Patent Publication Number: US-11665382-B2

Title: Digital encryption of tokens within videos

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefits of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/855,992, filed Dec. 27, 2017, and is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefits of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/721,437, filed Sep. 29, 2017, entitled “Encryption of Digital Incentive Tokens Within Images”, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/609,941, filed May 31, 2017, titled “Digital Encryption of Tokens Within Images,” the contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure includes techniques relating to the embedding of digital tokens within digital videos. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Digital files typically use a certain amount of data to store a video, which may be in a variety of different formats (e.g. MPEG-4, Audio Video Interleave (AVI), QuickTime™ (MOV), etc.). Such videos are a common method of communicating on the Internet. Users may send videos to one another via email or other mechanisms. 
     Typically, however, when an Internet views a video, additional information is not conveyed in the file. The recipient of the video is able to view it, but generally only is able to appreciate visual and audio content shown to the recipient via a digital video player. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a system that includes users devices, an image processing system, a transaction system, and a network, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate block diagram of a digital image and a logical representation of an image file, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an information flow diagram relating to an illustration of one embodiment of embedding a digital token within an image file, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a flow diagram of a method that relates to generating an image with an embedded digital token, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a computer readable medium, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram of a system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of a video file, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of a system relating to various additional embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    illustrating a flow diagram of a method that relates to generating an altered video with an embedded digital token, according to various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present specification allows for the embedding of digital tokens within a digital video. These tokens may be cryptographically obscured using an encryption key, such as a public key of a public/private key pair. An encrypted digital token may therefore be embedded within a digital video, in various embodiments, and the token may include a variety of encrypted information. 
     By embedding a digital token within a video, the video may be sent to one or more users on the Internet along with the token. A recipient of the video may not only be able to view the video, but can take additional action or gain additional functionality from the digital token that is embedded within the video. 
     Tokens can be embedded by altering video metadata in some embodiments. Metadata may be altered so that the video itself is not changed, but associated data with the video is changed to reflect a created token. In other embodiments, video and/or audio data of the video itself can be modified to reflect a created token. This may be advantageous in some cases where a video may be shared on a different platform that may strip some or all metadata from the video—by embedding the token within the video/audio data itself, the token cannot (or cannot easily) be stripped. In yet further embodiments, a token can be embedded in a video such that the resulting video is noticeably visually altered. For example, a filter could be put on all or a portion of the video (black/white, sharpening, softening, color-altering, or any of a number of visual image filters). A watermark (e.g. a particular logo) can also be put on all or a portion of a video. 
     Digital currency may also be represented as a balance within an account. For example, a PayPal™ user may have an account associated with an email address that has a stored balance of funds. These funds can be transferred to another account based on a user making a transfer request. Thus, a user might request a digital payment be made to a friend or family member, or to a merchant selling a good or service. Upon completion of such a transaction, the user&#39;s account balance is reduced, as the digital funds have been spent. 
     Movement of digital currency has generally not involved using a digital video as a mechanism in making a transfer in the past. However, according to the present techniques, a digital token representing an amount of digital currency may be embedded within a digital video. The video, and the associated digital token, can be used to transfer currency (or other values) between users in a unique way not previously available, including a variety of associated different features and architectures for this transfer. This may be particularly useful to users in social media environments, where a user can share a video with one or more users who can then redeem the embedded digital token for a reward. A user can send a video via a social media platform to one or more other users, who can then use the video itself to generate value on an electronic payment transfer platform like Venmo™ or PayPal™, or any similar provider. Even if a social media platform strips metadata from a video, in some instances, the video itself can still retain the digital token. In some cases, social media platforms may also be aware that a digital token (e.g. representing currency) is present in a file, and decline to strip the digital token data (e.g. from the metadata) so that users of the social media platform may benefit from the use of the digital token. 
     This specification includes references to “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of these phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure. 
     “First,” “Second,” etc. As used herein, these terms are used as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not necessarily imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, cardinal, etc.). 
     Various components may be described or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the components include structure (e.g., stored logic) that performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). Reciting that a component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) for that component. 
     Turning to  FIG.  1   , a block diagram of a system  100  is shown. In this diagram, system  100  includes user device  105 ,  110 ,  115 , an image processing system  120 , a transaction system  160 , and a network  150 . As discussed below, devices such as user device  105  may interact with image processing system  120 , other user devices, and/or transaction system  160  to accomplish embedding a digital token within an image and related techniques, in various embodiments. 
     Note that while various techniques are discussed herein with regard to images, these techniques are also applicable to videos in various embodiments. Any structures and methods described below can be used and/or adapted for use with video. Video-related embodiments will be discussed in more explicit detail below beginning with  FIG.  7   . Similarly, techniques and structures described relative to video may also be used and/or adapted for use with image. 
     User devices  105 ,  110 , and  115  may be any type of computing system. Thus, these devices can be a smartphone, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet computer, etc. Some user devices may have a digital camera integrated into them, such as a smartphone for example. 
     Image processing system  120  may comprise one or more computing devices each having a processor and a memory, as may transaction system  160 . In various embodiments, image processing system  120  can take various operations related to embedding digital tokens within digital images. Transaction system  160  may correspond to an electronic payment service such as provided by PayPal™. Thus, transaction system  160  may have a variety of associated user accounts allowing users to make payments electronically and to receive payments electronically. A user account may have a variety of associated funding mechanisms (e.g. a linked bank account, a credit card, etc.) and may also maintain a currency balance in the electronic payment account. A number of possible different funding sources can be used to provide a source of funds as part of creating a digital token for embedding in an image, where the digital token represents an amount of money. User devices  105 ,  110 , and  115  can be used to access electronic payment accounts such as those provided by PayPal™. 
     Turning to  FIG.  2 A , a block diagram  200  is shown of one embodiment of a digital image  210 . Digital image  210  depicts a particular scene, and may be generated by a user of a smartphone or digital camera. Images such as digital image  210  may also be scanned copies of an analog image (e.g. an image printed from film, a scan of a drawing, etc.). Digital image  210  may also be generated wholly or partially from scratch by a user, with an editing program such as Adobe™ Photoshop. Digital image  210  can also be a screen capture from a video. In other words, digital image  210  can depict anything in various embodiments. 
     Turning to  FIG.  2 B , a block diagram  250  is shown of one embodiment of a logical representation of an image file  260 . Image file  260  may correspond to any of a number of different digital image formats, such as JPEG, GIF, TIFF, PNG, BMP, RAW, PDF, etc. 
     As depicted, image file  260  includes a section with image data  265  and a section with image metadata  270 . Image data  265  includes various information about the actual visual content of an image. Thus, image data  265  may include information usable to determine red, green, and blue (RGB) color values for each pixel within a digital image, for example. 
     Image metadata  270  can include various image-related data that is not necessarily needed to be able to render a digital image on a display or printer. Image metadata  270  may contain GPS coordinates or other location information corresponding to a place associated with an image (e.g. a real world location where a picture was taken). Image metadata  270  may include a date and/or time that a picture was taken. Image metadata  270  can also include other data in various embodiments—for example, identities of people in the image, as may correspond to social media websites such as Facebook™. 
     Note that while depicted to be logically separate in  FIG.  2 B , image data  265  and image metadata  270  could be co-mingled within a file in various embodiments. That is, image data  265  and image metadata  270  need not be separate and contiguous in storage space—this data can be organized in any suitable way that is desired and/or that conforms to a digital image format. In some embodiments, image metadata  270  may even be stored in a separate file or other data construct from image data  265 . 
     Turning now to  FIG.  3   , a block diagram  300  is shown illustrating one embodiment of embedding a digital token  310  within image file  260 . In various embodiments, digital token  320  includes information identifying an amount of digital currency. This information may take a variety of formats, but in some embodiments, includes an identifier unique to image processing system  120  and/or transaction system  160 . 
     When digital token  320  is embedded within image file  260 , the digital token may be stored partly or wholly within image data (e.g. using steganographic techniques) or partly or wholly stored within metadata associated with an image. These aspects are discussed further below. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4   , a flow diagram is shown illustrating one embodiment of a method  400  that relates to generating an image with an embedded digital token. 
     Operations described relative to  FIG.  4    may be performed, in various embodiments, by any suitable computer system and/or combination of computer systems, including image processing system  120  and/or transaction system  160 . For convenience and ease of explanation, however, operations described below will simply be discussed relative to image processing system  120 . Further, various elements of operations discussed below may be modified, omitted, and/or used in a different manner or different order than that shown. 
     In operation  410 , in one embodiment, image processing system  120  receives a user request from a first user of a first computer system to generate an image with an embedded digital token. This request may be received from one of user devices  105 ,  110 , or  115 , for example. 
     The embedded digital token is a payment token, in various embodiments, corresponding to a desire of a user to have an image itself be able to serve as a representation of money. A user can use an application on a smartphone, such as the PayPal™ app or the Venmo™ app (or another app) to make the request to generate an image with an embedded digital token (e.g., a payment token). Such requests can of course originate from another computing device, such as a desktop or laptop computer, a wearable computing device, etc. A user may therefore take one or more actions on a computing device to cause the request to be sent to image processing server  120 . 
     In some embodiments, a user can select the image in which he or she wishes to embed a digital token. Thus, a user of a smartphone may be able to browse through a library of captured images on the phone to select an image. In other embodiments, an app on a smartphone (or other device) may actually prompt the user to take a new photo by causing a camera application on the smartphone to be opened up. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the request in operation  410  is received from an application running on a mobile phone device. An image uploaded by the user may also corresponds to an image originally created using a camera of a mobile phone device (or may be an image otherwise acquired by the user, on any device, in various embodiments). 
     In operation  420 , image processing system  120  creates a digital token encrypted with a first encryption key. This digital token may include information identifying an amount of digital currency in various embodiments, and operation  420  may be performed responsive to a user request (e.g., operation  420  can be performed in response to a user of a smartphone requesting to create an image with money embedded in the image). 
     The information identifying the amount of digital currency, in some embodiments, can include a unique identifier created by image processing system  120 . Image processing system  120  may maintain information for a large number of different images with embedded digital tokens, each of which may be redeemable for an amount of digital currency. In order to be able to track the digital tokens (and to know how much money is associated with a particular token), image processing system  120  therefore can use unique IDs for each token to access information associated with that token (e.g., monetary amount, creator of token, etc.). Note that various attribute information/metadata may be associated with a digital token that is embedded in an image. This information can be included at the time the digital token is created, or can be modified at a later time in some embodiments. 
     The encrypting performed in operation  420  may be done using a public-private key pair. In one embodiment, for example, operation  420  may include image processing system  120  encrypting a digital token with the public key in a public-private key pair (preventing the encrypted digital token from being decrypted by someone who does not have the corresponding private key, which may be kept secret by image processing system  120 ). In another embodiment, operation  420  may also include using the private key of a public-private key pair to add signature information into an image. For example, a private key for Venmo™ could be used to encrypt information saying “This image includes $5.00 in digital currency redeemable by Venmo™!” (or similar). Anyone with Venmo&#39;s public key could decrypt the signature information and would then know that Venmo legitimately authorized placement of a currency-bearing digital token within an image, in this example. 
     Operation  430 , in some embodiments, includes altering data in an image to include an encrypted digital token in order to create an altered image that includes the encrypted digital token. In other words, an encrypted digital token may be stored within an altered image. Operation  430  includes altering image metadata  270  and/or image data  265  in various embodiments. Altering data in an image to include an encrypted digital token (e.g. representing an amount of digital currency) therefore can be performed in different manners. In some cases, altering image metadata  270  may result in a completely unchanged digital image. In other cases, altering image data  265  can result in a changed digital image—however, these changes may be very slight such that a user&#39;s visual perception of the altered digital image is similar or the same to their perception of the un-altered image prior to embedding of the encrypted digital token. Altering data in the image therefore can include altering metadata and/or altering image data. 
     In operation  440 , in one embodiment, image processing system  120  transmits an altered image (e.g. from operation  430 ) that includes an encrypted digital token to a second user. This may include transmitting an altered image that represents an amount of digital currency, for example, to a user different from the first user. This could be for a gift, for a payment, or any other monetary transfer that the user wishes to complete via an image. In one embodiment, however, the altered image could be transmitted to the same user (e.g. the user receives the altered image with the encrypted digital token from image processing system  120 , and can then do something with it such as email it, post to social media, save for later usage, etc.). 
     The transmitting in operation  440  can therefore include a transmission to a device and/or a user account. Transmitting can be accomplished by an upload to a social media platform (e.g., a direct message on TWITTER™, an image posted on INSTAGRAM™ or FACEBOOK™, etc.). Transmitting in operation  440  can include sending an email to a user email address, or a multimedia text message directed to a phone number (e.g. an MMS message) which may ultimately be received by a smartphone, for example, in various embodiments. An image with an encrypted digital token, once initially created and/or transmitted, can also be transferred without restriction in various embodiments (e.g. a first user can send the image to a different second user, who can then send the image on to anyone of their choosing). 
     In one embodiment, however, operation  440  includes using a closed system to transmit an altered image with an embedded digital token. A user of VENMO™ (or another platform) for example, might be allowed to transmit an altered image only to other VENMO users, or only to users of one or more other particular platforms. E.g., image transmission may be restricted in some instances. For example, a client platform application might allow a user to view a photo and transmit the photo, but only within the platform application. If the user tried to capture the image with a screen shot, in one embodiment, the embedded digital token data would not carry forward with the captured image. Thus a user can be prevented from unrestricted transmission in some cases. 
     In operation  450 , in one embodiment, image processing system  120  receives the altered image including an encrypted digital token. The altered image may be received from a second user (e.g. a user to which the image was originally transmitted) or any other user, in various embodiments. Thus, an image created with an embedded digital token representing an amount of money can be sent to one or more various users, and then received again (back) at image processing system  120 . After this later receipt, image processing system  120  can determine if there is a valid token can should be redeemed for currency, as further discussed below. 
     Similarly to operation  440 , image processing system  120  can receive in image in a variety of ways in operation  450 . A client application (e.g. a VENMO or VENMO-affiliated application running on a smartphone) could send the image, for example, responsive to a user action. A user could drag and drop or otherwise select the image to cause the client application to transmit the image back (e.g. for verification). 
     Operation  460 , in one embodiment, includes decrypting, by image processing system  120 , an encrypted digital token in an altered image. As noted above, the altered image can be transmitted to image processing system  120  by any user in possession of the altered image, in various embodiments, for decryption. Operation  460  therefore can include using a second encryption key (such as a private encryption key in a public-private key pair) corresponding to a first encryption key (e.g. the public key) in order to perform decryption. After decryption, the embedded digital token can then be checked for validity and/or redeemed for currency, for example. 
     In some instances, operation  460  may require that image processing system  120  be able to first extract the data from an altered image that should correspond to the embedded digital token. In other words, image processing system  120  may need to know which bits of an image should be run through a decryption operation. This can be accomplished in some embodiments as long as image processing system  120  knows what algorithm(s) and/or data were used to alter the image originally. E.g., image processing system may know to look at certain pixel values to extract one or more bits of information, or which portion(s) of image metadata contain embedded digital token data. Image processing system  210  may have to reassemble an embedded digital token data prior to decryption (e.g. by appending different bits of extracted information and/or taking other operations, such as using bitwise arithmetic like addition, subtraction, or multiplication on certain bits of extracted information). 
     In operation  470 , in one embodiment, image processing system  120  verifies the validity of a decrypted digital token (e.g. from operation  460 ). Verifying validity can include extracting a unique identifier from the decrypted digital token, and then querying a database with the unique identifier. The database may include a list of all digital tokens created by image processing system  120 , and a record for the unique identifier can be referenced in the database. This record can contain an indicator of whether or not a given token is valid or invalid, for example. The token may be marked invalid, for example, if it has been redeemed by a user and no longer has any monetary value. If there is no record for a unique token identifier, in some embodiments, this may indicate that the corresponding token is not currently valid. (Note that in some cases, it is possible that a decryption operation on the token, e.g. in operation  460 , can fail on its own, which also indicates that an image has no valid encrypted digital token in various embodiments. This could occur if an image with a digital token became corrupted due to data errors or user interference, for example.) 
     After a digital token from an image is verified, a user who sent the digital token to image processing system  120  for verification may be credited with an amount of currency corresponding to the digital token. Thus, if a user receives an image with a $50 encrypted digital token, the user may receive a $50 credit for an associated account (e.g. a Venmo or PayPal account) upon verification of the digital token and its redemption. 
     In operation  480 , in one embodiment, image processing system  120  transmits an acknowledgement of the validity of a digital token. In various embodiments, operation  480  is performed responsive to verifying the validity of a digital token (e.g. operation  470 ). 
     Thus, operation  480  may relate to sending an email, text message, or other communication that informs a user that an image (e.g. that has been uploaded back to image processing system  120 ) contains a valid digital token. This acknowledgement may include information about an amount of currency, associated with the digital token, that is being credited to a redeeming user. Thus, for example, operation  480  might include sending a message that states “Congratulations! You have redeemed your selected image from (Sender) in the amount of $50!”, or similar. As will be appreciated, a user can be informed of the successful validation of a digital token embedded in an image in a variety of ways. 
     In some embodiments, a user redeeming an image may not be automatically credited with an amount of currency upon successful validation of a digital token embedded in an image. A user may, in some instances, be presented with options for redeeming the currency amount for the digital token. For example, a user may be given the option to redeem the currency amount for an alternative award, such as frequent flyer miles, credit card points, a gift card to a merchant, etc. In some cases, the alternative award may have a bonus factor applied, e.g., a $50 currency amount might be redeemed for a $55 gift card for a merchant (a 10% bonus), or a greater amount of another type of (e.g. more than the normal cash equivalent for frequent flyer miles, etc.). 
     Thus, as described above, the method of  FIG.  4    may allow a user to create an altered image with an encrypted digital token representing an amount of currency, in various embodiments, and then send the altered image to another user who can then transmit the altered image back to image processing server  120  for verification and redemption. Additional aspects of these and related techniques are described below. 
     Geo-Location Data &amp; Additional Aspects 
     Geo-location data can be used in a variety of ways with digital token-containing images in various embodiments. Images, even prior to being altered to include an embedded digital token, may have geo-location data associated with them. For example, a smartphone that has a Global Positioning System (GPS) device may tag an image with the GPS coordinates of where the image was captured by the smartphone&#39;s camera. Other methods can also be used to associate an image with a geographic location (e.g. the user may manually add location data for the image via software). Geo-location data can be saved as metadata within an image file itself or in an associated data structure (e.g. a separate database or separate file), in various embodiments. 
     Geo-location data for an image can be used to determine whether a user is allowed to redeem an encrypted digital token for currency (or another award), in some embodiments. For example, a user may have to position themselves in a geographic location of where an image was taken in order to redeem a digital token embedded in the image (or a user may have to position themselves in another geographic location as specified). 
     Thus, in one embodiment of method  400 , image processing system  120  removes geo-location metadata from an image, and determines whether to allow a user to redeem an digital token embedded in the image based on whether a device of the user is within a certain proximity to a location where the image was captured. By removing location data from an image with an embedded digital token, a recipient of the image may not have access to information identifying where the image was taken. Instead, the user may have to know where the image was taken, and navigate in the real world to that location in order to redeem the digital token. This can accomplish a variety of goals—for example, a first user who creates the altered image containing a digital token may want to allow a recipient to only redeem the image when the recipient is in a particular place. An aunt giving her niece $100 to spent on a trip to London, for example, might only allow the niece to redeem a digital token when the niece is located on the Crown Bridge crossing the river Thames. A merchant giving away a coupon, store credit, and/or cash might only allow users to redeem a digital token if the user is physically present within one of the merchant&#39;s stores. (Thus, in some embodiments, geo-fencing a redemption zone for a digital token embedded in an image can include specifying multiple locations or location types at which the digital token can be redeemed.) 
     Additionally, note that a user can specify geo-fencing location data for redemption of a digital token in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, a user can take an image in a real world location, and tie redemption of the image to a physical presence (e.g. as detected by a GPS device) in that real world location. In another embodiment, a user can assign one or more arbitrary physical locations for redemption of an image, or one or more arbitrary categories of location. For example, a user could take a picture of a tree, and specify that a digital token in the image could be redeemed by anyone who is located in the boundaries of a national or state park. A user can even acquire a picture of anything (from an outside source, or from his own camera) and allow a digital token for that image to be redeemed in any arbitrary location specified by the user. In some embodiments, a map overlay may be displayed to the user, who can then specify one or more geo-fenced locations on the map (e.g. by dropping a pin at a landmark or location, by drawing a boundary with a cursor around one or more physical locations, etc.). The user can also be provided with category templates allowing specification of where a digital token can be redeemed (e.g. any HOME DEPOT™ store, any beach, any mass transit station like a train or bus station, any airport, one or more foreign countries, etc.). The previous list is not exhaustive; many different categories are contemplated in various embodiments. 
     In another aspect, the way in which pixel image data is altered to include a digital token may be based on one or more algorithms that use different underlying situational data. For example, a time of day can be used as a basis for determining which particular data in an image is to be altered. This may especially apply, in some embodiments, when data is being stored by altering pixel data (e.g. as opposed to altering only metadata). Image processing system  120  can use a timestamp (date and time, for example) to determine which particular pixel values might be altered. Thus, if image processing system  120  receives an image at a first date and time, the pixels [0, 20], [15, 30], and [250, 17] might be altered (among others) to store digital token data. At a different date and time, pixels [5, 10], [33, 50], and [100, 575] (among others) could be altered. Image processing system  120  may keep a record in a database of the timestamp so that when the altered image is later presented for validation and redemption, the system can know where to look to find the embedded digital token data. In various embodiments, this feature may enhance security by making it more difficult for a party other than image processing system  120  to extract a digital token. Another algorithm may similarly alter pixel data based on GPS location coordinates associated with the image (e.g. a mapping or hashing function can be used to determine which particular pixels to alter based on the input data). 
     Operations performed by image processing system  120  may also include debiting an amount of currency from a first user (e.g. a user creating an altered image with an embedded digital token) and crediting the amount of currency to a second user (e.g. a redeeming user who has provided the image or proof of possession of the digital token to processing system  120 ), in some embodiments. Thus, a user who requests creation of an altered digital image that includes a digital token (e.g. representing currency) might be debited $10 from a source of funds, and a redeeming user could be credited the $10. Source of funds could include a PayPal™ account balance, a credit card, a debit card, a bank account, a frequent flyer miles account, etc., in various embodiments. Note that in some instances, crediting and debiting operations may occur with the assistance of transaction system  160 . Thus, operations performed by image processing system  120  can include debiting an electronic payment account based on altering data of a digital image to include a digital token (e.g. representing an amount of currency). 
     In various embodiments, currency (or other values) debited from an account can be transferred to a holding account until a time that a digital token embedded in an image is redeemed by a user. An image sender therefore may have their account immediately debited, but an image recipient may not be credited until a digital token embedded in an image is redeemed. 
     Digital Token Controls 
     In some cases, a digital token embedded in an image may have various controls associated with it. As discussed elsewhere herein, a digital token sometimes can only be redeemable within a geo-fenced area in the real world (e.g. as detected by the presence of a user&#39;s physical device through GPS or other means of detecting location). 
     A digital token may also have time-based controls. In some cases, a digital token might only be redeemable at certain times of day, days of the week, specified dates, etc. Digital tokens can also have expiration dates associated with them. Thus, if a recipient gets an image with a $10 embedded digital token, that token could be specified to expire within two weeks (or by a certain date, etc.). If the recipient does not redeem the token in a timely manner, currency can be reverted to the account of the sender so that the money is not “lost” if a recipient fails to take action to receive the money. (Note that in some embodiments, however, a recipient may need to do as little as viewing an image with a digital token in order for redemption to take place. For example, if a user is on a smartphone application, the user could open a message from another user where the message contains the image. The application may contain logic such that when the user views the message, it communicates with image processing server  120  (and/or another system) as needed to cause currency associated with a digital token in the image to be credited to the user. In other words, a recipient of an image with a digital token need not explicitly request credit for the money represented by the digital token, in various embodiments. 
     Recipients who are allowed to redeem a digital token embedded in an image can also be controlled, in some embodiments. In some instances, a user may wish to restrict an embedded digital token to certain individuals or groups so that only those individuals or groups are allowed to redeem the token for currency (or another award). Thus, when a user request to create an image with an embedded digital token is made, the user may specify one or more options restriction redemption of the digital token. 
     A user can specify individuals who are allowed to redeem a token by email address, by network identifier (e.g. social media user ID), phone number, or other identifying information. A user can also specific groups based on one or more characteristics. These characteristics can include email address domain, e.g., anyone with a RICE.EDU email address, a residence, e.g., anyone who has a postal mailing address in the city of San Jose, Calif., anyone who is connected on social media (e.g., a “friend” on Facebook™) or even anyone within a degree of connection (e.g., friends of friends on Facebook™, first, second, or third degree connections on LinkedIn™, etc.). Various other group-defining characteristics are possible. In some cases, information on whether a recipient is allowed to redeem a digital token can be gathered from an online service and/or website that a user is associated with (e.g., a home address associated with a PayPal™ account might be used for purposes of determining residence city, state, and country). 
     Computer-Readable Medium 
     Turning to  FIG.  5   , a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer-readable medium  500  is shown. This computer-readable medium may store instructions corresponding to the operations of  FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  9   , and/or any techniques described herein. Thus, in one embodiment, instructions corresponding to image processing system  120  may be stored on computer-readable medium  500 . In other embodiments, instructions corresponding to user device  105  or server  805  may be stored on computer-readable medium  500 . 
     Further, in some embodiments, computer-readable medium  500  includes instructions executable by a computer system to cause the computer system to perform operations comprising, creating a digital token representing an amount of digital currency responsive to a request from a user to embed the amount of digital currency within a digital image, altering data of the digital image to include the digital token, and transmitting the altered digital image including the digital token. These operations relate to various aspects described above relative to the method of  FIG.  4   , in various embodiments. Creating a digital token, for example, may involve using an encryption key and/or creating a unique identifier for the digital token. Altering data of a digital image to include a digital token may include altering pixel data and/or metadata of the image. Transmitting the altered digital image can include sending an email, sending a notification through another application (e.g. a PayPal™ app), etc. 
     Additional aspects of computer-readable medium  500 , and operations it enables in various embodiments, are described below. Note that these some or all of these aspects are combinable with aspects described elsewhere in this disclosure (E.g. details described for method  400  may apply to computer-readable medium  500 , and vice-versa). For brevity, with respect to  FIG.  5   , the term “operations” will be used to refer to operations caused by execution of instructions stored on computer-readable medium  500  in various embodiments. 
     In one aspect, operations include altering data of a digital image such that data is inserted into a metadata section of the digital image. Thus, a unique identifier of a digital token can be stored in metadata of an image (and may be encrypted in some instances). Altering data of a digital image to store a digital token can also include generating pixel values by changing a plurality of pixel values in the image. Thus, image processing system  120  may operate under an algorithm, which may be image specific, such that a red pixel value at [0, 20] greater than 128 on a 256 bit scale is considered a “1” while a value less than or equal to 128 is a “0”). A green pixel value for the same [0, 20] pixel might be greater than 32 to be considered a “1”, and otherwise considered “0”. In some instances, storing the digital token within image data may therefore include tweaking image data (for example, adjust a green pixel value from 30 on a 256 bit scale to 32, which might change its value to “1” when image processing system  120  extracts token data from the image). Accordingly, making changes to image pixel data may include changing pixel values within a particular corresponding range to avoid a significant negative impact on image quality (e.g. constraining value changes to within an absolute quantity such as 3 or 5 points on a 256 bit scale, or a percentage quantity such as 1%, 2%, 2.5%, or some other value). In some instances, there may also be a distance requirement between changed pixels (e.g. no two changed pixels should be within a certain distance of one another in the image) to also help maintain image quality. 
     Embedding a Digital Token without Changing Pixel Data 
     Note that in some embodiments, pixel data can be used to effectively store a digital token within an image even without having to alter pixel data for the image (or any data, in some instances). Consider a unique digital token identifier value of “123789”. This token value can be broken down into six different values (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9). For this pixel value to be effectively stored in an image, image processing system  120  would simply need to locate data within the image that corresponds to each of these six values. As there is often a large amount of pixel data associated with images, this may be fairly easy to accomplish. Image processing server  120  can scan the image file, and look for a pixel that has a value of 1 at a particular location (e.g., perhaps pixel [25,25] has a blue color value of 1). Image processing server then makes note that for this image, the first value of the digital token identifier can be located at [25, 25] (blue pixel). This process can be repeated such that each component value of a unique digital token value can be found to already exist throughout an image—it may simply be a matter of knowing where to look. Various additional techniques can be used as well—for example, arithmetic could be performed to find the proper transformation. E.g., if the value “1” cannot be found in pixel data for an image, perhaps the value “2” can be found at [10, 5] (red pixel)—and then image processing system  120  would note that for this image, the first component value of the digital token identifier is the value achieved from subtracting one from [10, 5] (red pixel). Many different variations of arithmetic or other transforms are possible. Image processing server  120 , upon receiving a digital image from a user in which to embed a digital token representing currency, could then determine (1) a unique identifier for the digital token and then (2) based on analysis of image pixel data, determine where in the image (and what transformations, if any) this unique identifier is already represented, resulting in mapping data (which can include transformation data). Mapping data could then be stored by image processing system  120  for the image in association with a unique hash value (or other key value) for that image. Upon later getting that image from a user attempting to redeem a digital token, the unique hash value could be determined, allowing a lookup into a mapping database. If an entry is found, the mapping information can then be used to determine a unique digital token identifier. Alternatively, the unique hash value alone could be considered to be the digital token identifier, and used accordingly. Thus, in some instances, it may not be necessary to modify pixel data for an image in order to effectively store a digital token within the image. 
     In yet another aspect, operations may comprise receiving an upload of a digital image from a user and analyzing the digital image to determine if the digital image is considered suitable for alteration to include a digital token. Different standards may be applied in various embodiments to determine if an image is considered suitable. Images that are too small or too large, for example, may be disallowed (e.g. if a user tries to upload a 50×80 image or a 4000×6000 image in which to embed a digital token, these may be rejected, in some instances). Content filters may also be applied. If analysis of an image determines that the image contains nudity, violence, profanity (either visual or textual), and/or copyrighted material, the image could also be rejected in various embodiments. 
     Operations may also comprise encrypting a digital token with a first encryption key associated with a maintainer of an electronic payment system, where altering data of the digital image to include the token includes altering the data to be reflective of the encrypted digital token, in one embodiment. For example, PayPal™, as a maintainer of an electronic payment system allowing transfers of money between parties, could use a public encryption key to encrypt a digital token so that no one else could easily decrypt the token unless they possessed PayPal&#39;s corresponding private encryption key. 
     Social Media and Image-Embedded Digital Tokens 
     Images with embedded tokens (e.g. images that have been altered to include data representing a digital token or images that have had data sampled and stored of a hash of the image itself, or another way to uniquely identify the image in association with a digital token) can be shared on various social media platforms in different embodiments. A user requesting creation of a digital token n for an image can receive an image that allows the requesting user to post the image on a platform such as Instagram™, FaceBook™, or any other social media service. Another user(s) on these services can redeem a posted image for currency or another reward. Other users on these services can also transmit a posted image to yet further users, particularly in some embodiments where an image can be redeemed multiple times. For example, a digital token may be multi-use, such that a first recipient could redeem it once (or possibly more than once, up to a limit). A user of a social media platform for example might be able to both redeem an image for an amount of currency, and then re-post a multi-use digital token embedded image so that other users (such as friends of friends) could also use the digital token for currency or another reward. 
     Thus, in various embodiments, a digital token can be created by image processing system  120  (or another system) that allows for multiple redemption. A token can be created such that it can redeemed 4×$20, for example, with only a unique user allowed to redeem it once (values can be adjusted, of course). When a token is created, the creating user can specify other users and/or groups of users who are allowed to redeem—thus, a given token, which may be embedded in a digital image, can be redeemed multiple times but not necessarily by the same user. 
     Client-Side and Further Operations 
     In accordance with the above, a user device such as user device  105  can perform various operations. These operations may include receiving an instruction from a user to create a digital token to be associated with an image. This receiving operation can be performed by a software application on a smartphone, for example, along with receiving a selection of the image from the user. Thus a smartphone user could open an app on her phone and select a picture to have a digital token (e.g. representing an amount of money). Note that user-facing software to perform these and other operations below could be implemented in a variety of manners and a given action in the software could perform all or a portion of various operations described herein (likewise, in some cases, multiple actions in the software might be needed to accomplish one or more of the techniques described in this section and elsewhere). 
     Client side operations can also include authenticating an electronic payment account of the user based on authentication information provided by the user. A PayPal™ user might be authenticated using a fingerprint or PIN entry on a smartphone, for example. (Again, note that client-side operations are not limited to a smartphone but can be performed on any suitable device). Client-side operations can further include receiving a selection of a monetary amount to be debited from the electronic payment account in connection with creation of the digital token. A user could indicate that an image should have $25.00 added to it in the form of a token, for example, and this amount could be debited from a PayPal™ account balance, a credit or debit card, or another funding source. 
     Note that currency conversion can be performed in various instances. A U.S. based user could ask that a token for an image be created with 20 Euro, or 15 British Pounds. A funding source in one currency can thus be used to create an image token in a different currency. In some embodiments, an image token can be redeemed in a different currency than a currency in which it is based (e.g. a $20 U.S. token could be redeemed for an equivalent converted amount of Euro depending on location and/or settings of the redeeming user.) In some cases currency conversion fees could be assessed as well. 
     In some embodiments involving redemption of a digital token for an image, parsing operations may be performed on the client side (which may be particularly useful in limited bandwidth situations where sending an entire image to a receiving server might be inefficient or costly). Thus, instead of sending an image to image processing system  120 , user device  105  could extract a token from the image locally, and then simply send the token to image processing system  120  for verification and redemption. 
     In another embodiment, client side operations include based on the authenticating of a user, transmitting a request to a remote computer system to create the embedded digital token, the request including the selection of the monetary amount. Thus, a smartphone device might send a request to PayPal™ requesting that a digital token be created for a particular image. Client side operations can also include receiving information indicating a digital token has been embedded in an image (e.g., information originating from image processing system  120  that embedding has been successful and/or information originating from local software running on a user device, in the event that embedding of the digital token is performed locally for example). Thus, in some cases, operations described herein with respect to embedding a digital token could be performed locally by a user device. The user device, in association with locally embedding a token, might receive token information such as a token identifier from image processing system  120  and/or could create token information locally depending on the token identification scheme that is used. 
     In another embodiment, client side operations can include responsive to a user selection of a recipient for an image, causing the image to be transmitted to the recipient. This could involve a smartphone device directly transmitting the image via a phone network using an MMS text message, transmitting the image via email, sending the image using a social media platform, etc. In some cases, this operation can involve causing image processing system  120  to send the image to a recipient as well (e.g. user device  105  need not transmit the image itself, in some instances). 
     Note that generally, program instructions may be stored on a non-volatile medium such as a hard disk or FLASH drive, or may be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of staring program code, such as a compact disk (CD) medium, DVD medium, holographic storage, networked storage, etc. Additionally, program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing aspects of the present invention can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a server or server system such as, for example, in C, C+, HTML, Java, JavaScript, or any other scripting language, such as VBScript. Note that as used herein, the term “computer-readable medium” refers to a non-transitory computer readable medium. 
     Computer System 
     In  FIG.  6   , one embodiment of a computer system  600  is illustrated. Various embodiments of this system may be user device  105 , image processing system  110 , transaction system  160 , or any other computer system as discussed above and herein. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, system  600  includes at least one instance of an integrated circuit (processor)  610  coupled to an external memory  615 . The external memory  615  may form a main memory subsystem in one embodiment. The integrated circuit  610  is coupled to one or more peripherals  620  and the external memory  615 . A power supply  605  is also provided which supplies one or more supply voltages to the integrated circuit  610  as well as one or more supply voltages to the memory  615  and/or the peripherals  620 . In some embodiments, more than one instance of the integrated circuit  610  may be included (and more than one external memory  615  may be included as well). 
     The memory  615  may be any type of memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate (DDR, DDR2, DDR6, etc.) SDRAM (including mobile versions of the SDRAMs such as mDDR6, etc., and/or low power versions of the SDRAMs such as LPDDR2, etc.), RAMBUS DRAM (RDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), etc. One or more memory devices may be coupled onto a circuit board to form memory modules such as single inline memory modules (SIMMs), dual inline memory modules (DIMMs), etc. Alternatively, the devices may be mounted with an integrated circuit  610  in a chip-on-chip configuration, a package-on-package configuration, or a multi-chip module configuration. 
     The peripherals  620  may include any desired circuitry, depending on the type of system  600 . For example, in one embodiment, the system  600  may be a mobile device (e.g. personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phone, etc.) and the peripherals  620  may include devices for various types of wireless communication, such as wifi, Bluetooth, cellular, global positioning system, etc. Peripherals  620  may include one or more network access cards. The peripherals  620  may also include additional storage, including RAM storage, solid state storage, or disk storage. The peripherals  620  may include user interface devices such as a display screen, including touch display screens or multitouch display screens, keyboard or other input devices, microphones, speakers, etc. In other embodiments, the system  600  may be any type of computing system (e.g. desktop personal computer, server, laptop, workstation, net top etc.). Peripherals  620  may thus include any networking or communication devices necessary to interface two computer systems. 
     Note that the terms “currency” or “money” are used in various locations in this disclosure relative to digital tokens that can be embedded in images. As noted above, in some embodiments, it is possible to embed other digital representations of quantified units having a real-world value (such as gift card amounts/merchant credits, frequent flyer points, credit card reward points, etc.). Thus, examples described relative to “currency” or “money” are not limited to these items only. 
     Further, note that digital tokens are described in various locations as being encrypted, and/or as being embedded in an image. A digital token does not have to be encrypted to be embedded in an image, but encrypting the digital token prior to embedding may enhance security. Additionally, an “encrypted” digital token may refer to a digital token that is wholly or partially encrypted, unless otherwise indicated. Further, as noted above, a digital token can be embedded in an image, in some embodiments, by storing image data (e.g. a hash or other uniquely identifying data) in a central repository (e.g. a database associated with image processing system  120 ) without any need to actually modify data in the image (such as pixel data or metadata). 
     Video Digital Token Embedding 
     Turning now to  FIG.  7   , a block diagram  700  is shown of a video file  710 , according to various embodiments. Video file  710  may include data usable to play a video in a variety of digital video formats (e.g. MPEG-4, AVI, Quicktime™, etc.). 
     Video file  710  may include video picture data  720 , audio data  730 , and metadata  740 . Video picture data  720  can include all information needed to render and play a series of video frames on a viewing device. Audio data  730  can likewise include all information needed to play audio accompanying a video file. 
     Metadata  740  can include various video related data that is not necessarily needed to be able to render the video and/or play its audio. Metadata  740  may contain GPS coordinates or other location information corresponding to a place associated with a video (e.g. a real world location where a video was shot). Metadata  740  may include a date and/or time that a video was taken. Metadata  740  can also include other data in various embodiments—for example, identities of people in the video, as may correspond to social media websites such as Facebook™. 
     Note that while depicted to be logically separate in  FIG.  7   , video picture data  720 , audio data  730 , and metadata  740  could be co-mingled within a file in various embodiments. That is, video picture data  720 , audio data  730 , metadata  740  need not be separate and contiguous in storage space—this data can be organized in any way that is desired and/or that conforms to a digital video format. In some embodiments, all or a portion of metadata  740  may even be stored in a separate file or other data. Audiovisual data  735 , in various embodiments, includes one or both of video picture data  720  and audio data  730 . 
     Turning now to  FIG.  8   , a block diagram is shown of a system  800  that relates to various additional embodiments. This diagram includes user device  105 , server  805 , processing system  820 , and transaction system  160 , connected via network  150 . Server  805  may be a web server and/or a file server in various embodiments. Server  805  may store and/or provide videos, and may correspond to a media sharing platform (e.g. a service such as YouTube.com™), a social media platform, or an advertising service, in various embodiments. Processing system  820  may be under the control of an electronic transaction service provider (who may also control transaction system  160 ), and can take various operations related to embedded digital tokens in video files. 
     Turning to  FIG.  9   , a flow diagram is shown illustrating a method  900  that relates to generating a video with an embedded digital token, according to various embodiments. 
     Operations described relative to  FIG.  9    may be performed, in various embodiments, by any suitable computer system and/or combination of computer systems, including processing system  820 , user device  105 , server device  805 , and/or transaction system  160 . For convenience and ease of explanation, however, operations described below will be discussed relative to processing system  820 . However, in various embodiments, the described operations may be performed by another system (specifically including the devices listed above). Further, various elements of operations discussed below may be modified, omitted, and/or used in a different manner or different order than that shown. 
     In operation  910 , processing system  820  receives a user request to generate a video with an embedded digital token, according to some embodiments. This request may be received from a user device (e.g. user devices  105 ,  110 , or  115 ), for example. The request may be received from any other device, however, including server device  805  and/or processing system  820  itself. 
     The request in operation  910  may include or be accompanied by a video file to be used for embedding of a digital token. The request may also include or be accompanied by a network identifier specifying a location of the video (e.g. a URL). 
     The embedded digital token is a payment token, in various embodiments, corresponding to a desire of a user to have a video itself be able to serve as a representation of money. A user can use an application on a smartphone, such as the PayPal™ app or the Venmo™ app (or another app) to make the request to generate a video with an embedded digital token (e.g., a payment token). Such requests can of course originate from another computing device, such as a desktop or laptop computer, a wearable computing device, etc. A user may therefore take one or more actions on a computing device to cause the request to be received at processing system  820 . 
     In some embodiments, a user can select the video in which he or she wishes to embed a digital token. Thus, a user of a smartphone may be able to browse through a library of captured videos on the phone to select one. In other embodiments, an app on a smartphone (or other device) may actually prompt the user to take a new video by causing a camera application on the smartphone to be opened up. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the request in operation  810  is received from an application running on a mobile phone device. A video uploaded by the user may also corresponds to a video originally created using a camera of a mobile phone device (or may be a video otherwise acquired by the user, on any device, in various embodiments). In some cases, server  805  may make the request to have a video generated with an embedded digital token as part of an advertisement or social media action. E.g., a business, promoter, etc., may request that the video be created. 
     In operation  920 , processing system  820  accesses a digital token encrypted with a first encryption key, according to some embodiments. This digital token may be created by processing system  820 , and may be generated using a charge to one or more funding sources—e.g., a credit card, checking account, existing PayPal™ account balance, etc. Operation  920  may be performed responsive to a user request (e.g., operation  920  can be performed in response to a user of a smartphone requesting to create a video with money embedded in the video). 
     In some embodiments, the device accessing the digital token in operation  920  did not create the token itself, however—for example, user device  105  or server  805  may request and receive the digital token from processing system  820 . Thus, a computer system executing method  900  may transmit a token request to a remote system (e.g. from server  805  to processing system  820 ) and receive, from the remote system responsive to the token request, the encrypted digital token. 
     A token request (e.g. sent to processing system  820 ) may include user authentication credentials for an electronic payment transaction account. These credentials may include PayPal™ account credentials—e.g. login information and a password, a biometric, a previously stored authentication token on a device, etc. The token request may include a selection of a funding instrument associated with the electronic payment transaction account, such as a credit card, debit card, checking account, existing account balance, etc. The token request may also include an indication of an amount of currency to be charged to the funding instrument (e.g. the amount of currency to be embedded in the video). 
     The token request may also include an indication of whether the token will be embedded in metadata or audiovisual data of the video. For example, user device  105  or server  805  may provide in the token request an indication of a particular codec used to encode the video, where content of the encrypted digital token is created by a remote system based on the particular codec used to encode the video. The codec may be relevant in a variety of circumstances—a video encoded with AVI for example may need to have a different token format than a video encoded with MPEG-4. Some video encodings may allow for a digital token to be stored in metadata, for example, while others may not (this could depend on the amount of free space allocated in the metadata for a particular digital format for example). Also, if a token is to be stored within audiovisual data, the format of the token may again depend on the video encoding scheme. Some characters in the token may need to be avoided (e.g. control characters) to ensure the video does not become corrupted once the token is embedded for example. 
     In some cases, the user request in operation  920  may specify a video already uploaded to a media sharing platform. A user who has a video available on a website (which may be a social media platform), for example, may provide information usable to identify the location of the video to processing system  820  inside the token request. Processing system  820  can then access the video and embed a token inside it. In some instances, processing system  820  may further contact the website and have the website dynamically request replacement of the existing video with the altered video that contains the digital token. E.g., a YouTube™ or Snapchat™ video could be replaced with a new version of the previously posted video, except the new version would have the digital token embedded inside it. (This can be accomplished by contacting a website or server and providing user account credentials for that site or service, for example). 
     The information identifying the amount of digital currency, in some embodiments, can include a unique identifier created by processing system  820 . Processing system  820  may maintain information for a large number of different videos with embedded digital tokens, each of which may be redeemable for an amount of digital currency. In order to be able to track the digital tokens (and to know how much money is associated with a particular token), processing system  820  therefore can use unique IDs for each token to access information associated with that token (e.g., monetary amount, creator of token, etc.). Note that various attribute information/metadata may be associated with a digital token that is embedded in a video. This information can be included at the time the digital token is created, or can be modified at a later time in some embodiments. 
     The encrypting performed in operation  920  may be done using a public-private key pair. In one embodiment, for example, operation  920  may include processing system  820  encrypting a digital token with the public key in a public-private key pair (preventing the encrypted digital token from being decrypted by someone who does not have the corresponding private key, which may be kept secret by processing system  820 ). In another embodiment, operation  920  may also include using the private key of a public-private key pair to add signature information into a video. For example, a private key for Venmo™ could be used to encrypt information saying “This video includes $5.00 in digital currency redeemable by Venmo™!” (or similar). Anyone with Venmo&#39;s public key could decrypt the signature information and would then know that Venmo legitimately authorized placement of a currency-bearing digital token within a video, in this example 
     In operation  930 , processing system  820  alters data in a video to include an encrypted digital token, according to some embodiments. Operation  930 , in some embodiments, includes altering data in a video to include an encrypted digital token in order to create an altered video that includes the encrypted digital token. In other words, an encrypted digital token may be stored within an altered video (either in metadata and/or within audiovisual data). Operation  930  includes altering video metadata  740  and/or audiovisual data  735  in various embodiments. (Note that altering audiovisual data may include altering one or both of video picture data  720  and audio data  730 —and generally, any operation described regarding audiovisual data  735  can thus including altering one or both of video picture data  720  and audio data  730 . 
     Altering data in a video to include an encrypted digital token (e.g. representing an amount of digital currency) therefore can be performed in different manners. In some cases, altering video metadata  740  may result in a completely unchanged digital video. In other cases, altering audiovisual data  735  can result in a changed digital video—however, these changes may be very slight such that a user&#39;s visual perception of the altered digital video is similar or the same to their perception of the un-altered video prior to embedding of the encrypted digital token. Altering data in the video therefore can include altering metadata and/or altering audiovisual data. 
     Operation  930  may include embedding a digital token within a single frame of a video, or within multiple frames of the video. In some instances, “frames” may not be explicitly delineated by the video encoding algorithm and the token may simply be embedded within one or more various portions audiovisual data  735 . The token can even be included (or made to appear) in multiple locations—for example, the audiovisual data could be altered to show a visual indicator of the token at the 5 minute mark, 10 minute mark, and 25 minute mark. Thus, altering the video for the embedded digital token can cause a perceptible visual shift in an appearance of the video. Audio content may also be altered to reflect the presence of the digital token (e.g. a noise or speech could be included at the 30 second and 60 second mark of a video). In some cases, the altered content itself may be used to encode the actual digital token (e.g. the modified bits of the audiovisual content that give rise to the perceptible change in the video actually contain all or a portion the digital token itself). In other cases, the alteration to the content may not contain the digital token (e.g. it could be stored in metadata), but the alteration to the media content can help alert a user to the presence of the digital token. 
     In operation  940 , processing system  820  transmits an altered video including an encrypted digital token, according to some embodiments. The transmitting can be to any computer system. 
     This operation may include transmitting an altered video that represents an amount of digital currency, for example, to a user different from the first user. This could be for a gift, for a payment, or any other monetary transfer that the user wishes to complete via a video. In one embodiment, however, the altered video could be transmitted to the same user (e.g. the user receives the altered video with the encrypted digital token from processing system  820 , and can then do something with it such as email it, post to social media or filesharing platform, save for later usage, etc.). 
     The transmitting in operation  940  can therefore include a transmission to a device and/or a user account. Transmitting can be accomplished by an upload to a social media platform (e.g., a direct message on TWITTER™, a video posted on INSTAGRAM™ or FACEBOOK™, etc.). Transmitting in operation  940  can include sending an email to a user email address, or a multimedia text message directed to a phone number (e.g. an MMS message) which may ultimately be received by a smartphone, for example, in various embodiments. A video with an encrypted digital token, once initially created and/or transmitted, can also be transferred without restriction in various embodiments (e.g. a first user can send the video to a different second user, who can then send the video on to anyone of their choosing). 
     In one embodiment, however, operation  940  includes using a closed system to transmit an altered video with an embedded digital token. A user of VENMO™ (or another platform) for example, might be allowed to transmit an altered video only to other VENMO users, or only to users of one or more other particular platforms. E.g., video transmission may be restricted in some instances. For example, a client platform application might allow a user to view a video and transmit the video, but only within the platform application. If the user tried to extract the video, in one embodiment, the embedded digital token data would not carry forward with the extracted video. Thus a user can be prevented from unrestricted transmission in some cases. 
     Note that transmission, in operation  940 , does not necessarily including transmitting an entire video file in some embodiments. The transmission can explicitly include sending a URL or other selectable download link to allow the receiving user to download/view the altered video containing the digital token. 
     In operation  950 , processing system  820  accesses an encrypted digital token from an altered video, according to some embodiments. This may include processing system  820  receiving the altered video including an encrypted digital token. The altered video may be received from a second user (e.g. a user to which the video was previously transmitted) or any other user, in various embodiments. Thus, video with an embedded digital token representing an amount of money can be sent to one or more various users, and then received again (back) at processing system  820 . After this later receipt, processing system  820  can determine if there is a valid token can should be redeemed for currency, as further discussed below. 
     Similarly to operation  840 , processing system  820  can receive a video in a variety of ways in operation  850 . A client application (e.g. a VENMO or VENMO-affiliated application running on a smartphone) could send the video, for example, responsive to a user action. A user could drag and drop or otherwise select the video to cause the client application to transmit the video back (e.g. for verification). 
     In some cases, various user software (e.g. on device  105 ) may recognize the presence of a digital payment token in some embodiments, and allow a user to take action to redeem it. For example, if a user is viewing a video with an embedded digital token, the viewing application could generate a graphical control interface (such as a pop-up button) allowing the user to redeem a digital token for currency (or another reward). Thus, a media viewer within a web browser or other application could alert the user when a digital token-bearing video is being viewed. The alert may be synchronized to one or more particular moments during playback of the video content (e.g. for one or more particular frames or times). These times may be specified in a user request for creating an altered video with an embedded digital token. 
     In operation  960 , processing system  820  decrypts an encrypted digital token from an altered video using a second encryption key, according to some embodiments. As noted above, the altered video can be transmitted to processing system  820  for decryption by any user in possession of the altered video (or a URL or some other form of location pointer), in various embodiments. Operation  960  therefore can include using a second encryption key (such as a private encryption key in a public-private key pair) corresponding to a first encryption key (e.g. the public key) in order to perform decryption. After decryption, the embedded digital token can then be checked for validity and/or redeemed for currency, for example. 
     In some instances, operation  960  may require that processing system  820  be able to first extract the data from an altered video that should correspond to the embedded digital token. In other words, processing system  820  may need to know which data in the video file should be run through a decryption operation. This can be accomplished in some embodiments as long as processing system  820  knows what algorithm(s) and/or data were used to alter the video originally. E.g., processing system  820  may know to look at one or more certain video frames or segments of data to extract certain bits of information, or which portion(s) of video metadata contains embedded digital token data. Processing system  820  may have to reassemble an embedded digital token data prior to decryption (e.g. by appending different bits of extracted information and/or taking other operations, such as using bitwise arithmetic like addition, subtraction, or multiplication on certain bits of extracted information). 
     In operation  970 , processing system  820  verifies the validity of a decrypted digital token, according to some embodiments. Verifying validity can include extracting a unique identifier from the decrypted digital token, and then querying a database with the unique identifier. The database may include a list of all digital tokens created by processing system  820 , and a record for the unique identifier can be referenced in the database. This record can contain an indicator of whether or not a given token is valid or invalid, for example. The token may be marked invalid, for example, if it has been redeemed by a user and no longer has any monetary value. If there is no record for a unique token identifier, in some embodiments, this may indicate that the corresponding token is not currently valid. (Note that in some cases, it is possible that a decryption operation on the token, e.g. in operation  860 , can fail on its own, which also indicates that a video has no valid encrypted digital token in various embodiments. This could occur if a video with a digital token became corrupted due to data errors or user interference, for example.) 
     After a digital token from a video is verified, a user who sent the digital token to processing system  820  for verification may be credited with an amount of currency corresponding to the digital token. Thus, if a user receives a video with a $50 encrypted digital token, the user may receive a $50 credit for an associated account (e.g. a Venmo or PayPal account) upon verification of the digital token and its redemption 
     In operation  980 , processing system  820  transmits an acknowledgement of validity of a digital token, according to some embodiments. In various embodiments, operation  980  is performed responsive to verifying the validity of a digital token (e.g. operation  970 ). 
     Thus, operation  980  may relate to sending an email, text message, or other communication that informs a user that a video (e.g. that has been accessed by processing system  820 ) contains a valid digital token. This acknowledgement may include information about an amount of currency, associated with the digital token, that is being credited to a redeeming user. Thus, for example, operation  980  might include sending a message that states “Congratulations! You have redeemed your selected video from (Sender) in the amount of $50!”, or similar. As will be appreciated, a user can be informed of the successful validation of a digital token embedded in a video in a variety of ways. 
     In some embodiments, a user redeeming a video may not be automatically credited with an amount of currency upon successful validation of a digital token embedded in a video. A user may, in some instances, be presented with options for redeeming the currency amount for the digital token. For example, a user may be given the option to redeem the currency amount for an alternative award, such as frequent flyer miles, credit card points, a gift card to a merchant, etc. In some cases, the alternative award may have a bonus factor applied, e.g., a $50 currency amount might be redeemed for a $55 gift card for a merchant (a 10% bonus), or a greater amount of another type of (e.g. more than the normal cash equivalent for frequent flyer miles, etc.). 
     Further Video Embodiments 
     Thus, as described above, the method of  FIG.  9    may allow a user to create an altered video with an encrypted digital token representing an amount of currency, in various embodiments. Additional aspects of these and related techniques are described below. 
     In some embodiments, a video-embedded digital token may have one or more restrictions placed on it. These restrictions may be specified by a user requesting creation of the altered video, for example, and/or by other parties. One such restriction is that the token can only be redeemed a limited number of times and/or by a limited number of people (who may be identified by email address or other unique identifier). 
     Platform-based restrictions may also be required. For example, an altered video could be posted to a social media platform such as Facebook™, with certain requirements. First, the digital token might be redeemable only by the first  50  users to attempt to redeem. Second, the digital token might specify that a user is required to “share” the video on the platform (Facebook™ in this example) with other users. Thus, external verification factors may be required in some instances in order for a token to be redeemed. 
     With external verification factor (a condition such as sharing the video to other users on a social media platform), an outside operator may have to verify that the external condition has been met. So, processing system  820  might receive a digital token redemption request and then have to see if the external condition is met. If a video is shared on a social media platform, for example, the platform operator could provide a cryptographically signed verification that the user has met the condition (e.g. Facebook™ could provide information stating that the user had met the condition for sharing the video). Of course, many different types of external redemption conditions are possible, and may vary by embodiment. 
     More broadly, various techniques discussed above (relative to  FIGS.  1 - 6   ) as well as within U.S. application Ser. Nos. 15/721,437 and 15/609,941 are also applicable to video-related embodiments. Geo-location data can be used to determine whether an encrypted digital token in an altered video is redeemable. Other digital token controls can be used, such as expiration dates, identity and residency requirements, etc. Suitability/content controls can be used—videos might be restricted from having a digital token if they have nudity, violence, etc., as desired and specified. 
     When altering audiovisual data in a video to include a token, the algorithm/transformation used to store the data in particular locations may be used to reconstruct the token from the internal data within the video. E.g., a particular color value (#00FF02, in 256 bit RGB color) describing a small area of pixels for one or more video frames might be slightly altered to store a data value of “5” (changing to a barely perceptible value of #00FF07). The algorithm may then know to go to a certain spot in the video file, look for the “blue” value (07) and then subtract the original base value (02), resulting in the difference (05). Various such techniques can be used for storing the token. In some cases where a color value is used to refer to multiple locations within one or more image frames, an alteration algorithm may analyze the video to determine where the least visual impact would occur when inserting the digital token into the video (e.g. a color code affecting 10 pixels might be chosen in preference to a color code affecting the appearance of 85 pixels). Various client side operations can also be performed. 
     Digital incentive tokens (not just currency and other transferrable quantities like frequent flyer reward points) can also be used as discussed in the &#39;437 application. All feasible embodiments of that application can be adapted for use with video-embedded tokens and used under a variety of circumstances. 
     Although specific embodiments have been described above, these embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, even where only a single embodiment is described with respect to a particular feature. Examples of features provided in the disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive unless stated otherwise. The above description is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     The scope of the present disclosure includes any feature or combination of features disclosed herein (either explicitly or implicitly), or any generalization thereof, whether or not it mitigates any or all of the problems addressed by various described embodiments. Accordingly, new claims may be formulated during prosecution of this application (or an application claiming priority thereto) to any such combination of features. In particular, with reference to the appended claims, features from dependent claims may be combined with those of the independent claims and features from respective independent claims may be combined in any appropriate manner and not merely in the specific combinations enumerated in the appended claims.