Patent Publication Number: US-8995347-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for pilot scrambling for enhanced physical downlink control channels

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) AND CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/588,578, filed Jan. 19, 2012, entitled “PILOT SCRAMBLING FOR ENHANCED PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CONTROL CHANNELS”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/702,589, filed Sep. 18, 2012, entitled “PILOT SCRAMBLING FOR ENHANCED PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CONTROL CHANNELS”, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/706,612, filed Sep. 27, 2012, entitled “PILOT SCRAMBLING FOR ENHANCED PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CONTROL CHANNELS”. The contents of the above-identified patent documents are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates generally to wireless communications and, more specifically, to a system and method for pilot signal scrambling for enhanced physical control channels. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) (3GPP LTE Rel-10), regardless of which transmission point (TP) a user equipment (UE) receives downlink (DL) data signals from, the UE would expect that UE-specific demodulation reference signals (UE-RS) are scrambled according to the physical cell ID N ID   cell  obtained during the initial access procedure. According to this UE behavior, the UE may not be able to distinguish between a desired signal and interfering signals. 
     SUMMARY 
     A base station configured to communicate with a plurality of base stations via a backhaul link and configured to communicate with a plurality of user equipments is provided. The base station includes a transmit path configured to transmit data, reference signals, synchronization signals and control elements to at least one of the plurality of subscriber stations. The base station also includes processing circuitry configured to configure enhanced physical downlink control channel (e-PDCCH) DMRS parameters for each of a plurality of e-PDCCH sets. 
     A method for mapping synchronization signals is provided. The method includes transmitting data, reference signals, synchronization signals and control elements to at least one of the plurality of subscriber stations. The method also includes configuring enhanced physical downlink control channel (e-PDCCH) DMRS parameters for each of a plurality of e-PDCCH sets. 
     A subscriber station configured to communicate with at least one base station, which is configured to communicate with a plurality of base stations via a backhaul link, is provided. The subscriber station includes receiver configured to receive data, reference signals, synchronization signals and control elements from the base station. The subscriber station also includes processing circuitry configured to read physical resource blocks (PRBs) containing enhanced physical downlink control channel (e-PDCCH) downlink modulated reference signals (DMRS) parameters that have been configured for each of a plurality of e-PDCCH sets. 
     Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a high-level diagram of a wireless transmit path according to an embodiment of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a high-level diagram of a wireless receive path according to an embodiment of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a subscriber station according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an enhanced physical downlink control channel (e-PDCCH) according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates downlink transmissions in a heterogeneous network according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an e-PDCCH downlink modulated reference signal (DMRS) scrambling method according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates example e-PDCCH transmissions according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates example e-PDCCH transmissions according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates another e-PDCCH downlink modulated reference signal (DMRS) scrambling method according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example of e-PDCCH transmissions according to embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 11  illustrates e-PDCCH transmissions to a coordinated multipoint (COMP) UE according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1 through 11 , discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present disclosure in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged wireless communication system. 
     The following documents and standards descriptions are hereby incorporated into the present disclosure as if fully set forth herein: (i) 3GPP Technical Specification No. 36.211, version 10.1.0, “E-UTRA, Physical Channels and Modulation” (hereinafter “REF1”); (ii) 3GPP Technical Specification No. 36.212, version 10.1.0, “E-UTRA, Multiplexing and Channel Coding” (hereinafter “REF2”); (iii) 3GPP Technical Specification No. 36.213, version 10.1.0, “E-UTRA, Physical Layer Procedures” (hereinafter “REF3”); and (iv) 3GPP Technical Specification No. 36.331, version 10.1.0 (hereinafter “REF4”). 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless network  100  according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of wireless network  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1  is for illustration only. Other embodiments of wireless network  100  could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     The wireless network  100  includes eNodeB (eNB)  101 , eNB  102 , and eNB  103 . The eNB  101  communicates with eNB  102  and eNB  103 . The eNB  101  also communicates with Internet protocol (IP) network  130 , such as the Internet, a proprietary IP network, or other data network. 
     Depending on the network type, other well-known terms may be used instead of “eNodeB,” such as “base station” or “access point”. For the sake of convenience, the term “eNodeB” shall be used herein to refer to the network infrastructure components that provide wireless access to remote terminals. In addition, the term user equipment (UE) is used herein to refer to remote terminals that can be used by a consumer to access services via the wireless communications network. Other well know terms for the remote terminals include “mobile stations” and “subscriber stations.” 
     The eNB  102  provides wireless broadband access to network  130  to a first plurality of user equipments (UEs) within coverage area  120  of eNB  102 . The first plurality of UEs includes UE  111 , which may be located in a small business; UE  112 , which may be located in an enterprise; UE  113 , which may be located in a WiFi hotspot; UE  114 , which may be located in a first residence; UE  115 , which may be located in a second residence; and UE  116 , which may be a mobile device, such as a cell phone, a wireless laptop, a wireless PDA, or the like. UEs  111 - 116  may be any wireless communication device, such as, but not limited to, a mobile phone, mobile PDA and any mobile station (MS). 
     For the sake of convenience, the term “user equipment” or “UE” is used herein to designate any remote wireless equipment that wirelessly accesses an eNB, whether the UE is a mobile device (e.g., cell phone) or is normally considered a stationary device (e.g., desktop personal computer, vending machine, etc.). In other systems, other well-known terms may be used instead of “user equipment”, such as “mobile station” (MS), “subscriber station” (SS), “remote terminal” (RT), “wireless terminal” (WT), and the like. 
     The eNB  103  provides wireless broadband access to a second plurality of UEs within coverage area  125  of eNB  103 . The second plurality of UEs includes UE  115  and UE  116 . In some embodiment, one or more of eNBs  101 - 103  may communicate with each other and with UEs  111 - 116  using LTE or LTE-A techniques including techniques for: pilot scrambling for enhanced physical downlink control channels (e.g., e-PDCCH scrambling) described in embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Dotted lines show the approximate extents of coverage areas  120  and  125 , which are shown as approximately circular for the purposes of illustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood that the coverage areas associated with base stations, for example, coverage areas  120  and  125 , may have other shapes, including irregular shapes, depending upon the configuration of the base stations and variations in the radio environment associated with natural and man-made obstructions. 
     Although  FIG. 1  depicts one example of a wireless network  100 , various changes may be made to  FIG. 1 . For example, another type of data network, such as a wired network, may be substituted for wireless network  100 . In a wired network, network terminals may replace eNBs  101 - 103  and UEs  111 - 116 . Wired connections may replace the wireless connections depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 2A  is a high-level diagram of a wireless transmit path.  FIG. 2B  is a high-level diagram of a wireless receive path. In  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the transmit path  200  may be implemented, e.g., in eNB  102  and the receive path  250  may be implemented, e.g., in a UE, such as UE  116  of  FIG. 1 . It will be understood, however, that the receive path  250  could be implemented in an eNB (e.g. eNB  102  of  FIG. 1 ) and the transmit path  200  could be implemented in a UE. In certain embodiments, transmit path  200  and receive path  250  are configured to perform methods for pilot scrambling for enhanced physical downlink control channels described in embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Transmit path  200  comprises channel coding and modulation block  205 , serial-to-parallel (S-to-P) block  210 , Size N Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block  215 , parallel-to-serial (P-to-S) block  220 , add cyclic prefix block  225 , up-converter (UC)  230 . Receive path  250  comprises down-converter (DC)  255 , remove cyclic prefix block  260 , serial-to-parallel (S-to-P) block  265 , Size N Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block  270 , parallel-to-serial (P-to-S) block  275 , channel decoding and demodulation block  280 . 
     At least some of the components in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  may be implemented in software while other components may be implemented by configurable hardware (e.g., a processor) or a mixture of software and configurable hardware. In particular, it is noted that the FFT blocks and the IFFT blocks described in this disclosure document may be implemented as configurable software algorithms, where the value of Size N may be modified according to the implementation. 
     Furthermore, although this disclosure is directed to an embodiment that implements the Fast Fourier Transform and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform, this is by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. It will be appreciated that in an alternate embodiment of the disclosure, the Fast Fourier Transform functions and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform functions may easily be replaced by Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) functions and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) functions, respectively. It will be appreciated that for DFT and IDFT functions, the value of the N variable may be any integer number (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), while for FFT and IFFT functions, the value of the N variable may be any integer number that is a power of two (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.). 
     In transmit path  200 , channel coding and modulation block  205  receives a set of information bits, applies coding (e.g., LDPC coding) and modulates (e.g., Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)) the input bits to produce a sequence of frequency-domain modulation symbols. Serial-to-parallel block  210  converts (i.e., de-multiplexes) the serial modulated symbols to parallel data to produce N parallel symbol streams where N is the IFFT/FFT size used in eNB  102  and UE  116 . Size N IFFT block  215  then performs an IFFT operation on the N parallel symbol streams to produce time-domain output signals. Parallel-to-serial block  220  converts (i.e., multiplexes) the parallel time-domain output symbols from Size N IFFT block  215  to produce a serial time-domain signal. Add cyclic prefix block  225  then inserts a cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal. Finally, up-converter  230  modulates (i.e., up-converts) the output of add cyclic prefix block  225  to RF frequency for transmission via a wireless channel. The signal may also be filtered at baseband before conversion to RF frequency. 
     The transmitted RF signal arrives at UE  116  after passing through the wireless channel and reverse operations to those at eNB  102  are performed. Down-converter  255  down-converts the received signal to baseband frequency and remove cyclic prefix block  260  removes the cyclic prefix to produce the serial time-domain baseband signal. Serial-to-parallel block  265  converts the time-domain baseband signal to parallel time domain signals. Size N FFT block  270  then performs an FFT algorithm to produce N parallel frequency-domain signals. Parallel-to-serial block  275  converts the parallel frequency-domain signals to a sequence of modulated data symbols. Channel decoding and demodulation block  280  demodulates and then decodes the modulated symbols to recover the original input data stream. 
     Each of eNBs  101 - 103  may implement a transmit path that is analogous to transmitting in the downlink to UEs  111 - 116  and may implement a receive path that is analogous to receiving in the uplink from UEs  111 - 116 . Similarly, each one of UEs  111 - 116  may implement a transmit path corresponding to the architecture for transmitting in the uplink to eNBs  101 - 103  and may implement a receive path corresponding to the architecture for receiving in the downlink from eNBs  101 - 103 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a subscriber station according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of subscribe station, such as UE  116 , illustrated in  FIG. 3  is for illustration only. Other embodiments of the wireless subscriber station could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     UE  116  comprises antenna  305 , radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310 , transmit (TX) processing circuitry  315 , microphone  320 , and receive (RX) processing circuitry  325 . SS  116  also comprises speaker  330 , main processor  340 , input/output (I/O) interface (IF)  345 , keypad  350 , display  355 , and memory  360 . Memory  360  further comprises basic operating system (OS) program  361  and a plurality of applications  362 . The plurality of applications can include one or more of resource mapping tables (Tables 1-10 described in further detail herein below). 
     Radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310  receives from antenna  305  an incoming RF signal transmitted by a base station of wireless network  100 . Radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310  down-converts the incoming RF signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) or a baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is sent to receiver (RX) processing circuitry  325  that produces a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and/or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. Receiver (RX) processing circuitry  325  transmits the processed baseband signal to speaker  330  (i.e., voice data) or to main processor  340  for further processing (e.g., web browsing). 
     Transmitter (TX) processing circuitry  315  receives analog or digital voice data from microphone  320  or other outgoing baseband data (e.g., web data, e-mail, interactive video game data) from main processor  340 . Transmitter (TX) processing circuitry  315  encodes, multiplexes, and/or digitizes the outgoing baseband data to produce a processed baseband or IF signal. Radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310  receives the outgoing processed baseband or IF signal from transmitter (TX) processing circuitry  315 . Radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310  up-converts the baseband or IF signal to a radio frequency (RF) signal that is transmitted via antenna  305 . 
     In certain embodiments, main processor  340  is a microprocessor or microcontroller. Memory  360  is coupled to main processor  340 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, part of memory  360  comprises a random access memory (RAM) and another part of memory  360  comprises a Flash memory, which acts as a read-only memory (ROM). 
     Main processor  340  executes basic operating system (OS) program  361  stored in memory  360  in order to control the overall operation of wireless subscriber station  116 . In one such operation, main processor  340  controls the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by radio frequency (RF) transceiver  310 , receiver (RX) processing circuitry  325 , and transmitter (TX) processing circuitry  315 , in accordance with well-known principles. 
     Main processor  340  is capable of executing other processes and programs resident in memory  360 , such as operations for pilot scrambling for enhanced physical downlink control channels described in embodiments of the present disclosure. Main processor  340  can move data into or out of memory  360 , as required by an executing process. In some embodiments, the main processor  340  is configured to execute a plurality of applications  362 , such as applications for CoMP communications and MU-MIMO communications. The main processor  340  can operate the plurality of applications  362  based on OS program  361  or in response to a signal received from BS  102 . Main processor  340  is also coupled to I/O interface  345 . I/O interface  345  provides subscriber station  116  with the ability to connect to other devices such as laptop computers and handheld computers. I/O interface  345  is the communication path between these accessories and main controller  340 . 
     Main processor  340  is also coupled to keypad  350  and display unit  355 . The operator of subscriber station  116  uses keypad  350  to enter data into subscriber station  116 . Display  355  may be a liquid crystal display capable of rendering text and/or at least limited graphics from web sites. Alternate embodiments may use other types of displays. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an enhanced physical downlink control channel (e-PDCCH) according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH resources  400  shown in  FIG. 4  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     A subframe  405  includes a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)  410  and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)  415 . A number of e-PDCCH resources  400  are included in the PDSCH  410  region. The e-PDCCH resources  400  is included in the PDSCH  410  region for increasing DL control capacity within a cell and for mitigating inter-cell interference for DL control. The e-PDCCH resources  400  convey DL control signaling to Rel-11 UEs  300  configured to receive e-PDCCH. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates downlink transmissions in a heterogeneous network according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the downlink transmissions  500  shown in  FIG. 5  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In certain embodiments, an LTE-A Rel-11 coordinated multi-point (COMP) transmission/reception (a CoMP scenario commonly referred to “COMP scenario 4”) includes a central controller that controls a number of transmission points (TPs) such as a macro  505  and remote radio heads (RRHs)  510 ,  515  in the macro coverage  520 , and one physical cell ID N ID   cell  is assigned to the macro and RRHs. According to the LTE specifications (3GPP LTE Rel-10), regardless of which TP a UE receives DL data signals from, the UE would expect that UE-specific demodulation reference signals (UE-RS) are scrambled according to the physical cell ID N ID   cell  obtained during the initial access procedure. 
     The example in  FIG. 5  illustrates downlink transmissions in subframes n and n+1 in a heterogeneous network. UE 0   521  is a Rel-10 UE, while all the other UEs, UE 1   522 , UE 2   523 , UE 3   524 , UE 4   525  and UE 5   526  are Rel-11 UEs. In the network illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the following transmissions are happening in subframe n. 
     The network schedules the same PRBs for UE 4   525  and UE 5   526 , where UE 4   525  is positioned close to RRH 1   510  and UE 5   526  is positioned close to RRH 2   515 , which is far-away positioned from RRH 1   510 , in a subframe without worrying too much about the interference power. Furthermore, two UE-RS from RRH 1   510  and RRH 2   515  are not coherent combined at the receivers, with the aid of different UE-RS scrambling (initialization). 
     The network MU-MIMO multiplexes and assigns orthogonal UE-RS for Rel-11 UE 1   522  and Rel-10 UE 0   521 , without affecting Rel-10 UE 0 &#39;s  521  demodulation performance. 
     The network MU-MIMO multiplexes and assigns orthogonal UE-RS for two Rel-11 UEs: UE 2   523  and UE 3   524 . 
     Alternatively, in subframe n+1, UE 1   522  and UE 2   523  do not receive transmissions, e.g., because they completed data reception. Because of the UE population change, the following transmissions are happening in subframe n+1. 
     The network schedules the same PRBs for UE 4   525  and UE 5   526 , where UE 4   525  is positioned close to RRH 1   510  and UE 5   526  positioned close to RRH 2   515  which is far-away positioned from RRH 1   510 , in a subframe without worrying too much about the interference power. Furthermore, two UE-RS from RRH 1   510  and RRH 2   515  are not coherent combined at the receivers, with the aid of different UE-RS scrambling (initialization). 
     The network MU-MIMO multiplexes and assigns orthogonal UE-RS for Rel-11 UE 3   524  and Rel-10 UE 0   521 , without affecting Rel-10 UE 0 &#39;s demodulation performance. 
     In Section 6.10.3.1 of the 36.211 CR (R1-124010) the following is captured for the UE-RS scrambling: 
     For any of the antenna ports pε{7, 8, . . . , v+6}, the reference-signal sequence r(m) is defined by Equation 1: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     The pseudo-random sequence C(i) is defined in Section 7.2. The pseudo-random sequence generator is initialized according to Equation 2:
 
 c   init =(└ s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   (n     SCID)   +1)·2 16   +n   SCID   [Eqn. 2]
 
at the start of each subframe. The quantities n ID   (i) , i=0,1, are given by:
 
(1) n ID   (i) =n ID   cell  if no value for n ID   DMRS,i  is provided by higher layers or if DCI format 1A is used for the DCI associated with the PDSCH transmission; and
 
(2) n id   (i) =n ID   DMRS,i  otherwise.
 
     The value of n SCID  is zero unless specified otherwise. For a PDSCH transmission on ports 7 or 8, n SCID  is given by the DCI format 2B or 2C associated with the PDSCH transmission. In the case of DCI format 2B, n SCID  is indicated by the scrambling identity field according to Table 6.10.3.1-1. In the case of DCI format 2C, n SCID  is given by Table 5.3.3.1.5C-1 in REF3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.10.3.1-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mapping of scrambling identity field in DCI format 
               
               
                 2B to n SCID  values for antenna ports 7 and 8. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Scrambling identity field in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 DCI format 2B 
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     Demodulation reference signals associated with e-PDCCH: 
     In Section 6.10.3A.1 of the 36.211 CR (R1-124010) the following is captured for the downlink modulated reference signals (DMRS) associated with e-PDCCH: 
     The demodulation reference signal associated with e-PDCCH: 
     is transmitted on the same antenna port pE{107,108,109,110} as the associated EPDCCH physical resource; 
     is present and is a valid reference for e-PDCCH demodulation only if the EPDCCH transmission is associated with the corresponding antenna port; and 
     is transmitted only on the physical resource blocks upon which the corresponding EPDCCH is mapped. 
     A demodulation reference signal associated with e-PDCCH is not transmitted in resource elements (k,l) in which one of the physical channels or physical signals other than the demodulation reference signals defined in 6.1 are transmitted using resource elements with the same index pair (k,l) regardless of their antenna port p. 
     For any of the antenna ports pε{107,108,109,110}, the reference-signal sequence r(m) is defined by Equation 3: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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                               extended 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               cyclic 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               prefix 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Eqn 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The pseudo-random sequence C(1) is defined in Section 7.2. The pseudo-random sequence generator shall be initialized with Equation 4:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH +1)·2 16   +n   SCID   EPDCCH   [Eqn. 4]
 
at the start of each subframe.
 
     For the antenna port pε{107,108,109,110} in a physical resource block n PRB  assigned for the associated EPDCCH, a part of the reference signal sequence r(m) is mapped to complex-valued modulation symbols a k,l   (p)  in a subframe according to normal cyclic prefix:
 
 a   k,l   (p)   =w   p ( l ′)· r (3· l′·N   RB   max,DL +3· n   PRB   +m ′)  [Eqn 5]
 
where
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       w 
                       p 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     w 
                                     _ 
                                   
                                   p 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   i 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         m 
                                         ′ 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       
                                         n 
                                         PRB 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   mod 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     w 
                                     _ 
                                   
                                   p 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     3 
                                     - 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         m 
                                         ′ 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       
                                         n 
                                         PRB 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   mod 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         k 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             5 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               m 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               N 
                               sc 
                               RB 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               n 
                               PRB 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               k 
                               ′ 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               k 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                         
                         = 
                         
                           { 
                           
                             
                               
                                 1 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   p 
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     { 
                                     
                                       107 
                                       , 
                                       108 
                                     
                                     } 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   p 
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     { 
                                     
                                       109 
                                       , 
                                       110 
                                     
                                     } 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   l 
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 l 
                                 ′ 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               mod 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   if 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   in 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   a 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   specialsubframewith 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   configuration 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   3 
                                   , 
                                   4 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     8 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         seeTable 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       ′ 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   + 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   2 
                                   + 
                                   
                                     3 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ⌊ 
                                       
                                         
                                           l 
                                           ′ 
                                         
                                         / 
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⌋ 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   if 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   in 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   a 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   specialsubframewith 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   configuration 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   1 
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   6 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     7 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         seeTable 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 l 
                                 ′ 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               mod 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             5 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             if 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             not 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             in 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             a 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             specicalsubframe 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     l 
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                             1 
                             , 
                             2 
                             , 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     0 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     and 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     in 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     a 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     specialsubframewith 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     configuration 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   6 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     7 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         seeTable 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     0 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     and 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     not 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     in 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     specialsubframewith 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     configuration 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   6 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     7 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         seeTable 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             2 
                             , 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     and 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     not 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     in 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     specialsubframewith 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     configuration 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   6 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     7 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         seeTable 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       m 
                       ′ 
                     
                     = 
                     0 
                   
                   , 
                   1 
                   , 
                   2 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The sequence  w   p (i) is given by Table 6.10.3A.2-1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.10.3A.2-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 The sequence  w   p (i) for normal cyclic prefix. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Antenna port p 
                 [  w   p (0)  w   p (1)  w   p (2)  w   p (3)] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 [+1 +1 +1 +1] 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 [+1 −1 +1 −1] 
               
               
                   
                 109 
                 [+1 +1 +1 +1] 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 [+1 −1 +1 −1] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Extended Cyclic Prefix:
 
 a   k,l   (p)   =w   p ( l′  mod 2)· r (4· l′·N   RB   max,DL +4 ·n   PRB   +m ′)  [Eqn 6]
 
     where 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       w 
                       p 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     w 
                                     _ 
                                   
                                   p 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   i 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     ′ 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   mod 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     w 
                                     _ 
                                   
                                   p 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     3 
                                     - 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     ′ 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   mod 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         k 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             3 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               m 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               N 
                               sc 
                               RB 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               n 
                               PRB 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               k 
                               ′ 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               k 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                         
                         = 
                         
                           { 
                           
                             
                               
                                 1 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     
                                       0 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       and 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       p 
                                     
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         107 
                                         , 
                                         108 
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     
                                       1 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       and 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       p 
                                     
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         109 
                                         , 
                                         108 
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   l 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         l 
                         ′ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       mod 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       2 
                     
                     + 
                     4 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     l 
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     if 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     mod 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     0 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     and 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     in 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     a 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     special 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     subframe 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     with 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     configuration 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   3 
                                   , 
                                   5 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     or 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     6 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         see 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         Table 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         4.2 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           - 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               if 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 n 
                                 s 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               mod 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             = 
                             
                               0 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               and 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               not 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               in 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               special 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               subframe 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             2 
                             , 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               if 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 n 
                                 s 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               mod 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             = 
                             
                               1 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               and 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               not 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               in 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               special 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               subframe 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       m 
                       ′ 
                     
                     = 
                     0 
                   
                   , 
                   1 
                   , 
                   2 
                   , 
                   3 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The sequence  w   p (i) is given by Table 6.10.3A.2-2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.10.3A.2-2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 The sequence  w   p (i) for extended cyclic prefix. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Antenna port p 
                 [  w   p (0)  w   p (1)] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 [+1 +1] 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 [−1 +1] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For extended cyclic prefix, demodulation reference signals are not supported on antenna ports 109 to 110. 
     Resource elements (k,l) used for transmission of demodulation reference signals to one UE on any of the antenna ports in the set S, where S={107,108} or S={109,110} are: 
     not used for transmission of EPDCCH on any antenna port in the same slot, and 
     not used for demodulation reference signals to the same UE on any antenna port other than those in S in the same slot. 
     Replacing antenna port numbers 7-10 by 107-110 (in REF3, FIG. 6.10.3.2-3) provides an illustration of the resource elements used for demodulation reference signals associated with e-PDCCH for normal cyclic prefix. Replacing antenna port numbers 7-8 by 107-108 (in REF3, FIG. 6.10.3.2-4) provides an illustration of the resource elements used for demodulation reference signals associated with e-PDCCH for extended cyclic prefix. 
     In certain embodiments, an e-PDCCH set is defined as a group of N PRB pairs 
     N={1 for localized (FFS),  2 ,  4 ,  8 ,  16  for distributed (FFS), . . . } 
     A distributed e-PDCCH is transmitted using the N PRB pairs in an e-PDCCH set 
     A localized e-PDCCH is transmitted within an e-PDCCH set 
     a localized e-PDCCH can be transmitted across more than one PRB pair 
     K≧1 e-PDCCH sets are configured in a UE specific manner: 
     Maximum number for K is selected later among 2, 3, 4, and 6 
     The K sets do not have to all have the same value of N 
     The total number of blind decoding attempts is independent from K 
     The total blind decoding attempts for a UE should be split into configured K e-PDCCH sets 
     Each e-PDCCH set is configured for either localized e-PDCCH or distributed e-PDCCH 
     The K sets consist of K L  sets for localized e-PDCCH and K D  sets for distributed e-PDCCH (where K L  or K D  can be equal to 0), and not all combinations of KL and KD are necessarily supported for each possible value of K. 
     PRB pairs of e-PDCCH sets with different logical e-PDCCH set indices can be fully overlapped, partially overlapped, or non-overlapping. 
     This is captured in the CR 36.213 (R1-124012) as in the following: 
     9.1.4 e-PDCCH assignment procedure 
     For each serving cell, higher layer signalling can configure a UE with one or multiple e-PDCCH-PRB-sets for e-PDCCH monitoring. Each e-PDCCH-PRB-set consists of set of ECCEs numbered from 0 to N ECCE,p,k −1 where N ECCE,p,k  is the number of ECCEs in e-PDCCH-PRB-set p of subframe k. Each e-PDCCH-PRB-set can be configured for either localized e-PDCCH transmission or distributed e-PDCCH transmission. 
     The UE monitors a set of e-PDCCH candidates on one or more activated serving cells as configured by higher layer signalling for control information. Monitoring implies attempting to decode each of the e-PDCCHs in the set according to the monitored DCI formats. 
     The set of e-PDCCH candidates to monitor are defined in terms of e-PDCCH UE-specific search spaces. 
     For each serving cell, the subframes in which the UE monitors e-PDCCH UE-specific search spaces are configured by higher layers. 
     For TDD and normal downlink CP, the UE is not expected to monitor e-PDCCH in special subframes for the special subframe configurations 0 and 5 shown in Table 4.2-1 of REF3. 
     For TDD and extended downlink CP, the UE is not expected to monitor e-PDCCH in special subframes for the special subframe configurations 0, 4 and 7 shown in Table 4.2-1 of REF3. 
     A UE is not expected to monitor an e-PDCCH candidate, if an ECCE corresponding to that e-PDCCH candidate is mapped to a PRB pair that overlaps in frequency with a transmission of either PBCH or primary or secondary synchronisation signals in the same subframe. 
     The definition of quasi co-location of antenna ports is as below. 
     A port (Port A) is considered to be quasi co-located with another port (Port B) if the UE is allowed to derive the “large scale properties” of Port A, e.g. needed for channel estimation/time-frequency synchronization based on Port A, from measurement on Port B. The large scale channel properties are for e.g.: Delay spread; Doppler spread; Frequency shift; Average received power (may only be needed between ports of the same type); and Received Timing. 
     Another alternative definition of quasi co-location of antenna ports is as follows: “If two antenna ports are ‘quasi co-located’, the UE may assume that large-scale properties of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed”. 
     The “large-scale properties” mentioned in the above definition consist of some or all of: Delay spread; Doppler spread; Doppler shift; Average gain; and Average delay. 
     For clarification and only for the purpose of definition of quasi co-location channel properties: the term channel in the above definition includes all the effects and transformations occurring after the corresponding antenna port as defined in TS 36.211, including impairments and non-idealities of the radio equipment from eNB; antenna ports can be assumed to be ideally synchronized in time and frequency; non-idealities in the RF chain as well as network&#39;s intended control of tx delay, tx frequency shift and tx power difference of the transmit signal as compared to the nominal value are included in the channel model. 
     A UE can be configured with one or more NZP CSI-RS resources e.g. as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CSI-RS resource config list { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CSI-RS resource config x { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CSI-RS resource id 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RS virtual cell id 
               
               
                   
                 Non zero-power CSI-RS resource config 
               
               
                   
                 Non zero-power CSI-RS subframe config 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                  ... 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To increase the network throughput and implementation/scheduling flexibility, the network is configured to efficiently support these diverse and dynamically changing transmission schemes. To facilitate this diverse and dynamic operation, a control signaling design is utilized for advanced (or Rel-11) UEs. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an e-PDCCH downlink modulated reference signal (DMRS) scrambling method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling method  600  shown in  FIG. 6  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In one example, UE  116  generates demodulation reference signals (DM-RS) scrambling initialization according to Equation 7:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 X+ 1)·2 16   +Y   [Eqn. 7],
 
where at least one of X and Y is dynamically configured by a downlink grant DCI format transmitted in PDCCH. Some example methods to semi-statically configure candidate sets for X and Y are listed below:
 
     RRC configures a single value of X, and N candidate values of Y. The downlink grant DCI format indicates one Y out of the N candidate values of Y. 
     In one example, X=physical cell ID of the serving cell. 
     RRC configures a single value of Y, and N candidate values of X. The downlink grant DCI format indicates one X out of the N candidate values of X. 
     RRC configures N candidate pairs of (X,Y). The downlink grant DCI format indicates one pair of (X,Y) out of the N candidate pairs.
         RRC configures N 1  candidate values of X, and N 2  candidate values of Y. The downlink grant DCI format indicates one X out of the N 1  candidate values of X, and one Y out of the N 2  candidate values of Y.   UE  116  derives candidate values of X and/or Y from CSI-RS configurations (or configured CSI-RS parameters, e.g., periodicity, subframe offset, CSI-RS configuration number).       

     Embodiments of the present disclosure illustrate methods of configuring DMRS scrambling initializations in e-PDCCH physical resource blocks (PRBs) in an e-PDCCH search space. 
     In certain embodiments (referenced as Method 1): DMRS scrambling initializations for the e-PDCCH PREs is performed according to an initialization equation, such as Equation 8:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 N   ID   cell +1)·2 16   +n   SCID   [Eqn. 8].
 
     Here, UE  116  obtains n SCID  value for the DMRS channel estimation, according to one of the following alternatives. 
     In a first alternative (referenced as Alt 1): an n SCID  value is fixed in the standard specification. For example, n SCID =0, in which case all the UEs will assume that the e-PDCCH DMRS in all the e-PDCCH PRBs in the search space  600  are scrambled with an Equation 8 initialization with n SCID =0. 
     In a second alternative (referenced as Alt 2): an n SCID  value is (UE-specifically) configured by RRC. For example, when UE  116  is configured with n SCID =Y, UE  116  assumes that the e-PDCCH DMRS in all the e-PDCCH PRBs in the search space  600  are scrambled with the legacy initialization with n SCID =Y. 
     In certain embodiments (referenced as Method 2):DMRS scrambling initialization for the e-PDCCH PRBs are done according to the new initialization equation, such as Equation 9:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 X+ 1)·2 16   +Y   [Eqn. 9].
 
     Here, UE  116  obtains (X,Y) for the DMRS channel estimation, according to one of the following alternatives: 
     In a first DMRS scrambling alternative  605  (referenced as Alt 1): (Common (X,Y)), in all the e-PDCCH PRBs  630  in the search space  600 , the scrambling initialization value is generated according to a single pair of (X,Y). Hence, UE  116  only needs to know the single pair of (X,Y) for DMRS channel estimation. The single pair of (X,Y) can be RRC configured. 
     In a second DMRS scrambling alternative  610  (referenced as Alt 2):(Multiple hypothesis on (X,Y)), in all the e-PDCCH PRBs  630  in the search space  600 , the scrambling initialization value is generated according to one of N pairs of (X,Y), where N is an integer &gt;1. In this case, a subset of the N pairs of (X,Y) is signaled to each UE, so that the UE can try each of the pairs of (X,Y) in the subset for DMRS channel estimation and e-PDCCH demodulation. The second DMRS scrambling alternative  610  illustrates the case where UE  116  is instructed to use two candidate pairs of (X,Y) for e-PDCCH DMRS channel estimation, in which case, UE  116  tries to estimate the channels (and demodulate e-PDCCH) according to each of the two hypothesis of (X,Y). The multiple pairs of (X,Y) can be RRC configured. 
     In a third DMRS scrambling alternative  615  (referenced as Alt 3): (Varying (X,Y)&#39;s across PRBs), the scrambling initialization values may change over different e-PDCCH PRBs in the search space  600 . In this case, UE  116  is informed (e.g., RRC configured) of a scrambling initialization mapping pattern across the e-PDCCH PRBs in the search space  600 , and uses the mapping pattern for DMRS channel estimation and e-PDCCH demodulation. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, UE  116  is implicitly signaled of the DMRS scrambling initialization for a data channel, i.e., a PDSCH/PUSCH by means of a DMRS scrambling initialization used for the e-PDCCH DL/UL grant scheduling the PDSCH/PUSCH. That is, when UE  116  detects a DL/UL grant from an e-PDCCH whose DMRS scrambling initialization is (X,Y), then the same (X,Y) are used for DMRS scrambling for the PDSCH/PUSCH scheduled by the DL/UL grant. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates example e-PDCCH transmissions according to Method 2, Alt 2. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH transmissions  700  shown in  FIG. 7  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , three example e-PDCCH transmissions from one of the two transmission points (TPs)  705 ,  710  are illustrated. 
     In a first example (Ex1), an e-PDCCH (or a DCI) for UE  116  is transmitted across two PRBs, where the two PRBs&#39; DMRS are scrambled according to (X1, Y1)  720 , and transmitted from TP 1   705 . 
     In a second example (Ex2), an e-PDCCH (or a DCI) for UE  116  is transmitted across four PRBs, where the four PRBs&#39; DMRS are scrambled according to (X2, Y2)  725 , and transmitted from TP 2   710 . 
     In a third example (Ex3), an e-PDCCH (or a DCI) for UE  116  is transmitted across four PRBs, where the four PRBs&#39; DMRS are scrambled according to (X1, Y1)  720 , and transmitted from TP 1   705 . 
     The number of PRBs used for transmitting an e-PDCCH can be any integer, and the numbers of PRBs used in the examples are just for illustration. Furthermore, multiple e-PDCCHs can be multiplexed in the same set of PRBs. For example, the two PRBs carrying e-PDCCH for UE 1   116  in Ex1 may also carry another e-PDCCH for another UE, e.g., UE 2  (such as UE  115  shown on  FIG. 1 ); the two e-PDCCHs are multiplexed, such as by one of: TDM, FDM, TDM/FDM and CDM. 
     In certain embodiments, the eNodeB can perform dynamic TP selection for e-PDCCH transmissions. In some cases, TP 1   705  and TP 2   710  are controlled by a common central scheduler  715 , which determines which TP to transmit an e-PDCCH to individual UEs. For example, when the channel between TP 1   705  and UE  116  is stronger than TP 2   710  and UE  116 , eNodeB central controller  715  can decide to transmit e-PDCCH through the link between TP 1   705  and UE  116  (according to Ex1 or Ex2). 
       FIG. 8  illustrates example e-PDCCH transmissions according to Method 2, Alt 3. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH transmissions  800  shown in  FIG. 8  is for illustration only. 
     Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 8 , an example of e-PDCCH transmissions according to Alt 3 is illustrated. On the left side of  FIG. 8 , an example e-PDCCH search space  805  and the scrambling initialization pattern  810  are shown. The right side of  FIG. 8  shows three example e-PDCCH transmissions from at least one of the two transmission points (TPs)  815 ,  820 . 
     In Ex1, an e-PDCCH (or a DCI) for UE  116  is transmitted across four PRBs, where two PRBs&#39; DMRS are scrambled according to (X1, Y1)  825  and the other two PRBs&#39; DMRS are scrambled according to (X2, Y2)  830 . The PRBs scrambled according to (X1, Y1)  825  are transmitted from TP 1   815 , and the PRBs scrambled according to (X2, Y2)  830  are transmitted from TP 2   820 . However it is also possible that all the four PRBs are transmitted from one TP, i.e., either from TP 1   815  or TP 2   820 . 
     In Ext, an ePDCCH for UE  116  is transmitted across two PRBs, where the two PRBs are scrambled according to (X2, Y2)  830 . The two PRBs are transmitted from either TP 1   815  or TP 2   820 . 
     In Ex3, an e-PDCCH for UE  116  is transmitted across two PRBs, where the two PRBs are scrambled according to (X1, Y1)  825  and transmitted from TP 1   815 . The two PRBs are transmitted from either TP 1   815  or TP 2   820 . 
     In the examples shown in  FIG. 8 , e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling initialization is PRB-specifically performed according to the scrambling initialization pattern. The eNodeB can perform dynamic TP selection for e-PDCCH transmissions. For example, when the channel between TP 1   815  and UE  116  is stronger than TP 2   820  and UE  116 , eNodeB central scheduler  825  can decide to transmit e-PDCCH through the link between TP 1   815  and UE  116  (according to Ex3). Alternatively, Ex1 is essentially a spatial diversity transmission, which can help UE  116  to reliably receive the e-PDCCH even if no good CSIs are available (e.g., due to medium to high mobility). 
     Certain embodiments illustrate methods to efficiently utilize the e-PDCCH resources by allowing the MU-MIMO and/or the CoMP DPS for e-PDCCH. 
     In a third method (Method 3), e-PDCCH DMRS configuration parameter(s) are independently configurable for each e-PDCCH PRB set. In this case, the pseudo-random sequence generator for the DMRS of a PRB in e-PDCCH PRB set k is initialized according to Equation 10:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH ( k )+1)·2 16   +n   SCID   EPDCCH ( k )  [Eqn. 10]
 
     The pseudo-random sequence generator for the DMRS of a PRB in e-PDCCH PRB set k is initialized at the start of each subframe, where (n ID   EPDCCH (k), n SCID   EPDCCH (k)) is higher-layer (RRC) configured for k=0, 1, . . . , K−1 and K is the total number of the e-PDCCH PRB sets. In some embodiments, n SCID   EPDCCH (k) is fixed as a constant (e.g., n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=0 for all k) and hence it does not need to be signaled to UE  116 . 
     Two alternatives are considered for configuring the K pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters: 
     In a first alternative of method 3 (referenced as Method 3, Alt 1): the K pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters are independently RRC configured. This alternative has an advantage of being fully flexible in choosing the e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. 
     In a second alternative of method 3 (referenced as Method 3, Alt 2): a PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID (i=0,1) is configured for each of the K pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. When the PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID configured for set k is i, then, (n ID   EPDCCH (k)=n ID   DMRS,i , n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=i) is used for the e-PDCCH scrambling. Here, n ID   DMRS,i  is the i-th virtual cell ID associated with scrambling ID i, configured in the higher layer for PDSCH UE-RS. This alternative has an advantage of reducing RRC signaling overhead. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates another e-PDCCH downlink modulated reference signal (DMRS) scrambling method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling method  900  shown in  FIG. 9  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 9 , K=2 ePDCCH PRB sets are assigned to UE  116 , where each e-PDCCH PRB set is composed of N=4 PRB pairs. Each set of the e-PDCCH PRBs are configured with different e-PDCCH DMRS configuration parameters; the first e-PDCCH set  905  is configured with (X1, Y1)  910  and the second e-PDCCH set  915  is configured with (X2, Y2)  920 . Then, the DMRS scrambling initialization for the e-PDCCH PRBs are done according to initialization Equation 11, with substituting (Xi, Yi) with (n ID   EPDCCH , n SCID   EPDCCH ):
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH +1)·2 16   +n   SCID   EPDCCH   [Eqn.11].
 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example of e-PDCCH transmissions according to method 2, alternative 3 or method 3. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH transmissions  1000  shown in  FIG. 10  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In certain embodiments, the scrambling initialization pattern is constructed such that a first group of consecutive PRBs is assigned with a first scrambling initialization, and a second group of consecutive PRBs is assigned with a second scrambling initialization. The right hand side of  FIG. 10  shows three example e-PDCCH transmissions from at least one of the two transmission points (TPs)  1005 ,  1010 . 
     In certain embodiments, the scrambling initialization pattern is constructed such that a first set of e-PDCCH PRBs  1015  is assigned with a first scrambling initialization  1020 , and a second set of e-PDCCH PRBs  1025  is assigned with a second scrambling initialization  1030 . The right hand side of  FIG. 10  shows three example e-PDCCH transmissions from at least one of the two transmission points (TPs),  1005 ,  1010 . In Ex1  1035 , a first DCI  1040  is transmitted from TP 1   1005  with the first DMRS scrambling initialization  1020 , and a second DCI is transmitted from TP 2   1010  with the second DMRS scrambling initialization  1030 . In Ex2  1040 , at least one DCI is transmitted from TP 2   1010 , each with the second DMRS scrambling initialization  1030 . In Ex3  1045 , at least one DCI is transmitted form TP 1   1005 , each with the first DMRS scrambling initialization  1020 . 
       FIG. 11  illustrates e-PDCCH transmissions to a coordinated multipoint (COMP) UE according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the e-PDCCH transmissions shown in  FIG. 11  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     The EPDCCH transmissions are to a CoMP UE, i.e., UE  116  placed at similar distances from TP 1   1105  and TP 2   1110 , and non-CoMP UEs, i.e., UE  115  and UE  114 , which are close to TP 2   1110 . The e-PDCCH PRBs  1115  not containing e-PDCCH for UE  116 /UE  115 /UE  114  can be used for transmitting e-PDCCH to other UEs. 
     In Ex1  1120 , an e-PDCCH for UE  116  is transmitted across two PRBs, where the two PRBs are scrambled according to (X1, Y1) and transmitted from TP 1   1105  as a result of dynamic point selection (DPS). The two PRBs are transmitted from TP 1   1105 , which is the better TP for the e-PDCCH reception. At the same time, UE  115  and UE  114  near TP 2   1110  can receive e-PDCCH in the same time-frequency resource with a differently scrambled DMRS for spatial reuse. 
     In Ex2  1125 , an e-PDCCH for UE  116  is transmitted across two PRBs, where the two PRBs are scrambled according to (X2, Y2). The two PRBs are transmitted from TP 2   1110 , which is the better TP for the e-PDCCH reception. At the same time, UE  115  and UE  114  near TP 2   1110  can receive e-PDCCH in the same PRB with different DMRS ports for orthogonal DMRS multiplexing. 
     In another method (Method 4), e-PDCCH DMRS configuration parameter(s) (n ID   EPDCCH (k), n SCID   EPDCCH (k)) are independently configurable for each e-PDCCH PRB set for the localized e-PDCCH transmissions, while a common DMRS configuration parameter(s) are configured for all the e-PDCCH PRB sets for the distributed ePDCCH transmissions. In some embodiments, n SCID   EPDCCH (k) is fixed as a constant (e.g., n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=0 for all k). Therefore, n SCID   EPDCCH (k) does not need to be signaled to UE  116 . 
     When K=K L +K D  is the total number of the e-PDCCH PRB sets, K L  is the total number of configured PRB sets for localized transmissions and K D  is the total number of configured PRB sets for distributed transmissions. 
     Two alternatives can be utilized to configure the K L  pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters for localized transmission: 
     In a first alternative (Alt 1): The K L  pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters are independently RRC configured. Independently configuring the K L  has an advantage of being fully flexible in choosing the e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. 
     In a second alternative (Alt 2): A PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID (i=0,1) is configured for each of the K L  pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. When the PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID configured for set k is i, then, (n ID   EPDCCH (k)=n ID   DMRS,i , n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=i) is used for the e-PDCCH scrambling. Here, n ID   DMRS,i  is the i-th virtual cell ID associated with scrambling ID i, configured in the higher layer for PDSCH UE-RS. This alternative (Alt 2) has an advantage of reducing RRC signaling overhead. 
     Alternatively, three alternatives can be utilized to configure the one common pair of the e-PDCCH DMRS parameters for distributed transmissions: 
     In a first alternative (Alt 1): The one common pair of the e-PDCCH DMRS parameters is RRC configured, independently from the K L  pairs of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. This alternative (Alt 1) has an advantage of being fully flexible in choosing the e-PDCCH DMRS parameters. 
     In a second alternative (Alt 2): The one common pair of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters for distributed transmission is set according to the physical cell ID (PCID), e.g., (n ID   EPDCCH (k)=PCID, n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=0), for each k corresponding to a distributed e-PDCCH set. This alternative (Alt 2) does not require any RRC signaling, and hence completely eliminates the RRC overhead. 
     In a third alternative (Alt 3): The one common pair of e-PDCCH DMRS parameters for distributed transmission is set according to one of the virtual cell IDs configured for PDSCH UE-RS. 
     In one example, (n ID   EPDCCH (k)=n ID   DMRS,0 , n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=0), for each k corresponding to a distributed e-PDCCH set, where n ID   DMRS,0  is the first virtual cell ID (associated with scrambling ID i) configured in the higher layer for PDSCH UE-RS. 
     In another example, a PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID is configured for the one pair of the e-PDCCH DMRS. Then, (n ID   EPDCCH (k)=n ID   DMRS,i , n SCID   EPDCCH (k)=i), for each k corresponding to a distributed e-PDCCH set. Here, n ID   DMRS,i  is the i-th virtual cell ID associated with scrambling ID i, configured in the higher layer for PDSCH UE-RS. Configuring the PDSCH UE-RS scrambling ID for the one pair of the e-PDCCH DMRS has an advantage of reducing RRC signaling overhead. 
     In this case, the pseudo-random sequence generator for the DMRS of a PRB in e-PDCCH PRB set k is initialized according to Equation 12:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH ( k )+1)·2 16   +n   SCID   EPDCCH ( k )  [Eqn. 12]
 
at the start of each subframe.
 
     In another method (Method 5), two e-PDCCH DMRS configuration parameter pairs (n ID   EPDCCH (k), n SCID   EPDCCH (k)) are configured, one for the localized e-PDCCH transmissions and the other for the distributed e-PDCCH transmissions. 
     In this case, the pseudo-random sequence generator for the DMRS of a PRB in e-PDCCH PRB set for the distributed transmissions shall be initialized using Equation 13:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH-Distributed +1)·2 16   n   SCID   EPDCCH-Distributed   [Eqn. 13]
 
at the start of each sub-frame, and the pseudo-random sequence generator for the DMRS of a PRB in e-PDCCH PRB set for the localized transmissions shall be initialized Equation 14:
 
 c   init =(└ n   s /2┘+1)·(2 n   ID   EPDCCH-Localized +1)·2 16   n   SCID   EPDCCH-Localized   [Eqn. 14]
 
where (n ID   EPDCCH-Distributed , n SCID   EPDCCH-Distributed ) and (n ID   EPDCCH-Localized , n SCID   EPDCCH-Localized ) are separately higher-layer (RRC) configured.
 
     In another embodiment (Embodiment 2), UE  116  is configured to assume a quasi co-location of DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH according to specified conditions. 
     In one method of embodiment 2, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH are quasi co-located across e-PDCCH sets. UE  116  can assume that DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH within an e-PDCCH set are quasi co-located. This is because different e-PDCCH set may be transmitted by different transmission points. 
     In another method of embodiment 2, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH are quasi co-located if e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs are not the same. The DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH with the same e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs may be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located. This is because DM-RS scrambling IDs are typically different for different transmission points. 
     For example, based on Method 3 of Embodiment 1, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports across e-PDCCH sets are quasi co-located. 
     For example, based on Method 4 of Embodiment 1: UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports across localized e-PDCCH sets with different e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs are quasi co-located. The DM-RS ports across localized e-PDCCH sets with the same e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs can be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located. Alternatively, the DM-RS ports across distributed e-PDCCH sets can be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located (since the DM-RS ports share the same e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs). Furthermore, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports between localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are quasi co-located if the e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs for localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are different. The DM-RS ports between localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH can be assumed by the UE to be quasi co-located if the e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs for localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are the same. This further improves e-PDCCH DM-RS channel estimation. In one option, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports between localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are quasi co-located regardless of whether the DM-RS scrambling IDs are the same or not. This is because transmission points for localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are generally not the same. 
     For example, based on Method 5 of Embodiment 1, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports between localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are quasi co-located if the e-PDCCH DM-RS scrambling IDs for localized e-PDCCH and distributed e-PDCCH are different. The DM-RS ports across localized e-PDCCH sets can be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located. The DM-RS ports across distributed e-PDCCH sets can be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located. 
     In one option, if the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH have the same DM-RS scrambling ID as that of DM-RS ports for PDSCH, the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH and the DM-RS ports for PDSCH can be assumed by UE  116  to be quasi co-located; otherwise UE  116  does not assume quasi co-location of the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH and the DM-RS ports for PDSCH. In another option, UE  116  does not assume that the DM-RS ports for e-PDCCH are quasi co-located with the DM-RS ports for PDSCH regardless of DM-RS scrambling IDs. 
     For each set of quasi co-located DM-RS ports, the network configures a reference NZP CSI-RS resource/a reference CRS resource that can be assumed to the quasi co-located with the DM-RS ports. 
     e-PDCCH Scrambling 
     In some systems, PDCCH is scrambled as in the following, according to 36.211 specifications. 
     The block of bits b (0) (0), . . . , b (0) (M bit   (0) −1), b (1) (0), . . . , b (1) (M bit   (1) −1), . . . , b (n     PDCCH     −1) (0), . . . , b (n     PDCCH     −1) (M bit   (n     PDCCH     −1) −1) is scrambled with a cell-specific sequence prior to modulation, resulting in a block of scrambled bits {tilde over (b)}(0), . . . , {tilde over (b)}(M tot −1) according to Equation 15:
 
 {tilde over (b)} ( i )=( b ( i )+ c ( i )mod 2  [Eqn. 15]
 
where the scrambling sequence c(i) is given by Section 7.2. The scrambling sequence generator is initialized with equation 16:
 
 c   init   =└n   s /2┘2 9   +N   ID   cell   [Eqn. 16]
 
at the start of each subframe.
 
     If the same scrambling initialization is reused for e-PDCCH, area splitting is not achieved for e-PDCCH transmissions in CoMP scenario 4, because the same physical cell ID (N ID   cell ) is used by multiple small TPs and the e-PDCCH scrambling initialization would be determined only depending on cell-specific parameters, cell i.e., N ID   cell  and slot number n s . In order to provide area splitting and to achieve inter-TP interference reduction for e-PDCCH transmissions, we propose a few methods for e-PDCCH scrambling. 
     In certain embodiments (Embodiment 3), e-PDCCH scrambling method is performed. 
     In one method (Embodiment 3, method 1), e-PDCCH scrambling initialization is determined by a VCID X, where X replaces the physical cell ID N ID   cell  in the PDCCH scrambling initialization equation. In other words, e-PDCCH scrambling initialization is:
 
 c   init   =└n   s /2┘2 9   +X   [Eqn. 17].
 
When this method is implemented, area splitting gain for CoMP scenario 4 can be achieved.
 
     In one alternative, a single (or common) X is used for e-PDCCH scrambling in all the e-PDCCH sets configured for UE  116 . 
     In one example, X is configured independently of the VCID configured for e-PDCCH DMRS. In another example, X is the same as the VCID configured for e-PDCCH DMRS, which is also commonly used for all the e-PDCCH sets. 
     In one alternative, the eNodeB (e.g., BS  102 ) uses set-specific X&#39;s for e-PDCCH scrambling in the e-PDCCH sets configured for UE  116  (i.e., for e-PDCCH scrambling, a first X value is used for a first e-PDCCH set; and a second X value is used for a second e-PDCCH set). 
     In one example, the eNodeB (e.g., BS  102 ) configures X&#39;s independently of the VCIDs configured for e-PDCCH DMRS. 
     In another example, the eNodeB (e.g., BS  102 ) uses the same X for ePDCCH scrambling in an e-PDCCH set as the VCID configured for e-PDCCH DMRS in the same e-PDCCH set (i.e., for an e-PDCCH set, a common VCID is configured for e-PDCCH scrambling and e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling). That is, the X used for ePDCCH scrambling in an e-PDCCH set is the same as the VCID configured for e-PDCCH DMRS in the same e-PDCCH set. 
     When Method 4 in embodiment 1 is used for e-PDCCH DMRS configuration, the K L  VCIDs are used for e-PDCCH scrambling as well as e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling in the respective e-PDCCH sets for localized transmissions, and the one VOID configured for distributed transmissions is used for e-PDCCH scrambling as well as e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling for distributed transmissions. 
     When Method 5 in embodiment 1 is used for e-PDCCH DMRS configuration, the one VOID is used for e-PDCCH scrambling as well as e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling for localized transmissions, and the one VOID configured for distributed transmissions is used for e-PDCCH scrambling as well as e-PDCCH DMRS scrambling for distributed transmissions. 
     In another method (Embodiment 3, method 2), e-PDCCH scrambling initialization is determined by a VOID X, as well as the UE-ID or RNTI number, n RNTI . 
     When this method (Embodiment 3, method 2) is implemented, the scrambling initialization for e-PDCCH scrambling is determined UE-specifically. 
     In one example, C init =n RNTI ·2 14 +└n s /2┘·2 9 +X and n RNTI  is C-RNTI. 
     In another example, c init =n RNTI ·2 14 +└n s /2┘·2 9 +X and n RNTI  is SPS C-RNTI. 
     In these examples, the eNodeB (e.g., BS  102 ) configures X in a same way as listed in Method 1 (Embodiment 3, method 1), of the current embodiment. In that case, the scrambling initialization ensures to achieve area splitting for e-PDCCH transmissions in CoMP scenario 4. 
     Note that the false alarm probability of UE-specific scrambling initialization is smaller than that of cell-specific initialization. To see this, consider the cell-specific scrambling initialization used for PDCCH first. The false alarm is defined as an event that a first UE assigned with a first RNTI obtains a CRC check for a PDCCH sent for a second UE assigned with a second RNTI. Here, CRC of the PDCCH sent for each UE is scrambled with its respective RNTI. In addition, if is further assumed that the first RNTI and the second RNTI are of length B bits, and they differ in A bit-locations (for example, the first RNTI=1100 1100  and the second RNTI=1100 0011 , in which case B=8 and A=4, and the A bit-locations are the four least significant bits (LSBs)—underlined). In this case, when the cell-specific scrambling initialization is applied for PDCCH, the first UE will obtain a false CRC check for the PDCCH sent for the second UE, when the CRC bits in the A bit-locations are flipped by the channel noise, and the non-CRC part of the PDCCH does not play any role to reduce the false alarm probability. 
     However, when UE-specific scrambling initialization is applied for e-PDCCH, the non-CRC part of the e-PDCCH of the first UE will be different from that of the second UE as well as the CRC part of the e-PDCCH, which will help to reduce false alarm probability. 
     In another method (Embodiment 3, method 3), distributed ePDCCH scrambling initialization is determined by Method 1 (Embodiment 3, method 1) in the current embodiment, and localized ePDCCH scrambling initialization is determined by Method 2 (Embodiment 3, method 2) in the current embodiment. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with an exemplary embodiment, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. Additionally, it is within the scope of this disclosure for elements from one or more embodiments to be combined with elements from another embodiment. It is intended that the present disclosure encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.