Patent Publication Number: US-2007111085-A1

Title: Electrocatalyst for fuel cell-electrode, membrane-electrode assembly using the same and fuel cell

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITTY  
      The present application claims priority from Japanese application serial no. 2005-329553, filed on Nov. 15, 2005, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to an electrocatalyst and a fuel cell provided with a membrane-electrode assembly (hereinafter, abbreviated to “MEA”) including an anode, an electrolyte and a cathode.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      A fuel cell includes, as essential components, a solid or liquid electrolyte, and two electrodes, namely, an anode and a cathode, for inducing an electrochemical reaction. The fuel cell is a power generator capable of converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly at high efficiency into electric energy by the agency of an electrocatalyst. The fuel is hydrogen produced through the chemical reaction of a fossil fuel, water, methanol, an alkaline metal hydride or hydrazine, which is a liquid or a solution in an ordinary environment, or dimethyl ether, namely, a compression liquefied gas. Air or oxygen gas is used as an oxidizer.  
      The fuel is electrochemically oxidized at the anode. The oxygen is reduced at the cathode. Consequently, an electrical potential difference is produced between the anode and the cathode. When an external circuit, namely, a load, is connected to the anode and the cathode, ionic migration occurs in the electrolyte to supply electric energy to the external circuit.  
      The fuels of direct methanol fuel cells (hereinafter, abbreviated to “DMFCs”) using a liquid fuel, metal hydride fuel cells and hydrazine fuel cells have a high volume energy density. Therefore, those fuel cells are attractive power supplies for portable devices. DMFCs using methanol, which is expected to be produced from biomass in the near future, as a fuel are ideal power supplies.  
      Inventions relating to the improvement of the performance of electrode catalysts are disclosed in JP-A Nos. 2002-1095, 2002-305000 and 2003-93874.  
      Platinum (Pt) is a catalytic metal indispensable to a solid polymer fuel cell to be used in an environment of ordinary temperatures. On the other hand, the reduction of the necessary amount of expensive Pt for the solid polymer fuel cell is an important problem to be solved to achieve the practical application of the solid polymer fuel cell. Generally, small Pt particles are attached to a support to increase the specific surface area of Pt, namely, the surface area per unit weight of Pt. Only Pt atoms exposed on the surface of the support contribute to catalysis, and Pt atoms coated with the electrolyte or the like do not contribute to catalysis.  
      Accordingly, the present invention is to provide a electrocatalyst capable of increasing the amount of effective catalytic metal that contributes to catalysis, of improving the economic effect of the catalytic metal, of reducing the necessary amount of the catalytic metal and of exercising high catalytic activity.  
      In addition, the present invention is to provide a fuel cell including a MEA provided with the electrocatalyst according to the present invention and having an improved output density.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      An electrocatalyst for an electrode in a fuel cell, comprising: a support, a catalytic metal particle supported on the support, an intermediate made of a metal different from platinum the catalytic metal particle formed on the support, and a solid polymer electrolyte layer formed on the support; wherein the catalytic metal particle is attached on an exposed surface of the intermediate.  
      According to the present invention, the ratio of the amount of the effective catalytic metal particle that contributes to catalysis to the total amount of the catalytic metal particle is increased and the fuel cell provided with the electrocatalyst has a high output density. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of a fuel cell power supply system including a fuel cell in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 2  is an exploded perspective view of the fuel cell in the preferred embodiment;  
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a fuel cell power supply with a cartridge holder including the fuel cell in the preferred embodiment;  
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are typical views of electrocatalyst according to the present invention;  
       FIGS. 5A, 5B  and  5 C are plan views of a MEA and diffusion layers according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the fuel cell in the preferred embodiment;  
       FIG. 7 A  is a plan view of an assembly of a fuel chamber, an anode plate and a MEA; and  
       FIG. 8  is a side elevation of a personal digital assistant provided with a fuel cell according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
      Features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing.  
      A fuel cell module  1  in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention uses methanol as fuel. The fuel is not limited to methanol, hydrogen or gases containing hydrogen may be used as the fuel. The fuel cell generates electric power through the direct conversion of the chemical energy of methanol into electric energy through an electrochemical reaction. A reaction of a methanol solution represented by Expression (1) occurs at an anode. The reaction is a methanol oxidizing reaction to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and electrons. 
 
CH 3 OH+H 2 O→CO 2 +6H + +6e 31    (1) 
 
      Hydrogen ions produced by the oxidation of methanol migrate from the anode to the cathode through an electrolyte and interact with oxygen gas and electrons on the cathode to undergo a reaction expressed by Expression (2) expressing the reduction of oxygen on the cathode. Wherein the oxygen is contained in air and brought to the cathode by diffusing from air. 
 
6H +   +3/2 O   2 +6e − →3H 2 O   (2) 
 
      The above-mentioned electrolytic reaction for power generation is an oxidation reaction between methanol and oxygen in terms of a total chemical reaction. It means that carbon dioxide and water are produce by the following expression (3), and is equivalent to a chemical reaction formula showing the burning of methanol. 
 
CH 3 OH+3/2 O 2 →CO 2 +3H 2 O   (3) 
 
      A fuel cell in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention will be detailed below. Referring to  FIG. 1 , a power supply system includes a fuel cell module  1  in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, a fuel cartridge  2 , output terminals  3 , a gas exhaust port  4 , a DC-DC converter  5  and a controller  6 . Carbon dioxide gas produced at an anode in the fuel cell is exhausted from a fuel chamber  12  ( FIG. 2 ) through the gas exhaust port  4 . The fuel contained in the cartridge  2  is fed into the fuel chamber  12  by using the pressure of a high-pressure liquefied gas, a high-pressure gas or a spring. The fuel chamber  12  has been maintained at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure by the liquid fuel with the pressure. As the fuel in the fuel chamber  12  is consumed for power generation, the fuel chamber  12  is replenished with the fuel from the fuel cartridge  2 . Power generated by the fuel cell module  1  is supplied through the DC-DC converter  5  to a load such as electric equipment. The controller  6  controls the DC-DC converter  5  on the basis of signals representing a residual quantity in the fuel cell and fuel cartridge  2 , and signals representing conditions of the DC-DC converter  5 , and, as needed, issues a warning signal. Furthermore, as needed, the controller allows the electric equipment as load to indicate the operating conditions of the power supply system, such as an output voltage and output current of the fuel cell module  1  and a temperature of the fuel cell module  1 . When the residual quantity of the fuel in the fuel cartridge  2  become below a predetermined threshold, or when the amount of diffused air is outside a predetermined range, power supply from the DC-DC converter  5  to the electric equipment is stopped and a warning device is driven to give a warning by sound, speech, a pilot lamp or characters. Of course, while the power supply system is in a normal operation, the residual fuel in the fuel cartridge  2  represented by a fuel level signal can be displayed on the electric equipment.  
      The fuel cell module shown in  FIG. 2  comprises the fuel chamber  12  with a fuel cartridge holder  14  and the following fuel cell stack. In the fuel stack, an anode end plate  13   a,  a gasket  17 , MEAs  11  with diffusion layer, a gasket  17  and a cathode end plate  13   c  are layered on an one side of the fuel chamber  12  in the above-listed order, and also another layered structure of the same as the above mentioned anode end plate  13   a,  gasket  17 , MEAs  11 , gasket  17  and cathode end plate  13   c  is put on another side of the fuel chamber  12 . The layered structures and the fuel chamber  12  are fastened together with screws  15  as shown in  FIG. 3  so that the layered structures and the fuel chamber  12  are pressurized together with uniform pressure. As shown in  FIG. 2 , for example, six sheets of MEAs  11  with diffusion layer per one side are disposed in respective plane on both sides of the fuel chamber  12 .  
       FIG. 3  shows the completed fuel cell module  1 . In the fuel cell module  1 , a plurality of unit cells (for example total number is twelve unit cells; the number is not limited of the above layered structured on both sides of the fuel chamber  12  are connected in series through a connecting terminal  16 . Power generated by the fuel cell module  1  is outputted through the output terminals  3 .  
      Members of the fuel chamber  12  have smooth flat surfaces so that the MEAs  11  are pressurized uniformly against the surfaces. The material of the fuel chamber members is not particularly limited so long as the members are insulations for preventing the unit cells from short-circuiting. Suitable materials of the fuel chamber  12  include high-density vinyl chloride resins, high-density polyethylene resins, high-density polypropylene resins, epoxy resins, polyether ether ketone resins, polyether sulfone resins, polycarbonate resins and glass-fiber reinforced resins produced by impregnating glass fiber structures with those resins. The fuel chamber  12  may be formed by processing a sheet of any one of carbon, steels, nickel, light aluminum alloys, light magnesium alloys, intermetallic compounds, such as a Cu—Al intermetallic compound and stainless steels, having nonconducting surfaces or insulated surface coated with a resin.  
      A material of an insulating sheet used as the anode end plate  13   a  is not limited particularly so long as the sheet has an insulating property and a flat surface. Suitable sheets are high-density vinyl chloride resin sheets, high-density polyethylene resin sheets, high-density polypropylene resin sheets, epoxy resin sheets, polyether ether ketone resin sheets, polyether sulfone resin sheets, polycarbonate sheets, polyimide resin sheets and glass-reinforced resin sheets produced by impregnating the resins forming the foregoing sheets.  
      The cathode end plate  13   c  is provided with threaded holes into which the screws are screed to fasten the components of the fuel cell  1  together.  
      The MEA  11  contains an anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst. A mixture of Pt particles and Ru particles or Pt—Ru alloy particles are dispersed and supported on a support of carbon powder to form the anode catalyst. Pt particles are dispersed and supported on support of carbon particles to form the cathode catalyst. The anode catalyst and the cathode catalyst can be easily manufactured.  
      Since catalytic metal such as Pt—Ru alloy particles and Pt particles are in fine particle form, when such a catalytic metal particles are merely provided directly on the surface of the support as before, Pt atoms in the particles are apt to be buried in the solid polymer electrolyte coexisting with the catalytic metal on the support. The resulting buried Pt atoms do not contribute to catalysis and are useless. The surface area of Pt atoms on the support increases with the size reduction of the particle. However even in a fine particle of a diameter on the order of 2 nm, the ratio of atoms exposed on the support to total atoms is on the order of 50%. Practically, the ratio of atoms exposed on the support to total atoms is 30% or below.  
      In order to cope with the above-mentioned problem, in this embodiment, the surface of the support (it&#39;s also referred as base support) is provided with an intermediate (it&#39;s also referred as intermediate support). The intermediate is made of a metal different from than the catalytic metal and far larger than the particle size of the catalytic metal so as to be hard to be buried in the solid polymer electrolyte. The catalytic metal particles are deposited in an atomic layer level. Thereby the ratio of the catalytic metal atoms exposed on the support to total catalytic metal increase, and the ratio of the catalytic metal atoms capable of contributing to catalysis increase. As a result, it is possible to reduce the total amount of the catalytic metal while keeping high catalytic activity.  
      The above-mentioned electrocatalyst according to the present invention, which has high catalytic activity for a fuel cell will be described.  FIG. 4A  shows, byway of example, an ideal structural model of an electrocatalyst for the electrode of the fuel cell in the preferred embodiment. The electrocatalyst includes catalytic metal particles  53 , an intermediate  54 , a solid polymer electrolyte  55  and a support  56 .  
      A three-phase interface in which the catalytic metal, the solid polymer electrolyte and a fuel diffusion pathes coexist is important for the electrocatalyst. As shown in  FIG. 4A , the intermediate (intermediate support)  54  are in contact with both the solid polymer electrolyte  55  and the support (base support)  56 . The catalytic metal particles  53  are deposited in a single-atom layer on the intermediate  54 . The electrocatalyst shown in  FIG. 4A  is the most desirable example. Desirably, the intermediate  54  shown in  FIG. 4A  is formed by electroplating. An electrode is formed by the following step of mixing a solid polymer electrolyte  55  and a support  56 , forming intermediate  54  on the support  56  by electroplating, and depositing catalytic metal particles  53  on the surface of the intermediate  54 . By using the electroplating, the intermediate  54  can be formed only on the support  56  having high electronic conductivity because the solid polymer electrolyte  55  has low electronic conductivity.  
       FIG. 4B  shows another possible electrocatalyst of the present invention. In the electrocatalyst shown in  FIG. 4B , parts of the intermediate  54  are buried in a solid polymer electrolyte  55 . The catalytic metal particles  53  are deposited only on the surfaces of exposed parts of the intermediate  54 . The intermediate  54  of the electrocatalyst shown in  FIG. 4B , as compared with that of the electrocatalyst shown in  FIG. 4A , has many useless parts which is economically disadvantageous. However since the intermediate  54  can be formed by electroless plating or a method using nanoparticles, a process for forming the intermediate  54  has a high degree of freedom. For example, the intermediate  54  can be formed by a simple process of preparing a mixture of nanoparticles of a metal having a proper particle size and the solid polymer electrolyte  55  and supporting the mixture on the support  56 . The material of the intermediate  54  is inexpensive as compared with the catalytic metal particles  53 . Therefore, the electrocatalyst shown in  FIG. 4B  is more advantageous in cost than that shown in  FIG. 4A .  
      The material of the catalytic metal particles  53  may be any suitable metal. Preferably, the catalytic metal is Pt or alloys of Pt, because Pt and alloys of Pt have a very high catalytic activity on the oxidation of hydrogen or methanol and the reduction of oxygen. The catalytic activity of the alloys of Pt is greatly dependent on the composition thereof. Therefore, the proper selective determination of the composition of the Pt-containing alloy is very important to provide a catalytic metal capable of exercising high catalytic activity. There are not particular restrictions on the type of the alloys of Pt. It is recommended to use a Pt—Ru alloy having a cocatalyst effect on a CO oxidizing reaction for forming the anode of a solid polymer type fuel cell.  
      Pt and Ru are noble metals and the ratio of the cost of Pt and Ru to that of the catalyst is very high. Therefore the reduction of the necessary amount of Pt and Ru is desired. In the electrocatalyst shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the ratio of the amount of the catalytic metal that contributes to catalysis to the total amount of the catalytic metal is very high. Such catalysis contributing ratio of the catalytic metal is dependent on the thickness of the catalytic metal particles  53 . When the atoms of the catalytic metal are arranged in a single atomic layer, the ratio is 100%. Even when the atoms of the catalytic metal are arranged in two or three atomic layers, the ratio is not lower than 50%. Thus the electrocatalyst of the fuel cell of the present invention is excellent in the efficiency of utilization of catalyst as compared with conventional electrocatalysts. The catalysis contributing ratio of the catalytic metal can be determined by various methods. The simplest method has the following steps of: after determining the weight of the catalytic metal through composition analysis, determining the number of atoms of the catalytic metal on the surface by a chemical gas adsorption measuring method, and the resulting calculating the catalysis contributing ratio of the catalytic metal.  
      Higher catalytic activity can be achieved by using a smaller amount of Pt through the improvement of the ratio of the catalysis contributing ratio of the catalytic metal. A sufficient Pt content of the catalytic metal is in the range of 1 to 50% by weight. It is preferable from the view point of material cost that the Pt content of the catalytic metal is in the range of 10 to 30% by weight.  
      A deposition method using an electrochemical reaction using a liquid phase is a preferable for depositing Pt or alloys of Pt. A deposition method using an electrochemical reaction can easily control the weight of deposit per unit area and can be easily carried out. A deposition method using an electrochemical reaction may be, for example, the following method. That is a deposition method of depositing Pt through displacement plating after forming an intermediate of a metal having ionization tendency lower than that of Pt; a deposition method of depositing a base metal on the surface of an intermediate by UPD, then displacing the base metal by Pt; a deposition method of adsorbing a reducer such as hydrogen on the surface of an intermediate, then depositing Pt by reduction; or a deposition method of using spontaneous Pt deposition.  
      There are not particular restrictions on the material of the intermediate  54 . Metals are suitable materials of the intermediate  54  in view of forming facility, manufacturing cost and stability. Suitable metals for forming the intermediate  54  are, for example, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os, Au, Ag, Ni and Co. Metals having high acid resistance, such as Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os and Au are particularly suitable materials of the electrode of a solid polymer fuel cell. It is desirable to enable use inexpensive materials, such as Ag and Ni, for forming the electrode in the future through the improvement of the solid polymer electrolyte.  
      Electrons are supplied through the intermediate  54  to the catalytic metal particles  53  and hence the intermediate  54  needs to be in contact with the support  56 . In this embodiment, the intermediate  54  is held on the support  56  by physical adsorption. Desirably, the intermediate  54  is held on the support  56  by the chemical bond of the intermediate  54  and functional groups lying on the surface of the support  56 .  
      There are not particular restrictions on the shape of the intermediate  54 . The intermediate may be a polycrystalline, a single-crystal or an amorphous. The specific surface area of the intermediate  54  is insufficient if the metal content of the intermediate  54  is excessively low. An excessively high metal content of the intermediate  54  increases the cost of the intermediate  54  disadvantageously. A desirable ratio of the amount of the metal of the intermediate  54  to the amount of the electrocatalyst in the range of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably, in the range of 30 to 60% by weight.  
      When using the electrocatalyst for an electrode of a fuel cell, the solid polymer electrolyte  55  needs to have high proton conduction. It is, for example, Solid polymer electrolytes having main chains to which F (fluorine) is bonded, such as sulfonated fluorocarbon polymers represented by polyperfluorostyrene sulfonic acids and perfluorocarbon sulfonic acids, have high proton conduction. However, since fluorocarbon solid polymer electrolytes are expensive, it is desirable that practical fuel cells use inexpensive hydrocarbon solid polymer electrolytes having main chains to which F is not bonded. Desirable materials are those obtained by sulfonating hydrocarbon polymers, such as polystyrene sulfonic acids, sulfonated polyether sulfones and sulfonated polyether ether ketone polymers, or alkylsulfonated hydrocarbon polymers. A stable fuel cell not subject to the influence of carbon dioxide gas contained in air can be obtained by forming its electrolyte of a material having hydrogen ion conduction. Generally, fuel cells provided with an electrolyte of one of those materials can operate at temperatures not higher than 80° C. Fuel cell capable operating at temperatures in a higher temperature range can be obtained by using a composite electrolyte of a material prepared by dispersing microparticles of an inorganic substance with hydrogen ion conduction into a heat-resistant resin or a sulfonated resin. The inorganic substance is, for exampls, tungsten oxide hydrate, zirconium oxide hydrate or tin oxide hydrate. Particularly, an electrolyte containing a composite electrolyte containing a sulfonated polyether sulfone, a polyether ether ketone or an inorganic substance capable of hydrogen ion conduction is a preferable electrolyte having low methanol permeability as compared with those of electrolyte of polyperfluorocarbon sulfonic acids. The use of an electrolyte having high hydrogen ion conduction and low methanol permeability improves the power generating efficiency of fuel. Thus the fuel cell of the present invention is compact and is capable of generating power for an extended time.  
      The solid polymer electrolyte  55  needs to be in contact with the support  56  to form a three-phase interface. In this embodiment, the solid polymer electrolyte  55  is brought into contact with the support  56  by physical adsorption. Proton conduction decreases if the solid polymer electrolyte content is excessively low. The fuel and the reaction products cannot disperse satisfactorily if the solid polymer electrolyte content is excessively high. A desirable solid polymer electrolyte content is in the range of 10 to 60% by weight.  
      In view of stability, conduction and cost, it is preferable the support  56  of the electrode electrocatalyst for the fuel cell is a carbonaceous structure. There are not particular restrictions on the size and morphology of the carbonaceous structure; the carbonaceous structure may be a sheet, a bar, a porous material, particles or fibers. More concretely, the support  56  may be a porous carbon sheet, a carbon paper structure, a graphite structure, a glassine paper structure, a carbon black structure, an activated carbon structure, a carbon fiber structure or a carbon nanotube structure.  
      When the support  56  is made of a carbonaceous material, it is preferable to modify the surface of the support  56  to provide the support  56  with functional groups for forming chemical bonds. There are many surface modifying methods. A simple surface modifying method heats a carbonaceous structure in a concentrated nitric acid solution or a hydrogen peroxide solution to oxidize the surface of the carbonaceous structure. It is more desirable to modify the surface of the carbonaceous structure with functional groups containing atoms highly adsorptive to metals, such as sulfide atoms, nitrogen atoms or oxide atoms.  
       FIG. 5A  shows a MEA  60  employed in the fuel cell embodying the present invention. An electrolyte  61  is made of an alkylsulfonated polyether sulfone. An anode  62   a  is formed by supporting a catalyst containing Pt and Ru on a carbon support (XC72R, Cabot Corporation). A cathode  62   c  is formed by supporting a catalyst containing Pt on a carbon support (XC72R, Cabot Corporation). A polymer similar to the alkylsulfonated polyether sulfone used for forming the electrolyte and having a sulfonation equivalent weight smaller than that of the electrolyte is used as a binder. When this binder is used, the crossover of water contained in the electrolyte dispersed in the electrode catalyst and methanol is greater than that in the electrolyte, the diffusion of the fuel over the electrode catalyst is promoted and the ability of the electrode is improved.  
       FIGS. 5B and 5C  show a cathode diffusion layer  70   c  and an anode diffusion layer  70   a,  respectively. The cathode diffusion layer  70   c  includes a porous carbon substrate  71   c,  and a water-repellent layer  72 . The water-repellent layer  72  has high water repellency to increase water vapor pressure around the cathode and to prevent the diffusing discharge of produced water vapor and the agglomeration of water. The water-repellent layer  72  is brought into contact with the cathode electrode  62   c.  There are not particular conditions on contact between the anode diffusion layer  70   a  and the anode electrode  62   a  and a porous carbon substrate is used. A porous carbon substrate  71   c  included in the cathode diffusion layer  70   c  is conducting. The porous carbon substrate  71   c  is a woven or nonwoven fabric of carbon fibers, such as a carbon cloth (Toreca cloth, Toray Ind. Inc.) or a carbon paper sheet (TGP-H-060, Toray Ind. Inc.). The water-repellent layer  72  is formed of a mixture prepared by mixing carbon powder, water-repellent particles, water-repellent fibrils or fibers and, for example, a polytetrafluoroethylene resin.  
      The anode diffusion layer  70   a  is a conducting, porous woven or nonwoven fabric of carbon fibers, such as a carbon cloth (Toreca cloth, Toray Ind. Inc.) or a carbon paper sheet (TGP-H-060, Toray Ind. Inc.). The anode diffusion layer  70   a  has a function of promoting the feed of the fuel solution and the quick dissipation of carbon dioxide gas produced in the fuel cell. In order to suppress the growth of bubbles of carbon dioxide gas produced at the anode in the porous carbon substrate  71   a  and in order to enhance the output density of the fuel cell, the following methods are effective. That is a method of giving a porous carbon substrate  71   a  a hydrophilic nature by moderately oxidizing the porous carbon substrate  71   a  or by irradiating the porous carbon substrate  71   a  with ultraviolet rays; a method of dispersing a hydrophilic resin in the porous carbon substrate  71   a;  and a method of dispersing a highly hydrophilic substance, such as a titanium oxide on the porous carbon substrate  71   a.  Suitable materials for forming the anode diffusion layer  70   a  are not limited to those mentioned above and substantially electrically inactive metallic materials, such as nonwoven fabrics of stainless steel fibers, porous structures of stainless steel, porous structures of titanium and porous structures of tantalum, may be used.  
      The above-mentioned electrolyte will be expressed concretely hereinafter referring embodiments and comparative examples. Although the catalytic metals of the embodiments are Pt—Ru alloy, it is not limited to them. The catalytic metal for cathode of a DMFC may be pt catalytic metal.  
     Embodiment 1  
      A electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1 for the electrode of a DMFC and a method of fabricating the same will be described. A support was made of carbon black, an intermediate was made of Au, and a catalytic metal was Pt. Manufacturing method of the electrocatalyst is as follows.  
      A mixture prepared by mixing carbon black and a 5% perfluorosulfonic acid solution (of Arudoritchi make) was stirred for 6 h to prepare a slurry. A carbon paper sheet (Toray Ind. Inc) was coated with the slurry and the slurry coating the carbon paper sheet was dried to obtain an electrode. The perfluorosulfonic acid concentration of the slurry was 30% by weight. An intermediate was formed by depositing Au on a surface of the electrode by electroplating. A plating bath was prepared independently. The electrode was immersed in the plating bath, a fixed current was supplied such that the current density was 1 mA/cm 2  for a supply time of 0.05 s and a relaxation time of 10 s while the plating bath was stirred. Thus the electrode was Au plated such that the Au content thereof was 30% by weight.  
      A base metal UPD displacement plating is used for depositing Pt in a single-atom layer. The elect rode processed by the Au electro-deposition process was immersed in a copper sulfate solution containing 10 mM of copper sulfate. The electrode was kept at a potential shifted by 10 mV from a deposition potential toward a noble potential for a time between about 1 and about 2 min for UPD. The electrode was immersed in a sulfuric acid solution containing 10 mM of chloroplatinic acid immediately after UPD. Thus Cu deposited by UPD on the surface of Au was displaced by Pt. The solution was stirred and nitrogen was blown into the solution to remove oxygen contained in the solution.  
      A electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1 thus made was examined by ICP mass analysis. The electrocatalyst contained 28% by weight Au, and 7% by weight Pt (Table 1). The surface area of Pt was measured by hydrogen adsorption and desorption to determine the ratio of the number of exposed Pt atoms to the total number of Pt atoms. All the Pt atoms calculated by using measured data obtained by ICP mass analysis were exposed on the surface of the electrocatalyst. It was confirmed that all the Pt atoms of the electrocatalyst in Embbodiment 1 formed by depositing a very small amount of Pt on the Au intermediate serve effectively as catalyst.  
     Embodiments 2 to 4  
      Electrocatalysts in Embodiments 2 to 4 had a Pd intermediate, an Ir intermediate and a Rh intermediate, respectively. Other parts of those electrocatalysts are the same as those of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Conditions of fabrication of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 2 to 4 were the same as those of fabrication of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 2 to 4 are shown in Table 1. Those electrocatalysts, similarly to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1, had high Pt utilization ratios, respectively.  
     Embodiment 5  
      A electrocatalyst in Embodiment 5 had an Ag intermediate. UPD using Cu was not used. An electrode having the Ag intermediate was immersed in a sulfuric acid solution containing chloroplatinic acid to displace Ag by Pt. Thus Pt was deposited on the surface of the electrocatalyst. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 5 are shown in Table 1. This electrocatalyst, similarly to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1, had a high Pt utilization ratio.  
     Embodiments 6 and 7  
      Electrocatalyst in Embodiments 6 and 7 had a support of carbon fibers (VGCF, Showa Denko) and a support of carbon nanofibers, respectively, instead of an electrocatalyst of carbon black. Conditions of fabrication of parts excluding the supports of those electrocatalysts were the same as those of fabrication of the parts of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 6 and 7 are shown in Table 1. These electrocatalysts, similarly to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1, had high Pt utilization ratios, respectively.  
     Embodiments 8 to 10  
      Electrocatalysts in Embodiments 8 to 10 are provided with intermediate of nanoparticles, respectively. Au nanoparticles having a mean particle size of 20 nm, Au nanoparticles having a mean particle size of 12 nm and Pt nanoparticles having a mean particle size of 5 nm were used. A mixture of a dispersion containing 10% byweight nanoparticles and carbon black was stirred for 5 h, the mixture was filtered and dried. A carbon paper sheet was coated with a mixture prepared by mixing nanoparticle-carrying carbon black and perfluoorosulfone acid to form an electrode. The total nanoparticle content of the nanoparticle-carrying carbon black was 30% by weight. Platinum was deposited by the Pt deposition method used for fabricating the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 8 to 10 are shown in Table 1. Substantially all the nanoparticles were carried. These electrocatalysts, similarly to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1, had high Pt utilization ratios, respectively.  
     Embodiments 11 and 12  
      Amounts of perfluorosulfone acid contained in electrocatalysts in Embodiments 11 and 12 were 20% and 50% of carbon black, respectively. Conditions of fabrication of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 11 and 12, excluding conditions on perfluorosulfone acid, were the same as those of fabrication of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 11 and 12 are shown in Table 1. These electrocatalysts, similarly to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1, had high Pt utilization ratios, respectively.  
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1  
      A electrocatalyst in Comparative example 1 was formed by depositing Pt on a structure of carbon black by electroplating. An electrode was made by the method used for forming the electrode of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. Chloroplatinic acid was deposited by the method of forming an intermediate. The Pt content of the electrocatalyst was 30% by weight. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalyst in Comparative example 1 are shown in Table 1. This electrocatalyst had a Pt utilization ratio of 18%.  
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2  
      A electrocatalyst in Comparative example 2 was formed by depositing Pt on a structure of carbon black by electroless plating. A dispersion was prepared by dispersing carbon black in a sodium hydroxide solution containing chloroplatinic acid. The dispersion was reduced by using formaldehyde to deposit Pt. The Pt content of the electrocatalyst was 30% by weight. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalyst in Comparative example 2 are shown in Table 1. This electrocatalyst had a Pt utilization ratio of 22%.  
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3  
      A electrocatalyst in Comparative example 3 was formed by supporting Pt nanoparticles having a mean particle size of 2 nm on a structure of carbon black by the method used for fabricating the electrocatalysts in Embodiments 8 to 10. The Pt content of the electrocatalyst was 31% by weight. Results of evaluation of the characteristics of the electrocatalyst in Comparative example 3 are shown in Table 1. This electrocatalyst had a Pt utilization ratio of 25%.  
                           TABLE 1                                   Pt Content   Pt Utilization           (% by wt.)   ratio (%)                                                        Embodiment 1   7   100           Embodiment 2   5   95           Embodiment 3   6   98           Embodiment 4   5   93           Embodiment 5   6   90           Embodiment 6   8   89           Embodiment 7   7   98           Embodiment 8   10   80           Embodiment 9   4   85           Embodiment 10   5   92           Embodiment 11   10   90           Embodiment 12   8   88           Comparative example 1   30   18           Comparative example 2   30   22           Comparative example 3   31   25                      
 
     Embodiment 13  
      Electrodes carrying a very small amount of Pt and Pt—Ru were fabricated by the method used for fabricating the electrode of the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. A fuel cell including those electrodes was assembled. A fuel cell  1 , namely, a DMFC, in a preferred embodiment according to the present invention employing a electrocatalyst according to the present invention for a personal digital assistant will be described.  
      Referring to  FIG. 6  showing the fuel cell module  1 , namely, the DMFC module, has a fuel chamber  12 , MEAs not shown, provided with an electrolyte of sulfomethylated polyether sulfone, a cathode end plate  13   c,  an anode end  13   a,  a gasket sandwiched between the cathode end plate  13   c  and the anode end plate  13   a.  The MEAs are mounted on only one side of the fuel chamber  12 . A fuel feed pipe  28  is attached to a side surface of the fuel chamber  12  and a gas exhaust port  4  is formed in another side surface of the fuel chamber  12 . A pair of output terminals  3  is attached to peripheral parts of the anode end plate  13   a  and the cathode end plate  13   c,  respectively. The fuel cell module  1  is identical in construction and component parts with the fuel cell module  1  shown in  FIG. 2 . The fuel cell module  1  shown in  FIG. 6  differs from the fuel cell module  1  shown in  FIG. 2  in that a power generating module is mounted on only side of the fuel chamber  12  and the fuel chamber  12  is not provided with a fuel cartridge holder. The fuel chamber  12  is formed of a high-pressure vinyl chloride resin, the anode plate  13   a  is a polyimide resin film and the cathode plate  13   c  is a glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin sheet.  
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  are a plan view and a sectional view, respectively, of the fuel cell module  1  as DMFC.  FIG. 7A  shows the layout of the twelve MEAs  11  of 22 mm×24 mm each having an electrode of 16mm×18 mm. The twelve MEAs  11  with diffusion layer and fuel feeder  31  are installed in slits formed in the surface of the anode end plate  13   a  attached to the fuel chamber  12 . A current corrector, not shown, is bonded to the anode plate  13   a  such that the outer surface thereof is flush with the outer surface of the anode plate  13   a.  The MEAs are connected in series to the output terminals  3  by interconnectors  51 .  
      The size of a power supply thus fabricated is 115 mm×90 mm×9 mm. The MEAs forming the power generating section of the fuel cell module  1  are provided with electrocatalysts similar to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1. The fuel cell  1  of the present invention, as compared with conventional DMFCs, has a high output capacity.  
     Embodiment 14  
       FIG. 8  shows a personal digital mobile provided with the fuel cell module  1  in Embodiment 13. The personal digital mobile includes a display  101  with a touch panel type input device, a built-in antenna  103 , a first case containing the display  101  and the antenna  103 , a main board  102 , and a second case containing the lithium ion secondary battery  106  and the main board  102 . The main board  102  is provided with the fuel cell module  1 , electronic devices and electronic circuits including a processor, volatile and nonvolatile memories, a power controller, a fuel cell and secondary battery hybrid controller and a fuel monitor, a lithium ion secondary battery  106 . The fuel cartridge  2  is contained in a hinge  104  serving also as a fuel cartridge holder. The first and the second case are connected by the hinge  104  so as to be foldable.  
      A power unit is separated from the other parts by a partition wall  105 . The main board  102  and the lithium ion secondary battery  106  are disposed in a lower part of the power unit. The fuel cell  1  module is disposed in an upper part of the power unit. Slits  22   c  are formed in the upper and side walls of the second case to discharge air and gases produced by the fuel cell  1  and the wall  105  is coated with an absorptive, quick-drying sheet  108 .  
      The MEAs forming the power generating section of the fuel cell  1  is incorporated into the personal digital mobile are provided with the electrocatalysts similar to the electrocatalyst in Embodiment 1 and the fuel cell module  1 , as compared with conventional DMFCs, has high output capacity. A maximum output that can be needed by the personal digital assistant can be increased.  
      Although the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments with a certain degree of particularity, obviously many change and variations are possible therein. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein without departing from the scope and spirit thereof.