Patent Publication Number: US-2022219314-A1

Title: Exoskeleton and master

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/313,177 filed on Dec. 26, 2018, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2017/000744 filed Jun. 27, 2017, which was published in German under PCT Article 21(2), and which in turn claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. 10 2016 007 741.7 filed Jun. 27, 2016. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates to the improvement of exoskeletons and of proxies as well as their utilization in teleoperational applications in virtual worlds or the real world. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Exoskeletons form a robotic suit which can be fashioned in an anthropomorphic or non-anthropomorphic way. An anthropomorphic mechanism is very similar in its making to the geometry and kinematics of its wearer. Ideally is forms a kind of “second skin” so that each point of the mechanism has a constant relative transformation to a fixed reference point of the user body. The exoskeleton of insects comes very close this ideal. Anthropomorphic exoskeletons can be mounted firmly to the human body at many point or at large areas, without significantly decreasing the range of motion of the user or that forces and tensions between the exoskeleton and the user are present. This allows for example the mounting of body armor or of haptic and tactile input- and output units respectively at the body of the user, the exoskeleton or both. Non-anthropomorphic exoskeletons are generally only mounted to a few points of the user body, for example at the hip and the feet or at the back and the hands. Here the mechanism is fashioned in a way that it follows the movements of the hands or feed and at no time in its workspace touches, with its leg- or arm-mechanism, the body of the user at any other than the mounting points. However, the non-anthropomorphic mechanism as a whole can perform very different movements than the user and can have more or less degrees of freedom than the sum of the degrees of freedom of the moving body parts of the user connected to the mechanism. 
     Non-actuated exoskeletons can be used to transfer loads which act on the user, e.g. by heavy luggage, tools or also the body weight of the user, onto the ground and thereby relieve the joint and muscular system of the user. By this the endurance of the user and also his effective strength can be increased. 
     Motor driven, actuated exoskeletons find application in various areas. They can be worn as a freely moving, robotic suit which possess an inbuilt energy supply and electronic control. They can also be used to improve the strength and endurance of the user while he moves untether in his environment. Applications lie in the support of heavy physical work like ship construction, increase of the physical power and the protection (armament) of soldiers, the rehabilitations of sick or the utilization as walking aid for physically impaired persons. 
     Force- and torque sensors at the joint of the exoskeletons, at contact point between the user and exoskeleton or sensors for the measurement of myoelectrical signals on the skin or implanted in the user can be used to control the motions sequence of the exoskeleton. Especially in the application as a “walking wheelchair” the input of control signals can also be made via a joystick, facial or gaze recognition or through similar manual, acoustic or visual input means. Stationary exoskeletons are used, among other things, for rehabilitation. They allow that the user can be guided though an exactly predetermined motion sequence and, if necessary, to apply forces. In this manner muscles as well as nerves can be stimulated and the mobility of the user can be improved with lasting effect. 
     Another application of stationary exoskeletons lies in the area of the interaction with virtual worlds or the control of real robots. Here, an exoskeleton can be used to create a teleoperative connection between the user and the proxy (virtual avatar or real robot). Thereby the user uses the exoskeleton to transfer direct control commands to the proxy. Then, the limbs of the user and of the proxy simultaneously execute almost identical motion sequences. At the same time force feedback also can be provided so that the user can also experience the forces which act of the side of the proxy and the forces of the user on his exoskeleton can be applied at the proxy. Here, anthropomorphic exoskeletons have the advantage over non-anthropomorphic ones that really every body part of the user can be used for the haptic interaction (for example not only a hand but also a lower arm or upper arm) and at the same time devices for the relaying of tactile or heat stimuli can be mounted to the user as well as to the exoskeleton. 
     Especially when the legs of the user are supposed to be used to directly control the legs of a proxy, if applicable with force feedback, and the user in this fashion also has to or can directly control the balance of the proxy, the user in the exoskeleton is mounted to a motion base (DE 10 2010 023 914 A1, “Verfahren and Vorrichtung zur Steuerung eines Statthalters”). Then, the user does not stand on a solid floor anymore but the feet of the exoskeleton display to the user, while walking and running, the properties of the virtual or remote real floor while the user in the exoskeleton is being suspended over the actual floor by the motion base. Then, constant and time depended linear and rotatory acceleration are displayed to the user in the exoskeleton by the motion base. As he will generally use stereoscopic goggles or other suitable means to perceive a realistic visual impression of the virtual or real environment of the proxy, and these impressions are supplemented by the corresponding haptic and if applicable tactile sensations, he has the impression to be act in the place of the proxy in a virtual or remote real environment. Should the user control the proxy in such a way that it does not walk or run, but should instead climbs, robs, craws, or walk on its hands, etc., naturally the floor is not only displayed via the feet but also via other body parts or areas of the exoskeleton. Notably—but not exclusively—this can be the lower legs, knee, upper legs, hands, lower arms, upper arms, head or the back. 
     In such an application the load bearing capacity of the exoskeleton is of outstanding importance. It has to carry the weight of the user without notably deforming or changing its joint and actuator states significantly. Furthermore, it also has to additionally display great dynamic forces, as they can occur during running or jumping, precisely with smallest reaction times and delays as well as smallest oscillations and actuator deflection. Furthermore, it is desirable that the actuators of the exoskeleton can give in when the forces that the user exerts on them are so strong that the mechanism or the control are not fast or strong enough to provide an appropriate resistance. This back-drivability guarantees that neither the user nor the exoskeleton take harm and that also the control over the system does not need to get lost when overly large or quickly arising forces act. For mechanical systems like gears, set-up gearboxes, set-down gearboxes, etc., to be back-drivable they must possess a large mechanical degree of efficiency, which means low internal friction and low internal energy losses. 
     A large degree of efficiency of course in generally useful as thereby the requirement on the actuators, motors, gears and energy supply can be reduced to achieve a desired requirement like power, force, or velocity. It also simplifies the modelling and thus the control of robotic systems and especially of systems with force-feedback, as the internal losses and acting forces are easier to quantify. Especially for mobile exoskeletons, which are worn by the user and possess a suitable energy supply and control units, the degree of efficient also affects the operation time, the weight and the volume of the exoskeleton and the necessary energy supply and energy storage. 
     Generally, it is advantageous when the actuators of exoskeletons use as little space as possible and make optimal use of the available space. For mobile exoskeletons it is of interest to carry as much payload as possible. Bigger actuations reduce the available volume for that. Of great interest for applications for teleoperations are especially exoskeletons which offer a maximum of mobility (in the sense of the possible body poses) for the user and which actuate all or the most degrees of freedoms of the body, especially those of the hip. Also, mobile exoskeletons with which great payloads need to be carried have similar requirements as also here the degrees of freedoms need to be actuated which at lower requirements still can be driven exclusively by the body strength of the user alone. Such exoskeletons with many actuated degrees of freedom require more space as more and larger actuators are needed. Also, exoskeletons used for physical rehabilitation, as walking aid, or “walking wheelchair”, which do not necessarily need to bear large forces, ideally actuate all degrees of freedom, as is allows for greater and more natural mobility. For all these applications it applies that a multitude of, if necessary, large actuators, motors and gears then can reduce the range of motion of the user as they can during extreme movement, like a lunge, a split, the crossing of the legs, sitting or a internal or external rotation of the foot, or the hip joint, themselves get in spacial conflict with the other elements of the exoskeleton, the payload, operational units, the environment or the user. 
     Here, a high degree of efficiency is helpful to reach the requirements on the exoskeleton and to save space. This is especially then difficult when gears need to be used to create the necessary large forces. Multistage reduction gears generally are not back-drivable, reduction gears with few stages are exposed to large or too large forces and need to be very large and heavy. Brushless electro motors can be extremely efficient and can possess large powers at small volume and dimensions. But they can only create relatively small torques. Brushless torque motors are also very efficient but require relatively much space because of their large diameter. They also have increased requirements on the voltage supply to create large torques without reduction means. 
     Known are serial, elastic actuators (serial, elastic actuators; “Series Elastic Actuators for legged robots” J. Pratt, Krupp, 2004; “Stiffness Isn&#39;t Everything”, G. Pratt et al, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,704, “ELASTIC ACTUATOR FOR PRECISE FORCE CONTROL”, G. Pratt, M. Williamson). They find applications in humanoid robots and exoskeletons to directly drive joints or ropes (if applicable in Bowden cables) which then actuate axes via pulleys. 
     Actuators of this type are used as linear actuators to drive, via leavers, hinge joints, like those of the foot joint or the knee (M2 robot, MIT). Also known are application where the linear actuator forms a triangle with the to be actuated joint and where by changes of its length the angle of the joint is actuated (RoboKnee, Yobotics). In general, the problem arises that at such a mechanism the gear ration varies with the angle. This is why often compromises in the construction need to be accepted, like e.g. too large to too small gear ratios in some areas of motion need to be tolerated to be able achieve the necessary values in other areas of motion. This is why also too large and unnecessarily fast actuators and motors are used. Additionally, it is difficult to cover large angular ranges of actuation as for larger areas “dead point” can occur where no torque can be created and the direction of rotation for a given change of length is undetermined. 
     Additionally, it is not trivial to mount the actuator at the limbs of the robot or exoskeletons as this directly influences the aggregate properties of the system. 
     Especially in both of the robots M2 and M2V2 also a mechanism was used for which a serial, elastic actuator (also called SEA) drives a closed rope, or an equivalent setup, which is guided over two pulleys. One acts as an idler pulley while the other drives an axis and in this manner actuates a joint (M2:30http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/labtours/LeggedRobots/LeggedRobots.ppt, page 17; M2 http://www.jontse.com/portfolio/m2.html.  FIG. 1 ; M2V2 http://robots.ihmc.us/humanoid-robots/). In comparison to its total length this setup only has a small linear range of motion. For a given pulley diameter of the driven axis this limits the available maximum angular range (difference of maximum to minimum angular position of the pulley, the axis, if applicable of the joint). Furthermore, the maximum torque at the driven axis is limited, for a given maximum angular range and thus the given pulley diameter. Larger pulleys create, for a given force of the SEA, a larger torque but then require larger linear positional ranges of the SEA for a given maximal angular range. In robots and exoskeletons the available space is limited. Because of that it is advantageous to be able to use a largest possible fraction of the available length, e.g. of the length of the thigh, as liner range of motion. 
     Different setups face this problem by not mounting the linear actuators at the joint, but for example at the back of the robot or exoskeleton (Walkagain Project, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcAvtglo9Jg) and by using Bowden cables to drive the joints. Furthermore, several actuators are being connected in parallel to exert larger forces or actuators are being operated as antagonists to each other so that one creates pulling and the other one pushing while the joint in actuated with larger force together. Furthermore, systems are known where several motors, via toothed gears or toothed belts, together drive one ball screw of an actuator. 
     At a perfectly anthropomorphic exoskeleton the individual parts undergo the same transformations as the corresponding human body parts. For example, the knee joint can in good approximation be described as a hinge joint. With a fixed thigh and flexion or extension of the lower leg the lower leg then undergoes a pure rotation around a transversal axis which intersects the head of the femur perpendicularly to the sagittal plane. The biological axis itself moves (translation and rotation) only slightly during bending the lower leg. That means that for the connection of the upper and lower leg with an exoskeletons a simple mechanism is suitable for which the axis of is hinge joint coincides with the axis of the knee joint, for example in the pose of the fully stretched leg. In this case the upper part of this section of the exoskeleton can be mounted firmly to the upper leg and the other part firmly to the lower leg. Since the knee joint is also not a perfect hinge joint, tensions will still occur between the exoskeleton and body parts if the joint is moved far beyond its initial position. This effect can be easily compensated by suitable cushions so that the user is not suffering greater impediments or inconveniences when he moves his knee. The knee also has a limited range in which it can rotate around its vertical axis. This movement is suppressed with such a mechanism but this limits the function of the knee only to a small degree. Therefore, it is sufficient for almost all applications to understand the knee joint of the human as a mechanism with only one degree of freedom and to here design an exoskeleton accordingly. Still, like in the case of the “SERKA knee actuator”, also polycentric joints can be actuated. Especially when the knee joint of the exoskeleton is to be actuated it is generally sufficient to only consider the main degree of freedom (flexion and extension) as it covers the largest part the workspace and as it provides the by far largest fraction of work during movement. 
     If the same assumption is made for the ankle joint, so that only flexion and extension of the exoskeleton are possible, this limitation is more significant. While the ankle joint can perform flexion and extension as a practically pure rotation around one axis it also possesses an significant degree of freedom of pronation and supination (as well as minor translations and rotations of the axes). The second degree of freedom is important to control the balance while standing and all modes of gait and to allow that the sole of the foot, and if applicable that of a worn shoe, independently of the tilt of the ground and of the body stance of the user, can always be flatty placed onto a slanted ground. Are pronation and supination suppressed, for example while carrying of stiff shoes for the sport of downhill skiing (which allow flexion and extension at least partially) the possibly of walking is significant restricted. This is why exoskeletons generally posses more than one degree of freedom for the ankle joint or an exoskeleton or this joint is completely avoided and only the upper leg is supported. In this case the exoskeleton ends at the lower legs and the foot of the user and the muscles of the lower limb have to create all the forces and movement without support (z.B. AirLegs, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2e4tGokqeO). For actuated exoskeletons for the angle joint generally only one degree of freedom of flexion and extension of the foot are actuated (z.B. BLEEX, “On the Mechanical Design of the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX}”, Adam Zoss, H. Kazerooni, Andrew Chu). Especially for freely movable exoskeletons for the augmentation of the performance of the user this is sufficient as here, during locomotion, the largest forces and powers arise. This is why the user can already be supported very much by a single actuated joint of the foot while he controls the other degree of freedom through his own muscle activity. The actuation of the second degrees of freedom is hard as the actuators require space and can hamper the mobility of the user in the exoskeleton. 
     The hip joint of the human is in good approximation a ball joint. Thus, it possesses three mutually independent degrees of freedom of rotation around the center point of the head of the femur and no significant translational degrees of freedom. All these degrees of freedoms are important to allow for natural locomotion, to perform work, to maintain balance and to control the orientation of the feet in respect to the ground. For freely moving exoskeletons for augmentation of the performance of the user here generally only the flexion and extension of the thigh is actuated as this degree of freedom performs the most work. For exoskeletons which are used as walking aid partly also only this degree of freedom of the hip is actuated (Argo ReWalk Exoskelett, lndego Exoskelett, NASA X1). But then a paralyzed user then additionally needs to use crutches or alike to control the balance or to influence the direction. For exoskeletons which are used as “walking wheelchair” and which require no crutches at least also the abduction and adduction are actuated (REX exoskeleton). Here the control happens for example by means of a joystick. For existing exoskeletons of this kind, the motion sequences are notably slow what may be attributed to the used motors and gears and that the user may not be exposed to too large forces so that his body can follow the given motion sequence of the exoskeleton. 
