Patent Publication Number: US-2020304099-A1

Title: Layered body, and saw device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a ceramic substrate, a layered body, and a SAW device. 
     The present application claims the priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-198780 filed on Oct. 12, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     SAW devices (surface acoustic wave devices) are installed in communication apparatuses such as cellular phones in order to remove noises included in electrical signals. SAW devices have a structure in which electrodes are formed on a piezoelectric substrate. To radiate heat during operation, the piezoelectric substrate is disposed on a base substrate formed of a material with good heat radiation properties. 
     For example, a substrate formed of single-crystalline sapphire can be employed as the base substrate. However, if such a substrate formed of single-crystalline sapphire is employed as the base substrate, the production cost of SAW devices increases. To address this problem, there has been proposed a SAW device having a structure in which a ceramic substrate formed of polycrystalline spinel is employed as a base substrate, and a piezoelectric substrate and the ceramic substrate are bonded to each other through Van der Waals force (e.g., refer to PTL 1). 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     
         
         PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-66818 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure is a ceramic substrate formed of polycrystalline ceramic and having a supporting main surface. At the supporting main surface, the mean of grain sizes of the polycrystalline ceramic is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is less than 1.5 times the mean. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view illustrating a structure of a layered body including a ceramic substrate and a piezoelectric substrate. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic plan view illustrating a supporting main surface of a ceramic substrate. 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart schematically illustrating a method for producing a ceramic substrate, a layered body, and a SAW device. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic sectional view for describing the method for producing a layered body and a SAW device. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic sectional view for describing the method for producing a layered body and a SAW device. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic sectional view for describing the method for producing a layered body and a SAW device. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view for describing the method for producing a layered body and a SAW device. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic view illustrating a structure of a SAW device. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Problems to be Solved by Present Disclosure 
     When a ceramic substrate and a piezoelectric substrate have an insufficient bonding strength, the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate are separated from each other in the production process of SAW devices, which decreases the yield in the production of SAW devices. To further reduce the production cost of SAW devices, the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate needs to be further increased. 
     Accordingly, it is an object to provide a ceramic substrate that can be bonded to a piezoelectric substrate with a sufficient bonding strength, and a layered body and a SAW device including the ceramic substrate. 
     Advantageous Effects of Present Disclosure 
     According to the ceramic substrate of the present disclosure, a ceramic substrate that can be bonded to a piezoelectric substrate with a sufficient bonding strength can be provided. 
     Description of Embodiments of Present Disclosure 
     First, embodiments of the present disclosure will be listed and described. The ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure is a ceramic substrate formed of polycrystalline ceramic and having a supporting main surface. In this ceramic substrate, at the supporting main surface, the mean of grain sizes of the polycrystalline ceramic is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is less than 1.5 times the mean. 
     According to studies conducted by the present inventors, the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate can be improved by controlling the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface of the ceramic substrate to 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm. However, even if the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate sometimes have an insufficient bonding strength. As a result of further studies on this cause, it is found that even if the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate have an insufficient bonding strength when the variation in grain size is large, more specifically, when the standard deviation of the grain sizes is more than or equal to 1.5 times the mean. Therefore, in addition to controlling the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface to 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, the standard deviation of the grain sizes needs to be less than 1.5 times the mean to bond the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate to each other with a sufficient bonding strength. 
     In the ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure, the mean of grain sizes of the polycrystalline ceramic at the supporting main surface is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is less than 1.5 times the mean. As a result, according to the ceramic substrate of the present disclosure, a ceramic substrate can be bonded to a piezoelectric substrate with a sufficient bonding strength. 
     In the above ceramic substrate, the residual stress at the supporting main surface may be −300 MPa or more and 300 MPa or less. In the production process of SAW devices, a layered body in which the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate are bonded to each other is subjected to a heat cycle including heating and cooling. This may result in an insufficient bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate. When the absolute value of the residual stress at the supporting main surface is 300 MPa or less, the sufficient bonding strength is easily maintained even if such a heat cycle is applied. For the residual stress, a negative value indicates compressive stress and a positive value indicates tensile stress. The residual stress can be measured with, for example, an X-ray diffractometer. 
     The above ceramic substrate may be formed of at least one material selected from the group consisting of spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), magnesia (MgO), silica (SiO 2 ), mullite (3Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 ), cordierite (2MgO.2Al 2 O 3 .5SiO 2 ), calcia (CaO), titania (TiO 2 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), aluminum nitride (AlN), and silicon carbide (SiC). These materials are suitable as materials for the ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure. Among these materials, spinel is preferred. 
     A layered body according to the present disclosure includes the above ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure and a piezoelectric substrate formed of a piezoelectric material and having a bonding main surface. The supporting main surface of the ceramic substrate and the bonding main surface of the piezoelectric substrate are bonded to each other through Van der Waals force. The layered body according to the present disclosure includes the ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure. Therefore, according to the layered body of the present disclosure, the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate can be bonded to each other with a sufficient bonding strength. 
     In the above layered body, the piezoelectric substrate may be formed of lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) or lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ). These materials are suitable as materials for the piezoelectric substrate in the layered body according to the present disclosure. 
     A SAW device according to the present disclosure includes the layered body according to the present disclosure and an electrode formed on a main surface of the piezoelectric substrate, the main surface being located opposite to the ceramic substrate. The SAW device according to the present disclosure includes the ceramic substrate according to the present disclosure. Therefore, according to the SAW device of the present disclosure, a SAW device in which the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate are bonded to each other with a sufficient bonding strength can be provided. 
     Details of Embodiments of Present Disclosure 
     Next, a ceramic substrate and a layered body according to embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the attached drawings. In the drawings, the same or corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , a ceramic substrate  10  according to this embodiment is formed of polycrystalline ceramic and has a supporting main surface  11  for supporting a piezoelectric substrate  20  that is another substrate. That is, the ceramic substrate  10  is an aggregate of many grains  10 A. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , many grains  10 A are exposed at the supporting main surface  11 . At the supporting main surface  11 , the mean of diameters (grain sizes) of the grains  10 A is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, and the standard deviation of the diameters is less than 1.5 times the mean. The grain size of each of the grains  10 A can be determined by, for example, the following method. First, the supporting main surface  11  is observed with a microscope to measure the area of the grain  10 A. Then, the diameter of a circle having the measured area is defined as a grain size. The mean of grain sizes can be determined by, for example, observing a plurality of regions of the supporting main surface  11  using a microscope and calculating the arithmetic mean of grain sizes in the regions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a layered body  1  according to this embodiment includes the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20 . The piezoelectric substrate  20  is formed of a single-crystalline piezoelectric material such as single-crystalline lithium tantalate or single-crystalline lithium niobate. The ceramic substrate  10  is formed of a polycrystalline ceramic made of at least one material selected from the group consisting of spinel, alumina, magnesia, silica, mullite, cordierite, calcia, titania, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, and silicon carbide and is preferably formed of a polycrystalline ceramic made of any one of the foregoing materials. 
     The piezoelectric substrate  20  has an exposed main surface  21  that is one main surface and a bonding main surface  22  that is a main surface opposite to the exposed main surface  21 . The piezoelectric substrate  20  is disposed on the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10  so that the bonding main surface  22  is in contact with the supporting main surface  11 . The ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are bonded to each other through Van der Waals force. 
     For the ceramic substrate  10 , the mean of grain sizes of the polycrystalline ceramic at the supporting main surface  11  is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is less than 1.5 times the mean. Therefore, the ceramic substrate  10  is a ceramic substrate that can be bonded to the piezoelectric substrate  20  with a sufficient bonding strength. The layered body  1  includes the ceramic substrate  10 . Therefore, the layered body  1  is a layered body in which the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are bonded to each other with a sufficient bonding strength. 
     For the ceramic substrate  10 , the residual stress at the supporting main surface  11  is preferably −300 MPa or more and 300 MPa or less. When the absolute value of the residual stress at the supporting main surface  11  is 300 MPa or less, a sufficient bonding strength between the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  can be maintained even if a heat cycle is applied in the production process of SAW devices. The residual stress at the supporting main surface  11  is more preferably −200 MPa or more and 200 MPa or less and further preferably −100 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less. 
     At the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10 , the standard deviation of the grain sizes is more preferably less than 1 time the mean. Thus, the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  can be bonded to each other with a sufficient bonding strength with more certainty. 
     Next, a method for producing a ceramic substrate  10 , a layered body  1 , and a SAW device  100  according to this embodiment will be described. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the method for producing a ceramic substrate  10 , a layered body  1 , and a SAW device  100  according to this embodiment includes a substrate providing step performed first as a step (S 10 ). In the step (S 10 ), referring to  FIG. 4 , a ceramic substrate  10  formed of a polycrystalline ceramic made of at least one material selected from the group consisting of spinel, alumina, magnesia, silica, mullite, cordierite, calcia, titania, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, and silicon carbide is provided. For example, a ceramic substrate  10  formed of a polycrystalline ceramic made of one material selected from the above group is provided. Specifically, for example, when a ceramic substrate  10  formed of polycrystalline spinel is provided, a raw material powder is provided by mixing a magnesia powder and an alumina powder, and a molded body is produced by molding the raw material powder. The molded body can be produced by, for example, performing preforming by press molding and then performing CIP (cold isostatic pressing). 
     Subsequently, a sintering process is performed on the molded body. The sintering process can be performed by a method such as vacuum sintering or HIP (hot isostatic pressing). Thus, a sintered body is obtained. The sintered body is then sliced to obtain a ceramic substrate  10  having a desired shape (thickness) (refer to  FIG. 4 ). Herein, the size of the grains  10 A and the variation in size can be adjusted within the desired range by controlling the heating rate during sintering, the sintering temperature, and the holding time during sintering. Specifically, the heating rate can be set to, for example, 0.5° C./min or more and 5° C./min or less. The sintering temperature can be set to, for example, 1500° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. The holding time during sintering can be set to, for example, 2 hours or longer and 10 hours or shorter. By controlling the heating rate, the sintering temperature, and the sintering time, the mean of grain sizes is easily controlled to 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is easily controlled to less than 1.5 times the mean. 
     Subsequently, a rough polishing step is performed as a step (S 20 ). In the step (S 20 ), referring to  FIG. 4 , rough polishing treatment is performed on the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10  provided in the step (S 10 ). 
     Subsequently, an annealing step is performed as a step (S 30 ). In the step (S 30 ), annealing is performed on the ceramic substrate  10 . Specifically, for example, the ceramic substrate polished in the step (S 20 ) is heated to a temperature range of 1000° C. or higher and 1500° C. or lower and held for 2 hours or longer and 10 hours or shorter. This decreases the residual stress introduced to the ceramic substrate  10  in the steps (S 10 ) and (S 20 ). As a result, the residual stress at the supporting main surface  11  is easily controlled to −300 MPa or more and 300 MPa or less. 
     Subsequently, a finishing polishing step is performed as a step (S 40 ). In the step (S 40 ), referring to  FIG. 4 , finishing polishing treatment is performed on the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10  annealed in the step (S 30 ). Thus, a ceramic substrate  10  according to this embodiment is completed. 
     Subsequently, a bonding step is performed as a step (S 50 ). In the step (S 50 ), the ceramic substrate  10  subjected to finishing polishing in the step (S 40 ) and a separately provided piezoelectric substrate  20  formed of lithium tantalate or lithium niobate are bonded to each other. Specifically, for example, the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are washed, dried, and then inserted into a chamber, and the pressure in the chamber is reduced. As indicated by arrows in  FIG. 4 , the supporting main surface  11  and the bonding main surface  22  are irradiated with, for example, Ar (argon) beams. This cleans the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10  and the bonding main surface  22  of the piezoelectric substrate  20 . Then, the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are bonded to each other so that the bonding main surface  22  of the piezoelectric substrate  20  is in contact with the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10 . Thus, the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are bonded to each other through Van der Waals force. As a result, a layered body  1  according to this embodiment is obtained. 
     Next, a method for producing a SAW device including the layered body  1  including the ceramic substrate  10  will be described. Referring to  FIG. 3 , after the step (S 50 ), a thickness decreasing step is performed as a step (S 60 ). In the step (S 60 ), referring to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 5 , the thickness of the piezoelectric substrate  20  of the layered body  1  obtained in the step (S 50 ) is decreased. Specifically, for example, an exposed main surface  21  of the piezoelectric substrate  20  is subjected to grinding treatment. Thus, the thickness of the piezoelectric substrate  20  is decreased to a thickness appropriate for SAW devices. 
     Subsequently, an electrode forming step is performed as a step (S 70 ). In the step (S 70 ), referring to  FIG. 5  to  FIG. 7 , comb-shaped electrodes are formed on the exposed main surface  21  of the piezoelectric substrate  20 .  FIG. 6  is a sectional view taken along line VI-VI in  FIG. 7 . Specifically, referring to  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 , a conductor film made of an electric conductor such as Al is formed on the exposed main surface  21  of the piezoelectric substrate  20  whose thickness has been appropriately adjusted in the step (S 60 ). The conductor film can be formed by, for example, a sputtering method. A resist is then applied onto the conductor film to form a resist film. By performing exposure and development, an opening is formed in a region other than regions corresponding to desired shapes of input-side electrodes  30  and output-side electrodes  40 . For example, wet etching is performed using the resist film having the opening formed therein as a mask to form a plurality of pairs of input-side electrodes  30  and output-side electrodes  40  as illustrated in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  illustrate a region corresponding to a pair of input-side electrode  30  and output-side electrode  40 . The electrode interval of the comb-shaped electrode in the input-side electrode  30  and the output-side electrode  40  can be appropriately determined in accordance with the frequency of signals to be output. 
     Subsequently, a chip forming step is performed as a step (S 80 ). In the step (S 80 ), the layered body  1  on which a plurality of pairs of input-side electrodes  30  and output-side electrodes  40  have been formed is cut in a thickness direction into a plurality of chips each including a pair of input-side electrode  30  and output-side electrode  40 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7  and  FIG. 8 , an input-side wiring line  51  and an output-side wiring line  61  are then formed on the chip produced in the step (S 80 ) to complete a SAW device  100  (SAW filter) according to this embodiment. 
     In the production method of the SAW device  100  according to this embodiment, the mean of grain sizes of the polycrystalline ceramic at the supporting main surface  11  of the ceramic substrate  10  is 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm and the standard deviation of the grain sizes is less than 1.5 times the mean. Therefore, the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  are bonded to each other with a sufficient bonding strength. This suppresses the separation between the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate in the production process of SAW devices, which increases the yield in the production of SAW devices. Note that another annealing step may be performed again after the step (S 40 ) from the viewpoint of further decreasing the absolute value of the residual stress at the supporting main surface  11 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the SAW device  100  according to this embodiment includes the layered body  1  including the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  that bond to each other through Van der Waals force, the input-side electrode  30  and the output-side electrode  40 , which are a pair of comb-shaped electrodes formed so as to be in contact with the exposed main surface  21  of the piezoelectric substrate  20 , the input-side wiring line  51  connected to the input-side electrode  30 , and the output-side wiring line  61  connected to the output-side electrode  40 . 
     The input-side electrode  30  includes a first portion  31  and a second portion  32 . The first portion  31  includes a linear base portion  31 A and a plurality of linear protrusions  31 B that protrude from the base portion  31 A in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the base portion  31 A extends. The second portion  32  includes a linear base portion  32 A that extends in parallel with the base portion  31 A and a plurality of linear protrusions  32 B that protrude from the base portion  32 A in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the base portion  32 A extends and that fit into gaps between adjacent protrusions  31 B. The protrusions  31 B and the protrusions  32 B are disposed at predetermined evenly spaced intervals. 
     The output-side electrode  40  includes a first portion  41  and a second portion  42 . The first portion  41  includes a linear base portion  41 A and a plurality of linear protrusions  41 B that protrude from the base portion  41 A in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the base portion  41 A extends. The second portion  42  includes a linear base portion  42 A that extends in parallel with the base portion  41 A and a plurality of linear protrusions  42 B that protrude from the base portion  42 A in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the base portion  42 A extends and that fit into gaps between adjacent protrusions  41 B. The protrusions  41 B and the protrusions  42 B are disposed at predetermined evenly spaced intervals. 
     When an AC voltage serving as an input signal is applied to the input-side electrode  30  through the input-side wiring line  51 , a surface acoustic wave is generated on the exposed main surface  21  (surface) of the piezoelectric substrate  20  because of a piezoelectric effect, and the surface acoustic wave propagates to the output-side electrode  40 . Herein, the input-side electrode  30  and the output-side electrode  40  have a comb shape as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and the protrusions  31 B and the protrusions  32 B are evenly spaced and the protrusions  41 B and the protrusions  42 B are evenly spaced. Thus, in a direction from the input-side electrode  30  toward the output-side electrode  40 , regions in which electrodes are formed on the exposed main surface  21  of the piezoelectric substrate  20  are present at a predetermined period (electrode period). Therefore, the surface acoustic wave generated by the input signal is excited most when its wavelength is coincident with the electrode period, and is attenuated as the difference between the wavelength and the electrode period increases. Consequently, only a signal with a wavelength close to the electrode period is output through the output-side electrode  40  and the output-side wiring line  61 . 
     In the above operation, the temperature of the piezoelectric substrate  20  increases. In the SAW device  100  according to this embodiment, the ceramic substrate  10  made of a material having good heat radiation properties is disposed so as to be in contact with the piezoelectric substrate  20 . Therefore, the SAW device  100  has high reliability. Furthermore, since the SAW device  100  includes the ceramic substrate  10  according to this embodiment, the separation between the ceramic substrate  10  and the piezoelectric substrate  20  is suppressed in the production process. Consequently, the SAW device  100  can be produced while a high yield is maintained. 
     Examples 
     Samples of 11 ceramic substrates (spinel substrates) having different means and standard deviations of grain sizes at a supporting main surface and different residual stresses at the supporting main surface were provided (sample Nos. 1 to 11). After the steps (S 10 ) to (S 50 ) of the above embodiment were performed using the samples, the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the piezoelectric substrate in the layered body  1  was evaluated by a crack opening method. Furthermore, after the samples were subjected to a heat cycle including heating from room temperature to 300° C. and then cooling to room temperature, the bonding strength was evaluated in the same manner. 
     The grain size was measured by observing a polished supporting main surface with a microscope ECLIPSE LV100 manufactured by Nikon Corp. The mean and standard deviation of grain sizes were calculated using image processing software included with the microscope. The residual stress at the supporting main surface was measured by X-ray diffraction stress measurement. The X-ray used was Cu-Ka line focus. The excitation conditions were 45 kV and 40 mA. The scanning method was a sin 2Ψ method (ISO-inclination method). The measurement range was 2θ=93° to 95.5°. The step size was 0.03°. The Ψ conditions were 13 levels (6 levels on positive side, one level at zero, 6 levels on negative side) {0≤sin 2Ψ≤0.5}. The integration time was 1 or 3 seconds. The measurement plane was an MgAl 2 O 4  (731) plane. Table 1 shows the experimental results. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Standard 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 deviation 
                   
                   
                   
                 Bonding 
               
               
                   
                 μ of 
                 σ of 
                   
                 Residual 
                   
                 strength 
               
               
                   
                 grain sizes 
                 grain sizes 
                   
                 stress 
                 Bonding 
                 after heat 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 σ/μ 
                 (MPa) 
                 strength 
                 cycle 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 12 
                 10 
                 0.83 
                 −100 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                 2 
                 15 
                 25 
                 1.67 
                 100 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                 3 
                 15 
                 20 
                 1.33 
                 450 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                 4 
                 15 
                 15 
                 1.00 
                 −250 
                 A 
                 A 
               
               
                 5 
                 25 
                 40 
                 1.60 
                 −150 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                 6 
                 25 
                 30 
                 1.20 
                 −350 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                 7 
                 25 
                 35 
                 1.40 
                 300 
                 A 
                 A 
               
               
                 8 
                 37 
                 60 
                 1.62 
                 −50 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                 9 
                 37 
                 40 
                 1.08 
                 −550 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                 10 
                 37 
                 40 
                 1.08 
                 −150 
                 A 
                 A 
               
               
                 11 
                 42 
                 40 
                 0.95 
                 −100 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 1, the bonding strength and the bonding strength after heat cycle were evaluated with grades of A: 1.0 J/m 2  or more, B: 0.5 J/m 2  or more and less than 1.0 J/m 2 , and C: less than 0.5 J/m 2 . 
     Table 1 shows that the samples 1 and 11 in which the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface is outside the range of 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm have an evaluation result of C in terms of bonding strength. This supports that the mean of grain sizes at the supporting main surface needs to be in the range of 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm. Even if the mean of grain sizes is within the range of 15 μm or more and less than 40 μm, the samples (samples 2, 5, and 8) in which the ratio (σ/μ) of the standard deviation of grain sizes to the mean of grain sizes is 1.5 or more have an evaluation result of C in terms of bonding strength. This shows that to achieve a sufficient bonding strength, the standard deviation of grain sizes needs to be less than 1.5 times the mean in addition to the above mean condition. 
     Furthermore, even if the above-described mean and standard deviation conditions are satisfied, the samples (samples 3, 6, and 9) in which the residual stress at the supporting main surface is outside the range of −300 MPa or more and 300 MPa or less have an evaluation result of B in terms of bonding strength after heat cycle whereas the samples in which the residual stress is within the range of −300 MPa or more and 300 MPa or less have an evaluation result of A in terms of bonding strength after heat cycle. This confirms that when the absolute value of the residual stress at the supporting main surface is 300 MPa or less, the bonding strength after heat cycle is improved. 
     The embodiments and Examples disclosed herein are mere examples in all respects and should be understood as being non-limitative in any perspective. The scope of the present invention is defined not by the above description but by Claims. The scope of the present invention is intended to embrace all the modifications within the meaning and range of equivalency of the Claims. 
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
     
         
         
           
               1  layered body 
               10  ceramic substrate 
               10 A grain 
               11  supporting main surface 
               20  piezoelectric substrate 
               21  exposed main surface 
               22  bonding main surface 
               30  input-side electrode 
               31  first portion 
               31 A base portion 
               31 B protrusion 
               32  second portion 
               32 A base portion 
               32 B protrusion 
               40  output-side electrode 
               41  first portion 
               41 A base portion 
               41 B protrusion 
               42  second portion 
               42 A base portion 
               42 B protrusion 
               51  input-side wiring line 
               61  output-side wiring line 
               100  SAW device