Patent Publication Number: US-2016243078-A1

Title: Ketorolac tromethamine compositions for treating or preventing ocular pain

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/552,057, filed Sep. 1, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/396,131 filed on Mar. 2, 2009 pursuant to 35 USC 120, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,714, issued Nov. 30, 2010, which application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/067,925 filed Mar. 3, 2008, 61/096,096 filed Sep. 11, 2008, and 61/111,919 filed Nov. 6, 2008, and to Australian Patent Application No. 2009202969 filed on Jul. 23, 2009 pursuant to 35 USC 119, all of which prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to topical ophthalmic solutions comprising 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid, otherwise known as ketorolac, and the use of ketorolac for treating or preventing ocular pain. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to control pain and postoperative inflammation. All drugs are associated with some adverse effects. With the use of NSAIDS in topical ophthalmic treatment of patients, surface toxicity has been a concern, and incidents of keratitis, corneal subepithelial infiltrates, ulceration, and corneal melts have been reported (Guidera et al,  Ophthalmology,  2001, 108 (5), pp. 936-944; Solomon et al,  J Cataract Refract Surg,  2001, 27 (8), pp. 1232-1237; Teal et al,  J Cataract Refract Surg,  1995, 21(5), pp. 516-518). Further, patients often report burning or stinging on instillation (Jaanus et al, Antiinflammatory Drugs. Clinical Ocular Pharmacology, Bartlet, J. D. and Jaanus, S. D., Ed., Boston: Heineman, 2001, pp. 265-298). The burning or stinging could be related to the concentration of the active component of the formulation. 
     Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% (w/v) ophthalmic solution, available from Allergan, Inc., under the tradeneme ACULAR®, is a safe and effective NSAID with proven analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The most common adverse event associated with the use of the 0.5% ketorolac formulation is ocular irritation, primarily burning and stinging upon instillation. Ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% (w/v) ophthalmic solution, under the tradename ACULAR LS®, has shown improved bioavailability and less stinging on instillation than ACULAR®, but there remains a need for an improved ketorolac tromethamine formulation with greater bioavailability and greater tolerability, minimized ocular surface toxicity, improved patient comfort, increased retention time of the active ingredient and improved wound healing capabilities during use. 
     It is one object of this invention to provide a ketorolac formulation for instillation in the eye to eliminate or reduce ocular irritation, to improve tolerability, compliance, duration and effect of ketorolac, to allow for dosing from four times daily to twice daily, and to increase the effectiveness of treatment by being free of benzalkonium chloride or other preservatives. 
     It is another object of the invention to improve bioavailability and increase the ocular absorption of ketorolac yet provide an aqueous solution having an optimized concentration of ketorolac. 
     It is another object of the invention to extend the effects of ketorolac and allow for a decrease in required daily dosage. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide reduction of inflammation associated with cataract surgery and reduction of pain associated with cataract surgery in comparison to other ketorolac formulations. 
     It is another object of the invention to create a ketorolac formulation with improved wound healing capabilities. 
     Other objects of this invention will become apparent from a reading of the present specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the ocular pharmacokinetics of the results in Example 7 of the increased and prolonged ketorolac exposure in the aqueous humor of the 0.45% w/v ketorolac solution in comparison to ACULAR LS®; 
         FIG. 2  shows the results of  FIG. 1  in table form of Cmax, AUC and percent relative bioavailability of the ocular pharmacokinetics in Example 7 of the aqueous humor relative bioavailability of 0.45% w/v ketorolac solution in comparison to ACULAR LS®; 
         FIG. 3  shows the ocular pharmacokinetics of the results in Example 7 of the increased and prolonged ketorolac exposure in the iris-ciliary body of 0.45% w/v ketorolac solution in comparison to ACULAR LS®; 
         FIG. 4  shows the results of  FIG. 3  in table form of Cmax, AUC and percent relative bioavailability of the increased and prolonged exposure in the iris ciliary body of 0.45% w/v ketorolac solution in comparison to ACULAR LS®; 
         FIG. 5  shows a multiple dose simulation of Example 7 of 0.45% ketorolac BID in comparison to ACULAR LS® QID in the iris ciliary body; and, 
         FIG. 6  shows safety and tolerability results in human clinical trials of 0.45% w/v ketorolac solution vs. ACULAR LS. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an aqueous ophthalmic formulation comprising an effective amount of ketorolac but having an optimized concentration of ketorolac in comparison other commercially available ketorolac products. The aqueous ophthalmic solution of the present invention comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, e.g. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, having a pH within the range of from about 6.8 to 7.4, which is comfortable when topically applied to the eye of a patient, wherein the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose and, preferably, the pH, is selected to provide an increased absorption of ketorolac in the eye of a patient as compared to a comparative ketorolac solution that differs only in not including the carboxymethyl cellulose. That is, the absorption of ketorolac may be 130% or greater than the absorption of a comparative aqueous ketorolac ophthalmic solution having the same or higher concentration of ketorolac. 
     More preferably, the aqueous ophthalmic solution of this invention has a pH within the range of from 6.8 to 7.4, particularly 6.8. 
     More preferably, the aqueous ophthalmic solution of the present invention has a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose of from about 0.2 to about 2 percent, by weight, even more preferably from about 0.5 to 1.5 percent, by weight, and most preferably about 0.5% w/v. 
