Patent Publication Number: US-RE45396-E

Title: Wave rotor apparatus

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/627,742, filed on Nov. 12, 2004, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to fluid power devices and more particularly to a wave rotor apparatus. 
     It is known to use an axial wave rotor as a supercharger in internal combustion engines for automotive vehicles. This conventional device is described in P. Akbari and N. Müller, “Gas Dynamic Design Analyses of Charging Zone for Reverse-Flow Pressure Wave Superchargers,” ICES 2003-690, ASME (May 11-14, 2003). Wave rotors have also been proposed for use in propulsive jet engines and power turbines as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,764 entitled “Propulsion Module” which issued to Baker on Jul. 1, 2003; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,719 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Cold Gas Reinjection in Through-Flow and Reverse-Flow Wave Rotors” which issued to Nalim et al. on Apr. 20, 1999; both of which are incorporated by reference herein. Various attempts have also been made to cancel an expansion wave generated by a wave rotor. Such a configuration is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,432 entitled “System and Method for Cancelling Expansion Waves in a Wave Rotor” which issued to Paxson on Dec. 7, 1993, and is incorporated by reference herein. Traditional attempts to use depressions or pockets to control wave reflections of off-design operation undesirably, reduce the sensitivity of axial wave rotors to engine speed changes. Nevertheless, there still exists a need to improve the performance and reduce the size of traditional wave rotors to enhance their commercial viability or adapt a different geometry for more convenient implementation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, a wave rotor apparatus is provided. In another aspect of the present invention, a radial wave rotor includes fluid passageways oriented in a direction offset from its rotational axis. A further aspect of the present invention employs stacked layers of generally radial channels in a wave rotor. Moreover, turbomachinery is located internal and/or external to a wave rotor in yet another aspect of the present invention. In another aspect of the present invention, a radial wave rotor has an igniter and fuel injector. Correctional passages are employed in still another aspect of the present invention wave rotor. 
     The radial wave rotor of the present invention is advantageous over conventional devices since the present invention should produce higher power densities, an improved efficiency, a smaller frontal area, and a smaller size compared to known axial wave rotors. The centrifugal forces of the fluid, created by the present invention, advantageously improve flow scavenging and compression. The offset or generally radial passageways of the wave rotor of the present invention are also easier and less expensive to manufacture as compared to many traditional, axial wave rotors, especially if incorporated into a layered arrangement. The stacked configuration and/or shapes of channels employed in the present invention further provide advantageous variations in cycle timing. 
     Moreover, performance of the radial wave rotor of the present invention is simpler to model, predict and analyze in the design stage than traditional wave rotors. Placing turbomachinery in the presently disclosed locations also reduces undesirable pressure losses caused by conventional collectors and/or diffusers. Additionally, the correctional passageways of the present invention advantageously achieve directed and self-actuated aerodynamic control of the internal flow and shock wave pattern. Scavenging processes are also improved by the present invention&#39;s use of centrifugal forces. Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic side view showing a first preferred embodiment of a wave rotor apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded, side elevational view showing the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 3  is a partially fragmented and diagrammatic, side elevational view, showing the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 4a  is a partially fragmented side view, showing the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 4b  is a partially fragmented side view showing variations to the wave rotor apparatus of  FIG. 4a ; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view showing a radial wave rotor employed in the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 6  is a partially fragmented, perspective view showing one and one-half layers of a radial wave rotor employed in a second preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic top view showing one layer of the radial wave rotor employed in the second preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view showing one layer of a radial wave rotor employed in a third preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view showing an inlet and compressor assembly employed in the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view showing a turbine volute employed in the first preferred embodiment of the wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 11  is a top elevational view showing the turbine volute employed in the first preferred embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 12  is a side elevational view showing a radial wave rotor employed in a first alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIGS. 13a and 13b  are diagrammatic side views showing variations of a fourth preferred embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIGS. 14a and 14b  are diagrammatic and perspective views showing variations of a second alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 15  is a fragmented, diagrammatic and perspective view showing a quarter of a third alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 16  is a diagrammatic, fragmentary and top view showing a quarter of the third alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus of  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIGS. 17A-17C  are a series of diagrams showing correctional passageways preferably employed in any wave rotor apparatuses; 
         FIG. 18  is a fragmentary perspective view showing a fourth preferred embodiment wave rotor apparatus employed with a microfabricated gas turbine; 
         FIG. 19  is a perspective view showing a fourth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 20  is an exploded view showing the fourth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; 
         FIG. 21  is a wave diagram showing expected operation of the fourth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus of  FIGS. 19 and 20 ; 
         FIG. 22  is a fragmentary, perspective view showing a fifth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus, in a two step compression wave engine variation; 
         FIG. 23  is a diagrammatic top view showing the fifth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus; and 
         FIG. 24  is a wave diagram showing expected operation of the fifth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus of  FIGS. 22 and 23 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A wave rotor is a machine in which a fluid is pressurized by generally unsteady shock or compression waves and expanded by expansion waves. As a general principle for wave rotors used in a gas turbine engines, a wave rotor provides a pressure gain additional to that provided by a compressor. It also enables higher combustion end temperatures without raising a turbine inlet temperature since a portion of the energy of the burning gas exiting a combustion chamber is used in the shock compression to increase the pressure and temperature of the fresh air before it enters the combustion chamber. Accordingly, the pre-expanded burned gas is scavenged toward a turbine and channels of the wave rotor are reconnected to the compressor outlet, allowing fresh, pre-compressed air to flow into the wave rotor channels. Thus, wave rotors utilize a high-pressure fluid to transfer its energy directly to a low-pressure fluid when two fluids with different thermodynamic properties are brought into direct contact for a very short time, wherein pressure exchange occurs faster than mixing. 
     A first preferred embodiment of a wave rotor apparatus  21  is shown in  FIGS. 1-5  and  9 - 11 . More specifically,  FIGS. 1-3  illustrate wave rotor apparatus  21  including a compressor inlet port  23 , a radial impeller or compressor  25 , an internal end plate  27 , an external end plate  29 , a radial wave rotor  31 , a turbine volute  33 , a turbine exit port  37 , a driving shaft  39 , a housing  41 , an inlet duct  43  and an outlet duct  45 . Radial wave rotor  31  is preferably made from multiple, annularly shaped discs or layers  51  which each have multiple channels or passageways radially extending outward from a rotational rotor centerline axis  531  toward a peripheral surface. Channels  53  are created, for example, by simple welding, soldering, gluing channel walls on discs, a milling machine, an electrical discharge machine, chemical etching or the like in a metal or ceramic material. Four such layers  51 a,  51 b,  51 c and  51 d are disclosed, however, greater or fewer layers can be employed. The layers are stacked upon each other in a coaxial manner after machining and can be permanently fixed together through electric current welding, structural adhesives, bolts or the like. Alternatively discs with channels can be manufactured altogether in one manufacturing process like casting. Each channel  53  of the first preferred embodiment has a straight configuration in an elongated radial direction and a constant rectangular cross-sectional area from its inlet, closest to rotor axis  531 , to its peripheral outlet. Furthermore, the channels of each layer can be circumferentially offset from the adjacent layers thereby forming a diagonal or oblique configuration to allow for different timing of fluid entry and exiting of the channels. The stacked layer construction provides a modular wave rotor that can have one or more easily interchanged layers for different mass flow rates. The subdivision of channels further advantageously allows for acoustic noise reduction. The internal surface and periphery of the stacked layers of wave rotor  31  have partially spherical shapes to improve fluid flow characteristics from compressor  25  and through the ported end plates, reducing losses otherwise appearing in ducting and collectors. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate a second preferred embodiment of a radial wave rotor  61  wherein multiple channels  63  in each of exemplary layers  65 a and  65 b have a curved configuration between each inlet  67  and outlet  69 . In the embodiment shown, the cross-sectional area between inlet  67  and outlet  69  also varies with the curve radius being more severe adjacent to the inlet and gradually expanding adjacent the outlet. Solid partition portions  71  are transversely disposed between each set of channels  63 , much like that illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Layer-by-layer manufacturing is ideally suited for the curved channel configuration, allowing non-die locked or free from undercut access to all of the channels within a single layer at the same time as viewed in Figure curved or otherwise angled configuration is ideally suited for a “free-running” wave rotor where the impulse of entering or exiting fluid or the change of angular momentum of the internal flow self-drives the rotation of the wave rotor. The curved flow path of channels  63  of the second preferred embodiment advantageously provides a longer flow path given the same rotor diameter and packaging size thereby modulating the effect of radial forces on the flow to improve scavenging and acceleration/deceleration of the flowing fluid. This also advantageously allows for tuning of the design by changing shapes and flow lengths also in each layer differently, without affecting packaging size, thus changing wave travel timing. With the curved channels, angles can be easily varied in the design stage which will modulate the flow direction and acting accelerating/decelerating centrifugal force while also allowing the inlet and outlet angles to be independently varied. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a third preferred embodiment of a radial wave rotor  81  employs multiple straight channels  83  with each having its square cross-sectional area completely bordered by an upper wall section  85 , a lower wall section  87 , a left wall section  89  and a right wall section  91  (in the orientation shown). This embodiment enhances structural rigidity of each layer and employs completely circular-cylindrical internal and external surfaces, respectively  93  and  95 , thereby reduced manufacturing costs and modularized interchangeability of the multiple layers (only one of which is shown) when assembled. The geometric complexity and manufacturing costs of the associated end plates are also reduced. If applied with a gas turbine, the high pressure air (“HPA”) and high pressure burned gas (“HPG”) flow to and from combustor (burner) and the low pressure fresh air (“LPA”) from the compressor to wave rotor  81 , and the low pressure mixed gas (“LPG”) to the turbine, are also schematically illustrated. 
     It should alternately be appreciated that multiple layers of channels can be created within a single piece, radial wave rotor which does not require subsequent layer assembly; such an arrangement is shown in  FIG. 12 . This single piece, radial wave rotor  101  is constructed to have multiple sets of fluid carrying channels  103  with each having a diamond-shape in cross-section, relative to rotational rotor axis  531 . The diagonal or oblique offset of adjacent channel openings can be observed between different rows or layers. The diamond-shape allows for more abrupt opening and closing as full channel inlet and outlet-to-end plate porting alignment is achieved during operation, especially given the preferred end plate ports disclosed hereinafter. It should also be appreciated that other channel shapes can be used and that small fillets or radii can be employed in the cross-sectional corners without significantly departing from the desired square, rectangular or diamond shapes disclosed herein. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 2-4a  and  9 , internal end plate  27  is located within a central and internal hollow cavity  111  of radial wave rotor  31 . Internal end plate  27  has a diagonally elongated port  113  which selectively and periodically aligns with opposite diagonal groups of wave rotor channels  53  when wave rotor  31  is rotated relative to the stationary internal end plate  27 . Similarly, external end plate  29  has a diagonally elongated port  115 , preferably oriented opposite to internal end plate port  113 . External end plate  29  is stationarily positioned in matching registry and shape with the circumferential peripheral surface of wave rotor  31  such that, for example, diagonal groupings of outlets of wave rotor channels  53  are selectively and periodically aligned with port  115  when wave rotor  31  is operably rotated. It should be appreciated that alternate end plate shapes and orientations can be employed depending upon the wave rotor peripheral shape, channel shapes, channel spacings and flow patterns desired for different applications. End plates  27  and  29  are secured to housing  41  (see  FIG. 1 ) or ducts by mounting brackets, welding or the like. Furthermore, bearings, seals and/or lubricants may be desired between various rotating components and members, and the adjacent stationary components, depending upon the applications within which the present invention is employed. 
     Compressor  25  is a rotating turbomachinery component that can be positioned inside of internal end plate  27  and cavity  111  of radial wave rotor  31 . Compressor  25  includes a base (disc)  121 , a plurality of curved, fluid-impinging vanes  123  and a central hub  125 . A rotational compressor axis  127  coaxially extends through hub  125  and vanes  123 . Compressor axis  127  is angularly offset from axis  53  of radial wave rotor  31  by an angle α of between about 10-80 degrees, and more preferably by about 25 degrees. The majority of compressor inlet port  23  is also stationarily disposed within internal end plate  27  and wave rotor cavity  111 . Compressor  25  is allowed to rotate independently of radial wave rotor  31  at least when no fluid is flowing and in certain potential operating conditions. When fluid is flowing, compressor  25  rotates in generally the same direction as radial wave rotor  31 , however, the angles and curves of vanes  123  of compressor  25  can be varied and/or inlet and channel angles of radial wave rotor  31  can be varied to cause opposite and/or the same rotational direction between the compressor and radial wave rotor. It should be appreciated that alternate turbomachinery members, such as turbines or the like, may be rotationally provided within an internal cavity, whether central or not, of wave rotor  31 . The angularly offset axes  53  and  127  between compressor  25  and wave rotor  31  create a continuous interface flow at the inner and outer periphery of external turbomachinery shown in  FIG. 4b  and the internal turbomachinery shown in  FIG. 4a . In the shown configuration, the stack of wave rotor layers  51 , also called wave disks, advantageously allows continuous outflow of fluid from the turbocompressor without need of any collecting devices that would otherwise generate unnecessary losses like pressure loss due to wall friction. 
     As best observed in  FIGS. 1-3 ,  10  and  11 , turbine  35  is rotatably located within a turbine volute  33 . Turbine volute  33  is stationarily mounted to housing  41  and is in fluid communication with port  115  of external end plate  29  through volute openings  161  and  163  and intermediate ducts. Turbomachinery-turbine  35  can rotatably spin within volute  33  and be mechanically coupled to compressor  25  in a direct manner by way of drive shaft  39  or, alternately, through other gearing or belt arrangements which may be coaxial or offset or electrically by a generator motor arrangement (see  FIG. 4b ). Turbine exit port  37  is mounted to volute  33  adjacent and coaxial with turbine  35 . Shown turbine  35  has a generally flat base  171 , curved vanes  173  projecting from base  171 , and a central hub  175  aligned with drive shaft  39 . However, an axial turbine could be additionally employed with or without a volute. 
     Wave rotor apparatus  21 , as disclosed with the first preferred embodiment, shows the use of a radial wave rotor as a topping component for a gas turbine and is intended for use within an aircraft, jet engine, a stationary, electricity-producing power plant or for propelling other vehicles like land or water vehicles. With slight modification, the radial wave rotor apparatus of the present invention can also be used as a supercharger within an internal combustion engine, such as that employed in an automotive land vehicle, as a pressure exchanger in air or other gas refrigeration cycles, or as a condensing wave rotor, for example, in a water based refrigeration system. One such exemplary water refrigeration system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,453 entitled “Vapor-Compression Evaporative Air Conditioning Systems and Components” which issued to Holtzapple et al. on Aug. 6, 2002, and is incorporated by reference herein. Another is disclosed in Akbari, P., Kharazi, A., Müller, N., “Utilizing Wave Rotor Technology to Enhance the Turbo Compression in Power and Refrigeration Cycles,” 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Conference, ASME Paper IMECE 2003-44222 (2003). Radial wave rotor  31  offers great potential and advantages for a condensing wave rotor in a vapor (phase change) refrigeration system, since it exploits the enormous density differences of gaseous and liquid fluid by the action of centrifugal forces. This greatly supports the separation of vapor and condensed fluid in the scavenging process and channel drying before refilling, which addresses a concern in handling of phase changes occurring in both directions in conventional, axial wave rotors. 
       FIG. 4b  illustrates a first configuration employing an externally located motor or generator  164  coupled to either a turbine or compressor  25  by a coaxially aligned shaft  166 . A second configuration uses a flat and disc-like shaped generator or motor  168  coupled to compressor  25  and positioned within internal end plate  27  in an offset angular manner. Motor  168  is preferably of a permanent magnet type due to its simplicity and higher efficiency, and includes magnets that rotate with the compressor via a shaft, geared or direct coupling, and stationary electrical coils. Alternately, motor  168  may be of an induction type, and this internal cavity arrangement can alternately be employed in an axial wave rotor although some radial wave rotor advantages will not be realized. A third configuration provides a motor or generator integrated into the compressor&#39;s hub  125 . A fourth configuration locates a turbine  170  in a direct and generally radial flow path with the outlet ports of external end plate  29 , defined by a housing  172  and a volute  174 . A motor or generator  176  is driven by turbine  170  and is attached to housing  172  in an annular manner surrounding radial wave rotor  31 . 
     Further, a fourth preferred radial wave rotor embodiment is shown in  FIG. 18  for use in conjunction with a microfabricated gas turbine like that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,940 which issued to Epstein, et al. on Aug. 3, 1999; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,313 which issued to Epstein, et al. on May 21, 2002; both of which are incorporated by reference herein. The radial wave rotor allows for incorporation of the wave rotor in the disc or wafer-based assembly without introducing additional flow bends (which would cause additional losses) like a conventional axial wave rotor would require. A MEMs micromachine engine  376  includes a housing  378 , compressor  380  and turbine  382  of very small size; for example, the housing has an outer diameter less than 100 millimeters and more desirably about 12 millimeters, with a thickness of about 3 millimeters. Compressor  380  is located within an internal cavity of a radial wave rotor  354 , which has radially elongated channels  386 . A combustion chamber  388  is stationarily affixed to housing  378  while compressor  380 , wave rotor  384  and turbine  382  are allowed to rotate about axis  390 . In such a small scale, efficiency of compressor  380  and turbine  382  are traditionally very low. Also, the compression ratio is low for one step compression in traditional devices. Use of radial wave rotor  384 , however, increases the total compression ratio. It is expected that the radial wave rotor advantageously rotates less than about 100 rpm while the turbine and compressor rotate at speeds reaching one million rpm, in the reverse-flow configuration shown. 
     The first preferred embodiment wave rotor apparatus  31  operates as follows. Fresh air enters air intake  43  and flows to compressor inlet port  23 . Rotation of turbine  35  mechanically causes compressor  25  to also rotate, which, in turn, forces the intake air into the radial wave rotor channels  53  when they are aligned with port  113  of internal end plate  27 . Expanded and burned gases exiting outlet duct  45  may go through supplemental conduits or ducts, or a jet nozzle (not shown). The air inserted from compressor  25  to wave rotor channels  53  is preferably of a non-supersonic flow and will generate unsteady shock waves inside channels  53  due to pressure differences between the compressor outlet and the temporarily lower pressure in channels  53 . The centrifugal force additionally supports the flow in channel  53 . The radial action of wave rotor  31  improves scavenging and acceleration of fluid within each channel. The fluid flowing action from compressor  25  and through wave rotor channels  53  can also serve to rotate radial wave rotor  31 , after which, the burned gases exit the channels aligned with port  115  of external end plate  29 . The radial wave rotor alternately may be driven by a gear and/or electrical motor. In the case of a fluid driven wave rotor, the wave rotor may extract even more energy from the fluid and drive an additional generator connected to it or integrated in it and the housing. The periodical exposure of the channels to the port openings in the end plates initiates compression and expansion waves that move through the wave rotor channels and internally generate an unsteady flow in the wave rotor. Thus, pressure is exchanged dynamically between high pressure and low pressure fluid utilizing unsteady pressure waves such that both compression and expansion are accomplished in the single component, being the wave rotor. In the preferred embodiment, combustion takes place (as shown in  FIGS. 14-15 ) within the channels in the form of deflagration or even detonation, generating the major shock wave while further compressing the fluid before it exits toward the turbine and generates an expansion wave that draws in fresh pre-compressed air from the compressor. The exiting pre-expanded gases flow to volute  33  and impinge upon vanes  173  of turbine  35 , thereby forcing the turbine to rotate. The expanded gases are subsequently exhausted and exit from turbine exit port  37  and outlet duct  45  to atmosphere. The channel wall temperature of the wave rotor is maintained between the temperature of both fluids through the periodic exposure of the channels to both fluids between which the pressure is exchanged, thereby providing a self-cooling feature. 
       FIG. 13a  discloses a first configuration of a fourth preferred embodiment wave rotor apparatus  201  having a radial wave rotor  231 , compressor  225 , internal and external end plates (not shown) and turbine  235 , like that of the first preferred embodiment. Flow collectors  203  and  205  (both showing cut contours of preferably one rotational body that ducts the flow), however, are employed to direct the exiting burned and pre-expanded gas flow from wave rotor  231  and the external end plate port to turbine  235  and a turbine exit port  237 . Turbine  235  is mechanically coupled in an indirect manner, through multiple shafts, gears or belts, to compressor  224 .  FIG. 13b  shows another configuration with a direct shaft coupling, where an optional generator is mounted on the shaft. 
     Another alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus  251  is illustrated in  FIGS. 14a and 14b . In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 14a , a compressor  253  is mechanically coupled to a turbine  255  by way of a drive shaft  257  or the like. Compressor  253  is located external of radial wave rotor such that flow collector conduits (not shown) are required to flow the fluid from compressor vanes  261  through entry end plate ports, through elongated channels  263  of wave rotor  259 , out additional end plate ports and to vanes  265  of turbine  255 . Whereas  FIG. 14a  shows an internal combustion wave rotor configuration,  FIG. 14b  shows a radial wave rotor configuration with an external combustor. While a through-flow configuration is shown, reverse-flow configurations are possible as well. One or multiple cycles can be realized per revolution with either flow pattern or configuration. 
       FIGS. 15 and 16  show more details of the internal combustion configurations of  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  4 a,  4 b,  13 a,  13 b,  14 a and  14 b, where the wave rotor apparatus  301  serves as an internal combustion engine employing direct, radial wave rotor flow. Such a configuration can work in conjunction with turbomachinery (see  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  4 a,  4 b,  13 a,  13 b,  14 a and  14 b) or alone, where the exhaust gases may be directed and utilized for jet propulsion and/or work may be extracted by momentum change of the generated radial flow, driving a shaft or generating electricity in a generator. More specifically, a radial wave rotor  303  has multiple layers  305 a,  305 b,  305 c and  305 d with each having radially elongated fluid flow passageways or channels  306 . Layers  305  and channels  307  are manufactured, stacked and joined much like that explained in the first preferred embodiment, and may have a greater or lesser number of layers and channels than that shown, depending upon the actual usage situation. Each channel has an inlet opening  309 , a curved and angularly offset flow path, of varying cross sectional area, and an outlet opening  311 . Alternately, straight or other shaped channels can be provided, the cross-sectional area may also be constant and/or the cross-sectional shape may change. Wave rotor  303  operably rotates about a central rotor axis  309  and a stationary base platform  311 . 
     An igniter or spark plug  313  is affixed to platform  311  and is selectively aligned with fire channel apertures  315  in each layer  305  having access to each channel  307 . A fuel line  317 , having a fuel injector  319  aligned with each layer  305 , is stationarily mounted within a central, internal cavity  321  of radial wave rotor  303 . An internal end plate  323  has one or more ports aligned with fuel injectors  319 . Air inlets  325  allow fresh air from ambient or pre-compressed air from a compressor (such as that of  FIG. 9  or  14 ) through internal end plate ports and into channels  307 , when the channels are appropriately aligned with the internal end plate ports. In addition to or instead of the fresh air inlets, a premixed fuel can be alternately employed. In operation, the fuel can be sprayed into the aligned channels  307  from injectors  319 , mixing therein with the entering fresh/pre-compressed air, and is then centrifugally compressed in the channels. This mixture is combusted through flame ignition by igniter  313  and fire channel apertures  315 , The process of burning fuel significantly increases pressure inside channel  307 . Then the burned gases can expand to exit through outlet openings  311  when aligned with ports in an external end plate  331 . The exiting gases are then directed to a turbine (such as that of  FIG. 3  or  14 a) or a jet nozzle. It is possible to radially stratify the air and fuel mixture during the channel-filling process. For example, after closing channel  307  from both sides, each fuel and air mixture is trapped in the middle of the channel and ignites, while at the channel ends, a lean mixture of air is present. This keeps the channel ends cool, provides sealing and minimizes undesirable mixture leakage. In other words, the combustion process starts in the central part of the channel, where the fuel and air mixture is rich, and the flame propagates to inner and outer ends of the cell. Since heat release increases pressure inside the channel, opening the outer channel end generates an outflow of the exhaust gases. For curved channels  307 , torque is given to the disc or wave rotor  303  during the flow scavenging. This can be used for self-driven rotation or, if large enough, for external work extraction through a shaft or a generator. The outflow of the burned gases can induce an inflow of air and air-fuel mixture into channels  307 , refilling and cooling the channels before the cycle starts again. As mentioned before, this cycle also can be self-aspirating without need for external turbomachinery if the combustion is in a pulse detonation mode. This way the internal combustion, radial wave rotor  303  is also considered as an attractive propulsion system and may be used as a simple jet engine even without expensive turbomachinery. Such a jet engine propulsion device would have small and, most importantly, a flat front area. 
     It is alternately envisioned that fire channel apertures  315  can be either circular holes or elongated slots. Additionally, it is alternately envisioned that fuel injectors can be selectively turned off and on so that only a limited number of the multiple layers of channel sets have fuel injected therein, thereby improving fuel efficiency within the wave rotor portion of the internal combustion engine in certain vehicle operational modes, such as in an idle condition. In another alternate arrangement, rotating electrical igniters, activated only in a certain angular position of the mixture-filled channel or a fixed laser beam igniter, can be substituted for fixed igniter  313  and apertures  315 . 
     Correctional passages  401  and  403  can be provided in any of the previously disclosed embodiment wave rotor apparatuses or even in any axial wave rotor although some of the advantages of the present invention may not be achieved. This modification is shown in  FIGS. 17a-17c . Correctional passages  401  and  403  are created in side wall surfaces  405  defining each radial channel of a radial wave rotor  409  of any of the preceding embodiments. Alternately, correctional passages  401  and  403  can be employed in even conventional, axial wave rotors although some of the advantages of the present invention may be not realized. Each channel has an inlet opening  411  and an outlet opening  413  with an elongated and generally enclosed intermediate section extending therebetween. The inlet and outlet openings somewhat face the same direction within the channel although the portion of each passage immediately adjacent to inlet  411  may have a different elongated flow angle than the portion of each passage immediately adjacent to outlet opening  413 . More specifically, in a preferred construction, outlet opening wall angles preferably have an internal wall angle of about 45 degrees and an external wall angle of about 20 degrees (as measured from surface  405  while the inlet internal wall angle is about 25 degrees and the inlet external wall angle is about 50 degrees, for correctional passage  401 . The angles of correctional passage  401  act to accelerate the rotor cell walls as they pass. This is in contrast to correctional passage  403 , which serves to break or decelerate the rotor cell walls as they pass the inlet, that has inlet wall angles substantially perpendicular to the adjacent portion of surface  405  while its outlet wall angles are between about 30 and 50 degrees. 
     The correctional passages correct the rotational speed of disk or rotor to obtain or maintain the proper position of the compression waves. In contrast to the traditional correctional pockets or open, depressions in conventional, axial wave rotors, the correctional passages of the present invention advantageously only have a noticeable effect on fluid flow if the primary and secondary compression waves hitting the end plate are not in their properly desired positions. The arrival location of the primary wave depends on the rotational speed of the wave rotor. In the tuned case, it should be at the leading edge of the compressed air port. A passage having an inlet just before the leading edge of the compressed fluid outlet port, and with an exit or outlet opening in the rotational direction, should have the primary shock wave reach the inlet opening if the rotational speed is too low. The pressure ratio across the shock wave will then induce a jet of redirected fluid to exit the outlet opening of correctional passage  401  and the rotational direction and to thereby accelerate the wave rotor with the momentum of the jet. This is shown in the operational condition of  FIG. 17B .  FIG. 17C  illustrates deceleration caused by correctional passage  403 . In the situation of a reverse flow wave rotor, the secondary shock wave arriving at the opposite end plate at the trailing edge of the high pressure inlet port, enters inlet opening  411  and a jet of redirected fluid as projected from outlet opening  413  to slow down or decelerate the wave rotor. The shock wave position for an optimal rotational speed of wave rotor is shown in  FIG. 17A . 
     More specifically,  FIG. 17A  shows aerodynamic control of the rotational speed of radial wave rotor  409 . Its purpose is to adapt the rotational speed to maintain a preferred wave pattern, however, it operates passively without any external control. However, the correcting channels also may be actuated by an active control to better maintain, alter or obtain a desired wave pattern. Special passages  401  and  403  are provided with outlet nozzles directed in and against the rotational direction to accelerate or decelerate wave rotor  409 , respectively. These passages can be arranged closely beside the tuned location where a compression wave is supposed to meet the end plate. If the wave pattern becomes off-tune, the location at which the compression wave reaches the end plate moves between the inlet and the outlet of such a passage. This results in a pressure difference between the passage inlet and outlet and generates a jet that can accelerate or decelerate the wave rotor. If the passage, such as  403 , is placed in the rotational direction after the location where the shock wave is designed to hit the end plate, its outlet is directed against the rotational direction and the jet will decelerate the rotor, retuning the compression wave to the design location. If the passage, such as  401  is placed before the design arrival location of a compression wave and its outlet is directed in the rotational direction, it serves to retune the wave rotor by accelerating it. For proper passive control, at least one accelerating passage  401  and at least one decelerating passage  403  are needed. 
       FIG. 17B  shows a reverse-flow wave rotor in which the arrival of the primary wave is too early. A passage with an inlet located just before the leading edge of the compressed fluid outlet port and an exit in the rotational direction, will have the primary shock wave hit between both in the case of too low of a rotational speed. The pressure ratio across the shock wave will then induce a jet coming out of passage  401  to exit in the rotational direction and accelerate the wave rotor with its momentum. For deceleration, the same principle is applied in  FIG. 17C  using a secondary shock wave that should arrive at the opposite end plate at the trailing edge of the high pressure inlet port. The outlet of passage  403  is directed against the rotational direction. This principle is envisioned more for speed control rather than for a primary drive of the radial wave rotor. 
     A fourth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus  501  is of a first variation shown in  FIGS. 19-21 . Apparatus  501  includes a rotating torque ring  503 , which acts as a wave rotor disc, rotating in the direction of arrow R, and is the main part of a detonation engine. Wave rotor ring  503  is either directly attached to an output shaft or acts as a rotor in a generator. Ring  503  includes oblique and outwardly radiating (preferably in a changing curved pattern) cuts or fluid channels  505 , and two openings, a first opening  507  on an inner side and end, and a second opening  509  on an outer side and end of ring  503 . A group of air and air-fuel mixture inlets allow selective access between a stationary port assembly  511  and inside openings of ring  503 . An inlet  513  with an internal end plate for a stationary, high pressure passage  515  is selectively in communication with openings in an inner section of ring  503 . An outlet port through a stationary end plate  517  receives exhaust gases from ring  503 . A portion  519  of the high pressure passage outlet is also located adjacent an outer section of ring  503 . Two air-fuel mixture inlets are employed. The first one is for a lean air-fuel mixture and the second one is for a rich air-fuel mixture. The stratified air-fuel layers are pre-compressed by the compressed air or air-exhaust gas mixture temporarily stored in the high pressure air passage. Ignition of the rich air-fuel mixture is realized near the center part of the cut ring length, such that a shorter time period can be realized, in which the compression wave reaches both ends of the ring. The compressed air, from the ring side where the air inlet is located, is used on the opposite side in order to move the air without internal loops. This embodiment is especially desirable at small sizes, for example with a wave disc outer diameter less than or equal to about ten centimeters, where conventional turbomachinery is inefficient. 
     A fifth alternate embodiment wave rotor apparatus  531 / 561  is illustrated as a wave disc micro-engine in  FIGS. 22-24 . A wave disc  533  plays the multifunctional role of an active compression-decompression unit, and an electricity and torque generator. Appropriate port geometry, with oblique blades forming the disc channels, generates torque. Apparatus  531  further includes a compressed air port  535 , a high pressure and high temperature port  537 , a fresh air inlet  539 , a low pressure exhaust gas port  541 , a middle pressure passage  543 , exhaust gas outlets  545  in a cover, an exhaust gas outlet (in a second layer) from a combustion chamber, and a low pressure exhaust gas port  549 . The fresh air arrow in  FIG. 22  is shown in dashed lines, the compressed air flow arrows are shown with dot-and-dashed lines and medium thickness solid lines, and the exhaust gas flow arrows are illustrated by thicker solid lines and by thinner solid lines at port  549  and the adjacent channel as well as between port  541  and outlet  545 . The first compression step occurs adjacent a center of the wave rotor disc and the second compression step occurs adjacent outer and intermediate portions of the wave rotor disc. 
     The engine disc rotates with speeds much lower than a conventional turbo-unit, thereby simplifying bearing problems and construction of the electric generator. The present wave disc geometrical configuration and porting system causes one and two stage compression-decompression processes to increase the total efficiency. Middle pressure by-pass generates the torque and consequently, net power. Wave disc  533  is a radial wave rotor having curved channels. It overcomes the traditional poor scavenging problem by adding, in a controllable way, additional force (being the component of centrifugal forces) which improves the scavenging process. Further, the motor-generator can be directly integrated within the engine. 
     The exemplary construction of  FIG. 22  is a two step compression-decompression micro-engine manufactured by MEMS technology. A double port set with two parallel operating combustion chambers is used. The engine case can be prepared as a three part set with the most complicated part containing a basic plate with all port arrangements. The second part forms combustion chambers and outflow mufflers and the third part defines the cover with air inlets and exhaust gas outlets. The wave rotor disc is formed as two parts etched together. Moreover, an electric motor-generator is imprinted in the case part containing ports and in one of parts forming a wave disc. 
     As can be observed in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , micro-engine apparatus  561  includes a high pressure gas port (port B), two middle pressure gas ports (inlet (port A) and an outlet (port C)), connected by a passage, and a low pressure gas outflow port (port D), are all located in the radial wave rotor disc. A high pressure air port (port E) and a low pressure fresh air port (port F) are located at the inner side of the wave disc. Generally this flow arrangement can be classified as the reversed flow configuration. Centrifugal forces are believed to improve the flow during the scavenging and to slightly disturb the compression process. Enough energy exists during the compression process to overcome the negative influence of centrifugal forces. During the end of traditional scavenging processes, there exists a lack of energy to completely remove exhaust gases from cells. In contrast, centrifugal forces of the present invention act to improve the scavenging process. Predicted two-step compression micro-engine efficiency is 13-16% in the stable operational area. In the case of a single compression step wave engine, estimated efficiency is about 6%. In the simplified wave diagram of  FIG. 24 , fresh air is indicated at area  2 , compressed air is indicated at areas  1 ,  6 ,  8  and  9 , and exhaust gases are indicated at areas  3  and  4 . The compression and expansion flow parameters in the areas on the wave diagram, separated by waves, are constant. 
     Various embodiments have been disclosed, however, variations can be made which fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, the wave rotor can be stationary with the end plates rotating, although centrifugal flow advantages may not be fully realized. Further, it is envisioned that an electric motor actuator or the like may drive the wave rotor. Reverse-flow or through-flow wave rotor channels can be employed. Various aspects of the ultra-micro devices and methods disclosed in PCT Serial No. PCT/US05/24290, filed on Jul. 7, 2005, entitled “Ultra Micro Gas Turbine” and invented by Muller et al., which is incorporated by reference herein, can be used with the radial wave rotor of the present invention. Additionally, it is envisioned that the present invention pertains to the internal location of compressors or other rotatable members within an internal cavity of otherwise conventional axial wave rotors, although many of the advantages of the radial wave rotor may not be achieved. It is further envisioned that two or more radial wave rotors can be coaxially aligned and used together, preferably rotating at the same speed, or alternately, at different speeds. While various materials, quantities and shapes have been disclosed, it should be appreciated that various other materials, quantities and shapes can be employed. It is intended by the following claims to cover these and any other departures from the disclosed embodiments which fall within the true spirit of this invention.