Patent Publication Number: US-2021184264-A1

Title: Electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries and lithium secondary battery including the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the priority benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0167254, filed on Dec. 13, 2019 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries and a lithium secondary battery including the same. Particularly, the electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries may increase the lifetime of the lithium secondary batteries. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A lithium secondary battery is an energy storage device that includes a positive electrode for supplying lithium and a negative electrode for receiving lithium during charging, an electrolyte serving as a medium for transferring a lithium ion, and a separator for separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode from each other. The lithium secondary battery generates electrical energy and stores the same through a change in chemical potential when the lithium ion is intercalated or de-intercalated on the positive electrode or the negative electrode. 
     Such a lithium secondary battery has mainly been used in portable electronic devices, but has recently come to be used as energy storage means for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in response to recent commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). 
     Meanwhile, research on increasing the energy density of the lithium secondary battery has been conducted in order to increase the driving distance of electric vehicles, and increasing the energy density of lithium secondary batteries is possible by increasing the capacity of the positive electrode. 
     The increase in the capacity of the positive electrode can be achieved through Ni enrichment. For example, the method may include increasing the Ni content of Ni—Co—Mn-based oxide constituting a positive-electrode active material, or may be achieved by increasing the positive-electrode charging voltage. 
     However, Ni-enriched Ni—Co—Mn-based oxides have high interfacial reactivity and an unstable crystal structure, disadvantageously accelerating deterioration during cycles and making it difficult to secure long-life performance. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is provided only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     SUMMARY 
     In preferred aspect, provided are, inter alia, an electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries capable of increasing the lifetime of the lithium secondary batteries and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte. 
     In one aspect, provided is an electrolyte composition or solution for lithium secondary batteries including a lithium salt, a solvent and bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate represented by the following Formula 1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain aspect, the electrolyte composition comprises a negative electrode additive that includes the bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate. 
     The bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate may suitably be added in an amount of about 3.0% by weight or less with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte solution. 
     The bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate may suitably be added in an amount of about 0.2 to 2.0% by weight with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte solution. 
     The lithium salt may suitably include one or more selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , Li(SO 2 F) 2 N(LiFSI) and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. 
     The solvent may suitably include one or more selected from the group consisting of carbonate solvents, ester solvents, ether solvents and ketone solvents. Other solvents also may be utilized 
     The electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries may further include a positive-electrode additive. Preferably, the positive-electrode additive may include LiPO 2 F 2 . 
     In an aspect, provided is a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte solution as described herein. The lithium secondary battery may further include a positive electrode including a positive-electrode active material containing Ni, Co and Mn, a negative electrode including a carbon (C)-based negative-electrode active material, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 
     The lithium secondary battery may be a discharge retention of about 94% or greater, which is measured after 200 cycles, each cycle including 0.5 C cc/cv charging and 0.5 C cc/cv discharging at 2.5 to 4.2V (cut-off) and at a temperature of 45° C. 
     Vehicles that comprises a lithium secondary battery as disclosed herein also are provided. 
     Other aspect of the invention are disclosed infra. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a graph showing the evaluation results of characteristics after addition of additives demonstrated in Experiment 1 and Table 2 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in comparison to the Comparative Example. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing the evaluation results of characteristics after addition of additives demonstrated in Experiment 2 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in comparison to the Comparative Example. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing the evaluation results of characteristics after addition of additives in Experiment 3 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in comparison to the Comparative Example. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is understood that the term “vehicle” or “vehicular” or other similar term as used herein is inclusive of motor vehicles in general such as passenger automobiles including sports utility vehicles (SUV), buses, trucks, various commercial vehicles, watercraft including a variety of boats and ships, aircraft, and the like, and includes hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, combustion, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles (e.g. fuels derived from resources other than petroleum). 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprise”, “include”, “have”, etc. when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or combinations thereof. 
     Further, unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from the context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about.” 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, and may be implemented in various forms. The embodiments are provided only to fully illustrate the present invention and to completely inform those having ordinary knowledge in the art of the scope of the present invention. 
     In one aspect, the electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries may be a material constituting an electrolyte applicable to lithium secondary batteries and includes a lithium salt, a solvent and a negative-electrode additive. In addition, the electrolyte solution may further include a positive-electrode additive. 
     Preferably, the lithium salt may be one or more selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , Li(SO 2 F) 2 N(LiFSI) and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. 
     The lithium salt may suitably be present at a concentration of about 0.2 to 1.2 moles in the electrolyte solution. 
     Preferably, the solvent may be one more selected from the group consisting of carbonate solvents, ester solvents, ether solvents and ketone solvents. 
     The carbonate solvent may suitably include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC) or the like. In addition, the carbonate solvent may be an ester solvent such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL), n-methyl acetate, n-ethyl acetate or n-propyl acetate, or an ether solvent such as dibutyl ether, but is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, the solvent may further include an aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent. For example, the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may suitably include benzene, fluorobenzene, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, octylbenzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, and the like, and this solvent may be used alone or in combination. 
     In addition, LiPO 2 F 2  may suitably be used as the positive-electrode additive. 
     Meanwhile, bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate, represented by the following Formula 1, may be used as the negative-electrode additive added to the electrolyte solution according to the embodiment of the present invention. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this case, the negative-electrode additive may improve the low-resistance characteristics and increase the lifespan by forming a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the negative electrode. The negative-electrode additive may suitably be added in an amount of about 3.0% by weight or less, or particularly, in an amount of about 0.2 to 2.0% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte solution. 
     When the amount of the negative-electrode additive added is greater than about 3.0% by weight, the coating film may be excessively formed, disadvantageously resulting in high cell resistance and thus decreased cell power. More precisely, when the amount of the negative-electrode additive is less than about 0.2% by weight, there is a problem in that the SEI, which is a protective film of the negative electrode, may not be insufficiently formed and thus the lifespan of the cell is greatly reduced. When the amount of the negative-electrode additive is greater than about 2.0% by weight, there occurs a problem in that cell power required for vehicles may decreased. 
     Meanwhile, the lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator, in addition to the above-described electrolyte solution. 
     The positive electrode includes an NCM-based positive-electrode active material containing Ni, Co and Mn. In particular, the positive-electrode active material included in the positive electrode preferably may include only an NCM-based positive-electrode active material containing Ni in an amount of about 60% by weight or greater based on the total weight of the NCM-based positive-electrode active material. 
     In addition, the negative electrode may include carbon (C)-based negative-electrode active material alone or includes a carbon (C)-based negative-electrode active material. 
     The carbon (C)-based negative-electrode active material may include one or more material selected from the group consisting of artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, graphitized mesocarbon microbeads, fullerene and amorphous carbon. 
     For example, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are produced by mixing each of active materials with a conductive material, a binder and a solvent to prepare an electrode slurry, and then directly coating a current collector with the electrode slurry, followed by drying. In this case, aluminum (Al) may be used as the current collector, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Since such an electrode production method is well known in the art, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     The binder may facilitate adhesion between particles of each active material or adhesion thereof to the current collector. For example, the binder may suitably include polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, an ethylene-oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrenebutadiene rubber, acrylated styrene butadiene rubber, an epoxy resin, nylon, or the like, but is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, the conductive material may be used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and any one can be used as long as it is an electrically conductive material that does not cause any chemical change in the battery to be produced, and examples thereof include natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fibers, metal powders, such as copper, nickel, aluminum and silver powders, metal fibers and the like. In addition, a conductive material such as a polyphenylene derivative may be used alone or in combination thereof. 
     The separator prevents a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and provides a passage for lithium ions. Such a separator may suitably include a well-known separator selected from polyolefin-based polymer membranes such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene/polypropylene, polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene and polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene, and multiple membranes, microporous films, woven fabrics and nonwoven fabrics thereof. In addition, a porous polyolefin film coated with a resin having excellent stability may be used. 
     Example 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples according to the present invention. 
     &lt;Experiment 1&gt; Experiment of Characteristics Depending on Type of Negative-Electrode Additive 
     In order to determine various characteristics depending on the type of the negative-electrode additive added to the electrolyte solution, ion conductivity, initial cell resistance, high-temperature durability and high-rate characteristics were measured while changing the type of the negative-electrode additive as shown in Table 1 below, and the result is shown in Table 2 and  FIG. 1 . 
     At this time, the lithium salts used to prepare the electrolyte solution were 0.5M LiPF 6  and 0.5M LiFSI, and the solvent herein used was a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) present at a volume ratio of 25:45:30. In addition, LiPO 2 F 2  was used as a positive-electrode additive. 
     NCM811 was used as the positive electrode and graphite was used as the negative electrode. 
     At this time, the measurement conditions of ion conductivity, initial cell resistance, high-temperature durability and high-rate characteristics are as follows.
         Ion conductivity: measured at room temperature (25° C.)   Initial cell resistance: cell DC-IR measured after formation   High-temperature durability: charging at 0.5 C cc/cv and then discharging at 0.5 C cc, at 2.5 to 4.2V (cut-off) and at high temperature of 45° C. during each cycle   High-rate characteristics: capacity expression value determined while increasing discharge after charging only 0.1 C cc/cv during every cycle       

     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Negative-electrode 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Positive-electrode 
                 additive 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Lithium salt 
                 Solvent 
                 additive 
                 (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (M) 
                 (weight ratio) 
                 (wt %) 
                   
                 [Formula 1] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Item 
                 LiPF 6   
                 LiFSI 
                 EC 
                 EMC 
                 DEC 
                 LiPO 2 F 2   
                 VC 
                 Additive 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 2.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ionic 
                   
                 High- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 conduc- 
                 Initial cell 
                 temperature 
                 High-rate 
               
               
                   
                 tivity 
                 resistance 
                 durability 
                 characteristics 
               
               
                 Item 
                 (mS/cm) 
                 (%) 
                 (%)@200cyc 
                 2C(%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 8.19 
                 100 
                 93.4 
                 35.4 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 8.24 
                 99.4 
                 94.7 
                 42.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 2 and  FIG. 1 , when bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate, represented by Formula 1 according to the present Example was used as a negative-electrode additive, improvement in ion conductivity, high-temperature durability and high-rate characteristics were obtained, compared to Comparative Example using a conventional general additive VC as a negative-electrode additive under the same conditions. In particular, improved high-rate characteristics along with excellent lifetime in the same content can satisfy the performance suitable for vehicle batteries. 
     &lt;Experiment 2&gt; Experiment on High-Rate Characteristics of Negative-Electrode Additive 
     Charging and discharging were performed at 0.5 C, 1.0 C, 2.0 C and 0.1 C on Comparative Example and Example 1 of &lt;Experiment 1&gt;, respectively, the corresponding capacity expression values were determined, and the results are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , when bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate, represented by Formula 1 according to the present Example, as a negative-electrode additive, improved high-rate characteristics can be obtained as compared to Comparative Example using a conventional general additive VC as a negative-electrode additive under the same conditions. This means that the improved high-rate characteristics can be based on excellent ion conductivity. 
     &lt;Experiment 3&gt; Experiment of Characteristics Depending on Content of Negative-Electrode Additive 
     In order to determine various characteristics depending on the type of the negative-electrode additive that is added to the electrolyte solution, ion conductivity, initial cell resistance, high-temperature durability and high-rate characteristics were measured while changing the type of the negative-electrode additive as shown in Table 3 below, and the result is shown in Table 4 and  FIG. 3 . In this case, other conditions and measurement methods are the same as in &lt;Experiment 1&gt;. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Negative-electrode 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Positive-electrode 
                 additive 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Lithium salt 
                 Solvent 
                 additive 
                 (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (M) 
                 (Weight ratio) 
                 (wt %) 
                   
                 [Formula 1] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Item 
                 LiPF 6   
                 LiFSI 
                 EC 
                 EMC 
                 DEC 
                 LiPO 2 F 2   
                 VC 
                 Additive 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
                 1 
                 — 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Initial  
                 High-  
               
               
                   
                 Ionic 
                 cell 
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 conductivity 
                 resistance 
                 durability 
               
               
                 Item 
                 (mS/cm) 
                 (%) 
                 (%)@200cyc 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 8.19 
                 100 
                 93.4 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 8.73 
                 94.1 
                 94.3 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 8.68 
                 95.9 
                 94.4 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 8.51 
                 96.3 
                 94.5 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 8.47 
                 97.4 
                 94.5 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 8.32 
                 98.5 
                 94.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 4 and  FIG. 2 , Examples 1 to 5 using bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate represented by Formula 1 according to the present Example as a negative-electrode additive exhibit improvement in ion conductivity, high-temperature durability and high-rate characteristics, compared to Comparative Example using a conventional general additive VC as a negative-electrode additive under the same conditions. 
     In particular, as shown in Examples 1 to 5, gradual improvements in ionic conductivity and initial cell resistance can be obtained as the amount of bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate that is added increases. 
     However, as shown in Example 2, in which the amount of bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate that was added was 0.2% by weight, and Example 1, in which the amount of bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate that was added was 2.0% by weight, the degree of improvement in high-temperature durability was maintained constant even though the amount of the negative-electrode additive that was added was changed. 
     Therefore, when the amount of bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate that was added is greater than about 2.0% by weight, the ion conductivity and initial cell resistance can be further improved. However, the improvement in high-temperature durability may not be insufficient, and the amount that is used is greater than the amount of VC that is used as the conventional negative-electrode additive. Thus, the upper limit of the amount of bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) oxalate added is preferably of about 2.0% by weight. 
     Therefore, the negative-electrode additive may be preferably added in an amount of 0.2 to 2.0% by weight with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte solution. 
     According to various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, by adding an additive for forming an SEI film on a negative electrode to an electrolyte solution, the effect of increasing the long-term lifespan of lithium secondary batteries can be expected. 
     In addition, by using an electrolyte solution containing a high-voltage additive, an effect of reducing the cell resistance of the lithium secondary battery and thus improving the power characteristics can be expected. 
     Although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.