Patent Publication Number: US-9891030-B1

Title: Molded plastic cartridge with extended flash tube, sub-sonic cartridges, and user identification for firearms and site sensing fire control

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/203,440, filed Mar. 10, 2014 for “Molded Plastic Cartridge with Extended Flash Tube, Sub-Sonic Cartridges, and User Identifications for Firearms and Site Sensing Fire Control” (Victor B. Kley), now U.S. Pat. No. 9,470,485 issued Oct. 18, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/787,459, filed Mar. 15, 2013 for “Molded Plastic Cartridge with Extended Flash Tube, Sub-Sonic Cartridges, and User Identifications for Firearms and Site Sensing Fire Control” (Victor B. Kley). The entire disclosures of both the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     This application incorporates by reference the entire disclosures of the following U.S. patents and patent applications for all purposes:
         U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,362, filed Mar. 25, 2005, entitled “Firearm with Force Sensitive Trigger and Activation Sequence” (Victor B. Kley), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/557,470, filed Mar. 29, 2004, entitled “Diamond and/or Silicon Carbide Molding of Small and Microscale or Nanoscale Capsules and Other Objects Including Firearms” (Victor B. Kley); and   U.S. Pat. No. 7,926,408, filed Nov. 28, 2006, entitled “Velocity, Internal Ballistics and External Ballistics Detection and Control for Projectile Devices and a Reduction in Device Related Pollution” (Victor B. Kley), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/740,586, filed Nov. 28, 2005, entitled “Velocity, Internal Ballistics and External Ballistics Detection and Control for Projectile Devices and a Reduction in Device Related Pollution” (Victor B. Kley).       

     The present disclosure is related to the following U.S. patent applications, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference for all purposes:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/046,526, filed Jan. 28, 2005 for “Angle Control of Multi-Cavity Molded Components for MEMS and NEMS Group Assembly” (Victor B. Kley); and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/067,517, filed Feb. 25, 2005 for “Diamond Capsules and Methods of Manufacture” (Victor B. Kley).       

     The entire disclosures of the following U.S. Patents are incorporated by reference for all purposes:
         U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,465, issued Apr. 17, 1979, entitled “Ammunition Cartridge” (Jay M. Verkozen);   U.S. Pat. No. 6,845,716, issued Jan. 25, 2005, entitled “Ammunition Articles with Plastic Components and Method of Making Ammunition Articles with Plastic Components” (Nabil Husseini, David E. Byron);   U.S. Pat. No. 7,204,191, issued Apr. 17, 2007, entitled “Lead Free, Composite Polymer Based Bullet And Method Of Manufacturing” (Sy Wiley, William E. Rembert, III); and   U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,519, issued May 8, 1979, entitled “Composite Polymer Based Cartridge Case Having an Overmolded Metal Cup, Polymer Plug Base Assembly” (Sy Wiley, William E. Rembert, III, Gary Loftin).       

     The following document is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes:
         “Velocity and Pressure Effects on Projectiles due to Variation of Ignition Parameters,” Richard Otis Culver, Jr., and Raymond M. Burns, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. (December 1972), Master&#39;s thesis, NIST No. 757278 (http://www•dtic•mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/757278•pdf).       

    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates in general to firearms and ammunition, and in particular to a plastic ammunition cases, ignition control, plastic ammunition cases with ignition control, cases with ignition control and reduced powder volume for sub-sonic ammunition, plastic cases with ignition control and reduced powder volume for sub-sonic bullets, sub-sonic bullets, jet bullets, rocket bullets, mixed rocket/jet bullets and multi-function bullets (including explosive, guided and penetrating), and laser remote steering of low cost projectiles. It also elaborates the safety trigger described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,362 and any such trigger like control in any other arrangement. 
     From shotguns to rifles to handguns, firearms have proven to be a valuable tool for law enforcement and self-defense. Sadly, however, firearms have also proven to be a valuable tool for criminals, who use them to threaten, injure, or murder their victims. In addition, many people are injured or killed each year through accidental discharge of firearms, including children playing with a parent&#39;s gun. 
     Attempts to solve these problems include trigger locks and gun safes. While they are of some help, both solutions are imperfect. Trigger locks and gun safes, for example, keep unauthorized users (particularly children) from operating a firearm, but they can also interfere with legitimate users&#39; ability to respond quickly to a deadly threat. Further, because a criminal can steal a firearm or a gun safe and remove the lock at his or her leisure, trigger locks and gun safes do little to prevent stolen firearms from being used in further crimes. 
