Patent Publication Number: US-2009240127-A1

Title: Methods of determining pre or post meal time slots or intervals in diabetes management

Description:
People with diabetes often rely upon the use of blood glucose meter in conjunction with help from their physicians for managing their disease. In addition, people with diabetes typically use a logbook to keep track of their glucose concentration measurements. Under certain circumstances, interpreting a large number of glucose concentration measurements in a logbook format can be difficult, complex, and time consuming. To further complicate matters, physicians usually have limited time constraints in assisting people with diabetes to interpret a large number of glucose concentration measurements. When such complication with blood glucose values is further compounded by the need to assess the effect of insulin or type of insulin, and other physiological parameters or external parameters, it is believed that the task of the clinician, physician or person with diabetes is made even more difficult. An additional hurdle for physicians or clinicians is the time constraint placed upon an office visit for the patient due to the economics of running a medical office. It is believed that in most cases, a physician or clinician typically spends less than approximately seven (7) minutes per patient, which results in little or no time for assessment or guidance for the patient. Applicants have recognized the need to allow for simple and quick assessment of glycemic trends, patterns, data, and graphical correlation of important blood glucose and other physiological or external parameters by a busy physician, clinician, and the patient. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In one aspect, a diabetes management system or process is provided herein that may be used to analyze and recognize patterns for a large number of glucose concentration measurements and other physiological or external parameters related to the glycemia of a patient. In particular, a method of monitoring glycemia in a patient may include storing a patient&#39;s data on any suitable device, such as, for example, a glucose meter, mobile phone, portable computer or personal computer, each of which can be connected to each other via a suitable wireless link. The patient&#39;s data may include blood glucose concentration measurements and insulin doses. The diabetes management system or process may be installed on, but is not limited to, a personal computer, an insulin pen, mobile phone, an insulin pump, or a glucose meter. The diabetes management system or process may identify a plurality of pattern types from the data including a testing/dosing pattern, a hypoglycemic pattern, a hyperglycemic pattern, a blood glucose variability pattern, and a comparative pattern. After identifying a particular pattern with the data management system or process, a warning message may be displayed on a screen of a personal computer or a glucose meter. Other messages can also be provided to ensure compliance of any prescribed diabetes regiments or to guide the patient in managing the patient&#39;s diabetes. 
     In one embodiment, a method of determining post mealtime intervals for a diabetes patient is provided. The method can be achieved by: obtaining a plurality of blood glucose concentration measurements from the patient; calculating a median glucose concentration for blood glucose concentration measurements performed during a first time slot; performing a glucose concentration measurement during a second time slot subsequent to said first time slot; and indicating that said glucose concentration tested during said second time slot may be flagged as post-meal if said glucose concentration measurement during said second time slot is greater than said median glucose concentration by a pre-determined threshold. 
     In yet another embodiment, a method of determining pre-meal time intervals for a diabetes patient is provided. The method can be achieved by: obtaining a plurality of blood glucose concentration measurements; calculating a median glucose concentration for blood glucose concentration measurements performed during a second time slot; performing a glucose concentration measurement during a first time slot, said second time slot is subsequent to said first time slot; indicating that said glucose concentration tested during said first time slot may be flagged as pre-meal if said glucose concentration measurement during said first time slot is less than said median glucose concentration by a pre-determined threshold. 
     These and other embodiments, features and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following more detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that are first briefly described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute part of this specification, illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain features of the invention (wherein like numerals represent like elements), of which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic of a diabetes management system that includes a glucose meter, an insulin pump, and a personal computer; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic of a diabetes management rules engine; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a flow chart of the diabetes management system or process system; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an incidence of hypoglycemia; 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate a hypoglycemic pattern by time slot; 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates an exemplary chi-squared table that can be used to determine statistically significant patterns based on a patient&#39;s data. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate a hypoglycemic pattern by day of week; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an incidence of hypoglycemia by meal; 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an incidence of hyperglycemia; 
         FIG. 7B  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate a hyperglycemic pattern by time slot; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate a hyperglycemic pattern by day of week; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an incidence of hyperglycemia by meal; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an incidence of high blood glucose variability; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an overcorrection for hypoglycemia; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate an overcorrection for hyperglycemia; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate whether the frequency of glucose testing is sufficient; 
         FIG. 14A  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate whether the adequacy of pre-meal testing is sufficient; 
         FIG. 14B  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that may indicate whether the adequacy of post-meal testing is sufficient; 
         FIG. 14C  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for determining whether a user is complying with a targeted testing frequency; 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that prompts a user that the glucose measurement may need to be flagged as post-meal; 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for a pattern that prompts a user that the glucose measurement may need to be flagged as pre-meal; 
         FIG. 15C  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of insulin boluses for a pattern that prompts a user that the glucose measurement may need to be flagged as pre-meal; 
         FIG. 15D  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of insulin boluses for a pattern that prompts a user that the glucose measurement may need to be flagged as post-meal; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for comparing pre-meal and post-meal glucose concentrations with reference to nighttime or daytime; 
         FIG. 17A  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for comparing daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations; 
         FIG. 17B  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for comparing previous and current hypoglycemic incidence; 
         FIG. 17C  illustrates a flow chart for analyzing a plurality of glucose concentration measurements for comparing previous and current hyperglycemic incidence; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a summary report by time of day generated using an embodiment of the diabetes management system; and 
         FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate a patient information sheet that was generated using an embodiment of the diabetes management system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings are identically numbered. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic of a diabetes management system that includes a glucose meter  10 , an insulin pump  20 , and a personal computer (PC)  30 . PC  30 , illustrated in schematic form in  FIG. 1 , may have a microprocessor unit and a memory unit. Glucose meter  10  may be configured to use a disposable test strip having a reagent such as, for example, glucose oxidase, ferricyanide, ruthamine hexamine, or combinations thereof. The reagent chemistry is capable of a physical transformation of glucose that allows a signal to be measured with glucose meter  10 . In one embodiment, a diabetes management system or process may be installed on the memory unit in PC  30 . In another embodiment, the diabetes management system or process described herein and alternatives thereof may be installed on a memory unit of glucose meter  10 , insulin pump  20 , or other suitable computing device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a cellular phone, i.e., any communication device with a processor and graphical user interface with a visual or audio output. 
     Glucose meter  10 , insulin pump  20 , and PC  30  may all have the ability to bi-directionally transfer data to each other. The data transfer process may be implemented in a wired or wireless manner. A cable may be used to transfer data in a wired manner through a suitable wire medium such as, for example, a universal serial bus (USB), serial port (RS232) or application specific connectors. The data transfer process may also use a suitable wireless medium with a wireless protocol such as, for example, infrared (IR), radio frequency (RF), WiFi (IEEE 802.11 wireless Ethernet standards), and Bluetooth or application specific wireless protocol. 
     Diabetes management system or process may include a communications dynamic link library (DLL), a communications module, a quick print module QP, a graphical user interface (GUI), business object module, a diabetes management rules engine, a data layer module, and a database module, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Diabetes management system or process may be configured to generate reports, print reports, send reports via e-mail and fax, and to log errors via the logger, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     The communications DLL may be an executable program module that allows PC  30  to recognize and communicate with glucose meter  10  and insulin pump  20 . In addition, the communications DLL may allow PC  30  to communicate with several different types of glucose meters and insulin pumps and also a wide array of devices such as scales, sphygmomanometer, thermometers, pedometers, and heart rate monitors. The communication module may act as a surrogate by abstracting the lower level functionality that establishes connectivity with serial and USB devices 
     The quick print module QP may be a sub-routine configured to cause a glucose meter to seamlessly transfer data to PC  30  and then print a data report. After an initial setup, glucose meter  10  may be connected to PC  30  with a cable. Without having to manually launch a management application or perform any additional steps, the glucose meter will transfer its data and then print the data report. Details of the quick print module QP are shown and described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/142,903 filed on May 31, 2005, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     The GUI may be a plurality of user interface screens that allow a user to configure and operate the diabetes management system or process. The screens can be configured as a touch screen or a combination of a display and a keyboard or buttons. 
     The business object module may be a central engine that will integrate and communicate with types of results, patient, preference, and reporting functionalities. The business object rules may be used by the GUI to generate results, reports, or other functionalities. As used herein, the term “patient” includes not only human subjects but also other mammals with indication of diabetes. 
     The data layer module may be an abstracted data access layer, which may act as an intermediate layer between the database module and the management application. The data layer module may execute the queries on the database module and return a record set, if applicable. 
     The database module may be a tool for storing and organizing data collected from glucose meter  10  and alternatively other devices. The database module may be installed, for example, on PC  30 , a network server or transportable memory storage device. 
     The diabetes management rule engine may include a plurality of processes, devices, or sub-routines for analyzing data from glucose meter  10  and/or insulin pump  20 . The plurality of sub-routines may apply statistical tests and triggers to analyze data so that messages can be provided to a user and/or a physician to warn about possible problem spots and/or compliance issues. A microprocessor may be configured to analyze data using the diabetes management rule engine. The diabetes management rule engine may be configurable by a physician and/or a user. 
     In one embodiment, the diabetes management rule engine may include a plurality of pattern recognition rules that can identify a testing/dosing pattern  400 , a hypoglycemic pattern  100 , a hyperglycemic pattern  200 , a blood glucose variability pattern  300 , a comparative pattern  500 , and an insulin pattern  600 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The testing/dosing pattern  400  may include the following sub-routines, such as, for example, a frequency of glucose testing  410 , an adequacy of pre-meal testing  420 , an adequacy of post-meal testing  430 , an adequacy of glucose testing  440 , a post-meal flag prompt  450 , and a pre-meal flag prompt  460 . The hypoglycemic pattern  100  may include the following sub-routines such as, for example, an incidence of hypoglycemia  110 , a hypoglycemic pattern by time slot  120 , a hypoglycemic pattern by day of week  130 , and an incidence of hypoglycemia by meal  140 . The hyperglycemic pattern  200  may include the following sub-routines such as, for example, an incidence of hyperglycemia  210 , a hyperglycemic pattern by time slot  220 , a hyperglycemic pattern by day of week  230 , and an incidence of hyperglycemia by meal  240 . The blood glucose variability pattern  300  may include the following sub-routines such as, for example, a glucose variability range  310 , an overcorrection for hypoglycemia  320 , and an overcorrection for hyperglycemia  330 . The comparative pattern  500  may include the following sub-routines such as, for example, a comparison of pre-meal and post-meal glucose concentrations  510 , a comparison of daytime versus nighttime glucose concentrations  520 , a comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence  530 , and a comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence  540 . 
     Alternatively, the plurality of pattern recognition rules may include an insulin pattern  600 , a carbohydrate intake pattern  700  and a physiological pattern  800 . The insulin pattern  600  may include the following sub-routines such as, for example, a pre-meal flag prompt by insulin  610  and a post-meal flag prompt by insulin  620 . 
