Patent Publication Number: US-2023153131-A1

Title: 3rd party application management

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/301,631, filed on Apr. 9, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/236,088, filed on Dec. 28, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,023,261, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of virtual currency. In particular, the disclosed embodiments provide for virtual currency within a social network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Social networking applications support a broad array of features, which continues to expand. Some of these features include the ability to integrate third party applications into the social networking framework. While 3 rd  party applications can augment social network functionality in important ways, user data segmentation is often of significant importance. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is block diagram illustrating further details regarding the messaging system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating data which may be stored in a database of the messaging system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating functional components of a feed display system that forms part of the messaging system, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    shows an overview diagram of message flow between various components of the messaging client application  104 . 
         FIG.  6    shows example data structures that may be maintained by one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a flowchart of a method for displaying a user interface in response to a request from an application running in a web view. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a flowchart of a method for displaying a user interface by a web view that does not have access to user data. 
         FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method for identifying a user interface to display. 
         FIG.  9    shows an example user interface structure that may be implemented in at least some of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    shows examples of two messages that may be implemented in at least some of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  11    shows examples of user interfaces that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  12    shows examples of user interfaces that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  13    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  14    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  15    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG.  16    is a block diagram illustrating a representative software architecture, which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described. 
         FIG.  17    is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine, according to some exemplary embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail. 
     Disclosed are embodiments that provide for launching and running third party applications within a web view. The web view may be implemented via a browser application embedded within a social networking application. To restrict access to user data available to the social networking application, the web view may be run in a separate security domain from the social network application per se. In some aspects, a webview application is bundled inside a mobile device application. Use of a webview application may allow a mobile application to be build using web based technologies, such as one or more of HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc.) The webview application may be bundled within an application that runs natively on a mobile device operating system. 
     Certain user interfaces may only be accessible from the social networking application, and not via the web view. For example, if a user interface needs to access user data in order to perform its function, it will be unable to do this from the web view, and may need to rely on the social networking application to display this user interface on its behalf. In some embodiments, the web view may also be configured in a security domain that prevents access to financial information, such as virtual currency balance information (e.g. token balance), a store providing for selling or buying virtual currency (token shop). Additionally, dialogs confirming financial transactions may also be made unavailable to the web view application. Thus, the social network application may display confirmation dialogs before performing any financial transactions on behalf of the web view application. 
     To facilitate this, the web view application may generate a request to display a user interface. The request is provided to the social network application. The request may indicate one or more parameters for selecting an appropriate user interface to display. For example, the request may specify a particular type of user interface to display, and other criterion. The other criterion may relate to, for example, characteristics of the user interface to be displayed. For example, the request may indicate a video should be displayed, or an image, or other type of content. 
     The social network application then accesses user data as necessary to complete the request. For example, selecting a user interface to display may include matching available user interfaces to display with one or more characteristics of the user to which the user interface will be displayed. Selecting the user interface may also include selecting a user interface that is in accordance with parameters provided by the web view application. 
     While the user interface is displayed, input received to the user interface is monitored. For example, the user interface may be monitored to determine whether a user is engaged with the user interface, whether the user interface was canceled, whether portions of the user interface were skipped by the user, whether the user interface was made a background window, or lost focus while it was being displayed, or other indications of the user&#39;s engagement with the user interface. 
     The display of the user interface may determine how virtual currency is allocated to a user account. For example, each user interface available for display may be associated with a specific amount of virtual currency that can be credited to an account displaying the user interface. Depending on the results of a display of the user interface, a portion or all of the specific amount may be credited. For example, if a user watches 40% of a video, 40% of the virtual currency available may be credited to the user&#39;s account. 
     Thus, by delegating the display of user interfaces to a social networking application, a web based application running within a web view may be maintained with a security domain that restricts access to user data. This provides for a more secure computing environment, especially when those web based applications are developed by third parties, who&#39;s technical skill and/or motives are not guaranteed to ensure the security of said user data. 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system  100  for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network. The messaging system  100  includes multiple client devices  102 , each of which hosts a number of applications including a messaging client application  104 . Each messaging client application  104  is communicatively coupled to other instances of the messaging client application  104  and a messaging server system  108  via a network  106  (e.g., the Internet). As used herein, the term “client device” may refer to any machine that interfaces with a communications network (such as the network  106 ) to obtain resources from one or more server systems or other client devices. A client device may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, desktop computer, laptop, portable digital assistant (PDA), smart phone, tablet, ultra book, netbook, laptop, multi-processor system, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics system, game console, set-top box, or any other communication device that a user may use to access a network. 
     In the example shown in  FIG.  1   , each messaging client application  104  is able to communicate and exchange data with another messaging client application  104  and with the messaging server system  108  via the network  106 . The data exchanged between the messaging client applications  104 , and between a messaging client application  104  and the messaging server system  108 , includes functions (e.g., commands to invoke functions) as well as payload data (e.g., text, audio, video, or other multimedia data). 
     The network  106  may include, or operate in conjunction with, an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, the network  106  or a portion of the network  106  may include a wireless or cellular network and the connection to the network  106  may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or another type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth-generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard, or others defined by various standard-setting organizations, other long-range protocols, or other data transfer technology. 
     The messaging server system  108  provides server-side functionality via the network  106  to a particular messaging client application  104 . While certain functions of the messaging system  100  are described herein as being performed by either a messaging client application  104  or by the messaging server system  108 , it will be appreciated that the location of certain functionality either within the messaging client application  104  or the messaging server system  108  is a design choice. For example, it may be technically preferable to initially deploy certain technology and functionality within the messaging server system  108 , but to later migrate this technology and functionality to the messaging client application  104  where a client device  102  has a sufficient processing capacity. 
     The messaging server system  108  supports various services and operations that are provided to the messaging client application  104 . Such operations include transmitting data to, receiving data from, and processing data generated by the messaging client application  104 . This data may include message content, client device information, geolocation information, media annotation and overlays, message content persistence conditions, social network information, and live event information, as examples. Data exchanges within the messaging system  100  are invoked and controlled through functions available via user interfaces (UIs) of the messaging client application  104 . 
     Turning now specifically to the messaging server system  108 , an Application Programming Interface (API) server  110  is coupled to, and provides a programmatic interface to, an application server  112 . The application server  112  is communicatively coupled to a database server  118 , which facilitates access to a database  120  in which is stored data associated with messages processed by the application server  112 . 
     The API server  110  receives and transmits message data (e.g., commands and message payloads) between the client device  102  and the application server  112 . Specifically, the API server  110  provides a set of interfaces (e.g., routines and protocols) that can be called or queried by the messaging client application  104  in order to invoke functionality of the application server  112 . The API server  110  exposes various functions supported by the application server  112 , including account registration; login functionality; the sending of messages, via the application server  112 , from a particular messaging client application  104  to another messaging client application  104 ; the sending of media files (e.g., images or video) from a messaging client application  104  to the application server  112 , for possible access by another messaging client application  104 ; the setting of a collection of media data (e.g., story); the retrieval of a list of friends of a user of a client device  102 ; the retrieval of such collections; the retrieval of messages and content; the adding and deletion of friends to and from a social graph; the location of friends within a social graph; and the detecting of an application event (e.g., relating to the messaging client application  104 ). 
     The application server  112  hosts a number of applications and subsystems, including a messaging server application  114  and a social network system  116 . The messaging server application  114  implements a number of message processing technologies and functions, particularly related to the aggregation and other processing of content (e.g., textual and multimedia content) included in messages received from multiple instances of the messaging client application  104 . As will be described in further detail, the text and media content from multiple sources may be aggregated into collections of content (e.g., called stories or galleries). These collections are then made available, by the messaging server application  114 , to the messaging client application  104 . Other processor- and memory-intensive processing of data may also be performed server-side by the messaging server application  114 , in view of the hardware requirements for such processing. 
     The social network system  116  supports various social networking functions and services, and makes these functions and services available to the messaging server application  114 . To this end, the social network system  116  maintains and accesses an entity graph within the database  120 . Examples of functions and services supported by the social network system  116  include the identification of other users of the messaging system  100  with whom a particular user has relationships or whom the user is “following,” and also the identification of other entities and interests of a particular user. 
       FIG.  2    is block diagram illustrating further details regarding the messaging system  100 , according to exemplary embodiments. Specifically, the messaging system  100  is shown to comprise the messaging client application  104  and the application server  112 , which in turn embody a number of subsystems, namely a user account management component  202 , virtual currency component  204 , user interface management component  206 , and a 3 rd  party application management component  208 . 
     The user account management component  202  manages user account for the social network system  116 . For example, the user account management component  202  may maintain authentication credentials for each user account maintained by the social network system  116 . The user account management component  202  may also establish sessions based on authentication credentials provided by a client device. The session may provide access to resources, such as user data, content or access to other users on the social network, based on a successful authentication. 
     The virtual currency component  204  manages virtual currency within the social network system. For example, the virtual currency component  204  may allocate an amount of virtual currency to one or more user accounts. The virtual currency component  204  may manage currency balances within user accounts. For example, when certain actions are performed by a user account, a virtual currency of the user account may be increased or decreased, depending on the action. 
     The user interface management component  206  manages user interfaces presented by the messaging client application  104 . In some aspects, a user interface of messaging client application  104  may be invoked based on a request from a 3 rd  party application, such as a third party application running in a browser. The browser may be bundled within the messaging client application  104  in some aspects, for example, as a web view. Thus, there may be a need to manage user interfaces displayed within the web view and user interfaces displayed by the messaging client application  104 . 
     The 3 rd  party application management component  208  manages third party applications that may run as a bundled application within a browser included in the messaging client application  104 . For example, a bundled application may generate one or more requests for functionality from the messaging client application  104 . The 3 rd  party application management component  208  may service these requests, and provide data to the 3 rd  party application as appropriate for its respective function. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram  300  illustrating data which may be stored in the database  120  of the messaging server system  108 , according to certain exemplary embodiments. While the content of the database  120  is shown to comprise a number of tables, it will be appreciated that the data could be stored in other types of data structures (e.g., as an object-oriented database). 
     The database  120  includes message data stored within a message table  314 . An entity table  302  stores entity data, including an entity graph  304 . Entities for which records are maintained within the entity table  302  may include individuals, corporate entities, organizations, objects, places, events, etc. Regardless of type, any entity regarding which the messaging server system  108  stores data may be a recognized entity. Each entity is provided with a unique identifier, as well as an entity type identifier (not shown). 
     The entity graph  304  furthermore stores information regarding relationships and associations between or among entities. Such relationships may be social, professional (e.g., work at a common corporation or organization), interested-based, or activity-based, merely for example. 
     The database  120  also stores annotation data, in the example form of filters, in an annotation table  312 . Filters for which data is stored within the annotation table  312  are associated with and applied to videos (for which data is stored in a video table  310 ) and/or images (for which data is stored in an image table  308 ). Filters, in one example, are overlays that are displayed as overlaid on an image or video during presentation to a recipient user. Filters may be of varies types, including user-selected filters from a gallery of filters presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104  when the sending user is composing a message. Other types of filters include geolocation filters (also known as geo-filters), which may be presented to a sending user based on geographic location. For example, geolocation filters specific to a neighborhood or special location may be presented within a user interface by the messaging client application  104 , based on geolocation information determined by a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit of the client device  102 . Another type of filter is a data filter, which may be selectively presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104 , based on other inputs or information gathered by the client device  102  during the message creation process. Examples of data filters include a current temperature at a specific location, a current speed at which a sending user is traveling, a battery life for a client device  102 , or the current time. 
     As mentioned above, the video table  310  stores video data which, in one embodiment, is associated with messages for which records are maintained within the message table  314 . Similarly, the image table  308  stores image data associated with messages for which message data is stored in the entity table  302 . The entity table  302  may associate various annotations from the annotation table  312  with various images and videos stored in the image table  308  and the video table  310 . 
     A story table  306  stores data regarding collections of messages and associated image, video, or audio data, which are compiled into a collection (e.g., a Story or a gallery). The creation of a particular collection may be initiated by a particular user (e.g., a user for whom a record is maintained in the entity table  302 ). A user may create a “personal story” in the form of a collection of content that has been created and sent/broadcast by that user. To this end, the user interface of the messaging client application  104  may include an icon that is user-selectable to enable a sending user to add specific content to his or her personal story. 
     A collection may also constitute a “live story,” which is a collection of content from multiple users that is created manually, automatically, or using a combination of manual and automatic techniques. For example, a “live story” may constitute a curated stream of user-submitted content from various locations and events. Users whose client devices have location services enabled and who are at a common location or event at a particular time may, for example, be presented with an option, via a user interface of the messaging client application  104 , to contribute content to a particular live story. The live story may be identified to the user by the messaging client application  104 , based on his or her location. The end result is a “live story” told from a community perspective. 
     A further type of content collection is known as a “location story,” which enables a user whose client device  102  is located within a specific geographic location (e.g., on a college or university campus) to contribute to a particular collection. In some embodiments, a contribution to a location story may require a second degree of authentication to verify that the end user belongs to a specific organization or other entity (e.g., is a student on the university campus). 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating functional components of the 3 rd  party application management component  208  that forms part of the messaging system  100 , according to some example embodiments. To avoid obscuring the inventive subject matter with unnecessary detail, various functional components (e.g., modules, engines, and databases) that are not germane to conveying an understanding of the inventive subject matter have been omitted from  FIG.  4   . However, a skilled artisan will readily recognize that various additional functional components may be supported by the 3 rd  party application management component  208  to facilitate additional functionality that is not specifically described herein. As shown, the 3 rd  party application management component  208  includes a web view component  402 , a user data management component  404 , a control component  406 , and a UI display component  408 . 
     The above referenced functional components of the 3rd party application management component  208  are configured to communicate with each other (e.g., via a bus, shared memory, a switch, or APIs). Collectively, these components facilitate presenting of a feed of information content to a social network user based on content added or updated by friends of the social network user. In other words, the web view component  402 , user data management component  404 , control component  406 , and user interface display component  408  work in conjunction to provide user interface access to 3 rd  party applications via the messaging client component  104 . By providing access via the messaging client component  104 , 3 rd  party application are able to display user interfaces that rely on user data, without exposing the user data to the 3 rd  party applications themselves. This improves user privacy and security of the messaging client application  104 . 
     The web view component  402  provides for execution of a web-based application within the messaging client application  104 . In some aspects, the web view component  402  includes an embedded browser. 
     The user data management component  404  provides access to user data. User data may include, for example, personally identifiable information (PII) about one or more users of the social network. This may include demographic information such as user age, gender, address, and/or indications of the user&#39;s online behavior. 
     The control component  406  may provide for control of a user interface of the messaging client application  104  via an application running within the web view component  402 . For example, a third party application running within the web view component  402  may send a request to the control component  406  to display a user interface within the messaging client application  104 . The control component  406  may arbitrate this request and if appropriate, generate a user interface via the UI display component  408 , discussed below. The control component  406  may define a user interface to be displayed by the UI display component  408 , discussed below, based on user data accessed via the user data management component  406 . For example, which UI to display may vary based on one or more characteristics of a particular user, such as variations in the demographics of a user, or based on variations in content preferences of the user. 
     The UI display component  408  may display a user interface based on input provided by the control component  406 . For example, the UI display component may display a user interface specified by the control component  406 . 
     As is understood by skilled artisans in the relevant computer and Internet-related arts, each functional component illustrated in  FIG.  4    may be implemented using hardware (e.g., a processor of a machine) or a combination of logic (e.g., executable software instructions) and hardware (e.g., memory and the processor of a machine) for executing the logic. For example, any component included as part of the 3 rd  party application management component  208  may physically include an arrangement of one or more processors  410  (e.g., a subset of or among one or more processors of a machine) configured to perform the operations described herein for that component. As another example, any component of the 3 rd  party application management component  208  may include software, hardware, or both, that configure an arrangement of the one or more processors  410  to perform the operations described herein for that component. Accordingly, different components of the 3 rd  party application management component  208  may include and configure different arrangements of such processors  410  or a single arrangement of such processors  410  at different points in time. 
     Furthermore, the various functional components depicted in  FIG.  4    may reside on a single machine (e.g., a client device or a server) or may be distributed across several machines in various arrangements such as cloud-based architectures. Moreover, any two or more of these components may be combined into a single component, and the functions described herein for a single component may be subdivided among multiple components. Functional details of these components are described below with respect to  FIGS.  5 - 9   . 
       FIG.  5    shows an overview diagram of message flow between various components of the messaging client application  104 .  FIG.  5    shows that an application running within the web view component  402 . The web view component  402  is running within a separate security domain  520   b  compared to the rest of the application  104 , which runs within a security domain  520   a . The security domain  520   b  restricts access to data, such as user data, by the web view component  402 . 
     The web view component  402  sends a message or other signal  506  to the control component  406 . The signal  506  may indicate the web view requests to display a particular type of user interface. In some aspects, the particular type of user interface may be a particular type of advertisement. Upon receiving the signal  506 , the control component may determine which particular user interface may satisfy the request indicated by the signal  506 . The control component  406  may consult user data managed by the user data management component  404  to determine the particular type of user interface to display. Note the user data relied upon by the control component  406  may not be accessible to the web view component  402  due to the security domain  520  of the web view  402 . 
     Once a user interface is selected by the control component  406 , the control component  406  sends a message or other signal  510  to the UI display component  408 , indicating the selected user interface should be displayed. The UI component  408  then displays the indicated user interface. The UI component  408  may also track status of the displayed user interface. For example, if the user interface displays a video, the UI display component  408  may track a percentage of the video watched by the user. Similarly, the UI display component  408  may track to what extent the displayed user interface retains an active focus during a time the UI is displayed. 
     After the display of the UI selected by the control component  406  is complete, a signal  512  is sent from the UI display component  408  to the control component  406  indicating the completion. The signal  512  may also include indications of the results of the display. For example, as discussed above, one or more metrics reflecting a user experience with the displayed user interface may be provided back to the control component  406  by the UI display component  408 . The control component  406  then informs the application running within the web view component  402  that the display of the user interface has been completed. The control component  406  may further indicate a result or status of the UI display. For example, in some aspects, an application running within the web view component may be a game application. The game application may condition certain game features based on a type of advertisement watched by a user playing the game, and how robust the experience of the advertisement was. For example, if the user interacted with the advertisement through the entire display process, the game may provide a first reward to the user, such as a number of points or additional game turns or life points. If the user&#39;s interaction was less robust, for example, the user canceled the advertisement before the entire message was delivered, or if the advertisement was placed in the background for a portion of the time that the advertisement was played, this may result in different amounts of benefits being granted to the user by the game application. 
       FIG.  6    shows example data structures that may be maintained by one or more of the disclosed embodiments. In some aspects, one or more of the data structures discussed below with respect to  FIG.  6    may be included in the database(s)  120 . While the data structures of  FIG.  6    are discussed below as if they represent rows in a relational database table, one of skill would understand that the data structures of  FIG.  6    may be implemented using alternative technologies, such as implementation in an unstructured data store, as in memory linked lists, queues, records/structures, or other data storage and/or organization technologies and/or strategies. 
       FIG.  6    shows a user interface table  600 , user table  620 , session table  635 , and results table  640 . The user interface table  600  includes a user interface identifier  602 , type field  604 , content field  606 , one or more user characteristics  608   1 . . . n , and a user interface value field  612 . The user interface identifier  602  uniquely identifies a user interface. The type field  604  indicates a type of user interface identified by the user interface identifier  602 . The content field  606  includes data defining content of the user interface. For example, if the user interface is a video, the content field  606  stores data defining the video. The user characteristic ranges  608   1 . . . n  define ranges for user characteristics that may qualify a user for viewing of the content identified by the content identifier  606 . For example, a sum of characteristics of a particular user that fall within a respective one of the particular ranges  608   1 . . . n  may be used to select which content is displayed to a user. As one example, the ranges may define that the content  606  is appropriate for users aged 40-45 and female. The user interface value field  612  indicates a value that is awarded upon completion of display of the UI identified by UI ID  602 . The value field  612  may indicate a maximum value that can be awarded. As discussed below, in some aspects, partial completion of display of a user interface (e.g. a video), may be awarded a prorated portion of the value stored in the value field  612 . 
     The user table  620  includes a user identifier  622 , authentication credentials  624 , one or more user characteristics  626   1 . . . n , and a currency balance  628 . The user identifier  622  uniquely identifies a user account. The authentication credentials  624  define credentials that must be entered to establish a session linked to the user account. The user characteristics  626   1 . . . n  define one or more characteristics of the user. This may include demographic information of the user, such as age, gender, address, phone number, or other demographic information. The user characteristics may also include information that characterizes the user&#39;s interests. For example, a plurality of characteristics may be maintained indicating the user&#39;s affinity to different subject areas, such as sports, news, weather, politics, world events, human interest, etc. The currency balance  628  indicates an amount of currency associated with the user account. The currency may be used to purchase virtual or real goods within the context of the social networking system  116 . The user characteristics  626   1 . . . n.  may have corresponding criterion or ranges  608   1 . . . n  in the user interface table  600 . 
     The session table  635  stores a session identifier  636  and a user identifier  638 . The session identifier  636  indicates a currently active session. The session may be established in response to a successful authentication of a user account. 
     The results table  640  includes a display identifier  642 , user interface identifier  644 , user identifier  646 , and results statistics  648 . The display identifier  642  defines a unique instance of a display of a particular user interface (identified by  644 ) to a particular user (identified by  646 ). The results statistics  648  characterize a level of engagement of the user with the displayed user interface. For example, the results statistics  648  may indicate one or more of whether the user watched the entire content, whether the content was actively selected during the time watched, whether the user selected a control to skip at least a portion of the content, whether the user replayed the content, whether the user shared, favorited, or forwarded the content. 
       FIG.  7 A  is a flowchart of a method for displaying a user interface in response to a request from an application running in a web view. One or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  7 A  may be performed by hardware processing circuitry. For example, instructions stored in a memory may configure hardware processing circuitry to perform one or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  7 A . In some aspects, one or more of the functions discussed below may be performed by the messaging client application  104 . 
     In operation  705 , a request is received from a web view application. (e.g. request  506 ). The request is to display a user interface meeting one or more criteria. The criterion may be indicated in the request. For example, the request may indicate a type of user interface to display (e.g.  604 ). The request may also indicate one or more criteria for one or more characteristics of the user interface. For example, the request may indicate that the user interface is to display a video, text data, image data, a poll, a survey, or other type of multimedia content. In some aspects, operation  705  may be performed by the control component  406 , which is operating within a first security domain (e.g.,  520   a ). The control component  406  may be included in a native application, which runs on top of an operating system of a device. As discussed above, the first security domain  520   a  provides access to user data via the user data management module  404 . The web view application from which the request is received is operating in a second security domain (e.g.  520   b ). The second security domain does not allow access to user data by the web view application. 
     In operation  708 , user data is retrieved based on the request. Operation  708  may include reading any of the data described above with respect to the user table  600  of  FIG.  6   . The data may be read to prepare for operation  710 , discussed below. Option  708  may occur from within the first security domain (e.g.  520   a ) which has access to the user data, such as the table  620 . 
     In operation  710 , a user interface is identified for display. The identification is based on the one or more characteristic provided in the request and the user data. As discussed above, in some aspects, a user interface table (e.g.  600 ) may define a plurality of user interfaces, and corresponding criterion or ranges of characteristics for users viewing those user interfaces. As one example, one user interface may be configured for viewing by children (a criterion may include age &lt;15 for example), while a second user interface may be configured for viewing by adults (e.g. age &gt;18 for example). The user data retrieved in operation  708  may be matched against the criterion defined for user interfaces in the user interface table, and a count of matching criterion or characteristics determined. A user interface with a highest number of matching criterion or characteristics may be selected for display. One example embodiment of operation  710  is described below with respect to  FIG.  8   . 
     In operation  715 , the user interface is displayed. For example, content (e.g.  606 ) defining the user interface may be written to a display device. 
     In operation  720 , user interaction with the displayed user interface is monitored to generate display results. In various aspects, operation  720  may monitor input provided by the user to characterize a level of user engagement with the displayed user interface. Parameters that may be monitored can include whether the displayed user interface retains a focus while it is being displayed, whether the user canceled the displayed user interface or selected to skip one or more portions of the user interface, whether the user minimized the user interface, and a length of any idle period that may occur after the user interface has completed display. For example, an idle period longer than a threshold may indicate the user was not viewing the user interface, and thus, when any display activity of the user interface completed, the user did not react to the completion. In some aspects, operation  720  may determine a percentage of the user interface that was successfully displayed and/or received by a user. For example, if the user interface includes a video, the monitoring of operation  720  may determine a total percentage of the video that is played, for example, while a window playing the video retained focus. In some aspects, a virtual currency credit may be assigned to the web view application and/or a user running the web view application based on a value of the displayed UI (e.g.  612 ). The value may be pro-rated based on one or more attributes of the UI display. For example, if 50% of the UI (e.g. a video) is successfully displayed, 50% of the value of the UI (e.g.  612 ) may be allocated to the web view application and/or user running the web view application. 
     In operation  725 , a response to the web view application is provided. The response may indicate one or more results of the monitoring in operation  720 . In some aspects, the response may include an amount of virtual currency credited to the user as a result of the display of the user interface and the monitored user interaction. 
       FIG.  7 B  is a flowchart of a method for displaying a user interface by a web view. One or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  7 B  may be performed by hardware processing circuitry. For example, instructions stored in a memory may configure hardware processing circuitry to perform one or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  7 B . In some aspects, one or more of the functions discussed below may be performed by the messaging client application  104 . In some aspects, the process  750  of  FIG.  7 B  may be performed by a web view application running under a first security domain. The web view application may interact, as discussed above, with a native application, running under a second security domain. The native application has access to user data via the second security domain. The first security domain prevents access to the user data. For example, the web view application is unable to access the user data because the first security domain prevents such access. 
     In operation  755 , a request is generated to display a user interface. The request is generated to include one or more characteristics of the user interface requested. For example, the request may indicate a type of user interface to be displayed (e.g. as indicated by type  604 ). In some aspects, the request may indicate an amount of virtual currency desired or requested. For example, a web view application may seek to obtain a first amount of virtual currency via display of a user interface. The first amount may be based, for example, on a product or feature a user of the web view application desires to purchase, or has requested to purchase via the web view application. 
     In operation  760 , the request is transmitted to a native application. For example, as discussed above with respect to  FIG.  5   , the web view  402  may transmit a message  506  to the control component  406  within the security domain  520   a.    
     In operation  765 , a response to the request is received by the web view application. The response indicates a result of the request. In some aspects, the response indicates, for example, a completion status of displaying a user interface. For example, if a user interface was displayed that includes a video, the response may indicate a percentage of the video that was played and/or viewed. 
     In operation  770 , features of the web view are selectively enabled or disabled based on the result indicated in the response. For example, one or more features of a game may be enabled based on the response. The features may include, for example, life points in the game, additional weapons available for use by a player in the game, additional characters or costumes for use in the game, new scenes or environments for navigation by players in the game. 
       FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method for identifying a user interface to display. One or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  8    may be performed by hardware processing circuitry. For example, instructions stored in a memory may configure hardware processing circuitry to perform one or more of the functions discussed below with respect to  FIG.  8   . In some aspects, one or more of the functions discussed below may be performed by the messaging client application  104 . 
     In operation  805 , a first user characteristic and a first user interface are obtained. For example, each user account may be associated with a plurality of user characteristics. The user characteristics may include demographic information of the user, such as age, gender, address, or other demographic information. The user characteristics may also include metrics or statistics that characterize certain interests or behaviors of the user. Obtaining a first user interface may include identifying records in a database for a user interface. For example, obtaining a first user interface may include identifying a particular row in the user interface table  600  in some aspects. 
     In operation  808 , the user characteristic is compared to a respective criterion for the user interface. For example, as discussed above with respect to  FIG.  6   , one or more user characteristics (e.g.,  626   1 . . . n ) may correspond to one or more criteria or characteristic ranges (e.g.,  608   1 . . . n ) for a user interface (e.g. a row in table  600 ). 
     Decision operation  810  determines if the user characteristic matches the respective criterion specified for the user interface. If a match is found, process  800  moves to block  815 , which increments a match count for the user interface. Decision block  820  determines if additional user characteristics should be evaluated. If so, block  825  obtains a next characteristic, which is then compared in operation  808  to a respective criterion or range of the user interface. If there are no more characteristics to compare for the current user interface, block  830  stores the match count for the current user interface (e.g. row of UI table  600 ), 
     After process  800  iterates through the user interfaces, a match count for each user interface is available (via block  815 ). These match counts may then be evaluated to determine a best match. The best match may be based on which of the user interfaces had the highest match count. In some aspects, each characteristic may be associated with a weight, and thus a weighted match count is determined for each user interface. A user interface having the highest weighted match count may then be selected or identified for display. Some aspects of process  800  may also consider whether the user interface has been previously displayed to this user and/or within a time period. If the user interface was previously displayed, it may not be displayed again until a defined period of time elapses. Instead, another UI having a lower match count may be selected for display. 
       FIG.  9    shows an example user interface structure that may be implemented in at least some of the disclosed embodiments.  FIG.  9    shows a web view window  905  and a control  910 . In some aspects, an application may be implemented using HTML5 and be displayed in the web view window  905 . The application may be launched from the control  910 . The control  910  may be implemented on a native operating system of the platform displaying the user interface  900 , as a separate layer on top of a webview. The control  910  may provide functionality including bitmoji presence  915 , which displays other social network members that are interacting with the application; voice chat  920 , which provides for voice streaming by, in some embodiments, tapping the microphone, text chat  925 , which provides for sending text messages to other members engaged with the application; a nudge function  930 , which sends a push notification to a select set of users to remind them to engage with the application, and leave application functions, which quits the application and returns to an underlying chat conversation. 
       FIG.  10    shows examples of two messages that may be implemented in at least some of the disclosed embodiments. A first message  506  is a request message generated by a web view application. The request message indicates a request to display a user interface, as discussed above, for example, with respect to  FIG.  5   . The request message  506  includes a request id  1002 , type field  1004 , and a currency field  1006 . The request id  1002  is set by the web view application and identifies the request for the web view application. The type field  1004  indicates a type of user interface requested for display. The currency field  1006  indicates an amount of virtual currency that is requested as part of the display of the user interface. 
     The response message  512  includes a request id field  1010 , currency field  1012 , and results indication field  1014 . The request id field  1010  is set, by the control component  406  to a value equivalent to the request id field  1002  for the request message  506  that corresponds to the response  514 . The currency field  1012  indicates a resulting currency credited to a balance of the user account (e.g.  628 ) as a result of a display of a user interface as requested by the corresponding request  506  (the request including the same value in the request id field  1002  as the request id field  1010 . 
     While the description of  FIG.  10    above describes messages  506  and  514 , in some embodiments, the web view application (e.g. running in the web view component  402 ) may communicate with the control component  406  using method or functions calls instead of messages in some embodiments. In these embodiments, fields of the messages  506  and  514  shown in  FIG.  10    may instead be communicated between the web view application and the control component  406  via input parameters having equivalent values. Other methods of communication between components are also contemplated and are known in the art. The example messages of  FIG.  10    are intended to only be one illustrative example. 
       FIG.  11    shows example user interfaces, one or more of which may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments.  FIG.  11    shows user interfaces  1105   a - c . The user interface  1105   a  includes a play control  1110   a  and a shop control  1110   b . Selection of the shop control  1110   b  presents the user interface  1105   b . The user interface  1105   b  provides three shopping options  1115   a - c . Upon selection of the option  1115   c , the user interface  1105   c  is presented. The user interface  1105   c  includes an “open now” control  1120 . 
       FIG.  12    shows example user interfaces, one or more of which may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments.  FIG.  12    shows user interfaces  1105   d - e . User interface  1105   d  may be displayed in response to selection of the open now control  1120 , discussed above with respect to  FIG.  11   . The user interface  1105   d  is configured to confirm purchase of an item, and includes a buy button  1125 . Upon selection of the buy button  1125 , the user interface  1105   e  is displayed, which confirms a successful transaction. If the purchase was for an electronic item, such as an item that appears in an online gaming application, a user may begin using the item by selecting the button  1130  shown in user interface  1105   e.    
       FIG.  13    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments.  FIG.  13    is an example of a user interface that may be displayed by a native application when requested by a web view application. The user interface  1300  shows multiple options that may be selected by the user. These are labeled  1305   a - d . Depending on which option is selected, the user may receive a variable amount of virtual or real currency after completion of a task associated with the selected option. 
       FIG.  14    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. After selecting one of the options  1305   a - d  discussed above with respect to  FIG.  13   , the user interface  1400  may be displayed. The user may be able to initiate a task via the user interface  1400  via selection of a control. In the example of  FIG.  14   , the user is able to initiate a “free spin” by selecting a button control  1405 . The initiation of the task may determine an amount of virtual or real currency awarded to a user after completion of the task. 
       FIG.  15    shows an example user interface that may be implemented in one or more of the disclosed embodiments. The user interface  1500  shows that after completion of a task, such as watching a video, a user may be awarded an amount of virtual or real currency associated with the task. For example, if a video associated with 1000 units of virtual currency is completely watched by the user, they may be awarded the full 1000 units. If they complete 50% of the video, they may receive a pro-rated share of the 1000 units, for example, 500 units. 
     Software Architecture 
       FIG.  16    is a block diagram illustrating an example software architecture  1606 , which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described.  FIG.  16    is a non-limiting example of a software architecture and it will be appreciated that many other architectures may be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. The software architecture  1606  may execute on hardware such as a machine  1700  of  FIG.  17    that includes, among other things, processors  1704 , memory/storage  1706 , and I/O components  1718 . A representative hardware layer  1752  is illustrated and can represent, for example, the machine  1700  of  FIG.  17   . The representative hardware layer  1652  includes a processing unit  1654  having associated executable instructions  1604 . The executable instructions  1604  represent the executable instructions of the software architecture  1606 , including implementation of the methods, components, and so forth described herein. The hardware layer  1652  also includes memory and/or storage  1656 , which also have the executable instructions  1604 . The hardware layer  1652  may also comprise other hardware  1658 . 
     As used herein, the term “component” may refer to a device, a physical entity, or logic having boundaries defined by function or subroutine calls, branch points, APIs, and/or other technologies that provide for the partitioning or modularization of particular processing or control functions. Components may be combined via their interfaces with other components to carry out a machine process. A component may be a packaged functional hardware unit designed for use with other components and a part of a program that usually performs a particular function of related functions. 
     Components may constitute either software components (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware components. A “hardware component” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various exemplary embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware components of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware component that operates to perform certain operations as described herein. A hardware component may also be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. 
     A hardware component may be a special-purpose processor, such as a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware component may include software executed by a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. Once configured by such software, hardware components become specific machines (or specific components of a machine) uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longer general-purpose processors. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware component mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations. 
     A processor may be, or include, any circuit or virtual circuit (a physical circuit emulated by logic executing on an actual processor) that manipulates data values according to control signals (e.g., “commands,” “op codes,” “machine code,” etc.) and that produces corresponding output signals that are applied to operate a machine. A processor may, for example, be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an ASIC, a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), or any combination thereof. A processor may further be a multi-core processor having two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. 
     Accordingly, the phrase “hardware component” (or “hardware-implemented component”) should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware components are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware components need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware component comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware components) at different times. Software accordingly configures a particular processor or processors, for example, to constitute a particular hardware component at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware component at a different instance of time. Hardware components can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware components. Accordingly, the described hardware components may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware components exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware components. In embodiments in which multiple hardware components are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between or among such hardware components may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware components have access. 
     For example, one hardware component may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware component may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware components may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information). The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented components that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented component” refers to a hardware component implemented using one or more processors. Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented components. 
     Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an API). The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some exemplary embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented components may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other exemplary embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented components may be distributed across a number of geographic locations. 
     In the exemplary architecture of  FIG.  16   , the software architecture  1606  may be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer provides particular functionality. For example, the software architecture  1606  may include layers such as an operating system  1602 , libraries  1620 , frameworks/middleware  1618 , applications  1616 , and a presentation layer  1614 . Operationally, the applications  1616  and/or other components within the layers may invoke API calls  1608  through the software stack and receive a response as messages  1610 . The layers illustrated are representative in nature and not all software architectures have all layers. For example, some mobile or special-purpose operating systems may not provide a frameworks/middleware  1618  layer, while others may provide such a layer. Other software architectures may include additional or different layers. 
     The operating system  1602  may manage hardware resources and provide common services. The operating system  1602  may include, for example, a kernel  1622 , services  1624 , and drivers  1626 . The kernel  1622  may act as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel  1622  may be responsible for memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, security settings, and so on. The services  1624  may provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers  1626  are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers  1626  include display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth® drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), Wi-Fi® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth depending on the hardware configuration. 
     The libraries  1620  provide a common infrastructure that is used by the applications  1616  and/or other components and/or layers. The libraries  1620  provide functionality that allows other software components to perform tasks in an easier fashion than by interfacing directly with the underlying operating system  1602  functionality (e.g., kernel  1622 , services  1624 , and/or drivers  1626 ). The libraries  1620  may include system libraries  1644  (e.g., C standard library) that may provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematical functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries  1620  may include API libraries  1646  such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media formats such as MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL framework that may be used to render 2D and 3D graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite that may provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit that may provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries  1620  may also include a wide variety of other libraries  1648  to provide many other APIs to the applications  1616  and other software components/modules. 
     The frameworks/middleware  1618  provide a higher-level common infrastructure that may be used by the applications  1616  and/or other software components/modules. For example, the frameworks/middleware  1618  may provide various graphic user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level location services, and so forth. The frameworks/middleware  1618  may provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that may be utilized by the applications  1616  and/or other software components/modules, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system  1602  or platform. 
     The applications  1616  include built-in applications  1638  and/or third-party applications  1640 . Examples of representative built-in applications  1638  may include, but are not limited to, a contacts application, a browser application, a book reader application, a location application, a media application, a messaging application, and/or a game application. The third-party applications  1640  may include an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform, and may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or other mobile operating systems. The third-party applications  1640  may invoke the API calls  1608  provided by the mobile operating system (such as the operating system  1602 ) to facilitate functionality described herein. 
     The applications  1616  may use built-in operating system functions (e.g., kernel  1622 , services  1624 , and/or drivers  1626 ), libraries  1620 , and frameworks/middleware  1618  to create user interfaces to interact with users of the system. Alternatively, or additionally, in some systems interactions with a user may occur through a presentation layer, such as the presentation layer  1614 . In these systems, the application/component “logic” can be separated from the aspects of the application/component that interact with a user. 
     Exemplary Machine 
       FIG.  17    is a block diagram illustrating components (also referred to herein as “modules”) of a machine  1700 , according to some exemplary embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  17    shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine  1700  in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions  1710  (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine  1700  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. As such, the instructions  1710  may be used to implement modules or components described herein. The instructions  1710  transform the general, non-programmed machine  1700  into a particular machine  1700  programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in the manner described. In alternative embodiments, the machine  1700  operates as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine  1700  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine  1700  may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions  1710 , sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by machine  1700 . Further, while only a single machine  1700  is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions  1710  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The machine  1700  may include processors  1704 , memory/storage  1706 , and I/O components  1718 , which may be configured to communicate with each other such as via a bus  1702 . The memory/storage  1706  may include a memory  1714 , such as a main memory, or other memory storage, and a storage unit  1716 , both accessible to the processors  1704  such as via the bus  1702 . The storage unit  1716  and memory  1714  store the instructions  1710  embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  1710  may also reside, completely or partially, within the memory  1714 , within the storage unit  1716 , within at least one of the processors  1704  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine  1700 . Accordingly, the memory  1714 , the storage unit  1716 , and the memory of the processors  1704  are examples of machine-readable media. 
     As used herein, the term “machine-readable medium,” “computer-readable medium,” or the like may refer to any component, device, or other tangible medium able to store instructions and data temporarily or permanently. Examples of such media may include, but are not limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, cache memory, other types of storage (e.g., Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)), and/or any suitable combination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” may also be taken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions (e.g., code) for execution by a machine, such that the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine, cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” may refer to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” excludes signals per se. 
     The I/O components  1718  may include a wide variety of components to provide a user interface for receiving input, providing output, producing output, transmitting information, exchanging information, capturing measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components  1718  that are included in the user interface of a particular machine  1700  will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones will likely include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components  1718  may include many other components that are not shown in  FIG.  17   . The I/O components  1718  are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various exemplary embodiments, the I/O components  1718  may include output components  1726  and input components  1728 . The output components  1726  may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components  1728  may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point-based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instruments), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like. The input components  1728  may also include one or more image-capturing devices, such as a digital camera for generating digital images and/or video. 
     In further exemplary embodiments, the I/O components  1718  may include biometric components  1730 , motion components  1734 , environment components  1736 , or position components  1738 , as well as a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components  1730  may include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram-based identification), and the like. The motion components  1734  may include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environment components  1736  may include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detect concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components  1738  may include location sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like. 
     Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components  1718  may include communication components  1740  operable to couple the machine  1700  to a network  1732  or devices  1720  via a coupling  1724  and a coupling  1722  respectively. For example, the communication components  1740  may include a network interface component or other suitable device to interface with the network  1732 . In further examples, the communication components  1740  may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices  1720  may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB). 
     Moreover, the communication components  1740  may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components  1740  may include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF4111, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components  1740 , such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geo-location, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting an NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth. 
     Where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” or “one or more of A, B, and C” is used, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or any combination of the elements A, B, and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C may be present. 
     Changes and modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure, as expressed in the following claims.