     Plastic cases for firearms, unique and improved projectiles, laser steering, use of plastic cases in place of the common metallic case (brass, plated steel, or steel) have been proven to substantially reduce the weight of a fully loaded round of ammunition. However wear, buildup of powder residue in the action and gas operated components along with heating and accuracy remain problems. In addition in ammunition built to provide low noise, low flash, and meant to launch sub-sonic projectiles (bullets) have very poor accuracy. Erratic cycling of weapons firing sub-sonic cartridges remains a serious problem. Also it is desirable to able to steer a low cost projectile in flight and to initiate acceleration while in flight. 
     Therefore, it would be desirable to provide firearms with improved protection against unauthorized use, cartridges made with plastic in whole or in part with extended or frontal ignition, rocket and/or jet projectiles (bullets) in which external ballistics can be changed and steered. It also desirable to provide reduced internal volume cartridges, including such reduced volume cartridges with extended flash tubes to initiate ignition at the front of the cartridge proximate to the bullet or projectile. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide ammunition in which all or some of the component parts are made of synthetic materials including plastics, and are made by injection molding. 
     A preferred embodiment includes a molded in flash tube, or insertable molded flash tube structure such that the ignition gases from the primer at the rear of the cartridge are directed to powder near the front of the cartridge near the bullet 
     In one embodiment, the cartridge is designed to have reduced capacity in addition to an extended molded in flash tube to ignite the powder charge near the base of the bullet at the cartridge neck. 
     In still further embodiments, the latter two embodiments may include an extended flash tube which has a closure at its end nearest the bullet structured to open when primer ignition sends a pulse of hot gases up the flash tube this permits the powder charge to fill the cartridge case without lodging in the flash tube. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the full cartridge case interior volume is partially filled with a material such as a plastic foam so as to reduce the volume of the case for reduce powder loads or squib loads, or for sub-sonic cartridges. The filler may also be a sinterable material that can be sintered at temperatures and pressures compatible with the cartridge case materials. 
     Additionally the filler may be made as two or more layers each layer having a purpose such as producing secondary gases after the bullet moves past the gas port to insure full operation of the gas operated functions of the arm with top and intermediate layers set to block or slow down the production of this secondary gas. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the firearm includes a specially designed trigger capable of verifying a user&#39;s identity so that only an authorized user can discharge the firearm. For example, the firearm can be programmed with a time sequence of pressures (which may vary or remain constant) that a user exerts on the trigger to activate the firearm. In a further embodiment and in conjunction with a piezoelectric structure pressed or attached rigidly to the trigger pressure and vibration may be sent back to the users trigger finger to signal that a pressure stage has been reached, or that ammunition is running low or is out. Further the trigger can be used to set the force for the trigger firing in one or more stages. By feeding back different vibrations other parameters and controls can be set up. All these various programming or setting methods would only occur from set safe conditions. 
     The following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a cartridge with molded in flash tube; 
         FIG. 2  is two views of a plastic cartridge with flash tube having a closure according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is three views of a plastic cartridge with reduced powder capacity with flash tube according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a view of a pressure sensitive electronic trigger with vibration feedback according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a view of a process flow of the electronic trigger with vibration feedback, microphones, global positioning sensor, radio frequency clock sensor, emergency transmitter, temperature and wind speed and direction sensor, and safety according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 6  is a view of a microcontroller, main memory with information including restricted no fire areas and times, optional data display, sound input and output and fire control hardware according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     The related patent applications incorporated by reference above describe, inter alia: various techniques and apparatus for molding plastic cartridge cases (U.S. Pat. No. 7,204,191); and various techniques and apparatus for a pressure sensitive trigger (U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,362). In embodiments of the present invention, such techniques can be used to fabricate cartridges. 
       FIG. 1  shows molded plastic casing  100  with a flash tube  110  and optional support web  120  keeping the flash tube  110  stable. The view is a side cross section and top down (looking from the case mouth where the bullet is seated to the back of the cartridge and primer pocket opening to the flash tube  110 ). In operation when a standard primer located in the recess at the base of cartridge under the label  100  is struck by the firearm&#39;s firing pin (not shown) the hot ignition gases from the pressure sensitive charge in the primer travel through the flash tube  110  to the area  130  near the neck of the cartridge where they cause the slow burning gun powder to ignite from  130  back to the base area. The gases created by the burning gun powder reach high pressures sending the bullet (not shown) out the barrel (not shown). 
