Patent Publication Number: US-7721125-B2

Title: System, method, and architecture for dynamic server power management and dynamic workload management for multi-server environment

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/121,744 filed 11 Apr. 2002 now abandoned and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/283,375 entitled “System, Method and Architecture for Dynamic Server Power Management and Dynamic Workload Management for Multi-Server Environment” filed on Apr. 11, 2001; the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention pertains generally to architecture apparatus, systems, and methods for data and information servers; more particularly to power consumption management and control systems for high-density multi-server architectures that maintain performance while conserving energy and to the method for power management used therein, and most particularly to system, method, and architecture for dynamic server power management and dynamic workload management for multi-server environments. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Heretofore servers generally, and multi-node network servers in particular, have paid little if any attention to power or energy conservation. Such servers were designed and constructed to run at or near maximum levels so as to serve data or other content as fast as possible, or where service demands were less than capacity to remain ever vigilant to provide fast response to service requests. Increasing processor and memory speeds have typically been accompanied by higher processor core voltages to support the faster device switching times, and faster hard disk drives have typically lead to faster and more energy-hungry disk drive motors. Larger memories and caches have also lead to increased power consumption even for small single-node servers. Power conservation efforts have historically focused on the portable battery-powered notebook market where battery life is an important marketing and use characteristic. However, in the server area, little attention has been given to saving power, such servers usually not adopting or utilizing even the power conserving suspend, sleep, or hibernation states that are available with some Microsoft 95/98/2000 Operating system based personal computers. 
   Multi-node servers present a particular energy consumption problem as they have conventionally be architected as a collection of large power hungry boxes interconnected by external interconnect cables. Little attention has been placed on the size or form factor of such network architectures, the expansability of such networks, or on the problems associated with large network configurations. Such conventional networks have also by-and-large paid little attention to the large amounts of electrical power consumed by such configurations or in the savings possible. This has been due in part because of the rapid and unexpected expansion in the Internet and in servers connected with and serving to Internet clients. Internet service companies and entrepreneurs have been more interested in a short time to market and profit than on the effect on electrical power consumption and electrical power utilities; however, continuing design and operation without due regard to power consumption in this manner is problematic. 
   Networks servers have also by-and-large neglected to factor into the economics of running a network server system the physical plant cost associated with large rack mounted equipment carrying perhaps one network node per chassis. These physical plant and real estate costs also contribute to large operating costs. 
   In the past, more attention was given to the purchase price of equipment and little attention to the operating costs. It would be apparent to those making the calculation that operating costs may far exceed initial equipment purchase price, yet little attention has been paid to this fact. More recently, the power available in the California electrical market has been at crisis levels with available power reserves dropping below 1.5% and rolling blackouts occurring as electrical power requirements drop below available electrical power generation capacity. High technology companies in the heart of Silicon Valley cannot get enough electrical power to make or operate product, and server farms which consume vast quantities of electrical energy for the servers and for cooling equipment and facilities in which they are housed, have stated that they may relocated to areas with stable supplies of low-cost electricity. 
   Even were server manufactures motivated to adopt available power management techniques, such conventional techniques represent only a partial solution. Conventional computer system power management tends to focus on power managing a single CPU, such as by monitoring certain restricted aspects of the single CPU operation and making a decision that the CPU should be run faster to provide greater performance or more slowly to reduce power consumption. Some power management schemes also control the delivery of power to other circuits within the computer so as to minimize power consumption by devices or circuits not being used. 
   Heretofore, computer systems generally, and server systems having a plurality of servers where each server includes at least one processor or central processing unit (CPU) in particular have not been power managed to maintain performance and reduce power consumption. Even where a server system having more than one server component and CPU may possibly have utilized a conventional personal computer architecture that provided some measure of localized power management separately within each CPU, no global power management architecture or methods have conventionally been applied to power manage the set of servers and CPUs as a single entity. 
   The common practice of over-provisioning a server system so as to be able to meet peak demands has meant the during long periods of time, individual servers are consuming power and yet doing no useful work, or several servers are performing some tasks that could be performed by a single server at a fraction of the power consumption. 
   Operating a plurality of servers, including their CPU, hard disk drive, power supply, cooling fans, and any other circuits or peripherals that are associated with the server, at such minimal loading also unnecessarily shortens their service life. However, conventional server systems do not consider the longevity of their components. To the extent that certain of the CPUs, hard disk drives, power supplies, and cooling fans may be operated at lower power levels or for mechanical systems (hard disk drive and cooling fans in particular) their effective service life may be extended. 
   Therefore there remains a need for a network architecture and network operating method that provides large capacity and multiple network nodes or servers in a small physical footprint and that is power conservative relative to server performance and power consumed by the server, as well as power conservative from the standpoint of power for server facility air conditioning. These and other problems are solved by the inventive system, apparatus and method. There also remains a need for server farms that are power managed in an organized global manner so that performance is maintained while reducing power consumption. There also remains a need to extend the effective lifetime of computer system components and servers so that the total cost of ownership is reduced. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration showing a exemplary embodiment of an inventive power conserving high-density server system. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of a single 2 U high rack mountable Integrated Server System Unit having a plurality of modular server units. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration showing a standard server farm architecture in which multiple nodes are individually connected by cables to each other to form the desired network. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an embodiment of the inventive Integrated Appliance Server (IAS) standard architecture also referred to as an Integrated Server System (ISS) architecture in which multiple nodes selected from at least a computer node (CN) such as a server module (SM), network node (NN) also referred to as a switch module, and monitor or management node (MN) also referred to as a Management Module (MM) are provided within a common enclosure and coupled together via an internal backplane bus. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration showing another embodiment of the invention in which multiple modular IAS (or ISS) clusters each containing multiple nodes are cascaded to define a specialized system. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an embodiment of an Integrated Server System Architecture having two interconnected integrated server system units (ISSUs) and their connectivity with the external world. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of an AMPC bus and the connectivity of Server Modules and Management Modules to the bus to support serial data, video, keyboard, mouse, and other communication among and between the modules. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of ISSU connectivity to gigabit switches, routers, load balances, and a network. 
       FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an embodiment of the inventive power conserving power management between two servers and a manager. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an alternative embodiment of a server system showing detail as to how activity may be detected and operating mode and power consumption controlled in response. 
       FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic illustration showing another alternative embodiment of a server system particular adapted for a Transmeta Crusoe™ type processor having LongRun™ features showing detail as to how activity may be detected and operating mode and power consumption controlled in response. 
       FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic illustration showing aspects of the connectivity of two management modules to a plurality of server modules and tow Ethernet switch modules. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an exemplary internetwork and the manner in which two different types of master may be deployed to power manage such system. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagrammatic illustration showing a graph of the CPU utilization (processor activity) as a function of time, wherein the CPU utilization is altered by entering different operating modes. 
       FIGS. 15-22  are diagrammatic illustrations showing exemplary state diagram for operating mode transitions. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagrammatic illustration showing the manner in which a plurality of servers may operate in different modes based on local detection and control of selected mode transitions and local detection but global control of other selected mode transitions. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention pertains to computer system architectures and structures and methods for operating such computer system architectures in a compact high-performance low-power consumption manner. Aspect of the invention also contribute to reliability, ease of maintenance, and longevity of the system as a whole and operation components thereof. In an application that is of particular importance and which benefits greatly from the innovations described here, the computer system is or includes a server system having at least one and more typically a plurality of servers. Each server will include at least one processor or CPU but may include multiple CPUs. In multiple server configurations significant power consumption reduction is achieved by applying the inventive power management scheme. These and other aspects of the invention are described in the sections that follow. 
   The physical form factors of the server modules and management modules provide significant advantages, however, it will be appreciated that the invention need not be limited to such modular servers or modular management elements, and that the invention extends to discrete servers and management elements. It is also to be appreciated that although the exemplary embodiments focus attention toward servers, server systems, and power saving features for server systems, that aspects of the invention transcend such servers and server environments. For example, distributed computer systems of all types may benefit from the form of coordinated management and control to determine CPU loading and coordinate computational processing over a multiplicity of processors. 
   Section headers, where provided, are merely for the convenience of the reader and are not to be taken as limiting the scope of the invention in any way, as it will be understood that certain elements and features of the invention have more than one function and that aspects of the invention and particular elements are described throughout the specification. 
   With respect to  FIG. 1  there is shown an exemplary rack mounted server system  50 . The rack carries a plurality of 2 U high integrated server system units  52  each having one or more management modules (MM)  53  and one or more server modules (SM)  54 , each server module providing a fully independent server. Each server includes a processor or CPU and memory, mass storage device such as a hard disk drive, and input/output ports. In the embodiment illustrated each 2 U high chassis  55  has  16  slots each of which may contain a pc-board mounted server module  54  or management module  53 . The chassis  55  also provides one or more power supplies  56  and one or more cooling fan banks  57 . These elements are coupled for communication by switches  59  and a backplane  58 . 
   The different ISS chassis units  55  may be coupled together to form a larger system and these server units share a gigabit uplink  60 , load balancer  61 , a router  62  to connect to a network such as the Internet  63 . Network Attached Storage (NAS)  64  may desirably be provided to increase storage capacity over that provided in individual server modules. Local and/or remote management nodes or workstations  65  may be provided to permit access to the system  50 . As power management is an important feature of aspects of the invention, the provision of electric service  66  to the system  50  as well as electric service  68  to building or facilities air conditioning or cooling  69  is also illustrated. Content or data may readily be served to remote clients  70  over the Internet  63 . 
   The illustration in  FIG. 1  shows how the form factor of the server and management modules increases server density and reduces the footprint of the server system. Of course multiple racks may be added to increase system capacity. The inventive power management feature extends to individual server modules, to groups of server modules, and to the entire set of server modules in the system  50  as desired. Power management may also be applied to the management modules, power supply modules, switches, cooling fan modules, and other components of the ISS. 
   An exemplary embodiment of an ISS unit is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , which shows the manner in which PC board based server modules and management modules plug into a back plane along with power supplies, cooling fan units, switches, and other components to provide the high-density system. These and other features are described in greater detail in the remainder of this specification. 
   With respect to  FIG. 3 , there is shown in diagrammatic form, an illustration showing a standard server farm architecture in which multiple nodes are individually connected by cables to each other to form the desired network. Server farms such as this are typically power hungry, operate continuously with little or no regard for actual usage, have a large footprint, and generate large amounts of heat that require considerable air conditioning to dissipate or remove. 
     FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration showing an embodiment of the inventive Integrated Appliance Server (IAS) standard architecture in which multiple nodes selected from at least a computer node (CN) or Server Module (SM), network node (NN) or Switch Module (SWM), and monitor node (MN) or Management Module (MM) are provided within a common enclosure and coupled together via an internal backplane bus and internal switch. Two separate switching fabrics sw 1  and sw 0  are provided and described hereinafter. Up-link (up 0  and up 1 ) and down-link (down 0  and down 1 ) are provided to permit cascading multiple IAS cluster units. Monitor nodes (M) are provided via serial I/O (mon 0  and mon 1 ) interfaces, RJ-45 interfaces, and RJ-11 modem interfaces to each switching means and in turn to the nodes. 
     FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration showing another embodiment of the invention in which multiple modular IAS clusters each containing multiple nodes are cascaded to define a specialized system. This is an example of the manner in which multiple nodes within a IAS unit and multiple cascaded IAS units may be transformed or morphed to suit network configuration requirements. 
   It is noted that each Integrated Appliance Server (IAS) cluster includes some intelligence. In order to configure there is some master that is selected during initialization of the system, such as when it is booted or reset. The system can be designed such that any one of the nodes can be the master node. For example, one node may be designated as the master or the first node that becomes available after initialization, boot, or reset may assume the role of master node. There is no need for a separate processor or control within the box or enclosure. The master can control the rest of the system. Factors used in such control include the load, the quality of service desired or required. The system can reconfigure itself at any time in real-time in response to conditions encountered and predetermined or adaptive rules or procedures. For example, in during a period of time the number of email requests increases and the number of web page requests decreases or is static, then nodes may converted to serve email so that the email service capacity and performance are increased to handle the additional load. A node can also serve more than one function, for example it can function to serve email and web pages and can be self balancing. 
   The architecture or topology may be morphed or transformed into many alternative structures. All nodes are connected by an internal backplane thereby eliminate the need for external and fragile connectors and cables. Each node can be adapted to perform any one of numerous functions, or a plurality of the functions concurrently. Any node can be a cache node, an email node, a web page server node, or the like. Selection of the function or functions of the nodes are selected (manually or automatically) based on such factors as the load for each type of function and the desired level or quality of service (QOS) for that function. For example, if rapid web page service is desired as compared to email service, more node resources may be allocated to serving web pages. 
   All nodes are reconfigurable at any time based on circumstances, such as load and QOS. For example, if only need to serve so many pages per second then may choose not to allocate additional node resources to web page serving. In some instances, the tasks performed by one node (such as node serving web pages) may be shifted to one or more other nodes that have additional capacity, and that former web server node powered down or put into another power or energy saving mode. This adaptive reconfiguration and distribution of node functions maintains QOS while minimizing power consumption, heat dissipation, and other negative or detrimental effects. Placing the equipment or portions of the equipment in to power saving modes or standby modes also has the potential benefit of prolonging effective service life. 
   The power consumption of each node is therefore also adjustable based on the load and/or QOS requirement. On one level this adjustment is enabled by using or not using one or more nodes, and at a second level, the performance characteristics of the node may be adapted or configured to suit operational requirements. For example, a processor clock speed may be increased when demands are high and decreased or turned off when demands are modest or there is no demand. Again, these adjustments may be made automatically based on sensed load and feedback as to whether quality of service requirements have been met. 
   The invention also provides a functional and architectural topology in which each node represents a cell in a network of interconnected cells. These nodes or cells are linked and interoperate with each other such that when the operating characteristics of one node change in response to a command or sensed conditions (e.g. current loading and/or QOS) the other nodes become aware of this change and may also optionally but desirably be reflected in reconfiguration of other of the nodes. Advantageously, the number or frequency of such changes may be controlled so that the system remains stable. For example, reconfiguration may be limited in frequency or predetermined delays may be built into the system so that a settling time is provided after each node is reconfigured. 
   Other intelligence that can be put into the node clusters. Recall that a cluster includes a set of interconnected nodes, in a preferred embodiment each cluster includes 16 nodes in a single physical enclosure. 
   Each IAS consists of multiple nodes. Nodes may be configured as computer nodes, monitor nodes, network nodes, and any other type of node known in the art. Normally, the nodes are physically housed in a single box or enclosure and connected by an enclosure backplane. The architecture may be morphed or transformed into many different alternative organizations. For example, the IAS standard architecture may be configures into a server farm. This can be done for either the entire IAS, a part of a single IAS, or among multiple IAS units. 
   The computer nodes (also known as server nodes or server modules) may be configured or mapped to email, FTP, or Web nodes. One or more of such computer nodes may then be coupled together with other nodes. This exemplary first implementation is illustrated as the inner box in  FIG. 5 . Each node may be configured in any way desired as in at least one embodiment of the invention, the structure and function of each node at the time of manufacture is identical, and any one of such nodes may be placed in service or later reconfigured to provide the desired functionality. In one embodiment, each computer node type is the same while in other embodiments they are of different types. 
   Furthermore, in one embodiment, every node in a cluster of nodes is identical as they come from the factory, and any node may be adapted, such as through software that is loaded into a node, to provide any one of a plurality of available functions. In another embodiment, somewhat to very different node structures are provided within a single cluster to provide more highly optimized network nodes, computer nodes, and monitor nodes. The existence and distribution of such nodes in a cluster may be selected by the customer or user so that each cluster provides the desired number of computer, monitor, network, or other nodes as may become available. Advantageously, the nodes are implemented as plug-in or removable modules, such as printed circuit boards, so that the configuration of any particular cluster or of a system having a plurality of clusters may be modified after manufacture. In this way additional nodes of any desired type may be added when the need arises. Not all locations within a cluster need be populated thereby providing initial cost savings as well as allowing later expansion. Nodes may be dynamic configured, either identical nodes or specialized nodes, are supported in response to changing loading and QOS. 
   Recall that in the standard Integrated Appliance Server (IAS) architecture includes a single 2 U (3.5-inch tall) box, has N nodes where in one embodiment N=16. Internally there is a switching fabric that makes connections between the nodes. The switching fabric may be a hub, a switch, or any other means for making connections between all the different the nodes. Internally, it is preferred to provide to such switching fabrics. This is advantageous (but not required) as it permits implementation and configuration to two separate and independent networks. For example, one network can connect multiple nodes of any type and a second network can connect to data in mass storage units such as may be used in a Storage Area Network (SAN). This is desirable in some circumstances as it reduces contention over the network and reduces the likelihood of collisions of traffic over the network. 
   A second reason for providing two (or more) switching fabrics relates to providing high availability or redundancy. High availability pertains to providing the 24 hour/day 7 day/week (“24/7”) presence and availability over the internet. When only a single switching fabric and its set of interconnected nodes is used, a failure of that switching fabric or of a critical node not redundantly provided will fail to provide the high 24/7 availability expected. Provision of two independent switching fabrics and appropriately configured node sets provides either actual redundancy or the ability to either manually or automatically reconfigure either of the node/switch sets to maintain service availability. 
   Therefore, it will be appreciated that the two (or other plurality) switching fabrics and their couple nodes may be used either as two (or more) separate networks or maintained as a backup that assumes the responsibilities of the primary set in the event of failure. Again, this rollover from primary to backup may occur either manually or automatically. 
   Typically, the two switching fabric means SW 1  and SW 2  in the embodiment of  FIG. 4  will be identical, though they are not required to be identical, and in at least one embodiment are implemented as separate printed circuit boards that plug into the backplane of the cluster. 
   The inventive architecture also provides means for cascading or interconnecting multiple clusters, and by implication, for cascading or interconnecting the nodes in one cluster to the nodes in any number of other clusters. Usually two such links are provided for coupling to other clusters, thereby allowing cascading of any number of clusters and nodes. For example, if each cluster box includes 16 nodes, connection to other clusters provides additional nodes. Cascading of any number between two and twenty or more units may be provided. When multiple clusters are interconnected in this way required functionality may optionally be provided in only one cluster and need not be duplicated in all clusters. For example, if a monitor type node is desired it need only be provided in one of the clusters to permit monitoring of all of the nodes of the connected clusters. Switching fabrics may also optionally be shared between interconnected or cascaded clusters. 
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , the IAS standard architecture includes a Computer Node (CN) having a switching fabric that we call the Network Node (NN). The monitor node has a serial port that has a RJ-11 modem built in. In the event of a problem with the switch or any other component, a page or phone call can be placed to a local or remote administrator with diagnostic information and allow the administrator to interact with the cluster to take corrective action. For example, the administrator may access local software diagnostic tools to trouble shoot and correct the problem, perform a hardware reset, perform a power cycle (OFF/ON) type reset, or otherwise debug, diagnose or correct the problem. 
   Advantageously, but optionally, a separate monitor node (MN) is provided for each switching fabric means even though either of the monitors may be configured to monitor both switching fabrics any all of the nodes coupled to or through the switching fabric. This duplication is provided for purposes of redundancy so that in the event that one of the independent networks fails or the modem itself fails, the remaining operational network may be monitored so that intervention by the administration may be accomplished as desired. Also, in the event that a modem fails, modem redundancy allows the administrator to query either or both networks. It also facilitates a determination that a modem has failed versus the network having failed. 
   Physically, it is a rectangular rack-mountable box. In one embodiment, the 16-node IAS enclosure is provided as a standard 19-inch wide, 3.5-inch high (2 U) rack mountable chassis. Hot swapping any and all of the boards with which the nodes are implemented is supported. The box need never be powered down and therefore so long as a minimum set of nodes remain in the box, the network remains available. There are 16 computer node boards (also referred to as server modules) that may be plugged or unplugged at any time. Each board (computer node or server module) is coupled to the other nodes and to the switching fabric via a backplane bus so that no external cables or wires are required for connecting the nodes within any cluster box. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the switch or switches are built into the box, though in other embodiments external switches, such as switches within a cascaded cluster, may be used. Where clusters are to be cascaded (see description above) the connections between cluster boxes may be made with external cables. It will be appreciated that for a 16-node per cluster box the reduction in cables is substantial (up to 31 cables between nodes are eliminated). 
   It will therefore be clear to workers having ordinary skill in the art in light of the description provided here that the inventive structure and method provides numerous features and advantages over conventional systems and methods. For example, the invention provides a Integrated Appliance Server (IAS) comprising multiple nodes housed within a single enclosure or box. In one embodiment, 16 nodes within a single enclosure are supported, but any number that may physically be placed within a single enclosure may be used, including for example any number of nodes between 1 node and 32 nodes or more. Configurations having 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 32 nodes are specifically provided. Larger numbers of nodes may readily be accommodated if the size of the enclosure is increased and due attention is provided for cooling or other heat dissipation. Nodes available in any particular enclosure may be selected from network nodes (NN), computer nodes (CN), monitor nodes (MN), as well as variations and combinations of these node types. 
   In another aspect, the inventive structure and method may be transformed, morphed, or otherwise configured to provide (either alone or in combination with other cluster units) a great variety of organizations and architectural topologies, and therefore provide an almost unlimited number of functional configurations. In another aspect, all nodes within an enclosure are connected to each other and to a switching means by a backplane bus internal to the enclosure, thereby eliminating the need for external node-to-node and node-to-switch connection cables. Such conventional cables are prone to failure and inadvertent disconnection during service operations that may result in network downtime. In yet another aspect, the inventive structure and method facilitates and permits any node to perform any supported function or operation. In one embodiment, all nodes are identical and can be adapted, such as by programming or loading appropriate software, to provide any function or operation. In another embodiment, different classes or types of nodes are provided that are somewhat specialized and/or optimized to perform selected classes of functions or operations very well. In yet another embodiment, highly specialized nodes are available to perform specific functions. In each of these embodiments, the nodes are desirably provided as removable hot-pluggable modular units, such as PC boards or cards, that may be added or removed from the enclosure without powering off or otherwise making the network unavailable. This facilitates the interchange of hot spares which may remain ready and available within the enclosure for immediate use in the event of a node failure. In still another aspect, each Consolidated Server System (cluster) unit is cascadable so that multiple sets of nodes may be interconnected to provide the desired number and type of operation. In yet another aspect, any and all nodes are reconfigurable at any time based on such factors as load or quality of service (QOS) requirements. Furthermore, the change or reconfiguration may be communicated to other nodes and the effect of such reconfiguration ripple through to the other nodes and to the network as a whole. This permits the entire system to be self balancing to the extent desired. In another aspect, each cluster is provided with sufficient intelligence so that at least some network administration operations that conventionally required some degree of supervision or intervention may be performed autonomously and dynamically in response to sensed conditions experienced on the network or within one or more nodes of the network. 
   In still another aspect the inventive structure and method provide for significant power consumption reduction and energy savings as compared to conventional network and server architectures as only those power consuming resources that are actually needed to provide the quality of service required are in an active mode. Those node resources that are not needed may be powered off or placed in some power conserving standby mode until needed. In addition, operations performed by one or more nodes may be shifted to another node so that only the remaining active nodes consume power and the remaining nodes are in standby mode or powered off until needed. The intelligence within one of the nodes acting as a master node for the cluster or IAS may then wake up the inactive node and configure it for operation. Nodes may also be placed into an inactive or power conserving mode when no demands are made on their resources independent of whether responsibility for their functionality has been shifted to another node or nodes. In one embodiment of the invention the power consumed is reduced by a factor of about 10-times as compared to a standard 19-inch wide by 1.75-inch high (1 U) rack mountable network node device. This power savings is accomplished at least in part by one or more of the following measures: the reduction in the number of power supplied, use of the mounting plate as a heat sink to assist in removing heat from the enclosure, providing power saving controls to circuits and devices within the IAS enclosure, and the above described ability to reconfigure and take off line unneeded capacity. 
   The architecture is referred to as the Integrated Server System (ISS) or the integrated server architecture, and each unit is referred to as an Integrated Server System Unit. One embodiment of the ISS Unit is being developed by Amphus under the proprietary name Virgo™. 
   Having now described a first embodiment of the Integrated Server System (ISS) (also referred to as the Integrated Server Architecture), attention is now directed to several further embodiments which are described in somewhat greater detail so that the advanced power consumption reduction features may be more readily understood. 
   An exemplary embodiment of an ISS based system is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Each Integrated Server System (ISS) architecture comprises a number of functional components. A particular exemplary embodiment is now described although will be clear from the description provided in various changes to the configuration may be accomplished without departing from a spirit and scope of the invention. In this embodiment aid to the new high chassis and/or enclosure  101  houses a backplane  103  mounting a plurality of connectors  105  adapted to receive a plurality of printed circuit boards  107 . The nature, type, characteristics, and number of these printed circuit boards  107  may vary from installation to installation as will be described subsequently. Will also be appreciated, that the physical form and/or connectivity of these components may be through other means. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, multiple ISS units may be coupled together or interconnected. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  two such ISS units  102  are shown. A first of these is referred to as the “A-unit” and the second unit is referred to as the “B-unit”. Additional units, may also be provided. It is noted that although the configurations of the A-unit and B-unit are the same here, in any practical implementation, they may be the same or different, depending upon a functional purpose all of the overall system, and/or all of individual modules within the system. The manner in which configurations are chosen, physically altered such as true the addition or removal modules, and/or through dynamic allocation of modules are made in accordance with principals described hereinafter. With this in mind, components resident within the a-unit are typically designated with an “a” suffix to the reference numeral and be components resident within the bee-unit are typically designated with an “b” suffix to the reference numeral. However, where a general reference to a component of a particular type is made without specific reference to diagram, the “a” and the “b” suffix may be dropped for convenience. 
   Each ISS units also comprises at least one, and generally are plurality, all of server modules  112   a - 1 , . . . ,  112   a -N, we are in a particular embodiment of the ISS maximum number called server modules  112  is fixed at  16  due to current physical size constraints of the chassis  101 . Each ISS may also included one or a plurality of management modules  108   a - 1 , . . .  108   a -M, where in a particular embodiment of the ISS maximum number of management modules is two. It should be understood about that although each ISS unit may include one or more management modules  108 , management functionality may alternatively be delegated to management modules physically residing within other ISS units so that the management module functionality of any particular ISS unit may reside elsewhere. 
   In one implementation, the integrated server system includes at least one primary switching fabric  104   a - 1  also referred to as a primary switch module, and advantageously includes a secondary switching fabric or secondary switch module  104   a - 2 . The first (sometimes referred to as the primary) switch module  104   a - 1  operates to connect for communication each (any and all) the modules that are present in the ISS Unit, such as each of the Server Modules, Management Modules, Power supplies, cooling units, and any other module or unit that might be present. Having the second (or secondary) switch module  104   a - 2  operates to provide the same function as the first module as well as providing a redundant communication path between and among the modules or other units that are present in the ISS. Therefore while a second (or secondary) switch module is not required for any particular ISS, the presence provides significant benefits in high-end applications. 
   Each switch module provides a multi-connection switching fabric to link the modules with one another. In one embodiment, each switch has the equivalent of a switching matrix inside that establishes connections between different modules. For example, one or more of server modules, management modules, power supplies, fan modules, may be coupled together for communication. More particularly, the switch module may connect management module  1  with any of the server modules (for example with server module  5 ) or with the other management module, power supply module, fan modules, or the like. In general, the switch module makes one or a plurality of direct connection and is not typically implemented as a bus architecture that would allow only dedicated use by a single device or module (or a pair of communicating devices or modules) at any particular time. Switch module permits multiple simultaneous communication without collision. 
   One or a plurality of server modules (SM)  112  are also provided. Server modules are operative to serve data or other content in a manner that is well known in the art and not described in greater detail here. For example, a server module may be configured so as to enhance, improve, or optimize serving web pages, cached data or content, streaming video, or other data or content types as is known in the art. Server module hard disk drive configuration parameters that may be adjusted or modified according to the type and quantity of data or other content to be served. Such configuration and configuration utilities are known in the art, and include but are not limited to the data organization on the server hard disk drive (such as a modified RAID data organization and the RAID level). 
   Each SM  112  is advantageously implemented as a printed circuit (PC) board or card having an edge connector (or electrical contacts) adapted for plug-in connection to a mating receiving connector associated with a chassis  101  backplane board  103 . An SM also includes a PC card mounted processor, such as a microprocessor, microcontroller, or CPU, and associated memory. At least one mass storage device, such as a rotatable magnetic hard disc drive, optical drive, solid state storage device, or the like is mounted to the pc card and coupled to the processor. The mass storage device provides storage or the data or content to be served, or information concerning a location or link at which the data or content may be found if it is not served directly from the particular SM  112 . While physical, functional, and operational aspects of the server modules are novel, especially in the areas of power consumption and power management, data or content throughput control (QoS throttling), heat dissipation and cooling, mass storage device characteristics, form factor and the like, the manner in which data or content is stored and served is generally conventional in nature, and not described in greater detail here. 
   A management module (MM)  108  is operable to provide overall ISSU monitoring and control. These management and control functions are described in greater detail in the context of the power management function. In general, each ISS unit will contain at least one MM  108  and in high-performance implementations and where redundancy is desired, each ISSU will include multiple MMs. In one embodiment of the ISS, two MM are provided. In such implementations, the two MMs may share responsibilities or more typically the second MM  108   a - 2  will provide redundant backup for the first MM  108   a - 1 . Management Modules  108  are described in greater detail in a elsewhere in this description. 
   At least one, and advantageously a plurality of temperature sensors are disposed within the ISS enclosure. Each of these temperature sensors are desirably located at diverse locations within the enclosure so that the temperature of heat sensitive components may be adequately monitored and corrective action taken as needed. These diverse locations may be selected from locations on the internal surface of the enclosure, locations on the chassis, locations on one, more than one, or all of the server modules, management modules, switch modules, power supply modules, fan modules, or back plane, and may be integrated within solid state devices such as within the CPU. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, a fully populated ISS Unit having sixteen server modules, two management modules, two switching modules, two power supplies, two fan modules, and the backplane that supports these components, includes about 30 temperature sensors. Here each server module includes one temperature sensor integrated in the CPU and one on the edge connect board that supports the CPU and other circuitry as well as the hard disk drive. There is also at least one temperature sensor on each management module. While some embodiments may provide temperature sensing of the chassis, enclosure, or backplane, in the preferred embodiment no such temperature sensors are provided in these locations for reasons of reliability. As described in detail elsewhere in this specification, the preferred embodiment of the ISS Unit backplane does not include any active components. It merely provides printed circuit traces that provide electrical operating power (voltages and current) and communication, as well as providing physical support and connectors that receive the edge connector (or other) plug in modules. 
   In one embodiment, the temperature sensors have a preset temperature at which an output signal changes state so that they effectively generate an over temperature signal, in another embodiment the temperature sensors  150  generate a signal that indicates a temperature or temperature range. Sensors on different devices and/or at different locations may be of different types and/or the circuitry (for hardware based sensing and control) and/or algorithm (for sensing and control involving software or a computation element as well as hardware) may provide for different response to a particular temperature. Temperature awareness and control for an ISS Unit (ISSU) may even involve control based on multiple sensors, temperature differences, and/or a time rate of change of temperature. 
   Different physical device types may be used as well. For example, temperature sensors  150  may include a temperature sensor (such as for example a thermistor, thermal-couple, or other devices known in the art that have an electrical characteristic that changes with temperature.) Mechanical or electro-mechanical sensors such as sensors that use bimetallic switches to oven and close a connection may be used. In one embodiment, temperature sensing circuitry is integrated into a PC board mounted component or as a surface mounted component on the PC board of the server modules, management modules, switch modules, or other components of the ISS. 
   Independent of the form or the temperature sensor, the signals generated by the sensor or circuitry associated with the temperature sensors provide signals (analog or digital) to a management module (or a server module adapted to provide some management function) so that the intelligence built into the management module may control the operational parameters for one or more head generating elements (for example, the server, management, or switch modules) and the heat dissipating elements (for example, the fan modules or the individual fans within the or each fan module.) 
   Each ISS also advantageously includes dual redundant fan modules  114   a , each of the modules including a plurality (typically two) of fans or other heat absorption or heat dissipation devices. Such cooling may be accomplished by conduction, convention, or radiation generally. Air or other fluid flow may be used. In one embodiment each fan module includes first  114   a - 1  and second  114   a - 2  electric motor driven fans. 
   Dual redundant fan modules  114 , each having one or a plurality of fans, are advantageously provided so as to accomplish the required cooling function, at a reduced or minimized power consumption level, to provide cooling system redundancy, and to support hot-plug maintenance and/or replacement of the fans and fan modules. The manner in which ISS power consumption is reduced using this fan and fan module configuration are described elsewhere in this description. 
   Each ISS  102  includes at least one power supply, advantageously implemented as a hot-pluggable replaceable power supply module. Desirably, an ISS includes two such or dual-redundant power supply modules so as to provide sufficient power or energy for operating the switch module(s)  104 , management modules  108 , server module(s), and fan modules  114  within the ISS  102  as well as connected components that may draw power from the ISS. Power consumption and control aspects of the power supplies are described in greater detail elsewhere in this description. 
   A backplane providing operating power (for example, one or more of ±3 Volt, ±5 Volt, ±12 Volt depending upon the voltage and current requirements of the modules, and ground), communication (such as in-band and out-of-band communication via ethernet, serial interface, and/or other interface) is mounted in chassis  101 . The backplane also provides circuit protection in the form of circuit breakers or other over current or over voltage protection devices to protect the backplane traces and the modules that are or may be connected at the time of an undesired electrical component failure or other hazardous or damaging event. Protection may also be provided either in conjunction with the backplane or the modules themselves for under current or under voltage conditions. 
   A plurality of appropriately sized and shaped electrical connectors (for receiving PC board based edge connectors are disposed on the backplane PC board to connect to the management modules, server modules, and switch modules. The fan modules, power supply modules may couple directly to the backplane or communicate with backplane coupled modules (such as the management module) via separate couplings. In conventional manner, the chassis  101  includes guides or slots that assist in physically locating and guiding the different modules or other components physically in place to make secure electrical contact with the mating connectors. 
   In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each ISSU includes a backplane in the form of a multi-layer printed circuit board that is devoid of active electrical circuit components. This increases the reliability of each ISSU and the system as a whole. It is noted that a preferred configuration of an ISSU provides multiple redundant hot-swappable server modules, management modules, power supplies, switch modules, and fan (cooling) modules. In such a configuration, there is no single point of failure as redundancy is provided everywhere. As only one backplane can reasonably be provided within an ISSU, only electrical traces (or wires) are provided on the backplane. In a preferred embodiment, no electrical circuit components are present and only electrical traces (and connectors) are present. While an ISSU having conventional backplane technology may be used to achieve the power saving benefits described throughout this specification, the inherent redundancy and reliability of the ISSU would be compromised by conventional backplane technology that incorporates active failure-prone circuit elements. For example, if a backplane failed in such conventional implementation, the unit would need to be powered down and all modules removed so that the backplane could be replaced. There are no other daughter boards other than the ones described. There are only connectors and traces, because active components could not be replaced without downtime. 
   All components are hot swappable to the backplane. For a sixteen server module configuration, it is desirable that a failure of any one not negatively impact the operation or performance of any other. (Of course control is provided for surviving server modules, management modules, switch modules, fan modules, and power supply modules to recognize a failure of another module or component and provide backup operation until the failure is corrected. Even with respect to power delivery, there is a separate set of traces and circuit breaker, fuse, or other circuit protection for every plug-in module (server, management, switch, and fan or cooling). For example, without such separate power plane for each module, if one server or other module were to short-circuit it would take down all of the other modules in the ISS Unit or box. It is noted, that even the failure of a capacitor within a circuit of a server module may act as a short circuit and that such capacitor failures may commonly occur. Each power plane for the servers are separate and isolated from one another. The inventive backplane and module connectivity protects the integrity and operation of the system from even direct short circuits. Also, since there are no active components in the backplane, the failed module is merely replaced and operation continues without need to repair or replace the backplane. 
   A serial interface  142  is preferably but optionally provided to support an alternative communication channel to the back plane bus between and among each of the server modules  112 , management modules  108 , switch modules, or other modules or units, as well as to certain external elements or components such as to a local management node  138  when present. 
   The provision of the serial communication channel is advantageous as it provides out-of-band communication should the in-band link (for example the ethernet link) fail. It also permits multiple alternative redundant communication. Diagnostics, console operations, and other conventional communication may also be provided. Communication via the local management mode or via a dial-in session are supported. The switch module(s)  104  may also be coupled to the management modules and the server modules as well as the external elements or components via the same serial bus or connection. 
   In one embodiment the serial bus provides an alternate communication channel. While this alternate communication channel is provided as a serial communication channel provided in one embodiment, it is understood that this represents a low cost and efficient implementation. Those workers having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various types of alternate communications channels or links may alternatively be provided, such as for example a Universal Serial Bus (USB), and IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire), or the like as are known in the art. 
   In a preferred embodiment, the serial interface architecture provides two serial ports for each of the sixteen server modules. Each management module picks off all two pairs from the sixteen and multiplexes them into a single physical outlet or connector, this is referred to as the AMPC architecture that includes the AMPC bus. 
   In one embodiment, now described relative to  FIG. 7 , the AMPC Bus provides a communications channel for communicating serial data, and video, as well as keyboard and mouse inputs. Typically, the serial data and any video data flows from one of the plurality of Server Modules to the Management Module(s) and the keyboard and mouse input or commands flow from the Management Module(s) to the Server Modules. Ethernet and serial I/O (SIO) connections are also provided to and from the Management Module for redundancy and alternative access. 
   This time-domain or time-sliced multiplexing and selection eliminates the need for so many physical connectors. Each Management Module has a selector for one of the 32 (2×16) serial lines, and places the selected serial pair on the single Management Module connector. Of course, multiple connectors either with or without some level of multiplexing may be provided, but such configuration is not preferred as it would likely increase the physical size of a Management Module unit and decrease the effective density of the ISSU. Besides the serial interface, keyboard, video, and mouse (KVM) data or signals can be transferred to and/or from the Management Module using the same or a similar scheme. 
   A load balancer  128  couples each ISS unit  102  via an uplink, such as a via a gigabit uplink, to a router  130 . The load balancer  128  is of conventional and includes intelligence to sense the load on each of the operating servers and task the servers according to some predetermined rules or policy to serve data or content. When used in connection with the inventive power conserving features, the intelligent load balancer and router are operative to sense which of the server modules are in an active mode and to route server tasking to those active server modules according to some policy. Policies concerning how many server modules should be maintained in an active mode, what CPU core voltage and clock frequency such active server modules operate at, and other server module operating characteristics are described elsewhere herein. Router  130  is interposed between the load balancer  128  and a network of interconnected computers or information appliances, such as for example the Internet  132 . Though advantageously provided, where appropriate, load balancers and/or routers may be eliminated. For example, they would not be required when only a single server module is provided. The structure and operation of load balancers  128  and routers  130  as well as the Internet  132  are well known and not described in further detail here. 
   The bi-directional uplinks (and downlinks)  122 ,  124 ,  126  are communication links that provide high-capacity, high-throughput data communication between the ISS  102  (actually the switch module  104  of the ISS) and the external world, including the load balancer  128  and the Network Attached Storage (NAS)  120 . Gigabit uplinks for uploading (and downloading) data or content provide high data rate communications and are known in the art and therefore not described in greater detail here. Alternatively, an up and down link can be aggregated to provide two uplinks as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , which shows a plurality of ISSU (ISS 1 , ISS 2 , . . . , ISS n ) coupled to first and second Gigabyte switches GS 1 , GS 2 . Gigabyte switch GS 1  is coupled to a router which is in turn coupled to a network, such as the Internet. Gigabyte switch GS 2  may be similarly coupled. 
   Network Attached Storage NAS is optionally but desirably provided for several reasons. While the storage provided for each server module provides rapid access and response to requests, the size of the server module may necessarily limit the amount of data available on any particular server module. For example, 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch form factor hard disk drives may typically have capacities in the range of 32-Gigabyte to 100-Gigabyte of storage, though such capacity may be expected to increase as new recording media and head technology are developed. In any event, NAS in the form of one or more hard disk drives, RAID arrays, disk farms, or the like mass storage devices, arrays, or systems provide substantially greater storage. 
   Content that has been requested or that will be requested and served with high probability may be uploaded from NAS to one or more server modules and cached for later serving. Another benefit of the attached NAS is that a single copy of data is provided that is accessible to all the server modules and can be accessed either directly when only one is present, or through a switch when more than one is present. It is noted that the switch module coupling the ISSU to the load balancer is different than the switch module from the ISSU to the NAS. 
   Alternative access nodes and connectivity are provided for monitoring and managing operation and configuration of a particular ISS, component or module of an ISS, or ISS and/or components coupled to an ISS for which monitoring or management are desired. In one embodiment, this access is provided by a remote internet management node  136  coupled via an internet connection  134  to the internet  132  and hence via router  130 , optional load balancer  128 , and uplink/downlink  124 ,  126  to the ISS  102 . Within each ISS  102 , monitoring and/or management operations will typically be carried out by a defined communication path (typically over the backplane) to one or more of the management modules  108 . It is noted that the backplane provides multiple sets of traces for multiple communication channels, including ethernet and serial channels, and that the backplane is not limited to a single bus. Monitoring and management access from remote Internet management node  136  over an Internet connection  134  is desirable as it provides additional redundancy and convenient monitoring and control using readily available protocols from virtually any remote location. 
   An alternate path is desirably provided to a local management node  138  over the serial communications channel  142 , and a second alternate path may desirably be provided from the local management node  138  to one or more of (and preferably to all of) the management modules over a second ethernet communication channel or link  140  that is different from the ethernet control channel. Monitoring and management access from local management node  138  over ethernet communication link  140  is desirable as it provides another alternative connection, communication, and possible control when desired, and advantageously permits connection using standard TCP/IP software and protocols. A further alternate communication path may desirably be provided via a remote dial-in management node  146  over a Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), typically trough the local management node  138 , and then either over the ethernet  140  or the serial connection  142 . While communication with the ISS over any of these communication channels may itself suffice, the provision of alternate links and communication schemes provides for considerable flexibility in access, management, and control. The alternate paths also provide considerable redundancy from single channel failure in order to diagnose and service the ISS or ISS-based system in the event of a failure. For example, should a problem occur that disables the switch modules  104  and access via the gigabit uplink/downlink paths  124 ,  126 , communication with the management modules  108  and with the rest of the ISS will still be possible on site either over serial bus  142  or ethernet link  140 . When access from a remote location is desired, either dial-up (such as via a phone modem) or Internet based access is generally; however, each serves as a redundant alternate path for the other in the event of failure. 
   It is particularly noted that the integrated structure of these ISS units provides a small form factor (2 U high chassis/enclosure); high server module density (sixteen server modules per ISS in one embodiment); switch module, cooling/fan module, power supply module, management module, and server module hot plug-and-play and high availability via redundancy; lower energy or power consumption than conventional servers; and many other advantageous features as described in greater detail herein. 
   Generic Processor Embodiment 
   Many different types of servers architectures are known in the art. Typically, such servers have at least one processor with associated fast random access memory (RAM), a mass storage device that stores the data or content to be served by the server, a power supply that receives electrical power (current and voltage) from either a battery or line voltage from an electrical utility, a network communication card or circuit for communicating the data to the outside world, and various other circuits that support the operation of the CPU, such as a memory (typically non-volatile ROM) storing a Basic Input-Output System (BIOS), a Real-Time Clock (RTC) circuit, voltage regulators to generate and maintain the required voltages in conjunction with the power supply, and core logic as well as optional micro-controller(s) that communicate with the CPU and with the external world to participate in the control and operation of the server. This core logic is sometimes referred to as the Northbridge and Southbridge circuits or chipsets. 
   From a somewhat different perspective, variations in server architecture, reflect the variations in personal computers, mainframes, and computing systems generally. The vast structural, architectural, methodological, and procedural variations inherent in computer systems having chips, chipsets, and motherboards adapted for use by Intel Processors (such as the Intel x86, Intel Pentium™, Intel Pentium™ II, Intel Pentium™ III, Intel Pentium™ IV), Transmeta Crusoe™ with LongRun™, AMD, Motorola, and others, precludes a detailed description of the manner in which the inventive structure and method will be applied in each situation. Therefore in the sections that follow, aspects of the inventive power management and ISS system architecture are described first in a general case to the extent possible, and second relative to a particular processor/system configuration (the Transmeta Crusoe Processor). Those having ordinary skill will appreciate in light of the description that the inventive structure and method apply to a broad set of different processor and computer/server architecture types and that minor variations within the ordinary skill of a practitioner in the field may be made to adapt the invention to other processor/system environments. 
   Before describing particular implementations that relate to more or less specific CPU designs and interfaces, attention first directed to a simplified embodiment of the inventive system and method with respect to  FIG. 9 . In this embodiment, at least two (and up to n) server modules  402 - 1 , . . . ,  402 -N are provided, each including a CPU  404  and a memory  408 . CPU  404  includes an activity indicator generator  406  which generates activity indicators, and either (i) communicates the activity indicators to memory  408  for storage in an activity indicator(s) data structure  410 , or not shown, (ii) communicates them directly to a server module control unit and algorithm  432  within management module  430 . Different types of activity indicators such as are described elsewhere in the specification, such as for example an idle thread based activity indicator may be used. Whether stored in memory or communicated directly, the activity indicator(s) are used by the management module to determine the loading on each of the server modules individually and as a group. Voltage and frequency are regulated locally by the CPU using an activity monitoring scheme, such as for example one of the activity monitoring scheme illustrated in Table I. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
               TABLE I 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
             
               Exemplary Activity Monitoring Schemes carried out in CPU or PMU 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
               Carried 
             
             
                 
               Carried out by CPU 
               out by PMU 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Application Layer 
               Port Address 
               NA 
             
             
                 
               Network Layer 
               TCP/IP 
               NA 
             
             
                 
               Physical Layer 
               Idle Threads, Activity 
               I/O Activities 
             
             
                 
                 
               Counter 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   This power management scheme may be interpreted in one aspect as providing a Mode 1 -to-Mode 2  and Mode 2 -to-Mode 1  power management scheme, where both Mode  1  and Mode 2  are active modes and the state of the CPU in either Mode  1  or Mode  2  is controlled locally by the CPU, and in another aspect as providing a Mode 3  (inactive mode or maintenance of memory contents only). Mode  3  control may also be performed locally by the CPU, but in one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, entry into a Mode  3  stage is desirably controlled globally in a multi-CPU system. Where the multi-CPU&#39;s are operative with a plurality of servers for multi-server power management, the Management Module (or a Server Module acting as a manager on behalf of a plurality of server modules) determines which Server Module should enter a Mode  3  state using the Server Module control algorithm and unit  432 . Activity monitoring of individual Server Modules  402  is desirably based on the standard network protocol, such as for example SNMP. Therefore the activity indicators may be retrieved from the CPU  406  or memory  408  via NIC  440  as is known in the art. A communication link coupling microcontrollers (μC)  442  together, and in particular the microcontroller of the Management Module with the microcontrollers of the several Server Modules. This permits the management module to communicate commands or signals to the server modules which are received by the microcontrollers even when the CPUs are in a suspended state (Mode  3 ). In so providing for monitoring over the first link (the Ethernet) and control over the second link (the AMPC bus), the server modules may be monitored for activity and controlled globally to reduce power consumption while providing sufficient on-line capacity. It is noted that the power management may be effected by altering either or both of the CPU clock frequency  420  or the CPU voltage  416 . 
   Although a separate management module  430  is illustrated in  FIG. 9 , it should be understood that the management functionality generally, and the server module control algorithm in particular may be implemented by one of the operating server modules. For example, the control algorithm would be implemented as a software or firmware procedure executing in the CPU and processor of a server module designated according to predetermined rules, policies, or procedures to be the master. 
   It is noted that although several of the modes described conserve power, they do not compromise performance, as the cumulative combination of server modules is always maintained at or above minimum targeted performance. 
   In  FIG. 10  there is illustrated an exemplary system  301  including a server (such as for example, an ISSU server module)  302 - 1 , coupled to a switch (such as for example, an ISSU switch module)  304 , and through the switch  304  and optionally via a micro-controller (uC)  314  within server  302  over a separate (optional) direct bus connection  312  (such as for example, the AMPC bus made by Amphus of San Jose, Calif.) to a power management supervisor (such as for example, ISSU management module)  316 . As described elsewhere herein, switch  304  is responsible for connecting the various server module(s)  302 , management module(s)  316 , and other components that are or may be controlled to achieve the power conservation features of the invention. Recall that such subsystems as the power supply (not shown) and cooling or fan modules may also be coupled through the switch  304 . The connectivity and signals shown in the diagram are intended to show significant control paths pertinent to the operation of the invention, and therefore some signals that are conventional or do not illustrate the operation of the invention are not shown to avoid obscuration of the invention. 
   Attention is now focused on the internal structure and operation of the server module  302 . During operation CPU  320  executes commands or instructions, or when no instructions are present to be executed, executes idle threads. The activity level of the CPU is monitored and a control signal Vcc_CPU_control  322  is generated based on that sensed activity or lack of activity. The manner in which this activity is sensed or the manner and characteristics of the Vcc_CPU_control signal will typically vary depending on the processor type, operating system, and other factors specific to the system architecture. By way of illustrative example, an indication as to the CPU activity or lack of activity may be generated by monitoring by executing an application layer function call that returns a value indicating the idle thread execution based activity. This is possible in the Microsoft Windows 98, 2000, and NT operating environments, for example. 
   As the name implies, the Vcc_CPU_control signal  322  which is an input signal to voltage regulator  324  controls or influences the CPU core voltage Vcc_CPU  326 . As described elsewhere in this description, the CPU core voltage  326  may be raised and lowered in conjunction with the CPU clock frequency to provide adequate switching response of CPU circuits without excessive voltage. Although this embodiment illustrates that the VCC_CPU_control signal  322  is generated within the CPU, in an alternative embodiment, it may be generated within the core logic block  330 . In one embodiment, the CPU clock is adjusted based on a signal from the core logic and the CPU voltage is adjusted on the basis of the CPU itself. This is due to the fact that the voltage change is desirably synchronized in time with the frequency change. In some sense, this control may be viewed as including an effective link from the core logic to control the voltage regulator output. 
   Core logic  330  includes a Power Management Unit  332  of which many types are now known; however, one early example of a Power Management Unit is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,859,882 (herein incorporated by reference) by the inventor of the present application. In operation, PMU  332  receives a signal over bus  336  and generates an output signal  338  that is communicated over bus  340  to clock generator  342 . Clock generator block  342  includes circuitry that generates a CPU clock  50 , a core logic clock signal  352 , a Network Interconnect Card (NIC) clock signal  354 , and a video clock signal  356 . 
   RAM  328  is coupled to core logic  330  via DRAM control line and hence to the CPU via bus  336 . Hard disk drive  338  is similarly coupled to core logic  330  to CPU via bus  336 . In one implementation, Redundant Array of Independent Disc (RAID) data storage is provided for the server modules. As is known, this RAID storage provides considerable data redundancy. In order to implement this RAID in a power management efficient manner, two IDE controllers (or enhanced IDE controllers) are used to interface to two separate disk drives. Provision of two hard disk drives supports RAID Level 0, RAID Level 1, and RAID Level 0+1 implementations. Aspect of the RAID power management disk drive longevity are described in copending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/236,062 entitled System, Apparatus, and Method for Power Conserving and Disc-Drive Life Prolonging RAID configuration filed 27 Sep. 2000, hereby incorporated by reference. It is noted that providing RAID storage or multiple disk drives on the servers is advantages though not required. 
   Clock generator  342  includes clock signal generating and logic circuitry or other means for generating a CPU clock signal at the desired frequency or for selecting a CPU clock signal from an available plurality of clock signal having different frequencies. Under the inventive power management scheme, the clock frequency is adjusted downward within a permissible CPU clock frequency range to provide a CPU processing power that matches the present need, and to the extent that the present need is below the maximum capability of the processor when operating at full permissible clock frequency, to reduce the power consumption of the CPU. As the CPU core voltage may be reduced below a maximum voltage when the clock frequency is below its maximum frequency, the CPU core voltage may be lowered with the clock frequency or speed. 
   A PCI bus  360  coupling NIC  362  and Video processor  364  is provided and interfaces with CPU  320  via Core logic  330 . NIC  362  generates and provides a resume output  366  and NIC Clock input signal  368 , and Video processor  364  is provided with a video clock signal  356  from the clock generator  342  and a suspend input signal  370 . It is noted that the suspend and resume signals may come from multiple sources to affect the desired control and management. 
   In this illustrative embodiment, an X-bus  374  is provided to couple the Real-Time Clock (RTC)  376  and BIOS  378  to the core logic  330  and via bus  336  to the CPU as required. RTC  376  may generate a resume output signal  378 . This RTC generated resume signal  378  is therefore operative to activate PMU  332 , core logic  330 , and CPU  330  under a predetermined time or alarm condition. For example, the RTC may be set to generate a resume signal  378  at 8:00 am local time every day to bring the server module  302  back online. 
   The NIC resume signal may be generated when a specific packet is received. When generated in one of these manners and communicated to the PMU  332  it is operative to place the core logic  336  back into an active state and hence CPU  320  into any selected state of mode. One situation in which the NIC resume signal may be generated is when the server module is in a powered on but inactive state, such that the CPU clock in stopped (or operating at an extremely low clock frequency). Under such condition, a simple way of waking the server module  302  is to communicate a signal  380  from management module  316  via switch  304 . As the NIC will typically be kept active, it will receive the signal  380  and generate the resume signal  366 . 
   It is noted that each of the elements, such as the hard disk drive, Video processor and other power consuming elements may include means for receiving a control signal that places them into a power conserving state or that brings then out of on or more power conserving states into a full power and performance mode. 
   It is noted that the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 10  represents a system that might utilize any of a number of conventional processors or CPU, and might for example utilize a CPU of the Intel Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, or Pentium IV types made by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., various Advanced Micro Device CPUs, CPUs made by Transmeta, as well as other processors and CPUs as are known in the art. 
   Transmeta Crusoe Processor Based Server Embodiment 
   Having now described two generic systems and methods for power managing a server having at least one CPU, attention is now directed to  FIG. 11 , where is illustrated a functional block diagram of an embodiment of an server module  102  adapted for use with the Transmeta Crusoe processor having the LongRun internal power management feature. The Transmeta CPU chip design is identified separately only because it provides for the choice of several (actually  15 ) different Mode  2  operating levels having different CPU clock frequency and CPU core voltage combinations. 
   For one of the inventive server modules, each server module includes a processor such as a CPU  201 . CPU  201  includes a plurality of frequency control registers  205 . The frequency control registers are loaded with values used to control the clock frequency at which to CPU core runs. A configuration ROM to 02 coupled to the CPU is operative to provide a basic input output system during a CPU boot process. A CPU temperature sensor  204  is also coupled to CPU  201  and is operative to modify the values stored in the frequency control registers in response to a sense to CPU temperature so that CPU temperature is maintained within acceptable operating limits. The CPU temperature sensor  204  also communicates with power management unit (PMU)  224  which is itself part of the South Bridge unit  223 . PMU  224  also receives a 32 KHz signal which is used for the real-time clock within the PMU. The PMU  224  is identified as a component or sub-system of the South Bridge Unit  223 , though in fact each may be implemented as a separate unit. Structure in function of PMU  224  and South Bridge  223  are described in greater detail hereinafter. 
   CPU  201  is coupled to a memory  208 , such as a 16-bit synchronous dynamic random access memory (x16 DDR SDRAM), via bus  210 . Memory  208  also receives a clock signal (DDR-CLK)  209  generated as an output calls frequency control registers  205 . This clock signal  209  is generated from values in the frequency control registers. In one embodiment be primarily SDRAM is soldered on board. Additional or expansion RAM  221  may optionally be provided and is coupled to the CPU via bus  214 . Optional expansion RAM  221  receives a clock signal (SDR-CLK)  212  also generated by circuitry from frequency control registers  205 . The DDR RAM is a higher performance memory than the SDR RAM and must be adjacent to the CPU as the result of bus path length issues associated with the DDR memory. It is for this reason that DDR memory cannot be used in an expansion slot and the main and expansion memory are treated somewhat differently. 
   CPU  201  also receives a CPU clock signal (CPUCLK)  213  from a clock generating unit  232 . Clock generator unit  232  receives a clock control signal  229  from the PMU  224  component of the South Bridge Unit  223 . This clock control signal  229  is generated within the PMU. Clock generator unit  232  also generates to plurality of additional clock signals. These include a first PCI clock signal (PCI-CLK 1 )  216  operating at a first frequency or rate which is output and communicated to an input port or pin of CPU  201  to control the clock rate or switching rate, a second PCI clock signal (PCI-CLK 2 )  230  operating at a second frequency or rate which is output or communicated to Video Subsystem  236 , and a third PCI clock signal (PCI-CLK 3 )  231  which is output by the clock generator unit  232  and communicated to the Ethernet Controllers Unit  233 . Ethernet controllers  233  are desirably fast ethernet controllers capable of operating at a high data rate. Ethernet controllers  233  generate an output signal  235  that is communicated to a Transformer unit  234 . Transformer unit  234  receives this input and generates an output in the form of a signal  257  and places this signal  257  on an ethernet bus  265  via backplane connector  103 . Ethernet controllers Unit  233 , may contain one or a plurality of ethernet controllers, also receive a Wake-On-LAN (WOL) signal  227  within the PMU. In addition to the PCI-CLK 3  signal  231 , the ethernet controllers unit  233  is coupled to the PCI-bus  217  and thereby to other units within the system that also attach to PCI-bus  217 , such as for example the CPU  201 , South Bridge  223 , and Video Subsystem  236 . 
   A clock signal  228  is also generated and communicated to the input of PMU  224 . These different outputs of clock generator unit  232  are nominally at a frequency suitable for switching circuits within their respective destination units. Clock generator  232  and micro-controller  250  also each receive a signal  256  which is operative in the clock generator unit and in the micro-controller  250 . 
   Video subsystem  236  is coupled to PCI-Bus  217  and receives PCI-CLK 2  signal  230  from clock generators  232  and operating voltage VCC (nominally at 3.3 volts) as already described. Video Sub-system  236  is responsible for generating a video signal  243  and outputting or making the video signal available for communication elsewhere or to a display (not shown), such as the display on the front panel  246  of rack or bay mounting one or more ISSU. Front panel  246  may also optionally include video or LCD displays, indicator lights or LEDs, and the like for displaying status or other information or data. Keyboard (K) and mouse (M) (or other pointing device or selection mechanism) may also be provided and brought out to the front panel (or other location) for access. 
   Voltage regulator Unit  241  receives nominal +5 volt and +12 volt direct current voltages from power supply module or modules  110  over a backplane connector  103 . Each of the expansion or secondary RAM  221 , Fast Ethernet Controllers  233 , clock generators unit  232 , South Bridge  223 , Micro-controller  250 , and video sub-system  236  receive an operating voltage VCC  222  nominally at 3.3 volts in this particular embodiment (and a corresponding operating current). While the same VCC is used in this particular embodiment, it will be understood that the supply or VCC voltage is selected to match the operating characteristics of the device or circuits and that each circuit or device need not operate at the same voltage. It will also be appreciated that the voltage for one or more of these units may be reduced, sequenced (ON/OFF), and/or turned OFF entirely using appropriate power control and in some cases protection circuitry. The supply voltage or VCC provided to the CPU  201  in the inventive ISS is controlled or modulated in a particular manner to achieve significant power consumption reduction. These circuits and methods which utilize one or both of CPU clock frequency control and CPU core voltage control are described in greater detail elsewhere in this description. 
   In one embodiment of the inventive server module, on-board voltage regulators  241  generate a nominal regulated 5.0 volt output voltage signal (VCC — 5.0V)  242  for hard disc drive  239 , a nominal regulated 3.3 volt output voltage signal (VCC — 3.3V)  222  which is communicated to primary RAM  208 , expansion or secondary RAM  221  (when present), Fast Ethernet Controllers  233 , clock generators unit  232 , South Bridge  223 , Micro-controller  250 , and video sub-system  236 . Primary RAM  208  is selected as DDR SDRAM to advantageously operate at a lower voltage of 2.5 volts and receive a separate supply input signal (VCC — 2.5V) from voltage regulators  241 . In an alternative embodiment, the primary RAM may operate at a somewhat higher voltage (such as 3.3 volt), but in such situation the power conservation achieved by the ISS will not be as great. Secondary or expansion RAM may also alternatively be selected to operate at a lower voltage (such as 2.5 volts) to achieve somewhat greater power consumption savings when present. It is noted that while certain voltage ranges, such as 2.5 volt, 3.3 volt, and 5.0 volt are recited for particular circuits, these voltages are merely exemplary and should not limit the scope of the invention. It will also be appreciated by those workers having ordinary skill in the art in light of the description provided herein, that certain voltage relationships and the sequencing, modulating, or other control of voltages and/or current provides significant power conservation as compared to conventional systems, devices, and techniques. 
   In alternative embodiments of the invention, the operating voltage (VCC) to each unit or to selected groups of units may be supplied via different wires. traces, or busses, so that the on/off condition and/or voltage level to each device or group of devices may be controlled separately. Control logic may also be provided within each unit so that even where a common wire, trace, or bus couples an operating voltage to the unit, control signals communicated to the logic may exert further control to remove voltage from the unit or to sequence the voltage on and off according to some predetermined or programmable rules, and/or to reduce the voltage level. 
   Hard disc (HD) drive  239  is coupled to the Southbridge unit  223  via conventional means, in this particular embodiment, via an IDE connection  240 . In the chipset community, Northbridge refers to the major bus controller circuitry, like the memory, cache, and PCI controllers. The north bridge may have more than one discrete chip. In analogous manner, Southbridge refers to the peripheral and non-essential controllers, like EIDE and serial port controllers. As used here the Southbridge Unit refers to the unit that has these type of functionality as it couples the PCI-Bus  217  with the X-Bus  238  to the System Flash ROM, and to the IDE (or EIDE) bus  240  that couples the Hard Disc drive  239 . The structure and functions of Southbridge units, typically implemented as a single chip, are known in the art. 
   System Flash ROM  237  (such as may be used for storage of a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) and CMS is coupled to South Bridge Unit  223  via a bus  238 , such as for example by an X-bus  238 . 
   In this light, one notes from the server module design of  FIG. 11 , that CPU  201  receives a processor supply voltage (VCC_CPU) signal  219  as an input supplied by voltage regulators  241 , and that voltage regulators  241  receive a processor supply voltage control signal (VCC_CPU_ctrl)  218  from the CPU. 
   Micro-controller is coupled to and receives a slot-ID signal  252  and a signal  245  over Amphus Magic Peripheral Control (AMPC) bus  251 . The Slot-ID signal  252  identifies the slot and is used by the micro-controller  250 . Micro-controller  250  is also adapted to receive a signal  250  over a serial connection from the South Bridge unit  223 . Micro-controller  250  may also generate a reset signal  254 . 
   Advantageously, the CPU supply voltage (or CPU core voltage) is not fixed or constant, but is adjustable either continuously or in a finite number of defined increments so as to maintain CPU device (e.g. transistor) switching speed at a particular clock frequency while minimizing power consumption by the CPU. In a particular embodiment using the Transmeta Corporation Crusoe processor (for example, Model TM3200, Model TM5400, or Model TM5600 Crusoe processors made by Transmeta Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif.), this voltage is controllable from a maximum of about 1.6 volts at a clock frequency of about 530 MHz to a minimum voltage of 1.2 volts at a frequency of 300 MHz. Operation at somewhat higher and lower voltages and/or at somewhat faster clock rates is likely possible for at least some group of devices, but are not within the published operating range of this processor chip. 
   Operating power and clock switching frequency to the CPU  201 , primary RAM, expansion RAM (when present), Video Subsystem  236 , Fast Ethernet Controller  233 , South Bridge Unit  223 , and Hard Disc drive (HD)  239  in one embodiment are controlled as indicated in Table I. In this power management and control scheme, the first mode (first state) is entered when the CPU is running at maximum frequency. Maximum frequency typically requires maximum voltage. 
   The second mode (second state) is implemented by using Transmeta LongRun power management scheme. This LongRun™ power management scheme is summarized elsewhere in this description as well as in the publication LongRun™ Power Management—Dynamic Power Management for Crusoe Processors, Marc Fleischmann, Transmeta Corporation, 17 Jan. 2001; herein incorporated by reference. 
   The third mode (third state) is entered when activity level drops below a certain threshold. This activity can be either monitored by an external supervisor, or monitored by the Server Module (SM) itself and then reports the result to the external supervisor. The server module (also referred to as a computer node) will either suspend itself after receiving instruction from the external supervisor or have its power removed by the external supervisor. 
   Management Module Top-Level Description 
   As its name implies, the Management Module is responsible for performing a variety of management or supervisory functions. Some of these functions are highlighted immediately below, others are described relative to other aspects of the invention throughout the specification. 
   The Management Module can connect either serial port on any of the Server Modules or the serial port on the Management Module to the back panel DB9 connector. In one embodiment, this is a full eight-signal switch (not only TxD and Rxd). The Terminal Server portion of the Management Module provides Ethernet connection services for all of the Server Modules&#39; serial ports. 
     FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic illustration showing the relationship and connectivity between a plurality of server modules  112 , two management modules  108 , and two Ethernet switch modules  104 . In this particular embodiment, the lines represent the differential pair signals that are used for signaling. 
   The Management Module is also responsible for Ethernet switch management. Management, control, and status reporting of any present Switch Modules are performed via the Management Module. Industry standard SNMP MIBs are implemented providing support for existing data center management tools and is under security protection. 
   Embodiments of the Virgo ISSU contains dual redundant Fan Modules consisting of three fans each. The Management Module is responsible for Fan Control and Monitoring. Each fan&#39;s speed is desirably controlled to reduce system noise and extend fan life, while maintaining internal temperatures at appropriate levels. When an excessive temperature reading or fan failure is detected, alerts are sent via email or SNMP, depending on system configuration. 
   The Management Module is also responsible for Power Supply Control and Monitoring. The power supplies of the Server and Switch Modules are controlled by the Management Module, with the ability to cycle power or shut down a module upon receipt of an appropriate network control center message and is under security protection. All power supplies, either chassis or module based, are monitored. When an alarm or failure condition is detected, an alert is sent via email or SNMP depending on system configuration. 
   The Management Module provides out of band reset capability (reset control) for Server and Switch Modules. The mechanism used for reset depends on system configuration and is advantageously under security protection. 
   Embodiments of the Management Module provide multiple, for example three, 10/100 Full Duplex Ethernet Ports that provide redundant communications to internal and external networks. There is an Ethernet Port on the Rear Panel. There is also an Ethernet Port internal to the Virgo ISSU System Chassis to each of the Switch Modules. The Management Module can be configured and Terminal Service provided via all of these paths. 
   When a Virgo ISSU System contains two Management Modules the modules will cooperate in a load-sharing configuration. This is referred to as Redundant and Shared ISSU System Control. Both Management Modules will continuously monitor and report the status of the system and all sub-systems. Should one Management Module fail, or not be installed, the remaining Management Module is capable of controlling the entire Virgo System. 
   Furthermore, the Management Module(s) are responsible for general system health monitoring and it (they) constantly monitor the health of the Virgo ISSU-based system. The system&#39;s health is monitored by continuously checking temperatures throughout the chassis. All chassis power supplies and all power supplies on Server, Switch, or Management Modules are checked via the Management Module. Each of the six fans in the system is monitored for low speed and failure to operate. When an alert or warning condition is observed, notification is sent to a designated recipient via either email or SNMP. It is possible to set warning levels as well as the notification method via system configuration. 
   Embodiments of the Management Module  108  is designed to be “plugged-in” and operate within 2 U rack mountable Chassis OR Enclosure  101 . The combination of a Management Module  108  along with one or more Server Modules  112  and Switch Modules  104 , constitutes a complete ISS system. One module of each type is sufficient to form a complete system. 
   The Integrated Server Systems (ISS) architecture and ISSU system units are designed to offer the lowest power consumption, the highest density (number of servers per rack) and highest MASS (Manageability, Availability, Scalability, and Serviceability). It offers data center operators a breakthrough platform that reduces TCO (total cost of ownership) and increases revenue per square foot through dramatically improved performance efficiency (e.g. transactions per second per watt) as compared to conventional architectures and system configurations. 
   As data centers grow in size and complexity, it becomes increasingly difficult to manage server and networking resources. The Management Module  108  is designed to consolidate the monitoring and management of Server Modules  112  (up to 16), Switch Modules  104  (up to 2) and other hardware subsystems enclosed in a single system  102 . This reduces management complexity, and provides a more cost-effective solution than existing management servers. 
   In at least one embodiment, a management module provides numerous features and capabilities, including: Local Serial Port Switching and /Remote Terminal Server, Ethernet Switch Management, Fan Control and Monitoring, Power Supply Control and Monitoring, In-band and Out-of-Band Capability, Remote Warm Boot and Cold Boot Control, Dual Management Modules for High Availability Management, and Browser-based access for Configuration and Management Controls, as well as KVM over the ethernet. 
   Local Serial Port Switching and /Remote Terminal Server features are provided in that the Management Module can switch any of the serial ports on the Server Modules  112 , or the serial port on the Management Module  108  itself, to a DB9 or other connector at the rear of the system. This provides serial console output capability for software installation, out-of-band communication, configuration and management. Additionally, the Management Module can redirect the serial input and output of any selected port over Ethernet for Remote Terminal Server capability. 
   Ethernet Switch Management is provided in that the Management Module  108  performs management, control, and status reporting of Switch Modules  104 . In one embodiment, industry standard SNMP MIBs are implemented on the Management Module  108  providing support for existing SNMP management tools such as OpenView and Unicenter. This capability may advantageously be via secure access. 
   Fan Control and Monitoring is provided in that each ISSU contains dual Fan Modules  114  consisting of three fans each  114   a - 1 ,  114   a - 2 ,  114   a - 3 . Each fan&#39;s speed is controlled to reduce system noise and extend fan life, while maintaining internal temperatures at targeted and advantageously at optimum temperature levels. When an excessive temperature reading or fan failure is detected an alert is sent via email or SNMP, depending on system configuration so that corrective action may be taken automatically or with the intervention of a human operator. 
   Power Supply Control and Monitoring features are implemented in that the power supplies  110   a - 1 ,  110   a - 2  of the Server Modules  112  and Switch Modules  104  are controlled by the Management Module  108 , with the ability to cycle power (or voltage) or shut down a module upon receipt of an appropriate message from the Information Technology (IT) administrator&#39;s network control station. This feature may be via secure access. All power supplies, whether a part of the system chassis  101 , Server Module  112 , or Switch Modules  104 , are monitored for proper power supply operation. When an alarm or failure condition is detected for any power supply module  110  an alert or other information bearing message is sent via email or SNMP, depending on system configuration. 
   In-band and Out-of-Band Capability is provided in that the Management Module has three 10/100 Full Duplex Ethernet Ports that provide redundant communications to internal and external networks. There is an Ethernet Port on the rear panel of the system  102  that can be used for out-of-band Ethernet communication. The other two ports connect to the two internal Switch Modules (if both are present)  104   a - 1 ,  104   a - 2  for in-band communication. The Management Module  108  can be configured and Terminal Service. 
   The Remote Warm Boot and Cold Boot Control feature of the Management Module  108  provides remote reset and power cycling capabilities for Server Modules  112  and Switch Modules  104 . Such remote warm boot and cold boot control can be performed in-band, through the Switch Modules  104 , or out-of-band via the Management Module  108  external Ethernet port. The mechanism used depends on the system configuration and may be via secure access. 
   The (optional) presence of two or dual Management Modules support High Availability Management. A system can accommodate up to two Management Modules  108  for high availability. For alternative physical configurations, additional management modules may be provided for even greater availability, though such redundancy would seldom if ever be needed. When both management modules are present in a system, they assume an “active-active” load-sharing configuration. Both Management Modules  108   a - 1 ,  108   a - 2  continuously monitor and report the status of the system and all sub-systems. Should one Management Module fail, or not be installed, the remaining Management Module is capable of controlling the entire system. 
   The system also supports browser-based access for Configuration and Management Controls. Standard SNMP management software is used in one embodiment to not only monitor and manage the rest of the system  102  through the Management Module  108 , but also to control (self-control) the Management Module itself. Similar capabilities are also advantageously provided via a browser-based interface. 
   Attention is now directed to a description of a network and management of elements of the network by two different types of master relative to  FIG. 13 . Two different types of master module, M 1   501  and M 2   502 , are depicted in  FIG. 13 . Note that the two different types may be configured within a single hardware/software management module and that their type characteristics may be defined by a software or program switch. The type 1 master M 1   501  has the capability to power manage the servers  510  within the same subnet  504  using either in-band  506  or out-of-band  508  signals. Furthermore, the type 1 master  501  can also power manage the servers (e.g. Web Servers  512 ,  518 , Cache Server  514 ,  520 , and Streaming Media Server  516 ) outside of its own subnet  504 , for example in outside or external subnet  522 ,  524 . Either type 1 or type 2 master (M 1   501  or M 2   502 ) can be designated as the global master used to manage the rest of the servers throughout the entire internetwork  530 . Any server has the option to power manage itself as well as being managed by the global master. The global master communicates with all servers via standard network management protocol. Each server has its own network agent and will report (immediately or within some predetermined time interval) to the global master on any policy violation. 
   An exemplary operational scenario for the internetwork is now described. Assume for example, that while a particular server is operating in the 2nd power mode and the network agent detects the CPU utilization for that server rises above an upper threshold (for example, a threshold of about 95%) for some fixed period of time, this is considered as a policy violation and a message will be sent to the global master. Consequently, the global master will command the server to return to the 1st mode, that is a higher power consuming and higher performance mode since it may be anticipated that with only a 5% excess capacity margin remaining unused, quality of service may suffer if there is an additional loading. This task may alternatively be performed by the local CPU. 
   On the other hand, while operating in the 1st mode, if the agent detects the CPU utilization for that server module drops below a lower threshold (for example a threshold of about 50%) for a fixed period of time, it will send a policy violation signal to the global master. The global master will command the server to enter the 2nd mode wherein power consumption is reduced relative to the 1st mode, such as by reducing the CPU clock frequency, lowering the CPU operating voltage, and preferably both lowering the CPU clock frequency and the CPU core voltage to match the switching speed requirements imposed by the clock frequency. This task may also alternatively be performed by the local CPU. 
   If the global master observes that the CPU utilization of multiple servers continue to stay at very low level, it will command some of the servers to enter the 3rd mode in order to save the maximum power. The 3rd mode is a power consumption mode that is even lower than the 2nd mode. In one embodiment, the CPU clock is stopped, while in another embodiment, the CPU is reduced to a very low rate. Advantageously, the CPU core voltage is also reduced but this is not required. Preferably, the CPU core voltage is not reduced below a voltage level that will result in the loss of state within the CPU. That is the CPU is desirably not powered off. 
   In a typical server farm, it is anticipated that the nominal load is about 30% of the peak load. Using this approach, the inventive structure and method can provide at least a 70% power saving comparing with server farm that does not implement the inventive power management.  FIG. 3  shows pictorially the mode transitions of a single server. 
   A graphical plot of CPU Utilization (in percent) versus Time is illustrated in  FIG. 14 . It is assumed that at time zero CPU utilization for the particular server module operating in 2nd mode is 50% and that this rises toward 100%. When the utilization reaches about 95% and stays over that level for some predetermined time, control signals are generated and received by the server module in order to transition the server module from the 2nd mode to a higher load capacity 1st mode. CPU loading as a percentage of available capacity immediately drops due to the higher capacity while operating in 1st mode. While operating in this 1st mode, utilization drops below 50% but then immediately arises above 50%. Because the utilization did not remain below 50% for the prescribed period of time, no transition to 2nd mode occurred. However, at a somewhat later time, CPU utilization dropped below 50% for the required time and resulted in a transition to the 2nd mode. As utilization continued to decrease and remain at that reduced level, a further transition to the 3rd mode occurred. In this exemplary embodiment, the 3rd mode is an inactive mode where the CPU is inoperative therefore there is zero utilization. 
   Though not shown in the diagram, the particular CPU and server containing it may remain in this 3rd mode until its capacity is required for the system as a whole. At such time, control signals are provided to the particular server, as described elsewhere in this description, to activate the CPU into an appropriate performance state. This state may be either a 1st mode or a 2nd mode, depending on the loading and policies in place. 
   It is noted that although the 95% and 50% CPU utilization thresholds, and certain relative periods of time may be inferred from the description or drawings, the CPU utilization control and power transition policies may be freely defined to satisfy the dynamics of the system and the conservative or liberal achievement of power conservation within the system. For example, the threshold for transitioning from a 2nd mode to a 1st mode may be selected to be any CPU utilization between 60% and 100%, though more typically it will be selected to be between about 80% and 95%, and more frequently between about 90% and 95%. In analogous manner, the threshold for transitioning between the first mode and the second mode may typically be selected to be a utilization between about 25% and 55%. 
   Furthermore, while a simple utilization threshold has been described, more elaborate control may be implemented. For example, in addition to the threshold, a velocity measure of the time rate of change of utilization may be utilized as well. This may then result in a dynamically determined threshold that depends upon how fast the utilization is changing and its direction. Ultimately, the goal of the policy should be to anticipate the need for additional CPU capacity before capacity is exceeded in one direction, and to ramp down power consumption without reducing CPU capacity below a level that can satisfy short term demand in the other direction. 
   Another function of the global master is to reconfigure the server type (such as between a web server type, a cache server type, a streaming media server type, or other type server) based on activity monitoring at the application level. Alternatively speaking, if 70% of the servers are being held in a suspend state, the global master should have the option to turn those servers into whatever types that are in demand at the time. The global master may even decide that a particular server may serve for more than one type of content simultaneously, that is operate as both a web server and a cache server. This may be particularly appropriate when the loading on all servers is relatively low so that a single server is capable of satisfying quality of service requirements within its CPU (and hard disk drive) capacity. 
   Power and Energy Conservation Features and Methods 
   Having now described the physical architecture and connectivity of an exemplary Integrated Server System, the structure and operation of an exemplary server module, management module, and switch module, aspects of how these modules work independently and in synergistic manner to accomplish significant power or energy conservation without sacrificing performance (or with only an undetectable insignificant performance impact at most) are now described. 
   Conventional servers do not take power consumption or power savings into consideration in their normal operation. The primary philosophy of data center and internet service providers (ISPs) is over provision. If one considers the relationship between traffic (or load) and the power consumption, conventional servers operate at a relatively constant and high power level that is independent of load. The processors and associated memory typically run at maximum clock rate or frequency, full supply voltage to the processor core, hard disc drives on and rotating constantly, and video and other sub-systems and ports on and operable all the time independent of whether they are being used at that time. 
   Power conservation features such as may be provided in consumer personal computers (PCs) such as the suspend, sleep, hibernation, and the like types of reduced power operation. Several different power management interface specifications have been developed in recent years, including for example, the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Version 1.0 (herein incorporated by reference) co-developed by Intel, Microsoft and Toshiba, which specifies how software and hardware components like the operating system, motherboard and peripheral devices (such as hard disk drive) talk to each other about power usage. 
   One embodiment of the inventive structure is directed as so called “front end server” applications. While the power consumption of conventional servers may vary depending upon the processor type and operating characteristics, number of processors, amount of memory (RAM), disc drive or other storage device type and number, and the like, most conventional servers such as those made by Cobalt, Compaq, Dell, and others consume some where in the range of between about 50 Watts to 150 Watts or more. Some servers have as many as four processors and will consume considerably power. 
   Conventional servers typically have similar architecture to personal computers made for home and business use, albeit with greater I/O capabilities and horsepower for their intended tasks. Interestingly, most of these servers retain the video capabilities in spite of the fact that the servers will not be used by anyone for viewing the video. It is unfortunate that the video circuitry (either within the processor or as a separate chip) is consuming power yet produces no beneficial effect or result. 
   The structures and methods of the invention provides a very low power design so that even when the inventive server is operating at its maximum performance level and consuming its maximum power, that maximum power consumption is still a fraction of the maximum (and steady-state) power consumption of conventional non-power managed processors and servers. This maximum power level is between about 10 to 15 Watts. This reduction is possible for several reasons, including the provision of a very low power consumption processor or CPU, turning off devices or components within the system that are not being used at the time. Another significant power savings is provided by power managing the CPU according to the network traffic or server load conditions. Therefore the power consumption is less than the maximum power consumption unless the load is at a peak and all of the devices and components are powered on to handle the load. With this throttling back as a function of load, the power consumption may be at any intermediate value between zero (when and if the unit is powered off completely) or at a very low power consumption level when placed in some power conserving mode (such as a sleep, suspend, or other specialized power conserving mode as described elsewhere herein). Thus, capabilities of the server are matched to the demands being placed on the server. This power control or management is referred to as power on demand (Power on Demand™) and permits power conservation without any loss of server capability. 
   The over-provisioning of servers by ISPs and Data Centers is adapted at least in part because e-commerce can be highly seasonal and subject to considerable event driven demand surges. For example, the traffic or load requirements placed on servers during Christmas Holiday season may be many time or even one or more orders of magnitude as compared to other times of the year. News, stock market, and other organizations may have analogous traffic fluctuations during a single day. Unless such e-commerce entities are able to satisfy the inquiries of their customers with tolerable quality of service (QOS), such customers may never come back to the site. Therefore, day-to-day, week-to-week, and month-to-month traffic loading can vary over a wide range. For one typical ISP, the average load is about twenty-percent (20%) of the maximum load. 
   In the inventive system and method, by varying the power consumption according to load, considerable additional savings are realized. For an exemplary system in which the base maximum power consumption is 10 watts rather than 50 watts, and the power consumed during the service cycle is on average 20% of the maximum, the net result is a realization of the product of these two savings for a savings of about 25 times. That is the power consumed over a day is 1/25 of the power consumed for a conventional server operation. 
   Typically, the amount of power savings and then relationship between traffic and power consumed will depend upon the nature of the server. For example, a web server may exhibit a different load versus power consumption characteristic curve than a streaming video server, which will be different that a content caching server. These relationships may be linear or non-linear. The nature of the content may also impact this relationship. 
   The inventive scheme interactively reacts to the load and scales the number of components and/or devices as well as the operational parameters and operating characteristics of the devices and/or components to match the load or a predetermined quality of service, or some other identified performance target for the server system. 
   The inventive ISS may incorporate multiple servers adapted to serve different type of content. Thus it may be expected that each different server will exhibit somewhat different power consumption and power consumption reduction characteristics. These characteristics need not be known a priori to realize their benefits. 
   Attention is now directed toward a description of different operating modes. In one aspect the inventive structure and method provide for a transition in a single processor or CPU between a first mode (Mode  1 ) and a second mode (Mode  2 ) wherein the second mode consumes less power or energy than the first mode. Power or energy consumption in the processor or CPU (and optionally in other circuit components or peripherals connected to or associated with the processor or CPU) may be reduced in a variety or ways, including or example, lowering a processor or CPU core voltage, reducing a processor or CPU clock frequency, or lowering the core voltage and the clock frequency at the same time. 
   In some systems and methods, the core voltage and clock frequency are changed continuously or in stages in some synchronized manner, as a higher core voltage may typically be required to support a faster processor or CPU clock frequency. It is noted that the first and second mode are each active operating modes in which the processor or CPU is executing instructions and carrying out normal processor functions. While the core voltage may be reduced, the processor clock is still cycling at some nominal rate. The lower limit for processor clock frequency reduction may generally be selected based on the types of processing that may be accomplished at that rate. For example, first mode operation would typically be provided at substantially 100% of the nominal rated clock frequency for the processor, while second mode operation provide a clock frequency less than 100%. Such reduced processor clock frequency may generally be in the rage of between about 5% to 95% of the maximum, more usually between about 20% and about 80%, more usually between about 20% and 60%. In some systems, the processor clock may be reduced by factors of two using clock signal division circuitry. In other systems, the processor clock frequency may be reduced in fixed increments or according to a clock frequency rate reduction look up table or algorithm in a clock generator circuit. 
   As the second mode may be considered to be any active operating mode less than the first mode, it will be understood that there may be multiple levels of this second mode. That is, Mode  2  may be multi-level. 
   In addition to these first and second modes, the processor or CPU may be placed into an inactive third mode (Mode  3 ) characterized by consuming less power or energy (conserving more power or energy) than in the first mode or the second mode. This third mode is referred to as an inactive mode as the processor clock will be stopped or operate at such a low frequency that the processor effectively processes no instructions and performs substantially no useful work relative to the amount of work provided in the first or second modes. Usually, the processor clock will be stopped and where core voltage control is available, the processor core voltage will be reduced to a level just sufficient to maintain processor state. This third mode is distinguished from a fourth mode (Mode  4 ) where the processor is powered off and does not maintain processor state, revitalization of the processor from the fourth mode requiring a reboot or other initialization procedure. Such reboot or initialization procedures typically requiring a few to tens of seconds to accomplish and compared to fractions of a second to transition the processor from the third mode to the second mode or to the first mode. 
   The present invention provides and supports several different structures, mechanisms, and procedures for controlling the operational modes of the server modules and hence the processor or processors that may form or contribute to the operation of a server. Organizationally, the control may reside in a separate Management Module, one or two of which Management Modules may be integrated into one of the inventive ISSU; or, may reside in one of the Server Modules which has been designated as a manager, supervisor, or master server module. Designation of a Server Module in this way involves providing the server module with the computer program software for receiving activity information from the server modules, for analyzing the activity information to determine from a power consumption perspective (or other predetermined perspective) which server modules should be operated in the several available modes (for example, Mode  1 , Mode  2 , Mode  3 , and possibly even in Mode  4  in some circumstances), and where the operation of more than one type of server is to be combined into a single server module (such as a multi-media server and a web page server) for gathering the content from the type types of servers onto the hard disk drive of a single server or group of servers. Note that when a particular server module is to serve as the master, that server may collect information on its own activity and be considered in the overall server and power management scheme. Of course, the server module acting as its own master will not place itself in either Mode  3  or Mode  4  as its continued operation is essential. 
   At a top level, the server modules each detect and report their activity to the manager (either the management module or the designated master server module). In some embodiments, the server modules are permitted to locally control their own operating mode, for example whether their own CPU (or CPUs if a multiple CPU server) is or should be operating in a Mode  1  or Mode  2 . They will then also report not only their activity level but also the operating mode under which the reported activity was measured of detected. 
   At another level, the manner in which activity is detected is an issue. At yet still another level, the power management control policy or procedure, that is the control plan that regulates which server modules should be place in which of the available modes to provide both the required (or desired) performance according to some measure and the required (or desired) power conservation. Those workers having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, in light of the description provided here, that there are virtually limitless different policies for power management. Specific policies that optimize or near-optimize the combination of server performance and power conservation may be determined empirically during initial installation and operational phases as they will likely depend upon the content served, the variation of server loading as a function of time of day, advertising or promotions, average server loading, amount of over-provisioning, minimum quality of service requirements, power consumption of server modules versus content served, and other factors associated with server operation. The policies may also be modified according to the particular physical and/or electronic or logical structure of the servers. Even different CPU technologies may suggest different policies. 
   It may also be observed that such policies may be biased in favor of any one or combination of server operational factors. For example, operation and therefore the policy for control may favor power conservation even though there may be some impact on performance. Alternatively, the policy may favor absolutely maintaining a quality of service even if power conservation is somewhat sacrificed. 
   As general multi-power management policy it is observed based on analytical and empirical data, that there is a certain power consumption overhead associated with each server device and that it is therefore generally preferred to operate a minimum number of server modules at near their maximum output (Mode  1 ). When a single device approaches its capacity, other server devices are brought up from a Mode  3  to Mode  2  or Mode  1  operation. Frequently, the two servers then on line would each operate in Mode  2  until further performance is needed, at which time one would be brought to Mode  1  operation. This is merely an example scenario and many other alternative control strategies may be applied. Clearly, there is a bodies of knowledge for both open-loop and feed-back based control that may be used by those skilled in the art to optimize or near-optimize some weighted combination of performance and power conservation. 
   A server system configuration tool may be provided that allows a human operator to monitor system operation and power consumption and interact with the system and policy definition within the system to tune system performance. In the event that local government or regulatory agencies restrict power consumption or mandate power reduction, the policy may be altered to implement these requirements. In each of these situation, the system permits real-time dynamic uploading of the policies without taking an servers offline. In one embodiment, systems having two management modules are used effectively by off loading one management module to the other management module, updating the policies in the off loaded management module, and then placing the updated management module. In another embodiment, alternative policy schemes are preloaded in the management module (or designated master) so that it may switch automatically or under operator control as required. 
   Having described several power or energy consuming states or modes (or their opposite, power or energy conserving states or modes) it will be appreciated that some procedure, mechanism, or policy is provided for the processor to self- or locally-control its own operating mode and hence its power consumption. 
   Heretofore, control of the operating mode of a plurality of processors or CPUs by a single supervisor or manager has not been known, particularly when the supervisor or manager is itself or includes a processor or CPU, and more particularly, it has not been known to provide this type of multi-processor power management in a multi-server system. This level of control is referred to herein as global control over a plurality of processors to distinguish from the afore described single processor or CPU power management. It is noted that the inventive system and method also extend beyond any single-board computer systems having multiple processors configured therein. No such multi-CPU computers are known that provide power conservation features of the type described herein, and it is noted that in exemplary embodiments of the inventive system and method that the each of the plurality of processors are located within separate PC-board mounted module. Embodiments of the inventive system and method are provided for which both local-control and global-control are provided. 
   Embodiments of the invention provide for detecting activity (or inactivity) in at least three different ways. Detection may occur at the local level so that local control can be effected as well as optional detection at a global level. It is noted that in at least some embodiments, local detection of activity within each processor or CPU provides sufficient information to globally control the power consumption of a system having a plurality of processors or CPUs. 
   In one embodiment, an OSI model having a physical layer is used for activity or inactivity detection. In a second embodiment, a TCP/IP layer is used for this detection, and in a third embodiment the activity or inactivity detection occurs at the application layer. In a fourth embodiment, two or more of these activity detection and control techniques are combined. 
   One technique for detecting activity or inactivity in the physical layer uses idle thread detection. Certain operating systems prevalent in the late 1990&#39;s through 2001 provide a procedural “hook” through an operating system functional call or other programming construct that allows query of the operating system and generation of a response or report back to the requester indicating how much idleness is present in the system, or more particularly how much idleness is present in the processor or CPU on which the operating system is executing. This operating system query may for example be made using an API function call that returns a value. An alternative technique for determining idleness in a system utilizes a somewhat heuristic idleness detection algorithm, such an approach is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/558,473 as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,396,635, 5,892,959 and 6,079,025; each of which patent application and patent are incorporated herein by reference. 
   With reference to  FIG. 15-22 , several exemplary mode or state diagrams are illustrated. In these diagrams, a mode or state is represented by a circular node and a transition between two modes is represented by a directional line or arrow, the arrowhead indicating the direction of the mode transition. It is assumed for purpose of this discussion that the system may be in any one of three modes (Mode  1 , Mode  2 , or Mode  3 ) and a powered-off mode (Mode  4 ) (not shown). 
   Some systems, such as certain Transmeta Crusoe CPUs operate so as to provide a maximum CPU core voltage and maximum CPU clock frequency in a Mode  1  type operation and a plurality of levels (15 levels) in a Mode  2  type operation, the Transmeta Mode  2  operation consuming less power in fifteen of its operating levels than in the sixteenth operating level. Each of these fifteen lower power consuming levels at which the CPU core voltage and CPU clock frequency are less than their nominal rated maximum are considered to be Mode  2  operating states as the processor operates in at most one of the states at any given time and each separately qualifies as a Mode  2  operation relative to the maximum performance Mode  1  state and CPU suspend Mode  3  state. A mode state diagram for the Transmeta Crusoe LongRun™ CPU operation is illustrated in  FIG. 17 . 
   It is also noted that the Intel SpeedStep™ technology involves the same or similar three modes of operation. The Intel SpeedStep provides for a fully on mode running at maximum clock frequency and maximum CPU core voltage, it also has a reduced state in which frequency and voltage are reduced relative to maximum, and a suspend state. During normal operation such as for an AC-line powered notebook computer, the CPU clock frequency and CPU core voltage are at their rated maximum values. However, in at least one notebook computer made by IBM (IBM ThinkPad T21) a user may enable an optional power saving policy for battery powered operation and for AC-line powered operation in which the CPU clock frequency and the CPU core voltage are reduced to save power and lengthen battery life. These power saving policies also control hard disk drive, display brightness, and the operating condition of other internal circuits and peripherals. 
   Each of  FIG. 15-22  shows a first mode (Mode  1 ), a second mode (Mode  2 ), and a third mode (Mode  3 ). A fourth mode (Mode  4 ) represents a processor or CPU that is powered down or in an Off state and is not shown. Various mode transitions are supported by the inventive system and method. Conventionally, the transitions between and among the three modes were controlled locally (though such terminology was not used) because all control was provided either within the CPU or by chips, logic, or other circuits associated with the single computer or PC-board on or in which the CPU was located. In aspects of the present invention, global control is exercised over the operating modes of a plurality of the processors or CPUs, and some degree of local control is or may optionally be provided. The manner in which the transitions are controlled locally and globally are described in greater detail elsewhere in this specification. 
   Recall that in single processor or single CPU systems, Mode  1  and Mode  2  represent active work producing operating states, a non-zero frequency processor clock signal causing the switching of transistor or other circuits that permit instruction execution. Therefore, in single processor systems, particularly in notebook computer systems operating from finite energy sources (e.g. battery), the systems occupy most of the time they are “on” in a Mode  1  condition (or Mode  1 -like condition) or in a Mode  2  (or Mode  2 -like condition). Operation in a Mode  3  condition does not provide any productive work so that if the user were to perform any reasonable amount of work using the device containing the power managed processor or CPU, there is little power savings that would be achieved during useful work. 
   In  FIG. 15-22  the following notation is adopted. Each transition indicating arrow is labeled with either an “L” to indicate local control, a “G” to indicate global control, or an “LG” meaning that the transition may be controlled by either or both local control or global control. In addition, transitions from Mode  1  to Mode  2  are labeled “A” and transitions from Mode  2  to mode  1  are labeled “A′”. In analogous manner, other transitions are labeled as B, B′, C, and C′. This notation will be useful in describing the differences between conventional systems and method and the present invention. 
   With respect to  FIG. 15 , there are shown locally controlled transitions between Mode  1  and Mode  2  (A and A′) and between Mode  2  and Mode  3  (B and B′). For recent power management schemes, the A and A′ transitions would normally be expected to occur with reasonable frequency during use of the notebook computer, and the B and B′ transitions with lower frequency, under the assumption that the user will typically either be using the computer (A and A′ transitions) or power it off (Mode  4 ), so that B and B′ transitions will be less frequent. It may also be expected that the B′ transition may be less frequent than the B transition, as computer makers may typically transition directly to Mode  1  from a Mode  3  (C′ transition) when there is suddenly a need to wake up the CPU from a suspend type state. 
     FIG. 16 , illustrates an operating scenario under which the processor or CPU is maintained in an active state and only the A A′ transitions occur under local control. The B B′ and C C′ transitions are illustrated in dashed lines. 
     FIG. 17 , illustrates a similar operational scenario wherein the processor or CPU may transition to any one or sequentially through a plurality of Mode  2  states. This operational scenario is similar or the same as the scenario under which the Transmeta Crusoe processor may operate. 
   The inventive architecture, system, device, and method may be operated in a fundamentally different manner, using either only global control or using a combination of local and global control, to alter the operating mode of a plurality of processors or CPUs. Variations on this power management scheme are now described relative to  FIG. 18-22 . 
   In  FIG. 18 , the Mode  1  to Mode  2  A A′ transitions are locally controlled. For example, in the Intel SpeedStep™ CPUs the A A′ transitions are controlled using control mechanisms provided by Intel on their CPU chips that permit a system designer to issue a command to the CPU to transition it from Mode  1  to Mode  2  under an identified condition and from Mode  2  to Mode  1  under a second identified condition. Similarly, the Transmeta Crusoe CPUs implementing their LongRun technology would transition from Mode  1  to a selected one of a plurality of Mode  2  states, and from that Mode  2  state (or a different Mode  2  state) to Mode  1 , under identified conditions. These conditions are known in the art, available from Intel or Transmeta, or from Intel or Transmeta computer manufacturer OEMs, and not described here in greater detail 
   While the conventional systems and methods may permit the B B′ transitions and/or the C C′ transitions under local or self-control within a processor or CPU (or within circuitry associated with a CPU on a common mother board or other platform or enclosure), embodiments of the inventive system and method preclude such local or self-control. Rather, a manager or supervisor (see description of manager or supervisor capabilities and implementations elsewhere in this specification) only may globally manage the B B′ transitions and/or the C C′ transitions under a global control scheme. Global control in this manner is illustrated for example, in the state diagram of  FIG. 19 . 
   In yet another embodiment of the invention, depicted in the  FIG. 19  state diagram, Mode  2  operation is not supported and there are no A A′ transitions or B B′ transitions. It is observed that operating only in Mode  1  or Mode  3  would not represent a generally useful power management scheme for a single processor or CPU system because Mode  1  operation is a full power active mode and Mode  3  is power conserving but inactive mode. Therefore, there is little power savings that would result where CPU or processor loading is sufficient to keep the processor or CPU out of Mode  3 . Significantly, systems or power management policies providing only C C′ transitions for single CPU systems (or for any processor or CPU systems) do not seem to exist in the computer industry. 
   On the other hand, this operating scheme is viable and presents significant power conservation features for multi-processor or multi-CPU architectures, particularly in the server environment where some or significant over-provisioning of server capacity is the norm and where the server suite may typically operate at from twenty to fifty percent of maximum capacity. As described in greater detail elsewhere in this specification, in the inventive Integrated Server System Unit (ISSU) a plurality of server modules, each having a processor, are integrated into a single enclosure and coupled for communication by various in-band and out-of-band bus and interconnection links. A manager or supervisor is provided (for example, in the form of a Management Module or designated Server Module operating as the manager or supervisor) that collects and/or analyzes CPU “activity” (where activity is defined broadly as described elsewhere in this specification) and generates control signals that maintain or alter the operating mode of individual Server Modules or identified groups of such Server Modules. While the primary control is over the processor or CPU within these Server Modules, it is noted that other circuits or components, such as for example, display, hard disk drive, and other circuits and/or peripherals may be similarly controlled by the same or different control signals. 
   Servers, server systems, or so called server farms generally designed and implemented with significant capacity over-provisioning. Reasons and rationale for such over provisioning is known in the art and therefore described only briefly here. Providing a positive first visit Internet web experience and maintaining a quality of service (QoS) is important for developing and maintaining clients, customers, or other visitors to a web site. Content must be served within a reasonable period of time, on a first visit and on subsequent visit, or visitors will not return. While the quality of service may be permitted to vary somewhat by time of day and/or season, the reasonableness standard still applies, and normally it is best to maintain a very high quality of service all the time. Paramount in this goal would be to serve content such as web pages, streaming video, or cached content, without delay. Even during time periods (time of day, season, event driven) where web traffic and the amount of content that need be served by a server is likely to increase, sufficient server capacity must be in place. Over provisioning by at least 30% or so is typical, and frequently 100%-500% or more over-provision or over-capacity may be provided. 
   This moderate to significant over-provisioning is accepted by the server community as a necessary cost item, both in terms of the cost to purchase and maintain the equipment, the cost to power the equipment, the cost to cool or remove the heat generated by the equipment, and the negative impact on equipment longevity as a result of continuous operation. 
   Conventional server systems have not been power managed as there has been a philosophy that if the equipment is there it should be operated at maximum speed so as to serve content or respond to other requests as rapidly as possible. Conventional server units within a rack of server units have been to the inventor&#39;s best knowledge maintained in an always on always ready to serve mode. More recently, there has began to be some appreciation that power saving features provided in commercial personal computers might result in some power conservation benefits. At most these recent ideas have concentrated on the Mode  1  to/from Mode  2  (A A′ transitions) based on the Intel SpeedStep™, Transmeta Crusoe LongRun™, or other similar technologies. This local self-control by each processor provides some energy conservation but does not provide the conservation of the inventive system and method. 
   One of the Transmeta Crusoe Model chips operates at 533 MHz and 1.6 volts when in Mode  1  and at 300 MHz and 1.2 volts when at its slowest CPU clock frequency and lowest CPU core voltage in Mode  2 . Recall that to a general approximation P∝ K 1  Cfv 2 +K 2 , where P=power consumption, f is clock frequency, v=CPU core voltage, C=capacitance, K 1  is some multiplicative proportionality constant, and K 2  is some additive constant that represents the small power consumed by a circuit when operating voltage (e.g. Vcc) is applied but the CPU or processor clock is turned off (e.g. 0 MHz clock, or very slow clock). While these values may change for different CPU designs and chip sets it will be clear that the savings in transitioning from a 1.6 volt/533 MHz operation to a 1.2 volt/300 MHz operation is modest as compared to transitioning from a 1.6 volt/533 MHz operation to a 1.2 volt/0 MHz operation. Operation with even a lower CPU core voltage than that needed to maintain a 300 MHz clock switching may be used during Mode  3  operation when only CPU register and memory contents or status need be maintained. 
   It will therefore readily be appreciated in light of this description that operating a multi-server system where at least global control of the operating modes of a plurality of CPUs (and optionally other circuit elements of the servers) will yield significant power conservation benefits. Furthermore, in some operational situations combining Mode  1  to/from Mode  2  (A A′ transitions) either locally controlled or globally controlled may add even further power conservation features. 
     FIG. 18  illustrates the state transition for an inventive embodiment in which A A′ transitions are controlled locally, and B B′ and C C′ transitions are under the control of a global manager.  FIG. 19  illustrates the state transition for an alternative inventive embodiment in which the processor or CPU only operates in either Mode  1  or Mode  3  and not in Mode  2  so that A A′ and B B′ transitions are prevented from occurring (such as by, disabling a feature provided with a chip, de-configuring power conservation features, or providing the manager with the ability to otherwise prevent such transitions), and C C′ transitions are under the control of the global manager.  FIG. 20  illustrates the state transition for yet another alternative inventive embodiment in which the processor or CPU only operates in any of Mode  1 , Mode  2 , or Mode  3  and while the A A′ transitions occur under local control, the B B′ transitions are prevented from occurring, and C C′ transitions are under the control of the global manager. In this embodiment, therefore, the transition to Mode  3  therefore only occurs directly from Mode  1  and never from Mode  2 . In yet a further embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 21 , the A A′ transitions occur under local control and the B B′ transitions occur under global control, and where C C′ transitions do not occur.  FIG. 22  illustrates the mode transitions in a further embodiment, where each of the A A′, B B′, and C C′ transitions may occur according to predetermined power management policies and where each separate possible transition may be under either local and/or global control according to the predetermined policy or power management procedure or algorithm. The policy, procedure, or algorithm may also disable certain states of transitions statically or dynamically, and may cause certain of the server modules or other CPU or processor based devices into a powered off (Mode  4 ) and back to any of the powered on modes. 
     FIG. 23  illustrates that for a system having a plurality of processor or CPU based devices, the CPU or processor within any particular device (such as server modules) may be in different states at different times under the direction of an device-local control, a system supervisory global control, or a combination of the two. The shaded mode circles indicate the current mode and the mode transitions, though not shown, may be any of those already described relative to the other inventive embodiments. 
   In light of the above description, it will be appreciated that the inventive system and method extends earlier power management structures, architectures, and methods by the same inventor Henry T. Fung (such as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,115,823; 6,079,025; 5,987,614; 5,961,617; 5,892,959; 5,799,198; 5,758,175; 5,710,929; and 5,396,635, herein incorporated by reference) to multi-server or multi-node architectures. These existing power management patents include innovative systems, architectures, and methods for saving or conserving energy or power within a single system by using one or more of several power management schemes, including, but not limited to the following schemes: (1) Detection of the idle activities by monitoring I/O activities or execution of a predefined code thread. (2) Reduction of power consumption by lowering (or stopping) various clock frequencies or removal of power (operating voltage) to different components within the system. (3) While in a power saving mode, continuing to monitor the occurrence or non-occurrence of a second predefined event and entering a deeper power saving mode in response to the second predefined event detection. 
   The present Multi-Server Power Management scheme extends these earlier techniques, augments them, and introduces entirely new features and capabilities. Five particular innovations are set forth below, however, it will be apparent that the invention described herein is not limited only to this set of features and capabilities. 
   First, power management of the network devices including the server modules can occur at different OSI levels and be extended beyond the physical layer. In particular, the detection of server activity whether measured by idle activities or other means may occur at the physical layer but is advantageously extended beyond the physical layer to the network layer (for example, to the TCP/IP layer) and to the application layer. For example, at the physical layer, the number of CPU idle threads within a fixed time period may be detected or measured, or, some type of statistical evaluation of CPU idleness may be determined. As one numerical example, if the CPU is idle 80% of the time while in a particular operating mode such as Mode  1 , it is clear that this much processing performance is not required and the CPU performance may therefore be adjusted downward to save power. If we assume in a simple case that a Mode  2  operation reduces the CPU clock speed by a factor of ¼ over the Mode  1  clock speed, then the CPU will only be able to process ¼ of the instructions in the same period of time, however, this is sufficient given the 20% loading (80% idleness) the CPU is experiencing. Therefore, based on this idleness detection, significant power savings are realized. Alternatively or in addition, if for example, under the same scenario there is a group of ten network server devices that are being managed as a single logical group or image, eight of them may be put into an inactive but powered on Mode  3 , and the other two network server devices placed in a Mode  1  operating state running at a 100% performance level. 
   Power management may also or alternatively occur based on detection at the TCP/IP layer (or equivalent layer where a protocol other than TCP/IP is implemented). Under this detection and control model, CPU performance is monitored relative to the handling of TCP/IP packets. CPU performance level is lowered, such as by reducing CPU clock frequency (desirably accompanied by a reduction of CPU core voltage) until packets start dropping, and then increasing performance so that packets are not dropped and to provide an operating margin. The initial reduction and subsequent increase in CPU or server performance may be accomplished by altering the operating mode of individual servers or by adjusting the aggregate characteristics of a group of servers to provide the aggregate performance required. It is noted that where communications channel bandwidth limits the performance of a server, there may be advantage to reducing the performance level of the server to just satisfy the bandwidth limitation and thereby conserve power in the server. 
   At the application layer, the activity monitoring or detection may for example involve measuring the number of times a specific port address is or has been requested within a fixed time period. This determination or measurement may be accomplished, for example, by using a SNMP agent. In response to this measurement, an appropriate number of servers each operating at an appropriate performance level (Mode  1  or Mode  2 ) are provided to meet the performance requirement for each application. The rest of the servers are placed in a highly power saving state (Mode  3 ). The policies for selecting the number of active servers and their operating mode are described elsewhere in this specification. Recall that different application types may use different rules or policies to determine the server CPU performance and power conservation requirements. 
   Second, power management is extended beyond a single processor of CPU and in particular is extended beyond a single server (independent of the number of processors it may contain) to multiple servers across an entire network. It will be appreciated that this multi-server power management capability may be provided either with discrete servers or with the particular embodiment of the Integrated Server System Unit (ISSU) or Integrated System Server architecture generally. 
   Third, activity information created by any one server (or server module in the ISS scheme) is accessible to a designated supervisor via standard networking protocol. This supervisor is frequently referred to as the master, the capabilities of the master residing for example in an ISS Management Module or an ISS Server Module, though the particular location or processor responsible for accessing and utilizing the activity information for the servers is not critical to the power management. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the supervisor or master capabilities reside in one or more management modules, and in an alternative embodiment, the supervisor or master capabilities reside in a designated or selected one of the server modules. 
   Fourth, servers can be reconfigured to run a specific application (e.g. web, streaming media and email) based on a certain load distribution requirement or requirements existent at the time upon receiving commands from a designated supervisor or master. Advantageously, this feature will provide or support operation at three or more power consumption levels, including a first full power mode (full CPU core voltage and normal maximum CPU clock frequency), a second mode consuming less power than the first mode in which either the CPU core voltage or the CPU clock frequency or both are reduced from the first mode, and a third mode in which the CPU is substantially inactive and consumes less power or energy than the second mode. In one embodiment, this third mode provides a CPU core voltage to maintain state and either stops the clock or maintains the clock at a very low frequency (for example, 1 Hz to a few hundred Hz) so that the CPU is effectively inactive. 
   Fifth, allowing any number (including none, one, many, or all) of servers across the entire network to go in and out of a 3rd power consumption mode directly from a first mode (Mode  1 ) without going through another intermediate power saving mode upon receiving commands from a designated master. This third power consumption mode (Mode  3 ) may for example include a mode where the processor or CPU is powered at some level but substantially inactive from the standpoint of executing commands or serving content, and memory associated with the CPU is refreshed. The third power saving mode may also be a powered down mode (Mode  4 ), however, such operation is undesirable unless it is anticipated that the powered down server module will not be needed for some appreciable period of time as a delay is associated with bringing the CPU and the server module within which the CPU is located back on line. It will be appreciated that in the third power saving mode, the CPU clock may be either off entirely or running at a very low rate (such as for example 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 KHz, or some other value that is small in comparison to the nominal frequency (for example, typically in the 100 MHz to 2 GHz range) of the processors used for such servers. It will be appreciated in light of the description provided here, that the invention provides for direct transition between a full or substantially full power mode and an inactive or substantially inactive mode. Although, this power mode transition would be much less useful for battery-powered portable applications for notebook computers or PDAs because of the desirability of maintaining some activity such as when typing into a word processor, this transition scheme extremely useful in a multi-server environment, where each of a plurality of servers can serve the same content and it is desired to reduce the number of active servers while maintaining sufficient ability to satisfy quality of service requirements or otherwise maintain operation with a subset of the total set of servers. 
   These five innovations (as well as others) may of course be combined in various ways to provide even greater synergism. For example, the first described innovation extending the detection of idle activities beyond the physical layer to the network layer and/or to the application layer, may readily be combined with the fourth described innovation wherein the servers can be reconfigured to run a specific application based on a certain load distribution requirement or requirements existent at the time upon receiving commands from a designated supervisor or master. 
   This combination may also be extended according to the second described innovation to include multiple servers across an entire network, independent of whether the servers are discrete or integrated ISSU-based server modules. This latter combination may be further enhanced by also implementing the third described innovation to provide that activity information created by any one server (or server module in the ISS scheme) is accessible to a designated supervisor or master via standard networking protocol. 
   In yet another embodiment, the fifth described innovation that provides for any number of servers is a system having a plurality of servers to transition directly from a full performance 1st mode to an inactive 3rd mode. This scheme generally representing a non-useful power management scheme when applied to any single computer or server, but providing considerable benefit when the plurality of servers are managed in combination to provide a desired level of performance and power consumption savings. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
               TABLE II 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
             
               The following table explains the behaviors of each component inside the server 
             
             
               module at the different power management modes according to one embodiment of the 
             
             
               invention. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               1 st  Mode 
               2 nd  Mode 
               3 rd  Mode 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
               CPU 
               1) Execute applications 
               1) Execute applications 
               1) CPU is in very low 
             
             
                 
               2) Monitor CPU activities 
               2) Monitor CPU activities 
               power state 
             
             
                 
               3) Lower internal CPU 
               3) Go to the 1 st  mode if 
               2) Return to 2 nd  mode or 
             
             
                 
               clock frequency and 
               activity level rises above 
               3) Return to 1 st  mode 
             
             
                 
               voltage if activity level 
               a pre-defined threshold 
             
             
                 
               falls below a pre-defined 
               4) Go to the 3 rd  mode 
             
             
                 
               threshold (go to 2 nd  mode) 
               after receiving commands 
             
             
                 
                 
               from an external master 
             
             
                 
                 
               via standard network 
             
             
                 
                 
               protocol (In Band) 
             
             
               Voltage 
               CPU core voltage is set to 
               CPU core voltage is set to 
               CPU core voltage is set to 
             
             
               Regulator 
               maximum 
               less than maximum 
               less than core voltage in 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               2nd mode setting. 
             
             
               Clock 
               ON 
               ON 
               Stop all clocks 
             
             
               Generator 
             
             
               RAM 
               ON 
               ON 
               Suspended (refresh only) 
             
             
               Hard Disk 
               ON 
               ON 
               Suspended after receiving 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               commands from the CPU 
             
             
               Core Logic 
               ON 
               ON 
               Suspended after receiving 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               commands from the CPU 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               or signal from uC 
             
             
               NIC 
               ON 
               ON 
               Suspended after receiving 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               commands from the CPU 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               or turning off NIC Clk. 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               Send resume signal to 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               core logic after a 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               predefined packet is 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               received (e.g. Wake-On- 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               LAN) 
             
             
               Video 
               ON/OFF 
               ON/OFF 
               Suspended after receiving 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               commands from the CPU 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               or turning off Video Clk 
             
             
               BIOS 
               ON 
               ON 
               Suspended 
             
             
               RTC 
               ON 
               ON 
               Send resume signal to the 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               core logic after alarm 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               expire 
             
             
               micro- 
               Continuous 
               Activate the suspend 
               Send resume signal to 
             
             
               controller (UC) 
               communications with the 
               signal of the core logic 
               core logic after receiving 
             
             
                 
               management module. 
               PMU (Out of Band) after 
               commands from the 
             
             
                 
                 
               receiving commands from 
               management module 
             
             
                 
                 
               the management module 
             
             
                 
                 
               and causes the entire 
             
             
                 
                 
               system to enter the 3 rd   
             
             
                 
                 
               mode 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   TABLE II describes the behaviors of each component inside an exemplary server module at the different power management modes (Modes  1 ,  2 , and  3 ) according to one embodiment of the invention. In the first mode (Mode  1 ) the processor or CPU functionally able to execute instructions for operating system and application programs; CPU activities are monitored, and the internal CPU clock frequency and CPU core voltage may be lowered if activity level of the CPU falls below some threshold (predefined or dynamically determined threshold). The voltage regulator is set to deliver the maximum CPU core voltage, the clock generator, RAM, hard disk drive, core logic, NIC, BIOS, and Real-Time Clock (RTC) are ON. The Video may independently be controlled to be on or off and may even be absent from the system as video signals frequently are not needed for server systems, except in some cases of set-up or service. A microcontroller (IC) is operative and remains in continuous communications with the Management Module (or with an different Server Module designated or selected to operate as a manager or supervisor. 
   In Mode  2 , the CPU still executes operating system and application program instructions, CPU activity is still monitored, and if the activity level rises above some predetermined or dynamically determined threshold (or according to some other rule or policy) the CPU enters Mode  1  operation, but the CPU enters Mode  3  in response to receipt of Mode  3  entry commands received from a manager of supervisor. These Mode  3  entry commands may generally be received from an external master via standard in-band network protocols. Recall that in Mode  2  the voltage regulator that supplies CPU core voltage is set to less than maximum core voltage. As in Mode  1 , the clock generator is on but will (in preferred embodiments) deliver a lower frequency clock signal, and RAM, hard disk drive, core logic, NIC, BIOS, and Real-Time Clock (RTC) are ON. The Video may independently be controlled as in Mode  1 . A microcontroller (μC) is operative in Mode  2  to activate a suspend signal of the core logic power management unit or PMU (Out of Band) after receiving commands from the management module (or server module acting as a designated master or manager) and causes the particular server and/or multiple servers within the system to enter the 3rd mode. 
   In Mode  3 , the CPU is placed in a very low power consumption state and can return to Mode  1  or to Mode  2  upon the occurrence of some predetermined condition such as are described elsewhere in this specification. The voltage regulator that provides CPU core voltage is set to a voltage less than the core voltage in Mode  2  to thereby save power over that consumed in either of Modes  1  or  2 . The clock generator is also stopped so that power consumed switching devices is substantially eliminated. (It is noted that in an alternative embodiment, the clocks in Mode  3  may be operated as a very slow rate, for example a few Hz to a few hundred Hz, or some other low clock frequency relative to the normal clock rate of the CPU.) RAM is suspended (that is the memory contents are refreshed only), the Hard Disk drive or drives are suspended after receiving commands from the CPU (or other commands to spin down and go into a suspend state). The core logic is also placed into a low power consuming suspend state after receiving a command from the CPU or signal from the micro-controller. Mode  3  operation also provides for suspension of the network interconnect card or circuit (NIC) after receiving commands from the CPU or turning off the NIC clock. (Note that a resume signal may be generated and sent to the core logic if a predefined packet is received, such as for example, a Wake-On-LAN signal.) The BIOS is suspended, and the RTC may send a resume signal to the core logic after a RTC alarm expires. The microcontroller continues to monitor communications with the management module or other designated master so that it may send a resume signal to the core logic after receiving commands directing this type of action from the management module or other designated management master. If the Video was on prior to entering Mode  3 , the Video is suspended after receiving commands from the CPU or the Video Clock signal is stopped or turned off, and if it was off it remains off. 
   Those workers having ordinary skill in the art in light of the description provided will no doubt appreciate other aspects, features, and advantages of the inventive system, method, and software control. 
   It will be appreciated that the afore described procedures implemented in a computer environment may be implemented using hardware, software, and/or firmware, and combinations of these. The detection, analysis, monitoring, decision making, and control functions are particularly amenable to computer program software and firmware implementations and may readily be implemented in a central processing unit (CPU), processor, controller, micro-controller, or other logic unit within or associated with the computers. Therefore the invention includes hardware and software implementations, and descriptions of procedures and methods anticipate that such procedures and methods may be implemented as a computer program and computer program product. 
   The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. 
   All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.