Patent Publication Number: US-2022217564-A1

Title: Relaxed inter-frequency measurements

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/842,091, filed May 2, 2019, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The current disclosure relates to inter-frequency measurements. 
     BACKGROUND 
     New Radio (NR) standard in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is being designed to provide service for multiple use cases such as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and Machine Type Communication (MTC). Each of these services has different technical requirements. For example, the general requirement for eMBB is high data rate with moderate latency and moderate coverage, while URLLC service requires a low latency and high reliability transmission but perhaps for moderate data rates. 
     On certain NR frequencies, there could be spotty coverage, e.g., in early deployment scenarios or when high capacity cells with small range are deployed at “hot spots.” Spotty coverage can also include instances where the frequency does not provide full coverage, the frequency provides poor coverage, the frequency does not meet some quality threshold, etc. On frequencies providing spotty coverage, a User Equipment (UE) may thus spend unnecessary measurements to detect cells when there are known “holes” on the frequency. Furthermore, the UE may spend equal amount of effort on frequencies providing spotty and normal coverage. 
     When the UE is in Idle or Inactive mode, the UE is required to measure on the inter-frequencies indicated in system information when the serving cell quality is below the inter-frequency measurement threshold. 
     When the UE is in Connected mode, the UE is required to perform inter-frequency measurements on the frequencies indicated in the measurement configuration. 
     Typically inter-frequency measurements are triggered when: 
     1. The serving cell quality decreases and there is not suitable intra-frequency cell to re-select or handover to (i.e., current frequency does not provide full coverage).
 
2. There is a suitable cell on a higher priority frequency (priority based cell re-selection).
 
3. There is a much better cell than the serving cell on another frequency (equal priority based cell re-selection).
 
     The UE can be configured to perform priority based inter-frequency cell re-selection in Idle mode, i.e., inter-frequencies are assigned a priority, and the UE tries to re-select to a higher priority frequency when possible. The UE is required to perform measurements for higher priority frequencies (in the background) at least every T higher_priority_search =([60]*N layers ) seconds, where N layers  is the total number of higher priority NR frequencies broadcasted in system information (3GPP TS 38.133). 
     The UE can be configured to perform equal priority based cell re-selection. In such cases, the UE is required to perform inter-frequency measurements when the serving cell quality is below the inter-frequency measurement threshold (S IntraSearchP  in 3GPP TS 38.304). When the UE is required to perform inter-frequency measurements, the UE performs those measurements when waking up from Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to listen to Paging in Idle mode. 
     In connected mode, the UE is required to perform inter-frequency measurements when configured via measurement configuration and when the serving cell is below the S-measure threshold (if configured). Typically, periodic measurement gaps are configured in Connected mode to enable the UE to measure on other NR frequencies. In the gap configuration (MeasGapConfig) there exist different gap patterns (gap offset, gap repetition period, measurement gap length). 
     Currently no distinction is made between spotty frequencies and frequencies providing full coverage; one of the reasons perhaps being that the network cannot guarantee that UE finds a suitable cell in all cases anyways. That is, in real and good deployment scenarios, there can always be problem areas. But based on the deployment scenario (e.g., early deployment or hot spots) the network may know in advance that full coverage on certain frequencies cannot be assumed. As such, improved systems and methods are needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods for relaxed inter-frequency measurements are provided. In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements includes receiving an indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements; and relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies. In this way, in some embodiments, the wireless device relaxes measurements on that frequency only when the network indicates that relaxed measurements may be applied to the inter-frequency. This implies that legacy measurement performance and mobility is retained. The measurements can be relaxed when the network is aware of spotty coverage on certain frequencies. Furthermore, the network has explicit control over the relaxation, e.g., the network can indicate how much the measurements may be relaxed, i.e., there can be a guarantee for a minimum measurement performance. The wireless device can revert to legacy measurement requirements when the wireless device detects a suitable cell or the wireless device performs cell re-selection. 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes an indication that the one or more frequencies have spotty coverage. In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes a single bit for each of the frequencies where one value indicates that the frequency should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements and the other value indicates that the frequency should not have relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes, if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, postponing the next measurement on that frequency for a second time which is longer than the first time. In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies also includes, if no cell is again detected on the frequency after second time, again postponing the next measurement on that frequency for an even longer time. 
     In some embodiments, if the wireless device detects a suitable cell or performs cell re-selection, the wireless device reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes skipping a defined number of consecutive measurement gaps when measurement gaps are configured. In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes, if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, increasing T higher_priority_search . In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies also includes, if no cell is again detected on the frequency, again increasing T higher_priority_search . 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes an indication in SIB4 per inter-frequency if the frequency provides spotty coverage and whether the wireless device may apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements when the wireless device fails to detect any suitable cells. 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes an indication in a measurement object (e.g., a MeasObjectNR) for the inter-frequency (e.g., a ssbFrequency). 
     In some embodiments, a method performed by a base station for relaxing inter-frequency measurements includes determining that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements and relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies. In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes transmitting to a wireless device an indication that the one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements. In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes an indication that the one or more frequencies have spotty coverage. 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements includes a single bit for each of the frequencies where one value indicates that the frequency should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements and the other value indicates that the frequency should not have relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, postponing the next measurement on that frequency for a second time which is longer than the first time. 
     In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies also includes indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is again detected on the frequency after second time, again postponing the next measurement on that frequency for an even longer time. 
     In some embodiments, the method also includes indicating to the wireless device that if the wireless device detects a suitable cell or performs cell re-selection, the wireless device reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. 
     In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes indicating to the wireless device to skip a defined number of consecutive measurement gaps when measurement gaps are configured. In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, increasing T higher_priority_search . In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies also includes indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is again detected on the frequency, again increasing T higher_priority_search . 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in SIB4 per inter-frequency if the frequency provides spotty coverage, and whether the wireless device may apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements when the wireless device fails to detect any suitable cells. 
     In some embodiments, the indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in a measurement object (e.g., a MeasObjectNR) for the inter-frequency (e.g., a ssbFrequency). 
     In some embodiments, relaxing inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies includes altering the measurement configuration for the one or more frequencies that should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a cellular communications network, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a wireless communication system represented as a Fifth Generation (5G) network architecture composed of core Network Functions (NFs), according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a 5G network architecture using service-based interfaces between the NFs in the control plane instead of the point-to-point reference points/interfaces used in the 5G network architecture of  FIG. 2 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example situation where spotty coverage may occur, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a method performed by a wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a method performed by a base station for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic block diagram of a radio access node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic block diagram that illustrates a virtualized embodiment of the radio access node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic block diagram of the radio access node according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic block diagram of a wireless communication device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic block diagram of the wireless communication device according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a communication system which includes a telecommunication network, such as a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-type cellular network, which comprises an access network, such as a Radio Access Network (RAN), and a core network, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a communication system, a host computer comprises hardware including a communication interface configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 14-17  are flowcharts illustrating methods implemented in a communication system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments set forth below represent information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure. 
     Radio Node: As used herein, a “radio node” is either a radio access node or a wireless device. 
     Radio Access Node: As used herein, a “radio access node” or “radio network node” is any node in a radio access network of a cellular communications network that operates to wirelessly transmit and/or receive signals. Some examples of a radio access node include, but are not limited to, a base station (e.g., a New Radio (NR) base station (gNB) in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) NR network or an enhanced or evolved Node B (eNB) in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), a high-power or macro base station, a low-power base station (e.g., a micro base station, a pico base station, a home eNB, or the like), and a relay node. 
     Core Network Node: As used herein, a “core network node” is any type of node in a core network. Some examples of a core network node include, e.g., a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), a Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF), or the like. 
     Wireless Device: As used herein, a “wireless device” is any type of device that has access to (i.e., is served by) a cellular communications network by wirelessly transmitting and/or receiving signals to a radio access node(s). Some examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a User Equipment device (UE) in a 3GPP network and a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device. 
     Network Node: As used herein, a “network node” is any node that is either part of the radio access network or the core network of a cellular communications network/system. 
     Note that the description given herein focuses on a 3GPP cellular communications system and, as such, 3GPP terminology or terminology similar to 3GPP terminology is oftentimes used. However, the concepts disclosed herein are not limited to a 3GPP system. 
     Note that, in the description herein, reference may be made to the term “cell”; however, particularly with respect to 5G NR concepts, beams may be used instead of cells and, as such, it is important to note that the concepts described herein are equally applicable to both cells and beams. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a cellular communications network  100  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the embodiments described herein, the cellular communications network  100  is a 5G NR network. In this example, the cellular communications network  100  includes base stations  102 - 1  and  102 - 2 , which in LTE are referred to as eNBs and in 5G NR are referred to as gNBs, controlling corresponding macro cells  104 - 1  and  104 - 2 . The base stations  102 - 1  and  102 - 2  are generally referred to herein collectively as base stations  102  and individually as base station  102 . Likewise, the macro cells  104 - 1  and  104 - 2  are generally referred to herein collectively as macro cells  104  and individually as macro cell  104 . The cellular communications network  100  may also include a number of low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  controlling corresponding small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4 . The low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  can be small base stations (such as pico or femto base stations) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), or the like. Notably, while not illustrated, one or more of the small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4  may alternatively be provided by the base stations  102 . The low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  are generally referred to herein collectively as low power nodes  106  and individually as low power node  106 . Likewise, the small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4  are generally referred to herein collectively as small cells  108  and individually as small cell  108 . The base stations  102  (and optionally the low power nodes  106 ) are connected to a core network  110 . 
     The base stations  102  and the low power nodes  106  provide service to wireless devices  112 - 1  through  112 - 5  in the corresponding cells  104  and  108 . The wireless devices  112 - 1  through  112 - 5  are generally referred to herein collectively as wireless devices  112  and individually as wireless device  112 . The wireless devices  112  are also sometimes referred to herein as UEs. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a wireless communication system represented as a 5G network architecture composed of core Network Functions (NFs), where interaction between any two NFs is represented by a point-to-point reference point/interface.  FIG. 2  can be viewed as one particular implementation of the system  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Seen from the access side the 5G network architecture shown in  FIG. 2  comprises a plurality of User Equipment (UEs) connected to either a Radio Access Network (RAN) or an Access Network (AN) as well as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF). Typically, the R(AN) comprises base stations, e.g., such as evolved Node Bs (eNBs) or 5G base stations (gNBs) or similar. Seen from the core network side, the 5G core NFs shown in  FIG. 2  include a Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF), an Authentication Server Function (AUSF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an AMF, a Session Management Function (SMF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), and an Application Function (AF). 
     Reference point representations of the 5G network architecture are used to develop detailed call flows in the normative standardization. The N 1  reference point is defined to carry signaling between the UE and AMF. The reference points for connecting between the AN and AMF and between the AN and User Plane Function (UPF) are defined as N 2  and N 3 , respectively. There is a reference point, N 11 , between the AMF and SMF, which implies that the SMF is at least partly controlled by the AMF. N 4  is used by the SMF and UPF so that the UPF can be set using the control signal generated by the SMF, and the UPF can report its state to the SMF. N 9  is the reference point for the connection between different UPFs, and N 14  is the reference point connecting between different AMFs, respectively. N 15  and N 7  are defined since the PCF applies policy to the AMF and SMP, respectively. N 12  is required for the AMF to perform authentication of the UE. N 8  and N 10  are defined because the subscription data of the UE is required for the AMF and SMF. 
     The 5G core network aims at separating user plane and control plane. The user plane carries user traffic while the control plane carries signaling in the network. In  FIG. 2 , the UPF is in the user plane and all other NFs, i.e., the AMF, SMF, PCF, AF, AUSF, and UDM, are in the control plane. Separating the user and control planes guarantees each plane resource to be scaled independently. It also allows UPFs to be deployed separately from control plane functions in a distributed fashion. In this architecture, UPFs may be deployed very close to UEs to shorten the Round Trip Time (RTT) between UEs and data network for some applications requiring low latency. 
     The core 5G network architecture is composed of modularized functions. For example, the AMF and SMF are independent functions in the control plane. Separated AMF and SMF allow independent evolution and scaling. Other control plane functions like the PCF and AUSF can be separated as shown in  FIG. 2 . Modularized function design enables the 5G core network to support various services flexibly. 
     Each NF interacts with another NF directly. It is possible to use intermediate functions to route messages from one NF to another NF. In the control plane, a set of interactions between two NFs is defined as service so that its reuse is possible. This service enables support for modularity. The user plane supports interactions such as forwarding operations between different UPFs. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a 5G network architecture using service-based interfaces between the NFs in the control plane, instead of the point-to-point reference points/interfaces used in the 5G network architecture of  FIG. 2 . However, the NFs described above with reference to  FIG. 2  correspond to the NFs shown in  FIG. 3 . The service(s) etc. that a NF provides to other authorized NFs can be exposed to the authorized NFs through the service-based interface. In  FIG. 3  the service based interfaces are indicated by the letter “N” followed by the name of the NF, e.g., Namf for the service based interface of the AMF and Nsmf for the service based interface of the SMF etc. The Network Exposure Function (NEF) and the Network Repository Function (NRF) in  FIG. 3  are not shown in  FIG. 2  discussed above. However, it should be clarified that all NFs depicted in  FIG. 2  can interact with the NEF and the NRF of  FIG. 3  as necessary, though not explicitly indicated in  FIG. 2 . 
     Some properties of the NFs shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  may be described in the following manner. The AMF provides UE-based authentication, authorization, mobility management, etc. A UE even using multiple access technologies is basically connected to a single AMF because the AMF is independent of the access technologies. The SMF is responsible for session management and allocates Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to UEs. It also selects and controls the UPF for data transfer. If a UE has multiple sessions, different SMFs may be allocated to each session to manage them individually and possibly provide different functionalities per session. The AF provides information on the packet flow to the PCF responsible for policy control in order to support Quality of Service (QoS). Based on the information, the PCF determines policies about mobility and session management to make the AMF and SMF operate properly. The AUSF supports authentication function for UEs or similar and thus stores data for authentication of UEs or similar while the UDM stores subscription data of the UE. The Data Network (DN), not part of the 5G core network, provides Internet access or operator services and similar. 
     An NF may be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g., a cloud infrastructure. 
     In connected mode, the UE is required to perform inter-frequency measurements when configured via measurement configuration and when the serving cell is below the S-measure threshold (if configured). Typically, periodic measurement gaps are configured in Connected mode to enable the UE to measure on other NR frequencies. In the gap configuration (e.g., MeasGapConfig) there exist different gap patterns (gap offset, gap repetition period, measurement gap length). 
     Currently no distinction is made between spotty frequencies and frequencies providing full coverage; one of the reasons perhaps being that the network cannot guarantee that UE finds a suitable cell in all cases anyways. That is, in real and good deployment scenarios, there can always be problem areas. But based on the deployment scenario (e.g., early deployment or hot spots) the network may know in advance that full coverage on certain frequencies cannot be assumed. 
     There currently exist certain challenges. The UE is currently not aware if a frequency provides spotty coverage due to its deployment scenario or because the UE is in a bad coverage spot. It should also be noted that bad coverage spots may arise temporarily due to changing radio environment (e.g., moving objects). 
     The network could try to configure only those frequencies in system information in Idle/Inactive mode for which the UE can find coverage. But in certain deployment scenarios (e.g., early deployment or hot spots) this may not be possible. 
     The network could try to configure inter-frequency measurements in Connected mode only when the UE is in coverage on a certain frequency. But this may require exact and precise information in the gNB of the UE&#39;s location and detailed knowledge about the inter-frequency coverage. 
     Both in Idle/Inactive mode and Connected mode, the UE can be required to measure on an NR frequency, but due to the spotty coverage, the UE may not detect any (suitable) cell. This situation could change when the UE moves, but while the UE is stationary, this situation may persist for some time and thus cause unnecessary UE power consumption. 
     When the UE does not detect any suitable cells on an inter-frequency, it normally does not mean that the UE should not continue to measure on such frequency, i.e., the UE may be an area where the inter-frequency coverage is weak. As such, improved systems and methods are needed. 
     Systems and methods for relaxed inter-frequency measurements are provided. In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements includes receiving an indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements; and relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies. In this way, in some embodiments, the wireless device relaxes measurements on that frequency only when the network indicates that relaxed measurements may be applied to the inter-frequency. This implies that legacy measurement performance and mobility is retained. The measurements can be relaxed when the network is aware of spotty coverage on certain frequencies. Furthermore, the network has explicit control over the relaxation, e.g., the network can indicate how much the measurements may be relaxed, i.e., there can be a guarantee for a minimum measurement performance. The wireless device can revert to legacy measurement requirements when the wireless device detects a suitable cell or the wireless device performs cell re-selection. 
     Some embodiments could include one or more of the following: 
     1. Indication per NR inter-frequency whether the frequency provides “normal” or “spotty” coverage.
 
2. Control of relaxed measurements on “spotty” frequency.
 
3. Return to legacy measurements when the UE detects a suitable cell or the UE performs cell re-selection.
 
     Some embodiments of the current disclosure relate to relaxation of inter-frequency measurements in spotty coverage. 
     On certain frequencies, there could be spotty coverage, e.g., in early deployment scenarios or when high capacity cells with small range are deployed at “hot spots.” Both in IDLE/INACTIVE mode and CONNECTED mode, the UE can be requested to measure on an inter-frequency. However, due to spotty coverage, the UE might not detect any suitable cell. This situation could change when the UE moves. However, while the UE is stationary, this situation may persist for some time and thus cause unnecessary UE power consumption. Observation 1: Spotty inter-frequency coverage may cause unnecessary UE power consumption. 
     When the UE does not detect any (suitable) cells on an inter-frequency, it normally does not mean that the UE should not continue to measure on such frequency, i.e., the UE may be an area where the inter-frequency coverage is weak. But in case the network is aware of spotty coverage due to the specific deployment scenario, then the network could indicate this to the UE for specific frequencies. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example situation where spotty coverage may occur. This example of a cellular communications network  100  includes base stations  400 - 1  and  400 - 2 , which in LTE are referred to as eNBs and in 5G NR are referred to as gNBs, controlling corresponding cells  402 - 1  and  402 - 2 . The base stations  400 - 1  and  400 - 2  provide service to wireless devices  404 - 1  and  404 - 2  in the corresponding cells. In this embodiment, the base station  400 - 2  is part of an early deployment scenario or a high capacity cell with small range deployed at a “hot spot.” In this case, a frequency used by base station  400 - 2  has spotty coverage. If both wireless devices  404 - 1  and  404 - 2  are configured to make inter-frequency measurements on this frequency, wireless device  404 - 1  might not be able to find any cell while wireless device  404 - 2  might be able to make measurements without problems. 
     In instances such as this, the network could indicate which frequencies can be expected to provide spotty coverage due to the deployment scenario on that frequency. For instance, the wireless devices  404 - 1  and  404 - 2  could be informed that a frequency used by base station  400 - 2  has spotty coverage. In this way, the wireless devices  404 - 1  and  404 - 2  could take certain actions to apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements when it does not detect any (suitable) cell. This could reduce unnecessary power consumption. 
     Also, in the case where the network knows that a frequency used by base station  400 - 2  has spotty coverage, the network could alter the measurement configurations sent to the wireless devices. This could reduce unnecessary power consumption. 
     For instance,  FIG. 5  illustrates a method performed by a wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements according to some embodiments. The wireless device (such as wireless device  404 - 1 ) receives an indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements (step  500 ). The wireless device then relaxes inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies (step  502 ). This relaxation can be accomplished in many ways as discussed herein. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 6  illustrates a method performed by a base station for relaxing inter-frequency measurements according to some embodiments. The base station (or any other appropriate node) determines that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements (step  600 ). The base station then relaxes inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies (step  602 ). This relaxation can be accomplished in many ways as discussed herein. For instance, in some embodiments, the relaxation is accomplished by the base station altering how to indicate and/or schedule measurements. In some embodiments, the relaxation is accomplished by the base station indicating to the wireless device that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     Such indication could be as simple as a single bit indicator indicating “spotty” or “normal” (default) coverage (when an Information Element (IE) is omitted). In case the network has indicated spotty coverage for a frequency, it can be studied further if some relaxed monitoring can be allowed for that frequency, for example: 
     1. When no (suitable) cell is detected after a first time period (e.g., T1 seconds) on the frequency, the UE may postpone measurements on that frequency for a second time period (e.g., T2 seconds).
 
2. When the UE detects a suitable cell or the UE performs cell re-selection, the UE reverts back to legacy measurement requirements.
 
     In case the network is aware of spotty coverage due to the specific deployment scenario, then the network could indicate this to the UE for specific frequencies, both in Idle/Inactive and Connected mode. 
     The network could indicate which frequencies can be expected to provide spotty coverage due to the deployment scenario on that frequency. Such indication could be as simple as a single bit indicator indication of “spotty” or “normal” (default) coverage (i.e., when the IE is omitted), or more detailed information could be provided. Instead of “spotty” indication, it could be indicated that UE may apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements for that frequency instead. More detailed information may include that the network indicates not only which frequencies have spotty coverage, but that the order in which those frequencies are signalled indicates some relative ordering how the UE should spend it measurement effort over those frequencies. 
     In case the network has indicated spotty coverage for a frequency, the UE may apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements when it does not detect any (suitable) cell. 
     The measurement relaxation may depend on whether priority based or equal priority (i.e., cell ranking) inter-frequency cell re-selection is configured: 
     For example, in some embodiments, equal priority based cell re-selection (cell ranking) can be used. In some embodiments, when no (suitable) cell is detected after T1 (seconds), the UE may postpone measurements on that frequency for T2 (seconds). When repeated measurements do not lead to any detected cells, T2 may be increased further. When the UE detects a suitable cell or the UE performs cell re-selection, the UE reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. The measurement relaxation could be defined in the number of consecutive measurement gaps that the UE may skip to use to measure when measurement gaps are configured. 
     As another example, in some embodiments, priority based cell re-selection can be used. In some embodiments, increased T higher_priority_search  occurs when no (suitable) cell is detected after T1 (seconds). When repeated measurements do not lead to any detected cells, T higher_priority_search  may be increased further. When the UE detects a suitable cell or the UE performs cell re-selection, the UE reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. The measurement relaxation could be defined in the number of consecutive measurement gaps that the UE may skip to use to measure when measurement gaps are configured. 
     When the UE is in Idle/Inactive mode, some embodiments include an indication in System Information Block 4 (SIB4) per inter-frequency if the frequency provides spotty coverage, and whether the UE may apply relaxed inter-frequency measurements when it fails to detect any suitable cells (3GPP TS 38.331). In some embodiments, relaxed inter-frequency measurements can be specified when the network has indicated spotty coverage (3GPP TS 38.304). 
     When the UE is in Connected mode, some embodiments include an indication in the measurement object (e.g., MeasObjectNR) for the inter-frequency (e.g., ssbFrequency). In some embodiments, relaxed inter-frequency measurements can be specified when the network has indicated spotty coverage (3GPP TS 38.133). 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic block diagram of a radio access node  700  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The radio access node  700  may be, for example, a base station  102  or  106 . As illustrated, the radio access node  700  includes a control system  702  that includes one or more processors  704  (e.g., Central Processing 
     Units (CPUs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and/or the like), memory  706 , and a network interface  708 . The one or more processors  704  are also referred to herein as processing circuitry. In addition, the radio access node  700  includes one or more radio units  710  that each includes one or more transmitters  712  and one or more receivers  714  coupled to one or more antennas  716 . The radio units  710  may be referred to or be part of radio interface circuitry. In some embodiments, the radio unit(s)  710  is external to the control system  702  and connected to the control system  702  via, e.g., a wired connection (e.g., an optical cable). However, in some other embodiments, the radio unit(s)  710  and potentially the antenna(s)  716  are integrated together with the control system  702 . The one or more processors  704  operate to provide one or more functions of a radio access node  700  as described herein. In some embodiments, the function(s) are implemented in software that is stored, e.g., in the memory  706  and executed by the one or more processors  704 . 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic block diagram that illustrates a virtualized embodiment of the radio access node  700  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This discussion is equally applicable to other types of network nodes. Further, other types of network nodes may have similar virtualized architectures. 
     As used herein, a “virtualized” radio access node is an implementation of the radio access node  700  in which at least a portion of the functionality of the radio access node  700  is implemented as a virtual component(s) (e.g., via a virtual machine(s) executing on a physical processing node(s) in a network(s)). As illustrated, in this example, the radio access node  700  includes the control system  702  that includes the one or more processors  704  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), the memory  706 , and the network interface  708  and the one or more radio units  710  that each includes the one or more transmitters  712  and the one or more receivers  714  coupled to the one or more antennas  716 , as described above. The control system  702  is connected to the radio unit(s)  710  via, for example, an optical cable or the like. The control system  702  is connected to one or more processing nodes  800  coupled to or included as part of a network(s)  802  via the network interface  708 . Each processing node  800  includes one or more processors  804  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), memory  806 , and a network interface  808 . 
     In this example, functions  810  of the radio access node  700  described herein are implemented at the one or more processing nodes  800  or distributed across the control system  702  and the one or more processing nodes  800  in any desired manner. In some particular embodiments, some or all of the functions  810  of the radio access node  700  described herein are implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in a virtual environment(s) hosted by the processing node(s)  800 . As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, additional signaling or communication between the processing node(s)  800  and the control system  702  is used in order to carry out at least some of the desired functions  810 . Notably, in some embodiments, the control system  702  may not be included, in which case the radio unit(s)  710  communicate directly with the processing node(s)  800  via an appropriate network interface(s). 
     In some embodiments, a computer program including instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of radio access node  700  or a node (e.g., a processing node  800 ) implementing one or more of the functions  810  of the radio access node  700  in a virtual environment according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory). 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic block diagram of the radio access node  700  according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The radio access node  700  includes one or more modules  900 , each of which is implemented in software. The module(s)  900  provide the functionality of the radio access node  700  described herein. This discussion is equally applicable to the processing node  800  of  FIG. 8  where the modules  900  may be implemented at one of the processing nodes  800  or distributed across multiple processing nodes  800  and/or distributed across the processing node(s)  800  and the control system  702 . 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic block diagram of a UE  1000  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the UE  1000  includes one or more processors  1002  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), memory  1004 , and one or more transceivers  1006  each including one or more transmitters  1008  and one or more receivers  1010  coupled to one or more antennas  1012 . The transceiver(s)  1006  includes radio-front end circuitry connected to the antenna(s)  1012  that is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna(s)  1012  and the processor(s)  1002 , as will be appreciated by on of ordinary skill in the art. The processors  1002  are also referred to herein as processing circuitry. The transceivers  1006  are also referred to herein as radio circuitry. In some embodiments, the functionality of the UE  1000  described above may be fully or partially implemented in software that is, e.g., stored in the memory  1004  and executed by the processor(s)  1002 . Note that the UE  1000  may include additional components not illustrated in  FIG. 10  such as, e.g., one or more user interface components (e.g., an input/output interface including a display, buttons, a touch screen, a microphone, a speaker(s), and/or the like and/or any other components for allowing input of information into the UE  1000  and/or allowing output of information from the UE  1000 ), a power supply (e.g., a battery and associated power circuitry), etc. 
     In some embodiments, a computer program including instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of the UE  1000  according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory). 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic block diagram of the UE  1000  according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The UE  1000  includes one or more modules  1100 , each of which is implemented in software. The module(s)  1100  provide the functionality of the UE  1000  described herein. 
     With reference to  FIG. 12 , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes a telecommunication network  1200 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises an access network  1202 , such as a RAN, and a core network  1204 . The access network  1202  comprises a plurality of base stations  1206 A,  1206 B,  1206 C, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless Access Points (APs), each defining a corresponding coverage area  1208 A,  1208 B,  1208 C. Each base station  1206 A,  1206 B,  1206 C is connectable to the core network  1204  over a wired or wireless connection  1210 . A first UE  1212  located in coverage area  1208 C is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  1206 C. A second UE  1214  in coverage area  1208 A is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  1206 A. While a plurality of UEs  1212 ,  1214  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  1206 . 
     The telecommunication network  1200  is itself connected to a host computer  1216 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, or as processing resources in a server farm. The host computer  1216  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  1218  and  1220  between the telecommunication network  1200  and the host computer  1216  may extend directly from the core network  1204  to the host computer  1216  or may go via an optional intermediate network  1222 . The intermediate network  1222  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private, or hosted network; the intermediate network  1222 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, the intermediate network  1222  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG. 12  as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  1212 ,  1214 , and the host computer  1216 . The connectivity may be described as an Over-the-Top (OTT) connection  1224 . The host computer  1216  and the connected UEs  1212 ,  1214  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via the OTT connection  1224 , using the access network  1202 , the core network  1204 , any intermediate network  1222 , and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection  1224  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection  1224  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station  1206  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from the host computer  1216  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  1212 . Similarly, the base station  1206  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  1212  towards the host computer  1216 . 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station, and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG. 13 . In a communication system  1300 , a host computer  1302  comprises hardware  1304  including a communication interface  1306  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  1300 . The host computer  1302  further comprises processing circuitry  1308 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuitry  1308  may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer  1302  further comprises software  1310 , which is stored in or accessible by the host computer  1302  and executable by the processing circuitry  1308 . The software  1310  includes a host application  1312 . The host application  1312  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as a UE  1314  connecting via an OTT connection  1316  terminating at the UE  1314  and the host computer  1302 . In providing the service to the remote user, the host application  1312  may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection  1316 . 
     The communication system  1300  further includes a base station  1318  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  1320  enabling it to communicate with the host computer  1302  and with the UE  1314 . The hardware  1320  may include a communication interface  1322  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  1300 , as well as a radio interface  1324  for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection  1326  with the UE  1314  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG. 13 ) served by the base station  1318 . The communication interface  1322  may be configured to facilitate a connection  1328  to the host computer  1302 . The connection  1328  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG. 13 ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware  1320  of the base station  1318  further includes processing circuitry  1330 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station  1318  further has software  1332  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     The communication system  1300  further includes the UE  1314  already referred to. The UE&#39;s  1314  hardware  1334  may include a radio interface  1336  configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection  1326  with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE  1314  is currently located. The hardware  1334  of the UE  1314  further includes processing circuitry  1338 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE  1314  further comprises software  1340 , which is stored in or accessible by the UE  1314  and executable by the processing circuitry  1338 . The software  1340  includes a client application  1342 . The client application  1342  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the UE  1314 , with the support of the host computer  1302 . In the host computer  1302 , the executing host application  1312  may communicate with the executing client application  1342  via the OTT connection  1316  terminating at the UE  1314  and the host computer  1302 . In providing the service to the user, the client application  1342  may receive request data from the host application  1312  and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection  1316  may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application  1342  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that the host computer  1302 , the base station  1318 , and the UE  1314  illustrated in  FIG. 13  may be similar or identical to the host computer  1216 , one of the base stations  1206 A,  1206 B,  1206 C, and one of the UEs  1212 ,  1214  of  FIG. 12 , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG. 13  and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG. 12 . 
     In  FIG. 13 , the OTT connection  1316  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host computer  1302  and the UE  1314  via the base station  1318  without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, which may be configured to hide from the UE  1314  or from the service provider operating the host computer  1302 , or both. While the OTT connection  1316  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     The wireless connection  1326  between the UE  1314  and the base station  1318  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE  1314  using the OTT connection  1316 , in which the wireless connection  1326  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the power consumption and thereby provide benefits such as extended battery lifetime. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  1316  between the host computer  1302  and the UE  1314 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  1316  may be implemented in the software  1310  and the hardware  1304  of the host computer  1302  or in the software  1340  and the hardware  1334  of the UE  1314 , or both. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which the OTT connection  1316  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which the software  1310 ,  1340  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection  1316  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect the base station  1318 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station  1318 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating the host computer  1302 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency, and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that the software  1310  and  1340  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection  1316  while it monitors propagation times, errors, etc. 
       FIG. 14  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 14  will be included in this section. In step  1400 , the host computer provides user data. In sub-step  1402  (which may be optional) of step  1400 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1404 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  1406  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1408  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG. 15  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 15  will be included in this section. In step  1500  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub-step (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1502 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1504  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG. 16  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 16  will be included in this section. In step  1600  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  1602 , the UE provides user data. In sub-step  1604  (which may be optional) of step  1600 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step  1606  (which may be optional) of step  1602 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in sub-step  1608  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  1610  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG. 17  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 17  will be included in this section. In step  1700  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. 
     In step  1702  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  1704  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include Digital Signal Processor (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     While processes in the figures may show a particular order of operations performed by certain embodiments of the present disclosure, it should be understood that such order is exemplary (e.g., alternative embodiments may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, overlap certain operations, etc.). 
     Group A Embodiments 
     Embodiment 1: A method performed by a wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, the method comprising: receiving ( 500 ) an indication that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements; and relaxing ( 502 ) the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies. 
     Embodiment 2: The method of embodiment 1 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication that the one or more frequencies have spotty coverage. 
     Embodiment 3: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 2 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises a single bit for each of the frequencies where one value indicates that the frequency should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements and the other value indicates that the frequency should not have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     Embodiment 4: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 3 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, postponing the next measurement on that frequency for a second time which is longer than the first time. 
     Embodiment 5: The method of embodiment 4 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies further comprises: if no cell is again detected on the frequency after the second time, again postponing the next measurement on that frequency for an even longer time. 
     Embodiment 6: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 5 further comprising: if the wireless device detects a suitable cell or performs cell re-selection, the wireless device reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. 
     Embodiment 7: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 6 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: skipping a defined number of consecutive measurement gaps when measurement gaps are configured. 
     Embodiment 8: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 7 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, increasing Thigher_priority_search. 
     Embodiment 9: The method of embodiment 8 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies further comprises: if no cell is again detected on the frequency, again increasing Thigher_priority_search. 
     Embodiment 10: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 9 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in SIB4 per inter-frequency if the frequency provides spotty coverage, and whether the wireless device may apply the relaxed inter-frequency measurements when the wireless device fails to detect any suitable cells. 
     Embodiment 11: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 9 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in a measurement object (such as MeasObjectNR) for the inter-frequency (such as ssbFrequency). 
     Embodiment 12: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: providing user data; and forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the base station. 
     Group B Embodiments 
     Embodiment 13: A method performed by a base station for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, the method comprising: determining ( 600 ) that one or more frequencies should have relaxed inter-frequency measurements; and relaxing ( 602 ) the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies. 
     Embodiment 14: The method of embodiment 13 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises transmitting to a wireless device an indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     Embodiment 15: The method of embodiment 14 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication that the one or more frequencies have spotty coverage. 
     Embodiment 16: The method of any of embodiments 14 to 15 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises a single bit for each of the frequencies where one value indicates that the frequency should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements and the other value indicates that the frequency should not have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     Embodiment 17: The method of any of embodiments 1 to 3 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: 
     indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, postponing the next measurement on that frequency for a second time which is longer than the first time. 
     Embodiment 18: The method of embodiment 17 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies further comprises: 
     indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is again detected on the frequency after the second time, again postponing the next measurement on that frequency for an even longer time. 
     Embodiment 19: The method of any of embodiments 14 to 18 further comprising: indicating to the wireless device that if the wireless device detects a suitable cell or performs cell re-selection, the wireless device reverts back to legacy measurement requirements. 
     Embodiment 20: The method of any of embodiments 14 to 19 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: indicating to the wireless device to skip a defined number of consecutive measurement gaps when measurement gaps are configured. 
     Embodiment 21: The method of any of embodiments 14 to 20 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises: indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is detected on a frequency after a first time, increasing Thigher_priority_search. 
     Embodiment 22: The method of embodiment 21 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies further comprises: indicating to the wireless device that if no cell is again detected on the frequency, again increasing Thigher_priority_search. 
     Embodiment 23: The method of any of embodiments 13 to 22 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in SIB4 per inter-frequency if the frequency provides spotty coverage, and whether the wireless device may apply the relaxed inter-frequency measurements when the wireless device fails to detect any suitable cells. 
     Embodiment 24: The method of any of embodiments 13 to 23 wherein the indication that the one or more frequencies should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements comprises an indication in a measurement object (such as MeasObjectNR) for the inter-frequency (such as ssbFrequency). 
     Embodiment 25: The method of embodiment 13 wherein relaxing the inter-frequency measurements for the one or more indicated frequencies comprises altering the measurement configuration for the one or more frequencies that should have the relaxed inter-frequency measurements. 
     Embodiment 26: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: obtaining user data; and forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device. 
     Group C Embodiments 
     Embodiment 27: A wireless device for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, the wireless device comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device. 
     Embodiment 28: A base station for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, the base station comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments; and power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station. 
     Embodiment 29: A User Equipment, UE, for relaxing inter-frequency measurements, the UE comprising: an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals; radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry; an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE. 
     Embodiment 30: A communication system including a host computer comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a User Equipment, UE; wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 31: The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
     Embodiment 32: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
     Embodiment 33: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 34: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, providing user data; and at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 35: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data. 
     Embodiment 36: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 37: A User Equipment, UE, configured to communicate with a base station, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform the method of the previous 3 embodiments. 
     Embodiment 38: A communication system including a host computer comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a 
     User Equipment, UE; wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 39: The communication system of the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE. 
     Embodiment 40: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 41: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, providing user data; and at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 42: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station. 
     Embodiment 43: A communication system including a host computer comprising: communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a User Equipment, UE, to a base station; wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 44: The communication system of the previous embodiment, further including the UE. 
     Embodiment 45: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station. 
     Embodiment 46: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data. 
     Embodiment 47: The communication system of the previous 4 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data. 
     Embodiment 48: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 49: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station. 
     Embodiment 50: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising: at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application. 
     Embodiment 51: The method of the previous 3 embodiments, further comprising: at the UE, executing a client application; and at the UE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application; wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data. 
     Embodiment 52: A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a User Equipment, UE, to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 53: The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
     Embodiment 54: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
     Embodiment 55: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer. 
     Embodiment 56: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 57: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE. 
     Embodiment 58: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. 
     At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).
     3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project   5G Fifth Generation   AF Application Function   AMF Access and Mobility Function   AN Access Network   AP Access Point   ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit   AUSF Authentication Server Function   CPU Central Processing Unit   DN Data Network   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DSP Digital Signal Processor   eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband   eNB Enhanced or Evolved Node B   FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array   gNB New Radio Base Station   IE Information Element   IP Internet Protocol   LTE Long Term Evolution   MME Mobility Management Entity   MTC Machine Type Communication   NEF Network Exposure Function   NF Network Function   NR New Radio   NRF Network Function Repository Function   NSSF Network Slice Selection Function   OTT Over-the-Top   PCF Policy Control Function   P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway   QoS Quality of Service   RAM Random Access Memory   RAN Radio Access Network   ROM Read Only Memory   RRH Remote Radio Head   RTT Round Trip Time   SCEF Service Capability Exposure Function   SMF Session Management Function   UDM Unified Data Management   UE User Equipment   UPF User Plane Function   URLLC Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication   

     Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein.