Patent Publication Number: US-11640348-B2

Title: Generating anomaly alerts for time series data

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     One or more implementations relate to cloud computing environments, and more specifically to generating alerts for anomalies from time series data representing events derived from user interface logs of applications in a distributed system of a cloud computing environment. 
     BACKGROUND 
     “Cloud computing” services provide shared resources, software, and information to computers and other devices upon request or on demand. Cloud computing typically involves the over-the-Internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. Technological details can be abstracted from end-users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supports them. In cloud computing environments, software applications can be accessible over the Internet rather than installed locally on personal or in-house computer systems. Some of the applications or on-demand services provided to end-users can include the ability for a user to create, view, modify, store and share documents and other files. 
     In some situations, it may be desirable to measure the performance of these cloud computing services. Measuring performance typically involves processing of a large complex data set. In some cases, the data set is represented as time series data. Various methods for detecting anomalies in time series data are known. However, these methods are typically tuned specifically for individual data sets that conic from a known distribution. This is problematic for cloud computing environments supporting many organizations through multi-tenancy. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve to provide examples of possible structures and operations for the disclosed inventive systems, apparatus, methods, and computer-readable storage media. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed implementations. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example computing environment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram of an example performance metrics system according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram of a schema inference system according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram of a log data validation system according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of a metrics analytics tool according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram of a log error and metrics quality analyzer according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram of an example seasonality chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a diagram of an example trend chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram of an example special days chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram of a confidence chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  11 A and  11 B  are flow diagrams of log error and metrics quality analyzer processing according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  12 A  is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device according to some example implementations. 
         FIG.  12 B  is a block diagram of a deployment environment according to some example implementations. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a data processing pipeline using a modular representation of raw log data and generating one or more performance metrics based at least in part on the raw log data in an efficient and reproducible way. In one embodiment, the source of the raw log data is obtained from observing user interactions or user performance from a user interface of an application in a cloud computing environment. Some types of performance metrics are search relevance metrics (e.g., click through rate (CTR) for search results, etc.), however, embodiments may be generalized to other application domains. 
     In one example cloud computing environment, performance metrics are generated to measure the utilization of a search feature in an application program by analyzing the log data of the application program. Such analysis requires multiple different aggregation metrics on the log data, and the log data is typically very large, due to the fact of the scale of the use of the application program by many users in the cloud computing environment (e.g., the system supports multitenancy, includes thousands of organizations, millions of users (perhaps even tens of millions of users)). 
     In one example cloud computing environment, there are over two hundred thousand client organizations, each having their own usage behavior, complex objects, and preferred query types that significantly impact system performance. Each organization includes thousands, perhaps millions, of users. Additionally, there are other variables in the system such pods, platforms, and features (such as personalization) that can also significantly impact system performance. When system performance for any organization and/or user is affected by a potential error known as an anomaly, an alert may be generated to notify a team of system administrators of the cloud computing environment of the potential error. However, so many alerts may be generated that they flood the system and overwhelm the team&#39;s ability to analyze and respond to them. Further, some of the alerts are “false positives” which when analyzed by the team prove to not be errors at all. 
     A simple approach is to treat each organization separately and build anomaly models for each organization. Alerts may be automatically filtered by an anomaly model. However, given the size of tenant organizations (e.g., thousands or millions of users), the resulting anomaly alerts still cannot be investigated by the team receiving these alerts. The aggregation of tenant data for a single source of alerts (such as one organization) on the other hand loses precision for purposes of error analysis since organization level degradations may be hard to detect when taking a global view of the alerts. 
     Another problem of large-scale multitenancy is that noise (e.g., false positives) may be inflated exponentially. For example, if an organization has a 0.1% probability of having noisy daily interaction data, one false positive error classification would typically be reported over a three-year period in a known anomaly analysis model. However, in a cloud computing environment having, for example, over two hundred thousand organizations, each organization having its own individual anomaly analysis model, this would translate into expected number of 600 anomaly alerts per day for the entire cloud computing environment. Considering that the team of system administrators cannot immediately tell if an anomaly was caused by an actual error or was due to noise, the team will have to investigate and analyze each anomaly, which is infeasible for large scale cloud computing services. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure include a system and method for reducing the number of noisy alerts while still detecting potentially serious catastrophic alerts. Embodiments identify multiple dimensions for strengthening the confidence in the process of filtering alerts and identifying optimal service level indicators (SLIs) which can be bounded by service level objectives (SLOs), and only trigger an alert if these thresholds are exceeded. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example computing environment  100  according to some embodiments. At least one production data center (PDC)  104  in a cloud computing environment comprises a plurality of conventional computer servers, storage devices, and network interfaces (not shown) to run computer applications for users. Users interact with user devices  102  to access the applications running in the PDC over one or more computer or communications networks. Examples of user devices include laptop and desktop personal computers, smart phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart home appliances, home networking equipment, and so on. PDC  104  runs a plurality of applications 1  106 , 2  108 , . . . N  110 , where N is a natural number. In some situations, N may be very large—millions or even tens of millions of instances of applications being accessed by millions or tens of millions of users worldwide. In some scenarios, PDC  104  is operated by a cloud service provider (CSP) and comprises a plurality of production data centers distributed in sites throughout the world. In one embodiment, at least one application is a search service. In some embodiments, there are multiple PDCs. 
     In order to measure the performance of applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110 , data is collected from the applications. In one embodiment, applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110  are instrumented by application developers to provide log data items  112 . Log data items  112  comprise any information relating to the applications that can be measured to assess system performance of PDC  104  and/or the applications. For example, when an application, such as application 2  108  for example, is a search application, log data items  112  may include user typing actions (the user entering text using a physical or virtual keyboard, for example), mouse selections (e.g., clicks), mouse hovers, search terms, hyperlink selections (clicks), etc. Each log data item  112  may include a plurality of fields such as log type, attributes, time stamp, etc. In some embodiments, the format of each log data item is a “free form” text as determined by the developer of the application generating the log data item. In some embodiments, there is no universal format of the log data items, and thus they may be in any format. There may be any number of log data items  112  generated by applications over a selected period of time. In some scenarios, the number of log data items generated may be extremely large, perhaps in the millions, tens of millions, hundreds of millions, or even billions of log data items in a plurality of PDCs over a selected period of time (which may be a minute, an hour, a day, a week, a month, a quarter, a year, etc.). 
     As log data items  112  are generated by the applications, the log data items are inserted into at least one PDC log data queue  114 . In one embodiment, the at least one PDC log data queue  114  is implemented as a Kafka® message queue available from the Apache® Software Foundation on the Internet at kafka.apache.org, although other message queues may also be used. Apache® Kafka® is an open-source stream-processing software platform developed by the Apache® Software Foundation, written in Scala and Java. The project aims to provide a unified, high-throughput, low-latency platform for handling real-time data feeds. 
     At least one non-production data center (NPDC)  116  communicates with PDC  104  to read log data items  112  from the at least one PDC log data queue  114 . Log data items  112  obtained from the at least one PDC log data queue  114  of PDC  104  are stored in NPDC log data queue  118  in NPDC  116 . In one embodiment, NPDC log data queue  118  is also a Kafka® message queue, although other message queues may also be used. In an embodiment, NPDC  116  is situated at a different location than the at least one PDC  104 . In another embodiment, NPDC  116  is situated at the same location as at least one of the PDCs  104 . In an embodiment, NPDC  116  does not run applications for access by user devices  102 , but instead runs applications and/or tools for research and development activities, data center monitoring activities, and so on. 
     Performance metrics generator  120  reads log data items from NPDC log data queue  118  and generates metrics  122  representing measurements of the performance of applications by PDC  104 . Metrics  122  may be input to metrics analytics  124 . Metrics analytics  124  uses metrics  122  to present information to systems administrators of NPDC  116  and/or PDC  104  to allow the systems administrators to manage PDC  104  to provide better service to user devices  102 . In an embodiment, metrics analytics  124  includes a visual dashboard capability representing current operating attributes of PDC  104 . In an embodiment, metrics analytics  124  includes machine learning (ML) processes to analyze metrics  122  to improve cloud computing services to user devices  102 . In an embodiment, metrics analytics  124  automatically communicates with PDC  104  to instruct the PDC to change one or more operating characteristics of the PDC based on metrics  122 . In some embodiments, metrics analytics  124  is replaced by any program for analyzing and/or interpreting metrics  122 . 
     In one embodiment, each UI interaction event or performance event is represented as a JavaScript object notation (JSON) object containing a collection of key-value pairs. There is no schema defined for the JSON objects, so the applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110  executing in PDC  104  of the cloud computing environment that are generating the log data items have the flexibility to log any attributes in “free form” text (e.g., a list of text strings separated by commas) without being restricted to a fixed set of attributes. 
     This flexibility of using key-value pairs to describe event attributes in log data items is convenient for the producers of those logs (e.g., those applications being assessed such as application 1  106 , application 2  108 , . . . application N  110 ). However, this flexibility creates problems for downstream applications that need to consume those event attributes, such as performance analysis applications (e.g., metrics analytics  124 ). 
     In some embodiments, performance metrics generator  120  system generates metrics  122  based on UI interactions and performance events logged by applications. Changes, intentional or not, in the instrumentation such as attribute structure changes or unexpected attribute values can have a negative impact on the quality of the metrics  122  used to monitor and update the cloud computing environment. Many times those changes go unnoticed until a later time, because those changes don&#39;t often lead to “hard” failures (like exceptions or causing a visible failure to an application program (such as application 1  106 , application 2  108 , . . . application N  110 ) being used by the user, which would prompt the user to generate a case or file a bug), but instead lead to “soft” failures, such as the gradual degradation of metrics, often masked, at least initially, by the normal variability in metrics tracked in PDC(s)  104  of the cloud computing environment. 
     For example, assume a system administrator of the cloud computing environment wants to assess how relevant are the search results generated by a search service by using a click-through rate (CTR) metric on a search results page. In one example, the formula for a Search Results Page CTR is calculated as equal to: (# of user clicks on the Search Results page)/(# of Search Results Pages shown to the user). 
     An example click event logged for each user click on the Search Results page is shown in Table 1. In one embodiment, for a click event to be counted in the Search Results page CTR for performance measurement purposes, the metrics calculation requires that “attributes.sessionId” is non-null. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 “payload”: { 
               
               
                   
                  “eventSource”: “click”, 
               
               
                   
                  “eventType”: “user”, 
               
               
                   
                  “locator”: “searchResultPage”, 
               
               
                   
                  “attributes: { 
               
               
                   
                   “sessionId”: “123456”, 
               
               
                   
                   “clickSource”:“SearchResult”, 
               
               
                   
                   “recordId”: “ka0Rqwert”, 
               
               
                   
                   “queryId”: “1tmowa4qw8i5y” 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Now let&#39;s assume there has been a change made to the event logging code in one of the applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110 ; for example, a new map “searchActivity” containing “sessionId” was introduced in the click event as shown in Table 2. Assume that the change has not been communicated to system administrators operating performance metrics generator  120  in NPDC  116 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 “payload”: { 
               
               
                   
                  “eventSource”: “click”, 
               
               
                   
                  “eventType”: “user”, 
               
               
                   
                  “locator”: “searchResultPage”, 
               
               
                   
                  “attributes: { 
               
               
                   
                   “searchActivity”: { 
               
               
                   
                   “sessionId”: “123456”, 
               
               
                   
                   } 
               
               
                   
                   “clickSource”:“SearchResult”, 
               
               
                   
                   “recordId”: “ka0Rqwert”, 
               
               
                   
                   “queryId”: “1tmowa4qw8i5y” 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Since performance metrics generator  120  is not aware of the changes, all such click events would be left out of the metrics  122  calculation after the changes were deployed to production in PDC  104 . This results in erroneous and misleading metrics  122 . 
     Changes in event formats may cause other problems. Even once an event format change is identified, troubleshooting the root cause of metrics issues becomes more difficult, since there can be various scenarios where clicks could be missing, for example, a bug in the UI could be preventing clicks from being registered, preventing clicks from being logged, the events could be queued up in PDC log data queue  114 , etc. In addition, in cases where multiple kinds of clicks are being tracked, in different UI experiences, it is possible that the application developer may not have changed the event format for the logged click in all possible instances in the application, so instead of logging no clicks, perhaps only a portion of clicks are unlogged. Even in cases when a change in metrics  122  results from a change in event format, determining which specific field changed in log data feeding into a metric  122  can be difficult and time-consuming (e.g., the change could result in a drop in the numerator of a metric, or the denominator of a metric, or both). 
     Embodiments of the invention detect unexpected errors in semi-structured log data items  112  and analyze the impact of those errors by tying the errors directly to the quality of metrics  122  using a rule-based system. One goal is to have an objective way to evaluate the quality of generated metrics on a periodic basis by examining the information gaps in logged events between the producer (e.g., the developer of applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110 ) and consumer (e.g., metrics analytics  124  in NPDC  116 ) of semi-structured log data items. 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram of an example schema inference and log data validation system  200  according to some embodiments. Performance metrics generator  120  generates metrics  122  based at least in part on log data items  112  retrieved from NPDC log data queue  118 . Performance metrics generator  120  reads log data items  112  from NPDC log data queue  118 , analyzes the log data items by an events generator (not shown in  FIG.  2   ) within performance metrics generator  120  using event definitions to generate events stored in an events table and dimensions stored in a dimensions table, and analyzes the events and dimensions using metrics definitions by a metrics generator (not shown in  FIG.  2   ) within performance metrics generator  120  to generate metrics  122 . In one embodiment, performance metrics generator  120  parses log data items to find events in the log data items, wherein an event comprises at least a portion of a selected log data item matching an event definition; aggregates a plurality of performance metric definitions into a single expression; and generates a plurality of performance metrics  122  from the events, in one pass through the events, by applying the single expression to the events. 
     Schema inference system  202  reads log data items  112  from NPDC log data queue  118  and automatically infers one or more schemas based at least in part on analysis of the semi-structured log data items. As used herein, a schema defines the field names and data types for a dataset (e.g., log data items  112 ). Inferred schemas are stored in schema database (DB)  204 . Log data validation system  206  reads log data items  112  from NPDC log data queue  118  and compares the log data items to inferred schemas from schema DB  204  to identify any log data item errors. Log data item errors are stored in log data validation DB  208 . Metrics analytics  124  analyzes log data item errors from log data validation DB  208  with respect to metrics  122  generated by performance metrics generator  120  to determine an effect, if any, of the log data item errors on a quality measurement of metrics  122 . Metrics analytics  124  generates a plurality of alerts and reports  210  as needed. Metrics analytics  124  also stores metrics  122  and/or selected log data validation DB information into time series DB  212  for possible further trend analysis. If the quality measurement does not meet a predetermined threshold, an alert (as part of alerts and reports  210 ) may be sent to a system administrator of NPDC  116  and/or PDC  104 . 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram of schema inference system  202  according to some embodiments. In embodiments, one or more schemas  308  are automatically inferred for all log data items  112  that contribute to metrics generation. In an embodiment, schema inferencing may be performed every time a new release of one or more applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110  is deployed into production in PDC  104  for access by user devices  102 , because changes in applications may result in changes to the format of log data items produced by those applications. Examples of log data items  112  include click events on a Search Results page and impression events of a Search Results page. Applications  106 ,  108 , . . .  110  may output log data items  112  in several different formats, such as JavaScript object notation (JSON), Extensible Markup Language (XML), yet another markup language (YAML), key-value pairs, or comma separated values (CSV). In one embodiment, log data items  112  are in a semi-structured JSON format and schema inferencer  306  is implemented using an existing library called Apache® Kite software development kit (SDK) (available on the Internet at kitesdk.org) to generate one or more schemas  308  from the semi-structured JSON objects. Kite parses the log data items in the semi-structured format, determines data types of attributes, determines the structure of the data types, and produces one or more schemas  308  reflecting a format of the data types. In other embodiments, other methods of schema inferencing may be used. 
     Schemas  308  automatically inferred by schema inferencer  306  need to be vetted and approved by a reviewer  210  before storing the schemas in schema DB  204 . Reviewer  210  is a person, such as a system administrator of PDC  104  or NPDC  116 . Reviewer  210  may in some cases edit the schemas  308  to correct the schemas to more accurately reflect desired formats of the log data items. In some scenarios, there may be many schemas  308  (e.g., hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of schemas in large cloud computing environments having many applications running in many PDCs  104 ). 
     In some embodiments, schema inference system  202  includes log data sample collector  302 . For a given release of an application, log data sample collector  302  obtains samples  304  of log data items  112  from production logs generated by the applications running in PDC  104 . Only samples  304  of log data items  112  are needed to infer schemas, rather than entire logs (which may be too large to efficiently infer schemas). In one embodiment, Spunk® Enterprise software for searching, monitoring and analyzing big data streams, commercially available from Splunk®, Inc., is used to obtain log data samples  304  from log data items  112 . In other embodiments, log data samples may be collected from other sources, such as Apache® Kafka® (an open-source stream processing platform available on the Internet at kafka.apache.org), files downloaded by file transfer protocol (ftp), a Hadoop® File System (HDFS) connector if the data source is on a HDFS, etc. 
     As noted above, log data samples are semi-structured and may be changed for a given release of an application. 
     An example of a log data sample  304  is shown below: 
     {“reventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     {“eventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     {“eventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     In one embodiment, schema  308  is an Avro™ schema file. Avro™ is a row-oriented remote procedure call and data serialization framework developed by the Apache® Software Foundation within Apache&#39;s Hadoop® project (available on the Internet at avro.apache.org). Avro™ uses JSON for defining data types and protocols and serializes data in a compact binary data encoding format. In another embodiment, schema  308  is in an XML scheme definition (XSD) format. 
     An example of a schema  308  is shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                  type”: “record”, 
               
               
                   
                  “name”: “payload”, 
               
               
                   
                  “fields”: [ { 
               
               
                   
                  “name”: “eventSource”, 
               
               
                   
                  “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                  “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“click\”’” 
               
               
                   
                  }, { 
               
               
                   
                   “name”: “eventType”, 
               
               
                   
                   “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                   “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“user\”’” 
               
               
                   
                  }, { 
               
               
                   
                   “name”: “locator”, 
               
               
                   
                   type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                   “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“searchResultPage\”’” 
               
               
                   
                  }, { 
               
               
                   
                   “name”: “attributes”, 
               
               
                   
                   “type”: { 
               
               
                   
                   “type”: “record”, 
               
               
                   
                   “name”: “attributes”, 
               
               
                   
                   “fields”: [ { 
               
               
                   
                    “name”: “clickSource”, 
               
               
                   
                    “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                    “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“SearchResult\”’” 
               
               
                   
                   }, { 
               
               
                   
                    “name”: “sessionId”, 
               
               
                   
                    “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                    “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“bda6d746-5192-e893\”’” 
               
               
                   
                   }, { 
               
               
                   
                    “name”: “queryId”, 
               
               
                   
                    “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                    “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“5y5t1zrz\”’” 
               
               
                   
                   }, { 
               
               
                   
                    “name”: “recordId”, 
               
               
                   
                    “type”: “string”, 
               
               
                   
                    “doc”: “Type inferred from ‘\“5000M0000\”’” 
               
               
                   
                   }] 
               
               
                   
                  } 
               
               
                   
                  }] 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  4    is a diagram of log data validation system  206  according to some embodiments. In one embodiment, log data validation system  206  is run on a periodic basis (for example, daily, every other day, weekly, monthly, and so on) or on demand by a system administrator. Log data samples  404  are collected by log data sample collector  402  from log data items  112  in NPDC log data queue  118 . Only samples  404  of log data items are needed to detect log data item errors, rather than entire logs (which may be too large to efficiently process). Log data samples  404  are validated against corresponding schemas  308  from schema DB  204  by log data validator  406 . A validation summary of any detected errors is created for each run and stored in log data validation DB  208 . 
     In one embodiment, Spunk® Enterprise software for searching, monitoring and analyzing big data streams, commercially available from Splunk®, Inc., is used to obtain log data samples  404  from log data items  112 . In other embodiments, log data samples may be collected from other sources, such as Apache® Kafka® (an open-source stream processing platform available on the Internet at kafka.apache.org), files downloaded by file transfer protocol (ftp), a Hadoop® File System (HDFS) connector if the data source is on a HDFS, etc. 
     As noted above, log data samples  404  are semi-structured and may be changed for a given release of an application. 
     An example of a log data sample  404  is shown below: 
     {“eventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     {“eventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     {“eventSource”: “click”, “eventType”: “user”, “locator”: “searchResultPage”, “attribute”} 
     Log data validator  406  validates a collection of log data samples  404  against a corresponding schema  308  from schema DB  204 . What should be validated depends on the specifics of the format in which the log data items are outputted, and inferred schema  308 . It also depends on a specific use case. For example, the significance of the field order might play an important role in how a log data item is interpreted. In one embodiment, the types of errors log data validator  406  reports include: missing required fields, fields with unexpected data types, and fields with unexpected values. In one embodiment, log data validator  406  is implemented using open-source software Avro™ Schema Validator available on the Internet at www*npmjs*com*package*avro-schema-validator (with “.” and “/” being replaced by “*” to deactivate live links). In other embodiments, other schema validators may be used. The output of log data validator  406  includes time series metrics, a validation summary and all log data item errors found during the validation process, all of which are stored in log data validation DB  208 . The time series metrics may include a count of each type of error. In one embodiment, the validation summary includes a total number of log data items processed, a total number of valid log data items, a violation map comprising a summary of each type of log data item error found from the schema comparison and the number of log data items that have the specific error. In one embodiment, the violation map is a mapping from (field, type of error, schema version, log type) to the number of errors found. 
     An example of a violation map stored in log data validation DB  208  is below. 
     [errorType=missing_value, field=attributes.sessionId, schema=rel_10_search_results_click.avsc, logType=searchui]→105 
     [errorType=missing_value, field=attributessecordId, schema=rel_10_search_results_click.avsc, logType=searchui]→28 
     [errorType=wrong_datatype, field=attributessecordId, schema=rel_10_search_results_click.avsc, logType=searchui]→5 
     An example of a list of log data item errors stored in log data validation DB  208  is below. 
     {“errorCategory”:{“errorType”:“missing_value”,“field”:“attributes.sessionId”,“schema”: 
     {“errorCategory”:{“errorType”:“wrong_datatype”,“field”:“attributes.recordId”,“schema”: 
     . . . . 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram of metrics analytics  124  according to some embodiments. Given a set of metrics analytics rules  502 , log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  of metrics analytics  124  examines each type of log data item error in log data validation DB  208  reported by log data validator  406  and analyzes the impact of the log data item errors on metrics  122  produced by performance metrics generator  120 . The analysis may trigger alerts in alerts and reports  210  to be emailed to a system administrator if the errors cause an impact to a quality measurement of one or more metrics  122  such that the quality measurement fails to meet a predetermined threshold. One type of log data item error may have an impact on multiple metrics, with varying degrees of impact. 
     Time series metrics generated by log data validator  406  are uploaded to time series DB  212  for trend analysis. In one embodiment, an open-source time series monitoring and alerting platform called Argus (available on the Internet at openargus.org) is used as time series DB  212 . 
     An example of a metrics analytics rule is when a number of log data item errors in log data items used by a metric  122  is more than 5% of the log data items used, then send an alert. 
     In an example, assume an event is being processed, such as a search_initiation_event as follows: 
                                 {        “event”: “search_initiation_event”,        “platform”: “LEX”,        “selectors”: {        “appName”: “one:one”,        “payload_eventSource”: “synthetic-click”,        “payload_locator_scope”: “search-input-desktop”,        “payload_locator_target”: “search-input”        },        “not_null_fields”: [“payload_attributes_searchDialogSessionId”],        “null_fields”: [ ]       }                    
For this event, the number of times the payload_attributes_searchDialogSessionId is null may be tracked. For example, if a current error rate is approximately 4%, the following metrics are examples of metrics that may use the search_initiation_event: val and oer. The metric may be:
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Metric 
               
               
                 = { 
               
               
                  new Metric( 
               
               
                  “OER”, 
               
               
                  Seq(“LEX”, “ES”), 
               
               
                  castAndSum(col(“ta_clk”) ∥ col(“ta_preview_clk”) ∥ col(“mru_clk”) ∥ 
               
               
                  col(“mru_preview_clk”) ∥ col(“lv_clk”) ∥ col(“lv_preview_clk”) ∥ col(“cq_clk”) ∥ 
               
               
                  col(“rr_clk”) ∥ col(“search_result_clk”)), 
               
               
                  castAndSum(col(“search_initiation_event”)) 
               
               
                  ) 
               
               
                  } 
               
               
                 val 
               
               
                 mruCoverage: 
               
               
                 Metric = { 
               
               
                   new Metric( 
               
               
                   “MRU_IR_Coverage”, 
               
               
                   Seq(“LEX”, “ES”), 
               
               
                   castAndSum(when(col(“mru_imp”) &gt; 0, 1).otherwise(0)), 
               
               
                   castAndSum(col(“search_initiation_event”)) 
               
               
                   ) 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                 val 
               
               
                 querySuggestionCoverage: 
               
               
                 Metric = { 
               
               
                     new Metric( 
               
               
                     “Query_Suggestion_IR_Coverage”, 
               
               
                     Seq(“ES”), 
               
               
                     castAndSum(when(col(“qs_imp”) &gt; 0, 1).otherwise(0)), 
               
               
                     castAndSum(col(“search_initiation_event”)) 
               
               
                     ) 
               
               
                     } 
               
               
                 val 
               
               
                 deflectionClickRate: 
               
               
                 Metric = { 
               
               
                    new Metric( 
               
               
                    “Deflection_Rate”, 
               
               
                    Seq(“LEX”, “ES”), 
               
               
                    castAndSum(col(“ta_clk”) ∥ col(“ta_preview_clk”) ∥ col(“mru_clk”) ∥ 
               
               
                    col(“mru_preview_clk”) ∥ col(“lv_clk”) ∥ col(“lv_preview_clk”)), 
               
               
                    castAndSum(col(“search_initiation_event”)) 
               
               
                    ) 
               
               
                    } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If there are problems with the search_intiation_event (for example, because the payload_attributes_searchDialogSessionId is null), then that means there is a problem with all metrics that use this event. 
     In one embodiment, the search_intiation_event is a denominator in all metrics that use this event. For example, for the deflectionClickRate metric:
 
numerator: castAndSum(col(“ ta _clk”)∥col(“ ta _preview_clk”)∥col(“ mru _clk”)∥col(“ mru _preview_clk”)∥col(“ lv _clk”)∥col(“ lv _preview_clk”)),
 
denominator: castAndSum(col(“search_initiation_event”))
 
or more simply: deflection_rate=numerator/denominator.
 
     A 4% loss on those events means the metric computed based on those events will overestimate by 4%. If, in addition to problems with search_initiation_event, there are problems with the event mru_clk, perhaps causing a loss of 9% of those events, then the (adjusted) metric computed should be:
 
deflection_rate=( ta _clk”+“ ta _preview_clk”+1.09 *“mru _clk”+“ mru _preview_clk”+“ lv _clk”+“ lv _preview_clk”)/(“search_initiation_event”*1.04)
 
     In an embodiment, a forecasting component may provide forecast estimates, in one example, for the events: 
     ta_clk, ta_preview_clk, mru_clk, mru_preview_clk, lv_clk, lv_preview_clk 
     and search_initiation_event 
     This would then allow a forecasted metric to be computed, as well as the expected compute metric based on sample errors: ta_clk, =30, ta_preview_clk, =4, mru_clk, =20, mru_preview_clk, =4, lv_clk, =3, lv_preview_clk=1, search_initiation_event=100.
 
forecast=(30+4+20+4+3+1)/100=0.62
 
actual=(30+4*0.91+20+4+3+1)/100*0.96=0.59
 
     A rule for deflection_rate in one example is: 
     if abs(forecast-actual)&gt;0.25 then alert 
     Thus, in this case, an alert would be generated. 
     An example illustrating a log data item error for an event called “search_results_page_click” to an example metric is shown below. 
     Example Metric: Search Results Page CTR 
     Numerator: # of search_results_page_click events 
     Denominator: # of search_results_page_impression events 
     In one example, the following selectors are used to filter an event such as “search_results_page_click” from all log data items. 
     “eventSource”: “click” 
     “eventType”: “user” 
     “locator”: “searchResultPage” 
     “attributes.sessionId” is not null 
     In one example, the following selectors are used to filter an event such as “search_results_page_impression” from all log data items. 
     “eventSource”: “refresh” 
     “eventType”: “user” 
     “locator”: “searchResultPage” 
     “attributes.sessionId” is not null 
     For example, assume a bug was introduced in a patch release for application 2  108 . The bug may be, for example, that the logging code left out “attributes.sessionId” when logging the search_results_page_click log data item. Log data validation system  206  would report errors for “missing required field” for “attributes.sessionId” in the search_results_page_click event for PDCs  104  that have the patch release. In this example, having fewer search_results_page_click events would decrease the Search Results Page CTR metric. 
     In one embodiment, if metrics  122  have been produced by performance metrics generator  120  for a given time period (such as a day), metrics analytics  124  may be able to estimate a more realistic CTR. Metrics analytics  124  knows which events are affected by log data item errors from the event definitions in performance metrics generator  120 . Metrics analytics  124  knows which metrics are impacted and how they are impacted by the affected events from the metrics definitions in performance metrics generator  120  (e.g., the type of event is counted in the numerator and/or the denominator of a metric). Metrics analytics  124  can estimate the number of search_results_page_click events that should be computed based on the percentage of errors being seen for that type of event from the output of log data validation system  206 . Metrics analytics  124  can then estimate the actual CTR. 
     If metrics  122  have not been produced by performance metrics generator  120  for that time period (e.g., that day), metric analytics  124  may forecast what metrics the performance metrics generator might produce. Metrics analytics  124  can estimate the expected and actual (metric calculated without logging errors) Search Results Page CTR based on forecasts and the percentage of errors being seen for that type of event from the output of log data validation system  202 . Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  sends out alerts if the difference between an expected and actual metric is above a threshold specified in metrics analytics rules  502 . In an embodiment, an alert comprises an email, a telephone call, a text, a report, a spreadsheet, a displayed image, or any other communication. 
     In an embodiment, an error is considered to be a valid anomaly that results in an alert being generated based at least in part on whether the error is outside of statistical confidence ranges optimized by a machine learning approach. This anomaly is called a point anomaly herein. Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  stores point anomalies in a distributed database table (e.g., in a file in a Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)) without directly generating an alert for every point anomaly. Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  analyzes point anomalies in the context of conditions called service level indicators (SLIs), and thresholding via requirements called service level objectives (SLOs) and generates collective anomalies from point anomalies. If a collective anomaly indicates a valid error, then an alert is generated and sent. In an embodiment, SLOs are organization specific requirements provided by one or more system administrators depending on their available bandwidth to handle alerts. In an embodiment, SLOs are learned by machine learning using model  612 . Examples of SLIs and SLOs are shown below in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Category 
                 SLI 
                 SLO 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Org-level Degradation 
                 Number of consecutive 
                 &lt;7 or &lt;5% of 
               
               
                   
                 weekday anomalies of same 
                 organization 
               
               
                   
                 kind 
                 history 
               
               
                 Scheduled Change 
                 Collective anomaly rate of a 
                 &lt;80% 
               
               
                 Anomalies 
                 subgroup 
               
               
                 Catastrophic Alerts 
                 No sudden spike/crash point 
                 &lt;3 + standard 
               
               
                   
                 anomalies on organizations 
                 deviations away 
               
               
                   
                 within 1 st  percentile of traffic 
                 from forecast 
               
               
                 Major Trend Shifts 
                 Trend line slope with history 
                 &lt;45 degrees of 
               
               
                   
                 stability 
                 slope change 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  6    is a diagram  600  of log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  according to some embodiments. Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  analyzes time series metrics data in time series DB  212  and metrics  122  using a model  612  to predict a forecast  614  of a most likely value a metric will take at a future time “t”. If the metric is outside the forecast  614  by more than a predetermined threshold amount, taking into account noise data  608 , then an alert  210  is generated by anomaly alert generator  616 . Time series data from time series DB  212  may be selected for analysis according to various groupings, such as by organization, by a group of organizations, by geography, by client, by time zone, by type of services provided, and any other appropriate grouping. 
     Time series data is identical to regular data columns, with the addition of timestamps and being ordered by the time stamps. For example, if a regular data point R is (orgId, platform_description, metric_value, metric_components), then a corresponding time series dataset is an array of R_i: (timestamp_i, orgId, platform_description, metric_value, metric_components), so the time series dataset is [R_0, R_1, . . . , R_n]. 
     Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  includes seasonality estimator  602 , trend estimator  604 , and special days adjustment estimator  606 , each of which analyzes time series data from time series DB  212  and metrics  122  for use in training the model. 
     Seasonality estimator  602  estimates periodic changes to metrics based on observed prior metrics. In an embodiment, the period may be any predetermined time span such a day, a week, a month, a quarter, a season (spring, summer, fall, winter), a year, and so on. For example, a selected metric may typically be lower on certain days of the week (e.g., fewer users are using the cloud computing environment on Sundays). In another example, a metric may typically be higher in a certain month (e.g., more users are shopping online in November).  FIG.  7    is a diagram of an example seasonality chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
     The seasonality estimation is made by looking at historical patterns. For example, if seasonality is focusing on inter-week changes, every shift/difference between a Tuesday and Wednesday would have a representation. If there are 50 weeks of historical data, this means there are 50 data points for every Tuesday→Wednesday shift. These data points are considered as mini regression models estimating what a likely shift (ratio-wise) would be for an organization between Tuesday usage vs. Wednesday usage. This is then expanded to a larger model that analyzes the transition of each component/day-of-week of a selected season. 
     The seasonality estimation contributes an adjustment to the prediction of the forecast during the model training by model trainer  610 , as the model  612  adjusts expected ranges from the season context. For example, if the model  612  is training for estimation of a Thursday data point and the Wednesday numbers are known, a seasonality factor for a selected client/organization can be considered, which might indicate that Tuesdays are expected to be X % higher on the selected metric with Y % lower on the traffic, thus model  612  takes these facts into account when building confidence bounds. 
     Trend estimator  604  estimates trend changes to metrics over a time frame in a consistent manner based on observed prior metrics. In an embodiment, the period may be any predetermined time frame such a day, a week, a month, a quarter, a season (spring, summer, fall, winter), a year, and so on. For example, a metric may be increasing throughout a week, starting at a first value on a Monday and increasing to a higher value on a Friday, then restarting at approximately the first value again on the next Monday, and so on. In another example, a metric may be observed to steadily increase for a first time frame, then decrease for a second time frame.  FIG.  8    is a diagram of an example trend chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
     The trend estimation is made by applying shift pointwise linear regression where the fit of the regression (R{circumflex over ( )}2, mean-square-error, etc.) is justifiable. If the fit starts to be inapplicable, trend estimator  604  searches for a trend change point and splits/forks the regression into a new trend (as illustrated in the example of  FIG.  8    where the trend is shifted). These adjustments are applied in model training when forecasting the next data point. For example, if there is a downtrend where the slope indicates the selected metric goes down 0.05% everyday, then when estimating the next day forecast this knowledge gets factored into training model  612 . 
     Special days adjustment estimator  606  estimates changes to metrics on certain special days of the year. In an embodiment, special days include holidays or other days when the cloud computing environment is not used to the same extent as on other days (e.g., workdays). For example, the special days may include United States holidays (e.g., New Year&#39;s Day, Presidents Day, etc.). For example, an alert may be generated for an error detected on a workday, but not on a special day.  FIG.  9    is a diagram of an example special days chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. 
     In an embodiment, special days estimation per client is done over a locale and recognized holidays/special days of the locale (e.g., US holidays would include Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) day, 4th of July, Labor Day, etc.), and specific shifts from global norms are analyzed for the client/organization on these dates in history. Special days adjustment estimator  606  then estimates a “relaxation factor” of Z % on that specific holiday. For example, huge traffic on July 4 for an organization that is a sales organization, while near zero traffic for a software organization whose users are on vacation, etc. This relaxation factor (e.g., an adjustment) is then be applied when forecasting selected metric values for the next holiday so the resulting holiday metrics do not result in triggering unnecessary alerts. 
     Noise data  608  includes random or pseudorandom values arbitrarily generated in advance to represent metrics. Noise data  608  is used by model trainer  610  to improve model  612  during training. The noise data is arbitrary and artificial data injected into time series data sets to confuse the model. This is done to avoid “overfitting”, where the model improperly detects real patterns from the client data when they do not actually exist and fits the pattern to the existing data so perfectly that anything slightly different is considered anomalous. One reason overfitting is suboptimal is that no training data is fully representative, thus a model prone to overfitting would be vulnerable to any variance in the time series data set. 
     Estimates from seasonality estimator  602 , trend estimator  604 , and special days adjustment estimator  606  are combined with noise data  608  by model trainer  610 . Each estimation is normalized and then weighed as an additive factor on what the forecasted value for the future timestamp should be. For example, if tomorrow is a Wednesday and Wednesday&#39;s metric value is expected to trend higher, these factors are added to the model forecast value, thereby increasing the expected forecast value and thus the confidence bounds. 
     Model trainer  610  uses the estimates to train model  612 . Model  612  trained by applying various scenarios with historical training data and optimizing the outcome for a portion of this data (e.g., test data) in a repeated fashion (e.g., optimization steps), where each repeated operation of the model learns from previous findings and adjusts model parameters. 
     Model  612  generates forecast  614  based at least in part on the estimates and time series data from time series DB  212 . In an embodiment, a forecast is a tuple of the following simplified forms: (organizationId, timestamp, other_metadata, forecast exact value, upper confidence bound, lower confidence bound). Here organanizationId and other_metadata are representative data, timestamp is the forecast date, the forecast exact value is what the model  612  predicts the metric value should be, the upper confidence bound would be what variance is acceptable for the current organization so the forecast value is within the norms for a 95% confidence range, and the lower confidence bound is similar to the upper confidence bound but for downward fluctuations. 
     In an embodiment, a forecast is represented as follows:
 
 y ( t )= g ( t )+ s ( t )+ h ( t )+ε t  
 
where y(t) is the forecast of a selected metric at time t, g(t) is the trend estimate at time t, s(t) is the seasonality estimate at time t, h(t) is the special days adjustment estimate at time t, ε t  and is the noise at time t.
 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram of a confidence chart with metric values on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis according to some embodiments. In  FIG.  10    the y axis represents a metric value that model  612  is training/estimating for and the x axis represents time (e.g., a date stamp). The black dots represent the actual observed time series data for the current organization for which model  612  is trained, the dark line represents the time series continuous line of the forecasted exact metric value described above. Model  612  estimated what the next data point should be more likely to be closer to the line then further away from the line. The upper and lower light lines and the areas in between the light lines represent the confidence range estimated for the new data points to be remain within to be considered within an acceptable variance. If the data point is outside of these bounds, the data point is considered to be a point anomaly. 
     As used herein, a confidence range is the value within upper and lower thresholds, where if the next data point resides, by history and recency can be considered as an acceptable fluctuation of the metric value. For example, assume an organization that has a 1,000 day history where for every single day the metric value was 0.75. Model  612  would then be confident that the next day would also be within a [0.74, 0.76] range, and outside of the anticipated range would generate an alert. On the other hand, for a different organization where every day&#39;s data point is varying between a [0.3, 0.8] range, then it would not be unexpected to get a 0.79 metric value, for example, even if tomorrow&#39;s metric value estimation is 0.64. Confidence ranges are the representation of this range of acceptable metric values. 
     Model  612  generates forecast  614  for time t. In an embodiment, model  612  is a regression model. 
       FIG.  11    is a flow diagram of log error and metrics quality analyzer processing according to some embodiments. In an embodiment, anomaly alert processing of log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  processes time series data in a loop structure where each iteration of data processing feeds the next iteration. In some deployments anomaly alert processing runs in parallel on thousands or even millions of models  612  at every iteration. For a given configuration including identifying information such as a selected metric (e.g., click through rate (CTR)), metric frequency (e.g., daily), metric granularity (e.g., organization/user experience computing platform), etc., metrics analytics  124  of performance metrics system  200  generates at least one time series data set in time series DB  212  from metrics  122  and log data validation DB  208  at block  1102 . Metrics analytics  124  checks the validity of the time series data set according to statistics that might disqualify the time series dataset from being used in anomaly alerting according to minimum SLO data requirements outlined for a current use case. 
     In an embodiment, the statistics are estimated (by global exploration) or provided (by a system administrator) for what preliminary filters should be. For example, research suggests that any history less than eight weeks for a daily pattern is much less reliable to build a model on, so the default configuration may be set to a lower bound of a 56-day history for the current organization to be considered for a candidate for training. The system administrator can also specify what level of traffic on a daily basis is significant enough (e.g., at least 1,000 searches per day). Other statistics may also be used. 
     If the time series data set does not meet the minimum requirements of the SLOs (e.g., the time frame is too short for consecutive anomalies, the number of events being processed is too low for statistical significance, etc.), log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  does not train new model(s)  612  and reverts to last known model(s)  612 . If no training is needed, then this iteration ends and the next iteration begins again at block  1102 . If the time series data set meets the minimum SLO data requirements, then at block  1104  seasonality estimator  602 , trend estimator  604 , and special days adjustment estimator  606  estimate changes to metrics  122  that are used by model trainer  610  to train model  612  at block  1106 . 
     In an embodiment, model  612  optimizes for identification of the best predictor data points. Model  612  optimizes the predictor to identify a most likely next metric value and confidence ranges. The output of the model should be sufficient to declare if the next data point is a point anomaly or not. Model  612  introduces noise data  608  consistently to avoid overfitting to the time series data set while ensuring a highest quality of confidence is achieved. Once the model training is done at block  1106 , the time series data set is applied to model  612  to generate at least one forecast of metric values for future data points as well as their confidence ranges. At this point, log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  goes into a sleep mode until log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  receives a data point (e.g., a potential anomaly) at block  1110 . 
     The data point is sent from the performance metrics generator system  200 . The timing of the data point arrival is tied to this system and log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  waits for metrics value generation to be complete (e.g., in metrics  122 ). Log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  takes the raw metrics data  122  then converts this data into the time series data  212  for the currently selected organization. 
     Once a new data point is obtained, anomaly alert generator  616  determines if the data point is an anomaly. That is, anomaly alert generator  616  identifies a data point that is anomalous according to model  612 , without any other context or dependency. In an embodiment, data point anomalies are not used directly to generate an alert due to the typically large number of models being trained. This means that even if false positives occur, due to the large number of models being trained it is probabilistically expected to receive many data point anomalies during every iteration. If the data point is not an anomaly according to model  612 , processing continues with the next data point at block  1110 . 
     If the data point is an anomaly according to model  612 , then processing continues at block  1114  where one or more collective anomalies are generated by anomaly alert generator  616  from the data point anomalies. A collective anomaly as used herein is what the SLO threshold is being limited to (as shown above in Table 3). One simple example is three consecutive point anomalies. Another example of a collective anomaly is the aggregation of data point anomalies observed in a selected time window (e.g., at least five data point anomalies in the last seven data points, or three consecutive data point anomalies in the last three data points). In an embodiment, collective anomalies are defined in the SLOs, and are fine-tuned/optimized by characteristics of the data points as well as by system administrator requirements. Note that for time series data sets and/or metrics where data point anomalies occur too frequently, an initial global model would have higher thresholds for default SLO values. Setting the thresholds may be done outside of the iterations described here, on a higher level of model exploration by a system administrator. In an embodiment, a user can (with the guidance of a system administrator) establish SLOs (if the user knows daily patterns of a metric). 
     At block  1116 , SLO requirement specific data is incorporated into selected types of SLOs. This is a codification of the sample requirements shown in Table 3. For example, if the requirement is a trend shift, SLO may be a simple “if statement” looking at whether a trend breakpoint occurred recently. If the requirement were to be over 3% of the history, then the function would look at the length of the training data, etc. In another example, if an organization has an AB test underway and is expected to be more sensitive to variance of a metric value, the SLO requirement specific data is embedded into the decision-making criteria of anomaly alert generator  616 . Processing then continues with block  1118  on  FIG.  11 B  via connector  11 B. With all the necessary information computed in blocks  1112 - 1116 , anomaly alert generator  616  now has all the information the anomaly alert generator needs to make a decision on whether this iteration needs escalation (e.g., according to the SLOs, the collective anomalies exceed requirements and an alert should be generated). Thus, at block  1118  if no escalation is needed processing continues with the next time series data set at block  1102  of  FIG.  11 A  via connector  11 A. If escalation is deemed necessary, then processing continues with block  1120 . At block  1120 , anomaly alert generator  616  summarizes one or more of the time series data, one or more anomalies, the alert cause, a visual representation of the time series data set, as well as additional statistical information that can help the system administrator who receives the alert  210  analyze the anomaly. In an embodiment, all this information is bundled into a single message and is delivered to the system administrator (e.g., if an email method is chosen for alert delivery, then the email will be sent in multi-purpose Internet mail extensions (MIME) format). 
     In one embodiment, the process of  FIG.  11    currently has an “expert in the loop”, where a human system administrator makes a binary decision as to whether this anomaly escalation (in the form of an alert) was legitimate/valid or was a false alarm. In another embodiment, this decision-making process can be automated (e.g., by programmatically analyzing tickets created by the escalation process and resulting resolution of the tickets). At block  1122 , the system administrator receives the alert. If the system administrator at block  1124  decides that this alert was not legitimate/valid (e.g., the alert is a false alarm) this means the model  612  was not trained on the best possible scenario, and the machine learning system of log error and metrics quality analyzer  504  needs to receive this information to retrain the model in order to make better decisions in the future. At this point, model  612  ignores the cause of the failure (e.g., bad data points that resulted in this decision), retrains confidence ranges for discovered point anomalies (e.g., for the current organization) by continuing processing with the next data point at block  1110  via connector  11 C. If the system administrator decides this alert is legitimate/valid, model  612  rewards itself for making the correct decision, but also ensures that this finding is reflected in the time series data set by correcting the anomalous time series data history for subsequent iterations. 
     For example, if there was an anomaly, then the data points leading to the decision are not normal for the current organization so the data points should not be included in future forecasting models (which would be misleading). For example, if there were five days of bad data that resulted in model  612  determining that there was a problem with data collection, those five days of time series data should not be included in the training data. 
     Processing continues with the next time series data set at block  1102  via connector  11 A. 
     Example Electronic Devices and Environments. One or more parts of the above implementations may include software. Software is a general term whose meaning can range from part of the code and/or metadata of a single computer program to the entirety of multiple programs. A computer program (also referred to as a program) comprises code and optionally data. Code (sometimes referred to as computer program code or program code) comprises software instructions (also referred to as instructions). Instructions may be executed by hardware to perform operations. Executing software includes executing code, which includes executing instructions. The execution of a program to perform a task involves executing some or all the instructions in that program. 
     An electronic device (also referred to as a device, computing device, computer, computer server, cloud computing server, etc.) includes hardware and software. For example, an electronic device may include a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more machine-readable storage media (e.g., non-volatile memory such as magnetic disks, optical disks, read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, phase change memory, solid state drives (SSDs)) to store code and optionally data. For instance, an electronic device may include non-volatile memory (with slower read/write times) and volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM)). Non-volatile memory persists code/data even when the electronic device is turned off or when power is otherwise removed, and the electronic device copies that part of the code that is to be executed by the set of processors of that electronic device from the non-volatile memory into the volatile memory of that electronic device during operation because volatile memory typically has faster read/write times. As another example, an electronic device may include a non-volatile memory (e.g., phase change memory) that persists code/data when the electronic device has power removed, and that has sufficiently fast read/write times such that, rather than copying the part of the code to be executed into volatile memory, the code/data may be provided directly to the set of processors (e.g., loaded into a cache of the set of processors). In other words, this non-volatile memory operates as both long term storage and main memory, and thus the electronic device may have no or only a small amount of volatile memory for main memory. 
     In addition to storing code and/or data on machine-readable storage media, typical electronic devices can transmit and/or receive code and/or data over one or more machine-readable transmission media (also called a carrier) (e.g., electrical, optical, radio, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals—such as carrier waves, and/or infrared signals). For instance, typical electronic devices also include a set of one or more physical network interface(s) to establish network connections (to transmit and/or receive code and/or data using propagated signals) with other electronic devices. Thus, an electronic device may store and transmit (internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) code and/or data with one or more machine-readable media (also referred to as computer-readable media). 
     Software instructions (also referred to as instructions) are capable of causing (also referred to as operable to cause and configurable to cause) a set of processors to perform operations when the instructions are executed by the set of processors. The phrase “capable of causing” (and synonyms mentioned above) includes various scenarios (or combinations thereof), such as instructions that are always executed versus instructions that may be executed. For example, instructions may be executed: 1) only in certain situations when the larger program is executed (e.g., a condition is fulfilled in the larger program; an event occurs such as a software or hardware interrupt, user input (e.g., a keystroke, a mouse-click, a voice command); a message is published, etc.); or 2) when the instructions are called by another program or part thereof (whether or not executed in the same or a different process, thread, lightweight thread, etc.). These scenarios may or may not require that a larger program, of which the instructions are a part, be currently configured to use those instructions (e.g., may or may not require that a user enables a feature, the feature or instructions be unlocked or enabled, the larger program is configured using data and the program&#39;s inherent functionality, etc.). As shown by these exemplary scenarios, “capable of causing” (and synonyms mentioned above) does not require “causing” but the mere capability to cause. While the term “instructions” may be used to refer to the instructions that when executed cause the performance of the operations described herein, the term may or may not also refer to other instructions that a program may include. Thus, instructions, code, program, and software are capable of causing operations when executed, whether the operations are always performed or sometimes performed (e.g., in the scenarios described previously). The phrase “the instructions when executed” refers to at least the instructions that when executed cause the performance of the operations described herein but may or may not refer to the execution of the other instructions. 
     Electronic devices are designed for and/or used for a variety of purposes, and different terms may reflect those purposes (e.g., user devices, network devices). Some user devices are designed to mainly be operated as servers (sometimes referred to as server devices), while others are designed to mainly be operated as clients (sometimes referred to as client devices, client computing devices, client computers, or end user devices; examples of which include desktops, workstations, laptops, personal digital assistants, smartphones, wearables, augmented reality (AR) devices, virtual reality (VR) devices, mixed reality (MR) devices, etc.). The software executed to operate a user device (typically a server device) as a server may be referred to as server software or server code), while the software executed to operate a user device (typically a client device) as a client may be referred to as client software or client code. A server provides one or more services (also referred to as serves) to one or more clients. 
     The term “user” refers to an entity (e.g., an individual person) that uses an electronic device. Software and/or services may use credentials to distinguish different accounts associated with the same and/or different users. Users can have one or more roles, such as administrator, programmer/developer, and end user roles. As an administrator, a user typically uses electronic devices to administer them for other users, and thus an administrator often works directly and/or indirectly with server devices and client devices. 
       FIG.  12 A  is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device  1200  according to some example implementations.  FIG.  12 A  includes hardware  1220  comprising a set of one or more processor(s)  1222 , a set of one or more network interfaces  1224  (wireless and/or wired), and machine-readable media  1226  having stored therein software  1228  (which includes instructions executable by the set of one or more processor(s)  1222 ). The machine-readable media  1226  may include non-transitory and/or transitory machine-readable media. Each of the previously described clients and schema inference and log data validation system  200  may be implemented in one or more electronic devices  1200 . In one implementation: 1) each of the clients is implemented in a separate one of the electronic devices  1200  (e.g., in end user devices where the software  1228  represents the software to implement clients to interface directly and/or indirectly with the schema inference and log data validation system  200  (e.g., software  1228  represents a web browser, a native client, a portal, a command-line interface, and/or an application programming interface (API) based upon protocols such as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Representational State Transfer (REST), etc.)); 2) the schema inference and log data validation system  200  is implemented in a separate set of one or more of the electronic devices  1200  (e.g., a set of one or more server devices where the software  1228  represents the software to implement the schema inference and log data validation system  200 ); and 3) in operation, the electronic devices implementing the clients and the schema inference and log data validation system  200  would be communicatively coupled (e.g., by a network) and would establish between them (or through one or more other layers and/or or other services) connections for submitting UI interactions log data to the schema inference and log data validation system  200  and returning alerts and reports  122 , and time series DB  124  to the clients. Other configurations of electronic devices may be used in other implementations (e.g., an implementation in which the client and the schema inference and log data validation system  200  are implemented on a single one of electronic device  1200 ). 
     During operation, an instance of the software  1228  (illustrated as instance  1206  and referred to as a software instance; and in the more specific case of an application, as an application instance) is executed. In electronic devices that use compute virtualization, the set of one or more processor(s)  1222  typically execute software to instantiate a virtualization layer  1208  and one or more software container(s)  1204 A- 1204 R (e.g., with operating system-level virtualization, the virtualization layer  1208  may represent a container engine (such as Docker Engine by Docker, Inc. or rkt in Container Linux by Red Hat, Inc.) running on top of (or integrated into) an operating system, and it allows for the creation of multiple software containers  1204 A- 1204 R (representing separate user space instances and also called virtualization engines, virtual private servers, or jails) that may each be used to execute a set of one or more applications; with full virtualization, the virtualization layer  1208  represents a hypervisor (sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM)) or a hypervisor executing on top of a host operating system, and the software containers  1204 A- 1204 R each represent a tightly isolated form of a software container called a virtual machine that is run by the hypervisor and may include a guest operating system; with para-virtualization, an operating system and/or application running with a virtual machine may be aware of the presence of virtualization for optimization purposes). Again, in electronic devices where compute virtualization is used, during operation, an instance of the software  1228  is executed within the software container  1204 A on the virtualization layer  1208 . In electronic devices where compute virtualization is not used, the instance  1206  on top of a host operating system is executed on the “bare metal” electronic device  1200 . The instantiation of the instance  1206 , as well as the virtualization layer  1208  and software containers  1204 A- 1204 R if implemented, are collectively referred to as software instance(s)  1202 . 
     Alternative implementations of an electronic device may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware and/or accelerators might also be used in an electronic device. 
     Example Environment.  FIG.  12 B  is a block diagram of a deployment environment according to some example implementations. A system  1240  includes hardware (e.g., a set of one or more server devices) and software to provide service(s)  1242 , including the schema inference and log data validation system  200 . In some implementations, the system  1240  is in one or more datacenter(s). These datacenter(s) may be: 1) first party datacenter(s), which are datacenter(s) owned and/or operated by the same entity that provides and/or operates some or all of the software that provides the service(s)  1242 ; and/or 2) third-party datacenter(s), which are datacenter(s) owned and/or operated by one or more different entities than the entity that provides the service(s)  1242  (e.g., the different entities may host some or all of the software provided and/or operated by the entity that provides the service(s)  1242 ). For example, third-party datacenters may be owned and/or operated by entities providing public cloud services (e.g., Amazon.com, Inc. (Amazon Web Services), Google LLC (Google Cloud Platform), Microsoft Corporation (Azure)). 
     The system  1240  is coupled to user devices  1280 A- 1280 S over a network  1282 . The service(s)  1242  may be on-demand services that are made available to one or more of the users  1284 A- 1284 S working for one or more entities other than the entity which owns and/or operates the on-demand services (those users sometimes referred to as outside users) so that those entities need not be concerned with building and/or maintaining a system, but instead may make use of the service(s)  1242  when needed (e.g., when needed by the users  1284 A- 1284 S). The service(s)  1242  may communicate with each other and/or with one or more of the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S via one or more APIs (e.g., a REST API). In some implementations, the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S are operated by users  1284 A- 1284 S, and each may be operated as a client device and/or a server device. In some implementations, one or more of the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S are separate ones of the electronic device  1200  or include one or more features of the electronic device  1200 . In some embodiments, service(s)  1242  includes schema inference and log data validation system  200 . 
     In some implementations, the system  1240  is a multi-tenant system (also known as a multi-tenant architecture). The term multi-tenant system refers to a system in which various elements of hardware and/or software of the system may be shared by one or more tenants. A multi-tenant system may be operated by a first entity (sometimes referred to a multi-tenant system provider, operator, or vendor; or simply a provider, operator, or vendor) that provides one or more services to the tenants (in which case the tenants are customers of the operator and sometimes referred to as operator customers). A tenant includes a group of users who share a common access with specific privileges. The tenants may be different entities (e.g., different companies, different departments/divisions of a company, and/or other types of entities), and some or all of these entities may be vendors that sell or otherwise provide products and/or services to their customers (sometimes referred to as tenant customers). A multi-tenant system may allow each tenant to input tenant specific data for user management, tenant-specific functionality, configuration, customizations, non-functional properties, associated applications, etc. A tenant may have one or more roles relative to a system and/or service. For example, in the context of a customer relationship management (CRM) system or service, a tenant may be a vendor using the CRM system or service to manage information the tenant has regarding one or more customers of the vendor. As another example, in the context of Data as a Service (DAAS), one set of tenants may be vendors providing data and another set of tenants may be customers of different ones or all the vendors&#39; data. As another example, in the context of Platform as a Service (PAAS), one set of tenants may be third-party application developers providing applications/services and another set of tenants may be customers of different ones or all of the third-party application developers. 
     Multi-tenancy can be implemented in different ways. In some implementations, a multi-tenant architecture may include a single software instance (e.g., a single database instance) which is shared by multiple tenants; other implementations may include a single software instance (e.g., database instance) per tenant; yet other implementations may include a mixed model; e.g., a single software instance (e.g., an application instance) per tenant and another software instance (e.g., database instance) shared by multiple tenants. 
     In one implementation, the system  1240  is a multi-tenant cloud computing architecture supporting multiple services, such as one or more of the following types of services: schema inference and event validation processing, Customer relationship management (CRM); Configure, price, quote (CPQ); Business process modeling (BPM); Customer support; Marketing; External data connectivity; Productivity; Database-as-a-Service; Data-as-a-Service (DAAS or DaaS); Platform-as-a-service (PAAS or PaaS); Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS or IaaS) (e.g., virtual machines, servers, and/or storage); Analytics; Community; Internet-of-Things (IoT); Industry-specific; Artificial intelligence (AI); Application marketplace (“app store”); Data modeling; Security; and Identity and access management (IAM). 
     For example, system  1240  may include an application platform  1244  that enables PAAS for creating, managing, and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the application platform  1244 , users accessing the system  1240  via one or more of user devices  1280 A- 1280 S, or third-party application developers accessing the system  1240  via one or more of user devices  1280 A- 1280 S. 
     In some implementations, one or more of the service(s)  1242  may use one or more multi-tenant databases  1246 , as well as system data storage  1250  for system data  1252  accessible to system  1240 . In certain implementations, the system  1240  includes a set of one or more servers that are running on server electronic devices and that are configured to handle requests for any authorized user associated with any tenant (there is no server affinity for a user and/or tenant to a specific server). The user devices  1280 A- 1280 S communicate with the server(s) of system  1240  to request and update tenant-level data and system-level data hosted by system  1240 , and in response the system  1240  (e.g., one or more servers in system  1240 ) automatically may generate one or more Structured Query Language (SQL) statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information from the multi-tenant database(s)  1246  and/or system data storage  1250 . 
     In some implementations, the service(s)  1242  are implemented using virtual applications dynamically created at run time responsive to queries from the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S and in accordance with metadata, including: 1) metadata that describes constructs (e.g., forms, reports, workflows, user access privileges, business logic) that are common to multiple tenants; and/or 2) metadata that is tenant specific and describes tenant specific constructs (e.g., tables, reports, dashboards, interfaces, etc.) and is stored in a multi-tenant database. To that end, the program code  1260  may be a runtime engine that materializes application data from the metadata; that is, there is a clear separation of the compiled runtime engine (also known as the system kernel), tenant data, and the metadata, which makes it possible to independently update the system kernel and tenant-specific applications and schemas, with virtually no risk of one affecting the others. Further, in one implementation, the application platform  1244  includes an application setup mechanism that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata by save routines. Invocations to such applications, including the schema inference and log data validation system  200 , may be coded using Procedural Language/Structured Object Query Language (PL/SOQL) that provides a programming language style interface. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata for the tenant making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a software container (e.g., a virtual machine). 
     Network  1282  may be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. The network may comply with one or more network protocols, including an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) protocol, a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol, a 4 th  generation wireless protocol (4G) (e.g., the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, LTE Advanced, LTE Advanced Pro), a fifth generation wireless protocol (5G), and/or similar wired and/or wireless protocols and may include one or more intermediary devices for routing data between the system  1240  and the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S. 
     Each user device  1280 A- 1280 S (such as a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), smartphone, smartwatch, wearable device, augmented reality (AR) device, virtual reality (VR) device, etc.) typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, a touch pad, a touch screen, a pen or the like, video or touch free user interfaces, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a head-up display, a head-mounted display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  1240 . For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  1240 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow one or more of users  1284 A- 1284 S to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to the one or more of users  1284 A- 1284 S. User devices  1280 A- 1280 S might communicate with system  1240  using TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) and, at a higher network level, use other networking protocols to communicate, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Andrew File System (AFS), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Network File System (NFS), an application program interface (API) based upon protocols such as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Representational State Transfer (REST), etc. In an example where HTTP is used, one or more user devices  1280 A- 1280 S might include an HTTP client, commonly referred to as a “browser,” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from server(s) of system  1240 , thus allowing users  1284 A- 1284 S of the user devices  1280 A- 1280 S to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  1240  over network  1282 . 
     CONCLUSION 
     In the above description, numerous specific details such as resource partitioning/sharing/duplication implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, and logic partitioning/integration choices are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding. The invention may be practiced without such specific details, however. In other instances, control structures, logic implementations, opcodes, means to specify operands, and full software instruction sequences have not been shown in detail since those of ordinary skill in the art, with the included descriptions, will be able to implement what is described without undue experimentation. 
     References in the specification to “one implementation,” “an implementation,” “an example implementation,” etc., indicate that the implementation described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every implementation may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same implementation. Further, when a particular feature, structure, and/or characteristic is described in connection with an implementation, one skilled in the art would know to affect such feature, structure, and/or characteristic in connection with other implementations whether or not explicitly described. 
     For example, the figure(s) illustrating flow diagrams sometimes refer to the figure(s) illustrating block diagrams, and vice versa. Whether or not explicitly described, the alternative implementations discussed with reference to the figure(s) illustrating block diagrams also apply to the implementations discussed with reference to the figure(s) illustrating flow diagrams, and vice versa. At the same time, the scope of this description includes implementations, other than those discussed with reference to the block diagrams, for performing the flow diagrams, and vice versa. 
     Bracketed text and blocks with dashed borders (e.g., large dashes, small dashes, dot-dash, and dots) may be used herein to illustrate optional operations and/or structures that add additional features to some implementations. However, such notation should not be taken to mean that these are the only options or optional operations, and/or that blocks with solid borders are not optional in certain implementations. 
     The detailed description and claims may use the term “coupled,” along with its derivatives. “Coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other. 
     While the flow diagrams in the figures show a particular order of operations performed by certain implementations, such order is exemplary and not limiting (e.g., alternative implementations may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, perform certain operations in parallel, overlap performance of certain operations such that they are partially in parallel, etc.). 
     While the above description includes several example implementations, the invention is not limited to the implementations described and can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is thus illustrative instead of limiting. 
     In the detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific implementations. Although these disclosed implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the implementations, it is to be understood that these examples are not limiting, such that other implementations may be used and changes may be made to the disclosed implementations without departing from their spirit and scope. For example, the blocks of the methods shown and described herein are not necessarily performed in the order indicated in some other implementations. Additionally, in some other implementations, the disclosed methods may include more or fewer blocks than are described. As another example, some blocks described herein as separate blocks may be combined in some other implementations. Conversely, what may be described herein as a single block may be implemented in multiple blocks in some other implementations. Additionally, the conjunction “or” is intended herein in the inclusive sense where appropriate unless otherwise indicated; that is, the phrase “A, B, or C” is intended to include the possibilities of “A,” “B,” “C,” “A and B,” “B and C,” “A and C,” and “A, B, and C.” 
     The words “example” or “exemplary” are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the words “example” or “exemplary” is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. 
     In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used herein and in the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. Reference throughout this specification to “an implementation,” “one implementation,” “some implementations,” or “certain implementations” indicates that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the implementation is included in at least one implementation. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “an implementation,” “one implementation,” “some implementations,” or “certain implementations” in various locations throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same implementation. 
     Some portions of the detailed description may be presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the manner used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is herein, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “receiving,” “retrieving,” “transmitting,” “computing,” “generating,” “adding,” “subtracting,” “multiplying,” “dividing,” “optimizing,” “calibrating,” “detecting,” “performing,” “analyzing,” “determining,” “enabling,” “identifying,” “modifying,” “transforming,” “applying,” “aggregating,” “extracting,” “registering,” “querying,” “populating,” “hydrating,” “updating,” or the like, refer to the actions and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices. 
     It should also be understood that some of the disclosed implementations can be embodied in the form of various types of hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof, including in the form of control logic, and using such hardware or software in a modular or integrated manner. Other ways or methods are possible using hardware and a combination of hardware and software. Any of the software components or functions described in this application can be implemented as software code to be executed by one or more processors using any suitable computer language such as, for example, C, C++, Java™, or Python using, for example, existing or object-oriented techniques. The software code can be stored as non-transitory instructions on any type of tangible computer-readable storage medium (referred to herein as a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium”). Examples of suitable media include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), magnetic media such as a hard-drive or a floppy disk, or an optical medium such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD), flash memory, and the like, or any combination of such storage or transmission devices. Computer-readable media encoded with the software/program code may be packaged with a compatible device or provided separately from other devices (for example, via Internet download). Any such computer-readable medium may reside on or within a single computing device or an entire computer system and may be among other computer-readable media within a system or network. A computer system, or other computing device, may include a monitor, printer, or other suitable display for providing any of the results mentioned herein to a user. 
     In the foregoing description, numerous details are set forth. It will be apparent, however, to one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. While specific implementations have been described herein, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. The breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the implementations described herein but should be defined only in accordance with the following and later-submitted claims and their equivalents. Indeed, other various implementations of and modifications to the present disclosure, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Thus, such other implementations and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Furthermore, although the present disclosure has been described herein in the context of a particular implementation in a particular environment for a particular purpose, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present disclosure may be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes. Accordingly, the claims set forth below should be construed in view of the full breadth and spirit of the present disclosure as described herein, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.