Patent Publication Number: US-10767913-B2

Title: Compositions comprising 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132A)

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/787,508, filed Oct. 18, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,371,425, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/908,326 filed Jan. 28, 2016, that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,835,365, which is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/GB2014/052321, filed Jul. 29, 2014, designating the United States and published in English on Feb. 5, 2015, as WO 2015/015188, which claims priority to United Kingdom Application No. 1313615.5, filed Jul. 30, 2013, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     The invention relates to compositions, preferably to heat transfer compositions, and in particular to ultra-low temperature heat transfer compositions which may be suitable as replacements for existing refrigerants such as R-508A, R-508B, R23 or R13B1. 
     The listing or discussion of a prior-published document or any background in the specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that a document or background is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge. 
     Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air-conditioning systems are well known. In such systems, a refrigerant liquid evaporates at low pressure taking heat from the surrounding zone. The resulting vapour is then compressed and passed to a condenser where it condenses and gives off heat to a second zone, the condensate being returned through an expansion valve to the evaporator, so completing the cycle. Mechanical energy required for compressing the vapour and pumping the liquid is provided by, for example, an electric motor or an internal combustion engine. 
     Certain refrigerant applications, notably biomedical refrigeration, use low-boiling refrigerant gases to achieve cooling of materials, typically to temperatures of about −85° C. or below. These fluids are sometimes referred to as ultra-low temperature (ULT) or cryogenic refrigerants. 
     The most commonly used non-flammable ULT refrigerants currently are R-508A and R-508B. The term R-508 is used herein to refer to R-508A and R-508B, which are both mixtures of trifluoromethane (R-23) with hexafluoroethane (R-116) and are rated A1 by the ASHRAE Standard 34 classification. 
     Typical low-temperature applications of R-508 fluids are normally cascade systems: a first vapour compression refrigeration cycle cools air inside a refrigerated compartment to between about −80 and −95° C. by evaporation of liquid R-508. The gaseous refrigerant is then compressed and condensed in a heat exchanger, where it vaporises a second refrigerant (for example R-404A). A typical condensing temperature for R-508 in this exchanger is in the range −50 to −30° C. The second refrigerant vapour is compressed by a second compressor and is then condensed against ambient air. 
     The greenhouse (or global) warming potential (GWP) of low boiling non-flammable refrigerant gases such as R-508 or R-23 is high (e.g. about 13000), and it is desired to find fluids able to be used in this application with lower GWP, so as to reduce environmental impact of refrigerant leakage. 
     In looking for alternative low temperature refrigerants several other factors must also be considered. Firstly, if the fluid is to be used as a retrofit or conversion fluid in existing equipment, or as a “drop-in” to new equipment using an essentially unchanged R-508 system design, then non-flammability is highly desired, as the existing design will have been based on the use of non-flammable fluid. 
     If an alternative fluid is to be employed in a wholly new system design then a degree of flammability may be tolerable; but the use of highly flammable fluids may impose cost and performance penalties to mitigate hazards. Acceptable charge size (refrigerant mass) in a system is also governed by the flammability classification of the fluid, with class 3 fluids, such as ethane, being the most strictly limited. In this case a weaker flammability characteristic is highly desirable since it may allow larger system charges. 
     Thirdly, the typical application of such fluids is in commercial or laboratory based equipment and so the systems will be located in buildings. It is therefore desirable to have acceptably low toxicity as a characteristic of the fluid. 
     Furthermore, the volumetric capacity (a measure of the cooling power achievable by a given size of compressor) and energy efficiency are important. This is especially so in cascade operation as inefficiency in the low temperature stage also increases power consumption of the compressor in the top stage of the cascade. 
     R-170 (ethane) has very low GWP, acceptable refrigeration performance and toxicity but its high flammability limits its application: for example safety regulations can restrict the maximum charge quantity of refrigerant in appliances. 
     Binary mixtures of R-170 with R-116 have been described by Zhang et al. (J Chem Eng Data 2005 50 2074-2076 and Fluid Phase Equilibria 2006 240 73-78). They identified an azeotropic binary composition of these two components. 
     R-744 (carbon dioxide) is non-flammable but cannot be used alone in the bottom stage of ULT cascade systems because the operating temperatures are below the triple point of R-744. This means that solid carbon dioxide (dry-ice) could form in low pressure sections of the system, leading to blockages, poor control and inefficient operation. 
     Binary mixtures of R-744 with R-116 have been described by Valtz et al (Fluid Phase Equilibria 258 (2007) 179-185). They identified an azeotropic binary composition of these two components. 
     R-1132a (1,1-difluoroethene, also known as vinylidene fluoride) also has low GWP and acceptable toxicity. The flammability of R-1132a is reduced compared to ethane but it is still in flammability class 2. U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,064 describes the use of R-1132a in certain refrigerant compositions including mixtures with R-23, R-32, R-125, R-134a and R-143a. The thermodynamic energy efficiency of pure R-1132a is close to that of R-508 but its refrigeration capacity is reduced. 
     Thus there is a need to provide alternative refrigerants having improved properties such as low GWP, yet possessing acceptable refrigeration performance, flammability characteristics and toxicology. There is also a need to provide alternative refrigerants that may be used in existing devices such as refrigeration devices with little or no modification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  shows phase equilibrium behavior of R-1132/R-116 mixtures showing azeotropy; 
         FIG. 2  shows vapour pressure of R-1132a/R-116 mixtures; 
         FIG. 3  shows calculated refrigeration cycle performance for R-1132a/R-116 mixtures; 
         FIG. 4  shows bubble point pressure of R-170/R-1132a mixtures at −40° C.; 
         FIG. 5  shows calculated refrigeration cycle performance for R-1132a/R-116/R-744 mixtures; and 
         FIG. 6  shows flammability for R-744/R-1132a/R-116 at 60° C. 
     
    
    
     The subject invention addresses the above and other deficiencies by the provision of a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a), a second component selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroethane (R-116), ethane (R-170) and mixtures thereof and, optionally, carbon dioxide (CO 2 , R-744). Such compositions, which may be considered to be heat transfer or refrigerant compositions, are referred to hereinafter as compositions of the invention. 
     Certain compositions of the invention comprise R-1132a and R-116, typically from about 10 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 90% by weight of R-116. A preferred such composition comprises from about 14 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 86% by weight of R-116. 
     A another preferred composition of the invention comprises from about 35 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 65% by weight of R-116. Further preferred compositions of the invention comprise from about 36 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a and from about 2 to about 64% by weight of R-116, for example from about 36 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a and from about 4 to about 64% by weight of R-116. 
     A binary minimum-boiling azeotrope has been identified between R-1132a and R-116 by vapour-liquid equilibrium studies (see the Examples), whose composition at atmospheric pressure is about 50% w/w R-1132a (49.8%), having an atmospheric boiling point of about −85.7° C. The azeotropic composition increases to about 53% w/w R-1132a at 30 bara. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides an azeotropic or near-azeotropic composition comprising R-1132a and R-116. A further preferred composition of the invention comprises from about 45 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a and from about 40 to about 55% by weight of R-116. 
     By azeotropic composition, we include the meaning of a binary composition which at vapour-liquid equilibrium has the same composition in both phases, and whose boiling point is lower than that of either of the pure components. By near-azeotropic composition (e.g. a near-azeotropic composition of R-1132a and R-116), we include the meaning of binary liquid compositions whose vapour pressure is above that of the pure component with the lower boiling point (e.g. R-1132a compared to R-116) when measured at equivalent temperature, but whose equilibrium vapour composition may differ from the liquid composition. 
     Certain compositions of the invention comprise R-1132a, R-116 and CO 2 . In an embodiment, such compositions comprise R-1132a, R-116 and up to about 70% by weight CO 2 . 
     Advantageous compositions of the invention comprise from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-116 and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO 2 . 
     Preferred compositions of the invention comprise from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-116 and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO 2 . Such compositions may contain from about 6 to about 40% by weight CO 2 , for example from about 8 to about 30% by weight CO 2 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the amount of CO 2  in the compositions of the invention is less than about 20% by weight, preferably less than about 15% by weight, for example less than about 13% by weight. It is believed that by limiting the CO 2  content to such levels, undesirable dry ice (solid CO 2 ) formation can be reduced or avoided during use of the compositions of the invention as refrigerants. 
     Further advantageous compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a, from about 30 to about 70% by weight of R-116 and from about 2 to about 20% by weight CO 2 . Such compositions typically contain from about 10 to about 50% by weight of R-1132a, from about 40 to about 70% by weight of R-116 and from about 5 to about 15% by weight CO 2 , or from about 40 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a, from about 35 to about 55% by weight of R-116 and from about 5 to about 20% by weight CO 2 . In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 35% by weight of R-1132a, at least about 55% by weight of R-116 and up to about 13% by weight CO 2 . 
     Certain compositions of the invention comprise R-1132a and ethane (R-170), typically from about 20 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 80% by weight of R-170. A preferred such composition comprises from about 50 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 50% by weight of R-170. 
     A another preferred composition of the invention comprises from about 75 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 25% by weight of R-170. 
     A binary minimum-boiling azeotrope has been identified between R-1132a and R-170 by vapour-liquid equilibrium studies (see the Examples), whose composition varies with temperature, from about 54% by weight R-170 at 0° C. to about 41% by weight R-170 at −80° C. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides an azeotropic or near-azeotropic composition comprising R-1132a and R-170. A further preferred composition of the invention comprises from about 40 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a and from about 40 to about 60% by weight of R-170. 
     Certain compositions of the invention comprise R-1132a, R-170 and CO 2 . In an embodiment, such compositions comprise R-1132a, R-170 and up to about 70% by weight CO 2 . 
     Advantageous compositions of the invention comprise from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-170 and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO 2 . 
     Preferred compositions of the invention comprise from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-170 and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO 2 . Such compositions may contain from about 6 to about 40% by weight CO 2 , for example from about 8 to about 30% by weight CO 2 . In one aspect, as previously described, the amount of CO 2  in such compositions comprising R-1132a, R-170 and CO 2  is less than about 20% by weight, preferably less than about 15% by weight, for example less than about 13% by weight. 
     Certain compositions of the invention comprise R-1132a, R-116 and R-170. 
     Advantageous compositions of the invention comprise from about 4 to about 70% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-116 and from about 4 to about 92% by weight R-170. 
     Preferred compositions of the invention comprise from about 4 to about 70% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 88% by weight of R-116 and from about 8 to about 92% by weight R-170. 
     Yet further compositions of the invention consist of quaternary mixtures of ethane, carbon dioxide, R-1132a and R-116. Preferred embodiments of these quaternary compositions are those in which the bulk composition can be assessed as non-flammable by the ASHRAE-34 methodology. Advantageously, the combined amount of ethane and carbon dioxide makes up less than 50% by weight of the composition. Preferably, such compositions contain at least as much CO 2  as ethane (by weight), preferably twice as much CO 2  as ethane (by weight). 
     Advantageous compositions comprise from about 2 to about 20% by weight ethane, from about 2 to about 45% by weight CO 2 , from about 15 to about 85% by weight R-1132a and from about 5 to about 80% by weight R-116. Preferred compositions comprise from about 4 to about 12% by weight ethane, from about 4 to about 40% by weight CO 2 , from about 20 to about 80% by weight R-1132a and from about 8 to about 76% by weight R-116. 
     Any of the above described compositions may additionally contain pentafluoroethane (R-125). 
     Any of the above described compositions may further contain a hydrocarbon, wherein the hydrocarbon is in addition to any ethane present in the composition. Advantageously, the hydrocarbon is one or more compound(s) selected from the group consisting of propane, propene, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon comprises n-pentane. 
     Without being bound by theory, it is believed that, when present, the inclusion of ethane and/or an additional hydrocarbon compound may enhance oil miscibility, solubility and/or return characteristics. Preferably, the compositions of the invention preferably contain from about 1 to about 50% by weight of the hydrocarbon component, for example from about 1 to about 20%. 
     All of the chemicals herein described are commercially available. For example, the fluorochemicals may be obtained from Apollo Scientific (UK) and carbon dioxide may be obtained from liquefied gas suppliers such as Linde AG. 
     As used herein, all % amounts mentioned in compositions herein, including in the claims, are by weight based on the total weight of the compositions, unless otherwise stated. 
     By the term “about”, as used in connection with numerical values of amounts of components in % by weight, we include the meaning of ±0.5% by weight, for example ±0.2% by weight or ±0.1% by weight. 
     For the avoidance of doubt, it is to be understood that the stated upper and lower values for ranges of amounts of components in the compositions of the invention described herein may be interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting ranges fall within the broadest scope of the invention. 
     In an embodiment, the compositions of the invention are substantially free of any component that has heat transfer properties (other than the components specified). 
     For instance, the compositions of the invention may be substantially free of any other hydrofluorocarbon compound (other than R-1132a, R-116 and optionally R-125). 
     Any of the compositions of the invention described herein, including those with specifically defined amounts of R-1132a, the second component and, optionally, CO 2 , may consist essentially of (or consist of) the amounts of R-1132a, the second component and, optionally, CO 2  defined in those compositions. 
     By the term “consist essentially of”, we include the meaning that the compositions of the invention contain substantially no other components, particularly no further hydrofluorocarbon compounds known to be used in heat transfer compositions (e.g. hydrofluoroalkanes or hydrofluoroalkenes). We include the term “consist of” within the meaning of “consist essentially of”. 
     By “substantially no” and “substantially free of”, we include the meaning that the compositions of the invention contain 0.5% by weight or less of the stated component, preferably 0.1% or less, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     The compositions of the invention have zero ozone depletion potential 
     Typically, the compositions of the invention have a GWP of less than about 12000, such as less than about 11000. 
     In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprising R-1132a and R-116 have a GWP of less than about 11000, preferably less than about 10500 or about 10000 or about 9000 or about 8000. 
     In one aspect, the compositions of the invention comprising R-1132a, R-116 and CO 2  have a GWP of less than about 11000, for instance less than about 10000, e.g. from about 100 to about 10000, or from about 100 to about 7000 
     Typically, the compositions of the invention comprising R-1132a and R-170 have a GWP of about 4 or less. 
     Typically, the compositions of the invention comprising R-1132a, R-170 and CO 2  have a GWP of about 4 or less. 
     In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprising R-1132a, R-170, R-116 and CO 2  have a GWP of less than about 10000, for instance less than about 9000, e.g. from about 1000 to about 8000, or from about 2000 to about 7000. 
     Typically, the compositions of the subject invention are of reduced flammability hazards when compared to R-1132a. 
     Flammability may be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34 incorporating the ASTM Standard E-681 with test methodology as per Addendum 34p dated 2004, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In one aspect, the compositions have one or more of (a) a higher lower flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy (sometimes referred to as auto ignition energy or pyrolysis); or (c) a lower flame velocity compared to R-1132a alone. Preferably, the compositions of the invention are less flammable compared to R-1132a in one or more of the following respects: lower flammable limit at 23° C.; lower flammable limit at 60° C.; breadth of flammable range at 23° C. or 60° C.; auto-ignition temperature (thermal decomposition temperature); minimum ignition energy in dry air or flame speed. The flammable limits being determined according to the methods specified in ASHRAE-34 and the auto-ignition temperature being determined in a 500 ml glass flask by the method of ASTM E659-78. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention are non-flammable. For example, the compositions of the invention are non-flammable at a test temperature of 60° C. using the ASHRAE-34 methodology. Advantageously, the mixtures of vapour that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the invention at any temperature between about −20° C. and 60° C. are also non-flammable. 
     Certain non-flammable compositions of the invention are described in the Examples. A preferred non-flammable composition of the invention comprises (optionally consists essentially of or consists of) up to about 30% by weight R-1132a and at least about 70% by weight R116. 
     In some applications it may not be necessary for the formulation to be classed as non-flammable by the ASHRAE-34 methodology; it is possible to develop fluids whose flammability limits will be sufficiently reduced in air to render them safe for use in the application, for example if it is physically not possible to make a flammable mixture by leaking the refrigeration equipment charge into the surrounds. Certain such reduced flammability compositions of the invention are described in the Examples. 
     In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention have a flammability classifiable as 1 or 2L according to the ASHRAE standard 34 classification method 
     The compositions of the invention, particularly those comprising R-1132a, R-116 and CO 2 , advantageously have a temperature glide in an evaporator or a condenser of less than 10 K. Preferably such compositions have a temperature glide of less than about 5 K, and even more preferably less than about 1 K. 
     The critical temperature of a heat transfer composition should be higher than the maximum expected condenser temperature. This is because the cycle efficiency drops as critical temperature is approached. As this happens, the latent heat of the refrigerant is reduced and so more of the heat rejection in the condenser takes place by cooling gaseous refrigerant; this requires more area per unit heat transferred. The critical temperature of R-508B is about 11° C. (data estimated by REFPROP). 
     In one aspect, the compositions of the invention have a critical temperature of greater than about 0° C., preferably greater than about 11° C. 
     It is believed that the compositions of the invention exhibit a completely unexpected combination of low-/non-flammability, low GWP, improved lubricant miscibility and improved refrigeration performance properties. Some of these refrigeration performance properties are explained in more detail below. 
     The compositions of the invention typically have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 85% of that of R-508. Preferably, the compositions of the invention have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 90% of that of R-508, for example from about 95% to about 120% of that of R-508 
     The compositions of the invention typically are capable of reaching temperatures of −70° C. or lower, preferably −80° C. or lower, for example −85° C. or lower whilst maintain the evaporation pressure above atmospheric pressure. 
     In one embodiment, the cycle efficiency (Coefficient of Performance, COP) of the compositions of the invention is within about 5% or even better than the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing. Conveniently, the compressor discharge temperature of the compositions of the invention is within about 15K of the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably about 10K or even about 5K. 
     The compositions of the invention are typically suitable for use in existing designs of equipment, for example, ULT refrigeration equipment and are compatible with all classes of lubricant currently used with established HFC refrigerants. They may be optionally stabilised or compatibilised with mineral oils by the use of appropriate additives. 
     Preferably, when used in heat transfer equipment, the composition of the invention is combined with a lubricant. 
     Conveniently, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof. PAGs and POEs are currently preferred lubricants for the compositions of the invention. 
     Advantageously, the lubricant further comprises a stabiliser. 
     Preferably, the stabiliser is selected from the group consisting of diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and mixtures thereof. 
     Conveniently, the composition of the invention may be combined with a flame retardant. 
     Advantageously, the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl) phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides a heat transfer device comprising a composition of the invention. 
     Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device. 
     Conveniently, the heat transfer device is an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system. 
     Advantageously, the heat transfer device contains a cascade system. 
     The invention also provides the use of a composition of the invention in a heat transfer device as herein described. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sprayable composition comprising a material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition of the invention. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting the biomass with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the substance from the solvent. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from an aqueous solution comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a mechanical power generation device containing a composition of the invention. 
     Preferably, the mechanical power generation device is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and introducing a composition of the invention. Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device, more preferably still the device is an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system. Advantageously, the method further comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas (e.g. carbon dioxide) emission credit. 
     In accordance with the retrofitting method described above, an existing heat transfer fluid can be fully removed from the heat transfer device before introducing a composition of the invention. An existing heat transfer fluid can also be partially removed from a heat transfer device, followed by introducing a composition of the invention. 
     The compositions of the invention may also be prepared simply by mixing the R-1132a, the second component (and optional components such as R-744, R-125, hydrocarbons, a lubricant, a stabiliser or an additional flame retardant) in the desired proportions. The compositions can then be added to a heat transfer device (or used in any other way as defined herein). 
     In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing the environmental impact arising from operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention. Preferably, this method comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas emission credit. 
     By environmental impact we include the generation and emission of greenhouse warming gases through operation of the product. 
     As mentioned above, this environmental impact can be considered as including not only those emissions of compounds or compositions having a significant environmental impact from leakage or other losses, but also including the emission of carbon dioxide arising from the energy consumed by the device over its working life. Such environmental impact may be quantified by the measure known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). This measure has been used in quantification of the environmental impact of certain stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including for example supermarket refrigeration systems (see, for example, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_equivalent_warming_impact). 
     The environmental impact may further be considered as including the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from the synthesis and manufacture of the compounds or compositions. In this case the manufacturing emissions are added to the energy consumption and direct loss effects to yield the measure known as Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP, see for example sae.org/events/aars/presentations/2007papasavva.pdf). The use of LCCP is common in assessing environmental impact of automotive air conditioning systems. 
     Emission credit(s) are awarded for reducing pollutant emissions that contribute to global warming and may, for example, be banked, traded or sold. They are conventionally expressed in the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Thus if the emission of 1 kg of R-134a is avoided then an emission credit of 1×1300=1300 kg CO 2  equivalent may be awarded. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit(s) comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention, wherein the composition of the invention has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the use of the composition of the invention results in the equipment having a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than that which would be attained by use of the existing compound or composition. 
     These methods may be carried out on any suitable product, for example in the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration (e.g. low and medium temperature refrigeration), heat transfer, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, flame suppression, solvents (e.g. carriers for flavorings and fragrances), cleaners, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. Preferably, the field is ultra-low temperature refrigeration. 
     Examples of suitable products include heat transfer devices, sprayable compositions, solvents and mechanical power generation devices. In a preferred embodiment, the product is a heat transfer device, such as a refrigeration device or an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system. 
     The existing compound or composition has an environmental impact as measured by GWP and/or TEWI and/or LCCP that is higher than the composition of the invention which replaces it. The existing compound or composition may comprise a fluorocarbon compound, such as a perfluoro-, hydrofluoro-, chlorofluoro- or hydrochlorofluoro-carbon compound or it may comprise a fluorinated olefin. 
     Preferably, the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer compound or composition such as a refrigerant. Examples of refrigerants that may be replaced include ULT refrigerants such as R-508A, R-508B, R23 and R13B1. 
     Any amount of the existing compound or composition may be replaced so as to reduce the environmental impact. This may depend on the environmental impact of the existing compound or composition being replaced and the environmental impact of the replacement composition of the invention. Preferably, the existing compound or composition in the product is fully replaced by the composition of the invention. 
     The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Binary Mixtures of R-1132a and R-116 
     A binary minimum-boiling azeotrope between R-1132a and R-116 was identified by study of the vapour-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures over a temperature range of −70° C. to 0° C. using a constant-volume apparatus. The data thus generated were regressed to a thermodynamic model capable of extrapolation from the measurement temperature/pressure range to atmospheric pressure conditions. 
     The experimental data were measured in a static constant-volume apparatus consisting of a vessel of precisely-known internal volume located in a temperature-controlled metal block. A magnetic stirring device was located inside the vessel. Refrigerated fluid was passed through the block to allow precise control of temperature inside the vessel. The cell was evacuated then known amounts of each component were then charged to the cell. 
     The temperature of the cell was then varied stepwise from about −70° C. to 0° C. At each temperature the cell temperature and pressure were logged continuously and recorded when stable conditions were reached. 
     The resulting datasets were then regressed using Barker&#39;s method (as described in  The Properties of Gases and Liquids  3 rd  edition (Reid, Sherwood &amp; Prausnitz), which is incorporated herein by reference) to a thermodynamic model capable of representing non-ideal vapour liquid equilibria. The model used the Redlich Kwong equation of state to represent the gas phase properties and the Wilson equation to represent the non-ideality of the liquid phase mixture, as described in Reid et al. 
     The phase behaviour of this system is illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  FIG. 1  shows the vapour composition in the mixture (inferred using the regressed model) plotted against the equilibrium liquid composition. It is seen that the azeotropic point (where the vapour and liquid compositions coincide) moves with pressure, increasing in R-1132a content. 
     A feature of the R-1132a/R-116 binary system identified is that the vapour pressure of any binary mixture containing more than about 14% w/w R-1132a is equal to or higher than the vapour pressure of R-1132a itself (the more volatile component of the system). This is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This means that the refrigeration performance of binary mixtures of the fluids is unexpectedly enhanced compared to that which could be expected from considering the fluid as an ideal binary mixture. In particular we have found that compositions of more than about 35% w/w R-1132a will exhibit higher refrigeration capacity and improved volumetric compressor efficiency than pure R-1132a in typical low temperature refrigeration cycle conditions. 
       FIG. 3  shows calculated refrigeration cycle performance for binary compositions of the invention, with vapour liquid equilibrium modelled based on the measured phase equilibrium, together with a comparison made to the same compositions assuming Raoult&#39;s Law (ideal) behaviour. The thermodynamic properties of R-116 used in this cycle modelling were taken from the NIST REFPROP software version 8. Properties of R-1132a were taken from available open literature data with the exception of saturated liquid vapour pressure, which was measured by us in the determination of the phase equilibrium data. The main source of data for R-1132a physical properties was the commercial PPDS thermodynamic data package provided by TUV-NEL, augmented with data from the commercial DECHEMA database. 
     The cycle conditions for the modelling were as follows. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cycle conditions for R-1132a/R-116 binary system modelling 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cycle conditions for modelling 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Condensing temperature 
                 ° C. 
                 −40 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporating temperature 
                 ° C. 
                 −85 
               
               
                   
                 Suction temperature 
                 ° C. 
                 −40 
               
               
                   
                 Isentropic efficiency 
                   
                 65% 
               
               
                   
                 Subcooling 
                 K 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator superheat 
                 K 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Compressor clearance ratio 
                   
                  4% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The modelled data is set out in the following table. The GWP values for the binary mixtures shown are calculated on the basis of GWP values of 4 and 12200 for R-1132a and R-116, respectively. By way of reference, the corresponding volumetric capacity for pure R-1132a using the same calculations is 726. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116 binary system 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 8% 
                 12% 
                 16% 
                 20% 
                 24% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 96.00% 
                 92.00% 
                 88.00% 
                 84.00% 
                 80.00% 
                 76.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 11712 
                 11224 
                 10736 
                 10249 
                 9761 
                 9273 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 0.75 
                 0.80 
                 0.85 
                 0.89 
                 0.93 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 5.82 
                 6.16 
                 6.44 
                 6.68 
                 6.87 
                 7.04 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.78 
                 7.68 
                 7.57 
                 7.47 
                 7.39 
                 7.31 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 84.2% 
                 84.6% 
                 84.9% 
                 85.3% 
                 85.6% 
                 85.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −12.1 
                 −10.5 
                 −9.3 
                 −8.2 
                 −7.2 
                 −6.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 m 3 /hr 
                 62.2 
                 58.9 
                 56.4 
                 54.5 
                 52.9 
                 51.6 
               
               
                 flowrate 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
                 1.3 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 579 
                 611 
                 638 
                 661 
                 681 
                 698 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.29 
                 2.26 
                 2.24 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28% 
                 32% 
                 36% 
                 40% 
                 44% 
                 48% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 72.00% 
                 68.00% 
                 64.00% 
                 60.00% 
                 56.00% 
                 52.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
                 7322 
                 6834 
                 6346 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 0.99 
                 1.01 
                 1.03 
                 1.04 
                 1.05 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.17 
                 7.27 
                 7.34 
                 7.39 
                 7.41 
                 7.42 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.24 
                 7.18 
                 7.14 
                 7.10 
                 7.07 
                 7.05 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.1% 
                 86.3% 
                 86.5% 
                 86.7% 
                 86.8% 
                 86.9% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −5.5 
                 −4.7 
                 −3.9 
                 −3.1 
                 −2.2 
                 −1.3 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 m 3 /hr 
                 50.5 
                 49.6 
                 48.9 
                 48.3 
                 47.9 
                 47.6 
               
               
                 flowrate 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.7 
                 0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 713 
                 726 
                 737 
                 746 
                 752 
                 757 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52% 
                 56% 
                 60% 
                 64% 
                 68% 
                 72% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 48.00% 
                 44.00% 
                 40.00% 
                 36.00% 
                 32.00% 
                 28.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5858 
                 5370 
                 4882 
                 4395 
                 3907 
                 3419 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.05 
                 1.05 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.41 
                 7.39 
                 7.36 
                 7.32 
                 7.27 
                 7.22 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.05 
                 7.05 
                 7.06 
                 7.07 
                 7.08 
                 7.10 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.0% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −0.3 
                 0.7 
                 1.7 
                 2.7 
                 3.7 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 m 3 /hr 
                 47.4 
                 47.3 
                 47.3 
                 47.4 
                 47.5 
                 47.6 
               
               
                 flowrate 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 760 
                 761 
                 761 
                 760 
                 758 
                 756 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 76% 
                 80% 
                 84% 
                 88% 
                 92% 
                 96% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 24.00% 
                 20.00% 
                 16.00% 
                 12.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 2931 
                 2443 
                 1955 
                 1468 
                 980 
                 492 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.01 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.97 
                 0.96 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.16 
                 7.10 
                 7.04 
                 6.97 
                 6.90 
                 6.83 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.12 
                 7.14 
                 7.16 
                 7.19 
                 7.21 
                 7.24 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 5.7 
                 6.6 
                 7.5 
                 8.4 
                 9.2 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 m 3 /hr 
                 47.8 
                 48.0 
                 48.3 
                 48.6 
                 48.9 
                 49.2 
               
               
                 flowrate 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 753 
                 750 
                 746 
                 741 
                 737 
                 731 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show that for compositions between about 32% and 76% R-1132a the evaporation pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and the cooling capacity is greater than that of R-1132a alone. 
     Binary Mixtures of R-170 and R-1132a 
     The phase equilibrium behaviour of mixtures of ethane and R-1132a was studied in the temperature range −80 to 0° C. using data generated using PHYSPACK-PPB with WERK streamtype and binary interaction parameters optimised to fit Mexichem VLE data. The results are shown in the table below and the bubble point pressure of R-170/R-1132a mixtures at −40° C. is shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binary VLE data for R-170/R-1132a mixtures 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Bubble 
                 Ideal 
               
               
                 Stream 
                   
                 Liq 
                 Vap Mass 
                 Point 
                 bubble 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 Stream 
                 Mass Fr 
                 Fr 
                 Pressure 
                 pressure 
               
               
                 ° C. 
                 Molar VF 
                 ETHANE 
                 ETHANE 
                 bar 
                 bar 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.21798 
                 1.21798 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.05 
                 0.0972247 
                 1.35928 
                 1.25446 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.171521 
                 1.45689 
                 1.28723 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.15 
                 0.231542 
                 1.52581 
                 1.31683 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.2 
                 0.282277 
                 1.57523 
                 1.34371 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.32683 
                 1.61097 
                 1.36822 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0.367258 
                 1.6368 
                 1.39066 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.35 
                 0.405006 
                 1.65522 
                 1.41128 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0.441142 
                 1.6679 
                 1.4303 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.45 
                 0.476504 
                 1.67597 
                 1.4479 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.511787 
                 1.68023 
                 1.46422 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.55 
                 0.5476 
                 1.68123 
                 1.47941 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 0.584512 
                 1.67933 
                 1.49358 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.65 
                 0.623085 
                 1.67481 
                 1.50682 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.7 
                 0.663903 
                 1.66785 
                 1.51923 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.75 
                 0.707603 
                 1.65859 
                 1.53087 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 0.754905 
                 1.6471 
                 1.54183 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.85 
                 0.806652 
                 1.63345 
                 1.55216 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 0.86386 
                 1.61768 
                 1.5619 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 0.95 
                 0.927781 
                 1.5998 
                 1.57112 
               
               
                 −80 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1.57985 
                 1.57985 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 6.75403 
                 6.75403 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.05 
                 0.077327 
                 7.26181 
                 6.85829 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.141724 
                 7.62444 
                 6.95196 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.15 
                 0.197337 
                 7.88483 
                 7.03659 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.2 
                 0.246867 
                 8.07158 
                 7.11342 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.29217 
                 8.20405 
                 7.18348 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0.334581 
                 8.29553 
                 7.24763 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.35 
                 0.375101 
                 8.35529 
                 7.30658 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0.414517 
                 8.3899 
                 7.36095 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.45 
                 0.453476 
                 8.40407 
                 7.41125 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.492531 
                 8.40124 
                 7.45792 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.55 
                 0.532183 
                 8.38395 
                 7.50133 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 0.572899 
                 8.35411 
                 7.54182 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.65 
                 0.615145 
                 8.31317 
                 7.57967 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.7 
                 0.659393 
                 8.26228 
                 7.61514 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.75 
                 0.706148 
                 8.20233 
                 7.64844 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 0.755966 
                 8.13405 
                 7.67976 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.85 
                 0.809469 
                 8.05804 
                 7.70927 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 0.867381 
                 7.97481 
                 7.73713 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 0.95 
                 0.930551 
                 7.88481 
                 7.76348 
               
               
                 −40 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 7.78842 
                 7.78842 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 22.1119 
                 22.1119 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.05 
                 0.0634704 
                 23.2491 
                 22.299 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.12047 
                 24.0949 
                 22.4671 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.15 
                 0.17285 
                 24.7165 
                 22.619 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.2 
                 0.221933 
                 25.1633 
                 22.7568 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.268696 
                 25.4729 
                 22.8825 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0.31388 
                 25.6739 
                 22.9977 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.35 
                 0.358073 
                 25.7881 
                 23.1035 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0.401746 
                 25.8327 
                 23.201 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.45 
                 0.445298 
                 25.8214 
                 23.2913 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.489069 
                 25.7646 
                 23.375 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.55 
                 0.533365 
                 25.671 
                 23.4529 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 0.578466 
                 25.5474 
                 23.5256 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.65 
                 0.624636 
                 25.3992 
                 23.5935 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.7 
                 0.672132 
                 25.2311 
                 23.6572 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.75 
                 0.721212 
                 25.0465 
                 23.7169 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 0.772136 
                 24.8487 
                 23.7731 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.85 
                 0.825178 
                 24.64 
                 23.8261 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 0.880625 
                 24.4226 
                 23.8761 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.95 
                 0.938786 
                 24.1981 
                 23.9234 
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 23.9681 
                 23.9681 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The cycle conditions for the following modelling of R-1132a/R-170 blends were as shown above for the modelling on the R-1132a/R-116 blends. The modelled data is set out in the following table. The table also includes the corresponding modelled data for R508B alone, R-1132a alone and R-116 alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-170 binary system 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 8% 
                 12% 
                 16% 
                 20% 
                 24% 
                 28% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 96.00% 
                 92.00% 
                 88.00% 
                 84.00% 
                 80.00% 
                 76.00% 
                 72.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 0.99 
                 1.05 
                 1.10 
                 1.14 
                 1.18 
                 1.21 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.10 
                 7.39 
                 7.62 
                 7.82 
                 7.98 
                 8.11 
                 8.22 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.15 
                 7.04 
                 6.95 
                 6.86 
                 6.79 
                 6.72 
                 6.66 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.8% 
                 89.0% 
                 89.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 12.6 
                 14.2 
                 15.6 
                 16.9 
                 18.1 
                 19.3 
                 20.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.6 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.6 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 778 
                 822 
                 861 
                 895 
                 923 
                 948 
                 968 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.28 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32% 
                 36% 
                 40% 
                 44% 
                 48% 
                 52% 
                 56% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 68.00% 
                 64.00% 
                 60.00% 
                 56.00% 
                 52.00% 
                 48.00% 
                 44.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.25 
                 1.27 
                 1.29 
                 1.29 
                 1.30 
                 1.30 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.30 
                 8.35 
                 8.38 
                 8.40 
                 8.40 
                 8.39 
                 8.37 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.61 
                 6.57 
                 6.52 
                 6.49 
                 6.46 
                 6.44 
                 6.42 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.4% 
                 89.6% 
                 89.7% 
                 89.8% 
                 90.0% 
                 90.1% 
                 90.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 21.5 
                 22.6 
                 23.7 
                 24.8 
                 25.9 
                 27.0 
                 28.1 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 985 
                 999 
                 1009 
                 1017 
                 1022 
                 1025 
                 1025 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.35 
                 2.35 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 60% 
                 64% 
                 68% 
                 72% 
                 76% 
                 80% 
                 84% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 40.00% 
                 36.00% 
                 32.00% 
                 28.00% 
                 24.00% 
                 20.00% 
                 16.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.30 
                 1.30 
                 1.30 
                 1.29 
                 1.28 
                 1.28 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.34 
                 8.30 
                 8.26 
                 8.21 
                 8.16 
                 8.10 
                 8.04 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.40 
                 6.39 
                 6.38 
                 6.37 
                 6.36 
                 6.35 
                 6.35 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
                 90.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 29.2 
                 30.3 
                 31.4 
                 32.5 
                 33.6 
                 34.6 
                 35.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 1024 
                 1022 
                 1018 
                 1014 
                 1008 
                 1002 
                 995 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.35 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 88% 
                 92% 
                 96% 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 12.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 4.00% 
                 R508B 
                 R1132a 
                 R116 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 13212 
                 4 
                 12200 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
                 0.93 
                 0.69 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.98 
                 7.92 
                 7.85 
                 8.73 
                 6.75 
                 5.40 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.34 
                 6.34 
                 6.34 
                 7.12 
                 7.26 
                 7.85 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.9% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.5% 
                 84.0% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 36.6 
                 37.6 
                 38.5 
                 11.8 
                 10.8 
                 −14.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m 3   
                 988 
                 981 
                 973 
                 955 
                 726 
                 542 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.32 
                 2.30 
                 2.26 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Ternary Mixtures of R-744, R-1132a and R-116 
     Ternary compositions of carbon dioxide (R-744) with R-1132a and R-116 have been identified which exhibit further enhanced refrigeration capacity and reduced flammability compared to R-1132a. These have the advantageous features that solid carbon dioxide formation in the low pressure parts of the refrigeration system can be avoided and that lower compressor discharge temperatures than those attainable with binary R-744/R-1132a mixtures). 
     It is known in the thermodynamic literature (Valtz et al. Fluid Phase Equilibria 258 (2007) 179-185, which is incorporated herein by reference) that the binary system of R-744/R-116 exhibits azeotropy at temperatures at least above −20° C. It has been found, surprisingly, that addition of R-744 to R-1132a and R-116 system significantly enhances the refrigeration capacity of the resulting mixture by more than would be expected if the mixture were an ideal mixture. In particular, regions of composition have been identified where the ternary mixtures exhibits no or very low temperature glide in the two-phase region and only very small differences in phase composition. 
     The performance of selected ternary R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  compositions was modelled using the same cycle conditions and thermodynamic model as explained in the previous examples. The VLE behaviour of the three binary mixtures (R-744/R-116, R-744/R-1132a, R-1132a/R-116) was regressed into the selected thermodynamic model and this was then used to estimate performance. The data of Valtz were incorporated into this regression. 
     The modelled data is set out in the following tables. The corresponding modelled data for R508B alone, R-1132a alone and R-116 alone is shown above in Table 4. The volumetric cooling capacity of selected R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  blends is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     Selected R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  blends of the invention offer an unexpected combination of benefits compared to R-508. These are: reduced compressor discharge temperature; reduced GWP and equivalent or enhanced refrigeration capacity at constant compressor displacement. 
     Ternary Mixtures of R-744, R-1132a and R-170 
     The performance of selected ternary R-1132a/R-170/CO 2  compositions was modelled in accordance with the cycle conditions and thermodynamic model as explained in the previous examples. 
     The modelled data is set out in the following tables. 
     Ternary Mixtures of R-116, R-1132a and R-170 
     The performance of selected ternary R-1132a/R-170/R-116 compositions was modelled in accordance with the cycle conditions and thermodynamic model as explained in the previous examples. 
     The modelled data is set out in the following tables. 
     Quaternary Mixtures of R-116, R-744, R-1132a and R-170 
     The performance of selected ternary R-1132a/R-170/R-116/R-744 compositions was modelled in accordance with the cycle conditions and thermodynamic model as explained in the previous examples. 
     The modelled data is set out in the following tables. The composition typically have capacity close to that of R508 whilst simultaneously avoiding having too flammable a vapour phase (e.g. less flammable than corresponding ethane/R-1132a/R-116 blends) or too high a CO 2  content compared to corresponding CO 2 /R-1132a/R-116 blends (which comparatively high CO 2  content can lead to high compressor temperatures and potential dry ice issues). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/CO 2  ternary system with 4% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 92.00% 
                 88.00% 
                 84.00% 
                 80.00% 
                 76.00% 
                 72.00% 
                 68.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 11224 
                 10736 
                 10249 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 0.90 
                 0.94 
                 0.98 
                 1.01 
                 1.04 
                 1.06 
                 1.08 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 6.98 
                 7.20 
                 7.39 
                 7.54 
                 7.67 
                 7.77 
                 7.84 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.74 
                 7.63 
                 7.54 
                 7.45 
                 7.38 
                 7.32 
                 7.26 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 84.6% 
                 85.0% 
                 85.3% 
                 85.6% 
                 85.9% 
                 86.1% 
                 86.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −5.9 
                 −5.0 
                 −4.1 
                 −3.4 
                 −2.6 
                 −2.0 
                 −1.3 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.6 
                 3.4 
                 3.0 
                 2.6 
                 2.2 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 5.7 
                 5.0 
                 4.3 
                 3.6 
                 3.0 
                 2.4 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 703 
                 722 
                 738 
                 752 
                 764 
                 775 
                 784 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.29 
                 2.26 
                 2.23 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64.00% 
                 60.00% 
                 56.00% 
                 52.00% 
                 48.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6834 
                 6346 
                 5858 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.09 
                 1.10 
                 1.11 
                 1.11 
                 1.10 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.89 
                 7.91 
                 7.91 
                 7.90 
                 7.87 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.21 
                 7.17 
                 7.15 
                 7.13 
                 7.12 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.5% 
                 86.7% 
                 86.8% 
                 87.0% 
                 87.1% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −0.6 
                 0.2 
                 1.0 
                 1.8 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.5 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 792 
                 798 
                 802 
                 804 
                 805 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 44.00% 
                 40.00% 
                 36.00% 
                 32.00% 
                 28.00% 
                 26.00% 
                 20.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5370 
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3907 
                 3419 
                 3175 
                 2443 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.10 
                 1.09 
                 1.08 
                 1.07 
                 1.06 
                 1.05 
                 1.03 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.82 
                 7.77 
                 7.71 
                 7.65 
                 7.58 
                 7.54 
                 7.43 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.12 
                 7.13 
                 7.14 
                 7.16 
                 7.17 
                 7.18 
                 7.21 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 3.7 
                 4.7 
                 5.7 
                 6.6 
                 7.6 
                 8.0 
                 9.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 804 
                 802 
                 799 
                 795 
                 791 
                 789 
                 782 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 92.0% 
                 96% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16.00% 
                 12.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 4.00% 
                 0.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 980 
                 492 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.02 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.97 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.35 
                 7.27 
                 7.19 
                 7.11 
                 7.02 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.23 
                 7.25 
                 7.28 
                 7.30 
                 7.33 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 10.2 
                 11.1 
                 11.9 
                 12.7 
                 13.4 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 777 
                 772 
                 766 
                 760 
                 753 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/CO 2  ternary system with 8% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 88.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 10736 
                 10248 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.04 
                 1.07 
                 1.09 
                 1.11 
                 1.13 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.85 
                 8.01 
                 8.14 
                 8.24 
                 8.31 
                 8.37 
                 8.39 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.55 
                 7.50 
                 7.45 
                 7.40 
                 7.35 
                 7.30 
                 7.26 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 85.4% 
                 85.6% 
                 85.8% 
                 86.0% 
                 86.2% 
                 86.4% 
                 86.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −1.3 
                 −0.6 
                 0.1 
                 0.7 
                 1.3 
                 2.0 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 5.0 
                 4.3 
                 3.6 
                 2.9 
                 2.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 7.0 
                 6.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.2 
                 3.4 
                 2.8 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 805 
                 812 
                 819 
                 827 
                 833 
                 840 
                 845 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.29 
                 2.25 
                 2.23 
                 2.20 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 7321 
                 6834 
                 6346 
                 5858 
                 5370 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.39 
                 8.38 
                 8.34 
                 8.29 
                 8.23 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.22 
                 7.20 
                 7.18 
                 7.18 
                 7.18 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.8% 
                 86.9% 
                 87.0% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 3.3 
                 4.0 
                 4.9 
                 5.7 
                 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.0 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 848 
                 850 
                 849 
                 848 
                 845 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 22.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3419 
                 2931 
                 2687 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
                 1.08 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.16 
                 8.08 
                 8.00 
                 7.92 
                 7.83 
                 7.79 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.19 
                 7.20 
                 7.21 
                 7.23 
                 7.25 
                 7.26 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 7.6 
                 8.6 
                 9.5 
                 10.4 
                 11.3 
                 11.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 841 
                 836 
                 831 
                 826 
                 820 
                 817 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 92.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 979 
                 492 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.05 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.65 
                 7.56 
                 7.47 
                 7.37 
                 7.28 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.29 
                 7.31 
                 7.33 
                 7.36 
                 7.38 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 13.0 
                 13.8 
                 14.5 
                 15.3 
                 16.0 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 808 
                 801 
                 794 
                 787 
                 779 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/C 2  ternary system with 12% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 10248 
                 9760 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.15 
                 1.17 
                 1.18 
                 1.20 
                 1.21 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.55 
                 8.66 
                 8.75 
                 8.81 
                 8.85 
                 8.86 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.45 
                 7.43 
                 7.39 
                 7.35 
                 7.32 
                 7.28 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 85.9% 
                 86.1% 
                 86.3% 
                 86.4% 
                 86.6% 
                 86.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 2.7 
                 3.3 
                 3.9 
                 4.5 
                 5.0 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 5.0 
                 4.1 
                 3.4 
                 2.7 
                 2.1 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 6.8 
                 5.7 
                 4.8 
                 3.9 
                 3.3 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 879 
                 881 
                 885 
                 888 
                 892 
                 894 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.27 
                 2.23 
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 6346 
                 5858 
                 5370 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.84 
                 8.81 
                 8.75 
                 8.69 
                 8.61 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.25 
                 7.23 
                 7.22 
                 7.22 
                 7.23 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.9% 
                 87.0% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 6.3 
                 7.0 
                 7.8 
                 8.7 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.3 
                 2.0 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 895 
                 895 
                 893 
                 889 
                 884 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3419 
                 2931 
                 2443 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.18 
                 1.16 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.10 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.52 
                 8.43 
                 8.34 
                 8.24 
                 8.14 
                 8.04 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.24 
                 7.25 
                 7.26 
                 7.28 
                 7.30 
                 7.32 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 10.5 
                 11.4 
                 12.3 
                 13.2 
                 14.0 
                 14.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 878 
                 872 
                 866 
                 859 
                 852 
                 844 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 18.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 2199 
                 1467 
                 979 
                 491 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.09 
                 1.06 
                 1.05 
                 1.03 
                 1.01 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.98 
                 7.83 
                 7.73 
                 7.63 
                 7.52 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.33 
                 7.36 
                 7.38 
                 7.40 
                 7.43 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 15.3 
                 16.4 
                 17.2 
                 17.9 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 841 
                 829 
                 821 
                 813 
                 805 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  ternary system with 16% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 9760 
                 9272 
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
                 7321 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.23 
                 1.25 
                 1.26 
                 1.27 
                 1.27 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.13 
                 9.21 
                 9.26 
                 9.29 
                 9.29 
                 9.26 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.40 
                 7.38 
                 7.36 
                 7.33 
                 7.30 
                 7.27 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.4% 
                 86.5% 
                 86.7% 
                 86.8% 
                 86.9% 
                 87.1% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 6.4 
                 7.0 
                 7.5 
                 8.0 
                 8.6 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 4.4 
                 3.5 
                 2.8 
                 2.1 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 6.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.1 
                 3.4 
                 2.8 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 937 
                 937 
                 939 
                 940 
                 941 
                 940 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.24 
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 6833 
                 6345 
                 5858 
                 5370 
                 4882 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.27 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.23 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.21 
                 9.14 
                 9.06 
                 8.97 
                 8.87 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.26 
                 7.25 
                 7.26 
                 7.26 
                 7.28 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 9.9 
                 10.7 
                 11.6 
                 12.4 
                 13.3 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.1 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 938 
                 934 
                 928 
                 921 
                 914 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 14.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3418 
                 2931 
                 2443 
                 1955 
                 1711 
                 979 
                 491 
                 4 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.20 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 1.11 
                 1.10 
                 1.08 
                 1.06 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.76 
                 8.65 
                 8.54 
                 8.43 
                 8.32 
                 8.20 
                 8.15 
                 7.98 
                 7.87 
                 7.76 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.29 
                 7.30 
                 7.32 
                 7.34 
                 7.36 
                 7.38 
                 7.39 
                 7.42 
                 7.44 
                 7.47 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 14.2 
                 15.1 
                 16.0 
                 16.8 
                 17.6 
                 18.4 
                 18.8 
                 19.8 
                 20.5 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 906 
                 898 
                 890 
                 882 
                 874 
                 865 
                 861 
                 848 
                 839 
                 830 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/CO2 ternary system with 20% by weight CO2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 9272 
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 6345 
                 5857 
                 5370 
                 4882 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.31 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
                 1.33 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
                 1.31 
                 1.29 
                 1.27 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.63 
                 9.68 
                 9.70 
                 9.69 
                 9.65 
                 9.59 
                 9.51 
                 9.41 
                 9.30 
                 9.19 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.38 
                 7.36 
                 7.33 
                 7.31 
                 7.29 
                 7.28 
                 7.28 
                 7.29 
                 7.30 
                 7.31 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.8% 
                 86.9% 
                 87.0% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 9.9 
                 10.5 
                 11.0 
                 11.5 
                 12.1 
                 12.8 
                 13.6 
                 14.5 
                 15.4 
                 16.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.4 
                 2.7 
                 2.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 4.9 
                 4.0 
                 3.3 
                 2.7 
                 2.3 
                 2.0 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 985 
                 986 
                 986 
                 985 
                 983 
                 978 
                 972 
                 965 
                 957 
                 948 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 10.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3418 
                 2930 
                 2443 
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 1223 
                 491 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.24 
                 1.22 
                 1.20 
                 1.18 
                 1.16 
                 1.14 
                 1.12 
                 1.11 
                 1.08 
                 1.06 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.07 
                 8.95 
                 8.83 
                 8.70 
                 8.58 
                 8.46 
                 8.34 
                 8.28 
                 8.10 
                 7.98 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.33 
                 7.34 
                 7.36 
                 7.38 
                 7.40 
                 7.42 
                 7.44 
                 7.45 
                 7.48 
                 7.50 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 17.1 
                 18.0 
                 18.8 
                 19.6 
                 20.4 
                 21.1 
                 21.8 
                 22.2 
                 23.2 
                 23.8 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 939 
                 930 
                 920 
                 911 
                 902 
                 892 
                 883 
                 878 
                 863 
                 853 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  ternary system with 24% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 8784 
                 8297 
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 6345 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.36 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 10.06 
                 10.08 
                 10.06 
                 10.01 
                 9.94 
                 9.85 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.35 
                 7.34 
                 7.32 
                 7.31 
                 7.31 
                 7.31 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.1% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 13.4 
                 13.9 
                 14.4 
                 15.1 
                 15.8 
                 16.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 2.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 3.8 
                 3.0 
                 2.5 
                 2.1 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1029 
                 1029 
                 1026 
                 1023 
                 1017 
                 1009 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 5857 
                 5370 
                 4882 
                 4394 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
                 1.29 
                 1.27 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.74 
                 9.62 
                 9.50 
                 9.37 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.32 
                 7.33 
                 7.35 
                 7.36 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.6% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 17.4 
                 18.3 
                 19.2 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1000 
                 990 
                 980 
                 970 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 6.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3906 
                 3418 
                 2930 
                 2442 
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 979 
                 735 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.25 
                 1.23 
                 1.21 
                 1.19 
                 1.17 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.09 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.23 
                 9.10 
                 8.97 
                 8.83 
                 8.70 
                 8.57 
                 8.44 
                 8.38 
                 8.19 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.38 
                 7.40 
                 7.41 
                 7.43 
                 7.45 
                 7.47 
                 7.49 
                 7.50 
                 7.54 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.7% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 20.8 
                 21.6 
                 22.4 
                 23.2 
                 23.9 
                 24.5 
                 25.2 
                 25.5 
                 26.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 960 
                 949 
                 939 
                 929 
                 918 
                 908 
                 897 
                 892 
                 876 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  ternary system with 30% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 66.0% 
                 62.0% 
                 58.0% 
                 54.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 46.0% 
                 42.0% 
                 38.0% 
                 34.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 8052 
                 7565 
                 7077 
                 6589 
                 6101 
                 5613 
                 5125 
                 4638 
                 4150 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.44 
                 1.44 
                 1.43 
                 1.41 
                 1.39 
                 1.37 
                 1.35 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 10.58 
                 10.54 
                 10.47 
                 10.38 
                 10.26 
                 10.13 
                 9.99 
                 9.85 
                 9.70 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.33 
                 7.33 
                 7.34 
                 7.35 
                 7.36 
                 7.38 
                 7.39 
                 7.41 
                 7.43 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.9% 
                 87.9% 
                 87.9% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 18.5 
                 19.2 
                 19.9 
                 20.8 
                 21.6 
                 22.5 
                 23.3 
                 24.1 
                 24.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.2 
                 1.7 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1087 
                 1082 
                 1074 
                 1065 
                 1054 
                 1042 
                 1031 
                 1019 
                 1007 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 30.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 30.0% 
                 26.0% 
                 22.0% 
                 18.0% 
                 14.0% 
                 10.0% 
                 6.0% 
                 2.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3662 
                 3174 
                 2686 
                 2198 
                 1711 
                 1223 
                 735 
                 247 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
                 1.24 
                 1.22 
                 1.19 
                 1.17 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.55 
                 9.40 
                 9.26 
                 9.11 
                 8.97 
                 8.83 
                 8.69 
                 8.55 
                 8.48 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.44 
                 7.46 
                 7.48 
                 7.50 
                 7.51 
                 7.53 
                 7.56 
                 7.58 
                 7.59 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.9% 
                 87.9% 
                 87.9% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.0% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 25.7 
                 26.4 
                 27.1 
                 27.8 
                 28.4 
                 29.0 
                 29.6 
                 30.2 
                 30.5 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.6 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 995 
                 984 
                 972 
                 961 
                 949 
                 938 
                 926 
                 915 
                 909 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 170/CO 2  ternary system with 4% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 92.00% 
                 88.00% 
                 84.00% 
                 80.00% 
                 76.00% 
                 72.00% 
                 68.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.02 
                 1.08 
                 1.13 
                 1.18 
                 1.22 
                 1.25 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.38 
                 7.68 
                 7.92 
                 8.13 
                 8.30 
                 8.43 
                 8.54 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.21 
                 7.09 
                 6.99 
                 6.90 
                 6.83 
                 6.75 
                 6.69 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.4% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.9% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 15.1 
                 16.7 
                 18.0 
                 19.3 
                 20.5 
                 21.6 
                 22.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.2 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 806 
                 852 
                 892 
                 926 
                 955 
                 980 
                 1002 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.27 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 64.00% 
                 60.00% 
                 56.00% 
                 52.00% 
                 48.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.30 
                 1.32 
                 1.33 
                 1.34 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.62 
                 8.67 
                 8.71 
                 8.72 
                 8.72 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.63 
                 6.58 
                 6.54 
                 6.50 
                 6.47 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.4% 
                 89.6% 
                 89.8% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.0% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 23.7 
                 24.8 
                 25.8 
                 26.9 
                 28.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1019 
                 1033 
                 1044 
                 1052 
                 1057 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 44.00% 
                 40.00% 
                 36.00% 
                 32.00% 
                 28.00% 
                 26.00% 
                 20.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.34 
                 1.34 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.71 
                 8.69 
                 8.66 
                 8.62 
                 8.57 
                 8.52 
                 8.47 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.45 
                 6.42 
                 6.41 
                 6.39 
                 6.38 
                 6.37 
                 6.36 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.2% 
                 90.3% 
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 29.1 
                 30.2 
                 31.3 
                 32.4 
                 33.5 
                 34.6 
                 35.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.1 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1060 
                 1061 
                 1060 
                 1057 
                 1053 
                 1049 
                 1043 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.35 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
                 4% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 92.0% 
                 96% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16.00% 
                 12.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 4.00% 
                 0.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
                 1.31 
                 1.30 
                 1.29 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.41 
                 8.35 
                 8.29 
                 8.22 
                 8.16 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.35 
                 6.35 
                 6.34 
                 6.34 
                 6.33 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.7% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.9% 
                 91.0% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 36.7 
                 37.7 
                 38.7 
                 39.7 
                 40.6 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1037 
                 1031 
                 1024 
                 1016 
                 1008 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 170/CO 2  ternary system with 8% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 88.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.05 
                 1.12 
                 1.17 
                 1.21 
                 1.25 
                 1.29 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.65 
                 7.96 
                 8.21 
                 8.42 
                 8.60 
                 8.74 
                 8.85 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.25 
                 7.13 
                 7.03 
                 6.93 
                 6.85 
                 6.78 
                 6.71 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.4% 
                 88.7% 
                 88.9% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 17.7 
                 19.2 
                 20.5 
                 21.7 
                 22.8 
                 23.9 
                 24.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.6 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 834 
                 881 
                 921 
                 956 
                 987 
                 1012 
                 1034 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.34 
                 1.36 
                 1.38 
                 1.39 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.93 
                 8.98 
                 9.02 
                 9.03 
                 9.03 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.65 
                 6.60 
                 6.55 
                 6.51 
                 6.47 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.5% 
                 89.7% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.0% 
                 90.1% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 25.9 
                 26.9 
                 27.9 
                 29.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1052 
                 1067 
                 1078 
                 1086 
                 1091 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 44.00% 
                 40.00% 
                 36.00% 
                 32.00% 
                 28.00% 
                 26.00% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.40 
                 1.40 
                 1.40 
                 1.40 
                 1.39 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.02 
                 8.99 
                 8.96 
                 8.92 
                 8.87 
                 8.82 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.45 
                 6.42 
                 6.40 
                 6.39 
                 6.37 
                 6.36 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.2% 
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 31.1 
                 32.2 
                 33.3 
                 34.4 
                 35.5 
                 36.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.1 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1094 
                 1095 
                 1094 
                 1092 
                 1088 
                 1084 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 92.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20.00% 
                 16.00% 
                 12.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.38 
                 1.37 
                 1.36 
                 1.36 
                 1.35 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.76 
                 8.70 
                 8.64 
                 8.58 
                 8.51 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.35 
                 6.34 
                 6.33 
                 6.33 
                 6.32 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.9% 
                 90.9% 
                 91.0% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 37.6 
                 38.7 
                 39.7 
                 40.7 
                 41.7 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.6 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.3 
                 2.4 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1078 
                 1072 
                 1066 
                 1059 
                 1052 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 170/CO 2  ternary system with 12% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.08 
                 1.15 
                 1.20 
                 1.25 
                 1.29 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.91 
                 8.22 
                 8.49 
                 8.71 
                 8.89 
                 9.03 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.29 
                 7.17 
                 7.06 
                 6.96 
                 6.87 
                 6.79 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.9% 
                 88.2% 
                 88.5% 
                 88.8% 
                 89.0% 
                 89.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 20.2 
                 21.6 
                 22.9 
                 24.0 
                 25.1 
                 26.1 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.1 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 2.0 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 860 
                 909 
                 950 
                 986 
                 1017 
                 1043 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.36 
                 1.39 
                 1.41 
                 1.42 
                 1.43 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.14 
                 9.23 
                 9.28 
                 9.32 
                 9.33 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.72 
                 6.66 
                 6.60 
                 6.55 
                 6.51 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.4% 
                 89.6% 
                 89.8% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.1% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 27.1 
                 28.1 
                 29.0 
                 30.0 
                 31.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1066 
                 1084 
                 1099 
                 1111 
                 1119 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.44 
                 1.45 
                 1.45 
                 1.45 
                 1.44 
                 1.44 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.33 
                 9.31 
                 9.28 
                 9.25 
                 9.20 
                 9.16 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.47 
                 6.44 
                 6.42 
                 6.40 
                 6.38 
                 6.36 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.2% 
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 32.1 
                 33.1 
                 34.2 
                 35.3 
                 36.4 
                 37.5 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 1.1 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
                 2.3 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1125 
                 1128 
                 1128 
                 1127 
                 1125 
                 1122 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 18.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.43 
                 1.43 
                 1.42 
                 1.41 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.10 
                 9.04 
                 8.98 
                 8.92 
                 8.86 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.35 
                 6.33 
                 6.32 
                 6.31 
                 6.31 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.8% 
                 90.9% 
                 90.9% 
                 91.0% 
                 91.0% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 38.5 
                 39.6 
                 40.6 
                 41.6 
                 42.6 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 3.0 
                 3.1 
                 3.3 
                 3.4 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1117 
                 1112 
                 1107 
                 1100 
                 1094 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 170/CO 2  ternary system with 16% by weight CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.11 
                 1.18 
                 1.24 
                 1.29 
                 1.33 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.15 
                 8.48 
                 8.75 
                 8.98 
                 9.17 
                 9.32 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.33 
                 7.20 
                 7.08 
                 6.98 
                 6.89 
                 6.81 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.0% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.9% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 22.8 
                 24.1 
                 25.3 
                 26.4 
                 27.4 
                 28.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.1 
                 2.3 
                 2.4 
                 2.3 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 886 
                 936 
                 978 
                 1015 
                 1046 
                 1074 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.40 
                 1.43 
                 1.45 
                 1.47 
                 1.48 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.43 
                 9.52 
                 9.57 
                 9.61 
                 9.62 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.73 
                 6.67 
                 6.60 
                 6.55 
                 6.51 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.5% 
                 89.7% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.0% 
                 90.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 29.3 
                 30.2 
                 31.1 
                 32.0 
                 33.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.0 
                 1.9 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1097 
                 1116 
                 1131 
                 1143 
                 1152 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.62 
                 9.60 
                 9.57 
                 9.53 
                 9.48 
                 9.43 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.47 
                 6.43 
                 6.41 
                 6.38 
                 6.36 
                 6.35 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
                 90.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 34.0 
                 35.1 
                 36.1 
                 37.2 
                 38.3 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.3 
                 2.5 
                 2.7 
                 3.0 
                 3.2 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1157 
                 1160 
                 1161 
                 1160 
                 1158 
                 1154 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 70.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.48 
                 1.47 
                 1.47 
                 1.46 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.37 
                 9.31 
                 9.25 
                 9.19 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.33 
                 6.32 
                 6.30 
                 6.29 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.9% 
                 91.0% 
                 91.0% 
                 91.1% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 40.4 
                 41.5 
                 42.5 
                 43.5 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 3.6 
                 3.8 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1150 
                 1145 
                 1140 
                 1134 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/R-170 ternary system with 4% by weight R-1132a 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 92.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 11224 
                 10736 
                 10249 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 0.96 
                 1.13 
                 1.25 
                 1.35 
                 1.42 
                 1.48 
                 1.52 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.09 
                 7.90 
                 8.49 
                 8.91 
                 9.20 
                 9.38 
                 9.45 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.36 
                 6.97 
                 6.76 
                 6.62 
                 6.48 
                 6.35 
                 6.22 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 85.4% 
                 86.5% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.8% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.8% 
                 89.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −6.1 
                 −2.4 
                 0.6 
                 3.0 
                 5.0 
                 6.7 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 4.4 
                 5.5 
                 5.0 
                 3.8 
                 2.5 
                 1.3 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 4.8 
                 4.7 
                 3.5 
                 2.2 
                 1.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 762 
                 898 
                 990 
                 1057 
                 1112 
                 1156 
                 1189 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.40 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 6345 
                 5858 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.54 
                 1.53 
                 1.52 
                 1.50 
                 1.48 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.45 
                 9.40 
                 9.32 
                 9.22 
                 9.12 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.15 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
                 6.14 
                 6.15 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.6% 
                 89.8% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.1% 
                 90.2% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 10.1 
                 12.5 
                 15.0 
                 17.5 
                 19.8 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1204 
                 1203 
                 1193 
                 1180 
                 1166 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 72.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5370 
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3418 
                 2930 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.46 
                 1.44 
                 1.43 
                 1.41 
                 1.39 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.02 
                 8.91 
                 8.81 
                 8.70 
                 8.60 
                 8.49 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.16 
                 6.17 
                 6.18 
                 6.19 
                 6.21 
                 6.22 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 21.9 
                 23.9 
                 25.8 
                 27.5 
                 29.2 
                 30.8 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                 1.6 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1152 
                 1137 
                 1122 
                 1107 
                 1091 
                 1075 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.43 
                 2.42 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
                 92.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 2442 
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 979 
                 491 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.34 
                 1.32 
                 1.30 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.39 
                 8.28 
                 8.18 
                 8.07 
                 7.96 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.24 
                 6.26 
                 6.28 
                 6.30 
                 6.32 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.7% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.9% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 32.3 
                 33.7 
                 35.0 
                 36.3 
                 37.5 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.5 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 0.8 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1058 
                 1041 
                 1023 
                 1006 
                 989 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.39 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/R-170 ternary system with 8% by weight R-1132a 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 88.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 10736 
                 10249 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.01 
                 1.16 
                 1.28 
                 1.37 
                 1.43 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.31 
                 8.07 
                 8.61 
                 8.99 
                 9.25 
                 9.40 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.27 
                 6.93 
                 6.74 
                 6.59 
                 6.45 
                 6.32 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 85.7% 
                 86.7% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.9% 
                 88.5% 
                 88.9% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −5.2 
                 −1.7 
                 1.1 
                 3.4 
                 5.3 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 4.2 
                 4.9 
                 4.3 
                 3.1 
                 1.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 4.3 
                 4.0 
                 2.9 
                 1.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 782 
                 908 
                 996 
                 1062 
                 1115 
                 1157 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.37 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 6346 
                 5858 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.52 
                 1.53 
                 1.52 
                 1.51 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.45 
                 9.43 
                 9.37 
                 9.29 
                 9.19 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.21 
                 6.16 
                 6.15 
                 6.15 
                 6.16 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.3% 
                 89.6% 
                 89.8% 
                 89.9% 
                 90.1% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 8.7 
                 10.8 
                 13.2 
                 15.7 
                 18.1 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1185 
                 1196 
                 1192 
                 1183 
                 1171 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.49 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 48.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 64.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 44.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5370 
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 3418 
                 2930 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.47 
                 1.45 
                 1.44 
                 1.42 
                 1.40 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.09 
                 8.99 
                 8.88 
                 8.77 
                 8.67 
                 8.56 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.17 
                 6.18 
                 6.19 
                 6.20 
                 6.21 
                 6.23 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.2% 
                 90.3% 
                 90.4% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.5% 
                 90.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 20.3 
                 22.4 
                 24.3 
                 26.2 
                 27.9 
                 29.5 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.1 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1157 
                 1143 
                 1129 
                 1114 
                 1098 
                 1082 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
                 2.42 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 72.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 84.0% 
                 88.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 2442 
                 1955 
                 1467 
                 979 
                 491 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.35 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
                 1.29 
                 1.27 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.46 
                 8.35 
                 8.24 
                 8.14 
                 8.03 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.25 
                 6.26 
                 6.29 
                 6.31 
                 6.32 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 90.6% 
                 90.7% 
                 90.7% 
                 90.8% 
                 90.8% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 31.1 
                 32.6 
                 33.9 
                 35.2 
                 36.5 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
                 0.8 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1065 
                 1048 
                 1031 
                 1014 
                 997 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/R-170 ternary system with 12-20% by weight R-1132a 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 84.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 10249 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
                 7809 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.04 
                 1.19 
                 1.30 
                 1.38 
                 1.44 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.49 
                 8.20 
                 8.70 
                 9.05 
                 9.27 
                 9.39 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.20 
                 6.90 
                 6.70 
                 6.56 
                 6.42 
                 6.30 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.0% 
                 86.9% 
                 87.5% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.6% 
                 89.0% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −4.4 
                 −1.1 
                 1.6 
                 3.8 
                 5.6 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.9 
                 4.3 
                 3.6 
                 2.5 
                 1.5 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 3.7 
                 3.3 
                 2.3 
                 1.3 
                 0.5 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 798 
                 916 
                 1001 
                 1065 
                 1117 
                 1155 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.34 
                 2.39 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
                 2.45 
                 2.47 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 60.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 7321 
                 9761 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.52 
                 1.07 
                 1.21 
                 1.31 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.43 
                 7.65 
                 8.30 
                 8.76 
                 9.08 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.21 
                 7.13 
                 6.86 
                 6.67 
                 6.53 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.4% 
                 86.2% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.7% 
                 88.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 9.3 
                 −3.7 
                 −0.5 
                 2.0 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.1 
                 3.4 
                 3.6 
                 3.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.0 
                 3.1 
                 2.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1178 
                 811 
                 923 
                 1004 
                 1067 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.48 
                 2.31 
                 2.37 
                 2.40 
                 2.42 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 76.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 68.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6833 
                 9273 
                 8785 
                 8297 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.45 
                 1.49 
                 1.51 
                 1.10 
                 1.23 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.27 
                 9.37 
                 9.39 
                 7.77 
                 8.38 
                 8.80 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.40 
                 6.29 
                 6.22 
                 7.07 
                 6.82 
                 6.65 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.7% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.4% 
                 86.5% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 6.0 
                 7.9 
                 9.9 
                 −3.1 
                 0.0 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.1 
                 0.4 
                 0.1 
                 2.9 
                 3.0 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 2.5 
                 2.2 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1115 
                 1150 
                 1168 
                 822 
                 928 
                 1007 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.44 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.29 
                 2.35 
                 2.38 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 20.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 7809 
                 7321 
                 6834 
                 6346 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.40 
                 1.45 
                 1.48 
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.08 
                 9.25 
                 9.33 
                 9.34 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.50 
                 6.38 
                 6.29 
                 6.24 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.3% 
                 88.8% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.4% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 4.6 
                 6.5 
                 8.5 
                 10.7 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.3 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1067 
                 1111 
                 1141 
                 1156 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.41 
                 2.43 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/R-170 ternary system with 30-60% by weight R-1132a 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30% 
                 30% 
                 30% 
                 30% 
                 30% 
                 30% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 66.0% 
                 62.0% 
                 58.0% 
                 54.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 46.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 8053 
                 7565 
                 7078 
                 6590 
                 6102 
                 5614 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.14 
                 1.25 
                 1.33 
                 1.39 
                 1.43 
                 1.45 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.96 
                 8.46 
                 8.79 
                 9.01 
                 9.13 
                 9.18 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.96 
                 6.75 
                 6.60 
                 6.48 
                 6.40 
                 6.34 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.9% 
                 87.6% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.9% 
                 89.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 −1.5 
                 1.4 
                 3.8 
                 6.0 
                 8.2 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
                 0.9 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 842 
                 935 
                 1004 
                 1055 
                 1090 
                 1111 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.26 
                 2.32 
                 2.36 
                 2.38 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 28.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 30% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 42.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 52.0% 
                 48.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5126 
                 6834 
                 6346 
                 5858 
                 5370 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.45 
                 1.16 
                 1.25 
                 1.31 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.17 
                 7.99 
                 8.40 
                 8.67 
                 8.84 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.31 
                 6.89 
                 6.73 
                 6.61 
                 6.52 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 89.4% 
                 87.3% 
                 87.8% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 12.7 
                 0.3 
                 3.1 
                 5.7 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.4 
                 1.0 
                 1.2 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.3 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1122 
                 851 
                 930 
                 989 
                 1030 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.42 
                 2.25 
                 2.30 
                 2.34 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 60.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 60.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 40.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 4882 
                 4394 
                 3906 
                 4395 
                 3907 
                 3419 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.38 
                 1.40 
                 1.40 
                 1.12 
                 1.19 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.94 
                 8.98 
                 8.97 
                 7.79 
                 8.08 
                 8.28 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.46 
                 6.42 
                 6.39 
                 6.92 
                 6.81 
                 6.73 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.9% 
                 89.2% 
                 89.4% 
                 87.6% 
                 88.0% 
                 88.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 10.3 
                 12.6 
                 14.7 
                 4.9 
                 7.6 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1058 
                 1076 
                 1085 
                 837 
                 895 
                 938 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.39 
                 2.25 
                 2.29 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 28.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 60.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 60.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 24.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 2931 
                 2443 
                 1955 
                 1467 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.26 
                 1.28 
                 1.29 
                 1.30 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.41 
                 8.48 
                 8.51 
                 8.51 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.66 
                 6.62 
                 6.58 
                 6.56 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.7% 
                 88.9% 
                 89.1% 
                 89.3% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 12.4 
                 14.5 
                 16.5 
                 18.4 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 968 
                 990 
                 1004 
                 1012 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.35 
                 2.36 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/R- 
               
               
                 170/R-744 quaternary system with 4-12% by weight R-744 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 76.0% 
                 66.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 46.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 26.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 9273 
                 8053 
                 6834 
                 5614 
                 4395 
                 3175 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.19 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.20 
                 1.16 
                 1.13 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.45 
                 8.52 
                 8.46 
                 8.33 
                 8.14 
                 7.93 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.08 
                 6.99 
                 6.95 
                 6.95 
                 6.99 
                 7.04 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.7% 
                 87.1% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.7% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 0.6 
                 2.0 
                 3.6 
                 5.7 
                 7.9 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.5 
                 2.1 
                 1.4 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 3.8 
                 2.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 904 
                 909 
                 905 
                 893 
                 875 
                 856 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.31 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 80.0% 
                 90.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 16.0% 
                 6.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 62.0% 
                 52.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 1955 
                 736 
                 8785 
                 7566 
                 6346 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.09 
                 1.05 
                 1.39 
                 1.38 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.72 
                 7.49 
                 9.50 
                 9.40 
                 9.21 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.10 
                 7.17 
                 6.84 
                 6.81 
                 6.82 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.8% 
                 88.0% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 12.1 
                 13.9 
                 6.1 
                 7.3 
                 8.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.2 
                 1.0 
                 3.6 
                 2.3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.5 
                 1.3 
                 3.7 
                 2.6 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 837 
                 816 
                 1064 
                 1046 
                 1021 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.35 
                 2.32 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 42.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 22.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 58.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5126 
                 3907 
                 2687 
                 1468 
                 8297 
                 7078 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.31 
                 1.26 
                 1.21 
                 1.16 
                 1.53 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.97 
                 8.71 
                 8.45 
                 8.18 
                 10.24 
                 10.01 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.87 
                 6.93 
                 6.99 
                 7.06 
                 6.68 
                 6.69 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.1% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.4% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 10.9 
                 12.9 
                 14.9 
                 16.6 
                 10.4 
                 11.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
                 3.0 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 3.1 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 991 
                 961 
                 931 
                 903 
                 1180 
                 1144 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.37 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 48.0% 
                 38.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 18.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 5858 
                 4638 
                 3419 
                 2199 
                 980 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.44 
                 1.39 
                 1.33 
                 1.27 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.73 
                 9.43 
                 9.13 
                 8.83 
                 8.55 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.74 
                 6.81 
                 6.88 
                 6.95 
                 7.02 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.5% 
                 88.5% 
                 88.5% 
                 88.4% 
                 88.4% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 13.5 
                 15.4 
                 17.2 
                 18.9 
                 20.5 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.9 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.3 
                 2.4 
                 2.4 
                 2.4 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1103 
                 1062 
                 1024 
                 988 
                 954 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.30 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R-116/R- 
               
               
                 170/R-744 quaternary system with 8-24% by weight R-744 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132va (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 76.0% 
                 66.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 46.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 26.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 9273 
                 8053 
                 6834 
                 5614 
                 4395 
                 3175 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.27 
                 1.28 
                 1.27 
                 1.24 
                 1.20 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.97 
                 8.96 
                 8.84 
                 8.66 
                 8.44 
                 8.21 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.07 
                 7.01 
                 6.98 
                 7.00 
                 7.05 
                 7.10 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 86.9% 
                 87.2% 
                 87.5% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 3.7 
                 4.9 
                 6.5 
                 8.5 
                 10.6 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.6 
                 2.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 4.2 
                 2.8 
                 2.2 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 970 
                 963 
                 950 
                 930 
                 908 
                 885 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.28 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132va (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 80.0% 
                 90.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 16.0% 
                 6.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 62.0% 
                 52.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 1955 
                 736 
                 8785 
                 7566 
                 6346 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.11 
                 1.07 
                 1.49 
                 1.46 
                 1.42 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 7.97 
                 7.73 
                 10.22 
                 10.02 
                 9.75 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.15 
                 7.22 
                 6.85 
                 6.85 
                 6.89 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.9% 
                 88.1% 
                 88.2% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 14.5 
                 16.2 
                 10.9 
                 12.1 
                 13.7 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.1 
                 3.2 
                 2.3 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 1.9 
                 1.7 
                 3.6 
                 2.8 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 863 
                 840 
                 1152 
                 1120 
                 1082 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.35 
                 2.32 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 16.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 42.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 22.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 58.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5126 
                 3907 
                 2687 
                 1468 
                 8297 
                 7078 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.36 
                 1.31 
                 1.25 
                 1.20 
                 1.64 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.46 
                 9.16 
                 8.87 
                 8.59 
                 11.02 
                 10.70 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.95 
                 7.01 
                 7.07 
                 7.14 
                 6.72 
                 6.77 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.2% 
                 88.2% 
                 88.2% 
                 88.2% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.6% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 15.6 
                 17.4 
                 19.1 
                 20.7 
                 16.4 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.9 
                 2.0 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
                 2.4 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.5 
                 2.6 
                 2.6 
                 2.5 
                 2.7 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1045 
                 1009 
                 976 
                 944 
                 1270 
                 1219 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.35 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 48.0% 
                 38.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 18.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 5858 
                 4639 
                 3419 
                 2199 
                 980 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.51 
                 1.45 
                 1.39 
                 1.33 
                 1.27 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 10.35 
                 10.01 
                 9.68 
                 9.36 
                 9.05 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.84 
                 6.91 
                 6.98 
                 7.05 
                 7.11 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.6% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.6% 
                 88.5% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 19.6 
                 21.3 
                 22.9 
                 24.3 
                 25.7 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.5 
                 2.6 
                 2.7 
                 2.7 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1168 
                 1122 
                 1079 
                 1040 
                 1004 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.30 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance modelling data for R-1132a/R- 
               
               
                 116/R-170/R-744 quaternary system with 12-36% b/w R-744 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 76.0% 
                 66.0% 
                 56.0% 
                 46.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 26.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 9273 
                 8053 
                 6834 
                 5614 
                 4395 
                 3175 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.33 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
                 1.27 
                 1.23 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.40 
                 9.32 
                 9.16 
                 8.94 
                 8.69 
                 8.44 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.06 
                 7.02 
                 7.02 
                 7.05 
                 7.09 
                 7.14 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.1% 
                 87.4% 
                 87.6% 
                 87.7% 
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 6.4 
                 7.6 
                 9.2 
                 11.1 
                 13.1 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 3.4 
                 2.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 4.1 
                 3.0 
                 2.4 
                 2.3 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1023 
                 1008 
                 988 
                 962 
                 936 
                 911 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.32 
                 2.28 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.0% 
                 4.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 80.0% 
                 90.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
                 40.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 16.0% 
                 6.0% 
                 72.0% 
                 62.0% 
                 52.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 1955 
                 736 
                 8785 
                 7566 
                 6346 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.14 
                 1.09 
                 1.56 
                 1.51 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 8.19 
                 7.94 
                 10.71 
                 10.45 
                 10.14 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.20 
                 7.26 
                 6.87 
                 6.90 
                 6.95 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 87.8% 
                 87.8% 
                 88.2% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.3% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 16.7 
                 18.3 
                 14.9 
                 16.3 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 1.4 
                 1.2 
                 2.6 
                 2.1 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.1 
                 1.9 
                 3.1 
                 2.6 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 886 
                 861 
                 1211 
                 1169 
                 1125 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.34 
                 2.31 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 8.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 24.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 36.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
                 20.0% 
                 30.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 42.0% 
                 32.0% 
                 22.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 68.0% 
                 58.0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GWP 
                   
                 5126 
                 3907 
                 2687 
                 1468 
                 8298 
                 7078 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.40 
                 1.34 
                 1.29 
                 1.24 
                 1.69 
                 1.62 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 9.82 
                 9.51 
                 9.20 
                 8.91 
                 11.46 
                 11.10 
               
               
                 pressure 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                 7.02 
                 7.08 
                 7.13 
                 7.19 
                 6.79 
                 6.86 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.3% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.3% 
                 88.8% 
                 88.8% 
               
               
                 efficiency 
               
               
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 19.6 
                 21.3 
                 22.8 
                 24.2 
                 21.7 
                 23.3 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 1.9 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.6 
                 2.7 
                 2.7 
                 2.6 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 temp glide 
               
               
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1083 
                 1045 
                 1010 
                 977 
                 1316 
                 1259 
               
               
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.33 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R170 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
                 12.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R744 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 36.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 36.0% 
                 36.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1132a (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 40.0% 
                 50.0% 
                 60.0% 
                 70.0% 
                 80.0% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R116 (weight %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 48.0% 
                 38.0% 
                 28.0% 
                 18.0% 
                 8.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GWP 
                   
                 5858 
                 4639 
                 3419 
                 2200 
                 980 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 bar 
                 1.55 
                 1.48 
                 1.42 
                 1.36 
                 1.31 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 bar 
                 10.74 
                 10.38 
                 10.04 
                 9.72 
                 9.41 
               
               
                   
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                   
                 6.93 
                 7.00 
                 7.06 
                 7.12 
                 7.18 
               
               
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                   
                 88.8% 
                 88.7% 
                 88.7% 
                 88.7% 
                 88.6% 
               
               
                   
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                 ° C. 
                 24.8 
                 26.3 
                 27.7 
                 28.9 
                 30.1 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 K 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser 
                 K 
                 2.3 
                 2.5 
                 2.6 
                 2.7 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 temp glide 
               
               
                   
                 Volumetric 
                 kJ/m3 
                 1206 
                 1159 
                 1116 
                 1077 
                 1040 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Cooling 
                   
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Flammability Data 
     The flammability behaviour of binary mixtures of R1132a with non-flammable R116 or R744 (carbon dioxide) was studied using a 12 litre glass flask apparatus, conforming to the apparatus and test method described in ASHRAE Standard 34 for evaluation of flammability of refrigerants. Binary mixtures of varying composition were tested using the Standard 34 test method at 60° C. with a constant humidity (corresponding to 50% relative humidity at 25° C.) to determine the maximum quantity of R-1132a that could be added to each non-flammable component without resulting in a flammable mixture. 
     It was found that the maximum quantity of R-1132a that could be added to R-116 without making the mixture flammable was 48% by volume, which corresponds to a composition of 30.5% by weight R-1132a, 69.5% by weight R-116. It was further determined that the maximum quantity of R-1132a that could be added to R-744 without generating a flammable mixture was 15% by volume. 
     These flammability data are depicted pictorially in  FIG. 6 , showing a triangular composition diagram for ternary mixtures of R-744, R-1132a and R-116, with the units of composition being volume fraction. A dashed line is shown connecting the non-flammable binary compositions having the maximum quantity of R-1132a. Ternary compositions lying above and to the right of this line are anticipated to be non-flammable and are preferred compositions of the invention. 
     Performance Data—Binary R-1132a/R-116 Blends 
     The performance of selected binary compositions of R-1132a/R-116 was studied using a biomedical storage freezer appliance. This appliance was a Panasonic model MDF-U76VC freezer, comprising a cascade refrigeration system with a lower temperature stage operating on R-508B and an upper temperature stage rejecting heat to external ambient air using R-404A refrigerant. Its performance specification for the achieved internal storage compartment air temperature is −86° C. or lower when operated in an ambient air temperature of 30° C. The test was carried out as a drop-in test in which the R-508B refrigerant in the low temperature stage was replaced by binary compositions of the invention and the system was operated in a climate room to guarantee an ambient temperature of 30° C. The storage compartment air temperature, motor power consumption, refrigeration compressor operating temperature and pressure and refrigerant evaporating and condensing temperatures were all recorded. A reference test was carried out with R-508B refrigerant to provide comparative data. A further reference test was carried out using pure R-1132a in the lower stage to provide further comparative data. 
     The results recorded are shown in the following table. It was found that although R1132a alone could not meet the internal air temperature target, addition of R116 improved the performance of the refrigerant. This was demonstrated by the achieved cabinet air temperatures. The presence of the R1132a/R116 azeotrope was demonstrated by the air temperature going through a minimum as the azeotropic composition of ca. 50% w/w R1132a was approached. A composition of 51.1% R1132a/49.9% R116 was found to deliver an acceptable air temperature compared to that achieved with R-508B but at a lower compressor exit temperature. The latter is desirable to protect the compressor and avoid thermal degradation of its lubricating oil. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance data for selected R-1132a/R-116 blends 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-116 content (% 
                 Compressor exit 
                 Cabinet air 
                   
               
               
                 w/w) 
                 temperature (° C.) 
                 temperature (° C.) 
                 Power (W) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 83.5 
                 −85.3 
                 1132 
               
               
                 16.9 
                 83.6 
                 −87.7 
                 1145 
               
               
                 29.8 
                 83.7 
                 −88.4 
                 1151 
               
               
                 35.7 
                 84.1 
                 −88.6 
                 1157 
               
               
                 40.4 
                 84.1 
                 −88.7 
                 1162 
               
               
                 45.3 
                 84.7 
                 −88.5 
                 1189 
               
               
                 49.7 
                 84.7 
                 −88.5 
                 1189 
               
               
                 R508B comparison 
                 85.4 
                 −89.5 
                 1158 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Performance Data—Ternary R-744/R-1132a/R-116 Blends 
     In the same equipment as used for binary composition testing were tested several ternary compositions of R-744/R-1132a/R-116 at the same operating conditions. These were selected as non-flammable compositions on the basis of the flammability data reported above. Selected results are reproduced below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance data for selected R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  blends 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ambient 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 30° C. 
                 R508B 
                 Mixture A 
                 Mixture B 
                 Mixture C 
                 Mixture D 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-1123 
                   
                 33.6% 
                 31.1% 
                 30.0% 
                 29.1% 
               
               
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                 R-116 (% w/w) 
                   
                 66.4% 
                 61.5% 
                 59.4% 
                 57.5% 
               
               
                 R-744 (% w/w) 
                   
                 0.0% 
                 7.4% 
                 10.6% 
                 13.4% 
               
               
                 Compressor 
                 81.6 
                 80.2 
                 80.8 
                 82.0 
                 81.1 
               
               
                 exit 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 (° C.) 
               
               
                 Cabinet air 
                 −88.2 
                 −83.4 
                 −87.2 
                 −88.3 
                 −89.2 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 (° C.) 
               
               
                 Power Input 
                 1070 
                 1040 
                 1060 
                 1080 
                 1080 
               
               
                 (W) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The ternary compositions delivered performance close to R508B. It was found that at the highest concentration of R-744 tested (13.4% w/w) slight instability in operation was observed, attributed to dry ice formation in the expansion device. Since this is an undesirable feature, it is concluded that for compositions where the mass ratio of R1132a to R116 is selected to ensure that this mixture is non-flammable, the R744 content is preferably less than about 13% w/w of the total. 
     Next were tested ternary compositions wherein the R-1132a/R-116 composition was close to the azeotropic composition and which are expected to be mildly flammable. Results from selected tests are shown in the table below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigeration performance data for selected R-1132a/R-116/CO 2  blends 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ambient 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 30° C. 
                 R508B 
                 Mixture E 
                 Mixture F 
                 Mixture G 
                 Mixture H 
                 Mixture J 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-1123 (% w/w) 
                   
                 50.2% 
                 45.4% 
                 44.1% 
                 42.7% 
                 41.5% 
               
               
                 R-116(% w/w) 
                   
                 49.8% 
                 45.1% 
                 43.8% 
                 42.4% 
                 41.3% 
               
               
                 R-744(% w/w) 
                   
                 0.0% 
                 9.6% 
                 12.2% 
                 14.9% 
                 17.2% 
               
               
                 Compressor exit 
                 81.6 
                 83.2 
                 81.4 
                 82.1 
                 82.1 
                 82.7 
               
               
                 temperature (° C.) 
               
               
                 Cabinet air 
                 −88.2 
                 −87.6 
                 −90.0 
                 −90.1 
                 −90.4 
                 −90.3 
               
               
                 temperature (° C.) 
               
               
                 Power Input(W) 
                 1070 
                 1080 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is believed that at lower concentrations of R-116 a further increase in R-744 content may be achieved without formation of dry ice, and thus certain preferred ternary R-744/R-1132a/R-116 compositions are those wherein the refrigeration performance can deliver a final air temperature within 3K of that achievable with R-508B without the formation of dry ice in the systems&#39; expansion device or evaporator inlet pipe. 
     To investigate the potential maximum amount of R-744 that could be added a study was carried out by adding progressively increasing quantities of R744 to mixtures of R1132a and R116 in a constant volume stirred vessel at a temperature of −66° C. (selected as being below the triple point of R-744) and measuring the vapour pressure of the resulting ternary mixtures after mixing and equilibration of the system. Two binary composition ratios of R-1132a/R-116 were used (28 mol % and 75 mol % R1132a). It was found that with both these tests that the maximum quantity of R-744 that could be added before the vapour pressure no longer increased on further addition of R-744, which indicated formation of solid phase R-744, was about 0.5 mol fraction in the ternary mixture. Thus additionally preferred ternary compositions are those wherein the mol fraction of R-744 in the ternary composition is less than 0.5 with more preferred compositional limits as explained above. 
     The invention is defined by the following claims.