Patent Publication Number: US-11652369-B2

Title: Systems and methods of determining a location of a receiver device and wirelessly delivering power to a focus region associated with the receiver device

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/912,520, filed Mar. 5, 2018 entitled “Systems And Methods Of Wirelessly Delivering Power To A Receiver Device” (the “Parent Application”) which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/891,399, filed May 10, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,912,199) entitled “Receivers for Wireless Power Transmission,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/668,799, filed on Jul. 6, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/677,706, filed on Jul. 31, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/720,798, filed on Oct. 31, 2012. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its respective entirety. 
     This Parent Application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/891,445, filed May 10, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,103,582) entitled “Transmitters for Wireless Power Transmission,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/668,799, filed on Jul. 6, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/677,706, filed on Jul. 31, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/720,798, filed on Oct. 31, 2012. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its respective entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     People are increasingly relying on electronic devices to perform aspects of everyday life. As an example, many people spend a majority of their day interacting with a computing device, such as a smart phone or tablet computer, in order to obtain information and communicate with others, among other such tasks. The frequent use of these devices can require a significant amount of power, which can quickly drain a battery for devices such as portable computing devices that have relatively small battery lives. A user then must often plug in the device to recharge, which can limit the usefulness of the portable device. Further, a user first has to locate a free outlet, which might be difficult in at least some locations. If a user forgets to plug in or otherwise charge a device, the device can run out of power and then be of no use to the user until the user is again able to charge the device. For frequently used devices, such as remote control units for older electronics or gaming controllers for older systems, the batteries might run out of power in between uses, which can be frustrating for a user. 
     There have been various approaches to minimizing the impact of the charging needs of these devices. In some cases the devices have replaceable rechargeable batteries, such that a new set of batteries can be used if the current set runs out of power. Such an approach requires a user to carry around extra batteries, and also ensure that these extra batteries are charged. Some approaches involve a mat or pad that is able to charge a device without physically connecting a plug of the device, but such an approach still requires the device to be placed in a certain location for a certain amount of time in order to charge, which limits the improvement over physical power connections. Even for devices that do not run from battery power, the need to place these devices within a distance of a power outlet or other such component can limit the usefulness or flexibility of these devices. As users continue to use these devices, and as the number and type of devices grow, there is a desire to improve the way in which power can be delivered to these and other such devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order that the present invention may be more clearly ascertained, some embodiments will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a situation in which power can be delivered wirelessly in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example of a receiver that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example transmitter that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a first receiver configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a second receiver configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a third receiver configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a fourth receiver configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a novel flat panel antenna array design that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  illustrate example logical schematics for implementations of a flat panel antenna array such as that illustrated in  FIG.  8   , which can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a receiver built into a computing device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a battery with a built-in receiver that can charge wirelessly while contained in a computing device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    illustrates an example of an attachment that can be used to wirelessly receive power to a computing device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    illustrates an example transmitter configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  14 A and  14 B  illustrate example power delivery approaches that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  15    illustrates an example transmitter configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  16    illustrates a transmitter built into a computing device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  17    illustrates a transmitter built into a battery pack that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  18 - 19    illustrate examples of an attachment that can be used to wirelessly transmit power from a computing device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  20 A- 20 B  illustrate example antenna panel configuration that can be used in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIG.  21    illustrates an example antenna panel configuration that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments described in accordance with the various embodiments overcome at least some of the aforementioned and other deficiencies in conventional approaches to power delivery. In particular, various embodiments enable power to be delivered wirelessly, without the need for a physical connection between a source and a recipient of the power delivery. In at least some embodiments, a transmitter can be used that includes two or more antennas in communication with control circuitry and/or components. The transmitter can utilize an approach such as “beamforming” to direct a signal, such as a radio frequency (RF) signal, in a determined direction. The transmitter can also utilize the antennas to determine the location of a receiver of the power transmission, in order to determine how to adjust the antennas to deliver the power to the appropriate location, as well as to determine how to “form” the beam in order to provide for an appropriate amount of focusing of the signal, such as may correspond to a size of an antenna array of a receiver of the target device. 
     The power can be received by a receiver component, which can be part of, connected to, or separate from a device to be powered. The receiver can include one or more antennas for receiving the signal from the transmitter, and components or circuitry useful in converting the signal into power for powering a device, charging a battery, or performing another such function. The receiver can communicate with the transmitter using the antennas, and in at least some embodiments each can also include at least one wireless communication component for communicating information over a sideband channel. Such an approach can help the transmitter to ensure that power is being delivered to the appropriate device, and that the device (or user of the device) is “authorized” or otherwise has permission to receive power from the transmitter. Further, the transmitter can receive information about a current battery state or power level from the device, for example, and can deliver power only when power is necessary. The ability to transmit power only when power is needed and where it is needed can help to improve the overall efficiency of the power delivery system. 
     Various other functions and advantages are described and suggested below as may be provided in accordance with the various embodiments. 
     Approaches in accordance with various embodiments can take advantage of one of a plurality of advanced power communication antenna designs. These designs can be implemented on any appropriate device that relies on power for at least a portion of its operation or intended function, such as may include a smart phone, a tablet computer, a television remote, or a child&#39;s toy, among many other such devices. 
     As an example,  FIG.  1    illustrates an example situation  100  wherein a notebook computer  102  is connected to a receiver  104  including an antenna array that is configured to receive a transmitted signal from a transmitter  106 , which also includes an array of antennas  108 . The array in this example includes a plurality of “flat” elements with one or more desired polarizations, including vertical pole, horizontal pole, circularly polarized, left hand polarized, right hand polarized, or a combination of polarizations. The receiver  104  for the notebook computer  102  can be embedded in the computer, such as may be contained behind a screen of the notebook, attached to a back of the notebook computer, or connected to the notebook computer as part of a separate component, among other such options. Since the array is associated with a portable device in this situation, the receiver will be referred to as a mobile receiver  104 . The mobile receiver in this embodiment can communicate with the notebook computer over a wired or wireless connection, as discussed elsewhere herein. In at least some embodiments, the receiver can communicate with the notebook to determine a current power level of the device, as well as to obtain other information such as a type of device, device identifier, user identifier, and the like. As discussed, any appropriate electronic device can be used with receivers discussed herein, and the notebook computer is just one example of this type of device, as may also include smart phones, remote controls, toys, tablet computers, media players, gaming systems and controllers, and the like. Further, while the mobile receiver  102  is illustrated as communicating with a power transmitter  106 , it should be noted that communications with any viable target are equally possible. This can include, for example, other mobile devices or other mobile platforms. 
     The antenna of the mobile receiver  104  can include one or more antenna elements as discussed herein, which can include at least one omni-antenna, directional antenna, array of antennas, or flat paneled system. In some embodiments, novel flat panel systems are usable, as will be discussed in greater detail below. Regardless of the type of antenna used, a directional beam  110  can be directed from the transmitter  106  to the receiver  104 . Directionality can be accomplished through any appropriate mechanism, as may include physical geometry (i.e., parabolic dish) or through signal reinforcement/interference (i.e., beamforming). The term “beamforming” derives from the fact that early spatial filters were designed to form pencil beams in order to receive a signal radiating from a specific location and attenuate signals from other locations. “Forming beams” seems to indicate radiation of energy; however, beamforming is applicable to either radiation or reception of energy. 
     Systems designed to receive spatially propagating signals often encounter the presence of interference signals. If the desired signal and interferers occupy the same temporal frequency band, temporal filtering cannot be used to separate signal from interference. However, the desired and interfering signals usually originate from different spatial locations. This spatial separation can be exploited to separate signal from interference using a spatial filter at the receiver. Implementing a temporal filter requires processing of data collected over a temporal aperture. Similarly, implementing a spatial filter requires processing of data collected over a spatial aperture. 
     In some embodiments, a beamformer linearly combines the spatially sampled time series from each sensor to obtain a scalar output time series in the same manner that an FIR (finite impulse response) filter linearly combines temporally sampled data. Spatial discrimination capability depends on the size of the spatial aperture; as the aperture increases, discrimination improves. The absolute aperture size is not important in at least some embodiments, rather its size in wavelengths is an important parameter. A single physical antenna (continuous spatial aperture) capable of providing the requisite discrimination is often practical for high frequency signals since the wavelength is short. However, when low frequency signals are of interest, an array of sensors can often synthesize a much larger spatial aperture than that practical with a single physical antenna. Note each composite antenna represents a sensor in some embodiments. 
     A second very significant advantage of using an array of sensors, relevant at any wavelength, is the spatial filtering versatility offered by discrete sampling. In many application areas it is necessary to change the spatial filtering function in real time to maintain effective suppression of interfering signals. This change is easily implemented in a discretely sampled system by changing the way in which the beamformer linearly combines the sensor data. Changing the spatial filtering function of a continuous aperture antenna is impractical. 
     Beamforming takes advantage of interference to change the directionality of the array whereby constructive interference generates a beam and destructive interference generates the null space. If one issue of current communication antennas on mobile platforms is the inherent cost, bulk and unreliability of moving mechanical bases, it can be desirable to use and be able to change the direction in which RF emissions radiate using non-mechanical means. Beamforming using a smart antenna array, during transmission, is accomplished by controlling the phase and/or relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the wave front. Similarly, when receiving, information from different sensors is combined in such a way that the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed (null steering). 
     The ability to beamform in this manner requires a minimum of two antennas in the antenna array. This directionality benefit of beamforming has been known generally by those skilled in the art for some time. In general, beamforming may be accomplished in a number of ways, as known by those skilled in the art. For an example of a particular method of implementing directional beamforming, see: B. D. V. Veen and K. M. Buckley. Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering. IEEE ASSP Magazine, pages 4-24, April 1988. 
     An additional example of the mathematics behind beamforming may be found in the article by Michael Leabman entitled “Adaptive Band-Partitioning for Interference Cancellation in Communication Systems,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, February 1997. 
     Most array literature specifies spatial dependence in terms of “angles” which is intuitive. It is also possible to define the wavenumber variable {right arrow over (k)} which is a spatial vector in terms of Euclidean space, where, |{right arrow over (k)}|=ω/c, ω being the radian frequency, (2πf), and c being the propagation speed in free space. Thus |{right arrow over (k)}|=ω/c=2πf/c=2π/λ has dimensions of 1/length, where the wavelength λ=f/c, and c=3*10 8  m/s for radio waves. While the standard angular representation does describe the response over the region for all real signals, the full wavenumber space, or ‘virtual’ space, is more useful in analyzing the consequences of spatial aliasing. 
     Now consider an array of N elements sampling an area of space where the element locations are governed by [{right arrow over (z)} i,i −1, . . . , N]. The output from each sensor is input to a linear, time invariant filter having the impulse response w i  (τ). The outputs of the filter are summed to produce the output of the array y(t), 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Using the Fourier representation for a space-time signal, a plane wave x(t,{right arrow over (z)} i ) of a single frequency may be represented by a complex exponential in terms of a radian frequency w, and vector wavenumber {right arrow over (k)}:
 
 x ( t,{right arrow over (z)} )= e   j(wl−{right arrow over (k)}·{right arrow over (z)}   i )
 
The array response to a plane wave is as follows:
 
                     y   ⁡   (   t   )     =           ∑     i   =   1     N             ∫     -   ∞     ∞           w   i     (     t   -   τ     )     ⁢     x   ⁡   (     τ   ,       z   →     i       )     ⁢   d   ⁢   τ                     =           ∑     i   =   1     N             ∫     -   ∞     ∞           w   i     (     t   -   τ     )     ⁢     e     j   ⁡   (       ω   ⁢   i     -       k   →     ·       z   →     i         )       ⁢   d   ⁢   τ                     =             ∑     i   =   1     N             ∫     -   ∞     ∞           w   i     (     t   ′     )     ⁢     e       -   j     ⁢   ω   ⁢     t   ′         ⁢     e       -   j     ⁢       k   →     ·       z   →     i           ⁢     e     j   ⁢   ω   ⁢   t       ⁢   d   ⁢     τ   ′     ⁢         where   ⁢         τ         =     t   -     t   ′                     =           ∑     i   =   1     N               w   i     (   ω   )     ⁢     e     j   ⁡   (       ω   ⁢   t     -       k   →     ·       z   →     i         )                       
letting,
 
               W   ⁡   (   ω   )     =         [             w   1     (   ω   )             ⋮               w   N     (   ω   )           ]     ⁢         and   ⁢           E   ⁡   (   k   )       =     [           e       -   j     ⁢       k   →     ·       z   →     t                   ⋮             e       -   j     ⁢       k   →     ·       z   →     N                 ]             becomes γ( t )= W   + (ω) E ( k ) e   jwt  
 
     where W(ω, {right arrow over (k)})=W + (ω)E(k) is the frequency wavenumber response. The frequency wavenumber response evaluated versus direction {right arrow over (k)}, is known as the beampattern, 
               B   ⁡   (     a   ⁡   (     θ   ,   ϕ     )     )     =       W   ⁡   (     ω   ,     k   →       )       ❘     k   =         2   ⁢   π     λ     ⁢       a   ⁡   (     θ   ,   ϕ     )     ′                   
where α(θ, ϕ) is the unit vector in spherical coordinates.
 
     The most widely used array, suitable for some embodiments, is a linear uniformly weighted array with N elements and an inter-element spacing of Δz. Note such an array is used by way of example, and other array designs are considered within the scope of various embodiments. 
     If a frequency independent uniform weighting of 1/N is used, a frequency wavenumber response is arrived at: 
                 W   ⁡   (     ω   ,   k     )     =       1   N     ⁢       ∑     n   =     -       N   -   1     2             N   -   1     2             e       -   j     ⁢       k   →     ·       a   ^     z       ⁢   n   ⁢   Δ   ⁢   z             ,       where   ⁢           k   ·       a   ^     z         =       k   z     =       sin   ⁢          c   ⁡   (       k   z     ⁢     L   2       )         sin   ⁢          c   ⁡   (       k   z     ⁢       Δ   ⁢   z     2       )                   
Evaluating for k z =∥k∥sin(Ø)=sin(Ø), where (⊖) is defined with respect to the angle to the z axis, a beampattern is calculated as:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     In some embodiments, combinations of beams and nulls may be utilized in order to increase gain in the target axis, while reducing the effective (or equivalent) isotropic radiated power (EIRP) in off axis angles. With more antennas on the array the number of beams/nulls is extendable to meet any specialized requirements. 
     In order to transfer power using a beamforming (or other such) approach, an example system includes at least one transmitter and at least one receiver. A component level example of a receiver  200  is illustrated in  FIG.  2   . As discussed, the receiver includes at least one antenna element  204  operable to receive a signal of the desired wavelength. The antenna typically will be contained in some type of housing  202 , which can include a housing dedicated to the receiver or a housing of an electronic device, where the receiver is embedded in the device. Other such configurations can be utilized as well. The housing can be made of any appropriate material, such as a plastic, hard rubber, or other such material that enables transmission of the signal to be received. The receiver can also include, internal or external to the housing  202 , at least one rectifier  206  and at least one converter  208 . The rectifier  206  can include any components known or used for such purposes, as may include at least one diode, capacitor, and resistor, among other such options. The rectifier is configured to convert the signal (e.g., an RF signal) received by the antenna  204  into a voltage (e.g., DC). Conventional or novel rectifiers can be used for such purposes in various embodiments. In some embodiments, as discussed elsewhere herein, the receiver can include multiple antennas and/or rectifiers in order to increase performance and efficiency, as well as to enable the receiver to scale in capacity. 
     The receiver in this example can also include at least one converter  208 , such as a DC-to-DC converter, that enables the receiver to output or provide the intended voltage. In one embodiment the receiver puts out a voltage in the range of about five volts to about 40 volts, while in other embodiments a receiver can output down to a quarter of a volt or less, or up to hundreds or even thousands of volts or more using scaling approaches discussed and suggested elsewhere herein. The converter in this example can take any power coming from the rectifier  206  and ensure that five volts are being output, such as to a battery  212  for charging. As discussed elsewhere herein, it should be understood that the power can be output to any appropriate device, system, component, or service, and in some embodiments can be the sole power source for an electronic device that might not include a dedicated battery or power source. Other such options can be used as well. 
     In some embodiments, the receiver can use the antenna(s)  204  to communicate with a transmitter, such as by “chirping” or generating a short signal (e.g., RF) that can be received by a transmitter or other such device. In some embodiments, the receiver can additionally (or alternatively) utilize at least one communications component  210  in order to communicate with other devices or components. The communications component can be internal or external to the housing, and in some embodiments the receiver can leverage at least one communications component of a device to which the receiver is connected, or into which the receiver is embedded, among other such options. In at least some embodiments the communications component  210  enables the receiver to communicate using a wireless protocol. The wireless protocol can be a proprietary protocol, or in at least some embodiments can utilize a known or conventional wireless protocol in order to enable the receiver to communicate with additional types of devices. For example, the communications component can enable the receiver to communicate over a Bluetooth® channel, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, etc. As mentioned, the communications component can be used to transfer information such as an identifier for the device or a user of the device, and can also be used to transfer battery level information for a connected device, geographic location data, or other such information that can be useful in determining when to send power to the receiver, as well as the location at which to send the power beam. The communication can also include information about the receiver itself, such as the number of antenna elements, size and arrangement of those elements, power capacity, and other such information that can help to determine the size at which to focus the beam, as well as how much power should be transmitted via the beam. Other such information can be communicated as well, such as account information for use in charging the user for the power, or ensuring that the user, device, and/or receiver is authorized to receive power. Various other information can be transmitted as well in other embodiments. 
     A receiver can include other communication components as well. For example, the receiver housing  202  might include at least one lighting or display element, such as an LCD display or at least one LED, which can display or flash information that can be detected by a camera or sensor of another device, transmitter, or other such component. Similarly, the receiver might include at least one audio component, such as a speaker or microphone, that enables location determination via sonic triangulation or other such methods. Various other communication approaches can be utilized as well, as should be apparent. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a transmitter  300  that can be used to transmit power to a receiver such as that illustrated in  FIG.  2   . In this example, the transmitter includes at least two antenna elements  304  in order to be able to perform beamforming and/or signal direction for purposes of power transmission. In this example the antenna can be a patch or flat antenna with a diameter on the order of a quarter of an inch to ten inches, with a diameter of at least four inches in some embodiments. The antennas in at least some embodiments can be arranged in a flat array, while in other embodiments two or more orientations of the antenna elements can be used. In some embodiments the transmitter uses at least eight antenna elements, and in some embodiments  256  elements or more can be used for beamforming. As discussed elsewhere herein, however, any appropriate number, size, type, and configuration of antenna elements can be used based at least in part upon the power, distance, efficiency, and other such requirements of the system. Also as discussed, the antenna elements can have at least one polarization, or can have a selection of polarizations. These polarizations can include, for example, vertical pole, horizontal pole, circularly polarized, left hand polarized, right hand polarized, or a combination of polarizations. A transmitter might include a combination of horizontal and vertical polarizations, or might include circular polarization, in order to maximize the directionality and efficiency of the power transmission, as a receiver might be in any of a number of orientations with respect to the transmitter, and there might be various obstructions or path directions that might advantageously utilize specific polarizations. The selection of polarizations can vary for different use cases and embodiments. Further, in some embodiments the antenna elements  304  may be located on more than one surface of the transmitter. 
     The transmitter can include, internal or external to a housing  302  of the transmitter, at least one signal generation component, such as an analog RF component. In this example, the transmitter includes at least one RF integrated circuit (RFIC)  306  including a plurality of analog RF circuits and/or components that are operable to control aspects of the antenna elements  304 , as may include the gain and/or phase of those elements, in order to form and steer a beam with the desired properties (e.g., direction, focus, power level, etc.). In at least some embodiments the RFIC is placed as close to the antenna elements as is practical, in order to minimize losses. One or more digital controllers, such as at least one microcontroller  308 , can be attached to the analog RF circuitry in order to control aspects such as when a beam is formed, the direction for the beam, and other such aspects. The microcontroller can be any appropriate microcontroller, such as a PIC-class microprocessor. At least some transmitters can include more than one layer of digital and/or analog RF circuits. Further, in some embodiments each antenna element or a subset of the antenna elements can be connected to a corresponding RF circuit, which can then be connected to one or more microcontrollers. 
     The housing  302  of the transmitter can take any appropriate form, and can be made of any appropriate material as discussed for the receiver housing. For flat antenna arrays, the receiver housing might take the form of a relatively flat housing, such as may be hung on a wall or ceiling, embedded into a panel, etc. Various other forms can be utilized as well. In some embodiments, the antenna elements and RFIC elements might be included in a first housing, with at least some of the other components being in a separate housing. For example, a power supply  312  and plug for connecting to an outlet or other power source might be part of a “base station” or component that can be placed near an outlet, on a table, on a floor, or in another appropriate location. The base station might be connected to a separate “antenna panel” including the antenna elements and RFIC components, among other possible elements such as one or more microcontrollers, in order to enable the panel to be placed in any appropriate location independent of a location of the base station. The use of a separate base station also enables alternate and/or additional array panels to be utilized without having to purchase or obtain an additional or alternate base station. The base station, antenna panel, or other transmitter also can include at least one communication component  310 , as discussed with respect to the receiver, in order to communicate with one or more receivers. In some embodiments, a transmitter might include multiple communication components in order to communicate with devices or receivers using different communication protocols. As discussed, the transmitter also can use the antennas, a camera, a sensor, a display, an LED, or another such element to enable, or assist with, communication. The transmitter can also be very low band with respect to other transmission technologies, such as the 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz of Wi-Fi. 
     The transmitter can thus focus a beam to an appropriate location and size associated with the antenna(s) of the receiver, which can then be rectified by the rectifier of the receiver. The components of the rectifier such as the diode, however, can become relatively expensive as the power requirements increase. This can have the unfortunate result of increasing the cost of the receiver to a point that might make the system impractical or at least too expensive for certain users or applications. Accordingly, approaches in accordance with various embodiments can take advantage of multiple, lower power rectifiers that are significantly cheaper than equivalent higher power rectifiers.  FIG.  4    illustrates a configuration  400  wherein multiple rectifiers  404  are connected in parallel between an antenna element  402 , or antenna array, and a DC converter  406  of the receiver. In an example where the receiver is attempting to convert 10 Watts, a large and expensive diode would be needed if only a single diode was to be used, as the diode dictates the amount that can be converted. There are relatively inexpensive diodes that can handle smaller amounts, such as on the order of a quarter of a Watt, although other size diodes can be used as well based on factors such as cost, space, etc. By using multiple, smaller rectifiers in parallel, the RF signals received by the antenna element can go through multiple parallel circuits, each of which can handle a portion of the wattage. In at least some embodiments, the wattage can be combined at the DC converter  406 . In other embodiments, there might also be multiple converters in parallel, and once the signal is converted to DC a conventional battery or power component can combine the power as needed. 
     There can be any appropriate number of rectifiers used. In some embodiments there can be two, four, six, or eight rectifiers (e.g., 2.5 GHz rectifiers) per antenna, depending at least in part upon the amount of power to be converted. In an example where power is to be provided to a notebook computer that requires twenty Watts, the receiver might include a single RFIC that includes a set of diodes arranged in parallel, or the receiver might include multiple RFIC elements connected in parallel. Other such configurations can be utilized as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In at least some embodiments, it also can be desirable to utilize multiple, independent antenna elements as well. For example,  FIG.  5    illustrates an example configuration  500  wherein multiple antenna elements  502  are connected in parallel to a rectifier  504  and DC converter  506 . In this example, each antenna might be able to handle a certain wattage, such as about one Watt each. Similar to the rectifiers and converters, the capacity of the receiver can be scaled by increasing the number of antenna elements to provide the necessary capacity. In the example where a notebook computer requires 20 Watts, if each antenna element can handle one Watt then twenty antenna elements can be combined in order to deliver the appropriate capacity. In embodiments where each antenna element is a small patch, for example, there can be enough room on (or within) the casing of the computer to embed multiple antenna elements, such as four antenna elements or more. Each antenna element can be connected to one or more rectifiers, or a subset of the antenna elements can be connected to one of a set of rectifiers, among other such options that can also be selected based upon factors such as cost, space, and capacity, among others. For example, if 20 Watts are needed and each antenna can handle 1 Watt, then 20 antenna elements might be used. Further, if each rectifier diode can handle ¼ Watt, then four rectifiers are needed in parallel for each antenna in this example. The rectifiers can be separate, or at least some can be contained on one or more chips or boards that have an appropriate number of inputs. Other configurations and options can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. In at least some embodiments, the number of antenna elements that can be used might be limited by the size of the receiver housing or the size of the beam that can be transmitted by the transmitter, among other such factors. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example configuration  600  that can be used for a receiver in at least some embodiments. In this example, a number of antenna elements  602  are combined and their output is split across an array of rectifiers  604  configured to process the output in parallel. As discussed, it can be desirable in at least some embodiments for the rectifiers to be as close to the antennas as possible. Thus, although the rectifiers are shown “below” the antenna array in this example, it should be understood that in at least some embodiments the rectifiers can be behind or “within” the array in order to shorten the average path length and reduce losses. Further, in some embodiments each antenna can be connected to a dedicated rectifier, in order to further shorten the paths between the antennas and the rectifiers. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates yet another configuration  700 , wherein the receiver includes a group of antenna/rectifier sets  702 ,  704 ,  706 , and  708 . Each of these sets can include a subset of the number of antenna elements in the array (e.g., one or more), and can include at least one rectifier. Such an approach enables each rectifier to be very close to the respective antenna(s). The output from each rectifier can then be combined either before or after the converter for the receiver. In this example the receiver also includes a number of converters  710 , where each converter receives the output from one of the antenna/rectifier sets, and the output from the converters is then combined. It should also be understood that the output from the sets could be combined before the converters, which could then process the output in parallel. Various other options can be utilized as well in accordance with the various embodiments. 
     In these and other embodiments, a converter is capable of outputting a specific voltage, such as five volts in some examples, by converting any power or voltage coming in. As the amount of power increases the speed at which a battery or other such power source can be charged. Thus, it can be desirable in at least some embodiments, and where cost and space provide, for example, to include additional elements than are necessary to charge a particular device, in order to charge that device in less time. When multiple receivers are used with a single transmitter, for example, this can also improve the ability for a receiver to receive power when needed, as less time will be dedicated to other receivers. In one example, a device that can be charged using one Watt can be charged in 20% of the time it would take using one Watt by receiving five Watts. Further, the number of antenna elements on a receiver can, in at least some embodiments, also improve the efficiency of the wireless power delivery. In some embodiments, each receiver includes a number of antenna elements, such as ten elements, in order to provide for a range of power amounts, which can increase charging speed for at least some devices, and can guarantee a minimum efficiency of the power delivery. It should be understood that the efficiency and capacity also can be a factor of the number of antenna elements on the transmitter side. In some embodiments, a number of antenna elements can be determined for desired performance, and that number can be split among the transmitter and the receiver. For size, cost, and various other reasons, it will be the case in many embodiments that it will be more practical to place more of the antenna elements in the transmitter than in the receiver. Further, the number of elements needed on the transmitter is a function of the number of elements on the receiver. If it is desirable to put 1,000 antennas on the transmitter, the same basic functionality can be achieved by placing ten antenna elements on the receiver and one hundred on the transmitter, as one element on the receiver side is roughly equivalent to about ten such elements on the transmitter side. In at least some embodiments, then, it can be desirable to place as many antenna elements (up to a potential target number of elements) as is practical. This is further advantageous in at least some instances as receivers can be cheaper to manufacture (and purchase) than receivers for at least some systems. In some embodiments receivers have on the order of from about ten elements to over one-hundred elements, such as forty elements in one example receiver device. 
     In at least some embodiments, the beam from the transmitter to the receiver is formed along the path of least resistance. For example, if there is an object positioned between the transmitter and the receiver, the transmitter might form the beam to reflect from the ceiling or a wall, which can have less attenuation than the object. Further, although the levels utilized for various applications are safe to operate around humans, such an approach can be further desirable as energy is sent around people instead of through them. 
     As discussed, although receivers in accordance with certain embodiments utilize single polarizations, it can be desirable in at least some embodiments to include antenna elements of multiple polarizations in a receiver. The use of multiple polarizations can be particularly beneficial for certain types of devices such as portable or mobile devices, where the orientation of the device will change at various times. In some embodiments half of the antenna arrays might be vertical polarized and half horizontal polarized. In other embodiments, right and left circular polarization can be used as well, in any desirable proportion or ratio. For receivers used with devices such as two-handed video game controllers that typically have a range of orientations, there might be greater number of one polarization than another in order to improve efficiency, charging speed, or other such aspects. Other types of antenna designs might be used as well, such as fractal antennas of appropriate bandwidth. An advantage of horizontal and vertical image patches, among other such designs, is that the patches can be the same, with the polarization being determined by the side from which the patch is connected to the receiver. In embodiments with an appropriate controller, each patch can be fed from either of two sides, and the receiver can dynamically adjust the polarization of each patch in order to improve performance. In this way the ratio of horizontal to vertical polarized antennas can be updated as needed to optimize performance for the current orientation and environment. Other antenna elements can be used as well, such as metamaterial antennas that can be significantly more efficient than conventional patch antennas, and in at least some embodiments can be on the order of 10% of the size of a conventional patch or less, all while providing the same gain capacity. Such elements can help to reduce the size of the transmitters and receivers as well. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter might use less than a total number of antenna elements in a transmitter antenna array to transmit energy to the receiver. As long as at least two elements are used, the transmitter can perform advanced beamforming to implement beamnulling around mechanically point angle. Such an approach enables a suppression of off-axis sidelobes, and can result in a greater degree of compliance with FCC regulations than other approaches. Antenna designs utilized in accordance with various embodiments can also enable a smaller antenna profile than is utilized for conventional antenna arrays used for communications and other such purposes, and reduces the need for a moving base or other such mechanical mechanism. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a flat panel antenna array design  800  that can be used in accordance with various embodiments. This antenna array is illustrated as including 1005 separate elements in a circular arrangement that is approximately 34 inches in diameter. Alternate permutations are also possible including cut-off circular pattern, square, or other polygon arrangements. Additionally, this example array may be broken into numerous pieces and distributed across multiple surfaces (multi-faceted). While other numbers of elements are possible, the gain requirements for power transmitting favor at least 256 elements in this example. In some embodiments where size is an issue, the size of the antenna can be very small, such as on the order of about 4 inches in diameter, and can include as few as eight elements or less in various embodiments. In at least some embodiments a patch is a thin planar piece of metal, such as quarter mill metal. The antennas in some embodiments can be etched onto a printed circuit board, while in other embodiments the elements can be printed onto plastic or formed on a silicon chip, among other such options. 
       FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  illustrate cross section illustrations  900 ,  920 ,  940  of components of a flat panel antenna array such as that illustrated in  FIG.  8   . In the array configuration  900  of  FIG.  9 A  the elements  902  are seen on a substrate layer  904 . The elements  902  may be horizontal pole, vertical pole, circular polarized, left hand polarized, right hand polarized or some combination thereof. The substrate layer  904  provides mechanical stability and heat absorption properties, for example. Wires can be seen extending from each element  902  to a corresponding RF circuit  906 . Due to the processing requirements of 1005 individual elements in this example, a combination of analog RF circuits  906  and one or more digital circuit(s) may be utilized to reduce processing requirements. However, since these elements are putting out very small signals, it can be desirous in at least some embodiments that the analog RF circuits  904  are physically closely aligned with the elements  902  in order to minimize loss. The phase and amplitude of each element  902  may be modulated by the respective RF circuit  904  in order to generate the desired beamform and null steering. 
     While  FIG.  9 A  illustrates an array that has each element  902  coupled to a single RF circuit  906 , in  FIG.  9 B  an array configuration  920  is illustrated where a subset of the elements  922  are coupled to a single RF circuit  926 . In this example, the RF circuit  926  couples to four elements  922 . More or fewer elements  922  may be controlled by each RF circuit  926 , in some embodiments. The determination of the required number of elements to be coupled to a single controller may be based at least in part upon processing requirements, desired array cost, and the needs of the final application, among other such factors. In some applications, very high levels of control and granularity may be desired, resulting in a lower ratio of controllers to elements. In other applications, fewer controllers are needed because beams control can be less granular. 
     For example, in  FIG.  9 C  an array configuration  940  is illustrated where a pair of elements  942  couples to a single RF circuit  946 . This can provide greater control over beamforming than the previous example that coupled one controller to four elements. Two of these RF circuits may then couple to a second layer analog RF circuit  948 . In turn, two of the second layer RF circuits  948  may couple to a single final RE circuit  950 . This RF circuit  950  may be an analog or a digital circuit. 
     In certain embodiments, the RF chips or other such components can be placed as closely to the antennas as possible by embedding the RF chips in a printed circuit board (PCB) positioned just behind, or adjacent to, the respective antenna elements. Such an approach avoids the need to run long traces or RF cables, etc. Since large antenna arrays can require hundreds of such cables, such an approach can significantly reduce the overall cabling length and associated losses. The RF chips can be embedded in locations selected to reduce the length of wire needed. Thus, the array of antenna or dipole elements can have the RFIC analog chip or other such component embedded right behind, in order to minimize the trace length and, thus, the amount of loss. 
     The package size can be increased in some embodiments in order to have an embedded antenna array on a semiconductor. The die (e.g., RFIC) can be relatively small, but a physical package could be utilized that includes a PCB with wires running as necessary. The die can be positioned on a piece of silicon and/or bonded to a piece of aluminum. In one embodiment a piece of silicon can be used that has on the order of sixteen wires going to the edges, for example. The silicon could be soldered onto a piece of metal, for example, which then becomes the package. Alternatively, the silicon could have a metal ground plane initially. Since the silicon piece generally will be small, however, it can be desirable to place the silicon on a PCB or piece of metal, among other such substrates. 
     Many embodiments can utilize such a multilayered approach including several-to-many controllers. For example, in some embodiments an array of 1,000 elements may include a first layer of RF circuits that service 10 elements apiece (100 RF circuits). Ten of these RF circuits may feed to a second layer RF circuit (10 second layer RF circuits). These 10 second layer RF circuits then feeds to a final RF circuit. Such a “nested” RF circuit design may be able to provide better control over beamforming than current systems. 
     In many embodiments phasing is performed in analog, and groups of elements can be combined in analog before converting to digital. In some embodiments, all the elements are combined with an analog RF circuit and then one digital RF circuit. In other embodiments, a group of elements may be controlled using analog RF circuits, and then these groups may be combined using a smaller group of digital RF circuits. For example, every horizontal row of a number (e.g., 8) of elements could be combined in analog, and then the output of these eight rows combined in digital. 
     Beamforming can be performed on a very short time scale that can seem nearly instantaneous, whereas mechanical movement of a beam is comparatively very slow. Thus such an array may track a moving object (in relation to the mobile platform) much more tightly than mechanically dependent antennas. Further, the flat geometry of such an antenna, and the ability for the array to be static, can enable a nearly flush profile. On very fast moving objects, or those prone to elemental or human damage, this profile may prevent significant drag or damage of the array. Moreover, the lack of complex moving parts reduces maintenance and possible mechanical failures of the antenna compared to traditional antennas. Further, the cost of such an array can be significantly lower than those which rely upon mechanical hardware. In addition to advantages enumerated above, it should also be noted that an array of this sort can have very close control of null spaces. This allows the array to “beamshape” by steering null spaces around the central beamform. 
     As discussed, the components of a receiver can be connected to an electronic device, embedded in an electronic device, or otherwise positioned in order to deliver power to the device. For example, in  FIG.  10    the receiver  1010  is embedded in a device  1000 , such that the device can receive power from the receiver which can be provided to a power source  1008  of the device without having to connect any external components to the device. The device can include a communication module  1012  as discussed which can receive information from a processor  1002  or I/O component  1006  of the device to send to a transmitter, in order to cause power to be transmitted to the device. Such an approach can be used to charge a battery of the device or power the device without need for a battery, among other such options. 
     In the configuration  1100  of  FIG.  11   , the receiver is part of a battery or battery back utilized by the device. In this way, the battery can receive power in order to charge itself without having to be removed from the device, and in at least some embodiments can be charged during operation of the device. In other embodiments, such a “battery” pack enables the device to be powered using the transmitted power, without having to include a battery or even a device for storing power for the device. 
     In the configuration  1200  of  FIG.  12   , the receiver  1212  and a communication element  1214  are contained in a component  1204  that is separate from the electronic device  1202 . The component can be plugged into, or otherwise attached to, any of a number of different devices, such that a customer can use a single receiver with various devices. The component also can take a number of different forms, such as a case for the device  1202 , a dongle, a USB device, a third-party accessory, etc. In this example the receiver is able to provide power to the device, and the communication module is able to obtain information to be conveyed to the transmitter in order to ensure that an appropriate amount of energy is sent at an appropriate time. Various other configurations and functionality can be used as discussed elsewhere herein. 
     As mentioned, the transmitter can focus at least one beam to an appropriate location and size associated with the antenna(s) of the receiver, which can then be rectified by the rectifier of the receiver. The ability to precisely form a beam of a desired size and power can depend at least in part upon the number of antenna elements in the transmitter and/or the receiver. Accordingly, approaches in accordance with various embodiments can utilize dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of antenna elements in order to provide desired beamforming capabilities and performance. Using analog elements instead of digital elements can provide significant cost savings, and can allow for the inclusion of additional elements in a transmitter without a substantial increase in cost to the customer. Further, analog elements work over a wide band, not a small portion of the overall spectrum, such that an analog transmitter can also offer greater flexibility than digital transmitters in at least some embodiments. 
     In the example configuration  1300  of  FIG.  13   , an antenna panel  1302 , or housing, is displayed that is connected to a base station  1312 . As illustrated in the example of  FIG.  3   , the components can alternatively be placed in a single housing or otherwise arranged within the scope of the various embodiments. In this example, a number of antenna elements  1304  are arranged within the panel, with each of the antenna elements being connected (not shown) by an appropriate wire, cable, line, or other such mechanism to analog control circuitry, such as at least one RF integrated circuit (RFIC)  1306  including components operable to control aspects of the antenna elements  1304 , as may include the gain and/or phase of those elements, in order to form and steer a beam as discussed above. The RFIC in this example is also placed within the panel  1302  in order to place the RFIC as close to the antenna elements as is practical, in order to minimize losses as discussed above. Other components of the transmitter then can be included in the base station  1312 . In this example the base station includes the microcontroller  1314  for the antenna array, as well as the power components that are configured to receive power from an outlet and provide the necessary type of power to the microcontroller and other components. The base station in this example also includes a wireless communication element  1318  for communicating with one or more receivers or other such devices, although in at least some embodiments components such as the microcontroller and communication component(s) can be included in the transmitter panel  1302  as well. An advantage to having a panel  1302  separate from the base station  1312  is that components such as the power components might include a significant amount of weight, but elements such as the antenna elements and RFIC components are relatively light. Thus, separating the components can make it easier to hang the antenna panel on a wall or ceiling, for example. Further, the power components typically will need to be plugged into an electrical outlet in certain embodiments, so the separation enables the base station to be near the outlet and the panel placed where desired. In embodiments where the transmitter is hardwired into the location or building, for example, it might be more desirable to use a combined arrangement as illustrated in  FIG.  3   . Another advantage of the separation is that the customer can purchase a base station and separately purchase an antenna panel of the desired shape and/or capacity, such that the customer can pay for just what the customer wants and more options or combinations can be provided. Further, if the customer&#39;s demands change, the customer can buy a new panel instead of a whole new transmitter, which can provide significant cost savings in at least some embodiments. 
     In this example the panel  1302  can be any appropriate shape and/or size, as may be determined based at least in part upon the number and configuration of antenna elements to be contained within the panel. The panel can be made of any appropriate material, such as a lightweight plastic, rubber, or polymer material. The panel housing also can come in different colors or shapes that might be customizable or selectable by a user. In some embodiments, skins or other mechanisms can be used to adjust the appearance of the panel as well. In some embodiments a customer might utilize the panel behind a wall surface, picture, ceiling panel, or other such object such that appearance or form might not be of concern, other than potentially including helpful mounting mechanisms or other such components. At least some panels might be designed to hang on the visible surface of a wall or ceiling, such that an aesthetically pleasing design and/or color might be desirable, or at least a design that is as visually unobtrusive as possible. 
     Similarly, the base station can be made of any appropriate material, which can be similar to, or different from, the material used for the panel. The base station may or may not include mounting hardware, depending at least in part upon whether the base station is part of the panel assembly or a separate component connected to the panel by power and communication cabling, or another such component. The base station can include any additional components as may be appropriate, such as a cooling fan, power switch, LED element for providing operation and/or other notifications to a user, a display element for displaying an interface to a user, one or more input buttons or keys, a touch screen, or other such elements. In some embodiments the components of the base station might be built into another device as discussed elsewhere herein. 
     A transmitter can focus energy using all the antenna elements in the array in order to deliver the maximum amount of power capable of being provided to a receiver. In some embodiments, however, it might be desirable to only utilize a subset of the antenna elements. For example, a receiver might only be able to charge a device up to a certain rate or amount, a user might have specified a power limit, or another such factor might come into play. Increasing the number of antenna elements used can improve the ability to shape the beam, the amount of power able to be transferred via the beam, and other such aspects, but in some cases less than the total number of elements may be sufficient. Logic in the microcontroller or an attached device can determine how many elements to use for a given purpose at a given time. 
     In some embodiments, such logic can also determine when and how to charge devices when there are more than two devices or receivers that want to receive a charge. For example,  FIG.  14 A  illustrates an example situation  1400  wherein there are two computing devices  1402  and  1414  within a transmission range of a transmitter  1406 , or at least an antenna panel of a transmitter, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In this example, each device  1402 ,  1414  can communicate over a wireless channel (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, acoustic, optical, etc.) with the transmitter  1406  in order to convey information about a current power level, power stage, charging need, or other such information. In at least some embodiments, each of the devices  1402 ,  1414  can have software installed that communicates with a power receiver, which can be built in or external that can determine information about one or more power states of the respective device and communicate that information to the transmitter. In some embodiments, the software can cause power level information to periodically be transmitted to the transmitter, such as via a periodic heartbeat or in response to periodic polling from the transmitter, among other such options, while in other embodiments a receiver may send a request or transmission only when charging of the device is determined to be appropriate. For example, each device might have a determined power level at which the device requests charging to ensure that the device does not run out of power, at least before a next charging opportunity. In other embodiments, a user might configure or set a level at which to obtain charging. In still other embodiments a device might be set to periodically request charging to make sure that the device (or a battery or other power component of the device) is at or near a full charge. Various other timing and charge determining approaches can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In  FIG.  14 A , one of the devices, here a notebook computer  1402 , has indicated to the transmitter  1406  that the device is requesting to receive power. Accordingly, the transmitter  1406  can attempt to determine the location of the notebook computer  1402  in order to attempt to deliver power to the antenna array  1404  of the notebook. As discussed, the transmitter can attempt to determine the location to which to deliver power in a number of different ways. In one approach, the antenna elements of the notebook computer can be caused to “chirp” or otherwise emit a signal that can be detected by the antenna elements of the transmitter, which can be analyzed by the components of the transmitter in order to adjust a gain or phase of at least some of the antenna elements in order to deliver power to that location, including an appropriate amount of beamforming and focus, etc. For example, a transmitter or receiver receiving a chirp can compare the signal to a local crystal, determine a difference in the local antenna elements, and adjust the phases accordingly. In other embodiments, the wireless or sideband channel can be used to send geo-location information, as may be determined using a GPS or other sensor of the notebook computer, among other such options. The information can be used to focus a beam  1410  to a focus region  1412  that is approximately the size of the antenna array  1404  of the notebook computer, in order to minimize losses due to portions of the beam that are not detected by the array. For at least some embodiments, the beam can be split and focused on different portions of the array, or even individual antenna elements, in order to further improve efficiency. 
     While power is being transmitted to the notebook computer  1402 , the notebook computer can periodically send updates as to the current power state in at least some embodiments. Such an approach can not only help the transmitter to determine when to stop delivering power to the device, but can also help the transmitter to determine when and where to deliver power as will be discussed later herein. In some embodiments, a device might only send another signal to the transmitter when charging is complete, such that the transmitter knows to stop transmitting power to that device. Since such an approach might cause issues if the device is powered off or removed, in at least some embodiments a device must send a periodic message during charging in order to signal to the transmitter to continue sending a charge to the device. Various other approaches can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In  FIG.  14 A , however, there is also a tablet computer  1414  that also includes antenna elements of a power receiver, and is able to communicate with the transmitter to provide location and charging information, for example, in order to also obtain power as for the notebook computer  1402 . The transmitter can determine the location and the need for charging, and can focus a beam on the antenna array of the tablet computer. 
     It might be the case, however, where at certain times both devices  1402 ,  1414  request power from the transmitter. A number of different approaches can be taken to provide power to both devices. In a first example, the needs of the devices are determined and ranked, such as to determine which device is more in need of power delivery, and then power is delivered to that device first, followed by the other device. In other embodiments, the transmitter  1406  can include logic to cause power to be delivered in an alternating fashion between the two devices. For example, the transmitter might determine equal periods of time to deliver power to each device. Since the antenna elements can adjust the beam very rapidly, the power can be delivered for a period of time to the first device, then for a period to the second device, then again for the first device, etc., until at least one of the devices is fully charged or otherwise no longer requires (or is able to obtain) charging. In some embodiments, the periods might be different for each device. For example, one device might be closer to losing power, or might be consuming more power, such that the transmitter can (if receiving such information from the devices) determine an appropriate ratio of charging periods to use for each device. As should be understood, such an approach can be used with more than two devices as well. 
     In some embodiments, the antenna array of the transmitter  1406  can also be configured to simultaneously deliver power to both devices using different subsets of the antenna array. For example,  FIG.  14 B  illustrates an example situation  1420  where a first subset  1422  of antenna elements of the transmitter is configured to deliver power to the notebook computer  1402  and a second subset  1424  is configured to form and send a beam  1426  that is focused on the antenna array  1428  of the tablet computer. Such an approach can enable both devices to be charged concurrently, which can be desirable in at least some situations, such as where an external receiver is connected to a device and the device has some delay or time constraints on charging, constantly notifies the user with changes in charge state, etc. Further, in at least some embodiments one or more devices might not include a battery or otherwise might operate using the power delivered from the transmitter, such that periodic charging may not be sufficient. Such approaches might be used to enable the devices to be very light, without need for a battery, as well as to provide for security, where a device must provide authentication to receive power and cannot work outside a designated area. Various other such situations exist as well. 
     In some embodiments, the ability to use different portions of the array for different purposes also can allow for other types of transmission as well, such as a power transmission using a first subset and a data transmission using a second subset. 
     The transmitter can utilize any of a number of types of information to determine whether to charge in an alternating or concurrent manner, or in a combination thereof wherein at least one device receives continuous power and other devices might alternatively receive power. Further, the transmitter can determine information such as the number of elements available, size of beam needed, amount of power needed, and other such information to determine how many and which elements to use to deliver power to each device. Different devices or receivers can have different numbers of antenna elements, such that the logic on the transmitter can determine how to fairly distribute power based on capacity or other such factors. Also as discussed, in some situations a device might need more power than another device, such that the transmitter can determine how to split up the power delivery in a proportion that is still as fair as possible to all receivers. Various other approaches and logic can be used as well. 
     The devices and transmitter can remain in communication such that power delivery can change as needed. For example, an amount of power consumption by one device might change, the user might plug a device into a wall socket, etc., such that the amount of power needed can change while charging. The transmitter can receive this information in at least some embodiments, and can determine how to adjust delivery. In some embodiments, the receivers (or devices attached to the receivers) can determine an amount of power delivery needed in response to a change, action, or event, and can communicate that information to the transmitter. Thus, the number of elements or approach used to power various devices can change at any time, even during charging. 
     As mentioned, the transmitter can include a number of antenna elements that can have different polarizations and arrangements in order to handle multiple different receiver orientations and/or locations. Such differences can also affect how many elements are used to deliver power to a given device, as certain polarizations or orientations may be more effective for certain device orientations or locations, and in at least some embodiments the transmitter can be configured to optimize for efficiency to the extent possible while still providing sufficient power delivery. 
     It also should be stated that such delivery approaches can advantageously be used with other types of signals as well, such as for communications or other such purposes. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates an example transmitter panel  1500  that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments. In this example the panel includes a large number of antenna elements  1504 , which could include over one-hundred elements in this example. It is possible that a single RFIC could be used with all these antenna elements. Such an RFIC can be relatively expensive, and as discussed it can be desirable to minimize the path length between antenna elements and the RFIC elements in order to minimize loss. Accordingly approaches in accordance with various embodiments utilize several smaller RFIC devices  1506  that are each connected to a subset of the antenna elements  1504  in the antenna panel housing  1502 . In this example each RFIC is able to connect to eight antenna elements, although any appropriate number of connections can be made in various embodiments. Small analog RFIC devices are relatively inexpensive, so such an approach can minimize losses by enabling the RFIC devices to be placed relatively close to the connected antenna elements, but also can substantially reduce costs over a larger, single RFIC device. In this example, at least one additional layer of RFIC devices  1508  can be used to connect or “cascade” the RFIC devices  1506  in order to combine the connections of the various antenna elements to a single output (or at least fewer outputs). 
     The ability to inexpensively add additional RFIC devices and antenna elements provides the scaling desired for various transmission applications, as the beamforming capability can scale with the number of phase shifters and amplifiers of the RFIC devices for the respective antenna elements. Although two layers are shown in the example, there can be any of a number of layers of RF chips or other such devices cascading to support the number of antenna elements, with the number of RF chips per layer and number of layers being a factor of the number of antenna elements and the number of connectors on each RF chip. In an embodiment where each chip can accept sixteen inputs, an assembly of seventeen RFIC chips can support up to two-hundred and fifty-six antenna elements. A similar approach can be performed where the transmitter is also configured to act as a receiver. 
     Although in many instances a transmitter will be a standalone component, as a single unit or as a base station and antenna panel, for example, in some embodiments one or more components of a computing or electronic device can be utilized with a transmitter as well. For example, the components of a transmitter can be connected to an electronic device, embedded in an electronic device, or otherwise positioned in order to deliver power to the device. For example, in  FIG.  16    the transmitter  1610  is embedded in a device  1600 , such that the device can provide power obtained from a power source  1608  of the device without having to connect any external components to the device. The device can include a communication module  1612  as discussed which can receive information from a processor  1602  or I/O component  1606  of the device to send to a receiver, in order to cause power to be transmitted to the receiver. Such an approach can be used to charge a battery of the receiving device or power the device without need for a battery, among other such options. 
     In the configuration  1700  of  FIG.  17   , the transmitter is part of a battery or battery back  1710  utilized by the device. In this way, the battery can transmit power to other devices in order to charge those devices, such as may be useful in a gaming console or similar device that has controllers or other accessories that might require power. 
     In the configuration  1800  of  FIG.  18   , the transmitter  1812  and a communication element  1814  are contained in a component  1804  that is separate from the electronic device  1802 . The component can be plugged into, or otherwise attached to, any of a number of different devices, such that a customer can use a single receiver with various devices. The component also can take a number of different forms, such as a case for the device  1802 , a dongle, a USB device, a third-party accessory, etc. In this example the receiver is able to obtain power from the device, and the communication module is able to obtain information to be conveyed to the receiver in order to ensure that an appropriate amount of energy is sent at an appropriate time. Various other configurations and functionality can be used as discussed elsewhere herein. 
     In the configuration  1900  of  FIG.  19   , it is shown that additional antenna elements and/or assemblies  1914  can be added to such a device as well, using approaches discussed elsewhere herein. 
     In at least some instances, a user might want the ability to increase the amount of power that can be delivered, in order to more rapidly charge one or more devices. A user might also want the ability to power more devices concurrently. In many cases a user also, or alternatively, will want to improve the overall efficiency of power transmission using various transmitters discussed herein. As mentioned, these goals can be achieved in at least some embodiments by increasing the number of antenna elements used for the transmission(s). A user thus can purchase a new transmitter, or can purchase a new antenna panel as discussed with respect to  FIG.  15   , that includes additional antenna elements. 
     Replacing an entire transmission system can be expensive, however, particularly where the user also has to replace the base station including the power components. Swapping in a different antenna panel can be less expensive, but still can result in unused panels and can increase the amount of waste produced if the user gets rid of the old panel. Further still, purchasing a larger antenna panel does not take advantage of the fact that the user already has a number of antenna elements in the user&#39;s possession. 
     Accordingly, approaches in accordance with various embodiments enable users to utilize additional antenna panels, arrays, assemblies, or other such configurations or components, in addition to those that the user might already utilize. For example, consider the situation  2000  of  FIG.  20 A . In this example the user already has an antenna panel  2002  plugged into a base station  2012 , where the panel includes a number of antenna elements  2006  and control circuitry or components  2008 , as discussed elsewhere herein. If the user wants to increase the number of antenna elements in the transmission system, the user can plug another antenna panel  2004  into the base station  2012 . In this example both antenna panels include the same number of antenna elements  2006  (although different numbers, sizes, or configurations can be used within the scope of various embodiments) such that the number of antenna elements in the system is doubled, without any waste with respect to the original panel  2002 . Each panel can have a cable  2010  or other connector that is able to be received by a port or other connection mechanism of the base station  2012 . The number of panels that can be connected in this example might be limited only by the number of ports or connectors available on the base station. The base station can be configured such that the controller  2014  can detect the addition of another panel  2004 , and can determine information such as the number and arrangement of elements, among other such information that might be stored by the panel or otherwise obtainable based at least in part upon some information or identifier provided by the panel or input into the base station, etc. The controller can enable the panels  2002 ,  2004  to share the controller  2014  and power elements  2016 , as well as the wireless device  2018  or other mechanisms of the base station. It should be understood, however, that in some embodiments one or more of these components might also be contained in at least one of the panels, such that not every panel needs to share all functionality of each appropriate component in a given base station. 
     The controller  2014  in the base station can then choose to treat the panels separately or as part of a larger, single array of antenna elements  2006 . The controller also can select sub-sets of one or the other, or across both panels, to use to direct energy (or data, etc.) to various destinations. The increased number of antenna elements enables improved beamforming and focus versus for a single panel, such that efficiency can be improved. Further, the larger number of elements enables additional groups of those elements to be used to power more devices concurrently, or deliver more power to each device concurrently receiving power, etc. 
     In  FIG.  20 A  each panel  2002 ,  2004  is connected by a cable  2010  or other connector directly to the base station  2012 .  FIG.  20 B  illustrates another example configuration  2020 , wherein only one of the panels  2004  is connected to the base station  2012 , and a second panel  2002  is directly connected to that panel  2004  by a cable  2022  or other appropriate connector. It should be understood that while direct connections are shown for purposes of explanation, it is possible that indirect connections can be made as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     An advantage to such an assembly is that the panels might be located in a position, such as on a wall or in a ceiling, that is at a significant distance from the base station, and requiring each panel to connect to the base station can involve running an additional connector to the base station, which can be impractical in at least some situations. Accordingly, approaches in accordance with at least some embodiments can enable the panels to connect to each other, such that the number of antenna elements can be increased without having to run another cable to the base station. In this example, each antenna panel assembly  2002 ,  2004  includes a number of antenna elements (of similar or different number, size, shape, material, orientation, transmission capability, etc.) and appropriate RF or other such circuitry, with a single controller of the base station  2012  used to drive the antennas. 
     It is possible, however, that each panel (or at least one of the panels) might also include its own microcontroller, or other such control mechanism, that can work together with the controller of the base station  2004  and potentially any other controller of any other antenna panel. Further, each panel might be able to connect to a number of other panels, such as is illustrated in the example situation  2100  of  FIG.  21   . In this example, each panel  2102  can connect on a side to another panel, with each panel being able to connect to up to four panels in order to effectively create a larger antenna panel assembly. It should be understood that other configurations and numbers of connections can be used as well, including stacking, connecting in shaped configurations, etc. 
     In this example, each panel includes its own microcontroller that can communicate with the controller of the base station, although in at least some embodiments a single controller in the base station might be used. Upon a panel being connected to the assembly, the controller of the base station can obtain information about the panel, either by receiving information pushed by the microcontroller of the added panel, polling the panels for new information, or other such mechanisms. In some embodiments a user might use an interface to indicate to the base station and/or assembly that a panel has been added, where the panel was added, how many elements are included, etc. In some embodiments, the user (or system, etc.) might execute a software program that provides such information and/or programs the base station to control the additional panel. In other embodiments, configuration information might be stored in each panel that can be read by the base station, and the connection port(s) or mechanism(s) to which the panel is connected can be used to determine the relative location of the panel in the assembly. Various other approaches can be used as well. 
     In this example each panel can “snap” into, or otherwise connect with, an adjacent panel. Other approaches might connect using only data cables or other such mechanisms. In embodiments that do not include separate housings, additional elements or set of elements might be able to be added as desired, such as by plugging another set into a board or assembly, among other such options. Such an approach enables each panel to operate separately using the respective microcontroller, but also allows any set or grouping of the antenna elements of the connected panel assembly to be used for transmission to a particular destination. A controller of the base station can include logic (or can be in communication with a component having logic) that enables the base station to determine which of the connected antennas to use for a particular amount of power delivery, destination, etc., and can contact the individual microcontrollers where appropriate. Approaches for determining how to utilize the antenna arrays can be similar to the logic discussed above wherein the antenna elements are all part of a single assembly, among other such options. 
     In some embodiments, each panel includes a printed circuit board (PCB) with a number of antenna elements or patches positioned thereon, that are connected to an RF chip configured to control those patches. As discussed, each panel can include at least one microcontroller, or can communicate with a microcontroller in a base station or other such component. In some embodiments, a panel may include space to add circuit boards with additional elements within the same housing. Various other components such as LEDs, display elements, audio components, wireless communications components, or other such existing or conventional components can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. The base station can include power components and other components as discussed elsewhere herein, and can include, or enable attachment of, a power plug or other such component for obtaining power from a power outlet or other such source. 
     The number of antenna elements in each panel can vary, and may be selected based on any of a number of factors. For example, different numbers of elements may be selected for different panels of different sizes, in order to provide panels of different cost and power delivery capability, as well as to enable customers to select panels or other housings of antenna elements that will fit in various spaces. Further, in some embodiments depending upon geographic location and amount of power to be transmitted, there might be federal, local, or other applicable regulations regarding the amount of power transmitted, or other such aspects, although beamforming with multiple antennas allows the amount of power transmitted to be increased with respect to other potential approaches. 
     A small example panel for home or office use, for example, might include sixteen or thirty-two patches, and might be able to deliver about half a Watt over a range of about twenty feet. If the user wants to move the transmission system to a larger room, or wants more power to charge devices more quickly, the user can plug in an additional panel with more antenna elements. In some embodiments, the packaging for each panel can give guidance as to the amount of additional power each can provide. In some embodiments, a user might be able to run a software program where the user inputs various parameters, such as room size, number of devices to be charged, cost, and/or speed at which devices should be charged, and can receive a recommendation as to the number of antenna elements, number of panels, or size of additional panel(s) to be added to provide those values. For example, in some embodiments, adding a second panel with a similar number of antenna elements can double the amount of power that can be delivered and cut the charging time in half. Each additional model can reduce the charging time proportionally. 
     Each additional panel or other antenna assembly can obtain power from the base station (directly or indirectly through another antenna assembly), and can utilize control logic from the base station and/or other components. It is desired in at least some situations that when a user adds another panel, the transmission system does not require any additional configuration by the user and acts as if the larger number of antenna elements were included in the system as originally installed. As mentioned, each antenna assembly can have one or more RFIC&#39;s or other such circuits, which can be controlled by a local and/or remote controller or microcontroller. In at least some embodiments, the panels do not include power supplies or microcontrollers in order to reduce redundancy and decrease the cost of the system, among other such advantages. 
     As mentioned, in some situations there might be regulations limiting the amount of power that can be delivered in a particular geographic area. In some embodiments there can be a GPS element included in the base station to determine the location, which can then be used to determine the local regulations, such as by checking against a local storage or making a call to a network if the base station includes one or more networking components, such as WiFi, 4G, etc. In some embodiments where the base station is able to communicate with devices such as smart phones or tablet computers over a wireless connection, such as Bluetooth, the base station can request location information from the device, and can even leverage the network connection of the device, where permitted, to obtain local regulation information from across the relevant network(s). The controller of the base station then can ensure that power is not delivered in a way that violates local regulations, and can monitor usage of the system when the system has the capability to exceed those regulations to notify the user of any request or application that might violate the regulations. In some embodiments the base station can communicate with a user, such as by a display element on the station or a panel, by communicating with one of the nearby devices, by sending a text or instant message, etc., to indicate that adding additional panels might only enable more devices to be charged concurrently, as the maximum amount of power delivery to a single device has already been reached. Various other information and notifications can be provided as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     As mentioned, when a controller (or microcontroller) in the base station controls the antenna patches of each panel, the controller will need to be able to determine the presence, number, and configuration of the additional elements, in order to be able to control those elements for purposes of beamforming, etc. While the RFIC or other such circuitry and/or components are doing the actual adjustments for the respective elements or patches in a panel, the microcontroller is providing the instructions to the RFIC, with some I/O requests or other such communications. In some embodiments, an 8-bit, I 2 C, MIPI, SPI, or other such bus might be used for communications. As mentioned, in some embodiments each panel might include its own microcontroller, which can receive instructions (wired or wirelessly) from the base station or another such component and determine how to instruct the local RFIC elements. 
     Each panel in at least some embodiments can have at least one “power in” and at least one “power out” port or connector to enable additional panels to receive power from the base station, in addition to communication ports or connections. Each panel only needs to receive power from one other panel, or the base station, so a single power in and single power out can be sufficient in at least some embodiments. In one embodiment, 5V AC can be fed across the panels such that there is no need to pay for another AC to DC conversion. In some embodiments, the same cable or connection can be used for communication and power delivery, such as a USB cable or other such connector, although the microcontrollers can communicate wirelessly using a protocol such as ZigBee or Bluetooth in at least some embodiments. In some embodiments each panel can have an identifier, and instructions emitted by the controller can include the identifier in a header portion, metadata, etc., such that even though some or all of the panels might receive the instructions, each local component (e.g., microcontroller and/or RFIC) can ignore the instructions including any other identifier. Certain panels can communicate with the microcontroller to be dynamically assigned an identifier that is different from the other panels, or a user might set one or more switches or other inputs to establish an identifier, or designate a panel as a “master” or a “slave,” among other such options. Further, the base station controller might receive configuration information from the user as to where each panel is attached, or might be able to determine from the order each panel is added, and the ports or connectors used to connect that panel, where the panel is in the system. Various other such approaches can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In some embodiments it might also be possible to scale the base station, such as by adding additional base stations or additional modules. Such an approach can enable new communications or control mechanisms, additional ports or power connections, or other such components to be added to a transmission system, without need to purchase a new (or larger overall) base station. In some embodiments such as commercial establishments where there might be a large number of panels in different locations, there might be multiple base stations used to provide power and instructions, but those base stations can communicate in order to coordinate the delivery of power from different panels that might be connected to different base stations. In some embodiments there might be a master base station that manages the overall delivery for the location, sending instructions and exchanging information with each other base station connected to the system. Various other reasons for adding base stations or station components can apply as well in various situations. Various other upgrade paths can be possible as well, as may be implemented through software upgrades, new cards or chips, etc. 
     While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, modifications and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and systems of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, modifications, and various substitute equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.