Patent Publication Number: US-9895610-B1

Title: Real-time and near-real-time fantasy gaming

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/250,626, filed Apr. 11, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Fantasy gaming is growing in popularity worldwide. Initially focused on major sports, such as baseball and American football, fantasy gaming allows human players to select a representation of real-world athletes to participate in a season-long simulated campaign, alone or against other players. For instance, with such a selected team, a fantasy game player&#39;s performance may be based on how each athlete on the player&#39;s selected team performs in real-world sporting events (e.g., using the athletes&#39; real-world statistics). 
     Fantasy gaming has crossed over into many sports and other types of gaming as well, and has incorporated elements of wagering. Thus, players might be required to pay an entrance fee to join a fantasy league. If a player in such a league performs well, however, that player might be rewarded with a payout greater than his or her entrance fee. 
     Further, daily fantasy gaming is a recent trend that allows players to select different athletes for fantasy teams each day (or, in the cases of some sports, each weekend or week), with associated daily (or weekly) wagering. In this way, players are more engaged with their fantasy games, as they may spend a portion of each day selecting players, strategies, and wagers. 
     SUMMARY 
     While daily fantasy gaming may enhance the degree of player excitement and involvement when compared to traditional season-long fantasy gaming, players may be even further excited and engaged when the fantasy game can be played on a more granular basis. This basis may be a discrete play, a period of real-world game time, or some other epoch. 
     For instance, in the example of American football, each play of the real-world game can be a discrete fantasy game event. While the real-world game is occurring contemporaneously, players of the fantasy game may select the play that they think the offensive team is going to perform, the athlete or athletes who will be involved in the play, and the yardage of the play. As examples, selectable plays may include passing plays, running plays, or kicking plays. Selectable athletes may include the quarterback, who decides to whom the football is intended to go, and the recipient of the football. The yardage may be selected as a range, e.g., 0-4 yards, 5-10 yards, 11-20 yards, more than 20 yards, negative yardage, and so on. Players may be rewarded based on the accuracy of their selections compared to the actual, real-world outcome of the play. A combination of one or more of these selectable factors may be referred to as the player&#39;s prediction. 
     This form of real-time or near-real-time fantasy gaming may require that the players enter their predictions within a specific window of time for each play. In American football, this period of time may be from when the whistle blows on the most recent play until the football is snapped on the next play. Longer or shorter periods of time may be used in some situations. Players who enter their predictions within this period of time may be considered participants for the next play. 
     After the next play occurs (e.g., the whistle is blown), each player&#39;s prediction may be compared to the actual, real-world outcome of the play in order to determine how to reward each player. For instance, the more closely a particular player&#39;s prediction matches the outcome of the play, the more points might be rewarded to the particular player. Player rankings may also be updated so that players can compare their prediction accuracy to that of other players. 
     A challenge for real-time and near-real-time fantasy gaming is to provide the refereed assessments of the outcome each play quickly enough so that the players&#39; rankings and/or scores are updated rapidly after each play (e.g., within a few seconds or tens of seconds). Some commercial, electronic statistics feeder services exist, but these services may take as long as a minute to provide such information. In that period of time, several plays of the real-world game could occur, which would result in the players&#39; rankings and/or scores being unsynchronized with the real-world game. This would possibly decrease the viability of fantasy game. 
     Among other advantages, the embodiments herein overcome these limitations by allowing one or more human referees to provide assessments of each play. These referees may have, for example, from the time when the most recent play ends until the next play begins to enter their assessments of the most recent play. The referees may select the play that the offensive team performed, the athlete or athletes who were involved in the play, the yardage of the play, and/or possibly other characteristics of the play. 
     In order to account for possible human error, the assessments of more than one referee may be considered, and a voting protocol may be used to determine which assessments to use when not all referees agree on the outcome of the play. Additionally, the accuracy of each referee&#39;s assessments may also be measured over time, and may be taken into consideration in the voting protocol. For instance, assessments from a referee with a 98% accuracy rating may be given more weight than assessments from a referee with a 91% accuracy rating. 
     The players and/or referees may interact with one another via one or more computer networks. Thus, in some cases, players and/or referees may use computing devices to engage in real-time or near-real-time fantasy gaming from their homes or any other location. One or more server devices may maintain player and referee accounts, receive player predictions and referee assessments, update player and referee rankings, and otherwise mediate the real-time or near-real-time fantasy game. 
     Accordingly, in a first example embodiment, player predictions may be received from one or more player devices. The player predictions may relate to an epoch of a contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event, and may be received within a first time period. After receiving the player predictions, one or more referee reports may be received from referee devices. The referee reports may include assessed outcomes of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event, and may be received within a second time period. Based on the player predictions and the referee reports, player accuracies of the player predictions and player rankings of the player devices may be determined. Representations of the player accuracies and the player rankings may be transmitted to the player devices. 
     A second example embodiment may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon program instructions that, upon execution by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform operations in accordance with the first example embodiment. 
     A third example embodiment may include a computing device containing at least a processor and data storage. The data storage may include program instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to perform operations in accordance with the first example embodiment. 
     Additional embodiments may relate to real-time, online, multiplayer video games. Such games may have a predefined duration, such as 5 or 10 minutes, and/or a predefined winning condition, such as a specific number of kills, most kills within the predefined duration, a specific number of flag captures (e.g., for a team-based game), most flag captures within the predefined duration (e.g., also for a team-based game), and so on. 
     While the player and referee activities and user interfaces may be similar to that of the American football example described above, there are differences in gameplay. For American football, a “play” is a clearly defined discrete event. In real-time, online, multiplayer video games, there are no “plays” per se—instead a game continues until a predefined terminating condition is reached. 
     In order to accommodate games that are continuous or for which there are no discrete “plays,” events of interest may be defined and/or opened for wagering before or during play of the game. These events may include predicting the first participant to carry out a certain task (e.g., score a kill or capture the flag), and so on. 
