Patent Publication Number: US-2023150551-A1

Title: Systems and methods for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to occupant behavior within a vehicle, and more specifically to systems and methods for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The term autonomous vehicle refers to a vehicle including automated mechanisms for performing one or more human operated aspects of vehicle control. As autonomous vehicles are adopted, several benefits may be realized. Vehicle collisions may be reduced because computers can perform driving tasks more consistently and make fewer errors than human operators. Traffic congestion may be alleviated because autonomous vehicles observe specified gaps between vehicles, preventing stop and go traffic. The reduced traffic and increased safety may lead to higher speed limits and associated efficiencies. Autonomous vehicles may allow vehicle occupants to focus their attention elsewhere, such as eating, drinking beverages, working on a laptop, talking on a phone, or sleeping. Since autonomous features may be operable only on certain roads or certain types of roads or at certain times there is a need to determine the attention level of an occupant of a vehicle traveling along a route. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure overcomes the shortcomings of prior technologies. In particular, a novel approach for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle is provided, as detailed below. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a method for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle is provided. The method includes receiving sensor data associated with an occupant of a vehicle traveling along a road segment. The method also includes based on the sensor data, determining an attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. The method also includes encoding the attention level in a database to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a processor. The apparatus also includes a memory comprising computer program code for one or more programs. The computer program code is configured to cause the processor of the apparatus to receive attention level data corresponding to one or more road segments that form a route. The computer program code is further configured to cause the processor of the apparatus to, based on sensor data, determine an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle traveling along the route. The computer program code is further configured to cause the processor of the apparatus to analyze the attention level of the occupant and the attention level data corresponding to the one or more road segments. The computer program code is further configured to cause the processor of the apparatus to, based on the analysis, provide an instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includes one or more sequences of one or more instructions for execution by one or more processors of a device. The one or more instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the device to receive a destination as input. The one or more instructions further cause the device to determine a route from a current location to the destination via a plurality of road segments. The one or more of the plurality of road segments to be part of the route is determined based on attention level data associated with the one or more of the plurality of road segments. The one or more instructions further cause the device to output the determined route or a portion thereof. 
     In addition, for various example embodiments, the following is applicable: a method comprising facilitating a processing of and/or processing (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal, the (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal based, at least in part, on (or derived at least in part from) any one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating access to at least one interface configured to allow access to at least one service, the at least one service configured to perform any one or any combination of network or service provider methods (or processes) disclosed in this application. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating creating and/or facilitating modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based, at least in part, on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods or processes disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is also applicable: a method comprising creating and/or modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based at least in part on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment. 
     In various example embodiments, the methods (or processes) can be accomplished on the service provider side or on the mobile device side or in any shared way between service provider and mobile device with actions being performed on both sides. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is applicable: An apparatus comprising means for performing the method of the claims. 
     Still other aspects, features, and advantages are readily apparent from the following detailed description, simply by illustrating a number of particular embodiments and implementations. The drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG.  1    is a diagram of a system capable of determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating an example scenario for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating an example scenario for engaging an occupant of a vehicle based on attention level data, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating an example route and table including attention level data, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of a geographic database, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram of the components of a data analysis system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a flowchart setting forth steps of an example process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a flowchart setting forth steps of another example process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    is a flowchart setting forth steps of another example process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram of an example computer system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    is a diagram of an example chip set, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  12    is a diagram of an example mobile device, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     Examples of an apparatus, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and a method for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle are disclosed. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It is apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments. 
       FIG.  1    is a diagram of a system  100  capable of determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, the system  100  introduces a capability for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle based on sensor data associated with the occupant of the vehicle traveling along a road segment. The sensor data may be sensed by one or more image sensors located within the cabin of the vehicle. Based on the sensor data, the system  100  can determine an attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. In one example, the attention level is based on how attentive the occupant is to the environment outside of the vehicle. In another example, the attention level is based on the duration that the occupant of the vehicle spends viewing the environment outside of the vehicle. In one embodiment, the system  100  can encode the attention level in a database to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the map platform  101  can be a standalone server or a component of another device with connectivity to the communication network  115 . For example, the component can be part of an edge computing network where remote computing devices (not shown) are installed along or within proximity of a given geographical area. 
     The communication network  115  of the system  100  includes one or more networks such as a data network, a wireless network, a telephony network, or any combination thereof. It is contemplated that the data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, fifth generation mobile (5G) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the map platform  101  may be a platform with multiple interconnected components. The map platform  101  may include multiple servers, intelligent networking devices, computing devices, components and corresponding software for generating information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle or other map functions. In addition, it is noted that the map platform  101  may be a separate entity of the system  100 , a part of one or more services  113   a - 113   m  of a services platform  113 . 
     The services platform  113  may include any type of one or more services  113   a - 113   m . By way of example, the one or more services  113   a - 113   m  may include weather services, mapping services, navigation services, travel planning services, notification services, social networking services, content (e.g., audio, video, images, etc.) provisioning services, application services, storage services, information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, location-based services, news services, etc. In one embodiment, the services platform  113  may interact with the map platform  101 , and/or one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  to provide the one or more services  113   a - 113   m.    
     In one embodiment, the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  may provide content or data to the map platform  101 , and/or the one or more services  113   a - 113   m . The content provided may be any type of content, mapping content, textual content, audio content, video content, image content, etc. In one embodiment, the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  may provide content that may aid in determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle according to the various embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  may also store content associated with the map platform  101 , and/or the one or more services  113   a - 113   m . In another embodiment, the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  may manage access to a central repository of data, and offer a consistent, standard interface to data. 
     In one embodiment, the vehicle  105  may be a standard gasoline powered vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, an electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, and/or any other mobility implement type of vehicle. The vehicle  105  includes parts related to mobility, such as a powertrain with an engine, a transmission, a suspension, a driveshaft, and/or wheels, etc. In another example, the vehicle  105  may be an autonomous vehicle. The autonomous vehicle may be a manually controlled vehicle, semi-autonomous vehicle (e.g., some routine motive functions, such as parking, are controlled by the vehicle), or an autonomous vehicle (e.g., motive functions are controlled by the vehicle without direct driver input). 
     The autonomous level of a vehicle can be a Level 0 autonomous level that corresponds to no automation for the vehicle, a Level 1 autonomous level that corresponds to a certain degree of driver assistance for the vehicle, a Level 2 autonomous level that corresponds to partial automation for the vehicle, a Level 3 autonomous level that corresponds to conditional automation for the vehicle, a Level 4 autonomous level that corresponds to high automation for the vehicle, a Level 5 autonomous level that corresponds to full automation for the vehicle, and/or another sub-level associated with a degree of autonomous driving for the vehicle. In one embodiment, user equipment (e.g., a mobile phone, a portable electronic device, etc.) may be integrated in the vehicle, which may include assisted driving vehicles such as autonomous vehicles, highly assisted driving (HAD), and advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Any of these assisted driving systems may be incorporated into the user equipment. Alternatively, an assisted driving device may be included in the vehicle. 
     The term autonomous vehicle may refer to a self-driving or driverless mode in which no passengers are required to be on board to operate the vehicle. An autonomous vehicle may be referred as a robot vehicle or an automated vehicle. The autonomous vehicle may include passengers, but no driver is necessary. These autonomous vehicles may park themselves or move cargo between locations without a human operator. Autonomous vehicles may include multiple modes and transition between the modes. The autonomous vehicle may steer, brake, or accelerate and respond to lane marking indicators (lane marking type, lane marking intensity, lane marking color, lane marking offset, lane marking width, or other characteristics) and driving commands or navigation commands. 
     In one embodiment, the vehicle  105  may be an HAD vehicle or an ADAS vehicle. An HAD vehicle may refer to a vehicle that does not completely replace the human operator. Instead, in a highly assisted driving mode, the vehicle may perform some driving functions and the human operator may perform some driving functions. Vehicles may also be driven in a manual mode in which the human operator exercises a degree of control over the movement of the vehicle. The vehicles may also include a completely driverless mode. Other levels of automation are possible. The HAD vehicle may control the vehicle through steering or braking in response to the position of the vehicle and may respond to lane marking indicators (lane marking type, lane marking intensity, lane marking color, lane marking offset, lane marking width, or other characteristics) and driving commands or navigation commands. Similarly, ADAS vehicles include one or more partially automated systems in which the vehicle alerts the driver. The features are designed to avoid collisions automatically. Features may include adaptive cruise control, automate braking, or steering adjustments to keep the driver in the correct lane. ADAS vehicles may issue warnings for the driver based on the position of the vehicle or based on the lane marking indicators (lane marking type, lane marking intensity, lane marking color, lane marking offset, lane marking width, or other characteristics) and driving commands or navigation commands. 
     In one embodiment, the user equipment (UE)  109  may be, or include, an embedded system, mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a built-in navigation system, a personal navigation device, mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, fitness device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, or any combination thereof, including the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. It is also contemplated that the UE  109  may support any type of interface with a user (e.g., by way of various buttons, touch screens, consoles, displays, speakers, “wearable” circuitry, and other I/O elements or devices). Although shown in  FIG.  1    as being separate from the vehicle  105 , in some embodiments, the UE  109  may be integrated into, or part of, the vehicle  105 . 
     In one embodiment, the UE  109 , may execute one or more applications  117  (e.g., software applications) configured to carry out steps in accordance with methods described here. For instance, in one non-limiting example, the application  117  may carry out steps for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. In another non-limiting example, application  117  may also be any type of application that is executable on the UE  109  and/or vehicle  105 , such as autonomous driving applications, mapping applications, location-based service applications, navigation applications, content provisioning services, camera/imaging application, media player applications, social networking applications, calendar applications, and the like. In yet another non-limiting example, the application  117  may act as a client for the data analysis system  103  and perform one or more functions associated with determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, either alone or in combination with the data analysis system  103 . 
     In some embodiments, the UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105  may include various sensors for acquiring a variety of different data or information. For instance, the UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105  may include one or more camera/imaging devices for capturing imagery (e.g., terrestrial images), global positioning system (GPS) sensors or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors for gathering location or coordinates data, network detection sensors for detecting wireless signals, receivers for carrying out different short-range communications (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi, near field communication (NFC) etc.), temporal information sensors, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors, Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) sensors, audio recorders for gathering audio data, velocity sensors, switch sensors for determining whether one or more vehicle switches are engaged, and others. 
     The UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105  may also include one or more light sensors, height sensors, accelerometers (e.g., for determining acceleration and vehicle orientation), magnetometers, gyroscopes, inertial measurement units (IMUs), tilt sensors (e.g., for detecting the degree of incline or decline), moisture sensors, pressure sensors, and so forth. Further, the UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105  may also include sensors for detecting the relative distance of the vehicle  105  from a lane or roadway, the presence of other vehicles, pedestrians, traffic lights, lane markings, speed limits, road dividers, potholes, and any other objects, or a combination thereof. Other sensors may also be configured to detect weather data, traffic information, or a combination thereof. Yet other sensors may also be configured to determine the status of various control elements of the car, such as activation of wipers, use of a brake pedal, use of an acceleration pedal, angle of the steering wheel, activation of hazard lights, activation of head lights, and so forth. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105  may include GPS, GNSS or other satellite-based receivers configured to obtain geographic coordinates from a satellite  119  for determining current location and time. Further, the location can be determined by visual odometry, triangulation systems such as A-GPS, Cell of Origin, or other location extrapolation technologies, and so forth. In some embodiments, two or more sensors or receivers may be co-located with other sensors on the UE  109 , and/or the vehicle  105 . 
     By way of example, the map platform  101 , the services platform  113 , and/or the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  communicate with each other and other components of the system  100  using well known, new or still developing protocols. In this context, a protocol includes a set of rules defining how the network nodes within the communication network  115  interact with each other based on information sent over the communication links. The protocols are effective at different layers of operation within each node, from generating and receiving physical signals of various types, to selecting a link for transferring those signals, to the format of information indicated by those signals, to identifying which software application executing on a computer system sends or receives the information. The conceptually different layers of protocols for exchanging information over a network are described in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. 
     Communications between the network nodes are typically affected by exchanging discrete packets of data. Each packet typically comprises (1) header information associated with a particular protocol, and (2) payload information that follows the header information and contains information that may be processed independently of that particular protocol. In some protocols, the packet includes (3) trailer information following the payload and indicating the end of the payload information. The header includes information such as the source of the packet, its destination, the length of the payload, and other properties used by the protocol. Often, the data in the payload for the particular protocol includes a header and payload for a different protocol associated with a different, higher layer of the OSI Reference Model. The header for a particular protocol typically indicates a type for the next protocol contained in its payload. The higher layer protocol is said to be encapsulated in the lower layer protocol. The headers included in a packet traversing multiple heterogeneous networks, such as the Internet, typically include a physical (layer 1) header, a data-link (layer 2) header, an internetwork (layer 3) header and a transport (layer 4) header, and various application (layer 5, layer 6, and layer 7) headers as defined by the OSI Reference Model. 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating an example scenario for determining an attention level of an occupant of the vehicle  105  of  FIG.  1   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , the vehicle  105  is traveling along a road segment  200 . The vehicle  105  includes an apparatus  204  and sensors  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 , and  214 . The vehicle  105  also includes window panes  216 ,  218 ,  220 ,  222 ,  224 , and  226 .  FIG.  2    also includes an occupant  228  located at a position  230  within the vehicle  105  and an occupant  232  located at a position  234  within the vehicle  105 . 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus  204  may include a processor and a memory comprising computer program code for one or more programs. The computer program code is configured to cause the processor of the apparatus to receive sensor data, via one or more sensors of the set of sensors  206 - 214 , associated with an occupant of the vehicle  105  travelling along the road segment  200 . In this embodiment, the apparatus  204  may be configured to, based on the sensor data, determine an attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment  200 . Continuing with this embodiment, the apparatus  204  may be configured to encode the attention level in a database (e.g., geographic database  107  of  FIG.  1   ) to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles traveling along the road segment  200 . 
     In one embodiment, the sensors  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 , and  214  may include microphones and cameras configured to capture the presence of occupants and cabin activity within the vehicle  105 . In one example, the sensors  206 - 214  may be configured to detect a gaze, an eye movement, a body movement, or a combination thereof of the occupant in the vehicle  105 . The sensor data may include other biometric data or physiological measures corresponding to an occupant of the vehicle  105 . In one embodiment, the sensors  206 - 214  may also be configured to sense environmental characteristics pertaining to outside of the vehicle  105 . In one example, the environmental characteristics may include one or more sensed characteristics about an environment including, for instance, billboards, buildings, other vehicles, traffic signs, traffic lights, pedestrians, objects in the sensor purview, etc. 
     In one example, the apparatus  204  may receive sensor data, via sensors  206 ,  208 , and  210 , associated with the occupant  228  at the position  230  within the vehicle  105 . The apparatus  204  may be configured to determine an attention level of the occupant  228  based on the received sensor data. In one example, the sensor data may be used to determine a gaze  236  at the window pane  216  by the occupant  228 . Continuing with this example, the apparatus  204  may be configured to determine the attention level of the occupant  228  based on the duration of time that the occupant  228  is associated with viewing the window pane  216  of the vehicle  105  while traveling along the road segment  200 . In this example, the attention level may be considered high based on the duration of the gaze  236  of the occupant  228  while traveling along the road segment  200 . In one example, the apparatus  204  may be configured to encode the high attention level of the occupant  228  in a database. In this example, the apparatus  204  may also be configured to provide the encoded attention level of the occupant  228  with one or more components of system  100  of  FIG.  1    to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment  200 . 
     In another example, the apparatus  204  may receive sensor data via sensors  208 ,  212 , and  214 , associated with the occupant  232  at the position  234  within the vehicle  105 . In one example, the sensor data may be used by the apparatus  204  to determine a gaze  238  by the occupant  232 . Continuing with this example, the apparatus  204  may be configured to determine the attention level of the occupant  232  based on the duration of time that the occupant  232  is associated with not viewing any of the window panes  216 - 226  of the vehicle  105  while traveling along the road segment  200 . In this example, the attention level may be considered low based on the duration of the gaze  238  of the occupant  232  while traveling along the road segment  200 . In one example, the apparatus  204  may be configured to encode the low attention level of the occupant  228  in a database. In this example, the apparatus  204  may also be configured to provide the encoded attention level of the occupant  232  with one or more components of system  100  of  FIG.  1    to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment  200 . 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating an example scenario for engaging an occupant of a vehicle based on attention level data. In this example scenario, a vehicle  302  is travelling along a road segment  304 , as shown in  FIG.  3   . The vehicle  302  is headed to a destination  316 . The diagram also includes road segments  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 , and  314 . A sign  318  referring to a scenic area  316  is also included in the diagram. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  of  FIG.  1    is configured to provide an apparatus of the vehicle  302  with attention level data corresponding to the road segments  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  312 , and  314  that form a first route to the destination  316 . The system  100  is also configured to provide the apparatus of the vehicle  302  with attention level data corresponding to the road segments  304 ,  310 ,  312 , and  314  that form a second route to the destination  316 . 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  may be configured to classify the attention level data into three categories, low, middle, and high. The categories may be utilized to provide suggested actions or activities for occupants of a vehicle based on the attention level corresponding to the road segment of a route. In one example, the system  100  may recommend viewing a movie while traveling along a road segment that is associated with a low attention level. In this example, the occupant does not need to be aware of the environment outside of the vehicle and therefore the system  100  may recommend an activity that does not require the occupant to view one or more window panes of the vehicle to stay aware of the environment. 
     In another example, they system  100  may direct the attention of the occupant of the vehicle to the environment outside of the vehicle by providing an audio or visual notification related to one or more aspects of the environment while travelling along a road segment that is associated with a medium attention level. In this example, the occupant may need to be aware of environmental characteristics (e.g., road signs, billboards, landmarks, etc.) or changes to a route and therefore the system  100  may attempt to engage with the occupant in a manner that brings the occupant&#39;s attention to the environment outside of the vehicle. 
     In one example, the system  100  may instruct the occupant (e.g., an individual sitting in the driver&#39;s position) to place their hands on the steering wheel and prepare for assuming control of an autonomous vehicle while traveling along a road segment that is associated with a high attention level. In this example, the occupant may need to be aware of pedestrians or vehicles and therefore the system  100  may require that the occupant&#39;s gaze is focused on the front window pane of the vehicle in the event of a modification to a change in the level of autonomous driving. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the road segment  304  is associated with a medium attention level based on the information included in the road sign  318  and an option to continue along the first route or the second route to the destination  316 . In this example, the road sign  318  may include information associated with road segments  306  and  308 . For example, the road sign  318  may indicate that the road segments  306  and  308  provide a view of the scenic area  316 . Continuing with this example, the road segments  306  and  308  are associated with a medium attention level based on an occupant&#39;s proximity to the scenic area  316  while travelling along the road segments  306  and  308 . The road segments  310  and  312  are associated with a low attention level based on the characteristics of the environment associated with the road segments  310  and  312  not providing much for an occupant of a vehicle to view. The road segment  314  is associated with a high attention level based on the number of pedestrians associated with an area surrounding the road segment  314 . 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  may provide an occupant with an option to select, via an electronic device associated with the vehicle  302 , a first route formed by the road segments  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  312 , and  314  or a second route formed by the road segments  304 ,  310 ,  312 , and  314 . In one example, the road segments forming the first route are associated with a higher attention level, based on the medium attention level corresponding to the road segments  306  and  308 . In this example, depending on what kind of experience the occupant of the vehicle  302  would like to have, the individual may select one route over the other. For example, if the occupant of the vehicle is feeling rested, then the occupant may choose the first route. In another example, if the occupant of the vehicle is feeling tried, then the occupant may choose the second route. In another embodiment, the system  100  may select the route without input from the occupant. In one example, the system  100  may analyze contextual data pertaining to the vehicle  302  and modify the attention level data associated with one or more of the road segments based on the contextual data. For example, during a month in the summer, the road segments  306  and  308  may be associated with a medium attention level based on favorable weather conditions. However, during a month in the winter, the road segments  306  and  308  may be associated with high attention level based on unfavorable weather conditions. Therefore, the system  100  may select the second route and avoid the first route based on weather data when the vehicle  302  is an autonomous vehicle. 
     In one example, an apparatus of the vehicle  302  may be configured to determine an attention level of an occupant of the vehicle  302  based on sensor data. In this example, the apparatus of the vehicle  302  may be configured to analyze the attention level of the occupant and the attentional level data corresponding to one or more of the road segments  304 - 314  received from the system  100  of  FIG.  1   . Continuing with this example, based on the analysis, the apparatus of the vehicle  302  may be configured to provide an instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle  302 . 
     In one example, the instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle  302  is an instruction for the occupant to assume control of the vehicle  302  while travelling along the first or the second route. For example, as the vehicle  302  approaches the road segment  314 , the apparatus of the vehicle  302  may be configured to provide an instruction, depending on the position (e.g., driver&#39;s seat) of the occupant within the vehicle  302 , for the occupant to prepare for a change from an autonomous driving mode to a manual driving mode where the occupant is the driver and in control of the vehicle  302 . In another example, the instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle is an instruction for the occupant to view one or more window panes of the vehicle while travelling along the first or the second route. For example, as the vehicle  302  approaches the sign  318 , the apparatus of the vehicle  302  may be configured to provide an audible notification to the occupant to view the sign  318  via one or more window panes of the vehicle  302  in order to make an informed decision when choosing to travel via the first or the second route. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example route  400  and table  416  including attention level data associated with an autonomous vehicle traveling along the route  400 . The route  400  includes a current location  402 , road segments  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412 , and a destination  414 . The attention level data includes the travel direction, time, start offset, end offset, attention level, and suggested activities corresponding to the road segments  404 - 412 . 
     In one example, the attention levels may be classified into three categories such as low, medium, and high based on an occupant of an autonomous vehicle. In one scenario, the attention levels may be assigned numerical values (e.g., high attention level=3, medium attention level=2, low attention level=1). In one example, the attention levels correspond to an expected attention level of an occupant of an autonomous vehicle. For example, the expected level of attention is indicative of how attentive the vehicle occupant should be in regard to the vehicle and the environment outside the vehicle while travelling along one or more road segments that form a route. In one example, an expected low attention level may not require a vehicle occupant to pay attention to the vehicle or the environment outside the vehicle. In another example, an expected medium attention level may require a vehicle occupant to pay attention to at least the environment outside the vehicle. In one example, an expected high attention level may require a vehicle occupant to pay attention to the vehicle and the environment outside the vehicle. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  of  FIG.  1    is configured to map the attention level to a map data layer of a high-definition map. In one example, the attention level is mapped to map data corresponding to one or more road segments. In one embodiment, they system  100  of  FIG.  1    is configured to map expected attention levels to the one or more road segments based on aggregated attention levels of occupants of vehicles traveling along the one or more road segments. In another example, the expected attentional levels are mapped to the one or more road segment based on the aggregated attention levels of occupants of vehicle traveling along the one or more road segments and contextual data associated with the vehicles travelling along the one or more road segments. In one example, the expected attentional levels mapped to the one or more road segment based on the aggregated attention levels of occupants of vehicles traveling along the one or more road segments and the positions of the occupants of the vehicles travelling along the one or more road segments. For example, a first set of attention levels are mapped to the one or more road segments based on the occupant being in a position within the vehicle as a passenger of the vehicle and a second set of attention levels are mapped to the one or more road segments based on the occupant being in a position within the vehicle as a driver of the vehicle. 
     In one example, an autonomous vehicle is selected to take an individual from the current location  402  to the destination  414  by travelling along the road segments  404 - 412 . As shown in the table  416 , as the autonomous vehicle travels in a direction towards southeast (SE) along the road segment  404  during 2 PM and 2:30 PM, the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a medium attention level. As shown in table  416 , the medium attention level is associated with a suggested activity of making a phone call. As the autonomous vehicle travels in a direction towards west (W) along the road segment  406  during 2:30 PM and 3:15 PM for the first three-quarters of the road segment  406 , the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a low attention level. As shown in table  416 , the low attention level is associated with a suggested activity of reading. However, as the autonomous vehicle travels along the last quarter of the road segment  406  during 3:15 PM and 3:30 PM, the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a high attention level. As shown in table  416 , the high attention level is associated with no activity (i.e., the vehicle occupant is ready to assume control of the autonomous vehicle). As the autonomous vehicle travels in a direction towards northwest (NW) along the road segment  408  during 3:30 PM and 4 PM, the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a low attention level. As the autonomous vehicle travels in a direction towards south (S) along the road segment  410  during 4 PM and 4:30 PM, the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a medium attention level. As the autonomous vehicle travels in a direction towards west (W) along the road segment  412  during 4:30 PM and 4:45 PM, the expected vehicle occupant attention level is a high attention level. 
     In one example, the system  100  of  FIG.  1    is configured to receive a destination  414  as input. In this example, the system  100  may be configured to determine the route  400  from the current location  402  to the destination  414  via the road segments  404 - 412 . Continuing with this example, the system  100  may be configured to select one or more of the road segments  404 - 412  to be part of the route  400  based on the attention level data associated with the one or more of the road segments  404 - 412 . In one example, the system  100  may be configured to minimize the number of road segments (e.g., the last quarter of road segment  404  and road segment  412 ) associated with an expected high attention level for an occupant of the autonomous vehicle. In another example, the system  100  may be configured to include as many road segments that are associated with an expected low attention level (e.g., the first three-quarters of road segment  406  and road segment  408 ) and road segments that are associated with an expected medium attention level (e.g., road segments  402  and  410 ) for an occupant of the autonomous vehicle. 
     In one example, the table  416  or similar arrangement of data such as a chart or graph may be displayed on a mobile device (e.g., UE  109  of  FIG.  1   ) as a route overview. In this example, the occupant of the vehicle may plan the trip accordingly by planning activities to perform along the route based on the expected attention level associated with the various road segments. In one example, the user may choose not to starting working on a laptop while travelling along the road segment  404  when a higher attention level is needed. Instead, the occupant of the vehicle may choose to begin working when the vehicle has started traveling along the road segment  406  that is associated with a low attention level. The features of table  416  and/or other features, such as map, road, and/or geographic features may be used in machine learning, such as supervised machine learning, having attention level data as ground truth. Such machine learning can be used to predict attention levels for road segments in other areas that may not have enough attention level data points or ground truth. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram of the geographic database  107  of system  100 , according to exemplary embodiments. In the exemplary embodiments, the information generated by the map platform  101  can be stored, associated with, and/or linked to the geographic database  107  or data thereof. In one embodiment, the geographic database  107  includes geographic data  501  used for (or configured to be compiled to be used for) mapping and/or navigation-related services, such as for personalized route determination, according to exemplary embodiments. For example, the geographic database  107  includes node data records  503 , road segment data records  505 , POI data records  507 , other data records  509 , high-definition (HD) data records  511 , and indexes  513 , for example. It is envisioned that more, fewer or different data records can be provided. 
     In one embodiment, geographic features (e.g., two-dimensional or three-dimensional features) are represented using polygons (e.g., two-dimensional features) or polygon extrusions (e.g., three-dimensional features). For example, the edges of the polygons correspond to the boundaries or edges of the respective geographic feature. In the case of a building, a two-dimensional polygon can be used to represent a footprint of the building, and a three-dimensional polygon extrusion can be used to represent the three-dimensional surfaces of the building. It is contemplated that although various embodiments are discussed with respect to two-dimensional polygons, it is contemplated that the embodiments are also applicable to three-dimensional polygon extrusions, models, routes, etc. Accordingly, the terms polygons and polygon extrusions/models as used herein can be used interchangeably. 
     In one embodiment, the following terminology applies to the representation of geographic features in the geographic database  107 . 
     “Node”— A point that terminates a link. 
     “Line segment”—A straight line connecting two points. 
     “Link” (or “edge”)—A contiguous, non-branching string of one or more line segments terminating in a node at each end. 
     “Shape point”—A point along a link between two nodes (e.g., used to alter a shape of the link without defining new nodes). 
     “Oriented link”—A link that has a starting node (referred to as the “reference node”) and an ending node (referred to as the “non reference node”). 
     “Simple polygon”—An interior area of an outer boundary formed by a string of oriented links that begins and ends in one node. In one embodiment, a simple polygon does not cross itself. 
     “Polygon”—An area bounded by an outer boundary and none or at least one interior boundary (e.g., a hole or island). In one embodiment, a polygon is constructed from one outer simple polygon and none or at least one inner simple polygon. A polygon is simple if it just consists of one simple polygon, or complex if it has at least one inner simple polygon. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  107  follows certain conventions. For example, links do not cross themselves and do not cross each other except at a node or vertex. Also, there are no duplicated shape points, nodes, or links. Two links that connect each other have a common node or vertex. In the geographic database  107 , overlapping geographic features are represented by overlapping polygons. When polygons overlap, the boundary of one polygon crosses the boundary of the other polygon. In the geographic database  107 , the location at which the boundary of one polygon intersects they boundary of another polygon is represented by a node. In one embodiment, a node may be used to represent other locations along the boundary of a polygon than a location at which the boundary of the polygon intersects the boundary of another polygon. In one embodiment, a shape point is not used to represent a point at which the boundary of a polygon intersects the boundary of another polygon. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  107  is presented according to a hierarchical or multi-level tile projection. More specifically, in one embodiment, the geographic database  107  may be defined according to a normalized Mercator projection. Other projections may be used. In one embodiment, a map tile grid of a Mercator or similar projection can a multilevel grid. Each cell or tile in a level of the map tile grid is divisible into the same number of tiles of that same level of grid. In other words, the initial level of the map tile grid (e.g., a level at the lowest zoom level) is divisible into four cells or rectangles. Each of those cells are in turn divisible into four cells, and so on until the highest zoom level of the projection is reached. 
     In one embodiment, the map tile grid may be numbered in a systematic fashion to define a tile identifier (tile ID). For example, the top left tile may be numbered 00, the top right tile may be numbered 01, the bottom left tile may be numbered 10, and the bottom right tile may be numbered 11. In one embodiment, each cell is divided into four rectangles and numbered by concatenating the parent tile ID and the new tile position. A variety of numbering schemes also is possible. Any number of levels with increasingly smaller geographic areas may represent the map tile grid. Any level (n) of the map tile grid has 2(n+1) cells. Accordingly, any tile of the level (n) has a geographic area of A/2(n+1) where A is the total geographic area of the world or the total area of the map tile grids. Because of the numbering system, the exact position of any tile in any level of the map tile grid or projection may be uniquely determined from the tile ID. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  may identify a tile by a quadkey determined based on the tile ID of a tile of the map tile grid. The quadkey, for example, is a one dimensional array including numerical values. In one embodiment, the quadkey may be calculated or determined by interleaving the bits of the row and column coordinates of a tile in the grid at a specific level. The interleaved bits may be converted to a predetermined base number (e.g., base 10, base 4, hexadecimal). In one example, leading zeroes are inserted or retained regardless of the level of the map tile grid in order to maintain a constant length for the one-dimensional array of the quadkey. In another example, the length of the one-dimensional array of the quadkey may indicate the corresponding level within the map tile grid. In one embodiment, the quadkey is an example of the hash or encoding scheme of the respective geographical coordinates of a geographical data point that can be used to identify a tile in which the geographical data point is located. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the road segment data records  505  are links or segments representing roads, streets, or paths, as can be used in the calculated route or recorded route information for determination of one or more personalized routes, according to exemplary embodiments. The node data records  503  are end points or vertices (such as intersections) corresponding to the respective links or segments of the road segment data records  505 . The road segment data records  505  and the node data records  503  represent a road network, such as used by vehicles, cars, and/or other entities. Alternatively, the geographic database  107  can contain path segment and node data records or other data that represent pedestrian paths or areas in addition to or instead of the vehicle road record data, for example. In one embodiment, the road or path segments can include an altitude component to extend to paths or road into three-dimensional space (e.g., to cover changes in altitude and contours of different map features, and/or to cover paths traversing a three-dimensional airspace). 
     The road/link segments and nodes can be associated with attributes, such as geographic coordinates, street names, address ranges, speed limits, turn restrictions at intersections, and other navigation related attributes, as well as POIs, such as gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants, museums, stadiums, offices, automobile dealerships, auto repair shops, buildings, stores, parks, etc. The geographic database  107  can include data about the POIs and their respective locations in the POI data records  507 . In one example, the POI data records  507  may include the hours of operation for various businesses. The geographic database  107  can also include data about places, such as cities, towns, or other communities, and other geographic features, such as bodies of water, mountain ranges, etc. Such place or feature data can be part of the POI data records  507  or can be associated with POIs or POI data records  507  (such as a data point used for displaying or representing a position of a city). 
     In one embodiment, other data records  509  include cartographic (“carto”) data records, weather data, traffic data, attention level data, routing data, and maneuver data. In one example, the other data records  509  include data that is associated with certain POIs, roads, or geographic areas. In one example, the data is stored for utilization by a third-party. One or more portions, components, areas, layers, features, text, and/or symbols of the POI or event data can be stored in, linked to, and/or associated with one or more of these data records. For example, one or more portions of the POI, event data, or recorded route information can be matched with respective map or geographic records via position or GPS data associations (such as using the point-based map matching embodiments describes herein), for example. 
     In one example, the other data records  509  include weather data records such as weather data reports. In this example, the weather data records can be associated with any of the map features stored in the geographic database  107  (e.g., a specific road or link, node, intersection, area, POI, etc.) on which the weather data was collected. In another example, the other data records  509  include traffic data records such as traffic data reports. In this example, the traffic data records can be associated with any of the map features stored in the geographic database  107  (e.g., a specific road or link, node, intersection, area, POI, etc.) on which the traffic data was collected. 
     In one embodiment, the other data records  509  include attention level data records. For example, the attention level data records can be associated with any of the map features stored in the geographic database  107  (e.g., a specific road or link, node, intersection, area, POI, etc.) on which the attention level data was collected. In one example, the attention level data records include attention level data based on a passenger of a vehicle. In another example, the attention level data records include attention level data based on a driver of a vehicle. In one example, the attention level data includes spatial and temporal elements that correspond to one or more map features stored in the geographic database  107 . In another example, the attention level data includes one or more recommended activities of an occupant of a vehicle. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  107  may also include point data records for storing the point data, map features, as well as other related data used according to the various embodiments described herein. In addition, the point data records can also store ground truth training and evaluation data, machine learning models, annotated observations, and/or any other data. By way of example, the point data records can be associated with one or more of the node data records  503 , road segment data records  505 , and/or POI data records  507  to support verification, localization or visual odometry based on the features stored therein and the corresponding estimated quality of the features. In this way, the point data records can also be associated with or used to classify the characteristics or metadata of the corresponding records  503 ,  505 , and/or  507 . 
     As discussed above, the HD data records  511  may include models of road surfaces and other map features to centimeter-level or better accuracy. The HD data records  511  may also include models that provide the precise lane geometry with lane boundaries, as well as rich attributes of the lane models. These rich attributes may include, but are not limited to, lane traversal information, lane types, lane marking types, lane level speed limit information, and/or the like. In one embodiment, the HD data records  511  may be divided into spatial partitions of varying sizes to provide HD mapping data to vehicles and other end user devices with near real-time speed without overloading the available resources of these vehicles and devices (e.g., computational, memory, bandwidth, etc. resources). In some implementations, the HD data records  511  may be created from high-resolution 3D mesh or point-cloud data generated, for instance, from LiDAR-equipped vehicles. The 3D mesh or point-cloud data may be processed to create 3D representations of a street or geographic environment at centimeter-level accuracy for storage in the HD data records  511 . 
     In one embodiment, the HD data records  511  also include real-time sensor data collected from probe vehicles in the field. The real-time sensor data, for instance, integrates real-time traffic information, weather, and road conditions (e.g., potholes, road friction, road wear, etc.) with highly detailed 3D representations of street and geographic features to provide precise real-time also at centimeter-level accuracy. Other sensor data can include vehicle telemetry or operational data such as windshield wiper activation state, braking state, steering angle, accelerator position, and/or the like. 
     The indexes  513  in  FIG.  5    may be used improve the speed of data retrieval operations in the geographic database  107 . Specifically, the indexes  513  may be used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in the geographic database  107  every time it is accessed. For example, in one embodiment, the indexes  513  can be a spatial index of the polygon points associated with stored feature polygons. 
     The geographic database  107  can be maintained by the one or more content providers  111   a - 111   n  in association with the services platform  113  (e.g., a map developer). The map developer can collect geographic data to generate and enhance the geographic database  107 . There can be different ways used by the map developer to collect data. These ways can include obtaining data from other sources, such as municipalities or respective geographic authorities. In addition, the map developer can employ field personnel to travel by vehicle along roads throughout the geographic region to observe features and/or record information about them, for example. Also, remote sensing, such as aerial or satellite photography, can be used. 
     The geographic database  107  can be a master geographic database stored in a format that facilitates updating, maintenance, and development. For example, the master geographic database  107  or data in the master geographic database  107  can be in an Oracle spatial format or other spatial format (for example, accommodating different map layers), such as for development or production purposes. The Oracle spatial format or development/production database can be compiled into a delivery format, such as a geographic data files (GDF) format. The data in the production and/or delivery formats can be compiled or further compiled to form geographic database products or databases, which can be used in end user navigation devices or systems. 
     For example, geographic data is compiled (such as into a platform specification format (PSF) format) to organize and/or configure the data for performing navigation-related functions and/or services, such as route calculation, route guidance, map display, speed calculation, distance and travel time functions, and other functions, by a navigation device. The navigation-related functions can correspond to vehicle navigation, pedestrian navigation, or other types of navigation. The compilation to produce the end user databases can be performed by a party or entity separate from the map developer. For example, a customer of the map developer, such as a navigation device developer or other end user device developer, can perform compilation on a received geographic database in a delivery format to produce one or more compiled navigation databases. 
       FIG.  6    is a diagram of the components of the data analysis system  103  of  FIG.  1   , according to one embodiment. By way of example, the data analysis system  103  includes one or more components for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle according to the various embodiments described herein. It is contemplated that the functions of these components may be combined or performed by other components of equivalent functionality. In this embodiment, data analysis system  103  includes in input/output module  602 , a memory module  604 , and a processing module  606 . The above presented modules and components of the data analysis system  103  can be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. Though depicted as a separate entity in  FIG.  1   , it is contemplated that the data analysis system  103  may be implemented as a module of any of the components of the system  100  (e.g., a component of the services platform  113 , etc.). In another embodiment, one or more of the modules  602 - 606  may be implemented as a cloud-based service, local service, native application, or combination thereof. The functions of these modules are discussed with respect to  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    below. 
       FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    are flowcharts of example methods, each in accordance with at least some of the embodiments described herein. Although the blocks in each figure are illustrated in a sequential order, the blocks may in some instances be performed in parallel, and/or in a different order than those described therein. Also, the various blocks may be combined into fewer blocks, divided into additional blocks, and/or removed based upon the desired implementation. 
     In addition, the flowcharts of  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    each show the functionality and operation of one possible implementation of the present embodiments. In this regard, each block may represent a module, a segment, or a portion of program code, which includes one or more instructions executable by a processor for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. The program code may be stored on any type of computer readable medium, for example, such as a storage device including a disk or hard drive. The computer readable medium may include non-transitory computer-readable media that stores data for short periods of time, such as register memory, processor cache, or Random Access Memory (RAM), and/or persistent long term storage, such as read only memory (ROM), optical or magnetic disks, or compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. The computer readable media may also be, or include, any other volatile or non-volatile storage systems. The computer readable medium may be considered a computer readable storage medium, a tangible storage device, or other article of manufacture, for example. 
     Alternatively, each block in  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    may represent circuitry that is wired to perform the specific logical functions in the process. Illustrative methods, such as those shown in  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9   , may be carried out in whole or in part by a component or components in the cloud and/or system. However, it should be understood that the example methods may instead be carried out by other entities or combinations of entities (i.e., by other computing devices and/or combinations of computing devices), without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, functions of the method of  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    may be fully performed by a computing device (or components of a computing device such as one or more processors) or may be distributed across multiple components of the computing device, across multiple computing devices, and/or across a server. 
     Referring first to  FIG.  7   , an example method  700  may include one or more operations, functions, or actions as illustrated by blocks  702 - 706 . The blocks  702 - 706  may be repeated periodically or performed intermittently, or as prompted by a user, device, or system. In one embodiment, the method  700  is implemented in whole or in part by the data analysis system  103  of  FIG.  6   . 
     As shown by block  702 , the method  700  includes receiving sensor data associated with an occupant of a vehicle traveling along a road segment. In one example, the input/output module  602  of  FIG.  6    is configured to receive the sensor data associated with the occupant of the vehicle traveling along the road segment and store the sensor data in the memory module  604 . In one example, the sensor data is collected using at least one sensor configured to detect a gaze, an eye movement, a body movement, or a combination thereof of the occupant of the vehicle. In another example, the sensor data is collected using at least one sensor configured to detect one or more characteristics of the environment outside the vehicle. In one example, the sensor data is collected using at least one sensor configured to detect a change in or ore more aspects of the cabin of the vehicle. 
     As shown by block  704 , the method  700  also includes based on the sensor data, determining an attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. In one example, the processing module  606  of  FIG.  6    is configured to determine an attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment based on the sensor data. In one example, determining the attention level of the occupant comprises determining a duration and a location outside of the vehicle that the occupant viewed while travelling along the road segment. In another example, determining the attention level of the occupant comprises determining a duration of time that the occupant is associated with viewing one or more window panes of the vehicle while traveling along the road segment. 
     As shown by block  706 , the method  700  also includes encoding the attention level in a database to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment. In one example, encoding the attention level in the database comprises mapping the determined attention level to a map data layer of a high-definition map. In this example, the determined attention level is mapped to map data corresponding to the road segment. In one embodiment, the method  700  also includes linking the attention levels with one or more portions, components, areas, layers, features, text, symbols, and/or data records of a map (e.g., an HD map). 
     In one embodiment, the method  700  may further include determining one or more modifications to the one or more aspects of the vehicle operation for the vehicles traveling along the road segment at one or more locations along the road segment. In this embodiment, the method  700  may further include determining an expected attention level of the occupant based on the determined one or more modifications. Continuing with this embodiment, the method  700  may further include encoding the expected attention level in the database. In one example, the method  700  may compare a detected attention level of a vehicle occupant with the expected attention level for a particular road segment. In this example, the method  700  may further include providing a notification to vehicle occupant based on the comparison. 
     In one example, the one or more modifications to the one or more aspects of the vehicle operation for the vehicles comprises an adjustment in a level of autonomous operation for an autonomous vehicle. In one scenario, the levels of autonomous operation may be a standard maintained, for example, by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). As an example, the numbering scheme may be 5=full automation level, 4=semi-automation level, 3=conditional automation level, 2=partial automation level, 1=driving assistance level, and/or 0=no autonomous driving or tradition driving level. In one example, the method  700  may include determining a modification from an automation level 4 to an automation level 2 for a particular road segment. In this example, they method  700  may increase the expected attention level from medium to high for an occupant of the vehicle associated with that particular road segment based on the decrease in automation level. In another example, the method  700  may include determining a modification from an automation level 2 to an automation level 5 for a particular road segment. In this example, they method  700  may decrease the expected attention level from high to low for an occupant of the vehicle associated with that particular road segment based on the increase in automation level. 
     In one embodiment, the method  700  may further include receiving contextual data associated with the vehicle traveling along the road segment. In this embodiment, the method  700  may include, based on the sensor data and the contextual data, determining the attentional level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. In one example, the contextual data may include the time and/or date corresponding to when the vehicle was traveling along the road segment. In another example, the contextual data may include information based on traffic data, weather data, event data, or a combination thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the method  700  may further include determining a position of the occupant within the vehicle. In this embodiment, the method  700  may include, based on the sensor data and the position of the occupant, determining the attention level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. For example, the attention level of an occupant of the vehicle sitting in the driver&#39;s position of the vehicle may be higher due to the proximity to a larger window pane in the front of the vehicle compared to the attention level of an occupant of the vehicle sitting in a back seat of the vehicle. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , the example method  800  may include one or more operations, functions, or actions as illustrated by blocks  802 - 808 . The blocks  802 - 808  may be repeated periodically or performed intermittently, or as prompted by a user, device, or system. In one embodiment, the method  800  is implemented in whole or in part by the data analysis system  103  of  FIG.  6   . 
     As shown by block  802 , the method  800  includes receiving attention level data corresponding to one or more road segments that form a route. In one example, the attention level data includes the direction of travel associated with travelling along the road segment, the time required to travel along the road segment, and the expected attention level of a vehicle occupant corresponding to the road segment. In one example, the attention level data includes attention level data based on a passenger of a vehicle and attention level data based on a driver of a vehicle. In another example, the attention level data includes one or more recommended activities for the occupant of the vehicle. In one example, road segments corresponding to a low attention level may be associated with recommended activities such as emailing, working, operating mobile apps, applying makeup, or playing video games. In another example, road segments corresponding to a medium attention level may be associated with recommended activities such as speaking on the phone, navigation related activities such as selecting different routes, searching for points of interest, or checking traffic. In one example, road segments corresponding to a high attention level may be associated with no recommended activities and instead instruct the occupant who is sitting in the driver&#39;s position to prepare to assume control of the vehicle. 
     As shown by block  804 , the method  800  also includes based on sensor data, determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle traveling along the route. In one example, the processing module  606  of  FIG.  6    is configured to determine an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle traveling along the route based on the sensor data. In one example, the sensor data is collected using at least one sensor configured to detect a gaze, an eye movement, a body movement, or a combination thereof of the occupant of the vehicle. In one embodiment, determining the attention level of the occupant is based on a duration of time that the occupant is associated with viewing one or more window panes of the vehicle while traveling along the route. In another embodiment, the attention level of the occupant is based on a duration of time associated with a user interface for navigation and routing purposes corresponding to the vehicle. 
     In one embodiment, the method  800  may further include determining a position of the occupant within the vehicle. In this embodiment, the method  800  may further include based on the sensor data and the position of the occupant, determining the attention level of the occupant of the vehicle travelling along the route. In one example, an occupant of a vehicle sitting in a position closer to the rear of the vehicle may have a lower attention level with the environment outside of the vehicle based on not needing to manually operate the vehicle. 
     As shown by block  806 , the method  800  also includes analyzing the attention level of the occupant and the attention level data corresponding to the one or more road segments. In one example, the processing module  606  of  FIG.  6    is configured to analyze the attention level of the occupant and the attention level data corresponding to the one or more road segments. In one example, the analysis may determine that there is no need to engage with the occupant of the vehicle based on the attention level of the occupant matching with an expected attention level along a first road segment. In another example, the analysis may determine that there is a need to engage with the occupant of the vehicle based on the attention level of the occupant not matching with an expected attention level along a second road segment. 
     As shown by block  808 , the method  800  also includes based on the analysis, providing an instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle. In one example, the processing module  606  of  FIG.  6    is configured to provide an instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle via the input/output module  604  of  FIG.  6   . In one example, the instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle is an instruction for the occupant to assume control of the vehicle while travelling along the route. In another example, the instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle is an instruction for the occupant to view in a particular direction outside of the vehicle while traveling along the route. In one example, the instruction for engaging the occupant of the vehicle is based on the one or more recommended activities associated with attention level data. In another example, the instruction may include an instruction for the occupant of the vehicle to interact with the vehicle via a mobile device (e.g., UE  109  of  FIG.  1   ). In this example, the occupant of the vehicle may select between one or more modifications to a current route via the mobile device. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , the example method  900  may include one or more operations, functions, or actions as illustrated by blocks  902 - 906 . The blocks  902 - 906  may be repeated periodically or performed intermittently, or as prompted by a user, device, or system. In one embodiment, the method  900  is implemented in whole or in part by the data analysis system  103  of  FIG.  6   . 
     As shown by block  902 , the method  900  includes receiving a destination as input. In one example, the input/output module  604  of  FIG.  6    is configured to receive a destination as input. 
     As shown by block  904 , the method  900  also includes determining a route from a current location to the destination via a plurality of road segments, wherein one or more of the plurality of road segments to be part of the route is determined based on attention level data associated with the one or more of the plurality of road segments. In one example, the processing module  606  of  FIG.  6    is configured to determine a route from a current location to the destination via a plurality of road segments. In this example, one or more of the plurality of road segments that are part of the route are determined based on the attention level data associated with the one or more of the plurality of road segments. In one example, the attention level data includes spatial and temporal elements corresponding to the one or more of the plurality of the road segments. In one example, the attention level data includes attention level data based on a passenger of a vehicle and attention level data based on a driver of a vehicle. 
     As shown by block  906 , the method  900  also includes outputting the determined route or a portion thereof. In one example, the input/output module  604  of  FIG.  6    is configured to output the determined route or a portion thereof. In one example, outputting the determined route or a portion thereof includes rendering on a user interface the navigation route, a recommended point of interest, a recommended plan for activities or a combination thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the method  900  may further include determining a position of an occupant within a vehicle. In this embodiment, the method  900  may further include determining a route from the current location to the destination via the plurality of road segments. Continuing with this embodiment, the one or more of the plurality of road segments to be part of the route is determined based on the position of the occupant within the vehicle and the attention level data associated with the one or more of the plurality of road segments. 
     The methods and features herein can be utilized to process the opposite of attention levels as well, such as distraction levels where an occupant does not desire to pay attention to something associated with a road segment. In one scenario, an occupant may choose not to pay attention to something outside of the vehicle that is disruptive to the occupant. In one example, a method includes receiving sensor data associated with an occupant of a vehicle traveling along a road segment. The method also includes based on the sensor data, determining a distraction level of the occupant corresponding to the road segment. The method also includes encoding the distraction level in a database to facilitate one or more aspects of vehicle operation for vehicles travelling along the road segment. 
     The processes described herein for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle may be advantageously implemented via software, hardware (e.g., general processor, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chip, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc.), firmware or a combination thereof. Such exemplary hardware for performing the described functions is detailed below. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a computer system  1000  upon which an embodiment may be implemented. Computer system  1000  is programmed (e.g., via computer program code or instructions) to provide information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle as described herein and includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  1010  for passing information between other internal and external components of the computer system  1000 . Information (also called data) is represented as a physical expression of a measurable phenomenon, typically electric voltages, but including, in other embodiments, such phenomena as magnetic, electromagnetic, pressure, chemical, biological, molecular, atomic, sub-atomic and quantum interactions. For example, north and south magnetic fields, or a zero and non-zero electric voltage, represent two states ( 0 ,  1 ) of a binary digit (bit). Other phenomena can represent digits of a higher base. A superposition of multiple simultaneous quantum states before measurement represents a quantum bit (qubit). A sequence of one or more digits constitutes digital data that is used to represent a number or code for a character. In some embodiments, information called analog data is represented by a near continuum of measurable values within a particular range. 
     A bus  1010  includes one or more parallel conductors of information so that information is transferred quickly among devices coupled to the bus  1010 . One or more processors  1002  for processing information are coupled with the bus  1010 . 
     A processor  1002  performs a set of operations on information as specified by computer program code related to determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. The computer program code is a set of instructions or statements providing instructions for the operation of the processor and/or the computer system to perform specified functions. The code, for example, may be written in a computer programming language that is compiled into a native instruction set of the processor. The code may also be written directly using the native instruction set (e.g., machine language). The set of operations include bringing information in from the bus  1010  and placing information on the bus  1010 . The set of operations also typically include comparing two or more units of information, shifting positions of units of information, and combining two or more units of information, such as by addition or multiplication or logical operations like OR, exclusive OR (XOR), and AND. Each operation of the set of operations that can be performed by the processor is represented to the processor by information called instructions, such as an operation code of one or more digits. A sequence of operations to be executed by the processor  1002 , such as a sequence of operation codes, constitute processor instructions, also called computer system instructions or, simply, computer instructions. Processors may be implemented as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical or quantum components, among others, alone or in combination. 
     Computer system  1000  also includes a memory  1004  coupled to bus  1010 . The memory  1004 , such as a random-access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, stores information including processor instructions for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. Dynamic memory allows information stored therein to be changed by the computer system  1000 . RAM allows a unit of information stored at a location called a memory address to be stored and retrieved independently of information at neighboring addresses. The memory  1004  is also used by the processor  1002  to store temporary values during execution of processor instructions. The computer system  1000  also includes a read only memory (ROM)  1006  or other static storage device coupled to the bus  1010  for storing static information, including instructions, that is not changed by the computer system  1000 . Some memory is composed of volatile storage that loses the information stored thereon when power is lost. Also coupled to bus  1010  is a non-volatile (persistent) storage device  1008 , such as a magnetic disk, optical disk or flash card, for storing information, including instructions, that persists even when the computer system  1000  is turned off or otherwise loses power. 
     Information, including instructions for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle, is provided to the bus  1010  for use by the processor from an external input device  1012 , such as a keyboard containing alphanumeric keys operated by a human user, or a sensor. A sensor detects conditions in its vicinity and transforms those detections into physical expression compatible with the measurable phenomenon used to represent information in the computer system  1000 . Other external devices coupled to bus  1010 , used primarily for interacting with humans, include a display  1014 , such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD), or plasma screen or printer for presenting text or images, and a pointing device  1016 , such as a mouse or a trackball or cursor direction keys, or motion sensor, for controlling a position of a small cursor image presented on the display  1014  and issuing commands associated with graphical elements presented on the display  1014 . In some embodiments, for example, in embodiments in which the computer system  1000  performs all functions automatically without human input, one or more of external input device  1012 , display device  1014  and pointing device  1016  is omitted. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, special purpose hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)  1020 , is coupled to bus  1010 . The special purpose hardware is configured to perform operations not performed by processor  1002  quickly enough for special purposes. Examples of application specific ICs include graphics accelerator cards for generating images for display  1014 , cryptographic boards for encrypting and decrypting messages sent over a network, speech recognition, and interfaces to special external devices, such as robotic arms and medical scanning equipment that repeatedly perform some complex sequence of operations that are more efficiently implemented in hardware. 
     The computer system  1000  may also include one or more instances of a communications interface  1070  coupled to bus  1010 . The communication interface  1070  may provide a one-way or two-way communication coupling to a variety of external devices that operate with their own processors, such as printers, scanners and external disks. In addition, the communication interface  1070  may provide a coupling to a local network  1080 , by way of a network link  1078 . The local network  1080  may provide access to a variety of external devices and systems, each having their own processors and other hardware. For example, the local network  1080  may provide access to a host  1082 , or an internet service provider  1084 , or both, as shown in  FIG.  10   . The internet service provider  1084  may then provide access to the Internet  1090 , in communication with various other servers  1092 . 
     The computer system  1000  also includes one or more instances of a communication interface  1070  coupled to bus  1010 . Communication interface  1070  provides a one-way or two-way communication coupling to a variety of external devices that operate with their own processors, such as printers, scanners and external disks. In general, the coupling is with a network link  1078  that is connected to a local network  1080  to which a variety of external devices with their own processors are connected. For example, communication interface  1070  may be a parallel port or a serial port or a universal serial bus (USB) port on a personal computer. In some embodiments, the communication interface  1070  is an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a digital subscriber line (DSL) card or a telephone modem that provides an information communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. In some embodiments, a communication interface  1070  is a cable modem that converts signals on bus  1010  into signals for a communication connection over a coaxial cable or into optical signals for a communication connection over a fiber optic cable. As another example, the communication interface  1070  may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, such as Ethernet. Wireless links may also be implemented. For wireless links, the communication interface  1070  sends or receives or both sends and receives electrical, acoustic or electromagnetic signals, including infrared and optical signals, that carry information streams, such as digital data. For example, in wireless handheld devices, such as mobile telephones like cell phones, the communication interface  1070  includes a radio band electromagnetic transmitter and receiver called a radio transceiver. In certain embodiments, the communication interface  670  enables connection to the communication network  115  of  FIG.  1    for providing information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. 
     The term computer-readable medium is used herein to refer to any medium that participates in providing information to processor  1002 , including instructions for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device  1008 . Volatile media include, for example, dynamic memory  1004 . Transmission media include, for example, coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic cables, and carrier waves that travel through space without wires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves, including radio, optical and infrared waves. Signals include man-made transient variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization or other physical properties transmitted through the transmission media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any other physical medium with patterns of holes or other optically recognizable indicia, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a chip set  1100  upon which an embodiment may be implemented. The chip set  1100  is programmed to determine an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle as described herein and includes, for instance, the processor and memory components described with respect to  FIG.  11    incorporated in one or more physical packages (e.g., chips). By way of example, a physical package includes an arrangement of one or more materials, components, and/or wires on a structural assembly (e.g., a baseboard) to provide one or more characteristics such as physical strength, conservation of size, and/or limitation of electrical interaction. It is contemplated that in certain embodiments the chip set can be implemented in a single chip. 
     In one embodiment, the chip set  1100  includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  1101  for passing information among the components of the chip set  1100 . A processor  1103  has connectivity to the bus  1101  to execute instructions and process information stored in, for example, a memory  1105 . The processor  1103  may include one or more processing cores with each core configured to perform independently. A multi-core processor enables multiprocessing within a single physical package. Examples of a multi-core processor include two, four, eight, or greater numbers of processing cores. Alternatively, or in addition, the processor  1103  may include one or more microprocessors configured in tandem via the bus  1101  to enable independent execution of instructions, pipelining, and multithreading. The processor  1103  may also be accompanied with one or more specialized components to perform certain processing functions and tasks such as one or more digital signal processors (DSP)  1107 , or one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC)  1109 . A DSP  1107  typically is configured to process real-world signals (e.g., sound) in real time independently of the processor  1103 . Similarly, an ASIC  1109  can be configured to performed specialized functions not easily performed by a general purposed processor. Other specialized components to aid in performing the inventive functions described herein include one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) (not shown), one or more controllers (not shown), or one or more other special-purpose computer chips. 
     The processor  1103  and accompanying components have connectivity to the memory  1105  via the bus  1101 . The memory  1105  includes both dynamic memory (e.g., RAM, magnetic disk, writable optical disk, etc.) and static memory (e.g., ROM, CD-ROM, etc.) for storing executable instructions that when executed perform the steps described herein to provide information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. The memory  1105  also stores the data associated with or generated by the execution of the inventive steps. 
       FIG.  12    is a diagram of exemplary components of a mobile terminal  1201  (e.g., a mobile device, vehicle, and/or part thereof) capable of operating in the system of  FIG.  1   , according to one embodiment. Generally, a radio receiver is often defined in terms of front-end and back-end characteristics. The front-end of the receiver encompasses all of the Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry whereas the back end encompasses all of the base-band processing circuitry. Pertinent internal components of the telephone include a Main Control Unit (MCU)  1203 , a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)  1205 , and a receiver/transmitter unit including a microphone gain control unit and a speaker gain control unit. A main display unit  1207  provides a display to the user in support of various applications and mobile station functions that offer automatic contact matching. An audio function circuitry  1209  includes a microphone  1211  and microphone amplifier that amplifies the speech signal output from the microphone  1211 . The amplified speech signal output from the microphone  1211  is fed to a coder/decoder (CODEC)  1213 . 
     A radio section  1215  amplifies power and converts frequency in order to communicate with a base station, which is included in a mobile communication system, via antenna  1217 . The power amplifier (PA)  1219  and the transmitter/modulation circuitry are operationally responsive to the MCU  1203 , with an output from the PA  1219  coupled to the duplexer  1221  or circulator or antenna switch, as known in the art. The PA  1219  also couples to a battery interface and power control unit  1220 . 
     In use, a user of mobile terminal  1201  speaks into the microphone  1211  and his or her voice along with any detected background noise is converted into an analog voltage. The analog voltage is then converted into a digital signal through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)  1223 . The control unit  1203  routes the digital signal into the DSP  1205  for processing therein, such as speech encoding, channel encoding, encrypting, and interleaving. In one embodiment, the processed voice signals are encoded, by units not separately shown, using a cellular transmission protocol such as global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, 5G networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), satellite, and the like. 
     The encoded signals are then routed to an equalizer  1225  for compensation of any frequency-dependent impairments that occur during transmission though the air such as phase and amplitude distortion. After equalizing the bit stream, the modulator  1227  combines the signal with a RF signal generated in the RF interface  1229 . The modulator  1227  generates a sine wave by way of frequency or phase modulation. In order to prepare the signal for transmission, an up-converter  1231  combines the sine wave output from the modulator  1227  with another sine wave generated by a synthesizer  1233  to achieve the desired frequency of transmission. The signal is then sent through a PA  1219  to increase the signal to an appropriate power level. In practical systems, the PA  1219  acts as a variable gain amplifier whose gain is controlled by the DSP  1205  from information received from a network base station. The signal is then filtered within the duplexer  1221  and optionally sent to an antenna coupler  1235  to match impedances to provide maximum power transfer. Finally, the signal is transmitted via antenna  1217  to a local base station. An automatic gain control (AGC) can be supplied to control the gain of the final stages of the receiver. The signals may be forwarded from there to a remote telephone which may be another cellular telephone, other mobile phone or a landline connected to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), or other telephony networks. 
     Voice signals transmitted to the mobile terminal  1201  are received via antenna  1217  and immediately amplified by a low noise amplifier (LNA)  1237 . A down-converter  1239  lowers the carrier frequency while the demodulator  1241  strips away the RF leaving only a digital bit stream. The signal then goes through the equalizer  1225  and is processed by the DSP  1205 . A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)  1243  converts the signal and the resulting output is transmitted to the user through the speaker  1245 , all under control of a Main Control Unit (MCU)  1203 —which can be implemented as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not shown). 
     The MCU  1203  receives various signals including input signals from the keyboard  1247 . The keyboard  1247  and/or the MCU  1203  in combination with other user input components (e.g., the microphone  1211 ) comprise a user interface circuitry for managing user input. The MCU  1203  runs a user interface software to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile station  1201  to provide information for determining an attention level of an occupant of a vehicle. The MCU  1203  also delivers a display command and a switch command to the display  1207  and to the speech output switching controller, respectively. Further, the MCU  1203  exchanges information with the DSP  1205  and can access an optionally incorporated SIM card  1249  and a memory  1251 . In addition, the MCU  1203  executes various control functions required of the station. The DSP  1205  may, depending upon the implementation, perform any of a variety of conventional digital processing functions on the voice signals. Additionally, DSP  1205  determines the background noise level of the local environment from the signals detected by microphone  1211  and sets the gain of microphone  1211  to a level selected to compensate for the natural tendency of the user of the mobile terminal  1201 . 
     The CODEC  1213  includes the ADC  1223  and DAC  1243 . The memory  1251  stores various data including call incoming tone data and is capable of storing other data including music data received via, e.g., the global Internet. The software module could reside in RAM memory, flash memory, registers, or any other form of writable computer-readable storage medium known in the art including non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. For example, the memory device  1251  may be, but not limited to, a single memory, CD, DVD, ROM, RAM, EEPROM, optical storage, or any other non-volatile or non-transitory storage medium capable of storing digital data. 
     An optionally incorporated SIM card  1249  carries, for instance, important information, such as the cellular phone number, the carrier supplying service, subscription details, and security information. The SIM card  1249  serves primarily to identify the mobile terminal  1201  on a radio network. The SIM card  1249  also contains a memory for storing a personal telephone number registry, text messages, and user specific mobile station settings. 
     While features have been described in connection with a number of embodiments and implementations, various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview of the appended claims are envisioned. Although features are expressed in certain combinations among the claims, it is contemplated that these features can be arranged in any combination and order.