Patent Publication Number: US-2023139532-A1

Title: Wireless Power Transfer System For Listening Devices

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless transfer of electrical power and/or electrical data signals, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for efficiently charging and recharging a mobile device accessory. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless connection systems are used in a variety of applications for the wireless transfer of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, electrical data signals, among other known wirelessly transmittable signals. Such systems often use inductive wireless power transfer, which occurs when magnetic fields created by a transmitting element induce an electric field, and hence, an electric current, in a receiving element. These transmitting and receiving elements will often take the form of coiled wires and/or antennas. 
     Transmission of one or more of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy and/or electronic data signals from one such coiled antenna to another, generally, operates at an operating frequency and/or an operating frequency range. The operating frequency may be selected for a variety of reasons, such as, but not limited to, power transfer characteristics, power level characteristics, self-resonant frequency restraints, design requirements, adherence to standards body requirements (e.g. electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements, specific absorption rate (SAR) requirements, among other things), bill of materials (BOM) limitations, and/or form factor constraints, among other things. It is to be noted that, “self-resonating frequency,” as known to those having skill in the art, generally refers to the resonant frequency of a passive component (e.g., an inductor) due to the parasitic characteristics of the component. 
     When such systems operate to wirelessly transfer power from a transmission system to a receiver system, via the coils and/or antennas, it is often desired to simultaneously or intermittently communicate electronic data from one system to the other. The efficient transfer of power and data may be affected by the location and stability of one or both of the sending and receiving antennas. 
     SUMMARY 
     To that end, a passive mechanical attachment is provided for a mobile phone or other portable device that when attached to the phone, aligns the receiver coils in a peripheral device with an NFC coil of the mobile phone or other portable device. By way of example, the system may be utilized for earbuds as a replacement for a charging case, thus lowering costs significantly for earbud manufacturers, while also providing an attractive means to pack true wireless earbuds with a mobile device. 
     The system may be used for multiple devices to be charged, e.g., to charge two earbuds on a mobile phone, or for a single one, e.g., to charge one earbud on a wrist wearable device. The passive mechanical attachment may be made of an economical and efficient material such as plastic and will add little to the overall cost of a mobile device. Attachment of the system to the mobile device may be effected via mechanical connection, e.g., via one or more indents in the attachment so that it slides onto a specific phone. Alternatively, mechanical connection may be effected via an adjustable clip style expander/retractor to fit onto a plurality of phone sizes and such that it can be moved up or down to charge device(s). 
     In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a wireless power transfer system for mobile charging of one or more listening devices includes a case configured for attachment to a mobile electronic device having a wireless power transfer antenna. In this aspect, the case includes a hollow for each of the listening devices, and each such device has a wireless power receiving antenna couplable to a wireless power transfer antenna. Each hollow is shaped and located to hold a listening device in a coupling position with the wireless power transfer antenna of the mobile electronic device when the case is mounted to the mobile electronic device. An attachment is used to mount the case to the mobile electronic device. 
     In a refinement, the wireless power receiving antenna couples at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. In a further refinement, the output power of the wireless power transfer antenna is greater than about 1 Watt. In a further refinement, there are two listening devices and the case includes two respective hollows. The case may be further configured for attachment to a back surface of the mobile electronic device. 
     In a refinement, the mobile electronic device is a mobile phone, and in another refinement, the mobile electronic device is a wearable device. The attachment may include at least one of a clip, a bracket, an adhesive and a hook and loop fastener. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a Near-Field Communications Direct Charge (NFC-DC) system is provided for mobile charging of one or more listening devices. The system includes a case configured for attachment to a mobile electronic device having a NFC-DC power transfer antenna. The case includes a hollow for each listening device, and each such device includes a NFC-DC receiving antenna couplable to a NFC-DC power transfer antenna, wherein each hollow is shaped and located to hold a listening device in a coupling position with the NFC-DC power transfer antenna of the mobile electronic device when the case is mounted to the mobile electronic device. An attachment is used for attaching the case to the mobile electronic device. 
     In a refinement, the NFC-DC receiving antenna couples at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz and in another refinement, the output power of the NFC-DC power transfer antenna is greater than about 1 Watt. In yet a further refinement, the one or more listening devices include two listening devices and the case includes two respective hollows. 
     In a refinement, the case is configured for attachment to a back surface of the mobile electronic device, and in accordance with additional refinements, the mobile electronic device is one of a mobile phone and a wearable device. In yet another refinement, the attachment comprises at least one of a clip, a bracket, an adhesive and a hook and loop fastener. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a wireless power transfer system is provided including a mobile electronic device and a case attached to the mobile electronic device. The mobile electronic device includes a wireless power transfer antenna associated with a wireless power transmission system, and the case, attached to the mobile electronic device adjacent the wireless power transfer antenna, includes a hollow for each of one or more listening devices, each such device having a wireless power receiving antenna couplable to the wireless power transfer antenna. Each hollow is shaped and located to hold its listening device in a coupling position with the wireless power transfer antenna of the mobile electronic device. 
     In a refinement, the wireless power receiving antenna and wireless power transfer antenna couple at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz, and in a further refinement, the output power of the wireless power transfer antenna is greater than about 1 Watt. The mobile electronic device may be a mobile phone or a wearable device. 
     These and other aspects and features of the present disclosure will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for wirelessly transferring one or more of electrical energy, electrical power signals, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, electronic data, and combinations thereof, in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating components of a wireless transmission system of the system of  FIG.  1    and a wireless receiver system of the system of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with  FIG.  1    and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating components of a transmission control system of the wireless transmission system of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating components of a sensing system of the transmission control system of  FIG.  3   , in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 3    and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram illustrating components of a power conditioning system of the wireless transmission system of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram of elements of the wireless transmission system of  FIGS.  1 - 5   , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of  FIG.  5    and signal characteristics for wireless power transmission, in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 5    and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is an electrical schematic diagram of elements of the wireless transmission system of  FIGS.  1 - 6   , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of  FIGS.  5 - 6   , in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 6    and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    is an exemplary plot illustrating rise and fall of “on” and “off” conditions when a signal has in-band communications via on-off keying. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating components of a receiver control system and a receiver power conditioning system of the wireless receiver system of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram of elements of the wireless receiver system of  FIGS.  1 - 2  and  9   , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of  FIG.  9    and signal characteristics for wireless power transmission, in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 2 ,  9   , and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    is an electrical schematic diagram of elements of the wireless receiver system of  FIGS.  1 - 2  and  9 - 10   , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of  FIGS.  9 - 10   , in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 2 ,  9 - 10    and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a top view of a non-limiting, exemplary antenna, for use as one or both of a transmission antenna and a receiver antenna of the system of  FIGS.  1 - 7 ,  9 - 11    and/or any other systems, methods, or apparatus disclosed herein, in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    is a side view, with cross-sectional denotations, of exemplary earbuds and an associated charging case, within which the wireless power transfer systems disclosed herein may be implemented for wireless power transmission from the charging case to the earbuds, in accordance with  FIGS.  1 - 7 ,  9 - 12   , and the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    is a simplified back view of a mobile phone whereon a listening device case has been mounted in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    is a simplified side cross-sectional view of a mobile phone whereon a listening device case has been mounted in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    is a simplified rear perspective view of a listening device case in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  17    is a simplified rear perspective view of an alternative listening device case in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    is a simplified rear perspective view of yet another alternative listening device case in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  19    is a simplified side cross-sectional view of a mobile phone whereon a listening device case has been mounted, the case having an alignment ledge, in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     While the following detailed description will be given with respect to certain illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale and the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated diagrammatically and in partial views. In addition, in certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosed subject matter or which render other details too difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should therefore be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed and illustrated herein, but rather to a fair reading of the entire disclosure and claims, as well as any equivalents thereto. Additional, different, or fewer components and methods may be included in the systems and methods. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. 
     Turning more specifically to the challenge at hand, NFC charging from a phone to a peripheral (e.g., earbuds, wrist wearables, etc.) is desired in next generation mobile devices (e.g., cellular phones). However, as noted above, the efficient wireless transfer of power and data may be affected by the location and stability of one or both of the sending and receiving antennas. Moreover, when a peripheral is being wirelessly charged by a portable device such as a mobile phone, it may be inconvenient for the user to assure alignment of the charged and charging devices. For example, it would be inconvenient for a user to leave their phone face down, if the charging coil is on the back, in order to maintain one or more earbuds or other peripheral devices aligned and located for charging and data exchange with the phone. 
     Referring now to the drawings and with specific reference to  FIG.  1   , a wireless power transfer system  10  is illustrated. The wireless power transfer system  10  provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals, such as, but not limited to, electrical energy, electrical power, electrical power signals, electromagnetic energy, and electronically transmittable data (“electronic data”). As used herein, the term “electrical power signal” refers to an electrical signal transmitted specifically to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load, whereas the term “electronic data signal” refers to an electrical signal that is utilized to convey data across a medium. 
     The wireless power transfer system  10  provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals via near field magnetic coupling. As shown in the embodiment of  FIG.  1   , the wireless power transfer system  10  includes a wireless transmission system  20  and a wireless receiver system  30 . The wireless receiver system is configured to receive electrical signals from, at least, the wireless transmission system  20 . In some examples, such as examples wherein the wireless power transfer system is configured for wireless power transfer via the Near Field Communications Direct Charge (NFC-DC) or Near Field Communications Wireless Charging (NFC WC) draft or accepted standard, the wireless transmission system  20  may be referenced as a “listener” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system  20  and the wireless receiver system  30  may be referenced as a “poller” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system. 
     As illustrated, the wireless transmission system  20  and wireless receiver system  30  may be configured to transmit electrical signals across, at least, a separation distance or gap  17 . A separation distance or gap, such as the gap  17 , in the context of a wireless power transfer system, such as the system  10 , does not include a physical connection, such as a wired connection. There may be intermediary objects located in a separation distance or gap, such as, but not limited to, air, a counter top, a casing for an electronic device, a plastic filament, an insulator, a mechanical wall, among other things; however, there is no physical, electrical connection at such a separation distance or gap. 
     Thus, the combination of the wireless transmission system  20  and the wireless receiver system  30  create an electrical connection without the need for a physical connection. As used herein, the term “electrical connection” refers to any facilitation of a transfer of an electrical current, voltage, and/or power from a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. An “electrical connection” may be a physical connection, such as, but not limited to, a wire, a trace, a via, among other physical electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. Additionally or alternatively, an “electrical connection” may be a wireless power and/or data transfer, such as, but not limited to, magnetic, electromagnetic, resonant, and/or inductive field, among other wireless power and/or data transfers, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. 
     In some cases, the gap  17  may also be referenced as a “Z-Distance,” because, if one considers an antenna  21 ,  31  each to be disposed substantially along respective common X-Y planes, then the distance separating the antennas  21 ,  31  is the gap in a “Z” or “depth” direction. However, flexible and/or non-planar coils are certainly contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure and, thus, it is contemplated that the gap  17  may not be uniform, across an envelope of connection distances between the antennas  21 ,  31 . It is contemplated that various tunings, configurations, and/or other parameters may alter the possible maximum distance of the gap  17 , such that electrical transmission from the wireless transmission system  20  to the wireless receiver system  30  remains possible. 
     The wireless power transfer system  10  operates when the wireless transmission system  20  and the wireless receiver system  30  are coupled. As used herein, the terms “couples,” “coupled,” and “coupling” generally refer to magnetic field coupling, which occurs when a transmitter and/or any components thereof and a receiver and/or any components thereof are coupled to each other through a magnetic field. Such coupling may include coupling, represented by a coupling coefficient (k), that is at least sufficient for an induced electrical power signal, from a transmitter, to be harnessed by a receiver. Coupling of the wireless transmission system  20  and the wireless receiver system  30 , in the system  10 , may be represented by a resonant coupling coefficient of the system  10  and, for the purposes of wireless power transfer, the coupling coefficient for the system  10  may be in the range of about 0.01 and 0.9. 
     As illustrated, the wireless transmission system  20  may be associated with a host device  11 , which may receive power from an input power source  12 . The host device  11  may be any electrically operated device, circuit board, electronic assembly, dedicated charging device, or any other contemplated electronic device. Example host devices  11 , with which the wireless transmission system  20  may be associated therewith, include, but are not limited to including, a device that includes an integrated circuit, cases for wearable electronic devices, receptacles for electronic devices, a portable computing device, clothing configured with electronics, storage medium for electronic devices, charging apparatus for one or multiple electronic devices, dedicated electrical charging devices, activity or sport related equipment, goods, and/or data collection devices, among other contemplated electronic devices. 
     As illustrated, one or both of the wireless transmission system  20  and the host device  11  are operatively associated with an input power source  12 . The input power source  12  may be or may include one or more electrical storage devices, such as an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and/or a capacitor, among other storage devices. Additionally or alternatively, the input power source  12  may be any electrical input source (e.g., any alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) delivery port) and may include connection apparatus from said electrical input source to the wireless transmission system  20  (e.g., transformers, regulators, conductive conduits, traces, wires, or equipment, goods, computer, camera, mobile phone, and/or other electrical device connection ports and/or adaptors, such as but not limited to USB ports and/or adaptors, among other contemplated electrical components). 
     Electrical energy received by the wireless transmission system  20  is then used for at least two purposes: to provide electrical power to internal components of the wireless transmission system  20  and to provide electrical power to the transmitter antenna  21 . The transmitter antenna  21  is configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signals conditioned and modified for wireless transmission by the wireless transmission system  20  via near-field magnetic coupling (NFMC). Near-field magnetic coupling enables the transfer of signals wirelessly through magnetic induction between the transmitter antenna  21  and a receiving antenna  31  of, or associated with, the wireless receiver system  30 . Near-field magnetic coupling may be and/or be referred to as “inductive coupling,” which, as used herein, is a wireless power transmission technique that utilizes an alternating electromagnetic field to transfer electrical energy between two antennas. Such inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of magnetic energy between two magnetically coupled coils that are tuned to resonate at a similar frequency. Accordingly, such near-field magnetic coupling may enable efficient wireless power transmission via resonant transmission of confined magnetic fields. Further, such near-field magnetic coupling may provide connection via “mutual inductance,” which, as defined herein is the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in current in a second circuit magnetically coupled to the first. 
     In one or more embodiments, the inductor coils of either the transmitter antenna  21  or the receiver antenna  31  are strategically positioned to facilitate reception and/or transmission of wirelessly transferred electrical signals through near field magnetic induction. Antenna operating frequencies may comprise relatively high operating frequency ranges, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, 6.78 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the Rezence and/or Airfuel interface standard and/or any other proprietary interface standard operating at a frequency of 6.78 MHz), 13.56 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the NFC standard, defined by ISO/IEC standard 18092), 27 MHz, and/or an operating frequency of another proprietary operating mode. The operating frequencies of the antennas  21 ,  31  may be operating frequencies designated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands, including not limited to 6.78 MHz, 13.56 MHz, and 27 MHz, which are designated for use in wireless power transfer. In systems wherein the wireless power transfer system  10  is operating within the NFC-DC standards and/or draft standards, the operating frequency may be in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. 
     The transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna of the present disclosure may be configured to transmit and/or receive electrical power having a magnitude that ranges from about 10 milliwatts (mW) to about 500 watts (W). In one or more embodiments the inductor coil of the transmitting antenna  21  is configured to resonate at a transmitting antenna resonant frequency or within a transmitting antenna resonant frequency band. 
     As known to those skilled in the art, a “resonant frequency” or “resonant frequency band” refers a frequency or frequencies wherein amplitude response of the antenna is at a relative maximum, or, additionally or alternatively, the frequency or frequency band where the capacitive reactance has a magnitude substantially similar to the magnitude of the inductive reactance. In one or more embodiments, the transmitting antenna resonant frequency is at a high frequency, as known to those in the art of wireless power transfer. 
