Patent Publication Number: US-2023150727-A1

Title: PASSIVATION, pH PROTECTIVE OR LUBRICITY COATING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGE, COATING PROCESS AND APPARATUS

Description:
Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/558,885, filed Nov. 11, 2011; 61/636,377, filed Apr. 20, 2012; and U.S. Ser. No. 61/645,003, filed May 9, 2012. 
     U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 61/177,984 filed May 13, 2009; 61/222,727, filed Jul. 2, 2009; 61/213,904, filed Jul. 24, 2009; 61/234,505, filed Aug. 17, 2009; 61/261,321, filed Nov. 14, 2009; 61/263,289, filed Nov. 20, 2009; 61/285,813, filed Dec. 11, 2009; 61/298,159, filed Jan. 25, 2010; 61/299,888, filed Jan. 29, 2010; 61/318,197, filed Mar. 26, 2010; 61/333,625, filed May 11, 2010; 61/413,334, filed Nov. 12, 2010; Ser. No. 12/779,007, filed May 12, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188; International Application PCT/US11/36097, filed May 11, 2011; U.S. Ser. No. 61/558,885, filed Nov. 11, 2011; U.S. Ser. No. 61/636,377, filed Apr. 20, 2012; U.S. Ser. No. 61/645,003, filed May 9, 2012; and U.S. Ser. No. 61/716,381, filed Oct. 19, 2012; are all incorporated here by reference in their entirety. 
     Also incorporated by reference in their entirety are the following European patent applications: EP10162755.2 filed May 12, 2010; EP10162760.2 filed May 12, 2010; EP10162756.0 filed May 12, 2010; EP10162758.6 filed May 12, 2010; EP10162761.0 filed May 12, 2010; and EP10162757.8 filed May 12, 2010. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the technical field of coated surfaces, for example interior surfaces of pharmaceutical packages or other vessels for storing or other contact with fluids. Examples of suitable fluids include foods or biologically active compounds or body fluids, for example blood. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical package or other vessel and to a method for coating an inner or interior surface of a pharmaceutical package or other vessel. The present invention also relates more generally to medical devices, including devices other than packages or vessels, for example catheters. 
     The present disclosure also relates to improved methods for processing pharmaceutical packages or other vessels, for example multiple identical pharmaceutical packages or other vessels used for pharmaceutical preparation storage and delivery, venipuncture and other medical sample collection, and other purposes. Such pharmaceutical packages or other vessels are used in large numbers for these purposes, and must be relatively economical to manufacture and yet highly reliable in storage and use. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     One important consideration in manufacturing pharmaceutical packages or other vessels for storing or other contact with fluids, for example vials and pre-filled syringes, is that the contents of the pharmaceutical package or other vessel desirably will have a substantial shelf life. During this shelf life, it can be important to isolate the material filling the pharmaceutical package or other vessel from the vessel wall containing it, or from barrier coatings or layers or other functional layers applied to the pharmaceutical package or other vessel wall to avoid leaching material from the pharmaceutical package or other vessel wall, barrier coating or layer, or other functional layers into the prefilled contents or vice versa. 
     Since many of these pharmaceutical packages or other vessels are inexpensive and used in large quantities, for certain applications it will be useful to reliably obtain the necessary shelf life without increasing the manufacturing cost to a prohibitive level. 
     For decades, most parenteral therapeutics have been delivered to end users in Type I medical grade borosilicate glass vessels such as vials or pre-filled syringes. The relatively strong, impermeable and inert surface of borosilicate glass has performed adequately for most drug products. However, the recent advent of costly, complex and sensitive biologics as well as such advanced delivery systems as auto injectors has exposed the physical and chemical shortcomings of glass pharmaceutical packages or other vessels, including possible contamination from metals, flaking, delamination, and breakage, among other problems. Moreover, glass contains several components which can leach out during storage and cause damage to the stored material. 
     In more detail, borosilicate pharmaceutical packages or other vessels exhibit a number of drawbacks. 
     Glass is manufactured from sand containing a heterogeneous mixture of many elements (silicon, oxygen, boron, aluminum, sodium, calcium) with trace levels of other alkali and earth metals. Type I borosilicate glass consists of approximately 76% SiO 2 , 10.5% B 2 O 3 , 5% Al 2 O 3 , 7% Na 2 O and 1.5% CaO and often contains trace metals such as iron, magnesium, zinc, copper and others. The heterogeneous nature of borosilicate glass creates a non-uniform surface chemistry at the molecular level. Glass forming processes used to create glass vessels expose some portions of the vessels to temperatures as great as 1200° C. Under such high temperatures alkali ions migrate to the local surface and form oxides. The presence of ions extracted from borosilicate glass devices may be involved in degradation, aggregation and denaturation of some biologics. Many proteins and other biologics must be lyophilized (freeze dried), because they are not sufficiently stable in solution in glass vials or syringes. 
     In glass syringes, silicone oil is typically used as a lubricant to allow the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal to slide in the barrel. Silicone oil has been implicated in the precipitation of protein solutions such as insulin and some other biologics. Additionally, the silicone oil coating or layer is often non-uniform, resulting in syringe failures in the market. 
     Glass pharmaceutical packages or other vessels are prone to breakage or degradation during manufacture, filling operations, shipping and use, which means that glass particulates may enter the drug. The presence of glass particles has led to many FDA Warning Letters and to product recalls. 
     Glass-forming processes do not yield the tight dimensional tolerances required for some of the newer auto-injectors and delivery systems. 
     As a result, some companies have turned to plastic pharmaceutical packages or other vessels, which provide tighter dimensional tolerances and less breakage than glass. 
     Although plastic is superior to glass with respect to breakage, dimensional tolerances and surface uniformity, its use for primary pharmaceutical packaging remains limited due to the following shortcomings:
         Gas (oxygen) permeability: Plastic allows small molecule gases to permeate into (or out of) the device. The permeability of plastics to gases can be significantly greater than that of glass and, in many cases (as with oxygen-sensitive drugs such as epinephrine), plastics previously have been unacceptable for that reason.   Water vapor transmission: Plastics allow water vapor to pass through devices to a greater degree than glass. This can be detrimental to the shelf life of a solid (lyophilized) drug. Alternatively, a liquid product may lose water in an arid environment.   Leachables and extractables: Plastic pharmaceutical packages or other vessels contain organic compounds that can leach out or be extracted into the drug product. These compounds can contaminate the drug and/or negatively impact the drug&#39;s stability.       

     Clearly, while plastic and glass pharmaceutical packages or other vessels each offer certain advantages in pharmaceutical primary packaging, neither is optimal for all drugs, biologics or other therapeutics. Thus, there can be a desire for plastic pharmaceutical packages or other vessels, in particular plastic syringes, with gas and solute barrier properties which approach the properties of glass. Moreover, there can be a need for plastic syringes with sufficient lubricity and/or passivation or protective properties and a lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating which can be compatible with the syringe contents. There also can be a need for glass vessels with surfaces that do not tend to delaminate or dissolve or leach constituents when in contact with the vessel contents. 
     There are additional considerations to be taken into account when manufacturing a prefilled syringe. Prefilled syringes are commonly prepared and sold so the syringe does not need to be filled before use, and can be disposed of after use. The syringe can be prefilled with saline solution, a dye for injection, or a pharmaceutically active preparation, for some examples. 
     Commonly, the prefilled syringe can be capped at the distal end, as with a cap (or, if the hypodermic needle is preinstalled, a needle shield that can also be a cap), and can be closed at the proximal end by its drawn plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal. The prefilled syringe can be wrapped in a sterile package before use. To use the prefilled syringe, the packaging and cap are removed, optionally a hypodermic needle or another delivery conduit can be attached to the distal end of the barrel, the delivery conduit or syringe can be moved to a use position (such as by inserting the hypodermic needle into a patient&#39;s blood vessel or into apparatus to be rinsed with the contents of the syringe), and the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal can be advanced in the barrel to inject the contents of the barrel. 
     An important consideration regarding medical syringes can be to ensure that the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal can move at a constant speed and with a constant force when it is pressed into the barrel. A similar consideration applies to vessels such as pharmaceutical vials which have to be closed by a stopper, and to the stopper itself, and more generally to any surface which is to provide smooth operation of moving parts and/or be passivated or protectively coated. 
     A non-exhaustive list of documents of possible relevance includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,901,783; 6,068,884; 4,844,986; and 8,067,070 and U.S. Publ. Appl. Nos. 2008/0090039, 2011/0152820, 2006/0046006 and 2004/0267194. These documents are all incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An aspect of the invention is a filled package comprising a vessel, a barrier coating or layer, and a passivation layer or pH protective coating on the vessel, and a fluid composition contained in the vessel. The calculated shelf life of the package can be more than six months at a storage temperature of 4° C. 
     The vessel can have a lumen defined at least in part by a wall. The wall can have an interior surface facing the lumen and an outer surface. 
     The barrier coating or layer comprises SiO x , wherein x is from 1.5 to 2.9, from 2 to 1000 nm thick. The barrier coating or layer of SiO x  can have an interior surface facing the lumen and an outer surface facing the wall interior surface. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating comprises SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  wherein x is from about 0.5 to about 2.4 and y is from about 0.6 to about 3. Optionally in one embodiment, x can be about 1.1 and y can be about 1.1. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can have an interior surface facing the lumen and an outer surface facing the interior surface of the barrier coating or layer. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be effective to increase the calculated shelf life of the package (total Si/Si dissolution rate). 
     The fluid composition can be contained in the lumen and can have a pH between 4 and 10, alternatively between 5 and 9. 
     Another aspect of the invention can be a filled package comprising a vessel, a passivation layer or pH protective coating on the vessel, and a fluid composition contained in the vessel. 
     The vessel can have a lumen defined at least in part by a wall. The wall can have an interior surface comprising glass facing the lumen and an outer surface. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating comprises SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  wherein x is from about 0.5 to about 2.4 and y is from about 0.6 to about 3. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can have an interior surface facing the lumen and an outer surface facing the interior surface of the barrier coating or layer. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be effective to decrease the Si dissolution rate of the glass interior surface. 
     The fluid composition can be contained in the lumen and can have a pH between 4 and 10, alternatively between 5 and 9. 
     Still another aspect of the invention can be an article comprising a wall, a barrier coating or layer, and a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     The wall can have an interior surface facing the lumen. 
     The barrier coating or layer comprises SiO x , wherein x is from 1.5 to 2.9, from 2 to 1000 nm thick. The barrier coating or layer of SiO x  can have an interior surface facing the lumen and an outer surface facing the wall interior surface. The barrier coating or layer can be effective to reduce the ingress of atmospheric gas through the wall compared to an uncoated wall. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be on the barrier coating or layer, optionally with one or more intervening layers, and comprises SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  wherein x is from about 0.5 to about 2.4 and y is from about 0.6 to about 3. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be formed by chemical vapor deposition of a precursor selected from a linear siloxane, a monocyclic siloxane, a polycyclic siloxane, a polysilsesquioxane, a linear silazane, a monocyclic silazane, a polycyclic silazane, a polysilsesquiazane, a silatrane, a silquasilatrane, a silproatrane, an azasilatrane, an azasilquasiatrane, an azasilproatrane, or a combination of any two or more of these precursors. The rate of erosion of the passivation layer or pH protective coating, if directly contacted by a fluid composition having a pH between 4 and 10, alternatively between 5 and 9, can be less than the rate of erosion of the barrier coating or layer, if directly contacted by the fluid composition. 
     Even another aspect of the invention can be a vessel comprising a wall, a fluid contained in the vessel, a barrier coating or layer, and a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     The wall can be a thermoplastic wall having an interior surface enclosing a lumen. 
     The fluid can be disposed in the lumen and can have a pH greater than 5. 
     The barrier coating or layer comprises SiO x , in which x is between 1.5 and 2.9. The barrier coating or layer can be applied by PECVD. The barrier coating or layer can be positioned between the interior surface of the thermoplastic wall and the fluid, and supported by the thermoplastic wall. The barrier coating or layer commonly can have the characteristic of being subject to being measurably diminished in barrier improvement factor in less than six months as a result of attack by the fluid, although this is not a required feature of the invention. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating comprises SiO x C y , in which x is between 0.5 and 2.4 and y is between 0.6 and 3. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be applied by PECVD, and can be positioned between the barrier coating or layer and the fluid. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be supported by the thermoplastic wall. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be effective to keep the barrier coating or layer at least substantially undissolved as a result of attack by the fluid for a period of at least six months. 
     Yet another aspect of the invention can be a composite material comprising a substrate, a barrier coating or layer over the substrate, and a passivation layer or pH protective coating (which can have the same function as the passivation layer referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070) over the barrier coating or layer. The passivation layer or pH protective coating shows an FTIR absorbance ratio of greater than 0.75 between: (1) the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si symmetrical stretch peak of an FTIR spectrum between about 1000 and 1040 cm −1 , and (2) the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si asymmetric stretch peak of the FTIR spectrum between about 1060 and about 1100 cm −1 . 
     Optionally, the vessel further includes an opening communicating with the lumen and a closure. The method optionally further includes placing a fluid in the lumen via the opening and closing the opening with the closure. The fluid can be a pharmaceutical fluid such as a drug, for example. 
     Other aspects of the invention will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after reviewing the present disclosure and claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is an elevation view of a capped pre-assembly according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a longitudinal section of the capped pre-assembly of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is an enlarged fragmentary view of the capped pre-assembly of  FIGS.  1  and  2   . 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic longitudinal section of the capped pre-assembly of  FIGS.  1  and  2    seated on a chemical vapor deposition coating station. 
         FIG.  5    is a section taken along section lines A-A of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic view showing more details of the chemical vapor deposition coating station shown in  FIGS.  4  and  5   . 
         FIG.  7    is a view similar to  FIG.  2    of the capped pre-assembly of  FIGS.  1 - 6   , filled with a pharmaceutical preparation and fitted with a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal to define a pre-filled syringe. In the option shown, a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal and plunger push rod are installed. 
         FIG.  8    is a longitudinal section of a vial fitted with a septum and crimp and having the same barrier coating or layer, passivation layer or pH protective coating, and other common features of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  9    shows a SEM image of Example P. The horizontal edge-to-edge scale is 5 μm. 
         FIG.  10    shows a SEM image of Example S. The horizontal edge-to-edge scale is 5 μm. 
         FIG.  11    shows a TEM image of a passivation layer or pH protective coating according to the invention coated on an SiO x  barrier coating or layer, which in turn is coated on a COC substrate. 
         FIG.  12    shows a TEM image of an SiO 2  barrier coating or layer which is coated on a COC substrate. 
         FIG.  13    is a plot of silicon dissolution versus exposure time at pH 6 for a glass container versus a plastic container having an SiO x  barrier coating or layer coated in the inside wall. 
         FIG.  14    is a plot of silicon dissolution versus exposure time at pH 7 for a glass container versus a plastic container having an SiO x  barrier coating or layer coated in the inside wall. 
         FIG.  15    is a plot of silicon dissolution versus exposure time at pH 8 for a glass container versus a plastic container having an SiO x  barrier coating or layer coated in the inside wall. 
         FIG.  16    is a plot of the SiO x  coating thickness necessary initially to leave a 30 nm residual coating thickness when stored with solutions at different nominal pH values from 3 to 9. 
         FIG.  17    shows the silicon dissolution rates at pH 8 and 40° C. of various PECVD coatings. 
         FIG.  18    is a plot of the ratio of Si—O—Si symmetric/asymmetric stretching mode versus energy input per unit mass (W/FM or KJ/kg) of a PECVD coating using as the reactive precursor gases OMCTS and oxygen. 
         FIG.  19    is a plot of silicon shelf life (days) versus energy input per unit mass (W/FM or KJ/kg) of a PECVD coating using as the reactive precursor gases OMCTS and oxygen. 
         FIG.  20    is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) absorbance spectrum of a PECVD coating. 
         FIG.  21    is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) absorbance spectrum of a PECVD coating. 
         FIG.  22    is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) absorbance spectrum of a PECVD coating. 
         FIG.  23    is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) absorbance spectrum of a PECVD coating. 
         FIG.  24    is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) absorbance spectrum of a PECVD coating, originally presented as FIG. 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070, annotated to show the calculation of the O-Parameter referred to in that patent. 
     
    
    
     The following reference characters are used in the drawing figures: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 12 
                 Capped pre-assembly 
               
               
                 14 
                 Barrel 
               
               
                 16 
                 Internal wall 
               
               
                 18 
                 Barrel lumen 
               
               
                 20 
                 Dispensing portion 
               
               
                 22 
                 Proximal opening 
               
               
                 24 
                 Distal opening 
               
               
                 26 
                 Dispensing portion lumen 
               
               
                 27 
                 Shield 
               
               
                 30 
                 Barrier coating or layer 
               
               
                 32 
                 Opening 
               
               
                 34 
                 Passivation layer or pH protective coating 
               
               
                 36 
                 plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal 
               
               
                 38 
                 Push rod 
               
               
                 40 
                 Fluid material 
               
               
                 42 
                 Rib 
               
               
                 44 
                 Cylindrical surface 
               
               
                 46 
                 Barb 
               
               
                 48 
                 Catch 
               
               
                 50 
                 Vessel holder 
               
               
                 52 
                 Plot 
               
               
                 54 
                 Plot 
               
               
                 60 
                 coating station 
               
               
                 82 
                 Opening 
               
               
                 84 
                 Closed end 
               
               
                 92 
                 Vessel port 
               
               
                 94 
                 Vacuum duct 
               
               
                 96 
                 Vacuum port 
               
               
                 98 
                 Vacuum source 
               
               
                 100 
                 O-ring (of 92) 
               
               
                 102 
                 O-ring (of 96) 
               
               
                 104 
                 Gas inlet port 
               
               
                 106 
                 O-ring (of 100) 
               
               
                 108 
                 Probe (counter electrode) 
               
               
                 110 
                 Gas delivery port (of 108) 
               
               
                 114 
                 Housing (of 50 or 112) 
               
               
                 116 
                 Collar 
               
               
                 118 
                 Exterior surface (of 80) 
               
               
                 144 
                 PECVD gas source 
               
               
                 152 
                 Pressure gauge 
               
               
                 160 
                 Electrode 
               
               
                 162 
                 Power supply 
               
               
                 164 
                 Sidewall (of 160) 
               
               
                 166 
                 Sidewall (of 160) 
               
               
                 168 
                 Closed end (of 160) 
               
               
                 200 
                 Electrode 
               
               
                 210 
                 Pharmaceutical package 
               
               
                 404 
                 Exhaust 
               
               
                 574 
                 Main vacuum valve 
               
               
                 576 
                 Vacuum line 
               
               
                 578 
                 Manual bypass valve 
               
               
                 580 
                 Bypass line 
               
               
                 582 
                 Vent valve 
               
               
                 584 
                 Main reactant gas valve 
               
               
                 586 
                 Main reactant feed line 
               
               
                 588 
                 Organosilicon liquid reservoir 
               
               
                 590 
                 Organosilicon feed line (capillary) 
               
               
                 592 
                 Organosilicon shut-off valve 
               
               
                 594 
                 Oxygen tank 
               
               
                 596 
                 Oxygen feed line 
               
               
                 598 
                 Mass flow controller 
               
               
                 600 
                 Oxygen shut-off valve 
               
               
                 602 
                 Additional reservoir 
               
               
                 604 
                 Feed line 
               
               
                 606 
                 Shut-off valve 
               
               
                 614 
                 Headspace 
               
               
                 616 
                 Pressure source 
               
               
                 618 
                 Pressure line 
               
               
                 620 
                 Capillary connection 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DEFINITION SECTION 
     In the context of the present invention, the following definitions and abbreviations are used: 
     RF is radio frequency. 
     The term “at least” in the context of the present invention means “equal or more” than the integer following the term. The word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality unless indicated otherwise. Whenever a parameter range is indicated, it is intended to disclose the parameter values given as limits of the range and all values of the parameter falling within said range. 
     “First” and “second” or similar references to, for example, processing stations or processing devices refer to the minimum number of processing stations or devices that are present, but do not necessarily represent the order or total number of processing stations and devices. These terms do not limit the number of processing stations or the particular processing carried out at the respective stations. 
     For purposes of the present invention, an “organosilicon precursor” is a compound having at least one of the linkages: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     which is a tetravalent silicon atom connected to an oxygen or nitrogen atom and an organic carbon atom (an organic carbon atom being a carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom). A volatile organosilicon precursor, defined as such a precursor that can be supplied as a vapor in a PECVD apparatus, can be an optional organosilicon precursor. Optionally, the organosilicon precursor can be selected from the group consisting of a linear siloxane, a monocyclic siloxane, a polycyclic siloxane, a polysilsesquioxane, an alkyl trimethoxysilane, a linear silazane, a monocyclic silazane, a polycyclic silazane, a polysilsesquiazane, and a combination of any two or more of these precursors. 
     The feed amounts of PECVD precursors, gaseous reactant or process gases, and carrier gas are sometimes expressed in “standard volumes” in the specification and claims. The standard volume of a charge or other fixed amount of gas is the volume the fixed amount of the gas would occupy at a standard temperature and pressure (without regard to the actual temperature and pressure of delivery). Standard volumes can be measured using different units of volume, and still be within the scope of the present disclosure and claims. For example, the same fixed amount of gas could be expressed as the number of standard cubic centimeters, the number of standard cubic meters, or the number of standard cubic feet. Standard volumes can also be defined using different standard temperatures and pressures, and still be within the scope of the present disclosure and claims. For example, the standard temperature might be 0° C. and the standard pressure might be 760 Torr (as is conventional), or the standard temperature might be 20° C. and the standard pressure might be 1 Torr. But whatever standard is used in a given case, when comparing relative amounts of two or more different gases without specifying particular parameters, the same units of volume, standard temperature, and standard pressure are to be used relative to each gas, unless otherwise indicated. 
     The corresponding feed rates of PECVD precursors, gaseous reactant or process gases, and carrier gas are expressed in standard volumes per unit of time in the specification. For example, in the working examples the flow rates are expressed as standard cubic centimeters per minute, abbreviated as sccm. As with the other parameters, other units of time can be used, such as seconds or hours, but consistent parameters are to be used when comparing the flow rates of two or more gases, unless otherwise indicated. 
     A “vessel” in the context of the present invention can be any type of article with at least one opening and a wall defining an inner or interior surface. The substrate can be the inside wall of a vessel having a lumen. Though the invention is not necessarily limited to pharmaceutical packages or other vessels of a particular volume, pharmaceutical packages or other vessels are contemplated in which the lumen can have a void volume of from 0.5 to 50 mL, optionally from 1 to 10 mL, optionally from 0.5 to 5 mL, optionally from 1 to 3 mL. The substrate surface can be part or all of the inner or interior surface of a vessel having at least one opening and an inner or interior surface. 
     A vessel in the context of the present invention can have one or more openings. One or two openings, like the openings of a sample tube (one opening) or a syringe barrel (two openings) are preferred. If the vessel has two openings, they can be the same size or different sizes. If there is more than one opening, one opening can be used for the gas inlet for a PECVD coating method according to the present invention, while the other openings are either capped or open. A vessel according to the present invention can be a sample tube, for example for collecting or storing biological fluids like blood or urine, a syringe (or a part thereof, for example a syringe barrel) for storing or delivering a biologically active compound or composition, for example a medicament or pharmaceutical composition, a vial for storing biological materials or biologically active compounds or compositions, a pipe, for example a catheter for transporting biological materials or biologically active compounds or compositions, or a cuvette for holding fluids, for example for holding biological materials or biologically active compounds or compositions. 
     The vessel can be provided with a reagent or preservative for sample collection or analysis. For example, a vessel for blood collection can have an inner or interior surface defining a lumen and an exterior surface, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be on the inner or interior surface, and the vessel can contain a compound or composition in its lumen, for example citrate or a citrate containing composition. 
     A vessel can be of any shape, a vessel having a substantially cylindrical wall adjacent to at least one of its open ends being preferred. Generally, the interior wall of the vessel can be cylindrically shaped, like, for example in a sample tube or a syringe barrel. Sample tubes and syringes or their parts (for example syringe barrels) are contemplated. 
     A “hydrophobic layer” in the context of the present invention means that the coating or layer lowers the wetting tension of a surface coated with the coating or layer, compared to the corresponding uncoated surface. Hydrophobicity can be thus a function of both the uncoated substrate and the coating or layer. The same applies with appropriate alterations for other contexts wherein the term “hydrophobic” is used. The term “hydrophilic” means the opposite, i.e. that the wetting tension is increased compared to reference sample. The present hydrophobic layers are primarily defined by their hydrophobicity and the process conditions providing hydrophobicity. Suitable hydrophobic coatings or layers and their application, properties, and use are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188. Dual functional passivation layers or pH protective coatings that also have the properties of hydrophobic coatings or layers can be provided for any embodiment of the present invention. 
     The values of w, x, y, and z are applicable to the empirical composition Si w O x C y H z  throughout this specification. The values of w, x, y, and z used throughout this specification should be understood as ratios or an empirical formula (for example for a coating or layer), rather than as a limit on the number or type of atoms in a molecule. For example, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, which has the molecular composition Si 4 O 4 C 8 H 24 , can be described by the following empirical formula, arrived at by dividing each of w, x, y, and z in the molecular formula by 4, the largest common factor: Si 1 O 1 C 2 H 6 . The values of w, x, y, and z are also not limited to integers. For example, (acyclic) octamethyltrisiloxane, molecular composition Si 3 O 2 C 8 H 24 , is reducible to Si 1 O 0.67 C 2.67 H 8 . Also, although SiO x C y H z  can be described as equivalent to SiO x C y , it is not necessary to show the presence of hydrogen in any proportion to show the presence of SiO x C y . 
     “Wetting tension” is a specific measure for the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a surface. An optional wetting tension measurement method in the context of the present invention is ASTM D 2578 or a modification of the method described in ASTM D 2578. This method uses standard wetting tension solutions (called dyne solutions) to determine the solution that comes nearest to wetting a plastic film surface for exactly two seconds. This is the film&#39;s wetting tension. The procedure utilized can be varied herein from ASTM D 2578 in that the substrates are not flat plastic films, but are tubes made according to the Protocol for Forming PET Tube and (except for controls) coated according to the Protocol for coating Tube Interior with Hydrophobic Coating or Layer (see Example 9 of EP2251671 A2). 
     A “lubricity coating or layer” according to the present invention is a coating or layer which has a lower frictional resistance than the uncoated surface. 
     A “passivation layer or pH protective coating” according to the present invention passivates or protects an underlying surface or layer from a fluid composition contacting the layer (as more extensively defined elsewhere in this specification). 
     “Frictional resistance” can be static frictional resistance and/or kinetic frictional resistance. 
     One of the optional embodiments of the present invention can be a syringe part, for example a syringe barrel or plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal, coated with a lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating. In this contemplated embodiment, the relevant static frictional resistance in the context of the present invention is the breakout force as defined herein, and the relevant kinetic frictional resistance in the context of the present invention is the plunger sliding force as defined herein. For example, the plunger sliding force as defined and determined herein is suitable to determine the presence or absence and the lubricity and/or passivating or protective characteristics of a lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating in the context of the present invention whenever the coating or layer is applied to any syringe or syringe part, for example to the inner wall of a syringe barrel. The breakout force can be of particular relevance for evaluation of the coating or layer effect on a prefilled syringe, i.e. a syringe which can be filled after coating and can be stored for some time, for example several months or even years, before the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal is moved again (has to be “broken out”). 
     The “plunger sliding force” (synonym to “glide force,” “maintenance force”, or F m , also used in this description) in the context of the present invention is the force required to maintain movement of a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal in a syringe barrel, for example during aspiration or dispense. It can advantageously be determined using the ISO 7886-1:1993 test described herein and known in the art. A synonym for “plunger sliding force” often used in the art is “plunger force” or “pushing force”. 
     The “plunger breakout force” (synonym to “breakout force”, “break loose force”, “initiation force”, Fi, also used in this description) in the context of the present invention is the initial force required to move the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal in a syringe, for example in a prefilled syringe. 
     Both “plunger sliding force” and “plunger breakout force” and methods for their measurement are described in more detail in subsequent parts of this description. These two forces can be expressed in N, lbs or kg and all three units are used herein. These units correlate as follows: 1N=0.102 kg=0.2248 lbs (pounds). 
     Sliding force and breakout force are sometimes used herein to describe the forces required to advance a stopper or other closure into a pharmaceutical package or other vessel, such as a medical sample tube or a vial, to seat the stopper in a vessel to close the vessel. Its use can be analogous to use in the context of a syringe and its plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal, and the measurement of these forces for a vessel and its closure are contemplated to be analogous to the measurement of these forces for a syringe, except that at least in most cases no liquid is ejected from a vessel when advancing the closure to a seated position. 
     “Slidably” means that the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal or other removable part can be permitted to slide in a syringe barrel or other vessel. 
     Coatings of SiO x  are deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or other chemical vapor deposition processes on the vessel of a pharmaceutical package, in particular a thermoplastic package, to serve as a barrier coating or layer preventing oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, or other gases from entering the vessel and/or to prevent leaching of the pharmaceutical material into or through the package wall. The barrier coating or layer can be effective to reduce the ingress of atmospheric gas, for example oxygen, into the lumen compared to a vessel without a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     In any embodiment the vapor-deposited coating or layer optionally can also, or alternatively, be a solute barrier coating or layer. A concern of converting from glass to plastic syringes centers around the potential for leachable materials from plastics. 
     With plasma coating technology, the coatings or layers derived from non-metal gaseous precursors, for example HMDSO or OMCTS or other organosilicon compounds, will contain no trace metals and function as a barrier coating or layer to inorganic, metals and organic solutes, preventing leaching of these species from the coated substrate into syringe fluids. In addition to leaching control of plastic syringes, the same plasma passivation layer or pH protective coating technology offers potential to provide a solute barrier to the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal, typically made of elastomeric plastic compositions containing even higher levels of leachable organic oligomers and catalysts. 
     Moreover, certain syringes prefilled with synthetic and biological pharmaceutical formulations are very oxygen and moisture sensitive. A critical factor in the conversion from glass to plastic syringe barrels will be the improvement of plastic oxygen and moisture barrier performance. The plasma passivation layer or pH protective coating technology can be suitable to maintain the SiO x  barrier coating or layer or layer for protection against oxygen and moisture over an extended shelf life. 
     Examples of solutes in drugs usefully excluded by a barrier layer in any embodiment include antibacterial preservatives, antioxidants, chelating agents, pH buffers, and combinations of any of these. In any embodiment the vapor-deposited coating or layer optionally can be a solvent barrier coating or layer for a solvent comprising a co-solvent used to increase drug solubilization. 
     In any embodiment the vapor-deposited coating or layer optionally can be a barrier coating or layer for water, glycerin, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, benzyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, cotton seed oil, benzene, dioxane, or combinations of any two or more of these. 
     In any embodiment the vapor-deposited coating or layer optionally can be a metal ion barrier coating or layer. 
     In any embodiment the vapor-deposited coating or layer optionally can be a barrel wall material barrier coating or layer, to prevent or reduce the leaching of barrel material such as any of the base barrel resins mentioned previously and any other ingredients in their respective compositions. 
     The inventors have found, however, that such barrier coatings or layers or coatings of SiO x  are eroded or dissolved by some fluid compositions, for example aqueous compositions having a pH above about 5. Since coatings applied by chemical vapor deposition can be very thin—tens to hundreds of nanometers thick—even a relatively slow rate of erosion can remove or reduce the effectiveness of the barrier coating or layer in less time than the desired shelf life of a product package. This can be particularly a problem for fluid pharmaceutical compositions, since many of them have a pH of roughly 7, or more broadly in the range of 5 to 9, similar to the pH of blood and other human or animal fluids. The higher the pH of the pharmaceutical preparation, the more quickly it erodes or dissolves the SiO x  coating. 
     The inventors have further found that without a protective coating borosilicate glass surfaces are eroded or dissolved by some fluid compositions, for example aqueous compositions having a pH above about 5. This can be particularly a problem for fluid pharmaceutical compositions, since many of them have a pH of roughly 7, or more broadly in the range of 5 to 9, similar to the pH of blood and other human or animal fluids. The higher the pH of the pharmaceutical preparation, the more quickly it erodes or dissolves the glass. Delamination of the glass can also result from such erosion or dissolution, as small particles of glass are undercut by the aqueous compositions having a pH above about 5. 
     The inventors have further found that certain passivation layers or pH protective coatings of SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  formed from cyclic polysiloxane precursors, which passivation layers or pH protective coatings have a substantial organic component, do not erode quickly when exposed to fluid compositions, and in fact erode or dissolve more slowly when the fluid compositions have higher pHs within the range of 5 to 9. For example, at pH 8, the dissolution rate of a passivation layer or pH protective coating made from the precursor octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, or OMCTS, can be quite slow. These passivation layers or pH protective coatings of SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  can therefore be used to cover a barrier coating or layer of SiO x , retaining the benefits of the barrier coating or layer by passivating or protecting it from the fluid composition in the pharmaceutical package. These passivation layers or pH protective coatings of SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  also can be used to cover a glass surface, for example a borosilicate glass surface, preventing delamination, erosion and dissolution of the glass, by passivating or protecting it from the fluid composition in the pharmaceutical package. 
     Although the present invention does not depend upon the accuracy of the following theory, it is believed that the material properties of an effective SiO x C y  passivation layer or pH protective coating and those of an effective lubricity layer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188 and in International Application PCT/US11/36097 are similar in some instances, such that a coating having the characteristics of a lubricity layer as described in certain working examples of this specification, U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188, or International Application PCT/US11/36097 will also in certain cases serve as well as a passivation layer or pH protective coating to passivate or protect the barrier coating or layer of the package and vice versa. 
     Although the present invention does not depend upon the accuracy of the following theory, it is further believed that the most effective lubricity and/or passivation layers or pH protective coatings are those made from cyclic siloxanes and silazanes as described in this disclosure. SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  coatings deposited from linear siloxane or linear silazane precursors, for example hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), are believed to contain fragments of the original precursor to a large degree and low organic content. Such SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  coatings have a degree of water miscibility or swellability, allowing them to be attacked by aqueous solutions. SiO x C y  or SiN x C y  coatings deposited from cyclic siloxane or linear silazane precursors, for example octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), however, are believed to include more intact cyclic siloxane rings and longer series of repeating units of the precursor structure. These coatings are believed to be nanoporous but structured and hydrophobic, and these properties are believed to contribute to their success as passivation layers or pH protective coatings. This is shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,901,783. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention will now be described more fully, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which several embodiments are shown. This invention can, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth here. Rather, these embodiments are examples of the invention, which has the full scope indicated by the language of the claims. Like numbers refer to like or corresponding elements throughout. The following disclosure relates to all embodiments unless specifically limited to a certain embodiment. 
     PECVD Treated Pharmaceutical Packages or Other Vessels 
     A vessel with a passivation layer or pH protective coating as described herein and/or prepared according to a method described herein can be used for reception and/or storage and/or delivery of a compound or composition. The compound or composition can be sensitive, for example air-sensitive, oxygen-sensitive, sensitive to humidity and/or sensitive to mechanical influences. It can be a biologically active compound or composition, for example a pharmaceutical preparation or medicament like insulin or a composition comprising insulin. A prefilled syringe can be especially considered which contains injectable or other liquid drugs like insulin. 
     In another aspect, the compound or composition can be a biological fluid, optionally a bodily fluid, for example blood or a blood fraction. In certain aspects of the present invention, the compound or composition can be a product to be administrated to a subject in need thereof, for example a product to be injected, like blood (as in transfusion of blood from a donor to a recipient or reintroduction of blood from a patient back to the patient) or insulin. 
     A vessel with a passivation layer or pH protective coating as described herein and/or prepared according to a method described herein can further be used for protecting a compound or composition contained in its interior space against mechanical and/or chemical effects of the surface of the vessel material. For example, it can be used for preventing or reducing precipitation and/or clotting or platelet activation of the compound or a component of the composition, for example insulin precipitation or blood clotting or platelet activation. 
     It can further be used for protecting a compound or composition contained in its interior against the environment outside of the pharmaceutical package or other vessel, for example by preventing or reducing the entry of one or more compounds from the environment surrounding the vessel into the interior space of the vessel. Such environmental compound can be a gas or liquid, for example an atmospheric gas or liquid containing oxygen, air, and/or water vapor. 
     Referring to the Figures, an aspect of the invention can be a method in which a barrier coating or layer  30  and a passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  are applied directly or indirectly applied to at least a portion of the interior wall  16  of a vessel, such as any of the pharmaceutical packages  210  of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , a sample collection tube, for example a blood collection tube and/or a closed-ended sample collection tube; a conduit; a cuvette; or a vessel part, for example a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal for contact with and/or storage and/or delivery of a compound or composition. 
     Vessel Wall Construction 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , at least a portion of the internal wall  16  of the pharmaceutical package  210  comprises or consists essentially of a polymer, for example a polyolefin (for example a cyclic olefin polymer, a cyclic olefin copolymer, or polypropylene), a polyester, for example polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate, a polycarbonate, polylactic acid, or any combination, composite or blend of any two or more of the above materials. 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , at least a portion of the internal wall  16  of the pharmaceutical package  210  comprises or consists essentially of glass, for example borosilicate glass. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the polymeric material can be a silicone elastomer or a thermoplastic polyurethane, as two examples, or any material suitable for contact with blood, or with insulin. For example, the use of a coated substrate according to any described embodiment is contemplated for storing insulin. 
     Optionally, as for the embodiments of  FIG.  7   , the pharmaceutical package  210  comprises a syringe barrel. 
     Optionally, the pharmaceutical package comprises a cartridge. 
     Optionally, as for the embodiments of  FIG.  8   , the pharmaceutical package  210  comprises a vial. 
     Optionally, the pharmaceutical package  210  comprises a blister package. 
     Optionally, the pharmaceutical package comprises an ampoule. 
     Alternatively, the vessel can be a length of tubing from about 1 cm to about 200 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 150 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 120 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 100 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 80 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 60 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 40 cm, optionally from about 1 cm to about 30 cm long, and processing it with a probe electrode as described below. Particularly for the longer lengths in the above ranges, it is contemplated that relative motion between the PECVD or other chemical vapor deposition probe and the vessel can be useful during passivation layer or pH protective coating formation. This can be done, for example, by moving the vessel with respect to the probe or moving the probe with respect to the vessel. 
     In these embodiments, it is contemplated that the barrier coating or layer discussed below can be thinner or less complete than would be preferred to provide the high gas barrier integrity needed in an evacuated blood collection tube, and thus the long shelf life needed to store a liquid material in contact with the barrier coating or layer for an extended period. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel can have a central axis. As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel wall can be sufficiently flexible to be flexed at least once at 20° C., without breaking the wall, over a range from at least substantially straight to a bending radius at the central axis of not more than 100 times as great as the outer diameter of the vessel. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the bending radius at the central axis can be, for example, not more than 90 times as great as, or not more than 80 times as great as, or not more than 70 times as great as, or not more than 60 times as great as, or not more than 50 times as great as, or not more than 40 times as great as, or not more than 30 times as great as, or not more than 20 times as great as, or not more than 10 times as great as, or not more than 9 times as great as, or not more than 8 times as great as, or not more than 7 times as great as, or not more than 6 times as great as, or not more than 5 times as great as, or not more than 4 times as great as, or not more than 3 times as great as, or not more than 2 times as great as, or not more than, the outer diameter of the vessel. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel wall can be a fluid-contacting surface made of flexible material. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel lumen can be the fluid flow passage of a pump. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel can be a blood containing vessel. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be effective to reduce the clotting or platelet activation of blood exposed to the inner or interior surface, compared to the same type of wall uncoated with a hydrophobic layer. 
     It is contemplated that the incorporation of a hydrophobic layer will reduce the adhesion or clot forming tendency of the blood, as compared to its properties in contact with an unmodified polymeric or SiO x  surface. This property is contemplated to reduce or potentially eliminate the need for treating the blood with heparin, as by reducing the necessary blood concentration of heparin in a patient undergoing surgery of a type requiring blood to be removed from the patient and then returned to the patient, as when using a heart-lung machine during cardiac surgery. It is contemplated that this will reduce the complications of surgery involving the passage of blood through such a pharmaceutical package or other vessel, by reducing the bleeding complications resulting from the use of heparin. 
     Another embodiment can be a vessel including a wall and having an inner or interior surface defining a lumen. The inner or interior surface can have an at least partial passivation layer or pH protective coating that presents a hydrophobic surface, the thickness of the passivation layer or pH protective coating being from monomolecular thickness to about 1000 nm thick on the inner or interior surface, the passivation layer or pH protective coating being effective to reduce the clotting or platelet activation of blood exposed to the inner or interior surface. 
     Several non-limiting examples of such a vessel are a blood transfusion bag, a blood sample collection vessel in which a sample has been collected, the tubing of a heart-lung machine, a flexible-walled blood collection bag, or tubing used to collect a patient&#39;s blood during surgery and reintroduce the blood into the patient&#39;s vasculature. If the vessel includes a pump for pumping blood, a particularly suitable pump can be a centrifugal pump or a peristaltic pump. The vessel can have a wall; the wall can have an inner or interior surface defining a lumen. The inner or interior surface of the wall can have an at least partial passivation layer or pH protective coating of a protective layer, which optionally also presents a hydrophobic surface. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can be as thin as monomolecular thickness or as thick as about 1000 nm. Optionally, the vessel can contain blood viable for return to the vascular system of a patient disposed within the lumen in contact with the hydrophobic layer. 
     An embodiment can be a blood containing vessel including a wall and having an inner or interior surface defining a lumen. The inner or interior surface can have an at least partial passivation layer or pH protective coating that optionally also presents a hydrophobic surface. The passivation layer or pH protective coating can also comprise or consist essentially of SiO x C y  where x and y are as defined in this specification. The vessel contains blood viable for return to the vascular system of a patient disposed within the lumen in contact with the hydrophobic coating or layer. 
     An embodiment can be carried out under conditions effective to form a hydrophobic passivation layer or pH protective coating on the substrate. Optionally, the hydrophobic characteristics of the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be set by setting the ratio of the oxidizing gas to the organosilicon precursor in the gaseous reactant, and/or by setting the electric power used for generating the plasma. Optionally, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can have a lower wetting tension than the uncoated surface, optionally a wetting tension of from 20 to 72 dyne/cm, optionally from 30 to 60 dynes/cm, optionally from 30 to 40 dynes/cm, optionally 34 dyne/cm. Optionally, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be more hydrophobic than the uncoated surface. 
     In an optional embodiment, the vessel can have an inner diameter of at least 2 mm, or at least 4 mm. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the vessel can be a tube. 
     As an optional feature of any of the foregoing embodiments the lumen can have at least two open ends. 
     Syringe 
     The vessel of  FIGS.  1 - 7    is a syringe, which is a contemplated type of vessel provided with a passivation layer or pH protective coating. The syringe can comprise a syringe barrel  14  and a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal  36 . The internal wall  16  can define at least a portion of the syringe barrel  250 . The plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal  36  can be a relatively sliding part of the syringe, with respect to the syringe barrel  250 . The term “syringe” is broadly defined to include cartridges, injection “pens,” and other types of barrels or reservoirs adapted to be assembled with one or more other components to provide a functional syringe. A “syringe” is also broadly defined to include related articles such as auto-injectors, which provide a mechanism for dispensing the contents. 
     As one non-limiting way to make the syringe, a capped pre-assembly  12  can be provided comprising a barrel  14 , a dispensing portion  20 , and a shield  28 . The capped pre-assembly  12  can be a complete article or it can be a portion of a complete article adapted to dispense fluid, such as a syringe, a cartridge, a catheter, or other article. 
     The barrel  14  can have an internal wall  16  defining a barrel lumen  18 . Optionally in any embodiment, the barrel  14  can further include an opening  32  spaced from the dispensing portion  20  and communicating through the internal wall  16 . Such an opening can be conventional, for example, in a syringe or cartridge, where a typical example can be the back opening  32  of a prefilled syringe barrel, through which the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal  36  can be inserted after the barrel lumen  18  is filled with a suitable pharmaceutical preparation or other fluid material  40  to be dispensed. 
     The barrel  14  can be formed, for example, by molding, although the manner of its formation is not critical and it can also be formed, for example, by machining a solid preform. Preferably, the barrel can be molded by injection molding thermoplastic material, although it can also be formed by blow molding or a combined method. 
     As one preferred example, the barrel  14  can be formed by placing a dispensing portion  20  as described below in an injection mold and injection molding thermoplastic material about the dispensing portion, thus forming the barrel and securing the dispensing portion to the barrel. Alternatively, the dispensing portion and the barrel can be molded or otherwise formed as a single piece, or can be formed separately and joined in other ways. The barrel of any embodiment can be made of any suitable material. Several barrel materials particularly contemplated are COC (cyclic olefin copolymer), COP (cyclic olefin polymer), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), and polypropylene. 
     The dispensing portion  20  of the capped pre-assembly  12  can be provided to serve as an outlet for fluid dispensed from the barrel lumen  18  of a completed article made from the capped pre-assembly  12 . One example of a suitable dispensing portion illustrated in the Figures can be a hypodermic needle  20 . 
     Alternatively, in any embodiment the dispensing portion  20  can instead be a needle-free dispenser. One example of a suitable needle-free dispenser can be a blunt or flexible dispensing portion intended to be received in a complementary coupling to transfer fluid material  40 . Such blunt or flexible dispensing portions are well known for use in syringes, intravenous infusion systems, and other systems and equipment to dispense material while avoiding the hazard of working with a sharp needle that may accidentally stick a health professional or other person. Another example of a needle-free dispenser can be a fluid jet or spray injection system that injects a free jet or spray of fluid directly through a patient&#39;s skin, without the need for an intermediate needle. Any type of dispensing portion  20 , whether a hypodermic needle or any form of needle-free dispenser, is contemplated for use according to any embodiment of the present invention. 
     The dispensing portion  20  is or can be secured to the barrel  14  and includes a proximal opening  22 , a distal opening  24 , and a dispensing portion lumen  26 . The proximal opening  22  communicates with the barrel lumen  18 . The distal opening  24  can be located outside the barrel  14 . The dispensing portion lumen  26  communicates between the proximal and distal openings  22 ,  24  of the dispensing portion  20 . In the illustrated embodiment, the distal opening  24  can be at the sharpened tip of a hypodermic needle  20 . 
     The shield  28  can be secured to the barrel  14  and at least substantially isolates the distal opening  24  of the dispensing portion  20  from pressure conditions outside the shield  28 . Optionally in any embodiment, the shield  28  sufficiently isolates portions of the assembly  12  to provide a sufficient bio-barrier to facilitate safe use of the capped pre-assembly  12  for transdermal injections. 
     The shield  28  can isolate the distal opening  24  in various ways. Effective isolation can be provided at least partially due to contact between the shield  28  and the distal opening  24 , as shown in present  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  4 , and  7   . In the illustrated embodiment, the tip of the dispensing portion  20  can be buried in the material of the shield  28 . Alternatively in any embodiment, effective isolation can be provided at least partially due to contact between the shield  28  and the barrel  14 , as also shown in present  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  4 , and  7   . In the illustrated embodiment, the primary line of contact between the shield  28  and the barrel  14  can be at a rib  42  (best seen in  FIG.  3   ) encircling and seated against a generally cylindrical surface  44  at the nose of the barrel  14 . Alternatively in any embodiment, effective isolation can be provided due to both of these types of contact as illustrated in  FIGS.  2 - 3   , or in other ways, without limitation. 
     The shield  28  of any embodiment optionally can have a latching mechanism, best shown in  FIG.  3   , including a barb  46  and a catch  48  which engage to hold the shield  28  in place. The catch  48  can be made of sufficiently resilient material to allow the shield  28  to be removed and replaced easily. 
     If the dispensing portion  20  is a hypodermic needle, the shield  28  can be a specially formed needle shield. The original use of a needle shield is to cover the hypodermic needle before use, preventing accidental needle sticks and preventing contamination of the needle before it is injected in a patient or an injection port. A comparable shield preferably is used, even if the dispensing portion  20  is a needle-free dispenser, to prevent contamination of the dispenser during handling. 
     The shield  28  can be formed in any suitable way. For example, the shield  28  can be formed by molding thermoplastic material. Optionally in any embodiment, the thermoplastic material can be elastomeric material or other material that can be suitable for forming a seal. One suitable category of elastomeric materials is known generically as thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). An example of a suitable thermoplastic elastomer for making a shield  28  is Stelmi® Formulation 4800 (flexible shield formulation). Any other material having suitable characteristics can instead be used in any embodiment. 
     As another optional feature in any embodiment the shield  28  can be sufficiently permeable to a sterilizing gas to sterilize the portions of the assembly  12  isolated by the shield. One example of a suitable sterilizing gas is ethylene oxide. Shields  28  are available that are sufficiently permeable to the sterilizing gas that parts isolated by the shield can nonetheless be sterilized. An example of a shield formulation sufficiently permeable to accommodate ethylene oxide gas sterilization can be Stelmi® Formulation 4800. 
     Three embodiments of the invention having many common features are those of  FIGS.  7 - 8   . Some of their common features are the following, indicated in many cases by common reference characters or names. The nature of the features of each embodiment can be as described later in the specification. 
     The pharmaceutical packages of  FIGS.  7 - 8    each include a vessel  210 , a fluid composition  40 , an SiO x  barrier coating or layer  30 , and a passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 . Each vessel  210  can have a lumen  18  defined at least in part by a wall interior portion  16  made of thermoplastic material. 
     The internal wall  16  can have an interior surface  254  facing the lumen  18  and an outer surface  216 . 
     The fluid composition  40  can be contained in the lumen  18  and can have a pH between 4 and 10, alternatively between 5 and 9. 
     Barrier Coating or Layer 
     In the filled pharmaceutical package or other vessel  210  the barrier coating or layer  30  can be located between the inner or interior surface of the thermoplastic internal wall  16  and the fluid material  40 . The barrier coating or layer  286  of SiO x  can be supported by the thermoplastic internal wall  16 . The barrier coating or layer  286  can have the characteristic of being subject to being measurably diminished in barrier improvement factor in less than six months as a result of attack by the fluid material  40 . The barrier coating or layer  286  as described elsewhere in this specification, or in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188, can be used in any embodiment. 
     The barrier coating or layer  30  can be effective to reduce the ingress of atmospheric gas into the lumen  18 , compared to an uncoated container otherwise the same as the pharmaceutical package or other vessel  210 . The barrier coating or layer for any embodiment defined in this specification (unless otherwise specified in a particular instance) is optionally applied by PECVD as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188. 
     The barrier improvement factor (BIF) of the barrier coating or layer can be determined by providing two groups of identical containers, adding a barrier coating or layer to one group of containers, testing a barrier property (such as the rate of outgassing in micrograms per minute or another suitable measure) on containers having a barrier coating or layer, doing the same test on containers lacking a barrier coating or layer, and taking a ratio of the properties of the materials with versus without a barrier coating or layer. For example, if the rate of outgassing through the barrier coating or layer is one-third the rate of outgassing without a barrier coating or layer, the barrier coating or layer has a BIF of 3. 
     The barrier coating or layer optionally can be characterized as an “SiO x ” coating, and contains silicon, oxygen, and optionally other elements, in which x, the ratio of oxygen to silicon atoms, can be from about 1.5 to about 2.9, or 1.5 to about 2.6, or about 2. These alternative definitions of x apply to any use of the term SiO x  in this specification. The barrier coating or layer can be applied, for example to the interior of a pharmaceutical package or other vessel, for example a sample collection tube, a syringe barrel, a vial, or another type of vessel. 
     The barrier coating or layer  30  comprises or consists essentially of SiO x , from 2 to 1000 nm thick, the barrier coating or layer  30  of SiO x  having an interior surface facing the lumen  18  and an outer surface facing the internal wall  16 . The barrier coating or layer  30  can be effective to reduce the ingress of atmospheric gas into the lumen  18  compared to an uncoated pharmaceutical package  210 . One suitable barrier composition can be one where x is 2.3, for example. 
     For example, the barrier coating or layer such as  30  of any embodiment can be applied at a thickness of at least 2 nm, or at least 4 nm, or at least 7 nm, or at least 10 nm, or at least 20 nm, or at least 30 nm, or at least 40 nm, or at least 50 nm, or at least 100 nm, or at least 150 nm, or at least 200 nm, or at least 300 nm, or at least 400 nm, or at least 500 nm, or at least 600 nm, or at least 700 nm, or at least 800 nm, or at least 900 nm. The barrier coating or layer can be up to 1000 nm, or at most 900 nm, or at most 800 nm, or at most 700 nm, or at most 600 nm, or at most 500 nm, or at most 400 nm, or at most 300 nm, or at most 200 nm, or at most 100 nm, or at most 90 nm, or at most 80 nm, or at most 70 nm, or at most 60 nm, or at most 50 nm, or at most 40 nm, or at most 30 nm, or at most 20 nm, or at most 10 nm, or at most 5 nm thick. Specific thickness ranges composed of any one of the minimum thicknesses expressed above, plus any equal or greater one of the maximum thicknesses expressed above, are expressly contemplated. The thickness of the SiO x  or other barrier coating or layer can be measured, for example, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its composition can be measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The passivation layer or pH protective coating described herein can be applied to a variety of pharmaceutical packages or other vessels made from plastic or glass, for example to plastic tubes, vials, and syringes. 
     Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     A passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  of SiO x C y  can be applied, for example, by PECVD directly or indirectly to the barrier coating or layer  30  so it can be located between the barrier coating or layer  30  and the fluid material  40  in the finished article. The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can have an interior surface facing the lumen  18  and an outer surface facing the interior surface of the barrier coating or layer  30 . The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can be supported by the thermoplastic internal wall  16 . The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can be effective to keep the barrier coating or layer  30  at least substantially undissolved as a result of attack by the fluid material  40  for a period of at least six months, in one non-limiting embodiment. 
     Optionally, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be composed of Si w O x C y H z  (or its equivalent SiO x C y ) or Si w N x C y H z  or its equivalent SiN x C y ), each as defined in this specification. Taking into account the H atoms, the passivation layer or pH protective coating may thus in one aspect have the formula Si w O x C y H z , or its equivalent SiO x C y , for example where w is 1, x is from about 0.5 to about 2.4, y is from about 0.6 to about 3, and z (if defined) is from about 2 to about 9. 
     The atomic ratio can be determined by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). XPS does not detect hydrogen atoms, so it is customary, when determining the atomic ratio by XPS, to omit hydrogen from the stated formulation. The formulation thus can be typically expressed as Si w O x C y , where w is 1, x is from about 0.5 to about 2.4, and y is from about 0.6 to about 3, with no limitation on z. 
     The atomic ratios of Si, O, and C in the “lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating” can be, as several options: 
     Si 100: O 50-150: C 90-200 (i.e. w=1, x=0.5 to 1.5, y=0.9 to 2); 
     Si 100: O 70-130: C 90-200 (i.e. w=1, x=0.7 to 1.3, y=0.9 to 2) 
     Si 100: O 80-120: C 90-150 (i.e. w=1, x=0.8 to 1.2, y=0.9 to 1.5) 
     Si 100: O 90-120: C 90-140 (i.e. w=1, x=0.9 to 1.2, y=0.9 to 1.4), or 
     Si 100: O 92-107: C 116-133 (i.e. w=1, x=0.92 to 1.07, y=1.16 to 1.33) 
     Typically, such a coating or layer would contain 36% to 41% carbon normalized to 100% carbon plus oxygen plus silicon. Alternatively, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can have atomic concentrations normalized to 100% carbon, oxygen, and silicon, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of less than 50% carbon and more than 25% silicon. Alternatively, the atomic concentrations can be from 25 to 45% carbon, 25 to 65% silicon, and 10 to 35% oxygen. Alternatively, the atomic concentrations can be from 30 to 40% carbon, 32 to 52% silicon, and 20 to 27% oxygen. Alternatively, the atomic concentrations can be from 33 to 37% carbon, 37 to 47% silicon, and 22 to 26% oxygen. 
     Optionally, the atomic concentration of carbon in the protective layer, normalized to 100% of carbon, oxygen, and silicon, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), can be greater than the atomic concentration of carbon in the atomic formula for the organosilicon precursor. For example, embodiments are contemplated in which the atomic concentration of carbon increases by from 1 to 80 atomic percent, alternatively from 10 to 70 atomic percent, alternatively from 20 to 60 atomic percent, alternatively from 30 to 50 atomic percent, alternatively from 35 to 45 atomic percent, alternatively from 37 to 41 atomic percent. 
     Optionally, the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be increased in comparison to the organosilicon precursor, and/or the atomic ratio of oxygen to silicon can be decreased in comparison to the organosilicon precursor. 
     Optionally, the passivation layer or pH protective coating can have an atomic concentration of silicon, normalized to 100% of carbon, oxygen, and silicon, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), less than the atomic concentration of silicon in the atomic formula for the feed gas. For example, embodiments are contemplated in which the atomic concentration of silicon decreases by from 1 to 80 atomic percent, alternatively by from 10 to 70 atomic percent, alternatively by from 20 to 60 atomic percent, alternatively by from 30 to 55 atomic percent, alternatively by from 40 to 50 atomic percent, alternatively by from 42 to 46 atomic percent. 
     As another option, a passivation layer or pH protective coating is contemplated that can be characterized by a sum formula wherein the atomic ratio C:O can be increased and/or the atomic ratio Si:O can be decreased in comparison to the sum formula of the organosilicon precursor. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating can have a density between 1.25 and 1.65 g/cm 3 , alternatively between 1.35 and 1.55 g/cm 3 , alternatively between 1.4 and 1.5 g/cm 3 , alternatively between 1.4 and 1.5 g/cm 3 , alternatively between 1.44 and 1.48 g/cm 3 , as determined by X-ray reflectivity (XRR). Optionally, the organosilicon compound can be octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and the passivation layer or pH protective coating can have a density which can be higher than the density of a passivation layer or pH protective coating made from HMDSO as the organosilicon compound under the same PECVD reaction conditions. 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating optionally can have an RMS surface roughness value (measured by AFM) of from about 2 to about 9, optionally from about 6 to about 8, optionally from about 6.4 to about 7.8. The R a  surface roughness value of the passivation layer or pH protective coating, measured by AFM, can be from about 4 to about 6, optionally from about 4.6 to about 5.8. The R max  surface roughness value of the passivation layer or pH protective coating, measured by AFM, can be from about 70 to about 160, optionally from about 84 to about 142, optionally from about 90 to about 130. 
     The rate of erosion, dissolution, or leaching (different names for related concepts) of the construction including a passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 , if directly contacted by the fluid material  40 , can be less than the rate of erosion, dissolution, or leaching of the barrier coating or layer  30 , if directly contacted by the fluid material  40 . 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can be effective to isolate or protect the barrier coating or layer  30  from the fluid material  40  at least for sufficient time to allow the barrier coating or layer to act as a barrier during the shelf life of the pharmaceutical package or other vessel  210 . 
     Optionally an FTIR absorbance spectrum of the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  of any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    can have a ratio greater than 0.75 between the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si symmetrical stretch peak normally located between about 1000 and 1040 cm −1 , and the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si asymmetric stretch peak normally located between about 1060 and about 1100 cm −1 . Alternatively in any embodiment, this ratio can be at least 0.8, or at least 0.9, or at least 1.0, or at least 1.1, or at least 1.2. Alternatively in any embodiment, this ratio can be at most 1.7, or at most 1.6, or at most 1.5, or at most 1.4, or at most 1.3. Any minimum ratio stated here can be combined with any maximum ratio stated here, as an alternative embodiment of the invention of  FIGS.  7 - 8   . 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the passivation layer or pH protective coating, in the absence of the medicament, can have a non-oily appearance. This appearance has been observed in some instances to distinguish an effective passivation layer or pH protective coating from a lubricity layer, which in some instances has been observed to have an oily (i.e. shiny) appearance. 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the silicon dissolution rate by a 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer diluted in water for injection, adjusted to pH 8 with concentrated nitric acid, and containing 0.2 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, (measured in the absence of the medicament, to avoid changing the dissolution reagent), at 40° C., can be less than 170 ppb/day. (Polysorbate-80 is a common ingredient of pharmaceutical preparations, available for example as Tween®-80 from Uniqema Americas LLC, Wilmington Del.) As will be seen from the working examples, the silicon dissolution rate can be measured by determining the total silicon leached from the vessel into its contents, and does not distinguish between the silicon derived from the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 , the lubricity layer  287 , the barrier coating or layer  30 , or other materials present. 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the silicon dissolution rate can be less than 160 ppb/day, or less than 140 ppb/day, or less than 120 ppb/day, or less than 100 ppb/day, or less than 90 ppb/day, or less than 80 ppb/day. Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the silicon dissolution rate can be more than 10 ppb/day, or more than 20 ppb/day, or more than 30 ppb/day, or more than 40 ppb/day, or more than 50 ppb/day, or more than 60 ppb/day. Any minimum rate stated here can be combined with any maximum rate stated here, as an alternative embodiment of the invention of  FIGS.  7 - 8   . 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the total silicon content of the passivation layer or pH protective coating and barrier coating or layer, upon dissolution into a test composition with a pH of 8 from the vessel, can be less than 66 ppm, or less than 60 ppm, or less than 50 ppm, or less than 40 ppm, or less than 30 ppm, or less than 20 ppm. 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the calculated shelf life of the package (total Si/Si dissolution rate) can be more than six months, or more than 1 year, or more than 18 months, or more than 2 years, or more than 2½ years, or more than 3 years, or more than 4 years, or more than 5 years, or more than 10 years, or more than 20 years. Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the calculated shelf life of the package (total Si/Si dissolution rate) can be less than 60 years. 
     Any minimum time stated here can be combined with any maximum time stated here, as an alternative embodiment of the invention of  FIGS.  7 - 8   . 
     O-Parameter or P-Parameters of Passivation Coating or Protective Layer 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  optionally can have an O-Parameter measured with attenuated total reflection (ATR) of less than 0.4, measured as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               O 
               - 
               Parameter 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   Intensity 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   at 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                        
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1253 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     cm 
                     
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Maximum 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   intensity 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                        
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   in 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   the 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   range 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   1000 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   to 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                        
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1100 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     cm 
                     
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     The O-Parameter is defined in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070, which claims an O-parameter value of most broadly from 0.4 to 0.9. It can be measured from physical analysis of an FTIR amplitude versus wave number plot to find the numerator and denominator of the above expression, as shown in  FIG.  24   , which is the same as FIG. 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070, except annotated to show interpolation of the wave number and absorbance scales to arrive at an absorbance at 1253 cm −1  of 0.0424 and a maximum absorbance at 1000 to 1100 cm −1  of 0.08, resulting in a calculated O-parameter of 0.53. The O-Parameter can also be measured from digital wave number versus absorbance data. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070 asserts that its claimed O-parameter range provides a superior passivation layer or pH protective coating, relying on experiments only with HMDSO and HMDSN, which are both non-cyclic siloxanes. Surprisingly, it has been found by the present inventors that if the PECVD precursor is a cyclic siloxane, for example OMCTS, O-parameters outside the ranges claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070, using OMCTS, can provide better results than are obtained in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070 with HMDSO. 
     Alternatively in the embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , the O-parameter can have a value of from 0.1 to 0.39, or from 0.15 to 0.37, or from 0.17 to 0.35. 
     Even another aspect of the invention can be a composite material as just described, exemplified in  FIGS.  7 - 8   , wherein the passivation layer or pH protective coating shows an N-Parameter measured with attenuated total reflection (ATR) of less than 0.7, measured as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               N 
               - 
               Parameter 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   Intensity 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   at 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                        
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   840 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     cm 
                     
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Intensity 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   at 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                        
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   799 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     cm 
                     
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     The N-Parameter is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070, and can be measured analogously to the O-Parameter except that intensities at two specific wave numbers are used—neither of these wave numbers is a range. U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070 claims a passivation layer or pH protective coating with an N-Parameter of 0.7 to 1.6. Again, the present inventors have made better coatings employing a passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  having an N-Parameter lower than 0.7, as described above. Alternatively, the N-parameter can have a value of 0.3 to lower than 0.7, or from 0.4 to 0.6, or from at least 0.53 to lower than 0.7. 
     Theory of Operation 
     The inventors offer the following theory of operation of the passivation layer or pH protective coating described here. The invention is not limited by the accuracy of this theory or to the embodiments predictable by use of this theory. 
     The dissolution rate of the SiO x  barrier coating or layer, or of glass, is believed to be dependent on SiO x  bonding within the layer or glass. Oxygen bonding sites (silanols) are believed to increase the dissolution rate. 
     It is believed that the OMCTS-based passivation layer or pH protective coating bonds with the silanol sites on the SiO x  barrier coating or layer, or glass, to “heal” or passivate the SiO x  surface or glass and thus dramatically reduce the dissolution rate. In this hypothesis, the thickness of the OMCTS layer is not the primary means of protection—the primary means can be passivation of the SiO x  or glass surface. It is contemplated that a passivation layer or pH protective coating as described in this specification can be improved by increasing the crosslink density of the passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     Optional Graded Composite Layers 
     The passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  and lubricity layers of any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    can be either separate layers with a sharp transition or a single, graduated layer that transitions between the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  and the lubricity layer, without a sharp interface between them. Another optional expedient contemplated here, for adjacent layers of SiO x  and a passivation layer or pH protective coating, can be a graded composite of SiO x  and Si w O x C y , or its equivalent SiO x C y , as defined in the Definition Section. 
     A graded composite can be separate layers of a lubricity and/or protective and/or barrier coating or layer or coating with a transition or interface of intermediate composition between them, or separate layers of a lubricity and/or protective and/or hydrophobic layer and SiO x  with an intermediate distinct passivation layer or pH protective coating of intermediate composition between them, or a single coating or layer that changes continuously or in steps from a composition of a lubricity and/or protective and/or hydrophobic layer to a composition more like SiO x , going through the passivation layer or pH protective coating in a normal direction. 
     The grade in the graded composite can go in either direction. For example, the composition of SiO x  can be applied directly to the substrate and graduate to a composition further from the surface of a passivation layer or pH protective coating, and optionally can further graduate to another type of coating or layer, such as a hydrophobic coating or layer or a lubricity coating or layer. Additionally, in any embodiment an adhesion coating or layer, for example Si w O x C y , or its equivalent SiO x C y , optionally can be applied directly to the substrate before applying the barrier coating or layer. 
     A graduated passivation layer or pH protective coating is particularly contemplated if a layer of one composition is better for adhering to the substrate than another, in which case the better-adhering composition can, for example, be applied directly to the substrate. It is contemplated that the more distant portions of the graded passivation layer or pH protective coating can be less compatible with the substrate than the adjacent portions of the graded passivation layer or pH protective coating, since at any point the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be changing gradually in properties, so adjacent portions at nearly the same depth of the passivation layer or pH protective coating have nearly identical composition, and more widely physically separated portions at substantially different depths can have more diverse properties. It is also contemplated that a passivation layer or pH protective coating portion that forms a better barrier against transfer of material to or from the substrate can be directly against the substrate, to prevent the more remote passivation layer or pH protective coating portion that forms a poorer barrier from being contaminated with the material intended to be barred or impeded by the barrier. 
     The applied coatings or layers, instead of being graded, optionally can have sharp transitions between one layer and the next, without a substantial gradient of composition. Such passivation layer or pH protective coating can be made, for example, by providing the gases to produce a layer as a steady state flow in a non-plasma state, then energizing the system with a brief plasma discharge to form a coating or layer on the substrate. If a subsequent passivation layer or pH protective coating is to be applied, the gases for the previous passivation layer or pH protective coating are cleared out and the gases for the next passivation layer or pH protective coating are applied in a steady-state fashion before energizing the plasma and again forming a distinct layer on the surface of the substrate or its outermost previous passivation layer or pH protective coating, with little if any gradual transition at the interface. 
     PECVD Apparatus 
     The low-pressure PECVD process described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188 can be used to provide the barrier coating or layer, lubricity coating or layer, and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating described in this specification. A brief synopsis of that process follows, with reference to present  FIGS.  4 - 6   . 
     A PECVD apparatus or coating station  60  suitable for the present purpose includes a vessel holder  50 , an inner electrode defined by the probe  108 , an outer electrode  160 , and a power supply  162 . The pre-assembly  12  seated on the vessel holder  50  defines a plasma reaction chamber, which optionally can be a vacuum chamber. Optionally, a source of vacuum  98 , a reactant gas source  144 , a gas feed (probe  108 ) or a combination of two or more of these can be supplied. 
     The PECVD apparatus can be used for atmospheric-pressure PECVD, in which case the plasma reaction chamber defined by the pre-assembly  12  does not need to function as a vacuum chamber. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4 - 6   , the vessel holder  50  comprises a gas inlet port  104  for conveying a gas into the pre-assembly  12  seated on the opening  82 . The gas inlet port  104  can have a sliding seal provided for example by at least one O-ring  106 , or two 0-rings in series, or three O-rings in series, which can seat against a cylindrical probe  108  when the probe  108  is inserted through the gas inlet port  104 . The probe  108  can be a gas inlet conduit that extends to a gas delivery port at its distal end  110 . The distal end  110  of the illustrated embodiment can be inserted at an appropriate depth in the pre-assembly  12  for providing one or more PECVD reactants and other precursor feed or process gases. 
       FIG.  6    shows additional optional details of the coating station  60  that are usable, for example, with all the illustrated embodiments. The coating station  60  can also have a main vacuum valve  574  in its vacuum line  576  leading to the pressure sensor  152 . A manual bypass valve  578  can be provided in the bypass line  580 . A vent valve  582  controls flow at the vent  404 . 
     Flow out of the PECVD gas or precursor source  144  can be controlled by a main reactant gas valve  584  regulating flow through the main reactant feed line  586 . One component of the gas source  144  can be the organosilicon liquid reservoir  588 , containing the precursor. The contents of the reservoir  588  can be drawn through the organosilicon capillary line  590 , which optionally can be provided at a suitable length to provide the desired flow rate. Flow of organosilicon vapor can be controlled by the organosilicon shut-off valve  592 . Pressure can be applied to the headspace  614  of the liquid reservoir  588 , for example a pressure in the range of 0-15 psi (0 to 78 cm. Hg), from a pressure source  616  such as pressurized air connected to the headspace  614  by a pressure line  618  to establish repeatable organosilicon liquid delivery that is not dependent on atmospheric pressure (and the fluctuations therein). The reservoir  588  can be sealed and the capillary connection  620  can be at the bottom of the reservoir  588  to ensure that only neat organosilicon liquid (not the pressurized gas from the headspace  614 ) flows through the capillary tube  590 . The organosilicon liquid optionally can be heated above ambient temperature, if necessary or desirable to cause the organosilicon liquid to evaporate, forming an organosilicon vapor. To accomplish this heating, the apparatus can advantageously include heated delivery lines from the exit of the precursor reservoir to as close as possible to the gas inlet into the syringe. Preheating can be useful, for example, when feeding OMCTS. 
     Oxidant gas can be provided from the oxidant gas tank  594  via an oxidant gas feed line  596  controlled by a mass flow controller  598  and provided with an oxidant shut-off valve  600 . 
     Optionally in any embodiment, other precursor, oxidant, and/or carrier gas reservoirs such as  602  can be provided to supply additional materials if needed for a particular deposition process. Each such reservoir such as  602  can have an appropriate feed line  604  and shut-off valve  606 . 
     Referring especially to  FIG.  4   , the processing station  60  can include an electrode  160  fed by a radio frequency power supply  162  for providing an electric field for generating plasma within the pre-assembly  12  during processing. In this embodiment, the probe  108  can be electrically conductive and can be grounded, thus providing a counter-electrode within the pre-assembly  12 . Alternatively, in any embodiment the outer electrode  160  can be grounded and the probe  108  can be directly connected to the power supply  162 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS.  4 - 6   , the outer electrode  160  can either be generally cylindrical as illustrated in  FIGS.  4  and  5    or a generally U-shaped elongated channel as illustrated in  FIG.  6    ( FIG.  5    being an alternative embodiment of the section taken along section line A-A of  FIG.  4   ). Each illustrated embodiment can have one or more sidewalls, such as  164  and  166 , and optionally a top end  168 , disposed about the pre-assembly  12  in close proximity. 
     Application of Barrier Coating or Layer 
     When carrying out the present method, a barrier coating or layer  30  can be applied directly or indirectly to at least a portion of the internal wall  16  of the barrel  14 . In the illustrated embodiment, the barrier coating or layer  30  can be applied while the pre-assembly  12  is capped, though this is not a requirement. The barrier coating or layer  30  can be an SiO x  barrier coating or layer applied by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), under conditions substantially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188. The barrier coating or layer  30  can be applied under conditions effective to maintain communication between the barrel lumen  18  and the dispensing portion lumen  26  via the proximal opening  22  at the end of the applying step. 
     In any embodiment the barrier coating or layer  30  optionally can be applied through the opening  32 . 
     In any embodiment the barrier coating or layer  30  optionally can be applied by introducing a vapor-phase precursor material through the opening and employing chemical vapor deposition to deposit a reaction product of the precursor material on the internal wall of the barrel. 
     In any embodiment the precursor material for forming the barrier coating optionally can be any of the precursors described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188 or in this specification for formation of the passivating layer or pH protective coating. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can comprise an oxidant gas. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can comprise oxygen. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can comprise a carrier gas. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can include helium, argon, krypton, xenon, neon, or a combination of two or more of these. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can include argon. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can be a precursor material mixture with one or more oxidant gases and a carrier gas in a partial vacuum through the opening and employing chemical vapor deposition to deposit a reaction product of the precursor material mixture on the internal wall of the barrel. 
     In any embodiment the reactant vapor material optionally can be passed through the opening at sub-atmospheric pressure. 
     In any embodiment plasma optionally can be generated in the barrel lumen  18  by placing an inner electrode into the barrel lumen  18  through the opening  32 , placing an outer electrode outside the barrel  14  and using the electrodes to apply plasma-inducing electromagnetic energy which optionally can be radio frequency energy, in the barrel lumen  18 . If a different arrangement is used, the plasma-inducing electromagnetic energy can be microwave energy or other forms of electromagnetic energy. 
     In any embodiment the electromagnetic energy optionally can be direct current. 
     In any embodiment the electromagnetic energy optionally can be alternating current. The alternating current optionally can be modulated at frequencies including audio, or microwave, or radio, or a combination of two or more of audio, microwave, or radio. 
     In any embodiment the electromagnetic energy optionally can be applied across the barrel lumen ( 18 ). 
     Application of Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     In any embodiment, in addition to applying a first coating or layer as described above, the method optionally can include applying second or further coating or layer of the same material or a different material. As one example useful in any embodiment, particularly contemplated if the first coating or layer is an SiO x  barrier coating or layer, a further coating or layer can be placed directly or indirectly over the barrier coating or layer. One example of such a further coating or layer useful in any embodiment is a passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 . 
     Precursors 
     The organosilicon precursor for any of the processes for forming the barrier coating or layer, the passivation layer or pH protective coating, or a lubricity coating or layer can include any of the following precursors. 
     The precursor for the passivation layer or pH protective coating of the present invention is broadly defined as an organometallic precursor. An organometallic precursor is defined in this specification as comprehending compounds of metal elements from Group III and/or Group IV of the Periodic Table having organic residues, for example hydrocarbon, aminocarbon or oxycarbon residues. Organometallic compounds as presently defined include any precursor having organic moieties bonded to silicon or other Group III/IV metal atoms directly, or optionally bonded through oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The relevant elements of Group III of the Periodic Table are Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, Scandium, Yttrium, and Lanthanum, Aluminum and Boron being preferred. The relevant elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table are Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium, with Silicon and Tin being preferred. Other volatile organic compounds can also be contemplated. However, organosilicon compounds are preferred for performing present invention. 
     An organosilicon precursor is contemplated, where an “organosilicon precursor” is defined throughout this specification most broadly as a compound having at least one of the linkages: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The first structure immediately above is a tetravalent silicon atom connected to an oxygen atom and an organic carbon atom (an organic carbon atom being a carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom). The second structure immediately above is a tetravalent silicon atom connected to an —NH— linkage and an organic carbon atom (an organic carbon atom being a carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom). 
     Optionally, the organosilicon precursor can be selected from the group consisting of a linear siloxane, a monocyclic siloxane, a polycyclic siloxane, a polysilsesquioxane, a linear silazane, a monocyclic silazane, a polycyclic silazane, a polysilsesquiazane, and a combination of any two or more of these precursors. Also contemplated as a precursor, though not within the two formulas immediately above, can be an alkyl trimethoxysilane. 
     If an oxygen-containing precursor (for example a Siloxane) is used, a representative predicted empirical composition resulting from PECVD under conditions forming a hydrophobic or lubricating passivation layer or pH protective coating would be Si w O x C y H z  or its equivalent SiO x C y  as defined in the Definition Section, while a representative predicted empirical composition resulting from PECVD under conditions forming a barrier coating or layer would be SiO x , where x in this formula is from about 1.5 to about 2.9. If a nitrogen-containing precursor (for example a silazane) is used, the predicted composition would be Si w* N x* C y* H z* , i.e. in Si w O x C y H z  or its equivalent SiO x C y  as specified in the Definition Section, O is replaced by N and the indices for H are adapted to the higher valency of N as compared to O (3 instead of 2). The latter adaptation will generally follow the ratio of w, x, y and z in a Siloxane to the corresponding indices in its aza counterpart. In a particular aspect of the invention, Si w* N x* C y* H z*  (or its equivalent SiN x* C y* ) in which w*, x*, y*, and z* are defined the same as w, x, y, and z for the siloxane counterparts, but for an optional deviation in the number of hydrogen atoms. 
     One type of precursor starting material having the above empirical formula can be a linear siloxane, for example a material having the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each R can be independently selected from alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, vinyl, alkyne, or others, and n can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or greater, optionally two or greater. Several examples of contemplated linear siloxanes are
 
hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) (particularly for forming the barrier coating or layer  30  of a vessel),
 
octamethyltrisiloxane,
 
decamethyltetrasiloxane,
 
dodecamethylpentasiloxane,
 
or combinations of two or more of these. The analogous silazanes in which —NH— can be substituted for the oxygen atom in the above structure are also useful for making analogous passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers. Several examples of contemplated linear silazanes are octamethyltrisilazane, decamethyltetrasilazane, or combinations of two or more of these.
 
     Another type of precursor starting material, among the preferred starting materials in the present context, can be a monocyclic siloxane, for example a material having the following structural formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which R can be defined as for the linear structure and “a” can be from 3 to about 10, or the analogous monocyclic silazanes. Several examples of contemplated hetero-substituted and unsubstituted monocyclic siloxanes and silazanes include:
 
1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-tris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyl]cyclotrisiloxane
 
2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane,
 
pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,
 
pentavinylpentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,
 
hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane,
 
hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane (HMCTS,
 
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS),
 
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS),
 
2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-octamethyl-1,5-dimethano-3,7-dioxa-2,4,6,8-tetrasiloxane
 
octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,
 
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
 
dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane,
 
methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropl)cyclosiloxane,
 
Cyclic organosilazanes are also contemplated, such as
 
     Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, 
     1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,
 
octamethylcyclotetrasilazane,
 
decamethylcyclopentasilazane,
 
dodecamethylcyclohexasilazane, or
 
combinations of any two or more of these.
 
     Another type of precursor starting material, among the preferred starting materials in the present context, can be a polycyclic siloxane, for example a material having one of the following structural formulas: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which Y can be oxygen or nitrogen, E is silicon, and Z is a hydrogen atom or an organic substituent, for example alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, vinyl, alkyne, or others. When each Y is oxygen, the respective structures, from left to right, are a Silatrane, a Silquasilatrane, and a Silproatrane. When Y is nitrogen, the respective structures are an azasilatrane, an azasilquasiatrane, and an azasilproatrane. 
     Another type of polycyclic siloxane precursor starting material, among the preferred starting materials in the present context, can be a polysilsesquioxane, with the empirical formula RSiO 1.5  and the structural formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each R is a hydrogen atom or an organic substituent, for example alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, vinyl, alkyne, or others. Two commercial materials of this sort are SST-eM01 poly(methylsilsesquioxane), in which each R can be methyl, and SST-3MH1.1 poly(Methyl-Hydridosilsesquioxane), in which 90% of the R groups are methyl, 10% are hydrogen atoms. This material is available in a 10% solution in tetrahydrofuran, for example. Combinations of two or more of these are also contemplated. Other examples of a contemplated precursor are methylsilatrane, CAS No. 2288-13-3, in which each Y is oxygen and Z is methyl, methylazasilatrane, poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (for example SST-eM01 poly(methylsilsesquioxane)), in which each R optionally can be methyl, SST-3MH1.1 poly(Methyl-Hydridosilsesquioxane) (for example SST-3MH1.1 poly(Methyl-Hydridosilsesquioxane)), in which 90% of the R groups are methyl and 10% are hydrogen atoms, or a combination of any two or more of these. 
     The analogous polysilsesquiazanes in which —NH— can be substituted for the oxygen atom in the above structure are also useful for making analogous passivation layer or pH protective coating. Examples of contemplated polysilsesquiazanes are a poly(methylsilsesquiazane), in which each R can be methyl, and a poly(Methyl-Hydridosilsesquiazane, in which 90% of the R groups are methyl, 10% are hydrogen atoms. Combinations of two or more of these are also contemplated. 
     One particularly contemplated precursor for the barrier coating or layer according to the present invention can be a linear siloxane, for example hexamethyldisiloxane or HMDSO. One particularly contemplated precursor for the lubricity coating or layer and the passivation layer or pH protective coating according to the present invention can be a cyclic siloxane, for example octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS). 
     It is believed that the OMCTS or other cyclic siloxane molecule provides several advantages over other siloxane materials. First, its ring structure is believed to result in a less dense passivation layer or pH protective coating (as compared to passivation layer or pH protective coating prepared from HMDSO). The molecule also is believed to allow selective ionization so that the final structure and chemical composition of the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be directly controlled through the application of the plasma power. Other organosilicon molecules are readily ionized (fractured) so that it can be more difficult to retain the original structure of the molecule. 
     In any of the PECVD methods according to the present invention, the applying step optionally can be carried out by vaporizing the precursor and providing it in the vicinity of the substrate. For example, OMCTS can be vaporized by heating it to about 50° C. before applying it to the PECVD apparatus. 
     Cyclic organosilicon precursors, in particular monocyclic organosilicon precursors (like the monocyclic precursors listed elsewhere in present description), and specifically OMCTS, are particularly suitable to achieve a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     The organosilicon precursor can be delivered at a rate of equal to or less than 10 sccm, optionally equal to or less than 6 sccm, optionally equal to or less than 2.5 sccm, optionally equal to or less than 1.5 sccm, optionally equal to or less than 1.25 sccm. Larger pharmaceutical packages or other vessels or other changes in conditions or scale may require more or less of the precursor. 
     Other Components of PECVD Reaction Mixture and Ratios of Components for Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     Generally, for a passivation layer or pH protective coating, O 2  can be present in an amount (which can, for example be expressed by the flow rate in sccm) which can be less than one order of magnitude greater than the organosilicon amount. In contrast, in order to achieve a barrier coating or layer, the amount of 02 typically can be at least one order of magnitude higher than the amount of organosilicon precursor. 
     As some specific examples of suitable proportions of the respective constituents, the volume ratio (in sccm) of organosilicon precursor to O 2  for a passivation layer or pH protective coating can be in the range from 0.1:1 to 10:1, optionally in the range from 0.3:1 to 8:1, optionally in the range from 0.5:1 to 5:1, optionally from 1:1 to 3:1. Some non-exhaustive alternative selections and suitable proportions of the precursor gas, oxygen, and a carrier gas are provided below. 
     The process gas can contain this ratio of gases for preparing a lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating: 
     from 0.5 to 10 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 10 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 80 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes, of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 1 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 3 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.2 to 1 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes, of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.5 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.5 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes, of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.5 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.5 to 1.5 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.8 to 1.2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 2 to 4 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 5 to 100 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.8 to 1.2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     from 1 to 6 standard volumes of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.8 to 1.2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     alternatively this ratio: 
     2 to 4 standard volumes, of the precursor; 
     from 10 to 70 standard volumes of a carrier gas, 
     from 0.8 to 1.2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent. 
     Exemplary reaction conditions for preparing a passivation layer or pH protective coating according to the present invention in a 3 ml sample size syringe with a ⅛″ diameter tube (open at the end) are as follows: 
     Flow rate ranges: 
     OMCTS: 0.5-10 sccm 
     Oxygen: 0.1-10 sccm 
     Argon: 1.0-200 sccm 
     Power: 0.1-500 watts 
     In another contemplated embodiment the proportions of precursor, oxygen, and Argon can be, for example: 
     OMCTS: 0.5-5.0 sccm
 
Oxygen: 0.1-5.0 sccm
 
Argon: 1.0-20 sccm
 
     In yet another contemplated embodiment the proportions of precursor, oxygen, and Argon and the power level can be, for example: 
     Specific Flow rates:
 
OMCTS: 2.0 sccm
 
Oxygen: 0.7 sccm
 
Argon: 7.0 sccm
 
Power: 3.5 watts
 
     The coatings can vary from the above proportions, however. For example, to provide a coating with lubricity which also serves as a passivation layer or pH protection coating, the following proportions of gases can be used:
         from 0.5 to 10 standard volumes, optionally from 1 to 6 standard volumes, optionally from 2 to 4 standard volumes, optionally equal to or less than 6 standard volumes, optionally equal to or less than 2.5 standard volumes, optionally equal to or less than 1.5 standard volumes, optionally equal to or less than 1.25 standard volumes of the precursor, for example OMCTS or one of the other precursors of any embodiment;   from 0 to 100 standard volumes, optionally from 1 to 80 standard volumes, optionally from 5 to 100 standard volumes, optionally from 10 to 70 standard volumes, of a carrier gas of any embodiment;   from 0.1 to 10 standard volumes, optionally from 0.1 to 2 standard volumes, optionally from 0.2 to 1.5 standard volumes, optionally from 0.2 to 1 standard volumes, optionally from 0.5 to 1.5 standard volumes, optionally from 0.8 to 1.2 standard volumes of an oxidizing agent.       

     The presence of the precursor and O 2  in the volume ratios as given in Tables 9-11 can be specifically suitable to achieve a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a carrier gas can be absent in the reaction mixture; in another aspect of the invention, it can be present. Suitable carrier gases include any noble gas, for example Argon, Helium, Neon, Xenon or combinations of two or more of these. When the carrier gas is present in the reaction mixture, it is typically present in a volume (in sccm) exceeding the volume of the organosilicon precursor. For example, the ratio of the organosilicon precursor to carrier gas can be from 1:1 to 1:50, optionally from 1:5 to 1:40, optionally from 1:10 to 1:30. One function of the carrier gas can be to dilute the reactants in the plasma, encouraging the formation of a coating on the substrate instead of powdered reaction products that do not adhere to the substrate and are largely removed with the exhaust gases. 
     The addition of Argon gas has been found to improve the performance of the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 . It is believed that additional ionization of the molecule in the presence of Argon contributes to this performance. The Si—O—Si bonds of the molecule have a high bond energy followed by the Si—C, with the C—H bonds being the weakest. Passivation or pH protection appear to be achieved when a portion of the C—H bonds are broken. This allows the connecting (cross-linking) of the structure as it grows. Addition of oxygen (with the Argon) is understood to enhance this process. A small amount of oxygen can also provide C—O bonding to which other molecules can bond. The combination of breaking C—H bonds and adding oxygen all at low pressure and power leads to a chemical structure that can be solid while providing passivation or pH protection. 
     In any of the disclosed embodiments, one preferred combination of process gases includes octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) or another cyclic siloxane as the precursor; O 2 , nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ozone (O 3 ), or another oxidizing gas, which means any other gas that oxidizes the precursor during PECVD at the conditions employed, preferably O 2 ; and a carrier gas, for example a noble carrier gas, for example Argon (Ar). The gaseous reactant or process gas can be at least substantially free of nitrogen. This combination is contemplated to improve the resulting passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     Application Method 
     A passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  optionally can be applied directly or indirectly over the barrier coating or layer  30 , and optionally can be applied to a pre-assembly such as  12  while the pre-assembly is capped, under conditions effective to maintain communication between the barrel lumen  18  and the dispensing portion lumen  26  via the proximal opening  22  at the end of applying the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34 . 
     Vessel Made of Glass 
     Optionally in any embodiment, the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can be applied as the first or sole vapor-deposited coating or layer  30 , instead of or in addition to its application as a further layer. This expedient may be useful, for example, where the barrel is made of glass, as described below. The presently disclosed passivation layer or pH protective coating also can reduce the dissolution of glass by contents having the pH values indicated as attacking SiO x  coatings or layers. 
     A pharmaceutical package  210  is contemplated as shown in any embodiment, for example  FIGS.  7 - 8   , comprising a vessel or vessel part made of glass; optionally a barrier coating or layer or layer such as  30  on the vessel or vessel part; a passivation layer or pH protective coating such as  34  on the vessel, vessel part, or barrier coating or layer or layer; and a pharmaceutical composition or preparation contained within the vessel. 
     In this glass embodiment the barrier coating or layer or layer can be optional because a glass vessel wall in itself is an extremely good barrier coating or layer. It is contemplated to optionally provide a barrier coating or layer primarily to provide isolation: in other words, to prevent contact and interchange of material of any kind, such as ions of the glass or constituents of the pharmaceutical composition or preparation between the vessel wall and the contents of the vessel. The protective layer as defined in this specification can be contemplated to perform the isolation function independently, at least to a degree. This passivation coating or pH protection layer can be contemplated to provide a useful function on glass in contact with the pharmaceutical composition or preparation, as the present working examples show that borosilicate glass, commonly used today for pharmaceutical packaging, can be dissolved by a fluid composition having a pH exceeding 5. Particularly in applications where such dissolution can be disadvantageous or perceived to be disadvantageous, the present passivation layers or protective coatings or layers will find utility. 
     The vessel can be made, for example of glass of any type used in medical or laboratory applications, such as soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, or other glass formulations. One function of a passivation layer or pH protective coating on a glass vessel can be to reduce the ingress of ions in the glass, either intentionally or as impurities, for example sodium, calcium, or others, from the glass to the contents of the pharmaceutical package or other vessel, such as a reagent or blood in an evacuated blood collection tube. Alternatively, a dual functional protective/lubricity coating or layer can be used on a glass vessel in whole or in part, such as selectively at surfaces contacted in sliding relation to other parts, to provide lubricity, for example to ease the insertion or removal of a stopper or passage of a sliding element such as a piston in a syringe, as well as to provide the isolation of a passivation layer or pH protective coating. Still another reason to coat a glass vessel, for example with a dual functional hydrophobic and passivation layer or pH protective coating, can be to prevent a reagent or intended sample for the pharmaceutical package or other vessel, such as blood, from sticking to the wall of the vessel or an increase in the rate of coagulation of the blood in contact with the wall of the vessel, as well as to provide the isolation of a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     A related embodiment can be a vessel as described in the previous paragraphs, in which the barrier coating or layer or layer can be made of soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, or another type of glass coating or layer on a substrate. 
     Plasma Conditions for Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     The precursor can be contacted with a plasma made by energizing the vicinity of the precursor with electrodes powered at radio frequency, optionally a frequency of 10 kHz to 2.45 GHz, optionally from 10 kHz to less than 300 MHz, optionally from 1 to 50 MHz, optionally from 10 to 15 MHz, alternatively from about 13 to about 14 MHz, optionally at or about 13.56 MHz. Typically, the plasma in the PECVD process can be generated at RF frequency, although microwave or other electromagnetic energy can also be used. For providing a protective layer on the interior of a vessel by a plasma reaction carried out within the vessel, the plasma of any embodiment can be generated with an electric power of from 0.1 to 500 W, optionally from 0.1 to 400 W, optionally from 0.1 to 300 W, optionally from 1 to 250 W, optionally from 1 to 200 W, even optionally from 10 to 150 W, optionally from 20 to 150 W, for example of 40 W, optionally from 40 to 150 W, even optionally from 60 to 150 W. 
     For any PECVD process in any embodiment herein, PECVD can be initiated by applying an initial higher power level within the stated range, followed by a subsequent lower power level within the stated range. The initial higher power level can be applied, for example, for from 1 to 3 seconds. The subsequent lower power level can applied, for example, for the remainder of PECVD. 
     For forming a coating intended to provide lubricity in addition to passivation or pH protection, the precursor can be contacted with a plasma made by energizing the vicinity of the precursor with electrodes supplied with electric power at from 0.1 to 25 W, optionally from 1 to 22 W, optionally from 1 to 10 W, even optionally from 1 to 5 W, optionally from 2 to 4 W, for example of 3 W, optionally from 3 to 17 W, even optionally from 5 to 14 W, for example 6 or 7.5 W, optionally from 7 to 11 W, for example of 8 W. 
     The ratio of the electrode power to the plasma volume can be less than 100 W/ml, optionally can be from 0.1 to 100 W/mL, optionally can be from 5 W/ml to 75 W/ml, optionally can be from 6 W/ml to 60 W/ml, optionally can be from 10 W/ml to 50 W/ml, optionally from 20 W/ml to 40 W/ml. These power levels are suitable for applying passivation layers or protective coatings or layers to syringes and sample tubes and pharmaceutical packages or other vessels of similar geometry having a void volume of 5 mL in which PECVD plasma can be generated. It is contemplated that for larger or smaller objects the power applied, in Watts, should be increased or reduced accordingly to scale the process to the size of the substrate. 
     For forming a coating intended to provide lubricity in addition to passivation or pH protection, the precursor can be contacted with a plasma made by energizing the vicinity of the precursor with electrodes supplied with electric power density at less than 10 W/ml of plasma volume, alternatively from 6 W/ml to 0.1 W/ml of plasma volume, alternatively from 5 W/ml to 0.1 W/ml of plasma volume, alternatively from 4 W/ml to 0.1 W/ml of plasma volume, alternatively from 2 W/ml to 0.2 W/ml of plasma volume, alternatively from 10 W/ml to 50 W/ml, optionally from 20 W/ml to 40 W/ml. 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be applied by PECVD at a power level per of more than 22,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 30,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 40,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 50,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 60,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 62,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 70,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 80,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 100,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 200,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 300,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 400,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or more than 500,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor. 
     Optionally, in any embodiment of  FIGS.  7 - 8    the passivation layer or pH protective coating  34  can be applied by PECVD at a power level per of less than 2,000,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 1,000,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 700,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 500,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 100,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 90,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor, or less than 81,000 kJ/kg of mass of precursor. 
     For a PECVD process the deposition time can be from 1 to 30 sec, alternatively from 2 to 10 sec, alternatively from 3 to 9 sec. The purposes for optionally limiting deposition time can be to avoid overheating the substrate, to increase the rate of production, and to reduce the use of process gas and its constituents. The purposes for optionally extending deposition time can be to provide a thicker passivation layer or pH protective coating for particular deposition conditions. 
     Other methods can be used to apply the passivation layer or pH protective coating. For example, hexamethylene disilazane (HMDZ) can be used as the precursor. HMDZ has the advantage of containing no oxygen in its molecular structure. This passivation layer or pH protective coating treatment is contemplated to be a surface treatment of the SiO x  barrier coating or layer with HMDZ. It is contemplated that HMDZ will react with the —OH sites that are present in the silicon dioxide coating, resulting in the evolution of NH 3  and bonding of S—(CH 3 ) 3  to the silicon (it is contemplated that hydrogen atoms will be evolved and bond with nitrogen from the HMDZ to produce NH 3 ). 
     It is contemplated that this HMDZ passivation layer or pH protective coating can be accomplished through several possible paths. 
     One contemplated path can be dehydration/vaporization of the HMDZ at ambient temperature. First, an SiO x  surface can be deposited, for example using hexamethylene disiloxane (HMDSO). The as-coated silicon dioxide surface then can be reacted with HMDZ vapor. In an embodiment, as soon as the SiO x  surface is deposited onto the article of interest, the vacuum can be maintained. The HMDSO and oxygen are pumped away and a base vacuum is achieved. Once base vacuum is achieved, HMDZ vapor can be flowed over the surface of the silicon dioxide (as coated on the part of interest) at pressures from the mTorr range to many Torr. The HMDZ then can be pumped away (with the resulting NH 3  that is a by-product of the reaction). The amount of NH 3  in the gas stream can be monitored (with a residual gas analyzer—RGA—as an example) and when there is no more NH 3  detected, the reaction is complete. The part then can be vented to atmosphere (with a clean dry gas or nitrogen). The resulting surface then can be found to have been passivated or protected. It is contemplated that this method optionally can be accomplished without forming a plasma. 
     Alternatively, after formation of the SiO x  barrier coating or layer, the vacuum can be broken before dehydration/vaporization of the HMDZ. Dehydration/vaporization of the HMDZ can then be carried out in either the same apparatus used for formation of the SiO x  barrier coating or layer or different apparatus. 
     Dehydration/vaporization of HMDZ at an elevated temperature is also contemplated. The above process can alternatively be carried out at an elevated temperature exceeding room temperature up to about 150° C. The maximum temperature can be determined by the material from which the coated part is constructed. An upper temperature should be selected that will not distort or otherwise damage the part being coated. 
     Dehydration/vaporization of HMDZ with a plasma assist is also contemplated. After carrying out any of the above embodiments of dehydration/vaporization, once the HMDZ vapor is admitted into the part, plasma can be generated. The plasma power can range from a few watts to 100+ watts (similar powers as used to deposit the SiO x ). The above is not limited to HMDZ and could be applicable to any molecule that will react with hydrogen, for example any of the nitrogen-containing precursors described in this specification. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the above stated coatings or layers can be applied to the capped pre-assembly  12  with substantially no deposition of the vapor-deposited coating  30  in the dispensing portion lumen  26 . This is shown by a working example below. 
     In certain embodiments, the generation of uniform plasma throughout the portion of the vessel to be coated is contemplated, as it has been found in certain instances to generate a better passivation layer or pH protective coating. Uniform plasma means regular plasma that does not include a substantial amount of hollow cathode plasma (which has higher emission intensity than regular plasma and can be manifested as a localized area of higher intensity interrupting the more uniform intensity of the regular plasma). 
     It is further contemplated that any embodiment of the passivation layer or pH protective coating processes described in this specification can also be carried out without using the article to be coated to contain the plasma. For example, external surfaces of medical devices, for example catheters, surgical instruments, closures, and others can be passivated or protected by sputtering the coating, employing a radio frequency target. 
     Non-Organosilicon Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     Another way of applying the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be to apply as the passivation layer or pH protective coating an amorphous carbon or fluorinated polymer coating, or a combination of the two. 
     Amorphous carbon coatings can be formed by PECVD using a saturated hydrocarbon, (e.g. methane, ethane, ethylene or propane), or an unsaturated hydrocarbon (e.g. ethylene, acetylene), or a combination of two or more of these as a precursor for plasma polymerization. 
     Fluorinated polymer coatings can be applied by chemically modifying a precursor, while on or in the vicinity of the fluid receiving interior surface. 
     Optionally, the precursor comprises:
         dimeric tetrafluoroparaxylylene,   difluorocarbene,   monomeric tetrafluoroethylene,   oligomeric tetrafluoroethylene having the formula F2C═CF(CF2)xF in which x can be from 1 to 100, optionally 2 to 50, optionally 2-20, optionally 2-10,   sodium chlorodifluoroacetate,   chlorodifluoromethane,   bromodifluoromethane,   hexafluoropropylene oxide,   1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (FDA),   a bromofluoroalkane in which the alkane moiety can have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms,   an iodofluoroalkane in which the alkane moiety can have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or   a combination of any two or more of these.   The fluorinated polymer is:   optionally from at least 0.01 micrometer to at most 100 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.05 micrometers to at most 90 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 80 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 70 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 60 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 50 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 40 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 30 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 20 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 15 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 12 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 10 micrometers thick   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 8 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 6 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 4 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 2 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 1 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 0.9 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 0.8 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 0.7 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 0.6 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.1 micrometers to at most 0.5 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.5 micrometers to at most 5 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.5 micrometers to at most 4 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.5 micrometers to at most 3 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.5 micrometers to at most 2 micrometers thick,   optionally from at least 0.5 micrometers to at most 1 micrometer thick,   optionally about 10 micrometers thick,   optionally about 2 micrometers thick.       

     The fluorinated polymer optionally can be applied by vapor deposition, for example chemical vapor deposition. Optionally, the fluorinated polymer can be applied by chemical vapor deposition of dimeric tetrafluoroparaxylylene. An example of a suitable fluorinated polymer can be polytetrafluoroparaxylylene. Optionally, the fluorinated polymer consists essentially of polytetrafluoroparaxylylene. 
     Optionally in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. Optionally in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer consists essentially of polytetrafluoroethylene. 
     For example, in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer can be applied by chemically modifying a precursor, while on or in the vicinity of the fluid receiving interior surface, to produce the fluorinated polymer coating or layer on the fluid receiving interior surface. Optionally in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer can be applied by chemical vapor deposition. For one example, in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer can be applied by heated wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). For another example, in any embodiment, the fluorinated polymer coating or layer can be applied by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Mixed processes or other processes for applying a suitable coating are also contemplated, in any embodiment. 
     Another example of a suitable HWCVD process for applying the fluorinated polymer coating can be the process described in Hilton G. Pryce Lewis, Neeta P. Bansal, Aleksandr J. White, Erik S. Handy, HWCVD of Polymers: Commercialization and Scale-up, THIN SOLID FILMS 517 2009) 3551-3554; US Publ. Appl. 2012/0003497 A1, published Jan. 5, 2012; and US Publ. Appl. 2011/0186537, published Aug. 4, 2011, which are incorporated here by reference in their entirety for their description of fluorinated polymer coatings and their application. 
     It is contemplated that that amorphous carbon and/or fluorinated polymer coatings will provide better passivation or protection of an SiO x  barrier coating or layer than a siloxane coating since an amorphous carbon and/or fluorinated polymer coating will not contain silanol bonds. 
     It is further contemplated that fluorosilicon precursors can be used to provide a passivation layer or pH protective coating over an SiO x  barrier coating or layer. This can be carried out by using as a precursor a fluorinated silane precursor such as hexafluorosilane and a PECVD process. The resulting coating would also be expected to be a non-wetting coating. 
     Liquid-Applied Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     Another example of a suitable barrier or other type of passivation layer or pH protective coating, usable in conjunction with the PECVD-applied passivation layer or pH protective coating or other PECVD treatment as disclosed here, can be a liquid barrier, lubricant, surface energy tailoring, or passivation layer or pH protective coating  90  applied to the inner or interior surface of a pharmaceutical package or other vessel, either directly or with one or more intervening PECVD-applied coatings or layers described in this specification, for example SiO x , a lubricity coating or layer and/or a passivation layer or pH protective coating, or both. 
     A suitable liquid barrier, lubricity, or passivation layer or pH protective coating  90  also optionally can be applied, for example, by applying a liquid monomer or other polymerizable or curable material to the inner or interior surface of the vessel  80  and curing, polymerizing, or crosslinking the liquid monomer to form a solid polymer, or by applying a solvent-dispersed polymer to the surface  88  and removing the solvent. 
     Any of the above methods can include as a step forming a passivation layer or pH protective coating  90  on the interior  88  of a vessel  80  via the vessel port  92  at a processing station or device  28 . One example can be applying a liquid passivation layer or pH protective coating, for example of a curable monomer, prepolymer, or polymer dispersion, to the inner or interior surface  88  of a vessel  80  and curing it to form a film that physically isolates the contents of the vessel  80  from its inner or interior surface  88 . The prior art describes polymer passivation layer or pH protective coating technology as suitable for treating plastic blood collection tubes. For example, the acrylic and polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC) passivation layer or pH protective coating materials and methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,566, which is hereby incorporated by reference, optionally can be used. 
     Any of the above methods can also include as a step forming a coating or layer on the exterior outer wall of a vessel  80 . The exterior coating or layer optionally can be a barrier coating or layer or layer, optionally an oxygen barrier coating or layer or layer, or optionally a water barrier coating or layer or layer. The exterior coating or layer can also be an armor layer that protects the outer wall of a vessel  80 . One example of a suitable exterior coating or layer can be polyvinylidene chloride, which functions both as a water barrier and an oxygen barrier. Optionally, the exterior coating or layer can be applied as a water-based coating or layer. The exterior coating or layer optionally can be applied by dipping the vessel in it, spraying it on the pharmaceutical package or other vessel, or other expedients. 
     Yet another coating modality contemplated for protecting or passivating an SiO x  barrier coating or layer can be coating the barrier coating or layer using a polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resin. For example, the barrier coating or layer can be applied by dip coating in a fluid polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resin melt, solution or dispersion and cured by autoclaving or other heating at a temperature between 60 and 100° C. 
     It is contemplated that a coating of polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resin can be preferentially used in aqueous environments between pH 5-8, as such resins are known to provide high wet strength in paper in that pH range. Wet strength is the ability to maintain mechanical strength of paper subjected to complete water soaking for extended periods of time, so it is contemplated that a coating of polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resin on an SiO x  barrier coating or layer will have similar resistance to dissolution in aqueous media. It is also contemplated that, because polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resin imparts a lubricity improvement to paper, it will also provide lubricity in the form of a coating on a thermoplastic surface made of, for example, COC or COP. 
     Fluid Material 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , the fluid material  40  can have a pH between 5 and 6, optionally between 6 and 7, optionally between 7 and 8, optionally between 8 and 9, optionally between 6.5 and 7.5, optionally between 7.5 and 8.5, optionally between 8.5 and 9. 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , the fluid material  40  can be a liquid at 20° C. and ambient pressure at sea level, which is defined as a pressure of 760 mm Hg. 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , the fluid material  40  can be an aqueous liquid. 
     Optionally for any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  7 - 8   , the fluid material  40  comprises a member or a combination of two or more members selected from the group consisting of: 
     Inhalation Anesthetics 
     Aliflurane 
     Chloroform 
     Cyclopropane 
     Desflurane (Suprane) 
     Diethyl Ether 
     Enflurane (Ethrane) 
     Ethyl Chloride 
     Ethylene 
     Halothane (Fluothane) 
     Isoflurane (Forane, Isoflo) 
     Isopropenyl vinyl ether 
     Methoxyflurane 
     methoxyflurane, 
     Methoxypropane 
     Nitrous Oxide 
     Roflurane 
     Sevoflurane (Sevorane, Ultane, Sevoflo) 
     Teflurane 
     Trichloroethylene 
     Vinyl Ether 
     Xenon 
     Injectable Drugs 
     Ablavar (Gadofosveset Trisodium Injection) 
     Abarelix Depot 
     Abobotulinumtoxin A Injection (Dysport) 
     ABT-263 
     ABT-869 
     ABX-EFG 
     Accretropin (Somatropin Injection) 
     Acetadote (Acetylcysteine Injection) 
     Acetazolamide Injection (Acetazolamide Injection) 
     Acetylcysteine Injection (Acetadote) 
     Actemra (Tocilizumab Injection) 
     Acthrel (Corticorelin Ovine Triflutate for Injection) 
     Actummune 
     Activase 
     Acyclovir for Injection (Zovirax Injection) 
     Adacel 
     Adalimumab 
     Adenoscan (Adenosine Injection) 
     Adenosine Injection (Adenoscan) 
     Adrenaclick 
     AdreView (lobenguane I 123 Injection for Intravenous Use) 
     Afluria 
     Ak-Fluor (Fluorescein Injection) 
     Aldurazyme (Laronidase) 
     Alglucerase Injection (Ceredase) 
     Alkeran Injection (Melphalan Hcl Injection) 
     Allopurinol Sodium for Injection (Aloprim) 
     Aloprim (Allopurinol Sodium for Injection) 
     Alprostadil 
     Alsuma (Sumatriptan Injection) 
     ALTU-238 
     Amino Acid Injections 
     Aminosyn 
     Apidra 
     Apremilast 
     Alprostadil Dual Chamber System for Injection (Caverject Impulse) 
     AMG 009 
     AMG 076 
     AMG 102 
     AMG 108 
     AMG 114 
     AMG 162 
     AMG 220 
     AMG 221 
     AMG 222 
     AMG 223 
     AMG 317 
     AMG 379 
     AMG 386 
     AMG 403 
     AMG 477 
     AMG 479 
     AMG 517 
     AMG 531 
     AMG 557 
     AMG 623 
     AMG 655 
     AMG 706 
     AMG 714 
     AMG 745 
     AMG 785 
     AMG 811 
     AMG 827 
     AMG 837 
     AMG 853 
     AMG 951 
     Amiodarone HCl Injection (Amiodarone HCl Injection) 
     Amobarbital Sodium Injection (Amytal Sodium) 
     Amytal Sodium (Amobarbital Sodium Injection) 
     Anakinra 
     Anti-Abeta 
     Anti-Beta7 
     Anti-Beta20 
     Anti-CD4 
     Anti-CD20 
     Anti-CD40 
     Anti-IFNalpha 
     Anti-IL13 
     Anti-OX40L 
     Anti-oxLDS 
     Anti-NGF 
     Anti-NRP1 
     Arixtra 
     Amphadase (Hyaluronidase Inj) 
     Ammonul (Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate Injection) 
     Anaprox 
     Anzemet Injection (Dolasetron Mesylate Injection) 
     Apidra (Insulin Glulisine [rDNA origin] Inj) 
     Apomab 
     Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) 
     Argatroban (Argatroban Injection) 
     Arginine Hydrochloride Injection (R-Gene 10 
     Aristocort 
     Aristospan 
     Arsenic Trioxide Injection (Trisenox) 
     Articane HCl and Epinephrine Injection (Septocaine) 
     Arzerra (Ofatumumab Injection) 
     Asclera (Polidocanol Injection) 
     Ataluren 
     Ataluren-DMD 
     Atenolol Inj (Tenormin I.V. Injection) 
     Atracurium Besylate Injection (Atracurium Besylate Injection) 
     Avastin 
     Azactam Injection (Aztreonam Injection) 
     Azithromycin (Zithromax Injection) 
     Aztreonam Injection (Azactam Injection) 
     Baclofen Injection (Lioresal Intrathecal) 
     Bacteriostatic Water (Bacteriostatic Water for Injection) 
     Baclofen Injection (Lioresal Intrathecal) 
     Bal in Oil Ampules (Dimercarprol Injection) 
     BayHepB 
     BayTet 
     Benadryl 
     Bendamustine Hydrochloride Injection (Treanda) 
     Benztropine Mesylate Injection (Cogentin) 
     Betamethasone Injectable Suspension (Celestone Soluspan) 
     Bexxar 
     Bicillin C-R 900/300 (Penicillin G Benzathine and Penicillin G Procaine Injection) 
     Blenoxane (Bleomycin Sulfate Injection) 
     Bleomycin Sulfate Injection (Blenoxane) 
     Boniva Injection (Ibandronate Sodium Injection) 
     Botox Cosmetic (OnabotulinumtoxinA for Injection) 
     BR3-FC 
     Bravelle (Urofollitropin Injection) 
     Bretylium (Bretylium Tosylate Injection) 
     Brevital Sodium (Methohexital Sodium for Injection) 
     Brethine 
     Briobacept 
     BTT-1023 
     Bupivacaine HCl 
     Byetta 
     Ca-DTPA (Pentetate Calcium Trisodium Inj) 
     Cabazitaxel Injection (Jevtana) 
     Caffeine Alkaloid (Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate Injection) 
     Calcijex Injection (Calcitrol) 
     Calcitrol (Calcijex Injection) 
     Calcium Chloride (Calcium Chloride Injection 10%) 
     Calcium Disodium Versenate (Edetate Calcium Disodium Injection) 
     Campath (Altemtuzumab) 
     Camptosar Injection (Irinotecan Hydrochloride) 
     Canakinumab Injection (Ilaris) 
     Capastat Sulfate (Capreomycin for Injection) 
     Capreomycin for Injection (Capastat Sulfate) 
     Cardiolite (Prep kit for Technetium Tc99 Sestamibi for Injection) 
     Carticel 
     Cathflo 
     Cefazolin and Dextrose for Injection (Cefazolin Injection) 
     Cefepime Hydrochloride 
     Cefotaxime 
     Ceftriaxone 
     Cerezyme 
     Carnitor Injection 
     Caverject 
     Celestone Soluspan 
     Celsior 
     Cerebyx (Fosphenytoin Sodium Injection) 
     Ceredase (Alglucerase Injection) 
     Ceretec (Technetium Tc99m Exametazime Injection) 
     Certolizumab 
     CF-101 
     Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate (Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate Injection) 
     Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate Injection (Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate) 
     Cholestagel (Colesevelam HCL) 
     Choriogonadotropin Alfa Injection (Ovidrel) 
     Cimzia 
     Cisplatin (Cisplatin Injection) 
     Clolar (Clofarabine Injection) 
     Clomiphine Citrate 
     Clonidine Injection (Duraclon) 
     Cogentin (Benztropine Mesylate Injection) 
     Colistimethate Injection (Coly-Mycin M) 
     Coly-Mycin M (Colistimethate Injection) 
     Compath 
     Conivaptan Hcl Injection (Vaprisol) 
     Conjugated Estrogens for Injection (Premarin Injection) 
     Copaxone 
     Corticorelin Ovine Triflutate for Injection (Acthrel) 
     Corvert (Ibutilide Fumarate Injection) 
     Cubicin (Daptomycin Injection) 
     CF-101 
     Cyanokit (Hydroxocobalamin for Injection) 
     Cytarabine Liposome Injection (DepoCyt) 
     Cyanocobalamin 
     Cytovene (ganciclovir) 
     D.H.E. 45 
     Dacetuzumab 
     Dacogen (Decitabine Injection) 
     Dalteparin 
     Dantrium IV (Dantrolene Sodium for Injection) 
     Dantrolene Sodium for Injection (Dantrium IV) 
     Daptomycin Injection (Cubicin) 
     Darbepoietin Alfa 
     DDAVP Injection (Desmopressin Acetate Injection) 
     Decavax 
     Decitabine Injection (Dacogen) 
     Dehydrated Alcohol (Dehydrated Alcohol Injection) 
     Denosumab Injection (Prolia) 
     Delatestryl 
     Delestrogen 
     Delteparin Sodium 
     Depacon (Valproate Sodium Injection) 
     Depo Medrol (Methylprednisolone Acetate Injectable Suspension) 
     DepoCyt (Cytarabine Liposome Injection) 
     DepoDur (Morphine Sulfate XR Liposome Injection) 
     Desmopressin Acetate Injection (DDAVP Injection) 
     Depo-Estradiol 
     Depo-Provera 104 mg/ml
 
Depo-Provera 150 mg/ml
 
     Depo-Testosterone 
     Dexrazoxane for Injection, Intravenous Infusion Only (Totect) 
     Dextrose/Electrolytes 
     Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Inj (Dextrose 5% in 0.9% Sodium Chloride) 
     Dextrose 
     Diazepam Injection (Diazepam Injection) 
     Digoxin Injection (Lanoxin Injection) 
     Dilaudid-HP (Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Dimercarprol Injection (Bal in Oil Ampules) 
     Diphenhydramine Injection (Benadryl Injection) 
     Dipyridamole Injection (Dipyridamole Injection) 
     DMOAD 
     Docetaxel for Injection (Taxotere) 
     Dolasetron Mesylate Injection (Anzemet Injection) 
     Doribax (Doripenem for Injection) 
     Doripenem for Injection (Doribax) 
     Doxercalciferol Injection (Hectorol Injection) 
     Doxil (Doxorubicin Hcl Liposome Injection) 
     Doxorubicin Hcl Liposome Injection (Doxil) 
     Duraclon (Clonidine Injection) 
     Duramorph (Morphine Injection) 
     Dysport (Abobotulinumtoxin A Injection) 
     Ecallantide Injection (Kalbitor) 
     EC-Naprosyn (naproxen) 
     Edetate Calcium Disodium Injection (Calcium Disodium Versenate) 
     Edex (Alprostadil for Injection) 
     Engerix 
     Edrophonium Injection (Enlon) 
     Eliglustat Tartate 
     Eloxatin (Oxaliplatin Injection) 
     Emend Injection (Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine Injection) 
     Enalaprilat Injection (Enalaprilat Injection) 
     Enlon (Edrophonium Injection) 
     Enoxaparin Sodium Injection (Lovenox) 
     Eovist (Gadoxetate Disodium Injection) 
     Enbrel (etanercept) 
     Enoxaparin 
     Epicel 
     Epinepherine 
     Epipen 
     Epipen Jr. 
     Epratuzumab 
     Erbitux 
     Ertapenem Injection (Invanz) 
     Erythropoieten 
     Essential Amino Acid Injection (Nephramine) 
     Estradiol Cypionate 
     Estradiol Valerate 
     Etanercept 
     Exenatide Injection (Byetta) 
     Evlotra 
     Fabrazyme (Adalsidase beta) 
     Famotidine Injection 
     FDG (Fludeoxyglucose F 18 Injection) 
     Feraheme (Ferumoxytol Injection) 
     Feridex I.V. (Ferumoxides Injectable Solution) 
     Fertinex 
     Ferumoxides Injectable Solution (Feridex I.V.) 
     Ferumoxytol Injection (Feraheme) 
     Flagyl Injection (Metronidazole Injection) 
     Fluarix 
     Fludara (Fludarabine Phosphate) 
     Fludeoxyglucose F 18 Injection (FDG) 
     Fluorescein Injection (Ak-Fluor) 
     Follistim AQ Cartridge (Follitropin Beta Injection) 
     Follitropin Alfa Injection (Gonal-f RFF) 
     Follitropin Beta Injection (Follistim AQ Cartridge) 
     Folotyn (Pralatrexate Solution for Intravenous Injection) 
     Fondaparinux 
     Forteo (Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection) 
     Fostamatinib 
     Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine Injection (Emend Injection) 
     Foscarnet Sodium Injection (Foscavir) 
     Foscavir (Foscarnet Sodium Injection) 
     Fosphenytoin Sodium Injection (Cerebyx) 
     Fospropofol Disodium Injection (Lusedra) 
     Fragmin 
     Fuzeon (enfuvirtide) 
     GA101 
     Gadobenate Dimeglumine Injection (Multihance) 
     Gadofosveset Trisodium Injection (Ablavar) 
     Gadoteridol Injection Solution (ProHance) 
     Gadoversetamide Injection (OptiMARK) 
     Gadoxetate Disodium Injection (Eovist) 
     Ganirelix (Ganirelix Acetate Injection) 
     Gardasil 
     GC1008 
     GDFD 
     Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin for Injection (Mylotarg) 
     Genotropin 
     Gentamicin Injection 
     GENZ-112638 
     Golimumab Injection (Simponi Injection) 
     Gonal-f RFF (Follitropin Alfa Injection) 
     Granisetron Hydrochloride (Kytril Injection) 
     Gentamicin Sulfate 
     Glatiramer Acetate 
     Glucagen 
     Glucagon 
     HAE1 
     Haldol (Haloperidol Injection) 
     Havrix 
     Hectorol Injection (Doxercalciferol Injection) 
     Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor 
     Heparin 
     Herceptin 
     hG-CSF 
     Humalog 
     Human Growth Hormone 
     Humatrope 
     HuMax 
     Humegon 
     Humira 
     Humulin 
     Ibandronate Sodium Injection (Boniva Injection) 
     Ibuprofen Lysine Injection (NeoProfen) 
     Ibutilide Fumarate Injection (Corvert) 
     Idamycin PFS (Idarubicin Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Idarubicin Hydrochloride Injection (Idamycin PFS) 
     Ilaris (Canakinumab Injection) 
     Imipenem and Cilastatin for Injection (Primaxin I.V.) 
     Imitrex 
     Incobotulinumtoxin A for Injection (Xeomin) 
     Increlex (Mecasermin [rDNA origin] Injection) 
     Indocin IV (Indomethacin Inj) 
     Indomethacin Inj (Indocin IV) 
     Infanrix 
     Innohep 
     Insulin 
     Insulin Aspart [rDNA origin] Inj (NovoLog)
 
Insulin Glargine [rDNA origin] Injection (Lantus)
 
Insulin Glulisine [rDNA origin] Inj (Apidra)
 
Interferon alfa-2b, Recombinant for Injection (Intron A)
 
Intron A (Interferon alfa-2b, Recombinant for Injection)
 
     Invanz (Ertapenem Injection) 
     Invega Sustenna (Paliperidone Palmitate Extended-Release Injectable Suspension) 
     Invirase (saquinavir mesylate) 
     Iobenguane I 123 Injection for Intravenous Use (AdreView) 
     Iopromide Injection (Ultravist) 
     Ioversol Injection (Optiray Injection) 
     Iplex (Mecasermin Rinfabate [rDNA origin] Injection) 
     Iprivask 
     Irinotecan Hydrochloride (Camptosar Injection) 
     Iron Sucrose Injection (Venofer) 
     Istodax (Romidepsin for Injection) 
     Itraconazole Injection (Sporanox Injection) 
     Jevtana (Cabazitaxel Injection) 
     Jonexa 
     Kalbitor (Ecallantide Injection) 
     KCL in D5NS (Potassium Chloride in 5% Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection) 
     KCL in D5W 
     KCL in NS 
     Kenalog 10 Injection (Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension) 
     Kepivance (Palifermin) 
     Keppra Injection (Levetiracetam) 
     Keratinocyte 
     KFG 
     Kinase Inhibitor 
     Kineret (Anakinra) 
     Kinlytic (Urokinase Injection) 
     Kinrix 
     Klonopin (clonazepam) 
     Kytril Injection (Granisetron Hydrochloride) 
     lacosamide Tablet and Injection (Vimpat) 
     Lactated Ringer&#39;s 
     Lanoxin Injection (Digoxin Injection) 
     Lansoprazole for Injection (Prevacid I.V.) 
     Lantus 
     Leucovorin Calcium (Leucovorin Calcium Injection) 
     Lente (L) 
     Leptin 
     Levemir 
     Leukine Sargramostim 
     Leuprolide Acetate 
     Levothyroxine 
     Levetiracetam (Keppra Injection) 
     Lovenox 
     Levocarnitine Injection (Carnitor Injection) 
     Lexiscan (Regadenoson Injection) 
     Lioresal Intrathecal (Baclofen Injection) 
     Liraglutide [rDNA] Injection (Victoza) 
     Lovenox (Enoxaparin Sodium Injection) 
     Lucentis (Ranibizumab Injection) 
     Lumizyme 
     Lupron (Leuprolide Acetate Injection) 
     Lusedra (Fospropofol Disodium Injection) 
     Maci 
     Magnesium Sulfate (Magnesium Sulfate Injection) 
     Mannitol Injection (Mannitol IV) 
     Marcaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection) 
     Maxipime (Cefepime Hydrochloride for Injection) 
     MDP Multidose Kit of Technetium Injection (Technetium Tc99m Medronate Injection) 
     Mecasermin [rDNA origin] Injection (Increlex)
 
Mecasermin Rinfabate [rDNA origin] Injection (Iplex)
 
     Melphalan Hcl Injection (Alkeran Injection) 
     Methotrexate 
     Menactra 
     Menopur (Menotropins Injection) 
     Menotropins for Injection (Repronex) 
     Methohexital Sodium for Injection (Brevital Sodium) 
     Methyldopate Hydrochloride Injection, Solution (Methyldopate Hcl) 
     Methylene Blue (Methylene Blue Injection) 
     Methylprednisolone Acetate Injectable Suspension (Depo Medrol) 
     MetMab 
     Metoclopramide Injection (Reglan Injection) 
     Metrodin (Urofollitropin for Injection) 
     Metronidazole Injection (Flagyl Injection) 
     Miacalcin 
     Midazolam (Midazolam Injection) 
     Mimpara (Cinacalet) 
     Minocin Injection (Minocycline Inj) 
     Minocycline Inj (Minocin Injection) 
     Mipomersen 
     Mitoxantrone for Injection Concentrate (Novantrone) 
     Morphine Injection (Duramorph) 
     Morphine Sulfate XR Liposome Injection (DepoDur) 
     Morrhuate Sodium (Morrhuate Sodium Injection) 
     Motesanib 
     Mozobil (Plerixafor Injection) 
     Multihance (Gadobenate Dimeglumine Injection) 
     Multiple Electrolytes and Dextrose Injection 
     Multiple Electrolytes Injection 
     Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin for Injection) 
     Myozyme (Alglucosidase alfa) 
     Nafcillin Injection (Nafcillin Sodium) 
     Nafcillin Sodium (Nafcillin Injection) 
     Naltrexone XR Inj (Vivitrol) 
     Naprosyn (naproxen) 
     NeoProfen (Ibuprofen Lysine Injection) 
     Nandrol Decanoate 
     Neostigmine Methylsulfate (Neostigmine Methylsulfate Injection) 
     NEO-GAA 
     NeoTect (Technetium Tc 99m Depreotide Injection) 
     Nephramine (Essential Amino Acid Injection) 
     Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) 
     Neupogen (Filgrastim) 
     Novolin 
     Novolog 
     NeoRecormon 
     Neutrexin (Trimetrexate Glucuronate Inj) 
     NPH (N) 
     Nexterone (Amiodarone HCl Injection) 
     Norditropin (Somatropin Injection) 
     Normal Saline (Sodium Chloride Injection) 
     Novantrone (Mitoxantrone for Injection Concentrate) 
     Novolin 70/30 Innolet (70% NPH, Human Insulin Isophane Suspension and 30% 
     Regular, Human Insulin Injection) 
     NovoLog (Insulin Aspart [rDNA origin] Inj)
 
Nplate (romiplostim)
 
Nutropin (Somatropin (rDNA origin) for Inj)
 
     Nutropin AQ 
     Nutropin Depot (Somatropin (rDNA origin) for Inj) 
     Octreotide Acetate Injection (Sandostatin LAR) 
     Ocrelizumab 
     Ofatumumab Injection (Arzerra) 
     Olanzapine Extended Release Injectable Suspension (Zyprexa Relprevv) 
     Omnitarg 
     Omnitrope (Somatropin [rDNA origin] Injection) 
     Ondansetron Hydrochloride Injection (Zofran Injection) 
     OptiMARK (Gadoversetamide Injection) 
     Optiray Injection (Ioversol Injection) 
     Orencia 
     Osmitrol Injection in Aviva (Mannitol Injection in Aviva Plastic Pharmaceutical package  210 )
 
Osmitrol Injection in Viaflex (Mannitol Injection in Viaflex Plastic Pharmaceutical package  210 )
 
     Osteoprotegrin 
     Ovidrel (Choriogonadotropin Alfa Injection) 
     Oxacillin (Oxacillin for Injection) 
     Oxaliplatin Injection (Eloxatin) 
     Oxytocin Injection (Pitocin) 
     Paliperidone Palmitate Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (Invega Sustenna) 
     Pamidronate Disodium Injection (Pamidronate Disodium Injection) 
     Panitumumab Injection for Intravenous Use (Vectibix) 
     Papaverine Hydrochloride Injection (Papaverine Injection) 
     Papaverine Injection (Papaverine Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Parathyroid Hormone 
     Paricalcitol Injection Fliptop Vial (Zemplar Injection) 
     PARP Inhibitor 
     Pediarix 
     PEGIntron 
     Peginterferon 
     Pegfilgrastim 
     Penicillin G Benzathine and Penicillin G Procaine 
     Pentetate Calcium Trisodium Inj (Ca-DTPA) 
     Pentetate Zinc Trisodium Injection (Zn-DTPA) 
     Pepcid Injection (Famotidine Injection) 
     Pergonal 
     Pertuzumab 
     Phentolamine Mesylate (Phentolamine Mesylate for Injection) 
     Physostigmine Salicylate (Physostigmine Salicylate (injection))
 
Physostigmine Salicylate (injection) (Physostigmine Salicylate)
 
     Piperacillin and Tazobactam Injection (Zosyn) 
     Pitocin (Oxytocin Injection) 
     Plasma-Lyte 148 (Multiple Electrolytes Inj) 
     Plasma-Lyte 56 and Dextrose (Multiple Electrolytes and Dextrose Injection in Viaflex 
     Plastic Pharmaceutical package  210 ) 
     PlasmaLyte 
     Plerixafor Injection (Mozobil) 
     Polidocanol Injection (Asclera) 
     Potassium Chloride 
     Pralatrexate Solution for Intravenous Injection (Folotyn) 
     Pramlintide Acetate Injection (Symlin) 
     Premarin Injection (Conjugated Estrogens for Injection) 
     Prep kit for Technetium Tc99 Sestamibi for Injection (Cardiolite) 
     Prevacid I.V. (Lansoprazole for Injection) 
     Primaxin I.V. (Imipenem and Cilastatin for Injection) 
     Prochymal 
     Procrit 
     Progesterone 
     ProHance (Gadoteridol Injection Solution) 
     Prolia (Denosumab Injection) 
     Promethazine HCl Injection (Promethazine Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Propranolol Hydrochloride Injection (Propranolol Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Quinidine Gluconate Injection (Quinidine Injection) 
     Quinidine Injection (Quinidine Gluconate Injection) 
     R-Gene 10 (Arginine Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Ranibizumab Injection (Lucentis) 
     Ranitidine Hydrochloride Injection (Zantac Injection) 
     Raptiva 
     Reclast (Zoledronic Acid Injection) 
     Recombivarix HB 
     Regadenoson Injection (Lexiscan) 
     Reglan Injection (Metoclopramide Injection) 
     Remicade 
     Renagel 
     Renvela (Sevelamer Carbonate) 
     Repronex (Menotropins for Injection) 
     Retrovir IV (Zidovudine Injection) 
     rhApo2L/TRAIL 
     Ringer&#39;s and 5% Dextrose Injection (Ringers in Dextrose) 
     Ringer&#39;s Injection (Ringers Injection) 
     Rituxan 
     Rituximab 
     Rocephin (ceftriaxone) 
     Rocuronium Bromide Injection (Zemuron) 
     Roferon-A (interferon alfa-2a)
 
Romazicon (flumazenil)
 
     Romidepsin for Injection (Istodax) 
     Saizen (Somatropin Injection) 
     Sandostatin LAR (Octreotide Acetate Injection) 
     Sclerostin Ab 
     Sensipar (cinacalcet) 
     Sensorcaine (Bupivacaine HCl Injections) 
     Septocaine (Articane HCl and Epinephrine Injection) 
     Serostim LQ (Somatropin (rDNA origin) Injection) 
     Simponi Injection (Golimumab Injection) 
     Sodium Acetate (Sodium Acetate Injection) 
     Sodium Bicarbonate (Sodium Bicarbonate 5% Injection) 
     Sodium Lactate (Sodium Lactate Injection in AVIVA) 
     Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate Injection (Ammonul) 
     Somatropin (rDNA origin) for Inj (Nutropin) 
     Sporanox Injection (Itraconazole Injection) 
     Stelara Injection (Ustekinumab) 
     Stemgen 
     Sufenta (Sufentanil Citrate Injection) 
     Sufentanil Citrate Injection (Sufenta) 
     Sumavel 
     Sumatriptan Injection (Alsuma) 
     Symlin 
     Symlin Pen 
     Systemic Hedgehog Antagonist 
     Synvisc-One (Hylan G-F 20 Single Intra-articular Injection) 
     Tarceva 
     Taxotere (Docetaxel for Injection) 
     Technetium Tc 99m 
     Telavancin for Injection (Vibativ) 
     Temsirolimus Injection (Torisel) 
     Tenormin I.V. Injection (Atenolol Inj) 
     Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection (Forteo) 
     Testosterone Cypionate 
     Testosterone Enanthate 
     Testosterone Propionate 
     Tev-Tropin (Somatropin, rDNA Origin, for Injection)
 
tgAAC94
 
     Thallous Chloride 
     Theophylline 
     Thiotepa (Thiotepa Injection) 
     Thymoglobulin (Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (Rabbit) 
     Thyrogen (Thyrotropin Alfa for Injection) 
     Ticarcillin Disodium and Clavulanate Potassium Galaxy (Timentin Injection) 
     Tigan Injection (Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride Injectable) 
     Timentin Injection (Ticarcillin Disodium and Clavulanate Potassium Galaxy) 
     TNKase 
     Tobramycin Injection (Tobramycin Injection) 
     Tocilizumab Injection (Actemra) 
     Torisel (Temsirolimus Injection) 
     Totect (Dexrazoxane for Injection, Intravenous Infusion Only) 
     Trastuzumab-DM1 
     Travasol (Amino Acids (Injection)) 
     Treanda (Bendamustine Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Trelstar (Triptorelin Pamoate for Injectable Suspension) 
     Triamcinolone Acetonide 
     Triamcinolone Diacetate 
     Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Injectable Suspension (Aristospan Injection 20 mg) 
     Triesence (Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension) 
     Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride Injectable (Tigan Injection) 
     Trimetrexate Glucuronate Inj (Neutrexin) 
     Triptorelin Pamoate for Injectable Suspension (Trelstar) 
     Twinject 
     Trivaris (Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension) 
     Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide Injection) 
     Twinrix 
     Typhoid Vi 
     Ultravist (Iopromide Injection) 
     Urofollitropin for Injection (Metrodin) 
     Urokinase Injection (Kinlytic) 
     Ustekinumab (Stelara Injection) 
     Ultralente (U) 
     Valium (diazepam) 
     Valproate Sodium Injection (Depacon) 
     Valtropin (Somatropin Injection) 
     Vancomycin Hydrochloride (Vancomycin Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Vancomycin Hydrochloride Injection (Vancomycin Hydrochloride) 
     Vaprisol (Conivaptan Hcl Injection) 
     VAQTA 
     Vasovist (Gadofosveset Trisodium Injection for Intravenous Use) 
     Vectibix (Panitumumab Injection for Intravenous Use) 
     Venofer (Iron Sucrose Injection) 
     Verteporfin Inj (Visudyne) 
     Vibativ (Telavancin for Injection) 
     Victoza (Liraglutide [rDNA] Injection)
 
Vimpat (lacosamide Tablet and Injection)
 
     Vinblastine Sulfate (Vinblastine Sulfate Injection) 
     Vincasar PFS (Vincristine Sulfate Injection) 
     Victoza 
     Vincristine Sulfate (Vincristine Sulfate Injection) 
     Visudyne (Verteporfin Inj) 
     Vitamin B-12 
     Vivitrol (Naltrexone XR Inj) 
     Voluven (Hydroxyethyl Starch in Sodium Chloride Injection) 
     Xeloda 
     Xenical (orlistat) 
     Xeomin (Incobotulinumtoxin A for Injection) 
     Xolair 
     Zantac Injection (Ranitidine Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Zemplar Injection (Paricalcitol Injection Fliptop Vial) 
     Zemuron (Rocuronium Bromide Injection) 
     Zenapax (daclizumab) 
     Zevalin 
     Zidovudine Injection (Retrovir IV) 
     Zithromax Injection (Azithromycin) 
     Zn-DTPA (Pentetate Zinc Trisodium Injection) 
     Zofran Injection (Ondansetron Hydrochloride Injection) 
     Zingo 
     Zoledronic Acid for Inj (Zometa) 
     Zoledronic Acid Injection (Reclast) 
     Zometa (Zoledronic Acid for Inj) 
     Zosyn (Piperacillin and Tazobactam Injection) 
     Zyprexa Relprevv (Olanzapine Extended Release Injectable Suspension) 
     Liquid Drugs (Non-Injectable) 
     Abilify 
     AccuNeb (Albuterol Sulfate Inhalation Solution) 
     Actidose Aqua (Activated Charcoal Suspension) 
     Activated Charcoal Suspension (Actidose Aqua) 
     Advair 
     Agenerase Oral Solution (Amprenavir Oral Solution) 
     Akten (Lidocaine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Gel) 
     Alamast (Pemirolast Potassium Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Albumin (Human) 5% Solution (Buminate 5%) 
     Albuterol Sulfate Inhalation Solution 
     Alinia 
     Alocril 
     Alphagan 
     Alrex 
     Alvesco 
     Amprenavir Oral Solution 
     Analpram-HC 
     Arformoterol Tartrate Inhalation Solution (Brovana) 
     Aristospan Injection 20 mg (Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Injectable Suspension) 
     Asacol 
     Asmanex 
     Astepro 
     Astepro (Azelastine Hydrochloride Nasal Spray) 
     Atrovent Nasal Spray (Ipratropium Bromide Nasal Spray) 
     Atrovent Nasal Spray 0.06 
     Augmentin ES-600 
     Azasite (Azithromycin Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Azelaic Acid (Finacea Gel) 
     Azelastine Hydrochloride Nasal Spray (Astepro) 
     Azelex (Azelaic Acid Cream) 
     Azopt (Brinzolamide Ophthalmic Suspension) 
     Bacteriostatic Saline 
     Balanced Salt 
     Bepotastine 
     Bactroban Nasal 
     Bactroban 
     Beclovent 
     Benzac W 
     Betimol 
     Betoptic S 
     Bepreve 
     Bimatoprost Ophthalmic Solution 
     Bleph 10 (Sulfacetamide Sodium Ophthalmic Solution 10%) 
     Brinzolamide Ophthalmic Suspension (Azopt) 
     Bromfenac Ophthalmic Solution (Xibrom) 
     Bromhist 
     Brovana (Arformoterol Tartrate Inhalation Solution) 
     Budesonide Inhalation Suspension (Pulmicort Respules) 
     Cambia (Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution) 
     Capex 
     Carac 
     Carboxine-PSE 
     Carnitor 
     Cayston (Aztreonam for Inhalation Solution) 
     Cellcept 
     Centany 
     Cerumenex 
     Ciloxan Ophthalmic Solution (Ciprofloxacin HCL Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Ciprodex 
     Ciprofloxacin HCL Ophthalmic Solution (Ciloxan Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Clemastine Fumarate Syrup (Clemastine Fumarate Syrup) 
     CoLyte (PEG Electrolytes Solution) 
     Combiven 
     Comtan 
     Condylox 
     Cordran 
     Cortisporin Ophthalmic Suspension 
     Cortisporin Otic Suspension 
     Cromolyn Sodium Inhalation Solution (Intal Nebulizer Solution) 
     Cromolyn Sodium Ophthalmic Solution (Opticrom) 
     Crystalline Amino Acid Solution with Electrolytes (Aminosyn Electrolytes) 
     Cutivate 
     Cuvposa (Glycopyrrolate Oral Solution) 
     Cyanocobalamin (CaloMist Nasal Spray) 
     Cyclosporine Oral Solution (Gengraf Oral Solution) 
     Cyclogyl 
     Cysview (Hexaminolevulinate Hydrochloride Intravesical Solution) 
     DermOtic Oil (Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil Ear Drops) 
     Desmopressin Acetate Nasal Spray 
     DDAVP 
     Derma-Smoothe/FS 
     Dexamethasone Intensol 
     Dianeal Low Calcium 
     Dianeal PD 
     Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution (Cambia) 
     Didanosine Pediatric Powder for Oral Solution (Videx) 
     Differin 
     Dilantin 125 (Phenytoin Oral Suspension) 
     Ditropan 
     Dorzolamide Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution (Trusopt) 
     Dorzolamide Hydrochloride-Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution (Cosopt) 
     Dovonex Scalp (Calcipotriene Solution) 
     Doxycycline Calcium Oral Suspension (Vibramycin Oral) 
     Efudex 
     Elaprase (Idursulfase Solution) 
     Elestat (Epinastine HCl Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Elocon 
     Epinastine HCl Ophthalmic Solution (Elestat) 
     Epivir HBV 
     Epogen (Epoetin alfa) 
     Erythromycin Topical Solution 1.5% (Staticin) 
     Ethiodol (Ethiodized Oil) 
     Ethosuximide Oral Solution (Zarontin Oral Solution) 
     Eurax 
     Extraneal (Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Solution) 
     Felbatol 
     Feridex I.V. (Ferumoxides Injectable Solution) 
     Flovent 
     Floxin Otic (Ofloxacin Otic Solution) 
     Flo-Pred (Prednisolone Acetate Oral Suspension) 
     Fluoroplex 
     Flunisolide Nasal Solution (Flunisolide Nasal Spray 0.025%) 
     Fluorometholone Ophthalmic Suspension (FML) 
     Flurbiprofen Sodium Ophthalmic Solution (Ocufen) 
     FML 
     Foradil 
     Formoterol Fumarate Inhalation Solution (Perforomist) 
     Fosamax 
     Furadantin (Nitrofurantoin Oral Suspension) 
     Furoxone 
     Gammagard Liquid (Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) 10%) 
     Gantrisin (Acetyl Sulfisoxazole Pediatric Suspension) 
     Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution (Zymar) 
     Gengraf Oral Solution (Cyclosporine Oral Solution) 
     Glycopyrrolate Oral Solution (Cuvposa) 
     Halcinonide Topical Solution (Halog Solution) 
     Halog Solution (Halcinonide Topical Solution) 
     HEP-LOCK U/P (Preservative-Free Heparin Lock Flush Solution) 
     Heparin Lock Flush Solution (Hepflush 10 
     Hexaminolevulinate Hydrochloride Intravesical Solution (Cysview) 
     Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Oral Solution (Lortab Elixir) 
     Hydroquinone 3% Topical Solution (Melquin-3 Topical Solution) 
     IAP Antagonist 
     Isopto 
     Ipratropium Bromide Nasal Spray (Atrovent Nasal Spray) 
     Itraconazole Oral Solution (Sporanox Oral Solution) 
     Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution (Acular LS) 
     Kaletra 
     Lanoxin 
     Lexiva 
     Leuprolide Acetate for Depot Suspension (Lupron Depot 11.25 mg) 
     Levobetaxolol Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Suspension (Betaxon) 
     Levocarnitine Tablets, Oral Solution, Sugar-Free (Carnitor) 
     Levofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.5% (Quixin) 
     Lidocaine HCl Sterile Solution (Xylocaine MPF Sterile Solution) 
     Lok Pak (Heparin Lock Flush Solution) 
     Lorazepam Intensol 
     Lortab Elixir (Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Oral Solution) 
     Lotemax (Loteprednol Etabonate Ophthalmic Suspension) 
     Loteprednol Etabonate Ophthalmic Suspension (Alrex) 
     Low Calcium Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions (Dianeal Low Calcium) 
     Lumigan (Bimatoprost Ophthalmic Solution 0.03% for Glaucoma) 
     Lupron Depot 11.25 mg (Leuprolide Acetate for Depot Suspension) 
     Megestrol Acetate Oral Suspension (Megestrol Acetate Oral Suspension) 
     MEK Inhibitor 
     Mepron 
     Mesnex 
     Mestinon 
     Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema (Rowasa) 
     Melquin-3 Topical Solution (Hydroquinone 3% Topical Solution) 
     MetMab 
     Methyldopate Hcl (Methyldopate Hydrochloride Injection, Solution) 
     Methylin Oral Solution (Methylphenidate HCl Oral Solution 5 mg/5 mL and 10 mg/5 mL) 
     Methylprednisolone Acetate Injectable Suspension (Depo Medrol) 
     Methylphenidate HCl Oral Solution 5 mg/5 mL and 10 mg/5 mL (Methylin Oral Solution)
 
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu Medrol)
 
     Metipranolol Ophthalmic Solution (Optipranolol) 
     Migranal 
     Miochol-E (Acetylcholine Chloride Intraocular Solution) 
     Micro-K for Liquid Suspension (Potassium Chloride Extended Release Formulation for 
     Liquid Suspension) 
     Minocin (Minocycline Hydrochloride Oral Suspension) 
     Nasacort 
     Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Hydrocortisone 
     Nepafenac Ophthalmic Suspension (Nevanac) 
     Nevanac (Nepafenac Ophthalmic Suspension) 
     Nitrofurantoin Oral Suspension (Furadantin) 
     Noxafil (Posaconazole Oral Suspension) 
     Nystatin (oral) (Nystatin Oral Suspension)
 
Nystatin Oral Suspension (Nystatin (oral))
 
     Ocufen (Flurbiprofen Sodium Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Ofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution (Ofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Ofloxacin Otic Solution (Floxin Otic) 
     Olopatadine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution (Pataday) 
     Opticrom (Cromolyn Sodium Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Optipranolol (Metipranolol Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Patanol 
     Pediapred 
     PerioGard 
     Phenytoin Oral Suspension (Dilantin 125) 
     Phisohex 
     Posaconazole Oral Suspension (Noxafil) 
     Potassium Chloride Extended Release Formulation for Liquid Suspension (Micro-K for 
     Liquid Suspension) 
     Pataday (Olopatadine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Patanase Nasal Spray (Olopatadine Hydrochloride Nasal Spray) 
     PEG Electrolytes Solution (CoLyte) 
     Pemirolast Potassium Ophthalmic Solution (Alamast) 
     Penlac (Ciclopirox Topical Solution) 
     PENNSAID (Diclofenac Sodium Topical Solution) 
     Perforomist (Formoterol Fumarate Inhalation Solution) 
     Peritoneal Dialysis Solution 
     Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution (Neo-Synephrine) 
     Phospholine Iodide (Echothiophate Iodide for Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Podofilox (Podofilox Topical Solution) 
     Pred Forte (Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension) 
     Pralatrexate Solution for Intravenous Injection (Folotyn) 
     Pred Mild 
     Prednisone Intensol 
     Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension (Pred Forte) 
     Prevacid 
     PrismaSol Solution (Sterile Hemofiltration Hemodiafiltration Solution) 
     ProAir 
     Proglycem 
     ProHance (Gadoteridol Injection Solution) 
     Proparacaine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution (Alcaine) 
     Propine 
     Pulmicort 
     Pulmozyme 
     Quixin (Levofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.5%) 
     QVAR 
     Rapamune 
     Rebetol 
     Relacon-HC 
     Rotarix (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral Suspension) 
     Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral Suspension (Rotarix) 
     Rowasa (Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema) 
     Sabril (Vigabatrin Oral Solution) 
     Sacrosidase Oral Solution (Sucraid) 
     Sandimmune 
     Sepra 
     Serevent Diskus 
     Solu Cortef (Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate) 
     Solu Medrol (Methylprednisolone sodium succinate) 
     Spiriva 
     Sporanox Oral Solution (Itraconazole Oral Solution) 
     Staticin (Erythromycin Topical Solution 1.5%) 
     Stalevo 
     Starlix 
     Sterile Hemofiltration Hemodiafiltration Solution (PrismaSol Solution) 
     Stimate 
     Sucralfate (Carafate Suspension) 
     Sulfacetamide Sodium Ophthalmic Solution 10% (Bleph 10 
     Synarel Nasal Solution (Nafarelin Acetate Nasal Solution for Endometriosis) 
     Taclonex Scalp (Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Topical Suspension) 
     Tamiflu 
     Tobi 
     TobraDex 
     Tobradex ST (Tobramycin/Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension 0.3%/0.05%) 
     Tobramycin/Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension 0.3%/0.05% (Tobradex ST) 
     Timolol 
     Timoptic 
     Travatan Z 
     Treprostinil Inhalation Solution (Tyvaso) 
     Trusopt (Dorzolamide Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Tyvaso (Treprostinil Inhalation Solution) 
     Ventolin 
     Vfend 
     Vibramycin Oral (Doxycycline Calcium Oral Suspension) 
     Videx (Didanosine Pediatric Powder for Oral Solution) 
     Vigabatrin Oral Solution (Sabril) 
     Viokase 
     Viracept 
     Viramune 
     Vitamin K1 (Fluid Colloidal Solution of Vitamin K1) 
     Voltaren Ophthalmic (Diclofenac Sodium Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Zarontin Oral Solution (Ethosuximide Oral Solution) 
     Ziagen 
     Zyvox 
     Zymar (Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Zymaxid (Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution) 
     Drug Classes 
     5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
 
5-aminosalicylates
 
5HT3 receptor antagonists
 
adamantane antivirals
 
adrenal cortical steroids
 
adrenal corticosteroid inhibitors
 
adrenergic bronchodilators
 
agents for hypertensive emergencies
 
agents for pulmonary hypertension
 
aldosterone receptor antagonists
 
alkylating agents
 
alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists
 
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
 
alternative medicines
 
amebicides
 
aminoglycosides
 
aminopenicillins
 
aminosalicylates
 
amylin analogs
 
     Analgesic Combinations 
     Analgesics 
     androgens and anabolic steroids
 
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
 
angiotensin II inhibitors
 
anorectal preparations
 
anorexiants
 
antacids
 
anthelmintics
 
anti-angiogenic ophthalmic agents
 
anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies
 
anti-infectives
 
antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting
 
antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting
 
antiandrogens
 
antianginal agents
 
antiarrhythmic agents
 
antiasthmatic combinations
 
antibiotics/antineoplastics
 
anticholinergic antiemetics
 
anticholinergic antiparkinson agents
 
anticholinergic bronchodilators
 
anticholinergic chronotropic agents
 
anticholinergics/antispasmodics
 
anticoagulants
 
anticonvulsants
 
antidepressants
 
antidiabetic agents
 
antidiabetic combinations
 
antidiarrheals
 
antidiuretic hormones
 
antidotes
 
antiemetic/antivertigo agents
 
antifungals
 
antigonadotropic agents
 
antigout agents
 
antihistamines
 
antihyperlipidemic agents
 
antihyperlipidemic combinations
 
antihypertensive combinations
 
antihyperuricemic agents
 
antimalarial agents
 
antimalarial combinations
 
antimalarial quinolines
 
antimetabolites
 
antimigraine agents
 
antineoplastic detoxifying agents
 
antineoplastic interferons
 
antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies
 
antineoplastics
 
antiparkinson agents
 
antiplatelet agents
 
antipseudomonal penicillins
 
antipsoriatics
 
antipsychotics
 
antirheumatics
 
antiseptic and germicides
 
antithyroid agents
 
antitoxins and antivenins
 
antituberculosis agents
 
antituberculosis combinations
 
antitussives
 
antiviral agents
 
antiviral combinations
 
antiviral interferons
 
anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics
 
aromatase inhibitors
 
atypical antipsychotics
 
azole antifungals
 
bacterial vaccines
 
barbiturate anticonvulsants
 
barbiturates
 
BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors
 
benzodiazepine anticonvulsants
 
benzodiazepines
 
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
 
beta-lactamase inhibitors
 
bile acid sequestrants
 
biologicals
 
bisphosphonates
 
bone resorption inhibitors
 
bronchodilator combinations
 
bronchodilators
 
calcitonin
 
calcium channel blocking agents
 
carbamate anticonvulsants
 
carbapenems
 
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticonvulsants
 
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
 
cardiac stressing agents
 
cardioselective beta blockers
 
cardiovascular agents
 
catecholamines
 
CD20 monoclonal antibodies
 
CD33 monoclonal antibodies
 
CD52 monoclonal antibodies
 
central nervous system agents
 
cephalosporins
 
cerumenolytics
 
chelating agents
 
chemokine receptor antagonist
 
chloride channel activators
 
cholesterol absorption inhibitors
 
cholinergic agonists
 
cholinergic muscle stimulants
 
cholinesterase inhibitors
 
CNS stimulants
 
coagulation modifiers
 
colony stimulating factors
 
contraceptives
 
corticotropin
 
coumarins and indandiones
 
cox-2 inhibitors
 
decongestants
 
dermatological agents
 
diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals
 
dibenzazepine anticonvulsants
 
digestive enzymes
 
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
 
diuretics
 
dopaminergic antiparkinsonism agents
 
drugs used in alcohol dependence
 
echinocandins
 
EGFR inhibitors
 
estrogen receptor antagonists
 
estrogens
 
expectorants
 
factor Xa inhibitors
 
fatty acid derivative anticonvulsants
 
fibric acid derivatives
 
first generation cephalosporins
 
fourth generation cephalosporins
 
functional bowel disorder agents
 
gallstone solubilizing agents
 
gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs
 
gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake inhibitors
 
gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitors
 
gastrointestinal agents
 
general anesthetics
 
genitourinary tract agents
 
GI stimulants
 
glucocorticoids
 
glucose elevating agents
 
glycopeptide antibiotics
 
glycoprotein platelet inhibitors
 
glycylcyclines
 
gonadotropin releasing hormones
 
gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists
 
gonadotropins
 
group I antiarrhythmics
 
group II antiarrhythmics
 
group III antiarrhythmics
 
group IV antiarrhythmics
 
group V antiarrhythmics
 
growth hormone receptor blockers
 
growth hormones
 
 H. pylori  eradication agents
 
H2 antagonists
 
hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer
 
heparin antagonists
 
heparins
 
HER2 inhibitors
 
herbal products
 
histone deacetylase inhibitors
 
hormone replacement therapy
 
hormones
 
hormones/antineoplastics
 
hydantoin anticonvulsants
 
illicit (street) drugs
 
immune globulins
 
immunologic agents
 
immunosuppressive agents
 
impotence agents
 
in vivo diagnostic biologicals
 
incretin mimetics
 
inhaled anti-infectives
 
inhaled corticosteroids
 
inotropic agents
 
insulin
 
insulin-like growth factor
 
integrase strand transfer inhibitor
 
interferons
 
intravenous nutritional products
 
iodinated contrast media
 
ionic iodinated contrast media
 
iron products
 
ketolides
 
laxatives
 
leprostatics
 
leukotriene modifiers
 
lincomycin derivatives
 
lipoglycopeptides
 
local injectable anesthetics
 
loop diuretics
 
lung surfactants
 
lymphatic staining agents
 
lysosomal enzymes
 
macrolide derivatives
 
macrolides
 
magnetic resonance imaging contrast media
 
mast cell stabilizers
 
medical gas
 
meglitinides
 
metabolic agents
 
methylxanthines
 
mineralocorticoids
 
minerals and electrolytes
 
miscellaneous agents
 
miscellaneous analgesics
 
miscellaneous antibiotics
 
miscellaneous anticonvulsants
 
miscellaneous antidepressants
 
miscellaneous antidiabetic agents
 
miscellaneous antiemetics
 
miscellaneous antifungals
 
miscellaneous antihyperlipidemic agents
 
miscellaneous antimalarials
 
miscellaneous antineoplastics
 
miscellaneous antiparkinson agents
 
miscellaneous antipsychotic agents
 
miscellaneous antituberculosis agents
 
miscellaneous antivirals
 
miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
 
miscellaneous biologicals
 
miscellaneous bone resorption inhibitors
 
miscellaneous cardiovascular agents
 
miscellaneous central nervous system agents
 
miscellaneous coagulation modifiers
 
miscellaneous diuretics
 
miscellaneous genitourinary tract agents
 
miscellaneous GI agents
 
miscellaneous hormones
 
miscellaneous metabolic agents
 
miscellaneous ophthalmic agents
 
miscellaneous otic agents
 
miscellaneous respiratory agents
 
miscellaneous sex hormones
 
miscellaneous topical agents
 
miscellaneous uncategorized agents
 
miscellaneous vaginal agents
 
mitotic inhibitors
 
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
 
monoclonal antibodies
 
mouth and throat products
 
mTOR inhibitors
 
mTOR kinase inhibitors
 
mucolytics
 
multikinase inhibitors
 
muscle relaxants
 
mydriatics
 
narcotic analgesic combinations
 
narcotic analgesics
 
nasal anti-infectives
 
nasal antihistamines and decongestants
 
nasal lubricants and irrigations
 
nasal preparations
 
nasal steroids
 
natural penicillins
 
neuraminidase inhibitors
 
neuromuscular blocking agents
 
next generation cephalosporins
 
nicotinic acid derivatives
 
nitrates
 
     NNRTIs 
     non-cardioselective beta blockers
 
non-iodinated contrast media
 
non-ionic iodinated contrast media
 
non-sulfonylureas
 
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
 
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
 
norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
 
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
 
nutraceutical products
 
nutritional products
 
ophthalmic anesthetics
 
ophthalmic anti-infectives
 
ophthalmic anti-inflammatory agents
 
ophthalmic antihistamines and decongestants
 
ophthalmic diagnostic agents
 
ophthalmic glaucoma agents
 
ophthalmic lubricants and irrigations
 
ophthalmic preparations
 
ophthalmic steroids
 
ophthalmic steroids with anti-infectives
 
ophthalmic surgical agents
 
oral nutritional supplements
 
otic anesthetics
 
otic anti-infectives
 
otic preparations
 
otic steroids
 
otic steroids with anti-infectives
 
oxazolidinedione anticonvulsants
 
parathyroid hormone and analogs
 
penicillinase resistant penicillins
 
penicillins
 
peripheral opioid receptor antagonists
 
peripheral vasodilators
 
peripherally acting antiobesity agents
 
phenothiazine antiemetics
 
phenothiazine antipsychotics
 
phenylpiperazine antidepressants
 
plasma expanders
 
platelet aggregation inhibitors
 
platelet-stimulating agents
 
polyenes
 
potassium-sparing diuretics
 
probiotics
 
progesterone receptor modulators
 
progestins
 
prolactin inhibitors
 
prostaglandin D2 antagonists
 
protease inhibitors
 
proton pump inhibitors
 
psoralens
 
psychotherapeutic agents
 
psychotherapeutic combinations
 
purine nucleosides
 
pyrrolidine anticonvulsants
 
quinolones
 
radiocontrast agents
 
radiologic adjuncts
 
radiologic agents
 
radiologic conjugating agents
 
radiopharmaceuticals
 
RANK ligand inhibitors
 
recombinant human erythropoietins
 
renin inhibitors
 
respiratory agents
 
respiratory inhalant products
 
rifamycin derivatives
 
salicylates
 
sclerosing agents
 
second generation cephalosporins
 
selective estrogen receptor modulators
 
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
 
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
 
serotoninergic neuroenteric modulators
 
sex hormone combinations
 
sex hormones
 
skeletal muscle relaxant combinations
 
skeletal muscle relaxants
 
smoking cessation agents
 
somatostatin and somatostatin analogs
 
spermicides
 
statins
 
sterile irrigating solutions
 
 streptomyces  derivatives
 
succinimide anticonvulsants
 
sulfonamides
 
sulfonylureas
 
synthetic ovulation stimulants
 
tetracyclic antidepressants
 
tetracyclines
 
therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
 
thiazide diuretics
 
thiazolidinediones
 
thioxanthenes
 
third generation cephalosporins
 
thrombin inhibitors
 
thrombolytics
 
thyroid drugs
 
tocolytic agents
 
topical acne agents
 
topical agents
 
topical anesthetics
 
topical anti-infectives
 
topical antibiotics
 
topical antifungals
 
topical antihistamines
 
topical antipsoriatics
 
topical antivirals
 
topical astringents
 
topical debriding agents
 
topical depigmenting agents
 
topical emollients
 
topical keratolytics
 
topical steroids
 
topical steroids with anti-infectives
 
toxoids
 
triazine anticonvulsants
 
tricyclic antidepressants
 
trifunctional monoclonal antibodies
 
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors
 
tyrosine kinase inhibitors
 
ultrasound contrast media
 
upper respiratory combinations
 
urea anticonvulsants
 
urinary anti-infectives
 
urinary antispasmodics
 
urinary pH modifiers
 
uterotonic agents
 
vaccine
 
vaccine combinations
 
vaginal anti-infectives
 
vaginal preparations
 
vasodilators
 
vasopressin antagonists
 
vasopressors
 
VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors
 
viral vaccines
 
viscosupplementation agents
 
vitamin and mineral combinations
 
vitamins
 
     Diagnostic Tests 
     17-Hydroxyprogesterone 
     ACE (Angiotensin I converting enzyme) 
     Acetaminophen 
     Acid phosphatase 
     ACTH 
     Activated clotting time
 
Activated protein C resistance
 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
 
     Albumin 
     Aldolase 
     Aldosterone 
     Alkaline phosphatase
 
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
 
Alpha1-antitrypsin
 
     Alpha-fetoprotein 
     Alpha-fetoprotien 
     Ammonia levels 
     Amylase 
     ANA (antinuclear antibodies)
 
ANA (antinuclear antibodies)
 
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
 
     Anion gap 
     Anticardiolipin antibody
 
Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA)
 
Anti-centromere antibody
 
Antidiuretic hormone
 
     Anti-DNA 
     Anti-Dnase-B 
     Anti-Gliadin antibody
 
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody
 
Anti-HBc (Hepatitis B core antibodies
 
Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody
 
Antiphospholipid antibody
 
Anti-RNA polymerase
 
Anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies
 
Anti-Smooth Muscle antibody
 
     Antistreptolysin O (ASO) 
     Antithrombin III 
     Anti-Xa activity
 
Anti-Xa assay
 
     Apolipoproteins 
     Arsenic 
     Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 
     B12 
     Basophil 
     Beta-2-Microglobulin 
     Beta-hydroxybutyrate 
     B-HCG 
     Bilirubin 
     Bilirubin, direct
 
Bilirubin, indirect
 
Bilirubin, total
 
Bleeding time
 
Blood gases (arterial)
 
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
 
     BUN 
     BUN (blood urea nitrogen) 
     CA 125 
     CA 15-3 
     CA 19-9 
     Calcitonin 
     Calcium 
     Calcium (ionized)
 
Carbon monoxide (CO)
 
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
 
     CBC 
     CEA 
     CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) 
     Ceruloplasmin 
     CH50Chloride 
     Cholesterol 
     Cholesterol, HDL 
     Clot lysis time
 
Clot retraction time
 
     CMP 
     CO2 
     Cold agglutinins 
     Complement C3 
     Copper 
     Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test 
     Cortisol 
     Cortrosyn stimulation test 
     C-peptide 
     CPK (Total) 
     CPK-MB 
     C-reactive protein 
     Creatinine 
     Creatinine kinase (CK) 
     Cryoglobulins 
     DAT (Direct antiglobulin test) 
     D-Dimer 
     Dexamethasone suppression test 
     DHEA-S 
     Dilute Russell viper venom 
     Elliptocytes 
     Eosinophil 
     Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 
     Estradiol 
     Estriol 
     Ethanol 
     Ethylene glycol
 
Euglobulin lysis
 
     Factor V Leiden 
     Factor VIII inhibitor
 
Factor VIII level
 
     Ferritin 
     Fibrin split products 
     Fibrinogen 
     Folate 
     Folate (serum
 
Fractional excretion of sodium (FENA)
 
FSH (follicle stimulating factor)
 
     FTA-ABS 
     Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 
     Gastrin 
     GGTP (Gamma glutamyl transferase) 
     Glucose 
     Growth hormone 
     Haptoglobin 
     HBeAg (Hepatitis Be antigen)
 
HBs-Ag (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
 
 Helicobacter pylori  
 
     Hematocrit 
     Hematocrit (HCT) 
     Hemoglobin 
     Hemoglobin A1C 
     Hemoglobin electrophoresis
 
Hepatitis A antibodies
 
Hepatitis C antibodies
 
IAT (Indirect antiglobulin test)
 
     Immunofixation (IFE) 
     Iron 
     Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
 
Lactic acid (lactate)
 
     LDH 
     LH (Leutinizing hormone 
     Lipase 
     Lupus anticoagulant 
     Lymphocyte 
     Magnesium 
     MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin
 
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
 
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
 
     Methylmalonate 
     Monocyte 
     MPV (mean platelet volume) 
     Myoglobin 
     Neutrophil 
     Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
     Phosphorus 
     Platelets (plt) 
     Potassium 
     Prealbumin 
     Prolactin 
     Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 
     Protein C 
     Protein S 
     PSA (prostate specific antigen)
 
PT (Prothrombin time)
 
PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)
 
RDW (red cell distribution width)
 
     Renin 
     Rennin 
     Reticulocyte count
 
reticulocytes
 
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
 
     Sed Rate 
     Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT
 
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)
 
     Sodium 
     T3-resin uptake (T3RU) 
     T4, Free 
     Thrombin time
 
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
 
     Thyroxine (T4 
     Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
 
Total protein
 
     Transferrin 
     Transferrin saturation 
     Triglyceride (TG) 
     Troponin 
     Uric acid 
     Vitamin B12 
     White blood cells (WBC)
 
Widal test
 
     As several examples, the fluid material  40  can be an inhalation anesthetic, a drug, or a diagnostic test material. Any of these fluid materials  40  can be an injectable material, a volatile material capable of being inhaled, or otherwise capable of being introduced into a subject. 
     Other Uses of the Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     A vessel with a passivation layer or pH protective coating as described herein can also be evacuated and stored in an evacuated state. For example, the passivation layer or pH protective coating allows better maintenance of the vacuum in comparison to a corresponding vessel without a passivation layer or pH protective coating. In one aspect of this embodiment, the vessel with a passivation layer or pH protective coating can be a blood collection tube. The tube can also contain an agent for preventing blood clotting or platelet activation, for example EDTA or heparin. 
     Even another embodiment can be a medical or diagnostic kit including a vessel having a passivation layer or pH protective coating as defined in any embodiment herein on a substrate as defined in any embodiment herein. Optionally, the kit additionally includes a medicament or diagnostic agent as defined in any embodiment herein which is contained in the vessel with a passivation layer or pH protective coating in contact with the coating or layer; and/or a hypodermic needle, double-ended needle, or other delivery conduit; and/or an instruction sheet. 
     Use of the passivation layer or pH protective coating according to any described embodiment is contemplated for preventing or reducing precipitation and/or clotting or platelet activation of a compound or a component of the composition in contact with the coating or layer. 
     The use of a coated substrate according to any described embodiment is contemplated for storing insulin. As one option, precipitation of the insulin can be prevented or reduced by providing vessel to contain the insulin having a contact surface including a passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     As another option, the compound or a component of the composition can be blood or a blood fraction, and blood clotting or platelet activation can be prevented or reduced by storing the blood in the blood collection tube in contact with a passivation layer or pH protective coating. Optionally, the blood collection tube can contain an agent for preventing blood clotting or platelet activation, for example ethylenediamineteetraacetic acid (EDTA), a sodium salt thereof, or heparin. The blood collection tube can include a passivation layer or pH protective coating for preventing the agent from attacking an SiO x  barrier coating or layer in the vessel. The use of a coated substrate according to any described embodiment is contemplated for storing blood. Optionally, the stored blood can be viable for return to the vascular system of a patient. 
     Use of a coating or layer according to any described embodiment can be contemplated as (i) a lubricity coating having a lower frictional resistance than the uncoated surface; and/or (ii) a passivation layer or pH protective coating preventing dissolution of the barrier coating or layer in contact with a fluid, and/or (iii) a hydrophobic layer that can be more hydrophobic than the uncoated surface. 
     Measurement of Coating Thickness 
     The thickness of a PECVD coating or layer such as the passivation layer or pH protective coating, the barrier coating or layer, the lubricity coating or layer, and/or a composite of any two or more of these layers can be measured, for example, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An exemplary TEM image for a lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating on an SiO x  barrier coating or layer is shown in  FIG.  11   . An exemplary TEM image for an SiO x  barrier coating or layer on a substrate is shown in  FIG.  12   . 
     The TEM can be carried out, for example, as follows. Samples can be prepared for Focused Ion Beam (FIB) cross-sectioning in two ways. Either the samples can be first coated with a thin layer of carbon (50-100 nm thick) and then coated with a sputtered coating or layer of platinum (50-100 nm thick) using a K575X Emitech passivation layer or pH protective coating system, or the samples can be coated directly with the protective sputtered Pt layer. The coated samples can be placed in an FEI FIB200 FIB system. An additional coating or layer of platinum can be FIB-deposited by injection of an organometallic gas while rastering the 30 kV gallium ion beam over the area of interest. The area of interest for each sample can be chosen to be a location half way down the length of the syringe barrel. Thin cross sections measuring approximately 15 μm (“micrometers”) long, 2 μm wide and 15 μm deep can be extracted from the die surface using an in-situ FIB lift-out technique. The cross sections can be attached to a 200 mesh copper TEM grid using FIB-deposited platinum. One or two windows in each section, measuring about 8 μm wide, can be thinned to electron transparency using the gallium ion beam of the FEI FIB. 
     Cross-sectional image analysis of the prepared samples can be performed utilizing either a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), or a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), or both. All imaging data can be recorded digitally. For STEM imaging, the grid with the thinned foils can be transferred to a Hitachi HD2300 dedicated STEM. Scanning transmitted electron images can be acquired at appropriate magnifications in atomic number contrast mode (ZC) and transmitted electron mode (TE). The following instrument settings can be used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Scanning Transmission  
               
               
                   
                 Instrument 
                 Electron Microscope 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Manufacturer/Model 
                 Hitachi HD2300 
               
               
                   
                 Accelerating Voltage 
                 200 kV 
               
               
                   
                 Objective Aperture 
                 #2 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser Lens 1 Setting 
                 1.672 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser Lens 2 Setting 
                 1.747 
               
               
                   
                 Approximate Objective Lens Setting 
                 5.86 
               
               
                   
                 ZC Mode Projector Lens 
                 1.149 
               
               
                   
                 TE Mode Projector Lens 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 Image Acquisition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pixel Resolution 
                 1280 × 960 
               
               
                   
                 Acquisition Time 
                 20 sec. (×4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For TEM analysis the sample grids can be transferred to a Hitachi HF2000 transmission electron microscope. Transmitted electron images can be acquired at appropriate magnifications. The relevant instrument settings used during image acquisition can be those given below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmission Electron  
               
               
                   
                 Instrument 
                 Microscope 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Manufacturer/Model 
                 Hitachi HF2000 
               
               
                   
                 Accelerating Voltage 
                 200 kV 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser Lens 1 
                 0.78 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser Lens 2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Objective Lens 
                 6.34 
               
               
                   
                 Condenser Lens Aperture 
                 #1 
               
               
                   
                 Objective Lens Aperture for imaging 
                 #3 
               
               
                   
                 Selective Area Aperture for SAD 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Basic Protocols for Forming and Coating Syringe Barrels 
     The pharmaceutical packages or other vessels tested in the subsequent working examples were formed and coated according to the following exemplary protocols, except as otherwise indicated in individual examples. Particular parameter values given in the following basic protocols, for example the electric power and gaseous reactant or process gas flow, are typical values. When parameter values were changed in comparison to these typical values, this will be indicated in the subsequent working examples. The same applies to the type and composition of the gaseous reactant or process gas. 
     In some instances, the reference characters and Figures mentioned in the following protocols and additional details can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188. 
     Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with SiO x    
     The apparatus and protocol generally as found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188 were used for coating syringe barrel interiors with an SiO x  barrier coating or layer, in some cases with minor variations. A similar apparatus and protocol were used for coating vials with an SiO x  barrier coating or layer, in some cases with minor variations. 
     Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating 
     Syringe barrels already interior coated with a barrier coating or layer of SiO x , as previously identified, are further interior coated with a passivation layer or pH protective coating as previously identified, generally following the protocols of U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,188 for applying the lubricity coating or layer, except with modified conditions in certain instances as noted in the working examples. The conditions given here are for a COC syringe barrel, and can be modified as appropriate for syringe barrels made of other materials. The apparatus as generally shown in  FIG.  4    can be used to hold a syringe barrel with butt sealing at the base of the syringe barrel. 
     The syringe barrel is carefully moved into the sealing position over the extended probe or counter electrode  108  and pushed against a plasma screen. The plasma screen is fit snugly around the probe or counter electrode  108  insuring good electrical contact. The probe or counter electrode  108  is grounded to the casing of the RF matching network. 
     The gas delivery port  110  is connected to a manual ball valve or similar apparatus for venting, a thermocouple pressure gauge and a bypass valve connected to the vacuum pumping line. In addition, the gas system is connected to the gas delivery port  110  allowing the gaseous reactant or process gas, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) (or the specific gaseous reactant or process gas reported for a particular example) to be flowed through the gas delivery port  110  (under process pressures) into the interior of the syringe barrel. 
     The gas system is comprised of a commercially available heated mass flow vaporization system that heats the OMCTS to about 100° C. The heated mass flow vaporization system is connected to liquid octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Alfa Aesar® Part Number A12540, 98%). The OMCTS flow rate is set to the specific organosilicon precursor flow reported for a particular example. To ensure no condensation of the vaporized OMCTS flow past this point, the gas stream is diverted to the pumping line when it is not flowing into the interior of the COC syringe barrel for processing. 
     Once the syringe barrel is installed, the vacuum pump valve is opened to the vessel holder  50  and the interior of the COC syringe barrel. A vacuum pump and blower comprise the vacuum pump system. The pumping system allows the interior of the COC syringe barrel to be reduced to pressure(s) of less than 100 mTorr while the gaseous reactant or process gases is flowing at the indicated rates. 
     Once the base vacuum level is achieved, the vessel holder  50  assembly is moved into the electrode  160  assembly. The gas stream (OMCTS vapor) is flowed into the gas delivery port  110  (by adjusting the 3-way valve from the pumping line to the gas delivery port  110 . The plasma for PECVD, if used, can be generated at reduced pressure and the reduced pressure can be less than 300 mTorr, optionally less than 200 mTorr, even optionally less than 100 mTorr. Pressure inside the COC syringe barrel can be, as one example, approximately 140 mTorr as measured by a capacitance manometer (MKS) installed on the pumping line near the valve that controls the vacuum. In addition to the COC syringe barrel pressure, the pressure inside the gas delivery port  110  and gas system is also measured with the thermocouple vacuum gauge that is connected to the gas system. This pressure is typically less than 6 Torr. 
     Once the gas is flowing to the interior of the COC syringe barrel, the RF power supply is turned on to its fixed power level or as otherwise indicated in a specific example or description. The physical and chemical properties of the passivation layer or pH protective coating can be set by setting the ratio of oxidizing gas to the organosilicon precursor in the gaseous reactant, and/or by setting the electric power used for generating the plasma. A 600 Watt RF power supply is used (at 13.56 MHz) at a fixed power level or as otherwise indicated in a specific example or description. The RF power supply is connected to an auto match which matches the complex impedance of the plasma (to be created in the vessel) to the output impedance of the RF power supply. The forward power is as stated and the reflected power is 0 Watts so that the stated power is delivered to the interior of the vessel. The RF power supply is controlled by a laboratory timer and the power on time set to 10 seconds (or a different time stated in a given example). 
     Upon initiation of the RF power, uniform plasma is established inside the interior of the vessel. The plasma is maintained for the entire passivation layer or pH protective coating time, until the RF power is terminated by the timer. The plasma produces a passivation layer or pH protective coating on the interior of the vessel. 
     After applying the passivation layer or pH protective coating, the gas flow is diverted back to the vacuum line and the vacuum valve is closed. The vent valve is then opened, returning the interior of the COC syringe barrel to atmospheric pressure (approximately 760 Torr). The treated vessel is then carefully removed from the vessel holder  50  assembly (after moving the vessel holder  50  assembly out of the electrode  160  assembly). 
     A similar protocol is used, except using apparatus generally like that of  FIG.  1   , for applying a passivation layer or pH protective coating to vials. 
     Protocol for Total Silicon Measurement 
     This protocol is used to determine the total amount of silicon coatings present on the entire vessel wall. A supply of 0.1 N potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution is prepared, taking care to avoid contact between the solution or ingredients and glass. The water used is purified water, 18 KΩ quality. A Perkin Elmer Optima Model 7300DV ICP-OES instrument is used for the measurement except as otherwise indicated. 
     Each device (vial, syringe, tube, or the like) to be tested and its cap and crimp (in the case of a vial) or other closure are weighed empty to 0.001 g, then filled completely with the KOH solution (with no headspace), capped, crimped, and reweighed to 0.001 g. In a digestion step, each vial is placed in a sonicating water bath at 40° C. for a minimum of 8-10 hours. The digestion step is carried out to quantitatively remove the silicon coatings from the vessel wall into the KOH solution. After this digestion step, the vials are removed from the sonicating water bath and allowed to cool to room temperature. The contents of the vials are transferred into 15 ml ICP tubes. The total Si concentration is run on each solution by ICP/OES following the operating procedure for the ICP/OES. 
     The total Si concentration is reported as parts per billion of Si in the KOH solution. This concentration represents the total amount of silicon coatings that were on the vessel wall before the digestion step was used to remove it. 
     The total Si concentration can also be determined for fewer than all the silicon layers on the vessel, as when an SiO x  barrier coating or layer is applied, an SiO x C y  second layer (for example, a lubricity layer or a passivation layer or pH protective coating) is then applied, and it is desired to know the total silicon concentration of just the SiO x C y  layer. This determination is made by preparing two sets of vessels, one set to which only the SiO x  layer is applied and the other set to which the same SiO x  layer is applied, followed by the SiO x C y  layer or other layers of interest. The total Si concentration for each set of vessels is determined in the same manner as described above. The difference between the two Si concentrations is the total Si concentration of the SiO x C y  second layer. 
     Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel 
     In some of the working examples, the amount of silicon dissolved from the wall of the vessel by a test solution is determined, in parts per billion (ppb), for example to evaluate the dissolution rate of the test solution. This determination of dissolved silicon is made by storing the test solution in a vessel provided with an SiO x  and/or SiO x C y  coating or layer under test conditions, then removing a sample of the solution from the vessel and testing the Si concentration of the sample. The test is done in the same manner as the Protocol for Total Silicon Measurement, except that the digestion step of that protocol is replaced by storage of the test solution in the vessel as described in this protocol. The total Si concentration is reported as parts per billion of Si in the test solution 
     Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate 
     The average dissolution rates reported in the working examples are determined as follows. A series of test vessels having a known total silicon measurement are filled with the desired test solution analogous to the manner of filling the vials with the KOH solution in the Protocol for Total Silicon Measurement. (The test solution can be a physiologically inactive test solution as employed in the present working examples or a physiologically active pharmaceutical preparation intended to be stored in the vessels to form a pharmaceutical package). The test solution is stored in respective vessels for several different amounts of time, then analyzed for the Si concentration in parts per billion in the test solution for each storage time. The respective storage times and Si concentrations are then plotted. The plots are studied to find a series of substantially linear points having the steepest slope. 
     The plot of dissolution amount (ppb Si) versus days decreases in slope with time. It is believed that the dissolution rate is not flattening out because the Si layer has been fully digested by the test solution. 
     For the PC194 test data in Table 10 below, linear plots of dissolution versus time data are prepared by using a least squares linear regression program to find a linear plot corresponding to the first five data points of each of the experimental plots. The slope of each linear plot is then determined and reported as representing the average dissolution rate applicable to the test, measured in parts per billion of Si dissolved in the test solution per unit of time. 
     Protocol for Determining Calculated Shelf Life 
     The calculated shelf life values reported in the working examples below are determined by extrapolation of the total silicon measurements and average dissolution rates, respectively determined as described in the Protocol for Total Silicon Measurement and the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate. The assumption is made that under the indicated storage conditions the SiO x C y  passivation layer or pH protective coating will be removed at the average dissolution rate until the coating is entirely removed. Thus, the total silicon measurement for the vessel, divided by the dissolution rate, gives the period of time required for the test solution to totally dissolve the SiO x C y  coating. This period of time is reported as the calculated shelf life. Unlike commercial shelf life calculations, no safety factor is calculated. Instead, the calculated shelf life is the calculated time to failure. 
     It should be understood that because the plot of ppb Si versus hours decreases in slope with time, an extrapolation from relatively short measurement times to relatively long calculated shelf lives is believed to be a “worst case” test that tends to underestimate the calculated shelf life actually obtainable. 
     SEM Procedure 
     SEM Sample Preparation: Each syringe sample was cut in half along its length (to expose the inner or interior surface). The top of the syringe (Luer end) was cut off to make the sample smaller. 
     The sample was mounted onto the sample holder with conductive graphite adhesive, then put into a Denton Desk IV SEM Sample Preparation System, and a thin (approximately 50 Å) gold passivation layer or pH protective coating was sputtered onto the inner or interior surface of the syringe. The gold passivation layer or pH protective coating is required to eliminate charging of the surface during measurement. 
     The sample was removed from the sputter system and mounted onto the sample stage of a Jeol JSM 6390 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The sample was pumped down to at least 1×10 −6  Torr in the sample compartment. Once the sample reached the required vacuum level, the slit valve was opened and the sample was moved into the analysis station. 
     The sample was imaged at a coarse resolution first, then higher magnification images were accumulated. The SEM images provided in the Figures are 5 μm edge-to-edge (horizontal and vertical). 
     AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) Procedure. 
     AFM images were collected using a NanoScope III Dimension 3000 machine (Digital Instruments, Santa Barbara, Calif., USA). The instrument was calibrated against a NIST traceable standard. Etched silicon scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tips were used. Image processing procedures involving auto-flattening, plane fitting or convolution were employed. One 10 μm×10 μm area was imaged. Roughness analyses were performed and were expressed in: (1) Root-Mean-Square Roughness, RMS; 2 Mean Roughness, Ra; and (3) Maximum Height (Peak-to-Valley), R max , all measured in nm (see Table 5). For the roughness analyses, each sample was imaged over the 10 μm×10 μm area, followed by three cross sections selected by the analyst to cut through features in the 10 μm×10 μm images. The vertical depth of the features was measures using the cross section tool. For each cross section, a Root-Mean-Square Roughness (RMS) in nanometers was reported. These RMS values along with the average of the three cross sections for each sample are listed in Table 5. 
     Additional analysis of the 10 μm×10 μm images represented by Examples Q, T and V was carried out. For this analysis three cross sections were extracted from each image. The locations of the cross sections were selected by the analyst to cut through features in the images. The vertical depth of the features was measured using the cross section tool. 
     The Digital Instruments Nanoscope III AFM/STM acquires and stores 3-dimensional representations of surfaces in a digital format. These surfaces can be analyzed in a variety of ways. 
     The Nanoscope III software can perform a roughness analysis of any AFM or STM image. The product of this analysis is a single page reproducing the selected image in top view. To the upper right of the image is the “Image Statistics” box, which lists the calculated characteristics of the whole image minus any areas excluded by a stopband (a box with an X through it). Similar additional statistics can be calculated for a selected portion of the image and these are listed in the “Box Statistics” in the lower right portion of the page. What follows is a description and explanation of these statistics. 
     Image Statistics: 
     Z Range (R p ): The difference between the highest and lowest points in the image. The value is not corrected for tilt in the plane of the image; therefore, plane fitting or flattening the data will change the value. 
     Mean: The average of all of the Z values in the imaged area. This value is not corrected for the tilt in the plane of the image; therefore, plane fitting or flattening the data will change this value. 
     RMS (R q ): This is the standard deviation of the Z values (or RMS roughness) in the image. It is calculated according to the formula: 
         R   q ={Σ( Z   1   −Z   avg )2/ N} 
 
     where Z avg  is the average Z value within the image; Z 1  is the current value of Z; and N is the number of points in the image. This value is not corrected for tilt in the plane of the image; therefore, plane fitting or flattening the data will change this value. 
     Mean roughness (R a ): This is the mean value of the surface relative to the Center Plane and is calculated using the formula: 
         R   a =[1/( L   x   L   y )]∫ o   Ly ∫ o   Lx   {f ( x,y )} dxdy  
 
     where f(x,y) is the surface relative to the Center plane, and L x  and L y  are the dimensions of the surface. 
     Max height (R max ): This is the difference in height between the highest and lowest points of the surface relative to the Mean Plane. 
     Surface area: (Optical calculation): This is the area of the 3-dimensional surface of the imaged area. It is calculated by taking the sum of the areas of the triangles formed by 3 adjacent data points throughout the image. 
     Surface area diff: (Optional calculation) This is the amount that the Surface area is in excess of the imaged area. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated according to the formula: 
       Surface area diff=100[(Surface area/ S   1 2−1]
 
     where S 1  is the length (and width) of the scanned area minus any areas excluded by stopbands. 
     Center Plane: A flat plane that is parallel to the Mean Plane. The volumes enclosed by the image surface above and below the center plane are equal. 
     Mean Plane: The image data has a minimum variance about this flat plane. It results from a first order least squares fit on the Z data. 
     WORKING EXAMPLES 
     The working examples follow. While much of the testing is carried out using thermoplastic vessels, instead of glass vessels, and protecting barrier coatings, instead of preventing glass delamination, the testing of the passivation layer or pH protective coating is analogous in either type of vessel. 
     Examples A-D 
     Syringe samples were produced as follows. A COC 8007 extended barrel syringe was produced according to the Protocol for Forming COC Syringe Barrel. An SiO x  coating or layer was applied to some of the syringes according to the Protocol for coating COC Syringe Barrel Interior with SiO x . A lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating was applied to the SiO x  coated syringes according to the Protocol for Coating COC Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS Lubricity Coating, modified as follows. The OMCTS was supplied from a vaporizer, due to its low volatility. Argon carrier gas was used. The process conditions were set to the following:
         OMCTS—3 sccm   Argon gas—65 sccm   Power—6 watts   Time—10 seconds       

     The coater was later determined to have a small leak while producing the L2 samples identified in the Table, which resulted in an estimated oxygen flow of 1.0 sccm. The L3 samples were produced without introducing oxygen. 
     Several syringes were then tested for lubricity using a Genesis Packaging Plunger Force Tester (Model SFT-01 Syringe Force Tester, manufactured by Genesis Machinery, Lionville, Pa.) according to the Protocol for Lubricity Testing. Both the initiation force and maintenance forces (in Newtons) were noted relative to an uncoated sample, and are reported in Table 1. 
     Syringes coated with silicone oil were included as a reference since this is the current industry standard. 
     The lubricity coatings produced according to these working examples are also contemplated to function as passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers to increase the shelf life of the vessels, compared to similar vessels provided with a barrier coating or layer but no lubricity coating or layer. 
     Examples E-H 
     Syringe samples were produced as follows. A COC 8007 extended barrel syringe was produced according to the Protocol for Forming COC Syringe Barrel. An SiO x  passivation layer or pH protective coating was applied to the syringe barrels according to the Protocol for Coating COC Syringe Barrel Interior with SiO x . A lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating was applied to the SiO x  coated syringes according to the Protocol for Coating COC Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS, modified as follows. Argon carrier gas and oxygen were used where noted in Table 2. The process conditions were set to the following, or as indicated in Table 2:
         OMCTS—3 sccm (when used)   Argon gas—7.8 sccm (when used)   Oxygen 0.38 sccm (when used)   Power—3 watts   Power on time—10 seconds       

     Syringes E and F prepared under these conditions, Syringes G prepared under these conditions except without a lubricity layer or a passivation layer or pH protective coating, and Syringes H (a commercial syringe coated with silicone oil) were then tested for lubricity using a Genesis Packaging Plunger Force Tester according to the Protocol for Lubricity Testing. Both the initiation force and maintenance forces (in Newtons) were noted relative to an uncoated sample, and are reported in Table 2. Syringes coated with silicone oil were included as a reference since this is the current industry standard. 
     The lubricity results are shown in Table 2 (Initiation Force and Maintenance Force), illustrating under these test conditions as well that the lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating on Syringes E and F markedly improved their lubricity compared to Syringes G which lacked any lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating. The lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating on Syringes E and F also markedly improved their lubricity compared to Syringes H which contained the standard lubricity coating or layer in the industry. 
     Syringes E, F, and G were also tested to determine total extractable silicon levels (representing extraction of the organosilicon-based PECVD passivation layer or pH protective coating) using the Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel, modified and supplemented as shown in this example. 
     The silicon was extracted using saline water digestion. The tip of each syringe plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal was covered with PTFE tape to prevent extracting material from the elastomeric tip material, then inserted into the syringe barrel base. The syringe barrel was filled with two milliliters of 0.9% aqueous saline solution via a hypodermic needle inserted through the Luer tip of the syringe. This is an appropriate test for extractables because many prefilled syringes are used to contain and deliver saline solution. The Luer tip was plugged with a piece of PTFE beading of appropriate diameter. The syringe was set into a PTFE test stand with the Luer tip facing up and placed in an oven at 50° C. for 72 hours. 
     Then, either a static or a dynamic mode was used to remove the saline solution from the syringe barrel. According to the static mode indicated in Table 2, the syringe plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal was removed from the test stand, and the fluid in the syringe was decanted into a vessel. According to the dynamic mode indicated in Table 2, the Luer tip seal was removed and the plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal was depressed to push fluid through the syringe barrel and expel the contents into a vessel. In either case, the fluid obtained from each syringe barrel was brought to a volume of 50 ml using 18.2MΩ-cm deionized water and further diluted 2× to minimize sodium background during analysis. The CVH barrels contained two milliliters and the commercial barrels contained 2.32 milliliters. 
     Next, the fluid recovered from each syringe was tested for extractable silicon using the Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel. The instrument used was a Perkin Elmer Elan DRC II equipped with a Cetac ASX-520 autosampler. The following ICP-MS conditions were employed:
         Nebulizer: Quartz Meinhardt   Spray Chamber: Cyclonic   RF (radio frequency) power: 1550 Watts   Argon (Ar) Flow: 15.0 L/min   Auxiliary Ar Flow: 1.2 L/min   Nebulizer Gas Flow: 0.88 L/min   Integration time: 80 sec   Scanning mode: Peak hopping   RPq (The RPq is a rejection parameter) for Cerium as CeO (m/z 156: &lt;2%       

     Aliquots from aqueous dilutions obtained from Syringes E, F, and G were injected and analyzed for Si in concentration units of micrograms per liter. The results of this test are shown in Table 2. While the results are not quantitative, they do indicate that extractables from the lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating are not clearly higher than the extractables for the SiO x  barrier coating or layer only. Also, the static mode produced far less extractables than the dynamic mode, which was expected. 
     Examples I-K 
     Syringe samples I, J, and K, employing three different lubricity and/or passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers, were produced in the same manner as for Examples E-H except as follows or as indicated in Table 3:
         OMCTS—2.5 sccm   Argon gas—7.6 sccm (when used)   Oxygen 0.38 sccm (when used)   Power—3 watts   Power on time—10 seconds       

     Syringe I had a three-component passivation layer or pH protective coating employing OMCTS, oxygen, and carrier gas. Syringe J had a two component passivation layer or pH protective coating employing OMCTS and oxygen, but no carrier gas. Syringe K had a one-component passivation layer or pH protective coating (OMCTS only). Syringes I, J, and K were then tested for lubricity as described for Examples E-H. 
     The lubricity results are shown in Table 3 (Initiation Force and Maintenance Force). Syringe I with a three-component passivation layer or pH protective coating employing OMCTS, oxygen, and carrier gas provided the best lubricity results for both initiation force and maintenance force. Syringe J omitting the carrier gas yielded intermediate results. Syringe K had a one-component passivation layer or pH protective coating (OMCTS only), and provided the lowest lubricity. This example shows that the addition of both a carrier gas and oxygen to the process gas improved lubricity under the tested conditions. 
     The lubricity coatings produced according to these working examples are also contemplated to function as passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers to increase the shelf life of the vessels, compared to similar vessels provided with a barrier coating or layer but no lubricity coating or layer. 
     Examples L-N 
     Examples I-K using an OMCTS precursor gas were repeated in Examples L-N, except that HMDSO was used as the precursor in Examples L-N. The results are shown in Table 3. The results show that for the tested three-component, two-component, and one-component lubricity coating or layer, the OMCTS passivation layer or pH protective coating provided lower resistance, thus better lubricity, than the HMDSO passivation layer or pH protective coating, demonstrating the value of OMCTS as the precursor gas for lubricity. 
     The lubricity coatings produced according to these working examples are also contemplated to function as passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers to increase the shelf life of the vessels, compared to similar vessels provided with a barrier coating or layer but no lubricity coating or layer. 
     Examples O-Y 
     In these examples the surface roughness of the lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating was correlated with lubricity and/or protective performance. 
     OMCTS lubricity coatings or layers were applied with previously described equipment with the indicated specific process conditions (Table 5) onto one milliliter COC 6013 molded syringe barrels. Plunger force measurements (F i , F m ) (Table 5) were performed with previously described equipment under the same protocols. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) photomicrographs (Table 5,  FIGS.  9  and  10   ) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) Root Mean Square (RMS) and other roughness determinations (Tables 5 and 6) were made using the procedures indicated below. Average RMS values are taken from three different RMS readings on the surface. The plunger force tests, AFM and SEM tests reported in table 5 were performed on different samples due to the nature of the individual tests which prohibited a performance of all tests on one sample. 
     Comparison of F i /F m  to SEM photomicrograph to AFM Average RMS values clearly indicates that lower plunger forces are realized with non-continuous, rougher OMCTS plasma-coated surfaces (cf. Samples O to Q vs. R to V). 
     Further testing was carried out on sister samples Examples W, X, and Y, respectively made under conditions similar to Example Q, T, and V, to show the F i  and F m  values corresponding to the AFM roughness data. Example W which has a higher surface roughness (compare Example Q in Table 5) has much lower F i  and F m  friction values (Table 6) than Example X or Y. The F m  test shown in Table 6 was interrupted before reaching the measured value of F m  for Examples X and Y because the F m  value was too high. 
     The lubricity coatings produced according to these working examples are also contemplated to function as passivation layers or pH protective coatings or layers to increase the shelf life of the vessels, compared to similar vessels provided with a barrier coating or layer but no lubricity coating or layer. 
     Summary of Lubricity and/or Protective Measurements 
     Table 8 shows a summary of the above OMCTS coatings or layers and their F i  and F m  values. It should be understood that the initial lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating work (C-K; roughness not known) was to identify the lowest possible plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal advancing force attainable. From subsequent market input, it was determined that the lowest achievable force was not necessarily most desirable, for reasons explained in the generic description (for example premature release). Thus, the PECVD reaction parameters were varied to obtain a plunger tip, piston, stopper, or seal force of practical market use. 
     Example Z: Lubricity and/or Passivation Layer or pH Protective Coating Extractables 
     Silicon extractables from syringes were measured using ICP-MS analysis as described in the Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel. The syringes were evaluated in both static and dynamic situations. The Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel, modified as follows, describes the test procedure:
         Syringe filled with 2 ml of 0.9% saline solution   Syringe placed in a stand—stored at 50° C. for 72 hours.   After 72 hours saline solution test for dissolved silicon   Dissolved silicon measured before and after saline solution expelled through syringe.       

     The extractable Silicon Levels from a silicone oil coated glass syringe and a Lubricity and/or protective coated and SiO x  coated COC syringe are shown in Table 7. Precision of the ICP-MS total silicon measurement is +/−3%. 
     Comparative Example AA: Dissolution of SiO x  Coating Versus pH 
     The Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel is followed, except as modified here. Test solutions—50 mM buffer solutions at pH 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12 are prepared. Buffers are selected having appropriate pKa values to provide the pH values being studied. A potassium phosphate buffer is selected for pH 3, 7, 8 and 12, a sodium citrate buffer is utilized for pH 6 and tris buffer is selected for pH 9. 3 ml of each test solution is placed in borosilicate glass 5 ml pharmaceutical vials and SiO x  coated 5 ml thermoplastic pharmaceutical vials. The vials are all closed with standard coated stoppers and crimped. The vials are placed in storage at 20-25° C. and pulled at various time points for inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP) analysis of Si content in the solutions contained in the vials, in parts per billion (ppb) by weight, for different storage times. 
     The Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate Si content is used to monitor the rate of glass dissolution, except as modified here. The data is plotted to determine an average rate of dissolution of borosilicate glass or SiO x  coating at each pH condition. Representative plots at pH 6 through 8 are  FIGS.  13 - 15   . 
     The rate of Si dissolution in ppb is converted to a predicted thickness (nm) rate of Si dissolution by determining the total weight of Si removed, then using a surface area calculation of the amount of vial surface (11.65 cm 2 ) exposed to the solution and a density of SiO x  of 2.2 g/cm 3 .  FIG.  16    shows the predicted initial thickness of the SiO x  coating required, based on the conditions and assumptions of this example (assuming a residual SiO x  coating of at least 30 nm at the end of the desired shelf life of two years, and assuming storage at 20 to 25° C.). As  FIG.  16    shows, the predicted initial thickness of the coating is about 36 nm at pH 5, about 80 nm at pH 6, about 230 nm at pH 7, about 400 nm at pH 7.5, about 750 nm at pH 8, and about 2600 nm at pH 9. 
     The coating thicknesses in  FIG.  16    represent atypically harsh case scenarios for pharma and biotech products. Most biotech products and many pharma products are stored at refrigerated conditions and none are typically recommended for storage above room temperature. As a general rule of thumb, storage at a lower temperature reduces the thickness required, all other conditions being equivalent. 
     The following conclusions are reached, based on this test. First, the amount of dissolved Si in the SiO x  coating or glass increases exponentially with increasing pH. Second, the SiO x  coating dissolves more slowly than borosilicate glass at a pH lower than 8. The SiO x  coating shows a linear, monophasic dissolution over time, whereas borosilicate glass tends to show a more rapid dissolution in the early hours of exposure to solutions, followed by a slower linear dissolution. This may be due to surface accumulation of some salts and elements on borosilicate during the forming process relative to the uniform composition of the SiO x  coating. This result incidentally suggests the utility of an SiO x  coating on the wall of a borosilicate glass vial to reduce dissolution of the glass at a pH lower than 8. Third, PECVD applied barrier coatings or layers for vials in which pharmaceutical preparations are stored will need to be adapted to the specific pharmaceutical preparation and proposed storage conditions (or vice versa), at least in some instances in which the pharmaceutical preparation interacts with the barrier coating or layer significantly. 
     Example BB 
     An experiment is conducted with vessels coated with SiO x  coating+OMCTS lubricity layer, to test the lubricity layer for its functionality as a passivation layer or pH protective coating. The vessels are 5 mL vials (the vials are normally filled with product to 5 mL; their capacity without headspace, when capped, is about 7.5 mL) composed of cyclic olefin co-polymer (COC, Topas® 6013M-07). 
     Sixty vessels are coated on their interior surfaces with an SiO x  coating produced in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using a HMDSO precursor gas according to the Protocol for Coating Tube Interior with SiO x  set forth above, except that equipment suitable for coating a vial is used. The following conditions are used.
         HMDSO flow rate: 0.47 sccm   Oxygen flow rate: 7.5 sccm   RF power: 70 Watts   Coating time: 12 seconds (includes a 2-sec RF power ramp-up time)       

     Next the SiO x  coated vials are coated over the SiO x  with an SiO x C y  coating produced in a PECVD process using an OMCTS precursor gas according to the Protocol for Coating COC Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS Lubricity Coating set forth above, except that the same coating equipment is used as for the SiO x  coating. Thus, the special adaptations in the protocol for coating a syringe are not used. The following conditions are used.
         OMCTS flow rate: 2.5 sccm   Argon flow rate: 10 sccm   Oxygen flow rate: 0.7 sccm   RF power: 3.4 Watts   Coating time: 5 seconds       

     Eight vials are selected and the total deposited quantity of PECVD coating (SiO x +SiO x C y ) is determined with a Perkin Elmer Optima Model 7300DV ICP-OES instrument, using the Protocol for Total Silicon Measurement set forth above. This measurement determines the total amount of silicon in both coatings, and does not distinguish between the respective SiO x  and SiO x C y  coatings. The results are shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quantity of SiO x  + Lubricity layer on Vials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vial 
                 Total Silicon ug/L 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 13844 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 14878 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 14387 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 13731 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 15260 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 15017 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 15118 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 12736 
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 14371 
               
               
                   
                 StdDev 
                 877 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the following work, except as indicated otherwise in this example, the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate is followed. Two buffered pH test solutions are used in the remainder of the experiment, respectively at pH 4 and pH 8 to test the effect of pH on dissolution rate. Both test solutions are 50 mM buffers using potassium phosphate as the buffer, diluted in water for injection (WFI) (0.1 um sterilized, filtered). The pH is adjusted to pH 4 or 8, respectively, with concentrated nitric acid. 
     25 vials are filled with 7.5 ml per vial of pH 4 buffered test solution and 25 other vials are filled with 7.5 ml per vial of pH 4 buffered test solution (note the fill level is to the top of the vial—no head space). The vials are closed using prewashed butyl stoppers and aluminum crimps. The vials at each pH are split into two groups. One group at each pH containing 12 vials is stored at 4° C. and the second group of 13 vials is stored at 23° C. 
     The vials are sampled at Days 1, 3, 6, and 8. The Protocol for Measuring Dissolved Silicon in a Vessel is used, except as otherwise indicated in this example. The analytical result is reported on the basis of parts per billion of silicon in the buffered test solutions of each vial. A dissolution rate is calculated in terms of parts per billion per day as described above in the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate. The results at the respective storage temperatures follow: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Shelf Life Conditions 23° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vial SiOx + Lubricity 
                 Vial SiOx + Lubricity 
               
               
                   
                 Coating at pH 4 
                 Coating at pH 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Si Dissolution Rate  
                 31 
                  7 
               
               
                 (PPB/day) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Shelf Life Conditions 4° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vial SiOx + Lubricity 
                 Vial SiOx + Lubricity 
               
               
                   
                 Coating at pH 4 
                 Coating at pH 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Si Dissolution Rate  
                  7 
                 11 
               
               
                 (PPB/day) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The observations of Si dissolution versus time for the OMCTS-based coating at pH8 and pH 4 indicate the pH 4 rates are higher at ambient conditions. Thus, the pH 4 rates are used to determine how much material would need to be initially applied to leave a coating of adequate thickness at the end of the shelf life, taking account of the amount of the initial coating that would be dissolved. The results of this calculation are: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Shelf Life Calculation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vial with SiOx + Lubricity 
               
               
                   
                 Coating at pH 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Si Dissolution Rate (PPB/day) 
                 31 
               
               
                 Mass of Coating Tested (Total Si) 
                 14,371 
               
               
                 Shelf Life (days) at 23° C. 
                 464 
               
               
                 Shelf Life (years) at 23° C. 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Required Mass of Coating  
                 22,630 
               
               
                 (Total Si)-2-years 
                   
               
               
                 Required Mass of Coating  
                 33,945 
               
               
                 (Total Si)-3-years 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on this calculation, the OMCTS lubricity layer needs to be about 2.5 times thicker—resulting in dissolution of 33945 ppb versus the 14,371 ppb representing the entire mass of coating tested—to achieve a 3-year calculated shelf life. 
     Example CC 
     The results of Comparative Example AA and Example BB above can be compared as follows, where the “lubricity layer” is the coating of SiO x C y  referred to in Example BB. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Shelf Life Conditions-pH 8 and 23° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Vial with SiOx +  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Vial with SiOx 
                 Lubricity Coating 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Si Dissolution Rate  
                 1,250 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 (PPB/day) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This data shows that the silicon dissolution rate of SiO x  alone is reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude at pH 8 in vials also coated with SiO x C y  coatings. 
     Another comparison is shown by the following data from several different experiments carried out under similar accelerated dissolution conditions, of which the 1-day data is also presented in  FIG.  17   . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dissolution with pH 8 at 40° C. 
               
               
                   
                 (ug/L) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 7 
                 10 
                 15 
               
               
                 Vial Coating Description 
                 day 
                 days 
                 days 
                 days 
                 days 
                 days 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A. SiO x  made with HMDSO Plasma + 
                 165 
                 211 
                 226 
                 252 
                 435 
                 850 
                 1,364 
               
               
                 Si w O x C y  or its equivalent 
               
               
                 SiO x C y  made with OMCTS Plasma 
               
               
                 B. Si w O x C y  or its equivalent 
                 109 
                 107 
                 76 
                 69 
                 74 
                 158 
                 198 
               
               
                 SiO x C y  made with OMCTS Plasma 
               
               
                 C. SiO x  made with HMDSO Plasma 
                 2,504 
                 4,228 
                 5,226 
                 5,650 
                 9,292 
                 10,177 
                 9,551 
               
               
                 D. SiO x  made with HMDSO Plasma + 
                 1,607 
                 1,341 
                 3,927 
                 10,182 
                 18,148 
                 20,446 
                 21,889 
               
               
                 Si w O x C y  or its equivalent 
               
               
                 SiO x C y  made with HMDSO Plasma 
               
               
                 E. Si w O x C y  or its equivalent 
                 1,515 
                 1,731 
                 1,813 
                 1,743 
                 2,890 
                 3,241 
                 3,812 
               
               
                 SiO x C y  made with HMDSO Plasma 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  17    and Row A (SiO x  with OMCTS coating) versus C (SiO x  without OMCTS coating) show that the OMCTS lubricity layer is also an effective passivation layer or pH protective coating to the SiO x  coating at pH 8. The OMCTS coating reduced the one-day dissolution rate from 2504 ug/L (“u” or p or the Greek letter “mu” as used herein are identical, and are abbreviations for “micro”) to 165 ug/L. This data also shows that an HMDSO-based Si w O x C y  (or its equivalent SiO x C y ) overcoat (Row D) provided a far higher dissolution rate than an OMCTS-based Si w O x C y  (or its equivalent SiO x C y ) overcoat (Row A). This data shows that a substantial benefit can be obtained by using a cyclic precursor versus a linear one. 
     Example DD 
     Samples 1-6 as listed in Table 9 were prepared as described in Example AA, with further details as follows. 
     A cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) resin was injection molded to form a batch of 5 ml vials. Silicon chips were adhered with double-sided adhesive tape to the internal walls of the vials. The vials and chips were coated with a two layer coating by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The first layer was composed of SiO x  with barrier coating or layer properties as defined in the present disclosure, and the second layer was an SiO x C y  passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     A precursor gas mixture comprising OMCTS, argon, and oxygen was introduced inside each vial. The gas inside the vial was excited between capacitively coupled electrodes by a radio-frequency (13.56 MHz) power source as described in connection with  FIGS.  4 - 6   . The monomer flow rate (F m ) in units of sccm, oxygen flow rate (F o ) in units of sccm, argon flowrate in sccm, and power (W) in units of watts are shown in Table 9. 
     A composite parameter, W/FM in units of kJ/kg, was calculated from process parameters W, F m , F o  and the molecular weight, M in g/mol, of the individual gas species. W/FM is defined as the energy input per unit mass of polymerizing gases. Polymerizing gases are defined as those species that are incorporated into the growing coating such as, but not limited to, the monomer and oxygen. Non-polymerizing gases, by contrast, are those species that are not incorporated into the growing coating, such as but not limited to argon, helium and neon. 
     In this test, PECVD processing at high W/FM is believed to have resulted in higher monomer fragmentation, producing organosiloxane coatings with higher cross-link density. PECVD processing at low W/FM, by comparison, is believed to have resulted in lower monomer fragmentation producing organosiloxane coatings with a relatively lower cross-link density. 
     The relative cross-link density of samples 5, 6, 2, and 3 was compared between different coatings by measuring FTIR absorbance spectra. The spectra of samples 5, 6, 2, and 3 are provided in  FIGS.  20 - 23   . In each spectrum, the ratio of the peak absorbance at the symmetric stretching mode (1000-1040 cm −1 ) versus the peak absorbance at the asymmetric stretching mode (1060-1100 cm −1 ) of the Si—O—Si bond was measured, and the ratio of these two measurements was calculated, all as shown in Table 9. The respective ratios were found to have a linear correlation to the composite parameter W/FM as shown in  FIGS.  18  and  19   . 
     A qualitative relation—whether the coating appeared oily (shiny, often with iridescence) or non-oily (non-shiny) when applied on the silicon chips—was also found to correlate with the W/FM values in Table 9. Oily appearing coatings deposited at lower W/FM values, as confirmed by Table 9, are believed to have a lower crosslink density, as determined by their lower sym/asym ratio, relative to the non-oily coatings that were deposited at higher W/FM and a higher cross-link density. The only exception to this general rule of thumb was sample 2 in Table 9. It is believed that the coating of sample 2 exhibited a non-oily appearance because it was too thin to see. Thus, an oiliness observation was not reported in Table 9 for sample 2. The chips were analyzed by FTIR in transmission mode, with the infrared spectrum transmitted through the chip and sample coating, and the transmission through an uncoated null chip subtracted. 
     Non-oily organosiloxane layers produced at higher W/FM values, which protect the underlying SiO x  coating from aqueous solutions at elevated pH and temperature, were preferred because they provided lower Si dissolution and a longer shelf life, as confirmed by Table 9. For example, the calculated silicon dissolution by contents of the vial at a pH of 8 and 40° C. was reduced for the non-oily coatings, and the resulting shelf life was 1381 days in one case and 1147 days in another, as opposed to the much shorter shelf lives and higher rates of dissolution for oily coatings. Calculated shelf life was determined as shown for Example AA. The calculated shelf life also correlated linearly to the ratio of symmetric to asymmetric stretching modes of the Si—O—Si bond in organosiloxane passivation layers or pH protective coatings. 
     Sample 6 can be particularly compared to Sample 5. An organosiloxane, pH passivation layer or pH protective coating was deposited according to the process conditions of sample 6 in Table 9. The coating was deposited at a high W/FM. This resulted in a non-oily coating with a high Si—O—Si sym/asym ratio of 0.958, which resulted in a low rate of dissolution of 84.1 ppb/day (measured by the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate) and long shelf life of 1147 days (measured by the Protocol for Determining Calculated Shelf Life). The FTIR spectra of this exhibits a relatively similar asymmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance compared to the symmetric Si Si peak absorbance. This is an indication of a higher cross-link density coating, which is a preferred characteristic for pH protection and long shelf life. 
     An organosiloxane pH passivation layer or pH protective coating was deposited according to the process conditions of sample 5 in Table 9. The coating was deposited at a moderate W/FM. This resulted in an oily coating with a low Si—O—Si sym/asym ratio of 0.673, which resulted in a high rate of dissolution of 236.7 ppb/day (following the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate) and shorter shelf life of 271 days (following the Protocol for Determining Calculated Shelf Life). The FTIR spectrum of this coating is shown in  FIG.  20   , which exhibits a relatively high asymmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance compared to the symmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance. This is an indication of a lower cross-link density coating, which is contemplated to be an unfavorable characteristic for pH protection and long shelf life. 
     Sample 2 can be particularly compared to Sample 3. A passivation layer or pH protective coating was deposited according to the process conditions of sample 2 in Table 9. The coating was deposited at a low W/FM. This resulted in a coating that exhibited a low Si—O—Si sym/asym ratio of 0.582, which resulted in a high rate of dissolution of 174 ppb/day and short shelf life of 107 days. The FTIR spectrum of this coating exhibits a relatively high asymmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance compared to the symmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance. This is an indication of a lower cross-link density coating, which is an unfavorable characteristic for pH protection and long shelf life. 
     An organosiloxane, pH passivation layer or pH protective coating was deposited according to the process conditions of sample 3 in Table 9. The coating was deposited at a high W/FM. This resulted in a non-oily coating with a high Si—O—Si sym/asym ratio of 0.947, which resulted in a low rate of Si dissolution of 79.5 ppb/day (following the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate) and long shelf life of 1381 days (following the Protocol for Determining Calculated Shelf Life). The FTIR spectrum of this coating exhibits a relatively similar asymmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance compared to the symmetric Si—O—Si peak absorbance. This is an indication of a higher cross-link density coating, which is a preferred characteristic for pH protection and long shelf life. 
     Example EE 
     An experiment similar to Example BB was carried out, modified as indicated in this example and in Table 10 (where the results are tabulated). 100 5 mL COP vials were made and coated with an SiO x  barrier coating or layer and an OMCTS-based passivation layer or pH protective coating as described previously, except that for Sample PC194 only the passivation layer or pH protective coating was applied. The coating quantity was again measured in parts per billion extracted from the surfaces of the vials to remove the entire passivation layer or pH protective coating, as reported in Table 10. 
     In this example, several different coating dissolution conditions were employed. The test solutions used for dissolution contained either 0.02 or 0.2 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, as well as a buffer to maintain a pH of 8. Dissolution tests were carried out at either 23° C. or 40° C. 
     Multiple syringes were filled with each test solution, stored at the indicated temperature, and analyzed at several intervals to determine the extraction profile and the amount of silicon extracted. An average dissolution rate for protracted storage times was then calculated by extrapolating the data obtained according to the Protocol for Determining Average Dissolution Rate. The results were calculated as described previously and are shown in Table 10. Of particular note, as shown on Table 10, were the very long calculated shelf lives of the filled packages provided with a PC 194 passivation layer or pH protective coating: 
     21045 days (over 57 years) based on storage at a pH of 8, 0.02 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, at 23° C.; 
     38768 days (over 100 years) based on storage at a pH of 8, 0.2 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, at 23° C.; 
     8184 days (over 22 years) based on storage at a pH of 8, 0.02 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, at 40° C.; and 
     14732 days (over 40 years) based on storage at a pH of 8, 0.2 wt. % polysorbate-80 surfactant, at 40° C. 
     Referring to Table 10, the longest calculated shelf lives corresponded with the use of an RF power level of 150 Watts and a corresponding high W/FM value. It is believed that the use of a higher power level causes higher cross-link density of the passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     Example FF 
     Another series of experiments similar to those of Example EE are run, showing the effect of progressively increasing the RF power level on the FTIR absorbance spectrum of the passivation layer or pH protective coating. The results are tabulated in Table 11, which in each instance shows a symmetric/asymmetric ratio greater than 0.75 between the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si symmetrical stretch peak normally located between about 1000 and 1040 cm −1 , and the maximum amplitude of the Si—O—Si asymmetric stretch peak normally located between about 1060 and about 1100 cm −1 . Thus, the symmetric/asymmetric ratio is 0.79 at a power level of 20 W, 1.21 or 1.22 at power levels of 40, 60, or 80 W, and 1.26 at 100 Watts under otherwise comparable conditions. 
     The 150 Watt data in Table 11 is taken under somewhat different conditions than the other data, so it is not directly comparable with the 20-100 Watt data discussed above. The FTIR data of samples 6 and 8 of Table 11 was taken from the upper portion of the vial and the FTIR data of samples 7 and 9 of Table 11 was taken from the lower portion of the vial. Also, the amount of OMCTS was cut in half for samples 8 and 9 of Table 11, compared to samples 6 and 7. Reducing the oxygen level while maintaining a power level of 150 W raised the symmetric/asymmetric ratio still further, as shown by comparing samples 6 and 7 to samples 8 and 9 in Table 11. 
     It is believed that, other conditions being equal, increasing the symmetric/asymmetric ratio increases the shelf life of a vessel filled with a material having a pH exceeding 5. 
     Table 12 shows the calculated O-Parameters and N-Parameters (as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070) for the experiments summarized in Table 11. As Table 12 shows, the O-Parameters ranged from 0.134 to 0.343, and the N-Parameters ranged from 0.408 to 0.623—all outside the ranges claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,070. 
     Example GG—Measurement of Contact Angle 
     The test purpose was to determine the contact angle or surface energy on the inside surface of two kinds of plastic vials and one kind of glass vial 
     The specimens that underwent testing and analysis reported here are three kinds of vials. The specimens are (A) an uncoated COP vial, (B) an SiO x +passivation layer or pH protective coating on a COP vial prepared according to the above Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with SiO x , followed by the Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS Passivation layer or pH protective coating, and (C) a glass vial. Small pieces were obtained by cutting the plastic vials or crushing the glass vial in order to test the inside surface. 
     The analysis instrument for the contact angle tests is the Contact Angle Meter model DM-701, made by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). To obtain the contact angle, five water droplets were deposited on the inside surface of small pieces obtained from each specimen. The testing conditions and parameters are summarized below. Both plastic vials were cut and trimmed, while the glass vial needed to be crushed. The best representative pieces for each specimen were selected for testing. A dropsize of 1 μL (one microliter) was used for all samples. Due to the curvature of the specimens, a curvature correction routine was used to accurately measure the contact angle. The second table below contains the values for the radius of curvature used for each specimen. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Contact Angle Testing Conditions and Parameters 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test instrument  
                 DM-701 Contact Angle Meter 
               
               
                   
                 Liquid Dispenser  
                 22 gauge stainless steel needle 
               
               
                   
                 Drop Size 
                 1 μL 
               
               
                   
                 Test liquid 
                 Distilled water 
               
               
                   
                 Environment  
                 Ambient air, room temperature 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Radius of Curvature for each Vial Specimen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Specimen 
                 Radius of Curvature 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (μm, micrometers) 
               
               
                   
                 COP 
                 9240 
               
               
                   
                 COP plus passivation layer  
                 9235 
               
               
                   
                 or pH protective coating 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Glass 
                 9900 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The contact angle results for each specimen are provided below. 
     The specimen made from COP plus passivation layer or pH protective coating had the highest average contact angle of all tested specimens. The average contact angle for specimen made from COP plus passivation layer or pH protective coating was 99.1°. The average contact angle for the uncoated COP specimen was 90.5°. The glass specimen had a significantly lower average contact angle at 10.6°. This data shows the utility of the passivation layer or pH protective coating to raise the contact angle of the uncoated COP vessel. It is expected that an SiO x  coated vessel without the passivation layer or pH protective coating would exhibit a result similar to glass, which shows a hydrophilic coating relative to the relative to the passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Contact Angle Results for Each Tested Specimen (degrees) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test 
                 Test 
                 Test 
                 Test 
                 Test 
                   
                 Std. 
               
               
                 Specimen 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 Ave. 
                 Dev. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 COP 
                 88.9 
                 91.9 
                 89.1 
                 91.4 
                 91.1 
                 90.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 COP/Pass. 
                 98.9 
                 96.8 
                 102.2 
                 98.3 
                 99.5 
                 99.1 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Glass 
                 11.6 
                 10.6 
                 10.1 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 “Pass.” means passivation layer or pH protective coating. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example HH 
     The purpose of this example was to evaluate the recoverability or drainage of a slightly viscous aqueous solution from glass, COP and coated vials, 
     This study evaluated the recovery of a 30 cps (centipoise) carbohydrate solution in water-for-injection from (A) an uncoated COP vial, (B) an SiO x +passivation layer or pH protective coating on a COP vial prepared according to the above Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with SiO x , followed by the Protocol for Coating Syringe Barrel Interior with OMCTS Passivation layer or pH protective coating, and (C) a glass vial. 
     2.0 ml of the carbohydrate solution was pipetted into 30 vials each of glass, COP and vials coated with a passivation layer or pH protective coating. The solution was aspirated from the vials with a 10 ml syringe, through a 23 gauge, 1.5″ needle. The vials were tipped to one side as the solution was aspirated to maximize the amount recovered. The same technique and similar withdrawal time was used for all vials. The vials were weighed empty, after placing 2.0 ml of the solution to the vial and at the conclusion of aspirating the solution from the vial. The amount delivered to the vial (A) was determined by subtracting the weight of the empty vial from the weight of the vial with the 2.0 ml of solution. The weight of solution not recovered (B) was determined by subtracting the weight of the empty vial from the weight of the vials after aspirating the solution from the vial. The percent unrecovered was determined by dividing B by A and multiplying by 100. 
     It was observed during the aspiration of drug product that the glass vials remained wetted with the solution. The COP vial repelled the liquid and as the solution was aspirated from the vials. This helped with recovery but droplets were observed to bead on the sidewalls of the vials during the aspiration. The vials coated with a passivation layer or pH protective coating also repelled the liquid during aspiration but no beading of solution on the sidewalls was observed. 
     The conclusion was that vials coated with a passivation layer or pH protective coating do not wet with aqueous solutions as do glass vials, leading to superior recovery of drug product relative to glass. Vials coated with a passivation layer or pH protective coating were not observed to cause beading of solution on sidewall during aspiration of aqueous products therefore coated vials performed better than uncoated COP vials in product recovery experiments. 
     Example II—Glass Delamination 
     Bi-layer coated (SiO x  barrier coating or layer plus passivation layer or pH protective coating) glass vials were subjected to a wide range of chemical and physical challenges:
         pH 2.5 to 9.5   Water for Injection (WFI) contained in the vial;   Variety of buffers—acetate, citrate, phosphate and HEPES contained in the vial;   4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid contained in the vial.   Ionic strengths from 0 to 600 milliosmoles per kilogram   Tween 80 concentrations up to 2%   Temperatures up to 40° C.
 
No delamination events were observed in these tests. The bi-layer coating also did not delaminate when subjected to a liquid nitrogen (−200° C.) freeze—thaw temperature cycle. The bi-layer coating further did not delaminate when scratched and then subjected to a liquid nitrogen (−200° C.) freeze—thaw temperature cycle.
       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PLUNGER SLIDING FORCE MEASUREMENTS OF OMCTS-BASED PLASMA PASSIVATION 
               
               
                 LAYER OR PH PROTECTIVE COATING MADE WITH CARRIER GAS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Lubricity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 passivation 
               
               
                   
                 layer or pH 
                   
                   
                 Carrier 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 protective 
                   
                 Coating 
                 OMCTS 
                 O2 
                 Gas (Ar) 
                   
                 Initiation 
                 Maintenance 
               
               
                   
                 coating 
                   
                 Time 
                 Flow Rate 
                 Flow Rate 
                 Flow Rate 
                 Power 
                 Force, F i   
                 Force, F m   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Type 
                 Monomer 
                 (sec) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (Watts) 
                 (N, Kg.) 
                 (N, Kg.) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 Uncoated 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 &gt;11 
                 N 
                 &gt;11 
                 N 
               
               
                 (Control) 
                 COC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &gt;1.1 
                 Kg. 
                 &gt;1.1 
                 Kg. 
               
               
                 B 
                 Silicon oil 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 8.2 
                 N 
                 6.3 
                 N 
               
               
                 (Industry 
                 on COC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.84 
                 Kg. 
                 0.64 
                 Kg. 
               
               
                 Standard) 
               
               
                 C 
                 L3 lubricity 
                 OMCTS 
                 10 sec 
                 3 
                 0 
                 65 
                 6 
                 4.6 
                 N 
                 4.6 
                 N 
               
               
                 (without 
                 coating or 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.47 
                 Kg. 
                 0.47 
                 Kg. 
               
               
                 Oxygen) 
                 layer over 
               
               
                   
                 SiO x  on 
               
               
                   
                 COC 
               
               
                 D 
                 L2 lubricity 
                 OMCTS 
                 10 sec 
                 3 
                 1 
                 65 
                 6 
                 4.8 
                 N 
                 3.5 
                 N 
               
               
                 (with 
                 and/or 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.49 
                 Kg. 
                 0.36 
                 Kg. 
               
               
                 Oxygen) 
                 passivation 
               
               
                   
                 layer or pH 
               
               
                   
                 protective 
               
               
                   
                 coating over 
               
               
                   
                 SiO x  on 
               
               
                   
                 COC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OMCTS Lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating (E and F) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 O 2   
                 Ar 
                 Initiation 
                 Maintenance 
                 ICPMS 
                 ICPMS 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 Force, F i  (N) 
                 Force, F m  (N) 
                 (μg./liter) 
                 Mode 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E 
                 3.0 
                 0.38 
                 7.8 
                 4.8 
                 3.5 
                 &lt;5 
                 static 
               
               
                 F 
                 3.0 
                 0.38 
                 7.8 
                 5.4 
                 4.3 
                 38 
                 dynamic 
               
               
                 G (SiO x  only) 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 13 
                 11 
                 &lt;5 
                 static 
               
               
                 H (silicon oil) 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 8.2 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OMCTS Lubricity and/or passivation layer or pH protective coating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Initiation 
                 Maintenance 
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 O 2   
                 Ar 
                 Force,  
                 Force, 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 F i  (N) 
                 F m  (N) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 7.6 
                 5.1 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 J 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 — 
                 7.1 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 K 
                 2.5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 8.2 
                 7.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HMDSO passivation layer or pH protective coating 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Initiation 
                 Maintenance 
               
               
                   
                 HMDSO 
                 O 2   
                 Ar 
                 Force,  
                 Force, 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 F i  (N) 
                 F m  (N) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 L 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 7.6 
                 9 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 M 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 — 
                 &gt;11 
                 &gt;11 
               
               
                 N 
                 2.5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 &gt;11 
                 &gt;11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SEM 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dep. 
                   
                   
                 Micrograph 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 Ar/O 2   
                 Power 
                 Time 
                 Plunger Force 
                 (5 micronAF 
                 AFM RMS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (Watts) 
                 (sec) 
                 F i  (lbs, Kg) 
                 F m  (lbs, Kg) 
                 Vertical) 
                 (nanometers) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 O 
                 Baseline 
                 2.0 
                 10/0.38 
                 3.5 
                 10 
                 4.66, 2.11 
                 3.47, 1.57 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (ave) 
                 (ave) 
               
               
                 P 
                 Lubricity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FIG. 9 
               
               
                 Q 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19.6, 9.9, 9.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Average = 13.0) 
               
               
                 R 
                 High Power 
                 2.0 
                 10/0.38 
                 4.5 
                 10 
                 4.9, 2.2 
                 7.6, 3.4 
               
               
                 S 
                 OMCTS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FIG. 10 
                 12.5, 8.4, 6.1 
               
               
                 T 
                 Lubricity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Average = 6.3) 
               
               
                 U 
                 No O 2   
                 2.0 
                 10/0   
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 4.9, 2.2 
                 9.7, 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (stopped) 
               
               
                 V 
                 Lubricity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.9, 2.6, 3.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Average = 2.3) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dep. 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Siloxane 
                   
                 Power 
                 Time 
                 F i  (lb., 
                 F m  (lb., 
               
               
                   
                 SiO x /Lub 
                 Coater 
                 Mode 
                 Feed 
                 Ar/O 2   
                 (W) 
                 (Sec.) 
                 Kg.) 
                 Kg.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example W 
                 SiO x : 
                 Auto-Tube 
                 Auto 
                 HMDSO 
                 0 sccm Ar, 
                 37 
                 7 
                 ~ 
                 ~ 
               
               
                 SiO x /Baseline 
                   
                   
                   
                 52.5 in, 
                 90 sccm O 2   
               
               
                 OMCTS Lub 
                   
                   
                   
                 133.4 cm. 
               
               
                   
                 Lubricity: 
                 Auto-S 
                 same 
                 OMCTS, 
                 10 sccm Ar 
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 2.9, 1.3 
                 3.3, 1.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 sccm 
                 0.38 sccm O 2   
               
               
                 Example X 
                 SiO x : 
                 same 
                 same 
                 same 
                 same 
                 37 
                 7 
                 ~ 
                 ~ 
               
               
                 SiO x /High 
               
               
                 Pwr OMCTS 
                 Lubricity: 
                 same 
                 same 
                 same 
                 same 
                 4.5 
                 10 
                  5, 2.3 
                 9.5, 4.3 
               
               
                 Lub 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 stopped 
               
               
                 Example Y 
                 SiO x : 
                 Auto-Tube 
                 same 
                 same 
                 0 sccm Ar, 
                 37 
                 7 
                 ~ 
                 ~ 
               
               
                 SiO x /No O 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 90 sccm O 2   
               
               
                 OMCTS Lub 
                 Lubricity: 
                 Auto-S 
                 same 
                 same 
                 10 sccm Ar 
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 5.6,    
                 9.5, 4.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0 sccm O 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 stopped 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Silicon Extractables Comparison of Lubricity Coatings 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Static  
                 Dynamic  
               
               
                 Package Type 
                 (ug/L) 
                 (ug/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cyclic Olefin Syringe with CV  
                 70 
                 81 
               
               
                 Holdings SiOCH Lubricity Coating 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Borocilicate Glass Syringe with  
                 825 
                 835 
               
               
                 silicone oil 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary Table of OMCTS passivation layer or pH 
               
               
                 protective coating from Tables 1, 2, 3 and 5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dep 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 O 2   
                 Ar 
                 Power 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (Watt) 
                 (sec) 
                 F i (lbs) 
                 F m (lbs) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 C 
                 3.0 
                 0.00 
                 65 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 D 
                 3.0 
                 1.00 
                 65 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.1 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 E 
                 3.0 
                 0.38 
                 7.8 
                 6 
                 10 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 F 
                 3.0 
                 0.38 
                 7.8 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.2 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 I 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 7.6 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 J 
                 2.5 
                 0.38 
                 0.0 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 K 
                 2.5 
                 0.00 
                 0.0 
                 6 
                 10 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 O 
                 2.0 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 3.5 
                 10 
                 4.6 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 R 
                 2.0 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 4.5 
                 10 
                 4.9 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 U 
                 2.0 
                 0.00 
                 10 
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 4.9 
                 9.7(stop) 
               
               
                 W 
                 2.0 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 2.9 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 X 
                 2.0 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 4.5 
                 10 
                 5.0 
                 9.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (stop) 
               
               
                 Y 
                 2.0 
                 0.00 
                 10 
                 3.4 
                 10 
                 5.6 
                 9.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (stop) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FTIR Absorbance 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Process Parameters 
                 Si Dissolution @ pH 8/40° C. 
                 Si—O—Si 
                 Si—O—Si 
                 Ratio 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Flow 
                   
                   
                 O 2   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 Shelf 
                 Rate of 
                 sym stretch 
                 asym stretch 
                 Si—O—Si 
                   
               
               
                 Rate 
                   
                   
                 Flow 
                 Power 
                 W/FM 
                 Si 
                 life 
                 Dissolution 
                 (1000- 
                 (1060- 
                 (sym/ 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 OMCTS 
                 Ar 
                 Rate 
                 (W) 
                 (kJ/kg) 
                 (ppb) 
                 (days) 
                 (ppb/day) 
                 1040 cm −1 ) 
                 1100 cm −1 ) 
                 asym) 
                 Oilyness 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 21613 
                 43464 
                 385 
                 293.18 
                 0.153 
                 0.219 
                 0.700 
                 YES 
               
               
                 2 
                 3 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 2 
                 3088 
                 7180 
                 107 
                 174.08 
                 0.011 
                 0.020 
                 0.582 
                 NA 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 62533 
                 42252.17 
                 1381 
                 79.53 
                 0.093 
                 0.098 
                 0.947 
                 NO 
               
               
                 4 
                 2 
                 15 
                 0.5 
                 8 
                 18356 
                 27398 
                 380 
                 187.63 
                 0.106 
                 0.141 
                 0.748 
                 YES 
               
               
                 5 
                 3 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 21613 
                 24699 
                 271 
                 236.73 
                 0.135 
                 0.201 
                 0.673 
                 YES 
               
               
                 6 
                 1 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 62533 
                 37094 
                 1147 
                 84.1 
                 0.134 
                 0.140 
                 0.958 
                 NO 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 Argon 
                 O 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total Si 
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                   
                 Plasma 
                   
                 (ppb) 
                 Calculated 
                 Rate of 
               
               
                   
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Power 
                 Duration 
                 W/FM 
                 (OMCTS) 
                 Shelf-life 
                 Dissolution 
               
               
                   
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (W) 
                 (sec) 
                 (kJ/kg) 
                 layer) 
                 (days) 
                 (ppb/day) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample 
                 Process Parameters 
                 Si Dissolution @ pH 8/23° C./0.02% Tween ®-80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC194 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1223335 
                 73660 
                 21045 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 018 
                 1.0 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 18 
                 15 
                 77157 
                 42982 
                 1330 
                 32.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Process Parameters 
                 Si Dissolution @ pH 8/23° C./0.2% Tween ®-80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC194 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1223335 
                 73660 
                 38768 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 018 
                 1.0 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 18 
                 15 
                 77157 
                 42982 
                 665 
                 64.6 
               
               
                 048 
                 4 
                 80 
                 2 
                 35 
                 20 
                 37507 
                 56520 
                 1074 
                 52.62 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Process Parameters 
                 Si Dissolution @ pH 8/40° C./0.02% Tween ®-80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC194 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1223335 
                 73660 
                 8184 
                 9 
               
               
                 018 
                 1.0 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 18 
                 15 
                 77157 
                 42982 
                 511 
                 84 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Process Parameters 
                 Si Dissolution @ pH 8/40° C./0.2% Tween ®-80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC194 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1223335 
                 73660 
                 14732 
                 5 
               
               
                 018 
                 1.0 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 18 
                 15 
                 77157 
                 42982 
                 255 
                 168 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Symmetric 
                 Assymetric 
                   
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 Argon 
                 O 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stretch 
                 Stretch 
               
               
                   
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                   
                 Plasma 
                   
                 Peak at 
                 Peak at 
                 Symmetric/ 
               
               
                   
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Power 
                 Duration 
                 W/FM 
                 1000-1040 
                 1060-1100 
                 Assymetric 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (W) 
                 (sec) 
                 (kJ/kg) 
                 cm− 1   
                 cm− 1   
                 Ratio 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ID 
                 Process Parameters 
                 FTIR Results 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 20 
                 85,730 
                 0.0793 
                 0.1007 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 40 
                 20 
                 171,460 
                 0.0619 
                 0.0507 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 60 
                 20 
                 257,190 
                 0.1092 
                 0.0904 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 4 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 80 
                 20 
                 342,919 
                 0.1358 
                 0.1116 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 5 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 100 
                 20 
                 428,649 
                 0.209 
                 0.1658 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 6 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 642,973 
                 0.2312 
                 0.1905 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 7 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 642,973 
                 0.2324 
                 0.1897 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1,223,335 
                 0.1713 
                 0.1353 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1,223,335 
                 0.1475 
                 0.1151 
                 1.28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 OMCTS 
                 Argon 
                 O 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                 Flow 
                   
                 Plasma 
               
               
                   
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Power 
                 Duration 
                 W/FM 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (sccm) 
                 (W) 
                 (sec) 
                 (kJ/kg) 
                 O— 
                 N— 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ID 
                 Process Parameters 
                 Parameter 
                 Parameter 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 20 
                 85,730 
                 0.343 
                 0.436 
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 40 
                 20 
                 171,460 
                 0.267 
                 0.408 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 60 
                 20 
                 257,190 
                 0.311 
                 0.457 
               
               
                 4 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 80 
                 20 
                 342,919 
                 0.270 
                 0.421 
               
               
                 5 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 100 
                 20 
                 428,649 
                 0.177 
                 0.406 
               
               
                 6 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 642,973 
                 0.151 
                 0.453 
               
               
                 7 
                 1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 642,973 
                 0.151 
                 0.448 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1,223,335 
                 0.134 
                 0.623 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 150 
                 20 
                 1,223,335 
                 0.167 
                 0.609 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art and practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.