Patent Publication Number: US-8970725-B2

Title: User interface system based on pointing device

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/482,864, filed Jun. 11, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,537,231, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/535,464, filed May 17, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,940,986, which is a National Stage Application of PCT/IB2003/004830, filed Oct. 28, 2003, and which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 02079816.1, filed Nov. 20, 2002. The entire contents of each of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     The invention relates to a user interaction system, comprising:
         an electrical apparatus;   a portable pointing device operable by a user for pointing to a region in space; a camera taking a picture; and   a digital signal processor, capable of receiving and processing the picture, and capable of transmitting user interface information derived from the picture to the electrical apparatus.       

     The invention also relates to a pointing device for use in a user interaction system. 
     The invention also relates to an electrical apparatus for use in the above mentioned user interaction system. 
     Such a system is known from US-A-2001/0030668. This document describes a universal remote control system in which a user marks a location on a display with a pointing device displaying a recognizable characteristic, e.g. a laser pointer emitting a red spot, and a camera takes a picture of the display and calculates to which location the user has pointed. An electrical apparatus, e.g. a computer or a television, then performs an action corresponding to the marking by the user. E.g. if an icon on the display is marked by flashing the laser pointer twice, a corresponding computer program is started. 
     It is a disadvantage of the known system that the system is tailored for a particular display. E.g. the display may be a projection from an LCD based front projector on a screen, to which projector a laptop is connected. The camera in the known system has such a position and viewing angle that it is capable of imaging the screen. Next, the DSP is trained to discriminate an area in pictures from the camera, which corresponds to the location of the screen. In the prior art this can be done in a simple way. First a picture of the screen is captured both with and without illumination with a picture from the projector. By comparing the difference of those two pictures, the area of the display in space as viewed by the camera is obtained. Second a perspective transformation is derived which determines the relation between a location pointed to on the display and a location in the picture for projection, in the frame buffer of the laptop. The known document also describes pointing to a virtual display, e.g. a wall, by first manually selecting the corners of the virtual display. However the system is always calibrated for one display and in case a user wants to interact with another display, he has to set up the system again, or use a second system. 
     It is a first object of the invention to provide a user interaction system of the kind described in the opening paragraph in which it is relatively easy to interact with a number of available electrical apparatuses, more particularly displays. 
     It is a second object of the invention to provide a pointing device of the kind described in the opening paragraph which makes interaction with a number of available electrical apparatuses relatively easy. 
     It is a third object of the invention to provide electrical apparatus for use in the above mentioned user interaction system. 
     The first object is realized in that the camera is connected to the pointing device so that in operation it images the region pointed to. A fixed camera only images a certain region of space. It is possible that in the known user interaction system, the user&#39;s pointing device, or the object pointed to are not even in the field of view of the fixed camera. It is a major advantage of a pointing device with an attached camera, e.g. on the front end of the pointing device closest to the region pointed to, that the camera is always imaging the region pointed to substantially optimally. The object pointed to is in general the electrical apparatus to which the user interface information, e.g. apparatus control data, is sent, but can be any object present in the room in which the user resides, as long as it can be recognized by the DSP. The apparatus to be controlled is then identified e.g. by pointing to it previously. 
     In an embodiment according to claim  2  the user interface information comprises apparatus control data for controlling operation of the electrical apparatus. There can be many apparatuses present in a living room which e.g. produce sound. Each of these devices has a control for increasing or decreasing the sound volume. By pointing the camera of the pointing device towards a particular apparatus and performing a “volume up” command, e.g. by pressing a button on the pointing device or making a specific movement with the pointing device, the sound volume of the device pointed to will increase. Using a known universal remote control can have as a disadvantage e.g. that an apparatus responds which was not intended by the user, because it uses the same remote control code. 
     It is advantageous if as in claim  3  the digital signal processor comprises an object characterizing means for characterizing an object or part of the object present in the picture of the region imaged by the camera, by providing first object characterizing features to a comprised object identification means for identifying the object, and which object identification means is capable of outputting object identification data from which the user interface information is constructed. 
