Patent Publication Number: US-11032260-B2

Title: Front-end user interface for confidential transactions

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know, and mishandling of the material can incur criminal penalties. A formal security clearance is required to view or handle classified documents or to access classified data. The clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation. Documents and other information are marked with one of several (hierarchical) levels of sensitivity—e.g., restricted, confidential, secret and top secret. The choice of level is based on an impact assessment; governments have their own criteria, which include how to determine the classification of an information asset, and rules on how to protect information classified at each level. This often includes security clearances for personnel handling the information. Classifications can be used with additional keywords that give more detailed instructions on how data should be used or protected. For example, a particular secret or top-secret project may be given a codeword, and an individual may, for example, have clearance for a top-secret project with a particular codeword, but not have clearance for other top-secret information. 
     Some corporations and non-government organizations may also assign sensitive information to multiple levels of protection, either from a desire to protect trade secrets, or because of laws and regulations governing various matters such as personal privacy, sealed legal proceedings, and the timing of financial information releases. 
     The U.S. classification system is currently established under Executive Order 13526 and has three levels of classification—Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. A variety of markings are used for material that is not classified, but whose distribution is limited administratively or by other laws, e.g., For Official Use Only (FOUO), or Sensitive but Unclassified (SBU). The requirements, including marking requirements, associated with information classified by the United States federal government is currently governed by the director of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) directive, the Department of Defense (DOD) joint Air Force Army Navy manual confidentiality requirements, the intelligence community (IC) directive 503 (icd 503) risk management framework, and the current directives of the DOD special access project (SAP) and IC SAP communities. 
     There are platforms and products that exist for implementing security classification marking or file access validation for classified information. Typically, the access and marking validation attributes and requirements are stored in a central database. Typically, the application servers used in a classified setting require installation of an agent that intercepts and interrupts the delivery of the data customer marking and validation requirements. Typically, the agent has a connection to a single database for validation, and text-based marking and text-based validation are used. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Briefly stated, the disclosed technology is generally directed to security technology. In one example of the technology, it is determined that an attempted function associated with an application has at least one requirement including at least particular security credentials for a user of the application. In some examples, a transaction is caused to be sent to each node in a permissioned blockchain that stores an access level block corresponding to the user. In some examples, the transaction is associated with a real-time determination as to whether the at least one requirement for the attempted function is met. In some examples, a transaction result is received from the permissioned blockchain. In some examples, the attempted function is selectively allowed based on the transaction result. 
     Other aspects of and applications for the disclosed technology will be appreciated upon reading and understanding the attached figures and description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples of the present disclosure are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. These drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
       For a better understanding of the present disclosure, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating one example of a suitable environment in which aspects of the technology may be employed; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating one example of a suitable computing device according to aspects of the disclosed technology; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating an example of the system of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example of the system of  FIG. 4 ; and 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating an example dataflow for a process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, various examples of the technology. One skilled in the art will understand that the technology may be practiced without many of these details. In some instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of examples of the technology. It is intended that the terminology used in this disclosure be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain examples of the technology. Although certain terms may be emphasized below, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take at least the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context dictates otherwise. The meanings identified below do not necessarily limit the terms, but merely provide illustrative examples for the terms. For example, each of the terms “based on” and “based upon” is not exclusive, and is equivalent to the term “based, at least in part, on”, and includes the option of being based on additional factors, some of which may not be described herein. As another example, the term “via” is not exclusive, and is equivalent to the term “via, at least in part”, and includes the option of being via additional factors, some of which may not be described herein. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.” The phrase “in one embodiment,” or “in one example,” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example, although it may. Use of particular textual numeric designators does not imply the existence of lesser-valued numerical designators. For example, reciting “a widget selected from the group consisting of a third foo and a fourth bar” would not itself imply that there are at least three foo, nor that there are at least four bar, elements. References in the singular are made merely for clarity of reading and include plural references unless plural references are specifically excluded. The term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator unless specifically indicated otherwise. For example, the phrases “A or B” means “A, B, or A and B.” As used herein, the terms “component” and “system” are intended to encompass hardware, software, or various combinations of hardware and software. Thus, for example, a system or component may be a process, a process executing on a computing device, the computing device, or a portion thereof. 
     Briefly stated, the disclosed technology is generally directed to security technology. In one example of the technology, it is determined that an attempted function associated with an application has at least one requirement including at least particular security credentials for a user of the application. In some examples, a transaction is caused to be sent to each node in a permissioned blockchain that stores an access level block corresponding to the user. In some examples, the transaction is associated with a real-time determination as to whether the at least one requirement for the attempted function is met. In some examples, a transaction result is received from the permissioned blockchain. In some examples, the attempted function is selectively allowed based on the transaction result. 
     In some examples, a permissioned blockchain is capable of performing cryptographic functions, such as verifying the security credentials of a user. A front-end under interface (UI) installed on the client device may enforce security restrictions. For example, before a user views a classified document, the front-end UI may communicate with the permissioned blockchain to determine whether the user has the proper security credentials to view the classified document. 
     In some examples, nodes in the permissioned blockchain include access level blocks. There may be an access level block on the blockchain for each user, an access level block for each defined clearance level, each defined group, each defined object, each defined physical location, each defined trigraph security marking, each defined SAP codeword, and each defined labeling or access control requirement. 
     The permissioned blockchain may be used for transactions, such as verifying the security credentials of the user, such as whether the user has the requisite security credential to view particular information, to make particular markings (e.g., marking information as Top Secret) to part or all of a document, or the like. Rather than each node in the blockchain voting, instead, in some examples, only blocks that have the corresponding relevant access level block are miners that participate in the voting. On the permissioned blockchain, in some examples, the currency is the “ticket,” that is, the necessary security credentials for accessing particular information. In some examples, a transaction, such as validating an outgoing email, performed on the permissioned blockchain is very quickly validated by the network of “miners,” which are the nodes on the permissioned blockchain having the corresponding access level blocks, which check all required access level blocks, including the clearance level, project access, physical or network location of the user, recipient, and any attached data. 
     In some examples, the miners complete validation checks for the transaction. In some examples, when the required number of additional miners with copies of the required access level blocks agree and confirm permissions (i.e., proof of ticket), the transaction is confirmed. In some examples, the security credentials are stored on the blockchain, and each miner verifies the security credentials in real time. 
     The front-end UI on a client device may initiate a transaction by communicating with the permissioned blockchain to determine whether a restricted function may be performed, for example based on the security clearance of the user, and possibly other factors, such as location. The front-end UI may then receive a result of the transaction, and may allow or deny the restricted function based on the result. 
     For example, if uses wishes to mark all or part of an email as top secret, the front-end UI installed in the email application may determine whether the requirements to mark the email as top secret are met, such as the security credentials of the user, and possibly other factors, such as location. The front-end UI may communicate with the permissioned blockchain to determine whether the user has the necessary security credentials, and as to whether any other security requirements are met. In some examples, if the transaction is approved, the front-end UI allows the email to be marked top secret. If the user then wishes to send the email, the front-end UI may communicate with the permissioned blockchain to determine whether the recipient of the email has the necessary security credentials, and as to whether any other security requirements are met. In some examples, if the transaction is approved, the front-end UI allows the email to be sent to the recipient. 
     Illustrative Devices/Operating Environments 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of environment  100  in which aspects of the technology may be practiced. As shown, environment  100  includes computing devices  110 , as well as network nodes  120 , connected via network  130 . Even though particular components of environment  100  are shown in  FIG. 1 , in other examples, environment  100  can also include additional and/or different components. For example, in certain examples, the environment  100  can also include network storage devices, maintenance managers, and/or other suitable components (not shown). Computing devices  110  shown in  FIG. 1  may be in various locations, including on premise, in the cloud, or the like. For example, computer devices  110  may be on the client side, on the server side, or the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , network  130  can include one or more network nodes  120  that interconnect multiple computing devices  110 , and connect computing devices  110  to external network  140 , e.g., the Internet or an intranet. For example, network nodes  120  may include switches, routers, hubs, network controllers, or other network elements. In certain examples, computing devices  110  can be organized into racks, action zones, groups, sets, or other suitable divisions. For example, in the illustrated example, computing devices  110  are grouped into three host sets identified individually as first, second, and third host sets  112   a - 112   c . In the illustrated example, each of host sets  112   a - 112   c  is operatively coupled to a corresponding network node  120   a - 120   c , respectively, which are commonly referred to as “top-of-rack” or “TOR” network nodes. TOR network nodes  120   a - 120   c  can then be operatively coupled to additional network nodes  120  to form a computer network in a hierarchical, flat, mesh, or other suitable types of topology that allows communications between computing devices  110  and external network  140 . In other examples, multiple host sets  112   a - 112   c  may share a single network node  120 . Computing devices  110  may be virtually any type of general- or specific-purpose computing device. For example, these computing devices may be user devices such as desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, display devices, cameras, printers, or smartphones. However, in a data center environment, these computing devices may be server devices such as application server computers, virtual computing host computers, or file server computers. Moreover, computing devices  110  may be individually configured to provide computing, storage, and/or other suitable computing services. 
     Illustrative Computing Device 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating one example of computing device  200  in which aspects of the technology may be practiced. Computing device  200  may be virtually any type of general- or specific-purpose computing device. For example, computing device  200  may be a user device such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a display device, a camera, a printer, embedded device, programmable logic controller (PLC), or a smartphone. Likewise, computing device  200  may also be server device such as an application server computer, a virtual computing host computer, or a file server computer, e.g., computing device  200  may be an example of computing device  110  or network node  120  of  FIG. 1 . Computing device  200  may also be an IoT device that connects to a network to receive IoT services. Likewise, computer device  200  may be an example any of the devices, nodes, members, or other entities illustrated in or referred to in various figures, as discussed in greater detail below. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , computing device  200  includes processing circuit  210 , operating memory  220 , memory controller  230 , data storage memory  250 , input interface  260 , output interface  270 , and network adapter  280 . Each of these afore-listed components of computing device  200  includes at least one hardware element. 
     Computing device  200  includes at least one processing circuit  210  configured to execute instructions, such as instructions for implementing the herein-described workloads, processes, or technology. Processing circuit  210  may include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a graphics processor, a coprocessor, a field-programmable gate array, a programmable logic device, a signal processor, or any other circuit suitable for processing data. The aforementioned instructions, along with other data (e.g., datasets, metadata, operating system instructions, etc.), may be stored in operating memory  220  during run-time of computing device  200 . Operating memory  220  may also include any of a variety of data storage devices/components, such as volatile memories, semi-volatile memories, random access memories, static memories, caches, buffers, or other media used to store run-time information. In one example, operating memory  220  does not retain information when computing device  200  is powered off. Rather, computing device  200  may be configured to transfer instructions from a non-volatile data storage component (e.g., data storage component  250 ) to operating memory  220  as part of a booting or other loading process. 
     Operating memory  220  may include 4th generation double data rate (DDR4) memory, 3rd generation double data rate (DDR3) memory, other dynamic random access memory (DRAM), High Bandwidth Memory (HBM), Hybrid Memory Cube memory, 3D-stacked memory, static random access memory (SRAM), or other memory, and such memory may comprise one or more memory circuits integrated onto a DIMM, SIMM, SODIMM, or other packaging. Such operating memory modules or devices may be organized according to channels, ranks, and banks. For example, operating memory devices may be coupled to processing circuit  210  via memory controller  230  in channels. One example of computing device  200  may include one or two DIMMs per channel, with one or two ranks per channel. Operating memory within a rank may operate with a shared clock, and shared address and command bus. Also, an operating memory device may be organized into several banks where a bank can be thought of as an array addressed by row and column. Based on such an organization of operating memory, physical addresses within the operating memory may be referred to by a tuple of channel, rank, bank, row, and column. 
     Despite the above-discussion, operating memory  220  specifically does not include or encompass communications media, any communications medium, or any signals per se. 
     Memory controller  230  is configured to interface processing circuit  210  to operating memory  220 . For example, memory controller  230  may be configured to interface commands, addresses, and data between operating memory  220  and processing circuit  210 . Memory controller  230  may also be configured to abstract or otherwise manage certain aspects of memory management from or for processing circuit  210 . Although memory controller  230  is illustrated as single memory controller separate from processing circuit  210 , in other examples, multiple memory controllers may be employed, memory controller(s) may be integrated with operating memory  220 , or the like. Further, memory controller(s) may be integrated into processing circuit  210 . These and other variations are possible. 
     In computing device  200 , data storage memory  250 , input interface  260 , output interface  270 , and network adapter  280  are interfaced to processing circuit  210  by bus  240 . Although,  FIG. 2  illustrates bus  24   o  as a single passive bus, other configurations, such as a collection of buses, a collection of point to point links, an input/output controller, a bridge, other interface circuitry, or any collection thereof may also be suitably employed for interfacing data storage memory  250 , input interface  260 , output interface  270 , or network adapter  280  to processing circuit  210 . 
     In computing device  200 , data storage memory  250  is employed for long-term non-volatile data storage. Data storage memory  250  may include any of a variety of non-volatile data storage devices/components, such as non-volatile memories, disks, disk drives, hard drives, solid-state drives, or any other media that can be used for the non-volatile storage of information. However, data storage memory  250  specifically does not include or encompass communications media, any communications medium, or any signals per se. In contrast to operating memory  220 , data storage memory  250  is employed by computing device  200  for non-volatile long-term data storage, instead of for run-time data storage. 
     Also, computing device  200  may include or be coupled to any type of processor-readable media such as processor-readable storage media (e.g., operating memory  220  and data storage memory  250 ) and communication media (e.g., communication signals and radio waves). While the term processor-readable storage media includes operating memory  220  and data storage memory  250 , the term “processor-readable storage media,” throughout the specification and the claims whether used in the singular or the plural, is defined herein so that the term “processor-readable storage media” specifically excludes and does not encompass communications media, any communications medium, or any signals per se. However, the term “processor-readable storage media” does encompass processor cache, Random Access Memory (RAM), register memory, and/or the like. 
     Computing device  200  also includes input interface  260 , which may be configured to enable computing device  200  to receive input from users or from other devices. In addition, computing device  200  includes output interface  270 , which may be configured to provide output from computing device  200 . In one example, output interface  270  includes a frame buffer, graphics processor, graphics processor or accelerator, and is configured to render displays for presentation on a separate visual display device (such as a monitor, projector, virtual computing client computer, etc.). In another example, output interface  270  includes a visual display device and is configured to render and present displays for viewing. 
     In the illustrated example, computing device  200  is configured to communicate with other computing devices or entities via network adapter  280 . Network adapter  280  may include a wired network adapter, e.g., an Ethernet adapter, a Token Ring adapter, or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) adapter. Network adapter  280  may also include a wireless network adapter, for example, a Wi-Fi adapter, a Bluetooth adapter, a ZigBee adapter, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) adapter, or a 5G adapter. 
     Although computing device  200  is illustrated with certain components configured in a particular arrangement, these components and arrangements are merely one example of a computing device in which the technology may be employed. In other examples, data storage memory  250 , input interface  260 , output interface  270 , or network adapter  280  may be directly coupled to processing circuit  210 , or be coupled to processing circuit  210  via an input/output controller, a bridge, or other interface circuitry. Other variations of the technology are possible. 
     Some examples of computing device  200  include at least one memory (e.g., operating memory  220 ) adapted to store run-time data and at least one processor (e.g., processing unit  210 ) that is respectively adapted to execute processor-executable code that, in response to execution, enables computing device  200  to perform actions. 
     Illustrative Systems 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system ( 300 ) for security technology. System  300  may include network  330 , as well as permissioned blockchain  350 , rights management service  360 , and user devices  341 - 343 , which all may connect to network  330   o . Permissioned blockchain  350  may include nodes  351 - 355 . 
     Each of the member devices nodes  351 - 355  and user devices  341 - 343  may include examples of computing device  200  of  FIG. 2 , and rights management service  460  may include one or more computing devices such as an example of computing device  200  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3  and the corresponding description of  FIG. 3  in the specification illustrates an example system for illustrative purposes that does not limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     Network  330  may include one or more computer networks, including wired and/or wireless networks, where each network may be, for example, a wireless network, local area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), and/or a global network such as the Internet. On an interconnected set of LANs, including those based on differing architectures and protocols, a router acts as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. Also, communication links within LANs typically include twisted wire pair or coaxial cable, while communication links between networks may utilize analog telephone lines, full or fractional dedicated digital lines including T1, T2, T3, and T4, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wireless links including satellite links, or other communications links known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, remote computers and other related electronic devices could be remotely connected to either LANs or WANs via a modem and temporary telephone link. Network  330  may include various other networks such as one or more networks using local network protocols such as 6LoWPAN, ZigBee, or the like. Some IoT devices may be connected to a user device via a different network in network  330  than other IoT devices. In essence, network  330  includes any communication method by which information may travel between nodes  351 - 355 , rights management service  360 , and user devices  341 - 343 . Although each device or service is shown connected as connected to network  330 , that does not mean that each device communicates with each other device shown. In some examples, some devices/services shown only communicate with some other devices/services shown via one or more intermediary devices. Also, although network  330  is illustrated as one network, in some examples, network  330  may instead include multiple networks that may or may not be connected with each other, with some of the devices shown communicating with each other through one network of the multiple networks and other of the devices shown communicating with each other with a different network of the multiple networks. 
     Rights management service  360  may be used to set up permissioned blockchain  350 . In some examples, user devices  341 - 343  are devices which may need marking, validation, and/or data access functions associated with classified, confidential, and/or sensitive information. When such a function is necessary, a front-end user interface (UI) on the user device may communicate with permissioned blockchain  350  to determine, in real time, whether the user has the necessary corresponding permission. In some examples, nodes from among nodes  351 - 355  that have the corresponding access level block determine, via proof of ticket consensus, whether the user has the necessary corresponding permission. In some examples, the “ticket” is the necessary security credentials to access the information. 
     System  300  may include more or less devices than illustrated in  FIG. 3 , which is shown by way of example only. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating an example of system  400 , which may be used as an example of system  300  of  FIG. 3 . System  400  may include user device  441 , rights management service  460 , and permissioned blockchain  450 . Permissioned blockchain  450  may include nodes  451 - 455 . In some examples, each node  451 - 455  is a server that includes access level blocks. In the example illustrated, node  451  includes access level block  471 , node  452  includes access level block  472 , node  453  includes access level block  472  and access level block  473 , node  454  includes access level block  473 , and node  455  includes access level block  471 . In some examples, an access level block is a blockchain database that is akin to a ledger on a standard blockchain. In some examples, each access level block  470  includes nanoblocks  490 . 
     In some examples, rights management service  460  may initiate the establishment of permissioned blockchain  450  by deploying the permissioned blockchain to a number of nodes that will run the permissioned blockchain, such as nodes  451 - 455 . Permissioned blockchain  450  may be deployed to many more than five nodes, which is illustrated in  FIG. 4  by way of a simplified example only. In some examples, permissioned blockchain  450  is used for a medium or large enterprise with a correspondingly large number of nodes. 
     Right management service  460  may then define the access level blocks for permissioned blockchain  450 . For instance in some examples, each defined user for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined clearance level for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined group (e.g., distribution group, security group, or the like) for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined object (e.g., a printer) for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined physical location for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined trigraph security marking for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, each defined SAP codeword for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block, and each defined labeling or access control requirement for permissioned blockchain  450  has a corresponding access level block. In some examples, hundreds or thousands of access level blocks may be defined. 
     For instance, in some examples, top-secret information can be printed only on a top-secret printer that exists on a top-secret network. Accordingly, in some examples, on a top-secret network that includes such a top-secret printer, there would be an access level block for the top-secret clearance level, an access level block for the top-secret network, an access level block for the top-secret printer, and an access level block for each user with top-secret access. In some cases, access may be granted only to a user in a particular physical location. In that case, there would also be an access level block for the particular physical location. 
     In some examples, each access level block is configured to store nanoblocks, where each nanoblock is an encrypted database. In some examples, each access level block is a blockchain database, and each nanoblock stored on the access level block is small database within the access level block. Each access level block may store a large number of nanoblocks, such as millions or billions of nanoblocks. A typical conventional blockchain stores one-way cryptographic hashes that are stored on a ledger, and those hashes form a chain. In some examples, instead of storing hashes, permissioned blockchain  450  stores nanoblocks, which exist as small databases stored in a vertical column, instead of a row, inside the access level block. Each nanoblock may store the immutable details of a cryptographic transaction. In some examples, nanoblocks are relatively small read-only databases and not are metadata, hash tables, or text. In some examples, setting read access, edit, do not print, do not copy, do not forward, permissions is stored as a nanoblock inside each document access level block, each user access level block, and each access-type access level block. 
     In some examples, information in nanoblocks is encrypted. In a DOD implementation, type one or type two National Security Agency (NSA) encryption is preferably used for the nanoblocks. For non-DOD applications, other forms of encryption may be used for the nanoblocks. 
     After the access level blocks are defined, in some examples, rights management service  460  uses an algorithm to determine, for each access level block, which nodes in permission blockchain  450  the access level block should be replicated out to. 
     In permissioned blockchain  450 , in some examples, for security reasons, a certain degree of uniqueness of each node is maintained, such that each node does not store the exact same access level blocks as another node, to the extent feasible. In some examples, the amount of uniqueness required and the number of total nodes available are both factors. In some examples, for each access level block, an algorithm is used to determined which nodes the access level block is to be replicated out to. In some examples, each access level block is sent to a separate subset of the nodes than each other access level block to achieve a configurable level of uniqueness for each of the nodes. 
     In some examples, copies of each access level block are kept on at least N different nodes, where N is a configurable integer that is greater than one. In some examples, copies are dispersed to nodes in separate secure datacenters. The algorithm may also take into account server health and/or network health. The algorithm may also take into consideration location, including geographical and distance factors, such as the product code for geographically dispersed environments and network constraints where a copy may have to be regionally located. 
     In some examples, for each access level block, after the algorithm determines which nodes of permissioned blockchain  450  the access level block is should be replicated out to, the nodes are seeded with the access level blocks, based on the determinations of the algorithm. 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , there are three access level blocks,  471 - 473 , distributed among five nodes  451 - 455 , with two copies distributed by the algorithm among the five nodes  451 - 455 . 
     In some examples, a database location block is created for each access level block. In some examples, each time a new access level block is created, whether in the initial establishment of the blockchain network, or when subsequent access level blocks are created, the location of the created access level block is stored in the database location block. In some examples, the database location block stores the creation and location of the access level block copies as nanoblocks of the database location block. In some examples, user access to the information in the database location block is tightly restricted, as discussed in greater detail below. 
     In some examples, after the nodes are seeded with the access level blocks, permissioned blockchain  450  is ready to begin receiving and processing cryptographic operations, including transactions. The transaction may include the verification of the security credentials of a user. The transaction may be, in some examples, a request as to whether the user has requisite security credentials to view particular information, a request as to whether the user has requisite security credentials to mark particular information (e.g., as classified), and/or the like. 
     As discussed above, in some examples, permissioned blockchain  450  is configured to perform validation for data access. The validation may be based, at least in part, on the security accesses of the user. The validation may also be based on where the data is being access from, which may include facility clearances and what system the data is being accessed from (e.g., network accreditations, subnet, domain). 
     On permissioned blockchain  450 , in some examples, the currency is the “ticket,” that is, the necessary security credentials for accessing particular information. In some examples, a transaction performed on permissioned blockchain  450 , such as validating an outgoing email, is very quickly validated by the network of “miners,” which are the nodes on permissioned blockchain  450  having the corresponding access level blocks, which check all required access level blocks, including the clearance level, project access, physical or network location of the user, recipient, and any attached data. 
     In some examples, the miners complete mathematical and access validation checks per the blockchain algorithm of permissioned blockchain  450 . In some examples, when the required number of additional miners with copies of the required access level blocks agree and confirm permissions (i.e., proof of ticket). In some examples, the security credentials are stored on the blockchain, and each miner verifies the security credentials in real time. In some examples, when proof of ticket consensus is reached with the required number of miners on permissioned blockchain  450 , the transaction is confirmed and recorded on the relevant access level blocks, including the user access level block, as an immutable nanoblock. In some examples, the nanoblocks are quickly created and replicated. Unlike a standard blockchain, in permissioned blockchain  450 , in some examples, only nodes on the permissioned blockchain  450  having the corresponding access level block are miners that are allowed to vote to form the consensus that allows a transaction to take place. 
     Normal document access or creation of an email or document may result in a nanoblock stored within the appropriate access level blocks, including the user access level block and the document access level block. 
     In some examples, there are multiple copies of each access level block so that there will be a necessary number of miners to reach consensus. In some examples, each copy of the block is kept up-to-date via secure asynchronous replication based on server high availability and site-resilient software and architecture. Also, in some examples, additional access level blocks will be automatically created to replace a failed node. In some examples, if a node fails, another copy of the access level blocks on that node will be brought online and seeded from an associated access level block. 
     In some examples, nanoblocks cannot be destroyed or deleted except via a special super-administrator role-based access control (RBAC) just-in-time (JIT) account that requires simultaneous authorization from more than one user to access. For example, the RBAC JIT account may have one user who enters half of the password and another user that enters the other half of the password, with no one person knowing the entire password, and the physical fingerprint of both of the users may be required for authentication. In these examples, when the account is accessed, it is active only for a very limited time, such as one hour. Other RBAC JIT account that require more than one user to access may also exist for other roles. In some examples, the physical and network location of the access level blocks are only available to administrators via an RBAC JIT account requiring more than one user to access. The physical and network locations of the access level blocks are stored as nanoblocks in the database location block in some examples, as discussed above. 
     New access level blocks may be created and deployed after initial deployment, for example, for new users, new projects, and the like. In some examples, the access level blocks, both initial and subsequent, may not become active until replication is completed to the administratively defined minimum number of server nodes that act as miners. In some examples, the access level blocks, both initial and subsequent, may not become active until replication is completed to the administratively defined minimum number of server nodes that act as miners, and the access level block is then validated by an RBAC JIT account that requires at least two users to activate. 
     The method in which various transactions may be made vary in various examples. In some examples, transactions such as the verification of security credentials may be initiated by a front-end user interface (UI) which may exist on one or more applications on a user device, such as user device  441 . 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example of system  500 , which may be employed as an example of system  400  of  FIG. 4 . System  500  may include user device  541  and permissioned blockchain  550 . Permissioned blockchain  550  may includes access level blocks  551 - 555 . User device  541  may include applications such as email application  561 , word processing application  562 , file explorer  563 , and spreadsheet application  564 . Some of the applications installed on user device  541  may include a front-end UI ( 569 ). 
     In some examples, transactions such as the verification of security credentials may be initiated by front-end user interface (UI)  569 , which may exist on one or more applications (e.g.,  561 - 564 ) on user device  541 . In some examples, the front-end UI  569  has the ability to extend to all applications where access control, labeling, portion control, markings, and/or validation is required. For example, a user may wish to use an application to open a document that is sensitive, confidential, or classified. The associated application may have front-end UI  569  installed. When the user attempts to open the document, front-end UI  569  may communicate with permissioned blockchain  550  to determine, in real time, whether the user has the proper security credentials to open the document, and whether any other requirements for opening the document are met. 
     In some examples, if the front-end UI  569  receives confirmation from permission blockchain  550  that the user has the proper security credentials to open the document, the front-end UI  569  allows the document to be opened by the application. In some examples, if the user does not have the proper security credentials to open the document, then the front-end UI  569  will not allow the document to be opened. In some examples, documents for which the user does not have permission to view are not made visible to the user. For instance, in some examples, the documents that the user does not have permission to view are not visible in file explorer  562 , are not visible when opening and/or browsing documents through an application such as applications  561 ,  563 , or  564 , and are also not visible through other means. Whether the user has the proper security credentials to view a document may, in some examples, depend not just upon the user having a required security level, but may also be contingent upon other factors, such as the location of the user. 
     The front-end UI  569  of the application may also be used for portion control. An example of portion control is that some portions of a document may not be sensitive, confidential, or classified, while other portions of the document may be sensitive, confidential, or classified. For example, most of a document may be unclassified, with a portion of the same document being classified as Secret. In other examples of portion control, the level of security may vary in different portions of a document; for instance, most of a document may be Secret, with certain portions of the document being Top Secret. The front-end UI  569  may be in communication with permissioned blockchain  550  to determine which portions of the documents the user is allowed to see, and then enforce this by enabling the user to see those portions of the document that the user is allowed to see, and preventing the user from being able to see those portions of the document that the user is not allowed to see. 
     The front-end UI  569  of the application may also enable marking of documents as sensitive, confidential, or classified at a particular level, including entire documents and/or portion controls. The front-end UI  569  may communicate with permissioned blockchain  550  to determine what type of markings the user is allowed to use. The front-end UI  569  may provide the type of marking(s) that the user has access to from a drop-down menu, so that the user may use the drop-down menu to mark documents or portions of a document in ways that the user is allowed to mark a document based on the user&#39;s security credentials and any other relevant security-related requirements. In some examples, a drop-down menu may also be used by the user for other functions that may require the user&#39;s security credentials and/or have other security-related requirements. The front-end UI  569  may be used, via communication with permissioned blockchain  550 , to selectively allow various attempted functions by the user that may have at least one security-related requirement including, for example, the particular security credentials of the user. The front-end UI  569  may be used for marking, validation, and access control of classified, sensitive, and/or confidential information, via communication with permissioned blockchain  550 . 
     In some examples, the front-end UI  569  may also be installed on an email application, such as email application  561 . A particular example is given as follows for illustrative purposes. 
     Project Y and Project Z are top secret projects. A user, D, works almost every day at site A on project Z and has data on his One Drive and many Outlook messages about project Z in his inbox. One Drive and Outlook both have the front-end UI  569  installed, and the front-end UI  569  communicates with permissioned blockchain  550  in real time. D also has access to project Y data but only when he physically works at site B. 
     Today D was physically located at site B which is across the country from site A. D opens Outlook but only site B and project Y data is presented or available for him to see in his Inbox, Calendar, and associated folders. D&#39;s act of logging on at site B, opening Outlook and the filtering of data by permissioned blockchain  550  viewed through the front-end UI  569  client is logged as a nanoblock on the appropriate access level blocks including the user block. 
     While D is at site B, based on the front-end UI  569 , D can also mark a document or a portion of a document as being top secret and associated with project Y. While D is at site B, D can also email a document marked as top secret and associated with project Y to a recipient with valid security credentials to view the document. When D attempts to send such an email, the front-end UI  569  installed on Outlook checks, in communication with the permissioned blockchain, the security credentials of the recipient(s). If the transaction is validated, the front-end UI  569  allows the email to be sent to the recipient(s). If permission blockchain  550  does not confirm or validate within a period of configurable time, the transaction is disallowed and logged to all appropriate access or document blocks as nanoblocks. In some examples, the retransmission would be allowed up to a configurable number of times. 
     In some examples, when a user is logged in and using an email application that has the front-end UI  569  installed, and the user selects to send an email, the front-end UI  569  may prompt the user to mark the email, for example as unclassified, secret, or top secret, according to those options that are valid selections based on the user&#39;s security credentials and/or other factors. In general, in some examples, available documents, and options and functions available to the user, such as options presented as available to the user in a drop-down menu, are those made available to the user after filtering by the front-end UI  569  based on those accessible to the user, according the user&#39;s security credentials, and other applicable factors, such as the location the network, and the computer that is logged into. 
     The front-end UI  569  may provide the available options based on previous determinations of the requirements, which front-end UI  569  may check, for example, and when the user logs in. Front-end UI  569  may also check again, in real time, via another transaction with permissioned blockchain  550 , when, for example, the user actually marks a document. Additional checks may be needed for other various reasons based on the function performed—for example, if a classified document is emailed, front-end UI  569  may communicate a transaction to permissioned blockchain  550  to determine whether the recipient(s) of the email has the necessary security credentials to receive the document. 
     In some examples, the front-end UI  569  may also be used to initiate auditing the blockchain, to do a message search, or the like. In some examples, a user must have the proper permissions to do so. It some examples, access attempts may be audited with proper permissions, which may require a two-man RBAC account in some examples. 
     The front-end UI  569  may be used, in communication with permissioned blockchain  550 , to control access to information based on classification level, and to provide users with utilities to associate classification labels with the information that they create. Front-end UI  569  may also enable the establishment of trusted connections with other organizations to allow for the sharing of classified information across organizational boundaries, and assist users with marking recommendations. 
     The front-end UI  569  may also enable a user to make classification labels, including allowing and validating portion markings, resolving portion markings into overall document classification, automatically setting minimum classification levels for documents based upon resolved portion markings, applying classification labels to document headers and footers, applying programmatic classification labels to custom document properties, allowing users to reclassify documents, enabling robust classification label auditing, and applying rights management restrictions to documents based upon the classification label. 
     The front-end UI  569  for the email application may also enable email protection and validation, including applying portion markings, applying classification labels to email messages, calendar entries, meeting requests, and tasks, automatically setting minimum message classifications based upon file attachment classification labels and email portion marking content, validating all e-mail messages prior to transmission to ensure message senders and recipients are authorized for message classification label through permissioned blockchain  550 , providing support journaling of all messages processed by the message validation service, and automatically filtering messages from email views based upon the current user, location, and network or subnet location. 
     The front-end UI  569  may also provide secure document management, including applying classification labels to content uploaded to data repositories, displaying classification labels for items displayed in repository views, displaying dynamic color-coded security banners representing the classification level of content currently displayed in a data repository, automatically filtering repository views based upon user, location, and network security accesses stored in permissioned blockchain  550 , automatically filtering repository search results based upon the user, location, and network security accesses stored in permissioned blockchain  550 , and performing intelligent document fingerprinting with a configurable word search to filter, block, and audit access attempts. 
     Although various examples herein have discussed classified environments, various examples may also be used in various commercial industries including finance, big data, health care, and many others, in order to deal with confidential and/or sensitive information. 
     Illustrative Processes 
     For clarity, the processes described herein are described in terms of operations performed in particular sequences by particular devices or components of a system. However, it is noted that other processes are not limited to the stated sequences, devices, or components. For example, certain acts may be performed in different sequences, in parallel, omitted, or may be supplemented by additional acts or features, whether or not such sequences, parallelisms, acts, or features are described herein. Likewise, any of the technology described in this disclosure may be incorporated into the described processes or other processes, whether or not that technology is specifically described in conjunction with a process. The disclosed processes may also be performed on or by other devices, components, or systems, whether or not such devices, components, or systems are described herein. These processes may also be embodied in a variety of ways. For example, they may be embodied on an article of manufacture, e.g., as processor-readable instructions stored in a processor-readable storage medium or be performed as a computer-implemented process. As an alternate example, these processes may be encoded as processor-executable instructions and transmitted via a communications medium. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating an example dataflow for a process ( 620 ) for a front-end UI. 
     In the illustrated example, step  621  occurs first. At step  621 , in some examples, it is determined that an attempted function associated with an application has at least one requirement including at least particular security credentials for a user of the application. As shown, step  622  occurs next in some examples. At step  622 , in some examples, a transaction is caused to be sent to each node in a permissioned blockchain that stores an access level block corresponding to the user. In some examples, the transaction is associated with a real-time determination as to whether the at least one requirement for the attempted function is met. 
     As shown, step  623  occurs next in some examples. At step  623 , in some examples, a transaction result is received from the permissioned blockchain. As shown, step  624  occurs next in some examples. At step  624 , in some examples, the attempted function is selectively allowed based on the transaction result. 
     The process may then proceed to a return block, where other processing is resumed. 
     CONCLUSION 
     While the above Detailed Description describes certain examples of the technology, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the technology can be practiced in many ways. Details may vary in implementation, while still being encompassed by the technology described herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the technology should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the technology to the specific examples disclosed herein, unless the Detailed Description explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the technology encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the technology.