     The wireless receiver system  30  may be associated with at least one electronic device  14 , wherein the electronic device  14  may be any device that requires electrical power for any function and/or for power storage (e.g., via a battery and/or capacitor). Additionally, the electronic device  14  may be any device capable of receipt of electronically transmissible data. For example, the device may be, but is not limited to being, a handheld computing device, a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch, electronically modified glasses, altered-reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, among other things), a portable scanning device, a portable identifying device, a sporting good, an embedded sensor, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor, IoT enabled clothing, IoT enabled recreational equipment, industrial equipment, medical equipment, a medical device a tablet computing device, a portable control device, a remote controller for an electronic device, a gaming controller, among other things. 
     For the purposes of illustrating the features and characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, arrow-ended lines are utilized to illustrate transferrable and/or communicative signals and various patterns are used to illustrate electrical signals that are intended for power transmission and electrical signals that are intended for the transmission of data and/or control instructions. Solid lines indicate signal transmission of electrical energy over a physical and/or wireless power transfer, in the form of power signals that are, ultimately, utilized in wireless power transmission from the wireless transmission system  20  to the wireless receiver system  30 . Further, dotted lines are utilized to illustrate electronically transmittable data signals, which ultimately may be wirelessly transmitted from the wireless transmission system  20  to the wireless receiver system  30 . 
     While the systems and methods herein illustrate the transmission of wirelessly transmitted energy, wireless power signals, wirelessly transmitted power, wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmittable data, it is certainly contemplated that the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized in the transmission of only one signal, various combinations of two signals, or more than two signals and, further, it is contemplated that the systems, method, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized for wireless transmission of other electrical signals in addition to or uniquely in combination with one or more of the above mentioned signals. In some examples, the signal paths of solid or dotted lines may represent a functional signal path, whereas, in practical application, the actual signal is routed through additional components en route to its indicated destination. For example, it may be indicated that a data signal routes from a communications apparatus to another communications apparatus; however, in practical application, the data signal may be routed through an amplifier, then through a transmission antenna, to a receiver antenna, where, on the receiver end, the data signal is decoded by a respective communications device of the receiver. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  2   , the wireless connection system  10  is illustrated as a block diagram including example sub-systems of both the wireless transmission system  20  and the wireless receiver system  30 . The wireless transmission system  20  may include, at least, a power conditioning system  40 , a transmission control system  26 , a transmission tuning system  24 , and the transmission antenna  21 . A first portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source  12  is configured to electrically power components of the wireless transmission system  20  such as, but not limited to, the transmission control system  26 . A second portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source  12  is conditioned and/or modified for wireless power transmission, to the wireless receiver system  30 , via the transmission antenna  21 . Accordingly, the second portion of the input energy is modified and/or conditioned by the power conditioning system  40 . While not illustrated, it is certainly contemplated that one or both of the first and second portions of the input electrical energy may be modified, conditioned, altered, and/or otherwise changed prior to receipt by the power conditioning system  40  and/or transmission control system  26 , by further contemplated subsystems (e.g., a voltage regulator, a current regulator, switching systems, fault systems, safety regulators, among other things). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , with continued reference to  FIGS.  1  and  2   , subcomponents and/or systems of the transmission control system  26  are illustrated. The transmission control system  26  may include a sensing system  50 , a transmission controller  28 , a communications system  29 , a driver  48 , and a memory  27 . 
     The transmission controller  28  may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless transmission system  20 , and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired. The transmission controller  28  may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless transmission system  20 . Functionality of the transmission controller  28  may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless transmission system  20 . To that end, the transmission controller  28  may be operatively associated with the memory  27 . The memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the transmission controller  28  via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory machine readable and/or computer readable memory media. 
     While particular elements of the transmission control system  26  are illustrated as independent components and/or circuits (e.g., the driver  48 , the memory  27 , the communications system  29 , the sensing system  50 , among other contemplated elements) of the transmission control system  26 , such components may be integrated with the transmission controller  28 . In some examples, the transmission controller  28  may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the transmission controller  28  and the wireless transmission system  20 , generally. 
     As illustrated, the transmission controller  28  is in operative association, for the purposes of data transmission, receipt, and/or communication, with, at least, the memory  27 , the communications system  29 , the power conditioning system  40 , the driver  48 , and the sensing system  50 . The driver  48  may be implemented to control, at least in part, the operation of the power conditioning system  40 . In some examples, the driver  48  may receive instructions from the transmission controller  28  to generate and/or output a generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power conditioning system  40 . In some such examples, the PWM signal may be configured to drive the power conditioning system  40  to output electrical power as an alternating current signal, having an operating frequency defined by the PWM signal. In some examples, PWM signal may be configured to generate a duty cycle for the AC power signal output by the power conditioning system  40 . In some such examples, the duty cycle may be configured to be about 50% of a given period of the AC power signal. 
     The sensing system may include one or more sensors, wherein each sensor may be operatively associated with one or more components of the wireless transmission system  20  and configured to provide information and/or data. The term “sensor” is used in its broadest interpretation to define one or more components operatively associated with the wireless transmission system  20  that operate to sense functions, conditions, electrical characteristics, operations, and/or operating characteristics of one or more of the wireless transmission system  20 , the wireless receiving system  30 , the input power source  12 , the host device  11 , the transmission antenna  21 , the receiver antenna  31 , along with any other components and/or subcomponents thereof. 
     As illustrated in the embodiment of  FIG.  4   , the sensing system  50  may include, but is not limited to including, a thermal sensing system  52 , an object sensing system  54 , a receiver sensing system  56 , and/or any other sensor(s)  58 . Within these systems, there may exist even more specific optional additional or alternative sensing systems addressing particular sensing aspects required by an application, such as, but not limited to: a condition-based maintenance sensing system, a performance optimization sensing system, a state-of-charge sensing system, a temperature management sensing system, a component heating sensing system, an IoT sensing system, an energy and/or power management sensing system, an impact detection sensing system, an electrical status sensing system, a speed detection sensing system, a device health sensing system, among others. The object sensing system  54 , may be a foreign object detection (FOD) system. 
     Each of the thermal sensing system  52 , the object sensing system  54 , the receiver sensing system  56  and/or the other sensor(s)  58 , including the optional additional or alternative systems, are operatively and/or communicatively connected to the transmission controller  28 . The thermal sensing system  52  is configured to monitor ambient and/or component temperatures within the wireless transmission system  20  or other elements nearby the wireless transmission system  20 . The thermal sensing system  52  may be configured to detect a temperature within the wireless transmission system  20  and, if the detected temperature exceeds a threshold temperature, the transmission controller  28  prevents the wireless transmission system  20  from operating. Such a threshold temperature may be configured for safety considerations, operational considerations, efficiency considerations, and/or any combinations thereof. In a non-limiting example, if, via input from the thermal sensing system  52 , the transmission controller  28  determines that the temperature within the wireless transmission system  20  has increased from an acceptable operating temperature to an undesired operating temperature (e.g., in a non-limiting example, the internal temperature increasing from about 20 ° Celsius (C) to about 50° C., the transmission controller  28  prevents the operation of the wireless transmission system  20  and/or reduces levels of power output from the wireless transmission system  20 . In some non-limiting examples, the thermal sensing system  52  may include one or more of a thermocouple, a thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and/or any combinations thereof. 
     As depicted in  FIG.  4   , the transmission sensing system  50  may include the object sensing system  54 . The object sensing system  54  may be configured to detect one or more of the wireless receiver system  30  and/or the receiver antenna  31 , thus indicating to the transmission controller  28  that the receiver system  30  is proximate to the wireless transmission system  20 . Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system  54  may be configured to detect presence of unwanted objects in contact with or proximate to the wireless transmission system  20 . In some examples, the object sensing system  54  is configured to detect the presence of an undesired object. In some such examples, if the transmission controller  28 , via information provided by the object sensing system  54 , detects the presence of an undesired object, then the transmission controller  28  prevents or otherwise modifies operation of the wireless transmission system  20 . In some examples, the object sensing system  54  utilizes an impedance change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller  28  analyzes a change in electrical impedance observed by the transmission antenna  20  against a known, acceptable electrical impedance value or range of electrical impedance values. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system  54  may utilize a quality factor (Q) change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller  28  analyzes a change from a known quality factor value or range of quality factor values of the object being detected, such as the receiver antenna  31 . The “quality factor” or “Q” of an inductor can be defined as (frequency (Hz)×inductance (H))/resistance (ohms), where frequency is the operational frequency of the circuit, inductance is the inductance output of the inductor and resistance is the combination of the radiative and reactive resistances that are internal to the inductor. “Quality factor,” as defined herein, is generally accepted as an index (figure of measure) that measures the efficiency of an apparatus like an antenna, a circuit, or a resonator. In some examples, the object sensing system  54  may include one or more of an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, a Hall effect sensor, a proximity sensor, and/or any combinations thereof. 
     The receiver sensing system  56  is any sensor, circuit, and/or combinations thereof configured to detect presence of any wireless receiving system that may be couplable with the wireless transmission system  20 . In some examples, the receiver sensing system  56  and the object sensing system  54  may be combined, may share components, and/or may be embodied by one or more common components. In some examples, if the presence of any such wireless receiving system is detected, wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data by the wireless transmission system  20  to said wireless receiving system is enabled. In some examples, if the presence of a wireless receiver system is not detected, continued wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data is prevented from occurring. Accordingly, the receiver sensing system  56  may include one or more sensors and/or may be operatively associated with one or more sensors that are configured to analyze electrical characteristics within an environment of or proximate to the wireless transmission system  20  and, based on the electrical characteristics, determine presence of a wireless receiver system  30 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , and with continued reference to  FIGS.  1 - 4   , a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the power conditioning system  40  is illustrated. At the power conditioning system  40 , electrical power is received, generally, as a DC power source, via the input power source  12  itself or an intervening power converter, converting an AC source to a DC source (not shown). A voltage regulator  46  receives the electrical power from the input power source  12  and is configured to provide electrical power for transmission by the antenna  21  and provide electrical power for powering components of the wireless transmission system  21 . Accordingly, the voltage regulator  46  is configured to convert the received electrical power into at least two electrical power signals, each at a proper voltage for operation of the respective downstream components: a first electrical power signal to electrically power any components of the wireless transmission system  20  and a second portion conditioned and modified for wireless transmission to the wireless receiver system  30 . As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , such a first portion is transmitted to, at least, the sensing system  50 , the transmission controller  28 , and the communications system  29 ; however, the first portion is not limited to transmission to just these components and can be transmitted to any electrical components of the wireless transmission system  20 . 
     The second portion of the electrical power is provided to an amplifier  42  of the power conditioning system  40 , which is configured to condition the electrical power for wireless transmission by the antenna  21 . The amplifier may function as an invertor, which receives an input DC power signal from the voltage regulator  46  and generates an AC as output, based, at least in part, on PWM input from the transmission control system  26 . The amplifier  42  may be or include, for example, a power stage invertor, such as a dual field effect transistor power stage invertor or a quadruple field effect transistor power stage invertor. The use of the amplifier  42  within the power conditioning system  40  and, in turn, the wireless transmission system  20  enables wireless transmission of electrical signals having much greater amplitudes than if transmitted without such an amplifier. For example, the addition of the amplifier  42  may enable the wireless transmission system  20  to transmit electrical energy as an electrical power signal having electrical power from about 10 mW to about 500 W. In some examples, the amplifier  42  may be or may include one or more class-E power amplifiers. Class-E power amplifiers are efficiently tuned switching power amplifiers designed for use at high frequencies (e.g., frequencies from about 1 MHz to about 1 GHz). Generally, a class-E amplifier employs a single-pole switching element and a tuned reactive network between the switch and an output load (e.g., the antenna  21 ). Class E amplifiers may achieve high efficiency at high frequencies by only operating the switching element at points of zero current (e.g., on-to-off switching) or zero voltage (off to on switching). Such switching characteristics may minimize power lost in the switch, even when the switching time of the device is long compared to the frequency of operation. However, the amplifier  42  is certainly not limited to being a class-E power amplifier and may be or may include one or more of a class D amplifier, a class EF amplifier, an H invertor amplifier, and/or a push-pull invertor, among other amplifiers that could be included as part of the amplifier  42 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , the wireless transmission system  20  is illustrated, further detailing elements of the power conditioning system  40 , the amplifier  42 , the tuning system  24 , among other things. The block diagram of the wireless transmission system  20  illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, inverting of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. In  FIG.  6   , DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines in  FIG.  6    and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines. It is to be noted that the AC signals are not necessarily substantially sinusoidal waves and may be any AC waveform suitable for the purposes described below (e.g., a half sine wave, a square wave, a half square wave, among other waveforms).  FIG.  7    illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note that  FIG.  7    may represent one branch or sub-section of a schematic for the wireless transmission system  20  and/or components of the wireless transmission system  20  may be omitted from the schematic illustrated in  FIG.  7    for clarity. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6    and discussed above, the input power source  11  provides an input direct current voltage (V DC ), which may have its voltage level altered by the voltage regulator  46 , prior to conditioning at the amplifier  42 . In some examples, as illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the amplifier  42  may include a choke inductor L CHOKE , which may be utilized to block radio frequency interference in V DC , while allowing the DC power signal of V DC  to continue towards an amplifier transistor  48  of the amplifier  42 . V CHOKE  may be configured as any suitable choke inductor known in the art. 
     The amplifier  48  is configured to alter and/or invert V DC  to generate an AC wireless signal V AC , which, as discussed in more detail below, may be configured to carry one or both of an inbound and outbound data signal (denoted as “Data” in  FIG.  6   ). The amplifier transistor  48  may be any switching transistor known in the art that is capable of inverting, converting, and/or conditioning a DC power signal into an AC power signal, such as, but not limited to, a field-effect transistor (FET), gallium nitride (GaN) FETS, bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and/or wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor transistor, among other known switching transistors. The amplifier transistor  48  is configured to receive a driving signal (denoted as “PWM” in  FIG.  6   ) from at a gate of the amplifier transistor  48  (denoted as “G” in  FIG.  6   ) and invert the DC signal V DC  to generate the AC wireless signal at an operating frequency and/or an operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system  20 . The driving signal may be a PWM signal configured for such inversion at the operating frequency and/or operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system  20 . 
     The driving signal is generated and output by the transmission control system  26  and/or the transmission controller  28  therein, as discussed and disclosed above. The transmission controller  26 ,  28  is configured to provide the driving signal and configured to perform one or more of encoding wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” in  FIG.  6   ), decoding the wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” in  FIG.  6   ) and any combinations thereof. In some examples, the electrical data signals may be in band signals of the AC wireless power signal. In some such examples, such in-band signals may be on-off-keying (OOK) signals in-band of the AC wireless power signals. For example, Type-A communications, as described in the NFC Standards, are a form of OOK, wherein the data signal is on-off-keyed in a carrier AC wireless power signal operating at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. 
     However, when the power, current, impedance, phase, and/or voltage levels of an AC power signal are changed beyond the levels used in current and/or legacy hardware for high frequency wireless power transfer (over about 500 mW transmitted), such legacy hardware may not be able to properly encode and/or decode in-band data signals with the required fidelity for communications functions. Such higher power in an AC output power signal may cause signal degradation due to increasing rise times for an OOK rise, increasing fall time for an OOK fall, overshooting the required voltage in an OOK rise, and/or undershooting the voltage in an OOK fall, among other potential degradations to the signal due to legacy hardware being ill equipped for higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. Thus, there is a need for the amplifier  42  to be designed in a way that limits and/or substantially removes rise and fall times, overshoots, undershoots, and/or other signal deficiencies from an in-band data signal during wireless power transfer. This ability to limit and/or substantially remove such deficiencies allows for the systems of the instant application to provide higher power wireless power transfer in high frequency wireless power transmission systems. 
     For further exemplary illustration,  FIG.  8    illustrates a plot for a fall and rise of an OOK in-band signal. The fall time (ti) is shown as the time between when the signal is at 90% voltage (V 4 ) of the intended full voltage (V 1 ) and falls to about 5% voltage (V 2 ) of V 1 . The rise time (t 3 ) is shown as the time between when the signal ends being at V 2  and rises to about V 4 . Such rise and fall times may be read by a receiving antenna of the signal, and an applicable data communications protocol may include limits on rise and fall times, such that data is non-compliant and/or illegible by a receiver if rise and/or fall times exceed certain bounds. 
     Returning now to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , to achieve limitation and/or substantial removal of the mentioned deficiencies, the amplifier  42  includes a damping circuit  60 . The damping circuit  60  is configured for damping the AC wireless signal during transmission of the AC wireless signal and associated data signals. The damping circuit  60  may be configured to reduce rise and fall times during OOK signal transmission, such that the rate of the data signals may not only be compliant and/or legible, but may also achieve faster data rates and/or enhanced data ranges, when compared to legacy systems. For damping the AC wireless power signal, the damping circuit includes, at least, a damping transistor  63 , which is configured for receiving a damping signal (V damp ) from the transmission controller  62 . The damping signal is configured for switching the damping transistor (on/off) to control damping of the AC wireless signal during the transmission and/or receipt of wireless data signals. Such transmission of the AC wireless signals may be performed by the transmission controller  28  and/or such transmission may be via transmission from the wireless receiver system  30 , within the coupled magnetic field between the antennas  21 ,  31 . 
     In examples wherein the data signals are conveyed via OOK, the damping signal may be substantially opposite and/or an inverse to the state of the data signals. This means that if the OOK data signals are in an “on” state, the damping signals instruct the damping transistor to turn “off” and thus the signal is not dissipated via the damping circuit  60  because the damping circuit is not set to ground and, thus, a short from the amplifier circuit and the current substantially bypasses the damping circuit  60 . If the OOK data signals are in an “off” state, then the damping signals may be “on” and, thus, the damping transistor  63  is set to an “on” state and the current flowing of V AC  is damped by the damping circuit. Thus, when “on,” the damping circuit  60  may be configured to dissipate just enough power, current, and/or voltage, such that efficiency in the system is not substantially affected and such dissipation decreases rise and/or fall times in the OOK signal. Further, because the damping signal may instruct the damping transistor  63  to turn “off” when the OOK signal is “on,” then it will not unnecessarily damp the signal, thus mitigating any efficiency losses from V AC , when damping is not needed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the branch of the amplifier  42  which may include the damping circuit  60 , is positioned at the output drain of the amplifier transistor  48 . While it is not necessary that the damping circuit  60  be positioned here, in some examples, this may aid in properly damping the output AC wireless signal, as it will be able to damp at the node closest to the amplifier transistor  48  output drain, which is the first node in the circuit wherein energy dissipation is desired. In such examples, the damping circuit is in electrical parallel connection with a drain of the amplifier transistor  48 . However, it is certainly possible that the damping circuit be connected proximate to the antenna  21 , proximate to the transmission tuning system  24 , and/or proximate to a filter circuit  24 . 
     While the damping circuit  60  is capable of functioning to properly damp the AC wireless signal for proper communications at higher power high frequency wireless power transmission, in some examples, the damping circuit may include additional components. For instance, as illustrated, the damping circuit  60  may include one or more of a damping diode D DAMP , a damping resistor R DAMP , a damping capacitor C DAMP , and/or any combinations thereof. R DAMP  may be in electrical series with the damping transistor  63  and the value of R DAMP  (ohms) may be configured such that it dissipates at least some power from the power signal, which may serve to accelerate rise and fall times in an amplitude shift keying signal, an OOK signal, and/or combinations thereof. In some examples, the value of R DAMP  is selected, configured, and/or designed such that R DAMP  dissipates the minimum amount of power to achieve the fastest rise and/or fall times in an in-band signal allowable and/or satisfy standards limitations for minimum rise and/or fall times; thereby achieving data fidelity at maximum efficiency (less power lost to R DAMP ) as well as maintaining data fidelity when the system is unloaded and/or under lightest load conditions. 
     C DAMP  may also be in series connection with one or both of the damping transistor  63  and R DAMP . C DAMP  may be configured to smooth out transition points in an in-band signal and limit overshoot and/or undershoot conditions in such a signal. Further, in some examples, C DAMP  may be configured for ensuring the damping performed is 180 degrees out of phase with the AC wireless power signal, when the transistor is activated via the damping signal. 
     D DAMP  may further be included in series with one or more of the damping transistor  63 , R DAMP , C DAMP , and/or any combinations thereof. D DAMP  is positioned, as shown, such that a current cannot flow out of the damping circuit  60 , when the damping transistor  63  is in an off state. The inclusion of D DAMP  may prevent power efficiency loss in the AC power signal when the damping circuit is not active or “on.” Indeed, while the damping transistor  63  is designed such that, in an ideal scenario, it serves to effectively short the damping circuit when in an “off” state, in practical terms, some current may still reach the damping circuit and/or some current may possibly flow in the opposite direction out of the damping circuit  60 . Thus, inclusion of D DAMP  may prevent such scenarios and only allow current, power, and/or voltage to be dissipated towards the damping transistor  63 . This configuration, including D DAMP , may be desirable when the damping circuit  60  is connected at the drain node of the amplifier transistor  48 , as the signal may be a half-wave sine wave voltage and, thus, the voltage of V AC  is always positive. 
     Beyond the damping circuit  60 , the amplifier  42 , in some examples, may include a shunt capacitor C SHUNT . C SHUNT  may be configured to shunt the AC power signal to ground and charge voltage of the AC power signal. Thus, C SHUNT  may be configured to maintain an efficient and stable waveform for the AC power signal, such that a duty cycle of about 50% is maintained and/or such that the shape of the AC power signal is substantially sinusoidal at positive voltages. 
     In some examples, the amplifier  42  may include a filter circuit  65 . The filter circuit  65  may be designed to mitigate and/or filter out electromagnetic interference (EMI) within the wireless transmission system  20 . Design of the filter circuit  65  may be performed in view of impedance transfer and/or effects on the impedance transfer of the wireless power transmission  20  due to alterations in tuning made by the transmission tuning system  24 . To that end, the filter circuit  65  may be or include one or more of a low pass filter, a high pass filter, and/or a band pass filter, among other filter circuits that are configured for, at least, mitigating EMI in a wireless power transmission system. 
     As illustrated, the filter circuit  65  may include a filter inductor L o  and a filter capacitor C o . The filter circuit  65  may have a complex impedance and, thus, a resistance through the filter circuit  65  may be defined as R o . In some such examples, the filter circuit  65  may be designed and/or configured for optimization based on, at least, a filter quality factor γ FILTER , defined as: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     In a filter circuit  65  wherein it includes or is embodied by a low pass filter, the cut-off frequency ω o ) of the low pass filter is defined as: 
     
       
         
           
             
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      In some wireless power transmission systems 20, it is desired that the cutoff frequency be about 1.03-1.4 times greater than the operating frequency of the antenna. Experimental results have determined that, in general, a larger γ FILTER  may be preferred, because the larger γ FILTER  can improve voltage gain and improve system voltage ripple and timing. Thus, the above values for L o  and C o  may be set such that γ FILTER  can be optimized to its highest, ideal level (e.g., when the system 10 impedance is conjugately matched for maximum power transfer), given cutoff frequency restraints and available components for the values of L o  and C o . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the conditioned signal(s) from the amplifier  42  is then received by the transmission tuning system  24 , prior to transmission by the antenna  21 . The transmission tuning system  24  may include tuning and/or impedance matching, filters (e.g. a low pass filter, a high pass filter, a “pi” or “II” filter, a “T” filter, an “L” filter, a “LL” filter, and/or an L-C trap filter, among other filters), network matching, sensing, and/or conditioning elements configured to optimize wireless transfer of signals from the wireless transmission system  20  to the wireless receiver system  30 . Further, the transmission tuning system  24  may include an impedance matching circuit, which is designed to match impedance with a corresponding wireless receiver system  30  for given power, current, and/or voltage requirements for wireless transmission of one or more of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and electronic data. The illustrated transmission tuning system  24  includes, at least, C Z1 , C Z2 . and (operatively associated with the antenna  21 ) values, all of which may be configured for impedance matching in one or both of the wireless transmission system  20  and the broader system  10 . It is noted that C Tx  refers to the intrinsic capacitance of the antenna  21 . 
