Patent Publication Number: US-7907719-B2

Title: Customer-centric interface and method of designing an interface

Description:
RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/230,728, filed on Aug. 29, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,139,369 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/532,038, filed on Mar. 21, 2000, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,643, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a customer-centric approach to interface design (C-CAID) such as for interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems. The customer-centric approach to IVR menu design produces menu options that closely match the various tasks that customers are trying to accomplish when they are accessing an IVR system. The menu options are grouped and ordered by the frequency of the occurrence of specific customer&#39;s tasks, and they are worded in the language used by the customer to facilitate customer understanding of the actual choice provided. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Every year, millions of customers call various customer service centers looking for assistance with various tasks that they want to accomplish or looking for answers to various inquiries. The end goal for both the customer and the customer service center is to route the customer&#39;s call to an organizational representative who can best accomplish the customer&#39;s task, while minimizing the number of misdirected calls. Presently, most customer calls are answered by an IVR whose primary function is to direct the call to an appropriate service center. To get a specific call to the correct center, the customers have to map or correlate their reason for calling onto the applicable IVR menu choices. 
     A major shortcoming of many of the present prior art interface design methods is that these methods simply map customer service departments onto an organizational hierarchy and allocate tasks to these departments based upon this organizational structure. Interface design is often accomplished with little or no empirical data or user centered methodology to guide the design process. If there is a department that handles new accounts, “New Accounts” becomes a menu option and incoming calls are routed to that department. The remaining services provided by the various organizational service centers are allocated accordingly. The interface design is forcibly fit onto the existing organizational structure. 
     Another shortcoming of this approach is that many of the organizational structure names do not translate easily into language constructs that a user would readily understand. For example, a service organization entitled “High Speed Internet Access Modalities” when converted into a menu option would not convey the same information content to the average user as “Ordering a new ISDN Line”. 
     The underlying problem common to all of the prior art systems is that there is no user data or user information input into systems development in the early design stages. The resulting user interface merely mirrors an organization and there is no customization or optimization folded into the design of the interface. The resulting menu is simply imposed on the user with no consideration or forethought for what are the actual requirements of the user or how to best address the needs of the user. 
     The goal of an effective interface design methodology is to use as much user input as possible to ensure that users are presented with choices that they need and are able to understand, while simultaneously minimizing and potentially eliminating unproductive time spent looking at and having to choose between selections that do not address or solve the specific problems that customers want solved or addressed. The choice of style, type, structure and language used in the interface design all have a significant impact upon performance. 
     In contrast to traditional methods of interface design, the current methodology takes into consideration end-user task frequency and applies the language of the user in the design of the interface menu options. It is much easier for a user to understand and make an intelligent and informed selection of a requested service or task in their own words and in the language of more common usage, rather than listening to recitations of technical jargon and organization-specific descriptions. In a conventional system, a user may have to hazard a guess (with the resulting possibility of an incorrect guess) as to which category applies to their particular situation. Such guessing is minimized by the present interface design method. 
     Therefore, a method is needed to design an interface that maximizes the performance of the users during operation, reduces misrouted calls, and ensures that the users arrive at their desired destination after successfully (i.e., rapidly and directly) navigating through the menuing system. The present customer centric design methodology has been shown to improve system performance by mapping the user&#39;s task representations to the task options of the user interface. The C-CAID approach allows customers to make the correct menu option selection and reach the correct service department without requiring additional assistance or intervention from an operator or customer service representative. 
     Following the C-CAID approach results in a user interface that the customer can easily understand and successfully navigate. In other words, the interface according to the present invention is designed to be customer friendly. This increases system performance, reduces operational costs, improves customer satisfaction, and leads to general improvements in overall efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method for designing a user interface and taking into consideration the user&#39;s input in mapping the specific tasks to the interface. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a customer-centric method for designing a menu based option interface. Accordingly, the present invention provides for identifying, categorizing, producing, using, evaluating and comparing the system interface by employing usability tests with actual user task performance data to optimize the system user interface. 
     The present invention is directed to a method for designing an interface system comprising identifying reasons for a user to interact with the interface system, categorizing the reasons into task categories based at least upon commonality of subject matter, producing menu options based upon the task categories, and organizing the menu options based upon the frequency of occurrence of the task categories. 
     The method is further directed to evaluating the designed interface system utilizing usability tests to optimize the interface system. Further, the usability tests compare menu options of the designed interface system with an existing interface system. Yet further, evaluating comprises identifying ineffective task categories and menu option combinations. 
     According to further features of the invention, producing the menu options comprises utilizing customer-centric terminology to produce the menu options and the identified reasons are mapped to an associated menu option that addresses responses to queries represented by the reasons. 
     According to a feature of the present invention, the interface system comprises an interactive Voice Response (IVR) system. 
     Additionally, identifying reasons addresses the reasons why a user may access the interface system and defines a relationship between tasks related to the reasons and menu options. 
     According to a feature of the present invention, the organization of menu options locates the high frequency tasks earlier in the sequence of menu options. 
     Further, a prediction model based upon expected user task volume and task frequency is utilized to provide an indication of how an interface system will perform. In addition, the cumulative response time (CRT) and routing accuracy are used to evaluate performance of the interface system. 
     The present invention is directed to a method for designing an interface system, comprising utilizing reasons a user is interfacing with a system to define tasks, determining frequency of task occurrence, categorizing tasks in accordance with the frequency of task occurrence, and utilizing the categorized tasks to design an interface system options menu. 
     According to a further feature, the tasks are categorized based upon task frequency and call volume. 
     Additionally, user relevant terms are used in the menu options. 
     Further, evaluating the performance of the interface system can be by use of an analytic scoring model. 
     Additionally, utilizing of the categorized tasks can include grouping and ordering the menu options in accordance with a frequency of task occurrence. 
     Yet further, the menu options can be ordered so that higher frequency tasks are positioned higher in the sequence of options. 
     Additionally, a prediction model based upon expected user task volume and task frequency can be utilized to provide an indication of how the interface system will perform. 
     According to the present invention, cumulative response time (CRT) and routing accuracy can be used to evaluate performance of the interface system. 
     The present invention also is directed to an interface system for performing tasks related to a user&#39;s reasons for interacting with the interface system, the interface system including an ordered set of menu options, wherein the order of the menu options of the set of menu options is determined in accordance with task frequency and each menu option is defined in terms of customer relevant terminology. 
     Additionally, the menu options can represent tasks categorized according to task frequency and call volume. 
     Furthermore, the interface can comprise an interactive voice response system. 
     The foregoing objects are achieved by the present invention. Additional features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in the description to follow, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the methods particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof, together with the appended drawings. 
     In the following description, the C-CAID of the present invention will be described as applied to a IVR for a telecommunication company small business call center. However, the C-CAID design approach of the present invention is not limited in application to small business call center IVR design. The present design approach may be used in any organization or business unit and is not limited to telephone or telecommunications companies. It can be used for any type of company or governmental unit having need for an interface such as an IVR with which others, such as members of the public (i.e., users) can readily and efficiently interact. 
     In addition to the IVR system described in this specification, the C-CAID approach may be used to design any man/machine interface, such as one between a computer and a computer operator. In particular this method is also directly applicable to the design of an internet web site map. The C-CAID model can be applied to a wide variety of interface types and modalities. C-CAID could be applied to the design of any human and machine interface such as merely as a non-limiting example, a computer menuing system, an airline reservation system, an on-line shopping or electronic commerce web site, etc. 
     The C-CAID methodology could also be used in optimizing the interface between two or more machines or devices. In particular this method is also directly applicable to the design of an internet web site map. C-CAID could be used to identify those machine tasks that occur at a greater relative frequency than others and the system could be designed to focus on these tasks and optimize their operations. For example, additional processing power and reallocation of greater memory resources to perform these higher frequency-of-occurrence tasks could be input into the system design. 
     The C-CAID methodology used in/by the present invention is organization and system independent. Further, it should be noted that the data assembled, processed and folded into an IVR design can be updated as often as the designer or organization wants. In other words, the IVR can be updated yearly, quarterly, weekly, etc. The system can also be adapted to acquire data and measurement parameters in real time and correspondingly adapt the interface dynamically in light of the acquired information. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and explanatory, rather than limiting, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
     The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrating one embodiment of the invention. The drawings, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of the present embodiments and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein: 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, by the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a flowchart representing the C-CAID methodology; 
         FIG. 2  is a representation of a CRT/Routing Matrix; 
         FIG. 3  shows a sample calculation of CRT; 
         FIG. 4  shows the percentage of calls made to small business centers; and 
         FIG. 5  shows a Sample questionnaire. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The C-CAID process provides a statistically optimized and validated design methodology based upon empirical data support to help a design team apply the needs and desires of the user to the design of interface options. 
     Studies have shown that customers are generally task oriented. As an illustrative example, a recent study showed that all the customers knew the reasons why they were a calling a specific center (they knew their task), but less than half knew for which department to ask. Also, about half the customers who did ask for a specific department guessed and these guesses were incorrect. 
     Consequently, customers who are able to map (i.e. correlate) their reason for calling (i.e. their task) directly to an IVR menu option get routed to the correct call center. Customers who cannot correctly map their task to the corresponding menu option might well make an incorrect selection and generate a misdirected call, which wastes resources for both the customer and the organization utilizing the IVR. 
     When applying the customer-centric approach to IVR design, it is very important to define IVR menu options using customer-relevant terms that are extracted or derived from real-world scenarios. This ensures that the users can understand the menu options and consequently make an intelligent and informed decision as to what they need and where best to satisfy that need in the overall system. To assure that technical terms will be understandable and salient to users, data must be collected from the various call/service centers to design the menu options using the customer&#39;s own wording. 
     Initially, when a first iteration of the customer-centric design is complete, one must evaluate its potential performance through an analytic scoring model. The customer-centric menu options tend to be combinations of the various task categories. The analytic scoring model uses several customer statements for each of the task categories used in the design process and determines the percentage of those statements that map to the corresponding option. The menu designer is trying to map a sample of the original statements of purpose onto the menu options to facilitate comprehension for a high percentage of customers. This allows the customer to readily ascertain the most pertinent menu option related to their specific needs. 
       FIG. 1  is a flow chart of the customer-centric methodology flow. Step Si is the initial data collection step where any data, information or metrics pertinent to the interface design is collected. 
     Table 1 shows a breakdown of the collected sample by call center type, the location of the call center facilities, and the number of calls collected from each call center site. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Number of calls to small business call 
               
               
                 centers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Call Center 
                 Call Center 
                 Number of 
               
               
                   
                 Type 
                 Location 
                 Calls 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AA 
                 TX1 
                 561 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AR1 
                 222 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AA Subtotal = 
                 783 
               
               
                   
                 NN 
                 MO1 
                 175 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TX2 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NN Subtotal = 
                 206 
               
               
                   
                 RR 
                 TX3 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TX4 
                 151 
               
               
                   
                   
                 OK1 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MO2 
                 174 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RR Subtotal = 
                 597 
               
               
                   
                 CC 
                 MO2 
                 495 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CC Subtotal = 
                 495 
               
               
                   
                 MM 
                 OK2 
                 310 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MM Subtotal = 
                 310 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 2391 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 1 , step S 21 , shows that as the service representatives at these centers receive calls, they log the customer&#39;s opening statement or reason for calling using an IVR Call Log Sheet that can be found in Table 2. 
     As is readily apparent, utilizing a Call Log Sheet such as the one shown in Table 2, a service representative can easily record the reasons for customers calls for a number of customers and the length of each call. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample Call Log Sheet 
               
               
                 Small Business IVR Call Log Sheet    Date: 
               
               
                 Service Center: ________________ 
               
               
                 CSR: ________________________ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Call 
               
               
                   
                 Reason/Purpose of Customers 
                 Length 
               
               
                 Call 
                 Call 
                 (minutes) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example: 
                 “I&#39;d like to find out the cost of 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 adding two more business phone 
                   
               
               
                   
                 lines.” 
                   
               
               
                 1 
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                   
                   
               
               
                 7 
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                   
                   
               
               
                 10  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The C-CAID is based upon on the user&#39;s representation of a task to be performed while interacting with a particular system interface.  FIG. 1 , step S 2  indicates that user-centric statements should be applied to the design of the interface to assure that items are clearly mapped to the task options that the system can present to the user for selection. User-centric task statements are collected from a sample of users and categorized based on the tasks to be performed by the system. 
     Each task statement is classified or categorized into one of about seventy customer-centric task categories as shown in step S 22  of  FIG. 1 . These customer-centric task categories were logically derived from a general consumer model. A general consumer model is a model based upon the potential tasks that a customer might require of an organization (e.g. telephone company), but does not have to be tailored to the unique organizational structure of a specific telephone company. Subcategories are generated to capture greater details of the lower level general task categories. The categories are then rank-ordered by the number of statements they represent. The IVR Call Log Sheets (Table 2) are electronically recorded and task categories are coded in spreadsheets for analysis. Examples of customer task statements are illustrated in Table 3. They show how many customer statements can be grouped into a higher level category that characterizes the same general information content. 
     It should be noted that the data collection method mentioned above can be performed either manually or automatically. Statistics can be accumulated via a data extraction or data collection algorithm designed to collect data without changing any of the intent, goals or effects of the present invention. This process automation can be applied to any of the steps found in the process flow diagram depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example customer statements to small 
               
               
                 business call centers. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Call 
                 Reason/Purpose of Customers Call 
                 Task Category 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 “I&#39;d like to find out the cost of 
                 Get 
               
               
                   
                 adding two more business phone 
                 information 
               
               
                   
                 lines.” 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 “I want to order an ISDN line.” 
                 Acquire 
               
               
                   
                   
                 services 
               
               
                 3 
                 “I need some help on how to use call 
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 forwarding.” 
                 request 
               
               
                 4 
                 “I need to get someone to look at my 
                 Fix a service 
               
               
                   
                 broken phone.” 
                 problem 
               
               
                 5 
                 “I called to check on my move 
                 Relocate 
               
               
                   
                 orders.” 
                 service 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Before coding the customer task statements into task categories it is important to validate all of the task categories as shown in S  23  of  FIG. 1 . Table 4 lists the different types of task categories than can be used in the design of the small business customer-centric IVR. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Customer Statement Categorization list 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acquire Service 
               
               
                   
                 A0 - Unspecified Addition 
               
               
                   
                 A1 - Request new phone service 
               
               
                   
                   (Open an Account) 
               
               
                   
                 A2 - Add Optional Services 
               
               
                   
                 A3 - Schedule Pending Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 A4 - Get Info about a Pending Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 A5 - Give Info for a Pending Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 A6 - Change a Pending Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 A7 - Cancel a Pending Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 A8 - Reconnect Service 
               
               
                   
                 A9 - Acquire Service Temporarily 
               
               
                   
                 Discontinue Service 
               
               
                   
                 D0 - Discontinue Unspecified Service 
               
               
                   
                 D1 - Disconnect (Close Account) 
               
               
                   
                 D2 - Discontinue Optional Service 
               
               
                   
                 D3 - Schedule a Pending Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 D4 - Get Info about a Pending Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 D5 - Give Info for a Pending Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 D6 - Change a Pending Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 D7 - Cancel a Pending Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 D9 - Discontinue Service Temporarily 
               
               
                   
                 D11 Return a Product 
               
               
                   
                 Fix a Service Problem 
               
               
                   
                 F0 - Fix an unspecified problem 
               
               
                   
                 F1 - Fix a Service 
               
               
                   
                 F2 - Fix a Product 
               
               
                   
                 F3 - Schedule a Pending Repair 
               
               
                   
                 F4 - Get Info about a Pending Repair 
               
               
                   
                 F5 - Give Info about a Pending Repair 
               
               
                   
                 F6 - Change a Pending Repair 
               
               
                   
                 F7 - Cancel a Pending Repair 
               
               
                   
                 F8 - Report a Problem 
               
               
                   
                 F9 - Fix a Problem 
               
               
                   
                 Relocate Service 
               
               
                   
                 M0 - Move unspecified items (I&#39;m moving.) 
               
               
                   
                 M1 - Request a Move of Service 
               
               
                   
                 M3 - Schedule a Pending Move 
               
               
                   
                 M4 - Get Info about a Pending Move 
               
               
                   
                 M5 - Give Info for the Pending Move 
               
               
                   
                 M6 - Change a Pending Move 
               
               
                   
                 M7 - Cancel a Pending Move 
               
               
                   
                 M9 - Move Service Temporarily 
               
               
                   
                 Change Account Information, Services, or Service 
               
               
                   
                 Features 
               
               
                   
                 C0 - Change Unspecified 
               
               
                   
                 C1 - Change Account Data 
               
               
                   
                 C2 - Change Optional Services 
               
               
                   
                 C8 - Change a Feature of a Service 
               
               
                   
                 C9 - Make a Temporary Change 
               
               
                   
                 Bill Issues 
               
               
                   
                 B0 - Unspecified issue with the Bill 
               
               
                   
                 B4 - Get Information about the Bill 
               
               
                   
                 B5 - Give Information for the Bill 
               
               
                   
                 B6 - Dispute the Bill 
               
               
                   
                 Pay Arrangement or Report a Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P0 - Inquire about Payment Options 
               
               
                   
                 P1 - Set Up Payment Arrangement 
               
               
                   
                 P2 - Where to Make a Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P3 - Schedule Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P4 - Get Info about a Pending Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P5 - Give Info for a Pending Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P6 - Change a Pending Payment 
               
               
                   
                 P7 - Cancel a Pending Payment 
               
               
                   
                 Information Requests 
               
               
                   
                 I0 - Nature of inquiry unspecified 
               
               
                   
                 I1 - On Services 
               
               
                   
                 I2 - My Account 
               
               
                   
                 I3 - Other Service Providers 
               
               
                   
                 I11 - Other Company Offices 
               
               
                   
                 I12 - Name/Address/Number 
               
               
                   
                 Long Distance/Other Service Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L1 - Add a Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L2 - Restore a Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L4 - Get Info from the Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L5 - Give Info to the Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L6 - Change Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L7 - Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L8 - Billing Issue for a Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L9 - Payment for a Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L11 - PIC Letter 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Validation is the process whereby one tests all of the proposed call mapping categories to make sure that they adequately cover all of the reasons that a customer may call the organization for which the IVR is being developed. The interface designer wants to make sure that the IVR can handle any possible reason that a customer would be calling. 
     Different subsidiaries of a company may have different task categories than the ones used for the small business customer-centric IVR. The task categories listed in Table 4 were originally developed for the consumer customer-centric IVR. However, it may be necessary to test the proposed call mapping categories to make sure that they adequately cover all the reasons a customer calls the subsidiary for which the IVR is being developed. This process involves taking a sample of randomized, customer reasons for calling a center and mapping these reasons to the proposed categories. Going through this process allows the designer to amend the task categories to better fit the call center that will interface with the IVR. This approach allows adding or deleting various categories, reorganizing them entirely, or reorganizing any combination thereof. 
     The metrics tabulated in Table 5 through Table 9 illustrate the most frequent reasons that small business customers call the different call centers listed in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why customers call AA. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Category % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 33.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Get Information on my 
                 17.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 6.8% 
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close 
                 5.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 5.3% 
               
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on 
                 4.7% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Services 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Discontinue Optional 
                 3.7% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Addition Optional 
                 2.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Services 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 2.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 2.1% 
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 1.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Company Offices 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Arrangement 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 1.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 1.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request new phone 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 problem 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Repair 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pending Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Move Service Temporarily 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why customers call CC. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Category % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 29.5% 
               
               
                   
                 I2 
                 Get Information on my 
                 20.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 10.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 6.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a Carrier/Provider 
                 6.0% 
               
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on Services 
                 5.4% 
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
                 4.3% 
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 2.6% 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 2.2% 
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 1.9% 
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Add Optional Services 
                 1.7% 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Company Offices 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Discontinue Optional 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request new phone service 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment Arrangement 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service Temporarily 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close Account) 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment Arrangement 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service Temporarily 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close Account) 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the Pending 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Service Temporarily Move 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why Customers call RR. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Frequency % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on 
                 20.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Services 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Add Optional Services 
                 16.9% 
               
               
                   
                 I2 
                 Get Information on my 
                 8.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 7.1% 
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 5.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Discontinue Optional 
                 4.7% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close 
                 3.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 3.3% 
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 3.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Company Offices 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 3.0% 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 2.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 2.6% 
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 2.4% 
               
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request new phone service 
                 1.9% 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 1.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 1.6% 
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 1.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 1.2% 
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the Pending 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Service Temporarily Move 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 problem 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Arrangement 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why customers calls MM. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Frequency % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on Services 
                 36.1 
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Company Offices 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Add Optional Services 
                 13.7 
               
               
                   
                 I2 
                 Get Information on my 
                 6.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 5.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request new phone service 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Discontinue Optional 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service Temporarily 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close Account) 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the Pending 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Service Temporarily Move 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment Arrangement 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why customers call NN. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Frequency % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request a new phone service 
                 20.1 
               
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on Services 
                 18.0 
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 10.1 
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Add Optional Services 
                 7.4 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 7.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I2 
                 Get Information on my 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close Account) 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Company Offices 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the Pending 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service Temporarily 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Disconnect Optional Service 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment Arrangement 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
                   
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
                   
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Move Service Temporarily 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
                   
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A customer-centric design approach takes the most frequent reasons and uses them as guidance to identify and define the arrangement of menu topics to reflect this frequency of occurrence. 
     Table 5 illustrates the task categories or reasons that customers call center AA. The most frequent category is to “Get Information About the Bill and accounts for 33.9% of the calls. The second most frequent task category occurs in only 17.5% of the calls (“Get Information On My Account”). For the task categories with a frequency above 1.0%, 6 of them are about “Information” and account for 61.7% of the customer calls. This suggests that “Information” should be the prominent topic in a customer-centric IVR menu for small business customer calls to call center AA. 
     Table 6 illustrates the task categories or reasons that customers call center CC. The top category is to “Change Carrier/Provider” and accounts for 29.5% of the customer calls. The second most frequent task category accounts for 20.5% of the customer calls (“Get Information On My Account”). For the task categories with a frequency above 1.0%, 5 are about “Information” and account for 44.5% of the customer calls, and 5 are about “Carriers” and account for 43.2% of the customer calls. This suggests that “Information” and topics relating to “Carriers” should be prominent topics in a customer-centric IVR menu for customer calls to the call center designated as CC. 
     Table 7 illustrates the task categories or reasons that customers call RR. The top category is to “Get Information on Services” and accounts for 20.4% of the customer calls. The second most frequent task category called is add optional services and accounts for 16.9% of the customer calls. For the task categories with a frequency above 1.0%, 5 are about “information” and account for 40.0% of the customer calls; 3 are about “optional services” and account for 24.9% of the customer calls. This suggests that “information” and topics relating to “optional services” should be prominent topics in a customer-centric IVR menu for customer calls to call center RR. 
     Table 8 illustrates the task categories or reasons that customers call MM. The top category is to “Get Information on Services” and accounts for 36.1% of the customer calls. The second most frequent task category is to get information about other company services and accounts for 14.0% of the customer calls. The third most frequent category is to add optional services and accounts for 13.7% of the customer calls. For the task categories greater than 1.0%, 7 are about “information” and account for 67.1% of the customer calls. This suggests that “information” should be the prominent topic in a customer-centric IVR menu for customer calls to center MM. 
     Table 9 illustrates the task categories or reasons that customers call NN. The top category is to “Request New Phone Service” and accounts for 20.1% of the customer calls. The second most frequent task category is to get information about services and accounts for 18.0% of the customer calls. The third most frequent category is to request a move of services and accounts for 10.1% of the customer calls. For these task categories, 7 are about “information” and account for 40.8% of the customer calls; 4 are about “services” and account for 39.7% of the customer calls. This suggests that “information” and topics relating to “services” should be prominent topics in a customer-centric IVR menu for customer calls NN. 
     An important part of the data collection process shown in  FIG. 1  step S 1  is to collect end-user volume data as shown in step S 3  and to analyze the volume data as shown in step S 4 . 
     Often an IVR designer wants to provide customers with a single access telephone number that can be used for many or all of the centers. Such an arrangement reduces misdirected calls because the end user or customer will not have to guess which of the many company telephone numbers to call. So the question becomes, what if one combines the AA, NN, RR, CC and MM call centers by use of a single customer-access telephone number. In other words, what would the customer-centric call frequency show? To accurately depict a combined and adjusted task frequency as shown in  FIG. 1  step S 5  across the various call centers it is important to consider the call volume generated to each center. Call volume for each call center in the sample is used to weight the frequency of its different task categories. This is done because a call center that handles billing may get twice as much call volume per year compared with a call center that processes new orders. This volume weighting adjusts task category percentages to account for different call volumes and provides a more accurate analysis of task frequency. 
     The first step in adjusting task frequency for call volume is to consider total call volume for each small business center. First total call volume for each small business call center in a sample is obtained. Based upon data obtained from call volume during a predetermined time period, AA had approximately 610,059 calls, CC had approximately 51,374 calls, RR had approximately 573,871 calls, MM had approximately 40,260 calls, and NN had approximately 308,161 calls. This indicates a 39% weight for AA, a 19% weight for NN, a 36% weight for RR, a 3% weight for CC, and a 3% weight for MM. Table 10 illustrates the relative call volume of the different small business call centers. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Relative call volume of different small 
               
               
                 business call centers. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Calls Received 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Small Business 
                 During Time 
                 Relative Call 
               
               
                   
                 Call Center 
                 Period 
                 Volume 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AA 
                 610,059 
                 39% 
               
               
                   
                 NN 
                 308,161 
                 19% 
               
               
                   
                 RR 
                 573,871 
                 36% 
               
               
                   
                 CC 
                 51,374 
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 MM 
                 40,260 
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 1,583,725 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After call volume weights have been computed, task frequency for each call center type is adjusted by multiplying task frequency by the call volume weight. Table 11 illustrates the steps involved in computing adjusted task frequency based upon volume data, as shown in step S 5  of  FIG. 1 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example computation of adjusted task 
               
               
                 frequency based on relative call volume. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 AA Call 
                 AA 
                 NN 
                 RR 
                 CC 
                 MM 
                 Overall 
               
               
                 Task 
                   
                 Vol 
                 Adj 
                 Adj 
                 Adj 
                 Adj 
                 Adj 
                 Adj Task 
               
               
                 Categories 
                 AA % 
                 Wght 
                 Freq 
                 Freq 
                 Freq 
                 Freq 
                 Freq 
                 Freq 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Get 
                 .34 
                 .39 
                 13.2% 
                 1.4% 
                 1.0% 
                 0.2% 
                 0.1% 
                 15.9% 
               
               
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 about the bill 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Get 
                 .05 
                 .39 
                 1.8% 
                 3.4% 
                 7.3% 
                 0.2% 
                 1.1% 
                 13.8% 
               
               
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 on services 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Get information 
                 .18 
                 .39 
                 6.8% 
                 1.2% 
                 3.0% 
                 0.6% 
                 0.2% 
                 11.8% 
               
               
                 on my account 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The first column shows the task categories to be adjusted by call volume. As an example we will consider the first row task category “Get Information About the Bill”. The second column in Table 11 (AA %) represents the percentage of calls made to AA for each task category. In this case, 33.9% of the calls to AA were to “Get Information About the Bill” (see Table 3). The third column in Table 11 (AA weight volume) represents the relative call volume weighting for AA. As shown in Table 10, the relative call weighting for AA was 39%. Column 4 shows the adjusted task frequency which was computed by multiplying the percentage of calls relating to “Get Information About the Bill” by the relative call volume weight. In this example, the adjusted frequency for calls to AA relating to “Get information about the bill” is 13.2% (i.e., 33.9%*39.0%=12.9%). These steps were also performed for the other small business call centers to obtain the adjusted task frequency values in columns 5-8. The adjusted task frequencies for each call center type are then summed to obtain the overall adjusted task category frequency which is represented in the last column (i.e., column 9) of Table 11. To complete the example, the overall adjusted task frequency for “Get Information About the Bill” is approximately 15.9% (i.e., 13.2%+1.4%+1.0%+0.2%+0.1%). 
     The results appear in Table 12 and show the adjusted task category frequencies or reasons customers called all Small Business centers after adjusting or compensating for differences in call volume. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Why customers call AA, CC, RR, NN and MM. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 Description 
                 Combined % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 Get Information about the 
                 15.92%  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
               
               
                   
                 I1 
                 Get Information on Services 
                 13.85%  
               
               
                   
                 I2 
                 Get Information on my 
                 11.82%  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                 A2 
                 Add Optional Services 
                 8.98% 
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 Change Account Data 
                 6.25% 
               
               
                   
                 A1 
                 Request new phone service 
                 4.67% 
               
               
                   
                 D1 
                 Disconnect (Close Account) 
                 4.19% 
               
               
                   
                 M1 
                 Request a Move of Service 
                 3.38% 
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 Discontinue Optional 
                 3.30% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 3.18% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 Change Carrier/Provider 
                 2.85% 
               
               
                   
                 I11 
                 Get Information on other 
                 2.54% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 company Offices 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 Dispute the Bill 
                 2.53% 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 Change Optional Services 
                 1.92% 
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 Fix a Service 
                 1.36% 
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 1.14% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 Reconnect Service 
                 1.14% 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.96% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 Get Info from the 
                 0.89% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Restore a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.82% 
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Payment 
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 Give Info to the 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.63% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 P1 
                 Set Up Payment Arrangement 
                 0.62% 
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Add a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.52% 
               
               
                   
                 C8 
                 Change a Feature of a 
                 0.45% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 Schedule Pending 
                 0.45% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 P0 
                 Inquire about Payment 
                 0.42% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Options 
               
               
                   
                 M4 
                 Get Info about a Pending 
                 0.42% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
               
               
                   
                 I0 
                 Nature of inquiry 
                 0.41% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unspecified 
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 Cancel a Carrier/Provider 
                 0.39% 
               
               
                   
                 M5 
                 Give Info for the Pending 
                 0.37% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Move 
               
               
                   
                 I12 
                 Get Information on a 
                 0.32% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name/Address/Number 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 Fix a Product 
                 0.28% 
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 Cancel a Pending 
                 0.26% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 Where to Make a Payment 
                 0.18% 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 Acquire Service Temporarily 
                 0.17% 
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 Give Info for a Pending 
                 0.13% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deletion 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 Report a Problem 
                 0.12% 
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 Discontinue Service 
                 0.11% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporarily 
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 Schedule Payment 
                 0.10% 
               
               
                   
                 A0 
                 Unspecified Addition 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 Change a Pending 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 Give Information for the 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bill 
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 Change Unspecified 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Discontinue Unspecified 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 Schedule a Pending Repair 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 PIC Letter 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 M9 
                 Service Temporarily Move 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 Return a Product 
                 0.04% 
               
               
                   
                 F0 
                 Fix an unspecified problem 
                 0.02% 
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 Fix a Problem 
                 0.01% 
               
               
                   
                 I3 
                 Get Information on other 
                 0.01% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Providers 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 Billing Issue for a 
                 0.01% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier/Provider 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0%  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As is evident, the top task-category is “Get Information About the Bill”, and it accounts for 15.92% of all calls. The next most frequent task category is “Get Information on Services”, and it accounts for 13.85% of all calls. In fact, the top three reasons why customers call is to: 1) inquire about the monthly bill; 2) inquire about products, services and prices; or 3) inquire about their account. These three information inquiries are responsible for 41.59% of all calls. Further, among the task categories with a frequency greater than 1.0%, 6 are about “information” and account for 48.45% of all calls; and 8 task categories are about “services” (i.e., new, changing, moving or disconnecting service) and account for 35.54%; of the customer calls. This suggests that tasks relating to “information” and “services” should be prominent topics when designing a customer-centric IVR menu for Small Business Call Centers. 
     As seen in  FIG. 4 , the top ten tasks or reasons customers call small business centers account for 72.2% of the calls in the sample and the top 14 tasks account for 81.6% of the calls. That is, the overwhelming majority of calls to small business centers can be categorized by less than 15 tasks. This means that when designing the IVR menu options S 6 , one should focus on high frequency tasks because they are the most likely to be of interest to and requested by the small business customers. The most frequent tasks are located early in the IVR menu selections to quickly address common calls; however, less frequent categories may be grouped with 
     more frequent categories for logical reasons. For example, in the customer-centric design approach to the small business IVR, we combine the frequent task categories into menu options that are ordered by the percentage of-calls for which they account (see Table 12). As noted above, there are six categories involving “Get Information.” Three of them (rank orders 1, 2, and 3) concern either the customer&#39;s account, the bill or the products and services. These three account for 41.59% of the calls. Therefore, these tasks are used to word the Top-Level Menu “Get information about your account or our services”. All categories relating to the “Get Information” option appear in an associated Second-Level Menu as shown in Table 13. 
     According to the data collected organized and analyzed as discussed above and as shown in the steps S 1 -S 5  of  FIG. 1  menu options of the interface are defined in step S 6 . A sample of such an IVR are shown in Table 13. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example Top-Level, Second-Level, and 
               
               
                 Third-Level IVR Menu Options. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Top-Level Menu 
                 Second-Level Menu 
                 Third-Level Menu 
               
               
                 Choices 
                 Choices 
                 Choices 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 To get information 
                 For information about 
                 For bill items other 
               
               
                 about your account 
                 an item on your bill, 
                 than DSL or ISDN, press 
               
               
                 or our services 
                 press 1. 
                 1. 
               
               
                 and prices, press 
                   
                 For DSL bill items, 
               
               
                 1. 
                   
                 press 2. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 For ISDN bill items, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 press 3. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 For DSL or ISDN bill 
               
               
                   
                   
                 items, press 4. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 For all other billing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 questions, press 5. 
               
               
                   
                 For information about 
                 If you have an existing 
               
               
                   
                 our services, products, 
                 account, press 1. 
               
               
                   
                 and prices, press 2. 
                 If you are a new 
               
               
                   
                   
                 account, press 2. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 For the information we have about your 
               
               
                   
                 account, press 3. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 For information about a 
                 For repair, press 1. 
               
               
                   
                 repair or installation 
                 For installation, press 
               
               
                   
                 order, press 4. 
                 2. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 For information about an order for additional 
               
               
                   
                 lines or services, press 5. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 For information about 
                 For DSL, press 1. 
               
               
                   
                 high-speed data 
                 For ISDN, press 2. 
               
               
                   
                 services, press 6. 
                 For all other questions 
               
               
                   
                   
                 about high-speed data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 services, press 3. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Within any business, there is often an organizational need to route similar requests to different agents for task handling and execution. For example, staffing levels or specialization of training at different call centers may dictate distinguishing among similar generic tasks on some basis that may be transparent, irrelevant or unknown to the customer. In Small Business, for example, billing questions involving high-speed data products are handled separately by agents who are specialized by technology and according to other areas of expertise. Thus, the Second-Level option “Information About an Item On Your Bill” leads to a Third-Level Menu that differentiates ISDN and DSL and “other.” 
     It should be noted that not all IVR menu categories are included in all IVR designs. For example, task categories such as “Get Information About a Pending Acquisition” and “Get Information About Other Company Offices” were not included as options in the current small business IVR although these items account for 5.2% of the call volume. These items were both included in the customer-centric IVR design. 
     As  FIG. 1  step S 7  shows, after the initial user-interface is designed, a prediction model based on expected user task volume and task frequency is used to provide an early indication of how the interface will perform. A predictive comparison of the newly designed system to the existing system is performed to estimate performance gains (see steps S 8 , S 9  and S 10  in  FIG. 1 ). Prototypes of the system are then tested on a sample of users performing real-world scenarios (i.e., tasks) extracted from the initially collected customer-centric data. 
     In an effort to estimate the routing performance of the current IVR design as compared to the customer-centric design, a designer needs to directly compare predicted routing performance of both IVR designs. Estimates of correct call routing were predicted using 2 independent judges (i.e., testers). Each judge reviewed 24 task categories that each contained three real-world scenarios for a total of 72 scenarios. The scenarios were extracted from the initial 2391 customer-task statements that were collected from the customer call centers. The judges read each scenario and attempted to resolve it (i.e., correctly route it) using both the existing and newly designed customer-centric small business IVR. For example: 
     Task Category=Get information about the bill: 
     Scenario #1=I have a question about the charges on my bill. 
     Scenario #2=I need to know to who some of these numbers on my bill belong. 
     Scenario #3=I need to know the balance of my account. 
     Scores were converted to a “routing percentage score” by multiplying percent correct routing by the task frequency adjusted for call volume across call centers. For example, if the two judges examining scenarios correctly routed 5 of 6 scenarios within a task category, then the “routing percentage score” equaled 83.3%. Further, if the task category frequency adjusted for call volume across calling centers was 15.92% then the “Predicted Routing Percentage Score” would be 13.26% (i.e., 83.3%×15.92%=13.26%). The “Predicted Routing Percentage Scores” are multiplied and summed across the 24 task categories arrive at the overall predicted routing percentage for each IVR. These scores are used to estimate performance differences between the current small business IVR and the redesigned customer-centric small business IVR. 
     Table 14 describes the menu topics based on call frequency adjusted for call volume. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Small business customer-centric menu topics 
               
               
                 based on frequency. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Specific 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 General 
                 Specific 
                 Task 
                   
                 Routing 
                 Predicted 
               
               
                 Topics 
                 Topics 
                 Code 
                 Call Freq 
                 % Score 
                 Score 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Get 
                 Get 
                 B4 
                 15.92% 
                 100% 
                 15.92% 
               
               
                 Information 
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about the 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 bill 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 I1 
                 13.85% 
                 100% 
                 13.85% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 on services 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 I2 
                 11.82% 
                 100% 
                 11.82% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 on my 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 account 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 A4 
                 3.18% 
                 100% 
                 3.18% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pending 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 acquisition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 I11 
                 2.54% 
                 33.3%  
                 0.84% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about other 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 company 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 offices 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 P4 
                 1.14% 
                 100% 
                 1.14% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pending 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 payment 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 L4 
                 0.89% 
                 33.3%  
                 0.28% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 carrier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 47.03% 
               
               
                 Change 
                 Add 
                 A2 
                 8.98% 
                 83.3%  
                 7.48% 
               
               
                 your 
                 optional 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 account or 
                 services 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 change 
                 Change 
                 C1 
                 6.25% 
                 33.3%  
                 2.08% 
               
               
                 your 
                 account 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 services 
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Delete 
                 D2 
                 3.30% 
                 100% 
                 3.30% 
               
               
                   
                 optional 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 services 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Request a 
                 M1 
                 3.38% 
                 100% 
                 3.38% 
               
               
                   
                 move of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Change a 
                 L6 
                 2.85% 
                 100% 
                 2.85% 
               
               
                   
                 carrier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Change 
                 C2 
                 1.92% 
                 100% 
                 1.92% 
               
               
                   
                 optional 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 services 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Restore a 
                 L2 
                 0.83% 
                 83.3%  
                 0.68% 
               
               
                   
                 carrier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Get 
                 M5 
                 0.37% 
                 33.3%  
                 0.12% 
               
               
                   
                 information 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 about a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pending 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 move 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cancel or 
                 L7 
                 0.39% 
                 100% 
                 0.39% 
               
               
                   
                 delete a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 carrier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Add a 
                 L1 
                 0.52% 
                 100% 
                 0.52% 
               
               
                   
                 carrier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 22.72% 
               
               
                 Open an 
                 Discontinue 
                 D1 
                 4.19% 
                 100% 
                 4.19% 
               
               
                 account or 
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 disconnect 
                 Open a new 
                 A1 
                 4.67% 
                 100% 
                 4.67% 
               
               
                 services 
                 account 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 8.86% 
               
               
                 Repair 
                 Fix a 
                 F1 
                 1.36% 
                 100% 
                 1.36% 
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fix a 
                 F2 
                 0.28% 
                 100% 
                 0.28% 
               
               
                   
                 product 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.64% 
               
               
                 Discuss 
                 Dispute the 
                 B6 
                 2.53% 
                 100% 
                 2.53% 
               
               
                 your bill 
                 bill 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 or 
                 Make 
                 P1 
                 0.62% 
                 100% 
                 0.62% 
               
               
                 payments 
                 payment 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 arrangement 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reconnect 
                 A8 
                 1.14% 
                 66.6%  
                 0.76% 
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 3.91% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Grand 
                 84.16% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total = 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The “general” and “specific” columns represent the most frequent reasons why customers called small business centers. The “task code” column shows the identifier used when the calls were classified in designing the 1VR. The “call frequency” column shows the percentage of calls that were for a particular task; this is the percentage of callers who called the center to accomplish this particular task. The “routing percent score” shows the percentage of tasks correctly routed by the two judges. The “predicted score” shows the theoretical prediction of routing performance based on the adjusted call frequency and the routing percentage score. 
     The results of the analysis provide support for the theoretical prediction that there will be an improvement in correct call routing performance by redesigning an existing small business IVR using a customer-centric approach. Specifically, the results of the analysis predict that the customer-centric design shown in Table 14 will correctly route approximately 84% of customers to the appropriate service center (see Grand Total of 84.16%). For comparison purposes, the predicted routing model was applied to the existing small business IVR. The analysis is shown in Table 15 and suggests that approximately 73% of the customers will be routed to the appropriate service center (see Grand Total of 73.00%) with the existing design. Therefore, a customer-centric approach has the potential to produce a significant increase (i.e., 84.16%−73.00%=11.16%) in the number of callers who are correctly routed. This comparison illustrates a primary recommended use of this approach—to compare related IVR designs as to their relative customer-centric operational performance. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Existing Small Business IVR: Business-centric 
               
               
                 prompts, with frequency data. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Specific 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 General 
                 Specific 
                 Task 
                 Call 
                 Routing 
                 Predicted 
               
               
                 Topics 
                 Topics 
                 Code 
                 Freq 
                 % Score 
                 Score 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Orders 
                 Add or 
                 A2 
                 8.98% 
                 100% 
                 8.98% 
               
               
                 and 
                 make 
                 C2 
                 1.92% 
                 100% 
                 1.92% 
               
               
                 product 
                 changes 
                 A8 
                 1.14% 
                  50% 
                 0.57% 
               
               
                 information 
                 to 
                 M5 
                 0.37% 
                 66.6%  
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Establish 
                 A1 
                 4.67% 
                 100% 
                 4.67% 
               
               
                   
                 new 
                 M1 
                 3.38% 
                 100% 
                 3.38% 
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 or move 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 existing 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Telephone 
                 11 
                 3.38% 
                 100% 
                 13.85% 
               
               
                   
                 systems 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 or 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 equipment 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 3.62% 
               
               
                 Billing 
                 Change 
                 C1 
                 6.25% 
                 16.7%  
                 1.04% 
               
               
                 Inquiries 
                 long 
                 L6 
                 2.85% 
                 33.3%  
                 0.95% 
               
               
                 or 
                 distance 
                 L2 
                 0.82% 
                 100% 
                 0.82% 
               
               
                 change 
                 carrier 
                 L1 
                 0.52% 
                 100% 
                 0.52% 
               
               
                 long 
                   
                 L7 
                 0.39% 
                 100% 
                 0.39% 
               
               
                 distance 
                 Payment 
                 P4 
                 1.14% 
                 100% 
                 1.14% 
               
               
                 carrier 
                 arrangements 
                 P1 
                 0.62% 
                 100% 
                 0.62% 
               
               
                   
                 Completely 
                 B4 
                 15.92% 
                 100% 
                 15.92% 
               
               
                   
                 disconnect 
                 I2 
                 11.82% 
                 100% 
                 11.82% 
               
               
                   
                 service 
                 D2 
                 3.30% 
                 33.3%  
                 1.10% 
               
               
                   
                 or all 
                 B6 
                 2.53% 
                 100% 
                 2.53% 
               
               
                   
                 other 
                 L4 
                 0.89% 
                 100% 
                 0.89% 
               
               
                   
                 billing 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 questions 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 37.74% 
               
               
                 Repair 
                 Fix a 
                 F1 
                 1.36% 
                 100% 
                 1.36% 
               
               
                   
                 product 
                 F2 
                 0.28 
                 100% 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 or 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 service 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal = 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.64% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Grand 
                 73.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total = 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The C-CAID approach to interface design has many tangible and useful results including increased user satisfaction and optimized system performance. One of the biggest problems associated with menu option systems is the occurrence of misdirected calls. These are incoming calls that are “misdirected” or incorrectly routed to the wrong servicing organization. Misdirected calls are a significant problem in both business and consumer markets. An example of the impact that these misdirected calls may have on a business is discussed below. 
     It is estimated that approximately 31% of the total calls to a company&#39;s small business call centers (i.e. AA, CC, RR, MM and NN) are misdirects. In 1998, there were approximately 6.2 million calls to those Small Business call centers, resulting in approximately 1.9 million misdirected calls. A recent study indicates that each misdirected call costs approximately $0.91. Thus, the annual cost of misdirected calls is approximately $1.75 million (1.9 million misdirected calls times $0.91 each). The projected cost savings achieved by implementing the customer-centric small business IVR design is estimated at $400,000 dollars based on the 25% predicted reduction in misdirects for the customer-centric small business IVR. 
     After design of the C-CAID based interface system, the system was tested. Participants in the test were instructed that they were to make two phone calls. One call was to the existing small business IVR and the second call was to the customer-centric IVR. Participants were presented with real-world tasks that were generated using example scenarios obtained from gathered data. Example tasks might require participants to obtain information about a bill or to order an optional phone service. Participants were told to select category options from either the current or redesigned IVR to resolve the particular scenario with which they were presented. After completing both phone calls, participants were administered a short questionnaire to assess their impression of each system. An example questionnaire can be found in  FIG. 5 . Internal administrations of this survey found that customers greatly preferred an IVR designed using the C-CAID methodology as opposed to ones that did not. 
     Two objective measures are used to evaluate the performance of the customer-centric IVR. These measures are cumulative response time (CRT) and a routing accuracy score and are described in detail below. This evaluation step is shown in  FIG. 1  step S 11 . 
     Two objective measures are collected during usability testing. Cumulative response time (CRT) and task accuracy are used to evaluate performance of the systems. CRT is a measure of the time per task that end-users spend interacting with each system. Task accuracy is used to measure how effectively the goals of the end-user were mapped to each system via the user interface. These two metrics (CRT and task accuracy) are then graphed into a CRT/accuracy matrix (S 11  of  FIG. 1 ) that depicts end-user performance for these systems in a convenient and easy to understand manner. This CRT/accuracy matrix is a very powerful tool for the designer to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a specific interface design. The designer can observe and evaluate those specific tasks that the end-users are performing poorly while using the interface. From this evaluation, one can redesign the interface design in order to improve performance. If a particular task does not effectively map to the associated interface options then one can expect that the resulting accuracy of the navigation will be poor or higher CRTs will result. The CRT/accuracy matrix is instrumental in identifying the deficiencies of an existing interface system and then serves as a guide and feedback monitor to indicate how introduced changes positively or negatively impact the system as a result of the redesign activity (S 12  of  FIG. 1 ). The goal of the retesting efforts is to determine whether performance on the redesigned interface options improved and if the redesign negatively impacted unchanged aspects of the interface design. 
     To calculate the cumulative response time, the time in seconds that subject spends interacting with the IVR is measured. Participants (i.e., subjects) are not credited or penalized for listening to the entire IVR menu before making a selection. For example, if the main menu of the IVR is 30 seconds in length, and the participant listens to the whole menu and then makes a selection, they receive a CRT score of 0. If the participant only listens to part of a menu, hears their choice, and barges in, choosing an option before the whole menu plays, then they would receive a negative CRT score. For instance, if they choose option 3, fifteen seconds into a 6 option, 30 second menu, they would receive a CRT score of −15. Conversely, if they were to repeat the menu after hearing it once, and then chose option three on the second playing of that menu, they would receive a CRT score of +15 for that menu. 
     Referring to the examples illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the first subject took two seconds after the end of each announcement to make the selection, resulting in a score of 4. The second subject repeated the announcement and made both selections after two seconds, resulting in a score of 12. The third subject made the selection before completion of each announcement and thus received a score of −4. Once the subject reaches their final destination in the IVR (regardless of accuracy), the CRT scores for each menu level are summed, and that becomes the total CRT score for that subject on that particular task. This metric accurately measures the total time a user is interfacing with the system, regardless of menu length. 
     Using this method, it was found that longer IVR menus don&#39;t necessarily mean that the participant spends more time in the system. In fact, the customer-centric consumer IVR has menus that measured approximately 90 seconds in length while the current consumer version&#39;s menus were about 30 seconds in length. However, CRT scores indicated that although the customer-centric design is almost 3 times longer than the current consumer IVR, the averaged CRT scores for both the customer-centric and current IVR&#39;s were not significantly different. The likely explanation for this could be that the subjects got better descriptions, with more detail, in the customer-centric design. Therefore, they did not need to repeat the menus as much. 
     Route scoring provider information as to whether or not the user is routed to the correct call center. A score of −1, 0, or 1 could be awarded for each task. A score of −1 indicates that a subject actively chose an IVR path that did not route them to the correct destination for the task that they were trying to complete. A score of 0 indicates that the subject got to a point in the IVR and made no selection either by hanging up or automatically timing out. Finally, a score of 1 indicates that the subject successfully navigated the IVR for a given task and was routed to the correct destination. 
     Both CRT and routing accuracy (i.e., route scoring) are used to create a CRT/Routing matrix that is used to estimate performance on specific IVR menu options. CRT is plotted on the Y axis and route scoring on the X axis. An example CRT/Routing matrix is depicted in  FIG. 2 . From this matrix one can determine which tasks are handled well by the IVR, and which tasks are not. Data points located in the upper left quadrant of the matrix are optimal performers because there was both high routing accuracy and a short CRT. In this case, the short CRT time shows that participants are confident that their selected task option matches their goal or reason for calling. Therefore, participants are “barging in” to the menuing system, spending less time with the IVR, and their call is correctly routed. In contrast, data points that fall in the lower right quadrant represent tasks that did not perform well because there was both poor routing accuracy and a long CRT. In this case, participants had to repeat the menus and still did not choose the correct menu options in the IVR. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , step S 12 , the CRT/routing matrix provides a powerful tool when it comes to evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the IVR design. For example, a designer can look at the specific tasks that participants perform poorly, and redesign or reword aspects of these IVR menu choices in order to improve performance. That is, if a particular task does not effectively map to the associated menu option then one can expect poor routing accuracy or high CRT&#39;s. The CRT/routing matrix can be used to identify deficiencies and tweak the IVR design for optimal performance. 
     Pending completion of the redesigned IVR, the modified design is retested using a similar user sample as in the initial testing sample as shown in step S 13  of  FIG. 1 . The purpose of the retest is to evaluate any changes made to the IVR based on results of the CRT/routing matrix. The goals of retesting efforts are to determine whether performance of the redesigned menu items improves and to determine whether changes made had negative impact on unchanged menus in the IVR. Evaluations of IVR performance using the CRT/routing matrix and retesting are iterative processes and should continue until the design maximizes performance or improvement goals are met. 
     After the initial user-interface is designed, a prediction model based on expected user task volume and task frequency is used to provide an early indication of the how the interface will perform. This establishes a baseline interface that provides an indication of how the new interface will perform. 
     The newly designed interface is then compared to the previous one and performance gain estimates can be determined with respect to the previous interface. 
     The resulting system prototypes are then tested on a sample of users. The users perform real-world scenarios extracted from the initially collected customer-centric data to test the system. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 1 , upon completion of the redesign test (S 13 ) an updated interface can be designed using the same principles by looping back to step S 6  or to another appropriate point. Thus, the interface can be periodically improved. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it is understood that the words which have been used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitations. Changes may be made, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention in its aspects. Although the invention has been described to a particular method, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses. 
     For example, the interface can be an interface between a user and a computer application or between a user and an e-mail system. Also, the interface can also be between two communicating machines or devices. The communications layers can be optimized so that the machines are set up optimally to communicate more statistically relevant tasks than those communications that may not occur as frequently. In addition, the updating of the design interface may be done at various time increments. Additionally, the information gathered is not limited to customer service requests for a telephonic system. The information can be the data gathered from an online e-commerce system that looks at those items or preferences that occur or are accessed more frequently by the end user. 
     Accordingly, the invention is now defined with respect to the attached claims.