Patent Publication Number: US-10330418-B2

Title: Monolithic noise suppression device for firearm with structural connecting core

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/840,371, filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,470,466, and Ser. No. 15/293,624, filed Oct. 14, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,777,979, and Ser. No. 15/722,328, filed Oct. 2, 2017; which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to noise suppression devices, and more particularly, noise suppression devices that are used with firearms. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Noise associated with the use of a firearm is, in general, attributed to two factors. The first factor is associated with the velocity of the bullet. If the bullet is traveling hypersonically (i.e., faster than the speed of sound), the bullet will pass through the slower moving sound wave preceding it, thus creating a relatively small sonic boom, similar to the sonic boom of a supersonic aircraft passing through its sound wave. The second factor is associated with the rapid expansion of propellant gas produced when the powder inside the bullet cartridge ignites. When the propellant gas rapidly expands and collides with cooler air, in and around the muzzle of the firearm, a loud bang sound occurs. Firearm noise suppression devices (hereafter “noise suppression devices”) are employed to reduce noise attributable to the second factor identified above. Noise suppression devices have been in use at least since the late nineteenth century. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a contemporary noise suppression device  100 . As illustrated, noise suppression device  100  includes an inner structure or core  105  and an outer structure  110 . Typically, the core  105  and the outer structure  110  are manufactured independent of each other. Subsequently, the core  105  is inserted in and secured to the outer structure  110 . Securing the inner structure  105  to the outer structure  110  may be achieved by welding (e.g., spot welding) the former to the latter. Together, the core  105  and outer structure  110  are often referred to as a “can.” 
     The core  105 , in turn, comprises a plurality of linearly arranged segments that together form a plurality of compartments  105   a  through  105   f , wherein adjacent compartments are separated by a corresponding baffle  115   a  through  115   e . It is very common to manufacture each segment separately and then attach the segments together, e.g., by welding the segments, to form the aforementioned linear arrangement, as suggested by the weld joints or seams that appear between each of the segments in  FIG. 1  (see e.g., seams  120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d  and  120   e ). Although it may be common to manufacture each of the aforementioned segments separately and then subsequently attach them together, it is also known to manufacture the segments as a single, integral unit. Such a unit is referred to as a monolithic core. The monolithic core is then inserted in and secured to the outer structure  110 , as previously described. 
     Additionally, the distal end of the core  105  comprises an end cap segment  125 , while the proximal end of the core  105  comprises a base cap segment  130 . As illustrated, there is an opening formed through each of the baffles  115   a  through  115   e , the end cap structure  125  and the base cap structure  130 , along a longitudinal centerline Y, which defines the path through the noise suppression device  100  traveled by each fired bullet. 
     Although it is not shown in  FIG. 1 , the proximal end of the noise suppression device  100  would comprise an attachment structure. The attachment structure would be configured to attach the noise suppression device  100  to a complimentary structure associated with the muzzle of the firearm. 
     As mentioned above, noise suppression devices reduce the noise associated with the rapid expansion of propellant gas when the powder inside the bullet cartridge ignites and the propellant gas subsequently collides with cooler air in and around the muzzle of the firearm. In general, noise suppression devices reduce the noise by slowing the propellant gas, thus allowing the propellant gas to expand more gradually and cool before it collides with the air in and around the muzzle of the firearm. 
     Thus, with respect to the noise suppression device  100  in  FIG. 1 , the bullet will first pass from the muzzle of the firearm into the first expansion chamber  135 . It should be noted that this first chamber is often called a blast chamber or blast baffle. The first expansion chamber  135  allows the propellant gas to expand and cool, thereby reducing the amount of energy associated with the gas. The bullet then successively passes through the openings in each of the baffles  115   a  through  115   e , wherein the baffles further deflect, divert and slow the propellant gas. By the time the bullet and gas exit the opening through the end cap structure  125  at the distal end of the noise suppression device  100 , the gas has already substantially slowed, expanded and cooled, thus reducing the noise associated with the gas colliding with the cooler air in and around the distal end of the noise suppression device  100 . 
     Conventional noise suppression devices are typically constructed from steel, aluminum, titanium or other metals or metal alloys. Metals generally have good thermal conductivity characteristics. Therefore, metal noise suppression devices can better absorb the heat that is produced by the rapidly expanding propellant gas. This ability to better absorb the heat helps to more quickly cool the propellant gas, thereby reducing both the temperature and volume of the gas, and in turn, the resulting noise when the gas collides with the ambient air. 