     Thus, a fourth example embodiment may involve receiving player predictions from one or more player devices via a wide-area network. The player predictions may relate to an outcome of a particular event of a real-time, online, multiplayer video game, and the player predictions may be received within a first time period before occurrence of the particular event. The fourth example embodiment may also involve receiving one or more referee reports from referee devices. The referee reports may include assessed outcomes of the particular event, and the referee reports may be received within a second time period after occurrence of the particular event. The fourth example embodiment may also involve determining player accuracies of the player predictions and player rankings of the player devices, where the player rankings are based on the player accuracies. The fourth example embodiment may also involve transmitting representations of the player accuracies and the player rankings to the player devices. Reception of the transmitted representations may cause the respective player devices to display, on respective graphical user interfaces of the player devices, at least some of the player accuracies and player rankings. 
     A fifth example embodiment may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon program instructions that, upon execution by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform operations in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. 
     A sixth example embodiment may include a computing device containing at least a processor and data storage. The data storage may include program instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to perform operations in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. 
     These as well as other embodiments, aspects, advantages, and alternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the following detailed description, with reference where appropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, it should be understood that this summary and other descriptions and figures provided herein are intended to illustrate embodiments by way of example only and, as such, that numerous variations are possible. For instance, structural elements and process steps can be rearranged, combined, distributed, eliminated, or otherwise changed, while remaining within the scope of the embodiments as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high-level depiction of a computing system that supports real-time and near-real-time fantasy gaming, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic drawing of a computing device, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic drawing of a networked server cluster, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  depicts an example player user interface for American football, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  depicts an example referee user interface for American football, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4C  depicts an example timing diagram, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4D  depicts an example timing diagram, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a decision tree, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart, according to an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example methods, devices, and systems are described herein. It should be understood that the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or feature described herein as being an “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or features. Other embodiments can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from the scope of the subject matter presented herein. 
     Thus, the example embodiments described herein are not meant to be limiting. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. 
     Further, unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated in each of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus, the figures should be generally viewed as component aspects of one or more overall embodiments, with the understanding that not all illustrated features are necessary for each embodiment. 
     Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in this specification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, such enumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that these elements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or are carried out in a particular order. 
     1. OVERVIEW 
       FIG. 1  is a high-level depiction of a computing system that supports real-time and near-real-time fantasy gaming. The distinction between the terms “real-time” and “near-real-time” as used herein is a matter of degree. For instance, “real-time” and “near-real-time” fantasy gaming may result in the players of the fantasy game obtaining a refereed assessment of the previous play of a real-world game within a particular time period, or prior to the next play of the real-world game being started or completed. In general, “real-time” fantasy gaming may provide these assessments more rapidly than “near-real-time” fantasy gaming. However, the term “near-real-time” may be used to reflect that assessments may be received after delays due to human data entry, computer processing of these entries, and/or communication delays associated with transmitting representations of the assessments (and possibly other information) to the players. 
     Regardless, fantasy gaming server  100  may facilitate online access from one or more player devices  106  and one or more referee devices  108 . Each of fantasy gaming server  100 , player devices  106 , and referee devices  108  may be a computing device, and these computing devices may be interconnected by a computer network, such as the Internet or one or more private networks. 
     Each of player devices  106  may correspond to a human player of the fantasy game, and each of referee devices  108  may correspond to a human or automated referee for the fantasy game. However, other arrangements are possible, such as two or more human players sharing the same player device, two or more referees sharing the same referee device, and so on. 
     Further, the human players and any human referees may observe the real-world game in real-time, either in person, via television, via network streaming, or via some other mechanism. Thus, the real-world game and the fantasy game need not be interconnected or formally associated with one another. For example, the real-world game may be operated by a sports organization, and the fantasy game may be operated by a gaming organization that is distinct and separate from the sport organization. 
     Alternatively, the fantasy game and the real-world game may be interconnected in some fashion. For instance, representations of live or historical player predictions may be provided to the television feed or scoreboard of the real-world game, and these predictions may be displayed before, during, or after plays of the real-world game. Similarly, representations of historical play outcomes may be provided to the television feed or scoreboard of the real-world game, and these outcomes may be displayed before, during, or after plays of the real-world game. Alternatively or additionally, representations of referee assessments may be provided to the television feed or scoreboard of the real-world game, and these assessments may be displayed before, during, or after plays of the real-world game. 
     Player accounts  102  may be a database and/or some other organization of information that represents attributes of one or more players of fantasy games supported by fantasy gaming server  100 . Thus, for each player, player accounts  102  may include a username, email address, physical address, phone number, monetary balance, and/or billing information. Player accounts  102  may also include representations of scores, statistics, and/or rankings related to the players&#39; participation in fantasy games supported by fantasy gaming server  100 . 
     Similarly, referee accounts  104  may be a database and/or some other organization of information that represents attributes of one or more referees of fantasy games supported by fantasy gaming server  100 . Thus, for each referee, referee accounts  104  may include a username, email address, physical address, phone number, monetary balance, and/or billing information. Referee accounts  104  may also include representations of scores, statistics, and/or rankings related to the referees&#39; participation in fantasy games supported by fantasy gaming server  100 . 
       FIG. 1  also illustrates an example of the general information flow between the components of fantasy gaming server  100 , player devices  106 , and referee devices  108 . Player devices  106  may provide predictions to fantasy gaming server  100 . Representation of these predictions may be stored in player accounts  102 . Referee devices  108  may provide assessed outcomes to fantasy gaming server  100 . Representation of these predictions may be stored in referee accounts  104 . After the relevant assessed outcomes are received for a given play of a real-world game, fantasy gaming server  100  may determine, based on the assessed outcomes, a refereed outcome of the play. Fantasy gaming server  100  may also determine accuracies of the players&#39; predictions based on how closely these predictions match the refereed outcome, and update player accounts accordingly. Fantasy gaming server  100  may further transmit updated player rankings to player devices  106 . These rankings may include some form of score, standings, or winnings associated with the players. 
     Additionally, fantasy gaming server  100  may evaluate the accuracy of each referee&#39;s assessment outcome, and may update referee accounts  104  accordingly. Fantasy gaming server  100  may further transmit updated referee rankings to referee devices  108 . These rankings may include some form of score, standings, or winnings associated with the referee. For instance, each referee may be associated with a referee accuracy, between 0% and 100%, that represents the historical accuracy of the referees&#39; assessed outcomes. 
     It should be understood that fantasy gaming server  100 , player accounts  102 , referee accounts  104 , as well as any other function associated with the architecture of  FIG. 1 , can be operated on or by one or more computing devices. These computing devices may be organized in a standalone fashion, in cloud-based (networked) computing environments, or in other arrangements. Examples are provided in the next section. 
     2. EXAMPLE COMPUTING DEVICES AND CLOUD-BASED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS 
       FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram exemplifying a computing device  200 , illustrating some of the functional components that could be included in a computing device arranged to operate in accordance with the embodiments herein. Example computing device  200  could be a personal computer (PC), laptop, server, or some other type of computational platform. For purposes of simplicity, this specification may equate computing device  200  to a server from time to time, and may also refer to some or all of the components of computing device  200  as a “processing unit.” Nonetheless, it should be understood that the description of computing device  200  could apply to any component used for the purposes described herein. 
     In this example, computing device  200  includes a processor  202 , a data storage  204 , a network interface  206 , and an input/output function  208 , all of which may be coupled by a system bus  210  or a similar mechanism. Processor  202  can include one or more CPUs, such as one or more general purpose processors and/or one or more dedicated processors (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), network processors, etc.). 
     Data storage  204 , in turn, may comprise volatile and/or non-volatile data storage and can be integrated in whole or in part with processor  202 . Data storage  204  can hold program instructions, executable by processor  202 , and data that may be manipulated by these instructions to carry out the various methods, processes, or functions described herein. Alternatively, these methods, processes, or functions can be defined by hardware, firmware, and/or any combination of hardware, firmware and software. By way of example, the data in data storage  204  may contain program instructions, perhaps stored on a non-transitory, computer-readable medium, executable by processor  202  to carry out any of the methods, processes, or functions disclosed in this specification or the accompanying drawings. 
     Network interface  206  may take the form of a wireline connection, such as an Ethernet, Token Ring, or T-carrier connection. Network interface  206  may also take the form of a wireless connection, such as IEEE 802.11 (Wifi), BLUETOOTH®, or a wide-area wireless connection. However, other forms of physical layer connections and other types of standard or proprietary communication protocols may be used over network interface  206 . Furthermore, network interface  206  may comprise multiple physical interfaces. 
     Input/output function  208  may facilitate user interaction with example computing device  200 . Input/output function  208  may comprise multiple types of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touch screen, and so on. Similarly, input/output function  208  may comprise multiple types of output devices, such as a screen, monitor, printer, or one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally or alternatively, example computing device  200  may support remote access from another device, via network interface  206  or via another interface (not shown), such as a universal serial bus (USB) or high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) port. 
     In some embodiments, one or more computing devices may be deployed in a networked architecture. The exact physical location, connectivity, and configuration of the computing devices may be unknown and/or unimportant to client devices. Accordingly, the computing devices may be referred to as “cloud-based” devices that may be housed at various remote locations. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a cloud-based server cluster  304  in accordance with an example embodiment. In  FIG. 3 , functions of computing device  200  may be distributed between server devices  306 , cluster data storage  308 , and cluster routers  310 , all of which may be connected by local cluster network  312 . The number of server devices, cluster data storages, and cluster routers in server cluster  304  may depend on the computing task(s) and/or applications assigned to server cluster  304 . 
     For example, server devices  306  can be configured to perform various computing tasks of computing device  200 . Thus, computing tasks can be distributed among one or more of server devices  306 . To the extent that these computing tasks can be performed in parallel, such a distribution of tasks may reduce the total time to complete these tasks and return a result. 
     Cluster data storage  308  may be data storage arrays that include disk array controllers configured to manage read and write access to groups of hard disk drives. The disk array controllers, alone or in conjunction with server devices  306 , may also be configured to manage backup or redundant copies of the data stored in cluster data storage  308  to protect against disk drive failures or other types of failures that prevent one or more of server devices  306  from accessing units of cluster data storage  308 . 
     Cluster routers  310  may include networking equipment configured to provide internal and external communications for the server clusters. For example, cluster routers  310  may include one or more packet-switching and/or routing devices configured to provide (i) network communications between server devices  306  and cluster data storage  308  via cluster network  312 , and/or (ii) network communications between the server cluster  304  and other devices via communication link  302  to network  300 . 
     Additionally, the configuration of cluster routers  310  can be based at least in part on the data communication requirements of server devices  306  and cluster data storage  308 , the latency and throughput of the local cluster networks  312 , the latency, throughput, and cost of communication link  302 , and/or other factors that may contribute to the cost, speed, fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency and/or other design goals of the system architecture. 
     3. EXAMPLE AMERICAN FOOTBALL EMBODIMENTS 
     a. Example Player User Interface 
       FIG. 4A  an example player user interface  400  for real-time or near-real-time fantasy gaming. Player user interface  400  includes a left column, a central column, and a right column. The left column includes welcome section  402 , real-world game identification section  404 , and preset plays section  406 . The central column includes play clock section  408  and play selection section  410 . The right column includes top players section  412 , last play section  414 , and advertisement section  416 . 
     Player user interface  400  is an example of a player user interface for American football. However, other user interface layouts for American football may be used, and player user interface  400  is just one possible example. For instance, more or fewer sections may be used, and sections may appear in different locations from those depicted in  FIG. 4A . Additionally, user interface layouts for other real-world games may be possible. Player user interface  400  may be a web-based user interface, assessable via a personal computer, tablet device, smartphone device, or some other types of computing device. Alternatively or additionally player user interface  400  may be part of an application or “app” that operates on such a device. 
     Welcome section  402  may identify a userid of a player. In the case of  FIG. 4A , the player&#39;s userid is JSMITH. Real-world game identification section  404  identifies the real-world American football game to which player user interface  400  refers. This example real-world game is in the third quarter, and the Chicago team is beating the New York team 21 to 10. The Chicago team possesses the ball (i.e., is the offensive team) on the 10 yard line of the New York team on second down. 
     Play clock  408  may be a count-down or count-up clock that represents the amount of time remaining that the player has to make his or her prediction for the next play. For example, play clock  408  represents a 12-second countdown clock that indicates that 4 seconds remain. Thus, JSMITH has 4 seconds in which to make and enter selections in play selection section  410 . It should be understood that play clock  408  may be represented in various other ways. 
     Play selection section  410  allows the player to select a combination of quarterback, recipient, play type, and yardage for the next play. The quarterback may be the player who throws or passes the football to the recipient. Thus, the recipient may be a pass receiver or a runner. The type of play may be a run or a pass, and the yardage may be negative, from 0-4 yards, from 5-10 yards, from 11-20 yards, or greater than 20 yards. In the example illustrated by  FIG. 4A , the player has selected a running play from quarterback Gress to recipient Foisy for 0-4 yards. This play will be entered (i.e., transmitted to the fantasy gaming server) when the player triggers the “GO!” button. In some cases, the “GO!” button will be omitted and the player&#39;s selections will be automatically submitted when play clock  408  expires. 
     Play selection section  410  depicts just one possible example. Other arrangements may be possible. These alternative arrangements may include, but are not limited to, more or fewer quarterbacks, recipients, play types (e.g., punts, field goals, etc.), and extents of yardage. Also, other selectable items may be presented to the player, such as whether the play results in a touchdown or a penalty. 
     Preset plays section  406  includes one preset play for JSMITH. In some embodiments, preset plays include one or more pre-selected combinations of quarterback, recipient, play type, and yardage. Preset plays may be defined to be specific to particular quarters, downs, ball position, and so on. For instance, in the example depicted in  FIG. 4A , the player has one preset play—a run from quarterback Gress to recipient Foisy for 0-4 yards. Preset plays may allow players to specify common plays that teams are likely to perform. Thus, preset plays could allow players to more rapidly enter their predictions. Alternatively, preset plays may be configured to automatically be entered on behalf of a player based on certain triggers (e.g., down, ball position, athletes on the field, etc.). Thus, the player may be able to program the fantasy game to automatically enter a series of one or more preset plays based on these triggers. 
     Top players section  412  may include a list of players with the highest n rankings in the fantasy gaming league. For example, in  FIG. 4A , player FJONES has the highest ranking, with 10372 points, followed by SWILLIS with 8501 points, JSMITH with 7780 points, KSANCHEZ with 7115 points, and HWARREN with 7077 points. In this case, players with the highest 5 rankings are shown, but more or fewer player rankings may be displayed. Also, a fantasy gaming league may encompass all fantasy gaming players, or some subset thereof. For example, a group of individuals may form their own fantasy gaming league and therefore may be ranked against each other accordingly. 
     Last play section  414  may include a representation of the player&#39;s prediction for the previous play of the real-world game, as well as a representation of the actual outcome of the play and/or an indication of an adjustment to the player&#39;s score or ranking due to the accuracy of his or her prediction. For example, in  FIG. 4A , JSMITH predicted that the last play would involve quarterback Gress passing to recipient Hillmer for 11-20 yards. In reality, the play involved quarterback Gress passing to recipient Deere for 5-10 yards. Since JSMITH correctly predicted some, but not all, aspects of the play, last play section  414  shows that JSMITH was awarded 13 points. 
     In one possible example, if JSMITH had more correctly predicted the outcome of the play, JSMITH may have been award more points. However, if JSMITH had not correctly predicted any aspects of the play, JSMITH may not receive any points or may lose points. Other scoring mechanisms may be used as well. 
     Advertisement section  416  may include one or more advertisements. These advertisements may be for products or services related to the fantasy gaming system itself and/or for other products or services. Providing advertising may facilitate an additional source of revenue for the provider of the fantasy gaming system. 
     Each section of player user interface  400  may include zero or more selectable items. For instance, selecting part of preset plays section  406  (e.g., via a keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen) may prompt the player to add, edit, or delete preset plays. In another example, selecting various aspects of a play in play selection section  410  may involve these aspects being highlighted, and triggering the “GO!” button in this section may result in the selected aspects being submitted as the player&#39;s prediction. In still another example, selecting a player userid from top players section  412  may result in further information regarding the selected player (e.g., a public profile of the player) being displayed. In yet another example, players may be able to enter wagers associated with their performance in the fantasy game, on a play-by-play or group-of-plays basis, and may be credited or penalized according to the accuracy of their predictions. In an additional example, the fantasy game may record whether a player is having a streak of correct predictions, and may provide a bonus to the player&#39;s awarded points based on the extent of the streak. Other features are possible as well. 
     b. Example Referee User Interface 
       FIG. 4B  an example referee user interface  420  for real-time or near-real-time fantasy gaming. Referee user interface  420  includes a left column, a central column, and a right column. The left column includes welcome section  422 , real-world game identification section  424 , and stop player prediction clock section  426 . The central column includes referee clock section  428  and play assessment selection section  430 . The right column includes top referees section  432 , last play section  434 , and advertisement section  436 . 
     Referee user interface  420  is an example of a referee user interface for American football. However, other user interface layouts for American football may be used, and referee user interface  420  is just one possible example. For instance, more or fewer sections may be used, and sections may appear in different locations from those depicted in  FIG. 4B . Additionally, user interface layouts for other real-world games may be possible. Referee user interface  420  may be a web-based user interface, assessable via a personal computer, tablet device, smartphone device, or some other types of computing device. Alternatively or additionally referee user interface  420  may be part of an application or “app” that operates on such a device. 
     Welcome section  422  may identify a userid of a referee. In the case of  FIG. 4B , the referee&#39;s userid is DWILLIAMS. Real-world game identification section  424  identifies the real-world American football game to which referee user interface  420  refers. This example real-world game is in the third quarter, and the Chicago team is beating the New York team 21 to 10. The Chicago team possesses the ball (i.e., is the offensive team) on the 10 yard line of the New York team on second down. 
     Referee clock  428  may be a count-down or count-up clock that represents the amount of time remaining that the referee has to make his or her assessment for the previous play. For example, referee clock  428  represents a 4-second countdown clock that indicates that 2 seconds remain. Thus, DWILLIAMS has 2 seconds in which to make and enter selections in play assessment selection section  430 . It should be understood that referee clock  428  may be represented in various other ways. 
     Play assessment selection section  430  allows the referee to select a combination of quarterback, recipient, play type, and yardage for the previous play. These parameters may have the same meaning as those in select play section  410  of  FIG. 4A . In the example illustrated by  FIG. 4B , the referee has selected a running play from quarterback Gress to recipient Foisy for 5 to 10 yards. This play assessment will be entered (i.e., transmitted to the fantasy gaming server) when the referee triggers the “GO!” button. 
     Play assessment selection section  430  depicts just one possible example. Other arrangements may be possible. These alternative arrangements may include, but are not limited to, more or fewer quarterbacks, recipients, play types (e.g., field goal, punt, etc.), and extents of yardage. Also, other selectable items may be presented to the referee, such as whether the play resulted in a touchdown or a penalty. 
     Stop player prediction clock section  426  includes a “STOP” button that allows DWILLIAMS to indicate that the player prediction clock (e.g., play clock  408 ) should be stopped. In some embodiments, a referee may only activate this button after all players involved in the fantasy game have entered their predictions for the next play. Stopping the player prediction clock could indicate to the fantasy gaming server that it no longer needs to wait for player predictions for this play. Thus, the “STOP” button may be grayed out until all players have entered their predictions, and then it may be made available. 
     Top referees section  432  may include a list of referees with the highest n accuracies in the fantasy gaming league. For example, in  FIG. 4B , referee NSILVER has the highest accuracy of 98.9%, followed by AKUHN with a 98.1% accuracy, HCRUZ with a 95.7% accuracy, DWILLIAMS with a 94.1% accuracy, and BCHEN also with a 94.1% accuracy. In this case, referees with the highest 5 accuracies are shown, but more or fewer referee accuracies may be displayed. 
     Referee accuracies may represent the number the referee&#39;s accuracy predictions divided by the total number of predictions that the referee has made for a given time period. Thus, referee accuracies may take on values from 0% to 100%. In general, the higher a referee accuracy ranking, the more reliable the referee&#39;s assessments have been. 
     Referees may seek to have a high referee accuracy ranking in order to increase their prestige amongst other referees and players of the fantasy game. Further, referees with the top accuracy rankings may be selected to be involved in more important fantasy games. For example, in championship and/or playoff games, only top referees may be invited. Additionally, referees may be compensated for refereeing a fantasy game, and the level of compensation may increase with the importance of the real-world game with which the fantasy game is associated. 
     Last play section  434  may include a representation of the referee&#39;s assessment for the previous play of the real-world game (e.g., the play prior to the play currently being assessed), as well as a representation of the actual outcome of the play and/or an indication of whether the referee&#39;s assessment was correct. For example, in  FIG. 4B , DWILLIAMS predicted that the last play would involve quarterback Gress passing to recipient Deere for 5-10 yards, which was correct. 
     Advertisement section  436  may include one or more advertisements. These advertisements may be for products or services related to the fantasy gaming system itself and/or for other products or services. Providing advertising may facilitate an additional source of revenue for the provider of the fantasy gaming system. 
     Each section of referee user interface  420  may include zero or more selectable items. For instance, selecting various aspects of a play in play assessment selection section  430  may involve these aspects being highlighted, and selecting the “GO!” button in this section may result in the selected aspects being submitted as the referee&#39;s assessment. In still another example, selecting a referee userid from top referees section  432  may result in further information regarding the selected referee (e.g., a public profile of the referee) being displayed. Other features are possible as well. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 4B , referee user interface may have additional functionality. For example, one or more referees may have the ability to, via referee user interface  420 , control what is displayed in real-world game identification section  404  and real-world game identification section  424 . These referees may update the information displayed in those sections during each play, after each play, and/or as warranted. 
     Further, one referee per game may be a designated head referee. This may be the referee with the highest referee accuracy ranking of all referees refereeing the fantasy game, or may be some other referee. The head referee may have the ability to, via referee user interface  420 , invalidate a recently-completed play. For instance, if there was a flag (e.g., a penalty flag or a challenge flag) thrown on a play in the real-world game, or if there was some other form of abnormality associated with a play, the head referee may invalidate the play. This would result in all player predictions and referee assessments of the play being ignored and/or disregarded for purposes of player and/or referee points, accuracies and/or rankings. Thus, it may be possible that these points, accuracies and/or rankings are reset to their values prior to the invalidated play of the real-world game. 
     c. Example Timing Diagram 
       FIG. 4C  is an example timing diagram  440  in accordance with a possible embodiment. Timing diagram  440  illustrates the temporal relationships between sequential plays of a real-world game and when player predictions and referee assessments for these plays may be received by the fantasy gaming server in order for these predictions and assessments to be considered. 
     In timing diagram  440 , play N of the real-world game occurs from the epoch of time T 0  to time T 1 . This first epoch may be anywhere from less than a second to several minutes or more. Similarly, play N+1 of the real-world game occurs from the epoch of time T 4  to time T 5 . This second epoch also may be anywhere from less than a second to several minutes or more. In the case of American football, each epoch may typically be several seconds. Play N+1 may be the next play of the real-world game that follows play N. 
     As an example, time T 0  may represent the time when the ball is snapped on play N, and time T 1  may represent the time when the whistle blows on play N. Similarly, time T 4  may represent the time when the ball is snapped on play N+1, and time T 5  may represent the time when the whistle blows on play N+1. 
     From time T 1  to time T 2  may be a time period in which referee assessments for play N must be received from referees of the fantasy game in order for these assessments to be included in the refereed outcome of play N. Thus, any referee assessments for play N that arrive outside of the epoch of time T 1  to time T 2  may be ignored for purposes of determining the refereed outcome of play N. 
     From time T 1  to time T 3  may be a time period in which player predictions for play N+1 must be received from players of the fantasy game in order for these predictions to be considered for play N+1. Thus, any player predictions for play N+1 that arrive outside of the epoch of time T 1  to time T 3  may be ignored for purposes of determining player accuracies or player rankings. 
     In some embodiments, received player predictions may only be considered after time T 2 . For instance, referee assessments may be received and a referee may instruct the fantasy gaming serve to start play clock  408 . In this case, any player predictions for play N+1 that arrive outside of the epoch of time T 2  to time T 3  may be ignored for purposes of determining player accuracies or player rankings. 
     4. EMBODIMENTS FOR OTHER SPORTS AND TYPES OF GAMES OR CONTESTS 
     The embodiments described herein may be applied to other sports, games, or contests. In particular, a fantasy game could be based on the examples of the user interfaces of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the timing diagram of  FIG. 4C , the voting protocol of  FIG. 5 , and/or the procedures of  FIGS. 6 and/or 7 . 
     Thus, for instance, fantasy games for the real-world sports of baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer, golf, and so on could be conducted. Each “play” or “event” may be some form of offense, defense, combination of athletes on the field or court in the real-world game, occurrence in the game, or a duration of time in the real-world game. Other types of real-world games may include video games, card games, reality-show contests, and so on. 
     Prior to commencement of the play, one or more players of the fantasy game may be able to enter their predictions of the outcome of the play. After the play completes, one or more referees may be able to enter their assessments of the play. Based on the referees&#39; assessments, a refereed outcome of the play may be determined, and the players&#39; prediction accuracies and rankings may be updated accordingly. Also, the referees&#39; accuracies and rankings may be updated as well. 
     In particular, these embodiments may also apply to real-time, online, multiplayer video games, or other types of video games. As an example, a genre of real-time, online, multiplayer video games is the “first-person shooter.” In these games, each participant has a first-person view of their surroundings. The participant may move through an environment (e.g., a map or level) in two or three dimensions. For instance, the participant may be able to walk, run, strafe, duck, and jump. 
     The participant may also be armed with one or more weapons (e.g., guns, rocket launchers, flame throwers, etc.) that can be used to cause damage to the environment or other participants. In online multiplayer games, participants may play as individuals or as part of a team, and are scored accordingly. As individuals, participants might score points for kills, damage done to opponents, or for accomplishing certain goals. As a member of a team, participants might score points for kills, assisted kills, damage done to opponents, or for accomplishing certain goals. One popular type of team game is “capture the flag,” wherein each team has a flag planted at its own base. A team scores a “capture” when one of its members either touches the opposing team&#39;s flag, or carries the opposing team&#39;s flag back to his or her base. 
     These real-time, online, multiplayer video games may have a predefined duration, such as 5 or 10 minutes, and/or a predefined winning condition, such as a specific number of flag captures, most flag captures within the predefined duration, a specific number of kills, most kills within the predefined duration, and so on. 
     While the player and referee activities and user interfaces may be similar to that of the American football example described above, there are differences in gameplay. For American football, a “play” is a clearly defined discrete event (see  FIG. 4C ). In real-time, online, multiplayer video games, there are no “plays” per se—instead a game continues until a predefined terminating condition is reached. 
     In order to accommodate games that are continuous or for which there are no discrete “plays,” events of interest may be defined and/or opened for wagering before or during play of the game. For a first-person shooter game, these events may include, but are not limited to: first participant (of the first-person shooter game) to register a kill, first participant to register an assist, first participant to register n kills (i.e., n=3, 5, 10, or some other value), first participant to register n assists (i.e., n=3, 5, 10, or some other value), first participant to register a flag capture, first participant to register n flag captures (i.e., n=3, 5, 10, or some other value), participant with the most kills, participant with the most assists, participant with the most flag captures, and so on. Compound events (e.g., first participant with a kill and an assist) may also be defined. Further, any of these events may be at the team level (e.g., first team with a kill, etc.). Various additional events may be defined for these and other types of games. 
     Some of these events can be refereed as soon as they occur, such as the first player with a kill. Other events might not be able to be refereed until the end of the game, such as player with the most kills. 
       FIG. 4D  depicts an example timing diagram for real-time, online, multiplayer video games. There are three events defined, event N, event N+1, and event N+2. These events may be defined in any order (e.g., event N+1 might be defined before event N) and may take place in various orders. Some may be defined before the game begins, and others may be defined during the game. 
     From time T 1  to time T 2 , player predictions for event N+1 are made. From time T 3  to time T 5 , player predictions for event N are made. From time T 4  to time T 6 , player predictions for event N+2 are made. At time T 7 , event N+2 occurs. From time T 8  to time T 12 , referee assessments for event N+2 are made. After time T 12 , players may be notified of any updates to their scores based on their predictions and the refereed outcome to event N+2. 
     At time T 9 , event N occurs. From time T 10  to time T 13 , referee assessments for event N are made. After time T 13 , players may be notified of any updates to their scores based on their predictions and the refereed outcome to event N. 
     Also at time T 10 , event N+1 occurs. From time T 11  to time T 14 , referee assessments for event N+1 are made. After time T 14 , players may be notified of any updates to their scores based on their predictions and the refereed outcome to event N+1. 
     Notwithstanding the depictions in  FIG. 4D , some events may occur before or during the player prediction phase of other events. In general, there may be any number of events that are defined and may take place. Thus, individual arrangements of the player prediction phases, the events taking place, and the referee assessment phases may overlap one another in various ways. 
     Further, the timing diagrams of  FIG. 4D  may be used for games, contests, and sporting events other than real-time, online, multiplayer video games. For instance, the same or a similar mechanism can be used to manage wagers for any game, contest, or sporting event without discrete plays, such as basketball, soccer, rugby, debating, real-time strategic simulation video games, and so on. 
     Notably, the embodiments herein require computer implementation. By its very nature, the system described herein support numerous players and referees providing respective predictions and assessments within short time frames (e.g., a few seconds for each). This is a process that cannot be carried out manually, or with pencil and paper, within real-time constraints. One of the advantages of the embodiments herein is that players are provided with updating scoring in real-time, just a few seconds (e.g., 1-8 seconds) after an event occurs in the game. This would be impossible to accomplish for multiple players and multiple referees, following the referee voting protocols described above. Further, manually attempting to carry out these aspects would result in player and referee confusion, especially when multiple prediction periods, events, and assessment periods overlap. Thus, the solutions presented herein a specifically designed to solve technical problems related to fantasy gaming based on real-time, online, multiplayer video games. 
     Moreover, these solutions may include graphical user interfaces that present information that is filtered and organized so that players and referees can rapidly choose predictions and outcomes from appropriate lists thereof. These graphical user interfaces automatically provide intuitive displays that would not be possible to obtain manually. 
     5. EXAMPLE VOTING PROTOCOL 
       FIG. 5  is a decision tree illustrating possible voting protocols for refereed assessments of plays. One or more referees may provide respective assessments for a particular completed play of the real-world game. In some cases, a large number of referees (e.g., 10 or more) may be used in order to potentially improve the quality of these assessments. When the referee assessments do not agree, one or more of the mechanisms described herein may be used to determine a refereed outcome of the play. 
     At block  500 , one or more referee reports may be received by the fantasy gaming server. If there is only one referee report, then at block  502 , the outcome indicated by that referee report may be used as the refereed outcome of the play. 
     On the other hand, if there are two or more referee reports, and the majority of these reports indicate a particular outcome (i.e., the same outcome), then at block  504 , the particular outcome may be selected as the refereed outcome. For example, if there are five referee reports received and at least three of these referee reports indicate the same outcome, that outcome may be selected as the refereed outcome. In some embodiments the majority may be a simple majority (i.e., greater than 50%), while in other embodiments, a supermajority of at least 60%, 66%, 75%, etc. may be required. 
     If there are two or more referee reports, but no majority of these reports indicate a particular outcome, then at block  506 , referee accuracies and/or rankings may be considered when determining the refereed outcome. Blocks  508 ,  510 , and  512  provide three example ways in which referee rankings may be considered. 
     In block  508 , the assessed outcome of the highest ranked referee may be selected as the refereed outcome. For instance, suppose that there are six referee reports, and three particular assessments of the play have been indicated by two referees each. Then, out of the six reporting referees, the assessment of the highest ranked referee (e.g., the referee with the highest accuracy) may be selected as the refereed outcome. 
     In block  510 , the most common assessed outcome may be selected as the refereed outcome. In this embodiment, the assessed outcome that is indicated by a plurality of the referee reports is selected. If there is more than one plurality, then referee rankings may be considered to break the tie. For instance, suppose that there are five referee reports, with two referees indicating a first outcome, two other referees indicating a second outcome, and one referee indicating a third outcome. Then, of the referees contributing to the first and second outcomes, the assessment of the highest ranked referee may be selected as the refereed outcome. 
     In block  512 , the refereed outcome may be selected based on the assessments of the referees, weighted by the rankings of those referees. In one example, for a group of referees that have indicated the same assessment of the play, their respective referee rankings may be summed. A similar operation may be performed for other groups of referees that agree with each other. The assessment of the group with the highest summed referee rankings may be selected. 
     For example, suppose that referee reports are received from referees A, B, C, and D. Referees A and B have assessed a first outcome for the play, while referees C and D have assessed a second outcome for the play. Referee A has a referee ranking of 94.1% (0.941), referee B has a referee ranking of 95.7% (0.957), referee C has a referee ranking of 98.9% (0.989), and referee D has a referee ranking of 96.2% (0.962). The assessment of referees A and B has a weight of 1.898, while the assessment of referees C and D has a weight of 1.951. Therefore, the assessment of referees C and D may be selected as the refereed outcome. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates example embodiments, but other embodiments are possible. For instance, any of the disclosed embodiments may be combined with one another in any fashion. In some cases, only referee assessments from referees with at least a particular referee ranking may be considered in the voting protocol  FIG. 5 . For example, of all referee reports received at block  500 , only those from referees with a referee ranking of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, etc., may be considered in the voting protocol. Further, as noted above, one referee may be designated as head referee. In any variation of the voting protocol, the head referee may have the ability to break ties or otherwise determine the refereed outcome of a play when there is no clear majority. 
     6. EXAMPLE OPERATIONS 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The process illustrated by  FIG. 6  may be carried out by a computing device, such as computing device  200 , and/or a cluster of computing devices, such as server cluster  304 . However, the process can be carried out by other types of devices or device subsystems. For example, the process could be carried out by a portable computer, such as a laptop or a tablet device. Further, the process may be combined with one or more features disclosed in the context of any previous figure. 
     At block  600 , player predictions may be received from one or more player devices. The player predictions may relate to an epoch of a contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event (e.g., of a real-world game). The player predictions may be received within a first pre-defined time period. In some embodiments, at least one of the received player predictions may be a preset prediction configured at a player device. 
     At block  602 , possibly after receiving the player predictions, one or more referee reports may be received from referee devices. The referee reports may include assessed outcomes of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event. The referee reports may be received within a second pre-defined time period. 
     In some embodiments, the first and second pre-defined time periods may overlap to some extent. Further, the first time period may be anywhere from 0 to 20 seconds in length (e.g., 10, 12, or 15 seconds), and the second time period may be anywhere from 0 to 15 seconds in length (e.g., 3, 4, or 6 seconds). Nonetheless, the first and second time periods may take on values outside of these ranges. 
     The refereed reports may be from human or automated sources. Thus, in some cases, at least one referee report from received from a human referee. Alternatively or additionally, at least one of the referee reports may be from a commercial real-time or near-real-time statistics feeder for the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event. 
     At block  604 , possibly based on the player predictions and the referee reports, player accuracies of the player predictions and player rankings of the player devices may be determined. The player rankings may be based on the player accuracies. At block  606 , representations of the player accuracies and the player rankings may be transmitted to the player devices. 
     In some embodiments, determining player accuracies of the player predictions may involve determining a refereed outcome of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event based on the referee reports. Then, the player accuracies may be determined based on how closely the player predictions match the refereed outcome. 
     In some situations, exactly one referee report may be received, and the refereed outcome may be the assessed outcome of the exactly one referee report. Alternatively, multiple referee reports may be received. If a majority of the assessed outcomes of the referee reports indicate a particular outcome, then the refereed outcome of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event may be selected to be the particular outcome. 
     In another alterative, multiple referee reports may be received. Each of the referee reports may be associated with respective referee ratings. If no majority of the assessed outcomes of the referee reports indicates a particular outcome, then the refereed outcome of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event may be selected as a particular assessed outcome of a particular referee report that is associated with a highest referee rating of the referee ratings. 
     In certain scenarios, one or more late referee reports for the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event may be received outside of the second pre-defined time period. The refereed outcome of the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event might not be based on the late referee reports. In other words, the late referee reports may be ignored when determining the refereed outcome. 
     In some embodiments, possibly based on the predictions and the referee reports, referee accuracies of the referee reports may be evaluated. Referee rankings may be updated based on the evaluated referee accuracies of the referee reports. Representations of the referee accuracies of the referee reports and the referee rankings may be transmitted to the referee devices. The referee rankings may also be based on the timeliness of the referee reports. A particular referee report may be considered timely if it is received within the second pre-defined time period. 
     Additionally, in some implementations, a particular referee device may be a designated head referee device. A message may be received from the head referee device, indicating that the epoch of a contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event was abnormal. Possibly based on the message, all player accuracies and player rankings may be reset to their values prior to commencement of the epoch of a contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event. 
     As noted above, the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event may be any sporting event, gaming event, or contest. Thus, in some cases, the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event is a play of an American football game, an at-bat of a baseball game, or an event of a video game. 
     In some cases, representations of historical epochs of the gaming event may be transmitted to player devices. These historical epochs may be associated with the epoch of the contemporaneously-occurring, real-time gaming event. For example, if the real-world game is in a particular state, the fantasy gaming server provide at least some players with plays and/or play outcomes that are have occurred in previous epochs of the real-world game when it was in the same or a similar state. 
     For instance, in the case of American football, if the offensive team is in possession of the football in a particular field position, the television broadcast of the real-world game might display the one or more examples of what the team has done in the past when they were in this position. Alternatively or additionally, once the play begins television broadcast of the real-world game might display the predicted outcomes of at least some players of the fantasy game. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The process illustrated by  FIG. 7  may be carried out by a computing device, such as computing device  200 , and/or a cluster of computing devices, such as server cluster  304 . However, the process can be carried out by other types of devices or device subsystems. For example, the process could be carried out by a portable computer, such as a laptop or a tablet device. Further, the process may be combined with one or more features disclosed in the context of any previous figure. 
     Block  700  may involve receiving, perhaps by a processor of a server device, player predictions from one or more player devices via a wide-area network. The player predictions may relate to an outcome of a particular event of a real-time, online, multiplayer video game. The player predictions may be received within a first time period before occurrence of the particular event. 
     Block  702  may involve, after receiving the player predictions, receiving, perhaps by the processor of the server device via the wide-area network, one or more referee reports from referee devices. The referee reports may include assessed outcomes of the particular event. The referee reports may be received within a second time period after occurrence of the particular event. 
     Block  704  may involve, based on the player predictions and the referee reports, determining, perhaps by the processor of the server device, player accuracies of the player predictions and player rankings of the player devices. The player rankings may be based on the player accuracies. 
     Block  706  may involve transmitting, perhaps by the processor of the server device via the wide-area network, representations of the player accuracies and the player rankings to the player devices. Reception of the transmitted representations may cause the respective player devices to display, on respective graphical user interfaces of the player devices, at least some of the player accuracies and player rankings. 
     In some embodiments, determining player accuracies of the player predictions involves determining a refereed outcome of the particular event based on the referee reports, and determining the player accuracies based on how closely the player predictions match the refereed outcome. 
     In some embodiments, exactly one referee report is received, and the refereed outcome is the assessed outcome of the exactly one referee report. Alternatively, multiple referee reports are received. In this case, determining the refereed outcome of the particular event may involve determining that a majority of the assessed outcomes of the referee reports indicate a particular outcome, and selecting, as the refereed outcome of the particular event, the particular outcome. 
     Further, when multiple referee reports are received, the referee reports may be associated with referee ratings. Determining the refereed outcome of the particular event may involve determining that no majority of the assessed outcomes of the referee reports indicate a particular outcome, and selecting, as the refereed outcome of the particular event, a particular assessed outcome of a particular referee report that is associated with a highest referee rating of the referee ratings. 
     In some embodiments where one or more late referee reports for the particular event are received after the second time period, the refereed outcome of the particular event is not based on the late referee reports. 
     Some embodiments may further involve: (i) based on the predictions and the referee reports, evaluating referee accuracies of the referee reports, (ii) updating referee rankings based on the evaluated referee accuracies of the referee reports, and (iii) transmitting representations of the referee accuracies of the referee reports and the referee rankings to the referee devices. The referee rankings may also be based on the timeliness of the referee reports, where a particular referee report is considered timely when it is received within the second time period. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the referee reports is gathered from statistics generated by the real-time, online, multiplayer video game. 
     In some embodiments, a particular referee device is a designated head referee device. These embodiments may further involve receiving a message from the head referee device, where the message indicates that the particular event was abnormal, and based on the message, resetting all player accuracies and player rankings to their values prior to commencement of the particular event. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the received player predictions is a preset prediction configured at a player device. For instance, the play might configure his or her client device to have a default prediction that can be provided to the server device or changed before doing so. 
     In some embodiments, the first time period is between 1 and 15 seconds in length and the second time period is between 1 and 8 seconds in length. Other time periods of other length may be used. 
     Some embodiments may involve transmitting, to the player devices, representations of previously occurring events of the real-time, online, multiplayer video game. This may include historical data about the performance of various participants in previous games. 
     In some embodiments, the event involves a particular number of particular events occurring in an instance of the real-time, online, multiplayer video game. 
     7. CONCLUSION 
     The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
     The above detailed description describes various features and functions of the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to the accompanying figures. The example embodiments described herein and in the figures are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from the scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein. 
     With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block, and/or communication can represent a processing of information and/or a transmission of information in accordance with example embodiments. Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these example embodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, functions described as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests, responses, and/or messages can be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrent or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocks and/or functions can be used with any of the ladder diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts discussed herein, and these ladder diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts can be combined with one another, in part or in whole. 
     A step or block that represents a processing of information can correspond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specific logical functions of a herein-described method or technique. Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents a processing of information can correspond to a module, a segment, or a portion of program code (including related data). The program code can include one or more instructions executable by a processor for implementing specific logical functions or actions in the method or technique. The program code and/or related data can be stored on any type of computer readable medium such as a storage device including a disk, hard drive, or other storage medium. 
     The computer readable medium can also include non-transitory computer readable media such as computer-readable media that store data for short periods of time like register memory, processor cache, and random access memory (RAM). The computer readable media can also include non-transitory computer readable media that store program code and/or data for longer periods of time. Thus, the computer readable media may include secondary or persistent long term storage, like read only memory (ROM), optical or magnetic disks, compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. The computer readable media can also be any other volatile or non-volatile storage systems. A computer readable medium can be considered a computer readable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device. 
     Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more information transmissions can correspond to information transmissions between software and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However, other information transmissions can be between software modules and/or hardware modules in different physical devices. 
     The particular arrangements shown in the figures should not be viewed as limiting. It should be understood that other embodiments can include more or less of each element shown in a given figure. Further, some of the illustrated elements can be combined or omitted. Yet further, an example embodiment can include elements that are not illustrated in the figures. 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims.