Patent Publication Number: US-8995062-B2

Title: Projection lens for projection display systems

Description:
SUMMARY 
     Although various projection lenses have been described, industry would find advantage in (e.g. compact) projection lens having improved properties such as a high throughput. 
     In one embodiment, a projection lens is described comprising in sequential order from a screen side a first lens group, a second lens group of positive refractive power, and a third lens group of positive refractive power. At least one lens group has an aspheric surface. The ratio of the focal length of the projection lens (F) to the focal length of each of the lens groups (F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 ) is such that F 1 /F|&gt;5, 0.5&lt;F 2 /F&lt;0.9, and 1&lt;F 3 /F&lt;8. 
     In another embodiment, a projection lens is described comprising in sequential order from a screen side a first lens group, a second lens group of positive refractive power, and a third lens group of positive refractive power. At least one lens group has an aspheric surface. The ratio of the focal length of the projection lens (F) to the focal length of each of the lens groups (F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 ) is such that |F 1 /F|&gt;5, 0.5&lt;F 2 /F&lt;2.0, and 1.4&lt;F 3 /F&lt;8. 
     In yet other embodiments, optical engines are described comprising an illumination system, an imaging system; and a projection lens as described therein. Front-projection and rear-projection display devices are described comprising such optical engine. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of an exemplary optical engine that can be used in the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of an exemplary projection optics that can be used in the present invention; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a side view and an isometric view, respectively, of an embodied rear projection display device, 
     
    
    
     These figures are not drawn to scale and are intended only for illustrative purposes. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Presently described are projection lens suitable for use in projection display systems. 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic representation of exemplary optical engine  61  having one or more of the following components: illumination system  62  or  62 ′, imaging system  64 , a focus mechanism  65 , and projection optics  66 . While two different illumination systems  62  and  62 ′ are shown, typically only one is used. When the illumination system lies in position depicted by reference number  62 , the imager used is a reflective imager. In contrast, when the illumination system lies in position depicted by reference number  62 ′ the imager used is a transmissive imager. The optical engine can generate an image on a projection screen  68  or a viewing surface. Because the viewer and the optical engine are on the same side of the projection screen,  FIG. 1  depicts a front projection display system using optical engine  61 .  FIGS. 3A and 3B  depict a rear projection display system using optical engine  110 . Each element in the optical engine is discussed in detail below. 
     The illumination system  62 ,  62 ′ can include a lamp unit, a filter (such as an infrared light and/or a ultraviolet light rejection filter), a color separation means, and an integrator. In one exemplary embodiment, the lamp unit includes a reflector and a lamp. Suitable, commercially available lamps include (i) Philips UHP type lamp unit, which uses an elliptic reflector, from Philips Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands and (ii) OSRAM P-VIP 250 lamp unit from OSRAM GmBH, Munich, Germany. Other suitable lamps and lamp unit arrangements can be used in the present invention. For example, metal halide lamps or tungsten halogen lamps or light emitting diodes (LED&#39;s) can be used. The type of filter, color wheel, and integrator that can be used in embodiments of the present invention are not critical. In one exemplary embodiment, the color separation means is a spinning red/green/blue (RGB) color sequential disc in the light source of the imager. An illustrative commercially available color wheel is the UNAXIS RGBW color wheel, from UNAXIS Balzers, LTD, Balzers, Liechtenstein. A liquid crystal RGB color sequential shutter can also be used in embodiments of the present invention. An illustrative commercially available integrator is a hollow tunnel type integrator from UNAXIS Balzers LTD. 
     The imaging system  64  includes an imager and typically also includes electronics. A useful reflective imager that can be used in the present invention is a XGA digital micromirror device (DMD) having a diagonal of about 22 mm, available from Texas Instruments, Dallas, Tex. Alternatively, a transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display can be used as the imager. In the optical engine, the surface of the imager is positioned substantially parallel to the surface of the projection screen. 
     For some implementations, a focusing mechanism  65  can be accomplished by mounting one or more of the lenses described below on a slidable or threaded mount (not shown), which can be adjusted manually by hand or through the use of an electronic actuation mechanism. For example, focusing can be accomplished by using a varifocal or a zoom lens. Alternatively, no user focus is required for projection units having a predetermined fixed position established between the optical engine  61  and the viewing screen  68  or for rear projection applications. 
     In some implementations, the screen  68  may comprise a multi-layer material, for example, a plurality of Fresnel elements configured as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,426. The screen can be designed to control light distribution spreading in the horizontal direction to accommodate viewers who are positioned horizontally in front of the screen. Alternative embodiments of the screen may comprise multi-layer film technology, Dual Brightness Enhancement Film (DBEF) technology, or VIKUITI™ technology, all available from 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minn. Optionally, the generated image can be viewed on any surface, e.g., a wall or other structure, or standard viewing screen. 
     In favored embodiments, the projection lens described herein is compact. The “compactness” of a projection lens may be characterized by various physical features. In one embodiment, a compact projection lens is described having a ratio of maximum lens diameter to focal length (i.e. L max /F). The maximum lens diameter is the diameter of the lens element having the greatest diameter. The lens closest to a screen side is often the lens element having the maximum lens diameter. As this ratio decreases, the diameter of the totality of lens groups decreases as well. The compact projection lens described herein typically has a ratio of maximum lens diameter to focal length (L max /F) of no greater than 1.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of maximum lens diameter to focal length is no greater than 1.0. The minimum L max /F is typically at least 0.7. In some embodiments, L max /F is at least 0.85 or 0.90. 
     Alternatively, or in combination thereof, the “compactness” of the projection lens described herein may be characterized by the “total track” or ratio of total track to focal length (i.e. TT/F). The total track (TT) of a projection lens is defined as the total distance from the 1 st  surface of the first lens group (in closest proximity to the screen side) to the last surface of the last lens group (in closest proximity to the imager). The term “screen side” means that side of the projection lens closest to a projection screen. The compact projection lens described herein typically has a total track of no greater than 100 mm or 90 mm. The minimum total track is typically at least 50 mm. In some embodiments, the total track is no greater than 65 mm or 60 mm. The compact projection lens described herein typically has a ratio of total track to focal length (TT/F) of no greater than 5.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of total track to focal length is no greater than 5.0, or no greater than 4.0, or no greater than 3.5, or no greater than 3.0. The minimum ratio of total track to focal length is typically at least 2.50. In some embodiments, the ratio of total track to focal length is at least 2.90, or 2.91 or 2.92. 
     In favored embodiments, the projection lens described herein has a high throughput, as characterized by the F#. The F# is typically at least 1.2, or 1.3, or 1.4. In some embodiments, the F 3  is at least 1.50 or 1.55. The F# is typically no greater than 2.4. In some embodiments, the F# is no greater than 2.2, or 2.0, or 1.8. 
     The projection lens described herein has a field of view of at least 20 degrees and no greater than 50 degrees. In some embodiments, the field of view is at least 25, 30, or degrees. In some embodiments, the field of view is no greater than 40 degrees, or 41 degrees, or 42 degrees. In other embodiments, the field of view is at least 40 or 45 degrees. 
     The projection lens described herein has a high resolution. Resolution refers to the smallest feature size of an image the projection lens can resolve. Resolution can be determined by use of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) which represents the transfer of modulation from the object to the image by the lens as a function of spatial frequency. MTF can be calculated as described in  Optical System Design ; Robert E. Fischer, Biljana Tadic-Galeb, Paul R. Roder; McGraw Hill, New York (2008), pp. 191-198. Resolution is defined as the minimum width of alternating (black) lines and (white) spaces for which the MTF at full field is greater than or equal to 0.30. In some embodiments, the resolution is 10 microns, or 9 microns, or 8 microns, 7 microns. In other embodiments, the resolution is 6 microns, or 5 microns, or 4 microns. 
     In favored embodiments, a compact projection lens is described having a high throughput. One exemplary embodiment of a projection lens having such combination of features is depicted in  FIG. 2 . 
     The projection optics of  FIG. 2  includes three lens groups (as identified from an output side or screen side): first lens group (G 1 ), second lens group (G 2 ), and a third lens group (G 3 ). The term “screen side” means that side of the projection lens closest to a projection screen. 
     The exemplary projection lens of  FIG. 2  includes a total of seven elements in the three lens groups, numbered from the screen side. The first lens group (G 1 ) is formed of, in order from the screen side, a first lens element (L 1 ) and a second lens element (L 2 ). The ratio of F 1 /F in G 1  is such that |F 1 /F|&gt;5. F 1 /F may be positive or negative. However, F 1 /F is generally considered “low power”. In some embodiments, F 1 /F is positive and at least 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10. In some embodiments, F 1 /F is less than 13.4. In other embodiments, F 1 /F is negative. For example, F 1 /F may be no greater than −10, or no greater than −20, or no greater than −30, or no greater than −40, or no greater than −50, or no greater than −60, or no greater than −70. 
     The aperture stop lies within the second lens group or between the first and second lens group. 
     The second lens group (G 2 ) is formed of three lens elements, (L 3 ) to (L 5 ) inclusive, typically cemented together using a conventional adhesive. G 2  is of positive refractive power. The ratio of F 2 /F in G 2  is such that 0.5&lt;F 2 /F&lt;2. In some embodiments, F 2 /F is no greater than 1.5 or 1.2. In some embodiments, F 2 /F is less than 1.0 or less than 0.95. For example, F 2 /F may be at least 0.70 or 0.75. 
     The third lens group (G 3 ) is formed of four lens elements (L 3 ) to (L 6 ) inclusive. G 3  is of positive refractive power. The ratio of F 3 /F is such that 1&lt;F 3 /F&lt;8. In some embodiments, F 3 /F is no greater than 7 or 6 or 5 or 4. In some embodiments, F 3 /F is at least 1.4, or 1.6, or 1.8, or 2.0. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , a transparent solid (e.g. glass) prism or a polarizing beam splitter lies between the second lens group (G 2 ) and third lens group (G 3 ). In some embodiments, the prism provides no appreciable amount of refractive power. In other embodiments, the prism comprises a lens surface that contributes to the refractive power of the fourth lens group. 
     At least one lens element of at least one lens group has an aspheric surface. The shape of the aspheric surface can be defined by the equation below: 
                   Z   =         cr   2       1   +       1   -       (     1   +   k     )     ⁢     c   2     ⁢     r   2               +       α   2     ⁢     r   2       +       α   4     ⁢     r   4       +       α   6     ⁢     r   6       +       α   8     ⁢     r   8       +       α   10     ⁢     r   10       +       α   12     ⁢     r   12       +       α   14     ⁢     r   14                 Equation   ⁢           ⁢   I               
wherein
 
     Z is the surface sag at a distance r from the optical axis of the system, 
     c is the curvature of the lens at the optical axis in 
     
       
         
           
             
               1 
               mm 
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     r is the radial coordinate in mm, 
     k is the conic constant, and 
     α 2  is the coefficient for second order term, α 4  is the coefficient for fourth order term, α 6  is the coefficient for sixth order term, α 8  is the coefficient for eighth order term, α 10  is the coefficient for tenth order term, α 12  is the coefficient for twelfth order term, and α 14  is the coefficient for fourteenth order term. 
     In some embodiments, the second lens group comprises an aspheric surface. Alternatively, or in combination thereof, the third lens group may comprise an aspheric surface. For ease in fabrication, each lens having an aspheric surface is typically formed from a thermoplastic or cured polymeric material of optical quality. In some embodiments, first lens group typically lacks a lens element having an aspheric surface. Lenses lacking aspheric surfaces can be lower in cost to manufacture. In other embodiments, the first lens group may comprise an aspheric surface. When the first lens group includes an aspheric surface, the lens can have less aberrations, yet be more expensive to manufacture. Each of the lenses lacking an aspheric surface may optionally be formed from a thermoplastic or cured polymeric material, but are typically formed from glass. Optical quality lens materials typically have a refractive index of at least about 1.50. 
     The three lens groups are discussed in detail as follows. 
     The first lens group (G 1 ) is of negative or positive refractive power. The first lens group is formed of a plurality of lens elements, i.e. at least two lens elements. The first lens group typically comprises a first lens element of positive refractive power and a second lens element of negative refractive power. In the first lens group, a first lens element (L 1 ), lying closest to the screen, typically has the largest diameter of all the lenses in the (e.g. three) lens groups. The first lens element in the first lens group has a sufficiently large diameter to project an image at a field angle greater of at least 20° and typically no greater than 50° in the direction of the screen with substantially no distortion. The first lens element of the first lens group typically has a diameter no greater than 50 mm, or 40 mm. The first lens element of the first lens group preferably has a diameter no greater than 35 mm or 30 mm. The minimum diameter of the first lens of the first lens group is typically at least 8 mm, or 9 mm, or 10 mm, or 11 mm, or 12 mm, or 13 mm, or 14 mm or 15 mm. 
     All the lens of the first lens group (G 1 ) may be comprised of glass and have spherical surfaces. In some embodiments the first lens group (G 1 ) is a cemented doublet to help control spherical aberration and coma. 
     The second lens group (G 2 ) is of positive refractive power. The second lens group may be formed of a plurality (e.g. four) of lens elements. The aperture stop of the projection lens lies within the second lens group or between the first and second lens group. In some exemplary embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the second lens group includes a doublet with a positive lens element (L 3 ) and negative lens element (L 4 ) and two singlets (L 5  and L 6 ) with positive refractive power. 
     The third lens group (G 3 ) is of positive refractive power. The third lens group may be formed of a single lens element (L 7 ), as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     An optional (e.g. glass) prism or polarizing beam splitter is disposed between the third lens group and the imager, i.e., at a location furthest away from the screen side. 
     The spacing between the lenses can be adjusted to balance the aberration(s). 
     The invention is further described with reference to the following examples. As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art given the present description herein, alternative constructions of projection lens can be employed, including alternative constructions that include fewer, the same, or greater numbers of lens elements. 
     Example 1 
     Tables 1-3 below list the general lens data, surface data summary, and aspheric coefficients for a first embodiment of  FIG. 2 . Table 2 below lists the surface number, in order from the screen side (with surface 1 being the surface closest to the screen side of the first lens element L 1 ), the radius (r) near the optical axis of each surface (in millimeters), the on axis spacing (D) between the surfaces (in millimeters), and the material type is also indicated. The curvature can be calculate by the equation curvature (c)=1/radius. One skilled in the art recognizes that from the material type, it is possible to determine the index of refraction and Abbe number of the material. Surface 0 is the object surface or the surface of the projection screen. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GENERAL LENS DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Surfaces 
                 18 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.244 
               
               
                   
                 (in air at system temperature and pressure) 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.244 
               
               
                   
                 (in image space) 
               
               
                 Back Focal Length 
                 −0.4506384 
               
               
                 Total Track 
                 62.1961 
               
               
                 Image Space F/# 
                 1.581386 
               
               
                 Paraxial Working F/# 
                 1.578013 
               
               
                 Working F/# 
                 1.587912 
               
               
                 Image Space NA 
                 0.3020542 
               
               
                 Object Space NA 
                 0.007067355 
               
               
                 Stop Radius 
                 4.95 
               
               
                 Paraxial Image Height 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Paraxial Magnification 
                 −0.02230531 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Diameter 
                 13.43378 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Position 
                 17.38716 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Diameter 
                 140.4795 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Position 
                 221.7016 
               
               
                 Field Type 
                 Real Image height in Millimeters 
               
               
                 Maximum Radial Field 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Primary Wavelength 
                 0.525 μm 
               
               
                 Lens Units 
                 Millimeters 
               
               
                 Angular Magnification 
                 −0.09564112 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SURFACE DATA SUMMARY 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surf 
                 Type 
                 Radius 
                 Thickness 
                 Material 
                 Diameter 
                 Conic 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OBJ 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 933 
                   
                 638.566 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 STANDARD 
                 15.48539 
                 5.23 
                 S-LAH55 
                 20.4 
                 0 
                 G1, L1 
               
               
                  2 
                 STANDARD 
                 83.58183 
                 0.79 
                   
                 18.4 
                 0 
               
               
                  3 
                 STANDARD 
                 71.37804 
                 1.47 
                 S-FSL5 
                 16.68 
                 0 
                 G1, L2 
               
               
                  4 
                 STANDARD 
                 7.748367 
                 6.3 
                   
                 11.92 
                 0 
               
               
                 STO 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 2.2 
                   
                 9.9 
                 0 
                 Aperture 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stop 
               
               
                  6 
                 STANDARD 
                 −9.242815 
                 1.21 
                 S-TIH53 
                 10.34 
                 0 
                 G2, L3 
               
               
                  7 
                 STANDARD 
                 20.02491 
                 5.97 
                 S-LAH55 
                 14.08 
                 0 
                 G2, L4 
               
               
                  8 
                 STANDARD 
                 −16.7116 
                 0.53 
                   
                 16.58 
                 0 
               
               
                  9 
                 STANDARD 
                 126.4536 
                 5.45 
                 S-LAH55 
                 19.46 
                 0 
                 G2, L5 
               
               
                 10 
                 STANDARD 
                 −23.38616 
                 0.349776 
                   
                 20.4 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 EVENASPH 
                 33.55407 
                 6.57 
                 E48R 
                 20.4 
                 7.414647 
                 G2, L6 
               
               
                 12 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −345.65 
                 2.215 
                   
                 19.3 
                 0 
               
               
                 13 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 17.5 
                 BK7 
                 18.8 
                 0 
                 PBS 
               
               
                 14 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.08 
                   
                 16 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 3.63 
                 APL5514ML 
                 15.84 
                 0 
                 G3, L7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Field Lens 
               
               
                 16 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −24.38642 
                 2 
                   
                 15.4 
                 −431.4725 
               
               
                 17 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.7013211 
                 S-BSL7 
                 14.6 
                 0 
                 Cover 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Glass 
               
               
                 IMA 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                   
                   
                 14.27211 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For this first embodiment, both the first and second surfaces of lens element L 6  of the second lens group (denoted as surfaces 11 and 12 in Table 2) and the second surface of lens element L 7  of the third lens group (denoted as surface 16 in Table 2) are aspheric, as governed by Equation I above, and have the following values for the coefficients: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERICAL COEFFICENTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Coefficient 
                 Surface 11 
                 Surface 12 
                 Surface 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 α 2   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 α 4   
                 6.7935284e−007 
                 4.3682923e−005 
                 −0.00099371387 
               
               
                 α 6   
                 −8.2337152e−007 
                 −5.4593537e−007 
                 6.1908039e−005 
               
               
                 α 8   
                 1.9695232e−008 
                 1.5209052e−008 
                 −2.0665653e−006 
               
               
                 α 10   
                 −2.9281562e−010 
                 −2.1390045e−010 
                 3.9019349e−008 
               
               
                 α 12   
                 2.1699396e−012 
                 1.6428553e−012 
                 −3.8642184e−010 
               
               
                 α 14   
                 −6.9322994e−015 
                 −5.1973996e−015 
                 1.5582046e−012 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this first embodiment, the projection lens has an effective overall focal length of 21.2 mm, a field angle of 37.2° in the direction of the screen side and operates at F/1.59. The projection lens has a total track of 62.2 mm. Hence, L max /F=0.960 and TT/F=2.928. 
     The first lens group G 1  has an effective focal length of 290.7002 mm; the second lens group G 2  has an effective focal length of 16.7606 mm; and the third lens group G 3  has an effective focal length of 44.5162 mm. Hence, each lens group focal length relative to entire lens effective focal length has the following relationship:
 
 F   1   /F= 13.68 ,F   2   /F= 0.789, and  F   3   /F= 2.096.
 
     MTF data were generated on this embodiment using a spatial frequency of 70 line pair(lp)/mm (7.0 microns pixel size). The tangential and sagittal MTFs are in the following table. Since all the MTF values are greater than or equal to 0.30, the resolution is 7.0 microns. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Field (normalized) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.707 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Center 
                 50% Field 
                 70% Field 
                 100% Field 
               
               
                   
                 of Field 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tangential MTF 
                 0.72 
                 0.48 
                 0.51 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 Sagittal MTF 
                 0.72 
                 0.59 
                 0.39 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Tables 4-6 below list the general lens data, surface data summary, and aspheric coefficients for a second embodiment of  FIG. 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GENERAL LENS DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Surfaces 
                 18 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.14048 
               
               
                   
                 (in air at system temperature and pressure) 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.14048 
               
               
                   
                 (in image space) 
               
               
                 Back Focal Length 
                 −0.2861545 
               
               
                 Total Track 
                 62.47535 
               
               
                 Image Space F/# 
                 1.626844 
               
               
                 Paraxial Working F/# 
                 1.627146 
               
               
                 Working F/# 
                 1.627753 
               
               
                 Image Space NA 
                 0.2937315 
               
               
                 Object Space NA 
                 0.004056222 
               
               
                 Stop Radius 
                 4.83 
               
               
                 Paraxial Image Height 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Paraxial Magnification 
                 −0.01320024 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Diameter 
                 12.99478 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Position 
                 19.92017 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Diameter 
                 923.7006 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Position 
                 −1503.002 
               
               
                 Field Type 
                 Real Image height in Millimeters 
               
               
                 Maximum Radial Field 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Primary Wavelength 
                 0.525 μm 
               
               
                 Lens Units 
                 Millimeters 
               
               
                 Angular Magnification 
                 0.01406568 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SURFACE DATA SUMMARY 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surf 
                 Type 
                 Radius 
                 Thickness 
                 Material 
                 Diameter 
                 Conic 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OBJ 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 1581.9 
                   
                 1088.46 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 STANDARD 
                 16.63376 
                 4.14386 
                 S-LAH55 
                 20.4 
                 0 
                 G1, L1 
               
               
                  2 
                 STANDARD 
                 64.48508 
                 2.929387 
                   
                 19.13011 
                 0 
               
               
                  3 
                 STANDARD 
                 72.45859 
                 1.115806 
                 S-FSL5 
                 14.86578 
                 0 
                 G1, L2 
               
               
                  4 
                 STANDARD 
                 8.037915 
                 6.469202 
                   
                 11.61721 
                 0 
               
               
                 STO 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 2.291551 
                   
                 9.66 
                 0 
                 Aperture 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stop 
               
               
                  6 
                 STANDARD 
                 −10.35458 
                 1.416593 
                 S-TIH53 
                 10.48201 
                 0 
                 G2, L3 
               
               
                  7 
                 STANDARD 
                 19.53878 
                 6.397807 
                 S-LAH55 
                 14.29626 
                 0 
                 G2, L4 
               
               
                  8 
                 STANDARD 
                 −17.31482 
                 0.524664 
                   
                 16.94148 
                 0 
               
               
                  9 
                 STANDARD 
                 44.97558 
                 4.543756 
                 S-LAH55 
                 20.1563 
                 0 
                 G2, L5 
               
               
                 10 
                 STANDARD 
                 −38.04864 
                 0.349776 
                   
                 20.4 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 EVENASPH 
                 118.126 
                 5 
                 E48R 
                 20.4 
                 79.18065 
                 G2, L6 
               
               
                 12 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −34.68758 
                 3.38295 
                   
                 20.07787 
                 0 
               
               
                 13 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 17.5 
                 BK7 
                 18.84299 
                 0 
                 PBS 
               
               
                 14 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.08 
                   
                 15.63685 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 3.63 
                 B270 
                 15.61438 
                 0 
                 G3, L7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Field Lens 
               
               
                 16 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −32.322 
                 2 
                   
                 15.00061 
                 −154.734 
               
               
                 17 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.7 
                 S-BSL7 
                 14.39771 
                 0 
                 Cover 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Glass 
               
               
                 IMA 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                   
                   
                 14.276 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For this second embodiment, both the first and second surfaces of lens element L 6  of the second lens group (denoted as surfaces 11 and 12 in Table 2) and the second surface of lens element L 7  of the third lens group (denoted as surface 16 in Table 2) are aspheric, as governed by Equation I above, and have the following values for the coefficients: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERICAL COEFFICENTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Coefficient 
                 Surface 11 
                 Surface 12 
                 Surface 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 α 2   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 α 4   
                 −5.3345517e−006 
                 2.0717513e−005 
                    3.519e−005 
               
               
                 α 6   
                 −1.4650323e−007 
                 6.6712267e−008 
                   5.9947818e−007 
               
               
                 α 8   
                 7.6612097e−009 
                 3.2677404e−009 
                 −5.1800869e−009 
               
               
                 α 10   
                 −1.0710697e−010 
                 −4.8692405e−011 
                 0 
               
               
                 α 12   
                 8.5329239e−013 
                 5.4074158e−013 
                 0 
               
               
                 α 14   
                 −2.6299795e−015 
                 −1.9477399e−015 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this second embodiment, the projection lens has an effective overall focal length of 21.1 mm, a field angle of 37.4° in the direction of the screen side and operates at F/1.63. The projection lens has a total track of 62.5 mm. Hence, L max /F=0.965 and TT/F=2.955. 
     The first lens group G 1  has an effective focal length of −1331.575 mm; the second lens group G 2  has an effective focal length of 16.221 mm; and the third lens group G 3  has an effective focal length of 61.392 mm. Hence, each lens group focal length relative to entire lens effective focal length has the following relationship: F 1 /F=−62.988, F 2 /F=0.767, and F 3 /F=2.904. 
     MTF data were generated on this embodiment using a spatial frequency of 81 line pair(lp)/mm (6.2 microns pixel size). The tangential and sagittal MTFs are in the following table. Since all the MTF values are greater than or equal to 0.30, the resolution is 6.2 microns. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Field (normalized) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.707 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Center 
                 50% Field 
                 70% Field 
                 100% Field 
               
               
                   
                 of Field 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tangential MTF 
                 0.72 
                 0.43 
                 0.55 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 Sagittal MTF 
                 0.72 
                 0.49 
                 0.30 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Tables 7-9 below list the general lens data, surface data summary, and aspheric coefficients for a third embodiment of  FIG. 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GENERAL LENS DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Surfaces 
                 18 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.17078 
               
               
                   
                 (in air at system temperature and pressure) 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 21.17078 
               
               
                   
                 (in image space) 
               
               
                 Back Focal Length 
                 −0.3028827 
               
               
                 Total Track 
                 62.15334 
               
               
                 Image Space F/# 
                 1.610166 
               
               
                 Paraxial Working F/# 
                 1.610711 
               
               
                 Working F/# 
                 1.610583 
               
               
                 Image Space NA 
                 0.2964664 
               
               
                 Object Space NA 
                 0.004105143 
               
               
                 Stop Radius 
                 4.83 
               
               
                 Paraxial Image Height 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Paraxial Magnification 
                 −0.01322451 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Diameter 
                 13.1482 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Position 
                 19.51616 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Diameter 
                 514.0315 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Position 
                 −827.9791 
               
               
                 Field Type 
                 Real Image height in Millimeters 
               
               
                 Maximum Radial Field 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 Primary Wavelength 
                 0.525 μm 
               
               
                 Lens Units 
                 Millimeters 
               
               
                 Angular Magnification 
                 0.02557895 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SURFACE DATA SUMMARY 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surf 
                 Type 
                 Radius 
                 Thickness 
                 Material 
                 Diameter 
                 Conic 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OBJ 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 1581.9 
                   
                 1075.401 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 STANDARD 
                 16.92829 
                 4.24386 
                 S-LAH55 
                 21.6 
                 0 
                 G1, L1 
               
               
                  2 
                 STANDARD 
                 60.21584 
                 2.929387 
                   
                 20.45681 
                 0 
               
               
                  3 
                 STANDARD 
                 40.40174 
                 1.5 
                 S-FSL5 
                 15.31011 
                 0 
                 G1, L2 
               
               
                  4 
                 STANDARD 
                 7.474034 
                 5.820551 
                   
                 11.22679 
                 0 
               
               
                 STO 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 2.494573 
                   
                 9.66 
                 0 
                 Aperture 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stop 
               
               
                  6 
                 STANDARD 
                 −9.536645 
                 1.416593 
                 S-TIH53 
                 10.46407 
                 0 
                 G2, L3 
               
               
                  7 
                 STANDARD 
                 17.77457 
                 6.397807 
                 S-LAH55 
                 16 
                 0 
                 G2, L4 
               
               
                  8 
                 STANDARD 
                 −14.68224 
                 0.524664 
                   
                 17.6 
                 0 
               
               
                  9 
                 STANDARD 
                 29.49231 
                 6.843086 
                 S-LAH55 
                 21.6 
                 0 
                 G2, L5 
               
               
                 10 
                 STANDARD 
                 −31.83892 
                 0.349776 
                   
                 21.63594 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 EVENASPH 
                 20.28873 
                 2.098468 
                 E48R 
                 19.41525 
                 1.988726 
                 G2, L6 
               
               
                 12 
                 EVENASPH 
                 15.9781 
                 3.304574 
                   
                 17.96643 
                 0 
               
               
                 13 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 17.5 
                 BK7 
                 17.90565 
                 0 
                 PBS 
               
               
                 14 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 1 
                   
                 16.35788 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 STANDARD 
                 16.76973 
                 3.63 
                 N-SK5 
                 15.95047 
                 0 
                 G3, L7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Field Lens 
               
               
                 16 
                 STANDARD 
                 41.12506 
                 1.4 
                   
                 14.86489 
                 0 
               
               
                 17 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.7 
                 S-BSL7 
                 14.47507 
                 0 
                 Cover 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Glass 
               
               
                 IMA 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                   
                   
                 14.28036 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For this third embodiment, both the first and second surfaces of lens element L 6  of the second lens group (denoted as surfaces 11 and 12 in Table 2) are aspheric, as governed by Equation I above, and have the following values for the coefficients: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERICAL COEFFICENTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Coefficient 
                 Surface 11 
                 Surface 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 α 2   
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 α 4   
                 −5.2176515e−005 
                   7.2446e−006 
               
               
                   
                 α 6   
                  4.676203e−008 
                  6.633185e−007 
               
               
                   
                 α 8   
                   3.3210721e−010 
                 −2.6198413e−009 
               
               
                   
                 α 10   
                 −1.3580064e−010 
                 −9.2207049e−011 
               
               
                   
                 α 12   
                   1.1674497e−012 
                  9.1436803e−013 
               
               
                   
                 α 14   
                 −5.0372652e−015 
                 −5.9069863e−015 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this third embodiment, the projection lens has an effective overall focal length of 21.18 mm, a field angle of 37.1 deg in the direction of the screen side and operates at F#/1.61. The projection lens has a total track of 62.15 mm. Hence, L max /F=1.02 and TT/F=2.936. 
     The first lens group G 1  has an effective focal length of −989.24 mm; the second lens group G 2  has an effective focal length of 17.423 mm; and the third lens group G 3  has an effective focal length of 45.257 mm. Hence, each lens group focal length relative to entire lens effective focal length has the following relationship: F 1 /F=−46.72, F 2 /F=0.823, and F 3 /F=2.138. 
     MTF data were generated on this embodiment using a spatial frequency of 62 line pair(lp)/mm (8.1 microns pixel size). The tangential and sagittal MTFs are in the following table. Since all the MTF values are greater than or equal to 0.30, the resolution is 8.1 microns. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Field (normalized) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.707 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Center 
                 50% Field 
                 70% Field 
                 100% Field 
               
               
                   
                 of Field 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
                 Of View 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tangential MTF 
                 0.75 
                 0.58 
                 0.55 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 Sagittal MTF 
                 0.75 
                 0.73 
                 0.58 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 
     Tables 10-12 below list the general lens data, surface data summary, and aspheric coefficients for a comparative example. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GENERAL LENS DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Surfaces 
                 14 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 11.43763 
               
               
                   
                 (in air at system temperature and pressure) 
               
               
                 Effective Focal Length 
                 11.43763 
               
               
                   
                 (in image space) 
               
               
                 Back Focal Length 
                 −0.2000266 
               
               
                 Total Track 
                 33.05964 
               
               
                 Image Space F/# 
                 1.510359 
               
               
                 Paraxial Working F/# 
                 1.517379 
               
               
                 Working F/# 
                 1.420716 
               
               
                 Image Space NA 
                 0.3129626 
               
               
                 Object Space NA 
                 0.006754861 
               
               
                 Stop Radius 
                 2.9 
               
               
                 Paraxial Image Height 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 Paraxial Magnification 
                 −0.02022491 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Diameter 
                 7.572792 
               
               
                 Entrance Pupil Position 
                 6.03109 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Diameter 
                 17.35445 
               
               
                 Exit Pupil Position 
                 26.01149 
               
               
                 Field Type 
                 Real Image height in Millimeters 
               
               
                 Maximum Radial Field 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 Primary Wavelength 
                 0.525 μm 
               
               
                 Lens Units 
                 Millimeters 
               
               
                 Angular Magnification 
                 −0.4363606 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SURFACE DATA SUMMARY 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surf 
                 Type 
                 Radius 
                 Thickness 
                 Material 
                 Diameter 
                 Conic 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OBJ 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 554.5 
                   
                 465.2261 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 STANDARD 
                 7.645 
                 2.8 
                 S-LAH55 
                 9.2 
                 0 
                 G1, L1 
               
               
                  2 
                 STANDARD 
                 185.8313 
                 0.8 
                 S-FSL5 
                 8 
                 0 
                 G1, L2 
               
               
                  3 
                 STANDARD 
                 3.6343 
                 2 
                   
                 5.7 
                 0 
               
               
                 STO 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 1.65 
                   
                 5.8 
                 0 
                 Aperture 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stop 
               
               
                  5 
                 STANDARD 
                 −4.8128 
                 0.6 
                 S-TIH53 
                 5.8 
                 0 
                 G2, L3 
               
               
                  6 
                 STANDARD 
                 13.54 
                 3.8 
                 S-LAH58 
                 7.7 
                 0 
                 G2, L4 
               
               
                  7 
                 STANDARD 
                 −7.1681 
                 0.3 
                   
                 8.9 
                 0 
               
               
                  8 
                 EVENASPH 
                 18.2242 
                 3.8 
                 ACRYLIC 
                 11.3 
                 1.198 
                 G2, L5 
               
               
                  9 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −13.149 
                 2.869636 
                   
                 11.7 
                 1.198 
               
               
                 10 
                 EVENASPH 
                 49.1676 
                 12 
                 WF100 
                 11.6 
                 −76 
                 G3, L6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PBS 
               
               
                 11 
                 EVENASPH 
                 −7.8868 
                 1.81 
                   
                 11 
                 −11.953 
               
               
                 12 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0.63 
                 S-BSL7 
                 10 
                 0 
                 Window 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Glass 
               
               
                 13 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                 0 
                   
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 IMA 
                 STANDARD 
                 Infinity 
                   
                   
                 9.785207 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For this fourth embodiment, both surfaces of lens element L 5  of the second lens group (denoted as surfaces 8 and 9 in Table 11) and both surfaces of lens element L 6  of the third lens group (denoted as surfaces 10 and 11 in Table 11) are aspheric, as governed by Equation I above, and have the following values for the coefficients: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERICAL COEFFICENTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Coefficient 
                 Surface 8 
                 Surface 9 
                 Surface 10 
                 Surface 11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 α 2   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 α 4   
                 −0.000207372 
                 4.274991e−005 
                 0.0001698438 
                 −0.0020821456  
               
               
                 α 6   
                  2.905334e−006 
                 −7.138982e−006   
                 −1.482288e−005 
                 0.00035165299 
               
               
                 α 8   
                 −3.700038e−007 
                 2.373235e−007 
                 5.716697e−007 
                  −2.94421e−005 
               
               
                 α 10   
                 7.6212144e−009 
                 −1.047015e−008   
                 −2.080512e−008 
                 1.3350247e−006 
               
               
                 α 12   
                 −8.635933e−012 
                  1.56721e−010 
                 4.633158e−010 
                 −3.1413165e−008   
               
               
                 α 14   
                  9.958937e−013 
                 1.446977e−012 
                 −3.679977e−012 
                 3.0056713e−010 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this comparative example, the projection lens has an effective overall focal length of 11.438 mm, a field angle of 45.0° in the direction of the screen side and operates at F/1.42. The projection lens has a total track of 33.070 mm. Hence, L max /F=0.804 and TT/F=2.891. 
     The first lens group G 1  has an effective focal length of 239.443 mm; the second lens group G 2  has an effective focal length of 11.472 mm; and the third lens group G 3  has an effective focal length of 14.596 mm. Hence, each lens group focal length relative to entire lens effective focal length has the following relationship: F 1 /F=20.93, F 2 /F=1.003, and F 3 /F=1.276. 
     The optical engine described above can be utilized in a variety of projection applications. 
     In an exemplary rear projection application,  FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a side view and an isometric view, respectively, of a rear projection display device  100 . In an exemplary embodiment, display device  100  includes an optical engine  110 , similar to optical engine  61  described above, and including a projection lens, similar to projection optics  66  described above. 
     Rear projection display device  100  includes a base  102 , a cabinet  104 , and a screen  106 . As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the rear projection display device can be implemented as a rear projection television. Other implementations can include commercial and educational display devices that can present a large (e.g., 40 inch diagonal or greater) image to one or more viewers. 
     The base  102  can house components such as optical engine  110 , as well as a power supply, control electronics, audio components, and a connector panel (not shown for simplicity), one or more of which can be coupled to the optical engine  110 . The base  102  can also be configured to provide structural support for display device  100 . In addition, depending on the design of the optical engine  110 , the base can further include a reflecting surface, such as mirror  112 , which can direct the image projected from the optical engine  110  to screen  106  and/or an additional reflecting surface or surfaces, such as reflecting surface or mirror  114 , which is housed in cabinet  104 . The reflective surfaces (or mirrors)  112 ,  114  used in the rear projection display device  100  can be configured as, e.g., first surface mirrors, a reflective fresnel surface (or surfaces), or another high reflective material. As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art given the present description, one or more reflecting surfaces can be utilized with the optical engine described herein to provide a projected image to screen  106 . 
     Cabinet  104  can be configured to house one or more reflecting surfaces, such as mentioned above. Further, cabinet  104  can support viewing screen  106 , which can be configured to provide one or more different image formats, such as a 4×3 format, or a 16×9 format. 
     Screen  106 , which receives the projected image (see e.g., the example phantom lines shown in  FIG. 3A ), can vary in size and shape, based on the projected image size and format. Regarding screen construction, for example, the screen  106  may comprise a multi-layer material, for example, a plurality of Fresnel elements configured as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,426. The screen can be designed to control light distribution spreading in the horizontal direction to accommodate viewers who are positioned horizontally in front of the screen. Alternative embodiments of the screen may comprise multi-layer film technology, Dual Brightness Enhancement Film (DBEF) technology, or VIKUITI™ technology, all available from 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minn. 
     As mentioned above, optical engine  110  can be constructed in a manner similar to optical engine  61  described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , and can include a projection lens, similar to projection optics  66  described above. In addition, optical engine  110  can include an illumination system and an imaging system similar to that described above, and can be structurally configured to accommodate different base and cabinet designs. 
     For example, optical engine  110  can have a V-shape type layout, a U-shape type layout, or an L-shape type layout, depending on the type of imager or illumination system utilized. For some embodiments, wherein optical engine  110  can provide an image at a field angle of at least 45 or 55 degree, the depth (x) of cabinet  104  can be reduced from that of conventional rear projection display devices. For example, the depth (x) of cabinet  104  can be from about 5 inches to about 15 inches, preferably from about 7 inches to about 12 inches, and more preferably from about 7 inches to about 10 inches. As would be understood given the present description, the depth (x) of cabinet  104  can vary based on factors such as screen diagonal size and image format. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, optical engine  110  can include an imager or imaging device utilizing, e.g., DLP, LCD, or LCOS technology. In one exemplary embodiment, the optical engine can provide an image having a 4×3 format. In another exemplary embodiment, the optical engine can be implemented with a suitable imager to provide a different screen format, such as a 16×9 format. In further exemplary embodiments, the illumination system can be constructed from, for example, a lamp unit (such as an arc lamp or other types of lamps), in a manner similar to that described above. Alternatively, the illumination system of optical engine  110  can utilize a solid-state system, such as a laser-based or LED-based system. 
     Alternatively, the optical engine can be implemented with correction circuitry (e.g., a conventional warp chip), which can result in sufficient image quality at even shorter throw distances. 
     In addition, the optical engine is designed so that little or no keystone correction is necessary, while distortion is reduced. For example, distortion values for the projected image can be less than or equal to 2%, preferably less than or equal to 1.0%, and more preferably less than or equal to 1.5%, and even more preferably less than or equal to 0.5% (e.g., where distortion (d) can be determined by: d=(H−h)/h*100, where h is the paraxial image height and H is actual image height). 
     In an alternative embodiment, a rear projection display device can be designed for a wall-mounted or ceiling-hung implementation, where the base section is implemented to house the optical engine and other electronics, and is not required to support the device as a stand. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be used with a variety of different optical components. While the present invention has been described with a reference to exemplary preferred embodiments, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that the embodiments described and illustrated herein are only exemplary and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. Other variations and modifications may be made in accordance with the scope of the present invention.