Patent Publication Number: US-9422718-B2

Title: Repair and strengthening of structures with heat-cured wrap

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date of the U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/962,357, entitled “REPAIR AND STRENGTHENEING OF STRUCTURES WITH HEAT-CURED WRAP,” filed on 6 Nov. 2013, under 35 U.S.C. §119. This application is also related to the allowed patent application Ser. No. 13/409,688, the specifications of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates generally to construction. More specifically, this application relates to a method and apparatus for reinforcing structures with a heat-cured resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings, when considered in connection with the following description, are presented for the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the subject matter sought to be protected. 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  show example structures suitable to be reinforced by heat-cured resin-impregnated reinforcement wraps (HRW); 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  show example HRW around sample structures and sample heating blankets used for heating the HRW; 
         FIG. 2C  shows two other example HRW, around a sample structure, that are heated and cured without a blanket; 
         FIG. 3  shows an example cross-sectional view of an external structure reinforcement method using HRW; 
         FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of a HRW; and 
         FIGS. 5A-5B  show an example internal conduit structure reinforcement using HRW with the aid of a packer device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     While the present disclosure is described with reference to several illustrative embodiments described herein, it should be clear that the present disclosure should not be limited to such embodiments. Therefore, the description of the embodiments provided herein is illustrative of the present disclosure and should not limit the scope of the disclosure as claimed. In addition, while the following description references using one or more layers of reinforcement fabric sheets to reinforce cylindrical structures, such as pipes, it will be appreciated that the disclosure may include fewer or more layers of reinforcement fabric sheets to reinforce other types of structures, such as beams, slabs, walls, columns, piles, sheet piles, silos, chimneys and the like. 
     Briefly described, a method, a system, and an article of manufacture are disclosed for reinforcing various structures, such as pipes, ducts, vessels, tanks, silos, beams, columns, walls, slabs and the like, constructed from various materials including, but not limited to steel, concrete, masonry, wood, plastics, and the like. Some of the various structures may be used to transport water, gas, oil, and the like, while other such various structures may be used as storage, human-occupied buildings, computer and equipment facilities, retaining walls and sheet piles to hold back soil or water and the like. Multiple layers of various material sheets, each sheet having substantially the same or different properties saturated or impregnated with a resin, may be wrapped around, laid over, or otherwise attached to a surface of a structure to be reinforced or may be wrapped around, laid over, or otherwise attached to a surface of a spacer shell which itself surrounds the structure to be reinforced, as will be described in detail. Sheets may be impregnated or saturated with resin before or after they are wrapped around, laid over, or otherwise attached to a surface. The multiple layers are at least partly or partially cured by heating the resin and constitute a heat-cured resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap (HRW) to reinforce the structure against external and internal loads. Such loads include weight, impact load, blast load, fluid pressure, ballistic load, and the like. In various embodiments, HRW includes multiple reinforcement sheets layered in various configurations and orders. 
     In some embodiments it may be preferable for the HRW to be bonded to the surface it covers and in other embodiments it may be preferable for the cured HRW not to be bonded to the surface it is in contact with. In various embodiments, such as when reinforcing a wall or a ceiling, the HRW may not be wrapped around the structure but rather be attached to, laid over, or bonded to a surface of the wall or ceiling. The described methods and apparatus may be used for reinforcing the inside or the outside of some structures such as pipes and chimneys. 
     Please note that in this specification, depending on the context, both the heat-cured resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap and the heat-curable resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap will be referred to as “HRW”. (A heat-curable resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap will be a heat-cured resin-impregnated reinforcement wrap after the application of heat.) 
     Structural repair can be expensive, cumbersome, and time consuming. Structures can get damaged due to a variety of factors, such as earthquakes, overloading, weight of traffic, wear and tear, corrosion, explosions, internal fluid or gas pressure, and the like. Prevention is generally more cost-effective than repairs. As such, it is generally easier and more cost-effective to strengthen a structure that may be exposed to damaging forces and loads, than waiting to repair such eventual damages after they occur or to replace the structure with a new one. Intentional damage inflicted upon infrastructure, by terrorism or vandalism, is another way that structural damage may result. For example, recently, there has been growing interest to strengthen the above-mentioned structures for blast loading, such as terrorist attacks, which may seek to blow up a gas or oil pipeline by placing a bomb adjacent to the pipeline and detonating it. In addition to prevention, if damage does occur to a structure, a cost-effective and speedy method of repair is clearly desirable. One example of this includes a concrete floor or wall where due to adverse environmental conditions, a portion of the reinforcing steel has corroded; HRW can serve as external reinforcement applied to the surface of the slab or wall to compensate for the loss of strength caused by the loss of steel reinforcement and to protect the remaining steel reinforcement from future corrosion. 
     One of the problems with, for example, existing pipes and culverts is that they are subject to corrosion that weakens these structures. Since these culverts and pipes may be buried in soil, it is more cost-effective and thus preferred to repair them without digging them out. Often, these pipes are subjected to traffic, soil, and backfill loads from above in addition to internal fluid pressure. Thus a repair material and method should not only provide protection against corrosion, but also provide additional strength for the pipe. 
     Using a fabric impregnated/saturated resin for structural reinforcement, such as described by Raji in U.S. Pat. No. 5,931,198 or described by the incorporated references above has several shortcomings such as those listed below:
     a) Because the ambient-cured epoxies have a short pot life of about one hour, the fabric saturated with those resins must be applied to the pipe surface in about one hour, before the resin starts to harden. This requires special attention by the crew and proper scheduling and coordination to make sure that the fabric is installed within the available time window.   b) The one-hour window prevents the workers to saturate the fabric the day or the night before it is installed on the pipe surface; therefore, much of the precious limited available time during the repair should be spent on saturating the fabric with resin.   c) Once the fabric is applied, it will take a full day before the ambient-cured resin and fabric is fully cured and the pipe can be put back in service. There are many situations in which such a long curing time is not available, which results in either not using resin-saturated fabric for repair or halting the use of the structure until the resin is cured.   d) The ambient-cured resins require a minimum temperature of approximately 45-50 degrees Fahrenheit for the curing of the resin to start. This prevents the repair of any structure in colder climates or in cold days when the temperature does not rise above 50 F.   

     The above exemplary factors are some of the shortcomings of the current methods and apparatus because the majority of the repairs on, for example, pipelines must be conducted in a short time. The job schedules are typically given in hours, underlining the importance of repairs materials and methods that allow fast repairs. In general the time required to wait for the resin to cure is a major shortcoming of current methods. Likewise, as an example, when a sea wall or a pile has to be repaired in a cold region such as Alaska, for most of the year ambient-cured resins cannot be used because the temperature may not rise above the 45-50 F that is necessary to activate the resin for curing. As described in detail below, the present disclosure overcomes such shortcomings and more. 
       FIGS. 1A-1D  show example structures suitable to be reinforced with HRW.  FIG. 1A  shows a cylindrical pipe  102  in a horizontal position, while  FIG. 1B  shows cylindrical structure  112 , such as a pipe, a column, a pile in water, a silo, a chimney, and the like.  FIGS. 1C and 1D  show structures  122  and  132  with rectangular cross-sections, such as beams, slabs, walls, chambers, and rectangular columns. Any of these structures may be reinforced by the HRW. Structures of relatively smaller sizes and accessible configurations, such as pipes and columns, may be wrapped with HRW, while relatively larger and/or inaccessible structures such as walls, entire buildings, and the like may be augmented with HRW on their surfaces, which may be exposed to potentially damaging loading, such as external wall surfaces. Smaller diameter pipes, for example, can be repaired by applying HRW to the interior surface of the pipe using a device such as a packer. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the structure to be reinforced may have any cross sectional shape in addition to round and rectangular, such as triangular, oval, polygonal, irregular, and the like. 
       FIG. 2A  shows an embodiment of the HRW  210  wrapped around sample structure  205 , which is a wood pile in this case, and a sample heating blanket  215  used for heating the HRW  210 . During the first stage of this example the HRW  210  is spirally and overlappingly wrapped around the wood pile  205 . In this stage the resin or glue of the HRW  210  is uncured. During the second stage the heating blanket  215  is wrapped over the entire or a part of the wrapped HRW  210  to either completely or partially cure the resin or glue of HRW  210 . After application of heat for a desired time at a desired temperature, the heating blanket  215  may be removed or be left in place indefinitely. In some embodiments the heating blanket may be first wrapped around, laid over, or attached to the surface of the structure to be reinforced and be sandwiched between the HRW  210  and the surface of the structure. In other embodiments the heating blanket may be sandwiched between different layers of the HRW  210 . 
     It is important to note that the method of applying the HRW to any structure and the method of heating the HRW may widely vary in different applications and for different situations, a few examples of which will follow. In some embodiments the heating apparatus may be actively heated such as by electricity, by circulating hot air, hot water or steam, or by a chemical reaction. In other embodiments the heating of HRW may be passive such as using a preheated sheet of metal. In yet other embodiments the heating may be performed by blowing hot air or intense light at the HRW. In various embodiments the heating apparatus may be a combination of more than one devices such as a preheated flexible sheet of metal covered by a blanket or LAMINAHEAT® (hereinafter referred to as “LaminaHeat,” is a new non-metallic thin film heating technology), etc. 
       FIG. 2B  shows another embodiment of the HRW  240  wrapped around a sample spacer shell  230 , which in turn surrounds the concrete column  225 , and a sample heating blanket  245  used for heating the HRW  240 . In this example, which includes a new method of reinforcement described in the allowed patent application Ser. No. 13/409,688 of the inventor, the structural element  225  is first surrounded by a spacer shell  230 . Subsequently the spacer shell  230  is wrapped with HRW  240  to create a strong reinforcement shell around the structure  225  and to allow pouring of grout or other reinforcement materials into the space  235  between the structural element  225  and the spacer shell  230 . Up to this point the resin or glue of the HRW  240  is uncured. Before or after pouring of the grout into space  235 , the heating blanket  245  is wrapped around the entire or a part of the wrapped HRW  245  to either completely or partially cure the resin or glue of HRW  240 . After application of heat for a desired time at a desired temperature, the heating blanket  245  may be removed or be left in place indefinitely. In some embodiments the heating blanket  245  may be first wrapped around, laid over, or attached to the surface of the spacer shell  230  and be sandwiched between the HRW  240  and the surface of the spacer shell  230 . In other embodiments the heating blanket  245  may be sandwiched between different layers of a multi-layer HRW  210 . 
     Those skilled in the art recognize that additional reinforcement material such as still rebars or carbon strips may be placed inside space  235 . 
     As can be seen in the example of  FIG. 2B , the method of applying the HRW  240  to structure  225  is different from the method illustrated in  FIG. 2A . In this example the HRW  240  in not spirally wrapped; however, it can be wrapped overlappingly as many times as desired. The method of heating the HRW  240  may also vary as described above. The structures  205  and  225  may be any structure such as a column, pile in water, utility pole, chimney, pipe and the like. In various embodiments the structures  205  and  225  are wrapped with one or more layers of HRW  210  and  240 , continuously or in sections. 
       FIG. 2C  illustrates two more sample embodiments in which the heat is generated either by the resin itself or by the reinforcement sheet, without the need for a heating jacket or a heating element of any kind. As described below, both of these sample HRWs are shown wrapped around the same structure  255 . The first embodiment is shown as HRW  260 . In this embodiment the heat-curable resin, similar to those sold by Boyce Components LLC in Phoenix, Ariz., can be heated and cured by passing an electrical current through the resin. One exemplary method for passing electrical current through the resin of this embodiment is to have appropriate conducting exposed wiring in the reinforcement sheet of HRW  260  and connecting some of the wires to a negative pole and some to a positive pole of a power supply and forcing an electrical current to flow through the resin which is in contact with wires. In another method of heating the resin, current-conducting meshes or wires can be placed over or under HRW  260  and be connected to a negative and a positive pole of a power supply to cause an electrical current to flow through the resin to heat the resin up until it is at least partially cured. After curing the resin, such meshes or wires may be left in place or be disassembled and reused. 
     The reinforcement sheet of the other embodiment depicted by HRW  265  of  FIG. 2C  generates heat by connecting it to the electricity. For example the reinforcement sheet of HRW  265  may include a network of resistor wires that may be connected to a power supply through cable  270 . In contrast with the previous embodiment, in this embodiment heat is generated by the reinforcement sheet and through its resistor wiring, and no current passes through the resin. 
     Those skilled in the art recognize that wrapping such reinforcement around the entire circumference and overlapping the ends create a reinforcing structure that offers significant confinement for the structure being repaired. 
     In various embodiments an external temporary frame or support may be erected to push the heating element against the HRW and hold it in that contacting position for several minutes until the HRW is at least partially cured. In some embodiments the space between the exterior surface of the structure and the HRW can be filled with resin or tack coat. Such tack coat, before the installation of the HRW, may be applied either directly to the exterior surface of the structure or it can be applied to the HRW. 
     In various embodiments the entire or a large portion of the structure can be substantially enclosed in an insulating blanket and the space between the HRW and the insulating blanket can be heated to cure the HRW rapidly. Electrical, propane and oil heaters, heating lamps, UV lamps, heated air, and the like can be used as heating sources to raise the temperature of resin saturated fabric. 
     In various embodiments for external structure reinforcement of a pipe, column and the like a rope, a strap or a cable can be wrapped around the heating element or HRW to hold it in position until the resin is cured. 
     The application of HRW layer(s) to the interior surface of a pipe, a tank, a chimney or the like is substantially the same as it is described above with respect to  FIGS. 2A and 2B . A layer of resin or tack coat may also be applied in the space between the HRW and the interior surface of the structure. If the structure is a conduit and if the structure is large enough to allow man-entry, the crew can hold the heating element against the resin-saturated fabric that has been applied to the surface of the structure to expedite the curing process. As known to those skilled in the art, the heating element can be supported on a variety of spring-loaded frames and inflatable balloons and the like to ensure that the heating element remains in contact and close proximity to the resin-saturated HRW while the resin cures. For various structures, particularly for pipes, the internal reinforcement may be used to resist internal pressures, such as fluid and gas pressures, and also to resist and/or repair corrosion and wear and tear. Additional layers of reinforcement sheets or honeycomb panels may be included in the HRW to provide the required strength and ring stiffness per engineering design requirements for external loads from soil, traffic, and the like. Layers of HRW may be applied continuously inside a structure to create a closed multi-layered reinforcement structure. 
     In some embodiments, for example when a pipe is being repaired, it is desirable to have a watertight HRW. One way to achieve this is to include one or more layers of a resin-saturated chopped fiber mat or veil as the exterior face of the HRW. Additional, coatings of polymers, cementitious materials and the like may be used. 
     In other embodiments when the structure being repaired is a chimney or a sewer manhole, for example, the HRW can create a reinforcing structure that will prevent any deteriorated brick or spalled concrete from falling into the chimney or the manhole. 
     In various embodiments, the reinforcement layers are applied to the surface of the structure to be reinforced, one layer at a time using appropriate resin. Once a section of the structure has been repaired, the process is repeated until all regions of the structure that require remediation are repaired. 
     In certain applications, it may be necessary to apply a layer of thickened resin to the surface of the structure to secure the reinforcement layer in place before the heat is applied to cure the resin. As known to those skilled in the art, this can be achieved by adding a filler material such as silica fume, Cab-O-Sil® and the like to the resin and mixing the two thoroughly to obtain a higher viscosity resin commonly known as tack coat. Tack coat could also be applied between the reinforcement layers. Other pre-mixed tack coats such as QuakeBond™ J201TC (Tack Coat) can also be used to hold the resin-impregnated fabric layers in place or to prevent the entire HRW from sliding down a vertical repair surface or fall off an overhead repair surface, for example when a ceiling of a room or the crown portion of a pipe is being repaired. 
     In other embodiments, the HRW may be applied to various structures, such as pipes and culverts, using automated machinery, such as robotic apparatus to facilitate and automate the installation of the HRW inside or outside a pipe or other structure. Such robotic apparatus may be used to provide further economic advantage for all applications described herein. 
       FIG. 3 , which depicts a cross-sectional view of a reinforced structure such as the one illustrated in  FIG. 2A , shows an example external wall-structure reinforcement using HRW. As known to those skilled in the art, the surface of the structure  302  may have to be repaired, for example by removing corrosion-damaged reinforcing steel or patching of deteriorated concrete to provide a smooth surface, sand-blasting or otherwise removing any paint, residue, oil, pressure-washing to remove any dust, etc. In various embodiments, structure  302  is wrapped, covered, or augmented with HRW layers  304 . The HRW layers  304  are then heated to a temperature of 250-350 F, allowing the HRW to cure rapidly. In various embodiments, a heating element  306  can be provided and activated for a short time to facilitate the curing of the resin in HRW. In some of the embodiments, the heating element can be an electrical heating blanket. 
     In various embodiments the heating element  306  can be similar to those manufactured by LaminaHeat® (Natick, Mass.). These laminates can be custom-made to any length and width with varying degrees of rigidity or flexibility. The LaminaHeat® is connected to an electrical outlet and a control unit and provides a perfectly uniform temperature over the entire surface of the LaminaHeat®. The LaminaHeat® is dialed to a desirable temperature, e.g. 250-350 F that would allow curing of the resin-saturated HRW in about 5-10 minutes. In various embodiments, the heating element  306  can be pressed against the resin-saturated sheets and held in that proximity position to further expedite the curing. The heating element may be bonded to a sheet of metal such as aluminum, copper, or steel in which case the heating element will heat the sheet of metal and in turn will heat the resin-saturated HRW. The heating element may also include an insulating layer on the back face to allow for higher energy efficiency and to minimize the loss of heat away from the HRW. 
     In various embodiments the heating element  306  may be a bladder or mattress that is filled with hot air, steam, water, oil or gas to facilitate rapid curing of the HRW  304 . In various embodiments the HRW can be further covered with an insulating blanket  308  preferably large enough to cover the HRW and extend beyond it. The edges  320  and  322  of the insulating blanket  308  can be sealed against the surface of the structure  302  to create a substantially enclosed space  324 . The enclosed space  324  can be heated, as an example with hot air or steam and the like to allow fast curing of the HRW. 
     In various embodiments, once a section of the structure  302  is repaired with HRW, the process can be repeated to repair or strengthen other portions of the structure. In various embodiments, a new layer of HRW may be overlapped with the previously-applied layer. The length of such overlaps is a function of the project requirements and may be designed by an engineer. 
       FIG. 4  shows an example HRW  402  constructed from and including reinforcement layers  410 ,  412 , and honeycomb layer  420 . Honeycomb layer  420  is generally constructed of adjacent cells, each cell having walls that enclose the cells. Within each of the cells and surrounded by the cell walls, a hollow space is created to reduce the weight of the honeycomb or hollow-structure layer. The cell walls create a relatively thick sheet, the thickness of the sheet being substantially determined by the height of the cell walls, which sheet has substantially greater stiffness compared to a flat sheet of the same sheet material without such cells and cell walls. The honeycomb layer  420  include a top surface  422  and a bottom surface  424 . Those skilled in the art realize that many honeycomb panels include reinforcement sheets called veil attached to the surfaces  422  and  424 . Additional reinforcement sheets can also be glued to the surfaces  422  or  424  to further increase the strength and stiffness of the honeycomb panels. 
     In various embodiments, the reinforcement layers  410  and  412  are constructed from fiber-reinforced material, such as Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) to give the sheets more resistance against various types of loading, such as blast loading. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many types of reinforcement fibers may be used for reinforcement including polymer, fiberglass, metal, cotton, other natural fibers, and the like. 
     The sheet materials may include woven or unwoven fabrics made with fibers such as glass, carbon, KEVLAR® (hereinafter referred to as “Kevlar,” is a synthetic fiber of high tensile strength used especially as a reinforcing agent in the manufacture of tires and other rubber products and protective gear such as helmets and vests), basalt, and the like, saturated with a polymer such as polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy for added strength, wear resistance, and resilience. The fibers within a reinforcement sheet may be aligned in one direction, in cross directions, randomly oriented, chopped short pieces, or in curved sections to provide various mechanical properties, such as tearing tendency and differential tensile strength and stiffness (rigidity) along different directions, among others. Sample fabrics include QuakeWrap® VB26G glass fabric and QuakeWrap® TU27C carbon fabric as well as woven, stitched, or chopped fiber mats. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) fabrics such as those manufactured by China Beihai Fiberglass Co. Ltd. (www.fiberglassfiber.com) can also be used to provide additional stiffness and rigidity. 
     As is known to those skilled in the art, direct contact between carbon fiber and a steel structure can lead to galvanic corrosion. Therefore, when a steel structure is being repaired or strengthened, a dielectric barrier layer such as polyester, glass, basalt or Kevlar fabric or veil can be applied directly to the steel structure, followed by additional layers that could be made of any fibers including carbon fiber. 
     The reinforcement layers  410 ,  412  and  420  may be laminated in the field using epoxy, various glues, or similar adhesives to create a thick laminate that will be stiffer than the sum of the individual reinforcement layers  410 ,  412  and  420  placed around the structure being repaired or strengthened. Different reinforcement layers may use sheets with fibers oriented in different directions, such as orthogonal directions, with respect to other sheets to further reinforce the HRW. In particular, resins such as QuakeBond™ HCR (Heat-Cured Resin) are preferred for this application. These resins offer the advantage of having virtually an infinite pot life in ambient temperature; that is, a fabric saturated with such a resin can be prepared one or more days before installation and it will not harden in ambient temperature. At the same time, once the fabric is subjected to a heat of 250-350 F, the resin will cure in less than 10 minutes. This is a tremendous improvement over passive curing methods that requires a day or more for the resin to cure. 
     Those skilled in the art recognize the need for use of a thickened resin, in some embodiments, often referred to as tack coat. Tack coat can be made in the field by thoroughly mixing a very lightweight additive such as silica fume with the resin; common mix ratios are 1-3 grams of silica fume for every 100 grams of resin. Among the advantages of tack coat is that when applied to a surface it provides a sticky or tacky surface that prevents movement and sliding of the reinforcing layers prior to curing of the resin. Tack coat, for example, can be used when HRW is applied to a vertical wall or to the crown section of a pipe and it will prevent the HRW from falling down. In various embodiments, tack coat can be added between the various reinforcing layers of the HRW or between the HRW and the structure being repaired. 
     When heat is applied to heat-curable epoxies to cure them, these resins usually go through a chemical change that reduces their viscosity prior to curing. The low viscosity resin will run off any vertical or overhead (ceiling type) application. Silica fume can be added to thicken the epoxy and prevent it from dripping during the heating phase. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 4 , reinforcement sheets  410  and  412  are available from industrial sources and at the present range in thickness from about 0.020 inches to a few inches depending on the application. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that thinner or thicker sheets may be constructed and used as needed. Hollow or 3D fabrics such as those manufactured by China Beihai Fiberglass Co. Ltd. can also be used as reinforcing elements for HRW. 3D fabrics are typically constructed of two reinforcing fabric layers connected by a series of short fibers, called piles. When the fabric is saturated with resin, as the resin cures, the piles rise and create a gap between the two reinforcing fabric layers. The two fabric layers behave like the flanges of an I-beam cross section and the piles behave like the web of an I-beam. This results in a very stiff reinforcement layer that is far stronger and stiffer than the sum of the two reinforcing fabric layers. The honeycomb laminate or the 3D fabric structure provides additional strength to HRW and may serve as a structure to dissipate impact and blast energy, resulting in less damage to the reinforced structures. The HRW can be made with or without 3D fabric and with or without the honeycomb  420 . 
     In other various embodiments, some or all of the honeycomb or hollow-structure cells may be filled with one or more of a filler material, such as foam, concrete, polymer, and the like to displace the air within the cells and provide additional strength to the honeycomb or hollow-structure layer. The cell filling material may be injected or be otherwise placed within the cells after attaching the first honeycomb or hollow-structure skin layer, and then be covered and glued in place with the second skin layer. The skin layers themselves may be multi-layered in some embodiments. For 3D fabrics, the filler materials can be applied or introduced from the open sides and edges to fill the gap between the two reinforcing fabric layers. 
     In various embodiments two or more layers of the HRW may be glued to each other to form one integral laminate wrap. In some embodiments, each layer in the HRW may be made from a different or same type of reinforcement sheet to develop different costs, performances, and mechanical properties for the HRW. For example, the outer layers may be made from thicker and tougher reinforcement sheets while the inner layers (closer to the structure) may be made from thinner and more flexible sheets to save material and installation or construction costs. Other variations in sheet layers are possible, such as fiber types and orientations, sheet materials, sheet material properties like chemical resistance, heat resistance, gas and fluid impermeability, and the like. HRWs made with such variations in reinforcement layers will exhibit different mechanical and chemical properties suitable for different applications, costs levels, and considerations such as environmental and public safety considerations. 
     In different embodiments, multiple layers of same or different materials may be laminated together before being applied to a surface or one by one may be applied to the surface over each previous layer. Similarly, the layers may be impregnated or saturated with heat-curable resin before or after they are wrapped around, laid over, or attached to a surface. 
     In various embodiments, the HRW may include one or more layers of a resin-impregnated veil or chopped fiber mat on one or both outside surfaces of HRW to provide an impervious layer that will not allow passage of any water or vapor through the HRW. The use of a light-weight and tightly woven veil or chopped fiber mat is, as an example, a preferred embodiment when a pipe is being repaired with HRW. These veils and chopped fiber mats are typically made with polyester or fiberglass and at the present weigh approximately 2 oz per square yard. 
     In various embodiments, the HRW can be coated with a final finishing coat referred to as top coat. The top coat can be a resin, a cementitious finish such as stucco, a fire-proofing material and the like that can be applied by rolling, brushing, spraying and the like. Such coating can, for example, provide additional resistance against abrasion or chemicals. 
       FIG. 5A  shows an example internal structure reinforcement using HRW applied using a device known as a packer. A structure, such as pipe  502  having an interior surface  506  may be buried under ground and covered with soil  508  to a certain depth, is reinforced with HRW  524  and  526 . In this example, the packer  512  consists of a hollow cylindrical structure  514  that is supported on wheels  516 . A rubber bladder  518  is attached to the outer surface of the cylinder  514  and a tube  510  is provided to inflate the bladder  518 . The heating element  520  is wrapped around the rubber bladder  518  and one or more layers of resin-saturated reinforcement sheet  524  and  526  are wrapped on the outside of the Heating element. An insulating blanket  530  may be used to improve efficiency by reflecting the heat of the Heating element back towards the HRW and to avoid damaging the bladder  518  from excessive heat. 
       FIG. 5B  shows the packer assembly positioned in the area requiring repair after air is introduced through the tube  510  to inflate the bladder  518 . The bladder will expand and the layers of fabric will slide on top of one another until the resin-saturated reinforcement fabrics are pressed tightly against the surface of the pipe. At that time the Heating element is activated, for example by introducing electrical current, to heat the HRW and the air pressure in the bladder is held substantially constant until the resin is cured, at which time the air pressure is released, allowing the bladder and the Heating element to collapse and leaving the cured reinforcement sheet on the surface of the pipe. This process can be repeated until all required segments of the pipe are repaired. As known to those skilled in the art, the use of a bladder in such applications presses the HRW against the surface of the pipe being repaired and forces the HRW to conform to the profile of the pipe, even if the pipe surface is not perfectly even and or smooth. 
     In some embodiments, after applying the resin-saturated fabric to the inside wall of the pipe, hot air of desired temperature may be injected into the pipe for curing the resin. Additionally, it is possible to isolate a part of the pipe for the curing process by trapping the hot air between two balloons that are inflated within the pipe at a distance from each other. With such a method the resin-saturated fabric in a large span of the pipe may be cured in a few minutes. 
     In some embodiments the surface of the pipe may be coated with a layer of epoxy, for example by spraying, rolling or brushing, before the HRW is applied. In another embodiment in lieu of or in conjunction with the Heating element the bladder  518  can be filled with hot air, steam or gas to facilitate the curing of the HRW. 
     As known to those skilled in the art, the same procedure as describe above can be used with slight modification to repair smaller diameter pipes where man-entry is not possible. In such case, normally a section of the pipe is cut and partially removed to provide a launching station for the repair. The packer, the Heating element, the insulating blanket, and the layers of resin-saturated fabric are wrapped around the partially-deflated bladder and the entire assembly is inserted into the pipe and is pulled using a winch and a camera to position the assembly at the desired repair location. At that time the bladder is inflated and the Heating element is energized for curing to take place. Once the resin is cured, the bladder is deflated and the packer, the Heating element and the insulating blanket are pulled back to the launching station. 
     This process may be repeated in sections along the length of the pipe in an incremental manner until the entire pipe is reinforced. The edges of the HRW sections along the length of the pipe may be overlapped and sealed to ensure that the HRW creates a virtually airtight ceiling for the pipe so that the H 2 S gases or other gases, liquids, or corrosive elements are substantially prevented from reaching the pipe surface  506 . The joints between HRW sections along the length of the pipe may be joined shut using epoxy or thermal techniques. 
     Changes can be made to the claimed invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the claimed invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its implementation details, while still being encompassed by the claimed invention disclosed herein. 
     Particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the claimed invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the claimed invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the claimed invention. 
     It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     The above specification, examples, and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended. It is further understood that this disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is intended to cover various arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements. 
     While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is intended to cover various arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements.