Patent Publication Number: US-6992447-B2

Title: Electron beam generation device having spacer

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a device provided with a structure reinforcing member (spacer) in a vacuum container, for example, an electron beam generation device for use in a display apparatus for displaying information such as characters and images, an image-forming apparatus such as an optical printer, and an electron microscope, and the like. 
   2. Related Background Art 
   Up to now, two types of electron sources, namely, a thermoelectron source and a cold cathode electron source have been known as electron-emitting devices. Examples of the cold cathode electron source include a field emission device (hereinafter referred to as FE device), a metal/insulator/metal device (hereinafter referred to as MIM device), and a surface conduction electron-emitting device (hereinafter referred to as SCE device). 
   For example, the surface conduction electron-emitting device has an advantage in that a large number of electron-emitting devices can be formed over a surface of a relatively large area because it is particularly simple in structure and easily manufactured among various cold cathode electron-emitting devices. 
   In addition, concerning an application of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices, for example, a display apparatus such as a display unit of a video camera or the like, a charged beam source, and the like have been studied. 
   In general, the above-mentioned display apparatus is provided with a vacuum container including a face plate and a rear plate which are provided to be opposed to each other, and a support frame which is provided so as to hermetically seal external peripheral portions of the face plate and the rear plate. In addition, the vacuum container has a spacer which is arranged in a space between the opposed rear plate and face plate. 
   A sufficient mechanical strength is required of the spacer in order to support the atmospheric pressure. The spacer should not affect significantly a trajectory of an electron flying between the rear plate and the face plate. Charging of the spacer is one of causes which affect the electron trajectory. It is considered that a part of electrons emitted from an electron source or an electron reflected by the face plate is incident in the spacer and a secondary electron is emitted from the spacer, or ions ionized by collision of electrons deposit on the surface of the spacer, with the result that the charging of the spacer occurs. 
   In the case in which the spacer is charged positively, since electrons flying in the vicinity of the spacer are attracted to the spacer, distortion occurs on a displayed image in the vicinity of the spacer. Such an influence due to the charging of the spacer becomes more conspicuous in accordance with increase in a space between the rear plate and the face plate. 
   As a countermeasure for preventing such charging of a spacer, a method of forming an electrode for correcting an electron trajectory in a spacer or removing charges by giving conductivity to a charged surface of the spacer and causing a faint electric current to flow to the spacer is possible. 
   Further, the method of giving conductivity to a charged surface of a spacer is applied to a spacer. JP 57-118355 A discloses a technique for coating a surface of a spacer with tin oxide. In addition, JP 03-49135 A discloses a technique for coating a surface of a spacer with a PdO glass material. 
   In addition, with a spacer electrode being provided in a contacting portion with a face plate or a rear plate, breakage of a spacer due to connection failure or concentration of electric currents can be prevented by applying an electric field to the above-mentioned coating material uniformly. 
   Moreover, EP 869528 discloses that a potential distribution in the vicinity of a spacer is controlled according to a shape of a spacer electrode and, as a result, a trajectory of electron beams can be controlled. 
   In the above-mentioned conventional examples, an electrode for correcting an electron trajectory in the spacer is formed or a high resistance film is formed on the surface of the spacer to neutralize positive charging, whereby charging can be relaxed to prevent electrons flying in the vicinity of a spacer from being attracted by the spacer. 
   However, charging may not be removed completely depending upon a device pitch, drive conditions, or the like, or it may be preferable not to give conductivity to a charged surface of a spacer taking into account mass production. Therefore, there have been demands for a satisfactory image display apparatus which can cope with such situations. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In order to solve the above-mentioned problems inherent in the prior art, an image display apparatus according to the present invention comprises: 
   a first substrate provided with an electron source which has a plurality of electron-emitting devices each having an electron-emitting region and a plurality of wiring electrodes for supplying a drive signal to the electron-emitting devices, the electron-emitting regions being arranged so as to have a substantially equal space with respect to each other; a second substrate disposed to be opposed to the first substrate and having an acceleration electrode to which an acceleration voltage is applied and on which the electrons emitted from the electron-emitting regions arrive, the acceleration voltage acting on the emitted electrons to accelerate them; and, one or more spacers disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the spacers being disposed on some of the plurality of wiring electrodes. And, this image display apparatus is unique in that spaces among the plurality of wiring electrodes are partially varied so that the electrons emitted from each of the electron-emitting regions in the electron-emitting devices arrive at a region on the acceleration electrodes, which is positioned substantially right above that electron-emitting region. 
   In a first aspect of the present invention&#39;s image display apparatus, to appropriately vary the spaces among the wiring electrodes, a wiring electrode on which the spacer is disposed is assumed to be a first wiring electrode, a wiring electrode adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a second wiring electrode, and a wiring electrode adjacent to the second wiring electrode in a direction apart from the spacer is assumed to be a third wiring electrode, a space W 1  between the first wiring electrode and the second wiring electrode and a space W 2  between the second wiring electrode and the third wiring electrode satisfy a relationship W 1 &gt;W 2 . 
   In a second aspect of the present invention&#39;s apparatus, when a wiring electrode on which the spacer is disposed is assumed to be a first wiring electrode, an electron-emitting region adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a first electron-emitting region, a wiring electrode adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a second wiring electrode, and an electron-emitting region adjacent to the second wiring electrode in a direction apart from the spacer is assumed to be a second electron-emitting region, the spaces among the plurality of wiring electrodes are partially varied such a manner that a distance L 1  between the first wiring electrode and a center of the first electron-emitting region and a distance L 2  between the second wiring electrode and a center of the second electron-emitting region satisfy a relationship L 1 &gt;L 2 . 
   In a third aspect of the present invention&#39;s apparatus, when a wiring electrode on which the spacer is disposed is assumed to be a first wiring electrode, an electron-emitting region adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a first electron-emitting region, a wiring electrode adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a second wiring electrode, and an electron-emitting region adjacent to the second wiring electrode in a direction apart from the spacer is assumed to be a second electron-emitting region, the spaces among the plurality of wiring electrodes are partially varied such a manner that a distance S 1  between the second wiring electrode and a center of the first electron-emitting region and a distance L 2  between the second wiring electrode and a center of the second electron-emitting region satisfy a relationship S 1 &gt;L 2 . 
   In a fourth aspect of the present invention&#39;s apparatus, when a wiring electrode on which the spacer is disposed is assumed to be a first wiring electrode, an electron-emitting region adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a first electron-emitting region, a wiring electrode adjacent to the first wiring electrode is assumed to be a second wiring electrode, an electron-emitting region adjacent to the second wiring electrode in a direction apart from the spacer is assumed to be a second electron-emitting region, and a wiring electrode adjacent to the second wiring electrode in a direction apart from the spacer is assumed to be a third wiring electrode, the spaces among the plurality of wiring electrodes are partially varied such a manner that a distance L 2  between the second wiring electrode and a center of the second electron-emitting region and a distance S 2  between the third wiring electrode and a center of the second electron-emitting region satisfy a relationship L 2 &lt;S 2 . 
   In the present invention&#39;s image display apparatus, it is preferable that a width of the second wiring electrode is larger than a width of the first wiring electrode. 
   And, preferably, the plurality of electron-emitting devices are surface conduction electron-emitting devices that are provided with a pair of device electrodes opposed to each other and a thin film which has an electron-emitting region and is provided between the device electrodes. 
   Further, it is more preferable that a plurality of row-directional wirings and column-directional wirings for supplying an electric current to the device electrodes are disposed on the electron source via an insulating layers, and the pair of device electrodes are connected to the row-directional wirings and the column-directional wirings, whereby the plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged in a matrix shape on an insulating substrate. 
   According to the image display apparatus of the present invention, since a potential distribution around the electron-emitting region can be controlled in a portion closer to the electron-emitting region, emitted electrons are less likely to be affected by a potential distribution on the spacer surface, and constant correction of a repulsion direction is applied to an electron trajectory. As a result, an electron emitted from the second electron-emitting region can reach a position substantially right above the electron-emitting region through the corrected electron trajectory. Therefore, even in the vicinity of the spacer, positional deviation of a light emitting point (beam spot) to be formed by the reaching electron is suppressed. 
   In addition, according to the technical thought of the present invention, the present invention is not limited to the display apparatus which is preferable for displaying characters and images. The above-mentioned structure can also be used as an alternative light emitting source such as a light emitting diode or the like of an optical printer which is constituted by a photosensitive drum, the light emitting diode, and the like. In addition, when the above-mentioned structure is used as the light emitting source, it can be used not only as a light emitting source of a line arrangement shape but also as a light emitting source of a two-dimensional shape by appropriately selecting the above-mentioned m row-directional wirings and n column-directional wirings. In this case, a display member is not limited to a material which directly emits light such as a phosphor which is used in a display apparatus of an embodiment discussed later. A member on which a latent image formed by charging of electrons is displayed can also be used. 
   Note that, according to the technical thought of the present invention, the present invention can also be applied to the case in which a member to be irradiated by electrons emitted from an electron source is a member other than a display member such as a phosphor, for example, as in an electron microscope. Therefore, the present invention takes a form as a general electron beam generation device in which a member to be irradiated by electrons is not specified. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing a display apparatus in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view showing a vacuum container with a part of it cut out; 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are plan views showing fluorescent films to be provided on a face plate; 
       FIG. 4  is a plan view showing an example of a wiring pattern on a rear plate; 
       FIG. 5  is a sectional view for explaining a wiring electrode and an electron emitting section in the vicinity of a spacer; 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram for explaining a driving control section; 
       FIGS. 7A ,  7 B and  7 C are schematic views for explaining a method of forming a device film; 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  are charts for explaining a forming operation method; 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  are charts for explaining an activation operation; 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic view showing a measurement and evaluation device for measuring electron emission characteristics; 
       FIG. 11  is a graph showing characteristics of an electron-emitting device; 
       FIG. 12  is a plan view showing a wiring pattern on a rear plate of a second embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 13  is a plan view showing a wiring pattern on a rear plate of a fourth embodiment in accordance with the present invention; and 
       FIG. 14  is a sectional view for explaining portions in the vicinity of a spacer of a conventional display apparatus. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Here, distortion of an electron beam trajectory in the vicinity of a spacer in a vacuum container of a display apparatus, which is a problem to be solved by the present invention, will be described. 
   As shown in  FIG. 14 , a vacuum container  100  included in a display apparatus is provided with a face plate  111 , a rear plate  112  which is provided in a position opposed to the face plate  111 , and a support frame (not shown) which is provided so as to hermetically seal external peripheral portions of the face plate  111  and the rear plate  112 . In addition, in the vacuum container  100 , a spacer  117  is provided in a space between the opposed face plate  111  and rear plate  112 . 
   The spacer  117  is constituted by forming a high resistance film  126  for preventing charging on a surface of an insulating member  125 . In addition, in the spacer  117 , spacer electrodes  127   a  and  127   b  for electrically connecting the spacer  117  to the face plate  111  and the rear plate  112  are formed and provided, respectively, on contact surfaces over the high resistance film  126 . 
   In addition, a first wiring electrode  131   a  with which the spacer electrode  127   a  of the spacer  117  is made in contact is provided on a surface of the rear plate  112 . A second wiring electrode  131   b , a third wiring electrode  131   c , and a fourth wiring electrode  131 d are arranged thereon, respectively, in order toward the side spaced apart from the spacer  117 . Further, a first electron-emitting region  133   a  is provided on the rear plate  112  in a position adjacent to the first wiring electrode  131   a . A second electron-emitting region  133   b  and a third electron-emitting region  133   c  are arranged thereon between the two adjacent wiring electrodes  131 , respectively, in order toward the side spaced apart from the spacer  117 . 
   In addition, arrows in the figure indicate electron trajectories e 6 , e 7 , and e 8 , respectively, and broken lines nearly parallel with the face plate  111  and the rear plate  112  indicate equipotential lines p. 
   Further, a distance between a side end of the first wiring electrode  131   a  and a center of the first electron-emitting region  133   a  is assumed to be L 6 , a distance between a side end of the second wiring electrode  131   b  and a center of the second electron-emitting region  133   b  is assumed to be L 7 , and a distance between a side end of the third wiring electrode  131   c  and a center of the third electron-emitting region  133   c  is assumed to be L 8 . In addition, distances equal to the above-mentioned distances L 6 , L 7 , and L 8  are assumed to be L 6 ′, L 7 ′, and L 8 ′, respectively, both of which are symmetrical with respect to the spacer  117 . 
   Note that, in  FIG. 14 , all of the distances L 6 , L 7 , and L 8  and the distances L 6 ′, L 7 ′, and L 8 ′ are the same. 
   As shown in  FIG. 14 , the spacer electrode  127   a  on the rear plate  112  side can cause the electron trajectory e 6  to repel by changing an electric field in the space. In addition, the electron trajectory e 6  is affected by the charging of the spacer  117  or affected by the spacer electrode  127   b  on the face plate  111  side, thereby being attracted to the spacer  117  side. 
   In addition, an electron trajectory e 7  of an electron emitted from the second electron-emitting region  133   b  is less likely to be affected by the spacer electrode  127   a  on the rear plate  112  side. However, it is affected by the charging of the spacer  117  or affected by the spacer electrode  127   b  on the face plate  112  side, thereby being attracted to the spacer  117  side. 
   It is confirmed that the phenomenon, in which the trajectory of the electron emitted from the electron-emitting device adjacent to the spacer is repelled from the spacer on its rear plate side and greatly attracted to the spacer on its face plate side, may take place not only in the vicinity of the spacer having the above spacer electrodes  127   a ,  127   b , but also even in the vicinity of the spacer free from the spacer electrodes. The reason, why this phenomenon takes place even in the vicinity of the spacer free from the spacer electrodes, resides in that a charging state of the spacer partially varies depending on whether it is on the face plate side or rear plate side. And, the partial variation of the charging state of the spacer results from that reflected electrons yielded on the face plate are irradiated to the spacer. Specifically, there are yielded many positive charges at a part of the face plate side of the spacer because many reflected electrons are irradiated to this part of the spacer with relatively higher energy. On the other hand, there are yielded negative charges at a part of the spacer adjacent to the rear plate because the reflected electrons are irradiated to this part of the spacer with relatively lower energy. As a result, the trajectory of the electron emitted from the electron-emitting device is greatly changed at the part of the face plate side of the spacer and at the part thereof adjacent to the rear plate. In short, the above phenomenon is caused by using the spacer in which a change in electric field occurring on the face plate side of the spacer (a change in electric field acting so as to attract an electron beam) is greater than a change in electric field occurring on the rear plate side thereof (a change of electric field acting so as to repel the electron beam), these changes in electric field being caused by various factors such as a driving condition and a structure of the vacuum container. 
   In this way, positional deviation may occur in a reaching position of an electron beam emitted from one of the first electron-emitting region  133   a  adjacent to the spacer  117  and the second electron-emitting region  133   b  adjacent to the first electron-emitting region  133   a  (light emitting point). Therefore, the conventional display apparatus has a problem in that distortion occurs in a displayed image or the like. 
   Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electron beam generation device which is capable of correcting an electron trajectory to prevent positional deviation from occurring in a light emitting point. 
   As to specific embodiments of the present invention, a flat display apparatus will be hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
   First Embodiment 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , a display apparatus  1  has a display unit  5  that displays various kinds of information such as characters and images. In addition, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the display apparatus  1  includes a control section  6  that controls the drive of the display unit  5 , a support frame (not shown) that supports the display unit  5  and the control section  6 , and a cover  8  serving as an external housing for covering the control section  6  and the support frame. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , the display unit  5  has a vacuum container  10 , inside of which is maintained vacuum, and a voltage applying section (not shown) that supplies a voltage into the vacuum container  10 . 
   The vacuum container  10  is provided with a face plate  11 , a rear plate  12  which is provided in a position opposed to the face plate  11 , and a support frame  13  which is provided so as to hermetically seal the external peripheral portion of the face plate  11  of the rear plate  12 . 
   The face plate  11  is provided with a glass substrate  21  consisting of a glass material, a fluorescent film  14 , which is provided on a surface opposed to the rear plate  12  of the glass substrate  21 , and a metal back  15  formed on the fluorescent film  14 . 
   On the rear plate  12 , there are provided a glass substrate  22  consisting of a glass material, a plurality of electron-emitting devices  23 , which are regularly arranged on a surface of the glass substrate  22  opposed to the face plate  11 , and a plurality of wiring electrodes  37  and  38  that supplies a drive signal to the electron-emitting devices  23 . As the electron-emitting devices  23 , for example, a surface conduction electron-emitting device can be used. In this embodiment, the surface conduction electron-emitting device is used. 
   Further, in the vacuum container  10 , a space surrounded by the face plate  11 , the rear plate  12 , and the support frame  13  is maintained vacuum on the order of 10 −4  Pa. Thus, the vacuum container  10  is provided with a spacer  17  serving as a structure reinforcing member for reinforcing mechanical strength of the vacuum container  10  in order to prevent the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12  from being deformed by a pressure difference between the external atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the vacuum container  10  in the case in which the display surface has a relatively large area. The spacer  17  is formed in a rectangular and substantially thin plate shape and is provided in a position between the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12 . 
   First, the fluorescent film  14  of the face plate  11  will be described with reference to the drawings.  FIGS. 3A and 3B  show plan views for explaining an example of a fluorescent film to be provided on the face plate  11 . In the case of monochrome display, the fluorescent film  14  consists only of phosphors. However, in the case of color display, for example, as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the fluorescent film  14  is constituted by a black conductive body  18 , which is referred to as a black stripe, a black matrix, or the like according to an arrangement of phosphors, and phosphors  19 . 
   In addition, usually, the metal back  15  is provided on the internal surface of the fluorescent film  14 . The metal back  15  is provided for the purposes of mirror-reflecting lights travelling to the internal surface side among emitted lights of the phosphors to the face plate  11  side, thereby increasing a luminance, acting as an anode electrode that applies an acceleration voltage of electron beams, and the like. 
   When the above-mentioned vacuum container  10  is sealed, in the case of color display, the phosphors of respective colors and the electron-emitting devices  23  are required to be associated with one another. Thus, it is necessary to appropriately position the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12  by bumping them against a reference position or by some other means. 
   As a degree of vacuum at the time of sealing, a vacuum on the order of 10 −7  Torr is required. In addition, getter processing may be performed in order to maintain a vacuum of the vacuum container  10  after sealing. 
   As to the vacuum container  10  provided in the display apparatus  1  of this embodiment, the spacer  17  and the electron-emitting devices  23  will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.  FIG. 5  shows a schematic sectional view of the vacuum container  10 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 5 , the spacer  17  is constituted by forming a high resistance film  26  for preventing charging on a surface of an insulating member  25 . In addition, in the spacer  17 , spacer electrodes  27   a  and  27   b  for electrically connecting the spacer  17  to the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12  are formed and provided, respectively on contact surfaces over the high resistance film  26 . In addition, of the surface of the insulating member  25 , the high resistance film  26  is formed at least on a surface exposed to the vacuum in the vacuum container  10 . 
   Further, in the vacuum container  10 , a desired number of spacers  17  are arranged at a desired space and are fixed between the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12 . The spacers  17  are electrically connected to the metal back  15  on the face plate  11  and to a first wiring electrode  31   a  on the rear plate  12  via the spacer electrodes  27   a  and  27   b.    
   In addition, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the first wiring electrode  31   a  with which the spacer electrode  27   a  of the spacer  17  is in contact is provided on the rear plate  12 . A second wiring electrode  31   b , a third wiring electrode  31   c , and a fourth wiring electrode  31   d  are arranged thereon, respectively, in an order toward the side spaced apart from the spacer  17 . Further, a first electron-emitting region  33   a  is provided on the rear plate  12  in a position adjacent to the first wiring electrode  31   a . A second electron-emitting region  33   b  and a third electron-emitting region  33   c  are arranged thereon between the two adjacent wiring electrodes  31 , respectively, in an order toward the side spaced apart from the spacer  17 . 
   In addition, in  FIG. 5 , arrows indicate electron trajectories e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 , respectively, and broken lines nearly parallel with the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12  indicate equipotential lines p. 
   Further, a distance between a side end of the first wiring electrode  31   a  and a center of the first electron-emitting region  33   a  is assumed to be L 1 , a distance between a side end of the second wiring electrode  31   b  and a center of the second electron-emitting region  33   b  is assumed to be L 2 , and a distance between a side end of the third wiring electrode  31   c  and a center of the third electron-emitting region  33   c  is assumed to be L 3 . In addition, distances equal to the above-mentioned distances L 1 , L 2 , and L 3  are assumed to be L 1 ′, L 2 ′, and L 3 ′, respectively, both of which are symmetrical with respect to the spacer  17 . Note that each of the above-mentioned distances L indicates a linear distance which is parallel with the main surface of the rear plate  12  and is on the cross section of the rear plate  12 . In addition, a device pitch E is substantially equal between any adjacent two devices. Inter-wiring pitches W 1  and W 2  establish a relationship W 1 &gt;W 2 . 
   In this way, the second wiring electrode  31   b  is formed adjacent to the second electron-emitting region  33   b , whereby the distances L 1  and L 2  satisfy a relationship of the following expression:
 
L 1 &gt;L 2    Expression 1
 
In addition, the distances L 1  and L 3  satisfy a relationship L 3 =L 1 . Note that distances L between the centers of the other electron-emitting regions  33  and the other wiring electrodes  31  are equal to the distance L 1  in the portions other than the vicinity of the spacer  17 .
 
   This is because the electron trajectory e 2  is set to the repulsion direction by arranging the second wiring electrode  31   b  close to the second electron-emitting region  33   b . As a result, an electron emitted from the second electron-emitting region  33   b  can reach a position substantially directly above the second electron-emitting region  33   b  through the electron trajectory e 2 . Therefore, even in the vicinity of the spacer  17 , positional deviation of a light emitting point (beam spot) to be formed by the reaching electron is suppressed. 
   Note that the distance L 2  cannot be determined unconditionally because it relates to various conditions such as pitches of device electrodes  35  and  36 , characteristics of the spacer  17 , drive conditions, a thickness of the wiring electrodes  31 , a space between the opposed face plate  11  and rear plate  12 , and the like. However, the distance L 2  is set to approximately 98% to 50% of the distance L 1 , and particularly preferably to 95% to 75%. In addition, in this embodiment, when a distance between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the first electron-emitting region  33   a  is assumed to be S 1  and a distance between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   b  is assumed to be L 2 , a relationship S 1 &gt;L 2  is also satisfied simultaneously. Moreover, a relationship L 2 &lt;S 2  is also satisfied for the distance L 2  between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   b  and a distance S 2  between the third wiring electrode  31   c  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   c . In this embodiment, a form satisfying all the above-mentioned conditions is a particularly preferable form. However, sufficient effects can be obtained with a form satisfying a part of the conditions. As an example of the form satisfying a part of the conditions, there is the case in which electron-emitting devices are arranged only in one side of a spacer. In this case, a wiring space only has to be determined so as to satisfy particular conditions. 
   In addition, the spacer  17  is required to have an insulating property for allowing the spacer  17  to withstand a high voltage applied between the wiring electrode  31   a  on the rear plate  12  and the metal back  15  of the face plate  11  and, at the same time, to have a conductivity which is enough for preventing charging to the surface of the spacer  17 . 
   Examples of the insulating member  25  of the spacer  17  include quarts glass, glass from which a content of impurities such as Na is reduced or eliminated, soda lime glass, and a ceramic member such as alumna. Note that, as the insulating member  25 , a material is preferable which has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is close to that of a material forming the vacuum container  10  and the rear plate  12 . 
   An electric current, which is found by dividing an acceleration voltage Va applied to the face plate  11  on the high potential side by a resistance value Rs of the high resistance film  26  serving as a charging prevention film, is flown to the high resistance film  26  constituting the spacer  17 . Thus, the resistance value Rs of the spacer  17  is set to a desirable range taking into account prevention of charging and electric power consumption. From the viewpoint of the prevention of charging, a surface resistance R/□ is preferably 10 14  Ω/□ or less. In addition, the surface resistance R/□ is more preferably 10 13  Ω/□ or less in order to obtain a sufficient charging prevention effect. A lower limit of the surface resistance R/□ is preferably 10 7  Ω/□ or more although it depends upon a shape of the spacer  17  and a voltage applied between the spacer electrodes  27   a  and  27   b.    
   In addition, a not-shown charging prevention film is formed on the insulating member  25 . A thickness t of this charging prevention film is desirably in a range of 10 nm to 50 μm. In general, in the case in which the film thickness t is 10 nm or less, a high resistance film is unstable in resistance and poor in reproducibility because it is formed in a substantially island shape although it depends upon a surface energy of a material, adhesion with the insulating member  25 , and a temperature of the insulating member  25 . In the case in which the film thickness t is 50 μm or more, it is more likely that the insulating member  25  is deformed in a forming process of the high resistance film. 
   Assuming that a resistivity of the high resistance film is ρ, since the surface resistance R/□ is ρ/t, the resistivity p of the high resistance film is preferably in a range of 10 Ωcm to 2 10  Ωcm judging from the above-mentioned preferable ranges of the surface resistance R/□ and the film thickness t. Moreover, in order to realize the preferable ranges of the surface resistance R/□ and the film thickness t, it is better to set the resistivity ρ to a range of 10 4  to 10 8  Ωcm. 
   As a material of the high resistance film  26  having the charging prevention characteristic, for example, metal oxides can be used. Among the metal oxides, for example, oxides of chromium, nickel, and copper are preferable materials. This is because, these oxides have a relatively low emission efficiency of a secondary electron and are hardly charged even if an electron emitted from the electron-emitting region  33  collides against the spacer  17 . As a material other than the metal oxides, carbon is preferable because it has a low emission efficiency of a secondary electron. In particular, amorphous carbon is preferable because it has a high resistance and a resistance of the spacer  17  is easily controlled to a desired value if the high resistance film  26  is made of amorphous carbon. 
   As another material of the high resistance film  26  having the charging prevention characteristic, a nitride of aluminum and transition metal alloy are preferable because a resistance value of them can be controlled in a wide range from that of a highly conductive body to that of an insulating body by adjusting a composition of the transition metal. Moreover, such a nitride has a relatively small variation of a resistance value in a manufacturing process of a display apparatus discussed later and is a stable material. In addition, a nitride has a temperature coefficient of resistance larger than (−) 1% and is a material which is practically easy to use. Examples of a transition metal element include Ti, Cr, and Ta. 
     FIG. 4  shows a plan view of the rear plate  12  which has a plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged in a matrix shape. As shown in  FIG. 4 , in the rear plate  12 , device electrodes  35  and  36 , X direction wirings  37  and Y direction wirings  38  which are crossed with each other, and surface conduction electron-emitting device films (conductive films)  39  are provided on a glass substrate  22  to form electron-emitting regions  33 . 
   The X direction wrigings  37  are arranged in a row direction and the Y direction wirings  38  are arranged in a column direction. 
   In addition, in this embodiment, a distance L 3  is set to 170 μm, a distance L 2  is set to 150 μm, and a distance L 1  is set to 170 μm. A gap between the face plate  11  and the rear plate  12  is set to approximately 1.6 mm. 
   In the vacuum container  10 , a position for forming the wiring electrode  31  on the rear plate  12  is changed, whereby the distances L 1  and L 2  satisfies the relationship L&gt;L 2 , and deviation of a light emitting point can be controlled by correcting an electron trajectory. Thus, the display apparatus  1  can realize high quality image display. 
   As to the display apparatus using the spacer  17  constituted as described above, a method of manufacturing the vacuum container  10  is briefly described. 
   In this embodiment, a glass substrate (PD-200 manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) with a thickness of 2.8 mm, which contains a relatively small amount of alkaline component, was used as the glass substrates  21  and  22 . In addition, on this glass substrate, a layer on which 100 nm of an SiO 2  film  100  was applied and baked was used as a sodium block layer. 
   Moreover, as the device electrodes  35  and  36 , on the glass substrate  22 , a titanium (Ti) layer was formed with a film thickness of 5 nm as an underlying layer by the sputtering method and a platinum (Pt) layer was formed with a film thickness of 40 nm on this titanium layer. After the laminated thin film was formed in this way, the photoresist processing was applied to the film, and a desired pattern was formed by the photolithography method consisting of a series of exposure, development, and etching processing. 
   In this embodiment, it was assumed that a space among device electrodes L was 10 μm and a length corresponding to the space W was 100 μm. As to the X direction wirings  37  and the Y direction wirings  38 , it is desirable that the wirings have a low resistance such that a substantially uniform voltage is supplied to a large number of surface conduction electron-emitting devices  23 , respectively, and a material, a film thickness, a wiring width, and the like therefor are appropriately set. 
   The Y direction wirings  38  serving as common wirings were formed in a line-like pattern such that the wirings is in contact with one of the device electrodes and couples the device electrodes. As a material of the Y direction wirings  38 , an Ag photo-paste ink was used. After being screen printed, the material was dried, and then, exposed in a predetermined pattern and developed. Thereafter, the material was baked at a temperature around 480° C. to form a wiring. 
   The Y direction wirings  38  were formed with a thickness of approximately 10 μm and a width of 50 μm. 
   In order to insulate the X direction wirings  37  and the Y direction wirings  38 , interlayer insulating layers (not shown) are arranged. With contact holes (not shown) opened in connection portions between the X direction wirings  37  and the other the device electrodes, the interlayer insulating layers were formed under the X direction wirings  37  such that crossing portions of the X direction wirings  37  and the Y direction wirings  38  formed earlier were covered and electrical connection between the X direction wirings  37  and the other device electrodes was possible. 
   As a process of forming the interlayer insulating layers, a photosensitive glass paste containing PbO as a main component was screen printed and then, exposed and developed. This process was repeated four times, and the photosensitive glass paste was finally baked at a temperature around 480° C. A thickness and a width of the interlayer insulating layers are approximately 30 μm in total and 150 μm, respectively. 
   The X direction wirings  37  were formed by screen printing an Ag paste ink on the interlayer insulating layer formed earlier, and then, dried. The same process was performed again. The Ag paste ink was applied twice in this way and baked at a temperature around 480° C. The X direction wirings  37  cross with the Y direction wirings  38  across the above-mentioned insulating films and are connected to the other device electrodes at the contact hole portion of the interlayer insulating layer. 
   The other device electrodes are coupled by the X direction wirings  37  and act as scanning electrodes after being paneled. The X direction wirings  37  are formed with a thickness of approximately 20 μm. 
   In this embodiment, the relationship L 1 &gt;L 2  is satisfied by changing a pitch of masks on which the Y direction wirings  38  are formed. 
   As described above, the XY matrix wiring is formed on the glass substrate  22 . 
   Then, after sufficiently cleaning the glass substrate  22  on which the matrix wiring was formed, electron-emitting device films  39  were formed between the device electrodes  35  and  36  according to the inkjet application method. 
     FIGS. 7A ,  7 B, and  7 C are schematic views of a process for forming the electron-emitting device film  39 . 
   In this embodiment, for the purpose of obtaining a palladium film as the electron-emitting device film  39 , a palladium-proline complex 0.15 weight % was dissolved in a water solution consisting of 85% of water and 15% of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to obtain an organic palladium containing solution. A slight amount of other additives were added in the solution. 
   Droplets of this solution were given to the part between the electrodes using an inkjet spray device with piezoelectric elements, which is adjusted to have a dot diameter of 60 μm, as droplet giving unit  48 . Thereafter, this substrate was subjected to heating and baking processing for ten minutes under the temperature of 350° C. in the air to have oxide palladium (PdO). As a result, a film with a dot diameter of approximately 60 μm and a maximum thickness of 10 nm was obtained. Through this process, an oxide palladium PdO film was formed in the device portion. 
   Next, the forming operation will be described with reference to the drawings. 
   In a forming operation process, the electron-emitting device films  39  are subjected to an energization operation to cause fissures in the inside thereof and form the electron-emitting regions  33 . 
   A voltage waveform used in the forming operation will be briefly described.  FIGS. 8A and 8B  show waveforms of a voltage in the forming operation. 
   In the forming operation, a voltage of a pulse waveform was applied. The pulse waveform is used as a voltage in the case in which a pulse with a constant peak value of a pulse wave is applied (see  FIG. 8A ) and the case in which a pulse is applied while increasing a peal value of a pulse wave (see FIG.  8 B). 
   In  FIG. 8A , a pulse width T 1  of a voltage waveform is set to 1 μsec to 10 msec and a pulse interval T 2  is set to 10 μsec to 100 msec, and a peak value of a triangle wave (peak voltage at the time of forming) is appropriately selected. 
   In  FIG. 8B , sizes of the pulse width T 1  and the pulse interval T 2  are set to the same values as described above, a peak value of a triangle wave (peak voltage at the time of forming) is increased by, for example, approximately 0.1 V for each step. 
   Note that a voltage on the order of not locally destroying or deforming the electron-emitting device film  39 , for example, a pulse voltage of approximately 0.1 V was inserted between forming pulses to measure a device current and a resistance value was found, and when a resistance 1000 times or more as large as a resistance before the forming operation was indicated, the forming operation was finished. 
   Next, the activation operation will be described with reference to the drawings. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , this activation operation is a process for depositing a carbon compound as a carbon film in the vicinity of the fissures by repeatedly applying a pulse voltage to the device electrodes through the X direction wirings  37  and the Y direction wirings  38  under an appropriate vacuum degree in which organic compounds exist. 
     FIGS. 9A and 9B  show preferable examples of voltage application used in an activation process. A maximum voltage value to be applied is appropriately selected in the range of 10 to 20 V. In  FIG. 9A , reference symbol T 1  denotes positive and negative pulse widths of a voltage waveform and T 2  denotes a pulse interval. Absolute values of the positive and negative voltage values are set equally. In addition, in  FIG. 9B , reference symbols T 1  and T 1 ′ denote positive and negative pulse widths of a voltage waveform, respectively, and T 2  denotes a pulse interval. Here, T 1  is larger than T 1 ′ and absolute values of the positive and negative voltage values are set equally. 
   Basic characteristics of the electron-emitting device  23  produced according to the above-mentioned structure and manufacturing method will be described with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11 .  FIG. 10  shows a schematic view of a measurement and evaluation device  51  for measuring an electron-emitting characteristic of the electron-emitting device  23  constituted as described above.  FIG. 11  shows a relationship among a device voltage Vf, a device current If and an emission current Ie. 
   As shown in  FIG. 10 , the measurement and evaluation device  51  includes a power supply  52  for applying the device voltage Vf to the device electrodes  35  and  36 , an ampere meter  53  for measuring the device current If flowing through the conductive thin film  39  including the electron-emitting region  33  between the device electrodes  35  and  36 , an anode electrode  54  for capturing the emission current Ie to be emitted from the electron-emitting region  33  of the device electrodes  35  and  36 , a high voltage power supply  55  for applying a voltage to the anode electrode  54 , and an ampere meter  56  for measuring the emission current Ie to be emitted from the electron-emitting region  33  of the device electrodes  35  and  36 . 
   When this measurement and evaluation device  51  measures the device current If flowing between the device electrodes  35  and  36  of the electron-emitting device  23  and the emission current Ie flowing to the anode electrode  54 , it electrically connects the power supply  52  and the ampere meter  53  to the device electrodes  35  and  36  and further electrically connects the anode electrode  54 , the high voltage power supply  55 , and the ampere meter  56  with each other. 
   In addition, the electron-emitting device  23  and the anode electrode  54  are installed in a vacuum chamber  58 . The vacuum chamber  58  is provided with equipment necessary for a vacuum device such as not-shown exhaust pump and vacuum gauge. Further, the measurement and evaluation device  51  is constituted so as to perform measurement and evaluation of the electron-emitting device  23  under a desired vacuum. Note that a voltage of the anode electrode  54  was set to 1 kV to 10 kV and a distance H between the anode electrode  54  and the electron-emitting device is set within the range of 2 mm to 8 mm. 
     FIG. 11  shows a typical example of a relationship among the emission current Ie and the device current If measured by the measurement and evaluation device  51  shown in FIG.  10  and the device voltage Vf. Note that magnitudes of the emission current Ie and the device current If are different significantly. However, in  FIG. 11 , in order to compare and examine changes in the emission current If and the device current Ie qualitatively, vertical axes are represented by arbitrary units on a linear scale. 
   A specific control unit  6  provided in the display apparatus  1  will be hereinafter described with reference to the drawings.  FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of a control unit for television display based on a television signal of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) system in association with a display unit which is constituted by using an electron source of a simple matrix arrangement. 
   As shown in  FIG. 6 , the control unit  6  includes a scanning circuit  41  electrically connected to the rear plate  12  side of the display unit  5 , a control circuit  42  for controlling the scanning circuit  41 , a shift register  43 , a line memory  44 , an information signal generator  45 , a synchronization signal separation circuit  46 , and a DC voltage source Va for supplying a voltage to the display unit  5 . 
   An X direction driver (not shown) for applying a scanning line signal is electrically connected to the X direction wiring  37  of the display unit  5  which uses the electron-emitting device  23 , and the information signal generator  45  of a Y direction driver (not shown) to which an information signal is supplied is electrically connected to the Y direction wiring  38 . 
   In the case in which a voltage modulation system is implemented, a circuit which generates a voltage pulse of a fixed length but modules a peak value of a pulse appropriately according to data to be inputted is used as the information signal generator  45 . In addition, if a pulse width modulation system is implemented, a circuit which generates a voltage pulse of a fixed peak value but modulates a width of a voltage pulse appropriately according to data to be inputted is used as the information signal generator  45 . 
   The control circuit  42  generates control signals T scan, T sft, and T mry to the scanning circuit  41 , the shift register  43 , and the line memory  45 , respectively, based on a synchronization signal T sync sent from the synchronization signal separation circuit  46 . 
   The synchronization signal separation circuit  46  is a circuit for separating a synchronization signal component and a luminance signal component from a television signal of the NTSC system to be inputted from the outside. This luminance signal component is inputted in the shift register  43  synchronously with a synchronization signal. 
   The shift register  43  serial/parallel converts a luminance signal, which is serially inputted in time series, for example, for each line of an image and operates based on a shift clock sent from the control circuit  42 . The serial/parallel converted data for one line of an image (equivalent to driving data for n electron-emitting devices) is outputted from the shift register  34  as n parallel signals. 
   The line memory  44  is a memory device for storing data for one line of an image only for a necessary period of time. Contents of data stored in the line memory  44  are inputted in the information signal generator  45 . 
   The information signal generator  45  is a signal source for appropriately driving each of the electron-emitting devices  23  in response to respective luminance signals. An output signal of the information signal generator  45  enters the vacuum container  10  of the display unit  5  through the Y direction wirings  38  and is applied to the respective electron-emitting devices  23 , which are located at crossing points with selected scanning lines, by the X direction wirings  37 . 
   It becomes possible to drive the electron-emitting devices  23  on the entire surface of the rear plate  12  by sequentially scanning the X direction wirings  37 . 
   According to the display apparatus  1  constituted as described above, a voltage is applied to the respective electron-emitting devices  23  through the X direction wirings  37  and the Y direction wirings  38  in the display unit  5 , whereby electrons are emitted. Then, a high voltage is applied to the metal back  15  serving as an anode electrode through a high voltage terminal Hv, and a generated electron beam is accelerated to be collided against the fluorescent film  14 , whereby various kinds of information such as an image are displayed. 
   Note that the above-mentioned structure of the display apparatus  1  is an example of a display apparatus to which the electron beam generation device in accordance with the present invention is applied. It is needless to mention that various modifications may be made based on the technical thought of the present invention. A signal of the NTSC system is cited as an example of an input signal. However, an input signal is not limited to this system, and other systems such as the Phase Alternation by Line (PAL) system and the High-Definition TeleVision (HDTV) system may be adopted. 
   Second Embodiment 
   A rear plate in accordance with a second embodiment will be briefly described with reference to the drawings. Note that in the rear plate of the second embodiment, the same members as those of the rear plate of the above-mentioned first embodiment are denoted by the identical reference symbols and the description thereof will be omitted for convenience&#39; sake. 
   A display apparatus of this embodiment is constituted in the same manner as that of the first embodiment except the rear plate. As shown in  FIG. 12 , in this embodiment, the Y direction wirings  38  were formed with a thickness of approximately 12 μm and a width of approximately 50 μm. The interlayer insulating layers were formed with a thickness of approximately 30 μm and a width of approximately 150 μm. The X direction wirings  37  were formed with a thickness of approximately 20 μm and a width of approximately 260 μm. In addition, a plurality of electron-emitting devices were formed such that a pitch of the devices was equal between any two adjacent devices. The X direction wirings  38  were formed with inter-wiring pitches varied partially such that the following relationship was realized. Consequently, emitted electrons form respective electron-emitting regions were adapted to be irradiated on a face plate section directly above the electron-emitting regions. 
   In this embodiment, a position where the second wiring electrode  31   b  is formed on the rear plate  12  is changed, whereby the respective distances L 1  and L 2  satisfy the relationship L 1 &gt;L 2 . Further, when a distance between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the first electron-emitting region  33   a  is assumed to be S 1  and a distance between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   b  is assumed to be L 2 , the second wiring electrodes  31   b  are arranged in positions where the relationship S 1 &gt;L 2  is satisfied. In addition, as in the first embodiment, the second electron-emitting region  33   b  is arranged in position where the distance L 2  between the second wiring electrode  31   b  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   b  and the distance S 2  between the third wiring electrode  31   c  and the center of the second electron-emitting region  33   c  satisfy the relationship L 2 &lt;S 2 . 
   Note that, in this embodiment, the distance L 4  was set to 130 μm, the distance L 3  was set to 115 μm, the distance L 2  was set to 100 μm, and the distance L 1  was set to 130 μm. The space between the opposed face plate  11  and rear plate  12  was set to approximately 1.4 mm. 
   According to the display apparatus provided with the rear plate of this embodiment described above, since an electron trajectory is corrected as in the above-mentioned display apparatus  1  to control deviation of a light emitting point, information such as a high quality image can be displayed. 
   Third Embodiment 
   A rear plate in accordance with a third embodiment will be briefly described with reference to the drawings. Note that, in the rear plate of the third embodiment, the same members as those of the above-mentioned rear plate are denoted by the identical reference symbols and the description thereof will be omitted for convenience&#39; sake. 
   A display apparatus of this embodiment is constituted in the same manner as that of the first embodiment except the rear plate. As shown in  FIG. 13 , in this embodiment, the Y direction wirings  38  were formed with a thickness of approximately 8 μm and a width of approximately 70 μm. The interlayer insulating layers were formed with a thickness of approximately 35 μm and a width of approximately 150 μm. The X direction wirings  37  were formed with a thickness of approximately 20 μm and a width of approximately 300 μm except the X direction wirings  37   b  and  37   b ′. The X direction wirings  37   b  and  37   b ′ were formed with a width of approximately 340 μm. In addition, a plurality of electron-emitting devices were formed such that a pitch of the devices was equal between any two adjacent devices. The X direction wirings  38  were formed with inter-wiring pitches varied partially such that the following relationship was realized. Consequently, emitted electrons form respective electron-emitting regions were adapted to be irradiated on a face plate section directly above the electron-emitting regions. 
   In this embodiment, a width of the Y direction wirings  38  adjacent to the X direction wirings  37  with which the spacer  17  is in contact is changed, whereby the relationship L 1 &gt;L 2  is satisfied. 
   Note that, in this embodiment, the distance L 3  was set to 170 μm, the distance L 2  was set to 150 μm, and the distance L 1  was set to 170 μm. The space between the opposed face plate  11  and rear plate  12  was set to approximately 1.5 mm. 
   According to the display apparatus provided with the rear plate of this embodiment described above, since an electron trajectory is corrected as in the above-mentioned display apparatus  1  to control deviation of a light emitting point, information such as a high quality image can be displayed. 
   Note that the application of the electron beam generation device in accordance with the present invention is not limited to a display apparatus for displaying information such as characters and images. For example, it is preferably applied to an image-forming apparatus such as a laser printer, and electron microscope, and the like. 
   As described above, in the image display apparatus in accordance with the present invention, spaces among a plurality of wiring electrodes are varied partially such that electrons emitted from respective electron-emitting regions of a plurality of electron-emitting devices are irradiated on an acceleration electrode portion substantially directly above the respective electron-emitting regions. Consequently, the image display apparatus can prevent positional deviation of a light emitting point from occurring. Therefore, according to this electron beam generation device, high quality display can be obtained and a high quality image can be formed.