Patent Publication Number: US-6222005-B1

Title: Process for preparing polyester resins

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned application U.S. Ser. No. 09/449,913, filed Dec. 2, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,446. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process for preg polyester resins. According to the process a carboxylic acid or corresponding anydride containing ethylenic unsaturation is first reacted with a saturated, monobydric alcohol to form the half ester of the acid or anhydride. The half ester is then reacted with a polyol to form the polyester. It has also been found that an oil containing unsaturation such as soybean oil can be added in the reaction step of the half ester and the polyol. The addition of oils such as soybean oil permits the reduced use of petroleum derived components. 
     In general unsaturated polyesters are prepared from dicarboxylic functional monomers, or mixture of di- or greater carboxyl functional monomers where at least one of which contains ethylenic unsaturation. These polyesters are obtained by the condensation of the carboxylic acid monomers with polyhydric alcohols. Commercially, the polyester is dissolved in a monomer such as styrene to obtain a solution that may then be crosslinked. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,478,015 discloses a process for the preparation of unsaturated polyesters by reacting the moynoester of a beta-unsaturated monohydric alcohol and polyearboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol. Examples of the unsaturated alcohols include allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, crotyl alcohol, etc. Beta-unsaturated alcohols such as allyl alcohol are toxic and esters prepared using such alcohols have a tendency to gel. U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,898 discloses a process for the production of resins containing maleic half esters. In this process maleic acid or anhydride is reacted with a tnonoalkyl or alkaryl ethoxylate having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl or aralkyl group, An alcohol such as methanol may also be added to is reaction mixture. The reaction product is then dissolved in a monomer with a free radical initiator present. U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,443 discloses the preparation of monohydric alcohol esters of maleic acid. U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,783 discloses a process for preparing low molecular weight unsaturated polyesters by adding a monofunctional alcohol to the condensation reaction of dicarboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohol. Japanese Patent No. 2,863,896 discloses a process for the preparation of an ester derivative useful as a cross linking improver for polymers. The abstract of the &#39;896 patent discloses reacting maleic anhydride with isopropanol, isomeriziag the reaction product to give monoisopropyl fiumarate and reacting that fuirnarate with a bisphenol A derivative at a temperature of 120°. 
     Styrene, a solvent used to prepare solutions of unsaturated polyesters is considered a hazardous pollutant. Much work has been done in an effort to prepare low volatile organic compound (VOC) unsaturated polyester resin systems. One area of focus has been the use of waxes as a means of reducing emissions. During cure waxes which are initially dissolved or dispersed in a resin, form a thin film on the surface of the fabricated article. The film acts as a physical barrier preventing styrene from evaporating from the surfce of the cring part. This film reduces styrene emissions. Unfortunately the waxy film substantially diminishes interlaminar adhesion thus reducing the strength of molded articles made using a multilarninate construction. An alternative to the use of waxes is the use of low molecular weight unsaturated polyester resins. The lower molecular weight permits the use of less styrene because of increased solubility of the resin in the styrene. Typically the molecular weight of unsaturated polyester resins is manipulated by altering the ratios of components. The highest molecular weight is achieved when a 1:1 ratio of acid to polyol is used. Increasing the ratio of one component in relation to the other lowers the molecular weight However, these synthesis techniques significantly change the performance characteristics of the resulting products. For example, using more polyol than acid can significantly reduce the reactivity and/or thermal resistance of a product. Using more acid than polyol will increase the reactivity but the acid value (AV) of the product also increases. High AV resins are not very soluble in styrene and tend to precipitate in styrene. Articles molded from these resins are susceptible to attack by water. Simply changing molecular weight without modifying the nature of the end groups diminishes the suitability of the resins for many applications. 
     Unlike standard methods for the preparation of unsaturated polyester resins the invention provides a method of preparation yielding resins having both a low viscosity and acid value. Resins prepared according to the invention are more soluble in styrene while still retaining good performance characteristics. Because the resins are more soluble less styrene is necessary to prepare a styrene resin solution. Reducing the styrene content allows manufacturers to continue to use conventional open mold techniques while reducing styrene emissions. When unsaturated oils are used less petroleum based materials are required. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a process for preparing unsaturated polyester resins. According to the process at least one carboxylic acid or its corresponding anhydride containing ethylenic unsaturation is first reacted with at least one low molecular weight, saturated monohydric alcohol to fonn the half ester. The half ester is then reacted with at least one polyhydric alcohol in a condensation reaction. The oil containing unsaturation is added to the process at this point The process of the present invention yields a final product having a low acid value. Resins prepare according to the invention have acid values below 50 mg KOH/g and preferably below 30 mg KOH/g. When an oil containing unsaturation such as soybean is present, the resins will have acid values below 50 mg KOH/g and preferably below 50 mg KOH/g. The resins prepared according to the invention having low acid values are more soluble in styrene than comparable resins prepared using a standard ester resin synthesis process where a carboxylic acid and polyol are reacted without first reacting the acid with a saturated monohydric alcohol. Polyester resins prepared according to the invention have performance characteristics as good or better than polyester resins prepared by traditional methods. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
     Not Applicable 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a process for preparing polyester resins. According to the process a carboxylic acid having at least two carboxyl functional groups or its corresponding anhydride containing ethylenic unsaturation is first reacted with a saturated, monohydric alcohol having a boiling point of less than about 150° C. to form the half ester of the carboxylic acid or corresponding anhydride. The half ester is then reacted with polyol in a condensation reaction. In addition to the potyol, the oil containing unsaturation, such as soybean oil, can be added at this point. The polyol can be added all at once or incrementally over a period of time. Optionally catalysts can be added to promote the condensation reaction. After the polyol addition has begun the polyol/half ester mixture is allowed to react with heating. Distillate composed of water and the saturated monohydric alcohol used to prepare the half ester is removed from the reaction. Heating is continued until the desired viscosity is reached. If polyol is added incrementally, the addition should be completed before the target viscosity is attained in order to minimize the amount of imreacted polyol in the final product. In each case the carboxylic acid or its corresponding anhydride, the saturated monohydxic alcohol and the polyol can be mixture. For example, the saturated monohydric alcohol can be a mixture of ethanol and methanoL 
     Examples of carboxylic acids and corresponding anhydrides useful in the invention include maleic acid fimiaric acid, itaconic acid and maleic anhydride. In addition other acids, anhydrides or esters of the acids can be added to modify the chemical composition. Examples of such acids and anhydrides include phfialic acid, isopbthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetahydrophthalic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methylnadic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, dimethyl terephthalate and the like. Maleic acid and maleic anhydride are preferred. 
     Examples of saturated monohydric alcohols having a boiling point of less than about 150° C. at standard temperature and pressure include methanol ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and the like. Primary alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are preferred 
     A wide variety of polyols can be used in the process of the invention, Included would be common diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,2-dimethyl- 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl- 1,3-propanediol, glycol ethers such as diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol, and polyoxyalkylene glycols like polyoxyethylene glycol and polyoxypropylene glycol. Triols and higher functional polyols such as glycerol, trinethylol propane and oxyalkylated adducts thereof can also be use&amp; Preferably, the polyols are aliphatic or alicyclic and optionally contain C—O—C linkages. 
     Examples of oils containing unsaturation include castor oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, cotton oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and tung oil. In addition, fatty acids could be used instead of the oil. An example would be ricinoleac acid instead of castor oil. Modified oils such as epoxidized soybean oil may also be used. The use of soybean oil is preferred. Up to 45 wt % of the oil based on the total weight of all components charged minus distillate collected can be used. Preferably from 5 wt% to 45 wt % of oil is used. More preferably between 10 wt % and 30 wt % of oil is used in the process. 
     Other materials commonly used in the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins, such as solvents, isomerizationa-and/or condensation catalyst, promoters, etc. can be used in the process of the invention. Examples of solvents are those commonly known in the art and include but arc not limited to hexane, cyclohcxane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and mixtures of solvents. Commonly used inhibitors include hydroquinone, pbenzoquinone, di-t-butylhydroquinone, t-butylcatechol, phenothiazine, and the like, Catalysts used to promote the condensation reaction include p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, zinc salts (e.g. acetate), organotin compounds (dibutyl oxide) and other materials known to those skilled in the art. Isomerization catalysts include organic amines such as morpholine and piperidine. 
     Unlike traditional unsaturated polyester resin synthesis processes in which an ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid is reacted with polyol, the process of the invention uses the reaction of a half ester and a polyol to form the desired unsaturated polyester resins. Typically, a mole ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 moles of saturated monohydric alcohol to acid or anhydride is used. In a preferred embodiment the half ester is made by reacting one mole of maleic anhydride with one mole of a saturated monohydric alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and the like. The maleate half ester can be made at subambient, ambient, or superambient temperature and pressure. The reaction conditions are adjusted so that a substantial amount (50% to 75% of the theoretical conversion to the half ester) of the half ester forms prior to the addition of the polyol. Primary alcohols such as methanol and ethanol require little or no heat input to facilitate the formation of the half ester. Secondary alcohols such as 2-propanol may require additional heat to facilitate the formation of the half ester. Depending on the size and configuration of the reaction vessel some cooling capacity may be required to maintain a safe operating temperature and pressure. The reaction of the alcohol and acid or corresponding anhydride is caried out at a temperature of from ambient to 180° C. preferably from ambient to 160° C. 
     When a substantial amount of half ester is formed, polyol is added to the reaction vessel. Optionally, the half ester can be tansferred to a second vessel containing the polyol. The polyol and maleate half ester can be combined at once, incrementally, or continuously over time. The polyol to half ester mole ratio is adjusted to between 0.5 and 1.75, preferably between 0.65 and 1.50 and most preferably between 0.5 and 1.25. If other acids arn introduced in addition to the anhydride the amount of maleate half ester is adjusted so that the total polyol to diacid ratio is within the ranges given above. 
     Heating can be applied to the contents of the reaction vessel during addition of the reaction components or on completion of the addition. The reaction of the half ester and polyol is carried out at a temperature of from 160° C. to 240° C. preferably from 180° C. to 220° C. During the esterification distillate consisting of water and alcohol is continuously removed. The above ratios are not affected by the addition of an oil containing unsaturation. 
     Both the degree of conversion and the composition of the reaction mixture can be used to control the viscosity of the final product. Typically, the higher the polyol to half ester ratio the lower the viscosity. Time at temperature can also be used to control the viscosity. During the course of the condensation the viscosity is monitored using the Gardener-Holdt method (ASTM D545-89 recorded in seconds or stokes). The acid value is monitored using ASTM D1639-90. Resins having both a low viscosity and acid value can be made using only a slight excess of polyol to half ester (1.1:1.0) or slight excess of half ester (0.9:1.0 polyol to half ester) mole ratio. 
     Having thus described the invention the following examples are given by way of illustration and should in no way be construed as limiting in nature. 
     In the following examples, several polyester resins were prepared. For comparison an analogous series of resins were prepared using a traditional synthesis process. Polyester resins were also made using 2-ethyliexanol as an endcapping agent as outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,783 In each example the finished resin was diluted with styrene to make a 66% nonvolatiles solution (ASTM D1644-88). 0.2 phr(parts per hundred) of 6% cobalt naphthanate, 0.1 phr of dimethylanaline (DMA) and 1.5 phr of Lupersol DDM-9 mctliyl ethyl kctone peroxide solution were added to each resin sample. Each solution was degassed and poured into a mold comprised of two glass plates separated by a ⅛″ silicone rubber gasket. Each casting was removed from the mold after about 36 hours at ambient temperature and post cured between glass plates for 2 hours at 300° F. After post curing each casting was cut into test specimens. Tensile strength, modulus and elongation were measured using ASTM method D638. HDT was measured using ASTM method D648-97. Barol hardness was measured using ASTM method D2583-92. Test coupons (1″×4″) were also cut for testing water boil(WB) resistance. Test coupons were immersed in boiling water for 3-14 days. The test coupons were weighed before(initial weight) and after (wet weight) exposure. They were then placed on a glass plate and dried for 6 hr at 120° C. in a forced air oven. After cooling each coupon was weighed again (final weight). The final weight and the initial weight were used to calculate the amount of material extracted. And the final weight and the wet weight were used to calculate the amount of water absorbed. The physical appearance of the dried coupons was ranked on a scale of 0-9: where 0=no physical change (NC); 9=severe blistering (B) and/or cracking (C). 
    
    
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1A 
     standard polyester (SP-DPG90). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPG), 246 g, (1.83 mol) and maleic anhydride, 400 g, (4.08 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 246 g, (1.83 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.67 g, (7.8 m mol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 21.2-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 0.9:1. The resin was only partially soluble in styrene. A precipitate formed when the mixture was blended with styrene. Resin castings were hazy. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1B 
     end-capping with 2-ethylhexanol (EH-DPG-90). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPG), 209 g, (1.56 mol), 2-ethylhexanol, 90.8 g, (0.7 mol) and maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 345 g, (2.57 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.67 g, (7.8 innol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation along with a small amount of 2-ethyl hexanol (10.4 g) was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 23.7-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 0.9:1. Resin properties are given in Table 1. 
     EXAMPLE 1A 
     High Maleate Resin made using ethanol (EHM-DPG-90). 
     Maleic anhydride, 400 g, (4.08 mol) and 95% ethanol, 196.3 g, (4.08 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Next, dipropylene glycol (DPG), 246 g. (1.83 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Additional DPG, 246 g, (1.83 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.63 g, (7.4 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 23.5 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 0.9: 1. Properties of this resin are given in Table 1 
     EXAMPLE 1B 
     High Maleate Reslin made usin methanol (MHM-DPG-90). 
     A procedure similar to the one used for preparing the EHM-DPG-90 material (Example 1-A) was used except that methanol was used in place of the ethanol Properties are given in Table 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1C 
     endcapping with 2-ethylhexanol. 
     A procedure similar to the one used for preparing the EHM-DPG-90 material (Example 1-A) was used except that 2-ethylhexanol was used in place of the ethanol. Since the 2-ethylhexanol is not volatile it was not removed during the reaction and the Gardner-Holt viscosity never rose above 0.5 sec. This resin was not evaluated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative Example C1A and C1B and Example 1A and 1B. Examples of 
               
               
                 resins with a 0.9 to 1 Polyol to Acid Ratio. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acid Value 
                 Viscosity, cps 
                 % V.O.C. 
                 Physical Properties 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative Example C1A 
                 97 
                 265 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 7,797 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 508 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 6.90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 9-B &amp; C 
               
               
                 Comparative Example C1B 
                 37 
                 290 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 6,977 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 396 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 2-B 
               
               
                 Example 1A 
                 26 
                 321 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 37 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 7,975 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 450 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 0-NC 
               
               
                 Example 1B 
                 26 
                 286 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 8,249 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 427 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 121 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water Absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 0-NC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C2A 
     standard polyester (SP-DPG-100). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPG), 273 g, (2.04 mol) and maleic anhydride, 400 g, (4.08 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 273 g, (2.04 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.71 g, (8.3 immol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 10.1 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reachcd (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.0:1. The resin was only partially soluble in styrene. precipitate formed when the resin was added to the styrene. Resin castings were hazy. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 2. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C2B 
     end-capping with 2-ethylhexanol (EH-DPG-100). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPO), 218 g, (1.63 mol), 2-ethylhexanol 86.6 g, (0.67 mol) and maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 397 g, (2.96 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.86 g, (10.0 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation along with a small amount of 2-ethyl bexanol (15.8 g) was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 9.5 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to mnaleic ratio for this resin was 1.0:1. Resin properties are given in Table 2. 
     EXAMPLE 2A 
     High Maleate Resin made using ethanol (EHM-DPG-100). Addition of Polyol in Two Charges. 
     Maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol) and 95% ethanol, 220.8 &amp; (4.79 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Next, dipropylene glycol (DPG), 307.8 g, (2.29 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Additional DPG, 307.8 g, (2.29 mol), iinhibitor, and piperidine, 0.96 g, (1.2 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mnixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 9.5 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.0:1. Resin properties are given in Table 2. 
     EXAMPLE 2B 
     High Maleate Resin made using ethanol (EHM-DPG-100). Addition of Polyol in One Charge. 
     Maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol) and 95% ethanol, 220.8 g, (4.79 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Next, dipropylene glycol (DPG), 616 g, (2.29 mol) inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.96 g, (11.2 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. Polycondensation was continued until a 10.1-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The acid value was 11. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.0:1. 
     EXAMPLE 2C 
     High Maleate Resin made using methanol (MHM-DPG-90). 
     A procedure similar to the one used for preparing the EHM-DPG-100 material (Example 2-A) was used except that methanol was used in place of the ethanol. Properties are given in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative Example C2A and C2C and Example 2A and 2B. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acid Value 
                 Viscosity, cps 
                 % V.O.C. 
                 Physical Properties 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative Example C2A 
                 83 
                 185 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 8,647 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 419 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 3.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 6.47 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 7.67 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 9-B &amp; C 
               
               
                 Comparative Example C2B 
                 39 
                 148 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 7,107 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 365 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 2.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 3-B 
               
               
                 Example 2A 
                 27 
                 162 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 8,162 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 395 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.45 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 0-NC 
               
               
                 Example 2C 
                 23 
                 172 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 8,132 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 421 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.62 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water Absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.41 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 0-NC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C3A 
     standard polyester (SP-DPG-110). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPG), 301 g, (2.24 mol) and maleic anhydride, 400 g, (4.08 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 301 g, (2.24 mot), inhibitor, and piperidinc, 0.75 g, (8.7 mmol) were added and the nixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 9.2-scc. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrne containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.1:1. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 3. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C3B 
     end-capping with 2-ethylhexanol (EH-DPG-110). 
     Dipropylene glycol (DPG), 233 g, (1.73 mol), 2ethylhexanol, 86.6 g, (0.67 mol) and maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 3 h. Additional DPG, 445 g, (3.31 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.90 g, (10.0 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation along with a small amount of 2-ethyl hexanol (13.0 g) was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 6.1 -sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.1:1. Resin properties are given in Table 3. 
     EXAMPLE 3A 
     High Maleate Resin made using ethanol (EHM-DPG-110). 
     Maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol) and 95% ethanol, 220.8 g, (4.79 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Next, dipropylene glycol (DPG), 307.8 g, (2.29 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. additional DPG, 307.8 g, (2.29 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 0.96 g, (11.2 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 9.5-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in strene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The polyol to maleic ratio for this resin was 1.1:1. Resin properties are given in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative Example C3A and C3B and Example 3. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acid Value 
                 Viscosity, cps 
                 % V.O.C. 
                 Physical Properties 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative Example C3A 
                 52 
                 166 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 7,635 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 364 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.17 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 5.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 9-B &amp; C 
               
               
                 Comparative Example C3B 
                 29 
                 133 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 8,665 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 314 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 9-B &amp; C 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 20 
                 131 
                 66 
                 Barcol hardness 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile strength, psi 
                 7,455 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tensile modulus, ksi 
                 370 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elongation, % 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HDT, ° C. 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Extracted in 6d Water Boil 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % Water Absorbed in 6d Water Boil 
                 3.76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Appearance of Sample 
                 3-B 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 4, 5 and 6 demonstrate the use of mixtures of anhydrides in the process of this invention. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     High Maleate resin made rising ethanol and phthalic anhydride. 
     Phthalic anhydride, 351.7 g, (2.37 mol), maleic anhydride, 350 g, (3.57 mol) and 95% ethanol, 288.1 g, (6.21 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Next, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 274.4 g, (3.05 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated, A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temrperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Additional 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 274.4 g, (3.05 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 4.7-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (70% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The product had an acid value of 9. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     High Malede resin made using ethanol and etrdraydrophthaic anhydride. 
     Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 206.5 g, (1.36 mol), maleic anhydride, 450 g, (4.59 mol) and 95% ethanol, 286.2 g, (6.21 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperanture. Next, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 95.3 g, (0.59 mol) and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 247.6 g, (2.38 mol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Additional 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 104.8 g, (0.65 mol) and 2,2-dimethy-1,3-propanediol, 272.4 g, (2.62 mol), piperidine, 1.01 g, (11.7 mmol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 4.5-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (70% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The product had an acid value of 10. 
     The following example illustrates the incorporation of aromatic diacids into unsaturated polyesters made by the High-Maleate process using aromatic polyester polyols. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     High Maleate resin made using diester of isophthalic acid as part of the polyol charge. 
     Isophthalic acid, 650 g, (3.91 mol), diethylene glycol, 415 g (3.91 mol), ethylene glycol, 243 g (3.91 mole), and dibutyltin oxide, 0.26 g, were heated to 420° F. with slow distillation of water. When the acid value dropped below 10 the reaction was stopped and the isophthalic diester product, was collected as a highly viscous fluid. It had an acid value of 9 and a hydroxyl value of 362. 
     Next, maleic anhydride, 400 g, (4.08 mol) and 95% ethanol, 196.3 g, (4.08 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. The isophthalic diester, 545 g, was added along with inhibitor and the mixture was heated. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Diethylene glycol, 199 g, piperidine, 0.90 g, (10.5 mmol) and inhibitor were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 7.5-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (70% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. The product had an acid value of 19 and a hydroxyl value of 26. 
     In addition to the above examples, several resin formulations were prepared using soybean oil. 
     In the following eoarnples, several soybean oil containing unsaturated polyester resins are prepared using the High-Maleate process of this invention. For comparison, analogous resins were also made using a standard polyester process. Each resin was diluted with cnough styrene to make a 60% NV solution (as determined by ASTM method D 1644-88). To the styrene solution were added 1.0 phr of Lucidol-98 (benzovl peroxide) and 0.5 phr of t-butyl perbenzoate--both available from Elf Atochem. The solution was degassed and poured into a mold comprised of two glass plates separated by a 1/8″ silicone rubber gasket. The mold was placed in an oven and heated as follows: 54° C. for 30 min, 71° C. for 60 min and 82° C. for 60 min. The casting was removed from the mold and then post-cured between two glass plates for 2 h at 150° C. After post-cure, the casting was cut into test specimnens. Tensile strength, modulus and elongation were measured using ASTM method D 638; HDT was measured using ASTM method D 648-82; and Barcol hardness was measured using ASTM method D 2583-92. 
     The following examples demonstrate the advantage of using the High-Maleate technology for preparing soybean oil containing polyester resins. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1 
     standard polyester containing soybean oil at 16.3 wt % (6360-186). 
     Ethylene glycol (EC), 285 g, (4.59 mol) and maleic anhydride, 900 g, (9.17 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 1 h. To this mixture were added propylene glycol (PG), 244.4 g, (3.21 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 313.8 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.17 g. The mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until distillate formation decreased significantly. The reaction mixture was cooled and PG, 310.3 g (4.08 mol), piperidine, 1.40 g, (16.5 mmol) and additional inhibitor were added. The mixture was heated again to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 33.6-sec. Gardner-F-olt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C2 
     standard polyester containing soybean oil at 20.3 wt % (6360-174). 
     Ethylene glycol (EG), 316.5 g, (5.10 mol) and maleic anhydride, 1000 g, (10.19 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 1 h. To this mixture were added propylene glycol (PG), 271.5 g, (3.57 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 458.7 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.2 g. The mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until distillate formation decreased significantly. The reaction mixture was cooled and PG, 349.8 g (4.60 mol), piperidine, 1.64 g, (19.3 mmol) and additional inhibitor were added. The mixture was heated again to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondenisation was continued until a 30.9-scc. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 2. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1 
     standard polyester containing soybean oil at 25.8 wt % (6360-186). 
     Ethylene glycol (EG), 285 g, (4.59 mol) and maleic anhydride, 900 g, (9.17 mol), were reacted together at 79° C. for about 1 h. To this mixture were added propylene glycol (PG), 279.3 g, (3.67 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 561.5 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.2 g. The mixture was heated to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until distillate formation decreased significantly. The reaction mixture was cooled and PG, 279.3 g (3.67 mol), piperidine, 1.63 g, (16.5 mmol) and additional inhibitor were added. The mixture was heated again to 400° F. Water of condensation was collected and polycondensation was continued until a 41.3-sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting rnade from this materal are given in Table 3. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     High Maleate polyester containing soybean oil at 17.5 wt %. 
     Maleic anhydride, 1000 g, (10.2 mol) and 95% ethanol, 491.1 g, (10.65 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Ethylene glycol (EG), 316 g, (5.10 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 353.2 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.22 g were added. The mixture was heated to 400° F. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Next, propylene glycol (PG), 387 g, (5.10 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 1.73 g, (20.3 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again, a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 23.3 sec. Gartier-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 1. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     High Maleate polyester containing soybean oil at 21.5 wt %. 
     Maleic anhydride, 1000 g, (10.2 mol) and 95% ethanol, 491.1 g, (10.65 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Ethylene glycol (EG), 316 g, (5.10 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 459 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.23 g were added. The mixture was heated to 400° F. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Next, propylene glycol (PG), 388 g, (5.10 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 1.77 g, (20.7 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again, a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off Polycondensation was continued until a 29.8 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 2. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     High Maleate polyester containing soybean oil at 25.3 wt %. 
     Maleic anhydride, 900 g, (9.17 mol) and 95% ethanol, 442 g, (9.59 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course-of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Ethylene glycol (EG), 285 g, (4.59 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 512 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.21 g were added. The mixture was heated to 400° F. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Next, propylene glycol (PG), 349 g, (4.59 mol), inhibitor, and pipenidine, 1.66 g, (19.5 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again, a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off. Polycondensation was continued until a 31.1 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity as reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made froip this material are given in Table 3. 
     EXAMPLE 3R 
     Higb Maleate polyester containing soybean oil at 25.4 wt % (6540-3). 
     Maleic anhydride, 900 g, (9.17 mol) and 95% ethanol, 442 g, (9.59 mol) were reacted at 175° F. over the course of about 2 h. Slow addition of ethanol was used to control temperature. Ethylene glycol (EG), 285 g, (4.59 mol), alkali refined soybean oil (Cargill, Inc.) 512 g, inhibitor, and triphenyl phosphite, 0.21 g were added. The mixture was heated to 400° F. A mixture of ethanol and water distilled as the temperature rose. When distillation ceased the mixture was cooled to about 300° F. Next propylene glycol (PG), 349 g, (4.59 mol), inhibitor, and piperidine, 1.66 g, (19.5 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated to 400° F. Again, a mixture of water and ethanol distilled off Polycondensation was continued until a 45.3 sec. Gardner-Holt viscosity was reached (80% solution in styrene). The mixture was cooled to about 175° F. and blended with styrene containing inhibitor. Properties of a neat resin casting made from this material are given in Table 3. 
     As the data in the following three tables show the use of the High-Maleate process to make soybean oil containing polyester resins gives resins that are higher in reactivity as measured by the higher peak temperatures in the SPI gel test and higher HDTs. In addition, the lower Hydroxyl values of these resins (HV) makes them better suited for use in formulating sheet molding compounds (SMC). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 and Comparative Example C1. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Comparative C1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 6360-165 
                 6360-186 
               
               
                 Polyester Preparation Method 
                 High-Maleate 
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 SBO content (based on yield) wt % 
                 17.5 
                 16.3 
               
               
                 Stokes Cut-off (80% Plastic) 
                 23.3 
                 33.6 
               
               
                 QC: 
               
               
                 AV 
                 23 
                 28 
               
               
                 HV 
                 78 
                 163 
               
               
                 Styrene (%) wt % 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                 Viscosity (Brookfield @ 25° C.) cps 
                 185 
                 223 
               
               
                 SPI Gel (180° F.) 
               
               
                 Gel Time min 
                 4.3 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Gel to Peak min 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Peak Temp ° F. 
                 466 
                 439 
               
               
                 Physical Test Data 
               
               
                 Barcol hardness (post-cured) 
                 38 
                 37 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength psi 
                 5,769 
                 6,941 
               
               
                 Tensile Modulus ksi 
                 426 
                 422 
               
               
                 Elongation at max load % 
                 1.57 
                 2.06 
               
               
                 Flexural Strength psi 
                 9,070 
                 11,477 
               
               
                 Flexural Modulus ksi 
                 429 
                 418 
               
               
                 HDT ° C. 
                 135 
                 106 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 2 and Comparative Example C2. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 Comparative C2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 6360-170 
                 6360-174 
               
               
                 Polyester Preparation Method 
                 High-Maleate 
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 SBO content (based on yield) wt % 
                 21.5 
                 20.3 
               
               
                 Stokes Cut-off (80% Plastic) 
                 29.8 
                 30.9 
               
               
                 QC: 
               
               
                 AV 
                 28 
                 27 
               
               
                 HV 
                 71 
                 167 
               
               
                 Styrene (%) wt % 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                 Viscosity (Brookfield @ 25° C.) cps 
                 297 
                 215 
               
               
                 SPI Gel (180° F.) 
               
               
                 Gel Time min 
                 4.2 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 Gel to Peak min 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Peak Temp ° F. 
                 454 
                 423 
               
               
                 Physical Test Data 
               
               
                 Barcol hardness (post-cured) 
                 35 
                 33 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength psi 
                 5,524 
                 7,038 
               
               
                 Tensile Modulus ksi 
                 389 
                 373 
               
               
                 Elongation at max load % 
                 1.65 
                 2.38 
               
               
                 Flexural Strength psi 
                 11,510 
                 11,106 
               
               
                 Flexural Modulus ksi 
                 408 
                 392 
               
               
                 HDT ° C. 
                 114 
                 97 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 3, Example 3R and Comparative Example C3. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 Example 3R 
                 Comparative C3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 6360-178 
                 6540-3 
                 6360-182 
               
               
                 Polyester Preparation Method 
                 High-Maleate 
                 High-Maleate 
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SBO content (based on yield) wt % 
                 25.3 
                 25.4 
                 25.8 
               
               
                 Stokes Cut-off (80% Plastic) 
                 31.1 
                 45.3 
                 41.3 
               
               
                 QC: 
               
               
                 AV 
                 31 
                 23 
                 25 
               
               
                 HV 
                 91 
                 89 
                 145 
               
               
                 Styrene (%) wt % 
                 40 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                 Viscosity (Brookfield @ 25° C.) cps 
                 457 
                 518 
                 284 
               
               
                 SPI Gel (180° F.) 
               
               
                 Gel Time min 
                 6.6 
                 6.6 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 Gel to Peak min 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Peak Temp ° F. 
                 419 
                 440 
                 416 
               
               
                 Physical Test Data 
               
               
                 Barcol hardness (post-cured) 
                 30 
                 31 
                 26 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength psi 
                 6,574 
                 6,222 
                 7,579 
               
               
                 Tensile Modulus ksi 
                 366 
                 376 
                 361 
               
               
                 Elongation at max load % 
                 2.37 
                 2 
                 3.42 
               
               
                 Flexural Strength psi 
                 10,580 
                 11,998 
                 9,851 
               
               
                 Flexural Modulus ksi 
                 371 
                 369 
                 369 
               
               
                 HDT ° C. 
                 100 
                 106 
                 84