Patent Publication Number: US-2021177001-A1

Title: Molded confectionery products and methods of making same

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to confectionery products, such as chewing gums, which are formed by molding the product in a molten state. In some embodiments, the mold is part of the product packaging. 
     Chewing gums have been enjoyed by consumers for over a century because they provide flavor and refreshment over an extended time period and satisfy a human urge to chew. A number of forms of chewing gum have been marketed, but the most popular are sticks, tabs and coated pellets. These forms have the advantage of being easily produced in commercial quantities using high-speed forming equipment. However, they can only produce products with limited variations in shape. They cannot produce complex, three dimensional shapes or shapes with high-definition, for example, of animals, faces, cartoon characters, fruits or other objects. 
     Consumers are constantly looking for new confectionery experiences. Products having three dimensional shapes are attractive and offer opportunities to manufacture products relevant to seasonal or special events. There have been past attempts to mold chewing gums into three dimensional shapes, but such efforts are not known to have ever resulted in commercially successful products. 
     One problem with molten gum processing is the high viscosity of chewing gum which requires that the product be heated to very high temperatures (typically over 90° C.) in order to lower its viscosity sufficiently to allow it to be pumped through the depositing apparatus. This increases the risks for deterioration or volatilization of sensitive ingredients. It also increases the time required to cool the deposited composition for further processing such as moving the deposited product and may, as a practical matter, require refrigeration equipment or other means to more rapidly cool the deposited gum. On laboratory or pilot scale, the problem of melting the chewing gum may be manageable but commercial production is difficult. 
     Furthermore, past efforts to produce molten confectionery product formulations in large scale have produced inconsistent results. This is believed to be due to the material being strongly affected by its heat history, with even minor, uncontrolled changes in processing conditions leading to large variations in critical properties such as melting point. 
     A novel consumer product could be prepared by depositing molten confectionery material onto a preformed sheet of packaging film which would act as a mold to shape the deposited piece. This could be done as a ‘so-called’ blister pack in which a sheet including one or more blister molds is covered with a lidding material (for example, a foil or a foil laminate) and then further packaged. However, the sheet materials commonly used for blister packages have maximum fill temperatures in the range of 65 to 120° C. and thus many are likely to be deformed if a molten material is deposited directly into a blister mold. While some food-approved sheet materials may tolerate sufficiently high melting deposit temperatures, they may lack the clarity, moldability, and barrier properties of lower melting materials. They may also be significantly more expensive. For this reason, it would be desirable to deposit the molten material at a temperature below 100° C. or even below 90° C., below 85° C., below 80° C., below 75° C., or below 70° C. 
     Attempts to reformulate confectionery products to optimize low temperature depositing, for example by the addition of syrups and/or increased water content, are likely to lead to products which lack the proper texture or which have shelf stability or other problems. It also may contribute to product variability since the amount of water present will decrease the longer the composition is held at elevated temperature. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for a method of making high quality deposited and molded confectionery products with flexible formulation options. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of producing a confectionery product comprising the steps of;
         a. melting at least one sugar alcohol at a temperature sufficient to ensure complete melting,   b. melting a gum base into the at least one molten sugar alcohol to form a molten sugar alcohol and gum base blend,   c. adding additional chewing gum ingredients to the molten sugar alcohol and gum base blend, the additional chewing gum ingredients comprising at least a flavor, to form a molten chewing gum blend,   d. cooling the molten gum blend to lower temperature and maintaining the molten chewing gum blend at the lower temperature, wherein the molten chewing gum blend remains as a molten, pumpable mixture at the lower temperature, and   e. forming a chewing gum product by depositing the molten mixture onto a surface,
 
wherein steps b. through d. are performed in any order.
       

     Alternatively, the present invention provides a method of producing a confectionery product comprising the steps of;
         a. melting at least one sugar alcohol at a temperature sufficient to ensure complete melting,   b. cooling the melted at least one sugar alcohol until it is solidified,   c. mixing a gum base and additional chewing gum ingredients comprising at least a flavor into the sugar alcohol with heating to form a molten chewing gum composition at a temperature whereat the molten chewing gum composition is pumpable and depositable, and   d. forming a chewing gum product by depositing the molten mixture onto a surface.       

     In some embodiments, the molten sugar alcohol will be cooled by the addition of solid (i.e. unmelted) gum base at a temperature below that of the molten sugar alcohol. 
     In some embodiments, the molten sugar alcohol composition will contain a small amount of water, such as less than 4% or less than 3% or less than 2% or less than 1% or less than 0.5% by weight of the molten sugar alcohol composition. 
     In some embodiments, the chewing gum base is melted into the molten sugar alcohol at a temperature between 70° C. and 110° C., between 80° C. and 100° C., or between 85° C. and 95° C. 
     In some embodiments, additional ingredients comprising at least a flavor are added after the molten sugar alcohol has been cooled. 
     In some embodiments, there is no crystalline sugar alcohol in the completely melted at least one sugar alcohol. In some embodiments there remains less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 5%, or less than 10% crystalline sugar alcohol by weight in the completely melted at least one sugar alcohol. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a single sugar alcohol or at least one sugar alcohol. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of two sugar alcohols, or at least two sugar alcohols. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of three sugar alcohols, or at least three sugar alcohols. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of four sugar alcohols, or at least four sugar alcohols. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of five sugar alcohols, or at least five sugar alcohols. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one sugar alcohol is heated to a temperature of at least 70° C., or at least 80° C., or at least 90° C., or at least 100° C., or at least 110° C., or at least 120° C., or at least 130° C., or at least 140° C., or at least 150° C., or at least 160° C., or at least 170° C., or at least 180° C. or at least 190° C. to melt the sugar alcohol blend. 
     In some embodiments, the molten blend is deposited at a temperature less than 120° C., or less than 95° C., or less than 90° C., or less than 85° C., or less than 80° C. or less than 75° C., or less than 70° C. 
     In some embodiments, the molten material is deposited on a conveyor which may be moving or stationary during the depositing. In some embodiments, the molten material is deposited into a mold. In some embodiments, the mold is part of the consumer packaging. In some embodiments, the mold is a blister formed in a food packaging film which is then optionally covered with a lidding material and further packaged for retail sale. 
     In some embodiments, the additional ingredients comprise flavor and at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of high intensity sweeteners, encapsulated high intensity sweeteners, colors, emulsifiers, softeners, humectants, fillers, and nutritional supplements, and visual effects. 
     In some embodiments, the molten sugar alcohol is cooled, for example to ambient conditions, and stored for later use. At the storage temperature, the stored sugar alcohol may be in the form of a viscous liquid or a solid which may be pliable or brittle. The sugar alcohol may change form over time when stored at ambient conditions, but will remain usable. Depending on the form and the specifics of the manufacturing operation, the stored sugar alcohol may be ground, pelletized, remelted or added as a mass to the manufacturing operation. The confectionery product may be manufactured in an extruder or a stirred tank or in a blender or batch mixer, such as a sigma blade mixer. In some embodiments, during or after mixing (depending on the specifics of the operation) the material will be completely melted and then deposited onto a surface as described elsewhere. 
     The present invention further includes products made by any of the above processes, as well as non-chewing gum confectionery products (such as a chewy candy, soft candy, or hard candy) and methods, for which the appropriate ingredients for the desired confectionery product replace the ingredients specific to chewing gum referenced herein (e.g., gum base). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a graph of complex viscosity vs. temperature for an inventive product (Example 1) and a conventional chewing gum product (Example 5). 
         FIG. 2  is a photograph of gum pellets of the conventional process heated to 85° C. 
         FIG. 3  is a photograph of gum pellets of the inventive process heated to 85° C. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of the temperature program of the inventive process. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of complex viscosity vs. shear rate for Example 2 at various stages of production. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of complex viscosity vs. temperature for Example 2 at various stages of production. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of complex viscosity vs. temperature for Examples 6, 7, 8, and 9. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention are based on the discovery that sugar alcohols and particularly blends of two or more sugar alcohols can be melted together at a temperature typically near or above the melting point of the highest melting sugar alcohol in the blend and subsequently cooled and mixed with chewing gum base and other chewing gum ingredients to form a chewing gum product. It has been surprisingly found that by pre-melting one or a blend of two or more sugar alcohols (also known as polyols or alditols), a chewing gum composition may be pumped and deposited at relatively low temperatures compared with other methods in which at least the gum base is melted simultaneously with one or more sugar alcohols. This chewing gum composition may be held at relatively low temperatures and then deposited onto a surface, for example, into a mold to make a molded chewing gum piece. 
     It is believed that previous efforts in which the sugar alcohols and gum base were melted together resulted in less than complete melting of the sugar alcohols due to limits on how hot the composition could be heated and maintained at a commercial scale without damaging the gum base. Although the composition might appear and behave as fully molten, this less than complete melting of the sugar alcohols increases the viscosity of the (mostly) molten mixture thus requiring higher processing temperatures. This is especially true when higher melting sugar alcohols such as isomalt, maltitol, mannitol and erythritol are used. 
     However, if the sugar alcohols are completely pre-melted by mixing them at a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time, the molten composition can be cooled significantly yet remain in a fully molten state. When two or more sugar alcohols are blended together, they are resistant to recrystallization even if the composition is allowed to cool to a solid mass. As a result, the blend can be maintained at a relatively low holding temperature or even re-melted without resorting to temperatures which might damage other ingredients or packaging materials used as molds for the deposited compositions. 
     By “completely melted” or “completely molten,” it is meant that the sugar alcohol(s) are in a completely liquid form or nearly so. For example, it is desirable that the sugar alcohol(s) be at least 99.5% amorphous (i.e. lacking crystalline form) or at least 99% amorphous, or at least 98% amorphous, or at least 97% amorphous or at least 96% amorphous. 
     The sugar alcohol or sugar alcohol blend preferably contains the minimum amount of water possible, such as less than 0.5%. This is desirable since it minimizes any variation in the product cause by water evaporating from the molten sugar alcohol or molten chewing gum. Low moisture chewing gums generally have better shelf life attributes as well. In some embodiments, the water content is less than 1% or less than 2% or less than 3% or less than 4% (by weight). In some cases, small amounts of water may be added to reduce the heat necessary to initially melt the sugar alcohol(s) and some or all of it later evaporated off by the high temperatures in the process. 
     In order for a chewing gum composition to be depositable, that is, able to conform to shapes with fine definition and detail, it should have a complex viscosity of less than about 100 Pa·sec. and preferably no greater than about 90 Pa·sec., such as less than 80, or less than 50, or less than 30 Pa·sec. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a molten chewing gum composition made by the method of the present invention and comprising a sugar alcohol blend of 15% sorbitol, 40% xylitol and 45% Isomalt is depositable at temperatures as low as about 82° C. For comparison, a chewing gum composition having the same formulation but made by melting the gum base and the sugar alcohols simultaneously is not depositable below 100° C. and is only marginal at temperatures as high as 120° C. For comparison,  FIG. 2  shows gum pellets of this simultaneous melting method heated to 85° C. and  FIG. 3  shows gum pellets of the present pre-melted sugar alcohol blend invention heated to the same temperature. 
     Due to the lower processing temperatures of the present method, and due to the freedom to select a sugar alcohol composition without regard to the melting points of the individual components, high quality molding of the chewing gum compositions is possible. Lower viscosity of the deposited gum allows it to conform to intricate details in a mold, such as the seeds in a strawberry mold. The low temperature prevents softening and melting of the blister film which could distort the mold and the product. 
     To ensure complete melting, the sugar alcohol can be heated to at least the temperature of the highest melting sugar alcohol in the blend in order to melt the blend. However, in many cases where a blend of sugar alcohols are used, it will not be necessary to heat the blend that high. As shown in  FIG. 4 , once the selected temperature is reached, the sugar alcohol is held at that temperature for a time sufficient to render it a clear, transparent liquid. It may be desirable to hold the composition at that temperature for a few more minutes, such as at least 5 minutes or at least 10 minutes or at least 15 minutes, to ensure that no microscopic crystalline domains remain in the molten sugar alcohol composition. 
     Whether a sugar alcohol composition is completely melted can be determined by visual inspection of the melted sugar alcohol. Completely melted sugar alcohol will appear transparent, translucent or clear. It may be desirable to continue heating the composition after this state is reached, in order to ensure that complete melting has occurred. As a practical matter, a small amount of crystalline material may remain such as such as less than 1% or less than 2% or less than 3% or less than 5% or less than 10% (by weight). 
     By molten chewing gum composition or blend, it is meant that the complete chewing gum with all ingredients added is at a temperature that renders it a flowable liquid having a complex viscosity of less than 120 Pa·sec., preferably less than 100 Pa·sec., and more preferably less than 80 Pa·sec. 
     While the present invention may be practiced using a single sugar alcohol, blends of at least two sugar alcohols are preferred. While the present invention is not restricted to any specific sugar alcohol or blend of sugar alcohols, when at least two sugar alcohols are used, recrystallization is delayed thus allowing lower holding/depositing temperatures and longer hold times at those temperatures. Preferred combinations of sugar alcohols include blends of xylitol and erythritol, and xylitol and sorbitol. Isomalt may optionally be added to either of these combinations. It should be noted that isomalt is actually a blend of two different sugar alcohols. Maltitol and mannitol are also usable in the present invention. In some preferred embodiments, the sum of erythritol and mannitol does not exceed 26% by weight of the sugar alcohol blend, while isomalt is at least 32%. In some embodiments, the sum of erythritol and mannitol does not exceed 20% by weight of the sugar alcohol blend while isomalt and/or maltitol is at least 40%. In some embodiments, the sum of erythritol and mannitol does not exceed 4% by weight of the sugar alcohol blend. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of erythritol and xylitol—for example, in an erythritol to xylitol (weight) ratio in the range of 1:1 to 1.6, 1:1 to 1.5, 1:1 to 1:2, 1:2 to 1:6, 1:2 to 1:5, 1:2 to 1:3, or 1:3 to 1:4). In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of erythritol and sorbitol—for example, in an erythritol to sorbitol ratio in the range of 1:1 to 1.6, 1:1 to 1.5, 1:1 to 1:2, 1:2 to 1:6, 1:2 to 1:5, 1:2 to 1:3, or 1:3 to 1:4. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of xylitol and sorbitol—for example, in a xylitol to sorbitol ratio in the range of 1:1 to 1.6, 1:1 to 1.5, 1:1 to 1:2, 1:2 to 1:6, 1:2 to 1:5, 1:2 to 1:3, or 1:3 to 1:4. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of sorbitol, xylitol and isomalt—for example, in a sorbitol to xylitol to isomalt ratio in the range of (0.1 to 0.3):(0.1 to 0.7):(0.1 to 0.7), In certain embodiments, the sorbitol to xylitol to isomalt ratio is 0.1:0.7:0.2, 0.1:0.5:0.4, 0.2:0.3:0.5, 0.2:0.4:0.5, 0.1:0.3:0.6, 0.2:0.2:0.6, or 0.3:0.2:0.6. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol—for example, in an erythritol to xylitol to sorbitol ratio in the range of (0.1 to 1.5):(0.1 to 1.5):(0.1 to 1:5). In certain embodiments, the erythritol to xylitol to sorbitol ratio is 0.2:0.3:0.5, 0.5:0.3:0.2, or 1:1:1. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol will comprise a blend of erythritol, maltitol, and sorbitol—for example, in an erythritol to maltitol to sorbitol ratio in the range of (0.1 to 1.5):(0.05 to 1.5):(0.1 to 1.5). In certain embodiments, the erythritol to maltitol to sorbitol ratio is 0.2:0.1:0.7, 0.2:0.1:0.6, or 1:1:1. Other exemplary embodiments include: 1:6 of isomalt to xylitol, 1:3.5 ratio of erythritol to sorbitol, 1:4 ratio of mannitol to xylitol, 1:1.3 ratio of arabitol/xylitol, 1:1.9 of erythritol to arabitol, and 1:2.9 of erythritol to adonitol. 
     Examples of sugar alcohols useable in the present invention and their melting points (taken from “Ingredients Handbook Sweeteners 3 rd  edition” and Xylitol J.N. Counsell) are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Typical/main 
               
               
                   
                 Sugar Alcohol 
                 Melting Point ° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Sorbitol 
                 93-97 
               
               
                   
                 Xylitol 
                     93-94.5 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 145-150 
               
               
                   
                 Maltitol 
                 148-152 
               
               
                   
                 Mannitol 
                 165-169 
               
               
                   
                 Erythritol 
                 122 
               
               
                   
                 Adonitol 
                 102-105 
               
               
                   
                 Arabitol 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The inventive process may be carried out as a continuous operation, for example by using a mixing extruder. For example, one or more sugar alcohols can be introduced into the first zone of an extruder set to a high temperature to melt the sugar alcohols. The second zone can be set to cool the composition while base and other chewing gum ingredients are added. After mixing, the composition is discharged at or near the depositing temperature and transferred to the depositing system. 
     The fundamental components of a chewing gum typically are a water-insoluble gum base portion and a water-soluble bulking agent portion. The primary component of the gum base is typically an elastomeric polymer which provides the characteristic chewy texture of the product. The gum base will typically include other ingredients which modify the chewing properties or aid in processing the product. These include plasticizers, softeners, fillers, emulsifiers, plastic resins, as well as colorants and antioxidants. The water soluble portion of the chewing gum typically includes a bulking agent together with minor amounts of secondary components such as flavors, high-intensity sweeteners, colorants, water-soluble softeners, gum emulsifiers, humectants, acidulants and sensates. Typically, the water-soluble portion, sensates, and flavors dissipate during chewing and the gum base is retained in the mouth throughout the chew. 
     Chewing gums normally comprise a water insoluble gum base portion and a water soluble portion which includes sweeteners, flavors and other ingredients. Any chewing gum base and chewing gum formula may be used in the methods and chewing gums of the present invention. 
     The water insoluble gum base typically may contain any combination of elastomers, vinyl polymers, elastomer plasticizers, fillers, softeners, waxes and other optional ingredients such as colorants and antioxidants. The variety of gum base ingredients typically used provide the ability to modify the chewing characteristics of gums made from the gum base. 
     Elastomers provide the rubbery, cohesive nature to the gum which varies depending on this ingredient&#39;s chemical structure and how it may be compounded with other ingredients. Natural elastomers may include natural rubber such as smoked or liquid latex and guayule, natural gums such as jelutong, lechi caspi perillo, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosidinha, chicle, gutta percha, gutta kataiu, niger gutta, tenu, chilte, chiquibul, gutta hang kang. Synthetic elastomers may include high molecular weight elastomers such as butadiene-styrene copolymers and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. Other polymers which sometimes serve as elastomers include polybutadiene and polyisobutylene, vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, vinyl copolymeric elastomers such as vinyl acetate/vinyl laurate, vinyl acetate/vinyl stearate, ethylene/vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol or mixtures thereof. These polymers perform best when used in combination with butadiene-styrene copolymers and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. 
     Vinyl polymeric and copolymeric type elastomers provide tack resistance, vary the chew characteristics of gums made from these bases and offer hydrophilic properties beneficial to sensory perception of the final gums. For copolymeric types, the amount of vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, or ethylene present in the vinyl laurate/vinyl acetate (VLNA), vinyl stearate/vinyl acetate (VSNA), or ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers respectively typically ranges from about 10 to about 60 percent by weight of the copolymer. Average molecular weights of these polymers may range from about 2,000 to about 80,000. Ball and ring softening points of these polymers may range from about to 50 to 120° C. Polyvinyl acetate having an average molecular weight from about 8,000 to about 52,000 are preferred for use in the gum base and gum of the present invention. More preferred for chewing gum bases are those of from about 10,000 to about 35,000 molecular weight, and for bubble gum bases, those having from about 30,000 to about 60,000 molecular weight. Vinyl polymers typically release flavor quickly, and using iso-alkanic waxes exhibiting small crystalline structure with these vinyl polymers extends flavor release. 
     Petroleum waxes aid in the curing of the finished gum made from the gum base as well as improve shelf-life and texture. Wax crystal size when hard also improves the release of flavor. Those waxes high in iso-alkanes have a smaller crystal size than those waxes high in normal-alkanes, especially those with normal-alkanes of carbon numbers less than 30. The smaller crystal size allows slower release of flavor since there is more hindrance of the flavor&#39;s escape from this wax versus a wax having larger crystal sizes. 
     Synthetic waxes are produced by means atypical of petroleum wax production and may include waxes containing branched alkanes and copolymerized with monomers such as, but not limited to, propylene and polyethylene and Fischer-Tropsch type waxes. Polyethylene wax is not in the same category as polyethylene, a polymer of ethylene monomers. 
     Elastomer solvents (sometimes called elastomer plasticizers) vary the firmness of the gum base. Their specificity on elastomer inter-molecular chain breaking (plasticizing) along with their varying softening points cause varying degrees of finished gum firmness when used in base. This is also important when one wishes to provide more elastomeric chain exposure to the alkanic chains of the waxes. Elastomer solvents include natural rosin esters such as glycerol ester of partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol ester of polymerized rosin, glycerol ester of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol ester of rosin, glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol ester of rosin, synthetic elastomer plasticizers such as terpene resins derived from alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and/or d-limonene, and mixtures thereof. The elastomer solvents used may be of one type or of combinations of more than one. Typically, the ratios of one to the other are dependent on each respective softening point, on each effect on flavor release, and on each respective degree of tack they cause to the gum. Ball and ring softening points of the rosin ester types described above may range from about 60 to about 120° C. Softening points of the terpene resins may range from about 60 to about 130° C. and an average molecular weight of from about 500 to 2,000. Occasionally, both terpene and rosin ester resins may be used together. 