     Even more preferably, the aqueous ophthalmic solution of the present invention comprises a mixture of medium viscosity and high viscosity sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. 
     More preferably, the aqueous ophthalmic solution of the invention comprises an effective amount of ketorolac of from 0.25 to 0.50 percent, by weight, or about 0.45 percent, by weight. 
     More preferably, the aqueous ophthalmic solution of the invention has a viscosity of from 5 to 50 cps, preferably from 10 to 30 cps. 
     It has been surprisingly discovered that optimizing the concentration of ketorolac tromethamine reduces the occurrence of adverse events while maintaining clinical efficacy. Additionally, it has been discovered that the optimized concentration of ketorolac tromethamine in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose offers surprising and clear benefits in terms of formulation in that no preservative, chelating agent, and surfactant are required for formulation. Thus, finding a way to increase the absorption of ketorolac benefits the patient who can use a solution having an optimized concentration of ketorolac and obtain similar results in terms of efficiency as compared to a ketorolac solution having a higher concentration of ketorolac. 
     Thus, this invention relates to an aqueous topical ophthalmic composition comprising 0.25 to 0.50 percent by weight, more preferably from 0.35% to 0.45% by weight and most preferably about 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine by weight/volume. The present invention also contains from 0.2 to 2 percent by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight and most preferably about 0.5% w/v percent of medium and high molecular weight sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing ocular pain in a person comprising topically administering to said patient a sterile composition comprising from 0.25 to 0.50 percent, by weight, more particularly from 0.35% to 0.45% by weight, or about 0.45% w/v ketorolac tromethamine in combination with from 0.2 to 2 percent, by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight, and most preferably 0.5% percent by weight/volume, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof. 
     While not intending to limit the scope of this invention in any way, of particular interest in relationship to this invention is the use of aqueous topical ophthalmic compositions of 0.45% (w/v) ketorolac tromethamine for the treatment of ocular pain, especially for the treatment of ocular pain in postoperative photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery patients which improves healing. It is surprising that the lower concentration of ketorolac as compared to the Acular® product, discussed herein, would reduce the incidence of adverse events and enhance comfort while maintaining clinical efficacy. Two drops (0.1 mL) of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution instilled into the eyes of patients 12 hours and 1 hour prior to cataract extraction achieved measurable levels in 8 of 9 patients&#39; eyes (mean ketorolac concentration 95 ng/mL aqueous humor, range 40 to 170 ng/mL). Ocular administration of ketorolac tromethamine reduces prostaglandin E 2  (PGE 2 ) levels in aqueous humor. The mean concentration of PGE 2  was 80 pg/mL in the aqueous humor of eyes receiving vehicle and 28 pg/mL in the eyes receiving 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution. 
     Ocular administration of 0.45% w/v ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution increases relative bioavailability of ketorolac in the aqueous humor of rabbits to greater than 200% and in the iris-ciliary body to nearly 300%, compared with 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution. This enhanced ketorolac bioavailability allows for a reduction in dosing frequency from QID with 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution to BID with 0.45% ketorolac solution. Preclinical data indicate systemic ketorolac exposure levels achieved following ocular administration of 0.45% ketorolac solution are comparable to levels achieved with 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     During the reformulation of Allergan&#39;s marketed Acular LS® product (0.40% w/v ketorolac), it was surprisingly found that a test formulation containing 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) exhibited significantly better ocular absorption in rabbits than did the currently marketed product, i.e. Acular LS®. 
     Since the viscosities of the two test solutions were virtually identical, the mechanism for achieving increased ocular penetration compared to the control formulation cannot be accounted for only by the viscosity of the test solutions. In fact, a comparison of two identical carboxymethyl cellulose-containing solutions which differ only in having viscosity of 11 and 22 cps shows similar absorption of ketorolac into the aqueous humor. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that there is a functional relationship between the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and either the ketorolac or some component of the ocular surface that facilitates absorption of ketorolac. 
     All of the aqueous topical ophthalmic solutions of this invention are contemplated for use in treating or preventing ocular pain. Preferably, all of the solutions of this invention are contemplated for use when said ocular pain is a result of photorefractive keratectomy surgery (PRK). 
     One important aspect of this invention is that the solutions of the present invention have a concentration of ketorolac tromethamine which is optimized to reduce side effects, while maintaining clinical efficacy in treating ocular pain. As such, the concentration of ketorolac tromethamine in compositions related to this invention is preferably from 0.35% to 0.45% w/v, most preferably the concentration of ketorolac tromethamine in the aqueous topical ophthalmic solution of this invention is 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine, by weight. 
     Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a carboxymethyl derivative of cellulose formed by the reaction of cellulose with alkali and chloroacetic acid. As a result of said reaction, carboxymethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose units that make up the backbone of cellulose. The degree of substitution of carboxymethyl varies from about 0.6 to 0.95 per glucopyranose unit. CMC is used in aqueous solutions usually as the sodium salt to increase viscosity. 
     Carboxymethyl cellulose is available in various molecular weights. Low molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose has a Mw of about 90,000 daltons and a 2% solution thereof will have a viscosity of about 1.1 cP at 25° C. Medium weight carboxymethyl cellulose has a Mw of about 250,000 daltons. High molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose has a Mw of about 700,000 daltons and a 2% solution will have a viscosity of about 12 cP at 25° C. 
     For the purpose of the present invention, it is desirable to use a mixture of medium and high molecular weight sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. For example, from 25/75 to 75/25 carboxymethyl cellulose, preferably from 30/70 to 70/30 and most preferably about 35/65 medium/high molecular weight sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or most preferably a ratio of 0.325/0.175. 
     The fact that the concentration of ketorolac tromethamine in compositions related to this invention achieves greater or equal absorption of ketorolac into the aqueous humor of the eye and includes carboxymethyl cellulose, allows the solutions of the present invention to be prepared with no preservative, surfactant and chelating agent. This is a significant advantage over prior art ketorolac formulations as preservatives, surfactants and chelating agents can cause irritation to the eye resulting in less patient compliance and less effectiveness of prior art ketorolac formulations. 
     The term preservative has the meaning commonly understood in the ophthalmic art. Preservatives are used to prevent bacterial contamination in multiple-use ophthalmic preparations, and, while not intending to be limiting, examples include benzalkonium chloride, stabilized oxychloro complexes (otherwise known as Purite®), phenylmercuric acetate, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, parabens, and thimerosal. Preferably, the ketorolac solution of the present invention is preservative free. 
     The term surfactant used in this invention has the meaning commonly understood in the art. Surfactants are used to help solubilize the therapeutically active agent or other insoluble components of the composition. Anionic, cationic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, and nonionic surfactants may all be used in this invention. If a surfactant is included in the solutions of this invention, preferably, a nonionic surfactant is used. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention, some examples of useful nonionic surfactants are polysorbates, poloxamers, alcohol ethoxylates, ethylene glycol-propylene glycol block copolymers, fatty acid amides, and alkylphenol ethoxylates, and phospholipids. Most preferably, the surfactant is an octylphenol ethoxylate with an average of 40 ethoxylate groups. This type of surfactant, also known as octoxynol-40 or Igepal CA-897®, can be purchased under the Igepal CA-897® tradename from Rhone-Poulenc. Preferably, the ketorolac solution of the present invention is surfactant free. 
     The term chelating agent refers to a compound that is capable of complexing a metal, as understood by those of ordinary skill in the chemical art. Chelating agents are used in ophthalmic compositions to enhance preservative effectiveness. While not intending to be limiting, some useful chelating agents for the purposes of this invention are edetate salts like edetate disodium, edetate calcium disodium, edetate sodium, edetate trisodium, and edetate dipotassium. Preferably, the ketorolac solution of the present invention is chelator free. 
     In addition to surfactants, preservatives, and chelating agents, tonicity agents and other excipients are often used in ophthalmic compositions. Tonicity agents are often used in ophthalmic compositions to adjust the concentration of dissolved material to the desired isotonic range. Tonicity agents are known to those skilled in the ophthalmic art, and, while not intending to be limiting, some examples include glycerin, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, and other electrolytes. Preferably, the tonicity agent is sodium chloride. 
     One preferred embodiment of this invention relates to an aqueous topical ophthalmic composition comprising 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine, from 0.2 to 2.0%, by weight, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. 
     The most preferred embodiment of this invention relates to an aqueous topical ophthalmic composition consisting of 0.45% (w/v) of ketorolac tromethamine, 0.5% w/v of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, e.g. a mixture of medium and high viscosity sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, sodium citrate dehydrate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and purified water. 
     Example 1 
     Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature. The following procedure was followed in accordance with the amounts listed in Table 1 below. Purified water was charged into the main batch vessel. Mixing was initiated to produce a vortex sufficient to disperse and/or dissolve all product ingredients without excessive aeration or foam formation. The following components were added directly into the vortex in order, allowing each to dissolve before adding the next: sodium chloride, calcium chloride, dihydrate magnesium chloride, hexahydrate, boric acid, sodium borate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a an percent aqueous solution comprising including a mixture of 65% medium molecular weight and 35% high molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose. The solution was mixed for no longer than 15 minutes. A specified amount of 1N sodium hydroxide, was then added. The pH was checked and, if needed, was adjusted to 7.3 with 1N sodium hydroxide or 1N hydrochloric acid. Ketorolac tromethamine was then added based on “as is” assay and mixed until completely dissolved based on visual inspection. When dissolved, the solution pH was again checked and if needed adjusted to pH 7.3-7.5 (final target pH is 7.4) with 1N sodium hydroxide or 1N hydrochloric acid. Purified water was then added to bring the bulk solution to final volume and allowed to mix for at least 15 minutes to ensure uniformity. The solution was then sterile filtered for use. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.4% Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution of the Invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ketorolac Tromethamine 
                  0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 CMC, Med Visc. 
                  0.65% 
               
               
                   
                 CMC Low Visc. 
                  0.35% 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium chloride 
                  0.14% 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium chloride, dihydrate 
                 0.060% 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium chloride, hexahydrate 
                 0.060% 
               
               
                   
                 Boric acid 
                  .060% 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium borate 
                 .1225% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature. The following procedure was followed in accordance with the amounts listed in Table 2 below. Purified water at 90% of batch size was charged into the main batch vessel. Mixing was initiated to produce a vortex sufficient to disperse and/or dissolve all product ingredients without excessive aeration or foam formation. The following components were added directly into the vortex in order, allowing each to dissolve before adding the next: sodium chloride, edetate disodium, octoxynol-40 (as a 70% stock solution) and benzalkoniurn chloride (as a 10% stock solution). The amount of benzalkonium chloride added took into account the assay of the stock solution used. The solution was mixed for no longer than 15 minutes. A specified amount of 1N sodium hydroxide, 1.85 mL per liter of final bulk product, was then added. The pH was checked and if needed was adjusted to 10.7-11.0 with 1N sodium hydroxide or 1N hydrochloric acid. Ketorolac tromethamine was then added based on “as is” assay and mixed until completely dissolved based on visual inspection. When dissolved, the solution pH was again checked and if needed adjusted to pH 7.3-7.5 (final target pH is 7.4) with 1N sodium hydroxide or 1N hydrochloric acid. Purified water was then added to bring the bulk solution to final volume and allowed to mix for at least 15 minutes to ensure uniformity. The solution was then sterile filtered for use. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.4% Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution (Comparative) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ketorolac Tromethamine 
                  0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 Edetate Disodium 
                 0.015% 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                  0.79% 
               
               
                   
                 Benzalkonium Chloride 
                 0.006% 
               
               
                   
                 Octoxynol-40 
                 0.003% 
               
               
                   
                 Ph 
                 7.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     This example was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1, except that hydroxypropyl cellulose was used in place of the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in an amount sufficient to provide a viscosity equivalent to the viscosity of the composition of Example 1. 
     Example 4 
     The following composition was manufactured on a volume basis at ambient temperates from two principal parts. Each part is manufactured separately and then combined under controlled sequences to form a sterile bulk product: the first part (Part 1) involves the dissolution of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium in water followed by bulk heat sterilization, and the second part (Part 2) involves dissolution of ketorolac tromethamine and salts in water sterile filtration throng a 0.2 micron membrane into a sterile pressure vessel. The sterile bulk solution is then clarity filtered through a 20 micron polypropylene membrane filter into the filling machine reservoir. 
     The sterile post-clarity filtered solution is then filled by a UD filling machine via blow-fill-seal process into UD vials using virgin LDPE resin without colorant. The filling is done in an ISO Class 5 environment. The nominal fill is 0.4 mL into 0.9 mL capacity vials. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 0.45% w/v Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Function 
                 (% w/v) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ketorolac tromethamine 
                 Active 
                  0.45% 
               
               
                   
                 Carboxymethyl cellulose 
                 Thickening Agent 
                 0.325% 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium (Med. 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity) 
               
               
                   
                 Carboxymethyl cellulose 
                 Thickening Agent 
                 0.175% 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium (High Viscosity) 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 Tonicity Agent 
                  0.7% 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 Buffer 
                  0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 Dihydrate 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Hydroxide (1N) 
                 pH adjustment 
                 Adjust to pH 6.8 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrochloric Acid (1N) 
                 pH adjustment 
                 Adjust to pH 6.8 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 Vehicle 
                 Q.S. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Comparison of Aqueous Humor Ketorolac Pharmacokinetics Following a Single Ocular Instillation of 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine Formulations with Varying pH to Acular LS® in New Zealand White Rabbits. 
     Study Objectives: 
     1) To compare aqueous humor ketorolac pharmacokinetics following a single ocular instillation of 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine formulations with varying pH and Acular LS® to New Zealand White rabbits;
 
2) This Example was designed to determine whether decreasing the pH of the composition would increase the absorption of ketorolac into the eye; and,
 
3) In addition, one arm of this trial was designed to test the effect of decreasing viscosity of the composition from 22 cps to 11 cps.
 
     The specifics of this study are as follows: 
     Rabbit Aqueous Humor Ketorolac Concentrations following Administration of Three 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine Formulations and Acular LS 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Treatment Groups 
                 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine 22 cps pH = 7.4 
               
               
                   
                 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine 22 cps pH = 7.2 
               
               
                   
                 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine 22 cps pH = 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine 11 cps pH = 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 0.45% Ketorolac Tromethamine 22 cps pH = 6.8 
               
               
                   
                 Acular LS pH = 7.4 
               
               
                 Dosing Route: 
                 Topical ocular 
               
               
                 Animal Gender: 
                 NZW Rabbits/Female 
               
               
                 Dosing Regimen 
                 Single dose, bilateral 
               
               
                 Timepoints: 
                 1, 2 and 4 hrs post-dose 
               
               
                 # Rabbits: 
                 3 rabbits/timepoint + 1 rabbit blank 
               
               
                   
                 Total = 39 rabbits 
               
               
                 Tissues/Matrices: 
                 Aqueous Humor 
               
               
                 Bioanalysis: 
                 LC-MS/MS 
               
               
                 Data analysis: 
                 AUC 0-t , C max   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results of the study are reported in Table 5, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PK Parameters 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AUC 0-4  ± SE 
                 C max  ± SD 
                   
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (ng · h/ml) 
                 (ng/ml) 
                 Relative % F* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 22 cps 
                 627 ± 51 
                 265 ± 71  
                 135 
               
               
                 pH 7.4 w.o 
               
               
                 “outlier” 
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 22 cps 
                 713 ± 96 
                 322 ± 153 
                 153 
               
               
                 pH 7.4 
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 22 cps 
                 620 ± 50 
                 240 ± 84  
                 133 
               
               
                 pH 7.2 
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 22 cps 
                 658 ± 73 
                 268 ± 125 
                 142 
               
               
                 pH 7.0 
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 22 cps 
                  939 ± 163 
                 389 ± 258 
                 202 
               
               
                 pH 6.8 
               
               
                 0.45% CMC 11 cps 
                 649 ± 74 
                 347 ± 218 
                 139 
               
               
                 pH 7.0 
               
               
                 Acular LS ® 
                 465 ± 65 
                 211 ± 106 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Summary of the Results 
     The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-containing formulations perform better than Acular LS® with a relative bioavailability ranging from 133% (0.45% Keto 22 cps pH 7.2) to 202% (0.45% Keto 22 cps pH 6.8). However, there is not a clear pH effect-because the 0.45% Keto 22 cps pH 7.4 has a relative bioavailability of 153%, although one anomalous result maybe driving this observation. Nevertheless, the solution having a pH of 6.8 shows the best bioavailability. 
     Example 6 
     A multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study is carried out using the 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine formulations of Examples 2 and 3. The study subjects consisted of 157 patients (78-79/group) undergoing unilateral PRK surgery. The key inclusion criteria for the study is that each subject a) is a candidate for unilateral photorefractive keratectomy surgery (PRK) within 7 days after the initial visit, b) have best-corrected ETDRS visual acuity of 20/100 or better, and c) is capable of wearing a soft bandage contact lens. Key exclusion criteria are a history of refractive ocular surgery and sensitivity to study medication or its vehicle, Tylenol #3®, or Ocuflox®. The patient demographics are shown in Table 6. A total of 157 patients are enrolled with an age range of 20-66 years. There are no significant demographic differences between treatment groups. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient Demographics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 n 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Gender 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Female 
                 91 
                 58 
               
               
                   
                 Male 
                 66 
                 42 
               
               
                   
                 Age, mean ± SD 
                 39 ± 10 
               
               
                   
                 Race 
               
               
                   
                 Caucasian 
                 148 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 Black 
                 5 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Hispanic 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Asian 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Other 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each subject receives the Ocuflox® 5 min prior to study medication. The study subjects then receive ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% ophthalmic solution of Example 2 or Example 3, 1 drop QID for up to 4 days. Then all subjects are then instructed to take Tylenol #3® as needed for intolerable pain (escape medication). Patients use electronic diaries with date and time stamp to record the ocular pain they experience as one of the following: no pain; mild; moderate; severe; and intolerable. 
     The pain intensity is less for the subjects who receive the solution of Example 2 during the first 12 hours post-PRK compared to those who receive the solution of Example 3. In particular, during the first 12 hours post-PRK, the group that receive the solution of Example 2 had fewer patients with severe or intolerable pain compared with the receive the solution of Example 3. In particular, the median pain intensity reported by the group which receive the solution of Example 2 was 1 grade less than with the group which receive the solution of Example 3 (moderate vs. severe on a 5-point scale of 0=no pain to 4=intolerable pain Additionally, pain intensity is also less for the group which receive compared with the group which receive the solution of Example 3. 
     This clinical study shows that the solution of invention provides a greater degree of absorption of ketorolac as compared to the solution without sodium carboxymethyl cellulose despite the fact that the solutions have the same concentration of ketorolac and are at the same viscosity. 
     In summary, the 0.4% ketorolac formulation is clinically effective in treating post PRK ocular pain. In patients treated with 0.4 ketorolac tromethamine-the patients treated with the solution comprising sodium carboxymethyl cellulose experienced significantly greater and faster pain relief, and used less escape medication compared to the patients treated with the solution comprising hydroxypropylcellulose. 
     Example 7 
     Rabbit Ocular Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Ketorolac Tromethamine 0.45% 
     NZW Rabbits/Female 
     Dosing Regimen: Single ocular dose, bilateral
 
Timepoints: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 24 hrs post-dose
 
Tissues/Matrices: Aqueous Humor and Iris-ciliary body
 
     Bioanalysis: LC-MS/MS 
     Data Analysis: Pharmacokinetic analyses and simulation 
     Conclusion 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1-5 , Example 7 shows there is an: 
     1) Increase in relative bioavailability of ketorolac as compared to Acular LS®;
 
2) Increased ketorolac concentrations are maintained longer post-dose; and
 
3) Together these data support a reduction in dosing frequency from 4×/day to 2×/day.
 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , Acular 0.45% is safe and well-tolerated among human patients when given 5 times over a half-day and compares very favorably to ACULAR LS. 
     Visual Acuity in Operative Eye 
     This summary of clinical safety (SCS) is based on 2 completed phase 3 studies of identical design and on one completed phase 1 study. All 3 studies support the safe use of a new formulation of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.45% w/v (henceforth referred to as ketorolac 0.45%), an unpreserved formulation of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution containing a mixture of medium and high-molecular carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The formulation was used in the phase 3 studies, which investigated the safety of ketorolac 0.45% in cataract surgery patients. The phase 1 study investigated the safety of ketorolac 0.45% in healthy adult volunteers. 
     The current labeling for approved formulations of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution such as ACULAR LS® (0.40% w/v ketorolac) lists from 20% to 40% transient stinging and burning on instillation. The 0.45% formulation used in the phase 3 studies that form the basis of this application was developed, among other reasons, to improve comfort when administered in the eye, primarily by the addition of medium and high molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose and the removal of octoxynol and benzalkonium chloride (BAK). 
     Studies evaluated efficacy and safety of ketorolac 0.45% compared with vehicle (same composition without the active) for the treatment of anterior chamber inflammation, ocular pain, and inhibition of surgically induced miosis following cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens (TOL) implantation. Both studies demonstrated that ketorolac 0.45% was safe and well tolerated. No new or unexpected safety findings were observed in either study. In addition, ketorolac 0.45% was found to be very well tolerated with a very low incidence of burning and stinging. 
     Another study assessed the safety and tolerability of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions 0.35% and 0.45% compared with ACULAR LS® 0.4% in healthy adult subjects. ACULAR LS® 0.4% was chosen for comparison as it was known to be a better tolerated formulation than original ACULAR® (0.50% w/v ketorolac) due to the lower concentration of ketorolac and removal of BAK and octoxynol. Compared with ACULAR LS® 0.4%, ketorolac 0.45% had a consistently lower incidence of ocular symptoms such as burning/stinging and ocular discomfort when dosed 5 times in 1 day. No new or unexpected safety findings were observed for any of the ketorolac formulations. 
     The ketorolac 0.45% formulation of the present invention was characterized in ocular and systemic ketorolac rabbit pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies, in addition to 1-day ocular tolerability, 1-month ocular toxicity, and 6-day ocular wound healing studies. From the results of these preclinical studies, 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine administered twice per day was anticipated to deliver ketorolac to ocular tissues that are efficacious but at lower levels than those previously demonstrated to be safe in long term toxicology studies. 
     The phase 3 studies were of identical design, multi-center, randomized, double-masked, parallel group comparison studies conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of ketorolac 0.45% compared with vehicle. Study patients underwent cataract extraction surgery with posterior chamber IOL implantation. Ketorolac 0.45% or vehicle was self-administered by patients (1 drop twice daily in the operative eye beginning on the day before surgery and continuing on the day of surgery through the first 2 weeks following surgery) and administered by medical personnel (3 drops during the 2 hr prior to surgery and 1 drop after surgery). The safety parameters assessed were adverse events, vital signs, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, biomicroscopy, and ophthalmoscopic examinations. The studies consisted of 7 scheduled visits: screening (week -4 to day -2); randomization (day -3 to day -1); cataract surgery day; and postoperative days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Patients receiving ketorolac 0.45% had a lower incidence of ocular adverse events and of adverse events that led to discontinuation than patients receiving vehicle. 
     A phase 1 study, a single-center, randomized, double-masked, paired-eye, active-controlled study in healthy adult subjects assessing the safety and tolerability of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions 0.35% and 0.45% compared with ACULAR LS® 0.4% (5 doses administered on 1 day). Five times in one day, administered by site personnel, subjects received 1 drop of ketorolac 0.45% in study eye/ACULAR LS® in fellow eye or 1 drop of ketorolac 0.35% in study eye/ACULAR LS® in fellow eye. The safety parameters assessed were ocular symptoms, ocular comfort, adverse events, vital signs, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, biomicroscopy, macroscopic bulbar hyperemia, and ophthalmoscopic exam. The study consisted of 2 scheduled visits: screening (day -14 to day -1) and dosing day/exit (day 1). Ketorolac 0.45% had a consistently lower incidence of ocular symptoms and signs compared with ACULAR LS® 0.4%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of Clinical Efficacy and Safety Studies 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Gender 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Number of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M/F 
                 Diagnosis 
               
               
                 Study 
                 Start date 
                   
                 Active/control, 
                   
                 Subjects 
                   
                 Median 
                 and 
               
               
                 Centers 
                 End date 
                 Design 
                 Route &amp; 
                 Study 
                 entered a / 
                   
                 Age 
                 Inclusion 
                 Safety 
               
               
                 Locations 
                 Enrollment 
                 Control type 
                 Regimen 
                 Objective 
                 completed 
                 Duration 
                 (Range) 
                 Criteria 
                 Endpoints 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 15 Oct 
                 Randomized, 
                 ketorolac 
                 Efficacy 
                 248/201 
                 16 days 
                 107/141 
                 Planned 
                 Adverse 
               
               
                 United 
                 2007 
                 double- 
                 0.45% 
                 and safety 
                   
                   
                 70 (40-89) 
                 cataract 
                 events, 
               
               
                 States 
                 15 Apr 
                 masked, 
                 ophthalmic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 extraction 
                 vital signs, 
               
               
                   
                 2008 
                 parallel, 
                 BID 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with 
                 intraocular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 vehicle- 
                 vehicle BID 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 posterior 
                 pressure, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chamber 
                 visual 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 IOL 
                 acuity, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 implant 
                 biomicroscopy, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fundus 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 examinations 
               
               
                 22 
                 19 Oct 
                 Randomized, 
                 ketorolac 
                 Efficacy 
                 263/222 
                 16 days 
                 111/152 
                 Planned 
                 Adverse 
               
               
                 United 
                 2007 
                 double- 
                 0.45% 
                 and safety 
                   
                   
                 69 (28-94) 
                 cataract 
                 events, 
               
               
                 States 
                 31 Mar 
                 masked, 
                 ophthalmic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 extraction 
                 vital signs, 
               
               
                   
                 2008 
                 parallel, 
                 BID 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with 
                 intraocular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 vehicle- 
                 vehicle BID 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 posterior 
                 pressure, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chamber 
                 visual 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 IOL 
                 acuity, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 implant 
                 biomicroscopy, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fundus 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 examinations 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: 
               
               
                 IOL = intraocular lens 
               
               
                   a Intent to treat (ITT) population 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of Clinical Safety Study 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Gender 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M/F 
                 Diagnosis 
               
               
                 of Study 
                 Start date 
                   
                   
                   
                 Subjects 
                   
                 Median 
                 and 
               
               
                 Centers 
                 End date 
                 Design 
                 Active/control, 
                 Study 
                 entered/ 
                   
                 Age 
                 Inclusion 
                 Safety 
               
               
                 Locations 
                 Enrollment 
                 Control type 
                 Route &amp; Regimen 
                 Objective 
                 completed 
                 Duration 
                 (Range) 
                 Criteria 
                 Endpoints 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 03 Jul 
                 Randomized, 
                 Ketorolac 0.35%, 
                 Safety 
                 39/39 
                 1 day 
                 14/25 
                 Healthy 
                 Adverse 
               
               
                 United 
                 2007 
                 double- 
                 0.45%, 5 drops 
                   
                   
                   
                 24 (19-63) 
                 adult 
                 events, ocular 
               
               
                 States 
                 03 Jul 
                 masked, 
                 ophthalmic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 volunteers 
                 symptoms, 
               
               
                   
                 2007 
                 paired-eye, 
                 ACULAR LS ® 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subject 
               
               
                   
                   
                 active- 
                 0.4%, 5 drops 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 comfort 
               
               
                   
                   
                 control 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 questionnaires, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vital signs, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 intraocular 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pressure, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 visual acuity, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 macroscopic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bulbar 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hyperemia, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 biomicroscopy 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a two phase 3 studies pooled, more than ⅔ of patients in both treatment groups experienced at least 1 line of improvement in visual acuity from baseline to final evaluation. Two patients in each treatment group had a decrease in visual acuity of &gt;3 lines (0.6% [2/320] of ketorolac 0.45% patients, 1.3% [2/158] of vehicle patients). 
     The proportion of ketorolac 0.45%-treated patients who experienced at least 3 lines of improvement was statistically significantly higher than the proportion of vehicle-treated patients (58.1% [186/320] of ketorolac 0.45% patients, 41.1% [65/158] of vehicle patients, p&lt;0.001). Statistical significance for the same comparison was observed in study -006 (p=0.002) but borderline significant in study -005 (p=0.054). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Visual Acuity in Operative Eye: Final Evaluation Compared with Baseline 
               
               
                 (Safety Population) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Study 
                 Study 
                 Pooled 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ketorolac 
                   
                 Ketorolac 
                   
                 Ketorolac 
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.45% 
                 Vehicle 
                 0.45% 
                 Vehicle 
                 0.45% 
                 Vehicle 
               
               
                 Change (lines) a   
                 (N = 157) 
                 (N = 81) 
                 (N = 173) 
                 (N = 82) 
                 (N = 330) 
                 (N = 163) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N 
                 153 
                 78 
                 167 
                 80 
                 320 
                 158 
               
               
                 ≧+3 
                 91 (59.5) 
                 36 (46.2) 
                 95 (56.9) 
                 29 (36.3) 
                 186 (58.1)  
                 65 (41.1) 
               
               
                  &lt;+3 
                 62 (40.5) 
                 42 (53.8) 
                 72 (43.1) 
                 51 (63.8) 
                 134 (41.9)  
                 93 (58.9) 
               
               
                 ≧+2 to &lt;+3 
                 17 (11.1) 
                 12 (15.4) 
                 21 (12.6) 
                 7 (8.8) 
                 38 (11.9) 
                 19 (12.0) 
               
               
                 ≧+1 to &lt;+2 
                 28 (18.3) 
                 12 (15.4) 
                 31 (18.6) 
                 19 (23.8) 
                 59 (18.4) 
                 31 (19.6) 
               
               
                   ≧0 to &lt;+1 
                 12 (7.8)  
                 7 (9.0) 
                 10 (6.0)  
                 13 (16.3) 
                 22 (6.9)  
                 20 (12.7) 
               
               
                 ≧−1 to &lt;0 
                 4 (2.6) 
                 4 (5.1) 
                 5 (3.0) 
                 6 (7.5) 
                 9 (2.8) 
                 10 (6.3)  
               
               
                 ≧−2 to &lt;−1 
                 1 (0.7) 
                 5 (6.4) 
                 3 (1.8) 
                 6 (7.5) 
                 4 (1.3) 
                 11 (7.0)  
               
               
                  &gt;−3 to &lt;−2 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 0 (0.0) 
               
               
                 ≦−3 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 2 (2.6) 
                 2 (1.2) 
                 0 (0.0) 
                 2 (0.6) 
                 2 (1.3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a positive change represents improvement 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the phase 1 study, most subjects had no change in visual acuity during treatment. Decreases in visual acuity during treatment with respect to baseline were observed for 1 (5.0%) ketorolac 0.45%-treated eye, 1 (5.3%) ketorolac 0.35%-treated eye, and 3 (7.7%) ACULAR LS®-treated eyes. 
     Conclusions 
     1) The impact of treatment on visual acuity favors ketorolac over vehicle;
 
2) More than ⅔ of patients in both treatment groups experienced at least 1 line of improvement in visual acuity from baseline to final evaluation;
 
3) Twice the percentage of patients in the vehicle group experienced a decrease in visual acuity of &gt;3 lines; and,
 
4) The ketorolac 0.45% w/v group experienced over 40% greater incidence of patients experiencing at least 3 lines of improvement—a statistically significant difference.
 
     The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments, which are only intended as illustrations of specific aspects of the invention. Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those disclosed herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art by a careful reading of the specification, including the claims, as originally filed. It is intended that all such modifications will fall within the scope of the appended claims.