     In case different electrical apparatuses are to be controlled, they all have to be recognized automatically. The DSP can be e.g. a generic processor running algorithms for characterizing the apparatus, or it can be an asic. Typically the object characterizing means will perform image-processing algorithms on a picture of the apparatus. E.g. the relative dimensions of the apparatus can be calculated and the number and positions of buttons on the apparatus can be analyzed. The object identification means associate with these resulting first object characterizing features a specific apparatus, e.g. from information in an apparatus table. Other information about the apparatus, e.g. “first television produced by company X with serial number Y” may be present, like the apparatus control data that the apparatus understands. 
     It is also advantageous if as in claim  4  the digital signal processor comprises:
         motion trajectory estimation means for estimating a motion trajectory of the pointing device and outputting a first motion characterizing signature, a signature being a mathematical abstraction of the motion trajectory; and   signature identification means for identifying the first motion characterizing signature and outputting command identification data, which represents a user interaction command, corresponding with the first motion characterizing signature, from which command identification data the user interface information is constructed.       

     To avoid the need of a large number of buttons on the pointing device for all the different commands that can be sent to all the different apparatuses, and to make the user interaction system more user friendly, it is advantageous if at least some of the apparatus control data is generated on the basis of movements of the pointing device by the user, which pointing device is typically in his hand. The signature of an upwards movement could mean “volume up”, but in contrast with a standard remote control, the amount of volume change can according to the invention depend on the brusqueness of the motion. If the user moves his arm up slowly, the volume should e.g. change only slightly, and in contrast if he moves his arm up fast, the volume should go up a lot. Determination of the motion of the pointing device can be done on the basis of motion sensing means, e.g. a mass on a deformation sensor, a gyroscope, differential GPS, etc. However since a camera is already present, the motion can also be determined by imaging successive pictures and applying a motion estimation algorithm. Since global motion estimation is simpler than precise motion estimation of multiple objects, the camera can be a simple CMOS based camera or even a two-dimensional array of a small number of light sensitive elements. 
     It is also advantageous if as in claim  5  the digital signal processor comprises identification improvement means, which are capable of further improving a probability that the object represented as object identification data, and user interaction command represented as command identification data, are more reliably identified based on predetermined rules, yielding more reliable user interface information. Since identification of the object and motion signature need not always be perfect, given the variability of conditions in a room, identification improvement means can be incorporated which e.g. apply an artificial intelligence set of rules on the identified object identification data and command identification data, possibly also taking into account the characterizing features first object characterizing features and first motion characterizing signature. E.g., a rule for determining the apparatus pointed to can take into account the room in which the pointing device is present, or the time of the day. E.g. the first thing what a user may typically do if he comes home and picks up the pointing device is to switch on the lights. His intention can be verified by the DSP on the basis of a picture of these lights. 
     It is further advantageous if as in claim  6  the predetermined rules comprise probabilistic calculation of the likelihood of an {object identification data, command identification data}—pair, taking into account at least one of the following a priori known information units {room in which the pointing device resides, previous command issued by user, statistical frequency that a user issues a particular command and time of the day}. E.g. the likeliness of a command can be calculated based upon a statistical profile of which commands a user usually uses, and based upon previously issued commands. Also, the likelihood of an apparatus can be updated based on the room in which the pointing device is present. On Friday at eight o&#39;clock the user might want to watch his favorite television program. 
     It is also advantageous if as in claim  7  the digital signal processor comprises object association means for providing to the object identification means object association data comprising at least one of the data entities being: associated object characterizing features and object related data—,
         the object association data being derivable from object template data in object memory originating from at least one of the methods:   the object template data is obtained from object training means performing a predetermined calculation on second object characterizing features outputted by object characterizing means; and   the object template data is derived from inputted object data.       

     The user interaction system is much more versatile if, instead of being preconstructed by the manufacturer for controlling a fixed number of apparatuses, the user can adapt it to his changing environment. E.g. if he buys a new apparatus, he would like this apparatus to be controllable by means of the same system. Also if he buys a calendar, hangs it on the wall, and points to it with his pointing device, he would like an action to occur, e.g. starting up a calendar tool on his p.c. For this object association means are required. The user images a new apparatus, e.g. under a few different angles. A number of image processing algorithms running on the object characterizing means extract features for this object which are stored as an object template, possibly after first calculating invariant apparatus specific features. He then selects with a selection user interface which apparatus corresponds to this object template. This is a so-called training phase of the system. When later the system is used in a so called command phase, for sending apparatus control data to an identified apparatus, the object identification by the object identification means can be aided by means of the data stored in the object association means. E.g. on the basis of the object template data a number of associated object characterizing features, corresponding to what the object characterizing means output as first object characterizing features, can be sent to the object identification means, which then performs a comparison, selecting the correct identified apparatus. These features can also be preloaded in the object identification means. The object association means can also send object related data to the object identification means, comprising at least an identifier of the apparatus, and possibly further data such as supported commands. In an alternative realization, the object association means could also perform the object identification itself, in which case only object related data is sent to the object identification means. To avoid that the user has to input a lot of information through the selection user interface, object related data can also be inputted through an object data input, e.g. directly from an apparatus to be identified and controlled. Via this input, characteristic object template data can also be inputted, e.g. the manufacturer of an apparatus might provide a picture taken under well-controlled imaging conditions. 
     It is also advantageous if as in claim  8  the digital signal processor comprises signature association means for providing to the signature identification means signature association data—comprising at least one of the data entities being: associated signature features and command related data—,
         the signature association data being derivable from signature template data in signature memory originating from at least one of the methods:   the signature template data is obtained from signature training means performing a predetermined calculation on a second motion characterizing signature outputted by the motion trajectory estimating means; and   the command template data is derived from inputted command data.       

     According to a similar rationale, signature association means can be comprised to enable the training of new motion trajectories applied to the pointing device by the user and characterized as signatures. In these realizations command data is inputted e.g. by an apparatus which provides a menu of its supported commands. 
     It is also advantageous if as in claim  9  the first motion characterizing signature is derived on the basis of successive pictures imaged by the camera at respective instances of time. Since a camera is attached to the pointing device, imaging its every move, and global motion can be estimated by a simple motion estimation algorithm, successively imaged pictures can be used for deriving the intended user interface command. 
     The second object is realized in that the pointing device according to claim  10  comprises a camera and is capable of sending a picture to a DSP. As already described above the user interaction system becomes more versatile with such a pointing device. 
     An embodiment of the pointing device is characterized in claim  11  in that it is capable of sending a picture to the digital signal processor, which is capable of sending user interface information to an electrical apparatus based on the picture 
     In an embodiment according to claim  12 , the DSP is comprised in the pointing device. The pointing device can then also operate separate from the user interaction system. E.g. the pointing device can be taken to a supermarket, process imaged pictures and store the corresponding first object characterizing features. Control actions by home apparatuses can then be performed at a later time. 
     It is advantageous if as in claim  13  the pointing device comprises motion sensing means for sensing a motion trajectory of the pointing device. Irrespective of whether the device is used for recognizing objects, it can be used to send apparatus control data corresponding to specific movements by the user. The intended apparatus in such an application of the pointing device could e.g. be fixed or indicated with a button. 
     It is advantageous if as in claim  14  the pointing device comprises a characteristic projector for optically projecting a characteristic pattern towards a region pointed to. It is advantageous if the user gets a feedback of which apparatus or part of an apparatus he is pointing to. Otherwise, if he is not aiming correctly, he might e.g. virtually push the wrong button of the apparatus. One form of feedback could be a small picture on a display of the pointing device which shows the center of the region imaged by the camera. An apparatus or button on an apparatus in the middle of the display is the one intended. Another form of feedback comprises projection of a characteristic pattern, e.g. a white cross, or a laser dot, which illuminates the intended part of an apparatus. More complex patterns such as a two-dimensional grid of lines can aid the DSP in identifying the geometry of the imaged apparatus. 
     It is advantageous if as in claim  15  the pointing device comprises a programmable user interface code generator and a wireless transmitter for transmitting the code to the electrical apparatus. Instead of the DSP sending apparatus control data to the apparatus, e.g. by means of a wireless home network based on bluetooth, the pointing device itself may directly send the appropriate remote control command, e.g. by means of infrared radiation. The advantage compared to a classical universal remote control is that the DSP automatically identifies the apparatus, from a camera picture, and generates the correct code. 
     It is advantageous if as in claim  16  feedback means are present for feedback of user interface information. E.g. a display is useful. Another feedback can provide some kind of force feedback, e.g. by means of a mass which is moved. This can e.g. simulate tipping against the screen of a TV. 
     The third object is realized in that interface means are comprised which allow the apparatus to send information about supported commands to a pointing device as claimed in claim  1 , based on an “identify supported commands” call of the pointing device to the apparatus. The DSP or part of the functionality of the DSP might also be comprised in the apparatus. The apparatus might also transmit object characterizing features and so on. 
    
    
     
       The invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the following description and the accompanying drawing, showing schematically examples of components of the user interaction system and pointing device according to the invention. In this drawing: 
         FIG. 1  schematically shows a room in which a user interaction system according to the invention is present; 
         FIG. 2  schematically shows a digital signal processor according to the invention; 
         FIG. 3  schematically shows a pointing device according to the invention; and 
         FIG. 4A  shows an example of a motion trajectory and corresponding signature; 
         FIG. 4B  shows another example of a motion trajectory and corresponding signature. 
     
    
    
     In  FIG. 1  a room is shown containing various electrical apparatuses which can receive user interface information I, e.g. electrical apparatus  110  being a plasma display, but also a personal video recorder or a telephone or a washing machine can be present, with which a user  100  can interact. The room also contains various objects, being electrical apparatuses or just any physical object like e.g. a window, or object  130  being an audio apparatus, vase  170  and electrical apparatus  110 , that can be pointed to by means of a pointing device  101 . 
     According to the invention, the pointing device  101  contains a camera  102 , and can send pictures of regions of a room or objects in those regions to a digital signal processor (DSP)  120 , which can identify the regions or objects on the basis of one or more pictures imaged by the camera  102 . The camera is connected to the pointing device  101  in such a way, that it images well the region pointed to. E.g. it can typically reside at the far end of the pointing device  101 , but it could also be mounted on the side under an angle. The user  100  has the freedom to point to whatever object he wants, and in such a way a very user-friendly and powerful user interaction system can be realized. 
     The DSP  120  can be e.g. a home computer controlling apparatuses in a home network, or it can be incorporated in the pointing device  101 . The camera  102  can be a CCD camera or CMOS camera. The connection between the camera  102  and the DSP  120  can be wireless if the two are separate. The pointing device  101  can already perform part of the algorithms to be performed by the DSP  120  for identification of an object, so that e.g. only a small set of features need to be sent to the external DSP  120  for further processing. In fact the functionally shown DSP  200  can be distributed in a number of parts in the pointing device  101 , room, different apparatuses and so on. 
     The DSP  120  is designed to send user interface information I, e.g. apparatus control data ac, to an identified apparatus. E.g. user  100  can point the pointing device  101  to light  160  and push an on-button on the pointing device  101 , which results in the DSP  120  sending an on-command to the identified light  160 . The object identified needs not be the apparatus to be controlled itself. E.g. pointing at vase  170  may start a particular program on a p.c., the output of which is shown on the display apparatus  110 . Parts of an object may be pointed to, e.g. pointing at a volume button  134  of object  130  increases or decreases the volume of this audio apparatus, in dependence on an additional action such as the pushing of a button or a movement of the pointing device  101 . Pointing to the channel selection display  132  and making a sideward movement may change the channel. The DSP  120  may also recognize the status of a part of an object, e.g. that cassette loader  136  is left open, and issue a “close” command. Other specific situations can also be detected or monitored. User  100  may also point to a piece of furniture  140  or a part  142  thereof. If the piece of furniture  140  is a cupboard different actions can result from pointing to different drawers. If the piece of furniture  140  is an intelligent refrigerator, pointing to it can result in the user defined action of ordering beer over the Internet. Apart from apparatus control data ac, other user interface information I can be sent, e.g. picture data pd. E.g. first electronic painting  150  and second electronic painting  152  display a variable picture. They can be realized with electrophoretic electronic ink displays. User  100  can capture the picture displayed on the first electronic painting, or even a picture on a calendar hanging on the wall, and transfer it as picture data pd to the second electronic painting  152 , possibly after some image processing such as e.g. perspective correction. 
       FIG. 2  schematically shows functional components in a digital signal processor  200 —an embodiment of  120  in  FIG. 1 . Not all components described are necessarily present in a particular embodiment of the user interaction system. The DSP  200  can be realized as a generic processor, an asic, or separate components on a circuit board. The DSP  200  may receive camera input c and sensor input s, e.g. from motion sensing means  304 . The DSP  200  may comprise an object characterizing unit  202  for characterizing a picture of an object  130  or part of the object  130  as imaged by the camera  102 . The object characterizing unit  202  is capable of providing first object characterizing features f 1  to an object identification unit  204 . The first object characterizing features f 1  may be of different kinds depending on the image processing algorithms embodied in the object identification unit  204 . Typically the object is first isolated from the remaining parts of the imaged picture. This can be done e.g. on the basis of edge and curve detection on the picture. Another option is 3D analysis of the imaged region, e.g. with a projected grid or a second camera. Part of an object may be detected on the basis of correlation techniques, and then the rest of the object can then be verified. 
     Second the first object characterizing features f 1  are calculated. E.g. a contour of the object and its composing parts can be characterized by means of a curvature versus angle characteristic. Or the ratio width/height may be calculated. Also, the isolated object region itself, or a transformation of it may be used, typically after first performing a perspective correction. 
     The object identification unit  204  then identifies the object on the basis of the first object characterizing features f 1  received from the object characterizing unit  202 . E.g. any known classification technique in multidimensional feature space might be used. The output of the object identification unit  204  is object identification data oi, which can be a simple number or a data structure containing additional information about the identified object. The characterizing features and further data of a number of apparatuses might be e.g. stored a priori in an object characteristics memory  230  by the manufacturer of the pointing device containing the DSP  200 , or might be preloaded from internet if the DSP  200  is a computer. Instead of identifying an object, the DSP may also identify a region of the room. E.g. pointing the pointing device  101  towards the ceiling may issue the command “lights on”, whereas pointing to the floor switches the lights off. Or pointing to one of the corners may invoke an associated command. The corners may be identified on the basis of objects present, e.g. on the left side a plant and on the right side a cupboard. 
     The user interaction system is much more useful however if a user can train new objects, such as vase  170 , himself. Therefore an object association unit  212  might be comprised, which provides the object identification unit  204  with object association data oad. The object association data oad might comprise characterizing features fa of an object, similar to the first object characterizing features f 1 , based on an object template. The object template can be obtained by applying a training phase. A new object is imaged by the camera  102  under a number of conditions, e.g. different angles, lighting etc. The object characterizing unit  202  generates second object characterizing features f 2  for all the pictures. An object training unit  221  in the object association unit  212  generates an object template corresponding to the object which is stored in object memory  220 . The template can e.g. be the cluster of second object characterizing features f 2  of all the pictures, or average features, or some invariant feature calculated on the basis of the variable second object characterizing features f 2 . The object template might also be derived by the object training unit  221  on the basis of characterizing features coming in from the outside as object data od. This object data might originate from an apparatus which inputs e.g. pictures of it taken from different angles by a manufacturer. The object data od and object association data oad might also comprise object related data id, i.e. all kinds of information concerning an apparatus, like e.g. supported commands. 
     To facilitate object recognition, certain objects like e.g. apparatus  110  may display a characteristic pattern  116 , e.g. they may flash a red cross a predetermined number of times with different on/off intervals, in response to an “object identify” call of the pointing device. The apparatus  110  might also comprise an interface unit  190 , which makes it more useful in a user interaction system according to the invention. E.g. an apparatus like an internet radio can have a “service discovery” function which communicates to the pointing device  101  which commands it supports. It might even transmit infrared remote control sequences corresponding with these commands, and so on. This facilitates the training of the DSP  120 ,  200  by the user  100 . E.g. in response to the communication, the commands can appear as a menu of predefined icons on a display  316  of the pointing device  101 . The interface unit  190  can also be realized separately. E.g. a washing machine might not have an intricate remote control facility. A plug-on box can be provided which receives standard commands from the DSP  200  and interfaces in a simple way with the apparatus, e.g. starting it. 
     The DSP  200  might also comprise components for analyzing gestures made with the pointing device  101  by the user  100 . For this, the motion trajectory  400  in  FIG. 4  of the pointing device  101  is used, which is calculated e.g. on the basis of pictures from the camera  102 .  FIG. 4   a  shows an upward motion trajectory  400  in a three-dimensional coordinate system  404 . It is summarized by signature  402  being a mathematical representation of that upward motion trajectory. The signature  402  can be linked, e.g. by means of a command table, with command identification data ci, e.g. in this case the user  100  might reserve this motion for a “volume up” command. A circular motion trajectory  410  and circular signature  412  might mean to one user “rewind”, whereas another user has trained the DSP  200  to relate this circular signature  412  with a “device on” command. The user can e.g. roughly orient his pointing device  101  towards light  160  and make the “device on” motion, on the basis of which the DSP  200  switches the light  160  on. Alternatively the user  100  can also make the “device on” motion somewhere in the air and then point to light  160 , or a television or whatever object he wants to be switched on. The signatures  402 ,  412  can be parameterized in any way and matched by any known curve fitting technique. E.g. the signature  402  can be coded as a number of connected line segments of specific length and intersegment angle. 
     A motion trajectory estimation unit  206  calculates a motion trajectory  400 , on the basis of motion sensing means  304 , or successive pictures from the camera  102 . E.g. optical flow or block based motion estimation techniques can be applied on two successive pictures to obtain a part  401  of motion trajectory  400 . The divergence of the motion vector field can be used to estimate motion towards on object, i.e. typically along an axis of the pointing device  101 . On the basis of motion trajectory  400 . a signature generation unit  209  outputs a first motion characterizing signature s 1 . A signature identification unit  208  identifies the first motion characterizing signature s 1  and link it with command identification data ci, being e.g. a numerical representation of a user interaction command intended by the user  100 . The first motion characterizing signature s 1  can be compared with signature characteristics for different stored signatures in a signature characteristics memory  232 . E.g. if a roughly circular or even any returning movement is made, a stored circular signature template will yield a better match than a linear signature template. Geometrical and structural curve matching techniques can be applied in the similarity calculation. 
     Just like it is advantageous to have a DSP  200  which is able to learn to identify new objects, it is advantageous if the DSP  200  can identify new movements preferred by the user  100 . Therefore the signature association unit  214  might be comprised for providing signature association data SAD to the signature identification unit  208 . The signature association data SAD may comprise associated signature features sa, e.g. a mathematical representation of the circular signature  412 , and/or command related data cid, e.g. received from an apparatus sending its supported commands as command data cd to the DSP  200 . Signature templates in a signature memory  222  can be obtained from a signature training unit  223  on the basis of a first motion characterizing signature s 2  from the motion trajectory estimation unit  206  or from command data cd. 
     Since the environment of the user is very variable, e.g. the lighting changes during the day, the identification of the object  130  or a command, i.e. a signature  402 , might sometimes be incorrect. Therefore the DSP  200  might comprise an identification improvement unit  210 . The intended command is e.g. dependent on the object  130  pointed to, or might be dependent on the command given previously, and so on. An object is identified incorrectly if it is not present in the room the pointing device is residing in. Therefore room recognizing means  185  may be present, e.g. flashing LEDs. The user  100  can scan the room recognizing means  185  with the pointing device  101  when he enters the room. Apart from the camera  102 , a photodiode might be comprised in the pointing device  101  for detecting the room recognizing means  185 . Room localization beacons  180 ,  181 ,  182  may also be present, so that the DSP  200  can recognize to which part of the room the pointing device  101  is pointing. The beacons could be light emitting in case the camera  102  is to recognize them, but they could also e.g. emit electromagnetic radiation. Objects present in the room can also aid in the recognition of an object. E.g. if vase  170  is next to object  130 , its recognition can aid in the recognition of object  130 . Even analysis of the past trajectory of the pointing device can be used. If the pointing device was previously pointing to object  130  and it has been moved to the right, it should be pointing to apparatus  110 . Taking all this information into account, the identification improvement unit  210  can calculate e.g. Bayesian probabilities or use fuzzy logic to arrive at a more certain identification of the object  130  and the intended command. 
     The user interaction information I outputted by the DSP  200  typically comprises control apparatus data ac, being e.g. a structure comprising the object identification data oi and the command identification data ci, or a new identifier based on those, identifying an intended command for a particular apparatus  110 . The user interaction information I may also comprise picture data pd. 
       FIG. 3 , schematically shows a pointing device  300 —an embodiment of  101  in FIG.  1 —according to the invention. Not all features shown need be present: a simple pointing device may only comprise a camera  302  and e.g. a display  316  for feedback. A number of buttons e.g. button  308  might be present. This allows for giving certain commands only be pushing a button. Also similar movements of the pointing device  300  can be used for two different commands, once with and once without simultaneously pushing the button  308 . A characteristic projector  320  may be present, e.g. for projecting a laser spot towards the location pointed to. The camera of the pointing device is capable of sending a picture to the external DSP  120 , but it might also itself comprise the DSP  200 . In this way the pointing device can also be used outdoors. A pointing device  103  not carried by the user  100  might also be used to monitor an apparatus  110  or room. Apart from sensing the motion by means of the camera, other motion sensing means  304  may also be comprised, e.g. a gyroscope or differential GPS. A programmable code generator  309  and wireless transmitter  310  may also be present for sending a command directly to an apparatus  110 . Feedback means might be present for providing the user with additional information. E.g. a light  312 , a sound production device  314 , a force feedback means  306 , and in particular a display  316  might be comprised. The force feedback means can comprise a small moveable mass, which can simulate vibration or the touching of an apparatus. The display can show e.g. the center of the region pointed to, possibly superimposing a graphically generated cross in the center of the picture imaged. This can also be displayed on a television. Similarly the light  160  might be used to provide feedback instead of light  312 . The feedback on the display  316  might show e.g. the motion trajectory  400  and how similar it was to previous motion trajectories during the motion trajectory training phase, aiding the user  100  to learn the DSP  200  to recognize a stable gesture. The display  316  might also indicate what the DSP  200  sees by showing a picture after a number of image processing steps, e.g. a picture containing detected edges, and comprising text naming the identified device. 
     User identification means  330  might also be present, e.g. a fingerprint sensor, or an input for a password or personal smart card. In this way the DSP  200  can set itself to a mode of operation particular to the user  100 . The user might even give different commands depending on the room he is in. Speech recognition means  340  may also be comprised, to supplement the commands given by movements of the pointing device  300 . Games could be played by using the pointing device  101  as some kind of interface device to the real world.