Patent Publication Number: US-2004041984-A1

Title: Illumination apparatus and display apparatus using the illumination apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001] This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-250828, filed Aug. 29, 2002, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] 1. Field of the Invention  
       [0003] The present invention relates to an illumination apparatus in which usage efficiency of light is high and variations in quantity of light are little, and to a display apparatus which projects and displays an image by using the illumination apparatus.  
       [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art  
       [0005] Conventionally, as a high directivity illumination apparatus used for a projection display apparatus or the like, examples in which an LED emitting diffused light and a tapered rod are provided thereat are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,318,863 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,669 B1. Namely, an LED light source is disposed so as to be close to a small-diameter opening of the tapered rod. Light which is incident from the small-diameter opening of the tapered rod into the tapered rod is transmitted so as to be totally reflected at the internal surface of the tapered rod. The respective light rays are converted so as to have small angles, and are emitted from a large-diameter opening of the tapered rod toward a projection lens. Accordingly, an illumination apparatus which can be used for a projection display apparatus using an image display member in which an allowable angle of incident light is narrow can be obtained.  
       [0006] Incidentally, a method for holding an optical part which has a rod shape is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application KOKAI Publication (JP-A) No. 8-227034 and JP-A No. 10-253923. The object of the method in 8-227034 is ensuring a positioning accuracy over a long period, and radiating a thermal stress. In order to attain the objects, a structure in which a rod integrator side surface is biased by a supporting member having a mask function as well and springs is disclosed. Further, the object of 10-253923 is in ensuring a heat resistance of the supporting member of the rod integrator whose temperature becomes high, and ensuring a structural holding accuracy. In order to attain the objects, a structure is disclosed in which the rod integrator is biased onto a supporting member formed from a metal plate by using spring members from the side surface, and at the same time, the rod integrator is biased in the optical axis direction due to the spring members being hooked on one portion of an incident end plane.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an illumination apparatus comprising:  
       [0008] an illuminant configured to radiate diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0009] a light guiding member including:  
       [0010] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0011] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0012] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0013] a holding member configured to integrally hold the illuminant and the light guiding member.  
       [0014] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus comprising:  
       [0015] an illumination apparatus having:  
       [0016] an illuminant configured to radiate diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0017] a light guiding member including:  
       [0018] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0019] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0020] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0021] a holding member configured to integrally hold the illuminant and the light guiding member;  
       [0022] an illumination lens configured to condense the light from the outgoing end of the light guiding member of the illumination apparatus; and  
       [0023] an image display member disposed in the vicinity of the rear side focal point of the illumination lens.  
       [0024] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus comprising:  
       [0025] an illumination apparatus having:  
       [0026] an illuminant configured to radiate diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0027] a light guiding member including:  
       [0028] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0029] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0030] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0031] a holding member configured to integrally hold the illuminant and the light guiding member;  
       [0032] an image display member disposed in the vicinity of the outgoing end of the light guiding member of the illumination apparatus; and  
       [0033] projection optical system configured to image an image of the image display member on a projection surface.  
       [0034] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an illumination apparatus comprising:  
       [0035] an illuminant for radiating diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0036] light guiding means including:  
       [0037] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0038] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0039] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0040] holding means for integrally holding the illuminant and the light guiding means.  
       [0041] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus comprising:  
       [0042] an illumination apparatus having:  
       [0043] an illuminant for radiating diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0044] light guiding means including:  
       [0045] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0046] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0047] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0048] holding means for integrally holding the illuminant and the light guiding means;  
       [0049] an illumination lens for condensing the light from the outgoing end of the light guiding means of the illumination apparatus; and  
       [0050] image displaying means disposed in the vicinity of the rear side focal point of the illumination lens.  
       [0051] According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus comprising:  
       [0052] an illumination apparatus having:  
       [0053] an illuminant for radiating diffused light from an outgoing plane;  
       [0054] light guiding means including:  
       [0055] an incident end which is close to the outgoing plane of the illuminant and on which the diffused light is incident;  
       [0056] an outgoing end from which the incident light which was incident on the incident end is emitted, and which has an area larger than that of the incident end; and  
       [0057] a tapered portion which is positioned between the incident end and the outgoing end, and which has a tapered reflective surface transmitting the incident light to the outgoing end while reflecting the incident light; and  
       [0058] holding means for integrally holding the illuminant and the light guiding means;  
       [0059] image displaying means disposed in the vicinity of the outgoing end of the light guiding means of the illumination apparatus; and  
       [0060] projection optical means for imaging an image of the image displaying means on a projection surface.  
       [0061] Advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING  
     [0062] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.  
