Patent Publication Number: US-5294255-A

Title: Pumpable backfill grout

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to low strength concrete compositions to be used as back fill grouts. These compositions are capable of solidifying into inexpensive, low strength materials for back filling excavations where it is desirable to avoid subsidence of the back filled materials subsequent to the back filling operation. They are pumpable with sufficient viscosity to remain free of settling out or separation of components during pumping, and are of low enough viscosity to take advantage of the void-filling capability of the grout. 
     As is known in the art, an admixture is a material other than hydraulic cement, water, fiber reinforcement or aggregates which is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing or use. Admixtures are used to modify the properties of concrete or grout in such a way as to make it more suitable for a particular purpose or for economy. Using an admixture should allow the employment of less expensive construction methods or designs or achieve new results and thereby offset the costs of the admixture. U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,790 discloses additional information regarding admixtures generally, and is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The present invention concerns the use of an admixture for increasing the viscosity of a cementitious grout or blend containing a high proportion of aggregate and a very low proportion of cement which, without the admixture, would be of very limited use due to the settling of the aggregate from the mixture. 
     One material commonly used to fill cavities is referred to as CLSM, Controlled Low Strength Material. This material can be discharged from the chute of a ready mix truck directly into the cavity to be filled, whereupon the material will set into a low strength concrete useful for filling cavities resulting from excavation operations. When such a cavity is inaccessible by truck or where it is necessary for the material to flow or be pumped over some distance to its final destination, CLSM material presents difficulties and generally can not be used due to separation and settling out of the aggregate contained in such mixtures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a novel pumpable cementitious mixture of the CLSM type which is hardenable into a low-strength concrete particularly useful as an inexpensive back fill grout, which is especially useful in applications where subsequent subsidence of the back filled volume must be prevented, and in which the avoidance of settlement or separation of components is important. The particular advantage of the mixture is that it is pumpable and thereby useful in certain applications in which sufficient viscosity to prevent separation and settling out of the aggregate is very important, but in which an inexpensive mixture is also required. The novel aspects of this mixture include a relatively smooth-surfaced, vesicular, expanded perlite, which is relatively hard and not friable, but which has low density so that it floats in water, and is of a fine grain size, intermediate that of normally used aggregates and that of dry cements and an air entraining agent, diatomaceous earth, a thickening agent, and a dispersant. 
     The present invention further relates to a novel blend of components for an admixture to be added to a CLSM to attain the desired characteristics of pumpability and suspension stability. The addition of said admixture to a CLSM enables the CLSM blend of materials to be pumped into place. The admixture of the present invention provides lateral flow with excellent mobility a stable, homogenous mixture, volume stability with less than 1% bleeding, and an increase of approximately 16% in yield. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The cementitious composition of the present invention contains, based on the wet grout or cementitious mixture, from about 0.01 to 10 percent by weight of a relatively smooth-surfaced, vesicular, expanded perlite of from about 100 to 30 mesh in size, with a bulk density of from about 7 to 20 pounds per cubic foot. It is relatively hard and not friable. It does not disintegrate when used as an aggregate and mixed with cement and other aggregates. 
     This material is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/571,549, filed Aug. 24, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,617. It is available from Specrete-IP Incorporated of 10703 Quebec Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. 
     A key characteristic of this expanded perlite is that it does not segregate when blended and shipped with other dry materials, and it resists degradation when blended with other materials. This result is in contrast to the performance of the prior art expanded perlite, which tends to segregate and degrade when mixed with other materials. 
     Another key characteristic of this expanded perlite is that, by weight, over 60% of it floats in water. By volume, most of it floats in water and only a small portion sinks in water. 
     In addition, as will be hereinafter described, the cementitious composition, of this invention contains an air entraining agent, diatomaceous earth, a thickening agent, and a dispersant or surface active agent. 
     Table I lists several formulations for presently known and employed prior art controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). These CLSM formulations are believed to be typical or representative of the formulations used and strengths produced when used in applications calling for a low-strength concrete material, e.g., with design strengths in compression ranging from 50 to 1000 psi. All of the following design strengths are for strengths in compression. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
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Typical CLSM Mix Proportions                                              
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Design Strength, psi                                                      
              50      100      500    1000                                
Cement, lb.   60      100      190    280                                 
Fly Ash, lb. 290      300      300    300                                 
Fine Aggregate, lb.                                                       
             2770     2700     2680   2650                                
Water, lb.   475      465      460    440                                 
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     The mixes of Table I above can be poured or placed into a cavity. The placement, however, must be continuous or subsidence will take place. It will become immobile and it will not be possible to move the material further into the cavity. If you want to turn a typical CLSM mix into a flowable motar, you have to add more water. By a &#34;flowable motar&#34;, it is meant that the material will not become immobile as it is being poured or placed even though, after it has been poured or otherwise placed, it may subside. By &#34;subside&#34;, it is meant that the solids separate out from the liquid leaving a liquid layer and a layer of mixed solids. 
     A flowable 100 p.s.i. design strength CLSM mortar mix is as follows: 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
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Design Strength, psi                                                      
                  100                                                     
Cement, lb        100                                                     
Fly Ash Aggregate, lb                                                     
                  300                                                     
Fine Aggregate, lb                                                        
                  2600                                                    
Water, lb         584                                                     
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     While the above mix is flowable, it is still not pumpable in the conventional sense and it still subsides. 
     By the use of a small amount of the admixture of my invention, however, a 100 p.s.i. design strength pumpable grout can be made as follows: 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
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PUMPABLE BACK FILL GROUT                                                  
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Design Strength, psi                                                      
                 100                                                      
Cement, lb       100                                                      
Fly Ash, (C), lb 300                                                      
Fine Aggregate, lb                                                        
                 2600                                                     
Expanded perlite  8                                                       
additive (Table VI)                                                       
Water            485                                                      
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     The Table III pumpable CLSM formulation provides a design strength of 100 psi, as does the flowable mortar formulation shown in Table II. The formulations are similar in amount of cement, fly ash and fine aggregate employed. The pumpable back fill formulation grout has less water. However, as shown in Table IV below, significant differences exist in the physical properties of the material thus formed. The volume is considerably larger in the pumpable back fill grout of the present invention, and consistently therewith the density of this material is much lower. The laboratory observations, shown also in Table IV, clearly demonstrate the physical and functional differences between the two formulations. 
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
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CONTROLLED LOW STRENGTH MATERIAL                                          
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            Prior     Present                                             
            Art CLSM  Invention CLSM                                      
            (Table II)                                                    
                      (Table III)                                         
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Design Stength, psi                                                       
            100       100                                                 
Yield, ft.sup.3                                                           
            27.5      &gt;32.0                                               
W/C + FA Rati                                                             
            1.46      1.21                                                
Wet Density, lb/ft.sup.3                                                  
            138       105                                                 
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Laboratory Observations                                                   
Pumping       Placeable, but                                              
                           Homogenous                                     
Characteristics                                                           
              problematic  Mixture -                                      
                           Readily pumped                                 
Mobility/     None         35-40 sec./                                    
Lateral Flow               1/2&#34; flow cone                                 
Subsidence/   Substantial/ &lt;1% in one hour                                
Settlement    Rapid                                                       
Volume Stability                                                          
              Settlement/  Maintains &gt;99%                                 
              Bleeding     Measured Volume                                
Fluidifying   Increased                                                   
Admixture     Subsidence                                                  
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     Of particular interest and concern in the present invention is the difference in pumpability. The CLSM back fill grout of the present invention greatly increases the viscosity of the mixture, allowing the material to be easily pumped over considerable distances with no danger of settling out of suspended aggregate during the pumping process, thus greatly improving the pumping characteristics over the prior art. The mobility/lateral flow test of Table IV, refers to the time taken for the mortar admixture to flow through a cone having a one-half inch orifice. The prior art flowable mortar could not be measured due to the fact that the water rapidly separated out from the solids and the solids blocked the orifice. As noted, subsidence or settlement and volume stability refer to the propensity of the solids of the mortar to settle out and expell the water. As clearly shown in Table IV, the pumpable back fill grout of the invention is superior in these respects as well. 
     The fact that the expanded perlite of the invention has a smooth surface which is nearly sealed, and over 60% of it by weight floats in water, accounts primarily for the differences in volume and density of these two 100 p.s.i. design strength formulations as shown in Table IV. 
     The other factor is the entrainment of air brought about by the addition of an air entrainment agent. This helps in placing the grout and prevents the loss of volume from loss of water caused by subsidence. 
     Table V below gives typical ranges of weights of the ingredients in an expanded perlite additive formulation. These ranges are useful for producing pumpable back fill grouts having various characteristics, but all within the scope of the invention. 
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
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Expanded Perlite Additive Formulation                                     
for Back Fill Grout                                                       
Material         Parts by Weight, lb                                      
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Expanded perlite  500-1200                                                
Air Entraining Agent                                                      
                 100-200                                                  
Diatomaceous earth                                                        
                 25-75                                                    
Quick dispersing 25-75                                                    
thixotropic suspending                                                    
agent                                                                     
Bentonite thickening                                                      
                 10-35                                                    
agent                                                                     
Dispersant       10-35                                                    
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     The preferred air entraining agent is Vinsol Resin NVX 20% neutralized solution. This is an extract from southern pine stump wood. It is a dark high melting thermoplastic resin which has been reacted with alkalis to neutralize it and produce water soaps. It is manufactured by the Hercules Powder Company of Wilmington, Del. Other suitable air entraining agents are DARAVAIR and DAREX sold by Grace Concrete Products of Chicago, Ill. These air entraining agents comply with ASTM Designation 260. 
     The preferred diatomaceous earth is Dicalite. This is produced by Grefco, Inc. of Torrence, Calif. 
     The preferred quick dispersing thixotropic suspending agent is Cellosize QP 4400H. This is a hydroxy ethyl cellulose manufactured by Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics of Bound Brook Company, N.J. Other quick dispersing thixotropic suspending agents are CARBOPOL 801 sold by BF Goodrich of Cleveland, Ohio, and STYMER S sold by Monsanto Chemical Company of Saint Louis, Mo. CARBOPOL 801 is a polyacrylic acid powder. STYMER S is a sodium salt of a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. 
     The term &#34;dispersant&#34; is intended to cover surface active agents which, when added to water, promote uniform and maximum separation of extremely fine solid particles. For the most part, they are polymeric electrolytes. 
     The preferred bentonite thickening agent is Quick Gel Bentonite manufactured by Barold Drilling Fluids of Houston, Tex. It is both a viscosifier and thickening agent. This bentonite is preferred because it is quick wetting. Other bentonites may be used if they have suitable wetting characteristics. When properly dispersed and wetted, the bentonite also has thixiotropic effects. It is not, however, quick dispersing. 
     The preferred dispersant or surface active agent is Weschem CA-1 calcium lignosulfonate. This is manufactured by Wesco Technologies Ltd. of San Clemente, Calif. It is a refined calcium lignosulfonate powder. 
     Small amounts of sodium hexametaphosphate may be used as a dispersant. Superplasticizer powders such as BOREM 100 HP sold by Boremco Specialty Chemical of Fall River, Mass., may be used as a disperant. The superplasticizers tend to be expensive. 
     The preferred formulation for the backfill grout additive of my invention is given in Table VI below. 
     
                       TABLE VI                                                    
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Back Fill Grout Additive Formulation                                      
Material               Weight, lb                                         
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Expanded perlite       850                                                
Vinsol Resin (20%)     155                                                
Diatomite              50                                                 
Cellosize QP4400H      50                                                 
Quick Gel Bentonite    25                                                 
Wesco CA 1 (Calcium Lignosulfonate)                                       
                       25                                                 
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     A typical backfill grout wet mix formulation, ready to be pumped, is as follows: 
     
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Ingredient         Parts by Weight                                        
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portland cement     60-300                                                
fly ash            250-350                                                
fine aggregate     2500-3000                                              
water              400-700                                                
smooth surfaced vesicular                                                 
                    3-15                                                  
expanded perlite                                                          
air entraining agent                                                      
                    .6-1.2                                                
diatomaceous earth .15-.45                                                
quick dispersing   .15-.45                                                
thixotropic suspending agent                                              
bentonite thickening agent                                                
                   .06-.2                                                 
dispersant         .06-.2                                                 
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     While some of the benefits of the present invention may be obtained with open-surfaced vesicular expanded perlite, such as PERMALITE, sold by Chemrock Corporation of Nashville, Tenn., it is not the preferred material. The particles are larger than the smooth surface expanded perlite, they are not as hard and they are more friable. In an additive formulation, such as Table V, when shipped, they may separate. 
     While the invention has been shown and described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, the examples are for the purpose of illustration rather than limitation, and other variations and modifications of the specific embodiments herein described will be apparent to those skilled in the art all within the intended spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited in scope and effect to the specific embodiment herein described, nor in any other way that is inconsistent with the extent to which the progress in the art has been advanced by the invention.