     In an alternative embodiment the cartridge base including the primer recess are made of a rigid material or metal such as brass or steel with the case and flash tube molded from plastic. In yet another embodiment the support web may be one or more ribs supporting the flash tube at the bullet end near  130  and extend partially toward the base in one or more separated segments. 
       FIG. 2  shows a plastic (or alternatively partial plastic with metal base) cartridge case as in  FIG. 1  identical except for parted closure  230  which closes off the flash tube end sufficiently to exclude gun powder. Hot gases from the primer push open  230  and ignite any surrounding gun powder so that powder can be tightly packed near the bullet base without obstructing the flash tube. In another embodiment the support web connecting the flash tube  110  to the case side  120  extends only partially towards the back or cartridge case head. In a further embodiment a filler material such as urethane foam is piped under pressure by assembly and deliver tube  240  to the back of the case in order to form a reduce volume for low power loads such as sub-sonic rounds. 
       FIG. 2  includes a cross section view and top down view of flash tube and disk ( 252 ) assembly  250  through  260  an external flash tube and rear seal  250  (a continuous unbroken disk surface) and one or more centering rings  252  which in combination with tube  260  can be inserted through case neck and seat against the cartridge case head with the rear short section of  260  slipping into the flash hole.  252  includes pass through openings which permit powder and/or filler material to be placed in the rear of the cartridge. This assembly may optionally have a split end  270  which freely opens under pressure from the primer gases to ignite the powder at the front of the case under the seated bullet (not shown). In other embodiments of  250 - 260  another disk like  250  (continuous and unbroken) can establish the rear of a reduced powder volume without adding any substantial weight the cartridge. 
       FIG. 3  is a side cross section of the cartridge case with bullet  340  and top down case only (looking from the case mouth where the bullet is seated to the back of the cartridge and primer pocket opening to the flash tube  310 ). This cartridge which may have a metal or other material base or head  360  surrounding the primer with plastic case extending to case mouth molded around it  345  includes a plastic partially extended head or base of the cartridge  300  so as to reduce the capacity of the case. 
       FIG. 4  shows a schematic and flow chart of the trigger with steel boss  400  and the piezoelectric sensor/transducer  410  proceeding through a logic that culminates in permitting the safety to be placed in the off state and firing the weapon through electromechanical fire mechanism or in an alternative embodiment an electrically ignited cartridge. 
       FIG. 5  shows the process logic as a classic process flow chart which includes most of the embodiments in the invention. 
       FIG. 6  shows the operational logic blocks used in the preferred embodiment. The microcontroller  610  and User Interface  600  which includes tactile feedback, sound in and out and an optional data display both interact with the main memory  630  to record each shot with a time and pointing direction and full GPS location. The final functional block  620  is where the microcontroller  610  send control information to fire or go to safe mode. 
     In operation, a force sensing trigger  400 , which may include a piezoelectric  410  or piezoresistive element is pressed and changes output voltage or resistance as a function of the applied pressure, one or more times in an activation sequence. The activation sequence includes a specific pattern of pressures or pulses on the trigger  400 , and the pattern may be defined by reference to a relative duration of the pulses and/or relative force on the trigger as a function of time. In addition in the preferred embodiment one or more voice commands can be sensed by one or more microphones  486 . The activation sequence or owners recognition code is advantageously preprogrammed by the user, e.g., upon purchasing the firearm, and stored in memory in control logic  420 - 480 . 
     When trigger  400  is operated, signals representing the force as a function of time are transmitted to control logic section  420 , and thence to  430  which compares them to the activation sequence, with the firearm becoming usable only when the trigger operations match the preprogrammed activation sequence and is sent to logic in  440  and  450 . Finally the arm is fired, after a second check of owner recognition at  460 , by the action of electromechanical elements at  490  which release a spring loaded firing pin, or hammer. 