     Despite the fact that noise suppression devices have been in use for well over 100 years, and numerous improvements have been made over this time period, there are still many disadvantages associated with conventional noise suppression devices. For example, the noise suppression device  100  described and illustrated above inherently has reliability issues in that each welding joint or seam increases the probability of structural failure due to the high levels of pressure associated with the propellant gas inside the device. 
     The use of metal also leads to certain disadvantages. Metal is costly and manufacturing a noise suppression device, such as noise suppression device  100 , is somewhat complex. Consequently, manufacturers may be discouraged to make and customers may be reluctant to purchase customized noise suppression devices, as customized noise suppression devices are likely to be even more costly and more complex to manufacture. An example of a customized noise suppression device may be one that is designed and constructed to operate in conjunction with, or at least not interfere with a particular gun sight. 
     Further with regard to the use of metal, the aforementioned thermal conductivity may actually be undesirable in certain situations. For instance, after firing the weapon, the noise suppression device may be very hot due to the fact that the metal is efficient at absorbing the heat associated with the propellant gas. This is particularly true if the weapon is fired repeatedly. And, if the noise suppression device is hot, it may be very difficult for the user to remove it from the weapon until it cools. This may be unacceptable if the user needs to quickly replace the noise suppression device for another. In a military environment, a hot noise suppression device may also be highly visible to enemy combatants using infrared technology, thus exposing the user to greater risk. 
     Yet another disadvantage associated with metal noise suppression devices is that these noise suppression devices are considered weapons in and of themselves, separate and apart from the firearm to which they may be attached. Thus, they are regulated under the National Firearms Act (1934) (NFA). As such, these devices must be separately marked and registered, and they cannot simply be discarded when they are worn or otherwise fail to function adequately. This is true, even if the devices are being used in a war zone or military environment. 
     Therefore, despite the many improvements that have been effectuated over the decades, additional design features and manufacturing techniques are warranted to improve the reliability, enhance the noise reduction, reduce the costs, facilitate customization and eliminate the restriction on disposability of conventional noise suppression devices. The present invention offers a number of improvements that address these concerns. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention achieves its intended purpose through design features and manufacturing techniques that both individually and in conjunction with each other offer improvements over current, state-of-the-art noise suppression devices. More particularly, the present invention involves a truly monolithic noise suppression device, referred to herein below as an integral baffle housing module. Unlike the noise suppression device  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the integral baffle housing module, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, at least exhibits no welded joints or seams associated with the core nor any welded joints or seams between the core and any interior surface and/or structure. 
     Preferably, the integral baffle housing module is manufactured from plastic using a layered printing process. Because the integral baffle housing module is truly monolithic and preferably plastic, it achieves better overall performance and is more easily customizable, all at a lower cost than conventional noise suppression devices. 
     In addition, it is preferable that the integral baffle housing module be used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device, where the first stage noise suppression device attaches to the firearm and the integral baffle housing module attaches to the first stage noise suppression device. By employing the integral baffle housing module with the first stage noise suppression device, and because the integral baffle housing module is preferably made of plastic, the integral baffle housing module is more likely to be considered a disposable asset, whereas the first stage noise suppression device will constitute the suppressor that must be marked and registered under the NFA. 
     Still further, the integral baffle housing module may include a number of additional design features including rounded or filleted portions where certain internal surfaces come together, a plurality of baffles having one or more bleed holes formed therethrough, and one or more textured or patterned interior surfaces. Other features and/or techniques will be evident from the detailed disclosure that follows. 
     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the intended and other purposes are achieved with a monolithic noise suppression device for use with a firearm. The monolithic noise suppression device includes a body, a plurality of internal chambers and one or more baffles. Each of the one or more baffles is seamlessly connected to the body. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the intended and other purposes are achieved with a noise suppression assembly for use with a firearm. The assembly comprises a first stage noise suppression device attached to the firearm and a monolithic, integral baffle housing module attached to said first stage noise suppression device. The monolithic, integral baffle housing module comprises, in turn, a body; a plurality of internal chambers; and a core comprising one or more baffles, wherein the core is seamlessly connected to the body. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Several figures are provided herein to further the explanation of the present invention. More specifically: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a contemporary noise suppression device; 
         FIG. 2  is a side exterior view and a perspective exterior view of an integral baffle housing module, in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a longitudinal section view of the integral baffle housing module, in accordance with the first exemplary embodiment; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are side, perspective and longitudinal section views of a first stage noise suppression device, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a longitudinal section view of the integral baffle housing module, in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a longitudinal section view of the integral baffle housing module, in accordance with a third exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  is a longitudinal section view of an integral baffle housing module, in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are longitudinal section views that illustrate exemplary components used to seal the openings through the proximal and distal end caps of an integral baffle housing module; 
         FIG. 9  is a longitudinal section view of a noise suppressor for a firearm, in accordance with a fifth exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective section view of a noise suppressor for a firearm of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14  are longitudinal section views of a noise suppressor for a firearm that illustrates varying densities of core structure in a lateral direction; 
         FIGS. 15 and 16  are longitudinal section views of a noise suppressor for a firearm that illustrates varying densities of core structure in a radial direction; 
         FIG. 17  is a longitudinal section view of a noise suppressor for a firearm, in accordance with a sixth exemplary embodiment; and 
         FIG. 18  is a longitudinal section view of a noise suppressor for a firearm, in accordance with a seventh exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary. The descriptions herein are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is governed by the scope of the appended claims. 
     The noise suppression device, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, is a truly monolithic device which is referred to herein as an integral baffle housing module. As previously stated, it is preferably made of plastic. Also, as previously stated, it is preferably employed with a first stage noise suppression device. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a side exterior view and a perspective exterior view of an integral baffle housing module  200 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the integral baffle housing module  200  comprises a generally cylindrical body  205 ; however, the present invention is not limited by nor is the function affected by the shape of the body  205 . Additionally, the body  205  comprises an integral, proximal end cap  210  and an integral, distal end cap  215 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a longitudinal section view of the integral baffle housing module  200 , in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the integral baffle housing module  200 . As illustrated, the integral baffle housing module  200  comprises a plurality of baffles  305   a ,  305   b ,  305   c  and  305   d , which constitute all or a part of the core of the integral baffle housing module  200 . It is common to refer to the plurality of baffles as a baffle stack. It will be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to a device having a specific number of baffles. Thus, the integral baffle housing module  200  could comprise one baffle or more than one baffle (i.e., a plurality of baffles). 
     The integral baffle housing module  200 , according to the first exemplary embodiment, further comprises a number of interior chambers. These chambers include a first expansion chamber  310 . As stated previously, this first chamber is often referred to as a blast chamber or blast baffle. The first expansion chamber  310  is generally located between baffle  305   a  and proximal end cap  210 . The chambers also include chambers  320 ,  325 ,  330  and  335 , where chamber  320  is generally located between baffles  305   a  and  305   b , chamber  325  is generally located between baffles  305   b  and  305   c , chamber  330  is generally located between baffles  305   c  and  305   d , and chamber  335  is generally located between baffle  305   d  and distal end cap  215 . 
     Further in accordance with the first exemplary embodiment of the integral baffle housing module  200 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , each of the baffles  305   a ,  305   b ,  305   c  and  305   d  may be structurally identical. However, in  FIG. 3 , baffle  305   a  is shown in more complete form than are baffles  305   b ,  305   c  and  305   d  in order to better illustrate the fact that each of the baffles  305   a ,  305   b ,  305   c  and  305   d  has formed therethrough an opening  340   a ,  340   b ,  340   c  and  340   d , respectively. It should be evident that the openings  340   a ,  340   b ,  340   c  and  340   d  are centered on longitudinal axis B and that the path of a fired bullet follows longitudinal axis B through each of these openings. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the integral baffle housing module  200  comprises an attachment mechanism, such as female threads  315 . As previously stated, it is preferable that the integral baffle housing module  200  be used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device, described in detail below, where the first stage noise suppression device is configured to attach directly to the firearm, and the integral baffle housing module  200  is configured to attach to the first stage noise suppression device. The female threads  315  represent an exemplary attachment mechanism that is configured to attach the integral baffle housing module  200  to a complimentary attachment mechanism associated with the first stage noise suppression device. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the fact that other attachment mechanism configurations are within the scope of the present invention. If the integral baffle housing module  200  is not used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device, the attachment mechanism, such as the female threads  315  would be used to attach the integral baffle housing module  200  directly to the muzzle of the firearm. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the integral baffle housing module  200  is manufactured as a monolithic unit. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the integral baffle housing module  200  is made from plastic and manufactured using a layered printing process. Layered printing is a well known process for manufacturing three-dimensional objects from a digital model, whereby micro-thin layers of the manufacturing material are laid down successively until the entire three-dimensional object is complete. 
     As referred to herein below, an integral baffle housing module is monolithic if there are at least no welded joints or seams between the various components that make up the core of the integral baffle housing module (e.g., the one or more baffles), and no welded joints or seams between the core, or any structures that make up the core, and the various interior surfaces and/or structures that make up the body of the integral baffle housing module  200 . For example, comparing the longitudinal view of integral baffle housing module  200  in  FIG. 3  to the conventional noise suppression device  100  in  FIG. 1 , it can be seen that no welded joints or seams, such as seams  120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d  and  120   e , exist in the integral baffle housing module  200 . As stated, this can be accomplished using a layered printing process. 
     It should be noted, however, the present invention does not necessarily exclude the addition of other structural components that are not integral, so long as there are at least no welded joints or seams between the various components that make up the core of the integral baffle housing module (e.g., the one or more baffles), and no welded joints or seams between the core, or any structures that make up the core, and the various interior surfaces and/or structures that make up the body of the integral baffle housing module  200 , as stated above. For example, in the first exemplary embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the proximal and distal end caps  210  and  215  are illustrated as being integral components of the integral baffle housing module  200 . That is, there are no welded joints or seams between the end caps and the body of the integral baffle housing module  200 . However, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the integral baffle housing module is still considered monolithic even if the end caps are not integral, so long as the other aforementioned requirements are met. 
     As one skilled in the art will readily appreciate, the propellant gas exerts a great deal of pressure on the inner surfaces of any noise suppression device, and the welded joints or seams, such as seams  120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d  and  120   e  illustrated in the conventional noise suppression device  100  of  FIG. 1 , are more likely to serve as points of mechanical failure than the corresponding, seamless points in integral baffle housing module  200 . Thus, as stated above, manufacturing the integral baffle housing module  200  as a monolithic unit will enhance the structural integrity of the device. 
     While the present invention is not limited to a integral baffle housing module made of plastic, the use of plastic results in several unexpected benefits. First, plastic is relatively porous in comparison to metal. Experimental tests suggest that this porosity provides an alternative pathway for the expanding propellant gas to escape the suppressor. Furthermore, as a result of the layered printing process, there are actually very small layers of air between each of the layers of plastic material. The testing also suggests that the expanding propellant gas is able to escape through these layers of air. Although the amount of propellant gas that actually escapes through these alternative pathways is relatively small, it is enough to realize a measurable improvement in noise reduction as a result. 
     Second, materials such as metal, that exhibit good heat absorption (i.e., good heat transfer characteristics), generally make good noise suppression devices because they have the ability to remove heat from the expanding propellant gas, thus lowering the temperature of the gas and improving noise suppression. While plastic does not absorb heat as well as metal, the aforementioned porosity of plastic is still effective in removing heat from the propellant gas because the porosity allows the heat, along with the propellant gas, to vent from the inside to the outside of the integral baffle housing module. 
     Further, because plastic does not absorb heat as does metal, the temperature of the plastic will stay relatively cool, compared to metal, despite the excessive heat produced by the propellant gas. Thus, if the user wants to remove the integral baffle housing module, the user will be able to do so soon, if not immediately after firing the weapon. In contrast, a user will need to wait a longer period of time to remove a metal noise suppression device, absent the use of well insulted gloves or some other insulated material to protect the user&#39;s hands from burning. The ability to immediately remove the integral baffle housing module may be a great advantage, particularly if the user needs to quickly swap the integral baffle housing module for another and resume firing. 
     Still further, another unexpected benefit is that a plastic integral baffle housing module suppressor will have a significantly lower heat signature compared to a metal noise suppression device. This benefit may be particularly advantageous in military environments in that the plastic integral baffle housing module will be less visible to enemy combatants using infrared sensors, which are commonly employed in night-vision equipment. 
     Also, plastic is generally less expensive than metal. Thus, it is generally less expensive to manufacture suppressors made of plastic. Because it is less expensive to manufacture a plastic suppressor, it is more practical to customize suppressors to meet very specific mission requirements. For example, if there is a specific need to manufacture a noise suppression device that can be used in conjunction with a particular firearm and, possibly, a very specific gun sight, then plastic may be more practical than metal. 
     Further in accordance with the first exemplary embodiment, integral baffle housing module  200  comprises several rounded or filleted portions  345   a ,  345   b ,  345   c  and  345   d . These portions coincide with the intersection between certain interior surfaces. Preferably, these rounded or filleted portions generally face towards the proximal end of the integral baffle housing module  200 , in a direction that is generally opposite the flow of the propellant gas. When the propellant gas strikes these rounded or filleted portions, the rounded or filleted portions exacerbate the turbulent flow of the propellant gas. As those skilled in the art understand, turbulent gas flow slows down the movement of the gas which, in turn, enhances noise suppression. 
     As mentioned, it is preferable, though not required, that integral baffle housing module  200  be used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device.  FIG. 4A  illustrates a side view and a perspective view of an exemplary first stage noise suppression device  400 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the first stage noise suppression device  400  comprises a generally cylindrical body  405 . The body  405 , in turn, comprises a plurality of openings  410 . Additionally, the first stage noise suppression device  400  is preferably manufactured from an appropriate metal or metal alloy. However, it will be understood that the scope of the present invention is not a function of nor is it limited by the shape of the body  405 , the shape, size or number of openings  410  there through, or the material that is used to manufacture the first stage noise suppression device  400 . 
     The first stage noise suppression device  400  also comprises two threaded portions: a first threaded portion  415  and a second threaded portion  420 . The first threaded portion  415  is illustrated as comprising male threads formed around the outside of the first stage noise suppression device  400 . In accordance with this exemplary embodiment, the first threaded portion  415  is configured to communicate with the female threads  315  of integral baffle housing module  200  in order to physically attach the integral baffle housing module  200  and the first stage noise suppression device  400  to each other. When the first stage noise suppression device  400  and the integral baffle housing module  200  are physically attached, it will be understood that, in accordance with this exemplary embodiment, the body  405  of the first stage noise suppression device  400  extends through an opening in the proximal end cap  210  of the integral baffle housing module  200  and into the first expansion chamber  310 , such that the longitudinal axis A associated with the first stage noise suppression device  400  aligns with the longitudinal axis B associated with the integral baffle housing module  200 . The second threaded portion  420  of the first stage noise suppression device  400  is illustrated as comprising female threads formed on the interior of the secondary noise suppression module  400 . In accordance with this exemplary embodiment, the second threaded portion  420  is configured to communicate with corresponding male threads on the barrel of the firearm in order to physically attach the first stage noise suppression device  400  to the firearm. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that structures other than the first threaded portion  415  and the second threaded portion  420  may be used to attach the first stage noise suppression device  400  to the integral baffle housing module  200  and the first stage noise suppression device  400  to the firearm, respectively. 
     Additionally, the first stage noise suppression device  400  is formed around a longitudinally extending opening or bore centered on longitudinal axis A. The first stage noise suppression device  400  is configured such that the bore aligns with the bore of the firearm barrel. As such, the bullet, after it travels through the bore of the firearm barrel, will travel through the bore of the first stage noise suppression device  400  and eventually into the integral baffle housing module  200 . 
       FIG. 4B  is a longitudinal section view of the first stage noise suppression device  400 . It will be understood from  FIG. 4B  that the first stage noise suppression device  400  is, in and of itself, a noise suppression device, separate and apart from the integral baffle housing module  200 . In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 4B , first stage noise suppression device  400  comprises an expansion or blast chamber  425 , where the aforementioned openings  410  are formed there through. As the bullet travels through the bore of the first stage noise suppression device  400 , the expansion chamber  425  and the openings  410  collectively allow the propellant gas to expand, cool and ultimately vent into the first expansion chamber  310  of the integral baffle housing module  200 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a longitudinal section view of integral baffle housing module  200 , in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the integral baffle housing module  200 . As shown, the second exemplary embodiment appears similar to the first exemplary embodiment but for baffles  305   b ,  305   c  and  305   d  have bleed holes  505   b ,  505   c  and  505   d  formed there through. The bleed holes  505   b ,  505   c  and  505   d  allow the propellant gas to bleed into the next chamber. The bleed holes may be the same in terms of size and orientation; however, in an exemplary embodiment, the size of the bleed holes is smaller towards the distal end of the integral baffle housing module  200  and the orientation of the bleed holes varies with respect to their position on or through the corresponding baffle. By varying the size and orientation of the bleed holes  505   b ,  505   c  and  505   d , as shown, the force and pressure associated with the propellant gas is more evenly distributed within the integral baffle housing module  200 , while helping to slow the movement of the propellant gas. As stated, slowing down the movement of the propellant gas enhances noise suppression. 
     It is known in the art to place ablative material inside conventional noise suppression devices. The ablative material is typically in the form of a gel or liquid. These conventional noise suppression devices are generally referred to as “wet” suppressors. The gel or liquid absorbs the heat from the propellant gas, thereby cooling the gas and reducing noise. However, keeping the ablative material inside the noise suppression device can be problematic. Thus,  FIG. 6  illustrates a longitudinal section view of integral baffle housing module  200 , in accordance with a third exemplary embodiment of the integral baffle housing module  200 , wherein one or more interior surface(s) associated with the integral baffle housing module  200  are configured to better retain ablative material placed therein. 
     More specifically, at least the first expansion chamber  610  would contain ablative material, and to help retain or otherwise hold the ablative material in place, the interior surface of the first expansion chamber  610  is textured or patterned. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a lattice-like structure  650  is employed. The lattice-like structure  650  would be particularly useful where the ablative material is a gel or otherwise viscous in nature. After injecting the ablative material into the first expansion chamber  610  and spinning the integral baffle housing module  200  so that the ablative material is evenly distributed within the first expansion chamber  610 , the lattice-like structure  650  will serve to trap the ablative material, thereby holding the ablative material in place. It will be understood that ablative material could be similarly introduced into one or more of the other chambers in the integral baffle housing module  200  and that the interior surfaces of these chambers may likewise include a lattice-like structure or other effective textures or patterns. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a longitudinal section view of the integral baffle housing module  200 , in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment of the integral baffle housing module  200 . The purpose of  FIG. 7  is to show that two or more of the features associated with the integral baffle housing module  200  maybe employed together in combination or separately as described above. 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  further illustrate that the third exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 6  may be enhanced by closing off (i.e., sealing) the openings through the proximal and distal end caps of the integral baffle housing module  200 . In  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the components that are employed to seal the openings are plug  805 , which closes off the opening in the proximal end of the integral baffle housing module  200 , and seal  810 , which closes off the opening in the distal end of the integral baffle housing module  200 . By closing off the openings at both ends of the integral baffle housing module  200 , it is possible to prevent the ablative material from being exposed to the air. When the integral baffle housing module  200  is first employed, the user would pull on plug  805 , thereby removing it from the opening in the proximal end of the integral baffle housing module  200 , attach the integral baffle housing module  200  to the first stage noise suppression device  400  (assuming the integral baffle housing module  200  is being used with the first stage noise suppression device  400 ) and then fire the first bullet, which pierces seal  810 . 
     In accordance with an alternative embodiment relating to  FIG. 6  and  FIGS. 8A and 8B , if the ablative material introduced into integral baffle housing module  200  does not fill the entire interior space, it is possible to fill the remainder of that space with inert gas. The inert gas in conjunction with the ablative material will help prevent what is referred to in the art as “first round pop” because there is no oxygen in the integral baffle housing module  200 . 
     In accordance with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as described above, the integral baffle housing module  200  is manufactured as a truly monolithic unit. Preferably, the monolithic integral baffle housing module  200  is made of plastic and manufactured using a layered printing process. Moreover, the integral baffle housing module  200  may comprise various other features, as detailed above, such as rounded or filleted portions, bleed holes and textured or patterned interior surfaces along with seals to help retain ablative material. These features enhance performance, reduce manufacturing cost and facilitate customization, as compared to conventional noise suppression devices, such as the noise suppression device illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Additionally, the integral baffle housing module  200 , according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, may be used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device. If employed with a first stage noise suppression device, such as first stage noise suppression device  400  illustrated in  FIG. 4 , which attaches directly to the firearm, the first stage noise suppression device  400  may serve as the regulated noise suppression device under the NFA, whereas the integral baffle housing module  200  is deemed a mere accessory that need not be registered. As such, the integral baffle housing module  200  can be easily discarded or disposed of when it is worn or otherwise not functioning properly. Disposability is a major advantage, at least in terms of convenience, particularly when used for military operations and in combat zones, where it may be necessary to frequently change noise suppression devices because they are no longer functioning without having to carry around old, non-functioning devices. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a monolithic noise suppression device  900 , in accordance with a fifth exemplary embodiment.  FIG. 10  shows a perspective view of the noise suppression device  900  of  FIG. 9 . As illustrated, and with previously described embodiments, the noise suppression device  900  has a generally cylindrical shape. However, the present invention is not limited by the shape of the body  910 . The body  910  can alternatively include a geometric shape and can include features such as cut-outs, grooves, recesses, ridges, fins, etc. The body  910  includes an outer surface of the noise suppression device  900  and an inner portion that attaches to a core  920  that is integrally formed with and seamlessly connected to the body  910  defining a one-piece monolithic noise suppression device. Additionally, the body  910  also includes an integral proximal end-capping feature and an integral distal end-capping feature both with openings at both of two ends of the noise suppression device  900 . It is evident that the openings of the end-capping features are centered along a longitudinal axis C-C in a bore through the noise suppression device  900  though which a fired bullet or projectile travels. 
     As previously described, the noise suppression device  900  can be configured to attach directly to a firearm or be used in conjunction with a first stage noise suppression device. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the noise suppression device  900  includes female threads as one example of an attachment mechanism  915  that is used to attach the noise suppression device  900  to a firearm or a first stage noise suppression device. 
     In accordance with the fifth exemplary embodiment, the integral core  920  is a trabecular structure. That is, as shown in  FIG. 9 , the core  920  is made of a random framework of small holes or porous features that are all connected by a series of bars, rods, fibers, or beams that bridge together and extend through the core  920  and are connected to the interior portion of the body  910 . 
     The trabecular structure of the core  920  of the noise suppression device  900  for a firearm results in several benefits. First, the random porous nature of the trabecular framework of the core  920  causes increased internal turbulence and gas trapping to disrupt the flow of the bullet propellant gases through the noise suppressor  900 . Increased turbulence and trapping will slow down the propellant gas exit from the noise suppression device  900 . Slowing down and dispersing propellant gases is one method effectively contributing to noise suppression in firearms. This also has the effect of reducing blowback or a rebound of propellant gases in the direction of the shooter. 
     Second, the connecting and bridging structures of the trabecular framework creates a relatively large concentration of material surface area. Larger amount of material surface area allows increased heat absorption to lower the temperature of propellant gas, which is an effective noise suppression method, as previously discussed. A trabecular core allows for a larger amount of surface-to-volume of material than a same-sized suppressor made with conventional baffles. Unlike conventional ablative materials and techniques that are used to increase internal material surface area, the trabecular core of the present exemplary embodiment of the present invention is much more robust and will have a longer lifetime. 
     Third, the trabecular core  920  increases strength, rigidity, and durability of the noise suppression device  900 . The nature of the trabecular framework of the core distributes stress within the core  920  and transfers mechanical loads from the core  920  to the body  910 . The trabecular architecture increases rigidity throughout the noise suppression device  900 . Further, the elastic properties of the trabecular framework allow the core  920  to absorb and transfer concussive force of the muzzle blast. This property reduces catastrophic failures compared to conventional suppressor designs. There is less fatigue developed with the distributed trabecular framework that has a greater ability to withstand repetitive high magnitude impulse forces created in short times. 
     Fourth, because of the relative high strength-to-material volume in the trabecular core  920 , a total weight saving is achieved in the noise suppression device  900  as compared to a conventional suppressor with similar strength and rigidity. 
     In accordance with the present exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the noise suppression device  900  is preferably manufactured as a single monolithic unit using three-dimensional (3-D) printing techniques as previously described. The noise suppression device  900  can be made from plastic, metal, alloys, fiber, composite materials, or combinations thereof using a 3-D printing process. Further, the resulting monolithic unit can be subject to secondary processing to subtract material to form features such as the bore and attachment mechanism  915 . 
     Alternative to a core  920  with a trabecular structure with uniform density shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the noise suppressor  1100  illustrated in  FIG. 11  includes a core  1120  with varying structural density. That is, the amount of bridging connections within the trabecular structure per volume and size of the holes or spaces between the bridging connections can change through the core  1120 . For example, the trabecular structure of the core  1120  shown in  FIG. 11  is less dense in the proximal end toward the attachment mechanism  1115  and denser toward the distal end away from the attachment mechanism  1115 .  FIG. 11  illustrates a core  1120  with a gradual trabecular structure density change from one end to the other end. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the density change of the trabecular structure in the core  1120  need not be gradual in only one direction, but can be varied by design based on performance needs, suppressor material, caliber and parameters of the bullet, size of the suppressor, and other factors. 
     For example, the noise suppressor  1200  illustrated in  FIG. 12  includes a core  1220  with a gradual trabecular structure density change opposite to that shown in  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 12 , the core  1220  is less dense at the distal end and denser at the proximal end adjacent to the attachment mechanism. 
     In another aspect of a trabecular structure density change,  FIG. 13  shows that the density of the core  1320  in the noise suppressor  1300  is less dense at both the proximal and distal ends and denser in the middle portion between the proximal and distal ends. Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the density of the core  1420  in the noise suppressor  1400  is less dense in the middle portion and denser at the proximal and distal ends. Thus, the trabecular structure density can oscillate through the core. 
     In another aspect of a trabecular structure density change,  FIG. 15  shows that the density of the core  1520  in the noise suppressor  1500  is less dense at the bore and denser in a radial direction closer to the internal portion of the body  1510 . Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 16 , the density of the core  1620  in the noise suppressor  1600  is less dense at the internal portion of the body  1610  and denser along a radial direction closer to the bore. 
     As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, many variations of trabecular structure density are possible and the variation of density may not be gradual. Alternatively, the trabecular structure density can change abruptly or may be omitted entirely in lateral sections defining chambers in the core. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a monolithic noise suppression device  900 , in accordance with a sixth exemplary embodiment. As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the sixth exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 17  can include many of the same features as previously described with respect to other exemplary embodiments. For brevity, descriptions of these common features will be omitted. 
     In accordance with the sixth exemplary embodiment, the integral core  1720  includes a geometric lattice structure. This is similar to the trabecular structure core as described with respect to the fifth exemplary embodiment except that the same lattice structure is continually repeated throughout the core  1720  and is not random. That is, as shown in  FIG. 17 , the core  1720  includes a repeating geometric framework of small holes or porous features that are all connected by a series of bars, rods, fibers, or beams that bridge together and extend throughout the core  1720  and are connected to the interior of the body  1710 . 
     As one of ordinary skill would readily appreciate, a noise suppressor with a lattice structure included in the core can achieve the same or similar benefits to those previously described with respect to a trabecular structure. An additional benefit to a lattice structure core is that as the lattice is not random, but specifically selected and structured, variations of noise suppression performance or manufacturability within the same design can be more controlled. 
     In addition, as one of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate, a lattice structure can include varying densities as described above with respect to the trabecular structure core. For example,  FIG. 17  shows varying densities of the lattice structure in the core  1720  in different lateral sections of the core  1720 . 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a monolithic noise suppression device  1800 , in accordance with a seventh exemplary embodiment. As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the seventh exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 18  can include many of the same features as previously described with respect to other exemplary embodiments. For brevity, descriptions of these features will be omitted. 
     In accordance with the seventh exemplary embodiment, a noise suppressor  1800  with an integral core  1820  can include a combination of baffles  1830  and a trabecular structure or a lattice structure between the baffles  1830 . As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, a core  1820  of the seventh exemplary embodiment can include any combination of chambers, baffles, trabecular structures, and lattice structures as described above with respect to the previous exemplary embodiments. For example,  FIG. 18  shows the noise suppressor  1800  with the core  1820  including three baffles  1830  and a trabecular structure between the baffles  1830  that varies in density with less density toward the proximal end and more density at the distal end. 
     The present invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments. It will be understood that the certain modifications and variations of the various features described above with respect to these exemplary embodiments are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention.