Patent Publication Number: US-2023140831-A2

Title: Dynamo-electric machine

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This specification describes examples of a dynamo-electric machine having non-uniform airgaps between its stator and rotor bores, and to applications therefor. 
     BACKGROUND 
     High-density dynamo-electric machines, such as induction motors, employ a primary or stator member having a uniform airgap between a stator bore and an associated rotor outer diameter. The basic magnetic reluctance in the machine&#39;s direct and quadrature axes may therefore be identical this case. Differences in output reactance may be obtained in such machines by changing direct and quadrature axis winding parameters such as number of turns, chording, or distribution factors. 
     SUMMARY 
     An example system includes a dynamo-electric machine. The dynamo-electric machine includes a rotor that is cylindrical and that is configured for rotation and a stator that is arranged relative to the rotor. The stator has a stepped configuration that defines a first diameter for the stator and a second diameter for the stator. The first diameter is greater than the second diameter. Zones of the stator at the first diameter hold direct-axis (D-axis) windings and zones of the stator at the second diameter hold quadrature axis (Q-axis) windings. An airgap between the rotor and the Q-axis windings is greater than an airgap between the rotor and the D-axis windings. The example system may include one or more of the following features, either alone or in combination. 
     The stator may include neutralizing windings between or among sets of the D-axis windings and the Q-axis windings. The neutralizing windings may be configured to change an airgap radial flux between adjacent D-axis windings and Q-axis windings. The system may include an inertial energy storage device to power the D-axis windings to enable the rotation when the rotor is disconnected from an external supply of power. 
     The Q-axis windings may be configured to output energy to a load. The dynamo-electric machine may be configured to power the D-axis windings through an external source until the rotor reaches a predefined speed, after which the D-axis windings may be powered by the inertial energy storage device. While the D-axis windings are powered by the inertial energy storage device, the dynamo-electric machine is configured to output energy from the D-axis windings that boosts the energy output by the Q-axis windings. The energy from the D-axis windings may be superimposed on the energy output by the Q-axis windings. Boosting the energy output by the Q-axis windings may include at least one of adding current or voltage to current or voltage output by the D-axis windings. Electrical reactance of the Q-axis windings may be lower than electrical reactance of the D-axis windings based on differences in radial airgaps associated with the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings. A combined energy from the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings may be pulsed or continuous. A combined energy from the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings may be at an end of a rising power output of the Q-axis windings. 
     The dynamo-electric machine may be configured to output energy from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The system may include a transformer between the dynamo-electric machine and the load. The transformer may be configured to receive current from the D-axis windings and from the Q-axis windings and to generate boosted energy output to the load based on the current from the D-axis windings and from the Q-axis windings. 
     As noted, the dynamo-electric machine may be configured to output energy from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The dynamo-electric machine may include a switch that is controllable to interrupt a circuit between the dynamo-electric machine and the load. Interruption of the circuit may coincide with injection of energy from the D-axis windings. The interruption of the circuit may produce transient voltage and transient current that boosts energy output from the Q-axis windings. The transient voltage and current may increase a rate of rise of the energy output from the Q-axis windings. The transient voltage and current may increase a total energy output to the load. The transient voltage and current may produce a pulsed energy output to the load. The Q-axis windings, the switch, and the D-axis windings may produce a current loop that is interrupted by controlled opening of the switch. Output current from the D-axis windings may circulate in a closed loop until the current reaches a target value, at which time the switch is controllable to interrupt the circuit between the dynamo-electric machine and the load. 
     The system may include circuitry to change the D-axis windings from a polyphase input to a single-phase alternative current (AC) excitation, thereby causing a spatial-peripheral shift in airgap flux of the D-axis windings and, as a result, boosting energy output by the Q-axis windings. 
     As noted, the dynamo-electric machine is configured to output energy from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The system may include a rectifier to rectify a current component of the energy from AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current). The system may also include inductive storage to receive the current from the rectifier to boost the output energy from the Q-axis windings. The load may include a pulse forming network (PFN) having inductive and capacitive components. The PFN may be for producing shaped pulses. The system may include a subharmonic filter to extract subharmonics from a rectifier along an output of the Q-axis windings, and a thyristor modulator to feed the subharmonics into the D-axis windings upon separation of the induction machine from external power. The subharmonics may include reactive power. 
     As noted, the dynamo-electric machine may be configured to output current from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The system may include a harmonic filter that forms a resonant circuit with the D-axis windings, where harmonic filter is connected to an output current port from the D-axis windings; a boost transformer in series with the harmonic filter to receive the current from the harmonic filter and to boost the current; and a polyphaser rectifier to receive the boosted current and to provide a rectified output based on the boosted current to boost the energy output to the load. 
     As noted, the dynamo-electric machine may be configured to output current from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The system may include a boost transformer along an output of the D-axis windings to receive current from the D-axis windings; a rectifier to rectify an output of the boost transformer; a pulse forming network having storage elements that charge based a rectified output from the pulse forming network; and a switch that is triggerable to output energy from the pulse forming network to combine with the energy output from the Q-axis windings. The switch may include a spark gap switch, and the system may include capacitive storage to store the energy output from the Q-axis windings and an inertial storage device that transfers energy with the capacitive storage and the pulse forming network during operation of the induction machine. 
     The D-axis windings may be configured to receive a polyphase input. Interruption of the polyphase input may produce negative sequence primary current in the D-axis windings. The system may include neutralizing windings that are switchable into a closed short-circuiting loop that induces transient voltage in the D-axis windings or the Q-axis windings. The negative sequence primary current may produce the transient voltage boosting output voltage to a load from the Q-axis windings. 
     The induction machine may include a polyphase wound rotor induction machine configured to receive a polyphase input. A change in magnitude or phase displacement of the polyphase input may produce negative sequence primary current in the D-axis windings. The system may include neutralizing windings that are switchable into a closed short-circuiting loop that induces transient voltages in the D-axis windings and the Q-axis windings. The transient voltages initiated by the rotor induction machine may create a boost in output voltage to a load from the Q-axis windings. 
     The system may include a polyphase source to provide excitation to the D-axis windings. The polyphase source may be controllable to provide pulsed single-phase excitation to the D-axis windings. A change in excitation to the D-axis windings from polyphase to single-phase may cause a negative sequence current through the D-axis windings that results in a flux compression effect within a magnetic field of the airgap between the rotor and the Q-axis windings and the airgap between the rotor and the D-axis windings. The flux compression may affect changing effective impedance associated with the D-axis windings and Q-axis windings. 
     The Q-axis windings may be configured to output energy a load. The load may include a pulse forming network and a radar system. 
     As noted, the dynamo-electric machine may be configured to output current from the D-axis windings that boosts energy output to a load from the Q-axis windings. The system may include a thyristor modulator to control real and reactive components of power to affect power applied to the load, and inductive storage to receive current from the thyristor modulator for boosting the output energy from the Q-axis windings. 
     Any two or more of the features described in this specification, including in this summary section, may be combined to form implementations not specifically described in this specification. 
     The apparatus, systems, and/or components thereof described herein may be configured, for example, through design, construction, arrangement, placement, programming, operation, activation, deactivation, and/or control. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a cut-away view of an example induction machine. 
         FIG.  2    is a cut-away view of an example induction machine having non-uniform airgaps between its stator assembly and rotor bores. 
         FIG.  3 A  is a graph showing an example voltage boost output by an induction machine that occurs in advance of a Q-axis winding current peak. 
         FIG.  3 B  is a graph showing an example voltage boost output by an induction machine that occurs after a Q-axis winding current peak. 
         FIG.  3 C  is a graph showing an example voltage boost output by an induction machine at an end of an overall pulse. 
         FIG.  4    is a circuit diagram of an example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  7    is a circuit diagram of an example series injection transformer, filter, and thyristor modulator that may be used in one or more of the systems described herein. 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  9    is an example circuit diagram of a thyristor modulator that may be used in one or more of the systems described herein. 
         FIG.  10    is an example circuit diagram of a subharmonic pass filter that may be used in one or more of the systems described herein. 
         FIG.  11    is a circuit diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  12    is a circuit diagram of an example bi-directional VVVF rectifier inverter that may be used in one or more of the systems described herein. 
         FIG.  13    is a circuit diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  15    is a circuit diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIG.  16    is a circuit diagram of another example system that includes an induction machine to boost voltage output to a load. 
         FIGS.  17 A,  17 B, and  17 C  are winding layout circuit diagrams for an example 4-pole induction machine. 
         FIG.  18    is a cut-away view of another example induction machine having non-uniform airgaps between its stator and rotor bores. 
         FIG.  19    is a winding diagram for an example 8-pole induction machine having three sets of polyphase stator windings. 
         FIG.  20    is design layout diagram of an example stator for an induction machine having non-uniform airgaps between its stator and rotor bores. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numerals in different figures indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example dynamo-electric machines include induction machines, such as induction motors, and wound-field synchronous machines. The structures and systems described herein may be used with any appropriate type of dynamo-electric machines even though the examples presented below focus on induction machines. 
     An example induction machine includes an electric motor in which electric current in a rotor that produces motor torque is generated by electromagnetic induction from a magnetic field produced by a stator winding. An induction machine may also be used to provide pulsed power to loads using a stator assembly having multiple independent windings. Induction machine  10  of  FIG.  1    has a stator assembly that includes a cylindrical structure having a uniform bore diameter. Multiple stator slots are arranged around this uniform bore diameter to hold either input or output windings. In a stator assembly such as that of  FIG.  1   , the magnetic airgap reluctance between cylindrical rotor laminations and the stator bore is substantially uniform around the stator bore, except for minor perturbations. Electromagnetic principles such as flux compression, for example in the range of 0.5 Tesla (T) to 2.0 T, may be applied to the stator assembly to provide pulsed power to loads including, but not limited to, radar systems. 
       FIG.  2    is a cross-section of example induction machine  12 , which includes stator assembly  13  and cylindrical rotor  14 . Induction machine  12  may be an induction motor having generator functionality as described herein. In contrast to the stator assembly of  FIG.  1   , stator assembly  12  includes stepped periodic changes in the stator or primary bore diameter to create zones and windings having high and low magnetic airgap reluctances. Magnetic energy stored in these stator airgaps changes when there is a change in radial airgap dimension, with the larger airgap zones storing, e.g., four to five times as much energy as the smaller airgap zones. In this context, “high” and “low” magnetic airgap reluctance do not have any specific numerical connotations, but rather are used to indicate relative levels of magnetic airgap reluctance. 
     Example stator assembly  13  is 4-pole structure that includes at least two different and electrically-isolated sets of stator windings  16 ,  17 . Although both types of windings repeat around the entire circumference of stator assembly  13 , the relative peripheral allocations to windings  16  and  17  are a design variable. In this example, each winding phase of 30 electrical degrees occupies 15 mechanical degrees, such as  19  and  20 . Stator assembly  13  includes two different bore diameters aside from a normal slot opening. Primary bore diameter D s1    21  is for source power input windings which, as a result of the primary bore diameter D s1 , have radial airgap g 1    22 . These windings are enclosed in magnetic slots established by magnetic lamination steel, for example. The secondary bore diameter D s2    25  is for output or power output windings which, as a result of the primary bore diameter D s2 , have a radial airgap g 2    26 . Power is input to input windings and output from both the input and output windings, as described herein. 
     The input windings include direct (D) axis windings  17  and have the smaller of the two radial airgaps. This configuration produces a high magnetic reluctance, a high leakage inductance (XI), and a high magnetizing reactance (Xm) relative to the output windings, which are described below. The relative values of these parameters may be advantageous for operating the D-axis windings from a source of power, such as a prime mover or AC (alternating current) main transmission line. The output windings are quadrature (Q) axis windings  16  and have the larger of the two radial airgaps. This configuration produces a higher magnetic reluctance and a lower leakage reactance than the input windings. The relatively low leakage reactance may yield high current output on the Q-axis axis windings having a time constant that is smaller than on the D-axis windings. The Q-axis windings may include airgap windings containing conductors that are mechanically retained by a non-magnetic structure. As a result, the effective radial airgap may be yet larger at g 2 ′  27 , which may be advantageous for pulsed power output loading as described herein. The individual windings may be either concentric-coil windings or double-layer lap windings wound or a combination thereof. 
     Cylindrical rotor  14  may have a uniform outer diameter  30  and a regular spacing of rotor conductors  31  around a circumference of rotor  14 . Rotor  14  may be or include a cage rotor. Rotor  14  may be or include a polyphase wound AC rotor or a DC (direct current) wound rotor, each of which may receive external excitation. In an example implementation, rotor  14  has a wound-rotor structure enabling external excitation of the rotor, which enables controlling a slip frequency    σ  of the rotor to any shaft speed of interest. Slip frequency in combination with rotor current amplitude ultimately controls the power output of the induction machine. For example, when the induction machine of  FIG.  2    is controlled to operate as an inertial storage or pulsed power generator (as described below), as shaft speed decreases following a pulsed discharge, a rotor excitation controller continuously boosts the excitation applied frequency    r  to yield a stator output frequency that is nearly constant for the duration of the discharge pulse. 
     The configuration of induction machine  12  thus provides spatial variation in the magnetic reluctance between stator and rotor structures and, consequently, lowers the quadrature-axis output reactance. Example induction machine  12  also includes a neutralizing stator winding insertion (“neutralizing winding”) every 30 or 60 electrical degrees, which may aid in flux compression and in magnetically isolating the D-axis windings from the Q-axis windings. The neutralizing winding has total galvanic isolation from the D-axis and Q-axis windings and has separate control devices. An implementation including D-axis neutralizing stator windings is shown in  FIG.  18   . 
     This galvanic isolation enables induction machine  12  to include input (D-axis) and output (Q-axis) windings in a single machine having a common magnetic core and a common structure. Furthermore, since stator assembly  13  changes the main magnetic reluctance of the input and output windings as function their bore diameters, inherent leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance of the stator windings can have two or more values within stator assembly  13 . This creates a flux compression effect, which allows for shifting of the airgap radial magnetic flux on a continuous basis. In the examples described herein, zones that generate pulsed power may have four times as much inherent stored energy in their airgaps as the zones used for motoring functions. 
     In this regard, the output windings of induction machine  12  and its variants described herein may be used to generate pulsed or continuous power, including either polyphase or single phase power, which may be used to power various loads including, but not limited to, radar systems. For example, the output windings may be used to power pulsed loads having time-varying load power or varying power factors as a function of time. The input windings of induction machine  12  and its variants described herein may be used to generate pulsed or continuous power, which may be either polyphase or single phase power, and which may be used to power motoring functions, including torque production of the rotor. Additionally, the input windings of induction machine  12  and its variants described herein may be used to generate pulsed or continuous power, which may be either polyphase or single phase power, and which may be used to boost (that is, to increase or to augment) the power provided by the output windings. The power produced by the output windings is generally at a lower reactance than the power produced by the input windings. The lower output reactance of the output windings may enhance energy and power delivery. 
     In addition to relatively low output reactance at the output windings, example induction machine  12  and its variants described herein may be configured to generate a repeatable stream of relatively high voltage and time-varying voltage pulses having relatively fast rise times. In its motoring mode, the D-axis windings of stator assembly  12  provide input energy to an inertial energy store to bring rotor  14  up to a base speed or to maintain its speed over moderate or long durations prior to a discharge cycle. After the D-axis windings have served this purpose, those same D-axis windings may be configured and controlled to generate high voltage pulses. In an example implementation, the D-axis winding output (voltage pulses) may be superimposed on the Q-axis winding output (current pulses) to provide both a high current pulse to a load such as those described herein and also a high voltage pulse to that same load. The superimposed pulses need not occur at the exact same time. For example, there may be an operational advantage to having the Q-axis winding peak first, yielding a current pulse followed by a subsequent peak of a controlled D-axis voltage pulse. Superposition of the pulses boost the amount of energy to the load. The boosted energy may include boosted current, boosted voltage, and/or boosted power. 
     In this regard, some types of pulsed power loads may require voltage-current characteristics such as those shown in  FIG.  3 A,  3 B , or  3 C.  FIG.  3 A  shows an example in which the Q-axis windings deliver a main output current pulse  28  at a time period “ta” in advance of the current pulse shutting-off. The D-axis winding output is superimposed upon the Q-axis voltage  29  to produce a boost output voltage  30 . This type of boost output voltage may be required in certain types of pulsed power loads.  FIG.  3 B  shows an example in which the Q-axis winding delivers output voltage  32  at a time period “tx”, which is delayed from a peak following current shut-off. The D-axis winding output is superimposed upon the Q-axis voltage  34  to produce the boost output voltage  35 . This type of boost output voltage may be required in certain types of pulsed power loads.  FIG.  3 C  shows a boost voltage  36  that may be generated by superimposing outputs from the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings as described herein. The boost output voltage is sharp, appears at end of an overall pulse  38 , starts at time t 1 , and has energy E 2  from the D-axis windings that produces a faster rise time than the rise time from an initial energy E 1  from the Q-axis winding. At time t 2  the pulse has decayed to zero output and at time t 3  the repetition pattern starts again. The initial energy E 1  is typically larger than energy E 2  although in some cases the energy E 2  can be larger than energy E 1 . It is clear that the energy ramp rates or rising slopes of E 1  and E 2  can be widely different. The example output current and voltage in  FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  are AC quantities. The techniques described herein may also be used if the machine output from the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings is rectified to be a DC output. 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram of an example system  40  that uses an induction machine  12 , which may be of the type shown in  FIG.  2   , to provide pulsed power to a load  41 . In a starting mode, the D-axis winding brings the machine rotor up to operating speed and hence the machine set has a specific amount of stored or inertial energy in its rotor. In the example of  FIG.  4   , the induction machine includes a dual function for the D-axis winding to provide boost power that is used for series injection into the main Q-axis winding output. In this example, two sets of stator assembly windings—the D-axis windings and the Q-axis windings described previously—are controlled by either electromechanical switchgears or electronic switching networks to produce the output shown in  FIG.  3 C . In system  40 , load  41  includes a multi-stage pulse forming network (PFN) which has its own energy storage capacity and also serves to sharpen the pulse output. The PFN includes load switches VB 3 -VB 7   46 , which may include electronic switches such as IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) or thyristors. If electromechanical devices are used, the switching devices may include air-blast circuit breakers due to high DC currents. The load may include additional circuitry  47 , which may include one or more of the following: R-L (resistive-inductive) circuitry, R-C (resistive-capacitive) circuitry, L-C(inductive-capacitive circuitry), a non-linear inductive load, or an L-C tank circuit, for example. 
     In example system  40 , Q-axis winding output  42  is routed through switch VB 2   43 , which may be implemented using a vacuum breaker or a solid-state polyphase switch such as a thyristor or an IGBT. In the example of  FIG.  4   , the D-axis winding output  44  is routed through switch VB 1   49 , which may be implemented using a vacuum breaker or a solid-state polyphase switch such as a thyristor or an IGBT. A series injection transformer  50  separates the induction machine  12  from a polyphase rectifier  51 , a transmission line  52 , and load  41 . Transformer  50  is configured to receive, on its windings, current from the D-axis windings and from the Q-axis windings and to generate the boosted power output to the load based on the superimposed current from the D-axis windings onto current from the Q-axis windings. 
     AC source power  54  may include a polyphase source that provides power to a variable-voltage, variable-frequency (VVVF) drive  55 . VVVF drive is configured to convert the received power to a higher frequency f 1 , which is routed through selector switch  57  at position  1  to the machine D-axis winding  44 . Inertial storage unit  59  is configured to maintain energy input to the induction machine absent direct power input from the AC source. The energy capability of inertial storage unit  59  may be multiple times the output energy of each pulse, thereby providing a continuous stream of output pulses for an extended period of time. For example, inertial storage unit  59  may be configured to maintain energy/power input to the induction machine even with decreasing rotor speed as stored energy is depleted after direct power input from the AC source has been disconnected. Direct power may be disconnected after the rotor reaches a predefined or target upper speed. When a target lower speed is reached during discharge mode, the direct power input may be reapplied. Inertial storage unit  59  is also configured to maintain energy/power input to the induction machine while the D-axis windings are providing boost power as described herein when the machine is within target upper and lower speeds. Switches VB 1   49  and VB 2   43  are controlled, for example by an external controller (not shown), to output current and voltage pulses described above from the D-axis windings and Q-axis windings, respectively. Polyphase rectifier  51  rectifies superimposed current and voltage from AC to DC and provides the resulting rectified output to the load  41  through transmission line  52 . 
       FIG.  5    shows an example system having components in common with system  40 . Elements labeled with the same references in the figures may have at least some or all of the same structure and function. In the example of  FIG.  5   , an airblast breaker  60  is used to control output of the superimposed voltage (Vz) and current from the D-axis windings onto the voltage and current output from the Q-axis windings. The current from the D-axis windings passes through a boost transformer (“Xformer”)  61 , an AC/DC rectifier  62 , and intermediate inductive storage  63 . The voltage from the Q-axis windings passes through a full-wave bridge (FWB) rectifier  64  and is stored in intermediate capacitive storage  65 . Airblast breaker  60  is controllable by external controller  66  to combine the voltage output Vz across inductive storage  63  with the voltage at capacitive  65  to produce the superimposed boost output to the load described above. The voltage Vz is a transient voltage, with preferably a sharp rise time, which only results from the opening of airblast breaker  60 . Excitation drive  59  provides variable-voltage variable-frequency power and drives operation of the rotor in induction machine  12 . 
       FIG.  6    shows an example system having components in common with the system of  FIG.  5   . In the system of  FIG.  6   , a thyristor modulator  70  is connected to the D-axis windings output  42  along with intermediate inductive storage  63 .  FIG.  7    shows details of an example six (6) device thyristor modulator  70 , intermediate inductive storage  63 , and combined L-C filter circuit  74  that may be used along the output of the D-axis windings. In this example, the output of the D-axis windings is output along switch  57  in position  2  and then to thyristor modulator  70  having thyristor switches T 1 -T 6 , to inductive storage  63 , to vacuum breakers (VB)  75 , and to high impedance windings of a series injection transformer  77  which is shown as a delta to wye combination in  FIG.  7   . The intermediate inductive storage  63  also serves as a series L-C tank filter that can be tuned to a harmonic such as 180 Hz (Hertz) to increase impedance at this frequency. The machine inductance and transformer inductance may also enter into the resonant frequency for this L-C tank filter. 
     In the system of  FIG.  6   , the machine&#39;s D-axis windings may provide both real and reactive power to the input of a polyphase rectifier  79  if the voltage after transformation on the low impedance transformer winding is sufficiently high. The phase delay angle “alpha” of the thyristor modulator  70  partially controls the ratio between real and reactive power division. In the circuitry of  FIG.  7   , one machine winding (the Q-axis winding) provides the bulk of the output real power with a flywheel energy storage source yielding a continuous DC output. The second “motor” winding (the D-axis winding) functions as a modulating winding having the ability to provide either a programmed boost pulse to modify the tail or intermediate shape of the final output current or to provide extra reactive power. In some implementations, thyristor modulator  70  may include fast high-voltage solid-state switches and thus allow a superimposed wave to be implemented in a 10 to 100 microsecond (μs) response time on an output pulse.  FIG.  6    also includes passive tuned harmonic filter  80  between the polyphase rectifier  79  and the transmission line  52  to provide dual-mode superimposed pulses to transmission line  52 . In this implementation, a radar DC input  81  receives power from the transmission line for output to the load  41 . Thyristor modulator  70  may be controlled based on the radar DC input to vary the boost power provided by the system as described below. 
     Systems that superimpose two or more power outputs onto a common load may require an insulation system for the current supply, which is able to survive high voltage potential and transients created by a high voltage supply. In the example induction machines described herein, the machine windings are electrically isolated by design and have relatively good voltage blocking capability due to heavy insulation between adjacent winding groups. In some implementations, induction machine  12  is a doubly-fed machine having a large variation—for example, greater than 10:1—in terminal impedance from D axis to Q axis parameters and a rapid rise in the D-axis winding voltage based upon a spatial shifting of magnetic flux. 
       FIG.  8    shows a variation of the system of  FIG.  6   , in which low frequency or ripple sub-harmonics that are mainly reactive power are extracted from a main DC polyphaser rectifier output  84 . The low frequency or ripple sub-harmonics are extracted, in this example, by a series of three current transformers that may be included in polyphase rectifier  77 , that feed into two independent sets of subharmonic pass filters  85 , and that are routed into the motor&#39;s D-axis windings by a polyphase thyristor modulator  70   a  through selector switch  57  in position  2 . Polyphase thyristor modulator  70   a  is dual mode and configured to select one of two or more harmonic power filters and to provide specific harmonic energy back to the induction machine&#39;s D-axis windings once the induction machine is separated from a power grid input. In this example, when switch  57  is in position  2 , the D-axis windings are fed sub-harmonic currents arising mainly from load current low-frequency pulsations in the range of 7 to 35 Hz for a 60 Hz system.  FIG.  9    shows an example polyphase  12 -device thyristor modulator  70   a , which controls which L-C-L (inductive-capacitive-inductive) elements comprising filter  85  and also acts as bidirectional phase-angle controller to limit current. There can be more than two stages of independent filters, although two chosen frequencies may handle typical upper and lower limits of expected load pulsing. Output to the load is provided via a passive tuned harmonic filter  88  in  FIG.  8   , which provides a DC output. 
       FIG.  10    shows an example circuit implementation of  FIG.  8    at junction point  84 .  FIG.  10    shows secondary windings  89  designed as current transformers that are either routed through ⅙th of a base frequency-tuned L-C-L filter or ½ of a base frequency-tuned L-C-L filter. For example, if the base is 60 Hz, the first filter is a 10 Hz notch filter and the second filter is a 30 Hz notch filter. If the circuitry is used in a radar system, the filters may be used sequentially depending on what pulses the final load is creating. In the case of a radar system and referencing  FIG.  9   , thyristors T 1  to T 12  in thyristor modulator  70   a  receive a feedback signal from a radar input stage  81  ( FIG.  8   ), which directs three pairs of thyristors to be gated ON. For example if the radar is pulsing at a 7 to 20 Hz rate, then the thyristors T 1 , T 4 , T 5 , T 8 , T 9 , T 12  would be active and gating pairs at 120° apart. If the radar is pulsing at a 21 to 35 Hz rate, then thyristors T 2 , T 3 , T 6 , T 7 , T 10 , T 11  would be active and gating pairs at 120° apart. Following current transformer input to the reactive power modulation circuitry of  FIG.  8   , if the machine output is 3-phase, the DC output will have a 5th harmonic filter that includes an L-C-L filter on each side of the output DC bus with the two inductor sets. These two inductor sets may be wound as a “Brooks coil” coupled inductor to increase inductance and allow for an air-core constructed filter. This produces relatively high impedance to the 5th harmonic, which can be the predominant harmonic in radar applications. If the machine output is a 6-phase, then the filter may be an 11th harmonic filter having the same arrangement of dual Brooks coil inductors. 
       FIG.  11    is an example system having components in common with the systems of  FIGS.  4  and  5   . In  FIG.  11   , the two sets of stator windings are controlled by either electromechanical switchgear or electronic switching networks. Source power is provided by a polyphaser AC power source  54  to VVVF drive  90  and is then converted to a higher frequency f 1  routed to the machine D-axis windings through selector switch  57  in position  1 . This D-axis windings bring the motor-flywheel speed from zero to full speed in a typical constant torque mode or constant V/Hz mode. Simultaneously, the induction machine&#39;s rotor is excited from a similar power source through VVVF drive  92  at variable frequency f 2 , which is linked in the control architecture to the shaft speed. Once the machine is up to full or near full shaft speed and the full energy level for the flywheel energy storage at level E 1 , the vacuum breaker VB 2   43  and vacuum breaker AB 3   94  are sequentially closed. These closures connect the Q-axis windings output  44  of current i 3  at frequency f 3  to a main rectifier  95  and hence to the transmission line  92  and to the load  41 , which is an intermediate load in this example. When the capacitors C 1  to C 5  of the load (a PFN in this example) are charged up to full DC voltage value, a main thyristor switch T 1   97  is closed and the PFN is discharged into a final electrical load (not shown). A multiple stage PFN may be configured to create nearly square wave output current, which may be desirable for many pulsed power applications. The PFN, when fired through T 1 , creates an output pulse that is substantially a square wave of voltage having a sharp rise-time, which may be desirable for some loads. The system is set-up for continuous fire or a continuous stream of output pulses by operating breakers VB 2  and VB 3  repetitively. 
     To enhance output characteristics, as the PFN is in the final process of being charged, vacuum breaker VB 3   94  may be opened while switch  57  is placed into position  2 . Vacuum breaker VB 1   49  is closed, which is in series with the D-axis windings, a polyphase resonant capacitor C 6   99 , and polyphase resonant inductor  100 . This configuration produces current i 2  through boost transformer  100  into a boost rectifier bridge  101 , thus creating DC transient current Iz and transient voltage Vz across the open contacts of AB 3 . The main rectifier  95  output diode blocks Vz from adversely affecting the Q-axis winding. The voltage Vz then appears across transmission line  52  and the input to load  41 , yielding a boost or step voltage to the PFN input now in a final charge mode. Capacitor C 6   99  forms a resonant circuit with the D-axis winding leakage inductance, which is typically non-linear, and inductance from inductor  100 , which is typically linear. The leakage plus magnetizing inductance of the boost transformer causes the current through capacitor  99  to be a higher value than would be the case the case without the resonant circuit. 
     The circuitry of  FIG.  11    includes a combination of two machine output ports—one for the D-axis windings and one for the Q-axis windings. Each port has a different time constant and a different transient power capability. In the current and voltage curves of  FIGS.  3 A to  3 C , the Q-axis windings provide a relatively slow but high-current ramp to a load and, in the last time segment of current charging the load, the stepped boost pulse from the D-axis windings is delivered. The boost transformer  102  of  FIG.  11    may include a polyphase unit and may be either a step-up or step-down transformer, which may be constructed using an air core winding to support fast discharge times. In an example, the boost transformer output (secondary) voltage is higher than the Q-axis winding AC output level. The circuitry thus superimposes power voltage on top of power current using two stator windings having different reactances and in different spatial axes. 
     The circuitry of  FIG.  11    operates as follows. At a time T 1 , AC power source  54  provides input energy to both VVVF drives  90 ,  92 . VVVF drive  92  is energized and ramps up rotor excitation current to the wound-rotor machine. Switch  57  is initially in position  1 . At a next time T 2 , VVVF drive  90  operates to provide acceleration energy for the inertial storage unit and remains ON until the inertial energy storage is up to a rated energy level E 1 . Time T 3  starts a “coast” period during which VVVF drive  90  is off and the inertial storage unit maintains speed/energy without direct power input from AC source  54 . At a next time T 4 , vacuum breaker VB 2   43  on the output of the Q-axis windings is closed, air breaker AB 3   94  on the output of main rectifier  95  is closed sequentially, and switch  57  is repositioned to position  2 . The transmission line and load are then charged by a DC voltage and current Idc. The output thyristor switch T 1   97  is open. At a next time T 5 , the load terminal voltage, which has a time dependent charge, is sensed and when an intermediate threshold such as 90% of desired voltage is reached, the boost circuit is initiated. At a next time T 6 , vacuum breaker VB 1   49  is closed and starts the D-axis current i 2  circulating in a closed “short circuiting” loop that includes the D-axis neutralizing windings, FWB rectifier  105 , and the Q-axis windings. At a next time T 7 , when i 2  reaches a threshold value, breaker AB 3  is opened. This creates a transient voltage Vz which is impressed directly across the breaker AB 3  contacts and then is injected as a series-aiding voltage into the Q-axis DC output from main rectifier  95 . This operation provides a super-position of two sources at high current i 3  and a high voltage Vz. At a next time T 8 , the resulting summation voltage which is a composite of a slowly rising voltage and a stepped or peak voltage at the tail end of the charge cycle appears across both the transmission line and the PFN input. This summation voltage charges the series of shunt connected PFN capacitors C 1 -C 5  and series inductors L 1 -L 4 . At end of time T 8 , VVVF  92  is turned OFF. At a next time T 9 , breaker VB 2   43  is first opened and subsequently breaker VB 1   49  is opened removing all load charging power. At a next time T 10 , the load  41  is discharged into a final electrical load by firing of thyristor or similar high current switch T 1   97 . At a next time T 11 , the discharge of the singular load or series of multiple loads is complete. After a rest period the next cycle is ready. At a next time T 12 , a repetitive cycle can start again by first changing selector switch  57  to position  1  and by powering up VVVF drive  92   
       FIG.  12    shows an example bi-directional VVVF rectifier inverter  112  drive that may be used the circuitry described herein. This VVVF type of drive feeds both the main D-axis windings and, in a separate and smaller rectifier-inverter unit, also feeds a rotor polyphase AC-excitation circuit (such as excitation drive  59  of  FIG.  5   ) of a doubly-fed induction machine. The upper voltage level of the output is set by a rectifier and the frequency and final voltage may be established by an inverter stage. Component  114  represents either the primary/stator rotor winding or an induction machine. 
     Rectifier  115  may include a full-wave bridge (FWB) controlled rectifier having six thyristors for an “active” front end that includes three saturating input inductors (Lxa, Lxb, Lxc)  116  on all incoming phases. The inverter circuitry  118  includes an auto-sequential bridge inverter that includes six thyristors, six diodes, six commutation capacitors, and six saturating limiting reactors. DC bus filtering is performed by two balanced reactors  119 ,  120  and allows DC power flow to be bi-directional. The circuitry of  FIG.  12    can be implemented using alternate switching devices such as IGBTs, IGCTs or MOSFETs. In operation, the circuitry of  FIG.  12    enables real power from the D-axis windings to be fed back to the AC input line of the induction machine, if desired. 
       FIG.  13    is a diagram showing a variant on the system of  FIG.  11   . In  FIG.  13   , the circuitry in block  120  is identical to the corresponding circuitry of  FIG.  11   . In the circuitry of  FIG.  13   , flux shift mechanisms are used to enhance output pulse generation in cases where two different types of output loads are powered and two different types of PFNs  121 ,  122  (which may be part of the output loads) use a common transmission line. An example first load  121  includes a PFN having a quasi-square output and an example second load  122  includes a PFN having a triangular or sawtooth wave output. Source power is provided by a polyphase source to a VVVF drive and is converted to a higher frequency f 1  and routed to the D-axis windings through the switch in position  1 . With the switch in position  1  and input power applied, the D-axis windings bring the machine-flywheel speed from zero to full or service speed (energy level E 1 ) in a typical constant torque mode or constant V/Hz mode. Once the machine is up to designated speed and the energy level for the flywheel energy storage is at level E 1 , vacuum breaker VB 2  is closed, which connects the Q-axis windings output at frequency f 3  to the main rectifier and to a filter capacitor Cx and, therefore also, to loads  121 ,  122 . In this example, intermediate loads include main air-blast circuit breaker AB 3 , transmission line (Lx, Rx), and two multi-stage PFNs  121  and  122 . When the switch is moved to position  2 , the system uses a resonant L-C circuit connected through breaker VB 1  to the D-axis winding. The D-axis windings are no longer connected to the external power supply or power grid at this time. The D-axis winding output is now rectified by a boost rectifier and its output connected through inductor L 5  forming DC current Iz, which is a high current or short-circuit level current. When breaker AB 3  is controlled to open, a high boost voltage appears across AB 3  contacts (or anode—cathode if a solid state switch is used), which aids in the basic output of the main rectifier voltage across capacitor Cx that is then is transferred to the system output enhancing magnitude of current Idc. 
     With current Idc flowing, capacitors C 1 -C 6  in PFN  121  charge to their full DC voltage value, the main thyristor load switch T 1  is closed, and PFN  121  is discharged into a final electrical load (not shown). With appropriate circuit parameters for C 1 -C 5  and L 1 -L 4 , the PFN  121  output is a quasi-square wave, which may be desirable for some pulsed power applications. The multiple stage L-C circuitry of PFN  121  creates a pulse stream that is repetitively charged by induction machine  12  for repetitive pulse streams after each discharge cycle. The system may be configured for continuous fire or a continuous stream of output pulses by operating breaker AB 3 , which can be programmed to open and close repetitively. In second load circuit  122 , which may be different from first load circuit  121 , when capacitors C 7 -C 12  and inductors L 7 -L 12  in PFN  122  are charged to full DC current value, a final output thyristor switch T 2  is closed and the PFN  122  is discharged into a final electrical load (not shown). With appropriate circuit parameters for C 7 -C 12  and L 7 -L 12 , the PFN  122  output may be a sawtooth or triangular wave, which may be desirable for some pulsed power applications. 
     By appropriate application of isolation diodes D 1   124  and D 2   125 , PFNs  121 ,  122  are able to share a common transmission line and common machine output circuitry  120 , as shown in  FIG.  13   . In an example operating mode, T 1  is operated and sequenced with T 2  so that the two output thyristor switches alternate in conduction action. 
       FIG.  14    shows an example system having components in common with the system of  FIG.  5   . The system of  FIG.  14    includes energy storage elements on the D-axis circuit output which include a fifteen-stage PFN and a boost transformer, and one capacitive storage element on the Q-axis circuit output. The outputs from both the D-axis circuit and the Q-axis circuit are rectified to DC when superimposed. In the system of  FIG.  14   , the exact timing of the injection of D-axis energy into the Q-axis energy is implemented by the combination of a trigatron switch  129  injecting energy into the Q-axis circuit when airblast breaker  60  opens. This creates a maximum transient or boost pulse into transmission line  52  and load  41 . To this end, the system of  FIG.  14    includes a polyphase voltage-boost transformer  61 , full wave bridge rectifier  62 , a high stage number—for example, a fifteen-stage—PFN  128 , and the trigatron (triggered spark gap) switch  129  that includes a high voltage boost circuit but not a resonant circuit in this example. The trigatron switch  129  may be a spark gap switch having precise optical or laser triggering to implement a discharge of high voltage charge stored in a capacitor bank in the fifteen-stage PFN. Trigatron switch triggering may be timed to coordinate with the opening of airblast breaker  60  to allow optimum positioning of the boost pulse from the D-axis output onto Q-axis DC output from the intermediate capacitive storage  65 . In this regard, the system of  FIG.  14    includes three energy sources, namely PFN  128 , capacitive storage  65 , and a flywheel energy storage device  67 , which is an inertial energy storage device that provides an energy input into the induction machine. During operation of the system, there is a transfer of kinetic energy from flywheel  67  to PFN  128  and capacitive storage  65  on a recurrent basis. 
     The circuitry of  FIG.  15    shows an alternate system having components in common with the system of  FIG.  4    and specific to wound-rotor induction machines. The system of  FIG.  15    is configured to generate, by magnetic induction, reoccurring sharp transients superimposed upon the machine output winding to aid in output pulse generation. The circuitry is configured to generate negative sequence primary currents in the D-axis winding output. A control system is configured to cause three of the following actions to happen sequentially once induction machine  12  is at target speed and/or inertial energy level. The D-axis excitation frequency, which is controlled by a VVVF drive, is periodically modulated above and below the half-synchronous speed point, since maximum transient high voltage generation in the D-axis occurs at plus or minus a few percent about the half-speed point. The induction machine&#39;s rotor circuit is purposely forced to have wide current excursions caused by shorting breaker B 1  across an external rotor reactor/inductor bank. Alternately, the induction machine&#39;s rotor circuit is short-circuited if it is a wound-rotor machine. Transient voltages will be generated in the Q-axis output windings  42  on a controlled and periodic basis which are then rectified and transmitted to the load. 
     In an example implementation, once machine  12  is at half-speed, the D-axis winding input  44  is charged by an electromechanical switch  138 , a thyristor, or an IGBT switching system from a polyphase power input/source but limited to a single-phase AC excitation (in other words, the polyphase input is periodically interrupted). This causes spatial-peripheral shifting of the D-axis winding airgap flux, a high negative-sequence current, and asymmetrical magnetic core flux. The net result is a reduction in input magnetizing reactance of the D-axis winding. This electromagnetic action causes a reduction in radial airgap flux over the D-axis stator slots and also causes flux shifting and increases in radially directed airgap flux over the Q-axis slots and windings in each pole, thereby boosting power output from the Q-axis windings. In some examples, the rotor windings may be partially short-circuited on the condition that one-phase is short-circuited through a low reactance/low resistance circuit and the other two phases are left open-circuit or have a high impedance load but not a short circuit. This also creates a negative-sequence rotating magnetic field, which may be desirable for creation of output pulses that require high bursts of machine energy. 
       FIG.  16    shows an example system having components in common with the system of  FIG.  15    and having four independent loads, each controlled by separate electronic switches represented as thyristors T 1 -T 4   132 . Also, in this implementation, the induction machine rotor circuit is controlled by a polyphase resistance bank  134 . This bank is short-circuited on a periodic basis by a circuit breaker or electronic switch, creates high negative sequence currents and uses an external controller to regulate high transient rotor currents and consequently boosted output repetitive pulse streams on the Q-axis windings. 
       FIGS.  17   a  and  17   b    shows example winding layout diagrams for an example 4-pole machine, such as induction machine  12 . This example includes D-axis 48 stator coils, Q-axis 36 stator coils, and neutralizing winding 12 coils, for a total of 96 stator coils in  FIG.  17   a   . There may be 72 rotor coils in an example 4-pole induction machine in  FIG.  17   b    and 24 rotor coils if in an example 4-pole synchronous machine in  FIG.  17     c.    
     In this regard, there may be a set of neutralizing windings coils within the stator or primary frame, which may serve several electromagnetic purposes. In an example, interposed between or among each D-axis winding and the subsequent Q-axis winding (on a pole-by-pole basis) are a set of two or more isolated winding coils from diametrical opposite stator positions. These isolated windings are configured to reduce or to nullify the airgap radial flux in between these two sections. The current through these windings may be entirely controlled by a system of multiple bilateral thyristor switches that are under control of an external control system. The current through each set of series connected twin coils may be high. Furthermore, the ampere-turns of these coils may be close in magnitude to the ampere-turns of the D-axis windings. There are a total of six (6) sets of neutralizing coil pairs in the  FIG.  17 A  example. An example diagrammatic layout of example neutralizing  135  coils is shown in  FIG.  18   . 
     In this regard, induction machine  137  of  FIG.  18    shows the features of induction machine  12  along with neutralizing coils  135 . Induction machine  137  may be used in any appropriate application, including in the examples described herein. 
     The neutralizing coils may be activated for intermittent use only and, in some examples, the neutralizing coils are only to be in service when making a transition from a motoring mode to a power generating mode or when a D-axis windings are being used as a boost winding to aid the Q-axis winding for pulse generation. The electromagnetic action of these, when spaced around the stator and within all phases, is to effectively segregate D-axis windings from Q-axis winding even though these two main windings are wound on a common primary core (the stator). 
     The neutralizing coils are also configured to shift the phase angle of the airgap flux at the boundary between the D-axis and Q-axis zones. In this regard, in some implementations, when the induction machine makes a transition from motoring mode to power generating mode and relies on the Q-axis windings for generating an output pulse, to produce maximum voltage output the airgap flux at the boundary condition, entering the Q axis zone at each pole should be in-phase with the intrinsic airgap flux generated by the rotor. The neutralizing coils may enable this airgap flux to be in phase alignment. 
     In this regard, when the machine is drawing power from an AC source, the polyphase input to D-axis windings may be interrupted on one phase as in the implementations of  FIGS.  15  and  16   . This causes a high negative sequence primary current in the D-axis windings. Simultaneously, the neutralizing windings may be switched into a closed short-circuiting loop. The closed short-circuiting loop induces a transient voltage in either Q-axis windings or the D-axis windings. This transient component may be used to augment the Q-axis winding output pulse energy or the rate of rise of voltage delivered to the load. Furthermore, the polyphase input to the D-axis windings may be connected as single-phase input to a boost transformer. This connection produces a high negative sequence primary current. Simultaneously, the set of neutralizing windings may be switched into a closed short-circuiting loop, which induces a transient voltage in both the Q-axis windings and the D-axis windings. This transient component may be used to augment the second Q-axis winding output pulse energy or the rate of rise of voltage delivered to the load. 
     In a wound-rotor slip-ring type induction machine, the rotor&#39;s external power circuit, which may be a resistive or inductive polyphase circuit, may be repetitively short-circuited causing a transient component in the rotor current. This transient component is reflected into the Q-axis windings as reoccurring and useful voltage and current transients. These transients may enhance (that is, boost) the output energy supplied by the Q-axis windings to the load on a recurrent or continuous basis. 
     In the example configuration of a 4-pole machine shown in  FIG.  17 A , a bilateral thyristor T 1  controls coils  4 X and  25 X in series closed-loop connection, a bilateral thyristor T 2  controls coils  11 X and  32 X in series closed-loop connection, a bilateral thyristor T 3  controls coils  18 X and  39 X in series closed-loop connection, a bilateral thyristor T 4  controls coils  7 X and  28 X in series closed-loop connection, a bilateral thyristor T 5  controls coils  14 X and  35 X in series closed-loop connection, and a bilateral thyristor T 6  controls coils  21 X and  42 X in series closed-loop connection. 
       FIG.  19    shows the coil configuration an example an 8-pole stator winding layout that may be used in the induction machines described herein. The layout includes three sets of polyphase stator windings in which the D-axis and Q-axis windings are equal in terms of number of coils ( 24 ) and peripheral arc along an airgap. There is also a set of six coils in a tertiary winding that can be short-circuited through a set of thyristors  140  as in  FIG.  17 A  for a neutralizing winding or that can be separately excited by a polyphase power supply to assist with overall excitation of the machine. This type of winding can be applied to a cage-rotor induction machine in addition to a wound-rotor machine. 
     Table 1 provides design parameters of an example induction machine, e.g., and induction motor/generator of the type described herein. In this example, the radial airgap in the D-axis (motoring function) sector is sized at 0.025 inch and the Q-axis (generating function) radial airgap is sized at 0.100 inch; that is, there is a 4:1 difference in airgaps. This spatial dimensional change yields a clear difference in D-axis and Q-axis reactances of at least 4:1. The machine has 96 slots and 4 poles indicating 4 slots/pole/phase for the D-axis windings (48 coils total) and 3 slots/pole/phase of the Q-axis windings (36 coils total). The neutralizing winding of 12 coils arranged as 6 pairs of coils is included in the 96 slots. Each pole group is divided into two segments, since there are distinct D-axis and Q-axis winding areas in each pole. Both sets of windings are short-chorded and span 12 stator slots, resulting in a 50% chording. The Q-axis winding output reactance is calculated at 5.267 ohms and the D-axis input reactance is 31.6 ohms, indicating a reactance ratio of 6.00 by design of the machine magnetic circuit. This machine has basic  4 : 1  difference in airgap magnetic field stored energy based upon the airgaps chosen. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1000 kW/1340 HP Cage Induction Machine 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Stator Poles 
                 4 
               
               
                 Stator Slots 
                 96 
               
               
                 Operating Speed Range 
                 5,000-10,000 rpm 
               
               
                 Operating Electrical 
                 166-333 Hz 
               
               
                 Frequency 166-333 Hz 
               
               
                 Rotor Diameter 
                 0.508 m (meters) 
               
               
                 Active Length 
                 0.605 m 
               
               
                 Stator Outer Diameter 
                 0.802 m 
               
               
                 Stator Bores 
                 Ds1 = 0.5093 m, Ds2 = 0.513 m 
               
               
                 Radial Airgaps 
                 0.65 mm (millimeters) (input winding) and 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 mm (output winding) 
               
               
                 Input Winding 
                 4160 Volts at 333 Hz, 3 phase, 76 Amps/phase 
               
               
                   
                 in steady-state 
               
               
                 Input Winding 
                 4 slots/pole/phase, double wye, 48 lap wound 
               
               
                   
                 coils 
               
               
                 Output Winding 
                 2080-4160 Volts, 3 phase, 228 Amps/phase in 
               
               
                   
                 steady-state 
               
               
                 Output Winding 
                 3 slots/pole/phase, double wye, 36 lap wound 
               
               
                   
                 coils 
               
               
                 Neutralizing Winding 
                 12 coils spaced every 30 degrees apart and 
               
               
                   
                 connected 2 in series 
               
               
                 Airgap Flux over D axes 
                 1.75 Tesla based upon constant value of input 
               
               
                   
                 excitation 
               
               
                 Airgap Flux over Q axes 
                 variable from 0.50-1.90 Tesla 
               
               
                 Q-axis Output Reactance 
                 5.267 ohms 
               
               
                 D-axis Input Reactance 
                 31.6 ohms 
               
               
                 Q-axis Output Power 
                 821 kVA to 1643 kVA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An example implementation of machine  12  built according to the specifications of Table 1 includes a cylindrical-bore induction machine having periodic alternating and stepped variations in the stator bore, which then defines a spatially variable airgap and consequently a variable magnetizing reactance Xm as a function of peripheral angle. In this example, the airgap step change is at least 4:1 and the magnetizing reactance changes by a factor of at least 4:1 with the D-axis winding having the higher value of Xmd and Q-axis windings having the lower value of Xmq. The same physical layout of slots and airgaps also causes the stator leakage reactance X 1   d  for the D-axis to be higher than the slot leakage reactance X 1   q  for the Q-axis. In short
         Xmd&gt;Xmq and simultaneously   X 1   d &gt;X 1   q  
 
In this example, the Q-axis windings are configured for use as an output winding and low reactance thereof is a design parameter which consequently yields a high output short-circuit current or high pulsed output current. Both Q-axis and D-axis windings share a common rotor or secondary electrical member in this example, which is either a cage rotor or a wound-rotor having a symmetrical slot layout and uniform rotor diameter. The rotor may be directly coupled to a flywheel or similar inertial energy storage rotating device or coupled through a speed changing gearbox.
       

     The equivalent circuit parameters for the rotor leakage reactances X 2   d  and X 2   q  are also influenced by the overall airgap step-change geometry as such: X 2   d &gt;X 2   q , which may be desirable to produce high output currents on the Q-axis winding. 
     In some implementations, in addition to enhancing magnitudes of output currents for a discharge mode, the new slot and airgap arrangement also results in the L/R time constant of the Q-axis circuit being lower than in the D-axis circuit, which may be advantageous for producing fast output pulses in string of power pulses. 
       FIG.  20    shows example stator or primary design layout. In some implementations, the Q-axis windings are constructed using non-magnetic teeth  142  over a peripheral zone of the Q-axis windings that do not provide for a low magnetic reluctance path on both sides of a stator coil. Conversely, the D-axis windings are held in place by ferromagnetic teeth  141  using slot wedges. In some implementations, the Q-axis windings are held in place against the magnetic core by non-magnetic structural teeth  142  such as fiberglass-epoxy material. This design feature may further reduce the stator slot leakage reactance X 1   q  and enhance high current output performance. The neutralizing windings may be configured as singular (multi-turn or singular turn) wound coils surrounding the back of the machine magnetic core. This technique of winding layout is known as Gramme ring wound. Each neutralizing coil can be connected in series to a similar coil spaced diametrically part and controlled by an electronic switch to build-up current and MMF (magneto-motive force) when commanded to shift airgap flux in the direction of rotor rotation. 
     In this regard, referring also to  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  20    shows an example first phase of D-axis windings  17 , an example first phase of Q-axis windings  18 , and an example second phase of D-axis windings  17  and neutralizing winding  136   
     The magnetizing Ampere-turns (AT) or MMF current for either D-axis or Q-axis windings may be calculated from the standard textbook formulas as 
         AT= 0.313* Bg*G*k   s  in Ampere-turns/pole, 
     where Bg is the airgap radial flux density, G is the radial airgap dimension, and k s  is the airgap coefficient accounting for slot openings or magnetic fringing effects on both sides of the airgap. The magnetizing current Im, which is inversely proportional to magnetizing reactance, may be calculated as 
       Im=2.22* P*AT /( m   s   *N*f   w   *f   c )Amperes 
     where P is the number of primary poles, m s  is the number of phases, N is the total number of series conductors in series per phase, fw is the winding distribution factor, and fc is the chording factor. If parameters of Bg, ks, P, ms, N, fw, fc are the same for the D and Q axis windings, a 4:1 increase in G will create a magnetizing current in the Q-axis windings that is four (4) times the magnetizing current of D-axis winding. In an example implementation, the Q-axis windings have N total series conductors per phase designed to be lower than the D-axis, e.g. N(Q) equals 0.25 N(Q). Then, with the combination airgap and turns change, the Q-axis magnetizing current and magnetizing reactance will become respectively
         Im(Q)=16 times Im(D) and consequently   Xm(Q)= 1/16th of Xm(D).       

     Any “electrical connection” as used herein may include a direct physical connection or a wired or wireless connection that includes or does not include intervening components but that nevertheless allows electrical signals to flow between connected components. Any “connection” involving electrical circuitry that allows signals to flow, unless stated otherwise, is an electrical connection and not necessarily a direct physical connection regardless of whether the word “electrical” is used to modify “connection”. 
     Elements of different implementations described may be combined to form other implementations not specifically set forth previously. Elements may be left out of the systems described previously without adversely affecting their operation or the operation of the system in general. Furthermore, various separate elements may be combined into one or more individual elements to perform the functions described in this specification. 
     Other implementations not specifically described in this specification are also within the scope of the following claims.