     Alternatively, the firing pin may be part of a solenoid and be electrically actuated. In yet another embodiment the ignition may be initiated by an electrical current for example causing thin magnesium wire to vaporize thus setting off the primer material or with sufficient flash magnesium wire the gunpowder directly. One or more program controlled safeties are turned to on or Safe position if the arm is not fired and a preset time has elapsed  470 .  470  also treats the use of the GPS sensor to determine the position and orientation of the firearm along with the time and compare that time and location to a table of restricted GPS locations. In addition as shown in  530   FIG. 5  actual Global Positioning (GPS) coordinates and World time is compared to one or more tables of locations stored in memory  540 , each coordinate has one or more parameters indicating the area around the stored table coordinate which is restricted and the Greenwich Mean time range if any when the restriction is lifted. 
     In addition to the restricted areas (if any) there are also owner defined locations which are entirely unrestricted. As an example one table of GPS coordinates parameters and times in one embodiment will be all the schools, malls, hospitals, doctors offices, clinics and theatres in North America. Based on the 2010 school count in the U.S. of 98,817 public schools the total estimate for North America is 950,000 such sites. Each site will require 200 bytes of information including the site location, time of restriction, a described polygon which includes any legally required distance for firearms creating the need for 190 megabytes of memory space for such or far less memory then is commonly used in most low cost electronic devices today. In one embodiment the arm will also note when the weapon is pointed at a restricted region and prevent firing if the range to the restricted area is smaller than the range for the cartridge used in the firearm. 
     The activation sequence acts as a “password” with both or either voice and trigger pressure to prevent the firearm from being used by anyone other than an authorized user. After the owner is recognized the trigger pull and one or more stages of pull may be set  480  by putting in the trigger set sequence, followed by the number of stages (1 to 4) the trigger will then vibrate to indicate the stage and the owner then simply presses the trigger to set the force to fire (last stage) or to move to the next stage, note that when in these setting sequences the safety is always on and firing is fully inhibited. If the activation sequence is not recognized then logic in  440  commands the drivers in  450  to flash the safety LED, if recognized the LED is steady but in both cases the safety is set and must be release by the shooter. 
     In an additional embodiment programmable logic in  480  in conjunction with sensors in the magazine or on the frame of a revolver looking in the chambers not in battery permits the arm to notice ammo out, remaining ammo or last round as trigger back pressure giving notice to the shooter. Also LED flash and LED steady may be replaced by a vibration or series of vibrations indicating that the safety is on, that is fed back to the trigger finger. Thus if password enabled every time the trigger is pressed when the safety is on, the signal of safety on is sent to the finger. 
     In a further embodiment the mechanical safety which blocks the firing pin of the weapon must be cycled on and then off (ready to fire) before the weapon will fire for the first time after the owners code is entered. The position of the mechanical safety is detected optically or electronically and the resultant electronic signal is sent to the logic of the electronic recognition trigger. In an additional embodiment the trigger is vibrated to indicate a safe state (safety on firing disabled) for an preset (but programmable) time after the arm is enabled and in the dark (as sensed by a phototransistor). In yet another embodiment, the safety display may be any combination of passive mechanical, electrophoretic, liquid crystal, OLED, electroluminescent and LED displays. In an alternate embodiment displays and/or speaker  484  are used to report the GPS position and with the display the nearest known roads. In an alternative embodiment microphones and trigger can be used to select the emergency beacon  484  or transmitter  580  function in those firearms, typically rifles, where antenna and adequate power is available from batteries, supercaps, and small stock mounted solar panels. 
     In operation then in  FIG. 6  the system uses logic provided by a programmed microcontroller  610 , initiated and reporting through a User Interface  600  which makes commands through trigger pressure and voice to the controller  610  and based on the proper activation sequence the controller enables firing of the weapon. The controller uses information provided by the sensors including GPS, World time, and can bidirectionally communicate via RF or Optical links to nearby devices and networks. Information about settings and nearby GPS and Time restrictions are loaded from  630  by the controller  610 . When all conditions are met the controller  610  can command the Fire control hardware to permit the safety to be set to off and can, when the trigger is pressed to the preset force for the final stage (there will be at least 1 stage for firing the gun), fire a round from the firearm. 
     In use the cartridge of  FIG. 1  is a molded plastic part or in an alternative embodiment partially plastic part with special material (such as brass, steel or high stiffness engineering plastic) head (as at  360   FIG. 3 ) that includes the primer recess  370  and extraction groove (recess between the arrow from  360  and that from  350  that goes completely around the case head or base, the end of the cartridge case in which the primer is placed and cartridge extraction is made). The extended or elongated flash tube  110  is molded in along with one or more stabilizing ribs or connections  120  ending short of the case mouth  130 . 
     In an alternative embodiment the connections, webs or ribs  390   FIG. 3  are molded so as to act as lower stops for the projectile or bullet in the cartridge case. The flash tube  110  and rib(s) or web or connection  120  may be molded or made as a part of the separate head (base)  360  when such two piece construction is made or alternatively molded in one piece as part of the case forward of the head (base) as in  100 . The ignition flash tube  110  brings the confined ignition gases produced by the primer (primer pocket shown at  370 ) to the front of the cartridge case  300   FIG. 3  to ignite the powder so that it burns from just below the bullet (as in  340   FIG. 3 ) to the back of the case toward the head  100 . 
     The plastic molding is made with a projectile  340   FIG. 3 , the lower portion of which, located at neck of the cartridge case may also have a recess to lock on the as molded cartridge casing. The projectile forms the forward end of the cartridge case. The molding process can incorporate a core pull which with a portion of the projectile  340   FIG. 3  define an interior volume of the plastic cartridge casing body including an elongated flash tube  110  and at least one molded connection  120  or web to the inner wall of the molded casing. The webbing or connection  120  may be extended to act as a mechanical stop  390   FIG. 3  to prevent rearward motion of the projectile  340   FIG. 3 . The core pull may in its portion immediately below the projectile but still in the neck of the cartridge case forward of the web  120  be of smaller diameter so as to further prevent movement of the projectile into the cartridge case. 
     In operation  FIG. 2  is a cartridge case  100  embodiment with a plastic molded extended flash tube  110 . The flash tube  110  is stabilized by one or more webbings, ribs or connections  120  which in this embodiment only extend part way down the case toward the cartridge case head  360 . The flash tube  110  has a (one or more petals) valve  230 ,  270  that opens out under the pressure of ignition gases, but otherwise remains closed and insures that the flash tube does not partially or completely fill with powder. In an alternative embodiment a rapid burning or explosive material may fill or cover the end of the flash tube  110   FIG. 1  so as to further promote and insure rapid and complete ignition of the gunpowder. 
     An additional embodiment is the filler liquid, reservoir and delivery tube (all three labeled  240 ) from which the lower portion of the cartridge case (when mounted upright) may be filled with an appropriate material such as urethane foam in order to create a reduced powder capacity useful in squib and sub-sonic loads. In a further related embodiment the filler material is hydrated or composed of a material subject to partial or full decomposition or chemical reaction slower than the powder burn to a mostly inert gas under the pressure and heat generated by the powder burn such that the resultant gas backs up or maintains or even increases and sustains the gas operated cycling of the action to eject the spent cartridge and load the firearm after the projectile  340   FIG. 3  leaves the muzzle. If the filler is hydrated the gas could include steam. The filler may be layered (from the head toward the case mouth) and its composition varied by layer so as to time the release and the volume of released gas according to the needs of the specific arm, or family of arms. 
     Yet another embodiment in  FIG. 2  is the insert flash tube  260  with two or more flexible disks  250  and  252 .  250  is a continuous disk (no holes or passages) attached to the flash tube  110  and designed to reach the bottom of the case and guide the flash tube into the flash hole  380  ( FIG. 3 ) above the primer in the pocket  370 . The second disk  252  has openings to permit either powder or filler  240  placed between the disks. Thus this embodiment permits any existing cartridge case to be converted to frontal ignition either as a full powder load or a squib or sub-sonic load while maintaining the optimal powder volume for the load. Additionally the flash tube end closure  230  can be built into flash tube as at  270 . 
     In operation the molded cartridge case in  FIG. 3   300  may be entirely molded material including plastic or alternatively in  345  incorporate molded, ultrasonically welded, thermally bonded, or adhesively bonded in elements such as the metal head  360 , with primer pocket  370 , and flash hole  380 . Molding in the metal part along the plastic mold line  350  joins the metal head to cartridge body, while presenting a high strength extractor lip in the metal head  360  to the extraction mechanism.  300  and  345  are both reduced powder charge cartridges particularly well suited to squib or sub-sonic reduced power, noise, and muzzle flash. Muzzle flash and noise are further reduced by use of the extended flash tube  310  which causes the powder to burn from the base of the bullet  340  back toward the head  360 . The powder reduction Head  360  with the primer cup  370  and the flash hole  380  located more or less in the region bounded by the dashed line  350  constitute the head of any cartridge and the term head applies, along with bullet  340 , to all cartridge drawings in the specification. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications are possible. One skilled in the art will also recognize that the present invention provides a number of advantageous techniques, tools, and products, usable individually or in various combinations. These techniques, tools, and products include but are not limited to:
         a cartridge case molding method for a continuous injection molding of a case with one or more core pulling elements or core pulls such that an extended or elongated flash tube is created which conducts primer sourced ignition gases so as to initiate powder located just under the projectile burning from the front of the cartridge below the projectile toward the rear of cartridge case or head; and/or   a cartridge case with primer, gunpowder and a projectile which is molded from plastic and has an extended or elongated flash tube with molded in support to the inner case wall; and/or   a cartridge case with primer, gunpowder and a projectile which is molded from plastic with a metal or high performance plastic head adhesively attached to the rest of the case, head carrying the extraction groove, primer cup and primer and flash hole and has an extended or elongated flash tube with molded in support to the inner case wall; and/or   a cartridge case with primer, gunpowder and a projectile which is molded from plastic with a metal or high performance plastic head ultrasonically attached to the rest of the case, head carrying the extraction groove, primer cup and primer and flash hole and has an extended or elongated flash tube with molded in support to the inner case wall; and/or   a cartridge case with primer, gunpowder and a projectile which is molded from plastic with a metal or high performance plastic head thermally bonded to the rest of the case, head carrying the extraction groove, primer cup and primer and flash hole and has an extended or elongated flash tube with molded in support to the inner case wall; and/or   a flash tube assembly with stabilizing flexible supports that extends the flash tube forward from the rear flash hole to a region close to the base of the projectile, which can be inserted through the neck of any cartridge case so as to provide frontal ignition of the gunpowder; and/or   a cartridge case molded such that the cartridge internal volume for gun powder is substantially smaller than the design volume; and/or   a cartridge case filled with a material such that the cartridge internal volume for gun powder is substantially smaller than the design volume; and/or   a cartridge case filled with a material evenly from the head or primer end of the cartridge case toward the projectile end of the case such that the cartridge internal volume for gun powder is substantially smaller than the design volume and this material ignites and is slower burning then the gunpowder and gives off gases to operate the firearm even after the projectile has left the muzzle; and/or   a cartridge case filled with a series of layers of material from the head or primer end of the cartridge case toward the projectile end of the case such that the cartridge internal volume for gun powder is substantially smaller than the design volume and this material ignites and is slower burning then the gunpowder and gives off gases to operate the firearm even after the projectile has left the muzzle such that the portions toward the rear or primer end give off more gas per volume of material then those layers nearer the projectile end; and/or   a firearm controlled by a pressure or force sensitive trigger; and/or   a firearm in which a particular time series of pressures on the trigger (which may be varying or non-varying pressures) and/or voice commands causes a particular action including but not limited to making the arm operational for firing; and/or   a firearm in which a particular time series of pressures on the trigger (which may be varying or non-varying pressures) and/or voice commands causes a particular action, including but not limited to setting the trigger pressure and/or setting any other parameters and/or determining the GPS location and Greenwich Mean Time of the weapon, and wherein the trigger pressure and/or other parameters and/or the GPS location and/or the Greenwich Mean Time is spoken and/or displayed on an attached digital display; and/or   a firearm in which the actual GPS location and time are compared to a data base of such locations and proscribed distances, time and the operational range of the firearm at the location including altitude is made and firing is disabled until such time as either the firearm is outside the latter calculated area, time of allowed firing is found to correspond to the actual time or a location is reached in which operation of the firearm is enabled; and/or   a firearm in which each shot includes a captured shot sound which is recorded with time stamp, and firearm direction and location; and/or   a firearm in which an emergency beacon is built in and can be turned on by trigger pressure sequence and/or by voice command; and/or   a firearm in which bidirectional links permit the status and location of the arm to be set and queried over Radio Frequency and Optical links including WiFi, cell phone systems, Blue Tooth and Wide Area Networks; and/or   a firearm in which the trigger pressure and number of stages of trigger can be set via trigger sequence, voice or communication input; and/or   a firearm that measures temperature and wind (direction and force) and displays them or says them to the user.       

     Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.