     [0063]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a first embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0064]FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a second embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0065]FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a structure of a third embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0066]FIG. 4A is a perspective view showing a modification example of the third embodiment;  
     [0067]FIG. 4B is a diagram for explanation of the relationship between a holding portion and a tapered rod in the modified example of FIG. 4A;  
     [0068]FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view showing the other modification example of the third embodiment;  
     [0069]FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a fourth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0070]FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a fifth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0071]FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view showing a modification example of the fifth embodiment;  
     [0072]FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a sixth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0073]FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a seventh embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0074]FIG. 11A is a cross sectional view showing a structure of an eighth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0075]FIG. 11B is an enlarged view of a portion shown by enclosing with the circle in FIG. 11A;  
     [0076]FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a ninth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0077]FIG. 13A is a cross sectional view showing a structure of a tenth embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention;  
     [0078]FIG. 13B is an enlarged view of a holding portion of a tapered rod thereof;  
     [0079]FIG. 14 is an enlarged view of the holding portion of the tapered rod for explanation of a modified example of the tenth embodiment;  
     [0080]FIG. 15 is an enlarged view of the holding portion of the tapered rod for explanation of the other modified example of the tenth embodiment;  
     [0081]FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a structure of a first embodiment of a display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to one of the first through tenth embodiments as an eleventh embodiment of the present invention;  
     [0082]FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a structure of a second embodiment of a display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to one of the first through tenth embodiments as a twelfth embodiment of the present invention; and  
     [0083]FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a structure of a third embodiment of an display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to one of the first through tenth embodiments as a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0084] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.  
     [0085] [First Embodiment] 
     [0086] As shown in FIG. 1, in a first embodiment of an illumination apparatus of the present invention, a holder  10  serving as a holding member holds an LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant and a holding glass  11  serving as the translucent holding member so as to be parallel to an outgoing plane of the LED chip  20  and maintain a predetermined interval. A solid tapered rod  30  serving as a light guiding member is adhered to and fixed on an outgoing end  30 B thereof from which diffused light from the LED chip  20  is emitted, with a light transmitting adhesive. In this case, the entire surface of the outgoing end  30 B of the tapered rod  30  is adhered to the holding glass  11  such that the center of an incident end  30 A thereof corresponds to the center of the outgoing plane of the LED chip  20 . Namely, the tapered rod  30  is formed by the incident end  30 A on which diffused light from the LED chip  20  is incident, the outgoing end  30 B which is parallel to the incident end  30 A and has an area larger than that of the incident end  30 A, and from which light from the LED chip  20  incident from the incident end  30 A is emitted, and a tapered portion  30 C which joins the incident end  30 A to the outgoing end  30 B. Of the diffused light incident from the incident end  30 A, the light ray which is incident at a small angle is emitted from the outgoing end  30 B without being totally reflected at the tapered portion  30 C. Further, the light ray which is incident at a large angle is totally reflected at the tapered portion  30 C and is converted into a small angle, and is emitted from the outgoing end  30 B.  
     [0087] Note that, in the present embodiment and the following respective embodiments, the cross sectional shape of the tapered rod  30  is not particularly limited, and may be round, rectangular, or polygonal (when the cross sectional shape is limited, that effect will be described each time).  
     [0088] Therefore, in accordance with the illumination apparatus having such a structure, due to the LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant and the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member being integrally held by the holder  10  serving as the holding member, variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed. Therefore, the stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0089] Further, because the outgoing end  30 B of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member is held by the holding glass  11  serving as the translucent holding member, loss in quantity of light by holding the outgoing end  30 B can be prevented.  
     [0090] Moreover, because the holding glass  11  serving as a translucent holding member can be fixed at a place other than the optical path, the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member can be held with no loss of light and with a simple structure.  
     [0091] Further, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0092] [Second Embodiment] 
     [0093] Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0094] As shown in FIG. 2, a point in which a structure of the second embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention is different from the structure of the first embodiment is that the number of the LED chips  20  serving as the illuminants and the tapered rods  30  serving as the light guiding members are two. Furthermore, the two tapered rods  30  are adhered to and fixed on a surface at the side opposite to the surface facing the two above-described LED chips  20  of the holding glass  11  serving as the translucent holding member, at the incident ends  30 A of these tapered rods  30 .  
     [0095] Therefore, in accordance with the illumination apparatus of the second embodiment, in the same way as in the first embodiment, due to the illuminants and the light guiding members being integrally held by the holding member, variations in the positions between the illuminants and the light guiding members can be suppressed. Therefore, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0096] Further, because the incident ends of the light guiding members are held by the translucent holding member, loss in quantity of light by holding the incident ends can be prevented.  
     [0097] Moreover, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because the translucent holding member can be fixed at a place other than the optical path, the light guiding members can be held with no loss of light and with a simple structure. Further, in particular, in the second embodiment, because a plurality of light guiding members (tapered rods  30 ) can be held by one translucent holding member (holding glass  11 ), the plurality of light guiding members can be accurately positioned, and at the same time, variations in the positions thereof can be suppressed.  
     [0098] Further, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0099] [Third Embodiment] 
     [0100] Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0101] As shown in FIG. 3, in the third embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, the tapered rod serving as the light guiding member is a circular tapered rod  31  whose cross sectional shape is circular. In this case, the LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held upward at the bottom face of the holder  10  serving as the holding member. Further, holding portions  12  for holding the circular tapered rod  31  serving as the light guiding member are provided at different heights at the holder  10 . Projection portions  12 A are provided so as to surround the circular tapered rod  31  at the positions that the holding portions  12  are divided into three by substantially equal angles at the respective holding portions  12 , and the distal ends of the respective projection portions  12 A point-contact the tapered portion of the circular tapered rod  31 . In this state, an incident end of the circular tapered rod  31  faces the outgoing plane of the LED chip  20  so as to maintain a predetermined interval therefrom.  
     [0102] A circular pressure glass  13  serving as the translucent holding member contacts an outgoing end of the circular tapered rod  31 . The pressure glass  13  is biased in the direction of the circular tapered rod  31  at two points of the direction of the diameter thereof by two elastic members (springs  14 ) provided at the upper portion of the holder  10 . In accordance therewith, the outgoing end of the circular tapered rod  31  is pressed toward the incident end side by the pressure glass  13 . Therefore, the circular tapered rod  31  and the LED chip  20  are integrally held by the holder  10 .  
     [0103] In accordance with such a third embodiment, in the same way as in the first embodiment, due to the illuminant and the circular tapered rod  31  serving as the light guiding member being integrally held by the holding member, variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed. Therefore, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0104] Further, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because the outgoing end of the light guiding member is held by the translucent holding member, loss in quantity of light by holding the outgoing end can be prevented.  
     [0105] Moreover, in the third embodiment, because the light guiding member is held by the tapered portion side surface of the light guiding member (circular tapered rod  31 ) and the translucent holding member (pressure glass  13 ) at the outgoing end of the light guiding member, stable holding can be achieved with a simple structure without the incident end of the light guiding member being held.  
     [0106] Further, in the third embodiment, because a contact area of the light guiding member and the holding member (holder  10 ) can be made small, light which is leaked and diffused from the contact portion (the projection portions  12 A of the holding portions  12 ) can be reduced, and loss in quantity of light by holding the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0107] Moreover, if the contact portions are adhered to one another, the contact area is made large due to extrusion of the adhesive or the like, and there are cases in which leaking light increases. However, in the third embodiment, because the contact portions are not adhered to one another, leaking light is little, and the holding can be stably carried out.  
     [0108] Further, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0109] A modification example of the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. As shown in these drawings, a tapered rod serving as the light guiding member can be structured from a rectangular tapered rod  32  whose cross sectional shape is rectangular. In this case, different size circular holes are respectively opened at the two holding portions  12  of the holders  10 . Further, the cross sectional rectangles of the rectangular tapered rod  32  are inscribed in the circular holes of the holding portions  12 , and the rectangular tapered rod  32  and the holding portions  12  are point-contact at 4×2=8 points.  
     [0110] As the structure of such a modified example, the same effect as in the third embodiment as described above can be achieved.  
     [0111] The other modified example of the third embodiment is shown in FIG. 5. In this modified example, a plurality of tapered rods  30  serving as light guiding members are pressed in the directions of the incident ends of the tapered rods  30  by the one pressure glass  13  serving as the translucent holding member.  
     [0112] In such a structure, in addition to the effect of the third embodiment as described above, even in the case of a plurality of light guiding members, because the plurality of light guiding members can be held by one translucent holding member, an exceptional effect that a holding mechanism can be structured from a low number of parts is achieved.  
     [0113] [Fourth Embodiment] 
     [0114] Next, a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0115] As shown in FIG. 6, in the fourth embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, a supporting portion  33  having a diameter greater than that of the tapered portion  30 C is extendedly provided in the direction parallel to the outgoing end plane at the outgoing end side of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member. The LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant and the supporting portion  33  of the tapered rod  30  are integrally supported by the holder  10  serving as the holding member. In this state, the incident end of the tapered rod  30  faces the outgoing plane of the LED chip  20  so as to maintain a predetermined interval between them.  
     [0116] Therefore, in accordance with the illumination apparatus having such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant radiating diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0117] Further, in the fourth embodiment, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the shape of the tapered portion of the light guiding member.  
     [0118] Moreover, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0119] Note that, the example was described in which the diameter of the supporting portion  33  is larger than that of the tapered portion  30 C, and the part which is extendedly provided has a disc shape. However, the supporting portion  33  is not limited thereto, and the supporting portion  33  may be a shape such as the part of the disc which is not supported by the holder  10  is chipped.  
     [0120] [Fifth Embodiment] 
     [0121] Next, a fifth embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0122] As shown in FIG. 7, in the fifth embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, a hollow rod  40  is used as a light guiding member, and the hollow rod  40  is made to be tapered in shape. Further, the internal surface thereof is a metal reflective film  41  reflecting light. Further, a supporting portion  40 D extendedly provided at the side outer than the tapered portion  40 C in the direction parallel to the incident end  40 A plane, is formed at the side of an incident end  40 A. The hollow rod  40  is fixed on the holder  10  serving as the holding member by the supporting portion  40 D. The LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held, at a position of the holder  10  close to the incident end  40 A of the hollow rod  40 , so as to maintain a predetermined interval from the incident end  40 A of the hollow rod  40 .  
     [0123] Therefore, in an illumination apparatus having such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed due to the illuminant and the light guiding member being integrally held by the holding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0124] Further, in the same way as in the fourth embodiment, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the shape of the tapered portion of the light guiding member.  
     [0125] Moreover, in accordance with the fifth embodiment, because the side surface of the light guiding member is a reflective mirror (metal reflective film  41 ), even if the side surface of the light guiding member is adhered and held by the holding member, there is no affect with respect to the reflective characteristic, and the holding structure can be easily structured.  
     [0126] A modified example of the fifth embodiment is shown in FIG. 8. As shown in the drawing, the supporting portion  40 D may be provided at an outgoing end  40 B side of the hollow rod  40  serving as the light guiding member. In this case, the LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is positioned at the interior of the tapered portion  40 C of the hollow rod  40 . Accordingly, the light which is emitted in parallel to the outgoing plane of the LED chip  20  is guided to the outgoing end  40 B side of the hollow rod  40  by the reflective film  41  at the interior of the tapered portion  40 C of the hollow rod  40 .  
     [0127] Therefore, in addition to the effect of the fifth embodiment as described above, by disposing the illuminant at the interior of the hollow rod  40  in this way, an exceptional effect that the light which is emitted in the direction parallel to the outgoing plane of the illuminant can be guided to the outgoing end  40 B side of the hollow rod  40 , and outgoing light of the illuminant can be guided to the outgoing end  40 B side of the hollow rod  40  at high efficiency, is achieved.  
     [0128] [Sixth Embodiment] 
     [0129] Next, a sixth embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0130] As shown in FIG. 9, in the sixth embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, the hollow rod  40  serving as the light guiding member is formed such that a supporting portion  40 E whose cross sectional area does not vary and the tapered portion  40 C whose cross sectional area increases as being toward the opening portion (outgoing end) are integrally formed. Further, the metal reflective film  41  is provided at the internal surface of the hollow rod  40 , and light is reflected. The LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held at one end of the holder  10  serving as the holding member. Further, the hollow rod  40  having the structure is adhered and fixed by the holder  10  in a state in which the opening portion (incident end) at the supporting portion  40 E side faces the outgoing plane of the LED chip  20 , and has a predetermined distance from the LED chip  20 .  
     [0131] Therefore, in an illumination apparatus having such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant which radiates diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0132] Further, in the same way as in the fourth embodiment, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the shape of the tapered portion of the light guiding member.  
     [0133] Moreover, in accordance with the sixth embodiment, because light is transmitted by the supporting portion of the light guiding portion, extension and folding of the optical path can be carried out by the supporting portion, the light guiding member can be transformed into a desired shape.  
     [0134] Further, in the same way as in the fifth embodiment, because the side surface of the light guiding member is the reflective mirror, even if the side surface of the light guiding member is adhered and held by the holding member, there is no affect with respect to the reflective characteristic, and the holding structure can be easily structured.  
     [0135] [Seventh Embodiment] 
     [0136] Next, a seventh embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0137] As shown in FIG. 10, in the seventh embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, a glass rod  50  formed from a tapered portion  50 A whose cross-sectional area varies and a prismatic supporting portion  50 B is used as a light guiding member. Here, assuming that a refractive index of the tapered portion  50 A is n 1  and a refractive index of the supporting portion  50 B is n 2 , n 1 &lt;n 2 . Further, a metal reflective film  51  is provided at one surface of the supporting portion  50 B. The glass rod  50  is adhered to and held at the surface at which the metal reflective film  51  is provided, by the holder  10  serving as the holding member. The LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held at the other end of the holder  10  such that the outgoing plane thereof faces the incident end which is a small-diameter opening of the glass rod  50  and maintains a predetermined distance.  
     [0138] In such a structure, the light ray incident from the incident end of the glass rod  50  is light-guided to the supporting portion  50 B while the angle thereof is being converted into a small angle at the tapered portion  50 A. Further, at the supporting portion  50 B, the principal optical axis of the light ray is reflected so as to be turned by 90° upward by the metal reflective film  51  at the supporting portion  50 B. At this time, because the refractive index of the supporting portion  50 B is higher than that of the tapered portion  50 A, the light ray reflected so as to return to the tapered portion  50 A by the metal reflective film  51  is totally reflected at the interface between the supporting portion  50 B and the tapered portion  50 A, and is emitted from the outgoing end of the supporting portion  50 B.  
     [0139] Therefore, in accordance with such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant which radiates diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0140] Further, in the same way as in the fourth embodiment, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the shape of the tapered portion.  
     [0141] Moreover, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light in the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0142] Further, in particular, in the seventh embodiment, because light is reflected by the metal reflective film  51 , leakage of light from the portion contacting with the holding member can be prevented regardless of the angle of incidence of the light which is incident on a portion contacting the holding member, and loss in quantity of light by holding the light guiding member can be reduced at a portion where an angle of incidence is large.  
     [0143] Moreover, because light is transmitted by the supporting portion of the light guiding member, extension and folding of the optical path can be carried out by the supporting portion, and the light guiding member can be transformed into a desired shape.  
     [0144] [Eighth Embodiment]p Next, an eighth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B. Note that FIG. 11B is an enlarged view of a portion enclosed by the circle in FIG. 11A.  
     [0145] As shown in these drawings, in the present embodiment, a parallel portion  34  serving as a supporting portion is integrally structured so as to project from the tapered portion at the side surface of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member. Further, the tapered rod  30  contacts a rod supporting projection  15  of the holder  10  serving as the holding member at the portion of the difference between the supporting portion (parallel portion  34 ) and the tapered portion of the tapered rod  30 , and the tapered rod  30  is adhered and fixed by the holder  10  with adhesive  16  at the region which is a shadow of light ray from the parallel portion  34 . The LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held by the holder  10  at a position which faces the incident end of the tapered rod  30  and maintains a predetermined distance from the incident end.  
     [0146] In such a structure, of the light rays incident from the incident end of the tapered rod  30 , the light which is totally reflected at the tapered surface goes toward the outgoing end while the angle thereof is converted into a small angle, and the light which is totally reflected at the parallel portion  34  goes toward the outgoing end without the angle thereof being converted. Note that, the surface region to which the adhesive  16  is adhered is made to be a shadow of the border with the tapered portion, and because there is no light incident on this region, there is no loss of light which is guided even if the light cannot be totally reflected due to the adhesion.  
     [0147] The parallel portions  34  were described in the example in which the facing surfaces thereof are parallel in the cross section of the tapered rod  30 . The parallel portions  34  are not limited so as to be parallel to one another in this way. It suffices that the parallel portions  34  facing so as to meet conditions that effective light is totally reflected respectively have angles.  
     [0148] Therefore, in accordance with the eighth embodiment, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant which radiates diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0149] Further, in the same way as in the fourth embodiment, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the angle of the tapered portion.  
     [0150] Moreover, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0151] [Ninth Embodiment] 
     [0152] Next, a ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described.  
     [0153] As shown in FIG. 12, in the ninth embodiment of the illumination apparatus of the present invention, a gentle inclined portion  35  serving as the supporting portion is integrally structured so as to bite into the tapered portion at the side surface of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member. The gentle inclined portion  35  is made such that the inclination thereof is gentle as compared with the other tapered portion, and is steeper than being parallel. Further, the supporting portion (gentle inclined portion  35 ) of the tapered rod  30  and a difference portion  36  of the tapered portion contact the rod supporting projection  15  of the holder  10  serving as the holding member. Further, the pressure glass  13  serving as the translucent holding member contacts a large-diameter opening portion of the holder  10 , and the tapered rod  30  is pressed down and fixed on the incident end side thereof via the pressure glass  13  by the springs  14  provided at the holder  10 . Moreover, at the holder  10 , the LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held at a position which faces the incident end of the tapered rod  30  and maintains a predetermined distance from the incident end.  
     [0154] Of the light rays incident from the incident end of the tapered rod  30 , the light which was totally reflected at the tapered surface goes toward the outgoing end while the angle thereof is converted into a small angle, and the light which was totally reflected at the gentle inclined portion  35  goes toward the outgoing end while the angle thereof is converted at a ratio less those that of the other tapered portions. Note that, the surfaces of the difference portions  36  at which the tapered rod  30  and the holder  10  contact each other are parallel to the outgoing end of the tapered rod  30 , and can be stably held by the pressure with the springs  14 . Moreover, because the light incident from the incident end does not reach the surfaces of the difference portions  36 , there is no loss of light even if the light cannot be totally reflected due to the contact with the holder  10 .  
     [0155] Therefore, in accordance with the illumination apparatus having such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant which radiates diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0156] Further, because the incident end or the outgoing end of the light guiding member is held by the translucent member, loss in quantity of light by holding the incident end or the outgoing end can be prevented.  
     [0157] Moreover, because the light guiding member and the supporting portion are integrally structured, stable holding can be achieved regardless of the angle of the tapered portion.  
     [0158] Further, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0159] [Tenth Embodiment] 
     [0160] Next, a tenth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. Note that FIG. 13B is an enlarged view of a holding portion of a tapered rod.  
     [0161] In the tenth embodiment, the LED chip  20  serving as the illuminant is held by a holder  10 A serving as one of holding members via an LED base  21  and an LED substrate  22 . The LED holder  10 A has a radiating fin  10 A 1  for radiating heat which the LED chip  20  generates, at the side opposite to the surface at which the LED chip  20  is held. The LED holder  10 A is formed from a material having a high thermal conductivity, for example, a metal such as aluminum or the like, in order to efficiently transmit the heat from the above-describe LED chip  20  to the radiating fin  10 A 1 .  
     [0162] The LED holder  10 A is combined with a rod holder  10 B serving as the other holding member by a screw  10 E via a collar  10 C and a spacer  10 D which are formed from a material having a low thermal conductivity, for example, a ceramic or a plastic. Therefore, it can be reduced that the heat generated by the LED chip  20  is transmitted from the LED holder  10 A to the rod holder  10 B. The rod holder  10 B holds the side surface portion of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member by a low refractive index adhesive  17  serving as a low refractive index material whose refractive index is lower than that of the light guiding member. A thin film of the low refractive index adhesive  17  is present between the tapered rod  30  and the rod holder  10 B. Therefore, the light which reaches the adhered portion of the light transmitted in the tapered rod  30  is totally reflected at the internal surface of the tapered rod  30  due to a difference between the refractive indexes of the tapered rod  30  and the low refractive index adhesive  17 , and goes toward the outgoing end of the tapered rod  30 . In this way, the tapered rod  30  and the LED chip  20  are integrally held by the plurality of members.  
     [0163] Note that, in the rod holder  10 B, a space which is surrounded by the LED holder  10 A and the rod holder  10 B and in which the LED chip  20  is held, and air holes  10 B 1  communicatively connected to the exterior are provided, and heated air in the vicinity of the LED chip  20  is exhausted.  
     [0164] Therefore, in accordance with the illumination apparatus having such a structure, in the same way as in the first embodiment, because variations in the positions between the illuminant and the light guiding member can be suppressed by the holding member integrally holding the illuminant which radiates diffused light and the light guiding member, a stable illumination apparatus in which variations in quantity of illumination light and illumination unevenness are small can be achieved.  
     [0165] Further, because light is reflected by total reflection, loss in quantity of light at the interior of the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0166] Moreover, in the tenth embodiment, because the light ray is totally reflected at the interface between the light guiding member and the low refractive index material (low refractive index adhesive  17 ), the light which is leaked and diffused from the portion contacting with the holding member can be prevented, and loss in quantity of light by holding the light guiding member can be eliminated.  
     [0167]FIG. 14 is for explanation of the modified example of the tenth embodiment, and is an enlarged view of a holding portion of the same tapered rod as in FIG. 13B. Namely, the metal film  18  is formed at a portion of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member at which the rod holder  10 B serving as the holding member contacts. Further, the tapered rod  30  is adhered to and fixed on the rod holder  10 B with the adhesive  16  via the metal film  18 .  
     [0168] Provided that it is structured in this way, in addition to the effect of the tenth embodiment as described above, the following excellent effect is further achieved. Namely, because light is reflected by the metal film  18 , leakage of the light from the portion contacting the holding member can be prevented regardless of the angle of incidence of the light incident on the portion contacting the holding member. Therefore, loss in quantity of light by holding the light guiding member can be reduced at incidence angles within a broader range.  
     [0169]FIG. 15 is for explanation of the other modified example of the tenth embodiment, and is an enlarged view of the holding portion of the same tapered rod as in FIG. 13B. In this case, a low refractive index dielectric film  19  serving as the low refractive index film whose refractive index is lower than that of the light guiding member is formed at a portion, at which the rod holder  10 B serving as the holding member contacts, of the tapered rod  30  serving as the light guiding member. Further, the metal film  18  is formed further outwardly thereof. The tapered rod  30  is adhered to and fixed on the rod holder  10 B with the adhesive  16  via the low refractive index dielectric film  19  and metal film  18 .  
     [0170] In accordance with such a structure, when an angle of incidence of the light ray which is incident from the interior to the side surface of the light guiding member is large, the light ray is totally reflected at the interface between the low refractive index dielectric film  19  and the light guiding member. Further, when an angle of incidence of the light ray which is incident from the interior to the side surface of the light guiding member is small, the light ray is not reflected at the interface, and is leaked in the low refractive index dielectric film  19 . However, the light ray is reflected by the metal film  18 .  
     [0171] Accordingly, provided that it is structured in this way, in addition to the effect of the tenth embodiment as described above, the following excellent effect is further achieved. Namely, because the light ray is totally reflected at the interface between the low refractive index dielectric film  19  and the light guiding member when an angle of incidence of the light ray which is incident from the interior to the side surface of the light guiding member is large, and the light ray is reflected by the metal film  18  when an angle of incidence of the light ray is small, leakage of the light from the portion contacting with the holding member can be prevented regardless of the angle of incidence of the light which is incident on the portion contacting the holding member. Further, at the same time, because loss in quantity of light can be eliminated with respect to the light whose angle of incident is small, loss in quantity of light by holding the light guiding member can be reduced.  
     [0172] [Eleventh Embodiment] 
     [0173] Next, an eleventh embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a structure of a first embodiment of a display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to the first through tenth embodiments as the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0174] Namely, the display apparatus of the present embodiment has an illumination lens  70  which condenses light from the outgoing end onto the outgoing end side of the illumination apparatus  60  relating to the tenth embodiment of the present invention, for example, as shown in FIG. 13A. Further, a slide film  71  serving as an image display member is disposed in the vicinity of the rear side focal point position of the illumination lens  70 . Assuming that a focal length of the illumination lens  70  is L, a width dimension of the slide film  71  is 2W, and a maximum angle of the light ray radiated from the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  is θmax, it is structured so as to meet  
     [0175] tan −1 (W/L)≦θmax.  
     [0176] Moreover, a projection lens  72  formed from two lenses is disposed at the rear side of the slide film  71 , and an image of the slide film  71  is imaged and projected on an image projection surface  73 .  
     [0177] In a display apparatus structured in this way, the light emitted from the outgoing end of the light guiding member can be condensed onto a given region at the rear side focal point position of the illumination lens  70  regardless of the outgoing position from the outgoing end. Accordingly, the slide film  71  serving as the image display member can be efficiently illuminated, and a bright display image can be obtained.  
     [0178] Further, in general, an image height Y at the focal point position with respect to an angle of view θ of the light ray incident onto the lens whose focal length is L can be expressed by Y=L×tan θ. Therefore, when the width dimension of the image display member is 2W, assuming that the maximum angle of the light ray radiated from the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  is θmax, due to the relationship of tan −1 (W/L)≦θmax being satisfied, the light emitted from the outgoing end of the light guiding member can be effectively irradiated with respect to the size of the image display member. Note that, from the standpoint of usage efficiency of light, it suffices that θmax is made as small as much as possible within a range in which the relational expression is met.  
     [0179] Note that, in the present embodiment, the slide film  71  is used as an image display member. However, it goes without saying that the image display member may be an LCD panel or a display device such as a digital micromirror device (DMD: registered trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated, USA) as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,437, or the like. Further, a transmission type lens is used as the illumination lens  70 . However, the illumination lens  70  may be structured from a reflective mirror having the same effect or a combination of a lens and a mirror. Moreover, it may be structured such that the projection lens  72  is not used and the image display member is directly seen, and an eyepiece for imaging an image on a retina may be used in place of the projection lens  72 .  
     [0180] [Twelfth Embodiment] 
     [0181] Next, a twelfth embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a structure of a second embodiment of the display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to the first through tenth embodiments as the twelfth embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0182] Namely, in the present embodiment, the illumination lens  70  which condenses light from the outgoing end is disposed at the outgoing end side of the illumination apparatus  60  relating to the tenth embodiment of the present invention, for example, as shown in FIG. 13A such that the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  is positioned at the front side focal point position of the illumination lens  70 . Furthermore, an LCD  74  serving as the image display member is disposed in the vicinity of a rear side focal point position of the illumination lens  70 . Assuming that a focal length of the illumination lens  70  is L, a width dimension of the LCD  74  is 2W, and a maximum angle of the light ray radiated from the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  is θmax, it is structured so as to meet  
     [0183] tan −1 (W/L)≦θmax.  
     [0184] Moreover, a projection lens  72  formed from two lenses is disposed at the rear side of the LCD  74 , and an image of the LCD  74  is imaged and projected on the image projection surface  73 .  
     [0185] Due to the display apparatus being structured in this way, in the same way as in the eleventh embodiment, because the light emitted from the outgoing end of the light guiding member can be condensed onto a given region at the rear side focal point position of the illumination lens  70  regardless of the outgoing position from the outgoing end, the LCD  74  serving as the image display member can be efficiently illuminated, and a bright display image can be obtained.  
     [0186] Further, in particular in the present embodiment, as well as the fact that the light emitted from the outgoing end of the light guiding member can be condensed onto a given region at the rear side focal point position of the illumination lens regardless of the outgoing position, the variation in angle of incidence of the light ray condensed within the illuminated range can be made small. Accordingly, in particular, the LCD  74  serving as the image display member in which a dependency on angle of incidence is large can be efficiently illuminated, and a bright display image with no unevenness can be obtained.  
     [0187] Further, in general, an image height Y at the focal point position with respect to the angle of view θ of the light ray incident on the lens whose focal length is L can be expressed by Y=L×tan θ. Therefore, when the width dimension of the image display member is 2W, assuming that the maximum angle of the light ray radiated from the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  is θmax, due to the relationship of tan −1 (W/L)≦θmax being met, the light emitted from the outgoing end of the light guiding member can be effectively irradiated with respect to the size of the image display member. Note that, from the standpoint of usage efficiency of light, it suffices that θmax is made as small as possible within a range in which the relational expression is met.  
     [0188] Note that, in the present embodiment, the LCD  74  is used as an image display member. However, the image display member may be a slide film, a DMD, or the like. Further, a transmission type lens is used as the illumination lens  70 . However, the illumination lens  70  may be structured from a reflective mirror having the same effect or a combination of a lens and a mirror. Moreover, it may be structured such that the projection lens  72  is not used and the image display member is directly seen, and an eyepiece for imaging an image on a retina may be used in place of the projection lens  72 .  
     [0189] [Thirteenth Embodiment] 
     [0190] Next, a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a structure of a third embodiment of the display apparatus using the illumination apparatus relating to the first through tenth embodiments as the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0191] Namely, in the present embodiment, the LCD  74  serving as the image display member is disposed in the vicinity of the outgoing end of the illumination apparatus  60  relating to the tenth embodiment of the present invention, for example, as shown in FIG. 13A, and the a projection lens  72  formed from two lenses serving as a projection optical system is disposed at the rear side of the LCD  74 . An image of the LCD  74  is imaged and projected on the image projection surface  73  by the projection lens  72 .  
     [0192] In accordance with the present embodiment, a display apparatus which projects an image with a simple structure and in which an optical efficiency is high can be realized.  
     [0193] Note that the LCD  74  is used as the image display member. However, the image display member may be a display device such as a slide film, a DMD, or the like. Moreover, transmission type lenses are used as the projection lens  72 . However, the projection lens  72  may be structured from reflective mirrors having the same effect or a combination of a lens and a mirror.  
     [0194] The present invention is described above on the basis of the embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and it goes without saying that various modifications and applications are possible within a range which does not deviate from the gist of the present invention.  
     [0195] For example, the cross sectional shapes of the tapered rod  30 , the hollow rod  40 , and the tapered portion  50 A of the glass rod  50  may be rectangular, circular or elliptical. Further, the material of the tapered rod  30  may be glass or a transparent resin.  
     [0196] Further, the incident end  30 A and the outgoing end  30 B of the tapered rod  30  are not limited so as to be parallel to one another. Further, the respective surfaces of the incident end  30 A and the outgoing end  30 B are not necessarily perpendicular to the central axis of the tapered rod  30 .  
     [0197] Moreover, the display apparatus may be structured such that the outgoing end side of the light guiding member of the illumination apparatus  60  is pressured by using the illumination lens  70 , the LCD  74 , or the like, in place of the pressure glass  13  or the like.  
     [0198] Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, and representative devices shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.