Patent Publication Number: US-2023135014-A1

Title: Novel esterases and uses thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/812,405, filed Mar. 9, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,414,651, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/317,160, filed Jan. 11, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,584,320, which is the U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2017/067582, filed Jul. 12, 2017. 
     The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled “Seq-List.xml” which was created on Jul. 10, 2022 and is 2559 bytes. The entire content of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The present invention relates to novel esterases, more particularly to esterases having improved thermostability compared to a parent esterase and the uses thereof for degrading polyester containing material, such as plastic products. The esterases of the invention are particularly suited to degrade polyethylene terephthalate, and material containing polyethylene terephthalate. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Esterases are able to catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of polymers, including polyesters. In this context, esterases have shown promising effects in a number of industrial applications, including as detergents for dishwashing and laundry applications, as degrading enzymes for processing biomass and food, as biocatalysts in detoxification of environmental pollutants or for the treatment of polyester fabrics in the textile industry. In the same way, the use of esterases as degrading enzymes for hydrolyzing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is of particular interest. Indeed, PET is used in a large number of technical fields, such as in the manufacture of clothes, carpets, or in the form of a thermoset resin for the manufacture of packaging or automobile plastics or other parts, and PET accumulation in landfills becomes an increasing ecological problem. 
     Among esterases, cutinases, also known as cutin hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.74), are of particular interest. Cutinases have been identified from various fungi (P. E. Kolattukudy in “Lipases”, Ed. B. Borg-stróm and H. L. Brockman, Elsevier 1984, 471-504), bacteria and plant pollen. Recently, metagenomics approaches have led to identification of additional esterases. 
     The enzymatic degradation is considered as an interesting solution to decrease such plastic waste accumulation. Indeed, enzymes may accelerate hydrolysis of polyester containing material, and more particularly of plastic products, even up to the monomer level. Furthermore, the hydrolysate (i.e., monomers and oligomers) can be recycled as material for synthesizing new polymers. 
     In this context, several esterases have been identified as candidate degrading enzymes. For instance, several variants of the esterase (cutinase) of  Fusarium solani pisi  have been published (Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 64, 2794-2799, 1998; Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 26,442-458,1996). 
     However, most of these esterases are not efficient at an industrial level, because of their poor resistance to high temperatures. Accordingly, there is still a need for esterases with improved thermostability that may be used for degrading polyester at an industrial level and with high yield. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides new variants of esterase exhibiting increased thermostability compared to a parent, or wild-type esterase. These esterases are particularly useful in processes for degrading plastic material and product, such as plastic material and product containing PET. More particularly, the present invention provides variants of an esterase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, that corresponds to the amino acids 36 to 293 of the amino acid sequence of the metagenome-derived cutinase described in Sulaiman et al., Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 March, or to the amino acids 36 to 293 of the amino acid sequence referenced G9BY57 in SwissProt. 
     In this regard, it is an object of the invention to provide an esterase which (i) has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, (ii) contains at least one amino acid modification as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, (iii) has a polyester degrading activity and (iv) exhibits increased thermostability as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     More particularly, the esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid modification(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at position(s) selected from D203+S248, E173, L202, N204, F208, A172+A209, G39, A103, L82, G53, L104, L107, L119, A121, L124, I54, M56, L70, L74, A127, V150, L152, L168, V170, P196, V198, V200, V219, Y220, T221, S223, W224, M225, L239, T252, N253, H256, S1, Y4, Q5, R6, N9, S13, T16, S22, T25, Y26, S34, Y43, S48, T50, R72, S98, N105, R108, S113, N122, S145, K147, T160, N162, S181, Q189, N190, S193, T194, N204, S212, N213, N231, T233, R236, Q237, N241, N243, N254, R255 and Q258 wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the variant esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at position(s) selected from D203+S248, E173, N204, L202, F208, and V170. Preferably, the variant esterase of the invention comprises at least amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at position(s) selected from D203+S248 and F208. 
     In another particular embodiment, the variant esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at a position selected from T61, Y92 and V177, wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, and wherein the substitutions are different from T61A/G, Y92A and V177A. Preferably, the variant esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, selected from V1771, Y92G, Y92P, Y92P+F208W and T61M. 
     In a particular embodiment, the variant esterases of the invention may comprise, as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1:
         at least one additional disulphide bridge; and/or   at least one additional salt bridge; and/or   at least one mutation of an amino acid residue located in a void solvent-excluded cavity of the esterase; and/or   a suppression of at least one N- and/or C-terminal amino acid residue.       

     It is another object of the invention to provide a nucleic acid encoding an esterase of the invention. The present invention also relates to an expression cassette or an expression vector comprising said nucleic acid, and to a host cell comprising said nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of producing an esterase comprising: 
     (a) culturing the host cell according to the invention under suitable conditions to express the nucleic acid encoding the esterase; and optionally 
     (b) recovering said esterase from the cell culture. 
     The present invention also relates to a method of degrading a plastic product containing at least one polyester comprising 
     (a) contacting the plastic product with an esterase or the host cell according to the invention, thereby degrading the plastic product; and optionally 
     (b) recovering monomers and/or oligomers. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     The present disclosure will be best understood by reference to the following definitions. 
     Herein, the terms “peptide”, “polypeptide”, “protein”, “enzyme”, refer to a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, regardless of the number of amino acids forming said chain. The amino acids are herein represented by their one-letter or three-letters code according to the following nomenclature: A: alanine (Ala); C: cysteine (Cys); D: aspartic acid (Asp); E: glutamic acid (Glu); F: phenylalanine (Phe); G: glycine (Gly); H: histidine (His); I: isoleucine (Ile); K: lysine (Lys); L: leucine (Leu); M: methionine (Met); N: asparagine (Asn); P: proline (Pro); Q: glutamine (Gin); R: arginine (Arg); S: serine (Ser); T: threonine (Thr); V: valine (Val); W: tryptophan (Trp) and Y: tyrosine (Tyr). 
     The term “esterase” refers to an enzyme which belongs to a class of hydrolases classified as EC 3.1.1 according to Enzyme Nomenclature that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters into an acid and an alcohol. The term “cutinase” or “cutin hydrolase” refers to an esterase classified as EC 3.1.1.74 according to Enzyme Nomenclature that is able to catalyse the chemical reaction of production of cutin monomers from cutin and water. 
     The terms “wild-type protein” or “parent protein” are used interchangeably and refer to the non-mutated version of a polypeptide as it appears naturally. In the present case, the parent esterase refers to the esterase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Accordingly, the terms “mutant” and “variant” may be used interchangeably to refer to polypeptides derived from SEQ ID N o  1 and comprising a modification or an alteration, i.e., a substitution, insertion, and/or deletion, at one or more (e.g., several) positions and having a polyester degrading activity. The variants may be obtained by various techniques well known in the art. In particular, examples of techniques for altering the DNA sequence encoding the wild-type protein, include, but are not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, random mutagenesis and synthetic oligonucleotide construction. 
     The term “modification” or “alteration” as used herein in relation to a position or amino acid means that the amino acid in the particular position has been modified compared to the amino acid of the wild-type protein. 
     A “substitution” means that an amino acid residue is replaced by another amino acid residue. Preferably, the term “substitution” refers to the replacement of an amino acid residue by another selected from the naturally-occurring standard 20 amino acid residues, rare naturally occurring amino acid residues (e.g. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, allohydroxylysine, 6-N-methylysine, N-ethylglycine, N-methylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, allo-isoleucine, N-methylisoleucine, N-methylvaline, pyroglutamine, aminobutyric acid, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline), and non-naturally occurring amino acid residue, often made synthetically, (e.g. cyclohexyl-alanine). Preferably, the term “substitution” refers to the replacement of an amino acid residue by another selected from the naturally-occurring standard 20 amino acid residues (G, P, A, V, L, I, M, C, F, Y, W, H, K, R, Q, N, E, D, S and T). The sign “+” indicates a combination of substitutions. In the present document, the following terminology is used to designate a substitution: L82A denotes that amino acid residue (Leucine, L) at position 82 of the parent sequence is changed to an Alanine (A). A121V/I/M denotes that amino acid residue (Alanine, A) at position 121 of the parent sequence is substituted by one of the following amino acids: Valine (V), Isoleucine (I), or Methionine (M). The substitution can be a conservative or non-conservative substitution. Examples of conservative substitutions are within the groups of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine, asparagine and threonine), hydrophobic amino acids (methionine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine and serine). 
     The term “deletion”, used in relation to an amino acid, means that the amino acid has been removed or is absent. 
     The term “insertion” means that one or more amino acids have been added. 
     Unless otherwise specified, the positions disclosed in the present application are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. 
     As used herein, the term “sequence identity” or “identity” refers to the number (or fraction expressed as a percentage %) of matches (identical amino acid residues) between two polypeptide sequences. The sequence identity is determined by comparing the sequences when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps. In particular, sequence identity may be determined using any of a number of mathematical global or local alignment algorithms, depending on the length of the two sequences. Sequences of similar lengths are preferably aligned using a global alignment algorithms (e.g. Needleman and Wunsch algorithm; Needleman and Wunsch, 1970) which aligns the sequences optimally over the entire length, while sequences of substantially different lengths are preferably aligned using a local alignment algorithm (e.g. Smith and Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman, 1981) or Altschul algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997; Altschul et al., 2005)). Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software available on internet web sites such as blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/or ebi.ac.uk/Tools/emboss/). Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, % amino acid sequence identity values refers to values generated using the pair wise sequence alignment program EMBOSS Needle that creates an optimal global alignment of two sequences using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, wherein all search parameters are set to default values, i.e. Scoring matrix=BLOSUM62, Gap open=10, Gap extend=0.5, End gap penalty=false, End gap open=10 and End gap extend=0.5. 
     The terms “disulphide bridge”, “disulphide bond” and “S—S bond” are used interchangeably and refer to a covalent bond between sulphur atoms of two cysteines. 
     The term “salt bridge”, or “ion-pair”, refers to a noncovalent electrostatic interaction between two residues with opposite charges in a protein. A salt bridge most often is formed between the anionic carboxylate (RCOO − ) of either aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the cationic ammonium (RNH 3   + ) of lysine or the guanidinium (RNHC(NH 2 ) 2   + ) moiety of arginine. Other amino acid residues with ionizable side chains, such as histidine, tyrosine, serine, threonine and cysteine can also be part of a salt bridge. 
     The term “glycosylated”, in relation to a polypeptide, means that one or several glycans are attached to at least one amino acid residue of the polypeptide. In the context of the invention, glycosylation encompasses N-linked glycans, attached to the amide nitrogen of asparagine residue, O-linked glycans attached to the hydroxyl oxygen of serine or tyrosine residues, C-linked glycans attached to a carbon of a tryptophan residue. 
     The “protein conformation” or “crystal structure” refers to the three dimensional structure of the protein. 
     The term “recombinant” refers to a nucleic acid construct, a vector, a polypeptide or a cell produced by genetic engineering. 
     The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to any step involved in the production of a polypeptide including, but being not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. 
     The term “expression cassette” denotes a nucleic acid construct comprising a coding region, i.e. a nucleic acid of the invention, and a regulatory region, i.e. comprising one or more control sequences, operably linked. 
     As used herein, the term “expression vector” means a DNA or RNA molecule that comprises an expression cassette of the invention. Preferably, the expression vector is a linear or circular double stranded DNA molecule. 
     A “polymer” refers to a chemical compound or mixture of compounds whose structure is constituted of multiple monomers (repeat units) linked by covalent chemical bonds. Within the context of the invention, the term polymer includes natural or synthetic polymers, constituted of a single type of repeat unit (i.e., homopolymers) or of a mixture of different repeat units (i.e., copolymers or heteropolymers). According to the invention, “oligomers” refer to molecules containing from 2 to about 20 monomers. 
     In the context of the invention, a “polyester containing material” or “polyester containing product” refers to a product, such as plastic product, comprising at least one polyester in crystalline, semi-crystalline or totally amorphous forms. In a particular embodiment, the polyester containing material refers to any item made from at least one plastic material, such as plastic sheet, tube, rod, profile, shape, film, massive block etc., which contains at least one polyester, and possibly other substances or additives, such as plasticizers, mineral or organic fillers. In another particular embodiment, the polyester containing material refers to a plastic compound, or plastic formulation, in a molten or solid state, suitable for making a plastic product. 
     In the present description, “polyesters” encompass but is not limited to polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate (PEIT), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyethylene furanoate (PEF), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and blends/mixtures of these polymers. 
     Novel Esterases with Improved Thermostability 
     The present invention provides novel esterases with improved thermostability. More particularly, the inventors have developed different ways to improve the stability of esterases at high temperatures, and advantageously at temperature above 50° C., which allow design of novel enzymes having superior properties for use in industrial processes. 
     With the aim to improve the stability and/or activity of esterases in conditions where industrial degradation of plastic products can be performed, the inventors have developed novel esterases derived from the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 that show high resistance to temperature. The esterases of the invention are particularly suited to degrade plastic product containing PET. 
     The invention shows that, by creating new disulphide bridge(s) and/or salt bridge(s) in the crystal structure of the protein; by reducing protein mobility and/or solvent-excluded volume of intern cavities; and/or by reducing the N-terminal or C-terminal extremity, novel proteins are obtained which exhibit polyester degrading activity with improved thermostability. 
     It is thus an object of the present invention to provide an esterase which (i) has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, (ii) contains at least one amino acid modification as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, (iii) has a polyester degrading activity and (iv) exhibits increased thermostability as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Within the context of the invention, the term “increased thermostability” indicates an increased ability of the enzyme to resist to changes in its chemical and/or physical structure at high temperatures, and more particularly at temperature between 50° C. and 90° C., as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. Such an increase is typically of about 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, or more. Particularly, the esterases of the present invention may exhibit an increased melting temperature (Tm) as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. In the context of the present invention, the melting temperature refers to the temperature at which half of the protein/enzyme population considered is unfolded or misfolded. Typically, the esterase of the invention shows an increased Tm of about 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 10° C. or more, as compared to the Tm of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In particular, the esterases of the present invention can have an increased half-life at a temperature between 50° C. and 90° C., as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. Furthermore, at such temperature, the esterases of the invention may exhibit greater degrading activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     The thermostability of a protein may be evaluated by the one skilled in the art, according to methods known per se in the art. For instance, thermostability can be assessed by analysis of the protein folding using circular dichroism. Alternatively or in addition, thermostability can be assessed by measuring the residual esterase activity and/or the residual polyester depolymerization activity of the enzyme after incubation at different temperatures. The ability to perform multiple rounds of polyester&#39;s depolymerization assays at different temperatures can also be evaluated. A rapid and valuable test may consist on the evaluation, by halo diameter measurement, of the enzyme ability to degrade a solid polyester compound dispersed in an agar plate after incubation at different temperatures. Preferably, a Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) is performed to assess the thermostability of a protein/enzyme. More particularly, the DSF may be used to quantify the change in thermal denaturation temperature of a protein and thereby to determine its melting temperature (Tm). In the context of the invention, and unless specific indications, the Tm is measured using DSF as exposed in the experimental part. In the context of the invention, comparisons of Tm are performed with Tm that are measured under same conditions (e.g. pH, nature and amount of polyesters, etc.). 
     In a particular embodiment, the variants of the invention have both an improved thermostability and an increased polyester degrading activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Within the context of the invention, the term “increased activity” or “increased degrading activity” indicates an increased ability of the enzyme to degrade a plastic product or material, and more particularly a polyester containing plastic product or material, as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. Such an increase is typically of about 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, or more. Particularly, the esterase variant has a polyester degrading activity at least 10% greater than the polyester degrading activity of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1, preferably at least 20%, 50%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or greater. 
     The activity of a protein may be evaluated by the one skilled in the art, according to methods known per se in the art. For instance, the activity can be assessed by the measurement of the specific esterase activity rate, the measurement of the specific polyester&#39;s depolymerization activity rate, the measurement of the rate to degrade a solid polyester compound dispersed in an agar plate, or the measurement of the specific polyester&#39;s depolymerization activity rate in reactor. 
     Within the context of the invention, the terms “specific activity” or “specific degrading activity” designate the initial rate of oligomers and/or monomers released under suitable conditions of temperature, pH and buffer, when contacting the polyester containing plastic product with a degrading enzyme, such as an esterase according to the invention. As an example, the specific activity of PET hydrolysis corresponds to μmol of PET hydrolysed/min or mg of equivalent TA produced/hour and per mg of enzyme as determined in the linear part of the hydrolysis curve. 
     The ability of a protein to adsorb on a substrate may be evaluated by the one skilled in the art, according to methods known per se in the art. For instance, the proteic content or the residual esterase activity, residual polyester&#39;s depolymerization activity, residual degradation of a solid polyester compound dispersed in an agar plate, or residual polyester&#39;s depolymerization activity in reactor can be measured from a solution containing the esterase of the invention and wherein the esterase has been previously incubated with a substrate under suitable conditions where no enzymatic reaction can occur. 
     The esterases of the invention may comprise one or several modifications as disclosed below. 
     In one embodiment, the esterase of the invention has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1 and comprises at least one additional disulphide bridge as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises substitutions at positions A172+A209, wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In another particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises at least one mutation at a position selected from V28 to G39, L82 and A103, wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Particularly, the esterase variant exhibits a deletion of the amino acid residues V28 to S34 of SEQ ID N o  1, and substitutions as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, at a position selected from G35, F36, G37, G38, G39, L82 and/or A103, and more particularly substitutions consisting of G35E/A+F36G+G37P+G38S+G39C, L82A and/or A103C. 
     Alternatively, the esterase variant exhibits a deletion of the amino acids V33 to G39 of SEQ ID N o  1, and substitutions as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 consisting of V28E+S29G+R30P+L31S+S32C or V28A+S29G+R30P+L31S+S32C and substitution L82A and/or A103C. 
     Alternatively, the esterase variant comprises the replacement of the amino acids V28 to G39 of SEQ ID N o  1 with the amino acid sequence consisting of E-G-P—S—C or A-G-P—S—C, and eventually substitution L82A and/or A103C. 
     Alternatively, the esterase variant exhibits a deletion of the amino acids V33 to G39 of SEQ ID N o  1, and substitutions consisting of V28E+S29G+R30P+L31S+S32C or V28A+S29G+R30P+L31S+S32C and substitutions L82A, A103C, A172C and A209C. 
     In another particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises substitutions at positions D203+S248, wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1. Preferably, the substitutions consist of D203C+S248C. In a particular embodiment, such esterase variant with substitutions at positions D203+S248, further comprises at least one substitution at position selected from E173, L202, N204 and F208. Preferably, the additional substitutions are selected from E173R, E173A, F208W or F208I. More particularly, the esterase variant comprises the substitutions selected from D203C+S248C+E173R, D203C+S248C+E173A, D203C+S248C+F208W and D203C+S248C+F208I. In a particular embodiment, esterase variant with substitutions at positions D203+S248 further comprises at least two substitutions at positions selected from E173, L202, N204 and F208. For instance, the variant comprises at least the substitutions D203C+S248C+E173R+N204D+L202R, F208W+D203C+S248C+E173A and F208I+D203C+S248C+E173A. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an esterase having a polyester degrading activity which has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1 and comprises, as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, at least one mutation of an amino acid residue located in a void solvent-excluded cavity of the protein. Particularly, such mutation enables to reduce the solvent-excluded volume of the cavity. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises at least one substitution at a position selected from G53, L104, L107, L119, A121, L124, I54, M56, L70, L74, A127, V150, L152, L168, V170, P196, V198, V200, V219, Y220, T221, S223, W224, M225, L239, T252, N253, H256, by reference to SEQ ID N o  1. Advantageously, the esterase variant comprises at least two, three, four, five or more amino acid substitutions among said positions. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of said amino acids is replaced with a bulkier (i.e., more voluminous) amino acid. 
     Advantageously, the esterase variant comprises at least one substitution selected from G53A/I, I54L, M56I, L70M/I, L74M, L104M, L107M, L119M/A, A121V/I/M/Y, L124I/R/Q, A127V/I, V150I, L152I, L168I, V170I, V198I, V219I, Y220F/P/M, T221A/V/L/I/M, S223A, W2241/M, and T252S/D. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises substitutions at positions V170+F208. Advantageously, the esterase variant comprises substitutions V170I+F208W. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises amino acid substitutions at positions belonging to at least two of the groups (i)-(v) below. Advantageously, the esterase variant comprises at least substitution at a position in each group (i)-(v). 
     (i) G53, L104, L107, L119, A121, L124; 
     (ii) I54, M56, L70, L74, A127, V150, L152, T221, M225; 
     (iii) V150, L152, L168, V170, V200, T221; 
     (iv) P196, V198, W224, T252, N253, H256; 
     (v) V219, Y220, S223, L239. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an esterase having a polyester degrading activity which has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, and comprises, as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, at least one additional salt bridge. Preferably, the esterase comprises at least one additional surface salt bridge, located on the extern surface of the protein structure. 
     To this aim, the esterase variant advantageously comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from 51, Y4, Q5, R6, N9, S13, T16, S22, T25, Y26, S34, Y43, S48, T50, R72, S98, N105, R108, S113, N122, S145, K147, T160, N162, E173, S181, Q189, N190, S193, T194, D203, N204, S212, N213, N231, T233, R236, Q237, N241, N243, N254, R255, Q258. 
     Advantageously, the esterase variant has at least one salt bridge between two amino acids of said positions. 
     Most often, salt bridges are formed by interaction between an anionic charge of either aspartic acid (D) or glutamic acid (E), and a cationic charge of either lysine (K) or arginine (R). Accordingly, the salt bridge in the esterase of the invention is advantageously obtained by substituting at least one amino acid of at least one pair of target amino acids as listed in Table 1, with D or E and/or K or R, depending on the nature of the pair of target amino acid considered. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Combination of pairs of amino acid positions 
               
               
                 (1 st  and 2scd) to target to form salt bridge 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 1 st  amino acid position 
                 2scd amino acid position 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 S1 
                 Q5 or N9 or S48 or N231or T233 or R236 
               
               
                   
                 or Q237 
               
               
                 Y4 
                 R6 or S48 or T50 or N122 or N231 
               
               
                 Q5 
                 N9 or N231 or T233 or Q237 
               
               
                 R6 
                 S48 or T50 
               
               
                 N9 
                 N231 or T233 or Q237 
               
               
                 T16 
                 N213 or S13 
               
               
                 S22 
                 Y43 or R72 
               
               
                 T25 
                 R72 
               
               
                 Y26 
                 Y43 or S113 
               
               
                 S34 
                 S98 or N105 
               
               
                 Y43 
                 S48 or S113 
               
               
                 T50 
                 S48 
               
               
                 R108 
                 N105 or S145 or N122 
               
               
                 S113 
                 S48 
               
               
                 N122 
                 R6 or T50 or S145 
               
               
                 K147 
                 Y4 or N122 or S145 or N231 
               
               
                 T160 
                 N190 
               
               
                 N162 
                 N190 or S193 or T194 
               
               
                 E173 
                 S181or D203 or N204 
               
               
                 Q189 
                 S181 or S193 
               
               
                 S193 
                 T160 or N190 or N254 or R255 
               
               
                 T194 
                 R255 
               
               
                 S212 
                 R72 
               
               
                 N231 
                 N122 
               
               
                 R236 
                 T233 or N254 or Q258 
               
               
                 Q237 
                 N241 or N243 
               
               
                 N243 
                 R236 or N254 or Q258 
               
               
                 Q258 
                 N241 or N254 or R255 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Advantageously, when an amino acid residue of the targeted pair of amino acids is R or K, solely the second amino acid of the targeted pair is substituted with D or E. As an example, the esterase variant of the invention may comprise the amino acid substitution Y4D and thereby may exhibit a salt bridge between said mutated amino acid residue and R6. In the same way, when an amino acid residue of the targeted pair of amino acids is D or E, solely the second amino acid of the targeted pair is substituted with R or K. As an example, the esterase variant of the invention may comprise the amino acid substitution N204R and thereby may exhibit a salt bridge between said mutated amino acid residue and E173. 
     It is also an object of the invention to provide a esterase having a polyester degrading activity which has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, which comprises a suppression of at least one N- and/or C-terminal amino acid residue as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, and preferably, the suppression of at least one N-terminal amino acid residue. 
     In a particular embodiment, the variant esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at a position selected from T61, Y92 and V177, wherein the positions are numbered by reference to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, and wherein the substitutions are different from T61A/G, Y92A and V177A. Preferably, the variant esterase of the invention comprises one or more amino acid substitution(s) as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, selected from V1771, Y92G/P, and T61M. 
     In another particular embodiment, the variant esterase of the invention comprises at least one substitution as compared to SEQ ID N o  1 at the position F208. According to the invention F208 may be substituted by any one of the 19 other amino acids. Preferably, the substitution is F208W. 
     In another particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises at least two substitutions at positions selected from T61, Y92, V177 and F208 as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, preferably at least two substitutions at positions F208 and Y92. 
     In a particular embodiment, the variant comprises at least the substitutions Y92P+F208W. 
     In another particular embodiment, the variant comprises at least the substitutions V170I+F208W. 
     According to the invention, the esterase variants may be further glycosylated to further increase the thermostability of the enzyme as compared to the enzyme of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises a glycosylated moiety on at least one asparagine residue of the enzyme, said asparagine residue being preferably at a position selected from N9, N143, N162, N204, N231, by reference to SEQ ID N o  1, more preferably selected from N9, N162 and N231. In an embodiment, esterase variant comprises a glycosylated moiety on N9, N162 and N231. 
     For instance, a N-linked glycan moiety is attached to a nitrogen of at least one of said asparagine residues. 
     Alternatively or in addition, the esterase variant of the invention may further comprise one or more insertions of proline residue and/or one or more deletions of glycine. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant of the invention comprises one or several modifications and/or mutations as listed above. 
     Novel Esterases with Both Improved Thermostability and Activity 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide novel esterases that exhibit both increased thermostability and increased polyester degrading activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     It is thus another object of the invention to provide an esterase which (i) has at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID N o  1, (ii) contains at least one amino acid modification as compared to SEQ ID N o  1, and (iii) exhibits both an increased thermostability and an increased activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant comprises at least one mutation as disclosed above and at least one additional substitution selected from F208I or F208W by reference to SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In another particular embodiment, the variant comprises at least one substitution selected from T61M, Y92G/P, F208W, Y92P+F208W, and F208W+V170I and exhibits both an increased thermostability and an increased activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the variant comprises at least the substitution(s) selected from F208W+D203C+S248C and F208I+D203C+S248C and exhibits both an increased thermostability and an increased activity as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Polyester Degrading Activity 
     It is an object of the invention to provide new enzymes having an esterase activity. In a particular embodiment, the enzyme of the invention further exhibits a cutinase activity. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase of the invention has a polyester degrading activity, preferably a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degrading activity. 
     In another particular embodiment, the esterase of the invention also has a PBAT degrading activity. 
     Advantageously, the esterase variant of the invention exhibits a polyester degrading activity at least in a range of temperatures from 20° C. to 90° C., preferably from 40° C. to 80° C., more preferably from 50° C. to 70° C., even more preferably from 60° C. to 70° C., even more preferably at 65° C. In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant of the invention exhibits a polyester degrading activity at 70° C. In another particular embodiment, the polyester degrading activity is still measurable at a temperature between 60° C. and 90° C. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant of the invention has an increased half-life at a given temperature, compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1, and more particularly at a temperature between 40° C. and 80° C., more preferably between 50° C. and 70° C., even more preferably between 60° C. and 70° C., even more preferably at 65° C. In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant has a half-life at 65° C. at least 5% greater than the half-life of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1, preferably at least 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or greater. 
     In another particular embodiment, the esterase variant of the invention has an increased melting temperature (Tm), as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. Advantageously, the esterase variant of the invention has an melting temperature (Tm) increased of about 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 10° C. or more as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase variant of the invention exhibits a measurable esterase activity at least in a range of pH from 5 to 11, preferably in a range of pH from 6 to 9, more preferably in a range of pH from 6.5 to 9, even more preferably in a range of pH from 6.5 to 8. 
     Nucleic Acids, Expression Cassette, Vector 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a nucleic acid encoding an esterase as defined above. 
     As used herein, the term “nucleic acid”, “nucleic sequence,” “polynucleotide”, “oligonucleotide” and “nucleotide sequence” are used interchangeably and refer to a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides and/or ribonucleotides. The nucleic acids can be DNA (cDNA or gDNA), RNA, or a mixture of the two. It can be in single stranded form or in duplex form or a mixture of the two. It can be of recombinant, artificial and/or synthetic origin and it can comprise modified nucleotides, comprising for example a modified bond, a modified purine or pyrimidine base, or a modified sugar. The nucleic acids of the invention can be in isolated or purified form, and made, isolated and/or manipulated by techniques known per se in the art, e.g., cloning and expression of cDNA libraries, amplification, enzymatic synthesis or recombinant technology. The nucleic acids can also be synthesized in vitro by well-known chemical synthesis techniques, as described in, e.g., Belousov (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3440-3444. 
     The invention also encompasses nucleic acids which hybridize, under stringent conditions, to a nucleic acid encoding an esterase as defined above. Preferably, such stringent conditions include incubations of hybridization filters at about 42° C. for about 2.5 hours in 2×SSC/0.1% SDS, followed by washing of the filters four times of 15 minutes in 1×SSC/0.1% SDS at 65° C. Protocols used are described in such reference as Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor N.Y. (1988)) and Ausubel (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1989)). 
     The invention also encompasses nucleic acids encoding an esterase of the invention, wherein the sequence of said nucleic acids, or a portion of said sequence at least, has been engineered using optimized codon usage. 
     Alternatively, the nucleic acids according to the invention may be deduced from the sequence of the esterase according to the invention and codon usage may be adapted according to the host cell in which the nucleic acids shall be transcribed. These steps may be carried out according to methods well known to one skilled in the art and some of which are described in the reference manual Sambrook et al. (Sambrook et al., 2001). 
     Nucleic acids of the invention may further comprise additional nucleotide sequences, such as regulatory regions, i.e., promoters, enhancers, silencers, terminators, signal peptides and the like that can be used to cause or regulate expression of the polypeptide in a selected host cell or system. 
     The present invention further relates to an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention operably linked to one or more control sequences that direct the expression of said nucleic acid in a suitable host cell. Typically, the expression cassette comprises, or consists of, a nucleic acid according to the invention operably linked to a control sequence such as transcriptional promoter and/or transcription terminator. The control sequence may include a promoter that is recognized by a host cell or an in vitro expression system for expression of a nucleic acid encoding an esterase of the present invention. The promoter contains transcriptional control sequences that mediate the expression of the enzyme. The promoter may be any polynucleotide that shows transcriptional activity in the host cell including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. The control sequence may also be a transcription terminator, which is recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator is operably linked to the 3′-terminus of the nucleic acid encoding the esterase. Any terminator that is functional in the host cell may be used in the present invention. Typically, the expression cassette comprises, or consists of, a nucleic acid according to the invention operably linked to a transcriptional promoter and a transcription terminator. 
     The invention also relates to a vector comprising a nucleic acid or an expression cassette as defined above. 
     The term “vector” refers to DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer recombinant genetic material into a host cell. The major types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages, viruses, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the “backbone” of the vector. The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to the host is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. Vectors called expression vectors (expression constructs) are specifically adapted for the expression of the heterologous sequences in the target cell, and generally have a promoter sequence that drives expression of the heterologous sequences encoding a polypeptide. Generally, the regulatory elements that are present in an expression vector include a transcriptional promoter, a ribosome binding site, a terminator, and optionally present operator. Preferably, an expression vector also contains an origin of replication for autonomous replication in a host cell, a selectable marker, a limited number of useful restriction enzyme sites, and a potential for high copy number. Examples of expression vectors are cloning vectors, modified cloning vectors, specifically designed plasmids and viruses. Expression vectors providing suitable levels of polypeptide expression in different hosts are well known in the art. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a host cell comprising a nucleic acid, an expression cassette or a vector as described above. The present invention thus relates to the use of a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector according to the invention to transform, transfect or transduce a host cell. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which it must be introduced. 
     According to the invention, the host cell may be transformed, transfected or transduced in a transient or stable manner. The expression cassette or vector of the invention is introduced into a host cell so that the cassette or vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector. The term “host cell” also encompasses any progeny of a parent host cell that is not identical to the parent host cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The host cell may be any cell useful in the production of a variant of the present invention, e.g., a prokaryote or a eukaryote. The prokaryotic host cell may be any Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium. The host cell may also be an eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast, fungal, mammalian, insect or plant cell. In a particular embodiment, the host cell is selected from the group of  Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Pichia  or  Yarrowia.    
     The nucleic acid, expression cassette or expression vector according to the invention may be introduced into the host cell by any method known by the skilled person, such as electroporation, conjugation, transduction, competent cell transformation, protoplast transformation, protoplast fusion, biolistic “gene gun” transformation, PEG-mediated transformation, lipid-assisted transformation or transfection, chemically mediated transfection, lithium acetate-mediated transformation, liposome-mediated transformation. 
     Optionally, more than one copy of a nucleic acid, cassette or vector of the present invention may be inserted into a host cell to increase production of the variant. 
     In a particular embodiment, the host cell is a recombinant microorganism. The invention indeed allows the engineering of microorganisms with improved capacity to degrade polyester containing material. For instance, the sequence of the invention may be used to complement a wild type strain of a fungus or bacterium already known as able to degrade polyester, in order to improve and/or increase the strain capacity. 
     Production of Esterase Variant 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a method of producing the esterase variant of the invention, comprising expressing a nucleic acid encoding the esterase and optionally recovering the esterase. 
     In particular, the present invention relates to in vitro methods of producing an esterase of the present invention comprising (a) contacting a nucleic acid, cassette or vector of the invention with an in vitro expression system; and (b) recovering the esterase produced. In vitro expression systems are well-known by the person skilled in the art and are commercially available. 
     Preferably, the method of production comprises 
     (a) culturing a host cell that comprises a nucleic acid encoding an esterase of the invention under conditions suitable to express the nucleic acid; and optionally
 
(b) recovering said esterase from the cell culture.
 
     Advantageously, the host cell is a recombinant  Bacillus , recombinant  E. coli , recombinant  Aspergillus , recombinant  Trichoderma , recombinant  Streptomyces , recombinant  Saccharomyces , recombinant  Pichia  or recombinant  Yarrowia lipolytica.    
     The host cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of polypeptides, using methods known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, or small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the enzyme to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium, from commercial suppliers or prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). 
     If the esterase is excreted into the nutrient medium, the esterase can be recovered directly from the culture supernatant. Conversely, the esterase can be recovered from cell lysates or after permeabilisation. The esterase may be recovered using any method known in the art. For example, the esterase may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, collection, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. Optionally, the esterase may be partially or totally purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, or extraction to obtain substantially pure polypeptides. 
     The esterase may be used as such, in purified form, either alone or in combinations with additional enzymes, to catalyze enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation and/or recycling of a polyester containing material, such as plastic products containing polyester. The esterase may be in soluble form, or on solid phase. In particular, it may be bound to cell membranes or lipid vesicles, or to synthetic supports such as glass, plastic, polymers, filter, membranes, e.g., in the form of beads, columns, plates and the like. 
     Composition 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a composition comprising an esterase or a host cell of the invention. In the context of the invention, the term “composition” encompasses any kind of compositions comprising an esterase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the esterase is in isolated or at least partially purified form. 
     The composition may be liquid or dry, for instance in the form of a powder. In some embodiments, the composition is a lyophilisate. For instance, the composition may comprise the esterase and/or recombinant cells encoding the esterase of the invention or extract thereof, and optionally excipients and/or reagents etc. Appropriate excipients encompass buffers commonly used in biochemistry, agents for adjusting pH, preservatives such as sodium benzoate, sodium sorbate or sodium ascorbate, conservatives, protective or stabilizing agents such as starch, dextrin, arabic gum, salts, sugars e.g. sorbitol, trehalose or lactose, glycerol, polyethyleneglycol, polyethene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propylene glycol, sequestering agent such as EDTA, reducing agents, amino acids, a carrier such as a solvent or an aqueous solution, and the like. The composition of the invention may be obtained by mixing the esterase with one or several excipients. 
     The composition of the invention may comprise from 0.1% to 99.9%, preferably from 0.1% to 50%, more preferably from 0.1% to 30%, even more preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of the esterase of the invention and from 0.1% to 99.9%, preferably from 50% to 99.9%, more preferably from 70% to 99.9%, even more preferably from 95% to 99.9% by weight of excipient(s). A preferred composition comprises between 0.1 and 5% by weight of the esterase of the invention. 
     In a particular embodiment, the composition may further comprise additional polypeptide(s) exhibiting an enzymatic activity. The amounts of esterase of the invention will be easily adapted by those skilled in the art depending e.g., on the nature of the polyester containing material to degrade and/or the additional enzymes/polypeptides contained in the composition. 
     In a particular embodiment, the esterase of the invention is solubilized in an aqueous medium together with one or several excipients, especially excipients which are able to stabilize or protect the polypeptide from degradation. For instance, the esterase of the invention may be solubilized in water, eventually with additional components, such as glycerol, sorbitol, dextrin, starch, glycol such as propanediol, salt, etc. The resulting mixture may then be dried so as to obtain a powder. Methods for drying such mixture are well known to the one skilled in the art and include, without limitation, lyophilisation, freeze-drying, spray-drying, supercritical drying, down-draught evaporation, thin-layer evaporation, centrifugal evaporation, conveyer drying, fluidized bed drying, drum drying or any combination thereof. 
     In a further particular embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises at least one recombinant cell expressing an esterase of the invention, or an extract thereof. An “extract of a cell” designates any fraction obtained from a cell, such as cell supernatant, cell debris, cell walls, DNA extract, enzymes or enzyme preparation or any preparation derived from cells by chemical, physical and/or enzymatic treatment, which is essentially free of living cells. Preferred extracts are enzymatically-active extracts. The composition of the invention may comprise one or several recombinant cells of the invention or extract thereof, and optionally one or several additional cells. 
     In a particular embodiment, the composition consists or comprises a lyophilized culture medium of a recombinant microorganism expressing and excreting an esterase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the powder comprises the esterase of the invention and a stabilizing/solubilizing amount of glycerol, sorbitol or dextrin, such as maltodextrine and/or cyclodextrine, starch, glycol such as propanediol, and/or salt. 
     Use of the Esterase of the Invention 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide methods using an esterase of the invention for degrading in aerobic or anaerobic conditions and/or recycling polyester containing material, as plastic products made of or containing polyesters. The variant esterases of the invention are particularly useful for degrading a plastic product comprising PET. 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to use an esterase of the invention, or corresponding recombinant cell or extract thereof, or composition for the enzymatic degradation of a polyester containing material, such as a PET containing material. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a method for degrading a plastic product containing at least one polyester, wherein the plastic product is contacted with an esterase or host cell or composition of the invention, thereby degrading the plastic product. Advantageously, polyester(s) of the polyester containing material is (are) depolymerized up to monomers and/or oligomers. 
     In an embodiment of the method of degradation, at least one polyester is degraded to yield repolymerizable monomers and/or oligomers, which are advantageously retrieved in order to be reused. 
     In an embodiment, polyester(s) of the polyester containing material is (are) fully degraded. 
     In a particular embodiment, the plastic product comprises at least one polyester selected from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylen terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate (PEIT), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyethylene furanoate (PEF), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and blends/mixtures of these materials, preferably polyethylene terephthalate. In a preferred embodiment, the polyester containing material comprises PET, and at least monomers such as monoethylene glycol or terephthalic acid, and/or oligomers such as methyl-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET), bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (HEB) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) are recovered for recycling or methanisation for instance. 
     The invention also relates to a method of producing monomers and/or oligomers from a polyester containing material, comprising exposing a polyester containing material to an esterase of the invention, or corresponding recombinant cell or extract thereof, or composition, and optionally recovering monomers and/or oligomers. The method of the invention is particularly useful for producing monomers selected from monoethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, and/or oligomers selected from methyl-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET), bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (HEB) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). 
     The time required for degrading a polyester containing material may vary depending on the polyester containing material itself (i.e., nature and origin of the plastic product, its composition, shape etc.), the type and amount of esterase used, as well as various process parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, additional agents, etc.). One skilled in the art may easily adapt the process parameters to the polyester containing material. 
     Advantageously, the degrading process is implemented at a temperature comprised between 20° C. and 90° C., preferably between 40° C. and 80° C., more preferably between 50° C. and 70° C., more preferably between 60° C. and 70° C., even more preferably at 65° C. In another particular embodiment, the degrading process is implemented at 70° C. More generally, the temperature is maintained below an inactivating temperature, which corresponds to the temperature at which the esterase is inactivated and/or the recombinant microorganism does no more synthesize the esterase. Particularly, the temperature is maintained below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester in the polyester containing material. More particularly, the process is implemented in a continuous way, at a temperature at which the esterase can be used several times and/or recycled. 
     Advantageously, the degrading process is implemented at a pH comprised between 5 and 11, preferably at a pH between 6 and 9, more preferably at a pH between 6.5 and 9, even more preferably at a pH between 6.5 to 8. 
     In a particular embodiment, the polyester containing material may be pretreated prior to be contacted with the esterase, in order to physically change its structure, so as to increase the surface of contact between the polyester and the variant of the invention. 
     Optionally, monomers and/or oligomers resulting from the depolymerization may be recovered, sequentially or continuously. A single type of monomers and/or oligomers or several different types of monomers and/or oligomers may be recovered, depending on the starting polyester containing material. 
     The recovered monomers and/or oligomers may be further purified, using all suitable purifying methods and conditioned in a re-polymerizable form. Examples of purifying methods include stripping process, separation by aqueous solution, steam selective condensation, filtration and concentration of the medium after the bioprocess, separation, distillation, vacuum evaporation, extraction, electrodialysis, adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation, crystallization, concentration and acid addition dehydration and precipitation, nanofiltration, acid catalyst treatment, semi continuous mode distillation or continuous mode distillation, solvent extraction, evaporative concentration, evaporative crystallization, liquid/liquid extraction, hydrogenation, azeotropic distillation process, adsorption, column chromatography, simple vacuum distillation and microfiltration, combined or not. 
     The repolymerizable monomers and/or oligomers may then be reused for instance to synthesize polyesters. Advantageously, polyesters of same nature are repolymerized. However, it is possible to mix the recovered monomers and/or oligomers with other monomers and/or oligomers, in order for instance to synthesize new copolymers. Alternatively, the recovered monomers may be used as chemical intermediates in order to produce new chemical compounds of interest. 
     The invention also relates to a method of surface hydrolysis or surface functionalization of a polyester containing material, comprising exposing a polyester containing material to an esterase of the invention, or corresponding recombinant cell or extract thereof, or composition. The method of the invention is particularly useful for increasing hydrophilicity, or water absorbency, of a polyester material. Such increased hydrophilicity may have particular interest in textiles production, electronics and biomedical applications. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a polyester containing material in which an esterase of the invention and/or a recombinant microorganism expressing and excreting said esterase is/are included. In a particular embodiment, such polyester containing material may be a plastic compound. It is thus an object of the invention to provide a plastic compound containing an esterase of the invention and/or a recombinant cell and/or a composition or extract thereof; and at least one polyester. In a preferred embodiment, the polyester is PET. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Construction, Expression and Purification of Esterases 
     Construction 
     The esterase variants have been generated using the plasmidic construction pET26b-LCC-His. This plasmid consists in cloning a gene encoding the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1, optimized for  Escherichia coli  expression between NdeI and XhoI restriction sites. Two site directed mutagenesis kits have been used according to the recommendations of the supplier, in order to generate the esterase variants: QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit and QuikChange Lightning Multi Site-Directed from Agilent (Santa Clara, Calif., USA). 
     Expression and Purification of the Esterases 
     The strains Stellar™ (Clontech, Calif., USA) and  E. coli  One Shot® BL21 DE3 (Life technologies, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) have been successively employed to perform the cloning and recombinant expression in 50 mL LB-Miller medium or ZYM auto inducible medium (Studier et al., 2005—Prot. Exp. Pur. 41, 207-234). The induction in LB-Miller medium has been performed at 16° C., with 0.5 mM of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Euromedex, Souffelweyersheim, France). The cultures have been stopped by centrifugation (8000 rpm, 20 minutes at 10° C.) in an Avanti J-26 XP centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA). The cells have been suspended in 20 mL of Talon buffer (Tris-HCl 20 mM, NaCl 300 mM, pH 8). Cell suspension was then sonicated during 2 minutes with 30% of amplitude (2 sec ON and 1 sec OFF cycles) by FB 705 sonicator (Fisherbrand, Illkirch, France). Then, a step of centrifugation has been realized: 30 minutes at 11000 rpm, 10° C. in an Eppendorf centrifuge. The soluble fraction has been collected and submitted to affinity chromatography. This purification step has been completed with Talon® Metal Affinity Resin (Clontech, Calif., USA). Protein elution has been carried out with gradient of Talon buffer supplemented with imidazole. Purified protein has been dialyzed against Talon buffer then quantified using Bio-Rad protein assay according to manufacturer instructions (Lifescience Bio-Rad, France) and stored at +4° C. 
     Example 2—Evaluation of the Thermostability of the Esterases of the Invention 
     The thermostability of the esterase variants has been determined and compared to the thermostability of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     Different methodologies have been used to estimate thermostability: 
     (1) Circular dichroism of proteins in solution;
 
(2) Residual esterase activity after protein incubation in given conditions of temperatures, times and buffers;
 
(3) Residual polyester&#39;s depolymerization activity after protein incubation in given conditions of temperatures, times and buffers;
 
(4) Ability to degrade a solid polyester compound (such as PET or PBAT or analogues) dispersed in an agar plate, after protein incubation in given conditions of temperatures, times and buffers;
 
(5) Ability to perform multiple rounds of polyester&#39;s depolymerization assays in given conditions of temperatures, buffers, protein concentrations and polyester concentrations;
 
     (6) Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF). 
     Details on the protocol of such methods are given below. 
     2.1 Circular Dichroism 
     Circular dichroism (CD) has been performed with a Jasco 815 device (Easton, USA) to compare the fusion temperature (T m ) of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 and the esterase variants of the invention. The T m  corresponds to the temperature at which 50% of the protein is denaturated. 
     Technically 4004, protein sample was prepared at 0.5 mg/mL in Talon buffer and used for CD. A first scan from 280 to 190 nm was realized to determine two maxima intensities of CD corresponding to the correct folding of the protein. A second scan was then performed from 25° C. to 110° C., at length waves corresponding to such maximal intensities and providing specific curves (sigmoid 3 parameters y=a/(1+e{circumflex over ( )}((x−x0)/b))) that were analyzed by Sigmaplot version 11.0 software, the Tm is determined when x=x0. The T m  obtained reflects the thermostability of the given protein. The higher the T m  is, the more stable the variant is at high temperature. 
     2.2 Residual Esterase Activity 
     1 mL of a solution of 40 mg/L (in Talon buffer) of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 or of an esterase variant was incubated at different temperatures (65, 70, 75, 80 and 90° C.) during 10 days. Regularly, a sample, was taken, diluted 1 to 500 times in a 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 and para nitro phenol-butyrate (pNP-B) assay was realized. 20 μL of sample are mixed with 175 μL of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 and 5 μL of pNP-B solution in 2-methyl-2 butanol (40 mM). Enzymatic reaction was performed at 30° C. under agitation, during 15 minutes and absorbance at 405 nm was acquired by microplate spectrophotometer (Versamax, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA). Activity of pNP-B hydrolysis (initial velocity expressed in μmol of pNPB/min) was determined using a standard curve for the liberated para nitro phenol in the linear part of the hydrolysis curve. The half-life of the enzyme at a given temperature corresponds to the time necessary to lose 50% of the initial activity. 
     2.3 Residual Polyester Depolymerizing Activity 
     Crushed Cristal preform were immersed in liquid nitrogen and were micronized using an Ultra Centrifugal Mill ZM 200 system to a fine powder&lt;500 μm size. Then, the obtained powder was sieved. The fraction with a size between 250 μm and 500 μm only has been used for the depolymerization test. The crystallinity of this fraction was measured at 11.5% using a Mettler Toledo DSC 3 with heating rate of 10° C./min. 
     10 mL of a solution of 40 mg/L (in Talon buffer) of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 and of an esterase variant respectively were incubated at different temperatures (65, 70, 75, 80 and 90° C.) during 10 to 30 days. Regularly, a 1 mL sample was taken, and transferred into a bottle containing 100 mg of amorphous PET micronized at 250-500 μm and 49 mL of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 and incubated at 65° C. 150 μL of buffer were sampled regularly. When required, samples were diluted in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8. Then, 150 μL of methanol and 6.5 μL of HCl 6 N were added to 150 μL of sample or dilution. After mixing and filtering on 0.45 μm syringe filter, samples were loaded on UHPLC to monitor the liberation of terephthalic acid (TA), MHET and BHET. Chromatography system used was an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Waltham, Mass., USA) including a pump module, an autosampler, a column oven thermostated at 25° C., and an UV detector at 240 nm. The column used was a Discovery® HS C18 HPLC Column (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm, equipped with precolumn, Supelco, Bellefonte, USA). TA, MHET and BHET were separated using a gradient of MeOH (30% to 90%) in 1 mM of H2504 at 1 mL/min. Injection was 20 μL of sample. TA, MHET and BHET were measured according to standard curves prepared from commercial TA and BHET and in house synthetized MHET in the same conditions than samples. Activity of PET hydrolysis (μmol of PET hydrolysed/min or mg of equivalent TA produced/hour) was determined in the linear part of the hydrolysis curve. Equivalent TA corresponds to the sum of TA measured and of TA contained in measured MHET and BHET. The half-life of the enzyme at a given temperature corresponds to the time required to lose 50% of the initial activity. 
     2.4 Degradation of a Polyester Under Solid Form 
     20 μL of enzyme preparation was deposited in a well created in an agar plate containing PET. Preparation of agar plates was realized by solubilizing 500 mg of PET solubilized in HFIP, and this medium is poured in a 250 mL aqueous solution. After HFIP evaporation at 52° C., the solution was mixed v/v with 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8 containing 3% agar. Around 30 mL of the mixture is used to prepare each omnitray and stored at 4° C. 
     The diameter of the halo formed due to the polyester degradation was measured after 24 hours at 60 or 65° C. The half-life of the enzyme at a given temperature corresponds to the time required to decrease by a 2-fold factor the diameter of the halo. 
     2.5 Multiple Rounds of Polyester&#39;s Depolymerization 
     The ability of the esterase to perform successive rounds of polyester&#39;s depolymerization assays was evaluated in an enzymatic reactor. A Minibio 500 bioreactor (Applikon Biotechnology B.V., Delft, The Netherlands) was started with 3 g of amorphous PET and 100 mL of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 8 containing 3 mg of LC-esterase. Agitation was set at 250 rpm using a marine impeller. Bioreactor was thermostated at 65° C. by immersion in an external water bath. pH was regulated at 8 by addition of KOH at 3 M. The different parameters (pH, temperature, agitation, addition of base) were monitored thanks to BioXpert software V2.95. 1.8 g of amorphous PET were added every 20 h. 500 μL of reaction medium was sampled regularly. 
     Amount of TA, MHET and BHET was determined by HPLC, as described in example 2.3. Amount of EG was determined using an Aminex HPX-87K column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc, Hercules, Calif., United States) thermostated at 65° C. Eluent was K 2 HPO 4  5 mM at 0.6 mL.min −1 . Injection was 20 μL. Ethylene glycol was monitored using refractometer. 
     The percentages of hydrolysis were calculated based on the ratio of molar concentration at a given time (TA+MHET+BHET) versus the total amount of TA contained in the initial sample, or based on the ratio of molar concentration at a given time (EG+MHET+2×BHET) versus the total amount of EG contained in the initial sample. Rate of degradation is calculated in mg of total liberated TA per hour or in mg of total EG per hour. 
     Half-life of enzyme was evaluated as the incubation time required to obtain a loss of 50% of the degradation rate. 
     2.6 Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) 
     DSF was used to evaluate the thermostability of the wild-type protein (SEQ ID N o  1) and variants thereof by determining their melting temperature (Tm), temperature at which half of the protein population is unfolded. Protein samples were prepared at a concentration of 14 μM (0.4 mg/mL) and stored in buffer A consisting of 20 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl. The SYPRO orange dye 5000× stock solution in DMSO was first diluted to 250× in water. Protein samples were loaded onto a white clear 96-well PCR plate (Bio-Rad cat # HSP9601) with each well containing a final volume of 25 μl. The final concentration of protein and SYPRO Orange dye in each well were 5 μM (0.14 mg/ml) and 10× respectively. Loaded volumes per well were as follow: 15 μL of buffer A, 9 μL of the 0.4 mg/mL protein solution and 1 μL of the 250× Sypro Orange diluted solution. The PCR plates were then sealed with optical quality sealing tape and spun at 2000 rpm for 1 min at room temperature. DSF experiments were then carried out using a CFX96 real-time PCR system set to use the 450/490 excitation and 560/580 emission filters. The samples were heated from 25 to 100° C. at the rate of 1.1° C./min. A single fluorescence measurement was taken every 0.3° C. Melting temperatures were determined by performing a curve fit to the Boltzmann equation. 
     Wild-type protein and variants were then compared based on their Tm values. Due to high reproducibility between experiments on the same protein from different productions, a ΔTm of 0.8° C. was considered as significant to compare variants. Tm values correspond to the average of at least 2 measurements. 
     Compared thermostabilities of esterase variants of the invention are shown in Table 2 below, expressed in Tm values and evaluated according to Example 2.6. The gain of Tm as compared to the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 is indicated in brackets. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Tm of the esterases of the invention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Variant of the invention 
                 Tm of variant of the invention 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D203C + S248C 
                 94.20° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+9.50° C.) 
               
               
                 D203C + S248C + E173A 
                 93.45° C. +/− 0.21° C. (+8.75° C.) 
               
               
                 D203C + S248C + E173R 
                 92.25° C. +/− 0.21° C. (+7.55° C.) 
               
               
                 D203C + S248C + E173R + 
                 92.80° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+8.10° C.) 
               
               
                 N204D + L202R 
               
               
                 F208W 
                 85.90° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+1.20° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92P 
                 85.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+1.10° C.) 
               
               
                 V177I 
                 86.10° C. +/− 0.30° C. (+1.40° C.) 
               
               
                 T61M 
                 87.40° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+2.70° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92G 
                 87.00° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+2.30° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92P + F208W 
                 86.60° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+1.90° C.) 
               
               
                 F208W + V170I 
                 85.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+1.10° C.) 
               
               
                 F208W + D203C + S248C 
                 94.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+10.10° C.) 
               
               
                 F208I + D203C + S248C 
                 90.90° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+6.20° C.) 
               
               
                 F208W + D203C + S248C + 
                 94.20° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+9.50° C.) 
               
               
                 E173A 
               
               
                 F208I + D203C + S248C + 
                 89.40° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+4.70° C.) 
               
               
                 E173A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3—Evaluation of the Thermostability and Activity of Esterase Variants of the Invention 
     The specific degrading activity of esterase variants of the invention has been evaluated on PET and compared with the specific degrading activity of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1. 
     100 mg of amorphous PET were weighted and introduced in a 100 mL glass bottle. 1 mL of esterase preparation (as reference control) or of variant preparation, respectively, prepared at 0.02 or 0.03 mg/mL in Talon buffer (Tris-HCl 20 mM, NaCl 0.3M, pH 8) and introduced in the glass bottle. Finally, 49 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8 was added. 
     The depolymerization started by incubating each glass bottle at 65° C. and 150 rpm in a Max Q 4450 incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Waltham, Mass., USA). 
     The initial rate of depolymerization reaction, in mg of equivalent TA generated/hour, was determined by samplings performed at different time during the first 24 hours and analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). If necessary, samples were diluted in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8. Then, 150 μL of methanol and 6.5 μL of HCl 6 N were added to 150 μL of sample or dilution. After mixing and filtering on 0.45 μm syringe filter, samples were loaded on UHPLC to monitor the liberation of terephthalic acid (TA), MHET and BHET. Chromatography system used was an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Waltham, Mass., USA) including a pump module, an autosampler, a column oven thermostated at 25° C., and an UV detector at 240 nm. The column used was a Discovery® HS C18 HPLC Column (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm, equipped with precolumn, Supelco, Bellefonte, USA). TA, MHET and BHET were separated using a gradient of MeOH (30% to 90%) in 1 mM of H2504 at 1 mL/min. Injection was 20 μL of sample. TA, MHET and BHET were measured according to standard curves prepared from commercial TA and BHET and in house synthetized MHET in the same conditions than samples. The specific degrading activity of PET (mg of equivalent TA/hour/mg of enzyme) was determined in the linear part of the hydrolysis curve. 
     The results for both specific degrading activity and thermostability of the esterase variants of the invention are shown in Table 3. 
     The specific degrading activity of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 is used as a reference and considered as 100% degrading activity. The degrading activity is measured as exposed in example 3 (mg of equivalent TA/hour/mg of enzyme). Equivalent TA corresponds to the sum of TA measured and of TA contained in measured MHET and BHET. The thermostability is expressed in Tm values (measured according to example 2.6) and the gain of Tm as compared to the Tm of the esterase of SEQ ID N o  1 is noted in brackets. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Specific activity and Tm of the esterases of the invention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Specific 
                   
               
               
                 Variants of 
                 degrading 
               
               
                 the invention 
                 activity 
                 Tm of the variant of the invention 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F208W 
                 143% 
                 85.90° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+1.20° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92P 
                 177% 
                 85.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+1.10° C.) 
               
               
                 T61M 
                 121% 
                 87.40° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+2.70° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92G 
                 120% 
                 87.00° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+2.30° C.) 
               
               
                 Y92P + F208W 
                 116% 
                 86.60° C. +/− 0.17° C. (+1.90° C.) 
               
               
                 F208W + V170I 
                 128% 
                 85.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+1.10° C.) 
               
               
                 F208W + D203C + 
                 123% 
                 94.80° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+10.10° C.) 
               
               
                 S248C 
               
               
                 F208I + D203C + 
                 133% 
                 90.90° C. +/− 0.00° C. (+6.20° C.) 
               
               
                 S248C