Patent Publication Number: US-9410426-B2

Title: Boundary layer disk turbine systems for hydrocarbon recovery

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/535,173, filed Sep. 15, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Provided herein are devices and methods for driving and controlling industrial processes using inherent kinetic energy of a fluid that is an integral part of the industrial process. In this manner, the environmental impact from the industrial process is significantly reduced and revenue to the producer increased, while maintaining and even increasing reliability and efficiency. 
     Processes and systems are disclosed herein for recovering hydrocarbon vapors that are “flashed” from a liquid phase in an industrial process. These processes and systems are useful in an industrial process relating to hydrocarbon vapor recovery units (VRU) for use in a variety of hydrocarbon recovery applications. In particular, applications provided herein include hydrocarbon vapor recovery from a liquid phase in a separation facility, natural gas plant, offshore oil rig, or numerous other petroleum recovery facilities and refineries. Hydrocarbon, natural gas or petroleum vapors exist when petroleum or natural gas is recovered from wells. The vapor, or as often more generally referred to as “natural gas”, does not remain entrained in the hydrocarbon liquids recovered from the well, but instead is released due to decreasing pressures, increasing temperatures (such as by ambient temperature changes or from a heat exchanger), or agitation. 
     Lighter molecular weight hydrocarbons (“light ends”, C1-C3, etc. . . . ) “flash” or escape equilibrium with the liquids or natural gas liquids (“heavy ends”, C6+) in equipment such as storage tanks, low pressure separators, low and high temperature separators, to only name a few general onshore pieces of equipment. Instead of recovering this gas, it is often vented or incinerated in a combustor, leading to significant monetary loss of a potential revenue stream and significant adverse environmental and health impacts. 
     One reason why these hydrocarbon gases are not readily recovered is that the pressure differential between the flash gas and the sales line is too great. Often, as is the case with storage tanks, the pressure difference can be 400 psi or more. Most current VRU solutions require either electric or gas powered (natural gas or gasoline) engines to drive compressors. 
     Gas-powered processes, however, suffer from a number of drawbacks, including environmental and operational disadvantages. With respect to environmental factors, although natural gas (specifically methane) emissions account for a lower overall percentage of all greenhouse gasses, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of methane determined by EPA models is 21 times greater than CO 2 , the most abundant greenhouse gas. The health effects of hydrocarbon emissions are also considered to be highly dangerous. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to replace hydrocarbon gas-powered processes with more environmentally responsible processes. 
     With respect to operational disadvantages and constraints, electric or gas-powered (natural gas or gasoline) driven compressors require components that can be very costly to purchase, operate and maintain. Furthermore, remote drilling sites may not have electric hook-up. Running gas-powered devices to recover hydrocarbon gas reduces the hydrocarbon end-capture, decreases economic yield and decreases capture efficiency. Maintenance can become an issue for both electric and gas powered systems, which is further compounded by sites that are not readily accessible. For example, all the same issues exist in a multitude of facilities including plants and offshore drilling rigs. Accordingly, the processes and systems for powering a compressor without electric or gas power are relevant for VRU applications. 
     As discussed herein, the problem of powering a compressor without electric or gas power is addressed by utilizing the kinetic energy inherent in a pressurized fluid flow in the industrial process (e.g., natural gas, petroleum, or water from the wellhead, separators, sales lines, pipelines, etc.) to drive a boundary-layer disk turbine (BLDT), which in turn mechanically drives a compressor pump. This provides a cost-effective, elegant, clean/green and robust solution to compressor power problem. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The process and devices provided herein relate to a compressor in an industrial process that does not require chemical power (e.g., from combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel) or electric power. The compressor is responsible for providing a means to control one or more parameters of the industrial process, such as controlling air and/or gas pressure, and devices related thereto. A central aspect of the process relates to harnessing the kinetic energy inherent in a pressurized fluid flow, running through optionally a closed loop fitted with appropriate regulators and valves to control pressure gradients and input power, to provide a motive force to drive a BLDT. The BLDT in turn drives a compressor pump that compresses a fluid and optionally stores the compressed fluid in an appropriately sized pressure vessel or tank or directs the compressed fluid to a sales line. 
     Provided herein are various industrial processes, and systems that incorporate those industrial processes, wherein one component of the process relates to a flow of a drive fluid that is an integral part of the industrial process. Flow of the drive fluid is used to provide power or control to other components of the process. In this manner, the flowing fluid itself can significantly reduce or avoid the requirement for an external power source to control or drive the process, including driving specific components thereof. In an aspect, the drive fluid may be the gas phase portion of a hydrocarbon recovery or storage unit, such as a vapor gas that flashes from the liquid phase. The vapor gas may be under pressure, and released to a conduit connected to a boundary layer disk turbine (BLDT), so that the pressurized vapor gas flows over the BLDT under a pressure gradient, thereby mechanically driving the BLDT. The BLDT can then be connected and employed in various configurations to advantageously drive other components depending on the specific industrial process. For example, pneumatics can be powered by connecting the BLDT to a compressor pump to compress a compressible fluid, such as air, wherein the compressed fluid is controllably used to power pneumatics as desired. Alternatively, the compressor pump may compress a hydrocarbon vapor gas to a desired pressure, such as to a desired sales or pipeline pressure. Alternatively, the BLDT can be used to both compress hydrocarbon vapor gas and to compress another fluid, such as air, to run a pneumatic device within the industrial process. 
     In an aspect, provided is a method of compressing a compressible fluid in an industrial process by mechanically coupling a boundary layer disk turbine (BLDT) to a compressor pump and directing a flow of a pressurized drive fluid over the BLDT to mechanically power the compressor pump. The compressor pump is mechanically powered by the BLDT and is capable of compressing a compressible fluid. Accordingly, the compressing of the compressible fluid optionally occurs without electrical or chemical power, relying instead on the kinetic energy of flowing drive fluid over the BLDT. In an aspect where it is desired to conserve energy, such as by industrial processes that are not connected to the grid, or by industrial processes where a goal is to conserve energy and/or reduce emissions, no electrical or chemical power is used to drive the compressor, and optionally no external power is required to control and/or drive the industrial process. Instead, all required power is derived from the fluid flow over the BLDT and the BLDT mechanically powering a compressor. 
     In another embodiment, provided is a method for powering a pneumatic device in an industrial process application by mechanically coupling a boundary layer disk turbine (BLDT) to a compressor pump and directing a flow of a pressurized drive fluid over the BLDT to mechanically power the compressor pump. A compressible fluid is compressed with the mechanically powered compressor pump, and the compressed fluid is used to power the pneumatic device. In this manner, a pneumatic device can be controlled without the need for any external energy, but instead indirectly relies on the kinetic energy of flow of pressurized fluid inherently a part of the industrial process. 
     In another embodiment, provided is a hydrocarbon vapor recovery method comprising mechanically coupling a boundary layer disk turbine (BLDT) to a compressor pump and directing a flow of a pressurized drive fluid over the BLDT to mechanically power the compressor pump. A flashed hydrocarbon vapor is compressed to a user-specified pressure by the mechanically powered compressor pump, thereby recovering hydrocarbon vapor, including at a desired user-selected pressure. 
     In an aspect, the pressurized drive fluid described in any of the methods or devices herein used to power the BLDT is from the industrial process itself. For example, the fluid can be a flashed vapor gas portion captured from a hydrocarbon recovery process, such as flashed vapor from a liquid hydrocarbon in a pressure vessel. Once adequate pressure is achieved for the vapor gas in the pressure vessel, the vapor gas is introduced to the BLDT by a controller connected to a conduit or pipe, with the flow of vapor gas driving the BLDT. The BLDT is then used to drive another component such as a compressor pump that can compress a fluid, including a flashed vapor gas that may be compositionally similar to the drive fluid and/or air used to control a pneumatic device important for controlling one or more aspects of the industrial process. Other examples of drive fluid include water, petroleum or gas phases thereof. 
     In an embodiment, the boundary layer disk turbine is directly coupled to the compressor pump, such as a shaft that turns with the turbine and that directly drives compressive components of the compressor (e.g., pistons), or by a direct gear-to-gear coupling between the turbine and compressor. Alternatively, the boundary layer disk turbine is indirectly coupled to the compressor pump. “Indirect coupling” refers to one or more independent components that are connected between the BLDT and the compressor that assist in power transmission, such as a chain or belt to drive a flywheel and that can be engaged by a clutch. For example, the mechanical coupling optionally may include a pulley, a chain, and/or clutch to facilitate controlled power transmission from the BLDT to the compressor pump. In this manner, the compressor pump may be disengaged from the BLDT as desired and to provide different power transmission to the compressor pump. 
     In an aspect, the flow of drive fluid is provided in a closed loop. This is particularly useful wherein the drive fluid comprises a vapor gas flashed from a hydrocarbon liquid contained in a pressure vessel, and the flow is provided to a gas outlet pipeline or back to a pressure vessel for further use. In this manner, the drive fluid is not lost or vented to atmosphere, but instead is subsequently further used or captured in the industrial process after passing over the BLDT. Alternatively, the flow of drive fluid is in an open loop, wherein at least a portion of the drive fluid is released to the atmosphere. This can be useful where the drive fluid is of little economic or functional importance, such as drive fluid that is air or water. 
     In an aspect, the compressed compressible fluid is stored in a retention tank or other holding or separation vessel. 
     In an embodiment, the compressible fluid comprises air, such as room or environmental air, and the compressed air is provided to a pneumatic device, thereby powering the pneumatic device. In an aspect, “powering” refers to controlling a pneumatic device, such as a controller (liquid level, temperature), pressure regulator, pressure sensor, valve, flow sensor, flow regulator, compressor, actuator. In an aspect, the air-source is ambient air from the environment in which the industrial process and system is operating. 
     In an embodiment where the compressed compressible fluid is stored in a retention tank, pressure is optionally monitored in the retention tank. In this manner, the compression of the compressible fluid is controlled. For example, when the monitored pressure falls below a user-selected set-point, the BLDT and compressor are engaged to pressurize the retention tank to a value above the user-selected set-point. Similarly, compression of the compressible fluid may be controllably discontinued and the compressing step stopped when the retention tank is fully pressurized. There are many possible configurations to controllably discontinue the compression, such as by stopping the flow of drive fluid to the BLDT when the retention tank is fully pressurized by a controller, thereby stopping fluid compression in the retention tank. Alternatively, the BLDT may continue to run, but the mechanical coupling with the compressor be uncoupled or disengaged from the BLDT, such as by a clutch or switch. In an aspect, the compressor may continue to run, but instead compress fluid at a different functional location, such as to a second retention tank. 
     In an aspect, any of the methods and systems provided herein may utilize a compressor that operates without an electrical or hydrocarbon energy source. In other words, the compressor does not require an external source of energy, but instead is powered by an inherent part of the industrial process, namely the flow of a drive fluid over the BLDT that is mechanically coupled to the compressor. In this manner, no additional source of power (e.g., electrical or chemical fuel) is required to drive the compressor. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical energy of the spinning BLDT and connection to compressor pump and other devices in the industrial process is sufficient to run and control the industrial process. Accordingly, in this embodiment no external energy source is required to control an industrial process, such as a hydrocarbon vapor recovery process. 
     Any BLDT known in the art may be used in any of the processes and devices provided herein. In an aspect, the BLDT comprises a stack of disks selected from a range that is greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 10. In an aspect, each disk of the BLDT has a user-selected surface area range and a separation distance between adjacent disks depending on operating conditions, including operating pressures, flow-rates, viscosity and temperature. In an embodiment any one or more of disk number, separation distance, and surface area are selected to provide sufficient mechanical energy to drive a compressor pump to provide sufficient compression to drive the industrial process and/or one or more components of the industrial process. 
     In an embodiment, a plurality of BLDT is mechanically coupled to a plurality of compressors. In an embodiment, a plurality of BLDT is mechanically coupled to a compressor. 
     In an aspect, the flow of pressurized drive fluid is from a pressure vessel containing the pressurized drive fluid. In an embodiment of this aspect, once the pressure of the drive fluid in the pressure vessel is greater or equal to a user-specified value, the drive fluid is released from the pressure vessel, such as by a controller (e.g., a valve), that opens at or above a certain pressure, and the pressure in the vessel drives flow of the drive fluid from the pressure vessel to the BLDT, thereby mechanically powering the compressor connected to the BLDT. 
     In an embodiment, the pressure vessel is part of a hydrocarbon liquid and gas production unit, including a hydrocarbon vapor recovery unit. For example, the pressure vessel may partially contain liquid hydrocarbon(s), out of which hydrocarbon gas flashes (see, e.g., various storage tanks discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,780,766). 
     In an aspect, the drive fluid is selected from the group consisting of: a vapor gas from a hydrocarbon liquid, water, petroleum, or other natural material related to a hydrocarbon recovery or production process. In an aspect, the compressible fluid is selected from the group consisting of a vapor gas, natural gas, air. In an aspect, the compressible fluid is the same as the drive fluid, such as a hydrocarbon vapor or liquid. In an aspect, the drive fluid is different than the compressible fluid. In an aspect, the compressible fluid introduced to the compressor is a fluid that is stored in a storage tank or is a product of a separation process in a separation tank. In this fashion, any fluid at any point of an industrial process can be introduced to a compressor that is powered by the BLDT as provided herein. In this manner, the processes disclosed herein are widely applicable to a range of industrial processes where pressurization of a fluid is desired or important. 
     In an embodiment, the pneumatic device is selected from the group consisting of: control valves, motor valves, liquid level controls, temperature controller, pressure controller, and any combination thereof. In an aspect, the drive fluid driving the BLDT comprises natural gas and the compressible fluid comprises air. In an aspect, the compressed air provides on-demand powering of a pneumatic device. In an aspect, the compressed air is stored in a retention tank. The retention tank can store compressed air at a high pressure, thereby maintaining compression so that the air is at a suitable pressure for controlling one or more pneumatic devices in the industrial process. If the air pressure falls below a certain value, the compressor pump may be engaged to provide additional air and/or compression of air within the retention tank. Optionally, various feedback loops can be connected so that the pressure vessel containing the drive fluid is operationally connected to the retention tank, wherein pressure level in the retention tank controls introduction of flowing drive fluid to the BLDT. 
     In an aspect, the hydrocarbon vapor is recovered from a vapor that is flashed from a hydrocarbon liquid phase in a petroleum recovery facility or a petroleum refinery. Examples of a petroleum recovery facility include a separation facility, a natural gas plant or an offshore oil rig. 
     In an aspect, the flow of pressurized drive fluid comprises a hydrocarbon vapor from a hydrocarbon liquid in a pressure vessel. Examples of pressure vessels include a storage tank, a low pressure separator, and a temperature separator. 
     Any of the methods and systems optionally relates to a compressible fluid that is hydrocarbon vapor flashed from hydrocarbon liquid at a vapor pressure that is less a hydrocarbon sales line pressure. In this aspect, the BLDT can be used to increase the pressure of hydrocarbon vapor to a suitable pressure that matches the sales line and accordingly introduced to the sales line. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon vapor pressure is at least 300 psi less than the hydrocarbon sales line pressure, and after suitable compression, is within at least 5%, 1% or 0.1% of sales line pressure. In an aspect, after compression the vapor pressure is equal or greater than sales line pressure. Appropriate regulators and safety valves may be employed as known in the art, such as a check-valve into the sales line to avoid unwanted back-pressure to the system. 
     In another aspect, the drive fluid is natural gas, petroleum, water, or any other pressurized fluid that may be part of a recovered material in the industrial process. In an aspect, the drive fluid is a gas. In an aspect, the drive fluid is a liquid. 
     In an embodiment, the pressurized drive fluid flows in a closed loop, and the method further comprises adjusting a first fluid flow-rate at or over the BLDT by controlling a pressure gradient in the closed loop. In an aspect of this embodiment, the method further comprises monitoring a pressure of the compressed compressible fluid and adjusting the pressure gradient in the closed loop based on the monitored compressed gas pressure. In this manner, the drive fluid flow rate over the BLDT is controlled by the pressure of the compressed compressible fluid, such as when the pressure of the compressed compressible fluid is too low, the flow-rate over the BLDT is increased, thereby increasing compression of the compressible fluid. Correspondingly, if the compressed compressible fluid pressure is sufficiently high, the drive fluid flow over the BLDT can be decreased, the compressor disconnected from the BLDT, or the compressor operably disconnected from the compressible fluid or tank holding the compressible fluid. A controller, such as pneumatic controller of flow may be employed and set to an inverse relation between pressure of the compressed fluid in the tank and flow-rate of the drive fluid. In this fashion, the lower the pressure in the tank holding the compressed fluid, the larger the work by the compressor by higher drive fluid flow rate over the BLDT. 
     In an embodiment, the compressed compressible fluid is introduced into a sales pipeline, wherein the compressed fluid is fed directly into the sales pipeline or stored in a retention vessel. In this manner, the fluid may be at an appropriate pressure prior to introduction to the sales line. In an aspect, the pressure of the compressed fluid is within at least 5%, 1%, 0.1% of sales line pressure, or is equal or greater than sales line pressure. 
     In an aspect, the method further relates to processing the stored compressed compressible fluid to purify the compressed fluid prior to introducing the compressed fluid into the sales pipeline. In an aspect, the fluid may be purified by passing the fluid through a filter, or by introducing the compressed fluid to separation tank. 
     In an embodiment, the method further comprises capturing the directed flow of drive fluid flow from the BLDT and outputting the captured fluid flow into a recovery outlet conduit that is connected to the BLDT. The recovery outlet pipe is optionally directed to a pressure vessel containing the drive fluid (including the original vessel from which the drive fluid is obtained), an outlet line, or a compressor. 
     In another embodiment, provided is a system, device or component for carrying out any of the methods described herein. The system is useful in any process wherein a pressurized drive fluid, such as liquid or gas, is available to drive a turbine, including a boundary layer disk turbine, by fluid flow and the turbine motion used to mechanically power a compressor pump that pressurizes or compresses a fluid. In this manner, the fluid pressurized by the turbine can be used in turn to power pneumatics. In an aspect, the system is used in an industrial process application such as hydrocarbon vapor recovery. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a self-powered compressor. “Self-powered” refers to a compressor capable of reliably running for extended periods of time without a source of electrical or chemical energy, and instead relies on fluid flow inherent in the industrial process itself to mechanically drive a compressor. In an aspect, the self-powered compressor comprises a pressure vessel containing a source of pressurized drive fluid, and a closed-loop circuit fluidically connected to a boundary layer disk turbine (BLDT) and the pressure vessel. The closed-loop circuit provides flow of the pressurized drive fluid to the BLDT under a pressure differential without loss or bleeding of the drive fluid. A compressor pump is mechanically connected to the BLDT, wherein flow of the pressurized drive fluid mechanically powers the compressor via the BLDT motion. “Pressurized fluid” refers to the fluid being at a sufficiently high pressure that it is capable of flowing over the BLDT, thereby turning the BLDT. The BLDT is, in turn, mechanically coupled directly or indirectly, to the compressor pump such that motion of the BLDT results in compressor pump compressing a compressible fluid. 
     In an aspect, the self-powered compressor further comprises a source of air for providing air capable of compression by the compressor pump. The source of air may be from the environment immediately surrounding the compressor. In this aspect, a pneumatic device is fluidically connected to the compressed air, wherein the pneumatic device is controlled by the compressed air. 
     In an embodiment, a pressure tank is operably connected to the compressor pump and fluidically connected to the pneumatic device, wherein the pump compresses air that is stored in said pressure tank. In this manner, the compressed air is used on-demand to control the pneumatic device depending on the status of a parameter within a location of the industrial process to which the compressor is connected. 
     In an aspect, the self-powered compressor further comprises a hydrocarbon vapor capable of compression by the compressor pump and a sales line having a sales line pressure that is fluidically connected to the compressed hydrocarbon vapor. In this aspect, the compressor compresses the hydrocarbon vapor to a vapor pressure substantially equal, equal, or equal or greater than the sales line pressure. In this aspect, “substantially equal” refers to a pressure that does not significantly affect the flow of sales gas to or through the sales gas pipeline, such as within 0.1% of the sales line pressure, or greater than or equal to the sales line pressure. 
     In an embodiment, the self-powered compressor further comprises a retention tank operably connected to the compressor pump, wherein the compressor pump compresses hydrocarbon vapor that is stored in the retention tank. 
     In an aspect, the self-powered compressor runs continuously. In an aspect, the self-powered compressor runs on-demand, wherein the compressor is automated to engage when operating conditions require compression. In this aspect, a pressure sensor may be positioned to measure pressure in the retention or holding tank of the compressed fluid, and the compressor operably engaged when the pressure sensor measures a pressure that is below a user-selected first set-point pressure and disengages when the measured pressure is above a user-selected second set-point pressure. In an embodiment, the first set-point pressure is less than the second set-point pressure. In an embodiment, the pressure difference between the two set-points is selected from a range that is greater than or equal to 5% and less than or equal to 50%. 
     Applications for the processes and devices provided herein are numerous and wide-ranging, and encompass the spectrum of hydrocarbon recovery operations. Any application where hydrocarbon gas exists can be recovered and compressed to line pressures using any of the devices and methods provided herein. 
     Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, there can be discussion herein of beliefs or understandings of underlying principles or mechanisms relating to embodiments of the invention. It is recognized that regardless of the ultimate correctness of any explanation or hypothesis, an embodiment of the invention can nonetheless be operative and useful. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the boundary layer effect that drives a BLDT. 
         FIG. 2  is one example of a BLDT. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of a boundary layer disk turbine control system within an industrial process for compressing a vapor gas and introducing the compressed vapor gas to a sales pipeline. 
         FIG. 4A  is a schematic of a self-powered compressor.  FIG. 4B  shows an embodiment where the compressed fluid is stored in a retention tank or, alternatively, a fluid introduced to a compressor from a retention tank. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow-diagram of certain processes provided herein where kinetic energy in the form of fluid flow is used to control one or more aspects of an industrial process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, the terms and phrases used herein have their art-recognized meaning, which can be found by reference to standard texts, journal references and contexts known to those skilled in the art. The following definitions are provided to clarify their specific use in the context of the invention. 
     “Industrial process” refers to a procedure used in the manufacture or isolation of a material. For example, the industrial process may involve chemical or mechanical steps used in a hydrocarbon generation or recovery procedure, such as for a hydrocarbon vapor recovery unit from a hydrocarbon recovery, separation, and/or storage facility. 
     “Mechanically coupling” refers to a connection between two components, wherein movement of one component generates movement in another component without affecting the function of the components. The coupling can be direct, such as by a rotating shaft that is attached to two components. Alternatively, the coupling may be indirect such that there is one or more intervening components or materials between two devices, such as a belt, pulley and/or clutch. 
     “BLDT” or “boundary layer disk turbine”, also referred to as a “Tesla turbine” (see U.S. Pat. No. 1,061,206) or a “Prandtl layer turbine” (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,127), refers to a stack of disks that are spaced apart and rotably mounted on a shaft. In this manner, flow of a fluid between adjacent disks generates disk rotation and corresponding rotation of shaft on which the BLDT is mounted. In this manner, fluid flow over a BLDT can generate energy in the form of a shaft rotation that can be usefully harnessed to control, or at least partially control, an industrial process. 
     “Pressurized drive fluid” refers to a drive fluid that is under sufficient pressure at one point compared to another point so as to generate fluid flow between the points. For example, to power a BLDT, the fluid is pressurized upstream of the BLDT compared to downstream of the BLDT, so that fluid flows over the BLDT, thereby providing mechanical rotation of the BLDT. 
     “Compressing” refers to increasing the pressure of a gas, such as by introducing additional gas to a fixed volume or by reducing the volume of the gas. Accordingly, compressing may be achieved by one or more of a pump and a compressor. Various compressors may be used to compress gas (referred herein as a “compressible gas”). Examples of compressors include centrifugal, axial-flow, reciprocating and rotary. Alternatively, a pump may be used to force additional gas into a fixed volume. “Compressor pump” refers to any component capable of compressing a fluid, such as a gas. 
     “Mechanical power” refers to a device that is powered by mechanical motion arising from flow of fluid over a BLDT. “Electrical power”, in contrast, refers to a device requiring electricity to function. “Chemical power” refers to a device that is powered by a chemical process, such as by combustion. Because electrical and/or chemical power requires external input from an energy source, that power is referred to as an “external” energy source. One advantage of the processes and systems described herein is that the mechanical power can significantly reduce, or avoid altogether a need for external power, but instead leverages an inherent property of the industrial process itself, namely flow of a pressurized fluid (referred herein as a “drive fluid”). Accordingly, the mechanical power of the present invention is referred to as an “internal” energy source. 
     “Pneumatic device” refers to a device that is mechanically controlled by the use of a pressurized gas. Examples of pneumatic devices useful in a number of industrial processes provided herein include: pressure regulator, pressure sensor, pressure switch, pumps, valves, compressors, or actuator. 
     “Closed loop” refers to a material, such as a fluid, that is not lost to the environment, but instead is contained within the industrial process and either fed back into the process for re-use or is captured and fed to a collector or an outlet and provided to a sales pipeline. 
     A compressor that is “electric free” and “gas free” refers to a compressor that is capable of solely operating by virtue of the BLDT within the industrial process. In other words, the energy required to power the compressor is internal and no external energy source is required or needed. This results in significant energy savings, including for industrial processes that may be in geographically isolated areas, or in areas where an available external energy source (e.g., the grid), is not readily accessible. 
     Turning to specifics of the processes and devices provided herein, one key component is the BLDT. BLDT&#39;s are known in the art and utilize boundary layer of fluids flowing over a flat plate to generate motive forces, and corresponding mechanical motion. The boundary layer effect (see  FIG. 1 ) arises because of the viscosity or resistance of fluid to flow. Different fluids characteristically display different boundary layer thicknesses due to their viscosities. Very near the surface of the disk the velocity of the boundary layer is effectively zero. Velocity gradually increases farther out from the surface of the disk. The boundary layer thickness extends to a distance where the damping effect of this relationship between the fluid viscosity and the surface of the plate becomes negligible on the fluid itself. The viscosity and “grab” of the fluid very near the surface of the disk imparts the kinetic energy from the flowing fluid to the disk. 
     The grab of the fluid and the subsequent pull of each layer in the fluid on the one below causes a force to be imparted on a flat disk, as shown in  FIG. 1 . When two or more plates are configured in a stack, separated by a distance very near the resultant boundary layers, a significant force creates a large rotational velocity. Appropriate configuration and sizing also provides a powerful torque that when employed can be used to drive machinery, such as a compressor pump. 
     The stack of disks comprises a defined number of disks, n, separated by a calculated distance based on δx shown in  FIG. 1 . Increasing the number and size of the disks increases the torque and power outputs. Sizing of each turbine and its associated disks is based on the specific application. The disks are separated by some form of spacer or stand-off. The disk and spacer stack is assembled onto a center shaft and corresponding disk stack (see  FIG. 2 ). Multiple other forms or combinations of retention that keeps the disks tightly held to their respective spacing exist and can be applied herein. Those other variations, however, are not significant to the function of the BLDT. 
     The BLDT center shaft is held in place by the stator and can rotate by bearings inserted into appropriate placement in the end caps of the stator. The bearings are selected for the application, but typically are high speed, high torque and long life. They may be manufactured from a material known in the art, such as a ceramic. The end caps can be removable and bolted into place on the stator flange with a gasket for a seal between the stator body and the stator end cap. The bolt pattern is selected to restrict the escape of the fluid travelling through the turbine. 
     The disks and drive shaft themselves can be formed from any material (e.g., metals, ceramics, carbon fibers, etc.) that can withstand the very high centrifugal forces exerted on the disks due to the potentially high rotation speed. The disks are very robust and durable to withstand heat, caustic fluids and debris contained in the flowing, pressurized drive fluid. In the instance where natural gas or some other combustible fluid is used to drive the turbine, consideration to the case of catastrophic failure is included in the design. Materials that will not spark if the disks disintegrate are preferably used in the system. This is similarly a consideration when selecting the bearings and shaft for the turbine. Potential high torque and rotation speeds are also primary considerations in the BLDT design. 
     In the process and devices described herein, there may be several inlets to the BLDT, depending on the requirements of the turbine. An inlet flow of drive fluid enters a stator or thin cylindrical case at a location or locations tangentially and near the outer extent of its diameter. Nearly any flowing fluid can be used in the turbine to drive the disks, with disk size and separation distance selected depending on the fluid&#39;s properties. As fluid flows between the disks, whose optimal spacing is determined by boundary layer thickness, the fluid naturally increases in velocity to toward the center (centripetal) of the disk. This creates a spiral path of the fluid to the center, which helps create a very high speed and high rotational torque. As described, vent holes are manufactured near the center of the disks to allow the fluid to exit at the center of the disks near the shaft. The external side plates of the stator or turbine case holds the bearings in which the shaft rotates. A collection conduit or pipe can capture drive fluid exiting the BLDT, thereby ensuring the drive fluid is contained in a closed system or loop. 
     This is one embodiment of the BLDT. Efficiencies and torque ratings are very dependent on inlet and outlet configuration, as well as other design factors such as number of disks and separation of the disks. Any number of disks and appropriate spacing are used to fit the requirements of the application. In that same respect, the inlet configuration is a matter of calculated efficiencies and can be a De Laval, Venturi, converging/diverging, or adjustable configuration where the throat or inlet geometry is selected based on the application. The disk sizing and vent sizing is also a factor based on calculated efficiencies and in turn the outlet configuration and sizing. The outlets may be configured to exhaust on one side or both. 
     The drive side of the shaft extends outside the end cap. A centrifugal clutch or any one of several other types of clutch systems may be fastened to the external extension of the drive shaft. This allows the turbine to quickly come up to speed and torque requirements to drive the compressor pump. 
     The drive side in the exemplified belt-drive configuration is fitted with a centrifugal belt-pulley clutch attached to the shaft to allow the turbine to build to sufficient RPM and, therefore, enough torque to overcome the initial resistance from the compressor pump. When the RPMs meet the necessary speed, the centrifugal clutch engages driving the belt, which in turn drives the flywheel on the compressor pump. This rotation of the compressor pump flywheel and drive shaft causes the pistons or other compression means to compress fluid through an outlet to a desired location or component, depending on the application. 
     For example, for air pneumatics, the compressor compresses air through an outlet into a retention vessel or tank. The tank is piped to the pneumatic controls as the available power supply. When the tank is fully pressurized, a controller, such as a pressure sensor/control valve or other device can close a control valve, thereby stopping the fluid flow to the turbine, which stops the compression into the vessel or tank. For an application related to gas vapor recovery, the compressor can compress the natural gas through an outlet into a pipeline or retention vessel or tank. When all of the gas to be recovered is compressed, a motor valve or control valve (e.g., electrical or pneumatic) closes the flow of the drive gas to the turbine, thereby stopping operation of the unit until it is re-engaged based on back pressure or another signal. 
     Although the BLDT configuration shown in  FIG. 3  is a belt drive system, the coupling between the BLDT and compressor pump can just as easily be made through a direct drive, chain, or other means of coupling. In the exemplified embodiment, there is a single inlet. Alternatively, there can be multiple inlets to more quickly bring the turbine up to the required speed and torque. The drive fluid can be piped directly into the turbine, but may travel through any one or more of valves, regulators, or other rig-out, depending on the configuration for on-demand power. As described herein, several other aspects of the system, such as the required RPMs calculated to drive the compressor pump based on sizing for the application are obtained. Other generally necessary rig-out mentioned above (e.g., hammer unions or couplings, ball valves, etc.) may be in-line on either the inlet or exhaust side of the drive fluid loop or compression loop. Various means for controlling flow of either the drive fluid (“first fluid” to turbine) or recovered gas flow from the compressor pump (compressed compressible fluid) and the engagement or disengagement of the drive may be present in the system depending on the necessary pressures, RPMs, and application (e.g., pressure sensors, solenoid valves, diaphragm valves, motor valves, pressure controllers, regulators, etc.) and are employed as desired. 
     The invention may be further understood by the following non-limiting examples. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herewith. Although the description herein contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. For example, thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their equivalents, rather than by the examples given. 
     A generalized flow-diagram of a process is provided in  FIG. 5 . The inherent kinetic energy found in pressurized drive fluid flow drives a BLDT. Because of the boundary layer effect for viscous fluids flowing over a surface at specified flow rates, pressures and temperatures, the disks in the turbine rotate  500 . The drive fluid may be in a closed loop  510 . The BLDT drives a compressor pump that compresses a fluid  530 . That fluid may be flashed natural gas for recovery (see bottom left panel  540 ), another fluid such as air to control a part of the industrial process, such as by a pneumatic control (bottom right panel  550 ), or both. Both aspects may occur simultaneously by using two BLDT, or may occur serially such as by the use of flow lines and corresponding valves and regulators to engage and disengage compression of each of the different fluids as desired. 
     Example 1 
     Disk Turbine Vapor Recovery System 
       FIG. 3  summarizes a method and system for vapor recovery, such as hydrocarbon vapor recovery. Pressure vessel  10  and controller  12  provides flow of drive fluid  30 , such as pressurized hydrocarbon gas, to BLDT inlet conduit  130  and to BLDT  40 . BLDT  40  is mechanically connected to compressor pump  50  to compress a compressible fluid  420 . The compressible fluid  420  may itself be hydrocarbon vapor, such as hydrocarbon vapor stored in a retention or separation tank (not shown). Flow of the drive fluid  30  over BLDT  40  provides motion to the disks in the BLDT and, thereby, mechanically powers compressor pump  50  by mechanical coupling  45 . In this fashion, the pressurized drive fluid  30  flowing over the BLDT  40  mechanically powers compressor pump  50 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the drive fluid is in a closed loop, such that after exiting the BLDT  40 , drive fluid is provided to outlet conduit  135  and optionally to sales line  110 . Alternatively, the drive fluid in the outlet  135  may be sent to a storage, retention or processing vessel, as desired. 
     The compressed vapor gas  430  is optionally stored in a secondary vessel or retention vessel  70  for controlled release to sales or pipeline  110 , or is directed immediately to a sales or pipeline  110 . The compressible fluid  420  being compressed may be from any part of an industrial process where it is desirable for the fluid pressure to be increased. This process is particularly useful in increasing pressure of hydrocarbon vapor gas that is in a tank or vessel to a pressure suitable for sales or introduction to a pipeline, particularly for hydrocarbon gas generated from an industrial process like hydrocarbon liquid recovery or transport. 
     Optionally, flow regulator  12  and/or valve  120  can control pressures or flow-rates, including the relative flow-rates between BLDT inlet conduit  130  (“first” flow-rate) and bypass conduit  140  (“second” flow rate). 
     In an aspect, the vapor recovery is part of a staged-separation process. For example, referring to  FIG. 5 , the pressurized drive fluid  500  can be derived from a high-pressure well-head stream, or can be a from a separation tank that provides a lower drive fluid pressure, or a combination thereof. In this manner, the processes and devices provided herein can be used at any point in a hydrocarbon recovery industrial process, ranging from relatively upstream points near the well-head to more downstream processing, storage and sales stages; e.g., anywhere where vapor gas pressure-regulation is desired. In this aspect, a number of vapor gas recovery pressure regulatory systems provided herein may be serially and/or parallely connected, thereby providing pressure regulation and compression throughout a hydrocarbon production and recovery process. 
     Example 2 
     Self-Powered Compressor 
     One important aspect of the industrial processes provided herein is the compressor pump that is powered by fluid flow, wherein the fluid flow is an inherent part of the industrial process and external energy input is not required to generate the flow. This aspect is referred to as a “self-powered compressor” as no external source of energy is required to drive the compressor, but the inherent high pressure of the drive fluid is harnessed to generate mechanically-based compression. As discussed, the action of the compressor can itself be harnessed to provide useful control of various aspects of the industrial process without relying on an external energy source (see, e.g., the process flow summarized  FIG. 5 ). This can significantly reduce the cost of the process by not only minimizing external power consumption, but by avoiding additional components, increasing reliability of the process, and reducing unwanted emissions. 
       FIG. 4  provides an example of a self-powered compressor, similar to that employed in  FIG. 3 . Referring to  FIG. 4A , a pressure vessel  10  contains a source of pressurized drive fluid  30 , such as hydrocarbon vapor flashed from hydrocarbon liquid  25 , such as from a hydrocarbon production facility (e.g., a well) or a hydrocarbon storage or holding tank. The hydrocarbon vapor may be obtained directly from the well, or may be generated from gas flashing from a liquid phase downstream in the industrial process. The pressurized fluid (also referred to as drive fluid)  30  is introduced to fluid conduit  200  that is fluidically connected to the vessel  10  and a BLDT  40  by controller  12 . “Fluidically connected” refers to conduit  200  configured to provide flow of pressurized drive fluid from the vessel  10  to and over the BLDT  40  under a pressure gradient or differential, as indicated by ΔP. Mechanical motion of BLDT  40  by drive fluid  30  flowing through conduit  200  drives compressor pump  50  that is capable of compressing a compressible fluid  420 , that itself may be obtained from a second pressure vessel (not shown). Compressed fluid  430  can then be introduced either to another vessel or to sales pipeline  110 .  FIG. 4A  relates to an embodiment where hydrocarbon vapor is the drive fluid  30  and other hydrocarbon vapor  420  is compressed  430  by compressor pump  50  and fed to a sales line  110 . In an aspect, the compressor ensures the pressure of the vapor gas is substantially equal to the pressure in the sales line. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an embodiment where a retention tank  70  stores compressed hydrocarbon vapor  430  for later introduction to sales or pipeline  110  in a controlled fashion and at a pressure substantially equal to the sales line pressure in  110  by a controller  72  or  74 . The positions of the inlet and outlet to any of the vessels disclosed herein, including tanks  10  or  70  ( FIG. 3 ) or  330 , are not important, but instead are located as desired, including along a side, top or bottom of the tank, as desired. 
     The processes provided herein are extremely versatile and flexible. For example, referring to  FIG. 4B , if the pressure of the gas in the vessel or tank  70  is higher than sales line pressure, that gas can be used to drive another BLDT that in turn powers a different aspect of the industrial process, such as a different retention or separation tank. In this aspect,  FIG. 4B  line  110  instead is functionally equivalent to the inlet conduit  200  of  FIG. 4A . 
     Any of the devices and processes described herein further comprise, depending on the application, components known in the art for controlling industrial processes including, valves, regulators, rig-out, sensors (pressure, temperature, flow-rate), conduits or flow lines, piping, containers, containment vessels, separators, filters, mixers. Each application includes corresponding safety devices, valves, primary and secondary pressure and flow controllers and corresponding pressure and flow rates. Each application may vary in configuration or geometry, while maintaining the overall central aspect of the invention, including aspects described as: a pressurized fluid to drive a BLDT that is looped back into the fluid flow at an appropriate location in the process. 
     All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents; patent application publications; and non-patent literature documents or other source material; are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the disclosure in this application (for example, a reference that is partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the partially inconsistent portion of the reference). 
     All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art, in some cases as of their filing date, and it is intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed, to exclude (for example, to disclaim) specific embodiments that are in the prior art. For example, when a compound is claimed, it should be understood that compounds known in the prior art, including certain compounds disclosed in the references disclosed herein (particularly in referenced patent documents), are not intended to be included in the claim. 
     When a Markush group or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure. Every formulation or combination of components described or exemplified can be used to practice the invention, unless otherwise stated. Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, or a pressure range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. 
     As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim. Any recitation herein of the term “comprising”, particularly in a description of components of a composition or in a description of elements of a device, is understood to encompass those compositions and methods consisting essentially of and consisting of the recited components or elements. The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein.