Patent Publication Number: US-4060311-A

Title: Electrochromic device

Description:
This invention relates to electrochromic devices, that is, display devices which change colour on application of an electric potential. 
     The electrochromic device of the present invention is in the form of a cell comprising a metal-sensitive compound (as hereinafter defined) in contact with a solid fast ion conductor as electrolyte, the fast ion conductor itself being in contact with an electrode capable of providing ions the same as the fast ions of the conductor. 
     &#34;METAL SENSITIVE COMPOUND&#34; WE MEAN A COMPOUND CAPABLE OF DISSOLVING METAL ATOMS AND WHICH CHANGES COLOUR IN SO DOING. In the electrochromic device of the invention, the metal atoms in question must, of course, be the same as those provided by discharge of the fast ions of the solid fast ion conductor. 
     The metal-sensitive compound is preferably an oxide of a transition metal, especially tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), molybdenum oxide (Mo0 3 ) or vanadium oxide (V 2  O 5 ). Such oxides are capable of dissolving metal atoms, especially monovalent atoms such as atoms of an alkali metal, copper or silver, and change colour in so doing. The most usual colour change is from colourless to blue. The process of causing these oxides to change colour by dissolution of metal atoms therein is reversible and, in the electrochromic devices of the invention, reversal of the electric potential which originally caused the colour to be produced, causes the colour to be discharged. 
     In a preferred embodiment, therefore, the electrochromic device of the present invention is in the form of an electrochromic cell comprising a first electrode, a metal-sensitive transition metal oxide in contact with the said first electrode, a solid fast ion conductor as electrolyte in contact with the said oxide, in which fast ion conductor the fast ion is an ion of a metal which dissolves in the said oxide to change the colour thereof, and a second electrode in contact with the said electrolyte and providing a source of the said fast ions. 
     The use of a solid fast ion conductor as the electrolyte is an essential feature of the present invention. As has already been explained, the fast ion in the electrolyte must be one which, when discharged, forms an atom capable of dissolving in the metal-sensitive compound so as to cause a change of colour therein. This means that the fast ion of the fast ion conductor is preferably an alkali metal, copper or silver ion, silver being preferred. 
     The fast ion conductor will have a resistivity less than 1 × 10 6  ohm-cm, and preferably less than 1 × 10 4  ohm-cm, and should be a material which conducts electricity only by ionic conduction. For convenience of use the fast ion conductor preferably is of a material which may be deposited, cast or otherwise shaped into sheets or plates. Obviously it will be a material which will not react disadvantageously with or in response to the environment to which it may be exposed, (as is similarly the case for all the cell components), or it may be protectable from an environment with which it may be undesirably reactive, for example by encapsulation, to prevent chemical reaction, or by filtration to prevent or reduce, say, exposure to radiation, e.g. sunlight, where this is undesirable. 
     Examples of suitable silver-containing fast ion conductors are the complex halides, particularly iodides, of silver with alkali metal or quarternary ammonium ion. The salt rubidium silver pentaiodide RbAg 4  I 5  is preferred. Other suitable complex iodides are those of the formula QAg 6  I 7  where Q is a quaternary ammonium ion, for example, tetramethyl ammonium, ethyl trimethyl ammonium, diethyl dimethyl ammonium, trimethyl isopropyl ammonium, trimethyl propyl ammonium, triethyl methyl ammonium, tetraethyl ammonium, diethyl methyl isopropyl ammonium, triethyl propyl ammonium, butyl diethyl methyl ammonium, or hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium. 
     Other suitable iodides are those of the formula C a  H b  NI.nAgI where a, b and n may have the values given in the following table: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Substituted ammonium ion                                                  
                     a       b       n                                    
______________________________________                                    
Pyrrolidinium        4       10      8                                    
Piperidinium         5       12      8                                    
1-Methylpyrrolidinium                                                     
                     5       12      8                                    
1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium                                                 
                     6       14      7                                    
Quinuclidinium       7       14      6.7                                  
1,1-Dimethylpiperidinium                                                  
                     7       16      8                                    
N-methylquinuclidinium                                                    
                     8       16      6.7                                  
5-Azoniaspiro(4.4)nonane                                                  
                     8       16      6.7                                  
5-Azoniaspiro(4.5)decane                                                  
                     9       18      6.7                                  
6-Azoniaspiro(5.5)undecane                                                
                     10      20      6.7                                  
Pyridinium           5        6      8                                    
3-Methylpyridinium   6        8      6.7                                  
1-Methylpyridinium   6        8      6                                    
1,3-Dimethylpyridinium                                                    
                     7       10      6.7                                  
3,5-Dimethylpyridinium                                                    
                     7       10      6.7                                  
2,6-Dimethylpyridinium                                                    
                     7       10      6.7                                  
1,2,6-Trimethylpyridinium                                                 
                     8       12      6.7                                  
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridinium                                                 
                     8       12      6.7                                  
1,3,5-Trimethylpyridinium                                                 
                     8       12      6.7                                  
Quinolinium          9        8      8                                    
1,2,4,6-Tetramethylpyridinium                                             
                     9       14      6.7                                  
1,2,3,6-Tetramethylpyridinium                                             
                     9       14      6.7                                  
1-Methylquinolinium  10      10      4                                    
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methyl                                               
 quinolinium         10      14      6.7                                  
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methyl                                               
 isoquinolinium      10      14      6.7                                  
1,Ethylquinolinium   11      12      4                                    
1,2-Dimethylquinolinium                                                   
                     11      12      6.7                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In all these fast ion conductors, the fast ion is silver. Copper containing fast ion conductors may be, for example, the double bromide of cuprousbromide and N-methyltriethylene diamine bromide. Suitable alkali metalcontaining fast ion conductors include sodium β-alumina, lithium β-alumina and potassium β-alumina. These are mixed oxides of Na 2  O, Li 2  O and Al 2  O 3  of variable composition. Typically, they contain from 5 to 11 aluminium oxide molecules per molecule of alkali metal oxide. 
     The fast ion conductor will preferably be white (which may be as a consequence of its crystalline configuration, or it may be particulate colourless material e.g. alumina) or colourless, or it may be coloured, in which case the colour will be selected to provide an appropriate contrast with the metal sensitive compound in at least one of its coloured states. When the fast ion conductor is transparent it is often advantageous to employ a backing, distant from the metal sensitive compound, capable of providing an appropriate contrast with the metal sensitive compound. Such a backing may be the second electrode. 
     In the electrochromic cells of the present invention, the application of a potential across a solid electrolyte formed of one of the aforesaid fast ion conductors causes the fast ion to be discharged and the resulting metal atoms to become dissolved in the transition metal oxide. It is this process which causes a colour to develop in the oxide. Similarly, reversal of the potential causes metal atoms in the transition metal oxide to migrate as ions to the fast ion conductor. In order that equilibrium in the fast ion conductor shall be maintained, the electrode in contact with the fast ion conductor that is referred to above as the second electrode, must be capable of providing fast ions. Where the fast ion is silver or copper, the second electrode may itself be of silver or copper. Moreover, since the amount of the metal atoms involved in the operation of the electrochromic cells of the present invention is usually very small, these electrodes can themselves be very small without there being any danger of any inadequate supply of the metal ions although the dimensions may vary between very wide limits and the minimum area that may be employed in any particular instance may be determined easily by simple trial. Where the fast ion conductor contains, as the fast ions, alkali metal such as sodium, lithium or potassium ions, it is usually inconvenient to make the second electrode of sodium or potassium  metal, because of the well known reactivity of these elements in the free metallic state. It is, however, possible to make the second electrode ofan appropriate tungsten bronze of general formula M x  WO 3  where M is for example sodium or potassium and x preferably has a value between 0 and 1.  Such material is capable of losing sodium or potassium as the corresponding metal ion to the fast ion conductor. Ferrites comprising appropriate ions also may be employed as the second electrode for example a lithium ferrite may be used. Other alloys or compounds may also be used. 
     In order that the electrochromic cells of the invention shall respond rapidly to an applied potential, and be capable of rapid response to a reversal in potential, it is desirable that the transition metal oxide and the fast ion conductor shall be thin. Further, for ease of observation of the colour changes which take place it is often desirable for at least one of the electrodes to be transparent to visible light. This may be achieved by using stannic oxide (SnO 2 ) as the first electrode in contact with the transition metal oxide. If this is done, and the layer of transition metal oxide is sufficiently thin, the colour change in the latter is immediately observable through the tin oxide electrode. 
     It will be appreciated that the new electrochromic device is made entirely of solid materials, which is an important practical advantage and makes for good strength and stability in use. Moreover, it can be constructed in a form suitable for rapid response to relatively small applied potentials of the order of 1 volt. 
     The invention may be illustrated by reference to the simple form of electrochromic cell which is shown in the accompanying FIG. 1. 
     The substrate was a glass sheet, for example a glass microscope slide. It was first coated with a layer of stannic oxide having a resistance of about 500 ohms per square. Tungstic oxide (WO 3 ) was then deposited on the thin oxide in a layer about half a micrometer thick by evaporation of the tungstic oxide from a molybdenum boat in a high vacuum. The slide was then removed from the vacuum andheated in oxygen at 320° C to remove the blue colour of the oxide and to restore oxygen lost therefrom. Rubidium silver iodide was then evaporated onto the layer of tungstic oxide through a contact mask so as to be deposited in squares about 1 cm each way. The layer was about 1 micrometer thick. Pure RbAg 4  I 5  was used as source material, but it was found that the deposited layer contained a small excess of silver iodide. It had a resistivity of about 25 ohms centimeters at room temperature rather than the 4 ohm centrimeters to be expected for thepure material. The two silver &#34;Dag&#34;  contacts were than applied as shown in FIG. 1. 
     The cells were initially transparent with a faint milkiness caused by the rubidium silver pentaiodide. When a small direct current potential of approximately 1 volt was applied across the cell with the tungstic oxide as the cathode and the silver contact marked Ag(1) as the anode, a blue coloration developed at the edge of the anode nearest to the cathode and spread over the region covered by the rubidium silver pentaiodide. The same effect could be obtained by simply short-circuiting the circuit externally, since the structure shown has a standing voltage of about 0.6 volt. If the applied potential is reversed, the blue colour disappears, starting at the point where it first appeared. This process can be reversed many times so long as the chemical constitution of the cell remains unchanged. 
     In some applications, it may be disadvantageous for the colour not to be produced evenly over the whole surface of the metal sensitive compound. In order to ensure even development of colour, the second electrode may be provided with a very thin coating of a highly electrically resistive transparent conductor, such as undoped zinc oxide. For local colour effects, electrodes of restricted area may be employed. 
     Other techniques for the preparation of the various components of devices of the invention, alternative to those described above, will be available to the skilled man, and any technique suitable for the deposition of thin layers, typically less than 1 mm, preferably less than 10 micrometers and more preferably less than 2 micrometers, may be used particularly in the preparation of the metal sensitive material and fast ion conducting layers. (The metal sensitive layer will preferably be less than 2 micrometers and more preferably less than 1 micrometer thick). Such techniques include electrophoretic deposition, sputtering (including reactive sputtering involving simultaneous chemical reaction, e.g. sputtering tungsten in oxygen), chemical vapour deposition from unstable compounds, and chemical precipitation as well as evaporation referred to above. Selection of the preparative technique employed will be made in the light of the chemical nature of the component to be produced and the physical form required. Where it may be relatively thick, for example in the case of a layer of β-alumina say, 1 mm thick, it may be cut or ground from the solid. 
     The components of the device will usually be smooth surfaced, but a rough surface may be advantageous in certain circumstances, e.g. for particular optical effects. 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. 
    
    
     FIG. 1 represents a simple form of electrochromic cell. 
     FIGS. 2 and 3 of the attached drawings represent diagrammatically the sequence of operation in the preparation of a seven segment digit display (plan) as described in Example 1. 
     FIG. 4 shows diagrammatically a section through the completed device, in a plane vertical to that of FIGS. 2 and 3, and within a housing. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A substrate consisting of a 2 inches × 2 inches piece of 0.5 mm thickness Li- β-alumina was mounted in a vacuum chamber. A nearby target of tungsten oxide WO 3  was bombarded with argon atoms (sputtered) to produce an even coating of WO 3  on the substrate. Each side was coated in turn, the first to a thickness of 500 nm and the second side, through an aperture 11/2 inches × 11/2 inches in a mask to a thickness of 100 nm. The latter side then received a second film of SiO 2  250 nm thick by sputtering via a mask which left uncoated an area 1 inch × 1 inch centrally located in the substrate. Using a mask which delineated the well known seven segment digit pattern, an electrode of indium-tin oxide 100 nm thick was applied by sputtering from a target consisting of a compaction of an intimate mixture of tin and indium oxides SnO 2  and In 2  O 3  in the ratio 88:12.  Finally, this side was given a protective overlay of SiO 2  of 500 nm thickness by sputtering as before. The substrate was held at room temperature throughout. 
     The substrate was then removed from the vacuum chamber, and taking care to avoid contact with the air, by working in a nitrogen atmosphere in a dry box, a metal (molybdenum) clip to make connection with the 500 nm WO 3   film was applied. The substrate was then immersed in a bath of molten anhydrous lithium nitrate at 275° C and the clip connected to the negative pole of a current source. Using a carbon anode, current was passed until the lithium content of the WO 3  was calculated to be 30%. The sample was then returned to the vacuum chamber and a protective overlay of 250 nm of SiO 2  sputtered over the newly formed Li 0 .3 WO 3 . 
     On completion of the device the working and counter electrode connections were joined whereupon all the segments of the device (as viewed through the idium/ tin oxide layer) coloured blue within 10 seconds. The colour being easily visible against the white alumina background. The blue colour was discharged by passing a current of 1 milliamp through the device for 10 seconds at 2 volts, whereupon bleaching occurred. Reversal of the current caused colouration as before. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A digital clock read-out comprising a series of 4  devices obtained as described in Example 1 was located within a convenient housing having a transparent area through which the digits could be viewed, and connected to a control in the form of a timing mechanism actuating a display logic system which in turn controls the activation of appropriate segments of the display.