Patent Publication Number: US-7901496-B2

Title: Phase change inks

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Copending Application U.S. Ser. No. 10/260,146, filed Sep. 27, 2002, entitled “Colorant Compounds,” U.S. Publication 20040077887, with the named inventors Jeffery H. Banning and C. Wayne Jaeger, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses compounds of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group or an arylalkylene group, and X is (a) a hydrogen atom, (b) a group of the formula
 
                         
wherein R 2  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, (c) an alkyleneoxy, aryleneoxy, arylalkyleneoxy, or alkylaryleneoxy group, or (d) a group of the formula
 
                         
wherein R 4  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group.
 
     Copending Application U.S. Ser. No. 10/260,376, filed Sep. 27, 2002, U.S. Publication 20040102540, entitled “Phase Change Inks,” with the named inventors C. Wayne Jaeger and Jeffery H. Banning, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a phase change ink composition comprising a phase change ink carrier and a colorant compound of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group or an arylalkylene group, and X is (a) a hydrogen atom, (b) a group of the formula
 
                         
wherein R 2  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, (c) an alkyleneoxy, aryleneoxy, arylalkyleneoxy, or alkylaryleneoxy group, or (d) a group of the formula
 
                         
wherein R 4  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group.
 
     Copending Application U.S. Ser. No. 10/260,379, filed Sep. 27, 2002, U.S. Publication 20040082801, entitled “Methods for Making Colorant Compounds,” with the named inventors C. Wayne Jaeger and Jeffery H. Banning, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a process for preparing a colorant of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group or an arylalkylene group, R 2  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, and R 4  is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, can be prepared by a process which comprises (a) preparing a first reaction mixture by admixing (1) leucoquinizarin and, optionally, quinizarin, (2) an aminobenzene substituted with an alcohol group of the formula —R 1 —OH, (3) boric acid, and (4) an optional solvent, and heating the first reaction mixture to prepare an alcohol-substituted colorant of the formula
 
                         
followed by (b) converting the colorant thus prepared to either (i) an ester-substituted colorant by reaction with an esterification compound which is either (A) an anhydride of the formula
 
                         
or (B) an acid of the formula R 2 COOH in the presence of an optional esterification catalyst, or (ii) a urethane-substituted colorant by reaction with an isocyanate compound of the formula
 
R 4 —N═C═O
 
and (c) brominating the colorant thus prepared, wherein either conversion to ester or urethane can be performed before bromination or bromination can be performed before conversion to ester or urethane.
 
     Copending Application U.S. Serial No. 10/902,594, filed concurrently herewith, entitled “Colorant Compounds,” with the named inventors Jeffery H. Banning, Wolfgang G. Wedler, and C. Wayne Jaeger, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a colorant compound of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group, an arylene group, an arylalkylene group, or an alkylarylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage, X is —O— or —NR 3 — wherein R 3  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl  - group, or an alkylaryl group, and R 2  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group.
 
     BACKGROUND 
     Disclosed herein are phase change inks. More specifically, disclosed herein are hot melt or phase change inks containing specific colorant compounds. One embodiment is directed to a phase change ink composition comprising a phase change ink carrier and a colorant compound of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group, an arylene group, an arylalkylene group, or an alkylarylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage, X is —O— or —NR 3 — wherein R 3  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, and R 2  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group.
 
     In general, phase change inks (sometimes referred to as “hot melt inks”) are in the solid phase at ambient temperature, but exist in the liquid phase at the elevated operating temperature of an ink jet printing device. At the jet operating temperature, droplets of liquid ink are ejected from the printing device and, when the ink droplets contact the surface of the recording substrate, either directly or via an intermediate heated transfer belt or drum, they quickly solidify to form a predetermined pattern of solidified ink drops. Phase change inks have also been used in other printing technologies, such as gravure printing, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,879 and German Patent Publications DE 4205636AL and DE 4205713AL, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. 
     Phase change inks for color printing typically comprise a phase change ink carrier composition which is combined with a phase change ink compatible colorant. In a specific embodiment, a series of colored phase change inks can be formed by combining ink carrier compositions with compatible subtractive primary colorants. The subtractive primary colored phase change inks can comprise four component dyes, namely, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, although the inks are not limited to these four colors. These subtractive primary colored inks can be formed by using a single dye or a mixture of dyes. For example, magenta can be obtained by using a mixture of Solvent Red Dyes or a composite black can be obtained by mixing several dyes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,560, U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,761, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,852, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, teach that the subtractive primary colorants employed can comprise dyes from the classes of Color Index (C.I.) Solvent Dyes, Disperse Dyes, modified Acid and Direct Dyes, and Basic Dyes. The colorants can also include pigments, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,335, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,022, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses the use of a specific class of polymeric dyes in phase change ink compositions. 
     Phase change inks have also been used for applications such as postal marking, industrial marking, and labelling. 
     Phase change inks are desirable for ink jet printers because they remain in a solid phase at room temperature during shipping, long term storage, and the like. In addition, the problems associated with nozzle clogging as a result of ink evaporation with liquid ink jet inks are largely eliminated, thereby improving the reliability of the ink jet printing. Further, in phase change ink jet printers wherein the ink droplets are applied directly onto the final recording substrate (for example, paper, transparency material, and the like), the droplets solidify immediately upon contact with the substrate, so that migration of ink along the printing medium is prevented and dot quality is improved. 
     Compositions suitable for use as phase change ink carrier compositions are known. Some representative examples of references disclosing such materials include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,653,932, 4,390,369, 4,484,948, 4,684,956, 4,851,045, 4,889,560, 5,006,170, 5,151,120, 5,372,852, 5,496,879, European Patent Publication 0187352, European Patent Publication 0206286, German Patent Publication DE 4205636AL, German Patent Publication DE 4205713AL, and PCT Patent Application WO 94/04619, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. Suitable carrier materials can include paraffins, microcrystalline waxes, polyethylene waxes, ester waxes, fatty acids and other waxy materials, fatty amide containing materials, sulfonamide materials, resinous materials made from different natural sources (tall oil rosins and rosin esters, for example), and many synthetic resins, oligomers, polymers, and copolymers. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,078 (Jaeger), U.S. Pat. No. 6,422,695 (Jaeger), Canadian Patent Publication 2 355 533 (filed Aug. 20, 2001, published Feb. 23, 2002), European Patent Publication EP 1 182 232 (filed Aug. 17, 2001, published Feb. 27, 2001), Japanese Patent Publication JP 2002129044 (filed Aug. 8, 2001, published May 9, 2002), Brazilian Patent Publication P101035819 (filed Aug. 22, 2001, published Mar. 26, 2002), and Mexican Patent Application 2001008418 (filed Aug. 20, 2001), the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, disclose a compound having the formula 
                         
wherein at least one Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4  is a halogen atom and any of Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3  and Q 4  which is not a halogen atom is a hydrogen atom; and wherein R comprises at least two carbon atoms. The invention further encompasses inclusion of such compound into phase change ink carrier compositions, as well as printing methods utilizing such compound.
 
     British Patent Publication GB 2 021 138 (Hohmann et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses mixtures of dyestuffs of the formula 
                         
and of the formula
 
                         
wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  denote C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, or halogen, and n denotes 2 or 3, which are suitable for dyeing polyester fibers by the exhaustion process. Dark blue and navy blue dyeings with good fastness properties are obtained.
 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,937 (Banning et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a phase change ink comprising a material of the formula 
                         
wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3  and X 4  are segments comprising atoms selected from groups V and VI of the periodic table; wherein at least one R 1  and R 5  comprises at least 37 carbon units; and wherein R 2 , R 3  and R 4  each comprise at least one carbon unit. The invention further encompasses a composition of matter, as well as methods of reducing coefficients of friction of phase change ink formulations.
 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,864 (Jaeger et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a phase change ink composition that includes a combination of different dye types such as an anthraquinone dye and a xanthene dye, which is most preferably a rhodamine dye. While each dye type is insufficiently soluble with respect to favored carrier compositions to preserve color saturation in reduced ink quantity prints, the dye type combination permits increased dye loading and maintains print quality. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a favored carrier composition is adjusted to promote the colored form of a preferred rhodamine dye (C.I. Solvent Red 49) and mixed with a preferred anthraquinone dye (C.I. Solvent Red 172) whose concentration is kept below a critical level to prevent post printed blooming. The resulting preferred phase change ink compositions provide a magenta phase change ink with enhanced light fastness and color saturation, as well as good compatibility with preferred existing subtractive primary color phase change inks. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,841 (Jaeger et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a phase change ink composition wherein the ink composition utilizes a colorant in combination with a selected phase change ink carrier composition containing at least one hydroxy-functional fatty amide compound. 
     R. Butnaru et al., “Researches on Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics with Acid Dyestuffs, Concomitantly with Crease-Resist Treatments,”  Cellulose Chem. Technol.,  29, p. 471 (1995), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses an analysis of the results obtained on dyeing of cotton cellulosic fabrics with acid dyestuffs, on employing crease-resist agents with polyfunctional structure. The conclusion was reached that no chemical or physical bonds occur between dyestuffs and the fiber, the dyestuffs being fixed onto the resin&#39;s aminic groups formed as a result of the thermal, crease-resist treatment. Washing resistance of the cellulosic materials thus dyed attained the values obtained as a result of dyeing with direct dyestuffs, specific for these types of fibers. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,094 (Banning et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a compound having the formula 
                         
wherein R 1 , Z and the carbonyl can be comprised by a common ring, wherein R 1  comprises a chromophore that absorbs light from the visible wavelength range, and wherein n is an integer that is at least 12. The invention also encompasses a solid phase change ink composition. Such composition includes a phase change ink carrier and a colorant. The colorant comprises a chromophore that absorbs light from the visible wavelength range, and has the formula
 
                         
wherein R 1 , Z and the carbonyl can be comprised by a common ring, wherein n is an integer that is at least 12. Additionally, the invention encompasses a method of forming a colorant. A first compound having the formula
 
                         
is reacted with a second compound having the formula Z(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , wherein n is an integer that is at least 12, to form a third compound having the formula
 
                         
wherein the third compound comprises a chromophore that absorbs light from the visible wavelength range.
 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,734,934 (Kolliker et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses dyestuffs of the formula 
                         
wherein W is chlorine, bromine, cyano, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, lower alkylthio, phenylthio, lower alkyl sulfonyl, or a grouping of the formula
 
                         
wherein Z is —CO— or —SO 2 — and R 1  and R 2  are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, Y is lower alkylene, —CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 —, or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, X is a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —COHN—, or —SO 2 NH—, R″ is lower alkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by chlorine, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, or bromine, the nucleus B is either unsubstituted or further monosubstituted by chlorine, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, E is NH 2 , OH, or NHT, and T is lower alkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, lower alkyl phenyl, or phenoxyphenyl.
 
     British Patent 687,807, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses hydroxyethoxymethyl phenyl-amino-anthraquinone dyestuffs and derivatives thereof of the formula 
                         
wherein X is hydrogen or methyl, R is hydrogen or CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OZ, Z is hydrogen, hydroxy alkyl, or alkoxy alkyl, and Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, or
 
                         
These compounds exhibit substantially enhanced substantivity for acetate rayon and have the ability to withstand the action of acid gas fumes such as the combustion products of industrial and engine fuels.
 
     Japanese Patent Publication 63223064, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a blue coloring material for use in optical filters which is of the formula 
                         
wherein R 1  to R 3  are each H, alkyl, alkoxy alkyl, hydroxy alkyl, or halogen, R 4  is acyl, (alkyl)carbamoyl, arylcarbamoyl, aralkylcarbamoyl, alkenylcarbamoyl, methanesulfonyl, or H, X is alkylene, alkylene-O-alkylene, or alkylene-S-alkylene, and n is 1 or 2. An example is 1-{4-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)anilino}-4-hydroxyanthraquinone.
 
     While known compositions and processes are suitable for their intended purposes, a need remains for improved colorant compounds. In addition, a need remains for colorant compositions particularly suitable for use in phase change inks. Further, a need remains for colorant compounds with a desirable magenta color. Additionally, a need remains for colorant compounds with desirable thermal stability. There is also a need for colorant compounds with good lightfastness. In addition, there is a need for colorant compounds that exhibit desirable solubility characteristics in phase change ink carrier compositions. Further, there is a need for colorant compounds that, when incorporated into phase change inks, exhibit reduced migration within a layer of printed ink. Additionally, there is a need for colorant compounds that, when incorporated into phase change inks, exhibit reduced crystallization within a layer of printed ink. A need also remains for colorant compounds that, when incorporated into phase change inks, enable production of prints that maintain uniform color over long periods of time without unevenness or blotching. In addition, a need remains for colorant compounds that, when incorporated into phase change inks, enable production of prints that retain their original color over long periods of time. Further, a need remains for colorant compounds that, when incorporated into phase change inks, enable production of prints that exhibit reduced sensitivity to image discoloration upon contact with human fingertips. Additionally, a need remains for colorant compounds that can be incorporated into phase change inks in desirably high concentrations. There is also a need for colorant compounds that can be manufactured easily and practically. In addition, there is a need for colorant compounds that can easily be converted to derivative molecules thereof. Further, there is a need for colorant compounds that can be derivatized with a desirable degree of versatility. 
     SUMMARY 
     Disclosed herein is a phase change ink composition comprising a phase change ink carrier and a colorant compound of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group, an arylene group, an arylalkylene group, or an alkylarylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage, X is —O— or —NR 3 — wherein R 3  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, and R 2  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group.
 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The phase change ink compositions disclosed herein contain colorant compounds of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is (i) an alkylene group (including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, substituted, and unsubstituted alkylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the alkylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage), in one embodiment with at least about 1 carbon atom, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 20 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 6 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with no more than about 2 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with exactly 1 carbon atom, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (ii) an arylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted arylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the arylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage), in one embodiment with at least about 5 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 20 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 7 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as phenyl or the like, (iii) an arylalkylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted arylalkylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the aryl portion and the alkyl portion of the arylalkylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 20 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 7 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as benzyl, phenylethyl, and the like, including (a) arylalkylene groups wherein both the aryl and the alkyl portions form the linkage between the
 
                         
moiety and the
 
                         
moiety, such as
 
                         
and the like, and (b) arylalkylene groups wherein only the alkyl portion forms the linkage between the
 
                         
moiety and the
 
                         
moiety and the alkyl portion has aryl portions pending therefrom, such as
 
                         
and the like, or (iv) an alkylarylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted alkylarylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the aryl portion and the alkyl portion of the alkylarylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 20 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 7 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as tolyl or the like, including (a) alkylarylene groups wherein both the aryl and the alkyl portions form the linkage between the
 
                         
moiety and the
 
                         
moiety, such as
 
                         
and the like, and (b) alkylarylene groups wherein only the aryl portion forms the linkage between the
 
                         
moiety and the
 
                         
moiety and the aryl portion has alkyl portions pending therefrom, such as
 
                         
and the like, wherein the substituents on the substituted alkylene, arylene, arylalkylene, or alkylarylene groups can be hydroxy groups, halogen atoms, amine groups, imine groups, ammonium groups, cyano groups, pyridine groups, pyridinium groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, ester groups, amide groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, phosphine groups, phosphonium groups, phosphate groups, nitrile groups, mercapto groups, nitro groups, nitroso groups, sulfone groups, acyl groups, acid anhydride groups, azide groups, azo groups, cyanato groups, isocyanato groups, thiocyanato groups, isothiocyanato groups, carboxylate groups, carboxylic acid groups, urethane groups, urea groups, mixtures thereof, and the like, wherein two or more substituents can be joined together to form a ring, X is —O— or —NR 3 — wherein R 3  is (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) an alkyl group (including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, substituted, and unsubstituted alkyl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the alkyl group), in one embodiment with at least about 1 carbon atom, and in one embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (iii) an aryl group (including substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the aryl group), in one embodiment with at least about 5 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (iv) an arylalkyl group (including substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either the aryl or the alkyl portion of the arylalkyl group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as benzyl or the like, or (v) an alkylaryl group (including substituted and unsubstituted alkylaryl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either the alkyl or the aryl portion of the alkylaryl group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as tolyl or the like, and R 2  is (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) an alkyl group (including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, unsubstituted, and substituted alkyl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the alkyl group), in one embodiment with at least about 1 carbon atom, in another embodiment with at least about 2 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 3 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 4 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 5 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 8 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 9 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 10 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 11 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 12 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 13 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 14 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 15 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 16 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 17 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 18 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 19 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 20 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 21 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 22 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 23 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 24 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 25 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 26 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 27 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 28 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 29 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 30 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 31 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 32 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 33 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 34 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 35 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 36 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 37 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 38 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 39 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 40 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 41 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 42 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 43 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 44 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 45 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 46 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 47 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 48 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 49 carbon atoms, and in still another embodiment with at least about 50 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 100 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 70 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (iii) an aryl group (including unsubstituted and substituted aryl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the aryl group), in one embodiment with at least about 5 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 8 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 9 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 10 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 11 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 12 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 13 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 14 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 15 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 16 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 17 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 18 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 19 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 20 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 21 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 22 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 23 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 24 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 25 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 26 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 27 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 28 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 29 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 30 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 31 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 32 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 33 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 34 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 35 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 36 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 37 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 38 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 39 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 40 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 41 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 42 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 43 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 44 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 45 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 46 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 47 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 48 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 49 carbon atoms, and in still another embodiment with at least about 50 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 100 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 70 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (iv) an arylalkyl group (including unsubstituted and substituted arylalkyl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the alkyl portion and the aryl portion of the arylalkyl group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 8 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 9 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 10 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 11 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 12 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 13 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 14 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 15 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 16 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 17 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 18 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 19 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 20 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 21 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 22 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 23 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 24 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 25 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 26 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 27 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 28 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 29 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 30 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 31 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 32 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 33 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 34 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 35 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 36 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 37 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 38 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 39 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 40 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 41 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 42 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 43 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 44 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 45 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 46 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 47 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 48 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 49 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with at least about 50 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 100 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 70 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, or (v) an alkylaryl group (including unsubstituted and substituted alkylaryl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the alkyl portion and the aryl portion of the alkylaryl group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 8 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 9 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 10 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 11 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 12 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 13 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 14 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 15 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 16 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 17 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 18 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 19 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 20 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 21 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 22 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 23 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 24 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 25 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 26 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 27 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 28 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 29 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 30 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 31 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 32 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 33 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 34 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 35 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 36 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 37 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 38 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 39 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 40 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 41 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 42 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 43 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 44 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 45 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 46 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with at least about 47 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with at least about 48 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with at least about 49 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with at least about 50 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 100 carbon atoms, in another embodiment with no more than about 70 carbon atoms, in yet another embodiment with no more than about 60 carbon atoms, in still another embodiment with no more than about 55 carbon atoms, and in yet still another embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, wherein the substituents on the substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl groups can be (but are not limited to) hydroxy groups, halogen atoms, amine groups, imine groups, ammonium groups, cyano groups, pyridine groups, pyridinium groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, ester groups, amide groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, phosphine groups, phosphonium groups, phosphate groups, nitrile groups, mercapto groups, nitro groups, nitroso groups, sulfone groups, acyl groups, acid anhydride groups, azide groups, azo groups, cyanato groups, isocyanato groups, thiocyanato groups, isothiocyanato groups, carboxylate groups, carboxylic acid groups, urethane groups, urea groups, mixtures thereof, and the like, wherein two or more substituents can be joined together to form a ring. Since hetero atoms such as oxygen can be present in the alkyl, aryl, alkylene, arylene, and the like groups, these groups also encompass groups such as alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyleneoxy, polyalkyleneoxy, and the like.
 
     In one specific embodiment, at least one of R 2  and R 3  is other than hydrogen and the total number of carbon atoms in R 2 +R 3  is at least about 8, in another specific embodiment at least about 12, and in yet another specific embodiment at least about 18, and in one specific embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms in R 2 +R 3  is no more than about 100, in another specific embodiment no more than about 60, and in yet another specific embodiment no more than about 50, although the total number of carbon atoms in R 2 +R 3  can be outside of these ranges. 
     The above formula encompasses monomeric materials. In addition, the above formula encompasses dimeric materials containing two moieties of the formula 
                         
such as dimeric materials of the formula
 
                         
wherein X′ has the same definition as X and can be either the same as or different from X, Y′ has the same definition as Y and can be either the same as or different from Y, R 1 ′ has the same definition as R 1  and can be either the same as or different from R 1 , and n′ is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 and can be either the same as or different from n. R 2  in this embodiment can be (i) an alkylene group (including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, substituted, and unsubstituted alkylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the alkylene group), in one embodiment with at least about 1 carbon atom, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, (ii) an arylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted arylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in the arylene group), in one embodiment with at least about 5 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as phenyl or the like, (iii) an arylalkylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted arylalkylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the aryl portion and the alkyl portion of the arylalkylene group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as benzyl, phenylethyl, and the like, or (iv) an alkylarylene group (including unsubstituted and substituted alkylarylene groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like either may or may not be present in either or both of the aryl portion and the alkyl portion of the alkylarylene group), in one embodiment with at least about 6 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment with at least about 7 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment with no more than about 50 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, such as tolyl or the like, wherein the substituents on the substituted alkylene, arylene, arylalkylene, or alkylarylene groups can be (but are not limited to) hydroxy groups, halogen atoms, amine groups, imine groups, ammonium groups, cyano groups, pyridine groups, pyridinium groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, ester groups, amide groups, carbonyl groups, thiocarbonyl groups, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, phosphine groups, phosphonium groups, phosphate groups, nitrile groups, mercapto groups, nitro groups, nitroso groups, sulfone groups, acyl groups, acid anhydride groups, azide groups, azo groups, cyanato groups, isocyanato groups, thiocyanato groups, isothiocyanato groups, carboxylate groups, carboxylic acid groups, urethane groups, urea groups, mixtures thereof, and the like, wherein two or more substituents can be joined together to form a ring. Since hetero atoms such as oxygen can be present in the alkyl, aryl, alkylene, arylene, and the like groups, these groups also encompass groups such as alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyleneoxy, polyalkyleneoxy, and the like.
 
     Similarly, the above formula encompasses trimeric, tetrameric, and higher moieties as well as oligomeric materials and polymeric materials, said materials containing three or more moieties of the formula 
                         
wherein each X, Y, R 1 , and n, independently of the others, has the definitions for X, Y, R 1 , and n set forth hereinabove and can be either the same as or different from one another, said moieties being linked by a central atom or group of atoms or bonded to a polymeric chain. These materials can be made by processes analogous to those illustrated herein for the monomeric and dimeric compounds of the present invention.
 
