Patent Publication Number: US-2023133603-A1

Title: Display apparatus and manufacturing method of the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0145857, filed on Oct. 28, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Aspects of one or more embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a manufacturing method of the display apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In general, in a display apparatus such as an organic light-emitting display apparatus, transistors are arranged in a display area to control the brightness, etc. of light-emitting diodes to display images. The transistors are configured to control corresponding light-emitting diodes to emit light of certain colors by using data signals, a driving voltage, and a common voltage. 
     An electrode of a light-emitting diode may receive a certain voltage from a transistor, and another electrode may receive a voltage through an auxiliary line. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background and therefore the information discussed in this Background section does not necessarily constitute prior art. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of one or more embodiments include a display apparatus capable of displaying relatively high-quality images. However, this is merely an example, and the scope of embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display apparatus includes an auxiliary line including a main sub-layer and an upper layer arranged on the main sub-layer, an insulating layer including a first opening having a greater width than the auxiliary line, wherein the first opening overlaps the auxiliary line, a first electrode on the insulating layer, an intermediate layer overlapping the first electrode and including an emission layer, an auxiliary layer, at least a portion of which overlaps the auxiliary line, and a second electrode on the auxiliary layer, wherein the upper layer of the auxiliary line includes a tip protruding, in a lateral direction, from a first point, in which a side surface and an upper surface of the main sub-layer meet each other, and being curved upwards from the first point, and the second electrode contacts the side surface of the main sub-layer through the first opening of the insulating layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the auxiliary layer may include a transparent conductive material. 
     According to some embodiments, the auxiliary layer may include a first portion on the upper layer of the auxiliary line and a second portion separated from the first portion by the tip. 
     According to some embodiments, the second portion of the auxiliary layer may contact the side surface of the main sub-layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the second electrode may include a different material from the auxiliary layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the main sub-layer may include at least one selected from among copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), and molybdenum (Mo). 
     According to some embodiments, the auxiliary line may further include a lower layer arranged under the main sub-layer, and a thickness of the main sub-layer may be greater than at least one of thicknesses of the upper layer or the lower layer. 
     According to some embodiments, at least one of the upper layer or the lower layer may include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), titanium (Ti), Mo, or tungsten (W). 
     According to some embodiments, the intermediate layer may overlap the first electrode and the auxiliary line, and a portion of the intermediate layer may be on the auxiliary line while separated, by the tip, from another portion of the intermediate layer around the auxiliary line. 
     According to some embodiments, the second electrode may overlap the first electrode and the auxiliary line, and a portion of the second electrode may be on the auxiliary line while separated, by the tip, from another portion of the second electrode around the auxiliary line. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display apparatus includes an auxiliary line including a main sub-layer and an upper layer on the main sub-layer, an insulating layer including a first opening having a greater width than the auxiliary line, wherein the first opening overlaps the auxiliary line, a first electrode on the insulating layer, an intermediate layer overlapping the first electrode and including an emission layer, and a transparent conductive material layer overlapping the intermediate layer and the auxiliary line, wherein the upper layer of the auxiliary line includes a tip protruding, in a lateral direction, from a first point, in which a side surface and an upper surface of the main sub-layer meet each other, and curved upwards from the first point. 
     According to some embodiments, the transparent conductive material layer may include a first portion on the upper layer of the auxiliary line and a second portion separated from the first portion by the tip, wherein the second portion of the transparent conductive material layer directly contacts the side surface of the main sub-layer of the auxiliary line. 
     According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a second electrode on the transparent conductive material layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the second electrode may include a different material from the transparent conductive material layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the auxiliary line may further include a lower layer arranged under the main sub-layer, and a thickness of the main sub-layer may be greater than at least one of thicknesses of the upper layer or the lower layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the transparent conductive material layer may include at least one selected from among indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and indium zinc oxide (IZO). 
     According to one or more embodiments, a manufacturing method of a display apparatus includes forming an auxiliary line including a main sub-layer and an upper layer on the main sub-layer, forming an insulating layer including a first opening having a greater width than the auxiliary line, wherein the first opening overlaps the auxiliary line, forming a first electrode on the insulating layer, forming an intermediate layer overlapping the first electrode and including an emission layer, forming a transparent conductive material layer overlapping the intermediate layer and the auxiliary line, and forming a second electrode on the transparent conductive material layer, wherein, in the forming of the second electrode on the transparent conductive material layer, the second electrode contacts a side surface of the main sub-layer of the auxiliary line, and the surface of the main sub-layer is located under a tip of the upper layer, the tip protruding, in a lateral direction, from a first point, in which the side surface and an upper surface of the main sub-layer meet each other, and curved upwards from the first point. 
     According to some embodiments, the transparent conductive material layer may be formed at a pressure equal to or greater than about 7 mTorr. 
     According to some embodiments, the second electrode may include a different material from the transparent conductive material layer. 
     According to some embodiments, the transparent conductive material layer may be formed through sputtering. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features, and characteristics of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic cross-sectional view of each sub-pixel of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates each optical unit of a color conversion-penetration layer of  FIG.  2    according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    is an equivalent circuit diagram of a light-emitting diode and a sub-pixel circuit electrically connected to the light-emitting diode which are included in a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a plan view of a common voltage supply line and a driving voltage supply line of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  are plan views respectively illustrating a common voltage supply line of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an enlarged region VI of  FIG.  6    according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS.  8 A to  8 C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of  FIG.  7    according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  are cross-sectional views respectively illustrating an auxiliary line according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS.  11    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to an embodiment; and 
         FIG.  12    is an image showing a shape of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in more detail to aspects of some embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b, or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. 
     As the disclosure allows for various changes and numerous embodiments, particular embodiments will be illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the written description. The attached drawings for illustrating embodiments of the present disclosure are referred to in order to gain a sufficient understanding of the present disclosure, the merits thereof, and the objectives accomplished by the implementation of the present disclosure. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
     One or more embodiments of the present disclosure will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements, and repeated descriptions thereof will not be provided. 
     While such terms as “first,” “second,” etc., may be used to describe various components, such components must not be limited to the above terms, and the above terms are used only to distinguish one component from another. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being connected to another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly connected to the other layer, region, or component. For example, when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being electrically connected to another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly electrically connected to the other layer, region, or component. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “formed on” another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present. 
