Patent Publication Number: US-11641568-B2

Title: Multiple usage rates

Description:
FIELD 
     The present invention relates to electronic communications and in particular to usage rates for billing. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A telephone network operator (“Carrier”) is a communications services provider that may have a fixed and/or wireless network infrastructure to provide communications services to its customers. A Carrier may utilize a combination of any number of technologies including those wireless technologies provided by any number of mobile network providers (such as cellular, LTE™) and those provided by any number of consumer establishments where Wi-Fi®, and the like, may be freely available to customers for Internet access. 
     A Carrier may use Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) which is a technology that provides voice communications services and data communications services (e.g., multimedia sessions) over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet and/or private packet networks. Typically, a software telephony application using VoIP which can be installed on various devices such as handheld devices with Android or iOS operating systems, and desktop or laptop computers with Windows or Linux operating systems, for example. Further, VoIP technologies have evolved to include a telephone number for users and which include Short Message Service (SMS) for text messaging services. 
     These software telephony applications may be installed on mobile devices as well as fixed (hard-wired desktop) computers. When these mobile devices are roaming in another country or another carrier&#39;s territory, typically different voice and data rates apply. Billing systems would then have to take into account these different rates in various roaming countries and territories, thereby increasing their complexity and further increasing the difficulty of communicating such rate differences to the users. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system for providing metered communication services, the communications system comprising: a mobile network to provide mobile network communications services for a plurality of mobile communications devices over a wide-area IP network; a wireless local-area network (WLAN) to provide wireless network communications services for a plurality of communications devices over the wide-area IP network; a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service coupled to the mobile network and the WLAN via the wide-are IP network to provide VoIP communications services for the plurality of communications devices; a public switched telephone network (PSTN) coupled to the VoIP service; a communications routing system coupled to the plurality of communications devices via the wide-area IP network; and a billing system coupled to the communications routing system, the billing system configured to determine an invoice amount based on an adjusted usage amount and a predetermined bill rate, wherein the adjusted usage amount is determined based on a usage adjustment factor and a metered usage amount for each communications event. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the adjusted usage amount is determined by the communications routing system prior to processing by the billing system. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the adjusted usage amount is determined by the billing system during processing for invoicing. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the usage adjustment factor is determined based on one or more of: a geographic location, a day of week, a time of day, a promotional event, a special sales rate, terms of a carrier plan, and a network rate. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the usage adjustment factor is displayed on the communications device. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the usage adjustment factor is displayed on the communications device with a roaming indicator. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the metered usage amount is based on one or more of: bandwidth used for the communications event, a duration of the communications event, and cost per unit of time for the communications event. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the usage adjustment factor is a multiple of a fixed cost. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications system wherein the usage adjustment factor is a multiple of a home network cost. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method in a communications system for providing communication services between communications devices wherein the communication services are metered, the method comprising: determining a usage adjustment factor for a communications event; determining a metered usage amount for the communications event; and determining an adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method further comprising determining an invoice amount based on the adjusted usage amount and a predetermined bill rate. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the adjusted usage amount is determined by a communications routing system prior to determining the invoice amount by a billing system. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the adjusted usage amount is determined by a billing system during determining the invoice amount. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the usage adjustment factor is determined based on one or more of: a geographic location, a day of week, a time of day, a promotional event, a special sales rate, terms of a carrier plan, and a network rate. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method further comprising displaying the usage adjustment factor on a communications device. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the usage adjustment factor is displayed on the communications device with a roaming indicator. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the metered usage amount is based on one or more of: bandwidth used for the communications event, a duration of the communications event, and cost per unit of time for the communications event. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the usage adjustment factor is a multiple of a fixed cost. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method wherein the usage adjustment factor is a multiple of a home network cost. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communications device comprising: a memory; a communications interface; a processor interconnected with the memory and the communications interface, the processor configured to: determine a usage adjustment factor for a communications event; determine a metered usage amount for the communications event; and determine an adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings illustrate, by way of example only, implementations of the present invention. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of a communications system which uses multiple usage rates. 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram of a communications routing system. 
         FIG.  3    is a flow diagram of a method of operating a communications device with multiple usage rates according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    is a flow diagram of a method of operating a communication device with multiple usage rates according to another embodiment 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of a display of a communications device displaying usage rates in a screen for initiating a voice call accordingly to  FIG.  4   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention generally relates to providing wireless carrier services (e.g., voice calls, short message service or SMS messages, general data communications, etc.) with quality of service to VoIP telephone numbers where each VoIP telephone number is associated with one or more communications devices. While certain infrastructure may not operate under Internet Protocol (IP) (e.g., PSTNs, cellular base station networks, etc.), communications are routed to and from such infrastructure using IP to the extent possible. The present invention also generally relates to providing communications with QoS between communication devices operating under the same account (same VoIP telephone numbers), and tracking and managing prepaid balances for traditional carrier services (e.g., voice call minutes, SMS messages, etc.) that are routed, and may be delivered, over IP. Other aspects of the present invention will also become apparent in light of the following detailed description. 
     These communication devices may have different charges (rates) for a number of reasons such as time of day, time of week, and roaming or not. Typically, different voice and data rates may apply with such communication systems providing metered communications services. Billing systems would then have to take into account these different rates in various roaming countries and territories, thereby increasing their complexity especially in preparing invoices, and further increasing the difficulty of communicating such rate differences to the users. It is advantageous in simplifying the billing system if the amount of bandwidth used is adjusted instead of changing the charge rates for different locations and times. This would further improve communications of the rates to the users. 
       FIG.  1    shows a block diagram of a communications system which uses multiple usage rates. 
     The communications system  100  includes a mobile network  20 , such as a wireless cellular network that operates under one or more known standards and technologies, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Enhanced Voice-Data Optimized (EVDO), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), and similar. The mobile network  20  provides mobile network communications services, such as voice, data, and SMS services. 
     The communications system  100  further includes at least one wireless local-area network (WLAN)  22  that operates under one or more known standards and technologies, such as IEEE 802.11. 
     The mobile network  20  and the WLAN  22  each connect to a wide-area IP network  24 , such as the Internet. The WLAN  22  can be connected to the wide-area IP network  24  by an Internet service provider (ISP) or the similar entity (not shown). The mobile network  20  can be connected to the wide-area IP network  24  by a packet data interface. 
     The communications system  100  can further include a push notification service, such as the kind operated by Google Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., and Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A plurality of mobile communications devices  30  can connect to the mobile network  20 , via base stations and other infrastructure, and can further connect to the WLAN  22 , via access points or similar. The WLAN  22  thus provides wireless network communication services. Examples of suitable mobile communications devices  30  include devices such as cellular telephones, smartphones, tablet computers, and the like that are provided with wireless communications interfaces suitable for the particular technologies used in the mobile network  20  and the WLAN  22 . For sake of discussion it is assumed that all of the mobile communications devices  30  can connect to the mobile network  20  and WLAN  22 . In various implementations, different mobile communications devices have different types of wireless communications interfaces, different configurations, and/or different access rights suitable for connection to different mobile networks and different WLANs. 
     For clarity of illustration, while  FIG.  1    has lines showing communication between certain parts of the communications system  100 , all of the parts (such as WLAN  22  via ISP and/or mobile network  20 ) connecting to the wide-area IP network  24  may be configured to communicate with each other. Further, some parts of the communications system  100  are not shown to enhance clarity, for example, the communications of a Push Notification Service (not shown) with the plurality of mobile communications devices  30  via the mobile network  20  or the WLAN  22 . 
     One or more stationary (fixed) communications devices  32 , such as a desktop computer, laptop or wi-fi only device, server, or similar, can also connect to the WLAN  22 , via a router or wired access point. For clarity, the term communications devices  30 ,  32  means mobile communications devices  30  and fixed communications devices  32 . 
     The communications system  100  can further be connected to a public switched telephone networks (PSTN)  34  that supports connecting to a plurality of landline telephones and additional mobile networks  38 . The additional mobile networks  38  may have the same or similar features of the mobile network  20  and may be operated by different carriers and/or operated according to different technologies and standards when compared to the mobile network  20 . For clarity, the mobile communications devices  30  connected to the mobile network  20  may also initiate to or receive voice calls directly from the PSTN  34  (which includes additional mobile networks  38 ) via the mobile network  20 . Further, such voice calls, for example, may be via GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) from the mobile network  20 . For convenience, such voice calls via the mobile network  20  in this disclosure are referred to as via a “voice channel”. This is in contrast to VoIP voice calls using a “data channel” of the mobile network  20  such as the Packet Data Channel of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). 
     The communications system  100  further includes at least one voice-over-IP (VoIP) service  40 , which can be configured to manage IP data streams related to VoIP communications services (for example routing the IP data steam from communications device  30 ,  32  to another communications device  30 ,  32 ). All VoIP calls are steamed through the VoIP service  40 . It also interfaces (transcoding as necessary) with the PSTN  34  and the additional mobile networks  38 . 
     The VoIP service  40  may operate using one or more protocols, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and one or more audio codecs, such as Opus. The VoIP service  40  can be connected to the PSTN  34  to allow VoIP calls to be placed to and from landlines and wireless devices in the additional mobile networks  38 . One of the functions of the VoIP service  40  is to transcode the IP data streams so that it is compatible between different networks (for example between the mobile network  20  and the PSTN  34 ). In some implementations, the VoIP service  40  is a subcomponent of the mobile network  20  or the additional mobile networks  38 . 
     The communications system  100  further includes a communications routing system  42  connected to the VoIP service  40 , the push notification service, and the mobile network  20  via the wide-area IP network  24 . In some implementations, the VoIP service  40  is directly connected to the communications routing system  42  via a local IP network distinct from the wide-area IP network  24 . The communications routing system  42  is configured to direct the routing of communications of disparate types between mobile communications devices  30  via the mobile network  20  and/or the WLAN  22 , and further with communications devices (including landlines) of the PSTN  34  and the additional mobile networks  38  as needed. 
     The communications system  100  can further include a proxy (not shown) connected to the communications routing system  42 , the WLAN  22 , and the mobile network  20  via the wide-area IP network  24 . In some implementations, the communications routing system  42  and the mobile communications devices  30  can be configured to route communications events through the proxy. The proxy can be configured to handle VoIP call handoffs, as an alternative to the communications routing system  42  handling such. In addition, the proxy can be configured to prioritize communications events associated with the enhanced  911  system, as an alternative to the communications routing system  42  doing so. For example, the proxy can control quality of service (QoS) settings for various communications, so that 911 calls are prioritized. In some implementations, the VoIP service  40  is configured to route all relevant VoIP data through the proxy. A suitable proxy service can be in the form of that available from Pravala Networks Inc., of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. 
     The communications system  100  can further include an interoperation service  64  (as seen in  FIG.  2   ) connecting the communications routing system  42  to the mobile network  20  via the wide-area IP network  24 . The communications routing system  42  can be connected to the interoperation service via a virtual private network (VPN) established over the wide-area IP network  24 . The interoperation service is configured to interface with the various mobile networks  20 ,  38 . The interoperation service facilitates data communications between the communications routing system  42  and the mobile network  20 . The interoperation service further facilitates messaging services, such as SMS and MMS, between the communications routing system  42  and the additional mobile networks  38 . The interoperation service can be the kind provided by Syniverse of Tampa, Fla. 
     The communications routing system  42  includes at least one database, such as an accounts database  44  and one or more user data databases  76  (see  FIG.  2   ), configured to store a plurality of associations between unique account identifiers (e.g., user names) and device identifiers including mobile-network identifiers supported by the mobile network  20 , such as mobile directory numbers (MDNs, or telephone numbers) of the mobile communications devices  30 , and fixed identifiers of the fixed communications devices  32 . For each user name, the database  44 ,  76  can store associations with a number of communications devices  30 ,  32 . A user may have one or more fixed communications devices  32  and/or one or more mobile communications devices  30 . For some embodiments, a mobile device, such as a laptop or tablet, with only WLAN  22  capabilities can be treated as fixed communications devices  32 . 
     One mobile communications device  30  can have a first MDN for SMS/MMS messages and VoIP calls, and a second MDN for services on the mobile network  20 . The first and second MDNs are distinct and mutually different. The first MDN is used at the VoIP service  40  and the communications routing system  42  for VoIP calls. The first MDN is also used at the interoperation service and communications routing system  42  for communicating SMS/MMS messages. In some implementations, the first MDNs are landline telephone numbers obtained from at least one competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC). The second MDN is used by the mobile network  20  to track data usage by each respective mobile communication device  30 , with the communications routing system  42  using the second MDNs to map data usage to particular accounts. The database  44 ,  76  may further store push tokens to identify mobile communications devices  30  via the push notification service, so that the communications routing system  42  can send push notifications to the mobile communications devices  30 . Alternately or additionally, the database  44 ,  76  may store currently assigned IP addresses for the communications devices  30 ,  32 . 
     In some embodiments, only the first (VoIP) MDN is used and the first MDN is registered with the mobile network  20  for data usage at the mobile network  20 . For such embodiments, functionality described herein described with respect to the second (mobile network) MDN is performed using the first (VoIP) MDN. 
     In other embodiments, a VoIP telephone number is associated with each user name which is distinct from the MDNs of the one or more mobile communication devices  30  of the user. The IP addresses of the communications devices  30 ,  32  may be obtained when the communications devices  30 ,  32  contacts the communications routing system  42 . 
     The communications routing system  42  further includes a routing engine responsive to incoming communications events. Incoming communications events can include initiation of voice calls, ending of voice calls, communication of SMS/MMS messages, requests for data. The routing engine is further configured to route data communications with the plurality of mobile communications devices  30  over the mobile network  20  and the WLAN  22  using the Internet, as well as with the plurality of fixed communications devices  32  over the WLAN  22  using the Internet. The routing engine is further configured to initiate and end voice calls with communications devices  30 ,  32  as VoIP calls using the VoIP server  40 , and to communicate SMS messages with the plurality of mobile communications devices  30  via the mobile network  20  and the WLAN  22  using the Internet, as well as with the plurality of fixed communications devices  32  over the WLAN  22  using the Internet. 
     The communications routing system  42  can further include a short message service center (SMSC)  78  and a multimedia message service center (MMSC)  80  configured to store, forward, convert and deliver SMS and MMS messages between the communications routing system  42  and the interoperation service. The SMSC  78  and MMSC  80  can be configured to communicate with the interoperation service using the Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) protocol. 
     Each mobile communications device  30  and fixed communications device  32  can be associated with one of the unique account identifiers (e.g., user names) stored in the database  44 ,  76 . This can be achieved by, for example, a client program executed on the mobile communications device  30  requiring a user log in. When a user is logged in to the client program, for example, the mobile communications device  30  becomes associated with the respective unique account identifier. 
     For each account identifier (user account) in the database  44 ,  76 ; there is associated a voice call log, voice mails, SMS/MMS messages, contacts, and other such account data. Such account data must be synchronized with the communications devices  30 ,  32  of each account identifier so that a user may review the same account data between different communications devices  30 ,  32  of the user. The account data may further include a metered usage amount which represents an amount of data bits used for each voice call (where carried over the voice channels), an amount of time of each voice call, and an amount of data bits used for each SMS/MMS message, voice mail, and other communications events. The account data may further include an adjusted usage amount adjusted based on an adjustment factor and the metered usage amount based on parameters of the communications event. Parameters may include the time of day, the day of week, the geographic location, and other factors of the communications event. This account data is used by a billing system  43  to, for example, prepare monthly invoices for the user accounts. It will be understood that tracking of the account of data usage for the telephone events may include more of such events than herein listed or less of such events than herein listed. The account data further includes indications of the geographic location of the communications devices  30 ,  32  when the telephone events were recorded. The geographic location herein may include any of mobile network codes, country codes, mobile country codes, and any other indication of geographic location or area. 
     Each account identifier can be associated with a plurality of mobile communications devices  30 , and each of the mobile communications devices  30  can be associated with a first mobile-network identifier, such as a first MDN that is associated with the VoIP service  40 . Each account identifier can be associated with a second mobile-network identifier, such as a second MDN that is associated with mobile data access on the mobile network  20 . In some implementations, the second MDN is only associated with mobile data access on the mobile network  20  to the exclusion of access to circuit-switched voice services and SMS/MMS services that may be available on the mobile network  20 . The mobile network  20  uses the second MDN to track data usage of the mobile communications device  30 , which can be reported to the communications routing system  42 . Hence, for each account identifier, voice services via the VoIP server  40  are conducted with one MDN and data services are conducted via the mobile network using a different MDN. The communications routing system  42  maps each MDN to a particular account for managing overall services to that account identifier. 
     An outgoing voice call from a communications device  30 ,  32  is conducted as follows. The communications device  30 ,  32  sends a call request to the VoIP service  40  via the WLAN  22 , if connected, or otherwise via the mobile network  20 . The communications device  30 ,  32  registers with the VoIP service  40  if not already registered. If the destination device is on the PSTN  34 , the VoIP service  40  completes the call via the PSTN  34 . If the destination device has an account with the communications routing system  42 , then the VoIP service  40  notifies the communications routing system  42  of the call request. The communications routing system  42  then issues a push notification to the destination device (if connected via mobile network  20 , through the push notification service) to notify the destination device of the call. Then the destination device registers with the VoIP service  40 , if not already registered, and notifies the VoIP service  40  of call acceptance. The VoIP service  40  can notify the communications routing system  42  of call initiation and ending. When the proxy is used, VoIP voice data is routed through the proxy. The outgoing voice call event is recorded in the associated account data of the account identifier in the communications routing system  42  so that it may be synchronized with the client programs on the other communications devices  30 ,  32  of the account identifier. 
     The mobile communications devices  30  can perform SIP registrations in a variety of ways. 
     For mobile communications devices  30  operating on iOS by Apple Inc., the mobile communication device  30  receiving a push notification does not immediately trigger SIP registration. Rather, the push notification informs the user of the incoming call, via an alert or similar. The user can then respond to the push notification by opening the client program, which then performs the SIP registration. 
     For mobile communications devices  30  operating on Android by Google Inc., the mobile communication device  30  can be configured to perform a SIP registration in response to receiving a push notification for an incoming call. That is, the SIP registration process can be started before the user has accepted the call. 
     For some embodiments, incoming voice calls to a VoIP telephone number of the communications devices  30 ,  32  arrive at the VoIP service  40  via the PSTN  34  (for example). Incoming voice calls may also arrive at the VoIP service  40  via the mobile network  20  or the WLAN  22 . The VoIP service  40  notifies the communications routing system  42  of a call request for a particular destination communications device  30 ,  32 . The communications routing system  42  then issues a push notification to all of the destination communications devices  30 ,  32  (through the push notification service, where connected to the mobile network  20 ), associated with the VoIP telephone numbers, to notify the destination communications devices  30 ,  32  of the call. 
     If the user of the destination communications devices  30 ,  32  accepts the call on one of the destination communication devices  30 ,  32 , then the destination communications device  30 ,  32  registers with the VoIP service  40 , if not already registered, and notifies the VoIP service  40  of call acceptance. The VoIP service  40  notifies the communications routing system  42  of call initiation and ending. 
     Incoming and outgoing voice calls made to or from a communications device  30 ,  32  associated with the communications routing system  42  are made using the VoIP telephone number, which is established at the VoIP service  40 . When such a call is conducted as data via the mobile network  20 , the second MDN of the relevant mobile communications device  30  is used to track the data usage on the mobile network  20 . 
     In some embodiments, caller ID is based on the VoIP telephone number to the exclusion of the mobile network MDN. That is, the mobile network MDN is for tracking data usage only, and the VoIP telephone number is the basis for outgoing and incoming calls. 
     An outgoing SMS/MMS message can be sent by a communications device  30 ,  32  as follows. One or more IP data packets containing the SMS/MMS message are sent from the communications device  30 ,  32  to the communications routing system  42  via the WLAN  22 , if connected, or otherwise via the mobile network  20 . The sent data specifies a destination device using an MDN. The communications routing system  42  determines whether the MDN is stored in the database  44 ,  76  and thus whether the destination device is a communications device  30 ,  32  associated with the communications routing system  42 . If the destination device is a communications device  30 ,  32  associated with the communications routing system  42 , then the communications routing system  42  stores the message and sends a push notification to the destination communications device  30 ,  32  via the push notification service (if connected via the mobile network  20 ). When a user at the destination communications device  30 ,  32  opens an SMS/MMS application/module or performs a similar action, the destination communications device  30 ,  32  fetches the stored message from the communications routing system  42 . If the destination device is not associated with the communications routing system  42 , then the communications routing system  42  sends the SMS/MMS message to the destination device via the interoperation service. 
     Incoming SMS/MMS messages for the communications devices  30 ,  32  arrive at the communications routing system  42  either directly from other communications devices  30 ,  32  that have accounts at the communications routing system  42  or via the interoperation service for devices that are not associated with the communications routing system  42 . The communications routing system  42  stores a particular SMS/MMS message and sends a push notification to the destination communications device  30 ,  32 . When a user at the destination communications device  30 ,  32  opens an SMS/MMS application/module or performs a similar action, the destination communications device  30 ,  32  fetches the stored message from the communications routing system  42 . 
     Incoming and outgoing SMS/MMS messages made to or from a mobile communications device  30  associated with the communications routing system  42  are made using the first MDN. When messages are sent as data through the mobile network  20 , the second MDN of the respective mobile communications device  30  is used to track the data usage on the mobile network  20 . 
     Incoming and outgoing SMS/MMS messages are recorded in the associated account data of the account identifier in the communications routing system  42  so that it may be synchronized with the client programs on the other communications devices  30 ,  32  of the account identifier. In some embodiments, this synchronization occurs as and when the user of the other communication devices  30 ,  32  accesses the associated client programs when the client programs contacts the communications routing system  42  to synchronize with the incoming and outgoing SMS/MMS messages, the voice call logs, the voice mails, and other such services including an address book of contacts. 
     Data communications between communications devices  30 ,  32  and between communications devices  30 ,  32  and data sources, such as web sites connected to the wide-area IP network  24 , are performed via the WLAN  22 , if connected, and otherwise via the mobile network  20 . 
     The communications system  100  further comprises a quality of services (QoS) server  90 . The QoS server  90  determines the performance of a data channel to a communications device  30 ,  32  for a voice call. Where the performance of the data channel to a communications device  30 ,  32  degrades or drops, the QoS server  90  directs the communication routing system  42  to establish a new channel to the communications device  30 ,  32  to continue the voice call. In the event that all data channels are degraded or terminated, then the QoS server  90  directs the communications routing system  42  to continue the voice call via a voice channel over the PSTN  34  (or mobile network  20 ) when the mobile communications device  30  is connected to the mobile network  20 . 
     The QoS server  90  is shown as a standalone component in  FIG.  1   , however, it may be a subcomponent of another component such as the VoIP Service  40  and the communications routing system  42 . The QoS server  90  is connected to the wide-area IP network  24  and as such a connection can be made with any of the communications devices  30 ,  32 . 
     For further clarity, it will be understood that the mobile communications devices  30  may be simultaneously connected to both the mobile network  20  and the WLAN  22 . While mobile network  20  may generally provide a better performing data channel then the WLAN  22  for voice calls, the WLAN  22  may provide the data channel free of charge to users. 
       FIG.  2    shows a diagram of the communications routing system  42 . The communications routing system  42  includes a load balancer  70 , a plurality of servers  72 , a switch  74 , a plurality of user data databases  76 , a billing system  43 , and the accounts database  44 . The load balancer  70 , servers  72 , and switch  74  can be considered a routing engine. However, this is not limiting. 
     Communications devices  30 ,  32  connect to the load balancer  70  via the wide-area IP network  24  using a protocol, such as HTTP, HTTPS, or the like. The load balancer  70  is configured to balance requests from the communications devices  30 ,  32  among the servers  72 . 
     The servers  72  are connected to the load balancer  70 . The servers  72  can be configured to interface with the VoIP service  40  and the mobile network  20 . The servers  72  can be clones having the same functionality. The servers  72  contain program code configured to interface with application programming interfaces (APIs) provided by the VoIP service  40  and the mobile network  20  and/or provide APIs for use by the VoIP service  40  and the mobile network  20 . The servers  72  can be implemented using Nginx, PHP, and similar technology. 
     The SMSC  78  and the MMSC  80  are connected to the servers  72  and configured to store, forward, convert and deliver SMS and MMS messages between the servers  72  and the interoperation service using, for example, the SMPP protocol and the MM4 protocol. The SMSC  78  and MMSC  80  can be configured to connect to the interoperation service via a suitable binding and through a VPN tunnel. The SMSC  78  and MMSC  80  expose an API to the routing engine, such that the routing engine can use the API to send outgoing SMS/MMS messages. For incoming messages, the SMSC  78  and MMSC  80  are configured to invoke an API of the routing engine to cause the routing engine to store a received message and send a notification of the message to the destination communications device  30 ,  32 . 
     The switch  74  connects the servers  72  to the user data databases  76 , the accounts database  44 , a cache  82 , and a queue  84 . 
     Generally, the accounts database  44  stores fixed user information associated with each user account, while the user data databases  76  store communications events associated with one of the user accounts in the accounts database  44 . For example, the accounts database  44  may store account information such as a billing address for the user account, billing history, subscriber information and the like. The account information may further include a password, residential address, contacts (e.g., an address book of contacts), in-app purchases, subscriptions, settings, balance information, and the like. The accounts database  44  may further store the identity of the user data database  76  which stores the user data associated with each account identifier (user account), and can further store the VoIP telephone number for each user. Further, the account information may include a carrier plan (e.g., including billing rates and the like) for each user account. 
     The user databases  76  may be configured to store communications event histories for all user accounts in the accounts database  44 . In particular, a history for a user account may be downloaded to any communications device  30 ,  32  with which the user logs in (i.e. in association with the particular user account). The communications event data stored in the user databases  76  may include the mobile network MDNs, session ID, call histories, voice mail content, SMS/MMS message transmission histories, SMS/MMS message content, and the like. The communications event data may further include a metered usage amount representing, for example, the amount of data bits used for the particular voice call (where carried over the voice channels), the amount of time of each voice call, the amount of data bits used for each SMS/MMS message, voice mail, and other communications events, or other suitable amounts for metering the usage of a communications event. The communications event data may further include indications of the geographic location of the communications devices  30 ,  32  when the communications event was recorded. The geographic location may include, but is not limited to, mobile network codes, country codes, mobile country codes, and any other indication of geographic location or area. The communications event data may therefore include a metered usage amount representing, for example, the actual amount of data or bandwidth used, a usage adjustment factor determined based on the parameters of the communications event, and an adjusted usage amount (e.g. the product of the metered usage amount and the usage adjustment factor) representing, for example, the recordable amount of data or bandwidth used to simplify billing procedures, as will be described further herein. 
     In some embodiments, the user data databases  76  may be implemented as database shards. In some embodiments, the databases  44  and  76  may be combined into one database. Further, in some embodiments, there may be overlap in the data stored in the accounts database  44  and the user databases  76 . 
     The billing system  43  is configured to determine an invoice amount to generate invoices for user accounts. In the present example, the billing system  43  is integrated with the communications routing system  42 . In other embodiments, the billing system  43  may be distinct from, but coupled to, the communications routing system  42 . The billing system  43  is configured to determine the invoice amount based on the adjusted usage amount and a predetermined bill rate. 
     The adjusted usage amount, in turn, is determined based on a usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for each communications event. A database of usage adjustment factors may be stored in the databases  44 ,  76 . The usage adjustment factors may vary based on, for example, geographic location, time of day, day of week, promotional events, special sales rates, terms of carrier plans, network rates, and other suitable parameters of the communications event or other indicators. For example, network rates may vary when the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected to carrier A versus when the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected to carrier B. This may be a result of the home carrier not having coverage at a location where another carrier has coverage. 
     For example, communications events occurring in Canada on the home network of the communications device  30 ,  32 , the usage adjustment factor may be 1. In contrast, in the US, the usage adjustment factor may be 0.8, while in Japan, the usage adjustment factor may be 3, and in the EU, the usage adjustment factor may be 4.7. Further, detailed rules may be applied to determine the usage adjustment factor. For example, if, for a particular communications event, the country is determined to be the S but on the network of Sprint™ (mobile network code), then the usage adjustment factor may be 0.5 instead of 0.8. This may be due to, for example, certain relationships between foreign carriers and home network carriers. Additionally, the usage adjustment factors may be time dependent. For example, if the communications event is determined to have a country code of US, a mobile network code of Sprint™ between the hours of 12 AM to 7 AM or 10 PM to 12 AM (e.g. during the evening), then the usage adjustment factor may be 0.4 instead of 0.8. Further combinations of indicators determining the usage adjustment factors are also contemplated. 
     The metered usage amount is raw amount of data, bandwidth, time, or other unit of measurement used during the communications event. For example, a voice call may use 100 MB (megabytes) of data or may have a duration of 9 minutes. 
     The adjusted usage amount is obtained by applying the usage adjustment factor to the metered usage amount (e.g. by multiplication). For example, for a voice call having a metered usage amount of 100 MB, the adjusted usage amount may be 80 MB under parameters associated with a usage adjustment factor of 0.8, while the adjusted usage amount may be 300 MB under parameters associated with a usage adjustment factor of 3. 
     In some embodiments, the adjusted usage amount may be determined prior to processing by the billing system  43 . For example, the adjusted usage amount may be determined in real-time of a communications event at the communications device  30 ,  32  initiating the communications event. That is, the communications device  30 ,  32  may determine the usage adjustment factor (e.g. in cooperation with the communications routing system  42  and the database of usage adjustment factors) for the communications event based on, for example, the current geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32 , and the determined network and time of day. Upon termination of the communications event, the communications device  30 ,  32  may apply the usage adjustment factor to the metered usage amount to obtain the adjusted usage amount. Thus, the user data database  76  may record only the adjusted usage amount for the communications event. 
     In other examples, the communications device  30 ,  32  may determine the usage adjustment factor and may meter the communications event to determine the metered usage amount, which are recorded in the user data database  76 . The communications routing system  42  may include a pre-processing module (not shown) configured to obtain the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for each communications event and apply the usage adjustment factor to the metered usage amount to obtain the adjusted usage amount prior to processing by the billing system  43 . In further examples, the communications device  30 ,  32  may meter the communications event to determine the metered usage amount, as well as monitoring relevant parameters of the communications event. The metered usage amount and the parameters of the communications event may be recorded in the user data database  76 . The pre-processing module may thus be configured to determine the usage adjustment factor based on the stored parameters of the communications event and the database of usage adjustment factors. 
     The billing system  43  may thus simply retrieve the predetermined bill rate and the adjusted usage amount from the accounts database  44  and/or the user data databases  76  to generate the invoice amount. 
     It is advantageous to adjust the metered usage amount by the usage adjustment factor at the time of the communications event (i.e. in near real-time). In this manner, users may view the accumulated adjusted usage amount used during a billing period to the total usage amount allowed for the billing period under a carrier plan (i.e. 2 GB for $10 per month). That is, the adjusted usage amount allows a standard “usage amount” to be applied to different communications events occurring under different parameters, which would otherwise be billed at different rates, thus remaining invisible until the time of billing. Further, the adjusted usage amount may be utilized to simplify invoicing, as it accounts for different usage rates (e.g. different bill rates) of communications events occurring under different parameters. That is, the adjusted usage amount is recorded as a standard to which the same bill rate may apply while still accounting for the different parameters of the different communications events. Further, this allows a single, predetermined bill rate to be applied to the total adjusted usage amount across all communications events, rather than determining separate bill rates based on the parameters of each communications event. 
     In other embodiments, the pre-processing module may be integrated into the billing system  43 , and hence the adjusted usage amount may be determined by the billing system  43  during processing for invoicing. In particular, the billing system  43  may retrieve the metered usage amounts and the applicable usage adjustment factors from the user data databases  76  for determining the adjusted usage amount. 
     A common state for mobile communications devices  30  is “roaming” where the mobile communications devices  30  are not in their “home” area of their wireless plan (for example) with their carrier. Typically, a “roaming” indicator, like “Roam” or “RM”, is displayed. It is advantageous to have, for example, “2.5x ROAM” displayed to the users to indicate that they are roaming and that their charges will apply with a usage adjustment factor of 2.5. In this example, the charges could be 2.5 times the home price or 2.5 times the bandwidth used or 2.5 times of another suitable metered usage amount of the user&#39;s wireless plan. In another example, the usage rate may also be zero, such as “0x ROAM” or just “0x”, for when the communications devices  30 ,  32  are set up to use free Wi-Fi. 
     The user data is stored by the communications routing system  42  so that it may be synchronized with the client programs on the communications devices  30 ,  32  of the account identifiers (i.e. user accounts). In some embodiments, this user data synchronization occurs as and when the user accesses the client programs on the communication devices  30 ,  32  of the user. 
     In addition, for some embodiments, the routing engine is configured to answer incoming calls with a busy signal when one of the communications devices  30 ,  32  associated with the VoIP telephone number is in another call. In other embodiments, the routing engine is configured to instead ring (notification including by audio and/or vibration) the communications devices  30 ,  32  with the communications device  30 ,  32  is in another call providing an indication (by audio or vibration) of a new call. 
     The cache  82  can be checked for data prior to requesting data from the user data databases  76 . In addition, requests can be queued in the queue  84 , which can be implemented using Redis or similar technology. 
     In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium (CRM) may be provided integrated with or independent from the system  100 . The CRM may include an electronic, magnetic optical or other physical storage device that stores instructions executable by a processor. In particular, the instructions may cause the processor to perform the functions described herein. For example, the communications device  30 ,  32  may include a memory including the CRM having instructions recorded thereon, a communications interface, and a processor configured to perform the functions described herein via execution of the instructions. In other examples, the communications routing system  42  may include server having a memory including the CRM having instructions recorded thereon, a communications interface, and a processor configured to perform the functions described herein via execution of the instructions. 
       FIG.  3    shows a flow diagram of a method  300  of operating a communications device with multiple usage rates according to one embodiment. The method  300  is described with respect to the system of  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  2   . The method  300  is performed by one of or both of the communications routing system  42  and the communications device  30 ,  32 . Further, the method  300  is described based on the example of calculating the adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor before being stored in near real-time. In particular, the method  300  is for adjusting usage amounts to account for multiple usage rates in the communications system  100 . 
     At block  310 , the usage adjustment factor is determined based on parameters determined by the communications device  30 ,  32 . For example, the usage adjustment factor may be determined based on the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32 , as determined, for example, by a global positioning system (GPS) module of the communications device  30 ,  32 , by an IP address, by the connected mobile network (carrier), and or by mobile country codes. The usage adjustment factor may further be determined based on the time of day, the day of week, whether the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected with a Wi-Fi access point, and other parameters. For example, the usage adjustment factor may be lower when the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected to a Wi-Fi access point, or when it is an evening or weekend. 
     At block  320 , the usage adjustment factor is displayed at the communications device  30 ,  32  as an indication of a multiplier of, for example, the home network cost. For example, the home network cost may have a day rate, a night rate, and a weekend rate. Alternatively, the usage adjustment factor may be a multiplier of a standard cost such as a fixed cost or a nominal network cost. In some examples, the usage adjustment factor may be displayed on the communications device  30 ,  32  with a roaming indicator. 
     In some embodiments, the usage adjustment factor may be recalculated after a predetermined period of time (e.g. every 30 minutes), or may be recalculated upon detection of a triggering event, such as a change in the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32 , or based on the time of day (e.g. at 7 PM). Accordingly, if no communications event is received, the method  300  may return to block  310  to re-determine the usage adjustment factor and display the new usage adjustment factor at block  320 . 
     At block  330 , a communications event is received. For example, the user may initiate or accept a voice call. 
     At block  340 , the communications device  30 ,  32  meters the communications event. For example, if the metric is time, the communications device  30 ,  32  may track a duration of the voice call. If the metric is data or bandwidth usage, the communications device  30 ,  32  may track the data or bandwidth required to support the voice call, send a message, or otherwise carry out the communications event. 
     At block  350 , a determination is made as to whether the communications event is complete. If it is not completed, then the system returns to block  340  and continues to meter the communications event. 
     When the communications event is determined at block  350  to be complete, for example upon termination of the voice call, or upon successful sending of a message, the system proceeds to block  360 . At block  360 , the system, and in particular, the communications device  30 ,  32 , determines the metered usage amount. 
     At block  370 , an adjusted usage amount is determined based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. Specifically, the adjusted usage amount may be determined as the product of the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. In some embodiments, the adjusted usage amount may be determined upon completion of the communications event by the communications device  30 ,  32 . 
     At block  380 , the details of the communications event are recorded in the user data database  76 . The details may include the parameters of the communications event, including, but not limited to, the time of the communications event, the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32  during the communications event, and other parameters used to determine the usage adjustment factor. The details may further include the metered usage amount, such as the duration of the communications event, or the bandwidth used to support the communications event. The details may further include the adjusted usage amount as determined by the communications device  30 ,  32  upon completion of the communications event. In other embodiments, the metered usage amount and the usage adjustment factor may be recorded in the user data database  76 , and the communications routing system  42 , and in particular, a pre-processing module of the communications routing system  42  may determine the adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount. The adjusted usage amount as determined by the communications routing system  42  may then be recorded in the user data database  76 . In some embodiments, in addition to recording the adjusted usage amount in association with the particular communications event, a total or accumulated adjusted usage amount may be updated in association with the user account (e.g. as recorded in the account database  44 ) based on the adjusted usage amount. Specifically, the total or accumulated adjusted usage amount may represent the amount used during a billing period according to the adjusted usage amounts. In some examples, where the accumulated adjusted usage amount exceeds the allowed total usage amount of the user&#39;s carrier plan, the provision of communications services to the communications device  30 ,  32  may be restricted or terminated. 
     After recording the details of the communications event at block  380 , the usage adjustment factor may again be determined at block  310 . 
     Thus, during invoice generation, the billing system  43  may simply retrieve the predetermined bill rate and the accumulated adjusted usage amount from the accounts database  44  to generate the invoice amount. In other examples, the billing system  43  may retrieve the predetermined bill rate from the accounts database  44  and the individual adjusted usage amounts for each communications event from the user data databases  76  and apply the predetermined bill rate to the adjusted usage amounts to determine the invoice amount. 
     In other alternate embodiments, the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount may be recorded without determining and recording the adjusted usage amount. Thus, the billing system  43  may determine the adjusted usage amount for each communications event during determining the invoice amount. In particular, the billing system  43  may determine the adjusted usage amounts for each communications event based on the metered usage amount and the usage adjustment factor. Further, the billing system  43  may retrieve the predetermined bill rate and apply the predetermined bill rate to the adjusted usage amounts to determine the invoice amount. 
       FIG.  4    shows a flow diagram of a method  400  of operating a communications device with multiple usage rates according to another embodiment. The method  400  is described with respect to the system of  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  2   . The method  400  is performed by one of or both of the communications routing system  42  and the communications device  30 ,  32 ; and with the example of calculating the adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount before being stored in near real-time. In particular, the method  400  is for adjusting usage amounts to account for multiple usage rates in the communications system  100 . 
     At block  410 , a local usage adjustment factor is determined based on parameters determined by the communications device  30 ,  32 . For example, the local usage adjustment factor may be determined based on the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32 , as determined, for example, by a global positioning system (GPS) module of the communications device  30 ,  32 , by an IP address, by the connected mobile network (carrier), and or by mobile country codes. The local usage adjustment factor may further be determined based on the time of day, the day of week, whether the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected with a Wi-Fi access point, and other parameters. For example, the usage adjustment factor may be lower when the communications device  30 ,  32  is connected to a Wi-Fi access point, or when it is an evening or weekend. 
     At block  415 , an international usage adjustment factor is determined for communications events having a non-local (e.g. international, long-distance) destination. For example, the international usage adjustment factor may be determined from a table of adjustment factors to particular destinations. For example, the usage adjustment factor may be 2× for international voice calls. Optionally, the table of adjustment factors may include a number of countries or regions. Further, the table of adjustment factors by country may additionally include actual money rates (i.e. $1 per minute) where the actual money rates are determined based on the usage adjustment factor and the cost per unit of metered usage (e.g. cost per unit of time). 
     At block  420 , the local usage adjustment factor and the international usage adjustment factor are displayed at the communications device  30 ,  32 , as an indication of a multiplier of, for example, the home network cost. For example, the home network cost may have a day rate, a night rate, and a weekend rate. Alternatively, the usage adjustment factor may be a multiplier of a standard cost such as a fixed cost or a nominal network cost. In some examples, the usage adjustment factor may be displayed on the communications device  30 ,  32  with a roaming indicator. Thus, the user may see the different usage adjustment factors which may be applied based on the destination of the communications event. 
     In some embodiments, the usage adjustment factor may be recalculated after a predetermined period of time (e.g. every 30 minutes) or may be recalculated upon detection of a triggering event, such as a change in the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32 , or based on the time of day (e.g. at 7 PM). Accordingly, if no communications event is received, the system may return to block  410  and/or  415  to re-determine the usage adjustment factor and display the new usage adjustment factor at block  420 . 
     At block  430 , a communications event is received. For example, the user may initiate or accept a voice call. 
     At block  440 , the communications device  30 ,  32  meters the communications event. For example, if the metric is time, the communications device  30 ,  32  may track a duration of the voice call. If the metric is data or bandwidth usage, the communications device  30 ,  32  may track the data or bandwidth required to support the voice call, send a message, or otherwise carry out the communications event. 
     At block  450 , a determination is made as to whether the communications event is complete. If it is not completed, then the system returns to block  440  and continues to meter the communications event. 
     When the communications event is determined at block  450  to be complete, for example upon termination of the voice call, or upon successful sending of a message, the system proceeds to block  460 . At block  460 , the system, and in particular, the communications device  30 ,  32 , determines the metered usage amount. 
     At block  470 , an adjusted usage amount is determined based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. Specifically, the communications device  30 ,  32  may first determine the applicable local or international usage adjustment factor, and the adjusted usage amount may be determined as the product of the applicable usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount for the communications event. In some embodiments, the adjusted usage amount may be determined upon completion of the communications event by the communications device  30 ,  32 . 
     At block  480 , the details of the communications event are recorded in the user data database  76 . The details may include the parameters of the communications event, including, but not limited to, the time of the communications event, the geographic location of the communications device  30 ,  32  during the communications event, and other parameters used to determine the usage adjustment factor. The details may further include the metered usage amount, such as the duration of the communications event, or the bandwidth used to support the communications event. The details may further include the adjusted usage amount as determined by the communications device  30 ,  32  upon completion of the communications event. In other embodiments, the metered usage amount and the usage adjustment factor may be recorded in the user data database  76 , and the communications routing system  42 , and in particular, a pre-processing module of the communications routing system  42  may determine the adjusted usage amount based on the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount. The adjusted usage amount as determined by the communications routing system  42  may then be recorded in the user data database  76 . In some embodiments, in addition to recording the adjusted usage amount in association with the particular communications event, a total or accumulated adjusted usage amount may be updated in association with the user account (e.g. as recorded in the account database  44 ) based on the adjusted usage amount. Specifically, the total or accumulated adjusted usage amount may represent the amount used during a billing period according to the adjusted usage amounts. In some examples, where the accumulated adjusted usage amount exceeds the allowed total usage amount of the user&#39;s carrier plan, the provision of communications services to the communications device  30 ,  32  may be restricted or terminated. 
     After recording the details of the communications event at block  480 , the local and international usage adjustment factors may again be determined at blocks  410  and  415 . 
     Thus, during invoice generation, the billing system  43  may simply retrieve the predetermined bill rate and the accumulated adjusted usage amount from the accounts database  44  to generate the invoice amount. In other examples, the billing system  43  may retrieve the predetermined bill rate from the accounts database  44  and the individual adjusted usage amounts for each communications event from the user data databases  76  and apply the predetermined bill rate to the adjusted usage amounts to determine the invoice amount. 
     In other alternate embodiments, the usage adjustment factor and the metered usage amount may be recorded without determining and recording the adjusted usage amount. Thus, the billing system  43  may determine the adjusted usage amount for each communications event during determining the invoice amount. In particular, the billing system  43  may determine the adjusted usage amounts for each communications event based on the metered usage amount and the usage adjustment factor. Further, the billing system  43  may retrieve the predetermined bill rate and apply the predetermined bill rate to the adjusted usage amounts to determine the invoice amount. 
       FIG.  5    shows a diagram of a display of a communications device  30 ,  32  displaying usage adjustment factors for initiating a voice call according to the method of  FIG.  4   . The communications device  30 ,  32  displays local usage adjustment factor  510  being a multiple of 0.7 (i.e. resulting in an adjusted usage amount of 70 MB when 100 MB of metered usage amount was recorded) and an international usage adjustment factor  520  being a multiple of 3 (i.e. resulting in an adjusted usage amount of 300 MB when 100 MB of metered usage amount was recorded). 
     Communications systems may employ multiple rates based on different parameters of usage for metered communications services. For example, the rates may differ based on time of day, day of week, geographic location, roaming networks, and the like. Communications system may therefore determine a usage adjustment factor to apply to a metered usage amount to obtain an adjusted usage amount. In particular, the usage adjustment factor may be determined in near real-time, for example, by the communications device prior to or immediately following the communications event, or by a pre-processing module of a communications routing system. Thus, a user may view the usage adjustment factor at the time of the communications event. Further, the communications routing system may store the usage adjustment factor, the metered usage amount, or simply the adjusted usage amount, rather than all the parameters of the communications event. Thus, the present system reduces the amount and complexity of database storage and retrieval for the details of each communications event. 
     Further, the adjusted usage amount may be stored in association with a user account to obtain an accumulated adjusted usage amount. In this manner, users may view the accumulated adjusted usage amount during a billing period, which accounts for different communications events occurring under different parameters and having different usage rates. This allows a single, pre-determined bill rate to be applied to the accumulated adjusted usage amount by a billing system, thus reducing the operational and computational burden in billing systems. Specifically, the present system reduces the amount and complexity of database retrievals by the billing system, by providing a single accumulated adjusted usage amount. The number of computations to determine an invoice total is reduced, as the billing system need not assess parameters of each communications event and retrieve a separate bill rate for each communications event. 
     While the foregoing provides certain non-limiting example implementations, it should be understood that combinations, subsets, and variations of the foregoing are contemplated. The monopoly sought is defined by the claims.