activin A antibody listed in Table 1. 
     The present invention also provides recombinant expression vectors capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising a heavy or light chain variable region of an anti-Activin A antibody. For example, the present invention includes recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules mentioned above, i.e., nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR sequences as set forth in Table 1. Also included within the scope of the present invention are host cells into which such vectors have been introduced, as well as methods of producing the antibodies or portions thereof by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies or antibody fragments, and recovering the antibodies and antibody fragments so produced. 
     The present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies having a modified carbohydrate content. In some applications, modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful. In some applications, modification to alter glycosylation patterns may be useful, e.g., modifying an antibody to lack a fucose moiety present on an oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. J Biol Chem 277:26733 (2002)). In other applications, modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In some applications, antibodies may have modified glycosylation patterns in order to minimize effector function. For example, antibodies may be modified to obtain additionally glycosylated or sialylated antibodies. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant human antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds Activin A and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a related aspect, the invention features a composition which is a combination of an anti-Activin A antibody and a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-Activin A antibody. Exemplary agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-Activin A antibody include, without limitation, other agents that inhibit Activin A activity (including other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, peptide inhibitors, small molecule antagonists, etc.) and/or agents which do not directly bind Activin A but nonetheless interfere with, block or attenuate Activin A-mediated signaling. In one embodiment, the secondary therapeutic agent inhibits, interferes, blocks and/or attenuates the activity of another ligand of the ActRIIA and/or ActRIIB receptor (e.g., GDF8, Activin B, Activin AB, Inhibin A, Inhibin B, GDF3, GDF11, Nodal, BMP2, BMP4, and/or BMP7). In one embodiment, the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-GDF8 antagonist (e.g., a human anti-GDF8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof). Exemplary anti-GDF8 agents for use with the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention include a human anti-GDF8 antibody (e.g., an anti-GDF8 antibody comprising any of the HCVR/LCVR or CDR amino acid sequences as set forth in US 2011-0293630 A1 (e.g., H4H1657N2, which is an anti-GDF8 antibody with heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDRs) of a HCVR comprising SEQ ID NO:217 (e.g., the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:218, 219, and 220, respectively), and the light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDRs) of a LCVR comprising SEQ ID NO:221 (e.g., the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:222, 223, and 224)). Additional combination therapies and co-formulations involving the anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention are disclosed elsewhere herein. 
     In an additional aspect of the invention, an antigen-binding molecule is provided comprising an Activin A-specific binding domain and a GDF8-specific binding domain. In one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the antigen-binding molecule is a bispecific antibody comprising a first variable domain that specifically binds Activin A and a second variable domain that specifically binds GDF8. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention provides therapeutic methods for inhibiting Activin A activity using an anti-Activin A antibody or antigen-binding portion of an antibody of the invention, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention. The disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by removal, inhibition or reduction of Activin A activity or signaling. The anti-Activin A antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention may function to block the interaction between Activin A and an Activin Type II receptor (e.g., Activin Type IIA receptor and/or Activin Type IIB receptor); between Activin A and an Activin Type I receptor; between Activin A and both a Type II and a Type I receptor; or otherwise inhibit the signaling activity of Activin A. 
     The present invention also includes the use of an anti-Activin A antibody or antigen binding portion of an antibody of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to or caused by Activin A activity in a patient. The present invention also provides methods for increasing muscle mass or strength in a subject by administering to the subject an Activin A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. The present invention also provides methods for increasing muscle mass or strength in a subject by administering to the subject an Activin A-specific binding protein and a GDF8-specific binding protein, or by administering to the subject an antigen-binding molecule comprising an Activin A-specific binding domain and a GDF8-specific binding domain. 
     The invention also includes methods for treating, preventing and/or ameliorating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength by administering to a subject in need thereof an Activin A-specific binding protein (e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody). In a related aspect, methods of the invention include the treating, preventing and/or ameliorating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength by administering to a subject in need thereof an Activin A-specific binding protein and a GDF8-specific binding protein (e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody and an anti GDF8 antibody). Methods of the invention also include treating, preventing and/or ameliorating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength by administering to a subject in need thereof an antigen-binding molecule comprising an Activin A-specific binding domain and a GDF8-specific binding domain. Diseases or disorders characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength that can be treated, prevented and/or ameliorated using methods of the invention include sarcopenia, cachexia (e.g., idiopathic cachexia or cachexia secondary to another condition (e.g., cancer, chronic renal failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)), muscle injury, muscle wasting and/or atrophy (e.g., caused by or associated with disuse, immobilization, bed rest, injury, medical treatment, surgical intervention (e.g., hip fracture, hip replacement, and knee replacement) and by necessity of mechanical ventilation), cancer, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson&#39;s disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteopenia, and metabolic syndromes (e.g., one or more of diabetes, obesity, nutritional disorders, organ atrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and anorexia). 
     The invention also includes methods for treating, preventing and/or ameliorating diseases or disorders caused by, promoted by, exacerbated by, or aggravated by the activity of a molecule containing inhibin βA (e.g., dimers containing inhibin βA, e.g., Activin A, Activin AB, etc.) by administering to a subject in need thereof a binding protein specific for Activin A (i.e., inhibin βA dimer), e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In one aspect of the invention, methods of the invention include methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating renal fibrosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an anti-Activin A antibody. In particular aspects of the invention, methods of the invention include methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating renal fibrosis caused by chronic kidney disease (e.g., as a consequence of hypertension, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, inherited diseases (such as polycystic kidney disease), malformations of the kidney, autoimmune disease (e.g., lupus), or obstructions (e.g., kidney stones, tumors, enlarged prostate gland), or repeated urinary infections) by administering to a subject in need thereof an anti-Activin A antibody. Additional aspects of the invention include methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating sepsis, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, benign or malignant pheochromocytoma, uterine fibroids/leiomyomata, preeclampsia, keloids, hypertrophic scars, or pulmonary artery hypertension by administering to a subject in need thereof an anti-Activin A antibody. Additional aspects of the invention include methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating cachexia caused by, promoted by, exacerbated by, or aggravated by Activin A activity by administering to a subject in need thereof an anti-Activin A antibody. Additional aspects of the invention include methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating weight loss caused by, promoted by, exacerbated by, or aggravated by Activin A activity by administering to a subject in need thereof an anti-Activin A antibody. 
     Other embodiments will become apparent from a review of the ensuing detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a matrix showing the results of an antibody cross-competition assay in which a first anti-Activin A antibody (“Antibody Sample”) was applied to an anti-human FC-coated sensor tip, followed by emersion in a solution of a second anti-Activin A antibody (1 pM) pre-bound to Activin A. Binding responses (numerical values 0.22 to 1.84) for each antibody combination tested are depicted. Binding responses presented in white boxes with black type indicate no competition for binding of Activin A, suggesting distinct binding regions. 
         FIG. 2 : Panel A shows the effects of 21 days of anti-GDF8 antibody treatment (H4H1657N2, 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) on average peak tetanic force compared to isotype control antibody. Data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#39;s test. *p&lt;0.05 significance over isotype control (n=6, unpaired Student t test); n.s.=not statistically significant compared to isotype 30 mg/kg. Panel B shows the increase in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle peak tetanic force in H4H1657N2-treated mice (10 mg/kg) versus mice treated with isotype control antibodies for three weeks (n=6), when stimulated by electric current over a range of frequencies (40 to 100 Hz). Data are expressed as mean average peak force±SEM. 
         FIG. 3 : Panel A shows the design of an experiment to evaluate the effects of H4H1657N2 during the recovery phase from hind limb suspension-induced muscle atrophy. Panel B shows the percentage change in TA and Gastrocnemius (GA) muscle weights for H4H1657N2-treated and isotyple control antibody-treated mice post-recovery after 7 days of hind limb suspension (HLS+7Rec) versus mice without a recovery period after 7 days of hind limb suspension (HLS) and control mice (non-HLS control). Values are expressed as the mean percentage change over control non-HLS values±SEM. Data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#39;s test. *=p&lt;0.05 significance over Non-HLS group. #=p&lt;0.05 significance over HLS group. 
         FIG. 4 : Panel A shows the effects of the administration of the anti-Activin A antibody H4H10446P2 on body weight of mice overexpressing Activin A (versus isotype control). Data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (Repeated Measures ANOVA+Boneferroni Multiple Comparison Test) followed by Tukey&#39;s test. *=p&lt;0.05 vs Isotype Control; #=p&lt;0.05 vs Activin A+Isotype Control. Panel B shows the effects of anti-Activin A antibody H4H10446P2 on tibialis anterior (TA) and Gastrocnemius (GA) muscle weights in mice overexpressing Activin A (versus isotype control). Data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#39;s test. *=p&lt;0.05 over Vector+Isotype Control; #=p&lt;0.05 over Activin A+Isotype Control. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular methods and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. As used herein, the term “about,” when used in reference to a particular recited numerical value, means that the value may vary from the recited value by no more than 1%. For example, as used herein, the expression “about 100” includes 99 and 101 and all values in between (e.g., 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, etc.). 
     Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All patents, applications and non-patent publications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Antigen-Specific Binding Proteins 
     The present invention relates to compositions comprising antigen-specific binding proteins. More specifically, the present invention provides a composition comprising an Activin A-specific binding protein. 
     As used herein, the expression “antigen-specific binding protein” means a protein comprising at least one domain which specifically binds a particular antigen. Exemplary categories of antigen-specific binding proteins include antibodies, antigen-binding portions of antibodies, peptides that specifically interact with a particular antigen (e.g., peptibodies), receptor molecules that specifically interact with a particular antigen, and proteins comprising a ligand-binding portion of a receptor that specifically binds a particular antigen. 
     The present invention includes antigen-specific binding proteins that specifically bind Activin A, i.e., “Activin A-specific binding proteins”. Activins are homo- and hetero-dimeric molecules comprising beta subunits, i.e., Inhibin βA, inhibin βB, inhibin βC, and/or inhibin βE. The βA subunit has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:226 and the βB subunit has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:228. Activin A is a homodimer of two βA subunits; Activin B is a homodimer of two βB subunits; Activin AB is a heterodimer of one βA subunit and one βB subunit; and Activin AC is a heterodimer of one βA subunit and one βC subunit. An Activin A-specific binding protein may be an antigen-specific binding protein that specifically binds the βA subunit. Since the βA subunit is found in Activin A, Activin AB, and Activin AC molecules, an “Activin A-specific binding protein” can be an antigen-specific binding protein that specifically binds Activin A as well as Activin AB and Activin AC (by virtue of its interaction with the βA subunit). Therefore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, an Activin A-specific binding protein specifically binds Activin A; or Activin A and Activin AB; or Activin A and Activin AC; or Activin A, Activin AB and Activin AC, but does not bind other ActRIIB ligands such as Activin B, GDF3, GDF8, BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, BMP9, BMP10, GDF11, Nodal, etc. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, an Activin A-specific binding protein specifically binds to Activin A but does not bind significantly to Activin B or Activin C. In another embodiment, an Activin A-specific binding protein may also bind to Activin B (by virtue of cross-reaction with the βB subunit, i.e., InhibinβB). In another embodiment, an Activin A-specific binding protein is a binding protein that binds specifically to Activin A but does not bind to any other ligand of ActRIIB. In another embodiment, an Activin A-specific binding protein is a binding protein and binds specifically to Activin A and does not bind to any Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) (e.g., BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP9, BMP10). In another embodiment, an Activin A-specific binding protein is a binding protein that binds specifically to Activin A but does not bind to any other member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily. 
     The present invention also includes antigen-specific binding proteins that specifically bind GDF8, “GDF8-specific binding proteins”. The term “GDF8” (also referred to as “growth and differentiation factor-8” and “myostatin”) means the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:225 (mature protein). According to the present invention, GDF8-specific binding proteins specifically bind GDF8 but do not bind other ActRIIB ligands such as GDF3, BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, BMP9, BMP10, GDF11, Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, Nodal, etc. 
     In the context of the present invention, molecules such as ActRIIB-Fc (e.g., “ACE-031”), which comprise the ligand-binding portion of the ActRIIB receptor, are not considered “Activin A-specific binding proteins” or “GDF8-specific binding proteins” because such molecules bind multiple ligands besides GDF8, Activin A and Activin AB. 
     All references to proteins, polypeptides and protein fragments herein are intended to refer to the human version of the respective protein, polypeptide or protein fragment unless explicitly specified as being from a non-human species. 
     Antigen-Binding Molecules with Two Different Antigen-Specific Binding Domains 
     The present invention also includes antigen-binding molecules comprising two different antigen-specific binding domains. In particular, the present invention includes antigen-binding molecules comprising an Activin A-specific binding domain and a GDF8-specific binding domain. The term “antigen-specific binding domain,” as used herein, includes polypeptides comprising or consisting of: (i) an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule, (ii) a peptide that specifically interacts with a particular antigen (e.g., a peptibody), and/or (iii) a ligand-binding portion of a receptor that specifically binds a particular antigen. For example, the present invention includes bispecific antibodies with one arm comprising a first heavy chain variable region/light chain variable region (HCVR/LCVR) pair that specifically binds Activin A and another arm comprising a second HCVR/LCVR pair that specifically binds GDF8. 
     Specific Binding 
     The term “specifically binds” or the like, as used herein, means that an antigen-specific binding protein, or an antigen-specific binding domain, forms a complex with a particular antigen characterized by a dissociation constant (K D ) of 500 pM or less, and does not bind other unrelated antigens under ordinary test conditions. “Unrelated antigens” are proteins, peptides or polypeptides that have less than 95% amino acid identity to one another. Methods for determining whether two molecules specifically bind one another are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance, and the like. For example, an antigen-specific binding protein or an antigen-specific binding domain, as used in the context of the present invention, includes molecules that bind a particular antigen (e.g., Activin A and/or AB, or GDF8) or a portion thereof with a K D  of less than about 500 pM, less than about 400 pM, less than about 300 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 100 pM, less than about 90 pM, less than about 80 pM, less than about 70 pM, less than about 60 pM, less than about 50 pM, less than about 40 pM, less than about 30 pM, less than about 20 pM, less than about 10 pM, less than about 5 pM, less than about 4 pM, less than about 2 pM, less than about 1 pM, less than about 0.5 pM, less than about 0.2 pM, less than about 0.1 pM, or less than about 0.05 pM, as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay. 
     As used herein, an antigen-specific binding protein or antigen-specific binding domain “does not bind” to a specified molecule (e.g., “does not bind GDF11”, “does not bind BMP9”, “does not bind BMP10”, etc.) if the protein or binding domain, when tested for binding to the molecule at 25° C. in a surface plasmon resonance assay, exhibits a K D  of greater than 50.0 nM, or fails to exhibit any binding in such an assay or equivalent thereof. 
     The term “surface plasmon resonance”, as used herein, refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcore™ system (Biacore Life Sciences division of GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.). 
     The term “K D ”, as used herein, means the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular protein-protein interaction (e.g., antibody-antigen interaction). Unless indicated otherwise, the K D  values disclosed herein refer to K D  values determined by surface plasmon resonance assay at 25° C. 
     Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments of Antibodies 
     As indicated above, an antigen-specific binding protein can comprise or consist of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody. Furthermore, in the case of antigen-binding molecules comprising two different antigen-specific binding domains, one or both of the antigen-specific binding domains may comprise or consist of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody. 
     As used herein, “an antibody that binds Activin” or an “anti-Activin A antibody” includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, that bind a soluble fragment of the Activin A protein and may also bind to an Activin βA subunit-containing Activin heterodimer. 
     The term “antibody”, as used herein, means any antigen-binding molecule or molecular complex comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) that specifically binds to or interacts with a particular antigen (e.g., Activin A). The term “antibody” includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, as well as multimers thereof (e.g., IgM). Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V H ) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, C H 1, C H 2 and C H 3. Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V L ) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region comprises one domain (C L 1). The V H  and V L  regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each V H  and V L  is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. In different embodiments of the invention, the FRs of the anti-Activin A antibody (or antigen-binding portion thereof) may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified. An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs. 
     The term “antibody”, as used herein, also includes antigen-binding fragments of full antibody molecules. The terms “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex. Antigen-binding fragments of an antibody may be derived, e.g., from full antibody molecules using any suitable standard techniques such as proteolytic digestion or recombinant genetic engineering techniques involving the manipulation and expression of DNA encoding antibody variable and optionally constant domains. Such DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized. The DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add or delete amino acids, etc. 
     Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab′)2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) such as a CDR3 peptide), or a constrained FR3-CDR3-FR4 peptide. Other engineered molecules, such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression “antigen-binding fragment,” as used herein. 
     An antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain. The variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences. In antigen-binding fragments having a V H  domain associated with a V L  domain, the V H  and V L  domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement. For example, the variable region may be dimeric and contain V H -V H , V H -V L  or V L -V L  dimers. Alternatively, the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V H  or V L  domain. 
     In certain embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain at least one variable domain covalently linked to at least one constant domain. Non-limiting, exemplary configurations of variable and constant domains that may be found within an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention include: (i) V H -C H 1; (ii) V H -C H 2; (iii) V H -C H 3; (iv) V H -C H 1-C H 2; (v) V H -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; V H -C H 2-C H 3; (vii) V H -C L ; V L -C H 1; (ix) V L -C H 2; (x) V L -C H 3; (xi) V L -C H 1-C H 2; (xii) V L -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (xiii) V L -C H 2-C H 3; and (xiv) V L -C L . In any configuration of variable and constant domains, including any of the exemplary configurations listed above, the variable and constant domains may be either directly linked to one another or may be linked by a full or partial hinge or linker region. A hinge region may consist of at least 2 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 or more) amino acids which result in a flexible or semi-flexible linkage between adjacent variable and/or constant domains in a single polypeptide molecule. Moreover, an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention may comprise a homo-dimer or hetero-dimer (or other multimer) of any of the variable and constant domain configurations listed above in non-covalent association with one another and/or with one or more monomeric V H  or V L  domain (e.g., by disulfide bond(s)). 
     As with full antibody molecules, antigen-binding fragments may be monospecific or multispecific (e.g., bispecific). A multispecific antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least two different variable domains, wherein each variable domain is capable of specifically binding to a separate antigen or to a different epitope on the same antigen. Any multispecific antibody format, including the exemplary bispecific antibody formats disclosed herein, may be adapted for use in the context of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention using routine techniques available in the art. 
     The antibodies of the present invention may function through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). “Complement-dependent cytotoxicity” (CDC) refers to lysis of antigen-expressing cells by an antibody of the invention in the presence of complement. “Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” (ADCC) refers to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and thereby lead to lysis of the target cell. CDC and ADCC can be measured using assays that are well known and available in the art. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,362 and 5,821,337, and Clynes et al., PNAS USA 95:652-656 (1998)). The constant region of an antibody is important in the ability of an antibody to fix complement and mediate cell-dependent cytotoxicity. Thus, the isotype of an antibody may be selected on the basis of whether it is desirable for the antibody to mediate cytotoxicity. 
     In certain embodiments of the invention, the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention are human antibodies. The term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. 
     The antibodies of the invention may, in some embodiments, be recombinant human antibodies. The term “recombinant human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor et al., Nucl Acids Res 20:6287-6295 (1992)) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V H  and V L  regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H  and V L  sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo. 
     Human antibodies can exist in two forms that are associated with hinge heterogeneity. In one form, an immunoglobulin molecule comprises a stable four chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond. In a second form, the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half-antibody). These forms have been extremely difficult to separate, even after affinity purification. 
     The frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody. A single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human IgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. Molecular Immunology 30:105 1993)) to levels typically observed using a human IgG1 hinge. The instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, C H 2 or C H 3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form. 
     The antibodies of the invention may be isolated antibodies. An “isolated antibody,” as used herein, means an antibody that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from at least one component of its natural environment. For example, an antibody that has been separated or removed from at least one component of an organism, or from a tissue or cell in which the antibody naturally exists or is naturally produced, is an “isolated antibody” for purposes of the present invention. An isolated antibody also includes an antibody in situ within a recombinant cell. Isolated antibodies are antibodies that have been subjected to at least one purification or isolation step. According to certain embodiments, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals. 
     The present invention includes neutralizing and/or blocking anti-Activin A antibodies. A “neutralizing” or “blocking” antibody, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to Activin A: (i) interferes with the interaction between Activin A and an Activin A receptor (e.g., Activin Type IIA receptor, Activin Type IIB receptor, Activin Type I receptor, etc.); (ii) interferes with the formation of Activin-Activin receptor complexes; and/or (iii) results in inhibition of at least one biological function of Activin A. The inhibition caused by an Activin A neutralizing or blocking antibody need not be complete so long as it is detectable using an appropriate assay. Exemplary assays for detecting Activin A inhibition are described in the working Examples herein. 
     The anti-Activin A antibodies disclosed herein may comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the antibodies were derived. Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases. The present invention includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”). A person of ordinary skill in the art, starting with the heavy and light chain variable region sequences disclosed herein, can easily produce numerous antibodies and antigen-binding fragments which comprise one or more individual germline mutations or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H  and/or V L  domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antibody was derived. In other embodiments, only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3. In other embodiments, one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antibody was originally derived). Furthermore, the antibodies of the present invention may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence. Once obtained, antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that contain one or more germline mutations can be easily tested for one or more desired property such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc. Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present invention. 
     The present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies comprising variants of any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein having one or more conservative substitutions. For example, the present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies having HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences with, e.g., 10 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 4 or fewer, etc. conservative amino acid substitutions relative to any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein. 
     The term “epitope” refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope. A single antigen may have more than one epitope. Thus, different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects. Epitopes may be either conformational or linear. A conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear polypeptide chain. A linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. In certain circumstance, an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups on the antigen. 
     The term “substantial identity” or “substantially identical,” when referring to a nucleic acid or fragment thereof, indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 95%, and more preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed below. A nucleic acid molecule having substantial identity to a reference nucleic acid molecule may, in certain instances, encode a polypeptide having the same or substantially similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleic acid molecule. 
     As applied to polypeptides, the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 95% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 98% or 99% sequence identity. Preferably, residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson, W. R., Methods Mol Biol 24: 307-331 (1994), herein incorporated by reference. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include (1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; (2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; (3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; (4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; (6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and (7) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine. Alternatively, a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al., Science 256: 1443-1445 (1992), herein incorporated by reference. A “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix. 
     Sequence similarity for polypeptides, which is also referred to as sequence identity, is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. For instance, GCG software contains programs such as Gap and Bestfit which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters, a program in GCG Version 6.1. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (see, e.g., Pearson, W. R., Methods Mol Biol 132: 185-219 (2000), herein incorporated by reference). Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al., J Mol Biol 215:403-410 (1990) and Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389-402 (1997), each herein incorporated by reference. 
     Biological Characteristics of the Antibodies 
     The present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind Activin A with high affinity. For example, the present invention includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of antibodies that bind Activin A (e.g., at 25° C. or 37° C.) with a K D  of less than about 30 nM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 3 herein. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention bind Activin A with a K D  of less than about 25 nM, less than about 20 nM, less than about 15 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1 nM, less than about 500 pM, less than about 250 pM, less than about 240 pM, less than about 230 pM, less than about 220 pM, less than about 210 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 190 pM, less than about 180 pM, less than about 170 pM, less than about 160 pM, less than about 150 pM, less than about 140 pM, less than about 130 pM, less than about 120 pM, less than about 110 pM, less than about 100 pM, less than about 95 pM, less than about 90 pM, less than about 85 pM, less than about 80 pM, less than about 75 pM, less than about 70 pM, less than about 65 pM, less than about 60 pM, less than about 55 pM, less than about 50 pM, less than about 45 pM, less than about 40 pM, less than about 35 pM, less than about 30 pM, less than about 25 pM, less than about 20 pM, less than about 15 pM, less than about 10 pM, less than about 9 pM, less than about 8 pM, less than about 7 pM, less than about 6 pM, less than about 5 pM, less than about 4 pM, or less than about 3 pM, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 3 herein, or a substantially similar assay. 
     The present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that inhibit Activin A-mediated cellular signaling. For example, the present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies that inhibit the activation of the SMAD complex signal transduction pathway via the binding of Activin A to Activin Type I or II receptors with an IC 50  value of less than about 4 nM, as measured in a cell-based blocking bioassay, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention inhibit the activation of the SMAD complex signal transduction pathway via the binding of Activin A to Activin Type I or II receptors with an IC 50  value of less than about 3 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1 nm, less than about 500 pM, less than about 250 pM, less than about 240 pM, less than about 230 pM, less than about 220 pM, less than about 210 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 190 pM, less than about 180 pM, less than about 170 pM, less than about 160 pM, less than about 150 pM, less than about 140 pM, less than about 130 pM, less than about 120 pM, less than about 110 pM, less than about 100 pM, less than about 95 pM, less than about 90 pM, less than about 85 pM, less than about 80 pM, less than about 75 pM, less than 70 pM, less than about 65 pM, less than about 60 pM, less than about 55 pM, less than about 50 pM, less than about 49 pM, less than about 48 pM, less than about 47 pM, less than about 46 pM, less than about 45 pM, less than about 44 pM, less than about 43 pM, less than about 42 pM, less than about 41 pM, less than about 40 pM, or less than about 39 pM, as measured in a cell-based blocking bioassay, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention inhibit the signaling activing of Activin B by interfering with the binding of Activin B to Activin Type I or II receptors with an IC 50  value of less than about 50 nM, less than about 20 nM, less than about 10 nm, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM, as measured in a cell-based blocking bioassay, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention inhibit the activation of the SMAD complex signal transduction pathway via the binding of Activin AB to Activin Type I or II receptors with an IC 50  value of less than about 500 pM, less than about 450 pM, less than about 440 pM, less than about 430 pM, less than about 420 pM, less than about 410 pM, less than about 400 pM, less than about 390 pM, less than about 380 pM, less than about 370 pM, less than about 360 pM, less than about 350 pM, less than about 340 pM, less than about 320 pM, less than about 310 pM, less than about 300 pM, less than about 290 pM, less than about 280 pM, less than about 270 pM, less than about 260 pM, less than about 250 pM, less than about 240 pM, less than about 230 pM, less than about 220 pM, less than about 210 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 190 pM, less than about 180 pM, less than about 170 pM, less than about 160 pM, less than about 150 pM, or less than about 140 pM, as measured in a cell-based blocking bioassay, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention inhibit the activation of the SMAD complex signal transduction pathway via the binding of Activin AC to Activin Type I or II receptors with an IC 50  value of less than about 1 nM, less than about 900 pM, less than about 800 pM, less than about 750 pM, less than about 700 pM, less than about 650 pM, less than about 600 pM, or less than about 580 pM, as measured in a cell-based blocking bioassay, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay. 
     The antibodies of the present invention may possess one or more of the aforementioned biological characteristics, or any combinations thereof. Other biological characteristics of the antibodies of the present invention will be evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the present disclosure including the working Examples herein. 
     Anti-Activin A Antibodies Comprising Fc Variants 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, anti-Activin A antibodies are provided comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more mutations which enhance or diminish antibody binding to the FcRn receptor, e.g., at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH. For example, the present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies comprising a mutation in the C H 2 or a C H 3 region of the Fc domain, wherein the mutation(s) increases the affinity of the Fc domain to FcRn in an acidic environment (e.g., in an endosome where pH ranges from about 5.5 to about 6.0). Such mutations may result in an increase in serum half-life of the antibody when administered to an animal. Non-limiting examples of such Fc modifications include, e.g., a modification at position 250 (e.g., E or Q); 250 and 428 (e.g., L or F); 252 (e.g., L/Y/F/W or T), 254 (e.g., S or T), and 256 (e.g., S/R/Q/E/D or T); or a modification at position 428 and/or 433 (e.g., H/L/R/S/P/Q or K) and/or 434 (e.g., A, W, H, F or Y [N434A, N434W, N434H, N434F or N434Y]); or a modification at position 250 and/or 428; or a modification at position 307 or 308 (e.g., 308F, V308F), and 434. In one embodiment, the modification comprises a 428L (e.g., M428L) and 434S (e.g., N434S) modification; a 428L, 259I (e.g., V259I), and 308F (e.g., V308F) modification; a 433K (e.g., H433K) and a 434 (e.g., 434Y) modification; a 252, 254, and 256 (e.g., 252Y, 254T, and 256E) modification; a 250Q and 428L modification (e.g., T250Q and M428L); and a 307 and/or 308 modification (e.g., 308F or 308P). In yet another embodiment, the modification comprises a 265A (e.g., D265A) and/or a 297A (e.g., N297A) modification. 
     For example, the present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more pairs or groups of mutations selected from the group consisting of: 250Q and 248L (e.g., T250Q and M248L); 252Y, 254T and 256E (e.g., M252Y, S254T and T256E); 428L and 434S (e.g., M428L and N434S); 257I and 311I (e.g., P257I and Q311I); 257I and 434H (e.g., P257I and N434H); 376V and 434H (e.g., D376V and N434H); 307A, 380A and 434A (e.g., T307A, E380A and N434A); and 433K and 434F (e.g., H433K and N434F). All possible combinations of the foregoing Fc domain mutations, and other mutations within the antibody variable domains disclosed herein, are contemplated within the scope of the present invention. 
     The present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies comprising a chimeric heavy chain constant (CH) region, wherein the chimeric CH region comprises segments derived from the CH regions of more than one immunoglobulin isotype. For example, the antibodies of the invention may comprise a chimeric CH region comprising part or all of a CH2 domain derived from a human IgG1, human IgG2 or human IgG4 molecule, combined with part or all of a CH3 domain derived from a human IgG1, human IgG2 or human IgG4 molecule. According to certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise a chimeric CH region having a chimeric hinge region. For example, a chimeric hinge may comprise an “upper hinge” amino acid sequence (amino acid residues from positions 216 to 227 according to EU numbering) derived from a human IgG1, a human IgG2 or a human IgG4 hinge region, combined with a “lower hinge” sequence (amino acid residues from positions 228 to 236 according to EU numbering) derived from a human IgG1, a human IgG2 or a human IgG4 hinge region. According to certain embodiments, the chimeric hinge region comprises amino acid residues derived from a human IgG1 or a human IgG4 upper hinge and amino acid residues derived from a human IgG2 lower hinge. An antibody comprising a chimeric CH region as described herein may, in certain embodiments, exhibit modified Fc effector functions without adversely affecting the therapeutic or pharmacokinetic properties of the antibody. (See, e.g., U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 61/759,578, filed Feb. 1, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
     Epitope Mapping and Related Technologies 
     The present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies which interact with one or more amino acids found within Activin A (e.g., within the Activin Type II receptor binding site). The epitope to which the antibodies bind may consist of a single contiguous sequence of 3 or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids located within the Activin βA subunit. Alternatively, the epitope may consist of a plurality of non-contiguous amino acids (or amino acid sequences) located within the Activin A dimer. 
     Various techniques known to persons of ordinary skill in the art can be used to determine whether an antibody “interacts with one or more amino acids” within a polypeptide or protein. Exemplary techniques include, e.g., routine cross-blocking assay such as that described  Antibodies , Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harb., N.Y.), alanine scanning mutational analysis, peptide blots analysis (Reineke, Methods Mol Biol 248:443-463 (2004)), and peptide cleavage analysis. In addition, methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer, Protein Science 9:487-496 (2000)). Another method that can be used to identify the amino acids within a polypeptide with which an antibody interacts is hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by mass spectrometry. In general terms, the hydrogen/deuterium exchange method involves deuterium-labeling the protein of interest, followed by binding the antibody to the deuterium-labeled protein. Next, the protein/antibody complex is transferred to water to allow hydrogen-deuterium exchange to occur at all residues except for the residues protected by the antibody (which remain deuterium-labeled). After dissociation of the antibody, the target protein is subjected to protease cleavage and mass spectrometry analysis, thereby revealing the deuterium-labeled residues which correspond to the specific amino acids with which the antibody interacts. See, e.g., Ehring, Analytical Biochemistry 267(2):252-259 (1999); Engen and Smith, Anal. Chem. 73:256A-265A (2001). 
     The present invention further includes anti-Activin A antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g., H4H10423P, H4H10424P, H4H10426P, H4H10429P, H4H10430P, H4H10432P2, H4H10433P2, H4H10436P2, H4H10437P2, H4H10438P2, H4H10440P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10445P2, H4H10446P2, H4H10447P2, H4H10448P2, H4H10452P2, H4H10468P2, H2aM10965N, etc.). Likewise, the present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies that compete for binding to Activin A with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g., H4H10423P, H4H10424P, H4H10426P, H4H10429P, H4H10430P, H4H10432P2, H4H10433P2, H4H10436P2, H4H10437P2, H4H10438P2, H4H10440P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10445P2, H4H10446P2, H4H10447P2, H4H10448P2, H4H10452P2, H4H10468P2, H2aM10965N, etc.). For example, the present invention includes anti-Activin A antibodies that cross-compete for binding to Activin A with one or more antibodies of “Bin 1” as defined in Example 4 herein (e.g., H4H10423P, H4H10446P2, H4H10468P2 and H4H10442P2). The present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies that cross-compete for binding to Activin A with one or more antibodies of “Bin 2” as defined in Example 4 herein (e.g., H4H10429, H4H1430P, H4H10432P2, H4H10436P2, and H4H10440P2). 
     One can easily determine whether an antibody binds to the same epitope as, or competes for binding with, a reference anti-Activin A antibody by using routine methods known in the art and exemplified herein. For example, to determine if a test antibody binds to the same epitope as a reference anti-Activin A antibody of the invention, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to Activin A (or a βA subunit-containing heterodimer). Next, the ability of a test antibody to bind to Activin A is assessed. If the test antibody is able to bind to Activin A following saturation binding with the reference anti-Activin A antibody, it can be concluded that the test antibody binds to a different epitope than the reference anti-Activin A antibody. On the other hand, if the test antibody is not able to bind to Activin A following saturation binding with the reference anti-Activin A antibody, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-Activin A antibody of the invention. Additional routine experimentation (e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses) can then be carried out to confirm whether the observed lack of binding of the test antibody is in fact due to binding to the same epitope as the reference antibody or if steric blocking (or another phenomenon) is responsible for the lack of observed binding. Experiments of this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, Biacore, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art. In accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, two antibodies bind to the same (or overlapping) epitope if, e.g., a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 50:1495-1502 (1990)). Alternatively, two antibodies are deemed to bind to the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other. Two antibodies are deemed to have “overlapping epitopes” if only a subset of the amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other. 
     To determine if an antibody competes for binding (or cross-competes for binding) with a reference anti-Activin A antibody, the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to Activin A protein (or a βA subunit-containing heterodimer) under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the Activin A molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to Activin A under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antibody to Activin A. If, in both orientations, only the first (saturating) antibody is capable of binding to Activin A, then it is concluded that the test antibody and the reference antibody compete for binding to Activin A (see, e.g., the assay format described in Example 4 herein, in which a test Activin A antibody is captured onto sensor tips that are then submerged in a solution containing a reference Activin A antibody pre-bound with Activin A). As will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art, an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antibody may not necessarily bind to the same epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope. 
     Anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may bind to an epitope on Activin A that is within or near the binding site for an Activin Type II receptor, directly block interaction between Activin A and an Activin Type II receptor, and indirectly block interaction between Activin A and an Activin Type I receptor. Anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may bind to an epitope on Activin A that is within or near the binding site for the Activin Type I receptor and directly block interaction between Activin A and an Activin Type I receptor. In one embodiment of the invention, an anti-Activin A antibody of the invention that binds to Activin A at or near the Activin Type I receptor binding site does not block interaction between Activin A and an Activin A Type II receptor. 
     Preparation of Human Antibodies 
     Methods for generating monoclonal antibodies, including fully human monoclonal antibodies are known in the art. Any such known methods can be used in the context of the present invention to make human antibodies that specifically bind to human Activin A. 
     Using VELOCIMMUNE™ technology, for example, or any other known method for generating fully human monoclonal antibodies, high affinity chimeric antibodies to human Activin A are initially isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region. As in the experimental section below, the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc. If necessary, mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region, for example wild-type or modified IgG1 or IgG4, to generate a fully human anti-Activin A antibody. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region. In certain instances, fully human anti-Activin A antibodies are isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells. 
     Bioequivalents 
     The anti-Activin A antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention encompass proteins having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the described antibodies but that retain the ability to bind human Activin A. Such variant antibodies and antibody fragments comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described antibodies. Likewise, the anti-Activin A antibody-encoding DNA sequences of the present invention encompass sequences that comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides when compared to the disclosed sequence, but that encode an anti-Activin A antibody or antibody fragment that is essentially bioequivalent to an anti-Activin A antibody or antibody fragment of the invention. Examples of such variant amino acid and DNA sequences are discussed above. 
     Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies, are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single does or multiple dose. Some antibodies will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug concentrations on, e.g., chronic use, and are considered medically insignificant for the particular drug product studied. 
     In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, and potency. 
     In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching. 
     In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known. 
     Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro methods. Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antibody. 
     Bioequivalent variants of anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity. For example, cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation. In other contexts, bioequivalent antibodies may include anti-Activin A antibody variants comprising amino acid changes which modify the glycosylation characteristics of the antibodies, e.g., mutations which eliminate or remove glycosylation. 
     Species Selectivity and Species Cross-Reactivity 
     The present invention, according to certain embodiments, provides anti-Activin A antibodies that bind to human Activin A but not to Activin A from other species. The present invention also includes anti-Activin A antibodies that bind to human Activin A and to Activin A from one or more non-human species. For example, the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may bind to human Activin A and may bind or not bind, as the case may be, to one or more of mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, pig, cat, dog, rabbit, goat, sheep, cow, horse, camel, cynomologous, marmoset, rhesus or chimpanzee Activin A. According to certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, anti-Activin A antibodies are provided which specifically bind human Activin A (e.g., Activin A or a βA subunit-containing heterodimer) and cynomolgus monkey (e.g.,  Macaca fascicularis ) Activin A. 
     Immunoconjugates 
     The invention encompasses anti-Activin A monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate”), such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope. Cytotoxic agents include any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples of suitable cytotoxic agents and chemotherapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates are known in the art (see for example, WO 05/103081). 
     Multispecific Antibodies 
     The antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bi-specific, or multispecific. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al., J Immunol 147:60-69 (1991); Kufer et al., Trends Biotechnol 22:238-244 (2004). The anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention can be linked to or co-expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein. For example, an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment to produce a bi-specific or a multispecific antibody with a second binding specificity. For example, the present invention includes bi-specific antibodies wherein one arm of an immunoglobulin is specific for human Activin A or a fragment thereof, and the other arm of the immunoglobulin is specific for a second therapeutic target or is conjugated to a therapeutic moiety. One embodiment of the invention includes bi-specific antibodies wherein one arm of an immunoglobulin is specific for human Activin A or a fragment thereof, and the other arm of the immunoglobulin is specific for GDF8. 
     An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) C H 3 domain and a second Ig C H 3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig C H 3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,586,713, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In one embodiment, the first Ig C H 3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig C H 3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering). The second C H 3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second C H 3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V821 (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgG1 antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V821 (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, V821, and L105P (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, V422I, and L445P by EU) in the case of IgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are contemplated within the scope of the present invention. 
     Other exemplary bispecific formats that can be used in the context of the present invention include, without limitation, e.g., scFv-based or diabody bispecific formats, IgG-scFv fusions, dual variable domain (DVD)-Ig, Quadroma, knobs-into-holes, common light chain (e.g., common light chain with knobs-into-holes, etc.), CrossMab, CrossFab, (SEED) body, leucine zipper, Duobody, IgG1/IgG2, dual acting Fab (DAF)-IgG, and Mab 2  bispecific formats (see, e.g., Klein et al., mAbs 4:6, 1-11 (2012), and references cited therein, for a review of the foregoing formats). Bispecific antibodies can also be constructed using peptide/nucleic acid conjugation, e.g., wherein unnatural amino acids with orthogonal chemical reactivity are used to generate site-specific antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates which then self-assemble into multimeric complexes with defined composition, valency and geometry. (See, e.g., Kazane et al., J Am Chem Soc. 135(1):340-346 (2013)). 
     Therapeutic Formulation and Administration 
     The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-Activin A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like. A multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. These formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTIN™, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. See also Powell et al. “Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations” PDA, J Pharm Sci Technol 52:238-311 (1998). 
     The dose of antibody administered to a patient may vary depending upon the age and the size of the patient, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like. The preferred dose is typically calculated according to body weight or body surface area. When an antibody of the present invention is used for treating a condition or disease associated with Activin A activity in an adult patient, it may be advantageous to intravenously administer the antibody of the present invention normally at a single dose of about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.02 to about 7, about 0.03 to about 5, or about 0.05 to about 3 mg/kg body weight. Depending on the severity of the condition, the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted. Effective dosages and schedules for administering anti-Activin A antibodies may be determined empirically; for example, patient progress can be monitored by periodic assessment, and the dose adjusted accordingly. Moreover, interspecies scaling of dosages can be performed using well-known methods in the art (e.g., Mordenti et al., Pharmaceut Res 8:1351 (1991)). 
     Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing an antibody or other therapeutic protein of the invention, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al., J Biol Chem 262:4429-4432 (1987)). The antibodies and other therapeutically active components of the present invention may also be delivered by gene therapy techniques. Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. 
     A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe. In addition, with respect to subcutaneous delivery, a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable. A reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused. In a disposable pen delivery device, there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the pharmaceutical composition, the entire device is discarded. 
     Numerous reusable pen and autoinjector delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Examples include, but are not limited to AUTOPEN™ (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONIC™ pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Bergdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25™ pen, HUMALOG™ pen, HUMALIN 70/30™ pen (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.), NOVOPEN™ I, II and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIOR™ (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BD™ pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.), OPTIPEN™, OPTIPEN PRO™, OPTIPEN STARLET™, and OPTICLIK™ (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few. Examples of disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to the SOLOSTAR™ pen (sanofi-aventis), the FLEXPEN™ (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPEN™ (Eli Lilly), the SURECLICK™ Autoinjector (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, Calif.), the PENLET™ (Haselmeier, Stuttgart, Germany), the EPIPEN (Dey, L.P.), and the HUMIRA™ Pen (Abbott Labs, Abbott Park Ill.), to name only a few. 
     In certain situations, the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used; see, Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), 1974, CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition&#39;s target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, 1984, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138). Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990). 
     The injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known. For example, the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections. As the aqueous medium for injections, there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc. As the oily medium, there are employed, e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, etc., which may be used in combination with a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc. The injection thus prepared is preferably filled in an appropriate ampoule. 
     Advantageously, the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients. Such dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc. The amount of the aforesaid antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 500 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the aforesaid antibody is contained in about 5 to about 100 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms. 
     Therapeutic Uses of the Antibodies 
     The antibodies of the invention are useful, inter alia, for the treatment, prevention and/or amelioration of any disease or disorder associated with or mediated by Activin A expression, signaling, or activity, or treatable by blocking the interaction between Activin A and an Activin A receptor (e.g., ActRIIA, ActRIIB, Activin Type I receptor, etc.) or otherwise inhibiting Activin A activity and/or signaling. For example, the present invention provides methods of treating conditions or afflictions which can be cured, alleviated or improved by increasing muscle strength/power and/or muscle mass and/or muscle function in an individual, or by favorably altering metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid and protein processing) by specifically binding Activin A and not binding other ActRIIB ligands, or by specifically binding Activin A and GDF8 and not binding other ActRIIB ligands. For example, the present invention includes methods for increasing muscle strength/power and/or muscle mass and/or muscle function in a subject, or for treating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength in a subject, by administering to the subject an Activin A-specific binding protein. The present invention also includes methods for increasing muscle strength/power and/or muscle mass and/or muscle function in a subject, or for treating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength in a subject, by administering to the subject an Activin A-specific binding protein and a GDF8-specific binding protein. Any of the Activin A-specific binding proteins and/or GDF8-specific binding proteins disclosed or referred to herein can be used in the context of these aspects of the invention. For example, the therapeutic methods of the present invention include administering to a subject an anti-Activin A antibody and/or an anti-GDF8 antibody. 
     Thus, in the context of the methods of treatment described herein, the anti-Activin A antibody may be administered as a monotherapy (i.e., as the only therapeutic agent) or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents (e.g., an anti-GDF8 antibody), further examples of which are described elsewhere herein. 
     In methods which comprise administering an Activin A-specific binding protein and a GDF8-specific binding protein to a subject, the Activin A-specific binding protein and the GDF8-specific binding protein may be administered to the subject at the same or substantially the same time, e.g., in a single therapeutic dosage, or in two separate dosages which are administered simultaneously or within less than about 5 minutes of one another. Alternatively, the Activin A-specific binding protein and the GDF8-specific binding protein may be administered to the subject sequentially, e.g., in separate therapeutic dosages separated in time from one another by more than about 5 minutes. 
     The present invention also includes methods for increasing muscle strength/power and/or muscle mass and/or muscle function in a subject, or for treating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength in a subject, by administering to the subject an antigen-binding molecule comprising an Activin A-specific binding domain and a GDF8-specific binding domain. Any of the antigen-binding molecules disclosed or referred to herein can be used in the context of this aspect of the invention. For example, the therapeutic methods of the present invention include administering to a subject a bispecific antibody comprising a first variable domain comprising a HCVR/LCVR pair that specifically binds Activin A and a second variable domain comprising a HCVR/LCVR pair that specifically binds GDF8. 
     The compositions of the present invention may be administered to a subject along with one or more additional therapeutic agents, including, e.g., growth factor inhibitors, immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory agents, metabolic inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, and cytotoxic/cytostatic agents. The additional therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, concurrent with, or after the administration of the Activin A- and GDF8-specific binding proteins of the present invention. 
     Exemplary diseases, disorders and conditions that can be treated with the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, sarcopenia, cachexia (either idiopathic or secondary to other conditions, e.g., cancer, chronic renal failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), muscle injury, muscle trauma, muscle wasting and muscle atrophy, e.g., muscle atrophy or wasting caused by or associated with disuse, e.g., muscular, immobilization, bed rest, injury, medical treatment or surgical intervention (e.g., hip fracture, hip replacement, knee replacement, and other joint, tendon, or ligament injuries such as tears in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or the medial collateral ligament (MCL), etc.), muscular dystrophy (e.g., Myotonic, Duchenne, Becker, Limb-girdle, Facioscapulohumeral (FSHD, also known as Landouzy-Dejerine disease), Congenital, Oculopharyngeal, Distal, Emery-Dreifuss, etc.), glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, stroke rehabilitation (e.g., rehabilitation for stroke hemiparesis) or by necessity of mechanical ventilation. The compositions of the invention may also be used to treat, prevent or ameliorate diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson&#39;s disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteopenia, and metabolic syndromes (including, but not limited to diabetes, obesity, nutritional disorders, organ atrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and anorexia). Additional diseases, disorders, and conditions that can be prevented, treated and/or ameliorated using compositions of the present invention include sepsis, chronic heart failure, benign and malignant pheochromocytoma, uterine fibroids/leiomyomata, preeclampsia, keloids and hypertrophic scars, and pulmonary artery hypertension. 
     Improved Specificity of Binding and Activity 
     The present invention includes methods for increasing muscle strength/power and/or muscle mass and/or muscle function in a subject, or for treating a disease or disorder characterized by decreased muscle mass or strength in a subject, or for treating a disease or disorder caused by, promoted by, or aggravated by Activin A activity, without causing adverse effects associated with the administration of molecules which bind multiple (e.g., 3 or more) ActRIIB ligands. In other words, methods using anti-Activin A antibodies or antigen binding proteins thereof (e.g., wherein the anti-Activin A antibody only significantly binds to Activin A) may treat a disease or disorder without causing unwanted or adverse effects seen with molecules which bind multiple ActRIIB ligands. For example, the clinical molecule referred to as ACE-031 (Acceleron Pharma, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.) is a multimer consisting of the extracellular portion of ActRIIB fused to an IgG Fc domain (this molecule is also referred to herein as “ActRIIB-Fc”). ActRIIB-Fc binds Activin A as well as other ActRIIB ligands such as, e.g., Activin B, GDF8, GDF11, BMP9, BMP10, and TGFβ, and is known to cause various adverse effects when administered to human patients. Significantly, the present inventors have unexpectedly discovered that specifically inhibiting Activin A and GDF8 (e.g., by administering an anti-Activin A antibody and an anti-GDF8 antibody), while not inhibiting other ActRIIB ligands such as Activin B, GDF11, BMP9, BMP10, and TGFβ, results in an increase in muscle mass that is at least equivalent to that observed by administration of ActRIIB-Fc, without causing the adverse effects associated with binding agents such as ActRIIB-Fc. 
     Combination Therapies and Formulations 
     The present invention includes compositions and therapeutic formulations comprising any of the anti-Activin A antibodies described herein in combination with one or more additional therapeutically active components, and methods of treatment comprising administering such combinations to subjects in need thereof. The present invention also includes compositions and therapeutic formulations comprising any of the anti-Activin A antibodies described herein in combination with one or more additional therapeutically active components, and methods of treatment comprising administering such combinations to subjects in need thereof. For example, the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may also be administered and/or co-formulated in combination with antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics, corticosteroids, steroids, oxygen, antioxidants, metal chelators, IFN-gamma, and/or NSAIDs. The anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention may also be administered as part of a treatment regimen that also includes radiation treatment and/or conventional chemotherapy (e.g., in the context of methods of treating cancer or inhibiting tumor growth). Any of the aforementioned additional therapeutically active components may be administered in combination with any of the anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention for the treatment of any disease or disorder in which administration of an anti-Activin A antibody is beneficial, including, e.g., sarcopenia, cachexia, muscle injury, muscle wasting and muscle atrophy. Any of the aforementioned additional therapeutically active components may also be administered in combination with any of the anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention along with a GDF8 inhibitor (e.g., an anti-GDF8 antibody). 
     The additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject prior to administration of an anti-Activin A antibody of the present invention. For example, a first component may be deemed to be administered “prior to” a second component if the first component is administered 1 week before, 72 hours before, 60 hours before, 48 hours before, 36 hours before, 24 hours before, 12 hours before, 6 hours before, 5 hours before, 4 hours before, 3 hours before, 2 hours before, 1 hour before, 30 minutes before, 15 minutes before, 10 minutes before, 5 minutes before, or less than 1 minute before administration of the second component. In other embodiments, the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject after administration of an anti-Activin A antibody of the present invention. For example, a first component may be deemed to be administered “after” a second component if the first component is administered 1 minute after, 5 minutes after, 10 minutes after, 15 minutes after, 30 minutes after, 1 hour after, 2 hours after, 3 hours after, 4 hours after, 5 hours after, 6 hours after, 12 hours after, 24 hours after, 36 hours after, 48 hours after, 60 hours after, 72 hours after administration of the second component. In yet other embodiments, the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject concurrent with administration of anti-Activin A antibody of the present invention. “Concurrent” administration, for purposes of the present invention, includes, e.g., administration of an anti-Activin A antibody and an additional therapeutically active component to a subject in a single dosage form, or in separate dosage forms administered to the subject within about 30 minutes or less of each other. If administered in separate dosage forms, each dosage form may be administered via the same route (e.g., both the anti-Activin A antibody and the additional therapeutically active component may be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, intravitreally, etc.); alternatively, each dosage form may be administered via a different route (e.g., the anti-Activin A antibody may be administered locally (e.g., intravitreally) and the additional therapeutically active component may be administered systemically). In any event, administering the components in a single dosage from, in separate dosage forms by the same route, or in separate dosage forms by different routes are all considered “concurrent administration,” for purposes of the present disclosure. For purposes of the present disclosure, administration of an anti-Activin A antibody “prior to”, “concurrent with,” or “after” (as those terms are defined herein above) administration of an additional therapeutically active component is considered administration of an anti-Activin A antibody “in combination with” an additional therapeutically active component). 
     The present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions in which an anti-Activin A antibody of the present invention is co-formulated with one or more of the additional therapeutically active component(s) as described elsewhere herein. 
     Dosage 
     The amount of active ingredient (e.g., anti-Activin A antibodies, anti-GDF8 antibodies given in combination with anti-Activin A antibodies, or bispecific antibodies that specifically bind Activin A and GDF8) that can be administered to a subject is, generally, a therapeutically effective amount. As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically effective amount” means a dose of antigen-specific binding proteins and/or antigen-binding molecules that results in a detectable increase in one or more of the following parameters: body weight, muscle mass (e.g., tibialis anterior [TA] muscle mass, gastrocnemius [GA] muscle mass, quadriceps [Quad] muscle mass, etc.), muscle strength/power, and/or muscle function. For example, a “therapeutically effective amount” of an Activin A-specific binding protein and/or a GDF8-specific binding protein includes, e.g., an amount of Activin A-specific binding protein and/or GDF8-specific binding protein that, when administered to a test subject, causes an increase in TA or GA muscle mass of at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or more, compared to control treated subjects, e.g., as illustrated in Example 7, herein. 
     In the case of antibodies of the present invention (e.g., anti-Activin A antibodies, anti-GDF8 antibodies given in combination with anti-Activin A antibodies, or bispecific antibodies that specifically bind Activin A and GDF8), a therapeutically effective amount can be from about 0.05 mg to about 600 mg; e.g., about 0.05 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 2.0 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, about 900 mg, about 910 mg, about 920 mg, about 930 mg, about 940 mg, about 950 mg, about 960 mg, about 970 mg, about 980 mg, about 990 mg, or about 1000 mg, of the respective antibody. 
     The amount of antibody of the present invention (e.g., anti-Activin A antibodies, anti-GDF8 antibodies given in combination with anti-Activin A antibodies, or bispecific antibodies that specifically bind Activin A and GDF8) contained within the individual doses may be expressed in terms of milligrams of antibody per kilogram of patient body weight (i.e., mg/kg). For example, the anti-Activin A, anti-GDF8 and/or anti-Activin A/anti-GDF8 bispecific antibodies of the present invention may be administered to a patient at a dose of about 0.0001 to about 50 mg/kg of patient body weight (e.g. 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4.0 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7.0 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8.0 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9.0 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, 10.5 mg/kg, 11.0 mg/kg, 11.5 mg/kg, 12.0 mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg, 13.0 mg/kg, 13.5 mg/kg, 14.0 mg/kg, 14.5 mg/kg, 15.0 mg/kg, 15.5 mg/kg, 16.0 mg/kg, 16.5 mg/kg, 17.0 mg/kg, 17.5 mg/kg, 18.0 mg/kg, 18.5 mg/kg, 19.0 mg/kg, 19.5 mg/kg, 20.0 mg/kg, etc.). 
     The compositions of the present invention may comprise equal amounts of Activin A-specific binding protein and GDF8-specific binding protein. Alternatively, the amount of Activin A-specific binding protein in the composition may be less than or greater than the amount of GDF8-specific binding protein. A person of ordinary skill in the art, using routine experimentation, will be able to determine the appropriate amounts of the individual components in the compositions of the present invention necessary to produce a desired therapeutic effect. 
     Administration Regimens 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, multiple doses of an active ingredient (e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody, an anti-GDF8 antibody administered in combination with an anti-Activin A antibody, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of anti-Activin A antibody and any of the additional therapeutically active agents mentioned herein, including, e.g., an anti-GDF8 antibody, or a bispecific antibody that specifically bind Activin A and GDF8) may be administered to a subject over a defined time course. The methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise sequentially administering to a subject multiple doses of an active ingredient of the invention. As used herein, “sequentially administering” means that each dose of an active ingredient is administered to the subject at a different point in time, e.g., on different days separated by a predetermined interval (e.g., hours, days, weeks or months). The present invention includes methods which comprise sequentially administering to the patient a single initial dose of an active ingredient, followed by one or more secondary doses of the active ingredient, and optionally followed by one or more tertiary doses of the active ingredient. 
     The terms “initial dose,” “secondary doses,” and “tertiary doses,” refer to the temporal sequence of administration of the active ingredient, e.g., anti-Activin A antibody of the invention or of a combination therapy of the invention, e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody and an anti-GDF8 antibody. Thus, the “initial dose” is the dose which is administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen (also referred to as the “baseline dose”); the “secondary doses” are the doses which are administered after the initial dose; and the “tertiary doses” are the doses which are administered after the secondary doses. The initial, secondary, and tertiary doses may all contain the same amount of the active ingredient, e.g., anti-Activin A antibody, but generally may differ from one another in terms of frequency of administration. In certain embodiments, however, the amount of the active ingredient, e.g., anti-Activin A antibody, contained in the initial, secondary and/or tertiary doses varies from one another (e.g., adjusted up or down as appropriate) during the course of treatment. In certain embodiments, two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) doses are administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen as “loading doses” followed by subsequent doses that are administered on a less frequent basis (e.g., “maintenance doses”). 
     In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, each secondary and/or tertiary dose is administered 1 to 26 (e.g., 1, 1½, 2, 2½, 3, 3½, 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6, 6½, 7, 7½, 8, 8½, 9, 9½, 10, 10½, 11, 11½, 12, 12½, 13, 13½, 14, 14½, 15, 15½, 16, 16½, 17, 17½, 18, 18½, 19, 19½, 20, 20½, 21, 21½, 22, 22½, 23, 23½, 24, 24½, 25, 25½, 26, 26½, or more) weeks after the immediately preceding dose. The phrase “the immediately preceding dose,” as used herein, means, in a sequence of multiple administrations, the dose of the active ingredient, e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody, which is administered to a patient prior to the administration of the very next dose in the sequence with no intervening doses. 
     The methods according to this aspect of the invention may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an active ingredient of the invention, e.g., an anti-Activin A antibody. For example, in certain embodiments, only a single secondary dose is administered to the patient. In other embodiments, two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) secondary doses are administered to the patient. Likewise, in certain embodiments, only a single tertiary dose is administered to the patient. In other embodiments, two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) tertiary doses are administered to the patient. 
     In embodiments involving multiple secondary doses, each secondary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other secondary doses. For example, each secondary dose may be administered to the patient 1 to 2 weeks or 1 to 2 months after the immediately preceding dose. Similarly, in embodiments involving multiple tertiary doses, each tertiary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other tertiary doses. For example, each tertiary dose may be administered to the patient 2 to 12 weeks after the immediately preceding dose. In certain embodiments of the invention, the frequency at which the secondary and/or tertiary doses are administered to a patient can vary over the course of the treatment regimen. The frequency of administration may also be adjusted during the course of treatment by a physician depending on the needs of the individual patient following clinical examination. 
     The present invention includes administration regimens in which 2 to 6 loading doses are administered to a patient a first frequency (e.g., once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, etc.), followed by administration of two or more maintenance doses to the patient on a less frequent basis. For example, according to this aspect of the invention, if the loading doses are administered at a frequency of once a month, then the maintenance doses may be administered to the patient once every six weeks, once every two months, once every three months, etc.). 
     Diagnostic Uses of the Antibodies 
     The anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention may also be used to detect and/or measure Activin A, or Activin A-expressing cells in a sample, e.g., for diagnostic purposes. For example, an anti-Activin A antibody, or fragment thereof, may be used to diagnose a condition or disease characterized by aberrant expression (e.g., over-expression, under-expression, lack of expression, etc.) of Activin A. Exemplary diagnostic assays for Activin A may comprise, e.g., contacting a sample, obtained from a patient, with an anti-Activin A antibody of the invention, wherein the anti-Activin A antibody is labeled with a detectable label or reporter molecule. Alternatively, an unlabeled anti-Activin A antibody can be used in diagnostic applications in combination with a secondary antibody which is itself detectably labeled. The detectable label or reporter molecule can be a radioisotope, such as  3 H,  14 C,  32 P,  35 S, or  125 I; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent moiety such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or rhodamine; or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase. Specific exemplary assays that can be used to detect or measure Activin A in a sample include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). 
     Samples that can be used in Activin A diagnostic assays according to the present invention include any tissue or fluid sample obtainable from a patient which contains detectable quantities of Activin A protein, or fragments thereof, under normal or pathological conditions. Generally, levels of Activin A in a particular sample obtained from a healthy patient (e.g., a patient not afflicted with a disease or condition associated with abnormal Activin A levels or activity) will be measured to initially establish a baseline, or standard, level of Activin A. This baseline level of Activin A can then be compared against the levels of Activin A measured in samples obtained from individuals suspected of having an Activin A-related disease or condition. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the methods and compositions of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. 
     Example 1. Generation of Human Antibodies to Activin A 
     An immunogen comprising the Activin A protein (inhibin-βA dimer) was administered directly, with an adjuvant to stimulate the immune response, to a VELOCIMMUNE® mouse comprising DNA encoding human Immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable regions. The antibody immune response was monitored by a Activin A-specific immunoassay. When a desired immune response was achieved splenocytes were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines. The hybridoma cell lines were screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce Activin A-specific antibodies. Using this technique several anti-Activin A chimeric antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and mouse constant domains) were obtained. An exemplary antibody obtained in this manner is H2aM10965N. The human variable domains from the chimeric antibodies were subsequently cloned onto human constant domains to make fully human anti-Activin A antibodies as described herein. 
     Anti-Activin A antibodies were also isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in US 2007/0280945A1. Using this method, several fully human anti-Activin A antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and human constant domains) were obtained; exemplary antibodies generated in this manner were designated as follows: H4H10423P, H4H10429P, H4H10430P, H4H10432P2, H4H10440P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10436P2, and H4H10446P2. 
     Certain biological properties of the exemplary anti-Activin A antibodies generated in accordance with the methods of this Example are described in detail in the Examples set forth below. 
     Example 2. Heavy and Light Chain Variable Region Amino Acid Sequences 
     Table 1 sets forth the heavy and light chain variable region amino acid sequence pairs of selected anti-Activin A antibodies and their corresponding antibody identifiers. The corresponding nucleic acid sequence identifiers are set forth in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Amino Acid Sequence Identifiers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Antibody 
                 SEQ ID NOs: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Designation 
                 HCVR 
                 HCDR1 
                 HCDR2 
                 HCDR3 
                 LCVR 
                 LCDR1 
                 LCDR2 
                 LCDR3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 2 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 10 
                 12 
                 14 
                 16 
               
               
                 H4H10424P 
                 18 
                 20 
                 22 
                 24 
                 26 
                 28 
                 30 
                 32 
               
               
                 H4H10426P 
                 34 
                 36 
                 38 
                 40 
                 42 
                 44 
                 46 
                 48 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 50 
                 52 
                 54 
                 56 
                 58 
                 60 
                 62 
                 64 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 66 
                 68 
                 70 
                 72 
                 74 
                 76 
                 78 
                 80 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 82 
                 84 
                 86 
                 88 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10433P2 
                 98 
                 100 
                 102 
                 104 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 106 
                 108 
                 110 
                 112 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10437P2 
                 114 
                 116 
                 118 
                 120 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10438P2 
                 122 
                 124 
                 126 
                 128 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 130 
                 132 
                 134 
                 136 
                 90 
                 92 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 138 
                 140 
                 142 
                 144 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10445P2 
                 154 
                 156 
                 158 
                 160 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 162 
                 164 
                 166 
                 168 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10447P2 
                 170 
                 172 
                 174 
                 176 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10448P2 
                 178 
                 180 
                 182 
                 184 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10452P2 
                 186 
                 188 
                 190 
                 192 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 194 
                 196 
                 198 
                 200 
                 146 
                 148 
                 150 
                 152 
               
               
                 H2aM10965N 
                 202 
                 204 
                 206 
                 208 
                 210 
                 212 
                 214 
                 216 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Nucleic Acid Sequence Identifiers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Antibody 
                 SEQ ID NOs: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Designation 
                 HCVR 
                 HCDR1 
                 HCDR2 
                 HCDR3 
                 LCVR 
                 LCDR1 
                 LCDR2 
                 LCDR3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 1 
                 3 
                 5 
                 7 
                 9 
                 11 
                 13 
                 15 
               
               
                 H4H10424P 
                 17 
                 19 
                 21 
                 23 
                 25 
                 27 
                 29 
                 31 
               
               
                 H4H10426P 
                 33 
                 35 
                 37 
                 39 
                 41 
                 43 
                 45 
                 47 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 49 
                 51 
                 53 
                 55 
                 57 
                 59 
                 61 
                 63 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 65 
                 67 
                 69 
                 71 
                 73 
                 75 
                 77 
                 79 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 81 
                 83 
                 85 
                 87 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10433P2 
                 97 
                 99 
                 101 
                 103 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 105 
                 107 
                 109 
                 111 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10437P2 
                 113 
                 115 
                 117 
                 119 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10438P2 
                 121 
                 123 
                 125 
                 127 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 129 
                 131 
                 133 
                 135 
                 89 
                 91 
                 93 
                 95 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 137 
                 139 
                 141 
                 143 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10445P2 
                 153 
                 155 
                 157 
                 159 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 161 
                 163 
                 165 
                 167 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10447P2 
                 169 
                 171 
                 173 
                 175 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10448P2 
                 177 
                 179 
                 181 
                 183 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10452P2 
                 185 
                 187 
                 189 
                 191 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 193 
                 195 
                 197 
                 199 
                 145 
                 147 
                 149 
                 151 
               
               
                 H2aM10965N 
                 201 
                 203 
                 205 
                 207 
                 209 
                 211 
                 213 
                 215 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Antibodies are typically referred to herein according to the following nomenclature: Fc prefix (e.g. “H1M,” “H2aM,” “H4H”), followed by a numerical identifier (e.g. “10423,” “10424,” or “10426” as shown in Tables 1 and 2), followed by a “P,” “P2” or “N” suffix. Thus, according to this nomenclature, an antibody may be referred to herein as, e.g., “H4H10423P,” “H4H10432P2,” “H2aM10965N,” etc. The HIM, H2M and H4H prefixes on the antibody designations used herein indicate the particular Fc region isotype of the antibody. For example, an “H2aM” antibody has a mouse IgG2a Fc, whereas an “H4H” antibody has a human IgG4 Fc. As will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art, an antibody having a particular Fc isotype can be converted to an antibody with a different Fc isotype (e.g., an antibody with a mouse IgG2a Fc can be converted to an antibody with a human IgG4, etc.), but in any event, the variable domains (including the CDRs)—which are indicated by the numerical identifiers shown in Table 1—will remain the same, and the binding properties are expected to be identical or substantially similar regardless of the nature of the Fc domain. 
     Control Constructs Used in the Following Examples 
     Anti-Activin A control molecules were included in the following Examples for comparative purposes. The control antibody designated herein as Control 1 is a human anti-Activin A antibody with heavy and light chain variable domain sequences of “A1” as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,082. Control 2 is an anti-human Activin Receptor Type II B antibody (anti-ActR2B mAb) disclosed as MOR8159 in U.S. Patent Application No. 2012/0237521 A1. Control 3 is a murine anti-Activin A monoclonal antibody from R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn. (catalog number MAB3381). Control 4 is an Activin Type IIB receptor-Fc fusion molecule (a soluble Activin RIIB receptor extracelullar domain produced with a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc fusion protein (E23-P133 of NP_001097 followed by a Gly-Ser linker followed by a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc fusion), the sequence of which is provided as SEQ ID NO:227. 
     Example 3. Antibody Binding to Human Activin A as Determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance 
     Binding affinities and kinetic constants for antigen binding to selected purified anti-human Activin A monoclonal antibodies were determined using a real-time surface plasmon resonance biosensor (Biacore T200 or Biacore 4000, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, N.J.) assay at 25° C. and 37° C. Antibodies, expressed as either mouse Fc (prefix H2aM) or human Fc (prefix H4H), were captured on their respective anti-Fc sensor surfaces (mAb capture format). Anti-Activin A antibodies were captured on either a goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (GE Healthcare, #BR-1008-38) or a mouse anti-human IgG monoclonal antibody (GE Healthcare, #BR-1008-39) surface created through direct amine coupling to a Biacore CM5 sensor chip. Kinetic experiments were carried out using either HBS-EP (10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% Surfactant P20, at pH 7.4) or PBS-P (10 mM Sodium Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 137 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN3, 0.05% Surfactant P20, pH 7.4), as both the running buffer and the sample buffer. Antigen-antibody association rates were measured by injecting various concentrations (4-fold dilutions ranging from 50 to 0.2 nM) of either Activin A (R&amp;D Systems, #338-AC-050/CF), Activin B (R&amp;D Systems, #659-AB-025/CF), Activin AB (R&amp;D Systems, #1006-AB-005), Activin AC (R&amp;D Systems, #4879-AC/CF), or Inhibin E (Novus Biologicals, #H00083729-P01) over the captured antibody surface. Antibody-antigen association was monitored for 240 seconds while dissociation in buffer was monitored for 600 seconds. Kinetic association and dissociation rate constants were determined by processing and fitting the data using Scrubber software version 2.0c. Binding equilibrium dissociation constants (K D ) and dissociative half-lives (t 1/2 ) were then calculated from the kinetic rate constants as: K D  (M)=k d /k a  and t 1/2  (min)=[ln 2/(60*k d )]. Kinetic binding parameters for different anti-Activin A monoclonal antibodies are shown in Tables 3 to 10. (NB=no binding observed under the conditions used; NT=not tested). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin A at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 Activin A- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 20 nM 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 86.2 ± 0.7 
                 19.4 
                 3.33E+06 
                 1.09E−04 
                 3.26E−11 
                 106.4 
               
               
                 H4H10424P 
                 337 
                 82 
                 3.14E+06 
                 7.19E−04 
                 2.29E−10 
                 16 
               
               
                 H4H10426P 
                  81 
                 23 
                 1.18E+07 
                 7.00E−04 
                 5.95E−11 
                 16 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 115.2 ± 1   
                 24.9 
                 7.82E+06 
                 6.39E−05 
                 8.17E−12 
                 180.8 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 90.3 ± 4.2 
                 19.4 
                 4.75E+07 
                 1.67E−04 
                 3.52E−12 
                 69 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 109.6 ± 1.2  
                 20.7 
                 1.57E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.18E−12     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10433P2 
                 102 
                 16 
                 1.42E+07 
                 5.77E−04 
                 4.06E−11 
                 20 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 113.6 ± 0.6  
                 23.2 
                 8.85E+06 
                 1.68E−04 
                 1.90E−11 
                 68.7 
               
               
                 H4H10437P2 
                 167 
                 30 
                 1.58E+07 
                 2.13E−03 
                 1.34E−10 
                 5 
               
               
                 H4H10438P2 
                 124 
                 25 
                 1.20E+07 
                 5.88E−04 
                 4.92E−11 
                 20 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 79.2 ± 0.7 
                 12.9 
                 3.76E+06 
                 9.28E−05 
                 2.47E−11 
                 124.5 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 139.3 ± 1   
                 31.3 
                 1.10E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤4.55E−12     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10445P2 
                 149 
                 43 
                 2.40E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤2.08E−11     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 104.6 ± 0.7  
                 24.1 
                 1.29E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.88E−12     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10447P2 
                 164 
                 43 
                 2.36E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤2.12E−11     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10448P2 
                 244 
                 64 
                 4.76E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤1.05E−11     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10452P2 
                 191 
                 55 
                 4.69E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤1.07E−11     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                     93 ± 0.1 
                 21.7 
                 7.86E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤6.36E−12     
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H2aM10965N 
                 393 
                 76 
                 1.48E+06 
                 1.10E−03 
                 7.45E−10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                 84.7 ± 0.3 
                 15.9 
                 7.26E+06 
                 9.92E−05 
                 1.37E−11 
                 116.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 For k d  values that are italicized, no dissociation of the analyte was observed under these experimental conditions, and the value of k d  was therefore fixed at 5.0E−05 s −1   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to to Activin A at 37° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 Activin A- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 20 nM 
                 k a   
                 kd 
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                     101 ± 1.4 
                 25.2 
                 3.95E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤1.26E−11 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10424P 
                 231 
                 58 
                 4.59E+06 
                 3.64E−03 
                     7.94E−10 
                 3 
               
               
                 H4H10426P 
                  71 
                 21 
                 1.61E+07 
                 1.98E−03 
                     1.23E−10 
                 6 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 150.8 ± 5.3 
                 31.4 
                 1.33E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.75E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 109.3 ± 1.3 
                 25.0 
                 3.80E+07 
                 1.51E−04 
                     3.97E−12 
                 76.5 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 141.8 ± 1.6 
                 25.1 
                 2.30E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤2.18E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10433P2 
                  85 
                 12 
                 2.00E+07 
                 1.07E−03 
                     5.37E−11 
                 11 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 139.8 ± 1.4 
                 29.4 
                 1.49E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.35E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10437P2 
                 115 
                 20 
                 2.04E+07 
                 4.68E−03 
                     2.29E−10 
                 2 
               
               
                 H4H10438P2 
                  99 
                 18 
                 1.87E+07 
                 2.38E−03 
                     1.27E−10 
                 5 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                  98.6 ± 1.1 
                 15.3 
                 6.37E+06 
                 3.28E−04 
                     5.15E−11 
                 35.2 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                     181 ± 2.5 
                 40.5 
                 1.44E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.48E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10445P2 
                 120 
                 36 
                 4.33E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤1.15E−11 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 137.2 ± 1.7 
                 31.5 
                 1.54E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤3.25E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10447P2 
                 126 
                 36 
                 4.69E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤1.07E−11 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10448P2 
                 175 
                 49 
                 7.86E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤6.36E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10452P2 
                 146 
                 43 
                 7.94E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤6.30E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                  98.7 ± 0.7 
                 24.5 
                 1.22E+07 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤4.10E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                 H2aM10965N 
                 435 
                 80 
                 2.35E+06 
                 4.15E−03 
                     1.77E−09 
                 3 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                  93.9 ± 0.7 
                 18.0 
                 8.99E+06 
                 
                   5.00E−05 
                 
                 ≤5.56E−12 
                 ≥231 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 For k d  values that are italicized, no dissociation of the analyte was observed under these experimental conditions, and the value of k d  was therefore fixed at 5.0E−05 s −1   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin B at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                  83.1 ± 0.6 
                 4.7 
                 4.89E+05 
                 3.02E−02 
                 6.18E−08 
                  0.4 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 112.3 ± 0.7 
                 26.4 
                 3.49E+06 
                 1.31E−02 
                 3.75E−09 
                  0.9 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 104.4 ± 1.8 
                 5.1 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 110.8 ± 3.9 
                 32.8 
                 9.52E+06 
                 5.28E−04 
                 5.54E−11 
                 21.9 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                  75.7 ± 0.8 
                 18.8 
                 1.06E+06 
                 1.16E−03 
                 1.09E−09 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                     136 ± 0.7 
                 3.4 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                   88 ± 0.5 
                 3.9 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 101.5 ± 0.4 
                 3.6 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                  92.5 ± 0.2 
                 6.2 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                  84.1 ± 0.3 
                 6.4 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin B at 37° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                   96 ± 1.2 
                 4.4 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 142.8 ± 1.3 
                 25.3 
                 3.43E+06 
                 3.43E−02 
                 9.98E−09 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 134.1 ± 1.7 
                 5.1 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                     132 ± 1.4 
                 38.1 
                 9.78E+06 
                 1.36E−03 
                 1.39E−10 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                   94 ± 4.5 
                 20.9 
                 1.28E+06 
                 4.19E−03 
                 3.29E−09 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 173.1 ± 1.4 
                 4.4 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 105.8 ± 1.3 
                 3.6 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 131.4 ± 1.2 
                 3.8 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 95.5 ± 1  
                 3.4 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                  90.2 ± 0.9 
                 2.7 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin AB at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 81.3 ± 0.5 
                 14.7 
                 6.13E+05 
                 2.03E−02 
                 3.31E−08 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 110.7 ± 0.5  
                 40.0 
                 4.53E+06 
                 1.03E−04 
                 2.28E−11 
                 111.7 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 101.2 ± 1.6  
                 38.3 
                 4.00E+06 
                 2.27E−03 
                 5.68E−10 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 107.5 ± 0.3  
                 28.2 
                 7.66E+06 
                 2.61E−04 
                 3.41E−11 
                 44.2 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 73.7 ± 0.4 
                 15.5 
                 2.97E+06 
                 5.26E−04 
                 1.77E−10 
                 22.0 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 133.3 ± 0.6  
                 34.6 
                 5.53E+06 
                 1.77E−03 
                 3.20E−10 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 86.9 ± 0.5 
                 33.0 
                 1.17E+07 
                 2.17E−04 
                 1.85E−11 
                 53.3 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 99.8 ± 0.4 
                 31.9 
                 4.99E+06 
                 4.06E−03 
                 8.15E−10 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 92.1 ± 0.2 
                 34.7 
                 3.76E+06 
                 2.09E−03 
                 5.56E−10 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                 83.5 ± 0.6 
                 31.1 
                 3.44E+06 
                 2.83E−04 
                 8.22E−11 
                 40.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin AB at 37° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                  90.8 ± 1.2 
                 21.7 
                 8.80E+05 
                 2.13E−02 
                 2.42E−08 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 137.7 ± 1.2 
                 50.0 
                 6.47E+06 
                 4.88E−04 
                 7.55E−11 
                 23.6 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 127.7 ± 1.3 
                 44.4 
                 5.40E+06 
                 5.92E−03 
                 1.10E−09 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 126.8 ± 0.8 
                 33.9 
                 1.03E+07 
                 4.58E−04 
                 4.43E−11 
                 25.2 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                  88.9 ± 1.7 
                 17.7 
                 5.20E+06 
                 1.63E−03 
                 3.14E−10 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 166.5 ± 1.7 
                 45.9 
                 9.17E+06 
                 4.25E−03 
                 4.64E−10 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 101.6 ± 1.2 
                 41.0 
                 1.01E+07 
                 5.41E−04 
                 5.35E−11 
                 21.3 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 126.6 ± 1.2 
                 41.5 
                 6.08E+06 
                 8.17E−03 
                 1.34E−09 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                  92.2 ± 0.8 
                 34.5 
                 5.03E+06 
                 4.43E−03 
                 8.80E−10 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                  86.4 ± 0.6 
                 29.3 
                 3.77E+06 
                 7.38E−04 
                 1.96E−10 
                 15.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin AC at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 79.9 ± 0.4 
                 −0.8 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 108.9 ± 0.5  
                 28.0 
                 9.13E+05 
                 9.10E−05 
                 9.97E−11 
                 126.9 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 101.6 ± 0.7  
                 34.9 
                 6.29E+05 
                 1.87E−03 
                 2.98E−09 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 106.7 ± 0.4  
                 30.1 
                 6.98E+05 
                 1.56E−03 
                 2.24E−09 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 73.5 ± 0.4 
                 11.8 
                 5.13E+05 
                 2.27E−04 
                 4.42E−10 
                 50.8 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 132.5 ± 3.1  
                 18.6 
                 1.31E+06 
                 2.05E−03 
                 1.57E−09 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 85.1 ± 0.3 
                 23.6 
                 1.23E+06 
                 1.09E−02 
                 8.86E−09 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 96.9 ± 0.5 
                 12.6 
                 1.04E+06 
                 1.22E−02 
                 1.18E−08 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 91.4 ± 0.3 
                 17.2 
                 7.98E+05 
                 5.92E−03 
                 7.41E−09 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                 82.5 ± 0.3 
                 22.3 
                 5.58E+05 
                 2.25E−03 
                 4.03E−09 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding Characteristics of Anti-Activin A Antibodies to Activin AC at 37° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount of mAb 
                 50 nM Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Captured 
                 Bound 
                 k a   
                 k d   
                 K D   
                 t 1/2   
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 (RU ± SE) 
                 (RU) 
                 (M −1 s −1 ) 
                 (s −1 ) 
                 (Molar) 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H4H10423P 
                  85.9 ± 1.1 
                 0.0 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 132.6 ± 1.2 
                 35.7 
                 1.34E+06 
                 6.20E−04 
                 4.62E−10 
                 18.6 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 123.8 ± 1.4 
                 34.6 
                 7.22E+05 
                 9.02E−03 
                 1.25E−08 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 122.9 ± 1.3 
                 32.6 
                 8.81E+05 
                 3.31E−03 
                 3.75E−09 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                  86.6 ± 2.7 
                 13.3 
                 7.18E+05 
                 7.55E−04 
                 1.05E−09 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 160.1 ± 1.5 
                 21.4 
                 1.46E+06 
                 5.99E−03 
                 4.10E−09 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 96.8 ± 1  
                 25.3 
                 1.20E+06 
                 2.00E−02 
                 1.67E−08 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 120.3 ± 1     
                 14.4 
                 9.59E+05 
                 2.16E−02 
                 2.25E−08 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                  88.4 ± 0.8 
                 10.7 
                 7.19E+05 
                 1.24E−02 
                 1.73E−08 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                  83.2 ± 0.9 
                 15.6 
                 6.51E+05 
                 6.52E−03 
                 1.00E−08 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As show n in Tables 3 and 4, anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention bound to Activin A with K D  values ranging from less than 3.18 pM (i.e., ≤3.18E-12) to 745 pM (i.e., 7.45E-10) at 25° C. and with K D  values ranging from less than 2.18 pM (i.e., ≤2.18E-12) to 1.77 nM (1.77E-09) at 37° C. As shown in Tables 5 and 6, several of the anti-Activin A antibodies (i.e., H4H10432P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10430P2, H4H10446P2, and H4H10468P2) demonstrated no measurable binding to Activin B at 25° C. or 37° C. Some of the antibodies demonstrated measurable binding to Activin AB with K D  values ranging from approximately 18.5 pM (i.e., 1.85E-11) to 33.1 nM (i.e., 3.31E-08) at 25° C. (Table 7) and from approximately 44.3 pM (i.e., 4.43E-11) to 24.2 nM (i.e., 2.42E-08) at 37° C. (Table 8). Some of the antibodies demonstrated measurable binding to Activin AC with K D  values ranging from approximately 99.7 pM (i.e., 9.97E-11) to 11.8 nM (i.e., 1.18E-08) at 25° C. (Table 9) and from approximately 462 pM (i.e., 4.62E-10) to 22.5 nM (i.e., 2.25E-08) at 37° C. (Table 10). Furthermore, none of the tested anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention demonstrated measurable binding to Inhibin E (data not shown). 
     Example 4. Antibody Binding to TGF-Beta Family Members as Determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance 
     Activin A mAbs were tested for binding cross-reactivity to a panel of TGF-beta family members. For the binding experiment, a Biacore 4000 instrument was used. The antibodies H4H10429P, H4H10430P, H4H10436P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10446P2; Control 4 (the ActR2B soluble ecto domain protein produced with a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc tag (ActR2B-hFc; SEQ ID NO:227)); and an isotype control antibody were captured on a Biacore CM4 biosensor chip that was first derivatized by amine coupling with a monoclonal mouse anti-human Fc antibody (GE, Catalog #BR-1008-39). All Biacore binding studies were performed in HBS-T running buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.5 M NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 0.05% v/v Surfactant P20). Human TGF-beta family member ligands were purchased from R&amp;D systems (Activin A, #338-AC; Activin B, #659-AB; Activin AB, #1066-AB; Activin AC, #4879-AC; BPM2, #355-BM; hBMP4, #314-BP; hBMP6, #507-BP; hBMP7, #354-BP; hBMP9, #3209-BP; hBMP10, #2926-BP; hGDF8, #788-G8; hGDF11, #1958-GD). All binding measurements were performed at 37° C. Capture levels ranging from 60-200 resonance units (RUs) were obtained for each of the antibodies or the soluble receptor. Over the captured antibody surface was injected the TGF-beta family ligands through concentrations ranging from 3.1 nM to 200 nM. Binding values for the 200 nM analyte injections are shown in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding of anti-Activin A monoclonal antibodies to human TGF-β family ligands at 37° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Binding response (resonance units) for 200 nM of TGF-beta family ligand 
               
               
                   
                 injected over captured antibody sensor surface 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TGF-beta 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Control 4 
                   
               
               
                 family 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (ActR2B-hFc) 
                 Isotype 
               
               
                 ligand 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Positive 
                 Control 
               
               
                 tested 
                 H4H10429P 
                 H4H10430P 
                 H4H10436P2 
                 H4H10442P2 
                 H4H10446P2 
                 H4H8925C 
                 Control) 
                 mAb 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Activin A 
                 56.8 
                 69.1 
                 56.5 
                 63.9 
                 53.2 
                 67.6 
                 70.9 
                 −0.1 
               
               
                 Activin B 
                 51.5 
                 0.4 
                 60.1 
                 −1.8 
                 2.6 
                 0.3 
                 68.0 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 Activin AB 
                 76.5 
                 95.0 
                 54.3 
                 65.2 
                 66.7 
                 102.0 
                 59.5 
                 −0.1 
               
               
                 Activin AC 
                 43.1 
                 34.8 
                 55.6 
                 14.2 
                 15.2 
                 32.5 
                 59.4 
                 −0.1 
               
               
                 hBMP2 
                 3.6 
                 −1.7 
                 14.9 
                 −2.3 
                 3.3 
                 −4.0 
                 36.9 
                 −1.0 
               
               
                 hBMP4 
                 1.1 
                 −0.6 
                 19.3 
                 −0.7 
                 0.8 
                 −0.5 
                 26.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 hBMP6 
                 4.6 
                 5.7 
                 4.0 
                 1.1 
                 5.3 
                 4.8 
                 86.3 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 hBMP7 
                 9.2 
                 6.4 
                 13.6 
                 1.5 
                 5.7 
                 4.5 
                 64.2 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 hBMP9 
                 33.4 
                 −0.6 
                 11.7 
                 0.0 
                 −0.3 
                 −0.1 
                 32.3 
                 −1.0 
               
               
                 hBMP10 
                 32.4 
                 0.3 
                 22.5 
                 −0.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 34.2 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 GDF8 
                 −0.4 
                 −0.1 
                 −0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 −0.1 
                 25.8 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 GDF11 
                 1.6 
                 3.0 
                 0.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.8 
                 3.3 
                 24.2 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The observed binding responses of the captured activin A antibodies to the injected TGF-beta family ligands at 200 nM could be compared to the binding responses of a negative control antibody (Isotype Control mAb), which provides a measure of background-level non-specific binding, and to the binding responses of ActR2B-hFc, which was observed to bind to the entire panel of TGF-beta family members tested and therefore serves as a positive control ligand-binding protein (Table 11). From this comparison, it was found that several of the antibodies (e.g., H4H10430, H4H10442, H4H20446) bound to Activin A, Activin AB, Activin AC but not appreciably to Activin B or to the BMP or GDF ligands. It was also found that some of the antibodies bound with broader cross-reactivity to additional TGF-beta family ligands. For example, H4H10429P bound appreciably to Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, Activin AC and also to BMP9 and BMP10. H4H10436P2 showed appreciable binding to Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, Activin AC, BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, BMP9, and BMP10. From these data it is shown that antibodies with different binding specificities to TGF-beta family ligands can be obtained after immunizing mice with the Activin A ligand. 
     Example 5. Cross-Competition Analysis of Anti-Activin A Antibodies 
     A cross-competition assay was conducted to assess the ability of a panel of 9 antibodies (H4H10446P2, H4H10468P2, H4H10442P2, H4H10423P, H4H10430P, H4H10429P, H4H10432P2, H4H10436P2 and H4H10440P2) to compete with one another for binding to human Activin A. Two isotype control antibodies and two control Activin A antibodies, Control 1 (a human anti-Activin A antibody with heavy and light chain variable domain sequences of “A1” as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,082) and Control 3 (MAB3381, available from R&amp;D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.) were also included in the assays. All assays were performed at 25° C. with a microtiter plate shaking rate of 1000 rpm in Octet HBST buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH7.4, 0.15M NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% v/v Surfactant P20, 0.1 mg/mL BSA) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions (ForteBio Corp., Menlo Park, Calif.). Briefly, an amount of anti-Activin A antibody giving a binding response of approximately 1.8 nm was captured onto anti-human Fc antibody coated Octet sensor tips (Fortebio, #18-0015) by dipping the tips for 5 minutes in a 10 pg/mL solutions of each anti-Activin A antibody. Any remaining anti-hFc binding sites on the tips were blocked by incubating the tips in a 50 ug/mL solution of irrelevant antibody for 5 minutes. Sensor tips were then submerged into wells containing a solution of 50 nM Activin A (R&amp;D Systems, #338-AC/CF) pre-bound with 1 pM of a second anti-Activin A antibody. Binding of the second Activin A antibody/Activin A solution to the Activin A antibody coated sensor tip was monitored for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm. The response of the mAb/Activin A complex binding to the anti-Activin A coated sensor tip was compared and competitive/non-competitive behavior of different anti-Activin A monoclonal antibodies was determined. Results are illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , competitive binding responses are shown in black or light gray shading and indicate that the corresponding antibody pairs compete with one another for binding to Activin A. Light gray boxes with black font represent binding response for self-competition between the same antibodies. Black boxes with white font represent antibodies that compete for Activin A binding in both directions, independent of the order of binding. Dark grey boxes with black font represent readings for isotype control (i.e., non-binding) antibodies, indicating a lack of binding of isotype control antibodies to anti-Activin A antibody-Activin A complexes (when isotype control antibodies are bound to the Octet sensor tip) or the lack of binding of isotype control antibodies to Activin A (when isotype control antibodies are used as the second antibody in wells with Activin A). White boxes with black font represent no competition between antibodies, which suggests the antibodies have distinct binding epitopes on Activin A. 
     Four antibodies, H4H10446P2, H4H10468P2, H4H10442P2, and H4H10423P, bi-directionally compete with each other for binding to Activin A. Additionally, these four antibodies do not compete with Control 1 or Control 3 for binding. Three of these four Activin A antibodies, H4H10446P2, H4H10468P2, and H4H10442P2, do not cross compete with any other Activin A antibodies. One of the four antibodies (H4H10423P) also bidirectionally competes with H4H10430P for binding to Activin A. Five antibodies, H4H10430P, H4H10429, H4H10432P2, H4H10436P2, and H4H10440P2, bi-directionally compete with each other for binding to Activin A, as well as with Control 1 and Control 3. Four of these five antibodies (i.e., H4H10429, H4H10432P2, H4H10436P2, and H4H10440P2) do not cross compete with any other Activin A antibodies, whereas H4H10423P also cross-competes with H4H10430P, as noted above. 
     The results of this Example indicate that the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention can be grouped into two distinct “bins” based on epitope binding characteristics: Bin 1 includes H4H10423P, H4H10446P2, H4H10468P2 and H4H10442P2. Bin 2 includes H4H10429, H4H1430P, H4H10432P2, H4H10436P2, and H4H10440P2. Further, one antibody from each bin, i.e., H4H10423P and H4H1430P, cross-compete with each other. The results of this Example suggest that the antibodies of Bin 1 bind to distinct regions on Activin A than the antibodies of Bin 2. 
     Example 6. Inhibition of Activin A-Mediated Receptor Activation and SMAD Complex Signaling with Anti-Activin A Antibodies 
     To further characterize anti-Activin A antibodies of the present invention, a bioassay was developed to detect the activation of the activin Type IIA and IIB receptors (ActRIIA and ActRIIB, respectively) and the subsequent phosphorylation and activation of an Activin Type I receptor. The interaction between ActRIIA and ActRIIB and activin leads to the induction of diverse cellular processes including growth regulation, metastatis of cancer cells and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Tsuchida, K. et al., Cell Commun Signal 7:15 (2009)). Phosphorylation and activation of the Type I receptor leads to phosphorylation of SMAD 2 and 3 proteins which form activated SMAD complexes leading to transcriptional regulation of genes. 
     To detect the activation of the SMAD complex signal transduction pathway via activin binding to activin Type II receptors, a human A204 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (ATCC, #HTB-82) was transfected with a Smad 2/3-luciferase reporter plasmid (CAGAx12-Luc; Dennler, 1998) to create the A204/CAGAx12-Luc cell line. A204/CAGAx12-Luc cells were maintained in McCoy&#39;s 5A (Irvine Scientific, #9090) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine and 250 pg/mL of G418. For the bioassay, A204/CAGAx12-Luc cells were seeded onto 96-well assay plates at 10,000 cells/well in low serum media, 0.5% FBS and OPTIMEM (Invitrogen, #31985-070), and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO 2  overnight. To determine the ligand dose response, Activin A (R&amp;D Systems, #338-AC), Activin B (R&amp;D Systems, #659-AB), Activin AB (R&amp;D Systems, #1066-AB) and Activin AC (R&amp;D Systems, #4879-AC/CF) were serially diluted at 1:3 from 100 to 0.002 nM and added to cells starting along with a control containing no Activin. Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, and Activin AC were observed to activate the A204/CAGAx12-Luc cell line with EC 50  values of 99 pM, 47 pM, 19 pM, and 4.4 nM, respectively. To measure inhibition, antibodies were serially diluted at 1:3 starting from 100 to 0.002 nM, 1000 to 0.02 nM, or 300 to 0.005 nM including control samples containing either an appropriate isotype control antibody or no antibody and added to cells with a constant concentration of 100 pM Activin A, 50 pM Activin B, 30 pM Activin AB or 4 nM Activin AC. Also used as a positive blocking control in this assay was Control 4 (ActRIIB-hFc; SEQ ID No:227). After 5.5 hours of incubation in 37° C. and 5% CO 2 , OneGlo substrate (Promega, #E6051) was added and then luciferase activity was detected using a Victor X (Perkin Elmer) instrument. The results were analyzed using nonlinear regression (4-parameter logistics) with Prism 5 software (GraphPad). 
     As shown in Table 12, anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention blocked 100 pM of Activin A with IC 50  values ranging from 39 pM to 3.5 nM, while Control 1 blocked with an IC 50  value of 83 pM. A subset of the anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention were tested for blocking Activin B, AB, and AC. Four of the 9 antibodies tested blocked 50 pM of Activin B with IC 50  values ranging from 130 pM to 100 nM. Five antibodies of the invention that were tested for Activin B blockade only blocked at high antibody concentrations, while Control 1 did not show any measurable Activin B blockade. Eight antibodies of the invention tested blocked 30 pM of Activin AB with IC 50  values ranging from 100 pM to 8.2 nM, while Control 4 blocked with an IC 50  value of 540 pM. One antibody, H4H10423P, only demonstrated weak blockade of Activin AB. Seven of the 8 antibodies tested blocked 4 nM of Activin AC with IC 50  values ranging from 580 pM to 6.5 nM, while Control 4 blocked with an IC 50  value of 1.1 nM. One antibody, H4H10423P, did not demonstrate any blockade of Activin AC. Both mouse IgG (mIgG isotype control) and human IgG (hIgG isotype control) negative controls did not block ligand activation of the receptors. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition of Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, and 
               
               
                 Activin AC by anti-Activin A antibodies (IC 50  [M]) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Constant: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antibody 
                 Activin A 
                 Activin B 
                 Activin AB 
                 Activin AC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 H4H10423P 
                 2.0E−10 
                   
                 Weak 
                 Non- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Blocker 
                 Blocker 
               
               
                 H4H10424P 
                 7.6E−10 
               
               
                 H4H10426P 
                 2.3E−10 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 1.6E−10 
                 7.9E−08 
                 2.9E−10 
                 5.8E−10 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 6.1E−11 
                 Block at 
                 1.0E−10 
                 9.3E−10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High Conc. 
               
               
                 H4H10432P2 
                 1.1E−10 
                 Block at 
                 8.0E−10 
                 2.8E−09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High Conc. 
               
               
                 H4H10433P2 
                 1.5E−10 
                 1.0E−07 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 2.0E−10 
                 1.3E−10 
                 1.4E−10 
                 1.3E−09 
               
               
                 H4H10437P2 
                 2.9E−10 
                 Block at 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High Conc. 
               
               
                 H4H10438P2 
                 2.6E−10 
               
               
                 H4H10440P2 
                 2.8E−10 
                 5.2E−09 
                 4.3E−10 
                 7.5E−10 
               
               
                 H4H10442P2 
                 5.6E−11 
                   
                 2.2E−09 
                 6.5E−09 
               
               
                 H4H10445P2 
                 5.3E−11 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 4.7E−11 
                 Block at 
                 8.2E−09 
                 5.6E−09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High Conc. 
               
               
                 H4H10447P2 
                 7.8E−11 
               
               
                 H4H10448P2 
                 4.6E−11 
               
               
                 H4H10452P2 
                 5.8E−11 
               
               
                 H4H10468P2 
                 3.9E−11 
                 Block at 
                 2.3E−09 
                 3.4E−09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High Conc. 
               
               
                 H2aM10965N 
                 3.5E−09 
               
               
                 mIgG isotype 
                 Non- 
               
               
                 control 
                 Blocker 
               
               
                 hIgG isotype 
                 Non- 
                 Non- 
                 Non- 
                 Non- 
               
               
                 control 
                 Blocker 
                 Blocker 
                 Blocker 
                 Blocker 
               
               
                 Control 1 
                 8.3E−11 
                 Non- 
                 5.4E−10 
                 1.1E−09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Blocker 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The bioassay using A204/CAGAx12-Luc cells could also be stimulated by GDF8 (R&amp;D Systems, Cat #788-G8/CF) and GDF11 (R&amp;D Systems, Cat #1958-GD-010/CF). To test for functional inhibition of these ligands with activin A antibodies, the assay was performed using conditions described above but substituting GDF8 or GDF11 for the activating ligand, which resulted in EC50 values of 188 pM and 84 pM, respectively. In this assay, activation by a constant concentration of 0.50 nM GDF8 or 0.40 nM GDF11 was completely blocked by Control 4 with IC 50  values of 298 pM and 214 pM, respectively. Using these same constant concentrations of ligands, no inhibition of either GDF8 or GDF11 was observed by the activin A antibodies, H4H10446P2 and H4H10430P, when tested at up to 100 nM of the antibodies. On a separate day, the activin A antibodies H4H10429P and H4H10436P2 were tested for inhibition in this assay in the presence of constant concentrations of 250 pM GDF8 or 250 pM GDF11, and no inhibition was observed after incubation of the cells with up to 150 nM of the tested activin A antibodies; GDF8 and GDF11 alone in this assay exhibited EC50 values of 124 pM and 166 pM, respectively. These data demonstrate that the Activin A antibodies H4H10446P2, H4H10430P, H4H10429P and H4H10436P2 do not functionally inhibit GDF8 or GDF11. 
     Example 7. Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Using Activin A Antibodies 
     Skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by administration of a myostatin-specific antagonist, the anti-GDF8 antibody H4H1657N2 (see US 2011-0293630 A1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or a combination of H4H1657N2 and different anti-Activin A antibodies, was evaluated in CB17 SCID mice. The extent of hypertrophy was measured relative to treatment with an isotype-matched control antibody. Also included in these studies was treatment with the extracellular domain of human ActRIIB, produced with a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc domain (Control 4, SEQ ID No: 227). Control 4 has been previously shown to induce muscle hypertrophy in vivo and also to bind and block the activity of multiple TGF-beta family member ligands (Souza, T A et al. Mol Endocrinol 22:2689-702 (2008); Lee, S J et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 102(50):18117-22 (2005)). 
     A total of eight anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention and Control 1 were tested in combination with H4H1657N2 or alone in eight studies, in comparison to isotype control, Control 4, H4H1657N2 alone, or Control 2 (an anti-Activin RIIB antibody having VH/VL of the antibody MOR08159 described in US 2010/0272734 A1) treatment groups. For the studies, male CB17 SCID mice (Taconic, #CB17SC-M) of approximately 10 weeks of age were divided evenly according to body weight into 6 groups of 5 mice. Groups of mice were treated in each study as described in Table 13. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Antibodies and controls tested in in vivo muscle hypertrophy studies 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Study 
                   
                   
                 Dosing interval 
                   
                 Dosing interval 
               
               
                 # 
                 Samples Tested 
                 Dosage 1 
                 of dosage 1 
                 Dosage 2 
                 of dosage 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Isotype Control 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10423P + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10432P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10442P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
               
                 2 
                 Isotype Control 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10429P + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10436P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10440P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, and 7 
                 8 mg/kg + 
                 day 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                   
                 8 mg/kg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 3 
                 Isotype Control 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 4 
                 Isotype Control 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 2 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 25 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 5 
                 Isotype Control 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 2 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 25 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 6 
                 Isotype Control 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, 14, 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and 21 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, 14, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and 21 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, 14, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and 21 
               
               
                   
                 Control 1 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, 14, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and 21 
               
               
                   
                 Control 1 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, 14, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 and 21 
               
               
                 7 
                 Isotype Control 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 2 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 8 
                 Isotype Control 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 4 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 Control 2 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10423P + H4H1657N2 
                 25 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 H4H10430P + H4H1657N2 
                 25 mg/kg + 
                 days 0, 3, 7, and 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For studies 1-5, 7, and 8, antibodies and Control 4 were administered subcutaneously at a dose of 10 mg/kg of each protein twice during the first week of the experiment (days 0 and 3) and once at a dose of 10 mg/kg of each protein during the second week (day 7). A final dose of antibody or Control 4 during the third week (day 14) was administered subcutaneously at 8 mg/kg for studies #1 and #2 or at 10 mg/kg for studies #3-#8 (Table 13). On day 21, mice were euthanized and total body weight for each mouse was measured. For study 6, antibodies were administered for previous studies 1-5 but the treatment was extended to day 28 with an additional injection at day 21. The tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles from each mouse were dissected and weighed. Tissue weights were normalized to the starting body weight, and the mean percent change in weight over the mean weight of the isotype control antibody treatment group was calculated. Results summarized in Tables 14-21 are expressed as mean percent increase over isotype control±standard error of the mean. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared to isotype control treatment, Study 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H10423P + 
                 H4H10432P2 + 
                 H4H10442P2 + 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control 4 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 0.91 
                 10.99 ± 0.48 
                 18.45 ± 0.89 
                 13.36 ± 1.10 
                 12.84 ± 0.98 
                 12.09 ± 0.78 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 1.15 
                 19.54 ± 2.67 
                 45.80 ± 1.47 
                 32.03 ± 2.12 
                 24.83 ± 2.95 
                 40.76 ± 2.59 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 0.89 
                 26.46 ± 3.63 
                 31.91 ± 1.40 
                 27.58 ± 1.61 
                 26.39 ± 1.87 
                 30.62 ± 2.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 14, in the first study, Control 4 induced significant hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 45.80±1.47% in TA, and 31.91±1.4% in GA weights as compared to the isotype control treated mice. Treatment with H4H1657N2 alone also induced hypertrophy in TA (19.54±2.67% increase) and GA (26.46±3.63% increase) muscle weights, but it was less efficacious than Control 4. The combination of H4H1657N2+H4H10442P2 induced similar increases in average TA (40.76±2.59%) and GA (30.62±2.32%) muscle weights as compared to mice treated with Control 4. The combination treatments H4H1657N2/H4H10423P and H4H1657N2/H4H10432P2 did not induce increases in average TA weights as great as those induced by the H4H16757N2/H4H10442P or the Control 4 treatments. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared to isotype control treatment, Study 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H10429P + 
                 H4H10436P2+ 
                 H4H10440P2 + 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control 4 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 2.53 
                  4.12 ± 2.19 
                 11.22 ± 1.71 
                  7.17 ± 1.57 
                  7.89 ± 0.37 
                  1.89 ± 1.39 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 3.59 
                 16.70 ± 2.73 
                 43.47 ± 2.37 
                 34.14 ± 2.55 
                 29.31 ± 1.59 
                 14.55 ± 2.22 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 3.54 
                 18.54 ± 3.48 
                 29.24 ± 2.22 
                 26.24 ± 3.11 
                 26.55 ± 2.41 
                 15.65 ± 2.66 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 15, in the second study, Control 4 induced hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 43.47±2.37% in average TA weight and 29.24±2.22% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with H4H1657N2 alone also induced increases in TA and GA average muscle weights (16.7±2.73% and 18.54±3.48%, respectively) as compared with the isotype control treated mice, but these average increases were less than those observed for the Control 4 treatment group. The combination treatments H4H1657N2/H4H10429P and H4H1657N2/H4H10436P2 induced increases in average TA (34.14±2.55% and 29.31±1.59%, respectively) and average GA (26.24±3.11% and 26.55±2.41%, respectively), increases that were between the increases observed for either H4H1657N2 or Control 4 alone. The combination H4H1657N2/H4H10440P2 did not induce increases in TA or GA average weights as great as those induced by the other two combinations in this study or by the Control 4 treatment. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared 
               
               
                 to isotype control treatment, Study 3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 H4H10446P2+ 
                 H4H10430P + 
               
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control 4 
                 10 mg/kg + 10 
                 10 mg/kg + 10 
               
               
                 Dose 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 mg/kg 
                 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 2.00 
                  1.43 ± 1.14 
                 18.92 ± 3.53 
                 10.90 ± 2.51 
                  8.88 ± 1.58 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.13 
                 14.19 ± 3.19 
                 39.90 ± 3.58 
                 40.01 ± 3.67 
                 28.30 ± 3.27 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 1.62 
                 15.73 ± 0.58 
                 34.01 ± 2.87 
                 31.29 ± 2.60 
                 21.55 ± 2.30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 16, in the third study, Control 4 induced hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 39.90±3.58% in average TA muscle weight, and 34.01±2.87% in average GA muscle weight as compared with the isotype control-treated mice. Treatment with H4H1657N2 alone also induced increases in TA (14.19±3.19%) and GA average muscle weight (15.73±0.58%) as compared with the isotype control treated mice, but these average increases were less than those observed for the Control 4 treatment group. The combination treatment H4H1657N2/H4H10446P2 induced similar increases in TA (40.01±3.67%) and GA (31.29±2.60%) average muscle weights as for mice treated with Control 4. The combination treatment with H4H1657N2/H4H10430P induced increases in TA (28.30±3.27%) and GA (21.55±2.30%) average muscle weights that were between those observed for H4H1657N2 alone and the H4H1657N2/H4H10446P2 combination treatment. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared to isotype control treatment, Study 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H10430P + 
                 H4H10430P + 
                 H4H10430P + 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H10430P 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 2 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 25 mg/kg + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 0.57 
                  9.89 ± 0.98 
                 4.20 ± 1.00 
                 14.53 ± 0.80 
                 12.61 ± 1.81 
                 13.78 ± 1.58 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 3.04 
                 21.05 ± 2.64 
                 7.83 ± 2.74 
                 39.02 ± 3.55 
                 40.20 ± 2.48 
                 44.92 ± 5.70 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.71 
                 22.85 ± 2.28 
                 8.86 ± 1.24 
                 27.57 ± 1.26 
                 22.46 ± 5.03 
                 30.22 ± 2.97 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 17, in the fourth study, H4H1657N2 induced hypertrophy in the muscles examined, with increase of 21.05±2.64% in average TA muscle weight and 22.85±2.28% in average GA muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with H4H10430P alone slightly increased muscle weights as compared to the isotype control treated mice but the values were not statistically significant. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10430P at 10 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (39.02±3.55%) and GA (27.57±1.26%) average muscle weights that were greater in TA muscle than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10430P alone. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10430P at 10 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (40.20±2.48%) and GA (22.46±5.03%) average muscle weights that were greater in TA muscle than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10430P alone. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10430P at 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (44.92±5.70%) and GA (30.22±2.97%) average muscle weights that were greater in TA muscle than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10430P alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared to isotype control treatment, Study 5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H10446P2 + 
                 H4H10446P2 + 
                 H4H10446P2 + 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H10446P2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 2 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 25 mg/kg + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 1.23 
                 10.94 ± 1.03 
                 0.29 ± 1.33 
                 14.26 ± 1.45 
                 12.61 ± 1.26 
                 16.31 ± 2.04 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.20 
                 25.40 ± 1.35 
                 3.70 ± 1.67 
                 51.29 ± 4.20 
                 49.64 ± 4.08 
                 49.79 ± 5.46 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.92 
                 22.82 ± 1.97 
                 2.70 ± 1.06 
                 39.24 ± 3.08 
                 35.56 ± 3.39 
                 35.14 ± 3.49 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 18, in the fifth study, H4H1657N2 induced hypertrophy in the muscles examined, with increase of 25.4±1.35% in average TA muscle weight and 22.82±1.97% in average GA muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with H4H10446P2 alone induced a low level of muscle hypertrophy with increase of 3.70±1.67% in average TA muscle weight and 2.70±1.06% in average GA muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10446P2 at 10 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (51.29±4.20%) and GA (39.24±3.08%) average muscle weights that were greater than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10446P2 alone. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10446P2, each at a 10 mg/kg dose, induced increases in TA (49.64±4.08%) and GA (35.56±3.39%) average muscle weights that were greater than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10446P2 alone. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and H4H10446P2 at 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (49.79±5.46%) and GA (35.14±3.49%) average muscle weights that were greater than those observed for H4H1657N2 or H4H10446P2 alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared 
               
               
                 to isotype control treatment, Study 6 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Control 1 1 + 
               
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Control 4 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control 1 
                 10 mg/kg + 
               
               
                 Dose 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 0.51 
                 17.04 ± 2.90 
                  8.92 ± 1.26 
                 3.52 ± 0.86 
                 15.84 ± 0.75 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.15 
                 47.34 ± 2.63 
                 17.21 ± 2.97 
                 4.54 ± 2.25 
                 30.06 ± 5.51 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 1.71 
                 32.17 ± 3.81 
                 21.57 ± 1.90 
                 2.72 ± 1.30 
                 30.72 ± 3.64 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 19, in the sixth study, Control 4 induced hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 47.34±2.63% in average TA weight and 32.17±3.81% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with H4H1657N2 alone also induced increases in TA and GA average muscle weights 17.21±2.97% and 21.57±1.90%, respectively, as compared with the isotype control treated mice, but these average increases were less than those observed for the Control 4 treatment group. In this study, treatment with Control 1 alone induced a low level of muscle hypertrophy with increase of 4.54±2.25% in average TA muscle weight and 2.72+1.30% in average GA muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. The combination treatment of H4H1657N2 and Control 1 at 10 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (30.06±5.51%) and GA (30.72±3.64%) average muscle weights that were greater than those observed for H4H1657N2 or Control 1 alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared 
               
               
                 to isotype control treatment, Study 7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 H4H10430P + 
                 H4H10446P2+ 
               
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Control 4 
                 Control 
                 10 mg/kg + 
                 10 mg/kg + 
               
               
                 Dose 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 0.90 
                  8.17 ± 3.30 
                 19.18 ± 1.75 
                 10.55 ± 1.48 
                 11.67 ± 0.98 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.30 
                 34.43 ± 5.92 
                 36.75 ± 3.88 
                 33.13 ± 2.02 
                 41.28 ± 2.76 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.01 
                 14.86 ± 3.65 
                 26.41 ± 3.16 
                 22.82 ± 1.34 
                 29.21 ± 2.62 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 20, in the seventh study, Control 4-induced hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 34.43±5.92% in average TA weight and 14.86±3.65% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with Control 2 alone induced hypertrophy in the muscles examined, with increases of 36.75±3.88% in average TA weight and 26.41±3.16% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. The combination treatment H4H1657N2 and H4H10430P at 10 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (33.13±2.02%) and GA (22.82±1.34%) average muscle weights that were between increases observed for ActRIIB-Fc alone and Control 2 alone. The combination treatment H4H1657N2 and H4H10446P2 at 10 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (41.28±2.76%) and GA (29.21±2.62%) average muscle weights. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent change in body and muscle weights compared to isotype control treatment, Study 8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                   
                   
                 H4H10423P + 
                 H4H10430P + 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Control 4 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control 2 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 H4H1657N2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
                 25 mg/kg 
                 25 mg/kg + 
                 25 mg/kg + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 mg/kg 
                 10 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Body Weight 
                 0.00 ± 0.64 
                 19.81 ± 0.90 
                  8.64 ± 1.30 
                 21.56 ± 1.29 
                 10.45 ± 1.40 
                 15.45 ± 1.18 
               
               
                 TA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 2.72 
                 53.74 ± 5.31 
                 18.44 ± 2.30 
                 39.90 ± 1.69 
                 36.33 ± 3.67 
                 43.83 ± 1.56 
               
               
                 GA Muscle 
                 0.00 ± 0.76 
                 39.39 ± 4.56 
                 21.17 ± 1.72 
                 25.87 ± 2.72 
                 28.18 ± 3.11 
                 31.24 ± 1.90 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 21, in the eighth study, Control 4 induced hypertrophy in all muscles examined, with increases of 53.74±5.31% in average TA weight and 39.39±4.56% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. In this study, treatment with H4H1657N2 alone also induced increases in TA and GA average muscle weights of 18.44±2.30% and 21.17±1.72%, respectively, as compared with the isotype control treated mice, but these average increases were less than those observed for the Control 4 treatment group. In this study, treatment with Control 2 alone induced hypertrophy in the muscles examined, with increases of 39.90±1.69% in average TA weight and 25.87±2.72% in GA average muscle weight as compared with the isotype control treated mice. The combination treatment H4H1657N2 and H4H10423P at 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (36.33±3.67%) and GA (28.18±3.11%) average muscle weights as compared with the isotype control treated mice. The combination treatment H4H1657N2 and H4H10430P at 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively, induced increases in TA (43.83±1.56%) and GA (31.24±1.90%) average muscle weights that were between increases observed for Control 4 alone and Control 2 alone. 
     These studies show that administration of anti-Activin A antibodies with a myostatin inhibitor can further increase skeletal muscle hypertrophy to a significantly greater degree than treatment with a myostatin inhibitor alone at the doses and injection frequencies tested. 
     Example 8. Blocking of Activin A Binding Using Activin A Antibodies 
     The ability of selected anti-Activin A antibodies to block the interaction of Activin A with its receptors, ActRIIB and ActRIIA, as well as its endogenous antagonist, Follistatin, was determined using a Biacore 3000 instrument. For this experiment, Control 4 (human ActRIIB expressed with a C-terminal human Fc tag (SEQ ID:227)), human ActRIIA expressed with a C-terminal human Fc tag (hActRIIA-Fc; R&amp;D Systems, #340-R2-100), or Follistatin-288 (R&amp;D Systems, #5836-FS-025) were amine-coupled to a Biacore CM5 sensor surface. Activin A (R&amp;D Systems, #338-AC) at a fixed concentration of 5 nM either alone or mixed with Activin A antibodies, hActRIIA-Fc, hActRIIB-Fc, or isotype control antibody at a final concentration of 60 nM (12-fold molar excess over Activin A) was incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The antibody-Activin A mixtures were then injected over the amine-coupled Control 4, hActRIIA-Fc, or Follistatin-288 surfaces at a flow rate of 20 uL/min. The binding signal (RU) was measured at 150 seconds after the start of the injection, and this signal was subtracted by the measured RU value for a negative control reference surface to determine the specific binding signal. The percentage of free Activin A binding over the receptor or antagonist surfaces in the presence of each anti-Activin A antibody was calculated as the ratio of the observed specific binding signal divided by the specific binding signal from 5 nM Activin A in the presence of no antibody. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Blocking of Activin A Binding to Follistatin by anti-Activin A Antibodies 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
               
               
                 concentration 
                 Follistatin-288 surface (3000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10442P2 
                 H4H10446P2 
                 H4H10430P 
                 H4H10440P2 
                 H4H10429P 
                 H4H10436P2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 73 
                 77 
                 79 
                 76 
                 97 
                 78 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 46 
                 54 
                 59 
                 57 
                 80 
                 61 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 6 
                 7 
                 15 
                 17 
                 20 
                 16 
               
               
                 7.5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 4 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 15 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 30 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 60 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Follistatin-288 surface (3000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Control 4 
                 isotype 
               
               
                 concentration 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (hActRIIB- 
                 (—) 
               
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10423P 
                 Control 1 
                 Control 3 
                 hActRIIA-hFc 
                 hFc) 
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 120 
                 83 
                 172 
                 156 
                 169 
                 100 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 122 
                 68 
                 170 
                 148 
                 163 
                 102 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 103 
                 27 
                 145 
                 138 
                 151 
                 97 
               
               
                 7.5 
                 97 
                 0 
                 33 
                 116 
                 120 
                 102 
               
               
                 15 
                 96 
                 1 
                 5 
                 60 
                 43 
                 102 
               
               
                 30 
                 94 
                 1 
                 7 
                 11 
                 1 
                 104 
               
               
                 60 
                 93 
                 2 
                 9 
                 13 
                 1 
                 103 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 22, 6 of the 7 anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention tested and both Control 1 and Control 3 blocked the binding of Actin A to Follistatin-288. One antibody of the invention, H4H10423P, did not prevent binding of Activin A to Follistatin-288. Control 4 and hActRIIA-Fc blocked the binding of Activin A to Follistatin-288 at higher concentrations. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Blocking of Activin A Binding to hActRIIA-Fc by anti-Activin A Antibodies 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 g 
                   
               
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
               
               
                 concentration 
                 hActRIIA-hFc surface (8000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10442P2 
                 H4H10446P2 
                 H4H10430P 
                 H4H10440P2 
                 H4H10429P 
                 H4H10436P2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 114 
                 111 
                 81 
                 75 
                 87 
                 75 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 114 
                 115 
                 62 
                 52 
                 66 
                 55 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 95 
                 85 
                 19 
                 17 
                 19 
                 16 
               
               
                 7.50 
                 105 
                 94 
                 3 
                 6 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 15 
                 113 
                 108 
                 2 
                 4 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 30 
                 117 
                 98 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 60 
                 118 
                 118 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 g 
                 hActRIIA-hFc surface (8000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Control 4 
                 isotype 
               
               
                 concentration 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (hActRIIB- 
                 (—) 
               
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10423P 
                 Control 1 
                 Control 3 
                 hActRIIA-hFc 
                 hFc) 
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 112 
                 82 
                 207 
                 236 
                 276 
                 109 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 114 
                 66 
                 190 
                 222 
                 266 
                 112 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 111 
                 28 
                 139 
                 188 
                 231 
                 110 
               
               
                 7.50 
                 110 
                 1 
                 32 
                 128 
                 160 
                 115 
               
               
                 15 
                 112 
                 1 
                 1 
                 50 
                 51 
                 116 
               
               
                 30 
                 114 
                 1 
                 1 
                 5 
                 2 
                 118 
               
               
                 60 
                 116 
                 2 
                 0 
                 3 
                 1 
                 119 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 23, 4 of the 7 anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention tested and both Control 1 and Control 3 blocked the binding of hActRIIA-Fc to Activin A. Three antibodies of the invention, H4H10442P2, H4H10446P2, and H4H10423P, did not prevent binding of Activin A to hActRIIA-Fc. Control 4 and hActRIIA-Fc blocked the binding of Activin A to hActRIIA-Fc. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Blocking of Activin A Binding to hActRIIB-Fc by anti-Activin A Antibodies 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
               
               
                 concentration 
                 hActRIIB-hFc (Control 4) surface (4000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10442P2 
                 H4H10446P2 
                 H4H10430P 
                 H4H10440P2 
                 H4H10429P 
                 H4H10436P2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 110 
                 107 
                 80 
                 79 
                 87 
                 80 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 106 
                 105 
                 62 
                 58 
                 67 
                 60 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 88 
                 76 
                 20 
                 19 
                 19 
                 19 
               
               
                 7.50 
                 103 
                 95 
                 4 
                 7 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 15 
                 115 
                 115 
                 3 
                 4 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 30 
                 122 
                 89 
                 3 
                 4 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 60 
                 124 
                 129 
                 3 
                 4 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 hActRIIB-hFc (Control 4) surface (4000 RU captured)-Normalized to Activin A (% bound RU w/no inhibitor) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 mAb/protein 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Control 4 
                 isotype 
               
               
                 concentration 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (hActRIIB- 
                 (—) 
               
               
                 (nM) 
                 H4H10423P 
                 Control 1 
                 Control 3 
                 hActRIIA-hFc 
                 hFc) 
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 0.94 
                 93 
                 85 
                 135 
                 131 
                 149 
                 105 
               
               
                 1.88 
                 78 
                 69 
                 133 
                 129 
                 148 
                 105 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 47 
                 31 
                 120 
                 127 
                 144 
                 104 
               
               
                 7.50 
                 42 
                 2 
                 33 
                 113 
                 130 
                 107 
               
               
                 15 
                 42 
                 2 
                 2 
                 56 
                 51 
                 110 
               
               
                 30 
                 41 
                 2 
                 1 
                 5 
                 3 
                 111 
               
               
                 60 
                 41 
                 3 
                 2 
                 5 
                 2 
                 115 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 24, 4 of the 7 anti-Activin A antibodies of the invention tested and both Control 1 and Control 3 blocked the binding of Activin A to hActRIIB-Fc. Two antibodies of the invention, H4H10442P2 and H4H10446P2, did not prevent binding of Activin A to hActRIIB-Fc. One antibody of the invention, H4H10423P, demonstrated the ability to partial block the binding of Activin A to hActRIIB-Fc at higher concentrations of antibody tested. Both hActRIIB-Fc and hActRIIA-Fc blocked the binding of Activin A to hActRIIB-Fc. 
     Example 9. Effects of H4H1657N2 on Muscle Mass and Exercise Performance 
     The effects of the anti-GDF8 antibody H4H1657N2 on muscle mass and exercise performance was evaluated in aged male C57BL/6 mice (19 months old). 
     Mice were randomized into four groups (n=6-8/group), a sedentary or exercise group receiving subcutaneous doses of H4H1657N2 or an isotype control antibody (10 mg/kg) twice weekly for 21 days (6 injections). Mice in the exercise group were placed on an exercise regimen involving one training session a day, consisting of 20 minutes on an Exer 6M treadmill (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio) at 10m/min with a 5° incline, five days a week for three consecutive weeks. At the end of three weeks of treatment, endurance was measured in all four groups using a treadmill exhaustion test. The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. Muscle weights were reported as normalized weights (i.e., muscle weights were normalized to the body weights measured at the start of the experiment). Results for quadriceps muscle are provided in Table 25 as average % change for each group (±standard error of the mean) compared to the isotype control antibody group. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quadracept Muscle Weight Change 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control + 
                 H4H1657N2 + 
               
               
                   
                 (Sedentary) 
                 (Sedentary) 
                 Exercise 
                 Exercise 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Quad 
                 0.00 ± 2.72 
                 15.77 ± 2.73 
                 9.85 ± 3.57 
                 17.66 ± 3.24 
               
               
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 % Change from isotype control. Means ± SEM are shown. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen in Table 25, H4H1657N2 treatment resulted in significant increases in the mass of quadriceps muscles (p&lt;0.01 significance over isotype control for both H4H1657N2 groups). Increases in hindlimb muscle group weights (TA, GA,) were seen in exercised (17.4%, 12.5%, respectively) and sedentary (14.1%, 11.6%, respectively) aged mice, compared with an isotype control antibody. A slight increase in muscle weight was observed between exercised and sedentary aged mice that received isotype control antibody, but it was not statistically significant (Table 25). 
     The effects of H4H1657N2 treatment on exercise endurance was also examined in 19 month old male C57BL/6 mice (Table 26). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Endurance Testing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
                 Isotype 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 H4H1657N2 
                 Control + 
                 H4H1657N2 + 
               
               
                   
                 (Sedentary) 
                 (Sedentary) 
                 Exercise 
                 Exercise 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Time Ran until 
                 27.94 ± 4.12 
                 28.54 ± 6.10  
                 50.26 ± 8.56  
                  73.23 ± 4.68 
               
               
                 Exhaustion (min) 
               
               
                 Distance Ran until 
                 428.42 ± 71.91 
                 535.99 ± 155.61 
                 930.06 ± 179.78 
                 1366.65 ± 95.91 
               
               
                 Exhaustion (m) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In exercised aged mice, H4H1657N2 also induced significant increases in endurance, as measured by treadmill running time (73.2 min versus 50.2 min) and distance (1.33 km versus 0.93 km), compared with the isotype control group (Table 26). However, in sedentary mice, H4H1657N2 did not significantly increase endurance compared with the isotype control group. 
     As in the muscle weight study, H4H1657N2 induced significant increases in endurance, as measured by treadmill running time and distance, in the exercised mice only, but not in the sedentary mice. These results show that H4H1657N2 increases physical performance outcomes when combined with exercise training. 
     Example 10. Effects of H4H1657N2 on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Isometric Force in Mice 
     The ability of H4H1657N2 to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy was assessed in vivo in 9 week old male 057BL/6 mice. 
     Repeated subcutaneous doses of H4H1657N2 or an isotype control antibody, at either 10 or 30 mg/kg, were administered twice weekly for 3 weeks (n=6). H4H1657N2 treatment for 21 days produced increases in body weight of 4.7±2.3% (n.s.) and 7.1±1.5% (n.s.), respectively, compared to mice receiving isotype control administered at equal doses. Individual muscle weights were increased as follows compared to isotype control (10 mg/kg &amp; 30 mg/kg): Tibialis anterior (19.4±4.9%** &amp; 20.6±1.5%**), Gastrocnemius: (14.9±2.9%** &amp; 25.3±1.9%***), and Quadriceps (17.7±3.6%* &amp; 26.2±3.8%**). (All stats by One Way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s post hoc test [* p&lt;0.05; ** p&lt;0.01; *** p&lt;0.001; n.s.=not statistically different].) 
     The increase in Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle mass was accompanied by an increase in ex vivo isometric force, indicating the ability to maintain both muscle function and mass. Mice previously treated with repeated subcutaneous doses of H4H1657N2 or isotype control antibody (at 10 mg/kg administered twice weekly for 3 weeks, n=6 per group) were individually anesthetized and maintained under Isoflurane gas while the TA muscle was excised placed in a oxygenated lactated ringers bath constantly maintained at 25° C. The superior end of the TA was firmly tied to a submerged stanchion in the bath while the distal tendon was tied to 305C lever arm (Cambridge Systems). Optimal length was determined by slightly stretching the TA and then testing the force produced by a 1 Hz stimulation at a minimal voltage. TA muscles were repeatedly stretched and stimulated until there was a decline in force and then relaxed to the previous position. Voltage was then incrementally increased in a series of 1 HZ stimulations to achieve maximal force output. Once optimal length and voltage had been determined, TA muscles were stimulated for 400 milliseconds at increasing frequencies (40-100 Hz) to determine maximum tetanic force. TA muscles were given 2 minute rest periods between each tetanic stimulation. 
     TA muscles from mice treated with an isotype control antibody at 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg dose for 21 days generated an average peak tetanic force of 892.6±37 and 906.1±37.8, respectively. TA muscles from mice treated with H4H1657N2 generated an average peak tetanic force of 1041.3±31.7 and 1003.3±35.7 mN, respectively. These force values represent increase of 16.7%* (10 mg/kg) and 10.7% n.s (30 mg/kg) in average peak tetanic force compared to isotype control ( FIG. 2A ). The overall drug effect of H4H1657N2 treatment on peak tetanic force was statistically different from isotype control at both 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg doses (10 mg/kg dose shown in  FIG. 2B ). ( FIG. 2A : statistical analysis by One Way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s post hoc test [* p&lt;0.05; n.s.=not statistically different].  FIG. 2B : statistical analysis by Two way ANOVA and Sidaks post hoc test [p&gt;0.0001].) 
     Example 11. H4H1657N2 Improves the Recovery from Hind Limb Suspension (HLS)-Induced Atrophy 
     The effect of H4H1657N2 on skeletal muscle mass during the recovery phase from 7 days of hindlimb suspension (HLS) induced atrophy was assessed in one-year old C57BL/6 male mice. 
     At day 0, eighteen mice were suspended by the tail so that both hind legs could not touch the ground for the duration of 7 days. Mice were housed in special cages with free access to food and water. Concurrently, one additional group of six mice was left in normal caging and served as a control (Non-HLS control). At day 7, the suspended mice were taken down and randomized by percentage of body weight lost during HLS into three groups (n=6 each). At day 7, the muscle weights from the Non-HLS control group and one HLS group (HLS group) were taken to assess the percentage of atrophy in response to HLS. The two remaining HLS groups (n=6 each) were allowed to recover for 8 days (i.e., day 7 through day 15 of the experiment) in normal caging and treated subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg doses of either H4H1657N2 or an isotype control on days 7 and 10 (i.e., after zero days and 3 days of recovery) (HLS+7Rec+H4H1657N2 and HLS+7rec+Isotype Control, respectively). At day 15 (i.e., after 8 days of recovery), muscle weights were taken to assess the percentage of recovery after HLS-induced atrophy. 
     As seen in  FIG. 3B , seven days of HLS resulted in significant loss of mass in both tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) (HLS group), as compared to the Non-HLS control group (−13.7%* and −14.8%* respectively). After 8 days of recovery, the HLS+7rec+Isotype Control group maintained losses in TA and GA muscle mass (−6.3% and −7.5%) as compared to the Non-HLS control group, whereas the HLS+7Rec+H4H1657N2 group showed gains in mass (4.7% and 5%) as compared to the Non-HLS group. 
     When comparing the two recovery groups (i.e., HLS+7Rec+H4H1657N2 versus HLS+7rec+Isotype Control), the effects of H4H1657N2 on TA and GA mass were not statistically different from the effects seen with the isotype control antibody. However, while the HLS+7rec+Isotype Control group&#39;s muscle mass was not statistically different from the HLS group or the Non-HLS control group, the HLS+7Rec+H4H1657N2 group had statistically larger TA and GA mass when compared to the HLS group. (All stats by One Way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s post hoc test [*p&lt;0.05 vs. No HLS; ##p&lt;0.01 vs. HLS.) 
     Example 12. Inhibition of BMP Receptor Type I and II Activation by Anti-Activin A Antibodies and ActRIIB-Fc 
     Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are involved in regulation of many physiological processes by activating receptor complexes on the cell surface that are composed of BMP receptor types I and II. Activation of receptors leads to phosphorylation of SMAD proteins and transcriptional activation of ligand-responsive genes. 
     A bioassay was developed to detect the regulation of BMP signaling in W-20-17 cells, a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line previously shown to be responsive to BM P2. The cells were engineered to stably express a luciferase reporter (i.e., BMP-responsive element (BRE(2×)-luciferase-IRES-GFP)), and sorted for high expression of GFP. The resultant stable cell line is referred to as W-20-17/BRE-luc and was maintained in 10% FBS, DMEM, Pen/Strep, and 200 pg/ml G418. These cells were used to measure BMP activation and the inhibition of this activation by anti-Activin A antibodies and ActRIIB-hFc (Control 4, SEQ ID No:227). 
     The ability of four anti-Activin A antibodies and ActRIIB-hFc to inhibit BMP signaling was evaluated using the W-20-17/BRE-luc cell line. For the bioassay, W-20-17/BRE-luc cells are seeded onto 96-well assay plates at 10,000 cells/well and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2 overnight. The next day, BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP9 or BMP10 were serially diluted at 1:3 and added to cells from 100 nM to 0.002 nM (including no BMP control for dose responses). For inhibition of BMPs by anti-Activin A antibodies or ActRIIB-hFc, antibodies or ActRIIB-hFc were serially diluted at 1:3 from 1000 nM to 0.02 nM (including no antibody, control antibody, or negative control for ActRIIB-hFc (i.e., an irrelevant protein tagged with hFc, “Control Protein”)) and added to cells along with 100 pM BMP2, 100 pM BMP4, 10 nM BMP6, 800 pM BMP9 or 4 nM BMP10, as indicated. Luciferase activity was detected after 5.5 hrs of incubation in 37° C. and 5% CO2 with Victor X (Perkin Elmer) and the results were analyzed using nonlinear regression (4-parameter logistics) with Prism 5 software (GraphPad). 
     As shown in Table 27 below, H4H10446P2 and H4H10430P did not inhibit of any of the BMPs tested, whereas the other Activin A antibodies tested (H4H10429 and H4H10436P2) and ActRIIB-hFc all showed some inhibition of some of the BMPs. H4H10429P showed inhibition of BMP9 and BMP10 with IC 50  values of 8.1 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively, but did not inhibit BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6. H4H10436P2 showed weak inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 at highest concentrations of the antibody and inhibition of BMP10 with an IC 50  value of &gt;100 nM, but did not show any inhibition of BMP6 and BMP9. ActRIIB-hFc showed inhibition of BMP9 and BMP10 with IC 50  values of 2 nM and 1 nM but did not inhibit BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6. Neither of the control molecules (i.e., an isotype control antibody (Control mAb) and irrelevant protein tagged with hFc (Control Protein)), were seen to inhibit any of the BMPs, whereas BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP9, or BMP10 alone (i.e., without antibodies or hFc-tagged proteins) activated the W-20-17/BRE-luc cells with EC 50  values of 34 pM, 63 pM, 4.5 nM, 260 pM, and 2.5 nM, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition by anti-Activin A antibodies and ActRIIb-hFc of BMPs in W-20-17/BRE-luc cells 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ligands 
                 BMP2 
                 BMP4 
                 BMP6 
                 BMP9 
                 BMP10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EC50[M] 
                 3.4E−11 
                 6.3E−11 
                 4.5E−09 
                 2.6E−10 
                 2.5E−09 
               
               
                 Constant BMP 
                 100 pM 
                 100 pM 
                 10 nM 
                 800 pM 
                 4 nM 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antibodies 
                 IC50 [M] 
                 IC50 [M] 
                 IC50 [M] 
                 IC50 [M] 
                 IC50 [M] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
               
               
                 H4H10430P 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
               
               
                 H4H10429P 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 8.1E−09 
                 3.5E−09 
               
               
                 H4H10436P2 
                 Weak (31% 
                 Weak (51% 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 &gt;1.0E−07  
               
               
                   
                 inhibition 
                 inhibition 
               
               
                   
                 at 1 uM) 
                 at 1 uM) 
               
               
                 ActRIIB-hFc 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 2.0E−09 
                 1.0E−09 
               
               
                 Control mAb 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
               
               
                 Control Protein 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
                 No Inhibition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13. Treatment with Anti-Activin A Antibody H4H10446P2 Reduces Renal Fibrosis In Vivo 
     The effect of a specific anti-activin A antibody of the invention, H4H10446P2, on renal fibrosis was determined in an unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model of renal fibrosis. The UUO model was developed by complete ligation of the left ureter while keeping the right kidney function intact. Briefly, UUO was performed in mice under Ketamine/Xylazine anesthesia, whereby the left ureter was accessed via flank incision, and two ligatures were placed on the proximal one-third of the ureter using 5-0 silk thread at 5 mm apart. Sham surgeries were done in a similar fashion without placing any ligatures on the ureter. In this model, severe fibrosis develops in the kidney within 14 days following UUO, which has been assessed by measuring kidney collagen by directly measuring the amount of hydroxyproline in the sample, which is referred to as the hydroxyproline method. Hydroxyproline is a specific component of collagens, and represents approximately 14.4% of the amino acid composition of collagen in most mammalian tissues (Cochrane et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3623-30 (2005)). To measure collagen content via the hydroxyproline method, first frozen kidney samples were dried overnight using a vacuum chamber. Dried kidney tissue samples were then homogenized in an ice-cold NaCl/NaHCO 3 solution and were then hydrolyzed using 6 M HCl. The samples were subsequently dried using a vacuum centrifuge, and then were rehydrated using 0.1 M HCl. The hydroxyproline in the rehydrated samples was oxidized with 300 mM Chloramine T (Sigma, #857319) and Ehrlich&#39;s reagent [3.5M p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (FW: 149.19, Sigma, #39070) in 60% perchloric acid (Sigma, #311413)] was then added to develop the color. Finally, using a spectrophotometer, absorbance of the samples was measured at 558 nm and this was compared to hydroxyproline standards (Sigma, #H5534) of known concentration, to determine the kidney hydroxyproline content. The measured hydroxyproline value was then multiplied by a factor of 6.94 to determine the collagen value. Fourteen days following UUO, dry kidney weight decreases as a result of parenchymal damage. Sham (n=10) or UUO (n=20) surgeries were performed on 16-week old male C57BL/6 mice (Taconic farms, Inc.). Mice, which underwent UUO surgery, were then divided into two groups. Each UUO group received a subcutaneous injection of either H4H10446P2 (40 mg/kg, n=10) or an isotype control antibody (40 mg/kg, n=10), which does not bind to any known mouse protein, starting a day before the surgeries, and on 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, and 13 days after the surgery. The mice that underwent the sham surgery received vehicle (sterile PBS) during this time using the same schedule as the UUO groups. All the mice were sacrificed on day 14 following surgery. The kidney weights were measured, and the kidneys were flash-frozen using liquid nitrogen, and kept at −80° C. until the collagen content was measured. Kidney collagen content was measured using the hydroxyproline method, and then expressed as either total kidney collagen (pg) or kidney collagen normalized to kidney weight (pg/mg of dry weight). Statistical analysis was done using One-Way ANOVA with Turkey&#39;s multiple comparison test. The results including summarizes total kidney collagen, normalized kidney collagen, and dry kidney weights for each treatment group were expressed as mean±SEM in Table 28 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Total Kidney collagen, Normalized Kidney Collagen, 
               
               
                 and Dry Kidney Weight in each group (mean ± SEM) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total Kidney 
                 Normalized Kidney 
                 Dry Kidney 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 Collagen 
                 Collagen (μg/mg of 
                 Weight 
               
               
                 Group 
                 (μg) 
                 tissue dry weight) 
                 (g) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sham + 
                 429.6 ± 25.93 
                  8.16 ± 0.29 
                 0.0524 ± 0.002  
               
               
                 Vehicle 
               
               
                 UUO + 
                 980.7 ± 50.48 
                 25.07 ± 0.86 
                 0.0396 ± 0.0027 
               
               
                 Isotype 
               
               
                 Control 
               
               
                 UUO + 
                 730.7 ± 48.02 
                 17.48 ± 0.79 
                 0.0422 ± 0.0029 
               
               
                 H4H10446P2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 28, both total kidney collagen and kidney collagen normalized to kidney weight was significantly increased in UUO mice compared to sham-operated mice. UUO mice treated with H4H10446P2 exhibited significant reduction in both total kidney collagen and kidney collagen normalized to kidney weight (approximately 45% reduction in fibrotic collagen) compared to isotype control antibody treated UUO mice, indicating the anti-activin A antibody lead to decreased fibrosis in the kidney. UUO mice treated with H4H10446P2 exhibited an increase in dry kidney weight compared to the isotype control antibody treated UUO mice, indicating preservation of parenchyma in the anti-activin A antibody treated mice. 
     Example 14. Effects of H4H10446P2 on Body Weight and Muscle Mass in Mice Overexpressing Activin A 
     To assess the efficacy of H4H10446P2 in neutralizing elevated levels of Activin A in mice, Activin A was over-expressed in C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks-old) by hydrodynamic delivery (HDD) of a DNA construct encoding full-length Activin A. Mice were randomized into three groups (n=5-6/group); one was injected with a mixture of saline/2.5 pg of a DNA construct control in presence of an isotype control antibody, and two groups were injected with a mixture of saline/2.5 pg of a DNA construct containing Activin A in presence of an isotype control antibody or H4H10446P2. DNA constructs were injected on day 0, and antibodies were administered on days 0 and 4 at 2.5 mg/kg (2 injections) for 7 days. Muscle weights were reported as normalized weights (i.e., muscle weights were normalized to the body weights measured at the start of the experiment). Results for body weights are shown as average change from starting body weights. Results for tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles are shown in  FIG. 4  as average percent change for each group (±standard error of the mean) compared to the HDD delivery of a construct control+isotype control antibody group. The data were analyzed with one or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. 
     As seen in  FIG. 4 , seven days after HDD, delivery of Activin A in mice treated with an isotype control antibody resulted in significant decreases in body weights (−10.81±2.46%) and the mass of tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles (of −13.96±1.85% and of −10.34±1.51%, respectively) (p&lt;0.01 significance over isotype control). Delivery of Activin A in mice treated with H4H10446P2 resulted in a significant attenuation of body weights (−1.49±1.98%) and the mass of tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles at the end of seven days of treatment (of −2.57±1.26% and of −1.77±2.42%, respectively). 
     The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.