     Sizes of components in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     When a certain embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a display apparatus DV may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside (e.g., in a periphery, or outside a footprint of) the display area DA. The display apparatus DV may provide or display images through an array of sub-pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged on an x-y plane in the display area DA. The sub-pixels may include first to third sub-pixels, and hereinafter, the first sub-pixel may be a red sub-pixel Pr, the second sub-pixel may be a green sub-pixel Pg, and the third sub-pixel may be a blue sub-pixel Pb for convenience of explanation. 
     The red sub-pixel Pr, the green sub-pixel Pg, and the blue sub-pixel Pb may be areas where red light, green light, and blue light may be emitted, respectively, and the display apparatus DV may provide an image by using light emitted from the sub-pixels. 
     The non-display area NDA may be an area where no images are displayed and may entirely surround the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, drivers or main voltage lines configured to provide electrical signals or power to sub-pixel circuits may be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, a pad that may be electrically connected to an electronic component or a printed circuit board may be included. 
     The display area DA may have a polygonal shape including a rectangular shape, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   . For example, the display area DA may have a rectangular shape in which a horizontal length is greater than a vertical length or the horizontal length is less than the vertical length, or may have a square shape. 
     Alternatively, the display area DA may have various shapes such as an oval shape or a circular shape. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic cross-sectional view of each sub-pixel of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the display apparatus DV may include a circuit layer  200  on a substrate  100 . The circuit layer  200  may include first to third sub-pixel circuits PC 1  to PC 3 , and the first to third sub-pixel circuits PC 1  to PC 3  may be electrically connected to first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  of a light-emitting diode layer  300 , respectively. 
     The first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  may include organic light-emitting diodes including organic materials. According to some embodiments, the first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  may be inorganic light-emitting diodes including inorganic materials. The inorganic light-emitting diodes may include a PN junction diode including materials based on an inorganic semiconductor. When a voltage is applied to the PN junction diode in a forward direction, electrons and holes may be injected, and energy generated from the recombination of the electrons and holes may be converted into light energy so that certain colors of light may be emitted. The inorganic light-emitting diodes described above may have a width of several to several hundreds of micrometers or several to several hundreds of nanometers. In some embodiments, the light-emitting diode LED may be a light-emitting diode including quantum dots. As described above, an emission layer of the light-emitting diode LED may include organic materials, inorganic materials, quantum dots, both organic materials and quantum dots, or both inorganic materials and quantum dots. 
     The first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  may emit light having the same color. For example, light (e.g., blue light Lb) emitted from the first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  may pass a color conversion-penetration layer  500  through an encapsulation layer  400  on the light-emitting diode layer  300 . 
     The color conversion-penetration layer  500  may include optical units that transmit a color of the light (e.g., the blue light Lb) emitted from the light-emitting diode layer  300  with or without converting the color of the emitted light. For example, the color conversion-penetration layer  500  may include color converters configured to convert the light (e.g., the blue light Lb) from the light-emitting diode layer  300  into light of another color, and a penetration unit configured to transmit the light (e.g., the blue light Lb) emitted from the light-emitting diode layer  300  without converting the color of the emitted light. The color conversion-penetration layer  500  may include a first color converter  510  corresponding to the red sub-pixel Pr, a second color converter  520  corresponding to the green sub-pixel Pg, and a penetration unit  530  corresponding to the blue sub-pixel Pb. The first color converter  510  may convert the blue light Lb into red light Lr, and the second color converter  520  may convert the blue light Lb into green light Lg. The penetration unit  530  may transmit the blue light Lb without conversion. 
     A color layer  600  may be on the color conversion-penetration layer  500 . The color layer  600  may include first to third color filters  610  to  630  having different colors. For example, the first color filter  610  may be a red color filter, the second color filter  620  may be a green color filter, and the third color filter  630  may be a blue color filter. 
     The light, the color of which is converted and transmitted by the color conversion-penetration layer  500 , may pass through the first to third color filters  610  to  630  and may have improved color purity. Also, the color layer  600  may prevent or reduce external light (e.g., light that is incident towards the display apparatus DV from the outside thereof) from being reflected and viewed by users. 
     A light-transmissive substrate layer  700  may be on the color layer  600 . The light-transmissive substrate layer  700  may include glass or a light-transmissive organic material. For example, the light-transmissive substrate layer  700  may include a light-transmissive organic material such as acryl-based resin. 
     According to some embodiments, the light-transmissive substrate layer  700  is sort of a substrate, and after the color layer  600  and the color conversion-penetration layer  500  are formed on the light-transmissive substrate layer  700 , the color conversion-penetration layer  500  may be integrated with the encapsulation layer  400  to face the encapsulation layer  400 . 
     According to some embodiments, after the color conversion-penetration layer  500  and the color layer  600  are sequentially formed on the encapsulation layer  400 , the light-transmissive substrate layer  700  may be formed on the color layer  600  through the direct spreading and hardening of the light-transmissive substrate layer  700 . According to some embodiments, other optical films such as an anti-reflection film may be arranged on the light-transmissive substrate layer  700 . 
     The display apparatus DV having the above structure may include an electronic device, for example, a television, a billboard, a projection screen, a monitor, a tablet personal computer (PC), or a laptop, which may display moving or still images. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates each optical unit of a color conversion-penetration layer of  FIG.  2   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the first color converter  510  may convert the incident blue light Lb into the red light Lr. As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the first color converter  510  may include a first photosensitive polymer  1151  and first quantum dots  1152  and first scattered particles  1153  that are spread on the first photosensitive polymer  1151 . 
     The first quantum dots  1152  may be excited by the blue light Lb and isotropically emit the red light Lr having a greater wavelength than the blue light Lb. The first photosensitive polymer  1151  may include an organic material that is light-transmissive. The first scattered particles  1153  may increase the color conversion efficiency by scattering the blue light Lb, which has not yet been absorbed into the first quantum dots  1152 , to make more first quantum dots  1152  be excited. The first scattered particles  1153  may be, for example, titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) or metal particles. The first quantum dots  1152  may be selected from among II-VI group compounds, III-V group compounds, IV-VI group compounds, IV group elements, IV group compounds, and a combination thereof. 
     The second color converter  520  may convert the incident blue light Lb into the green light Lg. As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the second color converter  520  may include a second photosensitive polymer  1161 , second quantum dots  1162  and second scattered particles  1163  that are spread on the second photosensitive polymer  1161 . 
     The second quantum dots  1162  may be excited by the blue light Lb and isotropically emit the green light Lg having a greater wavelength than the blue light Lb. 
     The second photosensitive polymer  1161  may include an organic material that is light-transmissive. 
     The second scattered particles  1163  may increase the color conversion efficiency by scattering the blue light Lb, which has not yet been absorbed into the second quantum dots  1162 , to make more second quantum dots  1162  be excited. The second scattered particles  1163  may be, for example, TiO 2  or metal particles. The second quantum dots  1162  may be selected from among II-VI group compounds, III-V group compounds, IV-VI group compounds, IV group elements, IV group compounds, and a combination thereof. 
     The penetration unit  530  may transmit the blue light Lb without converting the blue light Lb incident on the penetration unit  530 . As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the penetration unit  530  may include a third photosensitive polymer  1171  on which third scattered particles  1173  are spread. The third photosensitive polymer  1171  may include an organic material, for example, silicon resin or epoxy resin, which is light-transmissive and may include the same material as the first and second photosensitive polymers  1151  and  1161 . The third scattered particles  1173  may scatter and emit the blue light Lb and include the same material as the first and second scattered particles  1153  and  1163 . 
       FIG.  4    is an equivalent circuit diagram of a light-emitting diode and a sub-pixel circuit electrically connected to the light-emitting diode which are included in a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. The sub-pixel circuit PC of  FIG.  4    corresponds to each of the first to third sub-pixel circuits PC 1  to PC 3  described above with reference to  FIG.  2   , and the light-emitting diodes LED of  FIG.  4    may respectively correspond to the first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  described above with reference to  FIG.  2   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , a first electrode (e.g., an anode) of a light-emitting diode, e.g., the light-emitting diode LED, may be connected to the sub-pixel circuit PC, and a second electrode (e.g., a cathode) of the light-emitting diode LED may be connected to an auxiliary line  240  configured to provide a common voltage ELVSS. The light-emitting diode LED may emit light at a brightness corresponding to the amount of current provided from the sub-pixel circuit PC. 
     The light-emitting diode LED of  FIG.  4    may correspond to each of the first to third light-emitting diodes LED 1  to LED 3  described above with reference to  FIG.  2   , and the sub-pixel circuit PC of  FIG.  4    may correspond to each of the first to third sub-pixel circuits PC 1  to PC 3  described above with reference to  FIG.  2   . 
     The sub-pixel circuit PC may control the amount of current flowing to the common voltage ELVSS from a driving voltage ELVDD via the light-emitting diode LED, in response to a data signal. The sub-pixel circuit PC may include a first transistor M 1 , a second transistor M 2 , a third transistor M 3 , and a storage capacitor Cst. 
     Each of the first to third transistors M 1  to M 3  may be an oxide semiconductor transistor including a semiconductor layer including an oxide semiconductor, or a silicon semiconductor transistor including a semiconductor layer including polysilicon. According to a transistor type, a first electrode may be one of a source electrode and a drain electrode, and a second electrode may be the other thereof. 
     A first electrode of the first transistor M 1  may be connected to a driving voltage line  250  configured to provide the driving voltage ELVDD, and a second electrode of the first transistor M 1  may be connected to the first electrode of the light-emitting diode LED. A gate electrode of the first transistor M 1  may be connected to a first node N 1 . The first transistor M 1  may be configured to control the amount of current flowing in the light-emitting diode LED from the driving voltage ELVDD, according to a voltage of the first node N 1 . 
     The second transistor M 2  may be a switching transistor. A first electrode of the second transistor M 2  may be connected to a data line DL, and a second electrode of the second transistor M 2  may be connected to the first node N 1 . A gate electrode of the second transistor M 2  may be connected to a scan line SL. The second transistor M 2  may be turned on when a scan signal is provided to the scan line SL and may electrically connect the data line DL to the first node N 1 . 
     The third transistor M 3  may be an initialization transistor and/or a sensing transistor. A first electrode of the third transistor M 3  may be connected to a second node N 2 , and a second electrode of the third transistor M 3  may be connected to a sensing line ISL. A gate electrode of the third transistor M 3  may be connected to a control line CL. 
     The storage capacitor Cst may be connected between the first and second nodes N 1  and N 2 . For example, a first capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cst may be connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor M 1 , and a second capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cst may be connected to a first electrode of the light-emitting diode LED. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates that the first to third transistors M 1  to M 3  each are an NMOS transistors, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, at least one of the first to third transistors M 1  to M 3  may be a PMOS transistor. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates three transistors, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The sub-pixel circuit PC may include four or more transistors. Thus, the sub-pixel circuit PC according to some embodiments may include additional electrical components or fewer electrical components without departing from the spirit and scope of embodiments according to the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  5 A  is a plan view of a common voltage supply line and a driving voltage supply line of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 A , the display apparatus DV may include a common voltage supply line  10  configured to provide the common voltage ELVSS to the sub-pixel circuit PC described above with reference to  FIG.  4    and a driving voltage supply line  20  configured to provide the driving voltage ELVDD to the second electrode of the light-emitting diode. The common voltage supply line  10  and the driving voltage supply line  20  may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. 
     A shape of the display apparatus DV may be substantially the same as a shape of the substrate  100 . For example, it may be stated that the substrate  100  includes the display area DA and the non-display area NDA on an outer side of the display area DA, and hereinafter, it will be described that the substrate  100  includes the display area DA and the non-display area NDA on the outer side of the display area DA for convenience of explanation. 
     The common voltage supply line  10  may include a first common voltage input portion  11  and a second common voltage input portion  12  that are adjacent to a first edge E 1  of the display area DA. The first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12  may be apart from each other in an x direction, but may be integrally connected to each other through first to third extension portions  13  to  15  that are adjacent to second to fourth edges E 2  to E 4  of the display area DA. 
     At least one third common voltage input portion  16  may be located between the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12 , and according to some embodiments,  FIG.  5 A  illustrates four third common voltage input portions  16 . 
     The common voltage supply line  10  may be electrically connected to the auxiliary lines  240  passing the display area DA. Each of the auxiliary lines  240  may extend, for example, in a y direction, as illustrated in  FIG.  5 A . At least one auxiliary line  240  may extend to cross the display area DA in the y direction and may be electrically connected to part of the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second extension portion  14  facing the first common voltage input portion  11 . At least another auxiliary line  240  may extend to cross the display area DA in the y direction and may be electrically connected to part of the second common voltage input portion  12  and the second extension portion  14  facing the second common voltage input portion  12 . Similarly, at least another auxiliary line  240  may extend to cross the display area DA in the y direction and may be electrically connected to part of the third common voltage input portion  16  and the second extension portion  14  facing the third common voltage input portion  16 . 
     When the common voltage supply line  10  includes the third common voltage input portion  16  arranged between the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12 , the current density may decrease and the heat emission may be restricted when a current supplied through the common voltage supply line  10  is applied, compared to when the common voltage supply line  10  only includes the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12 . 
     The driving voltage supply line  20  may be arranged in the non-display area NDA and include a driving voltage supply portion  21  adjacent to the first edge E 1  of the display area DA and a counterpart  22  extending along the third edge E 3  of the display area DA. The driving voltage supply portion  21  and the counterpart  22  may be arranged on both sides of the display area DA with the display area DA therebetween. 
     The driving voltage supply line  20  may be electrically connected to driving voltage lines  250  crossing the display area DA. Each driving voltage line  250  may extend in the y direction while being electrically connected to the driving voltage supply portion  21 . In some embodiments, the driving voltage lines  250  may be electrically connected to horizontal driving voltage lines  270  extending in the x direction to cross the driving voltage lines  250 . The driving voltage lines  250  and the horizontal driving voltage lines  270  may be at different levels and electrically connected to each other through a contact hole penetrating at least one insulating layer. 
       FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  are plan views respectively illustrating a common voltage supply line of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. As described above with reference to  FIG.  5 A , the display apparatus DV of  FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  includes the driving voltage line ( 250  of  FIG.  5 A ) and the horizontal driving voltage line ( 270  of  FIG.  5 A ) electrically connected to the driving voltage supply line  20 , but for convenience of explanation,  FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  do not illustrate the driving voltage line ( 250  of  FIG.  5 A ) and the horizontal driving voltage line ( 270  of  FIG.  5 A ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 B , the display apparatus DV may include first auxiliary lines  240 ′ (hereinafter, referred to as first auxiliary lines) crossing the display area DA in the y direction and auxiliary lines  240 ″ (hereinafter, referred to as second auxiliary lines) crossing the display area DA in the x direction. The first auxiliary line  240 ′ and the second auxiliary line  240 ″ crossing each other may be at different levels and may be electrically connected to each other through a contact hole formed in at least any one insulating layer located between the first auxiliary line  240 ′ and the second auxiliary line  240 ″. 
       FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  illustrate that the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12  of the common voltage supply line  10  are integrally connected to each other through the first to third extension portions  13 ,  14 , and  15 , but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  5 C , the common voltage supply line  10  may include the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12 , which are adjacent to the first edge E 1  of the display area DA, and an extension portion  14 ′ that is adjacent to the third edge E 3  of the display area DA. The extension portion  14 ′ may be physically separated or spaced apart from the first common voltage input portion  11  and the second common voltage input portion  12 . 
     End portions of the auxiliary lines  240  may be electrically connected to the first, second, and third common voltage input portions  11 ,  12 , and  16 , respectively, and the other end portions thereof may be connected to the extension portion  14 ′. In other words, because the first, second, and third common voltage input portions  11 ,  12 , and  16  and the extension portion  14 ′ are electrically connected by the auxiliary lines  240  crossing the display area DA, the first and third extension portions  13  and  15  may be omitted as illustrated above in  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B . By omitting the first and third extension portions  13  and  15 , a portion of the non-display area NDA (e.g., a portion of the non-display area NDA adjacent to the second and fourth edges E 2  and E 4  of the display area DA) may decrease. 
       FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments, and  FIG.  7    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an enlarged region VI of  FIG.  6   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , at least one of the auxiliary lines  240 , the first auxiliary lines  240 ′, or the second auxiliary lines  240 ″ described above with reference to  FIGS.  5 A to  5 C  may be electrically connected to the second electrode of the light-emitting diode in the display area DA. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, it is illustrated that the auxiliary line  240  of  FIG.  5 A or  5 C  is electrically connected to the second electrode of the light-emitting diode LED, but the first auxiliary lines  240 ′ and/or the second auxiliary lines  240 ″ of  FIG.  5 B  may also be electrically connected to the second electrode of the light-emitting diode LED. In other words, the auxiliary line  240  of  FIG.  6    may be the first auxiliary line  240 ′ and/or the second auxiliary line  240 ″ described with reference to  FIG.  5 B . 
       FIG.  6    illustrates the first light-emitting diode LED 1  among light-emitting diodes arranged in the display apparatus, but the second and third light-emitting diodes (LED 2  and LED 3  of  FIG.  2   ) described above with reference to  FIG.  2    may also have the same structure as the first light-emitting diode LED 1  of  FIG.  6   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , the first light-emitting diode LED 1  is arranged on the substrate  100 . The first sub-pixel circuit PC 1  electrically connected to the first light-emitting diode LED 1  is arranged between the substrate  100  and the first light-emitting diode LED 1 . As described above with reference to  FIG.  4   , the first sub-pixel circuit PC 1  may include transistors and a storage capacitor.  FIG.  6    illustrates the first transistor M 1 . 
     The substrate  100  may include a glass material or polymer resin. For example, the polymer resin may include polyether sulfone, polyacrylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. The substrate  100  including the polymer resin may have flexibility. The shape of the display apparatus including the substrate  100  having the flexibility may change, for example, may be curved, bendable, rollable, or foldable. 
     A buffer layer  101  may be arranged on the substrate  100 , prevent impurities from penetrating into a transistor, for example, the first transistor M 1 , from the substrate  100 , and provide a flat surface on the substrate  100 . The buffer layer  101  may include inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. 
     A driving semiconductor layer  210  of the first transistor M 1  is arranged on the buffer layer  101 . The driving semiconductor layer  210  may include an oxide semiconductor. The oxide semiconductor may include Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO), Zinc Tin Oxide (ZTO), Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO), or the like. According to some embodiments, the driving semiconductor layer  210  may include polysilicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, or the like. The driving semiconductor layer  210  may include a channel area  211  overlapping a driving gate electrode  220  and first and second areas  212  and  213  arranged on both sides of the channel area  211  and doped with impurities or being conductive. Any one of the first and second areas  212  and  213  may be a source area, and the other thereof may be a drain area. 
     The driving gate electrode  220  may overlap the channel area  211  of the semiconductor layer  210  with a gate insulating layer  103  therebetween. The driving gate electrode  220  may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), or titanium (Ti) and may be a layer or layers including the above material. The gate insulating layer  103  may include inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. 
     A connection electrode  230  may be on an interlayer insulating layer  105  and connected to any one of the first area  212  and the second area  213  of the semiconductor layer  210 .  FIG.  6    illustrates that the connection electrode  230  is connected to the second area  213 . When the second area  213  is a source (or drain) area, the connection electrode  230  may correspond to a source (or drain) electrode. The interlayer insulating layer  105  may include inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. 
     The gate insulating layer  103  and the interlayer insulating layer  105  each are an insulating layer including an inorganic insulating material and may be formed through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) or Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). 
     The driving voltage line  250  may be on the interlayer insulating layer  105  and formed through the same process as the connection electrode  230 . The connection electrode  230  and the driving voltage line  250  may each include a plurality of sub-layers. For example, the connection electrode  230  may include a first layer  231 , a second layer  232  under the first layer  231 , and a third layer  233  under the second layer  232 . Similarly, the driving voltage line  250  may include a first layer  251 , a second layer  252  under the first layer  251 , and a third layer  253  under the second layer  252 . 
     The auxiliary line  240  in the display area DA may be adjacent to the first sub-pixel circuit PC 1 . The auxiliary line  240  may be on the same layer as the connection electrode  230  and/or the driving voltage line  250 .  FIG.  6    illustrates that the auxiliary line  240  is arranged on the interlayer insulating layer  105 . 
     The auxiliary line  240  may have a stack structure of multiple conductive layers. The auxiliary line  240  may include a main sub-layer  242 , an upper layer  241  on the main sub-layer  242 , and a lower layer  243  under the main sub-layer  242 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , the main sub-layer  242  may be a sub-layer occupying most of the auxiliary line  240 . The description that the main sub-layer  242  occupies most of the auxiliary line  240  may indicate that a thickness t 2  of the main sub-layer  242  is greater than or equal to about 50% of the entire thickness tp of the auxiliary line  240  with respect to a center portion of the auxiliary line  240 . In some embodiments, the thickness t 2  of the main sub-layer  242  may be equal to or greater than about 60% or 70% of the entire thickness tp of the auxiliary line  240  with respect to the center portion of the auxiliary line  240 . The thickness t 2  of the main sub-layer  242  may be greater than a thickness of each of the upper layer  241  and the lower layer  243 . According to some embodiments, the thickness t 2  of the main sub-layer  242  may be between about 1000 Å and about 15000 Å. 
     The main sub-layer  242  may include a conductive material such as Cu, Al, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), and/or Mo by considering conductivity, etc. The main sub-layer  242  may have a single-layer structure or a multilayered structure including the above materials. In some embodiments, the main sub-layer  242  may be a layer including Cu or Al. 
     The lower layer  243  may include a different material from the main sub-layer  242 . The lower layer  243  may be selected by considering conductivity, adhesion, and the like. For example, the lower layer  243  may be a metal layer including metal such as Ti, Mo, and/or tungsten (VV) and include Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) such as ITO, Gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and/or IZO, and the TCO may be amorphous or crystalline. 
     The upper layer  241  may be on the main sub-layer  242  and include a different material from the main sub-layer  242 . The upper layer  241  may prevent the main sub-layer  242  from being damaged while the display apparatus is manufactured. The upper layer  241  may include TCO such as ITO. The upper layer  241  may include metal such as Ti, Mo, and/or W. Alternatively, the upper layer  241  may have a multilayered structure including the above metal layer and a TCO layer. 
     The connection electrode  230  and the driving voltage line  250  arranged on the same layer as the auxiliary line  240  may include the same material as the auxiliary line  240 . For example, the first to third layers  231 ,  232 , and  233  of the connection electrode  230  may include the same materials as the upper layer  241 , the main sub-layer  242 , and the lower layer  243  of the auxiliary line  240 , respectively. Similarly, the first to third layers  251 ,  252 , and  253  of the driving voltage line  250  may include the same materials as the upper layer  241 , the main sub-layer  242 , and the lower layer  243  of the auxiliary line  240 , respectively. 
     A planarization insulating layer  107  may be on the connection electrode  230 , the auxiliary line  240 , and the driving voltage line  250 . The planarization insulating layer  107  may include organic insulating materials such as acryl, benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide, and/or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). 
     The planarization insulating layer  107  includes a first opening  107 OP overlapping the auxiliary line  240 . A first width W 1  of the first opening  107 OP may be greater than a second width W 2  of the auxiliary line  240 , and thus, a portion of an upper surface of an insulating layer under the auxiliary line  240 , for example, the interlayer insulating layer  105 , may be exposed through the first opening  107 OP. 
     A first electrode  310  on the planarization insulating layer  107  may be electrically connected to the first sub-pixel circuit PC 1  through a contact hole  107 CNT. For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  6   , the first electrode  310  may be connected to the connection electrode  230  through the contact hole  107 CNT. 
     The first electrode  310  may be a (semi-)light-transmissive electrode or a reflection electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode  310  may include a reflection layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first electrode  310  may be a transparent or translucent electrode layer formed on the reflection layer. The transparent or translucent electrode layer may include TCO such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, In 2 O 3 , IGO, or AZO. In some embodiments, the first electrode  310  may be a three-layer structure including an ITO layer, an Ag layer, and an ITO layer. 
     A bank layer  111  may be on the first electrode  310  and cover an edge of the first electrode  310 . The bank layer  111  includes an opening (hereinafter, an emission opening  111 EOP) overlapping a portion of the first electrode  310 . The emission opening  111 EOP may expose a center portion of the first electrode  310 . The bank layer  111  may include an organic material. The bank layer  111  may include a second opening  111 OP overlapping a first opening  107 OP of the planarization insulating layer  107 . A third width W 3  of the second opening  111 OP may be greater than the first width W 1  of the first opening  107 OP. 
     An intermediate layer  320  may contact the first electrode  310  through the emission opening  111 EOP. As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the intermediate layer  320  may include an emission layer  322  and functional layers located under and/or on the emission layer  322 .  FIG.  7    illustrates that the intermediate layer  320  includes a first functional layer  321  arranged under the emission layer  322  and a second functional layer  323  arranged on the emission layer  322 . 
     The first functional layer  321  may be a layer or layers. The first functional layer  321  may include a Hole Injection Layer (HIL) and/or a Hole Transport Layer (HTL). The emission layer  322  may include a high-molecular-weight or low-molecular-weight organic material emitting a certain color of light. The second functional layer  323  may include an Electron Transport Layer (ETL) and/or an Electron Injection Layer (EIL). 
     An auxiliary layer  330  may be on the intermediate layer  320 , and a portion of the auxiliary layer  330  may overlap the auxiliary line  240 . The auxiliary layer  330  may include a transparent conductive material. For example, the auxiliary layer  330  may include TCO such as ITO, GZO, and/or IZO, and the above TCO may be amorphous or crystalline. 
     A second electrode  340  may be on the auxiliary layer  330 . The second electrode  340  may be a (semi-)light-transmissive electrode or a reflection electrode. In some embodiments, the second electrode  340  may be a transparent or translucent electrode and may include a conductive material having a low work function. For example, the second electrode  340  may include a transparent (or translucent) layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, Li, Ca, or an alloy thereof. In some embodiments, the second electrode  340  may further include a TCO layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  on the transparent (or translucent) layer including the above material. 
     When the first electrode  310  includes a reflection electrode and the second electrode  340  includes a (semi-)light-transmissive electrode, light emitted from the intermediate layer  320  may be emitted towards the second electrode  340 , and thus, a display apparatus including the first light-emitting diode LED 1  may be of a top emission type. According to some embodiments, when the first electrode  310  includes a (semi-)light-transmissive electrode and the second electrode  340  includes a reflection electrode, light emitted from the intermediate layer  320  may be emitted towards the substrate  100 , and thus, a display apparatus may be of a bottom emission type. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may be of a dual-emission type in which light is emitted in two directions, that is, towards front and rear surfaces. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the auxiliary line  240  may be formed in a manner that a width of the upper layer  241  on the main sub-layer  242  is greater than a width of an upper surface  242   t  of the main sub-layer  242 . In other words, the upper layer  241  may include a tip T protruding, in a lateral direction, from a first point P 1  in which a side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  meets the upper surface  242   t  thereof. Such a structure may be formed during a process of etching a portion of the auxiliary line  240  exposed through the first opening  107 OP, for example, an etching process using an etchant while the first electrode  310  is formed. 
     The tip T of the upper layer  241  may have a shape curved upwards from the first point P 1 . In other words, a height of an end portion of the curved tip T may be greater than a height of the first point P 1 . For example, the end portion of the curved tip T may be at a higher level than a virtual plane (e.g., a virtual plane substantially the same as the upper surface  242   t  of the main sub-layer  242 ) on which the first point P 1  is located. Here, the description that the end portion of the curved tip T is on the virtual plane may indicate that the end portion of the curved tip T is apart from the virtual plane in a vertical direction z away from the substrate ( 100  of  FIG.  6   ) or the interlayer insulating layer  105 . Such a structure may be formed while the auxiliary layer  330  is deposited on the upper layer  241 , and a detailed process is described with reference to  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B . 
     The intermediate layer  320 , the auxiliary layer  330 , and the second electrode  340  may be deposited in a direction (a z direction) perpendicular to the substrate  100  and a direction oblique to the direction. Because the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  includes the tip T protruding from the main sub-layer  242  on a cross-sectional view, the intermediate layer  320 , the auxiliary layer  330 , and the second electrode  340  may be respectively disconnected with respect to the auxiliary line  240 . For example, the intermediate layer  320 , the auxiliary layer  330 , and the second electrode  340  may respectively include portions on the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  and portions that are on both sides of the auxiliary line  240  while being disconnected or separated from the above portions. 
     A portion  320 R of the intermediate layer  320  may be on an upper surface of the auxiliary line  240 , and another portion (or other portions)  320 S of the intermediate layer  320  adjacent to the auxiliary line  240  may directly contact the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 . 
     A portion  330 R of the auxiliary layer  330  may be on an upper surface of the intermediate layer  320  that is on an upper portion of the auxiliary line  240 , and another portion (or other portions)  330 S of the auxiliary layer  330  that is (are) adjacent to the auxiliary line  240  may directly contact the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  and form a first contact region CR. For example,  FIG.  7    illustrates that other portions  320 S of the intermediate layer  320 , which are arranged on both sides of a portion  320 R of the intermediate layer  320  while separated from the portion  320 R thereof, may respectively contact the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  and thus may form a first contact region CR, but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto. In other embodiments, the other portions  330 S of the auxiliary layer  330  may not contact the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 . 
     When the auxiliary layer  330  includes the first contact region CR contacting the side surface of the auxiliary line  240 , the auxiliary layer  330  includes a conductive material, and thus, contact resistance between the auxiliary line  240  and the second electrode  340  contacting the upper surface of the auxiliary layer  330  may decrease. 
     The second electrode  340  may include a portion  340 R arranged on the upper surface of the auxiliary line  240  and other portions  340 S arranged on both sides of the auxiliary line  240  and separated from the portion  340 R. 
     The portion  340 R of the second electrode  340  may be on the portion  330 R of the auxiliary layer  330 . Both ends of the portion  340 R of the second electrode  340  may extend to a portion of a lower surface of the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  while covering layers arranged under the second electrode  340 . 
     The other portions  340 S of the second electrode  340  may directly contact the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  and form a second contact region CCR. As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , because the tip T of the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  is curved upwards, a contact region between the second electrode  340  and the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 , for example, the second contact region CCR, may increase, compared to a case where the tip T is not curved. 
     In some embodiments, when the intermediate layer  320  includes the first functional layer  321 , the emission layer  322 , and the second functional layer  323 , the first functional layer  321 , the emission layer  322 , and the second functional layer  323  may be separated from each other with respect to the auxiliary line  240 , as illustrated in  FIG.  7   . Therefore, the first functional layer  321 , the emission layer  322 , and the second functional layer  323  may respectively include portions  321 R,  322 R, and  323 R on the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  and portions  321 S,  322 S, and  323 S arranged on both sides of the auxiliary line  240  with respect to the auxiliary line  240 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , a light-emitting diode having a multilayered structure of the first electrode  310 , the intermediate layer  320 , and the second electrode  340 , for example, the first light-emitting diode LED 1 , is covered by the encapsulation layer  400 . The encapsulation layer  400  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. According to some embodiments, the encapsulation layer  400  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  410 , an organic encapsulation layer  420  on the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  430  on the organic encapsulation layer  420 . 
     The first and second inorganic encapsulation layers  410  and  430  may each include one or more inorganic insulating materials. The inorganic insulating materials may include aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. The first and second inorganic encapsulation layers  410  and  430  may be formed through CVD. Because the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  has a relatively great step coverage, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  may entirely cover the auxiliary line  240  even though the auxiliary line  240  has a shape having the tip (T of  FIG.  7   ). For example, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  may continuously extend to cover portions of the intermediate layer  320 , the second electrode  340 , and the auxiliary layer  330  arranged outside of the auxiliary line  240 , part of the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 , part of the lower surface and/or the side surfaces of the upper layer  241 , the portion  320 R of the intermediate layer  320  on the auxiliary line  240 , the portion  340 R of the second electrode  340 , and the portion  330 R of the auxiliary layer  330 . 
     The organic encapsulation layer  420  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include acryl-based resin, epoxy-based resin, polyimide, polyethylene, or the like. The acryl-based resin may include, for example, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylic acid, or the like. 
     The color conversion-penetration layer  500  and the color layer  600  may be arranged on the encapsulation layer  400 .  FIG.  6    illustrates that the first color converter  510  of the color conversion-penetration layer  500  overlaps the first light-emitting diode LED 1  and the first color filter  610  of the color layer  600  overlaps the first light-emitting diode LED 1 . The first color converter  510  and the first color filter  610  may be respectively surrounded by the light-shielding portions  540  and  640 , and  FIG.  6    illustrates the light-shielding portions  540  and  640  arranged on both sides of the first color converter  510  and the first color filter  610 . The light-shielding portions  540  and  640  may include light-shielding materials such as a black matrix, and the auxiliary line  240  may overlap the light-shielding portions  540  and  640 . 
       FIGS.  8 A to  8 C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of  FIG.  7   . The same reference symbols in  FIGS.  6  to  8 C  denote the same elements, and thus, repeated descriptions thereof are not provided. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8 A , the auxiliary line  240  may be formed on the interlayer insulating layer  105 , and the planarization insulating layer  107  including the first opening  107 OP may be formed on the auxiliary line  240 . After the planarization insulating layer  107  is formed, a portion of the auxiliary line  240  exposed through the first opening  107 OP may be etched. For example, the etching process may be a wet etching process using an etchant. The etching of the auxiliary line  240  may be performed together with an etching process of forming the first electrode ( 310  of  FIG.  6   ) on the planarization insulating layer  107 . 
     A material of the main sub-layer  242  of the auxiliary line  240  may include a material having a different etch selectivity from a material of the upper layer  241 . A material of the lower layer  243  may include a material having a different etch selectivity from that of the main sub-layer  242 , and in some embodiments, the lower layer  243  may include the same material as the upper layer  241 . As the main sub-layer  242  is over-etched compared to the upper layer  241  because of the etchant used in the etching process, the tip T may be formed on the upper layer  241  as illustrated in  FIG.  8 A . The tip T may protrude, in the lateral direction, from the first point P 1  in which the upper surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  meets the side surfaces thereof. 
     Next, the intermediate layer  320  may be formed on the auxiliary line  240  having the tip T. The intermediate layer  320  may be deposited using a mask having an opening corresponding to the display area DA, and thus, the intermediate layer  320  may entirely cover the display area DA. 
     The intermediate layer  320  may be formed through the deposition. In a deposition process, a material forming the intermediate layer  320  may propagate in the direction (the z direction) perpendicular to the substrate ( 100  of  FIG.  6   ) and the direction oblique thereto. 
     The intermediate layer  320  may be disconnected or separated with respect to the auxiliary line  240  because of the shape of the auxiliary line  240 . For example, the portion  320 R of the intermediate layer  320  may be formed on the upper surface of the auxiliary line  240 , but the other portions  320 S may be respectively formed on both sides of the auxiliary line  240  while separated/disconnected from the portion  320 R. 
     The portion  320 R of the intermediate layer  320 , for example, the portion  321 R of the first functional layer  321 , the portion  322 R of the emission layer  322 , and the portion  323 R of the second functional layer  323 , may be on the upper surface of the upper layer  241 , but both end portions of the intermediate layer  320  may be on the side surfaces of the upper layer  241 . Other portions  240 S of the auxiliary line  240  may contact the side surfaces of the auxiliary line  240 , for example, the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  8 B , the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed on the intermediate layer  320 . The auxiliary layer  330  may be disconnected or separated with respect to the auxiliary line  240  because of the shape of the auxiliary line  240 . For example, the portion  330 R of the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed on the auxiliary line  240 , and the other portions  330 S may be respectively formed on both sides of the auxiliary line  240  while disconnected/separated from the portion  330 R. 
     According to some embodiments, the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed through sputtering. According to some embodiments, the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed through CVD. When the auxiliary layer  330  is deposited through sputtering, internal stress of the auxiliary layer  330  may be adjusted according to pressure conditions. 
     The auxiliary layer  330  may be formed under a high-pressure atmosphere that is greater than or equal to about 7 mTorr. In some embodiments, the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed at a pressure greater than or equal to about 8 mTorr, and in some embodiments, the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed at a pressure greater than or equal to about 10 mTorr. 
     When the auxiliary layer  330  is deposited under the above pressure condition, the tensile strength may be applied to the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240 . Therefore, the tip T protruding from the first point P 1  of the upper layer  241  in the lateral direction may be curved upwards (in the z direction). As the tip T of the upper layer  241  is curved, the intermediate layer  320  on the upper surface of the upper layer  241  may also be curved. 
     As a comparative example, when the auxiliary layer  330  is deposited at a pressure lower than the above pressure condition the compressive strength may be applied to the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240 , and the tip T may be curved downwards. In this case, during a process of forming the second electrode ( 240  of  FIG.  8 C ) described below with reference to  FIG.  8 C , it may be difficult to secure an area of a contact region where the second electrode  340  contacts the auxiliary line  240 . 
     Because of the auxiliary layer  330  formed under the above pressure condition, the height of the end of the tip T of the upper layer  241  may be greater than the height of the first point P 1 . Here, the height may indicate a distance measured, in a vertical direction, from the bottom surface of the auxiliary line  240  or the upper surface of the interlayer insulating layer  105 . Also, a width Wt′ of the tip T of the upper layer  241  after the auxiliary layer  330  is formed may be less than the width Wt of the tip T before the auxiliary layer  330  is formed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8 C , the second electrode  340  may be formed on the upper portion of the auxiliary layer  330 . Similarly to the intermediate layer  320  and the auxiliary layer  330 , the second electrode  340  may be deposited in the direction perpendicular to the substrate ( 100  of  FIG.  6   ) (the z direction) and the direction oblique thereto. For example, the second electrode  340  may be deposited in a direction having a certain incidence angle with respect to the z direction. 
     An incidence angle, at which the second electrode  340  is deposited, may be identical or similar to an incidence angle, at which the intermediate layer  320  is deposited. Because the auxiliary line  240  has an eaves structure having tips T on both sides, areas (hereinafter, deposition limited areas) where the intermediate layer  320  and the second electrode  340  are not deposited may be generated because of the eaves structure. The description that the incidence angle, at which the second electrode  340  is deposited, is identical or similar to the incidence angle, at which the intermediate layer  320  is deposited, may indicate that the deposition limited areas where the intermediate layer  320  and the second electrode  340  are not deposited are substantially identical or similar to each other because of the eaves structure of the tip T. Thus, when the intermediate layer  320  is formed and then the second electrode  340  is formed, a contact area between the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  and the second electrode  340 , for example, the second contact region CCR, may be small. In this case, the contact resistance between the second electrode  340  and the auxiliary line  240  may increase, and the improvement in the voltage drop may be slight. 
     However, in embodiments of the disclosure, before the second electrode  340  is deposited after the intermediate layer  320  is deposited, an operation, in which the auxiliary layer  330  is formed under a high-pressure condition, may be included. While the auxiliary layer  330  is formed, the tip T of the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  may be curved upwards. As described above, the width (Wt′ of  FIG.  8 B ) of the curved tip T may be less than the width (Wt of  FIG.  8 A ) of the tip T before the auxiliary layer  330  is formed, and thus, a limitation range of deposition under the tip T may be reduced. Therefore, a contact area between the side surfaces of the auxiliary line (e.g., the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242 ) and the second electrode  340 , for example, the second contact region CCR, may increase, and the contact resistance between the second electrode  340  and the auxiliary line  240  may decrease. 
     Then, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  and the organic encapsulation layer  420  that cover the intermediate layer  320 , the auxiliary layer  330 , the second electrode  340 , and the auxiliary line  240  may be formed. Because the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  has a relatively better step coverage than the second electrode  340 , the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  may not be disconnected by the tip T. As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the first inorganic encapsulation layer  410  may be continuously formed around the auxiliary line  240 . 
       FIG.  9    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. According to the embodiments described with reference to  FIGS.  8 A to  8 C , the second electrode  340  includes a different material from the auxiliary layer  330 , but in the display apparatus of  FIG.  9   , the second electrode  340  includes the same material as the auxiliary layer  330 . 
     In some embodiments, the second electrode  340  may include the same material as the auxiliary layer  330 . For example, the second electrode  340  includes the same material as the auxiliary layer  330  and may include TCO such as ITO, GZO, and/or IZO. The second electrode  340  and the auxiliary layer  330  may include the TCO, but may be formed under different formation conditions. As described above with reference to  FIGS.  8 A to  8 C , the auxiliary layer  330  may be formed under the relatively high-pressure conditions so that the tip T may be curved upwards. On the contrary, the second electrode  340  may be formed at a lower pressure than the auxiliary layer  330  not to deform the tip T. Because the auxiliary layer  330  and the second electrode  340  are formed under different pressure conditions, a boundary therebetween may be viewed on a cross-sectional view. 
       FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  are cross-sectional views respectively illustrating an auxiliary line according to some embodiments.  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  are modified examples of  FIG.  7   , and the same reference symbols in  FIGS.  7  and  10 A and  10 B  denote the same element; thus, repeated descriptions thereof are not provided. According to the auxiliary line  240  described with reference to  FIG.  7   , an inclination angle α of the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  may be equal to or greater than about 20 degrees and less than about 90 degrees, and the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  are tapered in a forward direction. According to some embodiments, the shape of the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  may be as illustrated in  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10 A , the inclination angle α of the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  may be about 90 degrees. That is, a cross-section of the main sub-layer  242  may have a rectangular shape. In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG.  10 B , the inclination angle α of the side surface  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  may be greater than about 90 degrees and less than or equal to about 135 degrees. That is, the side surfaces  242   s  of the main sub-layer  242  are tapered in a reverse direction. 
       FIGS.  11    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. The same reference symbols in  FIGS.  6 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11    denote the same elements, and thus, repeated descriptions thereof are not provided. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , the first light-emitting diode LED 1  on the substrate  100  may include the first electrode  310 , the intermediate layer  320 , and a second electrode  340 ′. The second electrode  340 ′ may overlap the auxiliary line  240  and the first electrode  310  and may be arranged on the intermediate layer  320 . 
     In some embodiments, the second electrode  340 ′ may include a transparent conductive material. For example, the second electrode  340 ′ may include TCO such as ITO, GZO, and/or IZO, and the above TCO may be amorphous or crystalline. In this case, the intermediate layer  320  may be omitted unlike the embodiments of  FIGS.  6  and  9   . 
     A manufacturing method of the first electrode  310 , the auxiliary line  240 , and the intermediate layer  320  of  FIG.  11    is the same as that described with reference to  FIG.  9    ( FIGS.  8 A to  8 C ). A manufacturing method of the second electrode  340 ′ of  FIG.  11    may be the same as the process of forming the auxiliary layer  330  described with reference to  FIG.  9    ( FIGS.  8 A to  8 C ). In this case, a process of forming the second electrode  340  on the auxiliary layer  330  described with reference to  FIG.  9   ( FIGS.  8 A to  8 C ) may be omitted. 
       FIG.  12    is an image obtained by examining a shape of an auxiliary line by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , the upper layer  241  of the auxiliary line  240  includes the tip T, and the tip T may be curved upwards as described above with reference to  FIG.  7   . In other words, the tip T may have a lower surface Tb that is inclined at a certain angle in the z direction with respect to a virtual plane G that is substantially parallel to the upper surface  242   t  of the main sub-layer  242 . In some embodiments, an angle β, which is formed by the lower surface Tb of the tip T with respect to the virtual plane G, may be between 0 degree and about 45 degrees or may be about 45 degrees. 
     The side surface Ts of the tip T may be located on a plane crossing the virtual plane G that is the same as the upper surface  242   t  of the main sub-layer  242 . For example,  FIG.  7    illustrates that the curvature of the tip T is relatively great so that the side surface (Ts, or the side surface of the upper layer  241 ) of the tip T is substantially parallel to the upper surface of the upper layer  241 , but  FIG.  12    illustrates that the curvature of the tip T is less than the curvature in the embodiments described with reference to  FIG.  7   . In this case, the side surface (Ts, or the side surface of the upper layer  241 ) of the tip T may be located on the plane crossing the virtual plane G. 
     According to the one or more embodiments, a display apparatus may have relative improved display quality by overcoming a voltage drop caused by wiring resistance. However, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the effect above. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims, and their equivalents.