     The following will describe a description of the aforementioned pattern recognition rules ( 100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 , and  600 ). 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a flow chart of the diabetes management system or process system. A plurality of glucose concentration measurements may be processed using incidence of hypoglycemia sub-routine  110 . If the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl is greater than a pre-determined threshold, then the method moves to step  111  to determine whether the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl equals about 100%. If the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl in step  110  is less than a pre-determined threshold, then the method moves to the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 . The pre-determined threshold for the incidence of hypoglycemia sub-routine  110  may range from about 3% to about 15%. In the preferred embodiment, the threshold is about 5%. Alternatively, the threshold may be of any value as selected by a clinician or physician. And as used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” in conjunction with a numerical value denotes that variations in the numerical value are intended as long as the variations allow the exemplary embodiments to perform for its intended purpose. 
     For step  111 , if the hypoglycemic frequency Pl equals about 100%, then the method moves to the frequency of glucose testing sub-routine  410 . However, if the hypoglycemic frequency Pl in step  111  does not equal about 100%, then the method moves to step  112  to determine whether more than about 27 glucose concentration measurements have been collected. 
     For step  112 , if there are more than about 27 measurements, then the method moves to the hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120 . However, if there are not more than about 27 measurements, then the method moves to the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 . The sample size of 27 represents approximately the minimum number of glucose measurements required to perform sub-routine  120  and is based on several assumptions including: that a user tests at least once per day; that a user tests in at least two times per day; that there are at least two categories of observed incidences that are hypoglycemic incidences and not hypoglycemic incidences; and that the at least two categories each have greater than or equal to about five incidences. When using a chi-squared test, the minimum expected number of incidences is five for each category per time slot. Thus, two-time slots times two categories times five expected number of incidences gives approximately a minimum sample size of twenty. Based on the calculations, the sample size may be greater than about 20, and preferably be greater than about 27. For sample sizes greater than 20 such as, for example, 27 can be desirable based on a balancing test between consumer expectations of having the capability of receiving accurate warnings about their glycemic patterns without having to do an excessive number of glucose measurements, and having a sufficient number of glucose measurement to ensure a relative low number of false positive and false negative results. 
     The hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120  is performed if more than about 27 glucose concentration measurements were found in step  112 . After performing the hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120 , the method determines whether the plurality of glucose concentration measurements has more than about 46 measurements, as shown in step  128 . If more than about 46 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, as shown in step  128 , then the method moves to the hypoglycemic pattern by day of week sub-routine  130  and also to the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 . If not more than about 46 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, as indicated in step  128 , then the method moves to the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 . The sample size of 46 measurements is based on several assumptions that include that a user tests at least once per day; that the user tests in at least five of the seven days per week; that there are at least two categories of observed incidences that are hypoglycemic incidences and not hypoglycemic incidences; and that the at least two categories each have greater than or equal to about five incidences for the at least five days of the week. When using a chi-squared test, the minimum expected number of incidences is five for each category per day of the week. Thus, five days time&#39;s two categories time&#39;s five expected counts give a minimum sample size of 50. Based on the calculations, the sample size may be greater than about 50, and preferably be greater than about 46. For sample sizes less than 50 such as, for example, 46 can be desirable based on a balancing test between consumer expectations of having the capability of receiving accurate warnings about their glycemic state without having to do an excessive number of glucose measurements, and having a sufficiently number of glucose measurements to ensure a relative low number of false positive and false negative results. 
     After analyzing the plurality of glucose concentration measurements using the pattern recognition rules of hypoglycemic pattern  100 , the pattern recognition rules of hyperglycemic pattern  200  may be performed. Thus, after performing the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 , the method moves to the incidence of hyperglycemia sub-routine  210 . If the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph is greater than a pre-determined threshold, then the method moves to step  211  to determine whether the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph equals about 100%. If the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph is less than a pre-determined threshold, then the method moves to the incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 . The pre-determined threshold for the incidence of hyperglycemia sub-routine  210  may range from about 15% to about 50%. 
     For step  211 , if the hyperglycemic frequency Ph equals about 100%, then the method moves to the frequency of glucose testing sub-routine  410 . However, if the hyperglycemic frequency Ph does not equal about 100%, then the method moves to step  212  to determine whether more than about 27 glucose concentration measurements have been collected. 
     For step  212 , if there are more than about 27 measurements, then the method moves to the hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220 . However, if there are not more than about 27 measurements, then the method moves to the incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 . The sample size of 27 represents approximately the minimum number of glucose measurements required to perform sub-routine  120  and is based on several assumptions including: that a user tests at least once per day; that a user tests in at least two times; that there are at least two categories of observed incidences that are hyperglycemic incidences and not hyperglycemic incidences; and that the at least two categories each have greater than or equal to about five incidences. When using a chi-squared test, the minimum expected number of incidences is five for each category per time slot. Thus, two-time slots times two categories times five expected number of incidences gives approximately a minimum sample size of twenty. Based on the calculations, the sample size may be greater than about 20, and preferably be greater than about 27. For sample sizes greater than 20 such as, for example, 27 can be desirable based on a balancing test between consumer expectations of having the capability of receiving accurate warnings about their glycemic patterns without having to do an excessive number of glucose measurements, and having a sufficient number of glucose measurement to ensure a relative low number of false positive and false negative results. 
     The hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220  is performed if more than about 27 glucose concentration measurements were found in step  212 . After performing the hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220 , the method determines whether the plurality of glucose concentration measurements has more than about 46 measurements, as shown in step  228 . If more than about 46 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, as shown in step  228 , then the method moves to the hyperglycemic pattern by day of week sub-routine  230  and also to the incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 . If not more than about 46 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, as indicated in step  228 , then the method moves to an incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 . The sample size of 46 measurements is based on several assumptions including: that a user tests at least once per day; that the user tests in at least five of the seven days per week; that there are at least two categories of observed incidences that are hyperglycemic incidences and not hyperglycemic incidences; and that the at least two categories each have greater than or equal to about five incidences for the at least five days of the week. When using a chi-squared test, the minimum expected number of incidences is five for each category per day of the week. Thus, five days times two categories times five expected counts gives a minimum sample size of 50. Based on the calculations, the sample size may be greater than about 50, and preferably be greater than about 46. For sample sizes less than 50 such as, for example, 46 can be desirable based on a balancing test between consumer expectations of having the capability of receiving accurate warnings about their glycemic state without having to do an excessive number of glucose measurements, and having a sufficiently number of glucose measurements to ensure a relative low number of false positive and false negative results. 
     After analyzing the plurality of glucose concentration measurements using the pattern recognition rules of hyperglycemic pattern  200 , the pattern recognition rules of variability pattern  300  may be performed. That is, after performing the incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 , the method moves to step  301  to determine whether more than about 14 glucose concentration measurements have been collected. If more than about 14 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, then the method moves to the glucose variability range sub-routine  310 , the overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320 , and to the overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330 . If not more than about 14 glucose concentration measurements have been collected, then the method moves to the overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320  and also to the overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330 . A sample size of 14 or greater may be selected to ensure the presence of a clinically significant pattern. Based on statistics, a sample size of 4 is sufficient to determine statistically significant difference, but a larger sample size was selected as a conservative measure to increase the likelihood of identifying a clinically significant pattern. 
     In addition to the methodologies described above, variability in blood glucose can be correlated, as will be described further herein, to a specific time period during a day, a plurality of time periods in a day, a specified day of a week, a plurality of specified days in a week, glucose testing frequency having pre-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for specified days of the week, glucose testing frequency having post-meal tests in a specific period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for specified days of the week. 
     The pattern recognition rule of testing dosing pattern  400  may be performed after one of two condition are met, which are 1) the completion of the overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330  or 2) the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph or the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl equals about 100%, as illustrated in step  211  and step  111 , respectively. If one of the two aforementioned conditions are met, then the method will then perform the following processes or sub-routines such as, for example, the frequency of glucose testing sub-routine  410 , the adequacy of pre-meal testing sub-routine  420 , the adequacy of post-meal testing sub-routine  430 , the adequacy of glucose testing  440 , the post-meal flag prompt  450 , and the pre-meal flag prompt  460 . 
     After completing the pattern recognition rule of testing dosing pattern  400 , the pattern recognition rules of insulin pattern  600  will be performed. Thus, after performing the pre-meal flag prompt  460 , the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin  610  and the post-meal flag prompt by insulin  620  may be performed. 
     After completing the pattern recognition rule of insulin pattern  600 , the pattern recognition rules of the comparative pattern  500  will be performed. As a first step in comparative pattern  500 , the method will determine whether the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal flag A and the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a post-meal flag B are both greater than about nine, as illustrated in step  501 . 
     If both the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal flag A and the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a post-meal flag B have more than about 9 flagged measurements, then the method will perform the comparison of pre-meal and post-meal glucose concentrations sub-routine  510 , the comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520 , the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic glucose incidence sub-routine  530 , and the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . A sample size of 9 or greater may be selected to ensure the presence of a clinically significant pattern. Based on statistics, a sample size of 4 is sufficient to determine statistically significant difference, but a larger sample size was selected as a conservative measure to increase the likelihood of identifying a clinically significant pattern. 
     If either the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal flag A or the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a post-meal flag B have less than about 9 flagged measurements, as illustrated in step  501 , then the method will perform the comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520 , the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic glucose incidence sub-routine  530 , and the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . 
     The method may be completed after performing the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . The following will describe a more detailed description of the aforementioned processes or sub-routines ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  210 ,  220 ,  230 ,  240 ,  310 ,  320 ,  330 ,  410 ,  420 ,  430 ,  510 ,  520 ,  530 , and  540 ). 
       FIG. 4A  shows a flow chart of the incidence of hypoglycemia sub-routine  110 , which may include obtaining a number of blood glucose concentration measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  113 . Next, the sub-routine  110  may calculate a percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl for a total time period by summing a number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements divided by a number of blood glucose concentration measurements collected over the total time period, as shown in step  114 . The total time period can be arbitrarily selected time duration such as, for example, hours in a day, a day, a week, a month, three months, six months, or between visits to a physicians or therapeutic regimens. Equation 1 shows an example of how to calculate percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     In Equation 1, the term i represents a particular recurring time interval; n is a total number of recurring time intervals; and L i  is a number of substantially hypoglycemic glucose concentration measurements that occur during time interval i; and N i  represents the total number of glucose concentration measurements performed during time intervals i. The term 
     
       
         
           
             
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     represents the total number of substantially hypoglycemic glucose concentration measurements for all of the recurring time intervals i. The term 
     
       
         
           
             
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     represents the number of all glucose concentration measurements for all of the recurring time intervals i. 
     In step  115 , the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl may be compared to a predetermined threshold. A message may be displayed indicating a high incidence of hypoglycemia if the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  116 . If the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl is not greater than a pre-determined threshold, then the sub-routine  110  may move to the incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 3% to about 15%. In the preferred embodiment, the threshold is about 5%. Alternatively, the threshold may be of any value as selected by a clinician or physician. After displaying a warning message in step  116 , the sub-routine may move to step  111 . 
     In particular, a hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120  may be used to determine if there is a high incidence of hypoglycemia occurring at a particular recurring time interval i. In one embodiment, the time interval may recur daily and be equal to about one eighth of a day. The eight daily time slots may include before breakfast, after breakfast, before lunch, after lunch, before dinner, after dinner, bedtime, and overnight, which can be pre-defined by default management settings or customized by the user. Note that a recurring time interval may also be referred to as a time slot. 
       FIG. 4B  shows a flow chart of the hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120  that may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period in step  121  and determining a number of hypoglycemic incidences for each of the time slots in step  122 . Next, the sub-routine  120  determines whether the number of hypoglycemic incidence for at least one of the time slots is different using a statistical test such as, for example, a chi-squared test (as shown in a template of  FIG. 4C ), and as shown in step  123 . In step  124 , the calculated chi-squared value is compared to a chi-squared value in a suitable table, shown here as a template in  FIG. 4C  for a chi-squared table. It should be noted that, for brevity in the disclosure, the nomenclatures of this table in  FIG. 4C  are the same nomenclatures provided in the forthcoming statistical analysis technique. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 4 , if the calculated chi-squared is not greater than a chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  120  moves to step  128 . If the calculated chi-squared is greater than the chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  120  moves to perform a Z test for each time slot, as shown in step  125 . In one embodiment, the Z test may be a two-sided Z test. In step  126 , the calculated Z i  value is compared to a value of about 2. If the calculated Z i  is greater than about 2, then a message indicating a high incidence of hypoglycemia has occurred at a particular time slot will be displayed, as shown in step  127 . After displaying the message, the subroutine  120  moves to the step  128 . If the calculated Z i  is not greater than about 2, then the sub-routine  120  moves to the step  128 . 
     In one embodiment, a chi-squared test may be used to determine if any of the time slots are statistically significantly different from each other. The chi-squared test may use a confidence level ranging from about 95% to about 99%. Equation 2 shows an example of how to calculate chi-squared χ 2 . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     χ 
                     2 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 L 
                                 i 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 L 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   pre 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         
                           L 
                           
                             i 
                             . 
                             pre 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 L 
                                 i 
                                 ′ 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 L 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   pre 
                                 
                                 ′ 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         
                           L 
                           
                             i 
                             . 
                             pre 
                           
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   2 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 2, the term L i ′ is a number of non-hypoglycemic glucose concentration measurements that occur during time interval i. L i,pre  is a predicted number of substantially hypoglycemic glucose concentration measurements that will occur during time interval i. L i,pre ′ is a predicted number of non-hypoglycemic glucose concentration measurements that will occur during time interval i. After determining χ 2  using Equation 2, the calculated χ 2  value is compared to a χ 2  in a table based on a number of degrees of freedom for each of the time intervals i. If the calculated χ 2  is greater than the χ 2  value on the table, then at least one of the time intervals is statistically significantly different. 
     The term L i,pre  may be calculated using Equation 3a. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     L 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       pre 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           L 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       N 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     3 
                   
                    
                   a 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term L i,pre ′ may be calculated using Equation 3b. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     L 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       pre 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           L 
                           i 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       N 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     3 
                   
                    
                   b 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 n 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 L 
                 i 
               
             
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 n 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 N 
                 i 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     represents a fraction that estimates the likelihood of observing a hypoglycemic event based on all of the recurring time intervals combined. 
     The method of performing the hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120  may further include identifying which one of the recurring time intervals i is statistically significantly different using a Z test if the chi-squared test determines that at least one of the time intervals is statistically significantly different. Equation 4 shows an example of the Z test. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Z 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           L 
                           i 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           L 
                           
                             i 
                             , 
                             pre 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     
                       SE 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   4 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term Z i  represents a Z value at a particular time interval i and SE i  represents a standard error for a particular time interval i. The term SE i  may be calculated using Equation 5. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     SE 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       * 
                       
                         L 
                         
                           i 
                           , 
                           pre 
                         
                       
                       * 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             N 
                             i 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             L 
                             
                               i 
                               , 
                               pre 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   5 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A Z i  value may be calculated for each recurring time interval i and compared to a Z value in a table. If the Z i  value for one of the recurring time intervals is greater than the Z value in the table (e.g., about two), then the particular recurring time interval i is statistically significantly different. 
     The hypoglycemic pattern by day of the week sub-routine  130  may be performed in a manner similar to hypoglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  120 . In the hypoglycemic pattern by day of the week sub-routine  130 , the time intervals recur weekly where there are seven time slots to represent each day of the week. 
       FIG. 5  shows a flow chart of the hypoglycemic pattern by day of week  130  that may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period in step  131  and determining a number of hypoglycemic incidences for each day in step  132 . Next, the sub-routine  130  determines whether the number of hypoglycemic incidence for at least one of the days is different using a statistical test such as, for example, a chi-squared test (as shown in a template of  FIG. 4C ), and as shown in step  133 . The calculated chi-squared value is compared to a chi-squared value in a table, as shown in step  134 . If the calculated chi-squared is not greater than a chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  130  moves to the next sub-routine  140 . If the calculated chi-squared is greater than the chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  130  moves to perform a Z test for each day of the week, as shown in step  135 . In step  136 , the calculated Z i  value is compared to a value of about 2. If the calculated Z i  is greater than about 2, then a message indicating a high incidence of hypoglycemia has occurred at a particular day of the week will be displayed, as shown in step  137 . After displaying the message, the subroutine  130  moves to the next sub-routine  140 . If the calculated Z i  is not greater than about 2, then the sub-routine  120  moves to the next sub-routine  140 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a flow chart of the hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140  that may be used to determine if there is a high incidence of hypoglycemia occurring at either a pre-meal or post-meal time interval. The incidence of hypoglycemia by meal sub-routine  140  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose concentration measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  141 . A number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag A and post-meal tag B may be calculated indicating the number of blood glucose measurement performed before eating a meal and after a meal, respectively, as shown in step  142 . A number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag L A  and post-meal tag L B  may be calculated, as shown in step  143 . The percentage of hypoglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Pl A  and a post-meal tag Pl B  may be calculated, as indicated in step  144 . Pl A  may be determined by dividing the number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that have the pre-meal flag L A  by the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with the pre-meal tag A. Similarly, Pl B  may be determined by dividing the number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that have the pre-meal flag L B  by the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag B. 
     Equations 6 and 7 illustrate a mathematical embodiment on how to determine the percentage of hypoglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Pl A  and a post-meal tag Pl B . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Pl 
                     A 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         L 
                         A 
                       
                       A 
                     
                     * 
                     100 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   6 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Pl 
                     B 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         L 
                         B 
                       
                       B 
                     
                     * 
                     100 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   7 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The percentage of hypoglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Pl A  and a post-meal tag Pl B  may be compared to a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  145 . If either Pl A  or Pl B  is greater than a pre-determined threshold, then a message can be displayed indicating a high incidence of hypoglycemia occurring at a pre-meal time and/or a post-meal time, as shown in step  146 . If Pl A  and Pl B  are not greater than a pre-determined threshold, then sub-routine  140  may move to the incidence of hyperglycemia sub-routine  210 . After displaying a message in step  146 , the sub-routine  140  may move to the incidence of hyperglycemia sub-routine  210 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 10% to about 25%. 
       FIG. 7A  shows a flow chart of the incidence of hyperglycemia sub-routine  210 , which may include obtaining a number of blood glucose concentration measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  213 . The total time period can be any arbitrarily selected time duration, such as, for example, number of hours in a day, one day, one week, one month, three months, six months, time between visits to a physician&#39;s office, and so on. Next, the sub-routine  210 , as implemented in a suitable computer, may calculate a percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph for a total time period by summing a number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements divided by a number of blood glucose concentration measurements collected over the total time period, as shown in step  214 . Equation 8 shows an example of how to calculate percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Ph 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           H 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     * 
                     100 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   8 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term i represents a particular recurring time interval; n is a total number of recurring time intervals; and H i  is a number of substantially hyperglycemic glucose concentration measurements that occur during time interval i; and N i  represents the total number of glucose concentration measurements performed during time intervals i. The term 
     
       
         
           
             
               ∑ 
               
                 i 
                 = 
                 1 
               
               n 
             
              
             
                 
             
              
             
               H 
               i 
             
           
         
       
     
     represents the total number of substantially hyperglycemic glucose concentration measurements for all of the recurring time intervals i. The term 
     
       
         
           
             
               ∑ 
               
                 i 
                 = 
                 1 
               
               n 
             
              
             
                 
             
              
             
               N 
               i 
             
           
         
       
     
     represents the number of all glucose concentration measurements for all of the recurring time intervals i. 
     In step  215 , the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph may be compared to a predetermined threshold. A message may be displayed indicating a high incidence of hyperglycemia if the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  216 . If the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph is not greater than a pre-determined threshold, then the sub-routine  110  may move to the incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 15% to about 50%. After displaying a warning message in step  216 , the sub-routine may move to step  211 . 
     The hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220  may be used to determine if there is a high incidence of hyperglycemia occurring at a particular recurring time interval i.  FIG. 7B  shows a flow chart of the hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220  that may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period in step  221  and determining a number of hyperglycemic incidences for each of the time slots in step  222 . Next, the sub-routine  220  determines whether the number of hyperglycemic incidence for at least one of the time slots is different using a statistical test such as, for example, a chi-squared test (as shown in a template of  FIG. 4C ), and as shown in step  223 . The calculated chi-squared value is compared to a chi-squared value in a table, as shown in step  224 . If the calculated chi-squared is not greater than a chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  220  moves to step  228 . If the calculated chi-squared is greater than the chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  220  moves to perform a Z test for each time slot, as shown in step  225 . In one embodiment, the Z test may be a two-sided Z test. In step  226 , the calculated Z i  value is compared to a value of about 2. If the calculated Z i  is greater than about 2, then a message indicating a high incidence of hyperglycemia has occurred at a particular time slot will be displayed, as shown in step  227 . After displaying the message, the subroutine  220  moves to the step  228 . If the calculated Z i  is not greater than about 2, then the sub-routine  220  moves to the step  228 . 
     In one embodiment, a chi-squared test may be used to determine if any of the time slots are statistically significantly different. The chi-squared test may use a confidence level ranging from about 95% to about 99%. Equation 9 shows an example of how to calculate chi-squared χ 2 . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     χ 
                     2 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 H 
                                 i 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 H 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   pre 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         
                           H 
                           
                             i 
                             , 
                             pre 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 H 
                                 i 
                                 ′ 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 H 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   pre 
                                 
                                 ′ 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         
                           H 
                           
                             i 
                             , 
                             pre 
                           
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   9 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 9, the term H i ′ is a number of non-hyperglycemic glucose concentration measurements that occur during time interval i. H i,pre  is a predicted number of substantially hyperglycemic glucose concentration measurements that will occur during time interval i. H i,pre ′ is a predicted number of non-hyperglycemic glucose concentration measurements that will occur during time interval i. After determining χ 2  using Equation 9, the calculated χ 2  value is compared to a χ 2  in a table based on a number of degrees of freedom for each of the time intervals i. If the calculated χ 2  is greater than the χ 2  value on the table, then at least one of the time intervals is statistically significantly different. 
     The term H i,pre  may be calculated using Equation 10a. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     H 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       pre 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           H 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       N 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     10 
                   
                    
                   a 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term H i,pre ′ may be calculated using Equation 10b. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     H 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       pre 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           H 
                           i 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             i 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       N 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     10 
                   
                    
                   b 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The term 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 n 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 H 
                 i 
               
             
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 n 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 N 
                 i 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     represents a fraction that estimates the likelihood of observing a hyperglycemic event based on all of the recurring time intervals combined. 
     The method of performing the hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220  in  FIG. 7B  may further include identifying which one of the recurring time intervals i is statistically significantly different using a Z test if the chi-squared test determines that at least one of the time intervals is statistically significantly different. Equation 11 shows an example of the Z test. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Z 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           H 
                           i 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           H 
                           
                             i 
                             , 
                             pre 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     
                       SE 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   11 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 11, the term Z i  represents a Z value at a particular time interval i and SE i  represents a standard error for a particular time interval i. The term SE i  may be calculated using Equation 12. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     SE 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           N 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       * 
                       
                         H 
                         
                           i 
                           , 
                           pre 
                         
                       
                       * 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             N 
                             i 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             H 
                             
                               i 
                               , 
                               pre 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   12 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A Z i  value may be calculated for each recurring time interval i and compared to a Z value in a table. If the Z i  value for one of the recurring time intervals is greater than the Z value in the table (e.g., about two), then the particular recurring time interval i is statistically significantly different. 
     The hyperglycemic pattern by day of the week sub-routine  230  may be performed in a manner similar to hyperglycemic pattern by time slot sub-routine  220 . In the hyperglycemic pattern by day of the week sub-routine  230 , the time intervals recur weekly where there are seven time slots to represent each day of the week. 
       FIG. 8  shows a flow chart of the hyperglycemic pattern by day of week  230  that may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period in step  231  and determining a number of hyperglycemic incidences for each day in step  232 . Next, the sub-routine  230 , as implemented on a suitable computing device, determines whether the number of hyperglycemic incidence for at least one of the days is different using a statistical test such as, for example, a chi-squared test (as shown in a template of  FIG. 4C ), and as shown in step  233 . The calculated chi-squared value is compared to a chi-squared value in a table, as shown in step  234 . If the calculated chi-squared is not greater than a chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  230  moves to the next sub-routine  240 . If the calculated chi-squared is greater than the chi-squared value in a table (of which a template is shown in  FIG. 4C ), then the sub-routine  230  moves to perform a Z test for each day of the week, as shown in step  235 . In step  236 , the calculated Z i  value is compared to a value of about 2. If the calculated Z i  is greater than about 2, then a message indicating a high incidence of hyperglycemia has occurred at a particular day of the week will be displayed, as shown in step  237 . After displaying the message, the subroutine  230  moves to the next sub-routine  240 . If the calculated Z i  is not greater than about 2, then the sub-routine  220  moves to the next sub-routine  240 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a flow chart of the hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240  that may be used to determine if there is a high incidence of hyperglycemia occurring at either a pre-meal or post-meal time interval. The incidence of hyperglycemia by meal sub-routine  240  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose concentration measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  241 . A number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag A and post-meal tag B may be calculated indicating the number of blood glucose measurement performed before eating a meal and after a meal, respectively, as shown in step  242 . A number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag H A  and post-meal tag H B  may be calculated, as shown in step  243 . The percentage of hyperglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Ph A  and a post-meal tag Ph B  may be calculated, as indicated in step  244 . Ph A  may be determined by dividing the number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that have the pre-meal flag H A  by the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with the pre-meal tag A. Similarly, Ph B  may be determined by dividing the number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that have the pre-meal flag H B  by the number of blood glucose concentration measurements with a pre-meal tag B. 
     Equations 13 and 14 illustrate a mathematical embodiment on how to determine the percentage of hyperglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Ph A  and a post-meal tag Ph B . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Ph 
                     A 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         H 
                         A 
                       
                       A 
                     
                     * 
                     100 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   13 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Ph 
                     B 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         H 
                         B 
                       
                       B 
                     
                     * 
                     100 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   14 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The percentage of hyperglycemic incidence having a pre-meal tag Ph A  and a post-meal tag Ph B  may be compared to a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  245 . If either Ph A  or Ph B  is greater than a pre-determined threshold, then a message can be displayed indicating a high incidence of hyperglycemia occurring at a pre-meal time and/or a post-meal time, as shown in step  246 . If Ph A  and Ph B  are not greater than a pre-determined threshold, then sub-routine  240  may move to step  301 , which is a first step in variability pattern rules  300 . After displaying the message in step  246 , the sub-routine  240  may move to the step  301 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 15% to about 50%. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4-8 , a method is provided that includes storing a patient&#39;s data that includes blood glucose concentration measurements; generating from the patient&#39;s data a suitable table having predetermined conditions (e.g., Time or Day) and outcomes (e.g., Hypoglycemic, Hyperglycemic or Other condition) upon indication of instances of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or excessive blood glucose variability by time of day, by day in a week, both by time of day and day of week, or at different time intervals; calculating standard error (SE) and Z test with data from the table; and displaying a message when the Z test being greater than a predetermined value indicative of a pattern of glycemia outside at least a predetermined range for such pattern. In the preferred embodiment, a threshold for the Z test is about 2. 
     The glucose variability range sub-routine  310  may be used to indicate to a user if their glucose concentration has a wide range of blood glucose variability, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The glucose variability range sub-routine  310  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period in step  311 , and ranking all of the blood glucose measurements based on a magnitude of the blood glucose measurement in step  312 . Next, an inter quartile range may be determined that includes an upper ranking and a lower ranking in step  313 . The upper ranking may correlate to an upper glucose concentration and the lower ranking may correlate to a lower glucose concentration. The inter quartile range selected here can be a glucose measurement in the 75 th  and 25 th  percentile. However, other suitable ranges can also be utilized, such as, for example, 80 th  and 20 th  percentiles or 90 th  and 10 th  percentiles. In step  314 , the upper glucose concentration is subtracted from the lower glucose concentration to calculate a differential value or, for example, an inter quartile range. If the differential value is greater than a pre-determined threshold, a message may be displayed indicating an incidence of high blood glucose variability as shown in step  315 . If the differential value is not greater than a pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  310  may move to the overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320 . After displaying the message in step  315 , the sub-routine  310  may move to the overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320 . In one embodiment, the message is displayed only if there is a statistically significant number of blood glucose measurements collected by the glucose meter such as, for example, about greater than about fourteen blood glucose measurements, as shown in step  301  in  FIG. 3A . An example of the pre-determined threshold for the glucose variability range sub-routine  310  may range from about 30 mg/dL to about 90 mg/dL, and preferably about 50 mg/dL. 
     Variability can also be associated graphically with incidences of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia at a specified time of day or in association with a meal slot. Other associations of blood glucose variability can be with a specified date, day of week, timing of meals or insulin injections. Specifically, the system performs a generating of blood glucose variability pattern by determining (a) a median of glucose concentration values during a temporal period and (b) a median of test times during the temporal period; and correlating (a) the median of glucose concentration values and (b) the median of test times to define a data point on a two-dimensional coordinate graph having glucose values and test times. A suitable range (e.g., interquartile, 10 th  and 90 th  percentiles or 20 th  and 80 th  percentiles) can be plotted around each median data point. As shown in an example in  FIG. 18 , the temporal time period is selected to be a time period TP from 3:00 AM to 8:00 AM where a median of glucose concentration values is indicated by MGV of approximately 325 mg/dL during this time period with a median of the number of test measurements MT being approximately 4:00 AM, and both MGV and MT can be utilized to define a median data point on a two-dimensional chart for glucose value and time in display area D 4 . Association of blood glucose variability for MGV and MT can be determined for other specified indicators such as, for example, pre or post meal glucose concentration levels by time slot in a day or by days in a week or month, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, day of week, dates of week, or any time related specified indicator as deemed suitable by the user, patient, physician, or clinician. Thereafter, a suitable variability indicator (such as, for example, the interquartile range defined as a difference between the 75 th  and 25 th  percentile) can be determined around each of the median data. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 18 , the data values defining the 75 th  percentile can be connected together as smoothed curve  700  about the median values defining curve  710  with the 25 th  percentile values defining curve  720 . The curves  700  and  720  serve to show graphically the blood glucose variability around the median value associated with a specified indicator (e.g., glucose, insulin, or other physiological indicators). 
     In the preferred embodiments, the median is a preferred indicator of a tendency in the blood glucose data to centralize about some value, i.e., a central tendency. The median is also preferred over other indicator such as, for example, the arithmetic mean because it has been observed that measurement data from blood glucose meter do not follow a normal or Gaussian distribution (i.e., an asymmetric instead of symmetric distribution), as it would be for other indicators. Further, the use of the median is preferred because (a) the median is insensitive to outlier data, and (b) the median is essentially unaffected by values outside a range of measurement of blood glucose meters. It is believed values for the median are highly correlated to the mean, and that correlation between median blood glucose level and HbA1c values would be very close to the mean blood glucose and HbA1c. However, for precision, it is believed that more sampling data would be required for the median as compared to the mean. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 18 , the respective curves  700 ,  710 , and  720  can be generated by a suitable interpolation technique, i.e., “curve smoothing,” such as, for example, polynominal interpolation, cubic-Bezier spline, cubic cardinal spline, Fritsch-Carlson monotony preserving cubic interpolation, Akima cubic spline interpolation, rational cubic spline, or exponential interpolation. In the preferred embodiments, the curve smoothing is generated via a cardinal spline through a specified array of point structures using a tension of 1. 
     Heretofore, a method of assessing glycemia of a patient can be provided to provide a graphical comparison of insulin intake and blood glucose along with any other physiological parameters. The method can be achieved by collecting data related to a patient glycemia, including blood glucose measurements and insulin intake values; determining a combined median of glucose and time as a function of a median of blood glucose values and a median of time periods for each measurement of the blood glucose values over a predetermined temporal period; and displaying the combined median of glucose and time in a graphical format. The collecting can include collecting data of the patient over a plurality of temporal time periods. The determining can include determining the combined median of glucose and time for each of the plurality of temporal time periods. In particular, the displaying can include generating a graphical chart for each of the determining and establishing, where the charts have substantially the same temporal time periods. 
     Once the combined median of glucose and time has been determined, blood glucose variability can be generated by a suitable technique, such as, for example, using the inter quartile range. To show trends or patterns, the blood glucose variability can be obtained for each combined median of glucose and time over the plurality of temporal periods. And as used herein, the temporal periods can be any unit indicator of time such as for example, every 4 hours, every 8 hours, every 24 hours, day or days in a week, specific dates, every week or every month and so on. 
     The system can be utilized to associate the variability of glucose concentration with the intake of insulin via a common specified indicator (e.g., time of day, day of week, and others) to assess the effects of insulin, types of insulin, or frequency of insulin intake. Specifically, the system performs a generating of blood glucose variability pattern by determining (based on a common indicator of temporal time TP) the following: (i) a median of insulin doses MI taken by the patient during the temporal period selected above and (ii) a median of dosage times MIT during the temporal period and it would correlate both (i) the median of insulin doses MI and (ii) the median of the number of insulin intake values MIT to define a data point on a two-dimensional coordinate graph having insulin doses and dosage times as its ordinate and abscissa, respectively. In particular, the method above can be implemented to establish a combined median of insulin intake and time as a function of both (i) median of insulin intake and (ii) a median of time periods for each insulin intake over the predetermined temporal period; and displaying the combined median of insulin intake and time in a graphical format so that a clinician, patient or diabetes specialist would be able to assess generally the effect of insulin intake and blood glucose. This correlation of the median insulin doses and dosage time can be plotted graphically in an exemplary two-dimensional chart within display area D 5 , which then can be utilized to show the association in the variability of glucose in the chart of display area D 4  and insulin in the chart of display area D 5  by the common specified indicator of “time of day.” It should be noted that the chart in display area D 4  or D 5  is not limited to a two-dimensional chart but that other types of charts can be utilized such as, for example, three-dimensional charts or charts using graphical representation for more than 4 different variable data inputs. 
     Although blood glucose variability has been described generally in relation to the median and interquartile range of blood glucose values, other techniques can be utilized, such as, for example: 
     “standard deviation” or SD, 
     “coefficient of variation” CV, 
     “average-daily-blood-glucose”, 
     “N70+N180” where the number of blood glucose below 70 mg/dL and the number above 180 mg/dL are utilized, 
     “M value” derived as a composite measure of glycemic control from blood glucose data, as described by J. Schlichtkrull et al.,  The M - Value, an Index of Blood - Sugar Control in Diabetics , Acta Medica Scandinavia, Vol. 177, fasc. 1, 1965, pp. 95-93, 
     “Mean-Amplitude-Of-Glycemic-Excursion,” as discussed by F. John Service et al., in  Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions, a Measure of Diabetic Instability , Diabetes, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 644-655, September 1970, 
     “Lability Index” as described by Kovatchev BP et al., in  Methods for Quantifying Self - monitoring Blood Glucose Profile Exemplified by an Examination of Blood Glucose Pattern in Patients with Type  1  and Type  2  Diabetes , Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 4: 295-303, 2002, 
     “Absolute-Blood-Glucose-Rate-Of-Change” for readings less than 4 hours apart as discussed by Ryan E A et al., in  Assessment of the Severity of Hypoglycemia and Glycemic Lability in Type  1  Diabetic Subjects Undergoing Islet Transplantation , Diabetes 53: 955-962, 2004, 
     “Figure of Merit,” as described by Rodbard, D. (2005),  Improved Methods for Calculating a “Figure of Merit” for Blood Glucose Monitoring Data , Diabetes Technology Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., November 2005. 
     “J-index,” as described by Wojcicki, J. (1995),  J - Index, A New Proposition Of The Assessment Of Current Glucose Control In Diabetic Patients , Horm Metab Res., 27, 41-42, and 
     “Average-Daily-Risk-Range” as described by Otto et al., in Diabetes Care, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 2433-2438 (November 2006). 
     Other documents relating to the potential hazards posed by variability in blood glucose values are described in Hirsch I B.  Glycemic Variability: It&#39;s Not Just About A 1 C Anymore ! Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005; 7:780-783; Brownlee M, Hirsch, I. B. Glycemic variability:  A Hemoglobin A 1 c—Independent Risk Factor For Diabetic Complications . JAMA 2006; 295(14): 1707-1708; and Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al.,  Activation Of Oxidative Stress By Acute Glucose Fluctuations Compared With Sustained Chronic Hyperglycemia In Patients With Type  2  Diabetes. JAMA.  2006; 295:1681-1687. The above-cited documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties into this application. 
     The overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320 , as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , may be used to determine if a user has ingested a bolus of carbohydrate that caused the user&#39;s blood glucose concentration to increase from a hypoglycemic state to a hyperglycemic state. Ideally, a user would want to ingest a bolus of carbohydrate to cause a switch from the hypoglycemic state to the euglycemic state. 
     The overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  320  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period as shown in step  321 , and measuring a first blood glucose concentration that is less than a first pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  322 . The first pre-determined threshold may be about 70 mg/dL where a blood glucose concentration that is less than the first pre-determined threshold is hypoglycemic. The first blood glucose concentration indicates that the user is in a hypoglycemic state. In step  323 , all blood glucose measurements performed from about 30 minutes to about 240 minutes after the first blood glucose concentration measurement are evaluated for hyperglycemia. If one of the blood glucose concentrations are found to be greater than about a second pre-determined threshold, then a message is displayed indicating a possible presence of overcorrection for hypoglycemia, as shown in step  324 . The second pre-determined threshold may be about 180 mg/dL. If none of the blood glucose concentrations are found to be greater than about the second pre-determined threshold, then the subroutine  320  may move to the overcorrection for hypoglycemia sub-routine  330 . After displaying the message in step  324 , the sub-routine  320  may move to the overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330 . 
     The overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330 , as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , may be used to determine if a user has taken a bolus of insulin such that the user&#39;s glucose concentration decreased from a hyperglycemic state to a hypoglycemic state. Ideally, a user may want an insulin bolus to cause a switch from the hyperglycemic state to the euglycemic state. 
     The overcorrection for hyperglycemia sub-routine  330  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period as shown in step  331 , and measuring a first blood glucose concentration that is greater than a second pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  332 . The second pre-determined threshold may be about 180 mg/dL where a blood glucose concentration that is greater than the second pre-determined threshold is hyperglycemic. In step  333 , all blood glucose measurements performed from about 30 minutes to about 240 minutes after the first blood glucose concentration measurement are evaluated for hypoglycemia. If one of the blood glucose concentrations are found to be less than about a first pre-determined threshold, then a message is displayed indicating a possible presence of overcorrection for hyperglycemia, as shown in step  334 . The first pre-determined threshold may be about 70 mg/dL. If none of the blood glucose concentrations are found to be less than about the first pre-determined threshold, then the subroutine  330  may move to the frequency of glucose testing sub-routine  410 . After displaying the message in step  334 , the sub-routine  330  may move to the frequency of blood glucose testing sub-routine  410 . 
       FIG. 13  shows a flow chart for the frequency of blood glucose testing sub-routine  410 , which may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  411 . Next, an average number of blood glucose concentration measurements per day or per week may be calculated, as shown in step  412 . In step  413 , the average number of average number of blood glucose concentration measurements per unit time is compared to a pre-determined threshold. A message may be displayed indicating that the average number of blood glucose concentration measurements per unit time is not sufficient if the average number of blood glucose concentration measurements per unit time is less than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  414 . If the average number of blood glucose concentration measurements per unit time is not less than a pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  410  may move to the adequacy of pre-meal testing sub-routine  420 . After displaying the message in step  414 , the sub-routine  410  may move to the adequacy of pre-meal testing sub-routine  420 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 3 measurements per week to about 15 measurements per week. 
       FIG. 14A  shows a flow chart for the adequacy of pre-meal testing sub-routine  420 , which may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  421 . Next, the blood glucose concentration measurement may be flagged as pre-meal if the blood glucose concentration measurement was performed before a meal, as shown in step  422 . A number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as pre-meal can be determined, as shown in step  423 . In step  424 , the number of blood glucose concentration measurements flagged as pre-meal per week is compared to a pre-determined threshold. A warning message may be displayed if the number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as pre-meal is less than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  425 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 3 pre-meal flags per week to about 7 pre-meal flags per week. However, it should be noted that the appropriate threshold is one that can be set by the physician or automatically or semi-automatically via a suitable algorithm by taking into account the average number of tests per day or per week, the pattern of testing being used, and the pattern of testing recommended by the physician. If the number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as pre-meal is not less than a pre-determined threshold, then the sub-routine  420  may move to the adequacy of post-meal testing sub-routine  430 . After displaying the message in step  425 , the sub-routine  420  may move to the adequacy of post-meal testing sub-routine  430 . In other instances, where the patient is a type 2 diabetic, who as a group usually tests before meals, the message  425  may be dispensed with entirely. In an alternative embodiment, however, step  425  may include a message asking the user or patient to test or measure their blood glucose level more often, in the future, during a prescribed or determined time period as compared to any comparable prior time periods. 
       FIG. 14B  shows a flow chart for the adequacy of post-meal testing sub-routine  430 , which may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  431 . Next, the blood glucose concentration measurement may be flagged as post-meal if the blood glucose concentration measurement was performed after a meal, as shown in step  432 . A number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as post-meal can be determined, as shown in step  433 . In step  434 , the number of blood glucose concentration measurements flagged as post-meal per week is compared to a pre-determined threshold. A warning message may be displayed if the number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as post-meal is less than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  435 . However, it should be noted that the appropriate threshold is one that can be set by the physician or automatically or semi-automatically via a suitable algorithm by taking into account the average number of tests per day or per week, the pattern of testing being used, and the pattern of testing recommended by the physician. In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may range from about 3 post-meal flags per week to about 7 post-meal flags per week. If the number of blood glucose concentration measurements per week that are flagged as post-meal is not less than a pre-determined threshold, then the sub-routine  430  may move to the adequacy of glucose testing sub-routine  440 . After displaying the message in step  435 , the sub-routine  430  may move to the adequacy of glucose testing sub-routine  440 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, the adequacy of blood glucose testing sub-routine  440  may be performed after the adequacy of post-meal testing sub-routine  430 .  FIG. 14C  shows a flow chart for the adequacy of blood glucose testing sub-routine  440  that helps a physician determine a user&#39;s compliance in performing a sufficient number of blood glucose measurements. The adequacy of blood glucose testing sub-routine  440  may include inputting a plurality of targeted testing frequencies for a plurality of time intervals, as shown in step  441 . The time intervals may include before breakfast, after breakfast, before lunch, after lunch, before dinner, after dinner, bedtime, and overnight. In one embodiment, a physician may input a targeted testing frequency for all of the time intervals to provide targeted goals for the user. Next, a number of blood glucose measurements may be performed at various time intervals, as shown in step  442 . An actual testing frequency for each time interval may be calculated, as shown in step  443 . In step  444 , the actual testing frequency is compared to the targeted testing frequency. A warning message may be displayed if the actual testing frequency is less than the targeted testing frequency, as shown in step  445 . If the actual testing frequency is not less than the targeted testing frequency, then a message indicating the user had complied with the targeted testing frequencies, as shown in step  446 . After displaying the message in either step  445  or step  446 , the sub-routine  440  may move to the post-meal flag prompt sub-routine  450 . 
     In another alternative embodiment, illustrated here with regard to  FIGS. 15A and 15B , the testing/dosing pattern  400  may include sub-routines  450  and  460 , respectively, for recognizing patterns indicative of a pre-meal or post meal glucose measurements. A message may be displayed alerting a user that the most recently performed glucose measurement is pre-meal or post-meal based on past glucose measurements. The user may then be provided the option of flagging the glucose measurement with the appropriate flag. 
     The post-meal flag prompt sub-routine  450  may be performed after the adequacy of glucose testing sub-routine  440 .  FIG. 15A  shows a flow chart for the post-meal flag prompt sub-routine  450  that reminds a user that he or she may need to flag the glucose measurement as post-meal. The post-meal flag prompt sub-routine  450  may include obtaining a plurality of blood glucose measurements during a first time slot, as shown in step  451 . Next, a median glucose concentration may be calculated during the first time slot, as shown in step  452 . A user may then perform a glucose concentration measurement during a second time slot, as shown in step  453 . The second time slot may be subsequent to the first time slot. For example, the first time slot may be before breakfast and the second time slot may be after breakfast. In step  454 , the median glucose concentration for the first time slot is subtracted from the measured glucose concentration during the second time slot to give a difference. A message may be displayed to alert the user that the glucose measurement may be flagged as post-meal if the difference is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  455 . After displaying the message in step  455 , the sub-routine  450  may move to a pre-meal flag prompt subroutine  460 . If the difference is not greater than the pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  450  may move to a pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  460 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may be about 50 milligrams per deciliter. 
     The pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  460  may be performed after the post-meal flag prompt sub-routine  450 .  FIG. 15B  shows a flow chart for the pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  460  that reminds a user that she or he may need to flag the glucose measurement as pre-meal. The pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  460  may include obtaining a plurality of blood glucose measurements during a second time slot, as shown in step  461 . Next, a median glucose concentration may be calculated during the second time slot, as shown in step  462 . A user may then perform a glucose concentration measurement during a first time slot, as shown in step  463 . The second time slot may be subsequent to the first time slot. For example, the first time slot may be before breakfast and the second time slot may be after breakfast. In step  464 , the measured glucose concentration for the first time slot is subtracted from the median glucose concentration during the second time slot to give a difference. A message may be displayed to alert the user that the glucose measurement may be flagged as pre-meal if the difference is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  465 . After displaying the message in step  465 , the sub-routine  460  may move to the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610 . If the difference is not greater than the pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  460  may move to the sub-routine  610 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may be about 50 milligrams per deciliter. 
     In one embodiment, the post-meal flag prompt  450  or the pre-meal flag prompt  460  may only be performed if that is a plurality of glucose measurements collected over a time interval of greater than about thirty days. In another embodiment, the post-meal flag prompt  450  or the pre-meal flag prompt  460  may only be performed if a glucose concentration measurement rate is greater than or about equal to four measurements per day. In yet another embodiment, the post-meal flag prompt  450  or the pre-meal flag prompt  460  may only be performed if the user does not use therapeutic insulin. 
     In a further embodiment, illustrated here with regard to  FIGS. 15C and 15D , the insulin pattern  600  may include sub-routines  610  and  620 , respectively, for recognizing insulin dosing patterns that indicate a pre-meal or post meal glucose measurements. A message may be displayed alerting a user that the most recently performed glucose measurement is pre-meal or post-meal based on past insulin boluses. The user may then be provided the option of flagging the glucose measurement with the appropriate flag. 
     The pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610  may be performed after the pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  460 .  FIG. 15C  shows a flow chart for the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610  that reminds a user that she or he may need to flag the glucose measurement as pre-meal. The pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610  may include administering a plurality of insulin boluses within a time slot, as shown in step  611 . Next, a median time for the plurality of insulin boluses may be calculated for the time slot, as shown in step  612 . A user may then perform a glucose concentration measurement during the time slot and before the median time, as shown in step  613 . In step  614 , the glucose measurement time is subtracted from the median time to give a difference. A message may be displayed to alert the user that the glucose measurement may be flagged as pre-meal if the difference is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  615 . If the difference is not greater than the pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  610  may move to a post-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  620 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may be about 50 milligrams per deciliter. After displaying the message in step  615 , the sub-routine  610  may move a post-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  620 . 
     The post-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  620  may be performed after the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610 .  FIG. 15D  shows a flow chart for the post-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  620  that reminds a user that he or she may need to flag the glucose measurement as post-meal. The post-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  620  may include administering a plurality of insulin boluses within a time slot, as shown in step  621 . Next, a median time for the plurality of insulin boluses may be calculated for the time slot, as shown in step  622 . A user may then perform a glucose concentration measurement during the time slot and after the median time, as shown in step  623 . In step  624 , the median time is subtracted from the glucose measurement time to give a difference. A message may be displayed to alert the user that the glucose measurement may be flagged as post-meal if the difference is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  625 . After displaying the message in step  625 , the sub-routine  620  may move to step  501  of comparative pattern  500  ( FIG. 3B ). If the difference is not greater than the pre-determined threshold, the sub-routine  620  may move to step  501  of comparative pattern  500  ( FIG. 3B ). In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may be about 50 milligrams per deciliter. 
     In one embodiment, for the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610  of the pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  620 , the predetermined threshold may be determined by calculating a standard deviation for the median time and calculating a pre-determined threshold based on the standard deviation. In another embodiment, for the pre-meal flag prompt by insulin sub-routine  610  of the pre-meal flag prompt sub-routine  620 , the predetermined threshold may be about one hour. 
       FIG. 16  shows a flow chart for the comparison of pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose concentrations sub-routine  510 , which may be used to determine whether there is a significant increase in blood glucose concentration after a user has ingested a meal. The comparison of pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose concentrations sub-routine  510  may include obtaining a number for blood glucose concentration measurements, as shown in step  511 . Next, a median pre-meal blood glucose concentration and a median post-meal blood glucose concentration may be calculated, as shown in steps  512  and  513 , respectively. Pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose concentrations may be defined as blood glucose concentration measurements that are flagged as pre-meal and post-meal, respectively. In step  514 , the median pre-meal glucose concentration is subtracted from the median post-meal glucose concentration that results in a difference value. The difference value can be a clinically significant, statistically or both clinically and statistically significant value depending on the types of meal involved. A warning message indicating a high post-meal excursion if the difference value is greater than a pre-determined threshold, as shown in step  515 . If the difference value is not greater than a pre-determined threshold, then the sub-routine  510  may move to the comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520 . After displaying the message in step  512 , the sub-routine  510  may move to the comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520 . In one embodiment, the pre-determined threshold may be about 50 mg/dL. An embodiment may include a pre-condition where a warning message is not displayed unless there are greater than about nine measurements that are flagged as pre-meal and greater than about nine measurements that are flagged as post-meal. 
       FIG. 17A  shows a flow chart for the comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520 , which may be used to determine whether there is a significant difference in daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations. The comparison of daytime and nighttime glucose concentrations sub-routine  520  may include obtaining a number for blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  521 . Next, a median daytime glucose concentration and nighttime glucose concentration may be calculated, as shown in steps  522  and  523 , respectively. Daytime may be a time interval ranging from about 6:00 A.M. to about 4:59 P.M. Nighttime may be a time interval ranging from about 5:00 P.M. to about 5:59 A.M. However, a daytime or nighttime period can be of any predetermined time periods, as selected by the physician or clinician. Next, a statistical test may be used to determine whether the daytime median is statistically significantly different from the nighttime median, as shown in step  524 . If there are statistically significant differences, a warning message may be displayed indicating a difference between the daytime median and the nighttime median, as shown in step  525 . If there is not a statistically significant difference, the sub-routine  520  may move to the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence sub-routine  530 . After displaying the message in step  525 , the sub-routine  520  may move to the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence sub-routine  530 . 
     In one embodiment, the statistical test is a non-parametric statistical test. The non-parametric statistical test may be a Wilcoxon test or a Rank Sum test. The non-parametric test may include combining a plurality of glucose concentration measurements performed at the daytime time interval and at the nighttime time interval to form an aggregate of glucose concentration measurements. Next, the aggregate of glucose concentration measurements may be ranked in an ordinal order and a standardized rank sum W std  may be calculated using an Equation 15. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                    
                   15 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 15, the terms W std  represents the standardized rank sum, W d  represents a rank sum of the plurality of glucose concentration measurements performed at the daytime time interval, N d  is the number of glucose concentration measurements for the daytime interval, and N n  is the number of glucose concentration measurements for the nighttime interval. A warning message may be displayed indicating a statistically significant difference between the daytime median and the nighttime median if the standardized rank sum is greater than about 2. In one embodiment, the warning message may be displayed if the plurality of glucose concentration measurements performed at the daytime includes more than about 9 measurements. In another embodiment, the warning message may be displayed if the plurality of glucose concentration measurements performed at the nighttime includes more than about 9 measurements. 
     In another embodiment, the non-parametric test may be performed using a different equation if two or more glucose concentrations have a tie (i.e., have the same value). When two or more glucose concentrations have a tie, a standardized rank sum W std  may be calculated using an Equation 16. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     W 
                     std 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         W 
                         d 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               N 
                               d 
                             
                             * 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   N 
                                   d 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   N 
                                   n 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 1 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           2 
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               [ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     d 
                                   
                                   * 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     n 
                                   
                                   * 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         N 
                                         d 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       
                                         N 
                                         n 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 12 
                               
                               ] 
                             
                             - 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             { 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           N 
                                           d 
                                         
                                         * 
                                         
                                           N 
                                           n 
                                         
                                       
                                       
                                         12 
                                         * 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               N 
                                               d 
                                             
                                             + 
                                             
                                               N 
                                               n 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         * 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               N 
                                               d 
                                             
                                             + 
                                             
                                               N 
                                               n 
                                             
                                             - 
                                             1 
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     * 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         j 
                                         = 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       g 
                                     
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                      
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             h 
                                             j 
                                           
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       * 
                                       
                                         h 
                                         j 
                                       
                                       * 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             h 
                                             j 
                                           
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             } 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   16 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 16, the term h j  represents a number of glucose concentration values within a tie, j represents an index value associated with each group of glucose concentrations having a tie, and g is a total number of ties. For example, if the blood glucose concentration values are 93, 93, 100, 100, 100, 104, 104, 104, 104 mg/dL, then h 1 =2, h 2 =3, h 3 =4, and g=3. A warning message may be displayed indicating a statistically significant difference between the daytime median and the nighttime median if the standardized rank sum is greater than about 2. 
       FIG. 17B  shows the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence sub-routine  530 , which may indicate a statistical change from a current reporting period and a previous reporting period. A reporting period may be defined as the period between two successive device downloads for a given user. Note that the device does not have to be the same from download to download. 
     The comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence sub-routine  530  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  531 . Next, a first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  may be calculated over a first time period, as shown in step  532 . A second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2  may be calculated over a second time period, as shown in step  533 . The first time period may be a current time period and the second time period may be a previous time period. 
     In step  534 , a calculation may be performed for determining if two conditions are achieved which are whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  is greater than a pre-determined threshold and whether the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2  is less than a pre-determined threshold. If both of the above two conditions in step  534  are met, then the sub-routine  530  may show a warning message indicating a difference between the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  and the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2 , as shown in step  538 . If at least one of the above two conditions are not met in step  534 , then the sub-routine may move to step  535 . 
     In the step  535 , a calculation may be performed for determining if two conditions are achieved which are whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  is less than a pre-determined threshold and whether the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2  is greater than a pre-determined threshold. If both of the above two conditions in step  535  are met, then the sub-routine  530  may show a warning message indicating a difference between the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  and the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2 , as shown in step  538 . If at least one of the above two conditions are not met in step  535 , then the sub-routine may move to step  536 . 
     In the step  536 , a calculation may be performed for determining whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  and second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2  are greater than a pre-determined threshold. If the above condition in step  536  is met, then the sub-routine  530  may perform a calculation for determining whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2 , as shown in step  537 . If the above condition in step  536  is not met, then the sub-routine  530  may move to the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . 
     A calculation may be performed for determining whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 1  is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence Pl 2 , as shown in step  537 . If a statistically significant difference is found between the first and second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence, a warning message may be displayed indicating the difference, as shown in step  538 . If a statistically significant difference is not found between the first and second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence, the sub-routine  530  may move to the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . After displaying the message in the step  538 , the sub-routine  530  may move to the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 . In an embodiment of the comparison of previous and current hypoglycemic incidence sub-routine  530 , the threshold may be about five percent or greater. 
     In one embodiment, a Z test may be used to determine whether the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence. The Z test may be performed using Equation 17. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Z 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         Pl 
                         1 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         Pl 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 Pl 
                                 1 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     Pl 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             
                               Nl 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 Pl 
                                 2 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     Pl 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             
                               Nl 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   17 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 17, the terms Pl 1  is the first percentage of hypoglycemic incidence, Pl 2  is the second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence, Nl 1  is the number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the first time period, and Nl 2  is the number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the second time period. A warning message may be displayed indicating a statistically significant difference between the first and second percentage of hypoglycemic incidence if Z is greater than about 2. In one embodiment, the warning message may be displayed if the number of substantially hypoglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the first or second time period is greater than about 27. 
       FIG. 17C  shows the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 , which may indicate a statistical change from a current reporting period and a previous reporting period. A reporting period may be defined as the period between two successive device downloads for a given user. Note that the device does not have to be the same from download to download. 
     The comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540  may include obtaining a number of blood glucose measurements over a total time period, as shown in step  541 . Next, a first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  may be calculated over a first time period, as shown in step  542 . A second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2  may be calculated over a second time period, as shown in step  543 . The first time period may be a current time period and the second time period may be a previous time period. 
     In step  544 , a calculation may be performed for determining if two conditions are achieved which are whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  is greater than a pre-determined threshold and whether the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2  is less than a pre-determined threshold. If both of the above two conditions in step  544  are met, then the sub-routine  540  may show a warning message indicating a difference between the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  and the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2 , as shown in step  548 . If at least one of the above two conditions are not met in step  544 , then the sub-routine may move to step  545 . 
     In the step  545 , a calculation may be performed for determining if two conditions are achieved which are whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  is less than a pre-determined threshold and whether the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2  is greater than a pre-determined threshold. If both of the above two conditions in step  545  are met, then the sub-routine  540  may show a warning message indicating a difference between the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  and the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2 , as shown in step  548 . If at least one of the above two conditions are not met in step  545 , then the sub-routine may move to step  546 . 
     In the step  546 , a calculation may be performed for determining whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  and second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2  are greater than a pre-determined threshold. If the above condition in step  546  is met, then the sub-routine  540  may perform a calculation for determining whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2 , as shown in step  547 . If the above condition in step  546  is not met, then the sub-routine  540  may move to the end. 
     A calculation may be performed for determining whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 1  is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence Ph 2 , as shown in step  547 . If a statistically significant difference is found between the first and second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence, a warning message may be displayed indicating the difference, as shown in step  548 . If a statistically significant difference is not found between the first and second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence, the sub-routine  540  may move to the end. After displaying the message in the step  548 , the sub-routine  540  may move to the end. In an embodiment of the comparison of previous and current hyperglycemic incidence sub-routine  540 , the threshold may be about fifty percent or greater. 
     In one embodiment, a Z test may be used to determine whether the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence is statistically significantly different than the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence. The Z test may be performed using Equation 18. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Z 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         Ph 
                         1 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         Ph 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 Ph 
                                 1 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     Ph 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             
                               Nh 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 Ph 
                                 2 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     Ph 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             
                               Nh 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   18 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 18, the terms Ph 1  is the first percentage of hyperglycemic incidence, Ph 2  is the second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence, Nh 1  is the number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the first time period, and Nh 2  is the number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the second time period. A warning message may be displayed indicating a statistically significant difference between the first and second percentage of hyperglycemic incidence if Z is greater than about 2. In one embodiment, the warning message may be displayed if the number of substantially hyperglycemic blood glucose concentration measurements that occur during the first or second time period is greater than about 27. 
     It should be noted here that while the glucose concentration in a patient is preferably obtained via the patient&#39;s blood for various exemplary embodiments, other physiological fluids from the patient can be utilized to provide a determination of glucose level such as, for example, interstitial fluid. Accordingly, it is intended that the word “glucose” (whether used herein alone or in conjunction with the word “blood,” as in “blood glucose” or “glucose”) to define not only glucose concentration or value present in blood but also in other biological fluids such as, for example, glucose concentration in interstitial fluid. 
     By virtue of the disclosure and illustrations provided herein, applicants have provided a communication medium to assist in diabetes management. The communication medium, as shown in  FIG. 18 , includes a first display area D 1  that has second, third, fourth, and fifth display areas D 2 , D 3 , D 4 , and D 5 , respectively, in the first display area. The second display area D 2  has identification information of a patient, whereas the third display area D 3  has a plurality of textual messages, and the fourth display area D 4  includes a graphical chart indicative of a variability of the glucose concentration over a predetermined time period of the patient, and other suitable information in graphical or textual format. The fifth display area D 5  has a graphical chart of units of insulin taken over time for the patient. In the exemplary embodiments, the first display area D 1  includes a display selected from any one of a video display monitor, a light projector, a sheet of paper, a hologram, an audio representation of the patient&#39;s variability trends (e.g., an automated voice response to the patient stating “high-variability between the hours of 3 A.M. and 9 A.M.), or combinations thereof. 
     The third display area D 3  includes display of information for at least one of but are not limited to (a) incidence of hypoglycemia (b) incidence of hyperglycemia (c) blood glucose variability, (d) overcorrection, (e) differential between night time glucose concentration versus daytime glucose concentration, and (f) comparative analysis of glycemic state of the patient for a time period or at different time periods. In particular, the incidence of hypoglycemia includes (i) incidence of hypoglycemia by time period, (ii) incidence of hypoglycemia by day of the week, (iii) incidence of pre-meal hypoglycemia, and (iv) incidence of post-meal hypoglycemia. In other words, the third display area has a plurality of textual messages indicative of glycemic status of the patient including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or excessive blood glucose variability. 
     Further, the incidence of hypoglycemia includes a textual indication of hypoglycemic incidence that includes a calculated percentage of hypoglycemic events within a predetermined time period, which is provided whenever the calculated percentage is greater than about 5% or a textual indication that all glucose readings are hypoglycemic is provided whenever the calculated percentage is 100%, otherwise no textual indication of hypoglycemic incidence is provided. A textual display of an indication of higher hypoglycemia in a specific time period is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between a time slot and a hypoglycemic event and there is an indication of hypoglycemic incidence. A textual display of an indication of higher hypoglycemia in a specific day of the week is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between the day of the week and a hypoglycemic event and there is a textual indication of hypoglycemic incidence. A textual display of pre-meal hypoglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of pre-meal glucose readings marked as pre-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. Conversely, a textual display of post-meal hypoglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as post-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. 
     The fourth display area D 4  includes a graphical pattern of blood glucose variability about a median blood glucose value by at least one of time of day, of day in a week, of both time of day and day of week, or at different predetermined intervals. Although a graphical blood glucose variability pattern is shown in  FIG. 18  in relation to a specific day as spanning from 24 hours starting at about 12 A.M. to about 12 A.M., other relations can be also be viewed, as described earlier, in relation to day of a week, both time and day of week, specific date in a week or month, or over predetermined intervals, such as between physician&#39;s office visits or between different prescribed therapeutic regimens. 
     The communication medium also has the ability to provide information regarding incidence of hyperglycemia that includes but are not limited to (i) incidence of hyperglycemia by time period, (ii) incidence of hyperglycemia by day of the week, (iii) incidence of pre-meal hyperglycemia, and (iv) incidence of post-meal hyperglycemia. In particular, the incidence of hyperglycemia includes a textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence that includes a calculated percentage of hyperglycemic events within a predetermined time period is provided whenever the calculated percentage is greater than about 15% or a textual indication that all glucose readings are hyperglycemic is provided whenever the calculated percentage is 100%, otherwise no textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence is provided. Whenever a statistical correlation is determined between a time slot and a hyperglycemic event and there is a textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence, a textual display of an indication of higher hyperglycemia in a specific time period is provided. A textual display of an indication of higher hyperglycemia in a specific day of the week is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between the day of the week and a hyperglycemic event and there is a textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence. Whenever there is more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as post-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period, a textual display of pre-meal hyperglycemic events is provided. And whenever there is more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as pre-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period, a textual display of post-meal hyperglycemic events is also provided. Although 5% has been selected as a threshold, other values can be utilized depending on the therapeutic regimen prescribed by a physician, such as, for example, 10% or 15%. 
     The communication medium also has the ability to provide information relating to glucose variability, including, but not limited to (i) glucose variability range, (ii) possible rebound from hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia, (iii) incidence of possible overcorrection from hyperglycemia to hypoglycemia, or (iv) blood glucose variability associated with a specified indicator such as, for example, a specific time period during a day, a plurality of time periods in a day, a specified day in a week, a plurality of specified days in a week, pre-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for a specified day of the week, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for specified days of the week, glucose testing frequency having post-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for a specified day of the week, or frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for specified days of the week. A textual display indicative of high blood glucose variability is provided whenever a calculated blood glucose variability of a patient within a predetermined time period is about or greater than about a selected value, such as, for example, any value from about 30 mg/dL to about 90 milligrams per deciliter of glucose. A textual display indicative of a possibility of hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia rebound is provided whenever there is a change from a hyperglycemic event to a hypoglycemic event within a predetermined time period of less than about 4 hours. Whenever there is a change from a hypoglycemic event to a hyperglycemic event within a predetermined time period of less than about 4 hours, a textual display indicative of hyperglycemia to hypoglycemia rebound is provided. 
     Additionally, the communication medium can also provide information relating to differentials between pre and post meal data. Specifically, a textual indication of a calculated difference between pre-meal and post-meal medians within a reporting period is provided when the calculated difference is greater than about a selected value, such as, for example, any value from about 30 mg/dL to about 90 mg/dL, and preferably about 50 mg/dL. 
     Further, the communication medium can also provide information relating to hypo or hyper glycemic trends including a textual indication of one of an upward hypoglycemic trend or downward hypoglycemic trend based on a number of hypoglycemic measurement for two or more time periods, and a total number of glucose measurements for all of the time periods, as described earlier. Conversely, a textual indication of one of an upward hyperglycemic trend or downward hyperglycemic trend based on a number of hypoglycemic measurement for two or more time periods, and a total number of glucose measurements for all of the time periods. As used herein, the term “textual” is intended to cover not only text type representations but also numerical values, symbols (moving or stationary), charts, holograms, graphs, or combinations thereof. 
     Applicants have also, by virtue of the description and illustrations provided herein, provided for a computer program to provide diabetes management information to a user, which may include a clinician or a diabetic patient. The computer program includes a user interface, business object module, and a diabetes management rules engine, illustrated here in  FIG. 1  and described earlier. The diabetes rule management engine generates a plurality of textual pattern recognition messages based on a plurality of data inputs relating to blood glucose of a patient, including a graphical chart indicative of a blood glucose variability of the glucose concentration over a predetermined time period of the patient. 
     The plurality of textual messages may include information for at least one of but are not limited to (a) incidence of hypoglycemia (b) incidence of hyperglycemia (c) blood glucose variability, (d) overcorrection, (e) differential between night time glucose concentration versus daytime glucose concentration, and (f) comparative analysis of hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic trends. In particular, the incidence of hypoglycemia includes (i) incidence of hypoglycemia by time period, (ii) incidence of hypoglycemia by day of the week, (iii) incidence of pre-meal hypoglycemia, and (iv) incidence of post-meal hypoglycemia. Further, the incidence of hypoglycemia includes a textual indication of hypoglycemic incidence that includes a calculated percentage of hypoglycemic events within a predetermined time period is provided whenever the calculated percentage is greater than about 5% or a textual indication that all glucose readings are hypoglycemic is provided whenever the calculated percentage is 100%, otherwise no textual indication of hypoglycemic incidence is provided. A textual display of an indication of higher hypoglycemia in a specific time period is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between a time slot and a hypoglycemic event and there is an indication of hypoglycemic incidence. A textual display of an indication of higher hypoglycemia in a specific day of the week is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between the day of the week and a hypoglycemic event and there is such indication of hypoglycemic incidence. A textual display of pre-meal hypoglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as pre-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. Conversely, a textual display of post-meal hypoglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as post-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. 
     The computer program also has the ability to provide information regarding incidence of hyperglycemia that includes but are not limited to (i) incidence of hyperglycemia by time period, (ii) incidence of hyperglycemia by day of the week, (iii) incidence of pre-meal hyperglycemia, and (iv) incidence of post-meal hyperglycemia. In particular, the incidence of hyperglycemia includes a textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence that includes a calculated percentage of hyperglycemic events within a predetermined time period is provided whenever the calculated percentage is greater than about 15% or a textual indication that all glucose readings are hyperglycemic is provided whenever the calculated percentage is 100%, otherwise no textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence is provided. A textual display of an indication of higher hyperglycemia in a specific time period is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between a time slot and a hyperglycemic event and there is a textual indication of hyperglycemic incidence. Similarly, a textual display of an indication of higher hyperglycemia in a specific day of the week is provided whenever a statistical correlation is determined between the day of the week and a hyperglycemic event and there is indication of hyperglycemic incidence. Additionally, a textual display of pre-meal hyperglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as pre-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. A textual display of post-meal hyperglycemic events is provided whenever there are more than about 5% of glucose readings marked as post-meal glucose readings within a predetermined time period. 
     The computer program also has the ability to provide information relating to glucose variability, including, but not limited to (i) glucose variability range, (ii) a possibility of hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia rebound, (iii) incidence of possible overcorrection from hyperglycemia to hypoglycemia, or (iv) blood glucose variability associated with a specified indicator such as, for example, a specific time period during a day, a plurality of time periods in a day, a specified day in a week, a plurality of specified days in a week, pre-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for a specified day of the week, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for specified days of the week, glucose testing frequency having post-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for a specified day of the week, or frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for specified days of the week. A textual display indicative of high blood glucose variability is provided whenever a calculated blood glucose variability of a patient within a predetermined time period is about or greater than about 90 milligram per deciliter. Whenever there is a change from a hyperglycemic event to a hypoglycemic event within a predetermined time period less than about 4 hours a textual display indicative of a possibility of hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia rebound is provided. Similarly, a textual display indicative of hyperglycemia to hypoglycemia rebound is provided whenever there is a change from a hypoglycemic event to a hyperglycemic event within a predetermined time period less than about 4 hours. 
     Additionally, the computer program can also provide information relating to differential between pre and post meal data. Specifically, a textual indication of a calculated difference between pre-meal and post-meal medians within a reporting period is provided when the calculated difference is greater than about a predetermined value such as, for example, any value from about 30 mg/dL to about 90 mg/dL, and preferably about 50 mg/dL of glucose. 
     Further, the computer program can also provide information relating to hypo glycemic or hyper glycemic trends including a textual indication of one of an upward hypoglycemic trend or downward hypoglycemic trend based on a number of hypoglycemic measurement for two or more time periods, and a total number of glucose measurements for all of the time periods, as described earlier. Conversely, a textual indication of one of an upward hyperglycemic trend or downward hyperglycemic trend based on a number of hypoglycemic measurement for two or more time periods, and a total number of glucose measurements for all of the time periods. Set forth below in Table 1 are examples of various pattern recognition textual messages that can be provided to a clinician or user in managing diabetes: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary Pattern Recognition Messages 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Message 
                   
               
               
                 Nos. 
                 Pattern Recognition Messages 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 01 
                 Average number of glucose tests per week is       . 
               
               
                 02 
                 Average number of glucose tests per week 
               
               
                   
                 flagged as pre-meal is       . 
               
               
                 03 
                 Average number of glucose tests per week 
               
               
                   
                 flagged as post-meal is       . 
               
               
                 04 
                         % of values are hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 05 
                 Higher incidence of hypoglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                 06 
                         % of pre-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 07 
                         % of post-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 08 
                 All glucose readings are hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 09 
                         % of values are hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 10 
                 Higher incidence of hyperglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                 11 
                 Higher incidence of hyperglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                 12 
                         % of pre-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 13 
                         % of post-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 14 
                 High variability present. 
               
               
                 15 
                 Rebound from Low to High. 
               
               
                 16 
                 Overcorrection from High to Low. 
               
               
                 17 
                 The difference between pre and post-meal 
               
               
                   
                 medians is:        
               
               
                 18 
                 The difference between daytime and nighttime 
               
               
                   
                 glucose readings is significant. 
               
               
                 19 
                 Downward trend in the percentage of 
               
               
                   
                 hypoglycemic values. 
               
               
                 20 
                 Downward trend in the percentage of 
               
               
                   
                 hyperglycemic values. 
               
               
                 21 
                 . Note that no glucose tests were found in some 
               
               
                   
                 time slots. 
               
               
                 22 
                 . Note that no glucose tests were found on 
               
               
                   
                 certain days. 
               
               
                 23 
                 Nighttime readings are lower than daytime 
               
               
                   
                 readings. 
               
               
                 24 
                 Daytime readings are lower than nighttime 
               
               
                   
                 readings. 
               
               
                 25 
                 Upward trend in hypoglycemic events compared 
               
               
                   
                 to the previous reporting period. 
               
               
                 26 
                 Downward trend in hypoglycemic events 
               
               
                   
                 compared to the previous reporting period. 
               
               
                 27 
                 Upward trend in hyperglycemic events 
               
               
                   
                 compared to the previous reporting period. 
               
               
                 28 
                 Downward trend in hyperglycemic events 
               
               
                   
                 compared to the previous reporting period. 
               
               
                 29 
                         % of values are hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 30 
                 Higher incidence of hypoglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                   
                 Note that no glucose tests were 
               
               
                   
                 found in some time slots. 
               
               
                 31 
                 Higher incidence of hypoglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                   
                 Note that no glucose tests were 
               
               
                   
                 found on certain days. 
               
               
                 32 
                         % of pre-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 33 
                         % of post-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hypoglycemic. 
               
               
                 34 
                         % of values are hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 35 
                 Higher incidence of hyperglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                   
                 Note that no glucose tests were 
               
               
                   
                 found in some time slots. 
               
               
                 36 
                 Higher incidence of hyperglycemia present for:       . 
               
               
                   
                 Note that no glucose tests were 
               
               
                   
                 found on certain days. 
               
               
                 37 
                         % of pre-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                 38 
                         % of post-meal values are 
               
               
                   
                 hyperglycemic. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The computer program via the diabetes management rules engine also correlates (a) a median of glucose concentration values during a temporal period and (b) a median of test times during the temporal period to define a data point on a graph having glucose values and test times. Further, the computer program via the diabetes management rule engine correlates (i) a median of insulin doses over a temporal period and (ii) a median of dosage time during the temporal period to define a data point on a graph having insulin doses and dosage times. As used herein, the temporal period includes, but is not limited to at least one of a specific time period during a day, a plurality of time periods in a day, a specified day in a week, or a plurality of specified days in a week. In particular, the temporal period may also include at least one of testing incidence or glucose testing frequency having pre-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for a specified day of the week, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for pre-meal test for specified days of the week, testing incidence having post-meal tests in a specific time period during a day, frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for a specified day of the week, or frequency of glucose measurements (i.e., testing) for post-meal test for specified days of the week. 
     It is believed that one advantage of the various embodiments is the ability of the process (which includes processes, machine, system or method) to transform patient&#39;s data (e.g., blood glucose level, insulin injection or type of insulin, carbohydrates intakes etc.) so as to provide useful, concrete and tangible results such as, for example, patterns that are statistically or clinically significant in managing diabetes. For example, the system transform blood glucose data of a patient into textual patterns using statistical analysis to provide simple and direct explanation of various patterns rather than complicated charts and graphs of the same. Referring to  FIG. 18 , it can be seen that various “data patterns” such as, for example, percentage of data falling within hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic state, blood glucose variability, overcorrection, and differential between day and night blood glucose values are provided in clear and concise information for a busy clinician or user without the necessity of complicated graphs or tables. Other data can be presented in a graphical format to provide trends to a clinician such as, for example, pre-meal test time, post-meal test time, and overall target and median glucose values. A pre-meal test time may be a time of a glucose measurement performed before eating a meal and a post-meal test time may be a time of a glucose measurement performed after eating a meal. And although blood glucose variability information can be provided in as simple text, shown here in display area D 3 , it is sometimes more informative to utilize a graphical format to convey trends in blood glucose variability, shown here in display area D 4 . As such, a graphical chart over time is provided that shows the blood glucose variability of the 1 st  and 4 th  interquartile ranges about a median glucose curve over time. Correlation between median blood glucose values (area D 4 ) and median insulin injections (area D 5 ) over the same time period (e.g., “TP”, time of day, day of week, pre or post meal over a set time period) can be provided to a clinician interested in seeing a generalized effect of insulin or types of insulin on blood glucose value. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 19A and 19B , the exemplary system also provides an alternative display format D 1 ′ for use by the patient after the visit with the physician or clinician. In particular, as shown in  FIG. 19A , the display area D 2 ′ and D 3 ′ provide the same patient information as display area D 1  of  FIG. 18 . Display area D 4 ′, however, provides for information that are believed to be more readily understood by a diabetic patient. For example, display area D 4 ′ shows the average blood glucose with the overall number of glucose measurements. The system further categorizes in table D 4 A the data into the number of tests above a target (which is set by the physician), below target and hypoglycemic. The system further provides a graphical chart  730  to demonstrate to the patient the data in table D 4 A in percentages. In the preferred embodiments, the graphical chart  730  is a pie chart showing the percentage (of a total number of tests in a predetermined time period) above target  740 ; percentage within target  750 ; percentage below target; and percentage hypoglycemic. A physician or clinician recommendation for testing is provided in area D 6 . Other information such as goals or targets is provided in display area D 7 . 
     While the invention has been described in terms of particular variations and illustrative figures, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the variations or figures described. In addition, where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the invention. Additionally, certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially. Therefore, to the extent there are variations of the invention, which are within the spirit of the disclosure or equivalent to the inventions found in the claims, it is the intent that this patent will cover those variations as well.