Patent Publication Number: US-2023136844-A1

Title: A packaging machine comprising a disinfection/sterilization station, disinfection/sterilization station and method for disinfection/sterilizing in a packaging machine

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to a packaging machine, in particular to a packaging machine being configured to form, fill, and seal individual packages. The present invention also relates to a method for such packaging machine. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Within the food industry, beverages and other products are often packed in paper or paperboard based packages. Packages intended for liquid food are often produced from a packaging laminate comprising a core layer of paper or paperboard and an outer, liquid-tight layer of thermoplastic material on at least that side of the core layer which will form the inside of the packages. 
     One kind of frequently occurring packages are produced from so-called ready-to-fill packages. Such a ready-to-fill package is produced from a sleeve of packaging laminate like the one described above, being sealed at its bottom end prior to filling. Another type of ready-to-fill package is produced by from an open-ended sleeve of a packaging laminate, and arranging, e.g. by injection molding, a plastic top at the upper end of the sleeve thereby leaving the bottom end open for filling. 
     The upper end of the ready-to-fill package may consequently be formed by sealing and forming the upper end of the sleeve after filling, or by adding an upper part in the form of e.g. a plastic top prior to filling; the upper end/part may be provided with an opening/closing means, such as a screw cap. 
     For the ready-to-fill package type described above having the closed bottom end, the open-ended packaging material sleeve is received at an infeed station of the packaging machine, whereafter the bottom end is sealed; the semi-finished package has at this point a shape being ready to fill, however further processes are required to provide a hygienic packaging. 
     The same applies for the plastic top type of package described above. The open-ended packaging material sleeve is received at an infeed station of the packaging machine, whereafter the upper end is sealed by arranging the plastic top onto the packaging material sleeve; the semi-finished package has at this point a shape being ready to fill, however further processes are required to provide a hygienic packaging. 
     At a downstream station, the ready-to-fill packages are sterilized or disinfected at least on the inside in order to extend the shelf-life of the product to be stored in the packages. Depending on the desired length of shelf-life, and depending on whether the packages are to be distributed and stored in a refrigerated environment or at room temperature, different levels of sterilization/disinfection are required. Sterilization/disinfection is performed using a gaseous sterilization agent, such as H2O2. 
     After sterilization/disinfection of the packages, they are further transported to a filling zone for product filling, a sealing zone for sealing of the open end, and typically also to a final forming zone for final forming of the package. 
     During disinfection/sterilization, the dew point of the H2O2 gas needs to be high in order to secure condensation of the H2O2 on the entire inside surface of the ready-to-fill package. Such disinfection/sterilization technique of condensation is highly efficient, but requires a generally low and uniform temperature of the target to be treated in order to accurately control the disinfection/sterilization process. 
     As explained above, before filling of the ready-to-fill package closing the end of the packaging laminate sleeve is performed by processes requiring heating. For packages having the bottom end sealed the sealing process is performed by folding the bottom end area of the sleeve to the desired flat bottom shape, and applying heat to melt at least a part of the thermoplastic material of the packaging laminate such that the bottom end is sealed. 
     For packages having the upper end closed, the process is typically performed by arranging the upper edge of the packaging laminate sleeve in a mold, and injecting melted polymer to form an injection molded plastic top at the upper end of the packaging laminate sleeve. 
     Hence, immediately after closing one end of the packaging laminate sleeve, which corresponds to the moment when the ready-to-fill package enters disinfection/sterilization, the temperature of the ready-to-fill package will not be uniform. Instead, the areas around the recently closed end of the ready-to-fill package will have an elevated temperature compared to the remaining parts of the ready-to-fill package. 
     There is a risk that the elevated temperature of the closed end, and the areas of the ready-to-fill package in close vicinity to the closed end, is higher than the dew point of the sterilizing agent, i.e. the H2O2 gas. In such case the desired level of disinfection/sterilization cannot be guaranteed for the elevated temperature areas of the ready-to-fill package. 
     In view of the great advantages of disinfection/sterilization utilizing condensation of a gaseous sterilizing agent like H2O2, there is a need for a solution eliminating the risk of non-sufficient disinfection/sterilization for ready-to-fill packages, especially when the ready-to-fill packages have a non-uniform temperature when entering the disinfection/sterilization station of the packaging machine. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the invention to at least partly overcome one or more of the above-identified limitations of the prior art. In particular, it is an object provide a packaging machine being capable of ensuring a required disinfection/sterilization of ready-to-fill packages even when there is a risk that parts of the ready-to-fill package has a temperature being above the dew point of the sterilizing agent. 
     To solve these objects a packaging machine is provided. The packaging machine is configured to form, fill, and seal individual packages whereby the packaging machine comprises a disinfection/sterilization station configured to provide a flow of gaseous sterilizing agent towards open ends of ready-to-fill packaging containers passing through said disinfection station. The packaging machine further comprises a supply section configured to provide gaseous sterilizing agent into open ends of the ready-to-fill packaging containers passing the supply section, and a gas holding section arranged downstream the supply section. The packaging machine is configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the supply section such that the sterilizing agent will condense on areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the sterilizing agent, and the packaging machine is further configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the holding section such that the gaseous sterilizing agent will treat areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature above the dew point of the sterilizing agent. 
     The supply section may be configured to supply an amount of gaseous sterilizing agent being sufficient to allow continued condensation on areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the sterilizing agent, when the ready-to-fill packaging containers are at the holding section. 
     The disinfection/sterilization station may further comprise a first venting section downstream the holding section. 
     The packaging machine may be configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the first venting section such that the gaseous sterilizing agent inside the ready-to-fill packaging container is removed. 
     The packaging machine may be configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the first venting section such that at least a part of the water content of the condensed sterilizing agent is evaporated and removed from the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     The disinfection/sterilization station may further comprise a film holding section downstream the first venting section. 
     The packaging machine may be configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the film holding section such that the condensed film of sterilizing agent, having an increased concentration of sterilizing agent due to the operation of the first venting station, is allowed to treat the inside of the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     The disinfection/sterilization station may further comprise a drying section downstream the film holding section. 
     The packaging machine may be configured to keep the ready-to-fill packaging containers at the drying section such that the condensed film of sterilizing agent is evaporated completely from the inside of the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     According to a second aspect, a disinfection/sterilizing station is provided for use in a packaging machine. The disinfection/sterilizing station comprises a supply section configured to provide gaseous sterilizing agent into open ends of ready-to-fill packaging containers passing the supply section, and a gas holding section arranged downstream the supply section. The ready-to-fill packaging containers are controlled to be kept at the supply section such that the sterilizing agent will condense on areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the sterilizing agent, and the ready-to-fill packaging containers are controlled to be kept at the holding section such that the gaseous sterilizing agent will treat areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature above the dew point of the sterilizing agent. 
     According to a third aspect, a method for disinfection/sterilization in a packaging machine configured to form, fill, and seal individual packages is provided. The method comprises supplying a gaseous sterilizing agent to the area to be disinfected/sterilized, allowing the gaseous sterilizing agent to at least to some extent condensate at a first sub-area having a temperature below the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent, and immediately after condensation, keeping a second sub-area, having a temperature above the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent, exposed to the remaining gaseous sterilizing agent. 
     The method may further comprise moving the area to be disinfected/sterilized from a supply section, supplying the gaseous sterilizing agent, to a holding section, at which the second sub-area is exposed to the remaining gaseous sterilizing agent. 
     The sterilizing agent may be hydrogen peroxide. 
     The area to be disinfected/sterilized may be a ready-to-fill packaging container being formed, filled, and sealed by the packaging machine. 
     The method may further comprise venting the area to be disinfected/sterilized after keeping the second sub-area exposed to the remaining gaseous sterilizing agent such that at least a part of the water content of the condensed sterilizing agent is evaporated and removed from the area, and optionally keeping the area to be disinfected/sterilized in a controlled atmosphere such that the condensed film of sterilizing agent, having an increased concentration of sterilizing agent due to the previous venting, is allowed to treat the area. 
     Still other objectives, features, aspects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following detailed description as well as from the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, in which 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic view of a packaging machine according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2   a    is an isometric view of a ready-to-fill package to be treated by a packaging machine according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2   b    is a top view of the ready-to-fill package shown in  FIG.  2     a;    
         FIG.  3    is an isometric view of a ready-to-fill package to be treated by a packaging machine according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic isometric view of a disinfection/sterilization station forming part of a packaging machine according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view of parts of the disinfection/sterilization station shown in  FIG.  4   ; 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram showing disinfection/sterilization as a function of time; and 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic view of a method according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     With reference to  FIG.  1    a packaging machine  10  is shown schematically. The packaging machine  10 , being configured to form, fill, and seal packages  4 , has an infeed station  12  in which blanks  2  of packaging material, preferably a packaging laminate, are received. The blanks  2  are typically produced as sleeves of a carton-based packaging material, as is well known in the art and already described briefly in the background section. The infeed station  12  is arranged upstream an end sealing station  14 , in which the blanks  2  are erected to a sleeve-shape, and in which station one end of each blank is sealed to form a semi-finished package having one end being closed, while the opposite end is still open. As described in the background section, the sealing station  14  may in one embodiment be configured to form a flat bottom end of the packaging material, and heat seal the packaging material to form the closed bottom end. Optionally, in one embodiment the sealing station  14  is configured to insert the upper end of the sleeve in a mold, and provide a plastic top to the sleeve by injection molding directly onto the packaging material. In both examples mentioned, the result will be a semi-finished packaging container having one end closed, and one end still open for later filling. 
     The semi-finished packages are transported to a disinfection/sterilization station  100 , in which the amount of living micro-organisms is reduced. As explained in the background section, the level of disinfection/sterilization may vary depending on user objectives. Disinfection/sterilization of the packaging material is accomplished by means of treatment with a sterilizing agent, such as H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). 
     As will be explained in the following, in particular with reference to  FIGS.  4  and  5   , the disinfection/sterilization station comprises at least an upstream supply section  110 , providing a flow of gaseous sterilizing agent, and a holding section  120  arranged downstream the supply station  110 . Also, the disinfection/sterilization station  100  comprises a section  130  for condensate film enriching and gas venting, a condensate film holding section  140 , a drying section  150 , and a venting section  160 . 
     A hygienic chamber may be provided downstream the disinfection station  100 . The hygienic chamber comprises further stations of the packaging machine; immediately downstream the disinfection/sterilization station  100  a filling station  30  is arranged. Here, the ready-to-fill packages are filled with their desired content. After filling, the packages may be transported to a pre-folding station  32  in which the upper part of the open-ended package is formed to a desired shape. After pre-forming the packages are transported to a heating station  34  in which heat-sealable material of the packaging material is heated to an elevated temperature. The elevated temperature of the upper end of the packages facilitates sealing of the upper end when the packages enter the sealing station  36  arranged immediately after the heating station  34 . 
     Optionally, pre-folding station  32  and heating station  34  may be configured to form and seal the bottom end of the packaging container  4  in case the upper end has been provided with a plastic top, as explained earlier. 
     Once sealed, the packages  4  no longer require hygienic conditions whereby they exit the hygienic chamber. At the end of the packaging machine  10 , an outfeed station  16  is arranged which is configured to discharge the finished packages  4  from the packaging machine  10  to downstream equipment, storage, and/or transport. 
     Now turning to  FIGS.  2   a - b    a ready-to-fill packaging container  4  is shown. The packaging container  4  is suitable for being disinfected/sterilized by the disinfection/sterilizing station  100  according to embodiments of the present invention. The ready-to-fill packaging container  4  is shown in a state immediately before entering the disinfection/sterilization station  100 , i.e. just after heat sealing of the bottom end  4   a . Due to the exposure to heat during the heat sealing, the bottom end  4   a  will have certain areas elevated temperature, as indicated by the patterned areas in  FIGS.  2   a - b   . It should be noted that in  FIG.  2   b   , the inside of the packaging container  4  is shown thus indicating the elevated temperature on the inside surface of the packaging container  4  to be disinfected/sterilized. 
     In  FIG.  3    another example of a ready-to-fill packaging container  4  is shown, also being suitable for disinfection/sterilization by the disinfection/sterilizing station  100  according to embodiments of the present invention. The ready-to-fill packaging container  4  is shown in a state immediately before entering the disinfection/sterilization station  100 , i.e. just after the upper end  4   b  is provided as a plastic top. Due to the exposure to heat during the heat sealing, the upper end  4   b  will have certain areas of elevated temperature, as indicated by the patterned area in  FIG.  3   . 
     Now turning to  FIG.  4    an embodiment of a disinfection/sterilization station  100  is shown. As can be seen, the disinfection station  100  has the shape of a tunnel. Ready-to-fill packages (not shown) are fed into the disinfection station  100  from the left side of the drawing. The ready-to-fill packages are transported by a conveyor  102  in the direction of the arrow A, and the conveyor  102  is provided with a series of consecutive cassettes; each cassette is carrying a ready-to-fill package. For illustrative purpose the conveyor  102  is shown only schematically, while the cassettes and the carried packaging containers are not shown. 
     Conveyors of this type, including the cassettes, are well known in the art and will not be described further herein. 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  4   , the disinfection/sterilization station  100  is provided with a number of baffles plates. Two vertical baffle plates  104  are provided at the inlet side of the disinfection/sterilization station  100 , extending from the bottom portion of the tunnel to the upper portion of the tunnel. The baffle plates  104  are separated in the machine direction, and the space formed between those two baffle plates  104  acts as an entry section  106  of the disinfection/sterilization station  100 . 
     Downstream the entry section  106 , the supply section  110  is arranged. The purpose of the supply section  110  is to provide a flow of gaseous sterilizing agent, preferably H2O2 at a concentration of 5000-25000 ppm, such that the interior, as well as the exterior, of the ready-to-fill packages  4  entering the disinfection/sterilization station  100  is treated. 
     The disinfection/sterilization station  100 , and in particular the supply section  110 , is preferably provided as a continuous tunnel where an atmosphere of high and relatively uniform concentration of gaseous sterilizing agent is created in the vertically upper gassing portion in order to establish a controlled and even gas distribution into the packages to obtain the required disinfection effect. 
     Vertical baffle plates  112  are provided at the upper portion of the supply section  110 . The baffle plates  112  of the supply section  110  extend upwards from horizontally arranged baffle plates  114 . The horizontal baffle plates  114  are spaced apart such that cassettes and ready-to-fill packaging containers can pass between the horizontal baffle plates  114 . 
     The vertical baffle plates  112  of the supply section  110  divide the space inside the tunnel in four distinct index positions. Each index position is associated with a gas supply tube  116  (only one being indicated by reference numeral), preferably arranged at the longitudinal position of the vertical baffle plates  112 . Hence, four ready-to-fill packaging containers can be positioned at the index positions at the same time, whereby the gas supply tubes  116  are activated to supply the gaseous sterilizing agent towards the interior of the ready-to-fill packaging containers. However, four distinct positions for the supply section  110  is not required, but in one embodiment the two downstream supply tubes  116  are deactivated such that these two downstream index positions are instead included in the following gas holding section  120 , optionally still having the vertical baffle plates  112  in place. It is thus possible to provide the disinfection/sterilization station  100  in a modular setup, such that the exact configuration of the different sections  110 - 160  can be adjusted and varied within the geometries of the disinfection/sterilization station  100 . 
     As sterilizing agent enters the ready-to-fill packaging container at the supply section  110 , the sterilizing agent will condense on areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the sterilizing agent. As explained earlier, these low-temperature areas are the majority of the inside surface of the ready-to-fill packaging container, except the certain parts (i.e. the bottom end just recently being closed by heat sealing or the upper end being provided with an injection molded plastic top) having an elevated temperature, that is, having a temperature above the dew point of the sterilizing agent. 
     In more detail, the supply section  110  is configured to supply an amount of gaseous sterilizing agent being sufficient to allow continued condensation on the areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the sterilizing agent. At the same time the amount of gaseous sterilizing agent is sufficient to build up the required gas concentration inside the packaging container to also treat the areas having a temperature being higher than the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent, which disinfection/sterilization then is performed by gas phase disinfection. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4   , immediately downstream the index positions of the supply section  110  there is a gas holding section  120 ; the function of the gas holding section  120  being obtaining the desired disinfection/sterilization of the ready-to-fill packages. In particular, when the ready-to-fill packaging containers are arranged at the gas holding section  120 , the gaseous sterilizing agent will treat the areas of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature above the dew point of the sterilizing agent. 
     There is thus a double action disinfection process; low temperature areas will be treated by a condensed film of sterilizing agent while higher temperature areas will be treated by gas phase sterilizing agent. 
     A first venting section  130  is arranged downstream the holding section  120 . The first venting section  130  comprises ventilation means  132  for increasing the concentration of the sterilizing agent in the condensed film. The time during which the ready-to-fill packages are stationary at the venting section  130  is set so that the gaseous sterilizing agent inside the ready-to-fill packaging container  4  is removed. At the same time, at least a part of the water content of the condensed sterilizing agent on the areas of low temperature areas is evaporated and removed from the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     Downstream the first venting section  130  a film holding section  140  is provided, for keeping the condensed film of sterilizing agent for a certain amount of time. At the film holding section  140 , the condensed film of sterilizing agent, having an increased concentration of sterilizing agent due to the operation of the first venting station  130 , is allowed to treat the inside of the ready-to-fill packaging container. The increased disinfection efficiency is thereby obtained by securing sufficient exposure time of the concentrated condense film on these surfaces of the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     A drying section  150  is arranged downstream the film holding section  140 , which purpose is to allow the condensed film of sterilizing agent to evaporate completely from the inside of the ready-to-fill packaging container. 
     A final/second venting section  160  is arranged downstream the drying section  150 , to remove all gas from the ready-to-fill packaging containers before they exit the disinfection/sterilization station  100 . 
     Now turning to  FIG.  5   , a cross-section of the supply section  110  is shown. The ready-to-fill package  4  is carried by the cassette  5 , which extends almost along the entire vertical extension of the ready-to-fill package  4 . The cassette  5  is in turn driven by the conveyor (see  FIG.  4   ), which is connected to the bottom portion of the cassette  5 . 
     The gas supply tube  116  is directed downwards, thereby allowing gaseous sterilizing agent to enter the ready-to-fill package  4  such that the interior will be disinfected/sterilized. The horizontal baffle plates  114  assist in delimiting an upper disinfection chamber  108  from a lower chamber  109 . As the jet of gaseous sterilizing agent, being discharged from the supply tube  116 , will draw surrounding gas/air into the packaging container  4 , the horizontal baffle plates  114  will prevent air from below the baffle plates  114  to be drawn into the packaging container, which otherwise would dilute the supplied sterilizing agent. 
     The vertical baffle plates  112  have a corresponding functionality, as they prevent air/gas from outside the baffle plates to be drawn into the packaging container. Also the sidewalls of the packaging containers  4  assist in forming this boundary between the upper disinfection chamber from the lower chamber. While the concentration of sterilizing agent can be relatively constant in the upper disinfection chamber  108 , the concentration in the lower chamber  109  is close to zero. 
     Now turning to  FIG.  6    a diagram is shown, illustrating the disinfection/sterilization process for the different areas of the inside of the packaging container. The diagram shows the process over time. 
     Two lines are plotted. The thicker line represents the disinfection process for the areas of the inside surface of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature below the dew point of the injected gaseous sterilizing agent, while the thinner line represents the disinfection process for the areas of the inside surface of the ready-to-fill packaging container having a temperature above the dew point of the injected gaseous sterilizing agent. 
     Starting to the left in the diagram, the first thing to happen is that the ready-to-fill packaging container is moved to an index position of the supply section  110  which injects the gaseous sterilizing agent into the cavity formed by the ready-to-fill packaging container. At the low temperature areas, i.e. the majority of the inside of the packaging container, the sterilizing agent will condense to a film. At the high temperature areas there will be no condensing, but these areas will instead be subject to the gas phase sterilizing agent. 
     Disinfection/sterilization will continue during the gas holding phase, during which the conditions inside the packaging container remain relatively constant. This means that during this phase, condensed film of sterilizing agent will continue to build on the low temperature areas while at the same time the required gas exposure time is provided for the areas to be exposed to gas phase disinfection/sterilization. 
     In the subsequent venting phase the gaseous content is removed from the inside of the packaging container which means that disinfection/sterilization of the high temperature areas, having no condensed film, will be finished. For the low temperature areas the venting phase will increase the concentration of the sterilizing agent in the film to some extent. 
     The next phase, film holding, allows the condensed film to further treat the low temperature areas to be disinfected/sterilized before the next drying phase. Here, the condensed film of sterilizing agent is evaporated, and any remaining sterilizing agent is removed in the final venting phase. 
     As is clear from  FIG.  6    the process of disinfecting/sterilizing the interior of the ready-to-fill packages is very different for different sub-areas; of the entire inside surface area, one sub-area of low temperature (below the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent) and one sub-area of high temperature (above the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent). Instead of applying a single disinfection/sterilization process, the station  100  is designed so that these different sub-areas can be treated appropriately using a combination of condensed film and gas phase disinfection, occurring simultaneously. 
     Now, with reference to  FIG.  7   , a method  200  for disinfecting/sterilizing will be described. The method  200  is preferably performed in a packaging machine being configured to form, fill, and seal individual packaging containers for liquid food. The method  200  is used to disinfect/sterilize (depending on desired shelf life of the final product to be enclosed by the packaging container) the inside surface of ready-to-fill packaging containers before they are filled, and the method  200  is based on the combination of condensing and gas phase disinfection/sterilization in order to overcome difficulties due to the temperature variations of the object to be disinfected/sterilized. 
     In a first step  202  a gaseous sterilizing agent is supplied to the area to be disinfected/sterilized, i.e. to the interior of a ready-to-fill packaging container. During a following step  204 , which is performed immediately once the gaseous sterilizing agent is supplied, the gaseous sterilizing agent is allowed to at least to some extent condensate at a first sub-area having a temperature below the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent. This sub-area normally represents the majority of the inside surface of the packaging container. 
     Immediately after condensation, a step  206  is performed of keeping a second sub-area, having a temperature above the dew point of the gaseous sterilizing agent, exposed to the remaining gaseous sterilizing agent. This second sub-area normally corresponds to specific areas being exposed to elevated temperature (such as during a heat sealing process or injection molding process) prior to the start of the method  200 . 
     After step  206  a step  208  of venting the area to be disinfected/sterilized is performed, such that at least a part of the water content of the condensed sterilizing agent is evaporated and removed from the area. Importantly, during this step  208  gas phase disinfection is terminated while the condensate film on the low temperature areas is enriched. 
     A step  210  is then performed of keeping the area to be disinfected/sterilized in a controlled atmosphere such that the condensed film of sterilizing agent, having an increased concentration of sterilizing agent due to the previous venting, is allowed to treat the area. 
     In step  212  a drying process is performed, causing evaporation of the condensed film of sterilizing agent from the area. Step  212  is preferably followed by a final venting step  214 , in which all remaining sterilizing agent is removed. 
     For the described method  200 , all steps are preferably including a movement of the ready-to-fill packaging container such that it travels through dedicated sections of a disinfection/sterilizing station  100 , as described above. 
     From the description above follows that, although various embodiments of the invention have been described and shown, the invention is not restricted thereto, but may also be embodied in other ways within the scope of the subject-matter defined in the following claims.