     Softeners modify the texture, cause the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of the base to be miscible, and may further plasticize the synthetic elastomers of the gum base. Softeners include fully hydrogenated oils of cottonseed, soybean, palm, palm kernel, coconut, safflower and the like, as well as monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, distilled mono- and diglycerides and de-oiled or “powdered” lecithin. The glycerides and lecithin are sometimes referred to as emulsifiers. 
     Fillers used in gum base modify the texture of the gum base and aid in processing. Fillers include carbonate or precipitated carbonated types such as magnesium and calcium carbonate, ground limestone and silicate types such as magnesium and aluminum silicate, clay, alumina, talc, as well as titanium oxide, mono- di- and tricalcium phosphate, cellulose polymers such as ethyl, methyl and wood or mixtures thereof. 
     Other optional ingredients such as antioxidants and colorants may also be used in the gum base. Antioxidants prolong shelf-life and storage of gum base, finished gum or their respective components including fats and flavor oils. Antioxidants suitable for use in gum base or gum of the present invention include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), beta-carotenes, tocopherols, acidulants such as Vitamin C, propyl gallate, other synthetic and natural types or mixtures thereof in free-flowing ground or pulverized form. 
     The soluble portion of chewing gums is composed of flavoring agents (including sensates such as physiological cooling agents, warming agents and tingling agents), bulking agents (also called bulk sweeteners), encapsulated and unencapsulated high intensity sweeteners, colors, acidulants, fillers, emulsifiers, softeners (such as acetylated monoglycerides and triacetin) water soluble softening agents, humectants (such as glycerin), binders, nutritional supplements and visual effects. Visual effects include additives that vary the appearance of the product such as speckles, beads, fruit or other vegetable pieces, glitter, pearlescent particles and the like. 
     High-intensity artificial sweeteners can also be used, alone or in combination, with the above. Preferred sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sucralose, aspartame, N-substituted APM derivatives such as neotame, salts of acesulfame, alitame, saccharin and its salts, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycyrrhizin, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, stevia and the like, alone or in combination. In order to provide longer lasting sweetness and flavor perception, it may be desirable to encapsulate or otherwise control the release of at least a portion of the artificial sweetener. Such techniques as wet granulation, wax granulation, spray drying, spray chilling, fluid bed coating, coacervation, and fiber extrusion may be used to achieve the desired release characteristics. 
     A variety of flavoring agents can also be used, if desired. The flavor can be used in amounts of about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent of the gum, and preferably, about 0.2% to about 5% by weight. Flavoring agents may include essential oils, synthetic flavors or mixtures thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise and the like. Artificial flavoring agents and components may also be used. Natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable fashion. Included in the general category of flavors are sensates, chemicals which impart physiological sensations in the mouth such as cooling agents, warming agents and tingling agents. Examples of cooling agents include menthol, WS-23, WS-3, WS-5, isopulegol, esters of menthol such as menthyl succinate, menthyl lactate and menthyl glutarate, among others. Warming and tingling agents include capsaicin, piperine, jambu and spilanthol. 
     In some cases, the flavor may be encapsulated, spray dried or otherwise combined with another material to control its release (faster or slower) and/or protect the flavor from degradation or volatilization due to heat or reactive chemicals in the process. 
     Chewing gum formulas used in the present invention are preferably low moisture, such as containing less than 4% or less than 3% or less than 2% or less than 1% or less than 0.5% water by weight of the chewing gum composition. That includes water for syrups, water normally present in the ingredients and any water added directly to the mixing apparatus. 
     In the case of non-chewing gum confectionery products, any ingredients typically used in those products may be used in the methods and products of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     A molten chewing gum was manufactured by mixing the ingredients according to the listed times and temperatures in Table 2. The mixing was performed in a small sigma blade mixer electrically heated with cooling provided by compressed air. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Elapse 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
                 Ingredient 
                 Ex. 1 % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 140° 
                 C. 
                 0-6 
                 min 
                 Sorbitol 
                 9.920 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Xylitol 
                 26.460 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 29.760 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 85° 
                 C. 
                 6-16 
                 min 
                 Cool down 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 85° 
                 C. 
                 16-21 
                 min 
                 Gum Base 
                 29.000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 21-25 
                 min 
                 Strawberry 
                 2.000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Flavor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Softener 
                 0.800 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 25-28 
                 High Intensity 
                 1.200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sweeteners 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Food acids 
                 0.800 
               
               
                   
                 Color 
                 0.060 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After mixing, the chewing gum was melt extruded according to Table 4. The molten product was discharged and visually inspected and appeared to be a well incorporated mixture and within the depositing viscosity range. 
     Example 2 
     A second molten chewing gum was manufactured by the inventive process according to the same formula as Example 1, but on a larger scale. The mixing was performed in a stirred tank first heated by oil and then cooled by the ingoing base and switched to water heating. The method is outlined in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Temp 
                 Elapse Time 
                 Ingredient 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 140° 
                 C. 
                 0-84 
                 min 
                 Sorbitol 
                 9.920 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Xylitol 
                 26.460 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 29.760 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 At 84 minutes the sugar alcohols were completely melted into a 
               
               
                 translucent homogeneous liquid state with an internal 
               
               
                 temperature of 144° C. 
               
               
                 Cool Down - Switch over from oil heating to glycol heat system 
               
               
                 set at 90° C. 
               
               
                 Added base once temperature reduced to 110° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 110° 
                 C. 
                 107 
                 min 
                 Base 
                 29.000 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Base fully incorporated at 12 min 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 84° 
                 C. 
                 119 
                 min 
                 Strawberry 
                 2.000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Flavor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Acetylated 
                 0.800 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Monoglyceride 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Color 
                 0.060 
               
               
                 85° 
                 C. 
                 132 
                 min 
                 Food Acids 
                 0.800 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 High Intensity 
                 1.200 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sweeteners 
                   
               
               
                 87° 
                 C. 
                 142 
                 min 
                 Total 
                 100.000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After mixing, the molten product was discharged and visually inspected and appeared to be a well incorporated mixture and appeared to be within the depositing viscosity range. 
     The chewing gum of Example 2 was then melted in an extruder and deposited in a mold as outlined in Table 4. Note that the extruder was run at cooler temperature settings for Example 2 as it was not necessary to heat the material as high as with Example 1. Accordingly the sample was deposited at a temperature 18° C. cooler. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Processing Temperature (° C.) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Extruder 
                 Deposit 
                 SPEED 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Zone 1 
                 Zone 2 
                 Zones 3 to 7 
                 sample 
                 %/RPM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 50 
                 55 
                 120 
                 96 
                 15%/98 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 2 
                 50 
                 55 
                 85 
                 85 
                 78 
                 15%/99 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additionally, complex viscosity of the chewing gum of Example 2 during various stages of manufacture was measured vs shear and temperature with the results shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . The product was tested as a sugar alcohol blend, after the base was melted into the sugar alcohol blend, after the flavor and acetylated monoglyceride was added and finally as the complete chewing gum. 
     Example 3 
     A 2 kg. batch of melted sugar alcohol blend was prepared according to Table 5. A sigma blade mixer equipped with an oil heater was used. Several batches of this blend were made to provide enough material for Example 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 3 - Melted Sugar Alcohol Blend 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Wt. % 
                 Batch (g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sorbitol 
                 15.00% 
                 299.970 
               
               
                 Xylitol 
                 40.00% 
                 800.121 
               
               
                 Isomalt 
                 45.00% 
                 899.909 
               
               
                   
                 100.00% 
                 2000.000 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Set heater to 354° F./178° C. 
               
               
                 Load 100% of material 0-3:00 minutes/longer if needed 
               
               
                 Stop Mixer at 6 minutes and clean blades - if needed 
               
               
                 Stop Mixer at 10 minutes and clean blades - if needed 
               
               
                 Total Mix time 16 minutes/or until material temp reaches 140° C. 
               
               
                 Discharge blend into pan 
               
               
                 Allow material to air cool on bench 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The cooled sugar alcohol blend was a pliable solid mass at room temperature. 
     Example 4 
     The pre-melted sugar alcohol blend of Example 3 was introduced in solid form at room temperate into a sigma blade mixer at 55° C. to make the chewing gum of Example 4 in a conventional gum mixing operation. The composition and process are described in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Est. Timing 
                 Ingredient 
                 % 
                 Grams 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0-8 
                 Gum Base 
                 29.000 
                 1450 
               
               
                  8-10 
                 Sugar alcohol blend of Example 3 
                 13.700 
                 685 
               
               
                  9 
                   
                 20.000 
                 1000 
               
               
                 10 
                   
                 32.440 
                 1622 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Stop Mixer and verify no sugar alcohol spots 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15-24 
                 Strawberry Flavor 
                 2.000 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Ac. Monoglycerides 
                 0.800 
                 40 
               
               
                 24 
                 Food acid blend 
                 0.800 
                 40 
               
               
                 26 
                 Encapsulated High Intensity 
                 1.200 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 Sweeteners 
               
               
                 26 
                 Color 
                 0.060 
                 3 
               
               
                 36 
                 Total 
                 100.000 
                 5000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After mixing, the molten product was sheeted and pelletized like conventional gum for ease of handling in further processing. The pelletized gum was then loaded into an extruder set at 85° C. to be extruded and deposited. 
     Comparative Examples 5-7 
     Molten gums were made according to the prior art process by mixing the ingredients shown in Table 7 in a Sigma blade mixer at 55° C. using standard (non-molten) gum making techniques. The gum base was pre-heated in an oven at 70° C. and the sugar alcohols were added as crystalline powders. After mixing, the products were sheeted and formed into pellets. Later the pellets were melted in a twin screw extruder under conditions shown in Table 8 and deposited into molds. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 mixing time 
                   
                 Ex. 5 
                 Ex. 6 
                 Ex. 7 
               
               
                 (min) 
                 Ingredient 
                 % (wt.) 
                 % (wt.) 
                 % (wt.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0-5 
                 Gum Base A 
                 29.00 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gum Base B 
                   
                 26.00 
               
               
                   
                 Gum Base C 
                   
                   
                 32.00 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitol 
                 9.92 
                 22.67 
                 20.35 
               
               
                   
                 Xylitol 
                 26.46 
                 45.33 
                 40.84 
               
               
                   
                 Isomalt 
                 29.76 
               
               
                   
                 Softeners 
                 0.80 
                 1.00 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
                   
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Color 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 5-9 
                 Flavor 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
               
               
                  9-14 
                 Food acid blend 
                 0.80 
                 0.70 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 Free/encap. High 
                 1.20 
                 1.24 
                 2.15 
               
               
                   
                 Intensity 
               
               
                   
                 Sweeteners 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Processing temperature (° C.) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Extruder 
                 Discharge temp 
                 SPEED 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Zone 1 
                 Zone 2 
                 Zones 3 to 7 
                 nozzle 
                 %/RPM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 5 
                 50 
                 55 
                 120 
                 96 
                 15%/98 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 50 
                 55 
                 93 
                 77 
                 15%/98 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 50 
                 55 
                 110 
                 87 
                  20%/131 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The complex viscosity of the chewing gums of Examples 1 and 5 was measured using a viscometer with the results shown in  FIG. 1 . As can be seen, the inventive chewing gum exhibited lower viscosity at all temperatures up to 120° C. The complex viscosity of the inventive gum of Example 1 drops below the critical 100 Pa·sec. level at about 83° C. while the comparative Example 5 is still above 100 Pa·sec. at 120° C. This indicates that the inventive process allows depositing of the product at 83° C. whereas the comparative process would require heating the gum past 120° C. 
     Examples 8 and 9 
     Molten chewing gums (Examples 8 and 9) were prepared according to the present invention using the same formulas as Comparative Examples 6 and 7. In Step 1, the sugar alcohols were pre-melted together in an oven at 115° C. with stirring until they were clear and free-flowing. The molten sugar alcohols were then allowed to cool to room temperature but remained as a viscous, clear liquid. Later the sugar alcohol blends were used to make the chewing gums in a sigma blade mixer at 55° C. according to Table 9. The gum base was pre-heated as in Examples 5-7. 
     After mixing, the chewing gum was poured into an aluminum pan as it was too soft to sheet as in Examples 5-7. The composition was later melt extruded in a twin-screw extruder set to conditions shown in Table 10 and deposited in a blister formed in a packaging film. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mixing time 
                   
                 Ex. 8 
                 Ex. 9 
               
               
                 (min) 
                 Ingredient 
                 % (wt) 
                 % (wt) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1-2 
                 Gum Base B 
                 26.00 
                 32.00 
               
               
                   
                 Gum Base C 
               
               
                 2-8 
                 Pre-melt polyol blend 
                 68.00 
                 61.19 
               
               
                 Stepwise 
                 from Step 1 
               
               
                 add 
               
               
                  8-13 
                 Softeners 
                 1.00 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Color 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 13-17 
                 Flavor 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 17-23 
                 Food acid blend 
                 0.70 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 Free and 
                 1.24 
                 2.15 
               
               
                   
                 Encapsulated High 
               
               
                   
                 Intensity Sweeteners 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Processing temp (° C.) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Extruder 
                 Discharge 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Zone 3 to 
                 temp (° C.) 
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Zone 1 
                 Zone 2 
                 Zone 7 
                 nozzle 
                 %/RPM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ex. 8 
                 50 
                 55 
                 80 
                 75 
                 15%/98  
               
               
                 Ex. 9 
                 50 
                 55 
                 80 
                 75 
                 20%/131 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The complex viscosity of the gums of Example 1 and 5 versus temperature was measured with the results shown in  FIG. 1 . The complex viscosity of the gums of Examples 6, 7, 8, and 9 versus temperature was measured, with the results being shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Examples 10-12 
     Melted sugar alcohol blends were prepared according to Table 11. A sigma blade mixer equipped with a heater was used. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melted Sugar Alcohol Blend 
               
               
                 (prepared at 140° C. to ensure complete melting) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ingredient (% wt) 
                 Ex. 10 
                 Ex. 11 
                 Ex. 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Erythritol 
                 22.3 
                 30 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitol 
                 77.7 
                 70 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Highest melting peak 
                 65 
                 72 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 temperature among multiple 
               
               
                   
                 melting peaks for the blend 
               
               
                   
                 (° C.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 11, the erythritol to sorbitol ratios affect the melt processing temperature. A gum sample containing the melted sugar alcohol blend of Example 10 exhibited a proper complex viscosity allowing for depositing within the range of 75° C. to 85° C. Additionally, Example 10 produced an initial crunch (but not a crumbly texture) that then dissipated after 5 to 10 seconds, as compared to a taffy-like texture (chewy and soft) exhibited by the gum of Example 4. Example 10 also exhibited a quicker time for stabilized crystal formation at conventional tempering conditions (22° C., 35% relative humidity) (approximately one week, compared with approximately one month for the gum of Example 4).