     At present the hip joint us not being actuated corresponding its inherent degrees of freedom. Instead, non-anthropomorphic mechanisms are being used which display significantly different transformation properties than those of the three independent rotary degrees of freedom the hip joint. So, for example, only two axes are being used of which one is generally parallel to the transversal axis and which is designed in a way that it runs at least in the proximity or also through the center point of the head of the femur (BLEEX). Since most of the work is done along this axis during walking and running, flexion and extension, this is also the axis that is preferably actuated in mobile, actuated exoskeletons. 
     The other preferred axis lies parallel to the sagittal axis. Here it is not necessarily observed that it is actually running through the center point of the head of the femur (POWERLOADER PLL-01, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdhUpR-dzgk; FORTIS by Lockheed Martin http://robrady.com/design-project/lockheed-martin-fortis-human-poweredexoskeleton; “Design of a Walking Assistance Lower Limb Exoskeleton for Paraplegic Patients and Hardware Validation Using Cop”, Jung-Hoon Kim et al., http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/42836.pdf), while this may not be an ideal choice for an anthropomorphic mechanism. As often a third hip axis is forgone (XOS 2 of Ratheon Sarcos), and instead the “thigh” or “lower leg” of the exoskeleton are design in a way that they can also allow a rotation around the vertical axis and thus allow that the foot can rotate correspondingly, in general a non-anthropomorphic mechanism is present. Because of that, during the motion of the leg, it comes to significant displacements between the body of the user and main parts of the exoskeleton. These displacement are being allowed by corresponding compliant mechanisms, additional non actuated joints, cushions, etc., at the mounting location between exoskeleton and user (“Exoskeleton for Walking Assistance”, Qingcong Wu et al). Therefore, it is not possible to cover the whole workspace of a human with such mechanisms and they focus on main motions like walking, running and sitting. Here only a small part of the possible workspace of a human is required and therefore the possible workspace of individual joints is only being used to a limited extend. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is the purpose of the present invention to improve exoskeletons and proxies, such as robots and virtual avatars, as well as associated control units in such a way that they can be used to make extensive movements, give a realistic impression and can also be operated quickly and effectively. 
     This problem is solved by the device according to independent claim  1 . By the sub claims further improvements are claimed according to the invention. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further details and advantages of the present invention are explained in the following by means of preferred embodiments with corresponding figures. These show: 
         FIG. 1  shows a perspective representation of an exoskeleton  1000   
         FIG. 2  shows a top view of the exoskeleton  1000   
         FIGS. 3-5  show illustrations of different angles for exoskeleton  1000   
         FIG. 6-11  show different representations of exoskeleton  1001   
         FIGS. 12-17  show different representations of exoskeleton  1002   
         FIGS. 18-23  show different representations of exoskeleton  1003   
         FIGS. 24-26  show different representations of the divided second element ( 82   a - c ) 
         FIGS. 27-31  show different representations of the actuator  2001   
         FIGS. 27-31  show different representations of the actuator  2001   
         FIG. 32  shows a side view of actuator  2002   
         FIGS. 33-37  show different representations of the actuator  2003   
         FIGS. 38-41  show different representations of the actuator  2004   
         FIG. 42, 43  show different representations of the actuator  2005   
         FIGS. 44-46  show different representations of the actuator  2006   
         FIGS. 47-49  show different representations of the actuator  2007   
         FIGS. 50-52  show different representations of the actuator  2008   
         FIGS. 53-54  show different representations of the actuator  2009   
         FIGS. 55-58  show different representations of the motion simulator  3000   
         FIG. 59  shows the exoskeleton  203  with back mount 
         FIGS. 60-63  show different representations of the foot  9000   
         FIG. 64, 65  show different representations of the Stewart platform  4000   
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The device described in claim  1  concerns in particular exoskeletons as well as proxies, like robots or virtual avatars, as well as motion simulators and other otherwise suitable virtual or real machines. With the devices of the mentioned kind various motions and motion sequences are to be recorded and/or to be executed. This is why we note that the present invention is mainly described on the basis of an exoskeleton. However, it is by no means limited to this but includes all the devices mentioned. 
     The device according to claim  1  comprises, beside other means, four elements whereby neighboring of these elements are each mounted in a rotatable fashion about corresponding axes. For this, between neighboring elements, rotary joints are provided which can be fashioned in various ways like for example as a shaft or the like. Hereby it is material that the mentioned three axes in general run through a common point. Preferentially this point lies in the center of the respective—i.e. the right or the left—hip joint. 
     The first rotary axis and the second rotary axis form a first angle φ 1  and the second rotatory axis and the third rotary axis form a second angle φ 2 . 
     This invention has the advantage that is allows to design exoskeletons with complex degrees of freedom, like the hip joint, as anthropomorphic as possible and to permit that all degrees of freedom can be actuated in the whole range of motion of the user with greatest forces, increased efficiency, low space requirements and weight, high actuation speeds, increased power, with back drivability, low backlash and short reaction times. 
     By this, in particular, it becomes possible that an exoskeleton for the legs is able to carry the body weight of the user while he wears it like a robotic suit and the exoskeleton itself can be carried and moved by a motion base. Now, at the same time, the mechanism can now appear so stiff that is can display to the user a hart floor and fast movements realistically without that the use in the exoskeleton actually would be standing on a hard floor. In the same way the performance of mobile exoskeletons and humanoid robots is increased as also degrees of freedoms can be actuated which so for could not be actuated or which were not actuated because of various considerations. The requirements on the energy supply are reduced and/or the range and time of operation is increased. For stationary exoskeletons for physical rehabilitation in this way the trainable range of motion can be increased and the efficacy of a treatment can be increased or other treatments than performed so far can be facilitated. By the new geometry of the exoskeletal hip joint and also by its new mode of driving, an improved flexibility of actuated exoskeletons of the legs in accomplished. By the possibility of localizing the motors in the proximity of the joints means of force- and power-transmission are saved and the mechanism is simplified, compared to e.g. hydraulic-, cable- or Bowden cable transmission. The hip mechanism can be designed to be comparatively space-saving and does not limit the available payload of mobile exoskeletons. The largely anthropomorphic behavior of the exoskeleton allows stable mounting to the user over large parts of its body and thus simplifies the generation of haptic feedback and the utilization of tactile in- and output units. Likewise, the utilization of a housing, an armor, or tactile and thermal in- and output units is facilitated, even for simultaneous actuation of all joints, which can surround the body of the user as well as the exoskeleton or can be part of the exoskeleton. 
     The first elements, which is also called exo back plate or (exo-) hip plate, preferably is a plate-like element. By it, for the normal operation, a user is mounted firmly relative to its hip bone. While parts of the exo back plate or the exo hip plate can be designed in an angled or arched fashion it possesses a principal plane. For one implementation of the device according to the invention the first of the named axes is perpendicular or generally perpendicular on the named principal plane and therefore is generally parallel to the sagittal plane of the user. 
     It is also possible that the first axis is not perpendicular to the principal plane of the first element (exo back plate) but deviating thereof, while it is in general still running through the before mentioned common point. This deviation can be described as follows. In the standard pose the principal plane of the exo back plate runs from top to bottom (or the other way around) vertical or in general vertical. Starting from here a vertical axis can be define which on one site is in general vertical and parallel to this principle pale and on the other side runs through the common point. For this realization of the device according to the invention the first axis is rotated by a third angle α around the named vertical axis while this angle consequentially lies generally in the horizontal plain. Thereby a greater rotation of the feet towards inside or outside (with a negative angle α) is made possible. 
     It is furthermore possible that the first axis is rotated by a fourth angle β around a horizontal axis. This rotary axis in general runs perpendicular to the mentioned vertical axis, parallel to the principal plane of the exo back plate and also through the common point. The associated advantages of this realization are mentioned in the context of the description of preferred embodiment examples. 
     For one preferred embodiment of the invention the first angle φ 1  has a value which in in the range of 25-45 degrees. A value of about 35 degrees has proved particularly successful. 
     It has also been proven that the second angle φ 2  has a value in the range of 60-80 degrees. A value of about 70 degrees has proved particularly successful. 
     Devices with a combination of the angle φ 1  and φ 2  in the ranges as described in the previous two paragraphs give exoskeletons which posses a large workspace which allow for generally large stride lengths, a large extra rotation of the foot and generally a large mobility. These exoskeletons are especially suited for the control of humanoid robots and virtual avatars by teleoperation. 
     Should special attention be given to easy sitting in the real word exoskeletons are suited for which the sum of the first angle (φ 1 ) and the second angle (φ 2 ) are between 85-120 degrees and the thirst angle (φ 1 ) has a value in the range of 15-45 degrees. 
     For the third angle α and/or for the fourth angle β values between 10 and 30 degrees and preferably about 20 degrees have proved to be particularly successful. 
     Further claims concern a fifth element that in relation to an exoskeleton, a proxy or alike can also be called a foot. This foot is characterized thereby that its standing surface, on which the user stands (also called the sole) has a certain profile. This profile is characterized by two circular segments with different radii of circles. Preferably these have their centers close to the ankle joint of the user. It is also preferred that these circles are parallel to the frontal plane of the user. Furthermore, it is preferred that it allows agile motions while it only possess a single axis. It be mentioned that the term circle, here and also in the context of the description of preferred embodiments, also includes circle-like geometries, like ellipses or similar. This makes it possible for it to allow agile movements even though it has only one axis. It should be noted that the term circle here and also in connection with the description of preferred execution examples also includes circle-like geometries, as well as ellipses or the like. 
     The foot as according to the invention can be used together with the previously described device according to the invention or independently thereof. This also applies to all the execution examples described below as part of the description of preferred execution examples. 
     Exoskeletons or proxies, like humanoid robots require two degrees of freedom of the foot to get close to the mobility of the human. The actuation of both degrees of freedom requires suitable means which demand space and weight. The stronger and more powerful the exoskeleton is to be, the heavier these actuators generally become and require more space. 
     By the choice of special sole shape for the feet of mobile exoskeletons the requirements on the actuation of the joint of the exoskeleton are reduced and only one axis is actuated, whereby other movement are suppressed and yet a large mobility of the user with exoskeleton is guaranteed. As now no degrees of freedom of the foot are used to directly drive the foot of the exoskeleton by human force the capacity of the user in the exoskeleton is increased and greater forces and power can be transmitted without the user being at risk to be harmed by too large forces or not be able to provide the necessary forces and therefore lose the control over the motion sequence. 
     Further claims concern the area of gravity compensation. As in tele operative applications the exoskeleton of the legs, which is mounted at a hip or back element to a motion simulator, must be able to carry the weight of the user. When standing, for example, he then has the feeling that his entire body weight is acting on the soles of his feet. 
     However, it is desirable that the user can also get the impression that his body weight is reduced. This would be the case, for example, if he were to control a real humanoid robot which would operate in an environment with reduced gravity, such as free fall, weightlessness, a stable orbit around a planet, in accelerated inertial systems or under water, i.e. under the influence of buoyancy. 
     Furthermore, such corresponding situations of reduced gravity appear in virtual worlds and a user may want to control an avatar therein correspondingly. In extreme cases, the user should be able to experience weightlessness, so that he can control the floating proxy without exerting force on his legs. Furthermore, it may be provided that the user, with small own body forces, can cause disproportionate forces with its proxy (real robot or virtual avatar). During this force amplification the user in the exoskeleton should be able too feel in a way as if he didn&#39;t have to carry his own body weight anymore. Additionally it is also desirable that the user can experience sustained, larger forces than those of his body weight. So can it be necessary that these larger forces act for a longer time, e.g. for conveying of increased gravity, e.g. fully on his soles of the feet. However, the user is usually actually in the gravity field of the earth, and he must be prevented from actually changing his position by the forces of the exo legs. 
     Teleoperation methods can in general also scale forces and torques. To reduce the requirement on the exoskeleton it can be desirable that always reduced forces, especially on the legs, are conveyed to the user, and that the exoskeleton is not required to be able to carry the whole weight of the user. This allows the utilization of lighter, less tiff, weaker and smaller exoskeletons and faster movements. 
     So far, the total or partial reduction of weight was accomplished by submersing the user in the exoskeleton in a liquid. Alternatively, the user weirs a liquid-filled suit with which he is mounted to the exoskeleton or which is part of the exoskeleton. 
     The aim of this embodiment according to the invention is therefore to enable the user in the exoskeleton to have the impression of completely or partially lifted weight without having to be in a liquid and/or to lower the requirements for exoskeletons. A further objective is to allow for increased, sustained forces on the user. 
     This is accomplished by suitable means like belts (like six- or five-point belts, climbing harness, etc.), straps, shells or harnesses that firmly connect the torso, the hip and/or the this of the user with the hip plate and/or the back plate of the exoskeleton without limiting the mobility of his legs considerably. Especially suited for that are belts or shells which engage between the legs and high up around the hip. (Alternatively, the weight of the user can also be carried at the thighs, while the conveyed impression suffers by that.) Preferably this carrying means is construed in a way that it can carry the whole weight of the user in every arbitrary load bearing direction without the user considerably shifting in respect to the hip plate and/or the back plate. The carrying mechanism in principle can be designed as for the Exobionics or Indego exoskeletons. 
     Then a standing user in the exoskeleton, which is mounted to the motion base, can e.g. retract the legs and lift both from the ground while his torso, held by the exoskeleton and the carrying mechanism, maintains position. Conversely it then is also possible that the user can completely extend his legs and occupy a position which corresponds to standing but he nevertheless does not need to carry his body weight with his legs and it also does not or only in a very limited fashion act on the soles of his feet. 
     Optionally it is allowed for that the sole of the foot of the exoskeleton can be translated and actuated in the direction of its normal. By this it becomes possible to adapt the length of the exo legs exactly to the effective length of the user legs and to correct for possibly occurring small errors or changes in the position of the user relative to the hip plate and/or back plate. It is advantageous if this actuation can happen quickly and forces and torques on the plate or distances to the foot can be measured and controlled. It is important to distribute the weight of the user as evenly as possible, with small pressure and large contact area, on his torso (or alternatively on his thighs). In this way it is avoided that they become too apparent and the impression of (partial) weightlessness is improved. 
     In general, it is important that the weight of the user can act in every direction and is absorbed fully by the carrying apparatus. This way the user can be held e.g. heads down and yet maintain a fixed position in respect to the hip plate and/or back plate. Yet, depending on the application the carrying apparatus can be designed in a way that it only acts in the relevant directions. 
     It is possible to combine this new way of reducing of gravity with previous methods utilizing buoyancy in liquids. 
     If the carrying apparatus is designed in a way that the user cannot be pushed upwards out of the hip plate or back plate sustained forces can also act on the feet of the user which exceed his body weight. Thereby an increased gravity can be simulated. 
     The carrying apparatus can itself also be designed in a way that it can be relaxed or moved and thereby the degree of relief can be changed. For that the carrying apparatus, preferably on its mounting points, possesses control members, like for example adjustable spring elements (also air springs or alike) and/or suitable scale elements. 
     The device according to the invention for gravity compensation can be used together with the previously described devices according to the invention or independently thereof. This also holds for all embodiment that are explained further below in the context of the description of preferred embodiments. 
     Further claims concern a device with a motor which during operation translatorically moves, via a spindle, a means with threads. This is connected to a rotating element, such as a chain or the like, which then rotatorily moves a shaft. This drive device is particularly suitable for the devices according to the invention according to the other claims, but is not limited in any case to such use. 
     The drive device mentioned, which is also called actuator in the following, has the following characteristics and advantages. 
     The requirements for power density, weight, torque, mechanical hysteresis, stiffness, speed, efficiency and positioning accuracy for humanoid exoskeletons are enormous when the goal is to noticeably increase the wearer&#39;s performance in mobile exoskeletons, to increase his strength, and especially when a stationary exoskeleton is used as a tele-operation unit for the legs. In the latter case, torques of easily well over 100 Nm occur at almost all joints of the leg even during simple movements. These torques act partly on the actuators, in their driving directions, but also orthogonally thereto, in the latter case loading the bearings and load-bearing structures. When running or jumping, these torques are even higher by a multiple and the latency times for stable control are also reduced, making fast and precise controllability of the actuators at high performance even more important. The back drivability of the actuators is also important here, since forces can occur briefly in the extreme range, which can exceed the capabilities of the actuators. The harder the remote real or simulated environment, the less elastic the actuators and other structure of the exoskeleton may be. This is especially true if the poses of proxies (virtual avatar or real robot) should always differ only slightly. 
     Strong humanoid robots have similar requirements, which increase the faster they are supposed to move, and especially when they are used as slave units for teleoperations. 
     Also applications using serial elastic actuators (SEA), such as various mobile exoskeletons and humanoid robots, require high actuation forces and large rotation angles of joints. Here the actuators are designed “soft” and between end effector and motor there is at least one spring element (torsion spring, leaf spring, coil tension spring, coil compression spring, etc.), which allows to absorb fast shocks and can be tensioned by the motor in such a way that a desired driving force is achieved. 
     The drive device according to the invention concerns a new actuator type for exoskeletons, robots or the like. Motor and spindle are connected via suitable bearings or clamps to a base (base plate, chassis, frame or housing; one part or more) in such a way that they cannot be displaced against each other in the event of external forces and motor and spindle can rotate freely around their driving axes. The motor is mounted in such a way, directly or indirectly, that it can carry out work on the spindle. The base is connected to a first element of the exoskeleton (e.g. thigh) or forms a unit with it. The spindle drives a suitable ball-bearing mounted nut (also called nut) during its rotation, which is connected to the base in such a way that it cannot rotate around its longitudinal axis when the ball screw is rotated. This mounting of the nut can be achieved by linear rails, linear bearings, roller bearings with rail guide, etc. Preferred is the guidance by a linear carriage/linear slide with recirculating ball bearing and “right-angled” guide rail. This allows only one degree of freedom and allows the absorption of torques along all axes. When the ball screw is rotated by the motor, the nut and the carriage attached to it then perform a linear movement. This is now used to connect a flexible element (there) running parallel to the spindle, such as chain, belt, belt, rope, etc., to the spindle. (hereinafter referred to simply as “chain”). The chain is attached directly or indirectly to the nut or carriage by suitable means. Carriage, nut and fastener can form one unit. The chain is preferably designed to be open in such a way that it is attached directly or indirectly to both ends of the nut, or closed in such a way that it is attached to the nut without itself having an end or a beginning. If a rope is used instead of a chain, it is preferably also anchored to the driven wheel and can also be guided more than once completely around the drive wheel to avoid slippage. Then also e.g. two ropes, one for each drive direction, can be used. The chain drives a drive wheel, which in turn is rigidly connected to a drive shaft. The chain and the drive wheel are connected to each other, like chain and sprocket, so that no slippage occurs between these parts even under high forces. The drive axle is mounted so that it can rotate freely around its longitudinal axis, but withstands all other forces and cannot move relative to the base or bearing. The chain is additionally at least guided around one diverting element—i.e. a suitable diverting device, such as a sprocket with bearings, sliding bearings, circulating rollers, etc.—and from there back to the chain wheel of the drive axle, so that the chain follows a closed path. In addition, it should be mentioned that the chain wheel and the drive axle can also be designed as a single part. 
     The free-running element (diverter wheel) is mounted to the base, preferably by means of a ball-bearing-mounted axle, so that the chain is always under tension, if necessary with the assistance of one or more further tensioning elements, and can always move freely and with little play along its running path when driven by the ball screw or the drive axle. The drive axle or the driven sprockets/rope pulleys etc. are designed in such a way that another, second element of the exoskeleton (e.g. lower leg) is rigidly attached to them. As a result of the rotation of the drive axle or the driven chain wheels etc., the angle between the first element (e.g. thigh) and the second element (e.g. lower leg) is changed. 
     In order to transmit maximum power and torque at high efficiency it is necessary to load the ball bearing nut on the recirculating ball screw mainly axially, i.e. to minimize the transverse torque on the nut. This is possible when using a single chain by guiding it as close as possible to the ball screw and parallel to it. Although this does not achieve a perfect axial load, acceptable losses can still be achieved. However, the bearings required for the ball screw increase the minimum chain spacing for short ball screws if the spindle is approximately as long or shorter than the straight chain section. However, if the spindle is significantly longer than the length of the chain arrangement, there is no possibility that the spindle bearings will collide with the chain or sprockets. Then a single chain can be guided very closely to the ball screw, thus keeping the torque on the nut low. 
     However, in order to achieve a perfect axial load on the nut and the rotating spindle, the load must be applied evenly on different sides of the nut. The preferred arrangement ( FIG. 27-31 ) therefore has two chain wheels of the same diameter on the drive shaft, which are also guided around two diverting devices. The ball screw and the chains attached to it then lie, in a part of the travel range of the nut, in a common plane. The nut is guided between the chains and is connected directly or indirectly to the chains, as with a connecting block ( 118 ) or on the linear bearings ( 120 ). 
     It is not always desirable to allow the load to act axially on the nut, as the necessary components require additional space on several sides of the nut. It is possible that the load acts mainly unilaterally on the nut if it is prevented that the nut can rotate transversely under the effect of transverse torque to the ball screw, i.e. the axis of the nut and the spindle are no longer parallel to each other and/or the spindle is bent. For this purpose, the nut can be connected to a suitable linear guide, which preferably absorbs all transverse torques and, if necessary, has them act on the base or other components. The chain is then driven unilaterally by the nut, the linear carriage, a connecting block, a spring element, etc. If a spring element is used with the chain drive, it is preferably loaded parallel and coaxial to the chain. Depending on the actuated joint and application, the torques on a linear guide can still be extremely high and exceed the load capacity of individual, small linear carriages/bearings. This is especially true when alternating ball sizes or ball chains are used to ensure smooth running of the bearings. Therefore, it is advantageous to choose bearings, which have to absorb transversal torques, as long as possible, to use several bearings in succession and to suitably connect with each other the nut and the chain, and/or to allow several linear guides to run parallel in order to absorb the torques together. In the preferred design example, with two chains, however, this is not necessary, as only minimal transverse torques and only low axial torques act on the linear guide here. For many applications it is also possible to use a very simple linear guide which has the main task of preventing the nut from rotating around its axis. This can be done e.g. by simple linear guided round ball bearings which are directly or indirectly connected to the nut. This is especially true when the transverse torque on the nut is minimized by the use of chains on both sides. However, such a simple linear guide can also be achieved with only one side of the chain if a large diameter ball screw and/or an extra long nut, or several nuts in succession, is used. Then the transversal torque is mainly carried by the ball screw, not by the linear guide, without dramatically reducing its efficiency. 
     It is preferable that each linear guide is not free but supported. This means that it is connected not only at its ends to the base, frame, etc., but over its entire length or large parts of its length. In this way, the rigidity of the base, etc. is also used to absorb torques and free the nut from them. 
     Chains, especially link chains, possess highest efficiencies at high powers and forces and require little space. However, link chains generally have the characteristic that they never run perfectly “round”, since the effective diameter of the sprocket changes slightly during the process of engaging and disengaging a chain link in the sprocket “chordal action”. This “polygon effect” is smaller the larger a sprocket and the smaller the individual links are. Silent chains are designed in such a way that the effective diameter remains almost constant and the polygon effect is very low. With “SmartChains” (SmartChain B.V., Zoetermeer, Netherlands) the polygon effect is almost perfectly suppressed. The use of soft plastic sprockets or radially flexible sprockets with a spring design of the sprocket under the teeth can reduce the polygon effect. With ropes or belts, a polygon effect does not or hardly occur. 
     If several chains are used, it can be advantageous to mount the sprockets, which share a common axis, rotated relative to each other, so that there is a phase difference between their teeth. If, for example, two chains are used, one on each side of the ball screw, the phase difference can be half the sprocket pitch (180°). If two sprockets and chains are used on each side, two wheels on the same side may have a phase difference of 90° to each other. The two wheels on the other side then preferably have a phase difference of 180° to each of the wheels on the first side. If each wheel on one side is opposed by a corresponding wheel on the other side with 180° phase difference, the total axial load on the nut is averaged in the best possible time. The transversal torque on the nut, however, still has clear maxima and minima. This influence on the torque is minimized by using several pairs of gears, with 2 sprockets of the same phase to each other on the same axis, but with phase differences to the other pairs of sprockets. Examples for possible sprocket phases for systems with one-sided chain arrangements are given in the following Table 1, whereby the mentioned phases are only exemplary, because a multitude of further phase differences are possible. This is a table of different phases with 1, 2 and 3 chains which act on one side of the nut and/or linear guide. Therefore, the polygon effect is reduced. However, transverse torques act on the nut and/or the linear guide. Any of these phase configurations can be practicable for low forces, strong nut and/or strong linear guide. The chain or chains can be in the same plane as the ball screw (left or right thereof), but can also run above or below the ball screw. Thus chains can be omitted or phases can deviate without substantial losses need to be accepted. By analogy, Table 1 can also be used for 4 or more chains. The phases in the table are given as multiples of the pitch. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 chains 
               
               
                   
                 Chain denomination 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Number of chains 
                 3 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                   
                 0 
                 1/2 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                   
                 1/2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 2/3 
                 0 
                 1/2 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0 
                 1/3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 1/3 
                 0 
                 2/3 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0 
                 2/3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Individual chains or special multi-strand chains with links offset from each other (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,278 B1) can be used. The latter have the advantage of requiring less space and enabling a more uniform run. 
     In order to further reduce the influence of the polygon effect, the shaft distance between drive wheel and deflection wheel is preferably selected so that the free length of the driven chain section is always exactly a multiple of the chain pitch. 
     It is possible to further reduce transverse torques on the nut by running a chain on both sides of the nut at the same distance from the axis of the ball screw and with a common phase. Other pairs of chains of this type, but with an even phase difference to the other pairs, can be used to make the run more even, as the driving force is smoothed. In the following table 2 corresponding examples for two-sided chain arrangements are given. It contains all permutations of the phases for 2, 4 and 6 chains for which the transverse torque, the sum of the individual transverse torques of all chains, is minimized to the nut and/or linear guide. The more chains are used, the more dispensable becomes each individual chain and the exact choice of phases. Thus chains can be omitted or phases can deviate without substantial losses need to be endured. Table 2 can also be used analogously for 4 or more chains on each side. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chains 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Left 
                 Right 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chain denomination: 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Number of chains 
                 3L 
                 2L 
                 1L 
                 1R 
                 2R 
                 3R 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 1/2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1/2 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 0 
                 1/2 
                 1/2 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 1/3 
                 0 
                 2/3 
                 2/3 
                 0 
                 1/3 
               
               
                 6 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 1/3 
                 2/3 
                 2/3 
                 1/3 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 2/3 
                 0 
                 1/3 
                 1/3 
                 0 
                 2/3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Although less phases are used by this mechanism with a given number of chains and sprockets, since two chains always have the same phase, a more uniform run can be achieved by reducing the transverse torque to the nut. The use of “phased chains” is preferable to the use of individual chains. They are preferably used in pairs for pairs of sprockets with a phase difference of half the link spacing. For this purpose, the sprockets must be arranged in pairs on the axles. Silent chains have advantages over roller chains. A phased chain then replaces several of the previously mentioned single chains. 
     The influence of transverse chain torques on the nut can be reduced by connecting the nut directly or indirectly to the carriage of a linear guide so that transverse torques are absorbed by this guide. The chain or chains can also be connected to the carriage of the linear guide itself. The nut can also be designed in such a way that it takes over the characteristics of the trolley and itself has rollers, bearings, wheels etc. which in turn run on a liner rail which absorbs the transverse torques. Each of these rails is generally also suitable for absorbing longitudinal torques of the nut, which is a prerequisite for the nut moving hysteresis-free along the ball screw during spindle rotation and not remaining in place. 
     In order to work as hysteresis-free as possible, the chains or other flexible elements must be pre-tensioned. For this purpose, the axle of the diverter sprockets is preferably mounted in such a way that it can be shifted along the direction of the recirculating ball screw. Alternatively, other free-running idler wheels can also be used, the position of which can be adjusted so that the preload can be regulated. Chains have the advantage, especially compared to ropes, that they require only little pre-tension to work with low hysteresis. 
     For achieving a large transmission ratio (small motor torques should become large torques of the driven axle), a large drive wheel diameter and a small pitch of the ball screw are required. For a given rotation angle of the driven axis to be covered, this leads to larger necessary distances over which the chain must be guided in a straight line. For large rotation angles and large transmission ratios, this leads to large necessary lengths of the ball screws and thus to a large actuator length. This can be particularly problematic when driving the third axis  95  of the exoskeleton ( FIG. 1-26 ), which controls the flexion and extension of the thigh, as large torques and large rotation angles are required here. 
     The reduction ratio from ball screw to driven axis is 
       (Pitch of the ball screw)/(Circumference of driven sprocket)=pitch/(2 pi  r ). 
     Thus, with a 150 mm diameter sprocket and a 5 mm pitch ball screw, a reduction ratio of approximately 1:94 can be achieved. For practically all possible pitches of the ball screw a simple back drivability of the mechanism is given. 
     Instead of a ball screw and a ball nut, other means such as an ACME screw etc. can be used. In this case, however, the back driveability can be lost and the efficiency can decrease. 
     Additionally, a low reduction gear can be connected between motor and spindle in order to improve the total reduction ratio without loss of back drivability in order to achieve higher torques on the driven axle. It is also possible not to use the driven axle directly to drive a robot joint, but to use it to drive another sprocket, which drives a chain gear, which ultimately actuates a joint. Similar can be achieved with belts, ropes, or gear wheels etc. 
     Also, the ball screw can be driven at both ends by two motors to increase power, acceleration and torque. The motors can also be connected in series on one side of the spindle by connecting their axes longitudinally. This is equivalent to a longer motor. The recirculating ball screw can also be designed so that it is driven from the inside by a motor, or the outside of a motor holds the guides of a ball screw. This has the advantage that the entire length of the spindle can be used as a motor and the overall structure is shorter. 
     The motors, or the motor, do not necessarily have to be mounted coaxially to the ball screw. Thus it is possible to use, between motor and ball screw, a Cardan shaft, a bevel gear, a hypoid gear, a toothed belt drive, or similar. In this way, the position of the motor in the housing can be influenced and the housing size can be reduced. The reduction ratio can also be further influenced in this way. In general, the torques and forces occurring directly at the motor are still the lowest, so that relatively simple and cost-effective means of reduction, power transmission and axis direction change are suitable here. 
     In general, it is preferable to fix the recirculating ball screw at its two ends with fixed bearings on the base. This increases the axial load capacity (buckling load) by a factor of 2 compared to a fixed bearing on one side and an “axially free” or “supported” bearing on the opposite side. This significantly increases maximum accelerations and speeds and resonance frequencies. Then there is no difference between operation in pulling direction or pushing direction. Also, forces are transferred more evenly to the base. 
     The drive device (actuator) according to the invention can be used together with the devices according to the invention described above or independently of them. This also applies to all the embodiments discussed below in the description of preferred embodiments. 
     Further claims relate to a motion simulator, in particular its rotation unit. They are preferably made up of at least three rotation elements, whereby neighbouring elements are rotatably connected to each other. The first rotary element is rotatably mounted on other devices, such as the means of a translation unit. At last, like e.g. third rotation-element, an exoskeleton or similar is mounted rotatably. This device according to the invention is based on the following findings. 
     Exoskeletons for teleoperation, i.e. to control proxies in a virtual (avatars) or real environment (humanoid robots), use motion simulators to exert static or temporally variable body accelerations on the user. For this purpose gimbal suspensions are also used. 
     In particular, this requires systems with four independent axes to avoid the effect of “gimbal lock”. This condition occurs when degrees of freedom are lost at certain positions of the axes relative to each other, especially in the case of axes parallel to each other or when more than two axes lie in a common plane. In the proximity of these states, the necessary positioning speeds of the axes can become very high or arbitrarily high in order to change from one orientation of the user, even slowly, to another. 
     With gimbal suspensions with only three axes, this effect can make it technically and practically impossible for the user, controlled by the motion simulator&#39;s electronics, to take up certain areas of orientation in space in order to experience a suitable spatial position or acceleration impression. 
     If four axes are used, they can be suitably controlled so that three degrees of freedom are always available and no extreme speeds or accelerations are required. Such a system generally consists of 3 elements which each have 2 axes and together 4 independent axes. Such a system is generally larger and heavier than one with only 3 axes. This is especially true when each element circumscribes a full circle or a semicircle. These elements are then also particularly inert and resist rotatory and translatory accelerations. The same applies to elliptical or other shapes with large angular distances. In addition, errors in the positioning angles add up especially when the axes of each element are at large angles to each other. These angles are usually selected as 90°. It is especially important when the innermost element should resemble a full or semicircle that it is large enough in diameter that the user can never collide with it. 
     The motion simulator according to the invention contains a special gimbal suspension. The sum of the element angles (angles of the two axes of an element to each other) must be greater than 180° to avoid a gimbal lock and to allow the user in the exoskeleton to take all possible spatial orientations. 
     The motion simulator according to the invention may be used together with the devices according to the invention described above or independently of them. This also applies to all the embodiments discussed below in the description of preferred embodiments. 
     Further requirements concern a motion platform, in particular a special design of a hexapod (here also called Stewart platform). According to the invention, a movable working platform is provided which can be moved by actuators. On the inside of this working platform, an exoskeleton is mounted, preferably in such a way that the corresponding user is centered between the mounting points of the actuators on the frame. 
     For a further development of the platform according to the invention, it is intended that supports are provided between the actuators and the working platform. These should be long in order to increase or maximize the working space of the motion simulator. Furthermore, this is based on the following findings. 
     As motion platforms for exoskeletons in teleoperations (virtual or real governor) Stewart platforms are also suitable. These generally have six linear actuators, or similar means, which on one side are fixed to the floor or other base and at the other side are fixed to a work platform or working plane. By suitable, coordinated actuation of the linear actuators, the working platform can be freely actuated and accelerated in six degrees of freedom in space. In this way, arbitrary linear or rotational positions, velocities and/or accelerations of the platform can be generated. If the user in the exoskeleton is now attached to a Stewart platform, any body acceleration of the proxy can be transferred to the user, also by means of a motion cueing process. 
     Stewart platforms do not allow every spatial orientation. However, they have the potential to allow almost any or every gait. To achieve this, however, the technology must be adapted to the requirements of teleoperation with exoskeletons in order to fully exploit its potential. Conventional Stewart platforms require a lot of space and are high. Applications in tele-operation with exoskeletons primarily require rotations around points inside or near the user&#39;s body. However, if the user should be mounted on the working platform of a Stewart platform, such rotations are possible, but the working range of the Stewart platform is then small and large travel distances and speeds are required. It is advantageous if the centers of rotation are located approximately in the center of gravity between the mounting points of the linear actuators on the moving working platform. 
     The motion platform according to the invention may be used together with the devices according to the invention described above or independently of them. This also applies to all the embodiments as explained below in the description of preferred embodiments. 
     Overview of Several Embodiments 
       FIG. 1  shows a perspective representation of a preferred execution example for an exoskeleton  1000 . This contains a first element  80   a , also called Exo back plate, which is fixed in normal operation relative to the hip bone of a user. This exo back plate  80   a  comprises in the lower area on each side an axle mounting region  80   b , which are inclined inwards and are also called mounting elements  80   b . On each of these mounting elements  80   b  a second element  82  is rotatably mounted by means of a shaft  81 . By means of a further shaft  83  (see  FIG. 2 ) a third element  84 , consisting of the two legs  84   a ,  84   b , is rotatably connected to the second element  82 . Since the two elements  82 ,  84  take over the essential functions of a hip joint, they are also called the first exo-hip joint  82  and the second hip joint  84  respectively. Via a further shaft  85 , a fourth element  86  is rotatably connected to the second exo hip joint  84 , which is also known as the exo thigh. Underneath thereof is a fifth element  88 , also known as the exo lower leg, which is rotatably connected to the exo thigh  86  via a shaft  87 . Below thereof, a fifth element  90 , also known as the exo foot, is connected to the exo lower leg  88  by means of a hinge joint  89 . 
     It should be noted that the exoskeleton  1000  is in so far mirror-symmetrical as it contains the above-mentioned elements, such as exo-hip joint  82 ,  84 , exo-thigh  86 , exo-lower leg  88  and exo-foot  90  as well as the associated joints  81 ,  83 ,  85 ,  87 ,  89 , twice each, once on the right and on the left side. Because of the arrangement of the exo-foot  90  (tips to the left below) the usual forward direction of walking can be recognized. This is relevant for the designations “right” and “left” in this and the following illustrations. For clarification, “right side” and “left side” are indicated accordingly in  FIG. 1 . It is further pointed out that for the designs described here, the first element  80   a ,  80   b  has both the function as exo back plate and the function as exo hip plate. Therefore both terms “hip plate” and “back plate” are used equally here. In other designs, which are not discussed here, at least one separate back plate can be provided to actuate the back. Then the hip can move relative to the back by changing the joint angle between hip and spine. 
       FIG. 2  shows a top view of the exoskeleton  1000 , where in particular its elements are shown, which are located on its left side. In addition to the described elements,  FIGS. 1 and 2  also show some axes, which result in particular from the arrangement of the shafts  81 ,  83 ,  85 ,  87  and  89 . This will be discussed in more detail below. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a first axis  93  runs through the shaft  81 , so that the first exo hip joint  82  can be rotated around the first axis  93  relative to the back plate  80   a  or the corresponding right or left fastening element  80   b . In  FIG. 1 , the first axis  93  is marked both on the right and on the left. Further axes in  FIG. 1, 2  are usually only drawn or marked on the right or left side —depending on where the corresponding axis is best recognizable. A second axis  94  is defined by the arrangement of the shaft  83 . This allows the second exo hip joint  84  to rotate around this axis  94  relative to the corresponding first exo hip joint  82 . A third axis  95  is defined by the arrangement of the shaft  85 . This allows the exo thigh  86  to rotate about the third axis  95  with respect to the associated second exo hip joint. Accordingly
         a fourth axis  96  between the exo thigh  86  and the exo lower thigh  88  according to the arrangement of the shaft  87 , and   a fifth axis  97  between the exo lower leg  88  and the exo foot  90  according to the shaft  89  are defined.       

     The fourth axis  96  is in neutral position (straight, upright posture; as shown in  FIG. 1 ) parallel or almost parallel to the mediolateral axis or axis of the user&#39;s knee and passes through his knee joint. 
     The fifth axis  97  lies in neutral position (see  FIG. 1 ) parallel or almost parallel to the mediolateral axis or the axis of the ankle joint and runs through the human ankle joint. As can be seen from  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the shafts  81 ,  83 ,  85  are arranged in such a way that the corresponding axes  93 ,  94 ,  95  run through a point  91  on the right-hand side or a point  91  on the left-hand side (in  FIG. 2  this is also surrounded by a dotted circle). These points  91  represent the center points of the right or left hip joint. In  FIG. 1, 2  another axis  92  is drawn on the right side as well as on the left side. It is defined thereby that it runs on the one hand through the center point  91  of the associated right or left hip joint and on the other hand parallel to the sagittal axis. Furthermore, the axes  92 ,  93 ,  94 ,  95  and the associated joints are designed and arranged so as to define an angle φ 1  between the first axis  93  and the second axis  94  and an angle φ 2  between the second axis  94  and the third axis  95 . In addition, the first axis  93  can, under certain conditions, form an angle with axis  92  α (see  FIG. 2 ), which will be discussed in more detail below. 
     The arrangement of the axes  93 ,  94  and  95  and the associated joints forms the core of the exo hip joint. These axes are three independent rotary axes, all of which intersect at the center  91  of the user&#39;s hip joint. They form a gimbal suspension with the center of the hip joint as the center. 
     The axes  93 ,  94 ,  95  of this gimbal suspension do not have to be perpendicular to each other. This is also not always possible or desirable, depending on the required working space of the mechanism or the desired type of actuation. 
     The first axis  93  can be oriented relative to the user&#39;s hip, or equivalent to the exo-hip, depending on the desired application and need, in space through the angles α and β, or an equivalent transformation, as shown in  FIG. 3-5 . However, the first axis  93  always passes through the center  91  of the user&#39;s hip joint. For this purpose, the distance between the Exo hip and the user must be adjusted accordingly. For α=β=0 the first axis  93  is parallel to the sagittal axis and runs through the center of the hip joint  91 . For α and/or β unequal to zero, first a rotation of the angle α around the vertical axis takes place and then a rotation of the angle β around a vector, with a support point in  91 , which is perpendicular to the plane which intersects the transverse plane perpendicularly and runs through  92   b  (according to  FIG. 4 ). 
     The figures so far mainly serve to explain the principle of the present invention. In the following figures several examples of execution are shown. For the sake of clarity, the reference symbols are drawn in only to the extent necessary for comprehension. 
       FIGS. 6-11  shows a first preferred example of execution. Here, the first axes  93  of the left and right side both stand at right angles on the first element  80   a , are parallel to the sagittal axis and lead through the centers of the femoral heads. By only actuating around these first axes  93  a pure abduction and adduction of the thigh is made possible. In the first example, the angles have the following values: 
     φ 1 =35 degrees; φ 2 =70 degrees; α=0 degrees; β=0 degrees. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  show different views of an exoskeleton  1001  after the first example, whereby a neutral posture is shown. Thereby the third axes  95  in the neutral position are parallel to the mediolateral axis. They are therefore responsible for the pure flexion and extension of the thigh. 
     The choice of the third axis  95  in this direction facilitates the actuation of the thigh when walking or running. Then most of the work is done here and the largest angle variations are present. 
     The fourth axis  96  and the fifth axis  97  in the neutral position are parallel to the mediolateral axis. They are thus responsible for the pure flexion and extension of the lower leg (fourth axis  96 ) or the foot (fifth axis  96 ). 
     The choice of the position of the second axis  94  is not trivial. For an application in walking, standing and running, it cannot run vertically through the hip joint (then all three axes would be at right angles to each other in the neutral position), since a hinge joint would then have to be located either in the upper body or in the thigh. The angle between the first axis  93  and the second axis  94  is φ 1 =35°. The angle between the second axis  94  and the third axis  95  is φ 2 =70°. In this arrangement, with axis  93  parallel to the sagittal axis and with the third axis  95  of the hip, the fourth axis  96  of the knee and the fifth axis  97  of the foot  90  parallel to the transversal axis, from the sum of the angles of φ 1 +φ 2 =105° the maximum internal rotation of the leg of φ 1 +φ 2 −90°=105°−90°=15° results. Then all axes  93 - 95  lie simultaneously in a plane parallel to the transverse plane. The maximum rotation of the leg around the vertical axis is not so easy to determine and essentially depends on the shape and size of the elements  80 ,  82 ,  84 . If it is assumed that the individual parts can penetrate each other, or should be constructed in such a way that they do not penetrate each other or collide with each other, then the maximum external rotation of the foot  90  in the last described case, is 
       −φ1+φ2−90°=−35°+70°−90°=−55°.
 
     The difference between maximum internal and external rotation is 2·φ 1 =70°. 
       FIGS. 8 and 9  show different perspectives of the first execution example with maximum internal rotation of 15 degrees and maximum external rotation of approx. 45 degrees. 
       FIGS. 10 and 11  also show different perspectives of the first execution example with a maximum simultaneous external rotation of approx. 32 degrees. It enables almost any posture and movement, even extreme ones. This includes walking, running, running, jumping, turnaround on the spot, deep lunge, side steps, cross steps, close combat, sitting on chairs or benches and more. Structure 1 allows a wide amplitude of the external rotation of the feet (45° external rotation, 15° internal rotation). Other constructions can be realized according to the requirements of an application. 
     As already mentioned above, the first axis  93  does not necessarily have to run parallel to the sagittal axis. In particular, it can be useful to rotate them around the vertical axis so that the feet can be rotated inwards around the vertical axis over a larger range. This is the second example of the execution described using  FIGS. 12-17 , which has the following angles: 
     φ 1 =35 degrees; φ 2 =70 degrees; α=20 degrees; β=0 degrees. 
       FIGS. 12 and 13  show an exoskeleton  1002  in neutral position according to the second example. 
       FIGS. 14 and 15  show the exoskeleton  1002  with maximum internal rotation of 35 degrees and maximum external rotation of 35 degrees. 
       FIGS. 16 and 17  show the exoskeleton  1002  with a maximum simultaneous external rotation of approx. 28 degrees. The second example demonstrates how the maximum internal rotation of the foot can be increased by choosing a α&gt;0°. In addition,  FIG. 15  shows that the maximum travel range of the second element  82  is increased, and thus the theoretical maximum of the outer rotation of the foot  90  can be reached. In the first example, this rotation was limited by the fact that the second element  82  could collide with element  1 . Thus, instead of the theoretical maximum external rotation of 55°, only 45° was achieved. Thus, the second design example makes it possible e.g. to change the walking direction faster than the first design example, with full ground contact without sliding. 
     With the exoskeleton  1002 , however, the maximum outward rotation of the feet  90  about the vertical axis is automatically reduced by the same amount. For outward rotation, the quantification of the maximum angle again depends on the size and nature of elements  80   a ,  82 ,  84  in particular, as they may collide depending on the angles selected and your their other specific geometry. However, this is not the case in the second example (see in particular  FIG. 15 , right leg). Here, the maximum possible inward and outward rotation of the foot is 35°. 
     In order to allow the widest possible abduction of the thigh, it is necessary to maintain a lateral distance between the thigh or hip of the user and the nearest components on the third axis  95 . These parts rotate in a circle around the center of the head of the femur when the leg is abducted, i.e. rotated predominantly around the first axis  93 . These circles also intersect the parts of the upper body (hips and upwards). The greater the radius of these circles between the centre of the hip joint and the innermost part along the third axis, the greater the maximum abduction angle of the leg. Likewise, the exo plate  80   a  should be kept narrow (in a lateral direction) so that it does not conflict with the third element  84  if the leg is further abducted. 
     The exo  86  thigh in the preferred embodiment is attached to the outside of the user&#39;s leg. The third element  84  is attached along the third axis  95  then distally to the exo-thigh  86 . This means that the thigh is attached to the inside of the Cardan suspension. Then it is easy to attach the user&#39;s thigh to it without too great a distance. The Exo thigh  86  then automatically has a stop in the swing direction to the rear on the second element  82  or on the third element  84 , so that an overturning can be prevented. If, however, a particularly large distance between the user and the exoskeleton is required in the area of the third axis  95 , e.g. to allow a particularly large abduction of the leg, the thigh can also be attached to the outside of the third element  84 . 
     The elements  82  and  84 , which are the brackets of the gimbal, are preferably designed in such a way that the inner element is smaller than the outer element, in such a way that the inner element does not collide with the outer element at extreme angles and external rotation of the foot  90 , thus limiting the freedom of movement. Elements  82 ,  84  are preferably designed as “brackets”, but can also be designed as circular arcs, so that they resemble more the elements of a typical Cardan suspension. 
       FIGS. 18-23  show another exoskeleton  1003  according to a third execution example. This has the following angles:
         φ 1 =35°, φ 2 =70°, α=20°, β=20°.       

     For this case  FIGS. 18 and 19  show the exoskeleton  1003  in a neutral position.  FIGS. 20 and 21  show the exoskeleton  1003  with a maximum internal rotation of 33 degrees and a maximum external rotation of approx. 37 degrees. In addition is pointed out, that exo back plate  82  can be shorter than shown here. 
       FIGS. 22 and 23  show the exoskeleton  1003  with a maximum simultaneous outer rotation of approx. 26 degrees. 
     By the raised second element  82  the exoskeleton  1003  of this execution example allows in principle longer steps than in the previous execution examples. However, these longer steps are usually no longer covered by the natural working space of most humans. The space created at the back of the user&#39;s legs, however, also allows other devices such as tactile elements or armour to be attached to the user&#39;s thighs. This design is interesting for mobile applications because it makes sitting even easier and reduces the risk of colliding with the environment. The structure also allows, for example, deeper kneeling without the feet  90  of the exoskeleton colliding with the hip elements. 
     The examples of execution described so far are preferred. However, there are a large number of other configurations which refer to all the execution examples described so far. Some of these improvements are briefly discussed below. 
     In the previous execution examples, the elements  82  and  84  are designed in such a way that between the first axis  93  and the third axis  95  only one further axis is provided, namely the second axis  94 , which results from the joint  83  between the elements  82  and  84 . It is also possible to use not only provide a second axis  94  between preserved axes  93  and  95 , but to introduce additional axes (e.g. axes  94   a ,  94   b , etc.) using more than 2 brackets or arcs. Especially if all or some of these elements can be completely folded into each other, this has the advantage that the difference between maximum inner rotation and maximum outer rotation of the corresponding foot  90  can be increased. 
       FIGS. 24-26  show different perspectives of such an example, in which element  82  is divided into three parts, which are here referred to as  82   a ,  82   b  and  82   c . Each of these parts is rotatably connected to its neighboring part, resulting in the axes  94   a ,  94   b  and  94   c . Preferably each axis is updated. This can also be done by actuators on the not shown elements  80  or  86 . The smaller elements in the example cover an angle of 30° each and the larger one an angle of 60°. With this construction a foot could be rotated (by means of the external or internal rotation of the hip joint) by 60° inwards as well as outwards (for a hip plate with α=β=0°). It is possible to attach elements  81 ,  82   a ,  82   b ,  82   c , etc,  84 ,  86  in any order inside or outside to each other. In addition, the angles φ i  of the elements can be different from each other. Elements  82 - 84 , which are arranged from the inside to the outside as in the example according to  FIGS. 24-26 , can never intersect, independent of the angles φ i  used. If however at least some of elements should be arranged from outside to inside, cutting of each other can be avoided, if the next element (e.g. element  82   c  is next element of  82   b ) covers a much smaller angle than previous element. It is also possible that element  82   a  is outside of the following elements  82   b , etc. but is first attached to element  80 . By using some of these measures or by combining them, it can be prevented that the diameter of the entire hip joint increases too much with increasing number of elements. 
     Due to the use of more than 3 axes for the hip joint, there is generally no longer a unambiguous assignment for the choice of the driven axis angles (joint angles). However, it is preferable to correlate the angle between axis  93  and axis  95  tabularly or functionally bijective with a vector of the to be actuated angles (joint angles) of axes  94   a ,  94   b , etc. This ensures that the mechanism behaves safely and predictably. In general, it is necessary that element  84  does not deviate too far from the horizontal. This would impede the free swinging of the leg. This type of actuation can also be operated in the other direction to increase an external rotation of the hip. This type of actuation can also be operated in the other direction to increase an external rotation of the hip. Then, however, it can happen that the hip elements of the left and right leg easily come into conflict with each other. 
     It is generally important that the last element (here  84 ) to which the exo thigh  86  is attached, in all states of the hip joint mechanism, allows the exo thigh  86  to swing during gait. Since in the preferred execution examples the exo thigh  86  is fastened internally to the third element  84 , the area of the third axis  95  of element  84  is preferably flat on the inside. This corresponds to the representations used here. However, element  84  may be round, especially if the exo thigh  86  should be attached externally, or if the distance between the exo thigh  86  and element  84  along the third axis  95  should be so large that a free swing of the exo thigh  86  should not be significantly restricted. 
     Due to a particularly wide choice of hip elements, preferably as segments of spherical shells, the hip mechanism can correspond even more closely to a foldable part of a spherical shell. This can be used e.g. as protection or armour. 
     In the shown exoskeleton forms  1000 ,  1001 ,  1002 ,  1003 , the third element  84  is formed in such a way that the two brackets  84 ,  84   b  are arranged almost perpendicular to each other. As a result, the third element  84  protrudes quite far sideways in the various movements. In order for the third element  84  to occupy less lateral space, it is possible to shorten the first bracket  84   a , preferably so that the second bracket  84   b  runs parallel to the sagittal axis in the neutral position. This facilitates the swinging of the arms when walking and saves weight. This facilitates the swinging of the arms when walking and saves weight. For this purpose, the angle between the brackets  84   a  and  84   b  is to be adjusted accordingly. 
     For reasons of clarity, the necessary bearings, axle mounts and actuators are not explicitly specified in the examples described. Actuators can be mounted in or on any element. Correspondingly, fixed axle connections or e.g. ball bearing connections become necessary. As shown in the first example, however, it is preferred that an actuator in an exo lower leg  88  actuators the fifth axis  97  to the exo foot  90 . A first actuator in exo thigh element  86  actuators the fourth axis  96  of the knee joint, a second actuator in exo thigh element  86  actuators the third axis  95  of the exo hip joint, an actuator in element  84  actuators the second axis  94  of the hip joint, and an actuator on, in, or on the exo hip or exo back plate  80   a  actuates the first axis  93 . 
     Below are described novel actuators which can be used to drive all joints of the described exoskeleton in the preferred design. Regardless of this, the mechanism of the exoskeleton can also be driven by other actuators. This includes normal geared motors, linear actuators, hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders, direct drive by gearless torque motors, drive by cables and Bowden cables and rollers and more. Particularly advantageous is the drive via motors with back-drivable ball-bearing worm gears (ball worm, ball worm gear, recirculating ball worm drive according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,468,179 A), with global roll spindles or “harmonic drive” gears. 
     Especially the exo-foot  90  generally can have an additional axis and necessary components with which pronation and supination can be actuated. A particularly advantageous further development of the Exo-Foot is described below and is called Exo-Foot  9000 . 
     It can be advantageous if the two axes of the Exo  86  thigh are not parallel to each other. However, the fourth axis  96  must always be parallel or almost parallel to the axis of the knee joint. However, the third axis  95  can generally be oriented arbitrarily. In this way it can be influenced, according to the effect of the angle α, to what extent the external and internal rotation of the leg is possible. The described hip mechanism, with at least 3 axes, which intersect in the center of the hip joint, is in practice quite tolerant regarding deviations in the axial direction. Also, the user may be larger, smaller, too far forward, or too far back, too far left, or too far right of the ideal position. This can be used to use an exoskeleton of one size for more than one user. Also the adjustment of the center distances and angles to a special user is facilitated. However, the principle of the mechanism is not lost by these deviations. It is intended to design mounting points and bearings of axles to be displaceable and adjustable. It is advantageous to be able to adjust the distance from the user&#39;s back to the hip plate, as well as its vertical position, in order to align the center of his hip joint with the intersection of the axes. 
     Due to the largely anthropomorphic nature of the exoskeleton, it is possible to design most of the described elements in such a way that they encompass the user, and not only, as in the illustrations, stand laterally to him. 
     It should be noted that, surprisingly, with the preferred simple hip mechanism (e.g.  FIG. 1-25 ), also in connection with the described exoskeleton, generally only extremely low torques are required to actuate the second axis  94 . This is also true if the exoskeleton, as in teleoperative applications, has to carry the entire weight of the user, while it is itself, on the hip or back, carried by a movement simulator. If, for example, the user&#39;s weight rests only on an extended leg and is transferred to an exo leg entirely by means of his foot on the foot element of the exoskeleton, the centre of gravity of the leg and of the user is always perpendicular under or above his loaded hip joint (point  91 ). If β=0°, and the weight of the elements  82  and  94  can be neglected compared to the other weights, only changes in the joint angles of the axes  93  and  94  can change the potential energy by raising the center of gravity. For this, considerable torques are required. The actuation of axis  94 , however, is also possible without changing the potential energy if axes  93  and  95  are moved in such a way that a single external rotation or internal rotation (external or internal rotation of the hip joint) of the foot is achieved. The centre of gravity remains at the same height and therefore no work is performed and no axial torques occur. However, since the position of elements  82  and  84  in a gravity field generally changes due to the modified joint angle of axis  93 , a low axial torque must be applied or absorbed by the actuator. However, the transversal torques on this axis are generally very high when a leg is loaded with significant parts of the body weight. The joints must be of a correspondingly strong design. Friction forces in the bearings, which are low, must also be overcome. The external or internal rotation of the leg is force-wise only weakly developed in humans. Therefore, the torques to be actuated of axis  94 , which mainly serves this degree of freedom, are also low compared to other torques occurring in the exo legs. Accordingly, actuators there can be smaller and weaker. 
     Similarly, the axial torques of a body with several elements  82 ,  82   b , etc. ( FIG. 24-26 ) are only low. The rather small actuators can therefore be easily located on or in these elements for all configurations, but can also be remote (Bowden cables). This also applies if only one element  82  is used. Even if β should not be equal to 0°, these axial torques are low, as long as β remains small. 
     All described structures and combinations of properties can be used not only for exoskeletons but also for humanoid robots and virtual avatars or virtual machines. In virtual cases, real components must be replaced by corresponding virtual ones. 
     As already mentioned, the previous description of the preferred exoskeletons  1001 ,  1002 ,  1003  did not include the representation and description of associated actuators. Particularly suitable actuators are described in the following. 
       FIGS. 27-31  shows a first execution example of a new actuator  2001 . 
       FIG. 27  shows in a perspective view the actuator  2001  closed from the front, i.e. inside its housing. 
       FIG. 28  shows the actuator  2001  from a similar perspective as before. Here, however, parts of the housing are removed, namely a front base plate  106   a  and a base frame  107 . 
       FIG. 29  shows the actuator  2001  in a similar way as before. Here a front chain  110  is missing as well as elements  108 ,  109 ,  104   a  and  105   a , which concern their drive. 
       FIG. 30  shows the actuator  2001  in perspective view from the back, without housing parts. 
       FIG. 31  shows the actuator  2001  in side view with the front view without the front base plate  106   a.    
     The actuator  2001  has two parallel chains  110 ,  113 , which run on one side of the actuator  2001  in a plane with a ball screw  114  and at the same distance to it. The actuator  2001  is designed in “integral construction”, which means that the housing parts  106   a ,  106   b  and  107  perform the functions of the basis, i.e. structural functions. However, parts of this function are here also taken over by a linear guide support  121  and by the frame  123  of a motor  124 , which are mounted in a force-locked manner to the base. A nut  117  is force-locked to a connecting block  118 , which is mounted in a force-locked manner to chains  110 ,  113  by suitable means. This actuator  2001  has a dedicated driven shaft  101 , a dedicated idler shaft  102  and a dedicated fixed shaft  103 . Driven sprockets  108 ,  111  are connected to a driven axle  101  by suitable means, such as direct (welding, screwing) or indirect (hub, clamping set, spoke hub). The  101  axle and sprockets  108  and  111  can also be manufactured as a single component. The driven shaft  101  is connected to the base by suitable bearings  104   a ,  104   b  so that it can rotate around its axis but cannot shift. The dedicated idler shaft  102  is also mounted in the same way, by means of bearings  105   a ,  105   b . The free-running sprockets  109 ,  112  are preferably mounted in a friction-locked fashion to the deflection shaft  102 . However, the bearing arrangement can also be different, such as individually or together on an internal axis and not on an external axis as is the case here. It is also possible to dispense with the dedicated fixed shaft  103  (it is used to attach other actuators to the example actuator) and to provide other attachments. It is also possible to use the fixed shaft to support the bearings of the free-running axle or free-running sprockets (as e.g. in the actuator  2003 ). 
     In Actuator  2001 , the sprockets and chains on one side can be dispensed with. Then, however, depending on the given load, considerable transverse torques can occur, which must be absorbed by the nut and linear guide. Basic elements, axles, bearings, etc. should then of course be adapted to the new geometry, as space and weight can be saved. 
       FIG. 32  shows a side view of an actuator  2002  for a second execution example. This actuator  2002  corresponds almost completely to the actuator  2001  described above. However, the driven axis is shorter here and the driven component X of an exoskeleton or robot is fastened to the driven axis inside the housing, using suitable space-saving means. The housing is modified accordingly. Variations as with the actuator  2001  are of course also applicable here. 
     A third actuator  2003  after another execution example is shown in  FIGS. 33-37 .  FIG. 33  shows actuator  2003  completely in perspective view, but without optional housing 
       FIG. 34  shows the actuator  2003  from above, wherein a linear guide support  121   b  is particularly characterized which is combined with the base and which is separately shown in  FIG. 35  as a side view. 
       FIG. 36  shows a side view of the actuator  2003  without the front parts  108 ,  109 ,  110   
       FIG. 37  shows a perspective view of the actuator  2003 , but without the front parts  108 ,  109 ,  110  and without the bearings  104   c  and  125   a.    
     The actuator  2003  is designed in “differential” design. So it does not necessarily need a housing. However, a suitable housing can be connected to a  121   b  linear guide support, which is combined with the base, to increase the load capacity. The linear guide support  121   b  combined with the base is now, in comparison to the linear guide support  121  shown above, designed in such a way that bearings and axles can also be attached to it. The actuator  2003  has a central bearing  104   c , which carries the driven shaft and allows only the axial degree of freedom. The fixed shaft  103  is here firmly connected to the linear guide support  121   b . The free-running sprockets are fastened to it with suitable bearings. This Actuator  2003  can of course also be implemented in such a way that a dedicated idler shaft and a dedicated fixed shaft are used, as in Actuator  2001 . All shafts would then be mounted with  121   b  suitably connected, by bearing or fixed. Also the actuator  2003 , like the actuator  2001 , can be built in a one-sided variant, similar to  FIG. 36  (without free, unused bearing and detail adjustments). All actuators shown here can be manufactured in integral or differential design. 
     A fourth actuator  2004  according to another execution example is shown in  FIGS. 38-41 . 
       FIG. 38  shows a perspective view of the actuator  2004 . 
       FIG. 39  shows a side view of the actuator  2004  without the front base plate  106   a.    
       FIG. 40  shows a top view of the actuator  2004  without base frame  107 . 
     Actuator  2004 ′ is a modification of Actuator  2004  with only one linear guide. 
     The  2004  actuator demonstrates a space-saving design with only one chain marked  113 . The two linear guides  119  are attached directly or indirectly to the chain  113  by suitable means. They are attached here above the chain  113 . The double arrangement doubles the load capacity without affecting the length. Due to their position, the linear rails  119  can be significantly longer than the straight section, and therefore longer carriages or double carriages can be used at greater distances from each other. All this increases the load capacity for torques. Although the ball nut  117  of the recirculating ball screw  114  must absorb considerable torques, since it is firmly connected to the bearings of the linear guide by suitable means, these torques have little effect on operation. In a variation  2004 ′ this actuator can also be operated with only one linear guide  109  ( FIG. 41 ), if the associated limitations are accepted. Nut, linear guide carriages or carriage and connection block can also be manufactured as one component. The bearings of the ball screw are directly or indirectly connected to the base by suitable means, in the illustration with the base  108 . 
     A fifth  2005  actuator after another execution example is shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 . 
       FIG. 42  is a perspective view on actuator  2005  and  FIG. 43  is a side view. 
     The actuator  2005  corresponds to the actuator  2004 ′ with only one linear guide (see  FIG. 41 ). The chain  113  is attached directly or indirectly to the linear guide carriage. Here, the linear guide is preferably moved in a plane with the chain  113  and the ball screw so that the torques along a transverse axis become practically zero. This case is not fully realized in  FIG. 42  for drawing reasons, since the center of the recirculating ball bearing guide of the linear rail is not in the plane of the chain center and the axis of the ball screw plane. For this purpose, the spacer  126 , which is firmly connected to the base and the linear rail or can be part of it, would have to be slightly thicker. As can be seen, the base/housing can partly be designed even narrower. Of course also here a differential construction can be chosen. You are also free to choose between exclusively dedicated axes or non-dedicated axes. Linear rail and ball screw can change places here (as with the  2006  actuator described below). Then the chain  113  is attached directly or indirectly to the nut of the ball screw. In such a design, however, the effects of torque on the nut and linear guide are greater. 
     A sixth actuator  2006  after another execution example is shown in  FIGS. 44 to 46 .  FIG. 44  is a perspective representation on actuator  2006  and  FIG. 45  is a side view. Furthermore,  FIG. 46  shows an actuator  2006 ′ with only one guide rail  119 . 
     In the actuator  2006  or  2006 ′, one or two linear guides  119  run approximately parallel to the ball screw  114 , which is led close to the chain to reduce torques. All parts are suitably connected to the base and axes corresponding to the other examples. 
     A seventh actuator in  2007  after another example is shown in  FIGS. 47 to 49 .  FIG. 47  is a perspective representation on actuator  2007  and  FIG. 48  is a side view.  FIG. 49  also shows an actuator  2007 ′ with only one guide rail  119 . 
     In the actuator  2007  or  2007 ′, one or two linear guides  119  run below the ball screw  114 , which is led close to the chain  113  to reduce torques. All parts are suitably connected to the base and axes according to the other examples. This saves space compared to actuator  2006 . 
     All these actuators can be converted to serial elastic actuators by known means, especially known spring elements and their coupling to ropes, rods, axles, etc. An example of this is an actuator  2008 , as symbolically indicated in  FIGS. 50-52 . Elements not shown here are to be supplemented according to the previous examples. The decisive factor is that spring elements  127  are preferably fitted coaxially to a section of the chain  113 . The coaxial fixing makes the guidance of the springs  127  unnecessary or very simple, since there are hardly any transverse forces. The two springs  127  are connected here on each of their sides with a connecting block, which has abutments and is marked  118   b  here. On the other side they can either be connected directly to the chain  113  or, as shown in  FIGS. 50-52 , with a chain-spring connection element  128 . This is connected to the chain  113 . Disc springs, leaf springs, elastomers, cush drives, etc. can also be used as springs. The use of these elements also reduces negative influences due to the polygon effect. The chain  113  can also be attached as before to a nut or linear carriage etc. and the springs can be part of the chain. An associated spring mechanism may also be coaxial with the ball screw as part of the connecting block. This is particularly easy to implement if the ball screw is loaded axially only, since there is no need for additional strong guides for the springs. As known, the spring can also be a torsion spring of the driven shaft or a hub mounted there (which in turn holds the driven sprockets). The driven axis can also be attached to a torsion spring to which the next driven element of the robot is attached. The torsion spring can also be part of this next element of the robot. In  FIG. 51, 52  an element  128  is connected to the chain and the springs with two sides of element  118   b . The chain  113  must be passed through  118   b  here. The structure can also be reversed, where  128  becomes part of  128   b , and the spring holders of  118   b  are connected to the chain and one spring each, or the springs are directly integrated into the chain and the chain is driven between the springs. 
     It is generally advantageous to attach not only the drive or actuator for the third axis  95 , but also for the fourth axis  96  (knee joint) to the exo-thigh  86  (or to the thigh of a humanoid robot). These two actuators can be stacked on top of each other. However, it is preferable that they share the axles for driven wheels and pulleys. A driven axle then holds the bearings for the deflection rollers of the other axle.  FIG. 53, 54  is an example of a suitable actuator for  2009  in which bearings  129  for a freewheeling sprocket and bearings  130  for axles are also shown. It should be noted that the principle of Actuator  2009  can be applied to all other actuators presented and implied here. It is preferable to install a torque sensor, such as a suitable sensor hub, between the bearings of the idler pulleys and the axles. This allows residual torques of the idler pulleys rotating relative to the shaft to be measured and used to correct measured main torques of this shaft. Preferably, the free-running sprockets are not mounted individually as shown in the picture, but are first mounted on a common axle, which is then mounted opposite the coaxial driven axle. It is also possible to measure axial torques acting on the driven shaft at various points, e.g. by means of strain gauges, and thus separate individual influences on the shaft. It is of course also possible to integrate actuators with multiple bases of differential or integral designs in one housing. 
     Another arrangement of the actuator provides that the driven shaft drives a Bowden cable mechanism. For this purpose, e.g. suitable pulleys are preferably fixed directly at this shaft, or the rope is wound directly around the shaft. The shaft or rollers may have suitable cable guides/grooves. Several ropes can be used, each for the same or opposite direction of pull. The rope or ropes can be anchored to the axle or pulley by known means to ensure the transmission of force. Bowden cables can be used to route the ropes in such a way that one or more additional pulleys or axles are driven at remote points. Here, too, known means can be used again, such as spring-loaded Bowden cables or spring-loaded rollers, to achieve the properties of an ordinary serial elastic actuator. The pulley diameters of the Bowden cable mechanism can now be used to further influence the gear ratio by known means. It is also possible to transmit the power via ropes, but without Bowden cables, but only via pulleys and corresponding means. 
     Similar to the Bowden cable mechanism, two “hydraulic-rotary transducers” (HRT) can also be used. One HRT on the actuator is rotatably driven by the driven shaft and generates pressure and underpressure in the two connected pressure lines. At the remote HRT, this causes a corresponding movement of the actuated joint. This has the advantage over Bowden cables that lower losses occur and the system reacts less flexibly. 
     The free-running sprockets, rollers, cylinders, etc. are always shown here in such a way that they have the same diameter as the driven sprockets, rollers, cylinders, etc. However, they can have different diameters. In addition, several small free-running idler pulleys can be used. This allows, for example, the available stroke to be increased, the path of the chain, rope, etc. in the housing to be influenced in such a way as to create axes for further shafts or devices, such as power electronics. The free running rollers (etc.) can also be replaced by alternative deflection elements such as slide rails, Bowden cables, Teflon guides, channels in the base, etc. 
     Usually suitable tensioning devices are necessary to pretension chains, ropes, belts, etc. These can preferably be mounted on the side of the actuator that is opposite of the ball screw or integrated into the support of the axes in order to slightly change the distance between the axes. These means may include spring elements. 
     An advantage of all described actuators is that they have a constant gear ratio from motor to driven axis. Especially for joints which have to be actuated over a large angular range this can be advantageous. This makes it possible to build robots and exoskeletons that are more articulated than before. Also, the position of the actuator in the exoskeleton or robot does no longer directly influence the previously angle-dependent transmission ratios. This simplifies the design process. 
     A further advantage of the mentioned execution examples is that almost the entire length of an actuator is now available as the usable travel range of the ball screw. This permits larger actuating angle ranges with constant diameters of the rollers of the driven shaft. Conversely, larger roller diameters and thus larger power transmission ratios can also be achieved. This can reduce the number of actuators and/or motors in robots and exoskeletons and/or increase strength or power. 
     A further advantage of the design examples mentioned is that the chain is always mounted close to the guided nut. This reduces oscillations and uncontrolled elastic behaviour. In addition, the actuation is completely identical in both directions; and do not show a stable traction behavior in one direction and an unstable push behavior in the other. This increases the controllable forces and speeds. 
     It is possible to replace the ball screw and the brushless DC motor with a linear motor (such as a linear, electric, brushless motor or piezo actuators). The high response time of this drive can be advantageous. It is also possible to stack several linear motors and have them drive a chain, ropes, etc. together, thus making use of the available volume to enable high forces and power. 
     It is also possible to integrate electrical or mechanical brakes into the actuators. This is preferably done directly on the motor. Because low braking torques there result in high braking torques on the driven axle. 
     All actuators can be equipped with obvious means with position encoders, angle encoders, torque sensors and limit switches. Cables are preferably routed from one actuator to the next through the shafts. For this purpose, openings may be provided in the shafts for inserting and removing cables. For this purpose, openings may be provided in the shafts for inserting and removing cables. All actuators can be realized with chains, ropes, belts and suitable deflection and tensioning devices. 
     The actuators can also be used for other robotic systems, or any other application requiring high torque transmission. In order to achieve greater forces, two ball screws can also be used, each of which has the means described to attach a common chain. The spindles are then located on opposite sides of the sprockets (e.g. mirrored on the plane of the axis of the driven axis and the free axis) and each drive a different straight section of the chain. The nuts then drive the chain in the same direction of rotation, but in the opposite direction in space. If there are several straight sections of the chain, if there are several rotating wheels or driven wheels, more than 2 spindles, motors, etc. can also be used. Likewise, several spindles can drive parallel mechanisms, each of which drives a common drive shaft. This corresponds approximately to the illustration in  FIG. 53, 54 , except that there is only one driven shaft which is driven by all chains, motors and spindles etc. The storage would have to be adapted to this situation. 
     In order to achieve unlimited actuating ranges, it can be provided that, for example, in a system with 2 ball screws which drive a common chain, only one spindle at a time must engage in the chain with suitable means in order to perform work. The other spindle can then retract the connected nut and chain gripping mechanism, engage the chain, and begin to perform work or exert force. Then the other gripping mechanism can release itself from the chain, move to its new starting position, grip the chain and start performing work on the chain, or exert force. This procedure is similar to turning a steering wheel with two hands, where only one hand is needed at a time to keep control of the steering wheel. The torques, forces, speeds and/or positions on the chain must be precisely controlled, especially when engaging and disengaging, so that no discontinuities occur. Similar mechanisms can again be realized with ropes or belts. The design of suitable actuators and gripper profiles for gripping and holding chains etc. is obvious (e.g. rope clamps, cableways), pliers with tooth profiles on both sides. Also several ball screws can be used in parallel (similar to  FIG. 53, 54 , but with only one driven axis) to drive a common shaft. However, also here the structures can be designed in such a way that they can engage and disengage in the chains, etc., and thus arbitrary axial travel of the driven axis can be achieved. Likewise, the sprockets, axles, hubs, etc. can be equipped with coupling mechanisms. Then the chains can remain connected to the nuts/ball spindles and the sprockets or shafts can be decoupled and retracted before being operated again in drive direction and engaged to perform work or generate forces. The principle of engaging and disengaging drives of several rotating ball screws can also be applied to actuator examples with only one-sided chain loading. Then such an actuator, with two driven sprockets and two ball screws, is not or not substantially larger than an actuator with chain loading on both sides. Here it is also possible to use only one chain (or structure of phased chains), which is driven from one side each by a nut and ball screw. Here it must be prevented that the gripping mechanisms collide, if one is decoupled and driven back. 
     Exoskeletons for the teleoperation, i.e. to control governors in a virtual (avatars) or real environment (humanoid robots), use motion simulators to exert static or time-varying body accelerations on the user. Gimbal suspensions are also used for this purpose. 
     The following figures describe preferred motion simulators that can be used with an exoskeleton. 
       FIG. 55  shows in a perspective view of a motion simulator  3000  to which an exoskeleton  203  with back mounting is attached. The Motion Simulator  3000  essentially consists of two main parts, namely
         a translation unit  210  with actuators  250 ,  252 ,  254  as well as suitable drive means, such as motors, shafts, ropes, etc., which are not shown here. This enables translational movements along the arrows P 1 , P 2  and P 3 .   a rotary unit  211  comprising a first rotary member  200 , a second rotary member  201  and a third rotary member  202 . These are each mounted rotatable relative to neighboring elements.       

     In the following, mainly the rotation unit  211  is described.  FIG. 56  is also a perspective representation of the motion simulator  3000  and is used in the following to describe different rotation axes. 
     The first rotation element  200  is mounted with its first end at the linear actuator  254  rotatably around a first rotation axis  205 , which in normal operation is essentially vertical and corresponds to the vertical axis of the linear actuator  254 . At the second end of the first rotation element  200 , the second rotation element  201  is mounted rotatably around a second rotation axis  206 . At the other end of this second rotation element  201 , the third rotation element  202  is bearing-mounted around a third rotation axis  207 . At the other end of the third rotation element  202 , the exoskeleton  203  is mounted rotatably about a fourth rotation axis  208 . It should be noted that an appropriate bearing must be provided and arranged for each of the rotary axes mentioned. This is generally known to the expert, so that it will not be discussed further. 
       FIG. 57  shows that the rotation axes  205 ,  206 ,  207 ,  208  intersect at a point  220  and which angles are formed between the individual elements or axes, namely:
         the rotation axes  205  and  206  form an element angle  212     the rotation axes  206  and  207  form an element angle  213     the rotation axes  207  and  208  form an element angle  214 .       

     The sum of the element angles must be greater than 180° to avoid a gimbal lock and to allow the user in the exoskeleton to assume all possible spatial orientations. In the figures, the rotation elements  200 ,  201 ,  202  are each equipped with only 2 axle bearings or axle mounting points (and not with two opposite ones on each side of the user). In particular, the first rotary element  200  and the second rotary element  201 , counted from the attachment to the translation unit  210 , can, however, also have 2 axle attachment points or axle bearings if they should be added mirror-symmetrically. However, it is advantageous not to supplement the second rotation element  201  in such a way and instead always to orient it in such a way that the legs of the exoskeleton are preferably oriented away from it. The second rotary element  201  is oval shaped to save weight and space. This, however, limits the size of the next rotation element  202  so that it can no longer be designed as a full or semicircle, otherwise the user inevitably has to collide with it. 
     According to the invention, the third rotation element  202  is designed as a simple, short and small arc or bracket, so it has only two fixing points for axles and axle bearings. In order to achieve the smoothest possible motion behavior in areas where the rotation unit  211  with only 3 axes would experience a gimbal lock, the angle of the third rotation element  202  is selected as large as possible. 
     In general, the exoskeleton  203  can then no longer rotate 360° around the axis  208  without colliding with the third rotation element  202  or colliding when the user adopts certain postures. However, these collisions must and can be prevented. In general, it is not necessary to actuate the  208  axis by 360°. (For smaller element angles  213 , however, 360° actuation is possible. Then, however, the mentioned problems with high speeds and accelerations occur again increasingly.) 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 58 , the third rotation element  202  is preferably attached to exoskeleton  203  in such a way that it sits quite high overall, and the part which is attached to the second rotation element  201  sits at the bottom relative to the attachment point on the exoskeleton (in neutral position of the rotation unit, as shown in the figures). However, other types of mounting are possible. The figures also show that the third rotation element  202  is preferably mounted at an angle to the exoskeleton  203 . This is achieved by a back mount  204 , which can be described by two angles analogous to the axis  93  of the second element  82  of the hip ( FIG. 2 ). It is important that the element axis  208  runs through the common intersection point of all element axes  205 ,  206 ,  207 ,  208 . This lies preferably in the body of the user, e.g. in his head, or in his torso. Preferably a starting angle is chosen for the third rotation element  202  in the normal position and then a suitable back mount  204  is designed. This mount  204  then forms a rigid unit with the back plate (or hip plate, etc.) of the exoskeleton  203 . In the example setup, element  202  is inclined by 30° from the vertical. This angle may also be different if element  202  does not collide with the back plate or other parts of the exoskeleton  203 . The actuation angle of axis  208  must then be restricted to an area that is so small or smaller that the third rotation element  202  can never collide with the back plate. It is usually sufficient to select this range significantly smaller than the maximum if the effective remaining sum of the joint angles exceeds 180°. All other axes  205 ,  206  and  207  can be actuated over full 360°. 
     In the preferred design example, the element angles have the following values: 
     Angle  212 =90°; angle  213 =90°; angle  214 =30° (see  FIG. 57 ). 
     The control is done with methods of inverse kinematics with boundary conditions. Axis  208  is preferably controlled so that in the preferred execution example it is never deflected more than +/−35° with respect to the back plate of the exoskeleton (in the illustrations, this is 30°). This angle is used to control the mechanism so that the user with his arms is kept away from the second rotation element  201 ). Soft or hard restraints or potentials can be used for this purpose. The control method is, for example, to first take a target orientation, e.g. the spatial position of an avatar, or a corresponding target value from a motion cueing process. In the computer, in a dynamic simulation of a model of the motion simulator or parts thereof, the given target position of the user in the exoskeleton is applied as boundary condition or restrain to the exoskeleton or end effector of the motion simulator. Then the simulated movement simulator reacts in such a way that “automatically” the correct joint angles are adopted in order to achieve the required orientation. These joint angles can then be used as target angles for the real motion simulator. Of course, this procedure can also be simplified and accelerated mathematically by using precise mathematical models rather than numerical simulations. An advantage of this design is that the third rotation element  202  can be located very close to the exoskeleton. This makes it small, stiff, light and close to the center of rotation. It is therefore easy and quick to actuate. It can have a very large element angle, which would require a much larger and heavier element further out. Collisions can be prevented by actuating the  208  axis in an angle range smaller than 360°. Previously, the need to avoid collisions motivated the use of larger elements. Despite the limited angular range of the  208  axis, the mechanism covers the space of all rotations so well that fluid movements with only low speeds and accelerations of all  205 - 208  rotary elements are possible. A gimbal lock is avoided and the system always behaves “good-natured”. The use of the described light element close to the user has further advantages with regard to the speed of the gimbal suspension. By the use of 4 axes and 3 elements, or more, for each or almost every orientation of the user in space, there are infinitely many, densely adjoining, actuation angles of the gimbal suspension to produce this orientation of the user. Should a new spatial position/orientation of the user be adopted quickly, generally all elements of the rotation unit must react quickly. However, this is particularly difficult with the outer elements, because they are usually large and heavy themselves and have large moments of inertia, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the entire inner structure of the motion simulator acts on them. If the inertia (approximated or precise) of the individual elements is also taken into account in the kinematic control of the rotation unit described above, it can be seen that soft acceleration behaviour occurs for the larger elements even with rapid changes in orientation and sudden reversal of the angular velocities. They can run out slowly, so to speak, and slowly reduce their rotational speed before reversing it. Fast or sudden changes occur almost exclusively in the innermost or second innermost actuator. These are small and can react quickly. This makes it possible to select larger, stiffer outer elements of the rotation unit with possibly weaker motors without slowing down the reaction of the system. Alternatively, faster movements can be performed. 
     In order to expand this advantage further, additional small elements can be attached to the inner element  202 , just as this element  202  is attached to the exoskeleton. These additional elements, too, are generally only actuated over angle ranges smaller than 360°, especially for the desired large element angles. These additional elements, too, are generally only actuated over angle ranges smaller than 360°, especially for the desired large element angles. Thus even faster reactions of the inner elements can lead to the fact that the outer elements may react slower etc. and can be laid out accordingly. 
     Alternatively, it is possible to design only a gimbal suspension with 4 axes of 3 elements or more, so that individual element angles can be arbitrary, but the sum is above 180°, but preferably below 270°. This allows the resulting mechanism to avoid a gimbal lock. This allows the resulting mechanism to avoid a gimbal lock. The element angles are then generally smaller than 90°, the choice of previous motion simulators. The smaller the angle sum, the faster the joints have to be actuated and accelerated, but the construction becomes lighter and less inert. If only a limited orientation space is required, the sum of angles can be less than 180°. 
     Also with only 2 elements and 3 axes of the gimbal suspension it is possible to avoid a gimbal lock and still be able to take almost any orientation in space without high velocities during the actuation of the elements need to occur. For this, the sum of the element angles must first be greater than 180°. If both element angles are equal, there is only one position, with folded elements, where the axes are parallel, and degrees of freedom are lost. The larger the sum of the angles, the better-natured the speed and acceleration behaviour in the orientation space. All axes can still lie in one plane, but there are alternative joint angles which describe the same spatial position/orientation of the user and where the axes do not lie in one plane. This design saves actuators, weight and costs compared to designs with 4 axes. 
     The axis bearing of the elements shown here are very short and flat. However, they can also be long and thus e.g. resemble cylinders and thus bridge distances between the elements or from one element to the exoskeleton. 
     The described types of gimbal suspension can also find use for any other application. 
     The previously described exoskeletons can be further improved by a special design of the feet  90 . Exoskeletons—and also humanoid robots—usually require two degrees of freedom of the foot in order to come close to human mobility. This requires corresponding effort during actuation, which in turn requires corresponding space and weight. 
       FIG. 60  shows a preferred design example for an Exo foot  9000  according to the invention. This foot  9000  has an axis  910  which is approximately parallel to the transverse axis of the user&#39;s ankle joint. Parallel to this axis, preferably a shaft  902  is used to attach the foot to an actuator. Alternatively this shaft  902  is part of the actuator. 
     Supination and pronation of the foot can therefore not be actuated. In order to allow movement of a similar kind, although not actuated, the sole  904  of the foot  9000  is rounded off laterally, as shown in  FIG. 61 . 
     This is preferably done on the basis of a profile of two circular segments with different radii of circles or circular-like shapes, which have their centres close to the ankle joint of the user and lie parallel to the frontal plane of the user ( FIG. 63 ). Smaller circle diameters facilitate unrolling, larger diameters allow a safer stand. It is preferable to facilitate pronation, i.e. to choose  9000  smaller radii on the inside of the foot. The profile is swept forward along the length of the foot, parallel to the sagittal axis, to define the surface of the sole in the middle of the foot  9000  ( FIG. 62, 63 ). To define the heel area of the Exo foot  9000  the profile is rotated backwards around the axis of the ankle. In the middle part of the foot  9000 , approximately forward from the ankle joint to the first toe joint, the surface of the sole  904  then forms the surface segment of a cylinder or a cylinder-like geometry on the left and right sides. 
     In the rear part of the foot  9000 , approximately from the ankle to the back, the sole surface on the left and right resembles a surface segment of a ball or torus or the like. 
     The front part of the exo foot  9000  has the same cross-section at the transition from the middle part of the foot as the middle part. The front part can be flat but is preferably angled upwards to allow rolling. The transition from the central to the front part can also be made in the same way as the transition from the central to the rear part by rotating/sweeping the surface profile around a transverse axis. The distance of the transverse axis to the sole  904  is preferably much greater for the front part than the distance from the sole  904  to the ankle joint. This axis is preferably located near the lower leg in order to achieve easy unrolling. 
     The advantage of the given foot  9000  is that now the foot  9000  of the exoskeleton (also robot or virtual avatar or virtual machine) acts like a rolling bearing. When a step is taken and the foot  9000  with the rounded heel area touches the ground, the foot  9000  rolls on the heel surface until the middle foot area touches the ground. Until this time, the distance from ankle to floor is kept practically constant, unless foot  9000  should roll strongly from left to right at the same time. Even then, the change in distance would be slow and gradual. This practically constant distance when rolling also means that by rolling the foot  9000  a firm base is created, the ankle joint, which does not change its height and therefore does not work on the upper part of the body when the user walks at constant speed (otherwise braking or acceleration forces act in or against the direction of movement). The rolling is therefore perceived as very fluid and soft, even if the sole  904  of the foot  9000  is actually made of hard material. 
     If the front part of the foot is shaped in the same way as the rear part, but with a larger radius when rolling forward than the heel, the same effect occurs and the foot does not do any work on large parts of the body. However, the natural movement of the knee and ankle requires a larger radius. It is also possible to select a fixed ankle position where the center of this radius lies in the knee joint. This allows extremely soft rolling even without a movable ankle. The tangential transition of the profile radii allows rolling to the left and right at any time. 
     The middle part of the foot  9000  is straight seen from the side. This allows a stable standing and the user has a wide range over which he can shift his center of gravity without becoming unstable. This flat area can be reduced or increased by moving the rotation axes of the profile forwards and backwards to influence maneuverability. The transitional area to the front area of the foot  9000  can also be moved forwards and backwards. 
     At the side there is no such straight area with the shown Exo foot  9000 . However, it can be added. Then the centres of the circle segments in  FIG. 63  would not lie on top of each other, but would be offset to the left and right. At the bottom, the sole would then have a straight section, which preferably merges tangentially into the circle segments. 
     The outer edges of the foot  9000  are preferably rounded with small radii to allow extreme postures and prevent injuries. The sole  904  is preferably covered with rubber etc. and/or made of this material. This improves traction and shock absorption when walking. In particular, lateral rolling is also inhibited by an elastic, damping material, which can be helpful in a cross profile without a straight section to reduce the effort required to maintain balance when standing on one foot. It is possible to use this type of foot in exoskeletons, humanoid robots, virtual avatars or virtual machines. 
     Stewart platforms, also known as hexapods, are also suitable as motion platforms for exoskeletons in teleoperative (virtual or real governor) systems. Stewart platforms generally have six linear actuators or similar means attached to the floor or other base on one side and to a work platform or working plane on the other. 
       FIGS. 64 and 65  show an example  4000  of a Stewart platform according to the invention.  FIG. 64  shows a perspective view and  FIG. 5  shows a front view of the Stewart platform  4000 . 
     The Stewart  4000  platform has a fixed frame  303 , also known as the base. To this, a movable frame  302  is installed over a large number of actuators  304   a - 304   f , which are preferably designed as linear actuators. An exoskeleton  300  is attached to this by means of a mounting element  301 . For the Stewart platform  4000  the working platform is formed by the movable frame  302 . The exoskeleton  300  is positioned in the frame  302  by means of the mounting element  301  in such a way that the user is centered between the mounting points of the actuators  304   a - 304   f  at the frame. The actuators  304   a - 304   f  are fixed to the movable frame  302  and to the fixed base  303  or to the floor or floor supports. The usual basic arrangement for Stewart platforms with fixing points offset from each other, as shown in  FIG. 64, 65 , is used. To make it easier to swing the legs and arms forwards without colliding with components of the body, it is advantageous to displace the exoskeleton  300  slightly backwards. It is also advantageous if the frame  302 , with the user upright, is slightly tilted backwards, as the user generally tends never to walk completely upright, thus increasing the maximum forward tilting angles. The movable platform according to the invention is equipped with long supports  305   a ,  305   b  and  305   c . These supports  305   a ,  305   b ,  305   c  are essential to maximize the working space of the motion simulator. They raise the frame, relative to the user, and thus reduce potential for the user to collide with the frame. They also allow the working platform, or the supports themselves, to sink very low between the actuators and still tilt, swivel, and accelerate linearly without colliding with the  304   a - 304   f  actuators. This is further facilitated by the fact that the distance between the  304   a - 304   f  actuators at base  303  and their minimum length is so large that the  304   a - 304   f  actuators are not yet fully retracted even if the above and lower attachment points are practically in a plane parallel to the floor. This means that translation and rotation can still be actuated even when the working platform is in a low position. In order to enlarge the rotatory working space of the motion simulator even further, according to the invention it is provided that the exoskeleton  300  can also be rotated relative to the working platform  302  via additional rotation actuators. For example, the fastening element  301  can be designed so that it can be rotated about its longitudinal axis or its transverse axes or a combination of these. A rotation unit can also be provided directly on the exoskeleton  300 . In general, a gimbal suspension or a serial robot arm can also be connected to the movable platform. 
     It is particularly advantageous to choose the first, preferably circular element of a gimbal suspension as frame  302 . Then further elements of this suspension can preferably be mounted inside this first element. Then the actuators of the Stewart platform  4000  can be driven in such a way that they produce rotations and/or translations, or also, for example, only translations. In the latter case, the Stewart platform is used as a pure translation unit, while the gimbal suspension acts as a pure rotation unit. For the latter, the above-mentioned features according to the invention can again be adopted. A Stewart platform as a translation unit has the advantage of being very stiff and strong because it is a parallel mechanism. However, the Stewart platform can also generate rotations in addition to or in addition to the held gimbal suspension. Rotation units on the movable platform  302  can have any axis arrangement. 
     It can be advantageous to design the movable platform as a frame, which places the cross connections between the fixing points very high. This may for example resemble a hemisphere in strut construction, or a dome, but with long struts  305  to the attachment points with actuators  304 . The cross struts can also be guided diagonally upwards between the mounting points and thus no longer lie in one plane, as in the illustrations. The base  303  is given in  FIG. 64, 65  as a frame. However, this frame can also be omitted and the actuators can be fixed to the floor. The fixing points can also stand on columns. The platform can then be kept very low without the user running the risk of colliding with the floor. Then the working area of the motion simulator is enlarged, but the space requirement is increased. 
     Necessary joints for fixing the actuators to the platform and the base are missing in  FIGS. 64, 65  and are preferably designed as Cardan shafts (U-joints). 
     The mounting element  301  is only indicated in the illustrations. It is preferably located behind the exoskeleton  300 , but can be much stronger than in the illustrations. In particular, it can be connected to the working platform at several points, strutted, or even be part of the platform itself. 
     It is preferred to use telescopic linear actuators with more than 2 coaxial elements (in figures one fixed and one movable element=2 elements). These have a greater difference between maximum and minimum length. Therefore they allow a much larger working range. For example, telescopic ball screws or hydraulic cylinders can be used. Particularly when the working platform lies low or is angled steeply, this offers considerable advantages. 
     It may be useful to measure at the back of the exoskeleton  300 , or at other points of the mechanism, the gravitational force held and/or other forces and torques. This makes it easier to control the exoskeleton  300  in teleoperative applications. 
     The advantages of the described motion simulator lie in its ability to hold the user in such a way, for example in its middle, that an enlarged usable working area can be used. The user can easily be rotated around points inside or near him without the need for particularly long actuator travel. 
     By using the supports on the movable working platform (or similar movable structures), translation can still be generated even with simple linear actuators in deep or far tilted/rotated spatial positions. The tilting range, swivelling range, turning range etc., i.e. the space of possible orientations is enlarged. These ranges are extended by using one or more additional rotation axes to pivot the exoskeleton  300 . If the Stewart platform is designed to contain a gimbal suspension, arbitrary space positions can be assumed and classic boundaries of Stewart platforms are overcome. Then the Stewart platform serves as a very stiff and strong translation unit, but can also represent rotations. 
     The described motion simulators, with Stewart platform or translation unit and gimbal suspension, without exoskeleton, can also be combined with other input and output units for computers. Instead of the exoskeleton, an aircraft, helicopter or vehicle cockpit can be mounted to control virtual or real means of transport and to gain an improved impression of the forces acting on them in remote control or simulation applications. 
     The innovations described here can be combined in a variety of ways to achieve beneficial new properties in systems of teleoperation, robotics, motion simulation and actuation. 
     Any one of the devices or processes described, any combination of devices or processes or a combination of all devices or processes can be realized. 
     In the following some advantageous combinations are mentioned. 
     The described foot elements ( FIGS. 60-63  and description) for humanoid robots, virtual or real machines and exoskeletons unfold their full advantages especially with exoskeletons, robots or virtual machines, which have a hip joint according to  FIGS. 1-26  and above description. This hip joint allows better control of the legs and feet, even in critical situations, and can therefore derive maximum benefit from the additional degrees of freedom of the foot elements. 
     The described exoskeletons (also in combination with the described feet) can be combined with the described motion platforms and their variations. 
     The described actuators can be used in exoskeletons, remote-controlled humanoid robots and motion simulators in order to achieve larger actuating angle ranges, larger torques, lower energy consumption, smaller weight, back drivability, etc. in a small space. The exoskeletons, remote-controlled humanoid robots and motion simulators thus acquire properties that could not or only with difficulty be achieved with other actuators. In particular, the hip structure of the exoskeletons and humanoid robots described benefits from the actuators described, as the third axis in particular has to be able to perform a great deal of work and at the same time has to have a very large range of actuating angles so that the natural working range of the user is not significantly restricted. The same applies to the fourth axis  96  of the knee, although not to the same extent. 
     The described gimbal suspensions as motion simulator, their elements or parts thereof can be combined with the described exoskeletons, with improved hip joint, and the Stewart platform. This allows to take advantage of the improved mobility and strength of the exoskeleton, which would otherwise be constrained by limited movement simulators. For example, fast jumping, running, running, trampoline jumping, etc. are made possible by the exoskeletons described, but a suitable motion simulator is also needed to fully exploit this potential, which the motion simulators described provide. 
     The same applies to methods and devices for reducing or increasing the perceived force of gravity. They benefit from the described hip joints, foot elements and motion simulators, alone or in any combination. The methods and devices for reducing or increasing the perceived gravity allow, for example, the use of lighter exoskeletons when forces are reduced. However, in order to be able to perform the faster movements and position changes that are then possible, faster and better motion simulators, as described, are needed or at least helpful. If forces are increased, it is particularly important that every degree of freedom of the foot is actuated. 
     Fully actuated hip joints with 3 effective degrees of freedom and fully actuated feet, as described, allow heavier loads to be carried by freely moving exoskeletons that a user controls directly. If, instead, such robots are operated teleoperatively by a remote user in an exoskeleton on a motion simulator, this user benefits from the possibilities of gravity reduction described above, and by using the described foot. This also applies to virtual applications. The application of the described hips in exoskeleton and robot further improves the applicability. 
     The Stewart platforms described can be combined with the gimbal suspensions described. The actuators of the Stewart platform then directly or indirectly carry a gimbal suspension. The described innermost element  202 , or several of them one behind the other, can also be used to mount an exoskeleton (if necessary with a mount such as  204 ) indirectly or directly to the mobile working platform of a Stewart platform in order to enlarge the rotational working space of the motion simulator. 
     It can be provided that an exoskeleton can be quickly detached from the movement platform at the back. This exoskeleton can then be used immediately as a mobile exoskeleton for force enhancement or as a humanoid robot. It is then advantageous to equip this exoskeleton with the described foot to allow easy rolling and better control etc. Then this exoskeleton or robot etc. can also have devices for gravity reduction or magnification. 
     When used as a “walking wheelchair”, exoskeletons benefit from any combination of hip joint, the described foot, and the devices and procedures of gravity compensation or gravity magnification. They allow handicapped, weak or paralyzed people to move more naturally without having to carry their full weight with their legs. Likewise, the perceived weight can be gradually increased to achieve muscle growth or adaptation. For astronauts, an impression of gravity can also be achieved, which otherwise would not exist, but here can serve to reduce muscle breakdown. 
     Each of the described innovations, including the combinations described above, each combination of innovations or a combination of all innovations can be realized. 
     REFERENCE CHARACTER LIST 
     
         
           80   a  element  1 , first element, exo hip or exo back plate 
           80   b  axle mounting region (mounting element) of  80   a    
           81  shaft of axis  1   
           82  exo hip joint  1 , element  2 , second element 
           82   b  exo hip joint  1   b , element  2   b    
           82   c  exo hip joint  1   c , element  2   c    
           83  shaft of axis  2   
           84  exo hip joint  2 , element  3 , third element 
           85  shaft of axis  3   
           86  element  4 , fourth element, exo thigh 
           87  shaft of axis  4   
           88  element  5 , fifth element, exo-lower leg 
           89  shaft of axis  5   
           90  element  5 , sixth element, exo-foot 
           91  centre of the hip joint 
           92  axis parallel to the sagittal axis through the center of the hip joint 
           93  axis  1 , first axis 
           94  axis  2 , second axis 
           94   b  axis  2   b    
           94   b  axis  2   c    
           95  axis  3 , third axis 
           96  4th axis 4th axis 
           97  Axis  5 , fifth axis 
           101  driven shaft/driven axle 
           102  deflection shank, idler shank 
           103  fixed shaft/fixed axle 
           104   a  bearing, front, driven axle 
           104   b  bearing, rear, driven axle 
           104   c  bearing, central, driven axis 
           105   a  bearing, front, free running axle 
           105   b  bearing, rear, free running axle 
           106   a  front base plate 
           106   b  rear base plate 
           107  base frame 
           108  driven, front sprocket 
           109  free-running front sprocket 
           110  front chain 
           111  driven, rear sprocket 
           112  free running, rear chain wheel 
           113  rear chain 
           114  ball screw 
           115  ball screw bearing A 
           116  ball screw bearing B 
           117  spindle nut, ball nut, nut 
           118  connecting block 
           118   b  connecting block with abutment for spring element 
           119  linear guide rail, rail 
           120  linear guide carriage 
           121  linear guide support 
           121   b  linear Guide Support combined with Base 
           122  shaft coupling 
           123  motor frame 
           124  motor 
           125   a  bearing, front, for free-running sprocket 
           125   b  bearing, rear, for free-running chain sprocket 
           126  spacers 
           127  spring element 
           128  chain-spring connection element 
           129  bearing for free-running sprocket 
           130  bearings for axles 
           200  element A, first rotation element 
           201  element B, second rotation element 
           202  element C, third rotation element 
           203  exoskeleton with back mount 
           204  back mount 
           205  axis A, first axis of rotation 
           206  axis B, second rotation axis 
           207  C axis, third axis of rotation 
           208  D axis, fourth rotation axis 
           210  translation unit 
           211  rotation unit 
           212  element angle A 
           213  element angle B 
           214  element angle C 
           220  intersection of  205 - 208   
           250  first linear actuator 
           252  second linear actuator 
           254  third linear actuator 
           300  exoskeleton 
           301  mounting element 
           302  movable frame/working platform 
           303  fixed frame/base 
           304  actuators 
           304   a - f  linear actuators 
           305  supports 
           305   a - c  individual supports 
           902  shaft 
           904  sole 
           910  axis through  902   
           1000 - 1003  exoskeleton 
           2000 - 2009  actuators 
           3000  motion simulator 
           4000  stewart platform 
           9000  exo foot 
         X driven component