Patent Publication Number: US-9847583-B1

Title: Deflective electromagnetic shielding

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/071,235 filed 4 Nov. 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,134,465, and entitled “Deflective Electromagnetic Shielding,” which (i) claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/796,119, filed 3 Nov. 2012 and entitled “Deflective Shielding Via Electromagnetic Cloaking,” and (ii) is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/043,781 filed 1 Oct. 2013, now abandoned, and entitled “Radiative Transfer and Power Control with Fractal Metamaterial and Plasmonics,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/744,651, filed 1 Oct. 2012 and entitled “Radiative Transfer and Power Control with Fractal Metamaterial and Plasmonics”; the entire contents of all of which previously-noted applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Much time and effort has been devoted to the quest for so-called invisibility machines. Beyond science fiction, however, there has been little if any real progress toward this goal. 
     Materials with negative permittivity and permeability leading to negative index of refraction were theorized by Russian noted physicist Victor Veselago in his seminal paper in  Soviet Physics  USPEKHI, 10, 509 (1968). Since that time, metamaterials have been developed that produce negative index of refraction, subject to various constraints. Such materials are artificially engineered micro/nanostructures that, at given frequencies, show negative permeability and permittivity. Metamaterials have been shown to produce narrow band, e.g., typically less than 5%, response such as bent-back lensing. Such metamaterials produce such a negative-index effect by utilizing a closely-spaced periodic lattice of resonators, such as split-ring resonators, that all resonate. Previous metamaterials provide a negative index of refraction when a sub-wavelength spacing is used for the resonators. 
     In the microwave regime, certain techniques have been developed to utilize radiation-absorbing materials or coatings to reduce the radar cross section of airborne missiles and vehicles. While such absorbing materials can provide an effective reduction in radar cross section, these results are largely limited to small ranges of electromagnetic radiation. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed to systems and techniques that provide for desired transfer of radiation by using close packed arrangements of resonators having fractal shapes, i.e., “fractal cells.” Systems and techniques according to the present disclosure provide one or more surfaces that act or function as power transfer surfaces or structures for which at least a portion of the surface or structure includes or is composed of “fractal cells” (fractal shapes) (as antennas or resonators) placed sufficiently closed close together to one another (e.g., less than 1/20 wavelength) to produce substantial replication of current present in one fractal cell in an adjacent fractal cell. The size of the fractal cells can be adjusted based on or tailored to a desired wavelength or wavelength range of operation. 
     A fractal of such a fractal cell can be of any suitable fractal shape and may have two or more iterations. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission. The area of a surface (e.g., sheet) and its number of fractals determines the gain relative to a single fractal cell. As each cell is fed indirectly (e.g., plasmonicly) rather than directly, ‘dead’ or covered or out of resonance cells do not alter the ability of the other cells to work. The boundary edges of the surface may be terminated resistively so as to not degrade the cell performance at the edges. These surfaces may be referred to as fractal plasmonic surfaces (FPS&#39;s) and can provide benefits such as shielding for/against electromagnetic radiation. 
     Such a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS) may be used to transfer radiation, e.g., via evanescent wave transfer. In doing so such surfaces can be used to remove radiative power from one location to another, or divert it to another location. Such surfaces may be used to essentially diffuse power delivered to a part of the FPS and dissipate and or distribute it to other specific parts or globally. For example, a power “hotspot” supplied or hit with localized power may have the power spread out or diverted to other desired locations, e.g., different areas of a related machine or structure. In some embodiments, a FPS on a closed or curved surface may act as a cloaking device to divert power (in a wavelength or frequency of interest) from one side of the device to the other. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can provide techniques, including systems and/or methods, for cloaking objects at certain wavelengths/frequencies or over certain wavelength/frequency ranges (bands). Such techniques can provide an effective electromagnetic lens and/or lensing effect for certain wavelengths/frequencies or over certain wavelength/frequency ranges (bands). 
     In some embodiments, the effects produced by such techniques can include cloaking or so-called invisibility of the object(s) at the noted wavelengths or bands. Representative frequencies of operation can include, but are not limited to, those over a range of 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz, though others may of course be realized. Operation at other frequencies, including for example those of visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, and as well as microwave EM radiation, e.g., K, Ka, X-bands, etc. may be realized, e.g., by appropriate scaling of dimensions and selection of shape of the resonator elements. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can include a novel arrangement of resonators in a lattice-like configuration. The arrangements can include resonators of several different sizes and/or geometries arranged so that each size or geometry (“grouping”) corresponds to a moderate or high quality factor, “Q,” (that is moderate or low bandwidth) response that resonates within a specific frequency range. 
     For exemplary embodiments, fractal resonators can be used for the resonators in such structures because of their control of passbands, and smaller sizes compared to nonfractal based resonators. Their benefit arises from a size standpoint because they can be used to shrink the resonator(s), while control of passbands can reduce or eliminates issues of harmonic passbands that would resonate at frequencies not desired. 
     Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to scatterer or scattering structures. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to structures/techniques for activating and/or deactivating cloaking structures. Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to wideband absorbers. 
     It should be understood that other embodiments of FPS systems and methods according to the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein exemplary embodiments are shown and described by way of illustration. The systems and methods of the present disclosure are capable of other and different embodiments, and details of such are capable of modification in various other respects. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Aspects of the disclosure may be more fully understood from the following description when read together with the accompanying drawings, which are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as limiting. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed on the principles of the disclosure. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a diagrammatic plan view of a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS), in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a diagrammatic plan view of a resonator cloaking system utilizing a number of cylindrical shells, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 3  depicts a diagrammatic plan view of a resonator cloaking system utilizing a number of shells having an elliptical cross-section, in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4A  depicts an example of a fractal shield surrounding or on an arbitrary object;  FIG. 4B  depicts exemplary objects for use with a fractal shield; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the robustness or anti-fragility presented by a FPS under conditions where some fractal cells are damaged or otherwise inoperative; and 
         FIG. 6A  depicts an example of a fractal shield dissipating/transferring incident radiation;  FIG. 6B  shows another example in which directed radiation is incident on a rectangular shield. 
     
    
    
     While certain embodiments depicted in the drawings, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments depicted are illustrative and that variations of those shown, as well as other embodiments described herein, may be envisioned and practiced within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Systems and techniques according to the present disclosure provide for desired transfer of electromagnetic radiation by using close packed arrangements of resonators having fractal shapes, i.e., “fractal cells.” Systems and techniques according to the present disclosure provide one or more surfaces that act or function as shielding and/or cloaking surfaces for which at least a portion of the surface includes or is composed of “fractal cells” (small fractal shapes, functioning as antennas or resonators) placed sufficiently close to one another so that current present in one fractal cell is replicated or reproduced to an extent in an adjacent fractal cell. Without being limited by any theoretical explanation, surface plasmonic waves are believed to cause such replication in conjunction with evanescent waves. 
     A fractal of such a fractal cell can be of any suitable fractal shape and may have two or more iterations. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission. As each cell is fed plasmonicly rather than directly, “dead” or covered or out of resonance cells do not alter the ability of the other cells to work. The boundary edges of the surface may be terminated resistively so as to not degrade the cell performance at the edges. These surfaces may be referred to as fractal plasmonic surfaces (FPS&#39;s) and they can function to shield structures and/or objects by conveying or ducting EM radiation. 
     Such a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS) may be used to transfer radiation, e.g., via evanescent wave transfer. In doing so such surfaces can be used to remove or transfer radiative power and/or heat from one location (such as a location receiving incident radiation) to another location. Such surfaces may be used to essentially diffuse power delivered to a part of the FPS and dissipate and or distribute it to other specific parts or globally. For example, a power “hotspot” supplied or hit with localized electromagnetic power may have the power spread out or diverted to other desired locations, e.g., different areas of a related machine or structure. Thus, the structure may act as shielding for another structure or the structure itself. In some embodiments, a FPS on a closed or curved surface may act as a cloaking device to divert power (in a wavelength or frequency of interest) from one side of the device to the other. In other embodiments, a refrigeration or cooling effect may be induced by transferring heat away from a FPS. 
     In some embodiments, power control may also be achieved through wideband absorption by placing a resistive sheet at the edge of the fractal cells, creating a layer adjacent to the cells. Impinging electromagnetic radiation will be absorbed and not reflected or scattered. A FPS may be used to wirelessly couple a device for power transmission by placing the power as electromagnetic radiation on the FPS and then physically placing the (to be) powered device closely to the FPS. A FPS may also work even if some of the cells are damaged or missing as a variety of paths exist to convey the plasmonic transmission. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can provide techniques, including systems and/or methods, for cloaking objects at certain wavelengths/frequencies or over certain wavelength/frequency ranges (bands). Such techniques can provide an effective electromagnetic lens and/or lensing effect for certain wavelengths/frequencies or over certain wavelength/frequency ranges (bands). In some embodiments, the effects produced by such techniques can include cloaking or so-called invisibility of the object(s) at the noted wavelengths or bands. Representative frequencies of operation can include, but are not limited to, those over a range of 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz, though others may of course be realized. Operation at other frequencies, including for example those of visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, and as well as microwave EM radiation, e.g., K, Ka, X-bands, etc. may be realized, e.g., by appropriate scaling of dimensions and selection of shape of the resonator elements. 
     The fractal cells of a FPS can be designed or configured (e.g., sized) based on the wavelength or wavelength range of radiation that the FPS is anticipated as working with. In exemplary embodiments, a fractal cell may be sized such that its spatial extent in a given direction (e.g., a minor diameter, a major diameter, a major axis, a minor axis, etc.) is less than a wavelength of the radiation it is intended to work with. For example, a fractal cell may be constructed that has a spatial extent (in a particular direction) that is ⅛, or less, of the wavelength (lambda, λ) of radiation that the cell is intended to work with. For example, considering a roughly hexagonal shaped fractal cell (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 1 ), the “flat-to-flat” distance of the hexagonal cell may be ⅛ λ or less of the longest wavelength of radiation foreseen for use with the fractal cell. The spacing between the cell and each of the other adjacent cells (e.g., in this case, six other cells) is preferably 1/16 λ to 1/20 λ. When a wavelength range is anticipated for the cell or FPS having the cell, the wavelength used for design purposes can be the greatest wavelength of operation (corresponding to the lowest frequency of operation). Exemplary embodiments can be designed and built to operate to transfer radiation in the near-IR (NIR) wavelength range. Examples of such wavelengths include but are not limited to the edge of the visible red spectrum (˜700 nm) through 1 mm. Other embodiments can operate at medium and/or long-wave infrared wavelengths. As stated above, the spacing between fractal cells in preferably sub-wavelength, e.g., 1/20 of a wavelength. For example, for a desired wavelength of operation of 1 mm (corresponding to 300 GHz), the spacing between adjacent fractal cells could be 50 microns (i.e., 1/20 λ). 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can include an arrangement of resonators in a lattice-like configuration. The arrangements can include resonators of several different sizes and/or geometries arranged so that each size or geometry (“grouping”) corresponds to a moderate or high quality factor, “Q,” (that is moderate or low bandwidth) response that resonates within a specific frequency range. 
     For exemplary embodiments, fractal resonators can be used for the resonators in such structures because of their control of passbands, and smaller sizes compared to nonfractal based resonators. Their benefit arises from a size standpoint because they can be used to shrink the resonator(s), while control of passbands can reduce or eliminates issues of harmonic passbands that would resonate at frequencies not desired. 
     Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to scatterer or scattering structures. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to structures/techniques for activating and/or deactivating cloaking structures. 
     Related fractal technology is described in the following: (i) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/732,059 filed 25 Mar. 2010 and entitled “Wideband Electromagnetic Cloaking Systems,” which is a continuation-in-part of (ii) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/547,104 filed 25 Aug. 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,253,639, which claims benefit of (iii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/189,966 filed 25 Aug. 2008 and (iv) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/163,824 filed 26 Mar. 2009 and entitled “Cloaking Techniques”; (v) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/163,837, filed 26 Mar. 2009 and entitled “Scatterer”; (vi) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/163,913, filed 27 Mar. 2009 and entitled “Cloaking Techniques”; and, (vii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/237,360, filed 27 Aug. 2009 and entitled “Switching System for Cloak On Command”; the entire contents of all of which applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     For exemplary embodiments, fractal resonators can be used for the resonators because of their control of passbands, and smaller sizes. A main benefit of such resonators arises from a size standpoint because they can be used to shrink the resonator(s), while control of passbands can reduce/mitigate or eliminate issues of harmonic passbands that would resonate at frequencies not desired. 
     Exemplary embodiments of a resonator system for use at infrared (or nearby) frequencies can be built from belts or loops having fractal cells on one or both sides. These belts or loops can function to slip or duct the infrared (heat) energy around an object located within the belts, so the object is effectively invisible and “see thru” at the infrared frequencies. Belts, or shells, having similar closed-packed arrangements for operation at a first passband can be positioned within a wavelength of one another, e.g., 1/10λ, ⅛λ, ¼λ, ½λ, etc. 
     In exemplary embodiments, as described in further detail below, an observer can observe an original image or signal, without it being blocked by the cloaked object. Using no power, the fractal cloak having FPS can replicate the original signal (that is, the signal before blocking) with great fidelity. Exemplary embodiments can function in the infrared region (e.g., ˜700 nm to ˜1 mm, corresponding to ˜430 THz to ˜300 GHz), providing 3:1 bandwidth; operation within or near such can frequencies can provide other bandwidths as well, such as 1:1 up to 2:1 and up to about 3:1. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a deflective shield system  100  having a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS)  102 , in accordance with the present disclosure. The FPS  102  includes a close packed arrangements of resonators having fractal shapes (e.g., “fractal cells”) as denoted by  110  and  120 . The FPS  102  may be part of a larger surface or area  104 . The individual fractal cells are separated from the adjacent fractal cells but are sufficiently close to one another (e.g., preferably less than 1/20 wavelength) so that a surface (plasmonic) wave causes near replication of current present in one fractal cell in an adjacent fractal cell. While preferred fractal shapes are shown in  FIG. 1  as being hexagonal or snowflake-like, any suitable fractal shape (e.g., deterministic) may be used and such a fractal may have two or more iterations. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission; the fractal cells can also lie on more complex three-dimensional surfaces and structures of virtually any shape. For embodiments having layers, each layer holding a FPS can utilize fractal cells of different size and shape that those of another layer. 
     Examples of suitable fractal shapes (for use for shells and/or a scatting object) can include, but are not limited to, fractal shapes described in one or more of the following patents, owned by the assignee of the present disclosure, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,553; U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,349; U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,975; U.S. Pat. No. 7,145,513; U.S. Pat. No. 7,256,751; U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,977; U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,766; U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,695; U.S. Pat. No. 7,215,290; U.S. Pat. No. 6,445,352; U.S. Pat. No. 7,126,537; U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,318; U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,122; U.S. Pat. No. 7,345,642; and, U.S. Pat. No. 7,456,799. 
     Other suitable fractal shape for the resonant structures can include any of the following: a Koch fractal, a Minkowski fractal, a Cantor fractal, a torn square fractal, a Mandelbrot, a Caley tree fractal, a monkey&#39;s swing fractal, a Sierpinski gasket, and a Julia fractal, a contour set fractal, a Sierpinski triangle fractal, a Menger sponge fractal, a dragon curve fractal, a space-filling curve fractal, a Koch curve fractal, an Lypanov fractal, and a Kleinian group fractal. While exemplary fractal shapes are shown in  FIG. 1 , the present disclosure is not limited to such and any other suitable fractal shapes (including generator motifs) may be used in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 1 , the fractal cells  110  and  120  can be formed on the FPS  102  by any suitable techniques. Of course, while a space devoid of cells is shown between cell groups  110  and  120 , such is not necessary (and is included in  FIG. 1  merely to show the distinction between the individual cells of the two groups). Such techniques can include additive and/or subtractive techniques. Suitable lithography techniques may be used for some embodiments. In exemplary embodiments, the fractal shapes of the fractal cells  110  and  120  can be conductive traces that are deposited on the underlying surface, e.g., a suitable substrate. Any suitable deposition techniques can be utilized. In other embodiments, the fractal cells  110  and  120  can be etched or engraved onto a surface. Any suitable micromachining or nanomachining techniques may be used. 
     Exemplary embodiments of system  100  can utilize a material for a substrate that has low-loss characteristics in the infrared region to facilitate heat transfer by fractal cells disposed on, disposed in, or supported by the substrate, e.g., on a supporting surface provided by the substrate. Examples of suitable materials for such substrates can include, but are not limited to, the following: chalcogenide-glasses in general; high-purity As—S, As—Se, Ge—As—Se glasses; and, Ge 30 As 10 Se 30 Te 30  glass, and the like. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a diagrammatic plan view of a cloaking system  200  and RF testing set up in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a number of concentric shells (or bands)  202  are placed on a platform (parallel to the plane of the drawing). The shells include a flexible substrate (e.g., polyimide with or without composite reinforcement) with conductive traces (e.g., copper, silver, etc.) in fractal shapes or outlines, each separate shape representing a fractal cell (e.g., similar to cells  110  and  120  of  FIG. 1 ). The shells  202  surround an object to be cloaked (shown as  204  in  FIG. 1 ). A transmitting antenna  1  and a receiving antenna  2  are shown at different sides of the system  200 , for the purposes of illustration. The shells  202  can be held in place by suitable radial supports  206 . 
     The shells indicated in  FIG. 2  are of two types, one set (A 1 -A 4 ) configured for optimal operation over a first wavelength/frequency range, and another set (B 1 -B 3 ) configured for optimal operation over a second wavelength/frequency range. (The numbering of the shells is of course arbitrary and can be reordered, e.g., reversed.) 
     For an exemplary embodiment of system  200 , the outer set of shells (A 1 -A 4 , with A 1  being the innermost and A 4  the outmost) had a height of about 3 to 4 inches (e.g., 3.5 inches) and the inner set of shells had a height of about 1 inch less (e.g., about 2.5 to 3 inches). The spacing between the shells with a larger fractal shape (A 1 -A 4 ) was about 2.4 cm while the spacing between shells of smaller fractal generator shapes (B 1 -B 3 ) was about 2.15 cm (along a radial direction). In a preferred embodiment, shell A 4  was placed between shell B 2  and B 3  as shown. The resonators formed on each shell by the fractal shapes can be configured so as to be closely coupled (e.g., by capacitive and/or evanescent-wave coupling) and function to propagate energy by a plasmonic wave. 
     It will be appreciated that while, two types of shells and a given number of shells per set are indicated in  FIG. 2 , the number of shell types and number of shells for each set can be selected as desired, and may be optimized for different applications, e.g., wavelength/frequency bands, including the optical bands, i.e., infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, as well as x-ray. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a diagrammatic plan view of a cloaking system (or electrical resonator system) according to an alternate embodiment in which the individual shells have an elliptical cross section. As shown in  FIG. 3 , a system  300  for cloaking can include a number of concentric shells (or bands)  302 . These shells can be held in place with respect to one another by suitable fixing means, e.g., they can be placed on a platform (parallel to the plane of the drawing) and/or held with a frame. The shells  302  can include a flexible substrate (e.g., polyimide with or without composite reinforcement) with a close-packed arrangement of electrically conductive material formed on the first surface. As stated previously for  FIG. 2 , the closed-packed arrangement can include a number of self-similar electrical resonator shapes. The resonator shapes can be made from conductive traces (e.g., copper, silver, gold, silver-based ink, etc.) having a desired shape, e.g., fractal shape, split-ring shape, and the like. The shells  302  can surround an object to be cloaked, as indicated in  FIG. 3 . 
     As indicated in  FIG. 3  (by dashed lines  1  and  2  and arrows), the various shells themselves do not have to form closed surfaces. Rather, one or more shells can form open surfaces. This can allow for preferential cloaking of the object in one direction or over a given angle (solid angle). Moreover, while dashed lines  1  and  2  are shown intersecting shells B 1 -B 3  and A 1 -A 3  of system  300 , one or more shells of each group of shells (B 1 -B 3  and A 1 -A 3 ) can be closed while others are open. Additionally, it should be appreciated that the cross-sections shown for each shell can represent closed geometric shapes, e.g., spherical and ellipsoidal shells. 
     As indicated previously, each shell of a cloaking system (e.g., system  300 ) include multiple resonators in one or multiple close-packed configurations. The resonators can be repeated patterns of conductive traces. These conductive traces can be closed geometric shapes, e.g., rings, loops, closed fractals, etc. The resonator(s) can being self similar to at least second iteration. The resonators can include split-ring shapes, for some embodiments. The resonant structures are not required to be closed shapes, however, and open shapes can be used for such. 
     In exemplary embodiments of shell  300 , the closed loops can be configured as a fractals or fractal-based shapes, e.g., as depicted by fractal cells  110  and  120  in  FIG. 1 . The dimensions and type of a fractal shape for a fractal cell can be the same for each shell type but can vary between shell types. This variation (e.g., scaling of the same fractal shape) can afford increased bandwidth for the cloaking characteristics of the system. This can lead to periodicity of the fractal shapes of common shell types but aperiodicity between the fractal shapes of different shell types. 
     It will be appreciated that the resonant structures of the shells may be formed or made by any suitable techniques and with any suitable materials. For example, semiconductors with desired doping levels and dopants may be used as conductive materials. Suitable metals or metal containing compounds may be used. Suitable techniques may be used to place conductors on/in a shell, including, but no limited to, printing techniques, photolithography techniques, etching techniques, and the like. 
     It will also be appreciated that the shells may be made of any suitable material(s). Printed circuit board materials may be used. Flexible circuit board materials are preferred. Other material may, however, be used for the shells and the shells themselves can be made of non-continuous elements, e.g., a frame or framework. For example, various plastics may be used. In exemplary embodiments, the underlying surface or substrate on which a FPS is formed can have low loss with respect to the type of radiation that the FPS is designed for, so as to facilitate the intended heat and/or power transfer or dissipation. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can provide techniques, including systems and/or methods, for providing a radar cross section of different sizes than as would otherwise be dictated by the physical geometry of an object. Such techniques (objects/methods) can be useful for implementations such as radar decoys where a given object (decoy) is made to appear in radar cross section as like another object (e.g., missile). Representative frequencies of operation can include those over a range of 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz, though others may of course be realized. Other frequencies, include those of visible light may be realized, e.g., by appropriate scaling of dimensions and selection of shape of fractal elements. 
       FIG. 4A  depicts an example of a system  400  including an arbitrary object  402  surrounded by a fractal shield  404 .  FIG. 4B  depicts exemplary objects  402  that may be shielded by or with a fractal shield  404 . Of course, such objects are merely representative and virtually any object or portion thereof may be shielded by EM radiation by a fractal shield designed (e.g., sized) for such radiation. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the robustness or anti-fragility presented by a FPS  500  under conditions where some fractal cells are damaged or otherwise inoperative. As shown, FPS  500  has a close-packed arrangement of fractal cells, indicated by circles  502 . The close-packed arrangement provides many paths by which energy may be transferred from one area of the FPS to another, even in the presence of damaged or otherwise inoperative fractal cells (represented by the black squares shown). 
       FIG. 6A  depicts an example  600  of a FPS-based shield  602  used to dissipate incident radiation, which may be directed radiation of high intensity or fluence. As shown, radiation that is incident on a localized area of the shield  602  can be transferred from an area of incidence, around the object  604 , and dissipated and/or retransmitted via plasmonic coupling and radiative transfer between the fractal cells of the FPS-based shield  602 . 
       FIG. 6B  shows another example in which directed radiation is incident on a rectangular shield (exemplifying that a shield need not be circular/elliptical or have circular or elliptical symmetry). As shown, the incident radiation is ducted (indicated by flow lines) over the surface of the shield and around the object within the shield. 
     Accordingly the subject technology in accordance with the present disclosure can provide protection for a desired object (e.g., a person or thing) from incident radiation such as high energy density electromagnetic waves and/or impulses that would otherwise tend to damage or destroy the object(s). Such deflective shields, or deflectors, can be used on or for three-dimensional surfaces in addition to two-dimensional surfaces. Such a deflector allows the electromagnetic waves or impulses to emerge or re-form on the far side of the object, not passing through the object, wand with minimum (or reduced) absorption and reflection of the waves or impulses; moreover, the momentum of the incident radiation is not conveyed to the objected (or such conveyance is reduced compared to the case where no shield is used). 
     While embodiments are shown and described herein as having fractal-based EM shields in the shape of concentric rings (circular cylinders), EM shields in accordance with the present disclosure can take other shapes in other embodiments. For example, one or more shells could have a generally spherical shape (with minor deviations for structural support). In an exemplary embodiment, the shells could form a nested arrangement of such spherical shapes, around an object to be shielded (at the targeted/selected frequencies/wavelengths). Shell cross-sections of angular shapes, e.g., triangular, hexagonal, while not preferred, may be used. Further, shields may be placed on or integrated with one or more surfaces of a particular object to be shielded. Such shields and shield structures may be implemented in or configured as conformable surfaces which adapt or conform to any underlying surface or structure. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments and/or portions of embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in/with computer-readable storage media (e.g., hardware, software, firmware, or any combinations of such), and can be distributed and/or practiced over one or more networks. Steps or operations (or portions of such) as described herein, including processing functions to derive, learn, or calculate formula and/or mathematical models and geometric shapes utilized and/or produced by the embodiments of the present disclosure, can be processed by one or more suitable processors, e.g., central processing units (“CPU&#39;s”) implementing suitable code/instructions in any suitable language (machine dependent on machine independent). 
     While certain embodiments and/or aspects have been described herein, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that the methods, systems, and apparatus of the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit thereof. 
     For example, while certain wavelengths/frequencies of operation have been described, these are merely representative and other wavelength/frequencies may be utilized or achieved within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Furthermore, while certain preferred fractal generator shapes have been described others may be used within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the embodiments described herein are to be considered in all respects as illustrative of the present disclosure and not restrictive.