Patent Publication Number: US-2023159483-A1

Title: Cannabidiol extraction and conversion process

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to a process for the extraction of cannabidiol from any of a variety of plants of the genus  Cannabis , including but not limited to industrial hemp varieties which have been specifically bred to substantially limit the amount of the psychoactive cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol, produced therein. The present invention is further directed to a procedure for isomerizing and/or conversion of cannabidiol, such as may be extracted in commercially viable amounts from industrial hemp, to tetrahydrocannabinol. Finally, one embodiment of the invention employs a first solvent to extract cannabidiol and, once the cannabidiol is isomerized, a different, second solvent is employed to extract cannabinoids. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Various attempts have been made to extract tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoid constituents present in industrial hemp in order to isolate the psychoactive cannabinoid fractions therein. At least two of the known processes require operation under supercritical conditions which, in addition to being extremely expensive to construct and operate on a commercial scale, are complicated and considerably more dangerous to operate than processes operating closer to ambient conditions. Butane and carbon dioxide are known to have been utilized as extraction “fluids” in such supercritical processes. 
     A further disadvantage of butane as a supercritical extraction “fluid” lies in the fact that commercial grade butane includes amounts of mercaptan to provide for odor detection, as pure butane is odorless. As such, extracts obtained via this supercritical butane extraction process also comprise unwanted amounts of mercaptan as well. 
     Another process utilizes ethanol as an extraction fluid, however, less than pure ethanol is often utilized, i.e., denatured ethanol, thereby allowing harmful contaminants in the denatured ethanol to pass though to the extracted cannabinoid constituents. 
     One crude conversion process is known to exist which begins with an oily feedstock rich in Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (“THCA”) and isomers thereof. The THCA is spread onto parchment paper or a similar substrate, and is exposed to extreme heat, such as may be provided by industrial heaters, resulting in decarboxylation and formation of the psychoactive cannabinoid fraction, tetrahydrocannabinol. As will be appreciated, such a process is inefficient and difficult to control, thus resulting in end products having widely varying amounts of conversion product, i.e., tetrahydrocannabinol. 
     As such, it would be beneficial to provide a safe and economical process for the extraction of cannabinoid components from industrial hemp. It would be further advantageous to have a conversion process wherein an extraction component rich in cannabidiol is converted into a conversion product rich in tetrahydrocannabinol. A further benefit may be realized by providing a process for fractionation of a conversion product into a plurality of cannabinoid classes which may subsequently be recombined in predetermined amounts in order to mimic the cannabinoid profile in well known, but difficult and/or expensive to cultivate strains of Cannabis plants. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a cannabidiol extraction and conversion process. In at least one embodiment, a cannabidiol extraction process includes a sizing unit wherein an amount of raw  Cannabis  plant material is reduced to a uniform size in order to maximize the extraction efficiency therefrom upon contact with one or more extraction solvents. The sizing unit may comprise a grinding or shredding apparatus as is commonly known in the field. In a preferred embodiment the raw  Cannabis  biomass is ground to about one-quarter to one-eighth of an inch in size, and can include stems, leaves, and flowers. 
     A blending unit is provided in at least one embodiment of a cannabidiol extraction process in accordance with the present invention wherein a first solvent is blended together with the  Cannabis  plant material to form an initial extract. A primary filtration unit and/or an extraction adsorption unit are incorporated into at least one embodiment of a conversion process in order to remove unwanted plant matter and/or other unwanted extraction byproducts from the initial extract. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the blending unit may comprise a centrifugal extraction system in which the sized biomass is combined with a solvent, preferably USP grade, 200 proof ethanol. The centrifugal extraction unit may be operative to agitate the biomass and ethanol mixture for a predetermined period of time to facilitate extraction. Additionally, a final centrifugal extraction cycle or a “spin” cycle may be employed to assist in draining the cannabidiol and ethanol solution from the blending unit. 
     Before converting the extracted cannabidiol, it may be advisable to refine the extract via one or more of a plurality of procedures. A first procedure can include winterizing the extract in order to facilitate the separation of layers from the extract, such as waxes and lipids that may have also been extracted from the initial cannabis biomass. The winterized extract solution may also be filtered and “dewaxed” such as by passing the solution through a variety of filters, including a diatomaceous earth filter and/or a post-activated carbon filter. In a preferred embodiment, the filters may comprise lenticular filters one the order of about 1 micron in aperture size. 
     Additionally, before converting the extracted cannabidiol, it may be desirable to distill and/or evaporate at least a portion of the first solvent from the extract. In a preferred embodiment, a rotary evaporator is utilized and the solution is distilled until a desired viscosity is achieved. Therefore, the isomerization process can be achieved more effectively. A visual confirmation can be utilized to determine when the solution achieves a more “oil-like” viscosity rather than a liquid solution. In an embodiment where a rotary evaporator is utilized, the visual confirmation is facilitated by watching for a change in the behavior of the fluid as it is rotated within the evaporator. Once a sufficient amount of solvent has been removed the solution can be referred to as crude cannabidiol (“CBD”) oil. 
     As a final optional but preferred step before converting the cannabidiol extract, the crude CBD oil can be decarboxylated and devolatized according to predetermined parameters. One embodiment can include batching the crude CBD oil into two-liter batch sizes, housed in approximately four-liter beakers, and slowly heating each batch in ten-degree Celsius increments until the crude CBD oil reaches one hundred fifty degrees Celsius. The crude CBD oil is then held at one hundred fifty degrees for a period of approximately four hours or until the crude CBD oil ceases to bubble. After this point, an additional holding period of two hours at one hundred fifty degrees Celsius is recommended. 
     As noted above, the present invention further comprises a cannabidiol conversion process. In at least one embodiment, a cannabidiol conversion process comprises a conversion rotary reflux unit wherein the refined, processed crude CBD oil is titrated with an acidic component to form a conversion reflux which includes crude tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) oil. In a preferred embodiment, the acidic component is NF grade sulfuric acid at ninety-nine percent. Once the conversion is complete, it is also recommended to neutralize the crude THC oil with an appropriate basic component, such as sodium hydroxide. In such a neutralization step, the titration can be considered complete once an emulsion forms. However, an emulsion is not considered advantageous for the remaining steps of the process, and instead a two-phase liquid solution is preferred. As such, a very small quantity of diluted acidic component can be added back into the mixture in order to break the emulsion and separate out the two liquid phases. 
     Once suitably isomerized and/or converted, and neutralized (if desired) the cannabinoids in the crude THC oil may be extracted utilizing a second solvent, which in a preferred embodiment, is dichloromethane (also known as methylene chloride). In a most preferred embodiment, a liquid-liquid extraction system may be utilized which can accomplish two steps at once. Primarily, it will introduce the cannabinoids in the crude THC oil to the dichloromethane for extraction. Secondarily, however, it will also serve to remove any remaining ethanol from the solution. As such, it will be desirable to introduce the dichloromethane via the organic phase tank of a liquid-liquid extractor. Therefore, when the extraction is complete, any remaining ethanol should be discharged into the aqueous phase discharge tank for disposal. The organic phase discharge should receive the solution of crude THC oil in dichloromethane. One benefit of such an arrangement is that the dichloromethane can be completely distilled from the solution, leaving relatively pure crude THC oil which can be further refined and/or distilled. 
     These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become clearer when the drawings as well as the detailed description are taken into consideration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a fuller understanding of the nature of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  present a diagrammatic representation of one illustrative embodiment of an extraction process of a cannabidiol extraction and conversion process in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  present a diagrammatic representation of one illustrative embodiment of a conversion process of a cannabidiol extraction and conversion process in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG.  3    is a flowchart depicting the steps of a method according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is directed to a cannabidiol extraction and conversion process, as stated above. More in particular, in at least one embodiment of the present invention, cannabidiol is extracted from a plant of the genus  Cannabis . In yet one further embodiment, the plant of the genus  Cannabis  comprises industrial hemp which has been specifically bred to substantially limit the amount of the psychoactive cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol, produced therein, in favor of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid, cannabidiol. 
     In at least one embodiment, the raw  Cannabis  plant material is dried to minimize the amount of water present therein which may reduce the efficiency of the extraction process. The stems, stalks, and roots of the  Cannabis  plant are cut or chopped into small pieces prior to placement into an extraction vessel. The flowers, buds, and leaves of the  Cannabis  plant, in general, do not require any size reduction prior to the extraction process. In at least one embodiment, the stems, stalks, and roots of the  Cannabis  plant are cut or chopped into pieces having a maximum dimension of about one-quarter quarter inch to about one-half inch. In one further embodiment, the raw  Cannabis  plant material is dried after being cut or chopped into small pieces, so as to facilitate the drying process. 
     The sized  Cannabis  plant material which, as used herein, includes the stems, stalks, and roots of the  Cannabis  plant which have been cut or chopped into pieces along with any flowers, buds, or leaves present, is placed into an extraction vessel and is substantially covered with a solvent. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises dichloromethane, i.e., CH 2 Cl 2 , and in at least one embodiment, the dichloromethane has a purity of about 95 percent. 
     The mixture of sized  Cannabis  plant material and dichloromethane is shaken or stirred during an initial extraction cycle until the solvent takes on color from the  Cannabis  plant material. Once the solvent has taken on color from the  Cannabis  plant material, the extraction solution is drained from the extraction vessel. The extraction cycle is repeated with fresh dichloromethane being used for each additional extraction cycle. In at least one embodiment, two additional extraction cycles are performed. The extraction solutions recovered from the extraction vessel from each of the extraction cycles are combined into a single vessel, and the remaining solid  Cannabis  plant material may be discarded. 
     The combined extraction solution is processed through activated carbon to adsorb solids and other unwanted components from the combined extraction solution. In at least one embodiment, granular activated carbon having an average size of about 35 to 40 microns, i.e., U.S. Mesh 400, is utilized. A contact time of the combined extraction solution with the granular activated carbon of about 20 to 45 minutes is utilized in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     After processing through activated carbon, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, an amount of combined extraction solution of about 20 to 50 liters is placed into a 100-liter rotary evaporator to remove excess dichloromethane. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the volume of extraction solution and the volume of the evaporator can be scaled up, as needed, for large capacity production, such as is disclosed in Example 1 below with reference to the figures herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, the rotary evaporator operates under a slight vacuum in the range of about 400 to 600 millimeters of mercury (“mm HG”). In one further embodiment, the combined extraction solution in the rotary evaporator is maintained at a temperature in a range of about 40 to 50 degrees Celsius (“° C.”), and in yet one further embodiment, the rotary evaporator is maintained at a temperature of about 43° C. The rotary evaporator, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is operated at a speed in a range of about 100 to 200 revolutions per minute (“rpm”). 
     During the rotary evaporation process, dichloromethane is removed, and a concentrated extract remains. An amount of ethanol, i.e., C 2 H 5 OH, is added to the concentrated extract in the rotary evaporator. In one embodiment, the ethanol has a purity of about 100%. The ethanol and concentrated extract are allowed to blend together in the rotary evaporator at a speed of about 100 to 200 rpm, until a homogenous solution is obtained. In at least one embodiment, the amount of ethanol added is equal to about three times the amount of the concentrated extract remaining in the rotary evaporator following the rotary evaporation process. 
     Following the blending process, the ethanol extract is defatted via a wax coalescing process, and in one further embodiment, a filter is utilized to collect and remove coalesced fat from the ethanol extract, leaving a processed extract comprising cannabidiol in a range of about 60% to 80% by weight. 
     As noted above, the present invention further comprises a process for the conversion of cannabidiol to tetrahydrocannabinol. To begin, in at least one embodiment, an amount of defatted extract comprising cannabidiol in a range of about 60% to 80% by weight is placed into a reflux reaction vessel. One drop of concentrated sulfuric acid, i.e., 95% to 98% sulfuric acid, is added to the reflux reaction vessel per gram of defatted extract. The reflux reaction is carried out under a vacuum in a range of about 400 to 600 mm HG at a temperature in arrange of about 80° C., for a time of about 2 hours. 
     The refluxed extract is placed into a separator with water and dichloromethane. In at least one embodiment, the amount of water added to the separator is about twice the amount of the refluxed extract, and the amount of dichloromethane added is about equal to the amount of the refluxed extract. 
     The separator is shaken to thoroughly mix the aqueous and organic fractions, and the resulting mixture is allowed to stand for about 30 minutes to separate into layers. In at least one embodiment, the separator is vented to atmosphere. The aqueous layer is decanted from the separator and discarded. 
     The remaining organic extract is then rinsed in the separator with an amount of water equal to about twice the volume of the organic extract remaining, and an amount of one normal sodium hydroxide solution, i.e., 1N NaOH, is added. In at least one embodiment, the amount of 1N NaOH solution added is equal to the amount of concentrated sulfuric acid added during the extraction process. This mixture is agitated, and the pH tested. Additional amounts of the 1N NaOH are added under agitation until the pH of the solution is about neutral, i.e., a pH of about 7. 
     Once the pH has been adjusted to about neutral, the solution is agitated further, vented, and is allowed to separate. The aqueous layer is once again decanted and discarded, and the remaining organic layer is rinsed with water in accordance with the foregoing procedure two additional times. 
     The rinsed organic extract is filtered through activated carbon to remove residual water. In at least one embodiment, the carbon filtration is performed under vacuum. 
     After carbon filtration, the organic extract is filtered to about 2 microns and is once again transferred into a rotary evaporator to remove dichloromethane. In at least one embodiment, an amount of ethanol is added to the oily extract in a ratio of about three parts ethanol to one part of oily extract. 
     A final step, in at least one embodiment, is to dry the ethanol/oil mixture in the rotary evaporator to remove any dichloromethane which remains entrapped therein, and the finished product is packaged for further use. 
     In accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, a defatted extract comprising cannabidiol in a range of about 60% to 80% by weight is converted into an ethanol/oil mixture comprising tetrahydrocannabinol in a range of about 60% to 80% by weight. 
     As stated above, the present invention is directed to a cannabidiol extraction and conversion process generally as shown as at  10  throughout the figures. More in particular,  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  present one illustrative embodiment of a cannabidiol extraction process  100 , while  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  present one illustrative embodiment of a cannabidiol conversion process  200 . 
     Turning first to the illustrative embodiment of a cannabidiol extraction process  100  as shown in  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B , the process begins with an amount of raw materials, namely, raw  Cannabis  plant material  20 . As before, in at least one embodiment, the raw  Cannabis  plant material  20  utilized in accordance with the present invention comprises industrial hemp varieties specifically bred to substantially limit the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol produced therein. 
     The extraction process further comprises at least one extraction solvent. In at least one embodiment, such as shown in  FIG.  1 A , an extraction process  100  in accordance with the present invention comprises a plurality of extraction solvents, namely, extraction solvent A  30  and extraction solvent B  40 . In accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, extraction solvent A  30  comprises dichloromethane, i.e., CH 4 Cl 2 . In one further embodiment of an extraction process  100  in accordance with the present invention extraction solvent B  40  comprises ethanol, i.e., C 2 H 5 OH. 
     Looking further to the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  1 A , the extraction process  100  comprises a sizing unit  110  which is utilized to cut, chop, etc., the raw  Cannabis  plant material  20  into an appropriate size for extraction of cannabidiol therefrom. In at least one embodiment, a sizing unit  110  reduces the raw  Cannabis  plant material  20  to pieces having a uniform maximum dimension of about one-quarter inch to one-half inch. 
     Following the sizing unit  110 , the sized  Cannabis  plant material  20  is transferred to a blending unit  120 . It is in blending unit  120  that the primary extraction occurs, and as such, amounts of extraction solvent A  30  and/or amounts of extraction solvent B  40  are introduced into blending unit  120  with a corresponding amount of sized  Cannabis  plant material  20 . In at least one embodiment, the blending process utilizes solvent A  30  comprising dichloromethane, and is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure for a period of about 20 minutes, per batch, at a speed of about 30 rpm. In one further embodiment, solvent A  30  comprises dichloromethane having a purity of about 95 percent. 
     As further shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  1 A , following the primary extraction process in the blending unit  120 , solid plant material is discharged, and may be discarded, and an initial extract  50  is retained for further processing. 
     Turning next to  FIG.  1 B , the initial extract  50  from blending unit  120  is directed through a primary filtration unit  130 . As will be appreciated by those with skill in the art, primary filtration unit  130  may include an appropriately sized bag or screen type filter so as to remove any solid particulate plant material remaining in the initial extract  50 . In at least one embodiment, primary filtration unit  130  further comprises a bag filter press for collection and removal of solid particulate matter from the initial extract  50 . 
     With further reference to the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  1 B , the present extraction process  100  further comprises an extraction adsorption unit  140 . In at least one embodiment, an extraction adsorption unit  140  comprises an amount of an appropriately sized granular activated carbon material which is selected to remove specific unwanted components from initial extract  50 . A contact time of about 20 to 30 minutes for the initial extract  50  in the extraction adsorption unit  140  is utilized in at least one embodiment of the present invention. 
     Following the extraction adsorption unit  140 , the initial extract  50  is introduced into a primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150 . As shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  1 B , an amount of solvent B  40  is also fed into the primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150 . Once again, in at least one embodiment of the present extraction process  100 , solvent B  40  comprises ethanol having a purity of about 100%. In one further embodiment, the amount of solvent B  40  comprising 100% ethanol added to the primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150  is about equal to the amount of initial extract  50  added thereto. 
     The primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150  in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention is operated at a temperature of about 40 to 60° C. under a vacuum of about 400 to 600 mm Hg. In accordance with at least one further embodiment, the primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150  operates at a speed in a range of about 100 to 200 rpm. In yet one further embodiment, the initial extract  50  is processed in the primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150  with solvent B  40  for a period of time in a range of about 2 to 3 hours. 
     An evaporated extract  52  is obtained from the primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150 . Further, an amount of solvent A  30  may be recovered via a condenser unit and recycled to the solvent A  30  storage tank. The resultant evaporated extract  52  is relatively high in fatty content and as such, in at least one embodiment, the evaporated extract  52  is processed through a wax coalescing unit  160  so as to “defat” the evaporated extract  52 . 
     In one further embodiment, a secondary extraction filtration unit  170  is employed following a wax coalescing unit  160  to collect waxes and/or fats which drop from solution in the wax coalescing unit  160 , thereby resulting in an end product of one embodiment of the extraction process  100  in accordance with the present invention, namely, a processed extract  54 . As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, processed extract  54  will be relatively high in cannabidiol content. More in particular, a processed extract  54  obtained via an extraction process  100  in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention will comprise cannabidiol in amounts in a range of about 60% to 80% by weight. 
     Turning next to the illustrative embodiment presented in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , a conversion process  200  in accordance with the present cannabidiol extraction and conversion process  10  is presented. As shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  2 A , a processed extract  54 , such as may be obtained from extraction process  100  in accordance with the present invention, is a primary feedstock to a conversion process  200 . More in particular, a processed extract  54  is introduced into a conversion rotary reflux unit  210  along with the amount of acidic component  62 . More in particular, in at least one embodiment, acidic component  62  comprises sulfuric acid, and in one further embodiment, acidic component  62  comprises concentrated sulfuric acid, i.e., sulfuric acid at a concentration of about 95% to 98%. The acidic component  62  comprising concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a conversion rotary reflux unit  210  in an amount in a range of about 2% to 3% of the weight of the processed extract  54 , in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present conversion process  200 . 
     A conversion rotary reflux unit  210  in one embodiment is operated at a temperature of about 40 to 60° C., and under a vacuum in a range of about 400 to 600 mm Hg. In accordance with at least one embodiment, the conversion rotary reflux unit  210  operates at a speed of about 100 to 200 rpm. 
     In yet one further embodiment, the processed extract  54  is processed in the conversion rotary reflux unit  210  for a period of about 2 to 3 hours. 
     Following the conversion rotary reflux unit  210 , a conversion reflux  70  is introduced into a separator unit  220 . As shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  2 A , an amount of extraction solvent A  30  is introduced into separator unit  220  with the conversion reflux  70 . As before, in at least one embodiment, solvent A  30  comprises dichloromethane, and in one further embodiment, solvent A  30  comprises dichloromethane having a purity of about  95  percent. In addition, in accordance with one embodiment of the present conversion process  200 , amounts of deionized water  60  and a basic component  64  are also added to separator unit  220  with the conversion reflux  70  and solvent A  30 . 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present conversion process  200 , the amount of solvent A  30  added to the separator unit  220  is about equal to the volume of conversion reflux  70  added thereto, and the amount of deionized water  60  added to the separator unit  220  is equal to about two times the volume of conversion reflux  70 . The basic component  64  comprises 1N NaOH in at least one embodiment, and is added in amounts sufficient to adjust the pH of the mixture of the conversion reflux  70 , solvent A  30 , and deionized water  60  in separator unit  220  to approximately neutral. Separator unit  220  operates at ambient temperature and pressure in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present conversion process  200 . 
     As shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  2 A , a separator organic effluent  72  is obtained from separator unit  220 . Further, a solvent layer  73 , consisting primarily of solvent A  30  and/or solvent B  40  from separator unit  220 , is directed to a solvent distillation unit  225  for separation and return to the respective solvent storage tanks for use in the extraction process  100 . 
     Turning next to the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  2 B , the separator organic effluent  72  is initially processed through a conversion adsorption unit  240 . As with extraction adsorption unit  140 , in at least one embodiment, a conversion adsorption unit  240  in accordance with the present invention comprises an amount of granular activated carbon to remove select unwanted components from the separator organic effluent  72 . In at least one embodiment, a U.S. mesh 400 activated carbon in utilized in conversion adsorption unit  240 . A contact time of about 20 to 45 minutes is provided for the separator organic effluent  72  in the conversion adsorption unit  240  in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, and in at least one further embodiment, a contact time of about 30 to 45 minutes is provided. 
     Following the conversion adsorption unit  240 , the separator organic effluent  72  is introduced into a secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250 . As further shown in the illustrative embodiment of  FIG.  2 B , an amount of solvent B  40  is also introduced into the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250 . Solvent B  40  in at least one embodiment, as before, comprises ethanol, and in one further embodiment, solvent B  40  comprises ethanol having a concentration of about 100%. The amount of solvent B  40  added to secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250 , in one embodiment, is in a range of about one-half the volume of separator organic effluent  72  to about twice the volume of separator organic effluent  72 . In at least one further embodiment, the amount of solvent B  40  added to the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  is about equal to the volume of separator organic effluent  72 . 
     In accordance with at least one embodiment of the present conversion process  200 , a secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  is operated at a temperature of about 40 to 60° C., and under a vacuum in a range of about 400 to 600 mm Hg. In accordance with one further embodiment, a secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  is operated at a speed of about 100 to 200 rpm. In yet one further embodiment, the separator organic effluent  72  is processed in the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  with solvent B  40  for a period of time in a range of about 1 to 4 hours, and in one further embodiment, the separator organic effluent  72  is processed in the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  for about 2 hours. 
     After processing via the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250 , an exchange reflux  74  is obtained from the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250 . In accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, an exchange reflux  74  comprises about 60% to 80% tetrahydrocannabinol by weight. 
     Similar to primary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  150 , in at least one embodiment of the present invention, a condenser is employed in combination with the secondary solvent exchange rotary evaporator unit  250  in order to recover an amount of solvent A  30  for return to solvent A  30  storage tank for further use in an extraction process  100  in accordance with the present invention. 
     The final step in accordance with at least one embodiment of a conversion process  200  of the present invention comprises processing an exchange reflux  74  through a fractionation unit  260 . In at least one embodiment, the fractionation unit  260  separates the exchange reflux  74  into a plurality of functional fractions or classes which collectively define a conversion product  90 . In accordance with at least one embodiment, the fractionation unit  260  separates the exchange reflux  74  into eight functional fractions or classes, namely, a cannabinol (“CBN”) fraction  91 , a tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) fraction  92 , a cannabigerol (“CBG”) fraction  93 , a cannabidiol (“CBD”) fraction  94 , a cannabichromene (“CBC”) fraction  95 , a cannabichromanone (“CBCN”) fraction  96 , a cannabifuran (“CBF”) fraction  97 , and a cannabielsoin (“CBE”) fraction  98 . 
     As such, the conversion product  90  in accordance with the present invention comprises functional fractions which may be selectively recombined, such as, by way of example, via blending either alone or in combination with inert carrier agents, in a manner that replicates the overall cannabinoid profile in various strains of specially grown  Cannabis  plants, and in at least one embodiment, to replicate the overall tetrahydrocannabinol profile of  Cannabis  plants exhibiting the greatest psychoactive properties. 
     Further, the conversion product  90  in accordance with the present invention comprises tetrahydrocannabinol which may administered via any of a number of delivery mechanisms including, at least, personal electronic vaporizing devices, more commonly known as e-cigarettes. 
     With reference once again to the illustrative embodiment of  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , and in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment of the present invention, a processed extract  54 ′ obtained from extraction process  100  is processed directly via fractionation unit  260 , bypassing the conversion rotary reflux unit  210 , separator unit  220 , conversion adsorption unit  240 , and secondary solvent exchange unit  250 . In this alternative embodiment, the fractionation unit  260  again separates the tetrahydrocannabinol and other target analytes present in the processed extract  54 ′, albeit in lesser amounts than in exchange reflux  74 , into a plurality of functional fractions which, once again, collectively define a conversion product  90 . As before, the fractionation unit  260  separates the processed extract  54 ′ into eight functional fractions, namely, a cannabinol (“CBN”) fraction  91 , a tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) fraction  92 , a cannabigerol (“CBG”) fraction  93 , a cannabidiol (“CBD”) fraction  94 , a cannabichromene (“CBC”) fraction  95 , a cannabichromanone (“CBCN”) fraction  96 , a cannabifuran (“CBF”) fraction  97 , and a cannabielsoin (“CBE”) fraction  98 . 
     Also as before, the conversion product  90  in accordance with this alternative embodiment of the present invention comprises functional fractions which may be selectively recombined in a manner that replicates the overall cannabinoid profile in various strains of specially grown  Cannabis  plants. 
     Of course, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the foregoing extraction process  100  and conversion process  200  may be readily scaled up or down in order to increase and/or decrease throughput such as conditions may require. In at least one embodiment, the present cannabidiol extraction and conversion process  10  is sized to accommodate a feedstock input of about 115 kilograms, or approximately 250 pounds, of raw  Cannabis  plant material  20  per eight hour shift, which will produce an amount of about 35 to 45 kilograms of conversion product  90  which, once again, comprises about 60% to 80% tetrahydrocannabinol by weight. 
     With reference to  FIG.  3   , the invention is also directed to another method  300  of extracting cannabidiol from  cannabis  and converting it into tetrahydrocannabinol. In a first step,  305 , an amount of raw  cannabis  plant is appropriately sized for the extraction process. In a preferred embodiment, the  cannabis  biomass is ultimately placed in extraction bags having pores of approximately 100 microns. Therefore, it has been found that grinding the  cannabis  biomass to between one-eighth and one-quarter inch particle size yields desirable results. 
     In the next step,  310 , cannabidiol is extracted from the cannabis biomass by exposing it to a first solvent and agitating the biomass for a predetermined period of time. In a preferred embodiment, a closed-loop, centrifugal extractor is utilized, which enhances extraction efficiency and minimizes exposure of the extract to oxygen. Once the extraction bag of biomass is placed within the extractor, pre-chilled 200 proof ethanol (as a preferred embodiment of a first solvent) is pumped into the extractor using food grade nitrogen. The volume of ethanol should be sufficient to completely submerge the biomass. Once the extractor is prepared, agitation can begin which, in a preferred embodiment, may last for between fifteen to thirty minutes. The result of step  310  is a solution of cannabidiol (“CBD”) oil and ethanol according to the preferred embodiment. Steps  305 - 310  may be repeated until a desired batch size is achieved, such as if a discharge keg for holding the resulting solution is larger than the capacity of the extractor. Multiple extraction cycles can be run to fill a given size discharge keg, e.g., thirty gallons. 
     In step  315 , the resulting solution of CBD oil and ethanol is winterized in order to partially refine the solution and precipitate out waxes, lipids, and other undesired compounds. In a preferred embodiment, the discharge keg from step  310  is winterized for between forty-eight to seventy-two hours at a temperature of minus twenty-five degrees Celsius or below. 
     In step  320 , the winterized solution is filtered and dewaxed in a multi-stage process. First, while still at or near winterization temperatures, the winterized solution is pushed through a first lenticular filter having a 1-micron diatomaceous earth medium. In a preferred embodiment, the winterized solution is pushed through the filter using food grade nitrogen to avoid oxidation. Once filtered a first time, the filtered, winterized solution is allowed to warm to room temperature before being pushed through a second lenticular filter having a 1-micron post-activated carbon medium. 
     After filtrations and dewaxing, the first solvent may be at least partially recovered in step  325 . In a preferred embodiment recovery is performed in a rotary evaporator and conducted via distillation. Parameters for recovery, such as temperature and pressure, may vary depending upon the particular solvent utilized as the first solvent. In a preferred embodiment, visual analysis is employed to determine when a sufficient amount of the first solvent has been recovered. More specifically, before recovery, the solution will tend to behave as though it is aqueous, flowing relatively freely with low viscosity. The desired viscosity, however, is closer to oil, and once a sufficient quantity of solvent is recovered, the solution may tend to form visible layers as it is rotated in the flask of the rotary evaporator. 
     Once a sufficient amount of ethanol has been removed, the remaining solution is largely comprised of crude CBD oil, and will be referred to as such to aid in discussion, although it may contain remnants of the first solvent and/or other compounds. However, the next step is to decarboxylate and devolatize the crude CBD oil  330 . To do so, the crude CBD oil is heated, agitated, and held for a predetermined period of time until any carboxyl groups are released within the crude CBD oil. In a preferred embodiment, the crude CBD oil is slowly heated in ten degree increments to one hundred fifty degrees Celsius until it ceases to bubble or at least four hours. The crude CBD is held at one hundred fifty degrees Celsius for an additional two hours after it ceases to bubble. Additionally, a hot plate containing magnetic stir bars may be utilized to agitate the crude CBD oil during the process. Six hundred revolutions per minute has been found to be an effective speed. Moreover, in a most preferred embodiment, the crude CBD oil is decarboxylated and devolatized in four-liter beakers, having been decanted into batches of no more than two liters per beaker. 
     The crude CBD oil is now ready to be isomerized as in step  335 . The decarboxylated and devolatized crude CBD oil is dissolved at a ratio of one part crude CBD oil to five parts solvent. In a preferred embodiment the solvent is two hundred proof ethanol. The dissolved solution is then placed in conversion reflux unit, such as a rotary evaporator with reflux apparatus. Before beginning the reflux process, a strong acid is titrated into the dissolved solution. In a preferred embodiment, the acid is 99% sulfuric acid at a ratio of two- and one-half milliliters of titrant (sulfuric acid) for every ten liters of titrand (solution of crude CBD oil and ethanol). Once the isomerization has occurred, the solution should include at least some tetrahydrocannabinol compounds suspended in oil. Therefore, to aid in discussion, the isomerized solution will be referred to as crude THC oil even though it may contain other compounds. 
     In a preferred embodiment, sodium hydroxide is then titrated into the solution at a rate of between three to five milliliters of sodium hydroxide for every ten liters of solution in order to neutralize the pH level. Once neutralized, an emulsion is formed, which can be broken by adding small quantities of a diluted acid solution to separate the two liquid phases, i.e., crude THC oil and ethanol. 
     The next step involves the transfer of cannabinoids in the crude THC oil to a second solvent, which in a preferred embodiment is dichloromethane. In a preferred embodiment, a liquid-liquid extractor having organic and aqueous phase tanks is employed to do so. The second solvent is placed in the organic phase tank and the solution of crude THC oil and ethanol is placed in the aqueous phase tank. Once complete, the aqueous phase discharge can be disposed according to protocol, while the organic phase should include a solution of crude THC oil and the second solvent. 
     The next step of recovering the second solvent  345  may include placing the solution of crude THC oil and the second solvent into a rotary evaporator and distilling the solution until all dichloromethane has evaporated from the solution, leaving crude THC oil. 
     Finally, the crude THC oil is ready for distillation, as in step  355 , but first it may be desirable to add a small amount of 200 proof USP Ethanol (e.g., two to three percent by weight) to the crude THC oil for ease of transfer into distillation vessels. If so, the solution must be again devolatized, as in step  350 , which in a preferred embodiment is conducted at one hundred degrees Celsius for one to two hours. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the distillation of the crude THC oil  355  is performed in a wiped film evaporator in at least two passes. During the first pass, terpenes and runoffs are collected in separate flasks. The first pass runoff is then reintroduced into the wiped film evaporator for a second pass. 
     Since many modifications, variations and changes in detail can be made to the described embodiment of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.