Patent Publication Number: US-2002010157-A1

Title: Composition and method for controlling insect pests and diseases on plants

Description:
REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/205,920, filed May 22, 2000. 
    
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] This invention pertains generally to the fields of pest and disease control on plants. Lipids, glyceride compositions more specifically, are provided for these applications.  
       [0003] Lipids represent a variety of compounds such as fatty acids, terpenoids, waxes, and glycerides. Glycerides are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids, which include triglycerides, diglycerdes, monoglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. The major components of most plant oils and animal oils or fats are triglycerides. Triglycerides do not have free polar group in their structure and therefore, are neutral glycerides. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, or their derivatives have free polar groups in their structure and therefore, are referred to as polar glycerides in the present invention.  
       [0004] Plant oils (triglycerides) or fatty acid soaps have been used for controlling pests in stored seeds and foods for hundreds of years (Giga and Munesti, 1990; Hill and Schoonhoven, 1981; Ran et al., 1988; Salas, 1985; Salas and Hernandez, 1985). Plant oils and fatty acid soaps are also tested for controlling pests on crops such as apples (Pless et al., 1995; Rock and Crabtree, 1987), grapes (Taschenberg, 1952), sweetpotatoes, lettuce, and cotton (Butler et al., 1988, 1991, 1993; Butler and Henneberry, 1989, 1990, 1991a, 1991b; Hesler and Plapp, 1986). U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,290 discloses the use of fatty acid salt as pesticides against soft-bodied insects and mites. In the United States, essential oil (terpenoids), jojoba oil (wax), canola oil (triglycerides), soybean oil (triglycerides), and fatty acid salts are registered as pesticides on certain plants (US EPA, 1992a, 1992b). However, the use of polar glycerides in controlling pests has not been disclosed before.  
       [0005] Lipids have also been used for disease control. The use of fatty acids soaps as cleaning and disinfecting agents can be traced to as early as 4000 years ago (Kabara, 1993). Neem seed oil possesses fungicidal activities (Locke, 1986, 1990) and reduces fruit decay in apple (Moline and Locke, 1993). When applied to trees in the fields, sunflower, olive, canola, corn, soybean, and grapeseed oil at 1% are effective in controlling apple powdery mildew ( Podosphaera leucotrica ), but canola and soybean oils at 1% have no effect on brown rot of peaches or black knot (Apiosporina morbosa) on leaves of plum and cherry (Northover and Schneider, 1991 and 1993; Northover and McFadden-Smith, 1995). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,995, 6,103,768, and 6,136,856 discloses that fatty acid salts act as antifungal and antibacterial agents in plants. However, the antifungal activity of fatty acids has been controversial. While a C18:1 fatty acid salt gives moderate preventive control of two foliage plant diseases, it exacerbates two other diseases at the same time (Chase et al., 1983). And U.S. EPA (1992a) ruled that soap salts of fatty acids had no independent pesticidal activity in antimicrobial products (used on agricultural crops), and must be classified as inert ingredients in those products. Therefore, living plant was a different system from dead plant tissues.  
       [0006] The prior art teaches that esterafication of one molecule of fatty acid with one molecule of glycerol often results higher antimicrobial activity compared with the corresponding fatty acid while esterafication of three molecules of fatty acid with one molecule of glycerol reduces the antimicrobial activity of the corresponding fatty acid (Kabara, 1993). U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,775 discloses that monolaurin is the most effective antimicrobial agent among the fatty acid esters. Both monoglycerides (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,997,851; 5,343,182) and phospholipids (U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,997) display antimicrobial activities. U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,705 teaches the use of monoglycerides and lysophospholipids for preventing microbial activity in foodstuffs such as meat and dehydrated fruit and vegetables. However, all these polar glycerides in the prior art were applied to either food or dehydrated fruit and vegetables, on which (dead foodstuffs) high concentrations of these polar glycerides can be used. The efficacy of these polar glycerides in controlling diseases on living plants and the possible phytotoxicity of these compounds to living plants have not been studied. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of other polar glycerides such as diglycerides or glycolipids, which share similar structure and properties with monoglycerides, in controlling plant disease is not known.  
       [0007] The inventors of the present compounds found that at the same concentration, polar glycerides selected from the group comprising mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, or their derivatives were more effective than neutral glycerides such as triacylglycerols, plant oil, animal oil or fats in controlling certain diseases and pests on plants. Therefore, the objective of this invention is to provide a composition and a method to control insect pests and diseases on plants.  
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0008] The inventors of the present invention found that polar glycerides selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, or their derivatives control certain diseases or pests on plants. The inventors of the present invention also found that said polar glycerides were more effective than neutral lipids such as triacylglycerols, plant oils, and animal oils or fats in controlling diseases or pests on plants.  
       [0009] Accordingly, the inventors of this invention provide a formulation and a method to make an emulsion with these polar glycerides as active ingredients. The emulsion comprises a polar glyceride or a mixture of polar glycerides, a neutral glycerides or a mixture of neutral glycerides, a surfactant, and water. The polar glycerides are selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The neutral glycerides comprise triglycerides, glyceride type of plant oils, animal oils or fats, hydrogenated plant or animal oils, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The presence of neutral glycerides in the formulation is to reduce the phytotoxicity of the polar glycerides and is optional. And the surfactant includes any type of siloxane, polysiloxane, or non-ionic surfactants. The surfactant is also optional in the formulation.  
       [0010] According to the method of this invention, the polar glycerides comprise from approximately 1% up to 90% of the total emulsion, by volume; the neutral glycerides comprises from 0 to 50% of the total emulsion, by volume; the surfactant comprises approximately 0 to 10% of the total emulsion, by volume; and water comprises from 0 to 99.5% of the total emulsion, by volume. The emulsion can be prepared by different methods including (1) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and the surfactant to form a glyceride concentrate and diluting the concentrate with water to form a emulsion and (2) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, surfactant, and water to form an emulsion.  
       [0011] According to the method of this invention, emulsions of polar glycerides are diluted with water at application. Emulsions can be used during dormant stage or during plant growing period. For dormant spray, emulsions containing 1% to 10% active ingredients, preferably 2.5% to 10% active ingredients, are applied on plants for disease or pest control. During plant growing season, emulsions containing 0.1% to 5%, preferably 0.5 to 3%, are applied to plants. The emulsion can be applied by any of the methods typically known and used in the agricultural industry for the application of a chemical. Preferably, the emulsion is applied by any common spraying technique used in the agricultural industry.  
       [0012] According to the present invention, plants may be treated include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops, fruit trees, vegetables, forage, bedding plants, nursery plants, ornamentals, houseplants, and turf grasses.  
       [0013] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsions control, but are not limited to, the following pests: aphids, mites, pear psylla, scales, whiteflies, or other soft body pests or eggs of other pests.  
       [0014] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsions control, but are not limited to, the following diseases caused by fungus, bacteria, and virus: powdery mildew, brown rot, wilt, bacterial canker, bacterial blight, scab, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV I), tomato mosaic virus (TMV II), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), etc.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS  
       [0015] (1) Definitions  
       [0016] The term ‘pest’, as used herein, refers to insects harmful to plants.  
       [0017] The term ‘neutral glycerides’, as used herein, refers to triglycerides or oils and fats (plant or animal originated) that contain triglycerides as major components.  
       [0018] The term ‘polar glycerides’, as used herein, refers to any glyceride that contains at least one free polar group in the structure.  
       [0019] The term ‘emulsion’, as used herein, refers to a stable mixture of two or more immiscibles held in suspension.  
       [0020] The term ‘surfactant’, as used herein, generally refers to surface active compounds which reduce surface tension when dissolved in water or a water solution, or which reduce interfacial tensions between two liquids.  
       [0021] The term ‘non-ionic surfactant’, as used herein, refers to surfactants that do not ionize in water and thus are not subject to hydrolysis by aqueous solutions of acid or alkali.  
       [0022] (2) Description  
       [0023] The inventors of the present invention found that polar glycerides selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, or their derivatives control certain diseases or insect pests on plants. The inventors of the present invention also found that said polar glycerides were more effective than neutral glycerides such as triacylglycerols, plant oils, and animal oils or fats in controlling diseases or pests on plants.  
       [0024] Accordingly, the inventors of this invention provide a formulation and a method to make an emulsion with these polar glycerides as active ingredients. The emulsion comprises a polar glyceride or a mixture of polar glycerides, a neutral glyceride or a mixture of neutral glycerides, a surfactant, and water. The polar glyceride are selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The neutral glycerides comprise triglycerides, glyceride type of plant oils, animal oils or fats, hydrogenated plant or animal oils, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The presence of neutral glycerides in the formulation is to reduce the phytotoxicity of the polar glycerides and is optional. And the surfactants include any type of siloxane, polysiloxane, or non-ionic surfactants. Examples of such surfactants are: polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (Break-Thru. RTM. OE441), manufactured by Goldschmidt Chemical Corporation; polyoxyethylenesorbitan, presently sold as the product family TWEEN and marketed by ICI Americas, Inc., of Wilmington, Del.; polyoxyethylene ethers, such as t-octylphenoxy-polyethanol, presently sold as the product family TRITON and marketed by Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Co., Inc., of Danbury, Conn.; or alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols and alcohol, presently sold as Latron AG-98. Alternative surfactants with equivalent action to these typical products are also considered for use with the emulsion compound of the present invention. The use of surfactant is also optional in the formulation.  
       [0025] According to the method of this invention, the polar glycerides comprise from approximately 1% up to 90% of the total emulsion, by volume; the neutral glycerides comprises from 0 to 50% of the total emulsion, by volume; the surfactant comprises approximately 0 to 10% of the total emulsion, by volume; and water comprises from 0 to 99.5% of the total emulsion, by volume. The emulsion can be prepared by different methods including (1) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and surfactant to form a glyceride concentrate and diluting the mixture with water to form a emulsion at application and (2) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, surfactant, and water to form an emulsion, which includes mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and surfactant, heating the mixture to 50 to 90 degrees C., and adding hot water (pre-heated to 50 to 90 degrees C.) to the mixture with stirring. The mixture is left at room temperature for slow cooling. The emulsion thus formed is further diluted with water at application.  
       [0026] According to the present invention, plants may be treated include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops, fruit trees, and vegetables. It can also be used to control insect pests and diseases in forage, bedding plants, nursery plants, ornamentals, houseplants, and turf grasses.  
       [0027] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsion controls but are not limited to the following pests: aphids, mites, pear psylla, scales, whiteflies, or other soft body pests or eggs of other pests.  
       [0028] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsion controls but are not limited to the following diseases caused by fungus, bacteria, and virus: powdery mildew, brown rot, wilt, bacterial canker, bacterial blight, scab, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV I), tomato mosaic virus (TMV II), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), etc. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1  
     Tests in a Controlled Environment  
     [0029] Plant materials used for tests were either branches obtained from the fields or trees grew in pots in a green house.  
     [0030] To test the effects of different glycerides on over winter pests such as San Jose Scale (SJS) or European red mite (ERM) on pome or stone fruit trees, stems from dormant ‘Delicious’ apple trees and ‘Feng Huang’ peach trees infested with SJS were collected and dipped in 2% of different glyceride emulsions with the untreated served as control. Stems were then trimmed to 25 cm long by removing from the base, put in a plate with the base submerging in 1-cm thick water, and incubated at 23 degree C for 2 weeks in a chamber. After incubation, 15 overwintering SJS (‘Black-cap’ stage of first instar) per stem were examined microscopically and assessed for viability. Apple or peach stems containing ERM eggs were collected in late dormant and treated as described above and incubated at 28 degree C., 80% relative humidity, and 16-hour light/8-hour dark cycle. Mite viability was evaluated by the following method. Stem segment were impaled onto insect pins that had been driven through 10×12 cm white posterboard containing a thin coat of sticky gel to trip newly hatched mites and facilitate their counting. Eggs were examined every 2 days until hatch was complete.  
     [0031] Plants growing in pot were inoculated with pests or pathogen and sprayed with 2% glyceride emulsions. Death rate of pests or number of lesions was evaluated one to three weeks after treatment.  
     [0032] Since mineral oil has been widely used for insect pest and disease control in agriculture (Taschenberg, 1952; Walsh et al., 2000), it was included in the experiments for comparison.  
     [0033] Under controlled conditions, all glycerides showed certain levels of pest and disease control (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). In general, the efficacy of glycerides in controlling pests and diseases were determined by their structure, in which monolaurin=lysophospholipids&gt;other mono-glycerides=phospholipids&gt;diglycerides&gt;triglycerides and triglyceride type plant oils or animal oil&gt;animal fats. Unsaturated diglycerides had higher activity in insect pest and disease control than saturated diglycerides. And mineral oil was more effective in insect pest or disease control than triglycerides but less effective than monoglycerides.  
               TABLE 1                          Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on pest survival (%) on ‘Delicious’       apple and ‘Qi Cheng’ orange trees. Data were collected in 1994-1998       season.                             Apples                                                 Aph-       Psyl-   White-       Oranges                                             Lipids   ids   Mites   la,   fly   SJS   Aphids   Mite               Control   100a z     98a   100a   99a   98a   100a   100a       Mono-       acylglycerols       Monolaurin   34e   0g   35e   31e   0f   31e   39e       Lyso-   31e   0g   31e   27e   0f   28e   34e       phospholipids       Others   43d   0g   62c   51d   5e   47d   51d       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   76b   48c   89b   78b   57b   80ab   73c       Monounsaturated   72b   23e   92b   68c   36c   77b   70c       Polyunsaturated   56c   14f   49d   50d   18d   59c   53d       Oils or fats       Animal fat   94a   65b   102a   99a   59b   98a   100a       Plant or fish oil   75b   34d   85b   71b   36c   89b   86b       Mineral oil   55c   11f   69c   53d   15d   62c   68c                          
 
     [0034]               TABLE 2                          Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on pest survival (%) on cotton, wheat, tomato, and       cabbages. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season.                                     Cotton   Wheat   Tomato   Cabbage                                                 Lipids   Aphids   Whitefly   Aphids   Mites   Aphids   Mites   Aphids   Whitefly               Control   100a z     100a   100a   100a   100a   100a   100a   100a       Monoacylglycerols       Monolaurin   30e   31f   21e   33e   27e   34e   17e   28f       Lysophospholipids   34e   30f   19e   29e   28e   29e   24e   35f       Others   47d   42e   30d   47d   36d   44d   39d   47e       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   66b   68c   64b   72c   59b   78b   54c   67c       Monounsaturated   68b   66c   57b   69c   51b   74b   41d   52d       Polyunsaturated   56c   57d   42c   43d   43c   55d   38d   43e       Oils or fats       Animal fat   97a   100a   94a   94a   100a   98a   97a   100a       Plant or fish oil   74b   79b   65b   76b   65b   79b   64bc   76b       Mineral oil   59c   53d   59c   65c   61b   58c   52c   49e                            
     [0035]               TABLE 3                          Effects of 2% glyceride on disease severity (% of untreated control) on ‘Delicious’ apple,       ‘Feng Hung’ peach, ‘Long Yan’ grape, and ‘Qi Cheng’ orange trees. Data were collected in       1994-1998 season.                                     Apples   Peaches   Grapes   Oranges                                                         Powdery   Bacterial   Powdery   Leaf   Powdery   Brown           Lipids   Scab   mildew   canker   mildew   spot   mildew   rot   Psorosis               Monoacylglycerols                                       Monolaurin   14f z     18f   24f   13g   37f   16g   34e   32d       Lysophospholipids   17ef   15f   29f   19g   41f   19g   39e   35d       Others   25e   32de   39e   28f   53e   27f   51d   30d       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   47c   54c   68c   79b   79c   45d   72c   69b       Monounsaturated   38d   43d   54d   54d   62d   36e   60d   43c       Polyunsaturated   36d   37d   42e   41e   48f   23f   51d   38cd       Oils or fats       Animal fat   84a   82a   100a   94a   100a   82a   97a   100a       Plant or fish oil   57b   65b   78b   71bc   79c   67b   81b   74b       Mineral oil   81a   41d   97a   67c   81bc   51c   100a   97a                            
     [0036]               TABLE 4                          Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated       control) on cotton, and wheat. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season.                             Cotton                                     Fusarium   Verticillium   Wheat                                 Lipids   wilt   wilt   Barley strip   leaf scald               Mono-                       acylglycerols       Monolaurin   43e z     48d   19f   32f       Lyso-   46e   43d   23f   29f       phospholipids       Others   59d   62c   34e   46e       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   79c   71b   54c   67cd       Monounsaturated   71c   58cd   46d   59d       Polyunsaturated   65d   50d   37e   42e       Oils or fats       Animal fat   97a   89a   84a   94a       Plant or fish oil   84b   72b   67b   79b       Mineral oil   99a   91a   69b   81b                            
     [0037]               TABLE 5                          Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated con-       trol) on cabbage and potatoes. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season.                             Cabbage   Potato                                     Leaf-   Verticillium   Bacterial           Lipids   spot   wilt   ring rot   Verticillium wilt               Mono-                       acylglycerols       Monolaurin   23f   46de   47e   37e       Lyso-   21f   41e   53e   45d       phospholipids       Others   28f   47de   51e   52d       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   59c   74b   82b   73b       Monounsaturated   50d   66c   73c   57c       Polyunsaturated   41e   53d   62d   48d       Oils or fats       Animal fat   93a   92a   99a   91a       Plant or fish oil   71b   77b   84b   77b       Mineral oil   93a   94a   97a   93a                            
     [0038]               TABLE 6                          Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated       control) in tomatoes. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season.                                                 Bac-   Verti-   Fusar-                           terial   cillium   ium   TMV   TMV               Lipids   Spot   wilt   wilt   (I)   (II)   TICV   TSWV               Mono-                                   acylglycerols       Monolaurin   18f z     26f   29f   37e   43d   33f   27e       Lyso-   23ef   29ef   33f   39e   37d   31f   23e       phospholipids       Others   29e   37e   34f   41e   38d   45e   31e       Diacylglycerols       Saturated   54bc   64c   71c   87b   69b   68c   69c       Mono-   50c   52d   59d   69c   58c   59d   53d       unsaturated       Poly-   38d   42e   47e   54d   59c   51d   48d       unsaturated       Oils or fats       Animal fats   82a   97a   97a   99a   98a   91a   96a       Plant or fish oil   61b   82b   81b   81b   74b   78b   80b       Mineral oil   63b   98a   92a   96a   99a   95a   92a                            
     EXAMPLE 2  
     Field Tests  
     [0039] The efficacy of different glycerides on disease and pest control was also tested under field conditions.  
     [0040] Dormant or delayed dormant spray at 2.5% or 5% of total lipid emulsion was applied to pome, stone, or other fruit trees. In experiments with other plants, fields with a history of pests or diseases were chosen and pests or diseases were monitored regularly during plant growth season. When pests were found on about 40% to 50% of plant population, or diseases found on 10% of plant population, emulsions at 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of total glycerides were sprayed with a low-pressure hand wand sprayers until run off. Death rate of pests, number of lesion, or foliage damage was evaluated from one to three weeks after treatment.  
     [0041] Emulsions at 1%-5% were effective in controlling pests and diseases in a concentration dependent manner (Table 7). Glycerides at 5% did not cause any observable injury to treated plants (data not shown).  
               TABLE 7                          Effects of monolaurin or lysophospholipid emulsion on aphid survival (%)       and powder mildew (% of untreated control) on fruit trees and crops in the       fields. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season.                                                 Lipid   Ap-       Or-   Cot-       Cab-               (%)   ple   Peach   ange   ton   Wheat   bage   Potato   Tomato                         Aphid survival                                                 Control   100a z     100a   100a   100a   100a   100a   100a   100a       1%   25b   37b   39b   41b   39b   47b   36b   46b       2.5%   11c   10c   18c   19c   14c   24c   21c   25c       5%   5d   7d   11d   11d   8d   12d   9d   14d                 Powdery mildew                                                 1%   41a   39a   46a   49a   37a   37a   52a   48a       2.5%   14b   10b   24b   22b   18b   19b   27b   29b       5%   4c   12b   10c   17b   6c   4c   13c   17c                          
 
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