     Turning now to  FIG.  9    and with continued reference to, at least,  FIGS.  1  and  2   , the wireless receiver system  30  is illustrated in further detail. The wireless receiver system  30  is configured to receive, at least, electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electrically transmittable data via near field magnetic coupling from the wireless transmission system  20 , via the transmission antenna  21 . As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the wireless receiver system  30  includes, at least, the receiver antenna  31 , a receiver tuning and filtering system  34 , a power conditioning system  32 , a receiver control system  36 , and a voltage isolation circuit  70 . The receiver tuning and filtering system  34  may be configured to substantially match the electrical impedance of the wireless transmission system  20 . In some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering system  34  may be configured to dynamically adjust and substantially match the electrical impedance of the receiver antenna  31  to a characteristic impedance of the power generator or the load at a driving frequency of the transmission antenna  20 . 
     As illustrated, the power conditioning system  32  includes a rectifier  33  and a voltage regulator  35 . In some examples, the rectifier  33  is in electrical connection with the receiver tuning and filtering system  34 . The rectifier  33  is configured to modify the received electrical energy from an alternating current electrical energy signal to a direct current electrical energy signal. In some examples, the rectifier  33  is comprised of at least one diode. Some non-limiting example configurations for the rectifier  33  include, but are not limited to including, a full wave rectifier, including a center tapped full wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier with filter, a half wave rectifier, including a half wave rectifier with filter, a bridge rectifier, including a bridge rectifier with filter, a split supply rectifier, a single phase rectifier, a three phase rectifier, a voltage doubler, a synchronous voltage rectifier, a controlled rectifier, an uncontrolled rectifier, and a half controlled rectifier. As electronic devices may be sensitive to voltage, additional protection of the electronic device may be provided by clipper circuits or devices. In this respect, the rectifier  33  may further include a clipper circuit or a clipper device, which is a circuit or device that removes either the positive half (top half), the negative half (bottom half), or both the positive and the negative halves of an input AC signal. In other words, a clipper is a circuit or device that limits the positive amplitude, the negative amplitude, or both the positive and the negative amplitudes of the input AC signal. 
     Some non-limiting examples of a voltage regulator  35  include, but are not limited to, including a series linear voltage regulator, a buck convertor, a low dropout (LDO) regulator, a shunt linear voltage regulator, a step up switching voltage regulator, a step down switching voltage regulator, an invertor voltage regulator, a Zener controlled transistor series voltage regulator, a charge pump regulator, and an emitter follower voltage regulator. The voltage regulator  35  may further include a voltage multiplier, which is as an electronic circuit or device that delivers an output voltage having an amplitude (peak value) that is two, three, or more times greater than the amplitude (peak value) of the input voltage. The voltage regulator  35  is in electrical connection with the rectifier  33  and configured to adjust the amplitude of the electrical voltage of the wirelessly received electrical energy signal, after conversion to AC by the rectifier  33 . In some examples, the voltage regulator  35  may an LDO linear voltage regulator; however, other voltage regulation circuits and/or systems are contemplated. As illustrated, the direct current electrical energy signal output by the voltage regulator  35  is received at the load  16  of the electronic device  14 . In some examples, a portion of the direct current electrical power signal may be utilized to power the receiver control system  36  and any components thereof; however, it is certainly possible that the receiver control system  36 , and any components thereof, may be powered and/or receive signals from the load  16  (e.g., when the load  16  is a battery and/or other power source) and/or other components of the electronic device  14 . 
     The receiver control system  36  may include, but is not limited to including, a receiver controller  38 , a communications system  39  and a memory  37 . The receiver controller  38  may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless receiver system  30 . The receiver controller  38  may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless receiver system  30 . Functionality of the receiver controller  38  may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless receiver system  30 . To that end, the receiver controller  38  may be operatively associated with the memory  37 . The memory may include one or both of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the receiver controller  38  via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory computer readable memory media. 
     Further, while particular elements of the receiver control system  36  are illustrated as subcomponents and/or circuits (e.g., the memory  37 , the communications system  39 , among other contemplated elements) of the receiver control system  36 , such components may be external of the receiver controller  38 . In some examples, the receiver controller  38  may be and/or include one or more integrated circuits configured to include functional elements of one or both of the receiver controller  38  and the wireless receiver system  30 , generally. As used herein, the term “integrated circuits” generally refers to a circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce. Such integrated circuits may include, but are not limited to including, thin-film transistors, thick-film technologies, and/or hybrid integrated circuits. 
     In some examples, the receiver controller  38  may be a dedicated circuit configured to send and receive data at a given operating frequency. For example, the receiver controller  38  may be a tagging or identifier integrated circuit, such as, but not limited to, an NFC tag and/or labelling integrated circuit. Examples of such NFC tags and/or labelling integrated circuits include the NTAG® family of integrated circuits manufactured by NXP Semiconductors N.V. However, the communications system  39  is certainly not limited to these example components and, in some examples, the communications system  39  may be implemented with another integrated circuit (e.g., integrated with the receiver controller  38 ), and/or may be another transceiver of or operatively associated with one or both of the electronic device  14  and the wireless receiver system  30 , among other contemplated communication systems and/or apparatus. Further, in some examples, functions of the communications system  39  may be integrated with the receiver controller  38 , such that the controller modifies the inductive field between the antennas  21 ,  31  to communicate in the frequency band of wireless power transfer operating frequency. 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  10  and  11   , the wireless receiver system  30  is illustrated in further detail to show some example functionality of one or more of the receiver controller  38 , the voltage isolation circuit  70 , and the rectifier  33 . The block diagram of the wireless receiver system  30  illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, rectifying of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. Similarly to  FIG.  6   , DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines in  FIG.  6    and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines.  FIG.  11    illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note that  FIG.  11    may represent one branch or subsection of a schematic for the wireless receiver system  30  and/or components of the wireless receiver system  30  may be omitted from the schematic, illustrated in  FIG.  11   , for clarity. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , the receiver antenna  31  receives the AC wireless signal, which includes the AC power signal (V AC ) and the data signals (denoted as “Data” in  FIG.  10   ), from the transmitter antenna  21  of the wireless transmission system  20 . (It should be understood an example of a transmitted AC power signal and data signal was previously shown in  FIG.  6   ). V AC  will be received at the rectifier  33  and/or the broader receiver power conditioning system  32 , wherein the AC wireless power signal is converted to a DC wireless power signal (V DC_REKT ). V DC­_REKT  is then provided to, at least, the load  16  that is operatively associated with the wireless receiver system  30 . In some examples, V DC_REKT  is regulated by the voltage regulator  35  and provided as a DC input voltage (V DC_CONT ) for the receiver controller  38 . In some examples, such as the signal path shown in  FIG.  11   , the receiver controller  38  may be directly powered by the load  16 . In some other examples, the receiver controller  38  need not be powered by the load  16  and/or receipt of V DC_CONT , but the receiver controller  38  may harness, capture, and/or store power from V AC , as power receipt occurring in receiving, decoding, and/or otherwise detecting the data signals in-band of V AC . 
     The receiver controller  38  is configured to perform one or more of encoding the wireless data signals, decoding the wireless data signals, receiving the wireless data signals, transmitting the wireless data signals, and/or any combinations thereof. In examples, wherein the data signals are encoded and/or decoded as amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signals and/or OOK signals, the receiver controller  38  may receive and/or otherwise detect or monitor voltage levels of V AC  to detect in-band ASK and/or OOK signals. However, at higher power levels than those currently utilized in standard high frequency, NFMC communications and/or low power wireless power transmission, large voltages and/or large voltage swings at the input of a controller, such as the controller  38 , may be too large for legacy microprocessor controllers to handle without disfunction or damage being done to such microcontrollers. Additionally, certain microcontrollers may only be operable at certain operating voltage ranges and, thus, when high frequency wireless power transfer occurs, the voltage swings at the input to such microcontrollers may be out of range or too wide of a range for consistent operation of the microcontroller. 
     For example, in some high frequency higher power wireless power transfer systems  10 , when an output power from the wireless power transmitter  20  is greater than 1 W, voltage across the controller  38  may be higher than desired for the controller  38 . Higher voltage, lower current configurations are often desirable, as such configurations may generate lower thermal losses and/or lower generated heat in the system  10 , in comparison to a high current, low voltage transmission. To that end, the load  16  may not be a consistent load, meaning that the resistance and/or impedance at the load  16  may swing drastically during, before, and/or after an instance of wireless power transfer. 
     This is particularly an issue when the load  16  is a battery or other power storing device, as a fully charged battery has a much higher resistance than a fully depleted battery. For the purposes of this illustrative discussion, we will assume: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      wherein R LOAD   _MIN  is the minimum resistance of the load  16  (e.g., if the load  16  is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load  16  is depleted), I AC   _MIN  is the current at R LOAD   _MIN , V AC   _MIN  is the voltage of V AC  when the load  16  is at its minimum resistance and P AC   _MIN  is the optimal power level for the load  16  at its minimal resistance. Further, we will assume: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      wherein R LOAD   _MAX  is the maximum resistance of the load  16  (e.g., if the load  16  is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load  16  is depleted), I AC_MAX  is the current at V AC   _MAX , V AC   _MAX  is the voltage of V AC  when the load  16  is at its minimum resistance and P AC   _MAX  is the optimal power level for the load  16  at its maximal resistance. 
     Accordingly, as the current is desired to stay relatively low, the inverse relationship between I AC  and V AC  dictate that the voltage range must naturally shift, in higher ranges, with the change of resistance at the load  16 . However, such voltage shifts may be unacceptable for proper function of the controller  38 . To mitigate these issues, the voltage isolation circuit  70  is included to isolate the range of voltages that can be seen at a data input and/or output of the controller  38  to an isolated controller voltage (V CONT ), which is a scaled version of V AC  and, thus, comparably scales any voltage-based in-band data input and/or output at the controller  38 . Accordingly, if a range for the AC wireless signal that is an unacceptable input range for the controller  38  is represented by 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      then the voltage isolation circuit  70  is configured to isolate the controller-unacceptable voltage range from the controller  38 , by setting an impedance transformation to minimize the voltage swing and provide the controller with a scaled version of Vac, which does not substantially alter the data signal at receipt. Such a scaled controller voltage, based on V AC , is V CONT , where 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      While an altering load is one possible reason that an unacceptable voltage swing may occur at a data input of a controller, there may be other physical, electrical, and/or mechanical characteristics and/or phenomena that may affect voltage swings in V AC , such as, but not limited to, changes in coupling (k) between the antennas  21 ,  31 , detuning of the system(s)  10 ,  20 ,  30  due to foreign objects, proximity of another receiver system  30  within a common field area, among other things. 
     As best illustrated in  FIG.  11   , the voltage isolation circuit  70  includes at least two capacitors, a first isolation capacitor C ISO1  and a second isolation capacitor C ISO2 . While only two series, split capacitors are illustrated in  FIG.  11   , it should also be understood that the voltage isolation circuit may include additional pairs of split series capacitors. C ISO1  and C ISO2  are electrically in series with one another, with a node therebetween, the node providing a connection to the data input of the receiver controller  38 . C ISO1  and C ISO2  are configured to regulate V AC  to generate the acceptable voltage input range V CONT  for input to the controller. Thus, the voltage isolation circuit  70  is configured to isolate the controller  38  from V AC , which is a load voltage, if one considers the rectifier  33  to be part of a downstream load from the receiver controller  38 . 
     In some examples, the capacitance values are configured such that a parallel combination of all capacitors of the voltage isolation circuit  70  (e.g. C ISO1  and C ISO2 ) is equal to a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit (C TOTAL ). Thus, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      wherein C TOTAL  is a constant capacitance configured for the acceptable voltage input range for input to the controller. C TOTAL  can be determined by experimentation and/or can be configured via mathematical derivation for a particular microcontroller embodying the receiver controller  38 . 
     In some examples, with a constant C TOTAL , individual values for the isolation capacitors C ISO1  and C ISO2  may be configured in accordance with the following relationships: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
      wherein t v  is a scaling factor, which can be experimentally altered to determine the best scaling values for C ISO1  and C ISO2 , for a given system. Alternatively, t v  may be mathematically derived, based on desired electrical conditions for the system. In some examples (which may be derived from experimental results), t v  may be in a range of about 3 to about  10 . 
       FIG.  11    further illustrates an example for the receiver tuning and filtering system  34 , which may be configured for utilization in conjunction with the voltage isolation circuit  70 . The receiver tuning and filtering system  34  of  FIG.  11    includes a controller capacitor C CONT , which is connected in series with the data input of the receiver controller  38 . The controller capacitor is configured for further scaling of V AC  at the controller, as altered by the voltage isolation circuit  70 . To that end, the first and second isolation capacitors, as shown, may be connected in electrical parallel, with respect to the controller capacitor. 
     Additionally, in some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering system  34  includes a receiver shunt capacitor C RxSHUNT , which is connected in electrical parallel with the receiver antenna  31 . C RxSHUNT  is utilized for initial tuning of the impedance of the wireless receiver system  30  and/or the broader system  30  for proper impedance matching and/or C RxSHUNT  is included to increase the voltage gain of a signal received by the receiver antenna  31 . 
     The wireless receiver system  30 , utilizing the voltage isolation circuit  70 , may have the capability to achieve proper data communications fidelity at greater receipt power levels at the load  16 , when compared to other high frequency wireless power transmission systems. To that end, the wireless receiver system  30 , with the voltage isolation circuit  70 , is capable of receiving power from the wireless transmission system that has an output power at levels over 1 W of power, whereas legacy high frequency systems may be limited to receipt from output levels of only less than 1 W of power. For example, in legacy NFC-DC systems, the poller (receiver system) often utilizes a microprocessor from the NTAG family of microprocessors, which was initially designed for very low power data communications. NTAG microprocessors, without protection or isolation, may not adequately and/or efficiently receive wireless power signals at output levels over 1 W. However, inventors of the present application have found, in experimental results, that when utilizing voltage isolation circuits as disclosed herein, the NTAG chip may be utilized and/or retrofitted for wireless power transfer and wireless communications, either independently or simultaneously. 
     To that end, the voltage isolation circuits disclosed herein may utilize inexpensive components (e.g., isolation capacitors) to modify functionality of legacy, inexpensive microprocessors (e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor), for new uses and/or improved functionality. Further, while alternative controllers may be used as the receiver controller  38  that may be more capable of receipt at higher voltage levels and/or voltage swings, such controllers may be cost prohibitive, in comparison to legacy controllers. Accordingly, the systems and methods herein allow for use of less costly components, for high power high frequency wireless power transfer. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates an example, non-limiting embodiment of one or more of the transmission antenna  21  and the receiver antenna  31  that may be used with any of the systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna  21 ,  31 , is a flat spiral coil configuration. Non-limiting examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,941,743, 9,960,628, 9,941,743 all to Peralta et al.; 9,948,129, 10,063,100 to Singh et al.; 9,941590 to Luzinski; 9,960,629 to Rajagopalan et al.; and U.S. Pat. App. Nos. 2017/0040107, 2017/0040105, 2017/0040688 to Peralta et al.; all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated fully herein by reference. 
     In addition, the antenna  21 , 31may be constructed having a multi-layer-multi-turn (MLMT) construction in which at least one insulator is positioned between a plurality of conductors. Non-limiting examples of antennas having an MLMT construction that may be incorporated within the wireless transmission system(s)  20  and/or the wireless receiver system(s)  30  may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,610,530, 8,653,927, 8,680,960, 8,692,641, 8,692,642, 8,698,590, 8,698,591, 8,707,546, 8,710,948, 8,803,649, 8,823,481, 8,823,482, 8,855,786, 8,898,885, 9,208,942, 9,232,893, and 9,300,046 to Singh et al., all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application are incorporated fully herein. These are merely exemplary antenna examples; however, it is contemplated that the antennas  21 ,  31  may be any antenna capable of the aforementioned higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. 
       FIG.  13    is a side view of an example listening device system  400 A which may operatively associated with the wireless transmission system  20  or other wireless power transmission system on a mobile device such as a mobile phone. The listening device system  400 A includes one or more listening devices  430 A. As used herein, a “listening device” may include any portable device designed to output sound that can be heard by a user, such as headphones, earbuds, canalphones, over ear headphones, ear-fitting headphones, headsets, digital conferencing headsets, among other listening devices. Headphones are one type of portable listening device, while portable speakers are another. 
     The term “headphones” represents a pair of small, portable listening devices that are designed to be worn on or around a user’s head. Such devices convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound that can be heard by the user of the device. Headphones include traditional headphones that are worn over a user’s head and include left and right listening devices connected to each other by a head band, headsets, and earbuds. Earbuds may be defined as small headphones that are designed to be fitted directly in a user’s ear. As used herein, the term “earbuds,” which can also be referred to as ear-phones or ear-fitting headphones, includes both small headphones that fit within a user’s outer ear facing the ear canal without being inserted in the ear canal, and in-ear headphones, sometimes referred to as canalphones, that are inserted in the ear canal itself. 
     The wireless receiver system  30  may be integrated with the listening device(s)  430 A and may be utilized to charge a battery or other storage device of or associated with the listening device(s)  430 A and/or may be used to directly power one or more components of or associated with the listening device(s)  430 A. 
     As illustrated, the listening device system  400 A includes a case  420 , which will be described in greater detail below. The case  420 , is a container in which the listening device(s)  430 A may reside in locations  402  (“hollows”) in an orientation and position that facilitates resonant coupling with an adjacent power transmission system such as system  20 , in a mobile electronic device such as a mobile phone or wearable device. 
     The locations  402  may be mechanically defined, e.g., via sockets, slots or similar features, configured for aligning the wireless transmission system  20  with the wireless mobile device (not shown in  FIG.  13   ) for proper placement for wireless power transfer. The listening devices  430 A may be retained in their locations  402  via gravity, friction, magnetic force, clips, clamps, closures or other suitable mechanisms or arrangements. 
       FIG.  14    is a simplified back view of a mobile phone  80 , whereon the case  420  has been mounted. In particular, as will be seen, the case  420  is mounted in a location and orientation such that the listening devices  430 A are in a position to be charged by a wireless power transfer antenna such as an antenna  21 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  15    in order to further expand on the relationship between the mobile phone  80  and the listening devices  430 A when they are in the mounted case  420 , the power transfer antenna  81  ( 21 ) of the mobile phone  80  is located low on the back side of the mobile phone  80  adjacent the rear surface  83 . 
     Each listening device  430 A includes a wireless power receiving antenna  85  ( 31 ) positioned to exchange power and data with the power transfer antenna  81  ( 21 ) of the mobile phone  80 . The wireless power receiving antenna  85  ( 31 ) of each listening device  430 A is linked to a wireless power receiving system such as wireless receiver system  30  of  FIG.  1   . (not shown in  FIG.  15   ). When the case  420  is affixed to the mobile phone  80  and the listening devices  430 A are placed in their locations  402  within the case, the wireless power receiving antennas  85  ( 31 ) of the listening devices  430 A overlap the power transfer antenna  81  ( 21 ) of the mobile phone  80  at an orientation (e.g., parallel planar) and distance (e.g., distance  17  of  FIG.  1   ), the antenna  81  is able to resonantly couple with the antennas  85 . In this way, the mobile phone  80  charges the listening devices  430 A so that they can be removed from the case and again employed by a user for listening. 
     While the locations  402  should be accurately placed to allow resonant coupling when the listening devices  430 A are in the mounted case  420 , the form and shape of the case  420  is not otherwise restricted. Moreover, depending upon the attachment mechanism used to mount the case  420  to the mobile phone  80 , varying attachment structures may be present on or in the case  420 . That said, an example form of the case  420  is shown in  FIG.  16   . In the illustrated example, the case  420  is of an essentially rectangular cube form, with its depth dimension 91, width dimension 93 and height dimension 95 being sufficient to accommodate the properly-oriented listening devices  430 A. 
     As noted above, the mounting of the case  420  may be temporary, such as via a slide, clip, hook and loop fastener, etc., or may be permanent, such as via double-sided tape, epoxy, mechanical fastener, and so on. The positional arrangement between the case  420  and the mobile phone  80  will be described in greater detail below. In keeping with the  FIG.  13   , the case  420  as illustrated in  FIG.  14    includes locations  402  in which the listening devices  430 A may reside in an orientation and position that facilitate resonant coupling with the power transmission system of the mobile phone  80 . 
     The case  420  as illustrated in  FIG.  16    may act as a case for the listening devices  430 A while not attached to the mobile phone  80  as well, since in encloses the listening devices  430 A on both front and back. However, it will be appreciated that the use of the case  420  for charging does not require enclosure in front of and behind the enclosures  402 , if the case  420  only contains the listening devices  430 A when it is mounted on the back of the mobile phone. 
     With this in mind,  FIG.  17    shows an alternative embodiment of the case  421 , wherein the dimensions of the case  421  are dictated by the same considerations, both aesthetic and functional, but the alternative case  421  does not constrain the listening devices  430 A on the side facing the mobile phone  80  when mounted. Similarly, other aspect of the case  420  may be minimized or eliminated without altering its primary functions. For example, the locations  402 , as illustrated, are such that a bottom enclosure is not needed. That is, the shape of the listening devices  430 A forms an interference fit in the case  420 , preventing the listening devices  430 A from falling further downward. 
     Although the embodiments illustrated thus far do not exhibit attachment features, and may be attached via any surface mount technology, transient or permanent, other embodiments may exhibit external attachment features. For example, the case  423  illustrated in  FIG.  18    slides onto the mobile phone  80  and is retained thereon, e.g., via a friction fit of the phone  80  within the lips  97 . Alternatively, the case  423  may be retained via a detent and mating ridge or bump, or by other mechanical retention means rather than friction. 
     In embodiments such as shown in  FIG.  17   , wherein flexibity is used to allow a portion of the case  420 ,  421 ,  423  to accommodate a detent, ridge, friction fit or other tension-assisted attachment mode or mechanism, the case  420 ,  421 ,  423  may comprise a flexible or semi-rigid resilient material such as metal sheet or strip, polymer, rubber or other flexible or semi-rigid resilient material. 
     A placement aid may be included as part of the case to allow accurate mounting of the case to the mobile device. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  19   , the placement aid comprises a bottom ledge  425  that engages the bottom edge of the mobile phone  80  when the case  427  is slid up onto the mobile device  80  or otherwise affixed to the mobile device  80 . This ensures accurate placement of any listening device  430  in the case  425  relative to the power transfer antenna  81  of the mobile device  80 , so that wireless coupling may be efficiently executed. 
     The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in an efficient, stable and reliable manner to satisfy a variety of operating and environmental conditions. The systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in a wide range of thermal and mechanical stress environments so that data and/or electrical energy is transmitted efficiently and with minimal loss. In addition, the system  10  may be designed with a small form factor using a fabrication technology that allows for scalability, and at a cost that is amenable to developers and adopters. In addition, the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be designed to operate over a wide range of frequencies to meet the requirements of a wide range of applications. 
     In an embodiment, a ferrite shield may be incorporated within the antenna structure to improve antenna performance. Selection of the ferrite shield material may be dependent on the operating frequency as the complex magnetic permeability (µ=µ′-j*µ″) is frequency dependent. The material may be a polymer, a sintered flexible ferrite sheet, a rigid shield, or a hybrid shield, wherein the hybrid shield comprises a rigid portion and a flexible portion. Additionally, the magnetic shield may be composed of varying material compositions. Examples of materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc comprising ferrite materials such as manganese-zinc, nickel-zinc, copper-zinc, magnesium-zinc, and combinations thereof. 
     As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. 
     The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more embodiments, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code. 
     A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. 
     All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” 
     Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. 
     While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination.