Patent Publication Number: US-7588756-B1

Title: Treatment of cardiac power failure

Description:
The present invention relates to medicaments for treating cardiac insufficiency which contain a therapeutically effective quantity of one or more S100 proteins, one or more mutants or fragments of same or nucleic acid sequence(s) coding for these amino acid sequences, optionally integrated into one or more gene transfer vectors. 
     Changes in intracellular Ca 2+  homeostasis play a pathophysiologically pivotal role in cardiac insufficiency at the molecular level. Gwathmey et al (1) were the first to detect prolonged intracellular Ca 2+  transients in contracting heart-muscle preparations of patients with end stage heart failure. Against the backdrop of an increased diastolic Ca 2+  level and reduced systolic Ca 2+  peaks (2), this finding was interpreted as an indication of a dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (hereafter abbreviated to SR) which correlates at the haemodynamic level with an inverse force-frequency relationship of the myopathic heart muscle (3). 
     Of central importance here is the reduced re-uptake of Ca 2+  into the SR during the diastole through the Ca 2+ ATPase (Ca 2+  pump of the SR which pumps the Ca 2+  out of the cytosol into the SR against a concentration gradient of 1:10,000). This leads on the one hand to a disturbed relaxation of the heart muscle during the diastole and to an associated reduction in Ca 2+  release during the systole and thus to a reduced force development of the heart muscle. Among others, this observation is based on the fact that insufficient hearts have reduced cAMP levels (4). The cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban is a precondition for activation of the Ca 2+ ATPase of the SR. 
     One of the existing strategies for improving contractility therefore aimed at an increase in intracellular cAMP levels through the administration of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Although this pharmacological approach leads to an improvement in cardiac performance in the short term, this therapy option was left for the chronic treatment of cardiac insufficiency, as it leads to a 53% excess mortality of the patients examined compared with placebo. 
     A further strategy pursued to date consists of using more effectively the reduced Ca 2+  supply during the systole through a sensitization of the contractile apparatus with Ca 2+  sensitizers that allow an increased strength development of the contractile apparatus for the same Ca 2+  concentration. Clinical studies carried out to date with pimobendan were disappointing however, as no significant improvement of the heart function compared with placebo was to be documented (7). There are still no clinical data for the inhomogenous group of new Ca 2+  sensitizers. However, with some Ca 2+  sensitizers, this therapeutic approach leads, through an increased Ca 2+  sensitivity of the contractile apparatus, to a deteriorated relaxation so that the therapeutic advantage of an increased systolic strength development is called into question by a disturbance of the diastole (8). 
     In the search for further molecular causes for a restricted function of the SR within the framework of cardiac insufficiency, a reduced Ca 2+ ATPase activity in crude membrane preparations (crude membranes) of insufficient hearts was able to be measured for different animal models and also for humans, so that a changed protein composition of the SR was assumed to be the cause. However, studies of the gene expression of the SR proteins phospholamban, Ca 2+ ATPase and ryanodine receptor yielded varying and partly contradictory data. Thus, various work groups (9, 10, 11) found a significant reduced expression of the genes coding for phospholamban and Ca 2+ ATPase also at protein level, whilst Movsesian et al (12) and Schwinger et al (13) documented no significant expression differences and Arai et al (14) found a differential expression in the course of hypertrophy development. Although a significantly lower Ca 2+ ATPase activity was detected in crude membrane preparations of terminally insufficient hearts (15), this finding was incomprehensible for highly purified membrane preparations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (12). To date, the contradictory results have been attributed to varying analysis methods (12). 
     The object of the present invention is therefore to provide medicaments for the treatment of cardiac insufficiency, in particular for the treatment or improvement of the pumping capacity of the heart, restricted within the framework of cardiac insufficiency. The medicaments are preferably furthermore intended to increase heart power in general and to be suitable for a treatment of acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency. 
     This object is achieved in general according to the invention by using S100 proteins, the proteins either being used directly as active ingredient or an overexpression of S100 proteins in the heart muscle being effected through a gene-therapy approach. 
     S100 proteins belong like calmodulin to the group of Ca 2+ -binding proteins with EF-hand Ca 2+ -binding motifs of which over 200 are now known. The family of the S100 proteins itself comprises 19 members of which 13 are coded on a narrow gene cluster on chromosome 1q21. Functionally, these proteins are incorporated into the regulation of cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, signal transduction as well as Ca 2+  homeostasis (16). In contrast to the ubiquitously expressed calmodulin, S100 proteins have a tissue-specific expression pattern (17). They therefore translate the Ca 2+  signal into a tissue-specific response by interacting with specific target proteins after binding of Ca 2+  to their EF hands (16). S100 proteins have a strongly preserved amino acid sequence with high homology within the S100 family. The amino acid and cDNA sequences are shown in the sequence protocol as SEQ ID NO: 1 to 30 (numerical code &lt;210&gt;). 
     By S100 proteins within the meaning of the invention are meant the complete native proteins, mutants of the S100 proteins, peptides (fragments) of the S100 proteins or peptide mutants (with a homology of at least 60%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95%) as well as recombinantly prepared proteins or peptides or mutants or synthetic peptides or mutants. 
     According to a particular version of the invention, the S100 protein is S100β (S100B), S100A1, S100A2, S100A4 or S100A6 (cf. Schäfer et al., Genomics 23 (1995) 638-643). In the following, by the term “S100 protein” or “protein” is alternatively also meant the named mutants or peptides. Because of the species-general homology of the S100 proteins according to the invention, proteins and sequences coding for them of any species (such as e.g. pig, cattle etc.) can be used, the corresponding human sequences being most preferred. 
     The subject of the present invention is therefore medicaments (pharmaceutical preparations) for the treatment of heart diseases with reduced contractility force of whatever cause (primary and secondary cardiomyopathies), which contain a therapeutically effective quantity of one or more S100 proteins (preferably S100β, S100A1, S100A2, S100A4 or S100A6), one or more mutants or fragments of same, which is optionally formulated with pharmaceutically compatible auxiliaries and/or supports. 
     According to a preferred version of the invention, the S100 protein S100A1, which contains the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and the preferred fragments contain the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 32, 34 and 36. Predominantly hydrophobic peptides can be extended to improve the solubility at the C- or N-terminal with hydrophilic amino acids. Preferably, according to the invention, the truncated and/or modified fragments according to SEQ ID NO: 37, 38 and/or 39 can be used. 
     Either single proteins, mutants or peptides of those named serve as active ingredients, but any mixtures of same can also be used, such as e.g. a combination of at least two of the peptides shown in SEQ ID NO: 32, 34, 36, 37, 38 and 39. 
     Within the framework of the present invention, by primary cardiomyopathies are meant hereditary cardiomyopathies and cardiomyopathies due to spontaneous mutations, by secondary cardiomyopathies are meant ischaemic cardiomyopathy due to an arteriosclerosis, dilatative cardiomyopathy due to an infectious or toxic disease of the myocardium, hypertensive heart disease due to a pulmonary-arterial and/or an arterial hypertonia, structural heart diseases due to rhythm disturbances and diseases of the heart valves, the primary and secondary myopathies being the cause of the cardiac insufficiency. The present application therefore furthermore relates to medicaments for the treatment of cardiac insufficiency. 
     For application, a direct injection of purified S100 protein (or mutants or peptide) either intravenously, intraarterially or intracoronally and/or long-term also the oral administration of recombinant protein or synthetic peptide analogues is possible. 
     Within the framework of the present invention, it was surprisingly found that in the cell culture model, after treatment with S100 protein, in particular S100A1 protein, and after S100 gene addition (in particular S100A1), an increase in the shortening and relengthening speed of cultivated myocardial cells is to be documented, which correlates with changed intracellular Ca 2+  transients in the sense of an increased systolic Ca 2+  release from the SR and an accelerated Ca 2+  re-uptake into the SR (see examples). These results were also able to be confirmed with other proteins of the S100 family. 
     The invention therefore furthermore relates to medicaments for the treatment of primary and secondary cardiomyopathies as well as cardiac insufficiency, which contain nucleic acid sequence(s) coding for one or more S100 proteins or one or more mutants or fragments of same, the nucleic acid(s) optionally being formulated with pharmaceutically compatible auxiliaries and/or supports. These nucleic acid sequence(s) can also be contained in one or more gene transfer vectors. The nucleic acid sequences coding for the S100 proteins used according to the invention are reproduced in SEQ ID NO: 1 to 35, SEQ ID NO: 1 (S100A1 cDNA) being particularly preferred. According to a preferred version of the invention, a combination of at least two of the nucleic acid sequences coding for SEQ ID NO: 32, 24, 36, 37, 38 and 39 (in particular SEQ ID NO: 31, 33, 35 as well as sequences coding for SEQ ID NO: 37, 38 and 39) are used. In the gene-therapy approach, one or more gene transfer vectors comprising this combination are considered, i.e. the nucleic acid sequences named can either be cloned into several vectors (e.g. each singly), or the combination of the coding sequences can be contained in a single vector. 
     The nucleic acids or gene transfer vectors are optionally formulated for intravenous, intraarterial, intracoronal or oral application. A use of DNA in liposomal fractions represents a further possibility for application, even if it displays a lower transfection efficiency. 
     The subject of the present invention is thus furthermore the use of a construct which makes possible an overexpression of S100, preferably of S100A1, in the heart muscle. Preferred is a viral construct which contains the DNA of an S100 protein, in particular of the S100β, S100A1, S100A2, S100A4 and the S100A6 protein, and which is preferably applied coronarally via a coronary catheter, displaying the highest transfection efficiency after this application. 
     The present invention thus furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of a gene transfer vector coding for one or more S100 proteins or one or more mutants or fragments of same, in which nucleic acid sequence(s) coding for the protein(s), the mutant(s) or the fragment(s) is (are) cloned into one or more vectors suitable for gene therapy. 
     The coding nucleic acid sequence is preferably selected from the group of the nucleic acid sequences represented in SEQ ID NO: 1 to 30. According to a particularly preferred version of the invention, the S100 DNA (sequence coding for S100A1 according to SEQ ID NO: 1), or the nucleic acid sequences coding for the fragments according to SEQ ID NO 32, 34, 36, 37, 38 and/or 39 (in particular SEQ ID NO: 31, 33, 35 as well as sequences coding for SEQ ID NO: 37, 38 and 39) are used for the preparation of the gene transfer vectors or for direct application. 
     In principle, several viral vector systems are suitable for carrying out a transfection of the heart tissue with S100 DNA. Recent vector systems (G. Bilbao et al., FASEB J. 11 (1977) 624-634; A. Amalficano et al. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 926-933) can produce an improvement in gene-therapy efficiency due to the immunological side effects still being only minimal compared with known adenoviral vectors. Gene-therapy efficiency can be further optimized by using strong heart-specific promoters, such as e.g. through a α-myosin heavy-chain promoter. 
     The effect of the S100 proteins can furthermore be increased by using corresponding sense oligonucleotides but the use of anti-sense oligonucleotides for S100 inhibitory substances can also be considered. Sense oligonucleotides (or anti-sense oligonucleotides of antagonistically acting proteins/peptides) or S100 proteins can be transferred directly into the vascular wall of the coronary arteries. Using a balloon system with a gel surface as carrier substance for oligonucleotides or proteins, the transfer of these molecules into the endothelial layer of the vessel accompanied by inflation of the balloon is achieved. This application method is however restricted to the influencing of cardial contractility by improving the vascular function in the sense of an improvement of the endothelial or smooth-muscular function, as only a local increase in the S100 protein concentration can be achieved herewith. 
     The transfection with S100A1 DNA leads to an increased concentration of S100A1 protein in the heart tissue, an underexpression of S100A1 which occurs within the framework of the cardiac insufficiency thus being treated causally by gene therapy and the function of this protein guaranteed again. The positively inotropic and lusitropic effect of S100A1 in the heart tissue is to be emphasized. Under S100A1 gene therapy of cultivated myocardial cells, of reconstituted heart tissue (18), and in an in-vivo model of the rabbit heart, after overexpression of S100A1, there is a significantly increased velocity of concentration of at least 20% (positive inotropy) and an accelerated relaxation (positive lusitropy). This effect is based on an improved function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is characterized by an accelerated as well as increased Ca 2+  release from the SR as well as re-uptake of Ca 2+  back into the SR. This is documented in some hitherto unpublished tests with bioluminescence-supported analysis of the intracellular Ca 2+  transients (see examples). 
     The advantage of this invention is in particular that the dysfunction of the SR which is pathognomonic for cardiac insufficiency is causally treated. 
     Within the framework of the present invention therefore, not only are medicaments for the treatment of (chronic) cardiac insufficiency made available, but also medicaments for the treatment of heart diseases which are understood to be the cause of a cardiac insufficiency, such as primary cardiomyopathies (e.g. hereditary cardiomyopathies, cardiomyopathies due to spontaneous mutations) and secondary cardiomyopathies (e.g. ischaemic cardiomyopathy due to an arteriosclerosis, dilatative cardiomyopathy due to an infectious or toxic disease of the myocardium, hypertensive heart disease due to a pulmonary-arterial and/or arterial hypertonia, structural heart diseases due to rhythm disturbances, disease of the heart valves, etc.). 
     A further advantage of this invention is that further functions are described for S100, in particular for S100A1 which can significantly broaden the gene-therapy approach to the treatment of cardiac insufficiency. 
     Studies by Donato and by Garbuglia et al (19, 20) showed an inhibition of the polymerization of microtubuli and of intermediate filaments by S100A1 in biochemical reconstitutive assays. Immunohistochemical analyses by Schaper et al (21) document a significant increase in the microtubule network and of random intermediate filaments in explanted hearts of patients with cardiac insufficiency of NYHA class IV (New York Heart Association IV) which leads to an increased viscous load of the insufficient myocardium and thus to a reduced contraction speed (22). The therapeutic overexpression of S100A1 can thus prevent a hyper cytoskeletal crosslinking and improve the contraction conditions by reducing the viscous load. 
     Data from Baudier et al (23) finally document an inhibition of protein kinase C through S100A1. As the activation of protein kinase C has a key position in the signal transduction cascade of the hypertrophy process leading to insufficiency (24), an inhibition of protein kinase C through increased S100A1 tissue levels in the insufficient myocardium could be of great therapeutic significance for a normalization of the signal transduction of the insufficient heart. 
     The following examples, figures and the sequence protocol are intended to explain the invention in more detail without limiting it to same. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Purification of Recombinant S100A1 
     Human recombinant S100A1 was prepared in genetically modified  E. coli . For this purpose, the cDNA of S100A1 was cloned into a pGEMEX expression vector, competent  E. coli  were transformed with this vector and selected via an ampicillin resistance contained in the vector. The genetically modified bacteria were stored until their use in 50% glycerin at −80° C. and then mixed according to the following method: 3 ml LB medium with 100 μg/ml ampicillin were seeded from the storage vessel with an eyelet and incubated overnight at 37° C. The following day, the overnight culture was added to 250 ml LB medium with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. 
     The optical density was measured every 30 minutes, and with OD&gt;0.5 120 μl 1 M IPTG were added. After a further 3-4 hours, the medium was centrifuged off and the pellets were frozen and thawed 3-4 times to lyse the bacteria. 
     The bacterial pellets were homogenized in extraction buffer (25 mM tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM EDTA) by means of ultrasound. The supernatants were brought to an end concentration of 2 M with saturated ammonium sulphate solution, and centrifuged off. The supernatant of ammonium sulphate precipitation was applied to a HiTrap octyl-sepharose column (Phamacia, Freiburg), which was equilibrated in advance with buffer A (25 mM tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM CaCl2). The S100A1 bound to the column was eluted with a stepped gradient to buffer B (25 mM tris-HCl, pH 9.5, 5 mM EGTA). To achieve a purity of more than 95%, the S100 eluate was then subjected to an anion exchange chromatography. The sample was deposited on a HiTrapQ column (Pharmacia) previously equilibrated in buffer A (25 mM tris-HCl, pH 7.5) and eluted through a linear gradient to 40% buffer B (25 mM tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl). The purified S100A1 was concentrated in a vacuum evaporator and dialyzed against 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) and then stored in aliquots at −80° C.  FIG. 1   a  shows the elution profile of the HiTrapQ column and an SDS polyacrylamide gel and  FIG. 1B  the associated Western Blot which is carried out for quality control of the S100A1 purification. It is seen that the purification procedure used leads to a high degree of purity of the S100A1 protein. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Increased Intracellular Ca 2+  Transients in Cultivated Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes After Co-Cultivation with Recombinant S100A1 
     Neonatal rat hearts were removed from 3-day-old rats, ventricles separated from the atria and stored coarse-ground on ice in ADS buffer (6.8 g NaCl, 4.76 g HEPES, 0.12 g NaH 2 PO 4 , 1 g glucose, 0.4 g KCl, 0.1 g MgSO 4  and 1000 ml H 2 O). In a bioreactor (Wheaton® container), the cells were then separated from the tissue assembly by means of collagenase digestion (108 U/mg/ml collagenase, Worthington, USA), and the released cells separated over a density gradient (Percoll, Pharmacia®) by centrifugation. The cardiomyocyte fraction was resuspended in cell culture medium (DMEM+10% newborn calf serum) and plated in a density of approx. 100,000 cardiomyocytes per well on 24-well cell culture plates. After 24 hours culture at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 , recombinant S100A1 was added to the cell culture medium at two-day intervals in concentrations of 1 μM to 10 μM. After 7 days, the measurement of the calcium transients after 1 hour&#39;s loading of the cells with FuraPE3AM® took place. The intracellular Ca 2+  transients were then detected and quantified by means of inverse fluorescence microscopy (Olympus OSP 3®) under both rest conditions and electrical field stimulation (PHYWE®-bioelectrical measurement unit; frequencies of 30-300 bpm).  FIG. 2  shows the original derivations of the analyzed control cells ( 2   a ) and of the cells treated with S100A1 ( 2   b ). The statistical evaluation shows that under stimulation with S100A1, the rise in the Ca 2+  concentration per time unit in the systole (+dc/dt) is significantly increased by 3 times (p&lt;0.0002) in comparison with the control cell population. The drop in the Ca 2+  concentration per time unit in the diastole (−dc/dt) is accelerated by 2.2 times (p&lt;0.0003) under S100A1 stimulation in comparison with the control cell population. The changes in the Ca 2+  concentration per time unit were measured as a quotient from the time until the signal maximum and the signal amplitude (+dc/dt) were reached or as a quotient of the time until the half amplitude and the signal amplitude (−dc/dt) were reached. It can be shown with this test approach that S100A1 as a paracrine factor improves the efficiency of the SR function. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preparation of the S100A1 Overexpressing Virus Construct 
     To prepare the S100A1 overexpressing virus construct, the following strategy is applied: The S100A1 DNA is cloned into the multi cloning site behind a CMV promoter into the adenoviral shuttle-vector pAD TRACK (Tong-Chuan He et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95; 2509-2514). The resulting plasmid is linearized with PME1 and recombined with pEASY (Tong-Chuan He et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95; 2509-2514) in  E. coli  BJ 5183. The recombination product (pAD/S100A1) corresponds to a plasmid which contains the viral DNA of the E1 and E3 deleted adenovirus type 5, the S100A1 DNA and a kanamycin resistance. Samples of the plasmid pAD/S100A1 were deposited on 26 Mar. 1999 at the DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH [German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures], Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Brunswick, under the accession number DSM 12755 under the Budapest Treaty. pAD/S100A1 is then transformed in  E. coli  DH5 ∝  accompanied by kanamycin selection (50 μg/ml) and multiplied. pAD/S100A1 is linearized with PAC1 accompanied by loss of the kanamycin resistance and incorporated by means of lipofectamin (Gibco, BRL) into HEK293 cells for virus production. After 10 days, the virus is harvested with a low titre and HEK293 infected again. After several cycles of harvesting and reinfecting of HEK293 cells, a high-titre virus finally results which is processed as follows before being introduced into the organism: The HEK293 cells are harvested prior to the cell lysis and centrifuged off (3400 rpm×10 min). The resulting HEK cell pellet is washed twice in PBS (0.01 M, Sigma, p-3813) and finally taken up in 0.01 M TRIS-pH 8.1. The virus-containing HEK293 cells are then lysed by being frozen four times (liquid nitrogen) and thawed (at 37° C.), and the virus released. HEK cell DNA is removed by DNAse digestion (at 37° C. over 30 minutes) and HEK cell proteins by freon extraction from the lysate. The virus is purified by means of ultracentrifugation (12 h×127000 g) through a caesium chloride gradient. The resulting virus fraction is removed and dialyzed for 3×2 hours (1 vol-% saccharose in 0.01 M PBS pH 7.4) and stored in aliquots at −80° C. For a gene-therapy treatment, between 10 9  to 10 12  virus particles are used per gram of heart tissue. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Gene Therapy of the Rabbit Heart: Increasing the +dP/dt and the Systolic Ejection Pressure as a Result of Viral Overexpression of the Ca 2+ -Binding Protein S100A1 in the Rabbit Myocardium 
     In the 4 th  ICR, the thorax of New Zealand white rabbits was opened on the right side by lateral thoracotomy. After the aorta was displayed, the opening of the pericardium and the ligation of the aorta took place. By left-cavity injection, an intracoronal perfusion with 2×10 11  virus particles of the recombinant S100A1 virus (n=6), of a virus without S100A1 cDNA (n=11) or of NaCl (n=11) was achieved. 7 days after the operation, the rabbit was catheterized via the a. carotis. The contraction speed (dP/dt) and the systolic ejection pressure (SEP) of the rabbit hearts were measured under basal conditions as well as under isoproterenol stimulation (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg/min). Cryosections were prepared from the rabbit myocardium deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and the virus infection of the myocardium demonstrated by fluorescence microscope measurement of the GFP expression (see  FIG. 3 ). 
     The injection of a virus construct without S100A1 cDNA results in a reduction in the systolic ejection pressure (SEP in mmHg) of the rabbit hearts of 9% on average under all raised conditions in comparison with the animals treated with NaCl. Under basal conditions, the behaviour of the SEP in the case of the animals treated with S100A1 is statistically not significantly different from both control groups. The SEP in the S100A1 group of the overexpressing rabbits increases by 17% (0.1 μg/kg/min; p&lt;0.02), 10% (0.5 μg/kg/min; p=0.06) and 11% (1.0 μg/kg/min; p&lt;0.05) compared with the group which was treated with the virus construct without S100A1 cDNA under all isoproterenol stimulations. Under isoproterenol stimulation, the animals treated with S100A1 have a SEP which is 4% higher (n.s) compared with the NaCl group (see  FIG. 4   a ). 
     The contraction speed (dP/dt in mm Hg/s) of the heart falls by an average of 10% upon application of a virus construct without S100A1 cDNA compared with the NaCl injection under all measured conditions which we attribute to a myocarditis. The S100A1 overexpressing animals showed no statistically deviating dP/dt under basal conditions compared with the virus control group. By contrast, the contractility of the heart increased in the S100A1 group under isoproterenol stimulation by 17% (0.1 μg/kg/min; p&lt;0.05), 14% (0.5 μg/kg/min; p&lt;0.03) and 14% (1.0 μg/kg/min; p&lt;0.05) compared with the virus control. The animals treated with the recombinant S100A1 virus showed a dP/dt increased on average by 5% (n.s.) compared with the NaCl group, despite the myocarditis (see  FIG. 4   b ). 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Increasing the Force Transients of Skinned Fibres Preparations of the Skeletal Muscle of the Rat Through Recombinant S100A1 and Through Peptides of this Protein 
     The binding of Ca 2+  to S100A1 leads to a modified tertiary structure of this Ca 2+ -binding protein, resulting in a narrow spatial coordination of the three hydrophobic protein portions (1 amino acids 2-16 [N terminal], cf. SEQ ID NO: 32; 2 amino acids 42-54 [hinge region], cf. SEQ ID NO: 34; 3 amino acids 75-85 [C terminal], cf. SEQ ID NO: 36), which together bind to the RyR (ryanodine receptor is a synonym for Ca 2+ ATPase of the SR), as data from Treves et al (25) suggest. The aim of this test procedure was therefore to examine what functional significance these sequences—in the form of synthetic peptides—have compared with the whole protein for the regulation of the Ca 2+  release from the SR. The Ca 2+  release was measured indirectly on saponin-semipermeabilized skeletal muscle fibres of the rat over an isometric force gradient. The measurement of the isometric force before and after addition of S100A1 peptide/protein served as a control. 
     Whereas the individual peptides showed no effect, the combination of “C-terminal” peptide and the “hinge region” increased the isometric force development already by 15%±4%. Both the combination of the three peptides ( FIG. 5   b ) and the recombinant protein ( FIG. 5   a ) in equimolar concentration (5-10 μM) increased the maximum force development in slow skeletal musculature (M. soleus) in the same way by 49%±6% and 52%±7% respectively compared with the control with an unchanged Ca 2+  sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. 
     These results show that the effects of S100A1 can be simulated by the hydrophobic protein portions and the full effect of the native protein triggered only by the combination of all three peptides. They thus show the significance of the Ca 2+ -dependent coordinative regulation of the RyR through the hydrophobic sequences of S100A1. 
     LEGENDS OF THE FIGURES 
       FIG. 1 : (a) Elution profile of HiTrapQ, absorption at 220 nm.
         (b) Silver stain after SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the individual purification stages: 1: extract from  E. coli,  2: proteins not bound by octyl-sepharose, 3: EGTA eluate of octyl sepharose, 4-5: proteins not bound by HiTrapQ, 6-8: fractions of the S100A1 peak of HiTrapQ.       
       FIG. 2 : original tracings of the analyzed control cells ( FIG. 2   a ) and of the cells treated with S100A1 ( FIG. 2   b ). 
       FIG. 3 : Detection of the viral infection of the myocardium by fluorescence microscope measurement of the GFP expression in cryosections of deep-frozen rabbit myocardium. 
       FIG. 4 : Systolic ejection pressure under isoproterenol stimulation in animals treated with S100A1 compared with the control group ( FIG. 4   a ). Contraction speed under isoproterenol stimulation in animals treated with S100A1 compared with the control group ( FIG. 4   b ). 
       FIG. 5 : Increasing the maximum force development in slow skeleton musculature (M. soleus) by combining the three S100A1 peptides (N-terminal, hinge region, C-terminal;  FIG. 5   b ) and by recombinant S100A1 protein ( FIG. 5   a ) in equimolar concentration (5-10 μM). 
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