     The colorant compounds disclosed herein can be prepared by any desired or effective method. 
     For example, an acid-substituted precursor compound can be prepared by reacting (1) leucoquinizarin and, optionally, quinizarin, (2) a compound of the formula NHR 3 -φ-R 1 —COOH wherein φ represents a benzene ring and wherein R 1  and R 3  are as defined hereinabove, (3) boric acid, and (4) an optional solvent, followed by heating this reaction mixture to effect condensation as follows (illustrated for an embodiment wherein the compound of the formula NHR 3 -φ-R 1 —COOH is para-aminophenylacetic acid): 
                         
While quinizarin is shown above as the starting material, the presence of leucoquinizarin, which is the reduced form of quinizarin, is helpful for condensing with the acid-substituted amine. The reaction between the amine and the leucoquinizarin further reduces some of the quinizarin present in the reaction mixture to leucoquinizarin, thereby rendering it capable of reacting with more of the amine and furthering the reaction to completion. If desired, the reaction can be carried out solely with leucoquinizarin and with no quinizarin, although for economical purposes such a procedure is often not desirable. In addition, instead of adding leucoquinizarin to a reaction mixture of quinizarin and the acid-substituted amine, leucoquinizarin can be generated in situ by preparing a reaction mixture of quinizarin and the acid-substituted amine and adding to the reaction mixture a reducing agent, as disclosed in, for example, Waring and Hallas,  The Chemistry and Application of Dyes , ISBN 0-306-43278-1, Plenum Publishing Co. (New York 1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
 
     The quinizarin and the leucoquinizarin are present in any desired or effective relative amounts, in one embodiment at least about 5 moles of leucoquinizarin per every 95 moles of quinizarin, in another embodiment at least about 2 moles of leucoquinizarin per every 3 moles of quinizarin, and in yet another embodiment at least about 1 mole of leucoquinizarin per every 1 mole of quinizarin, and in one embodiment up to 100 percent leucoquinizarin and no quinizarin, although the relative amounts of quinizarin and leucoquinizarin can be outside of these ranges. 
     The compound of the formula NHR 3 -φ-R 1 —COOH (hereinafter also referred to as the acid-substituted aminobenzene) is present in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 0.95 mole of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one mole of (quinizarin plus leucoquinizarin), and in another embodiment at least about 1 mole of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one mole of (quinizarin plus leucoquinizarin), and in one embodiment no more than about 1.05 moles of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one mole of (quinizarin plus leucoquinizarin), and in another embodiment no more than about 1 mole of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one mole of (quinizarin plus leucoquinizarin), although the amount of acid-substituted aminobenzene can be outside of these ranges. 
     The boric acid, which functions as a catalyst in the reaction between the acid-substituted aminobenzene and the leucoquinizarin, is present in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment about 1 mole of boric acid per every one mole of (quinizarin plus leucoquinizarin), although the amount of boric acid can be higher or lower than this amount. 
     When the optional solvent is present, any desired or effective solvent can be used. Examples of suitable solvents include toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. The reactants are present in the solvent in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 25 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment at least about 50 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, and in another embodiment at least about 100 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, and in one embodiment no more than about 500 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment no more than about 250 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 125 grams of acid-substituted aminobenzene per every one liter of solvent, although the amount of solvent can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing (1) leucoquinizarin and, optionally, quinizarin, (2) a compound of the formula NHR 3 -φ-R 1 —COOH, (3) boric acid, and (4) an optional solvent is heated to any desirable or effective temperature to effect the condensation reaction, typically the reflux temperature of the selected solvent when a solvent is used, in one embodiment at least about 50° C., in another embodiment at least about 60° C., and in yet another embodiment at least about 75° C., and in one embodiment no more than about 150° C., in another embodiment no more than about 120° C., and in yet another embodiment no more than about 80° C., although the temperature can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing (1) leucoquinizarin and, optionally, quinizarin, (2) a compound of the formula NHR 3 -φ-R 1 —COOH, (3) boric acid, and (4) an optional solvent is heated for any desirable or effective period of time to effect the condensation reaction, in one embodiment at least about 3 hours, and in another embodiment at least about 4 hours, and in one embodiment no more than about 24 hours, although the heating time can be outside of these ranges. 
     Upon completion of the reaction, the acid-substituted precursor is formed as a solid and can be recovered by cooling and filtering the reaction mixture. 
     The acid-substituted precursor compound is converted to the colorant by an esterification or amidification reaction and a bromination reaction. The acid-substituted precursor compound can be subjected to an esterification or amidification reaction, followed by subjecting the esterified compound to a bromination reaction. Alternatively, the acid-substituted precursor compound can be subjected to a bromination reaction, followed by subjecting the brominated compound to an esterification or amidification reaction. Both possibilities are discussed herein. 
     The acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor can be esterified to form an ester-substituted compound and its salt or a brominated ester-substituted colorant and its salt by admixing the precursor with an alcohol of the formula R 2 —OH, an optional solvent, and an optional esterification catalyst and heating, as follows (illustrated for an embodiment wherein Y is a hydrogen atom, n is 0, and X is —O—): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor and the alcohol are present in any desired or effective relative amounts, in one embodiment at least about 1 mole of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, in another embodiment at least about 1.05 moles of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in yet another embodiment at least about 1.1 moles of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in one embodiment no more than about 2 moles of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, in another embodiment no more than about 1.5 moles of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 1.25 moles of alcohol per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, although the relative amounts of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor and alcohol can be outside of these ranges. 
     When the optional esterification catalyst is present, any desired or effective esterification catalyst can be used, such as para-toluene sulfonic acid, dibutyl tin dilaurate, or the like, as well as mixtures thereof. The esterification catalyst is present in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 0.05 mole of esterification catalyst per every one mole of alcohol, and in one embodiment no more than about 0.5 mole of esterification catalyst per mole of alcohol, although the amount of esterification catalyst can be outside of these ranges. 
     When present, any desired or effective solvent can be used. Examples of suitable solvents include xylene, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. When the optional solvent is used, the reactants are present in the solvent in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 25 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment at least about 50 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, and in yet another embodiment at least about 100 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, and in one embodiment no more than about 200 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment no more than about 150 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 100 grams of alcohol per every one liter of solvent, although the amount of solvent can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing the alcohol, the acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, the optional solvent, and the optional esterification catalyst is heated to any desirable or effective temperature, typically the reflux temperature of the selected solvent, in one embodiment at least about 100° C., and in one embodiment no more than about 130° C., although the temperature can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing the alcohol, the acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, the optional solvent, and the optional esterification catalyst is heated for any desirable or effective period of time, in one embodiment at least about 2 hours, in another embodiment at least about 24 hours, and in one embodiment no more than about 72 hours, and in another embodiment no more than about 48 hours, although the heating time can be outside of these ranges. 
     The esterified compound or the brominated esterified colorant can be recovered from the reaction mixture as a solid by filtration, followed by washing and drying. If desired, purification can be carried out by filtration, redissolution in the solvent, heating, cooling, precipitating the colorant from the solution, filtering, washing the colorant with a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, or the like, and repeating this cycle until thin layer chromatography of the collected solid indicates that there is no detectable unreacted reactant present in the solid. 
     The acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor can be amidified to form an amide-substituted compound and its salt or a brominated amide-substituted colorant and its salt by admixing the precursor with a primary or secondary amine of the formula NHR 2 R 3 , an optional solvent, and an optional amidification catalyst and heating, as follows (illustrated for an embodiment wherein Y is a hydrogen atom, n is 0, R 3  is a hydrogen atom, and X is —NH—): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor and the amine are present in any desired or effective relative amounts, in one embodiment at least about 1 mole of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, in another embodiment at least about 1.05 moles of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in yet another embodiment at least about 1.1 moles of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in one embodiment no more than about 2 moles of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, in another embodiment no more than about 1.5 moles of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 1.25 moles of amine per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, although the relative amounts of acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor and amine can be outside of these ranges. 
     When the optional amidification catalyst is present, any desired or effective amidification catalyst can be used, such as phosphoric acid or the like. The amidification catalyst is present in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 0.05 mole of amidification catalyst per every one mole of amine, and in one embodiment no more than about 0.5 mole of amidification catalyst per mole of amine, although the amount of amidification catalyst can be outside of these ranges. 
     When present, any desired or effective solvent can be used. Examples of suitable solvents include xylene, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. When the optional solvent is used, the reactants are present in the solvent in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 25 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment at least about 50 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, and in yet another embodiment at least about 100 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, and in one embodiment no more than about 200 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, in another embodiment no more than about 150 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 100 grams of amine per every one liter of solvent, although the amount of solvent can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing the amine, the acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, the optional solvent, and the optional amidification catalyst is heated to any desirable or effective temperature, typically the reflux temperature of the selected solvent, in one embodiment at least about 100° C., and in one embodiment no more than about 200° C., although the temperature can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing the amine, the acid-substituted precursor or brominated acid-substituted precursor, the optional solvent, and the optional amidification catalyst is heated for any desirable or effective period of time, in one embodiment at least about 2 hours, in another embodiment at least about 24 hours, and in one embodiment no more than about 72 hours, and in another embodiment no more than about 48 hours, although the heating time can be outside of these ranges. 
     The amidified compound or the brominated amidified colorant can be recovered from the reaction mixture as a solid by filtration, followed by washing and drying. If desired, purification can be carried out by filtration, redissolution in the solvent, heating, cooling, precipitating the colorant from the solution, filtering, washing the colorant with a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, or the like, and repeating this cycle until thin layer chromatography of the collected solid indicates that there is no detectable unreacted reactant present in the solid. 
     The acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound can be brominated to form a brominated acid, ester, or amide substituted colorant and its salt by admixing it with bromine and an optional solvent, followed by quenching with water, as follows (illustrated for an embodiment wherein the acid-substituted precursor was prepared from para-aminophenylacetic acid and wherein the brominated product has Y being a hydrogen atom, n=2, and the two bromine atoms in the ortho positions adjacent to the nitrogen atom): 
                         
The mixture of products contains both an amine compound and the HBr salt thereof.
 
     Bromine (Br 2 ) can be provided by any desired or effective method, such as by adding elemental bromine, or by generating Br 2  in situ in the reaction mixture by the addition of a combination of a bromide salt and a bromate salt, as disclosed in, for example,  Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 4, 4th Edition, ISBN 0-471-52672-X John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (New York 1992), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, or the like. 
     The acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound and the bromine are present in any desired or effective relative amounts, in one embodiment at least about 2 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, in another embodiment at least about 2.5 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, and in yet another embodiment at least about 3 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, and in one embodiment no more than about 4 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, in another embodiment no more than about 3.5 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, and in yet another embodiment no more than about 3.25 moles of Br 2  per every one mole of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, although the amount of bromine can be outside of these ranges. Higher amounts of bromine lead to higher degrees of substitution with bromine atoms. Greater amounts of bromine and/or higher reaction temperatures are selected when it is desired to place a bromine atom in the Y position. 
     Examples of suitable optional solvents include acetic acid, propionic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphorus triamide (HMPA), tetrahydrofuran, or the like, as well as mixtures thereof. When present, the optional solvent is present in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment at least about 25 grams of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound per every one liter of solvent, and in another embodiment at least about 100 grams of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound per every one liter of solvent, and in one embodiment no more than about 200 grams of acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound per every one liter of solvent, although the amount of solvent can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction mixture containing the acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, the bromine, and the optional solvent generally can be initially heated to a temperature of about 30° C. to about 40° C. The reaction of the acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound with the bromine tends to be exothermic, and the reaction mixture is generally maintained at a desirable temperature by controlling the rate of addition of bromine as well as by any desired external source, such as a heating mantle or the like. The reaction mixture containing the acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound, the bromine, and the solvent is maintained any desirable or effective temperature, in one embodiment at least about 25° C., and in another embodiment at least about 50° C., and in one embodiment no more than about 100° C., and in another embodiment no more than about 60° C., although the temperature can be outside of these ranges. 
     The reaction between the acid-substituted precursor, unbrominated esterified compound, or unbrominated amidified compound and the bromine is allowed to proceed for any desirable or effective period of time, in one embodiment at least about 5 hours, and in one embodiment no more than about 24 hours, although the reaction time can be outside of these ranges. 
     Subsequent to completion of the bromination reaction, the reaction mixture can be poured into water to quench the reaction. Any desired or effective amount of water can be used—in one embodiment at least about 1.5 times as much water by volume as the volume of the reaction mixture, in another embodiment at least about 2 times as much water by volume as the volume of the reaction mixture, in yet another embodiment at least about 2 times as much water by volume as the volume of the reaction mixture, and in still another embodiment at least about 3 times as much water by volume as the volume of the reaction mixture, although the amount of water can be outside of these ranges. 
     The mixture of the brominated compound and its salt can be recovered from the reaction mixture as a solid by filtration, washed, and dried. 
     Phase change inks as disclosed herein contain a phase change carrier system or composition. The phase change carrier composition is typically designed for use in either a direct printing mode or an indirect or offset printing transfer system. 
     In the direct printing mode, the phase change carrier composition in one embodiment contains one or more materials that enable the phase change ink (1) to be applied in a thin film of uniform thickness on the final recording substrate (such as paper, transparency material, and the like) when cooled to ambient temperature after printing directly to the recording substrate, (2) to be ductile while retaining sufficient flexibility so that the applied image on the substrate will not fracture upon bending, and (3) to possess a high degree of lightness, chroma, transparency, and thermal stability. 
     In an offset printing transfer or indirect printing mode, the phase change carrier composition in one embodiment exhibits not only the characteristics desirable for direct printing mode inks, but also certain fluidic and mechanical properties desirable for use in such a system, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,958 the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. 
     Any desired or effective carrier composition can be used. Examples of suitable ink carrier materials include fatty amides, such as monoamides, tetra-amides, mixtures thereof, and the like. Specific examples of suitable fatty amide ink carrier materials include stearyl stearamide, a dimer acid based tetra-amide that is the reaction product of dimer acid, ethylene diamine, and stearic acid, a dimer acid based tetra-amide that is the reaction product of dimer acid, ethylene diamine, and a carboxylic acid having at least about 36 carbon atoms, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. When the fatty amide ink carrier is a dimer acid based tetra-amide that is the reaction product of dimer acid, ethylene diamine, and a carboxylic acid having at least about 36 carbon atoms, the carboxylic acid is of the general formula 
                         
wherein R is an alkyl group, including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, and cyclic alkyl groups, said alkyl group in one embodiment having at least about 36 carbon atoms, in another embodiment having at least about 40 carbon atoms, said alkyl group in one embodiment having no more than about 200 carbon atoms, in another embodiment having no more than about 150 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment having no more than about 100 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges. Carboxylic acids of this formula are commercially available from, for example, Baker Petrolite, Tulsa, Okla., and can also be prepared as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,937, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Further information on fatty amide carrier materials is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,889,560, 4,889,761, 5,194,638, 4,830,671, 6,174,937, 5,372,852, 5,597,856, 6,174,937, and British Patent GB 2 238 792, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
 
     Also suitable as phase change ink carrier materials are isocyanate-derived resins and waxes, such as urethane isocyanate-derived materials, urea isocyanate-derived materials, urethane/urea isocyanate-derived materials, mixtures thereof, and the like. Further information on isocyanate-derived carrier materials is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,750,604, 5,780,528, 5,782,966, 5,783,658, 5,827,918, 5,830,942, 5,919,839, 6,255,432, 6,309,453, British Patent GB 2 294 939, British Patent GB 2 305 928, British Patent GB 2 305 670, British Patent GB 2 290 793, PCT Publication WO 94/14902, PCT Publication WO 97/12003, PCT Publication WO 97/13816, PCT Publication WO 96/14364, PCT Publication WO 97/33943, and PCT Publication WO 95/04760, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. 
     Mixtures of fatty amide materials and isocyanate-derived materials can also be employed as the ink carrier composition. 
     Additional suitable phase change ink carrier materials include paraffins, microcrystalline waxes, polyethylene waxes, ester waxes, amide waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty amides and other waxy materials, sulfonamide materials, resinous materials made from different natural sources (such as, for example, tall oil rosins and rosin esters), and many synthetic resins, oligomers, polymers and copolymers, such as ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate/acrylic acid copolymers, copolymers of acrylic acid with polyamides, and the like, ionomers, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. One or more of these materials can also be employed in a mixture with a fatty amide material and/or an isocyanate-derived material. 
     In one specific embodiment, the phase change ink carrier comprises (a) a polyethylene wax, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 25 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 30 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 37 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 60 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 53 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 48 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges; (b) a stearyl stearamide wax, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 8 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 10 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 12 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 32 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 28 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 25 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges: (c) a dimer acid based tetra-amide that is the reaction product of dimer acid, ethylene diamine, and a long chain hydrocarbon having greater than thirty six carbon atoms and having a terminal carboxylic acid group, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 10 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 13 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 16 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 32 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 27 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 22 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges; (d) a urethane resin derived from the reaction of two equivalents of hydroabietyl alcohol and one equivalent of isophorone diisocyanate, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 6 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 8 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 10 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 16 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 14 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 12 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges; (e) a urethane resin that is the adduct of three equivalents of stearyl isocyanate and a glycerol-based propoxylate alcohol, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 2 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 3 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 4.5 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 13 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 10 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 7.5 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges; and (f) an antioxidant, present in the ink in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 0.01 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 0.05 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 0.5 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 0.3 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges. 
     The ink carrier is present in the phase change ink in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 50 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 90 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 99 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 98 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 95 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges. 
     The phase change inks contain a colorant compound of the formula 
                         
wherein Y is a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom, n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, R 1  is an alkylene group, an arylene group, an arylalkylene group, or an alkylarylene group, provided that no oxygen atom creates a
 
                         
linkage, X is —O— or —NR 3 — wherein R 3  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group, and R 2  is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or an alkylaryl group. This colorant is present in the ink in any desired or effective amount to obtain the desired color or hue, in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 0.5 percent by weight of the ink, in yet another embodiment of at least about 1 percent by weight of the ink, in still another embodiment of at least about 2 percent by weight of the ink, and in another embodiment of at least about 3 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 20 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 13 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 6 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges. The colorant as disclosed herein can either be the sole colorant in the ink or can be present in combination with other colorants, such as dyes, pigments, mixtures thereof, and the like.
 
     The inks can also optionally contain an antioxidant. The optional antioxidants of the ink compositions protect the images from oxidation and also protect the ink components from oxidation during the heating portion of the ink preparation process. Specific examples of suitable antioxidants include NAUGUARD® 524, NAUGUARD® 76, and NAUGUARD® 512 (commercially available from Uniroyal Chemical Company, Oxford, Conn.), IRGANOX® 1010 (commercially available from Ciba Geigy), and the like. When present, the optional antioxidant is present in the ink in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment of at least about 0.01 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 1 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 20 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 5 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 3 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges. 
     The inks can also optionally contain a viscosity modifier. Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers include aliphatic ketones, such as stearone, and the like. When present, the optional viscosity modifier is present in the ink in any desired or effective amount, in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 1 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 10 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 99 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 30 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 15 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges. 
     Other optional additives to the inks include clarifiers, such as UNION CAMP® X37-523-235 (commercially available from Union Camp), in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 0.01 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 5 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 98 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 50 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 10 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges, tackifiers, such as FORAL® 85, a glycerol ester of hydrogenated abietic (rosin) acid (commercially available from Hercules), FORAL® 105, a pentaerythritol ester of hydroabietic (rosin) acid (commercially available from Hercules), CELLOLYN® 21, a hydroabietic (rosin) alcohol ester of phthalic acid (commercially available from Hercules), ARAKAWA KE-311 and KE-100 Resins, triglycerides of hydrogenated abietic (rosin) acid (commercially available from Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd.), synthetic polyterpene resins such as NEVTAC® 2300, NEVTAC® 100, and NEVTAC® 80 (commercially available from Neville Chemical Company), WINGTACK® 86, a modified synthetic polyterpene resin (commercially available from Goodyear), and the like, in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 5 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 10 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 98 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 75 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 50 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these range, adhesives, such as VERSAMID® 757, 759, or 744 (commercially available from Henkel), in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 1 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 5 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 98 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 50 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 10 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges, plasticizers, such as UNIPLEX® 250 (commercially available from Uniplex), the phthalate ester plasticizers commercially available from Monsanto under the trade name SANTICIZER®, such as dioctyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, alkylbenzyl phthalate (SANTICIZER® 278), triphenyl phosphate (commercially available from Monsanto), KP-140®, a tributoxyethyl phosphate (commercially available from FMC Corporation), MORFLEX® 150, a dicyclohexyl phthalate (commercially available from Morflex Chemical Company Inc.), trioctyl trimellitate (commercially available from Eastman Kodak Co.), and the like, in an amount in one embodiment of at least about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of at least about 1 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of at least about 2 percent by weight of the ink, and in one embodiment of no more than about 50 percent by weight of the ink, in another embodiment of no more than about 30 percent by weight of the ink, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 10 percent by weight of the ink, although the amount can be outside of these ranges, and the like. 
     The ink compositions in one embodiment have melting points of no lower than about 50° C., in another embodiment of no lower than about 70° C., and in yet another embodiment of no lower than about 80° C., and have melting points in one embodiment of no higher than about 160° C., in another embodiment of no higher than about 140° C., and in yet another embodiment of no higher than about 100° C., although the melting point can be outside of these ranges. 
     The ink compositions generally have melt viscosities at the jetting temperature (in one embodiment no lower than about 75° C., in another embodiment no lower than about 100° C., and in yet another embodiment no lower than about 120° C., and in one embodiment no higher than about 180° C., and in another embodiment no higher than about 150° C., although the jetting temperature can be outside of these ranges) in one embodiment of no more than about 30 centipoise, in another embodiment of no more than about 20 centipoise, and in yet another embodiment of no more than about 15 centipoise, and in one embodiment of no less than about 2 centipoise, in another embodiment of no less than about 5 centipoise, and in yet another embodiment of no less than about 7 centipoise, although the melt viscosity can be outside of these ranges. 
     The ink compositions can be prepared by any desired or suitable method. For example, the ink ingredients can be mixed together, followed by heating, to a temperature in one embodiment of at least about 100° C., and in one embodiment of no more than about 140° C., although the temperature can be outside of these ranges, and stirring until a homogeneous ink composition is obtained, followed by cooling the ink to ambient temperature (typically from about 20 to about 25° C.). The inks are solid at ambient temperature. In a specific embodiment, during the formation process, the inks in their molten state are poured into molds and then allowed to cool and solidify to form ink sticks. 
     The inks can be employed in apparatus for direct printing ink jet processes and in indirect (offset) printing ink jet applications. Another embodiment disclosed herein is directed to a process which comprises incorporating an ink as disclosed herein into an ink jet printing apparatus, melting the ink, and causing droplets of the melted ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern onto a recording substrate. A direct printing process is also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,430, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Yet another embodiment disclosed herein is directed to a process which comprises incorporating an ink as disclosed herein into an ink jet printing apparatus, melting the ink, causing droplets of the melted ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern onto an intermediate transfer member, and transferring the ink in the imagewise pattern from the intermediate transfer member to a final recording substrate. In a specific embodiment, the intermediate transfer member is heated to a temperature above that of the final recording sheet and below that of the melted ink in the printing apparatus. An offset or indirect printing process is also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,958, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. In one specific embodiment, the printing apparatus employs a piezoelectric printing process wherein droplets of the ink are caused to be ejected in imagewise pattern by oscillations of piezoelectric vibrating elements. Inks as disclosed herein can also be employed in other hot melt printing processes, such as hot melt acoustic ink jet printing, hot melt thermal ink jet printing, hot melt continuous stream or deflection ink jet printing, and the like. Phase change inks as disclosed herein can also be used in printing processes other than hot melt ink jet printing processes. 
     Any suitable substrate or recording sheet can be employed, including plain papers such as XEROX® 4024 papers, XEROX® Image Series papers, Courtland 4024 DP paper, ruled notebook paper, bond paper, silica coated papers such as Sharp Company silica coated paper, JuJo paper, HAMMERMILL LASERPRINT® paper, and the like, transparency materials, fabrics, textile products, plastics, polymeric films, inorganic substrates such as metals and wood, and the like. 
     Specific embodiments will now be described in detail. These examples are intended to be illustrative, and the claims are not limited to the materials, conditions, or process parameters set forth in these embodiments. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     To a 500 milliliter round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar was added 13.5 grams of p-aminophenylacetic acid (obtained from TCI America, Portland Oreg.), 8.7 grams of leucoquinizarin (obtained from Aceto Corp., Lake Success, N.Y.), 12.9 grams of quinizarin (obtained from Aceto Corp.), 5.4 grams of boric acid (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.), and 120 grams of ethanol. The flask was placed under stirring and a condenser in a hot oil bath at 120° C. for 19 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting precipitated solids were collected by vacuum filtration, recrystallized in n-butanol, and dried overnight in a vacuum oven. Yield: 19.2 grams of a compound believed to be of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE IIa 
     To a 250 milliliter round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar was added 5 grams of the compound prepared in Example I, 4 grams of stearyl alcohol (ALFOL 18, obtained from Condea Vista, Austin Tex.), 70 grams of xylene, and 2 drops of FASCAT 4202 catalyst (obtained from Elf Atochem North America Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.). The flask was placed under stirring and a condenser and Dean Stark trap in a hot oil bath at 150° C. for 6 hours. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) by normal phase in 10 percent methanol in toluene showed a peak corresponding to the starting material as well as a peak corresponding to the product, indicating that the reaction was not complete. An additional 2 grams of stearyl alcohol and an additional 2 drops of FASCAT 4202 catalyst were added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was allowed to reflux for an additional 19 hours, after which TLC indicated that the reaction was still not complete. Thereafter, 0.5 grams of p-toluene sulfonic acid (additional catalyst; obtained from Boliden Intertrade Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was refluxed for an additional 6 hours, after which TLC indicated that the reaction was complete. Thereafter the solvent was distilled off and the product was collected. It is believed that the product was of the formula 
                         
The spectral strength of the product was determined using a spectrophotographic procedure based on the measurement of the colorant in solution by dissolving the product in toluene and measuring the absorbance using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 2S UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The spectral strength of the product was measured as about 14,275 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  (535 nm).
 
     EXAMPLE IIb 
     To a 3-neck 500 milliliter round-bottom flask with mechanical stirrer and constant pressure addition funnel, all placed in a 45° C. oil bath, was added 2.0 grams of the ester obtained in Example IIa and 25 milliliters of glacial acetic acid (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.), after which stirring and heating were carried out for 5 minutes. 2.10 grams of bromine (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.) was then added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was thereafter heated and stirred for 15 additional minutes, cooled to room temperature, and poured into a 1 liter beaker containing 500 milliliters of methanol. The solid brominated product was filtered and washed with about 250 milliliters of additional methanol and allowed to dry. 1.77 grams of product were obtained. It is believed that this product was of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE IIIa 
     A compound of the formula 
                         
was prepared as described in Example I. Thereafter, to a 250 milliliter round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar was added 5 grams of the compound thus formed, 12.5 grams of UNILIN 700 alcohol (linear chain alcohol with an average of about 50 carbon atoms: obtained from Baker Petrolite Corp., Sugarland, Tex.), 70 grams of xylene, and a spatula tip full of p-toluene sulfonic acid. The flask was placed under stirring and a condenser and Dean Stark trap in a hot oil bath at 150° C. for 48 hours. TLC showed a peak corresponding to the starting material as well as a peak corresponding to the product, indicating that the reaction was complete. Thereafter the solvent was distilled off and the product was collected. It is believed that the product was of the formula
 
                         
wherein n had an average value of about 49. The spectral strength of the product was determined using a spectrophotographic procedure based on the measurement of the colorant in solution by dissolving the product in toluene and measuring the absorbance using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 2S UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The spectral strength of the product was measured as about 3,835 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  (538 nm).
 
     EXAMPLE IIIb 
     To a 3-neck 500 milliliter round-bottom flask with mechanical stirrer and constant pressure addition funnel, all placed in a 45° C. oil bath, was added 3.03 grams of the ester obtained in Example IIIa and 25 milliliters of glacial acetic acid (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.), after which stirring and heating were carried out for 5 minutes. 4.4 grams of bromine (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.) was then added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was thereafter heated and stirred for about 15 additional minutes, cooled to room temperature, and poured into a 1 liter beaker containing 500 milliliters of methanol. The solid product was filtered and collected. The product was then slurried in a 1 percent NaOH/water solution and again filtered and allowed to dry. 2.87 grams of product were obtained. TLC indicated much unbrominated starting material, so the material was transferred to a 500 milliliter 3-neck flask and 25 milliliters of glacial acetic acid was added and the mixture was heated to 100° C. 4.49 grams of bromine was added over 8 minutes and the reaction mixture was heated for an additional 25 minutes before cooling. The reaction mixture was then poured into a 1 liter beaker containing 500 milliliters of methanol. The solid brominated product was filtered and collected. 2.66 grams of product was obtained that by TLC appeared to be brominated. It is believed that this product was of the formula 
                         
wherein n had an average value of about 49.
 
     EXAMPLE IVa 
     To a 250 milliliter round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar is added 5 grams of the compound formed in Example I, 4 grams of dimer diol (PRIPOL 2033, available from Uniqema, New Castle, Del.), 70 grams of xylene, and 2 drops of FASCAT 4202 catalyst (available from Elf Atochem North America Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.). The flask is placed under stirring and a condenser and Dean Stark trap in a hot oil bath at 150° C. for 48 hours. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) by normal phase in 10 percent methanol in toluene is used to indicate reaction completion. Thereafter the solvent is distilled off and the product is collected. It is believed that the product will be of the formula 
                         
wherein C 36 H 62+m  is a branched alkylene group which may include unsaturated and cyclic groups, wherein m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, and wherein it is believed that at least some of the monomers will be of the formula
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE IVb 
     To a 3-neck 500 milliliter round-bottom flask with mechanical stirrer and constant pressure addition funnel, all placed in a 45° C. oil bath, is added 2.0 grams of the ester obtained in Example IVa and 25 milliliters of glacial acetic acid (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.), after which stirring and heating are carried out for 5 minutes. 2.10 grams of bromine (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) is then added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is thereafter heated and stirred for about 15 additional minutes, cooled to room temperature, and poured into a 1 liter beaker containing 500 milliliters of methanol. The solid brominated product is filtered and washed with about 250 milliliters of additional methanol and is allowed to dry. It is believed that the product will be of the formula 
                         
wherein C 36 H 62+m  is a branched alkylene group which may include unsaturations and cyclic groups, wherein m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, and wherein it is believed that at least some of the monomers will be of the formula
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE Va 
     To a 250 milliliter round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar is added 5 grams of the compound formed in Example I, 8 grams of octadecyl amine (ARMEEN 18 D, available from Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc., McCook, Ill.), 70 grams of xylene, and 2 drops of FASCAT 4202 catalyst (available from Elf Atochem North America Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.). The flask is placed under stirring and a condenser and Dean Stark trap in a hot oil bath at 150° C. for 48 hours. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) by normal phase in 10 percent methanol in toluene is used to determine reaction completion. Thereafter, the solvent is distilled off and the product is collected. It is believed that the product will be of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE Vb 
     To a 3-neck 500 milliliter round-bottom flask with mechanical stirrer and constant pressure addition funnel, all placed in a 45° C. oil bath, is added 2.0 grams of the amide obtained in Example Va and 25 milliliters of glacial acetic acid (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.), after which stirring and heating are carried out for 5 minutes. 2.10 grams of bromine (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) is then added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is thereafter heated and stirred for about 15 additional minutes, cooled to room temperature, and poured into a 1 liter beaker containing 500 milliliters of methanol. The solid product is filtered and washed with about 250 milliliters of additional methanol and allowed to dry. It is believed that the product will be of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE VI 
     An ink base was prepared by melting, admixing, and filtering the following ingredients: 
     polyethylene wax (PE 655, obtained from Baker Petrolite, Tulsa, Okla., of the formula CH 3 (CH 2 ) 50 CH 3 ), 42.01 parts by weight; 
     stearyl stearamide wax (KEMAMIDE® S-180, obtained from Crompton Corporation, Greenwich, Conn.), 18.82 parts by weight; 
     tetra-amide resin obtained from the reaction of one equivalent of a C-36 dimer acid obtained from Uniqema, New Castle, Del. with two equivalents of ethylene diamine and UNICID® 700 (obtained from Baker Petrolite, Tulsa, Okla., a long chain hydrocarbon having a terminal carboxylic acid group), prepared as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,937, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, 24.99 parts by weight; 
     urethane resin obtained from the reaction of two equivalents of ABITOL® E hydroabietyl alcohol (obtained from Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Del.) and one equivalent of isophorone diisocyanate, prepared as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,966, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, 8.82 parts by weight; 
     urethane resin that is the adduct of three equivalents of stearyl isocyanate and a glycerol-based alcohol, prepared as described in Example 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,453, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, 5.21 parts by weight; and 
     NAUGUARD® 445 antioxidant (available from Uniroyal Chemical Co., Middlebury, Conn.), 0.15 parts by weight. 
     Thereafter, two inks were prepared by admixing different amounts of the dye prepared in Example I with the ink base thus prepared. The dye and ink base in each case were added to a 140 milliliter beaker and heated in an oven at 135° C. until molten. Subsequently, the beaker was inserted in an oil heating bath at 135° C. and the contents of the beaker were stirred for 45 minutes, followed by pouring the contents into aluminum pans and allowing the ink thus prepared to solidify. Ink 1 contained 0.5 grams of the dye and 22.02 grams of the ink base. Ink 2 contained 0.8 grams of the dye and 17.22 grams of the ink base. 
     Dynamic Viscosity is a material property which is used to characterize the resistance to flow, with high numbers indicating high resistance. The dynamic viscosity of the inks was measured using a stress-controlled Dynamic Stress Rheometer (DSR) 2000 from Rheometric Scientific (now TA Instruments). Geometry was 40 mm diameter Cone and Plate. A stress of 1 Pascal was constantly maintained during a step-stress experiment, and viscosity data points were gathered at an approximate rate of 0.5 points per second. Each measurement lasted approximately 5 minutes, with an equilibration period of about 80 seconds; subsequently, data measured between 100 and 300 seconds were averaged. The dynamic viscosity of Ink 1 at 140° C. was 10.51 millipascal seconds (centipoise) and the dynamic viscosity of Ink 2 at 140° C. was 10.72 milliPascal seconds (centipoise). 
     The spectral strength of the inks were determined using a spectrophotographic procedure based on the measurement of the ink in solution by dissolving the ink in toluene and measuring the absorbance using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 2S UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The spectral strength of Ink 1 was measured as about 324 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  of 535 nanometers, and the spectral strength of Ink 2 was measured as about 633 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  of 535 nanometers. 
     EXAMPLE VII 
     Two inks were prepared by admixing different amounts of the dye prepared in Example II with the ink base prepared in Example VI by the method described in Example VI. Dynamic viscosity and spectral strength of these inks were measured as described in Example VI. Ink 3 contained 3.0 grams of the dye and 29.93 grams of the ink base, and exhibited a dynamic viscosity at 140° C. of 10.88 millipascal seconds (centipoise) and a spectral strength of about 355 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  of 535 nanometers. Ink 4 contained 4.0 grams of the dye and 17.95 grams of the ink base, and exhibited a dynamic viscosity at 140° C. of 11.52 milliPascal seconds (centipoise) and a spectral strength of about 700 mL Absorbance Units per gram at absorption λ max  of 535 nanometers. 
     EXAMPLE VIII 
     The inks prepared in Examples VI and VII were used to generate prints on HAMMERMILL LASERPRINT® paper using a K Printing Proofer (manufactured by RK Print Coat Instrument Ltd., Litlington, Royston, Heris, SG8 0OZ, U.K.). In this method, the tested inks were melted onto a stainless steel printing plate which featured engraved 3.75 inch by 1.9 inch rectangular patterns of different depth and profile, allowing different amounts of ink to accumulate in these areas, hence generating rectangular prints with different ink coverage during the printing process, the printing plate being set at 150° C. temperature. A roller bar fitted with the paper was then rolled over the plate containing the melted ink on its surface. The ink on the paper was cooled, resulting in three separated images of rectangular blocks. Fingerprint diffusion tests were then carried out on the prints having the highest and lowest degrees of ink coverage by having a test person rub fingers two times with fragrance-free LUBRIDERM® hand lotion. After each rub, the fingers were dried with a towel. The surfaces of the prints were then contaminated by touching them with the fingers, exerting an equal and moderate pressure. Thereafter, the prints were placed into manila folders with sheets of paper between the samples and maintained at room temperature for five days, after which the prints were inspected for changes. The results indicated that the dyes prepared in Example II were particularly resistant to fingerprint diffusion. 
     EXAMPLE IX 
     Prints were generated with the inks prepared in Examples VI and VII by the method described in Example VIII. SCOTCH® brand transparent tape was then attached to the prints in such a way that it simultaneously covered printed and unprinted areas of the prints. After attachment of the tape, the prints were placed into manila folders with sheets of paper between the samples and placed in an oven at 60° C. for five days, after which the prints were inspected for changes. The results indicated that the dyes prepared in Example II were particularly resistant to tape diffusion.