Patent Publication Number: US-2012044283-A1

Title: Printing cartridge storing operation script for controlling printhead

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/778,086 filed May 11, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/485,744 filed on Feb. 4, 2004, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,172, which is a 371 of PCT/AU02/00913 filed on Jul. 9, 2002, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of printer technology and discloses a printing cartridge for use in an image printer or the like. In particular, the present invention discloses a printing cartridge which incorporates radio frequency identification. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Recently, digital printing technology has been proposed as a suitable replacement for traditional camera and photographic film techniques. The traditional film and photographic techniques rely upon a film roll having a number of pre-formatted negatives which are drawn past a lensing system and onto which is imaged a negative of a image taken by the lensing system. Upon the completion of a film roll, the film is rewound into its container and forwarded to a processing shop for processing and development of the negatives so as to produce a corresponding positive set of photos. 
     Unfortunately, such a system has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the chemicals utilized are obviously very sensitive to light and any light impinging upon the film roll will lead to exposure of the film. They are therefore required to operate in a light sensitive environment where the light imaging is totally controlled. This results in onerous engineering requirements leading to increased expense. Further, film processing techniques require the utilizing of a “negative” and its subsequent processing onto a “positive” film paper through the utilization of processing chemicals and complex silver halide processing etc. This is generally unduly cumbersome, complex and expensive. Further, such a system through its popularity has lead to the standardization on certain size film formats and generally minimal flexibility is possible with the aforementioned techniques. 
     Recently, all digital cameras have been introduced. These camera devices normally utilize a charge coupled device (CCD) or other form of photosensor connected to a processing chip which in turn is connected to and controls a media storage device which can take the form of a detachable magnetic card. In this type of device, the image is captured by the CCD and stored on the magnetic storage device. At some later time, the image or images which have been captured are down loaded to a computer device and printed out for viewing. The digital camera has the disadvantage that access to images is non-immediate and the further post processing step of loading onto a computer system is required, the further post processing often being a hindrance to ready and expedient use. 
     Therefore, there remains a general need for an improved form of camera picture image production apparatus which is convenient, simple and effective in operation. Further, there also remains a need for a simple form of portable, immediate print media on which images can be effectively reproduced. 
     In the parent application, there is disclosed the use of an authentication chip to provide information in connection with the print media and the media colorant that is supplied with the cartridge. 
     The Applicant has identified that it would be highly desirable to provide a means whereby information concerning one or both of the media and the media colorant could be supplied together with the cartridge. The reason for this is that such information could be used, in a suitable form, by a processor of such a device to enhance operation of a printing mechanism. It will be appreciated that printing mechanisms need to operate differently with different types of media and media colorant. It follows that it would be useful to supply information concerning media and media colorant to a controller of the printing mechanism so that operation of the printing mechanism could be automatically adjusted to suit the particular media and media colorant. 
     With suitable encryption techniques, this could be used to inhibit after-market refilling. As is well known in the field of printing technology, such after-market refilling has become a cause for substantial concern in the printing industry. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a printing device comprises a processor; a printing cartridge having a housing and a supply of media; a memory storing a plurality of scripts containing instructions for controlling an operation of a printhead of the print device; 
     a data lookup table provided in the processor, the data lookup table storing a plurality of first codes respectively corresponding to the plurality of scripts; a radio frequency tag embedded within the housing of the printing cartridge and carrying a second code; and a radio frequency tag reader communicating the second code to the processor. The processor applies an algorithm to the second code to identify the first code associated therewith, identifies a script from the plurality of scripts stored in the memory corresponding to the identified first code, and operates the printhead in accordance with the identified script. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Notwithstanding any other forms that may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an Artcam device constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of the main Artcam electronic components; 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic block diagram of the main Artcam components, including a radio frequency tag reader for reading a radio frequency tag; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic block diagram of the Artcam Central Processor; 
         FIG. 3(   a ) illustrates the VLIW Vector Processor in more detail; 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic block diagram of the Artcam Central Processor incorporating a radio frequency tag reader interface; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the logical layout of a single printhead; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the structure of the printhead interface; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the process of rotation of a Lab image; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the format of a pixel of the printed image; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the dithering process; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the process of generating an 8 bit dot output; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a perspective view of the print roll and print head; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a first exploded perspective view of the print roll; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a second exploded perspective view of the print roll; 
         FIG. 12A  illustrates a three dimensional view of another embodiment of the print roll and print head in the form of a printing cartridge also in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 12B  illustrates a three dimensional, sectional view of the print cartridge of  FIG. 12A ; 
         FIG. 12C  shows a three dimensional, exploded view of the print cartridge of  FIG. 12A ; 
         FIG. 12D  shows a three dimensional, exploded view of an ink cartridge forming part of the print cartridge of  FIG. 12A ; 
         FIG. 12E  shows a three dimensional view of an air filter of the print cartridge of  FIG. 12A ; 
         FIG. 12F  shows a three dimensional view of a further embodiment of a print cartridge incorporating a radio frequency tag in combination with an Artcam device having a radio frequency tag reader for reading the radio frequency tag; 
         FIG. 12G  shows a simple diagram indicating operation of the radio frequency tag reader and a lookup algorithm carried by a processor of the Artcam device; 
         FIG. 12H  shows a simple diagram of the radio frequency tag and the radio frequency tag reader; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates the print roll authentication chip; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an enlarged view of the print roll authentication chip; 
         FIG. 15  sets out the information stored on the print roll authentication chip; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates the data stored within the Artcam authorization chip; 
         FIG. 17  illustrates the process of print head pulse characterization; 
         FIG. 18  is an exploded perspective, in section, of the print head ink supply mechanism; 
         FIG. 19  is a bottom perspective of the ink head supply unit; 
         FIG. 20  is a bottom side sectional view of the ink head supply unit; 
         FIG. 21  is a top perspective of the ink head supply unit; 
         FIG. 22  is a top side sectional view of the ink head supply unit; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a perspective view of a small portion of the print head; 
         FIG. 24  illustrates is an exploded perspective of the print head unit; 
         FIG. 25  illustrates a top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts flattened out; 
         FIG. 26  illustrates a bottom side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts flattened out; 
         FIG. 27  illustrates a first top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam; 
         FIG. 28  illustrates a second top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam; 
         FIG. 29  illustrates a second top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam; 
         FIG. 30  illustrates the backing portion of a postcard print roll; 
         FIG. 31  illustrates the corresponding front image on the postcard print roll after printing out images; 
         FIG. 32  illustrates a form of print roll ready for purchase by a consumer; 
         FIG. 33  illustrates a layout of the software/hardware modules of the overall Artcam application; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The digital image processing camera system constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment is as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The camera unit  1  includes means for the insertion of an integral print roll (not shown). The camera unit  1  can include an area image sensor  2  which senses an image  3  for capture by the camera. Optionally, the second area image sensor can be provided to also image the scene  3  and to optionally provide for the production of stereographic output effects. 
     The camera  1  can include an optional color display  5  for the display of the image being sensed by the sensor  2 . When a simple image is being displayed on the display  5 , the button  6  can be depressed resulting in the printed image  8  being output by the camera unit  1 . A series of cards, herein after known as “Artcards”  9  contain, on one surface encoded information and on the other surface, contain an image distorted by the particular effect produced by the Artcard  9 . The Artcard  9  is inserted in an Artcard reader  10  in the side of camera  1  and, upon insertion, results in output image  8  being distorted in the same manner as the distortion appearing on the surface of Artcard  9 . Hence, by means of this simple user interface a user wishing to produce a particular effect can insert one of many Artcards  9  into the Artcard reader  10  and utilize button  19  to take a picture of the image  3  resulting in a corresponding distorted output image  8 . 
     The camera unit  1  can also include a number of other control button  13 ,  14  in addition to a simple LCD output display  15  for the display of informative information including the number of printouts left on the internal print roll on the camera unit. Additionally, different output formats can be controlled by CHP switch  17 . 
     1 Artcam Central Processor  31   
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , there is illustrated a schematic view of the internal hardware of the camera unit  1 . The internal hardware is based around an Artcam central processor unit (ACP)  31 . 
     The Artcam central processor  31  provides many functions which form the ‘heart’ of the system. The ACP  31  is preferably implemented as a complex, high speed, CMOS system on-a-chip. Utilising standard cell design with some full custom regions is recommended. Fabrication on a 0.25 micron CMOS process will provide the density and speed required, along with a reasonably small die area. 
     The functions provided by the ACP  31  include:
         1. Control and digitization of the area image sensor  2 . A 3D stereoscopic version of the ACP requires two area image sensor interfaces with a second optional image sensor  4  being provided for stereoscopic effects.   2. Area image sensor compensation, reformatting, and image enhancement.   3. Memory interface and management to a memory store  33 .   4. Interface, control, and analog to digital conversion of an Artcard reader linear image sensor  34  which is provided for the reading of data from the Artcards  9 .   5. Extraction of the raw Artcard data from the digitized and encoded Artcard image.   6. Reed-Solomon error detection and correction of the Artcard encoded data. The encoded surface of the Artcard  9  includes information on how to process an image to produce the effects displayed on the image distorted surface of the Artcard  9 . This information is in the form of a script, hereinafter known as a “Vark script”. The Vark script is utilised by an interpreter running within the ACP  31  to produce the desired effect.   7. Interpretation of the Vark script on the Artcard  9 .   8. Performing image processing operations as specified by the Vark script.   9. Controlling various motors for the paper transport  36 , zoom lens  38 , autofocus  39  and Artcard driver  37 .   10. Controlling a guillotine actuator  40  for the operation of a guillotine  41  for the cutting of photographs  8  from print roll  42 .   11. Half-toning of the image data for printing.   12. Providing the print data to a print-head  44  at the appropriate times.   13. Controlling the print head  44 .   14. Controlling the ink pressure feed to print-head  44 .   15. Controlling optional flash unit  56 .   16. Reading and acting on various sensors in the camera, including camera orientation sensor  46 , autofocus  47  and Artcard insertion sensor  49 .   17. Reading and acting on the user interface buttons  6 ,  13 ,  14 .   18. Controlling the status display  15 .   19. Providing viewfinder and preview images to the color display  5 .   20. Control of the system power consumption, including the ACP power consumption via power management circuit  51  .   21. Providing external communications  52  to general purpose computers (using part USB).   22. Reading and storing information in a printing roll authentication chip  53 .   23. Reading and storing information in a camera authentication chip  54 .   24. Communicating with an optional mini-keyboard  57  for text modification.       

       FIG. 3  illustrates the Artcam Central Processor (ACP)  31  in more detail. The Artcam Central Processor provides all of the processing power for Artcam. It is designed for a 0.25 micron CMOS process, with approximately 1.5 million transistors and an area of around 50 mm2. The ACP  31  is a complex design, but design effort can be reduced by the use of datapath compilation techniques, macrocells, and IP cores. The ACP  31  contains:
         RISC CPU core  72     4 way parallel VLIW Vector Processor  74     Direct RAMbus interface  81     CMOS image sensor interface  83     CMOS linear image sensor interface  88     USB serial interface  52     Infrared keyboard interface  55     Numeric LCD interface  84 , and   Color TFT LCD interface  88     4 Mbyte Flash memory  70  for program storage  70         

     The RISC CPU, Direct RAMbus interface  81 , CMOS sensor interface  83  and USB serial interface  52  can be vendor supplied cores. The ACP  31  is intended to run at a clock speed of 200 MHz on 3V externally and 1.5V internally to minimize power consumption. The CPU core needs only to run at 100 MHz. 
     2 Area Image Sensor  2   
     An area image sensor  2  converts an image through its lens into an electrical signal. It can either be a charge coupled device (CCD) or an active pixel sensor (APS) CMOS image sector. At present, available CCD&#39;s normally have a higher image quality, however, there is currently much development occurring in CMOS imagers. CMOS imagers are eventually expected to be substantially cheaper than CCD&#39;s have smaller pixel areas, and be able to incorporate drive circuitry and signal processing. They can also be made in CMOS fabs, which are transitioning to 12″ wafers. CCD&#39;s are usually built in 6″ wafer fabs, and economics may not allow a conversion to 12″ fabs. Therefore, the difference in fabrication cost between CCD&#39;s and CMOS imagers is likely to increase, progressively favoring CMOS imagers. However, at present, a CCD is probably the best option. 
     The Artcam unit will produce suitable results with a 1,500×1,000 area image sensor. However, smaller sensors, such as 750×500, will be adequate for many markets. The Artcam is less sensitive to image sensor resolution than are conventional digital cameras. This is because many of the styles contained on Artcards  9  process the image in such a way as to obscure the lack of resolution. For example, if the image is distorted to simulate the effect of being converted to an impressionistic painting, low source image resolution can be used with minimal effect. Further examples for which low resolution input images will typically not be noticed include image warps which produce high distorted images, multiple miniature copies of the of the image (eg. passport photos), textural processing such as bump mapping for a base relief metal look, and photo-compositing into structured scenes. 
     This tolerance of low resolution image sensors may be a significant factor in reducing the manufacturing cost of an Artcam unit  1  camera. An Artcam with a low cost 750×500 image sensor will often produce superior results to a conventional digital camera with a much more expensive 1,500×1,000 image sensor. 
     3 Print Roll Authentication Chip  53   
     A small chip  53  is included in each print roll  42 . This chip replaced the functions of the bar code, optical sensor and wheel, and ISO/ASA sensor on other forms of camera film units such as Advanced Photo Systems film cartridges. 
     The authentication chip also provides other features:
         1. The storage of data rather than that which is mechanically and optically sensed from APS rolls   2. A remaining media length indication, accurate to high resolution.   3. Authentication Information to prevent inferior clone print roll copies.       

     The authentication chip  53  contains 1024 bits of Flash memory, of which 128 bits is an authentication key, and 512 bits is the authentication information. Also included is an encryption circuit to ensure that the authentication key cannot be accessed directly. 
     4 Camera Authentication Chip 
     The camera authentication chip  54  is identical to the print roll authentication chip  53 , except that it has different information stored in it. The camera authentication chip  54  has three main purposes: 
     1. To provide a secure means of comparing authentication codes with the print roll authentication chip;
         2. To provide storage for manufacturing information, such as the serial number of the camera;   3. To provide a small amount of non-volatile memory for storage of user information.       

     5 Print Head  44   
       FIG. 4  illustrates the logical layout of a single print Head which logically consists of 8 segments, each printing bi-level cyan, magenta, and yellow onto a portion of the page. 
     5.1 Loading a Segment for Printing 
     Before anything can be printed, each of the 8 segments in the Print Head must be loaded with 6 rows of data corresponding to the following relative rows in the final output image:
         Row 0=Line N, Yellow, even dots 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .   Row 1=Line N+8, Yellow, odd dots 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .   Row 2=Line N+10, Magenta, even dots 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .   Row 3=Line N+18, Magenta, odd dots 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .   Row 4=Line N+20, Cyan, even dots 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .   Row 5=Line N+28, Cyan, odd dots 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .       

     Each of the segments prints dots over different parts of the page. Each segment prints 750 dots of one color, 375 even dots on one row, and 375 odd dots on another. The 8 segments have dots corresponding to positions: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Segment 
                 First dot 
                 Last dot 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 749 
               
               
                 1 
                 750 
                 1499 
               
               
                 2 
                 1500 
                 2249 
               
               
                 3 
                 2250 
                 2999 
               
               
                 4 
                 3000 
                 3749 
               
               
                 5 
                 3750 
                 4499 
               
               
                 6 
                 4500 
                 5249 
               
               
                 7 
                 5250 
                 5999 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each dot is represented in the Print Head segment by a single bit. The data must be loaded 1 bit at a time by placing the data on the segment&#39;s BitValue pin, and clocked in to a shift register in the segment according to a BitClock. Since the data is loaded into a shift register, the order of loading bits must be correct. Data can be clocked in to the Print Head at a maximum rate of 10 MHz. 
     Once all the bits have been loaded, they must be transferred in parallel to the Print Head output buffer, ready for printing. The transfer is accomplished by a single pulse on the segment&#39;s ParallelXferClock pin. 
     5.2 Controlling the Print 
     In order to conserve power, not all the dots of the Print Head have to be printed simultaneously. A set of control lines enables the printing of specific dots. An external controller, such as the ACP, can change the number of dots printed at once, as well as the duration of the print pulse in accordance with speed and/or power requirements. 
     Each segment has 5 NozzleSelect lines, which are decoded to select 32 sets of nozzles per row. Since each row has 375 nozzles, each set contains 12 nozzles. There are also 2 BankEnable lines, one for each of the odd and even rows of color. Finally, each segment has 3 ColorEnable lines, one for each of C, M, and Y colors. A pulse on one of the ColorEnable lines causes the specified nozzles of the color&#39;s specified rows to be printed. A pulse is typically about 2 s in duration. 
     If all the segments are controlled by the same set of NozzleSelect, BankEnable and ColorEnable lines (wired externally to the print head), the following is true: 
     If both odd and even banks print simultaneously (both BankEnable bits are set), 24 nozzles fire simultaneously per segment, 192 nozzles in all, consuming 5.7 Watts. 
     If odd and even banks print independently, only 12 nozzles fire simultaneously per segment, 96 in all, consuming 2.85 Watts. 
     6 Print Head Interface  62   
     The Print Head Interface  62  connects the ACP to the Print Head, providing both data and appropriate signals to the external Print Head. The Print Head Interface  62  works in conjunction with both a VLIW processor  74  and a software algorithm running on the CPU in order to print a photo in approximately 2 seconds. 
     An overview of the inputs and outputs to the Print Head Interface is shown in  FIG. 5 . The Address and Data Buses are used by the CPU to address the various registers in the Print Head Interface. A single BitClock output line connects to all 8 segments on the print head. The 8 DataBits lines lead one to each segment, and are clocked in to the 8 segments on the print head simultaneously (on a BitClock pulse). For example, dot 0 is transferred to segment 0 , dot 750 is transferred to segment 1 , dot 1500 to segment 2  etc. simultaneously. 
     The VLIW Output FIFO contains the dithered bi-level C, M, and Y 6000×9000 resolution print image in the correct order for output to the 8 DataBits. The ParallelXferClock is connected to each of the 8 segments on the print head, so that on a single pulse, all segments transfer their bits at the same time. Finally, the NozzleSelect, BankEnable and ColorEnable lines are connected to each of the 8 segments, allowing the Print Head Interface to control the duration of the C, M, and Y drop pulses as well as how many drops are printed with each pulse. Registers in the Print Head Interface allow the specification of pulse durations between 0 and 6 us, with a typical duration of 2 μs. 
     6.1 Printing an Image 
     There are 2 phases that must occur before an image is in the hand of the Artcam user:
         1. Preparation of the image to be printed   2. Printing the prepared image       

     Preparation of an image only needs to be performed once. Printing the image can be performed as many times as desired. 
     6.1.1 Prepare the Image 
     Preparing an image for printing involves:
         1. Convert the Photo Image into a Print Image   2. Rotation of the Print Image (internal color space) to align the output for the orientation of the printer   3. Up-interpolation of compressed channels (if necessary)   4. Color conversion from the internal color space to the CMY color space appropriate to the specific printer and ink       

     At the end of image preparation, a 4.5 MB correctly oriented 1000×1500 CMY image is ready to be printed. 
     6.1.1.1 Convert Photo Image to Print Image 
     The conversion of a Photo Image into a Print Image requires the execution of a Vark script to perform image processing. The script is either a default image enhancement script or a Vark script taken from the currently inserted Artcard. The Vark script is executed via the CPU, accelerated by functions performed by the VLIW Vector Processor. 
     6.1.1.2 Rotate the Print Image 
     The image in memory is originally oriented to be top upwards. This allows for straightforward Vark processing. Before the image is printed, it must be aligned with the print roll&#39;s orientation. The re-alignment only needs to be done once. Subsequent Prints of a Print Image will already have been rotated appropriately. 
     The transformation to be applied is simply the inverse of that applied during capture from the CCD when the user pressed the “Image Capture” button on the Artcam. If the original rotation was 0, then no transformation needs to take place. If the original rotation was +90 degrees, then the rotation before printing needs to be −90 degrees (same as 270 degrees). The method used to apply the rotation is the Vark accelerated Affine Transform function. The Affine Transform engine can be called to rotate each color channel independently. Note that the color channels cannot be rotated in place. Instead, they can make use of the space previously used for the expanded single channel (1.5 MB). 
       FIG. 6  shows an example of rotation of a Lab image where the a and b channels are compressed 4:1. The L channel is rotated into the space no longer required (the single channel area), then the a channel can be rotated into the space left vacant by L, and finally the b channel can be rotated. The total time to rotate the 3 channels is 0.09 seconds. It is an acceptable period of time to elapse before the first print image. Subsequent prints do not incur this overhead. 
     6.1.1.3 Up Interpolate and Color Convert 
     The Lab image must be converted to CMY before printing. Different processing occurs depending on whether the a and b channels of the Lab image is compressed. If the Lab image is compressed, the a and b channels must be decompressed before the color conversion occurs. If the Lab image is not compressed, the color conversion is the only necessary step. The Lab image must be up interpolated (if the a and b channels are compressed) and converted into a CMY image. A single VLIW process combining scale and color transform can be used. 
     The method used to perform the color conversion is the Vark accelerated Color Convert function. The Affine Transform engine can be called to rotate each color channel independently. The color channels cannot be rotated in place. Instead, they can make use of the space previously used for the expanded single channel (1.5 MB). 
     6.1.2 Print the Image 
     Printing an image is concerned with taking a correctly oriented 1000×1500 CMY image, and generating data and signals to be sent to the external Print Head. The process involves the CPU working in conjunction with a VLIW process and the Print Head Interface. 
     The resolution of the image in the Artcam is 1000×1500. The printed image has a resolution of 6000×9000 dots, which makes for a very straightforward relationship: 1 pixel=6×6=36 dots. As shown in  FIG. 7  since each dot is 16.6 μm, the 6×6 dot square is 100 μm square. Since each of the dots is bi-level, the output must be dithered. 
     The image should be printed in approximately 2 seconds. For 9000 rows of dots this implies a time of 222 us time between printing each row. The Print Head Interface must generate the 6000 dots in this time, an average of 37 ns per dot. However, each dot comprises 3 colors, so the Print Head Interface must generate each color component in approximately 12 ns, or 1 clock cycle of the ACP (10 ns at 100 MHz). One VLIW process is responsible for calculating the next line of 6000 dots to be printed. The odd and even C, M, and Y dots are generated by dithering input from 6 different 1000×1500 CMY image lines. The second VLIW process is responsible for taking the previously calculated line of 6000 dots, and correctly generating the 8 bits of data for the 8 segments to be transferred by the Print Head Interface to the Print Head in a single transfer. 
     A CPU process updates registers in the fist VLIW process 3 times per print line (once per color component=27000 times in 2 seconds0, and in the 2nd VLIW process once every print line (9000 times in 2 seconds). The CPU works one line ahead of the VLIW process in order to do this. 
     Finally, the Print Head Interface takes the 8 bit data from the VLIW Output FIFO, and outputs it unchanged to the Print Head, producing the BitClock signals appropriately. Once all the data has been transferred a ParallelXferClock signal is generated to load the data for the next print line. In conjunction with transferring the data to the Print Head, a separate timer is generating the signals for the different print cycles of the Print Head using the NozzleSelect, ColorEnable, and BankEnable lines a specified by Print Head Interface internal registers. 
     The CPU also controls the various motors and guillotine via the parallel interface during the print process. 
     6.1.2.1 Generate C, M, and Y Dots 
     The input to this process is a 1000×1500 CMY image correctly oriented for printing. The image is not compressed in any way. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , a VLIW microcode program takes the CMY image, and generates the C, M, and Y pixels required by the Print Head Interface to be dithered. 
     The process is run 3 times, once for each of the 3 color components. The process consists of 2 sub-processes run in parallel—one for producing even dots, and the other for producing odd dots. Each sub-process takes one pixel from the input image, and produces 3 output dots (since one pixel=6 output dots, and each sub-process is concerned with either even or odd dots). Thus one output dot is generated each cycle, but an input pixel is only read once every 3 cycles. 
     The original dither cell is a 64×64 cell, with each entry 8 bits. This original cell is divided into an odd cell and an even cell, so that each is still 64 high, but only 32 entries wide. The even dither cell contains original dither cell pixels 0, 2, 4 etc., while the odd contains original dither cell pixels 1, 3, 5 etc. Since a dither cell repeats across a line, a single 32 byte line of each of the 2 dither cells is required during an entire line, and can therefore be completely cached. The odd and even lines of a single process line are staggered 8 dot lines apart, so it is convenient to rotate the odd dither cell&#39;s lines by 8 lines. Therefore the same offset into both odd and even dither cells can be used. Consequently the even dither cell&#39;s line corresponds to the even entries of line L in the original dither cell, and the even dither cell&#39;s line corresponds to the odd entries of line L+8 in the original dither cell. 
     The process is run 3 times, once for each of the color components. The CPU software routine must ensure that the Sequential Read Iterators for odd and even lines are pointing to the correct image lines corresponding to the print heads. For example, to produce one set of 18,000 dots (3 sets of 6000 dots):
         Yellow even dot line=0, therefore input Yellow image line=0/6=0   Yellow odd dot line=8, therefore input Yellow image line=8/6=1   Magenta even line=10, therefore input Magenta image line=10/6=1   Magenta odd line=18, therefore input Magenta image line=18/6=3   Cyan even line=20, therefore input Cyan image line=20/6=3   Cyan odd line=28, therefore input Cyan image line=28/6=4       

     Subsequent Sets of Input Image Lines are: 
     
         
         
           
             Y=[0, 1], M=[1, 3], C=[3, 4] 
             Y=[0, 1], M=[1, 3], C=[3, 4] 
             Y=[0, 1], M=[2, 3], C=[3, 5] 
             Y=[0, 1], M=[2, 3], C=[3, 5] 
             Y=[0, 2], M=[2, 3], C=[4, 5] 
           
         
       
    
     The dither cell data however, does not need to be updated for each color component. The dither cell for the 3 colors becomes the same, but offset by 2 dot lines for each component. 
     The Dithered Output is written to a Sequential Write Iterator, with odd and even dithered dots written to 2 separate outputs. The same two Write Iterators are used for all 3 color components, so that they are contiguous within the break-up of odd and even dots. 
     While one set of dots is being generated for a print line, the previously generated set of dots is being merged by a second VLIW process as described in the next section. 
     6.1.2.2 Generate Merged 8 Bit Dot Output 
     This process, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , takes a single line of dithered dots and generates the 8 bit data stream for output to the Print Head Interface via the VLIW Output FIFO. The process requires the entire line to have been prepared, since it requires semi-random access to most of the dithered line at once. The following constant is set by software: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Constant 
                 Value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 K 1   
                 375 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Sequential Read Iterators point to the line of previously generated dots, with the Iterator registers set up to limit access to a single color component. The distance between subsequent pixels is 375, and the distance between one line and the next is given to be 1 byte. Consequently 8 entries are read for each “line”. A single “line” corresponds to the 8 bits to be loaded on the print head. The total number of “lines” in the image is set to be 375. With at least 8 cache lines assigned to the Sequential Read Iterator, complete cache coherence is maintained. Instead of counting the 8 bits, 8 Microcode steps count implicitly. 
     The generation process first reads all the entries from the even dots, combining 8 entries into a single byte which is then output to the VLIW Output FIFO. Once all 3000 even dots have been read, the 3000 odd dots are read and processed. A software routine must update the address of the dots in the odd and even Sequential Read Iterators once per color component, which equates to 3 times per line. The two VLIW processes require all 8 ALUs and the VLIW Output FIFO. As long as the CPU is able to update the registers as described in the two processes, the VLIW processor can generate the dithered image dots fast enough to keep up with the printer. 
     7 Print Rolls 
     Turning to  FIG. 10 , there is illustrated the print roll  42  and print-head portions of the Artcam. The paper/film  611  is fed in a continuous “web-like” process to a printing mechanism  15  which includes further pinch rollers  616 - 619  and a print head  44   
     The pinch roller  613  is connected to a drive mechanism (not shown) and upon rotation of the print roller  613 , “paper” in the form of film  611  is forced through the printing mechanism  615  and out of the picture output slot  6 . A rotary guillotine mechanism (not shown) is utilised to cut the roll of paper  611  at required photo sizes. 
     It is therefore evident that the printer roll  42  is responsible for supplying “paper”  611  to the print mechanism  615  for printing of photographically imaged pictures. 
     In  FIG. 11 , there is shown an exploded perspective of the print roll  42 . The printer roll  42  includes output printer paper  611  which is output under the operation of pinching rollers  612 ,  613 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , there is illustrated a more fully exploded perspective view, of the print roll  42  of  FIG. 11  without the “paper” film roll. The print roll  42  includes three main parts comprising ink reservoir section  620 , paper roll sections  622 ,  623  and outer casing sections  626 ,  627 . 
     Turning first to the ink reservoir section  620 , which includes the ink reservoir or ink supply sections  633 . The ink for printing is contained within three bladder type containers  630 - 632 . The printer roll  42  is assumed to provide full color output inks. Hence, a first ink reservoir or bladder container  630  contains cyan colored ink. A second reservoir  631  contains magenta colored ink and a third reservoir  632  contains yellow ink. Each of the reservoirs  630 - 632 , although having different volumetric dimensions, are designed to have substantially the same volumetric size. 
     The ink reservoir sections  621 ,  633 , in addition to cover  624  can be made of plastic sections and are designed to be mated together by means of heat sealing, ultra violet radiation, etc. Each of the equally sized ink reservoirs  630 - 632  is connected to a corresponding ink channel  639 - 641  for allowing the flow of ink from the reservoir  630 - 632  to a corresponding ink output port  635 - 637 . The ink reservoir  632  having ink channel  641 , and output port  637 , the ink reservoir  631  having ink channel  640  and output port  636 , and the ink reservoir  630  having ink channel  639  and output port  637 . 
     In operation, the ink reservoirs  630 - 632  can be filled with corresponding ink and the section  633  joined to the section  621 . The ink reservoir sections  630 - 632 , being collapsible bladders, allow for ink to traverse ink channels  639 - 641  and therefore be in fluid communication with the ink output ports  635 - 637 . Further, if required, an air inlet port can also be provided to allow the pressure associated with ink channel reservoirs  630 - 632  to be maintained as required. 
     The cap  624  can be joined to the ink reservoir section  620  so as to form a pressurized cavity, accessible by the air pressure inlet port. 
     The ink reservoir sections  621 ,  633  and  624  are designed to be connected together as an integral unit and to be inserted inside printer roll sections  622 ,  623 . The printer roll sections  622 ,  623  are designed to mate together by means of a snap fit by means of male portions  645 - 647  mating with corresponding female portions (not shown). Similarly, female portions  654 - 656  are designed to mate with corresponding male portions  660 - 662 . The paper roll sections  622 ,  623  are therefore designed to be snapped together. One end of the film within the role is pinched between the two sections  622 ,  623  when they are joined together. The print film can then be rolled on the print roll sections  622 ,  625  as required. 
     As noted previously, the ink reservoir sections  620 ,  621 ,  633 ,  624  are designed to be inserted inside the paper roll sections  622 ,  623 . The printer roll sections  622 ,  623  are able to be rotatable around stationery ink reservoir sections  621 ,  633  and  624  to dispense film on demand. 
     The outer casing sections  626  and  627  are further designed to be coupled around the print roller sections  622 ,  623 . In addition to each end of pinch rollers eg  612 ,  613  is designed to clip in to a corresponding cavity eg  670  in cover  626 ,  627  with roller  613  being driven externally (not shown) to feed the print film and out of the print roll. 
     Finally, a cavity  677  can be provided in the ink reservoir sections  620 ,  621  for the insertion and gluing of an silicon chip integrated circuit type device  53  for the storage of information associated with the print roll  42 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 12 , the print roll  42  is designed to be inserted into the Artcam camera device so as to couple with a coupling unit  680  which includes connector pads  681  for providing a connection with the silicon chip  53 . Further, the connector  680  includes end connectors of four connecting with ink supply ports  635 - 637 . The ink supply ports are in turn to connect to ink supply lines eg  682  which are in turn interconnected to printheads supply ports eg.  687  for the flow of ink to print-head  44  in accordance with requirements. 
     The “media”  611  utilised to form the roll can comprise many different materials on which it is designed to print suitable images. For example, opaque rollable plastic material may be utilized, transparencies may be used by using transparent plastic sheets, metallic printing can take place via utilization of a metallic sheet film. Further, fabrics could be utilised within the printer roll  42  for printing images on fabric, although care must be taken that only fabrics having a suitable stiffness or suitable backing material are utilised. 
     When the print media is plastic, it can be coated with a layer, which fixes and absorbs the ink. Further, several types of print media may be used, for example, opaque white matte, opaque white gloss, transparent film, frosted transparent film, lenticular array film for stereoscopic 3D prints, metallized film, film with the embossed optical variable devices such as gratings or holograms, media which is pre-printed on the reverse side, and media which includes a magnetic recording layer. When utilizing a metallic foil, the metallic foil can have a polymer base, coated with a thin (several micron) evaporated layer of aluminum or other metal and then coated with a clear protective layer adapted to receive the ink via the ink printer mechanism. 
     In use the print roll  42  is obviously designed to be inserted inside a camera device so as to provide ink and paper for the printing of images on demand. The ink output ports  635 - 637  meet with corresponding ports within the camera device and the pinch rollers  672 ,  673  are operated to allow the supply of paper to the camera device under the control of the camera device. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , a mounted silicon chip  53  is inserted in one end of the print roll  42 . In  FIG. 13  the authentication chip  53  is shown in more detail and includes four communications leads  680 - 683  for communicating details from the chip  53  to the corresponding camera to which it is inserted. 
     Turning to  FIG. 13 , the chip can be separately created by means of encasing a small integrated circuit  687  in epoxy and running bonding leads eg.  688  to the external communications leads  680 - 683 . The integrated chip  687  being approximately 400 microns square with a 100 micron scribe boundary. Subsequently, the chip can be glued to an appropriate surface of the cavity of the print roll  42 . In  FIG. 14 , there is illustrated the integrated circuit  687  interconnected to bonding pads  681 ,  682  in an exploded view of the arrangement of  FIG. 13 . 
     In  FIGS. 12A to 12E  of the drawings, reference numeral  1100  generally designates a print cartridge  1100 . The print cartridge  1100  includes an ink cartridge  1102 , in accordance with the invention. 
     The print cartridge  1100  includes a housing  1104 . As illustrated more clearly in  FIG. 2  of the drawings, the housing  1104  is defined by an upper molding  1106  and a lower molding  1108 . The moldings  1106  and  1108  clip together by means of clips  1110 . The housing  1104  is covered by a label  1112  which provides an attractive appearance to the cartridge  1100 . The label  1112  also carries information to enable a user to use the cartridge  1100 . 
     The housing  1104  defines a chamber  1114  in which the ink cartridge  1102  is received. The ink cartridge  1102  is fixedly supported in the chamber  1114  of the housing  1104 . 
     A supply of print media  1116  comprising a roll  1126  of film/media  1118  wound about a former  1120  is received in the chamber  1114  of the housing  1104 . The former  1120  is slidably received over the ink cartridge  1102  and is rotatable relative thereto. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 12B  of the drawings, when the upper molding  1106  and lower molding  1108  are clipped together, an exit slot  1122  is defined through which a tongue of the paper  1118  is ejected. 
     The cartridge  1100  includes a roller assembly  1124  which serves to de-curl the paper  1118  as it is fed from the roll  1126  and also to drive the paper  1118  through the slot  1122 . The roller assembly  1124  includes a drive roller  1128  and two driven rollers  1130 . The driven rollers  1130  are rotatably supported in ribs  1132  which stand proud of a floor  1134  of the lower molding  1108  of the housing  1104 . The rollers  1130 , together with the drive roller  1128 , provide positive traction to the paper  1118  to control its speed and position as it is ejected from the housing  1104 . The rollers  1130  are injection moldings of a suitable synthetic plastics material such as polystyrene. In this regard also, the upper molding  1106  and the lower molding  1108  are injection moldings of suitable synthetic plastics material, such as polystyrene. 
     The drive roller  1128  includes a drive shaft  1136  which is held rotatably captive between mating recesses  1138  and  1140  defined in a side wall of each of the upper molding  1106  and the lower molding  1108 , respectively, of the housing  1104 . An opposed end  1142  of the drive roller  1128  is held rotatably in suitable formations (not shown) in the upper molding  1106  and the lower molding  1108  of the housing  1104 . 
     The drive roller  1128  is a two shot injection molding comprising the shaft  1136  which is of a high impact polystyrene and on which are molded a bearing means in the form of elastomeric or rubber roller portions  1144 . These portions  1144  positively engage the paper  1118  and inhibit slippage of the paper  1118  as the paper  1118  is fed from the cartridge  1100 . 
     The end of the roller  1128  projecting from the housing  1104  has an engaging formation in the form of a cruciform arrangement  1146  ( FIG. 12A ) which mates with a geared drive interface (not shown) of a printhead assembly of a device, such as a camera, in which the print cartridge  1100  is installed. This arrangement ensures that the speed at which the paper  1118  is fed to the printhead is synchronised with printing by the printhead to ensure accurate registration of ink on the paper  1118 . 
     The ink cartridge  1102  includes a container  1148  which is in the form of a right circular cylindrical extrusion. The container  1148  is extruded from a suitable synthetic plastics material such as polystyrene. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the printhead with which the print cartridge  1100  is used, is a multi-colored printhead. Accordingly, the container  1148  is divided into a plurality of, more particularly, four compartments or reservoirs  1150 . Each reservoir  1150  houses a different color or type of ink. In one embodiment, the inks contained in the reservoirs  1150  are cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks. In another embodiment of the invention, three different colored inks, being cyan, magenta and yellow inks, are accommodated in three of the reservoirs  1150  while a fourth reservoir  1150  houses an ink which is visible in the infra-red light spectrum only. 
     As shown more clearly in  FIGS. 12C and 12D  of the drawings, one end of the container  1148  is closed off by an end cap  1152 . The end cap  1152  has a plurality of openings  1154  defined in it. An opening  1154  is associated with each reservoir  1150  so that atmospheric pressure is maintained in the reservoir  1150  at that end of the container  1148  having the end cap  1152 . 
     A seal arrangement  1156  is received in the container  1148  at the end having the end cap  1152 . The seal arrangement  1156  comprises a quadrant shaped pellet  1158  of gelatinous material slidably received in each reservoir  1150 . The gelatinous material of the pellet  1158  is a compound made of a thermoplastic rubber and a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is a white mineral oil. The thermoplastic rubber is a copolymer which imparts sufficient rigidity to the mineral oil so that the pellet  1158  retains its form at normal operating temperatures while permitting sliding of the pellet  1158  within its associated reservoir  1150 . A suitable thermoplastic rubber is that sold under the registered trademark of “Kraton” by the Shell Chemical Company. The copolymer is present in the compound in an amount sufficient to impart a gel-like consistency to each pellet  1158 . Typically, the copolymer, depending on the type used, would be present in an amount of approximately three percent to twenty percent by mass. 
     In use, the compound is heated so that it becomes fluid. Once each reservoir  1150  has been charged with its particular type of ink, the compound, in a molten state, is poured into each reservoir  1150  where the compound is allowed to set to form the pellet  1158 . Atmospheric pressure behind the pellets  1158 , that is, at that end of the pellet  1158  facing the end cap  1152  ensures that, as ink is withdrawn from the reservoir  1150 , the pellets  1158 , which are self-lubricating, slide towards an opposed end of the container  1148 . The pellets  1158  stop ink emptying out of the container when inverted, inhibit contamination of the ink in the reservoir  1150  and also inhibit drying out of the ink in the reservoir  1150 . The pellets  1158  are hydrophobic further to inhibit leakage of ink from the reservoirs  1150 . 
     The opposed end of the container  1148  is closed off by an ink collar molding  1160 . Baffles  1162  carried on the molding  1160  receive an elastomeric seal molding  1164 . The elastomeric seal molding  1164 , which is hydrophobic, has sealing curtains  1166  defined therein. Each sealing curtain  1166  has a slit  1168  so that a mating pin (not shown) from the printhead assembly is insertable through the slits  1168  into fluid communication with the reservoirs  1150  of the container  1148 . Hollow bosses  1170  project from an opposed side of the ink collar molding  1160 . Each boss  1170  is shaped to fit snugly in its associated reservoir  1150  for locating the ink collar molding on the end of the container  1148 . 
     Reverting again to  FIG. 12C  of the drawings, the ink collar molding  1160  is retained in place by means of a carrier or fascia molding  1172 . The fascia molding  1172  has a four leaf clover shaped window  1174  defined therein through which the elastomeric seal molding  1164  is accessible. The fascia molding  1174  is held captive between the upper molding  1106  and the lower molding  1108  of the housing  1104 . The fascia molding  1174  and webs  1176  and  1178  extending from an interior surface of the upper molding  1106  and the lower molding  1108  respectively, of the housing  1104  define a compartment  1180 . An air filter  1182  is received in the compartment  1180  and is retained in place by the end molding  1174 . The air filter  1182  cooperates with the printhead assembly. Air is blown across a nozzle guard of a printhead assembly to effect cleaning of the nozzle guard. This air is filtered by being drawn through the air filter  1182  by means of a pin (not shown) which is received in an inlet opening  1184  in the fascia molding  1172 . 
     The air filter  1182  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 12E  of the drawings. The air filter  1182  comprises a filter medium  1192 . The filter medium  1192  is synthetic fibre based and is arranged in a fluted form to increase the surface area available for filtering purposes. Instead of a paper based filter medium  1192  other fibrous batts could also be used. 
     The filter medium  1192  is received in a canister  1194 . The canister  1194  includes a base molding  1196  and a lid  1198 . To be accommodated in the compartment  1180  of the housing  1104 , the canister  1194  is part-annular or horse shoe shaped. Thus, the canister  1194  has a pair of opposed ends  1200 . An air inlet opening  1202  is defined in each end  1200 . 
     An air outlet opening  1204  is defined in the lid  1198 . The air outlet opening  1204 , initially, is closed off by a film or membrane  1206 . When the filter  1182  is mounted in position in the compartment  1180 , the air outlet opening  1204  is in register with the opening  1184  in the fascia molding  1172 . The pin from the printhead assembly pierces the film  1206  then draws air from the atmosphere through the air filter  1182  prior to the air being blown over the nozzle guard and the printhead of the printhead assembly. 
     The base molding  1194  includes locating formations  1208  and  1210  for locating the filter medium  1192  in position in the canister  1194 . The locating formations  1208  are in the form of a plurality of pins  1212  while the locating formations  1210  are in the form of ribs which engage ends  1214  of the filter medium  1192 . 
     Once the filter medium  1192  has been placed in position in the base mold  1196 , the lid  1198  is secured to the base molding  1196  by ultrasonic welding or similar means to seal the lid  1198  to the base molding  1196 . 
     When the print cartridge  1100  has been assembled, a membrane or film  1186  is applied to an outer end of the fascia molding  1172  to close off the window  1174 . This membrane or film  1186  is pierced or ruptured by the pins, for use. The film  1186  inhibits the ingress of detritus into the ink reservoirs  1150 . 
     An authentication means in the form of an authentication chip  1188  is received in an opening  1190  in the fascia molding  1172 . The authentication chip  1188  is interrogated by the printhead assembly  1188  to ensure that the print cartridge  1100  is compatible and compliant with the printhead assembly of the device. 
     In  FIG. 12F , reference numeral  1230  generally indicates a further embodiment of a printing cartridge, in accordance with the invention. With reference to the preceding drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts, unless otherwise specified. 
     A radio frequency tag  1232  is fast with a housing  1234  of the printing cartridge  1230 . The radio frequency tag  1232  is in the form of a radio frequency tag known as an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag. The RFID tag  1232  is part of a passive RFID system  1236  which is used by the Artcam device to obtain information about media and ink carried within the cartridge  1230 . 
     RFID systems are relatively well known. They are used in any application where the tracking of humans, animals and goods is necessary. In such systems, data is carried in suitable transponders, commonly known, and referred to herein as radio frequency (RF) tags. Generally the tags are attached to objects or animals that require a unique identification number. However, the tags can be readily customized to carry other forms of data. The tags are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes to suit their particular application. An advantage of such tags is that they can be embedded in an object to inhibit tampering. 
     The system  1236  is indicated schematically in  FIG. 12H . The RFID tag  1232  includes a transponder  1238  and a tuned antenna-capacitor circuit  1240 . The transponder  1238  carries data relating to media and ink within the cartridge  1230 . The data can relate to a number of characteristics of the media and ink. For example, the data can relate to:
         (a) Serial numbers identifying the media and the ink;   (b) A length of the media in the housing  1234 ;   (c) A type of the media in the housing  1234 ;   (d) Physical characteristics of the ink such as surface tension and viscosity;   (e) Optical characteristics of the ink, such as optical density of red green and blue components;   (f) A preferred ink drop volume to suit the media type.       

     It will be appreciated that other forms of data can also be carried by the transponder  1238 . 
     The RF tag  1232  can take many different forms. The RF tag  1232  can be attached directly on to the housing  1234 . Instead, the RF tag can be embedded in the housing  1234 . 
     In this embodiment, the RF tag  1232  is attached to the housing  1234  for clarity of description. 
     The data carried by a signal generated by the transponder  1238  can incorporate script which is readable by the ACP  31 , once decoded. The script can be in the form of instructions to which the ACP  31  is responsive. The instructions can relate to the operation of the printhead  44  to suit the characteristics of the media and the ink within the cartridge  1230 . 
     The system  1236  includes a radio frequency (RF) reader  1242 . The RF reader  1242  has a tuned antenna-capacitor circuit  1244  that emits a low-frequency radio wave field. This field acts on the antenna-capacitor circuit  1240  of the RF tag  1232  to power up the RF tag  1232  so that the transponder  1238  can generate the signal carrying the data. This signal is received by the RF reader  1242 . 
     The RF reader  1242  includes demodulator and decoder circuits  1246  which act on the signal to demodulate the signal and to decode the signal to produce the data which is readable by the ACP  31 . The ACP  31  includes an RF reader interface  1248  which is connected to the RF reader  1242  to interpret data received by the RF reader  1242  into a readable format. 
     In some cases, the amount of data that can be carried by the transponder  1238  is limited. It follows that the CPU core  72  can be configured to hold data lookup tables in a memory. 
     An example of such a lookup table is indicated by reference numeral  1250  in  FIG. 12G . As can be seen, the table  1250  represents the above types of data. The memory contains a plurality of different values for each of the data types listed in the data lookup table  1250  as a 1 , . . . , a n , b 1 , . . . , b n , c 1 , . . . , c n , d 1 , . . . , d n , e 1 , . . . , e n , g 1 , . . . , g n , respectively. Each of these values is predetermined to correspond with possible values relating to media and ink corresponding to those found in the range of inks and media types which could be found in the cartridge. 
     Each of the possible values is represented by a code indicated by x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n  in the lookup table  1250 . The codes are not divided into different data types and each code is therefore unique to its particular associated value in the lookup table  1240 . 
     The data carried in the transponder  1238  can define a number of codes x i , x j , x k , x l , x m , x n , x o  representing a value of each of the data types. An algorithm is used to look up the data relating to the actual value represented by these codes. It will thus be appreciated that the necessity for the transponder  1238  to carry a substantial amount of information is obviated. 
     The data carried by the transponder  1238  can be encrypted with one of the techniques described below. 
     8 Authentication Chip  53   
     The authentication chip  53  of the preferred embodiment is responsible for ensuring that only correctly manufactured print rolls are utilized in the camera system. The authentication chip  53  utilizes technologies that are generally valuable when utilized with any consumables and are not restricted to print roll system. Manufacturers of other systems that require consumables (such as a laser printer that requires toner cartridges) have struggled with the problem of authenticating consumables, to varying levels of success. Most have resorted to specialized packaging. However this does not stop home refill operations or clone manufacture. The prevention of copying is important to prevent poorly manufactured substitute consumables from damaging the base system. For example, poorly filtered ink may clog print nozzles in an ink jet printer, causing the consumer to blame the system manufacturer and not admit the use of non-authorized consumables. 
     To solve the authentication problem, the Authentication chip  53  contains an authentication code and circuit specially designed to prevent copying. The chip is manufactured using the standard Flash memory manufacturing process, and is low cost enough to be included in consumables such as ink and toner cartridges. Once programmed, the Authentication chips as described here are compliant with the NSA export guidelines. Authentication is an extremely large and constantly growing field. Here we are concerned with authenticating consumables only. 
     9 Flash Memory Information 
     Turning now to  FIG. 15 , there is illustrated  705  the information stored within the flash memory store  701 . This data can include the following: 
     9.1 Factory Code 
     The factory code is a 16 bit code indicating the factory at which the print roll was manufactured. This identifies factories belonging to the owner of the print roll technology, or factories making print rolls under license. The purpose of this number is to allow the tracking of factory that a print roll came from, in case there are quality problems. 
     9.2 Batch Number 
     The batch number is a 32 bit number indicating the manufacturing batch of the print roll. The purpose of this number is to track the batch that a print roll came from, in case there are quality problems. 
     9.3 Serial Number 
     A 48 bit serial number is provided to allow unique identification of each print roll up to a maximum of 280 trillion print rolls. 
     9.4 Manufacturing Date 
     A 16 bit manufacturing date is included for tracking the age of print rolls, in case the shelf life is limited. 
     9.5 Media Length 
     The length of print media remaining on the roll is represented by this number. This length is represented in small units such as millimeters or the smallest dot pitch of printer devices using the print roll and to allow the calculation of the number of remaining photos in each of the well known C, H, and P formats, as well as other formats which may be printed. The use of small units also ensures a high resolution can be used to maintain synchronization with pre-printed media. 
     9.6 Media Type 
     The media type datum enumerates the media contained in the print roll.
         (1) Transparent   (2) Opaque white   (3) Opaque tinted   (4) 3D lenticular   (5) Pre-printed: length specific   (6) Pre-printed: not length specific   (7) Metallic foil   (8) Holographic/optically variable device foil       

     9.7 Pre-Printed Media Length 
     The length of the repeat pattern of any pre-printed media contained, for example on the back surface of the print roll is stored here. 
     9.8 Ink Viscosity 
     The viscosity of each ink color is included as an 8 bit number. the ink viscosity numbers can be used to adjust the print head actuator characteristics to compensate for viscosity (typically, a higher viscosity will require a longer actuator pulse to achieve the same drop volume). 
     9.9 Recommended Drop Volume for 1200 dpi 
     The recommended drop volume of each ink color is included as an 8 bit number. The most appropriate drop volume will be dependent upon the ink and print media characteristics. For example, the required drop volume will decrease with increasing dye concentration or absorptivity. Also, transparent media require around twice the drop volume as opaque white media, as light only passes through the dye layer once for transparent media. 
     As the print roll contains both ink and media, a custom match can be obtained. The drop volume is only the recommended drop volume, as the printer may be other than 1200 dpi, or the printer may be adjusted for lighter or darker printing. 
     9.10 Ink Color 
     The color of each of the dye colors is included and can be used to “fine tune” the digital half toning that is applied to any image before printing. 
     9.11 Remaining Media Length Indicator 
     The length of print media remaining on the roll is represented by this number and is updatable by the camera device. The length is represented in small units (eg. 1200 dpi pixels) to allow calculation of the number of remaining photos in each of C, H, and P formats, as well as other formats which may be printed. The high resolution can also be used to maintain synchronization with pre-printed media. 
     9.12 Copyright or Bit Pattern 
     This 512 bit pattern represents an ASCII character sequence sufficient to allow the contents of the flash memory store to be copyrightable. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 16 , there is illustrated the storage table  730  of the Artcam authorization chip. The table includes manufacturing code, batch number and serial number and date which have an identical format to that previously described. The table  730  also includes information  731  on the print engine within the Artcam device. The information stored can include a print engine type, the DPI resolution of the printer and a printer count of the number of prints produced by the printer device. 
     Further, an authentication test key  710  is provided which can randomly vary from chip to chip and is utilised as the Artcam random identification code in the previously described algorithm. The 128 bit print roll authentication key  713  is also provided and is equivalent to the key stored within the print rolls. Next, the 512 bit pattern is stored followed by a 120 bit spare area suitable for Artcam use. 
     As noted previously, the Artcam preferably includes a liquid crystal display  15  which indicates the number of prints left on the print roll stored within the Artcam. Further, the Artcam also includes a three state switch  17  which allows a user to switch between three standard formats C H and P (classic, HDTV and panoramic). Upon switching between the three states, the liquid crystal display  15  is updated to reflect the number of images left on the print roll if the particular format selected is used. 
     In order to correctly operate the liquid crystal display, the Artcam processor, upon the insertion of a print roll and the passing of the authentication test reads the from the flash memory store of the print roll chip  53  and determines the amount of paper left. Next, the value of the output format selection switch  17  is determined by the Artcam processor. Dividing the print length by the corresponding length of the selected output format the Artcam processor determines the number of possible prints and updates the liquid crystal display  15  with the number of prints left. Upon a user changing the output format selection switch  17  the Artcam processor  31  re-calculates the number of output pictures in accordance with that format and again updates the LCD display  15 . 
     The storage of process information in the printer roll table  705  ( FIG. 13 ) also allows the Artcam device to take advantage of changes in process and print characteristics of the print roll. 
     In particular, the pulse characteristics applied to each nozzle within the print head can be altered to take into account of changes in the process characteristics. Turning now to  FIG. 17 , the Artcam Processor can be adapted to run a software program stored in an ancillary memory ROM chip. The software program, a pulse profile characteriser  771  is able to read a number of variables from the printer roll. These variables include the remaining roll media on printer roll  772 , the printer media type  773 , the ink color viscosity  774 , the ink color drop volume  775  and the ink color  776 . Each of these variables are read by the pulse profile characteriser and a corresponding, most suitable pulse profile is determined in accordance with prior trial and experiment. The parameters alters the printer pulse received by each printer nozzle so as to improve the stability of ink output. 
     It will be evident that the authorization chip includes significant advances in that important and valuable information is stored on the printer chip with the print roll. This information can include process characteristics of the print roll in question in addition to information on the type of print roll and the amount of paper left in the print roll. Additionally, the print roll interface chip can provide valuable authentication information and can be constructed in a tamper proof manner. Further, a tamper resistant method of utilising the chip has been provided. The utilization of the print roll chip also allows a convenient and effective user interface to be provided for an immediate output form of Artcam device able to output multiple photographic formats whilst simultaneously able to provide an indicator of the number of photographs left in the printing device.
     10 Print Head Unit   

       FIG. 18  illustrates an exploded perspective view, partly in section, of the print head unit  615  of  FIG. 10 . 
     The print head unit  615  is based around the print-head  44  which ejects ink drops on demand on to print media  611  so as to form an image. The print media  611  is pinched between two set of rollers comprising a first set  618 ,  616  and second set  617 ,  619 . 
     The print-head  44  operates under the control of power, ground and signal lines  810  which provides power and control for the print-head  44  and are bonded by means of Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) to the surface of the print-head  44 . 
     Importantly, the print-head  44  which can be constructed from a silicon wafer device suitably separated, relies upon a series of anisotropic etches  812  through the wafer having near vertical side walls. The through wafer etches  812  allow for the direct supply of ink to the print-head surface from the back of the wafer for subsequent ejection. 
     The ink is supplied to the back of the inkjet print-head  44  by means of ink-head supply unit  814 . The inkjet print-head  44  has three separate rows along its surface for the supply of separate colors of ink. The ink-head supply unit  814  also includes a lid  815  for the sealing of ink channels. 
     In  FIG. 19  to  FIG. 22 , there is illustrated various perspective views of the ink-head supply unit  814 . Each of  FIG. 19  to  FIG. 22  illustrate only a portion of the ink head supply unit which can be constructed of indefinite length, the portions shown so as to provide exemplary details. In  FIG. 19  there is illustrated a bottom perspective view,  FIG. 20  illustrates a top perspective view,  FIG. 21  illustrates a close up bottom perspective view, partly in section,  FIG. 22  illustrates a top side perspective view showing details of the ink channels, and  FIG. 23  illustrates a top side perspective view as does  FIG. 24 . 
     There is considerable cost advantage in forming ink-head supply unit  814  from injection molded plastic instead of, say, micromachined silicon. The manufacturing cost of a plastic ink channel will be considerably less in volume and manufacturing is substantially easier. The design illustrated in the accompanying figures assumes a 1600 dpi three color monolithic print head, of a predetermined length. The provided flow rate calculations are for a 100 mm photo printer. 
     The ink-head supply unit  814  contains all of the required fine details. The lid  815  ( FIG. 18 ) is permanently glued or ultrasonically welded to the ink-head supply unit  814  and provides a seal for the ink channels. 
     Turning to  FIG. 21 , the cyan, magenta and yellow ink flows in through ink inlets  820 - 822 , the magenta ink flows through the throughholes  824 , 825  and along the magenta main channels  826 , 827  ( FIG. 20 ). The cyan ink flows along cyan main channel  830  and the yellow ink flows along the yellow main channel  831 . As best seen from  FIG. 21 , the cyan ink in the cyan main channels then flows into a cyan sub-channel  833 . The yellow subchannel  834  similarly receiving yellow ink from the yellow main channel  831 . 
     As best seen in  FIG. 22 , the magenta ink also flows from magenta main channels  826 , 827  through magenta throughholes  836 ,  837 . Returning again to  FIG. 21 , the magenta ink flows out of the throughholes  836 ,  837 . The magenta ink flows along first magenta subchannel e.g.  838  and then along second magenta subchannel e.g.  839  before flowing into a magenta trough  840 . The magenta ink then flows through magenta vias e.g.  842  which are aligned with corresponding inkjet head throughholes (e.g.  812  of  FIG. 18 ) wherein they subsequently supply ink to inkjet nozzles for printing out. 
     Similarly, the cyan ink within the cyan subchannel  833  flows into a cyan pit area  849  which supplies ink two cyan vias  843 ,  844 . Similarly, the yellow subchannel  834  supplies yellow pit area  46  which in turn supplies yellow vias  847 ,  848 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 22 , the print-head is designed to be received within print-head slot  850  with the various vias e.g.  851  aligned with corresponding through holes eg.  851  in the print-head wafer. 
     Returning to  FIG. 18 , care must be taken to provide adequate ink flow to the entire print-head chip  44 , while satisfying the constraints of an injection moulding process. The size of the ink through wafer holes  812  at the back of the print head chip is approximately 100 μm×50 μm, and the spacing between through holes carrying different colors of ink is approximately 170 μm. While features of this size can readily be molded in plastic (compact discs have micron sized features), ideally the wall height must not exceed a few times the wall thickness so as to maintain adequate stiffness. The preferred embodiment overcomes these problems by using hierarchy of progressively smaller ink channels. 
     In  FIG. 23 , there is illustrated a small portion  870  of the surface of the print-head  44 . The surface is divided into 3 series of nozzles comprising the cyan series  871 , the magenta series  872  and the yellow series  873 . Each series of nozzles is further divided into two rows eg.  875 ,  876  with the print-head  44  having a series of bond pads  878  for bonding of power and control signals. 
     The print head is preferably constructed in accordance with a large number of different forms of ink jet invented for uses including Artcam devices. These ink jet devices are discussed in further detail hereinafter. 
     The print-head nozzles include the ink supply channels  880 , equivalent to anisotropic etch hole  812  of  FIG. 18 . The ink flows from the back of the wafer through supply channel  881  and in turn through the filter grill  882  to ink nozzle chambers eg.  883 . The operation of the nozzle chamber  883  and print-head  44  ( FIG. 1 ) is, as mentioned previously, described in the abovementioned patent specification. 
     10.1 Ink Channel Fluid Flow Analysis 
     Turning now to an analysis of the ink flow, the main ink channels  826 ,  827 ,  830 ,  831  ( FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 21 ) are around 1 mm×1 mm, and supply all of the nozzles of one color. The sub-channels  833 ,  834 ,  838 ,  839  ( FIG. 21 ) are around 200 μm×100 μm and supply about 25 inkjet nozzles each. The print head through holes  843 ,  844 ,  847 ,  848  and wafer through holes eg.  881  ( FIG. 23 ) are 100 μm×50 μm and, supply  3  nozzles at each side of the print head through holes. Each nozzle filter  882  has 8 slits, each with an area of 20 μm×2 μm and supplies a single nozzle. 
     An analysis has been conducted of the pressure requirements of an ink jet printer constructed as described. The analysis is for a 1,600 dpi three color process print head for photograph printing. The print width was 100 mm which gives 6,250 nozzles for each color, giving a total of 18,750 nozzles. 
     The maximum ink flow rate required in various channels for full black printing is important. It determines the pressure drop along the ink channels, and therefore whether the print head will stay filled by the surface tension forces alone, or, if not, the ink pressure that is required to keep the print head full. 
     To calculate the pressure drop, a drop volume of 2.5 pl for 1,600 dpi operation was utilized. While the nozzles may be capable of operating at a higher rate, the chosen drop repetition rate is 5 kHz which is suitable to print a 150 mm long photograph in an little under 2 seconds. Thus, the print head, in the extreme case, has a 18,750 nozzles, all printing a maximum of 5,000 drops per second. This ink flow is distributed over the hierarchy of ink channels. Each ink channel effectively supplies a fixed number of nozzles when all nozzles are printing. 
     The pressure drop Δρ was calculated according to the Darcy-Weisbach formula: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               ρ 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ρ 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   U 
                   2 
                 
                  
                 fL 
               
               
                 2 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 D 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where ρ is the density of the ink, U is the average flow velocity, L is the length, D is the hydraulic diameter, and f is a dimensionless friction factor calculated as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             f 
             = 
             
               k 
               Re 
             
           
         
       
     
     Where Re is the Reynolds number and k is a dimensionless friction coefficient dependent upon the cross section of the channel calculated as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             Re 
             = 
             
               UD 
               v 
             
           
         
       
     
     Where v is the kinematic viscosity of the ink. 
     For a rectangular cross section, k can be approximated by: 
     
       
         
           
             k 
             = 
             
               64 
               
                 
                   2 
                   3 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     
                       11 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       b 
                     
                     
                       24 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       a 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       11 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       b 
                     
                     
                       24 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       a 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       2 
                       - 
                       
                         b 
                         / 
                         a 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where a is the longest side of the rectangular cross section, and b is the shortest side. The hydraulic diameter D for a rectangular cross section is given by: 
     
       
         
           
             D 
             = 
             
               
                 2 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 ab 
               
               
                 a 
                 + 
                 b 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Ink is drawn off the main ink channels at 250 points along the length of the channels. The ink velocity falls linearly from the start of the channel to zero at the end of the channel, so the average flow velocity U is half of the maximum flow velocity. Therefore, the pressure drop along the main ink channels is half of that calculated using the maximum flow velocity 
     Utilizing these formulas, the pressure drops can be calculated in accordance with the following tables: 
     10.2 Making the Mould for the Ink-head Supply Unit 
     The ink head supply unit  14  ( FIG. 1 ) has features as small as 50μ and a length of 106 mm. It is impractical to machine the injection moulding tools in the conventional manner. However, even though the overall shape may be complex, there are no complex curves required. The injection moulding tools can be made using conventional milling for the main ink channels and other millimeter scale features, with a lithographically fabricated inset for the fine features. A LIGA process can be used for the inset. 
     A single injection moulding tool could readily have 50 or more cavities. Most of the tool complexity is in the inset. 
     Turning to  FIG. 18 , the printing system is constructed via moulding ink supply unit  814  and lid  815  together and sealing them together as previously described. Subsequently print-head  44  is placed in its corresponding slot  850 . Adhesive sealing strips  852 ,  853  are placed over the magenta main channels so to ensure they are properly sealed. The Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) strip  810  is then connected to the inkjet print-head  44  with the tab bonding wires running in the cavity  855 . As can best be seen from  FIG. 18 ,  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 24 , aperture slots  855 - 862  are provided for the snap in insertion of rollers. The slots provided for the “clipping in” of the rollers with a small degree of play subsequently being provided for simple rotation of the rollers. 
     In  FIG. 25  to  FIG. 29 , there are illustrated various perspective views of the internal portions of a finally assembled Artcam device with devices appropriately numbered.  FIG. 25  illustrates a top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts flattened out.  FIG. 26  illustrates a bottom side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts flattened out.  FIG. 27  illustrates a first top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam.  FIG. 28  illustrates a second top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam.  FIG. 29  illustrates a second top side perspective view of the internal portions of an Artcam camera, showing the parts as encased in an Artcam; 
     11 Postcard Print Rolls 
     Turning now to  FIG. 30 , in one form of the preferred embodiment, the output printer paper  11  can, on the side that is not to receive the printed image, contain a number of pre-printed “postcard” formatted backing portions  885 . The postcard formatted sections  885  can include prepaid postage “stamps”  886  which can comprise a printed authorization from the relevant postage authority within whose jurisdiction the print roll is to be sold or utilised. By agreement with the relevant jurisdictional postal authority, the print rolls can be made available having different postages. This is especially convenient where overseas travelers are in a local jurisdiction and wishing to send a number of postcards to their home country. Further, an address format portion  887  is provided for the writing of address dispatch details in the usual form of a postcard. Finally, a message area  887  is provided for the writing of a personalized information. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 30  and  FIG. 31 , the operation of the camera device is such that when a series of images  890 - 892  is printed on a first surface of the print roll, the corresponding backing surface is that illustrated in  FIG. 30 . Hence, as each image eg.  891  is printed by the camera, the back of the image has a ready made postcard  885  which can be immediately dispatched at the nearest post office box within the jurisdiction. In this way, personalized postcards can be created. It would be evident that when utilising the postcard system as illustrated in  FIG. 31  and  FIG. 32  only predetermined image sizes are possible as the synchronization between the backing postcard portion  885  and the front image  891  must be maintained. This can be achieved by utilising the memory portions of the authentication chip stored within the print roll to store details of the length of each postcard backing format sheet  885 . This can be achieved by either having each postcard the same size or by storing each size within the print rolls on-board print chip memory. 
     The Artcam camera control system can ensure that, when utilising a print roll having pre-formatted postcards, that the printer roll is utilised only to print images such that each image will be on a postcard boundary. Of course, a degree of “play” can be provided by providing border regions at the edges of each photograph which can account for slight misalignment. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 32 , it will be evident that postcard rolls can be pre-purchased by a camera user when traveling within a particular jurisdiction where they are available. The postcard roll can, on its external surface, have printed information including country of purchase, the amount of postage on each postcard, the format of each postcard (for example being C, H or P or a combination of these image modes), the countries that it is suitable for use with and the postage expiry date after which the postage is no longer guaranteed to be sufficient can also be provided. 
     Hence, a user of the camera device can produce a postcard for dispatch in the mail by utilising their hand held camera to point at a relevant scene and taking a picture having the image on one surface and the pre-paid postcard details on the other. Subsequently, the postcard can be addressed and a short message written on the postcard before its immediate dispatch in the mail. 
     In respect of the software operation of the Artcam device, although many different software designs are possible, in one design, each Artcam device can consist of a set of loosely coupled functional modules utilised in a coordinated way by a single embedded application to serve the core purpose of the device. While the functional modules are reused in different combinations in various classes of Artcam device, the application is specific to the class of Artcam device. 
     Most functional modules contain both software and hardware components. The software is shielded from details of the hardware by a hardware abstraction layer, while users of a module are shielded from its software implementation by an abstract software interface. Because the system as a whole is driven by user-initiated and hardware-initiated events, most modules can run one or more asynchronous event-driven processes. 
     The most important modules which comprise the generic Artcam device are shown in  FIG. 33 . In this and subsequent diagrams, software components are shown on the left separated by a vertical dashed line  901  from hardware components on the right. The software aspects of these modules are described below: