Patent Publication Number: US-6911773-B2

Title: Display apparatus, electric device, and manufacturing method of display apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a display apparatus, electric device and manufacturing method of a display apparatus. 
   2. Background Art 
   As a result of the growing use of organic fluorescent materials and other luminescent materials as ink, and the proliferation of ink jet methods that discharge said ink (composition) onto a base material in recent years, color display apparatuses employing a structure in which a luminescent layer composed of said luminescent material is interposed between an anode and cathode, and particularly organic electroluminescence (EL) display apparatuses using an organic luminescent material for the luminescent material, are being developed by employing methods for patterning luminescent materials. 
   Therefore, the following provides an explanation of a display apparatus of the prior art (organic EL display apparatus) with reference to the drawings. 
     FIG. 27  is a cross-sectional schematic drawing showing the essential portion of a display apparatus of the prior art. 
   The display apparatus shown in  FIG. 27  is composed by sequentially laminating element section  811  and cathode  812  on substrate  802 . In addition, circuit element section  814  is provided between element section  811  and substrate  802 . 
   In this display apparatus of the prior art, light emitted from luminescent elements  910  provided within element section  811  on the side of substrate  802  is radiated to the lower side (observer side) of substrate  802  through circuit element section  814  and substrate  802 , while light emitted to the opposite side of substrate  802  from luminescent elements  910  is reflected by cathode  812  and is radiated to the lower side (observer side) of substrate  802  through circuit element section  814  and substrate  802 . 
   Circuit element section  814  is composed by sequentially laminating transparent substrate film  814 , transparent gate insulating film  942 , transparent first interlayer insulating film  944  and transparent second interlayer insulating film  947  on substrate  802 , island-shaped silicon films  941  are provided on substrate film  814 , and gate electrodes  943  (scanning lines) are provided on gate insulating film  942 . A channel region, along with a drain region and source region that surround this channel region, all of which are not shown in the drawing, are provided in silicon films  941 , and gate electrodes  943  are provided at locations corresponding to the channel regions of silicon films  941 . In addition, pixel electrodes  911  (anodes) patterned into a roughly rectangular shape when viewed overhead are laminated onto second interlayer insulating film  947 . Contact holes  945  and  946  are formed that pass through first and second interlayer insulating films  944  and  947 , one of the contact holes  945  connects a source region not shown of a silicon film  941  and pixel electrode  911 , while the other contact hole  945  is connected to power supply wire  948 . In this manner, driving thin film transistors  913  connected to each pixel electrode  911  are formed in circuit element section  814 . 
   Element section  811  is mainly composed of luminescent elements  910  respectively laminated on a plurality of pixel electrodes  911 , and bank sections  912  provided between each pixel electrode  910  and luminescent element  910  that separate each luminescent element  910 . 
   Openings  912   c  are provided that correspond to the formed locations of pixel electrodes  911  as a result of bank sections  912  being formed so as to ride up onto the peripheral edges of pixel electrodes  911 . Bank sections  912  are given liquid repellency by being formed from a liquid repellent resin such as fluororesin or from a resin in which the surface has been fluorinated by CF 4  plasma treatment and so forth, and liquid droplets are patterned in openings  912   c  due to the liquid repellency of bank sections  912  when composite ink (composition) containing an organic EL material is discharged from an ink jet in the form of ink droplets. 
   Luminescent elements  910  are composed of positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a  formed on pixel electrode  911  and luminescent layer  910   b  arranged adjacent to positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a.    
   Positive hole/transport layer  910   a  is obtained by discharging and drying a composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material onto pixel electrode  911 . 
   Positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a  is formed on electrode surface  111   a  in opening  912   c . This positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a  is obtained by discharging and drying a composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material onto pixel electrode  911 . Since pixel electrode  911  lacks lyophilic properties, the contact angle between the composition immediately after discharge and pixel electrode  911  is large, and consequently, the thickness of positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a  obtained by drying this composition is thinner at the peripheral edges and thicker in the center as shown in FIG.  27 . 
   In addition, cathode  812  is formed over the entire surface of element section  811 , and serves to inject electrons into luminescent element  910  functioning as a pair with pixel electrode  911 . This cathode  812  is formed by a plurality of layers, and typically uses metals having a low work function such as lithium fluoride, calcium, magnesium, silver or barium. 
   The above-mentioned display apparatus is manufactured by forming patterned bank sections  912  on circuit element section  814 , forming positive hole injection/transport layers  910   a  by discharging and drying a composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material into openings  912   c  of bank sections  912 , forming luminescent layers  910   b  on positive hole injection transport layers  910   a  by discharging and drying a composition containing a luminescent layer forming material, and finally laminating cathode  812  over bank sections  912  and luminescent layers  910   b.    
   However, in this display apparatus of the prior art, since the peripheral edges of positive hole injection/transport layers  910   a  and luminescent layers  910   b  are thinly formed, pixel electrodes  911  and cathode  812  come in close proximity to each other at these locations, resulting in the risk of possibly causing a short between pixel electrodes  911  and cathode  812  depending on the particular case. 
   In addition, since the positive hole transport efficiency of positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a  is inversely proportional to the thickness of positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a , it is low at locations where electron holes injected into luminescent layer  910   b  contact the center of positive hole injection/transport layer  910   a , and high at locations where they contact the peripheral edges. Since the amount of emitted light of luminescent layer  910   b  is proportional to the number of injected positive holes, there was the problem of the formation of portions where the amount of emitted light is large and portions where the amount of emitted light is small within a single luminescent layer. 
   In consideration of the above circumstances, the object of the present invention is to provide a high-luminance display apparatus and its manufacturing method in which there is no shorting between the pixel electrodes and cathode, and there is little variation in the amount of emitted light within a single luminescent layer. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention employs the following constitution in order to achieve the above object. 
   The present invention is a display apparatus in which functional layers are formed on each of a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on a substrate, and is provided with bank sections between each of the above functional layers; wherein, said bank sections are formed from a first bank layer located on the above substrate side, and a second bank layer formed on the above first bank layer, the above first bank layer is arranged so as to overlap a portion of the above pixel electrodes, the above functional layers are composed of a positive hole injection transport layer and a luminescent layer formed adjacent to said positive hole injection/transport layer, and the above positive hole injection/transport layer is provided with a flat section formed on the above electrode, and a peripheral edge section formed on the above first bank layer so as to contact the above second bank layer. 
   Furthermore, in the present invention, a functional layer includes at least a positive hole injection/transport layer and a luminescent layer. 
   In addition, in the present invention, a luminescent element at least includes an electrode formed on a substrate, a functional layer formed adjacent to said electrode, and a counter electrode formed adjacent to said functional layer. 
   According the claimed display apparatus, since the peripheral edge section of the above positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on the above first bank layer, and this peripheral edge section is insulated from an electrode by said first bank layer, positive holes are not transported to the luminescent layer from the peripheral edge section. As a result, electrical current only flows from an electrode to a flat section, and positive holes can be transported from a flat section to a luminescent layer, thereby allowing the central portion of the luminescent layer to emit light uniformly. 
   In addition, since a first bank layer is arranged so as to overlap a portion of an electrode, the shape of the flat section can be trimmed by this first bank layer, thereby making it possible to suppress variations in luminescent intensity between each luminescent layer. 
   In addition, since a peripheral edge section is in close contact with a second bank layer, a luminescent layer does not directly contact a second bank layer. Thus, the migration of water contained in the second bank as an impurity to the luminescent layer side can be inhibited by the peripheral edge section, thereby making it possible to prevent oxidation of a luminescent layer by water. 
   In addition, the display apparatus of the present invention is the previously described display apparatus wherein, the above peripheral edge section has a shape in which the thickness increases along a direction moving away from the center of the above electrode. 
   According to the claimed display apparatus, since a peripheral edge section of non-uniform thickness is formed on a first bank layer, there is no transport of positive holes from a peripheral edge section to a luminescent layer. As a result, electrical current from an electrode only flows to a flat section of uniform thickness, and positive holes can be transported uniformly from a flat section to a luminescent layer, thereby making it possible to make the amount of emitted light in a luminescent layer constant. 
   In addition, the display apparatus of the present invention is the previously described display apparatus wherein, the surface of the above pixel electrodes and a portion of the above first bank layer have lyophilic properties, and the upper surface of the above second bank layer and the above wall surface have liquid repellency. 
   According to the claimed display apparatus, since the surface of an electrode and a portion of a first bank layer have lyophilic properties, and since a functional layer is formed on an electrode and first bank layer at a prescribed thickness without the thickness becoming extremely thin, shorting between an electrode and counter electrode can be prevented. 
   In addition, since the upper surface of a second bank layer and the above wall surface have liquid repellency, a functional layer is not formed after being moistened from a bank section. 
   In addition, in the display apparatus of the present invention, a first bank layer is preferably formed from either SiO 2  or TiO 2 , and the above second bank layer is preferably composed of either acrylic resin or polyimide resin. 
   Since the SiO 2  or TiO 2  that composes the first bank layer lacks affinity with fluorine, even if the second bank layer is treated to be liquid repellent, the first bank layer is able to retain lyophilic properties without becoming liquid repellent. 
   In addition, since the acrylic resin or polyimide resin that composes the second bank layer has comparatively satisfactory affinity with fluorine, fluorine can be introduced onto the surface by liquid repellency treatment, thereby enabling it to easily repel liquid. 
   Next, the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention is a manufacturing method of a display apparatus in which functional layers are formed on each of a plurality of electrodes formed on a substrate, and bank sections are provided between each of the above functional layers, comprising: a step wherein a first bank layer is formed on a portion of the above electrodes, a step wherein a second bank layer is formed on the above first bank layer, a lyophilic step wherein at least the wall surfaces of the above first bank layer and the surfaces of the above electrodes are processed so as to have lyophilic properties, a liquid repellency step wherein the upper surface and wall surfaces of the above second bank layer are processed so as to have liquid repellency, a first liquid droplet discharge step wherein a first composition for forming a positive hole injection/transport layer is discharged onto each of the above electrodes, a positive hole injection/transport layer formation step wherein a positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on the above electrodes by drying the above discharged first composition, a second liquid droplet discharge step wherein a second composition for forming a luminescent layer is discharged onto the above positive hole injection/transport layer, a luminescent layer formation step wherein a luminescent layer is formed on the above positive hole injection/transport layer by drying the above discharged second composition, and a counter electrode formation step wherein a counter electrode is formed on the above luminescent layer. 
   According to the claimed display apparatus manufacturing method, as a result of a bank section employing a laminated structure consisting of a first bank layer and a second bank layer, and making the electrodes and first bank layer lyophilic while making the second bank layer liquid repellent, a lyophilic region and a liquid repellent region can be simultaneously formed in a bank section. 
   Since the first and second compositions are repelled on the upper surface of a liquid repellent second bank layer, even if each composition is mistakenly discharged onto the upper surface of a second bank layer, each composition is repelled and rolls into the electrodes. As a result, discharged first and second compositions can always be filled onto the electrodes, enabling functional layers to be reliably formed on the electrodes. 
   In the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, the above first bank layer is-preferably formed from either SiO 2  or TiO 2 , and the above second bank layer is preferably composed of either acrylic resin or polyimide resin. 
   Since the SiO 2  or TiO 2  that composes the first bank layer lacks affinity with fluorine, even if the second bank layer is treated to be liquid repellent, the first bank layer is able to retain lyophilic properties without becoming liquid repellent. 
   In addition, since the acrylic resin or polyimide resin that composes the second bank layer has comparatively satisfactory affinity with fluorine, fluorine can be introduced onto the surface by liquid repellency treatment, thereby enabling it to easily repel liquid. 
   In addition, in the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable to discharge the above first composition onto the above electrode and the above first bank layer, and form the above peripheral edge section on the above first bank layer so as to contact the above second bank layer. 
   In addition, in the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable to form the above peripheral edge section to a shape in which the thickness increases along a direction moving away from the center of the above electrode. 
   According to the claimed manufacturing method, since a peripheral edge section of the above positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on the above first bank layer, the peripheral edge section is insulated from an electrode by the first bank layer, and as a result, positive holes are not transported to a luminescent layer from a peripheral edge section, electrical current only flows from an electrode to a flat section, and positive holes can be transported from a flat section to a luminescent layer, thereby enabling the manufacturing of a display apparatus that allows a central section of a luminescent layer to emit light uniformly. 
   Next, the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention is a display apparatus manufacturing method in which functional layers are formed on each of a plurality of electrodes formed on a substrate, and bank sections are provided between each of the above functional layers, comprising: a step wherein a first bank layer is formed so as to overlap a portion of the above electrodes, a step wherein a second bank layer is formed on the above first bank layer, a first liquid droplet discharge step wherein a first composition for forming a positive hole injection/transport layer is discharged onto each of the above electrodes, a positive hole injection/transport layer formation step wherein a positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on the above electrodes by drying the above discharged first composition, a second liquid droplet discharge step wherein a second composition for forming a luminescent layer is discharged onto the above positive hole injection/transport layer, a luminescent layer formation step wherein a luminescent layer is formed on the above positive hole injection/transport layer by drying the above discharged second composition, and a counter electrode formation step wherein a counter electrode is formed on the above luminescent layer. 
   According to the claimed display apparatus manufacturing method, as a result of a bank section employing a laminated structure consisting of a first bank layer and a second bank layer, and making the electrodes and first bank layer lyophilic while making the second bank layer liquid repellent, a lyophilic region and a liquid repellent region can be simultaneously formed in a bank section. 
   Since the first and second compositions are repelled on the upper surface of a liquid repellent second bank layer, even if each composition is mistakenly discharged onto the upper surface of a second bank layer, each composition is repelled and rolls into the electrodes. As a result, discharged first and second compositions can always be filled onto the electrodes, enabling functional layers to be reliably formed on the electrodes. 
   In the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, the above first bank layer is preferably formed from either SiO 2  or TiO 2 , and the above second bank layer is preferably composed of either acrylic resin or polyimide resin. 
   Since the SiO 2  or TiO 2  that composes the first bank layer lacks affinity with fluorine, even if the second bank layer is treated to be liquid repellent, the first bank layer is able to retain lyophilic properties without becoming liquid repellent. 
   In addition, since the acrylic resin or polyimide resin that composes the second bank layer has comparatively satisfactory affinity with fluorine, fluorine can be introduced onto the surface by liquid repellency treatment, thereby enabling it to easily repel liquid. 
   In addition, in the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable to discharge the above first composition onto the above electrode and the above first bank layer, and form the above peripheral edge section on the above first bank layer so as to contact the above second bank layer. 
   In addition, in the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable to form the above peripheral edge section to a shape in which the thickness increases along a direction moving away from the center of the above electrode. 
   According to the claimed manufacturing method, since a peripheral edge section of the above positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on the above first bank layer, the peripheral edge section is insulated from an electrode by the first bank layer, and as a result, positive holes are not transported to a luminescent layer from a peripheral edge section, electrical current only flows from an electrode to a flat section, and positive holes can be transported from a flat section to a luminescent layer, thereby enabling the manufacturing of a display apparatus that allows a central section of a luminescent layer to emit light uniformly. 
   Next, the electric (electronic) device of the present invention is an electric device having a display apparatus and a drive circuit for driving the above display apparatus; wherein the above display apparatus has functional layers formed on each of a plurality of electrodes formed on a substrate, and is provided with bank sections between each of the above functional layers, said bank sections are formed from a first bank layer located on the above substrate side, and a second bank layer formed on the above first bank layer, the above first bank layer is arranged so as to overlap a portion of the above electrodes, the above functional layers are composed of a positive hole injection/transport layer formed on the above electrodes and a luminescent layer formed on said positive hole injection/transport layer, and the above positive hole injection/transport layer has a flat section formed on the above electrode, and a peripheral edge section formed on the above first bank layer so as to contact the above second bank layer. 
   According to the claimed electric device, an electric device can be composed to have a display section having high luminance and superior display quality. 
   As has been explained above, according to the display apparatus of the present invention, since the above positive hole injection/transport layer is composed of a flat section formed on an electrode and a peripheral edge section formed on a portion of a first bank layer, and the peripheral edge section is insulated from an electrode by the first bank layer, positive holes are not transported from the peripheral edge section to a luminescent layer. As a result, current from an electrode only flows through the flat section, and positive holes can be transported from the flat section to a luminescent layer, thereby enabling the central section of the luminescent layer to uniformly emit light. 
   In addition, since a first bank layer extends further towards the center of an electrode than a second bank layer, the shape of the flat section can be trimmed by this first bank layer, thereby making it possible to suppress variations in luminescent intensity between each luminescent layer. 
   In addition, according to the display apparatus manufacturing method of the present invention, by employing a laminated structure for the bank section consisting of a first bank layer and second bank layer, and sequentially irradiating this bank section with oxygen and fluorocarbon gas in a plasma state, together with making the surfaces of the electrode and first bank layer lyophilic, the surface of the second bank layer can be made liquid repellent, thereby enabling a lyophilic region and a liquid repellent region to be simultaneously formed in a bank section. 
   Since first and second compositions are repelled and do not adhere to the upper surface of a liquid repellent second bank layer, even if each composition is mistakenly discharged onto the upper surface of a second bank layer, each composition is repelled on the upper surface and rolls into the electrodes. As a result, each discharged composition can always be filled onto the electrodes, enabling functional layers to be reliably formed on the electrodes. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is an overhead schematic drawing of the wiring structure of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are drawings showing a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention, with  FIG. 2A  being an overhead schematic drawing of the display apparatus, and  FIG. 2B  being a cross-sectional schematic drawing taken along line AB of FIG.  2 A. 
       FIG. 3  is a drawing showing the essential portion of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  is an overhead schematic drawing showing an example of a plasma treatment apparatus used for manufacturing a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic drawing showing the internal structure of a first plasma treatment chamber of the plasma treatment apparatus shown in FIG.  6 . 
       FIG. 8  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  is an overhead schematic drawing showing another example of a plasma treatment apparatus used for the manufacturing of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 13  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 14  is an overhead view showing a head used during manufacturing of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15  is an overhead view showing an ink jet apparatus used during manufacturing of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 17  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 18  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 19  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 20  is a process drawing that explains a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view showing a display apparatus of a second embodiment of the present invention that corresponds to FIG.  2 B. 
       FIG. 22  is a drawing showing the essential portion of a display apparatus of a second embodiment of the present invention that corresponds to FIG.  3 . 
       FIGS. 23A through 23C  are perspective views showing electric devices of a third embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional schematic drawing showing another example of a display apparatus as claimed in the present invention. 
       FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional schematic drawing showing another example of a display apparatus as claimed in the present invention. 
       FIGS. 26A through 26C  are overhead schematic drawings showing layouts of luminescent layers, with  FIG. 26A  indicating a striped layout,  FIG. 26B  a mosaic layout, and  FIG. 26C  a delta layout. 
       FIG. 27  is a cross-sectional view showing the essential portion of a display apparatus of the prior art. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The following provides an explanation of embodiments of the display apparatus of the present invention with reference to the drawings. Furthermore, in  FIGS. 1 through 23 , in order to make each layer and each member of a size that allows it to be recognized in the drawings, each layer and member is represented with a scale that differs from actual layers and members. 
   [First Embodiment] 
   The following provides an explanation of a first embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings. 
     FIG. 1  shows an overhead schematic drawing of the wiring structure of a display apparatus of the present embodiment of the invention, while  FIG. 2  shows an overhead schematic drawing and cross-sectional schematic drawing of a display apparatus of the present embodiment of the invention. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , a display apparatus  1  of the present embodiment of the invention is provided with pixel regions A having a constitution in which a plurality of scanning lines  101 , a plurality of signal lines  102  extending in a direction that intersects scanning lines  101 , and a plurality of power lines  103  extending in a direction in parallel with signal lines  102 , are respectively wired, and which are located near each intersection of scanning lines  101  and signal lines  102 . 
   Data side drive circuit  104  provided with a shift register, level shifter, video line and analog switch is connected to signal lines  102 . In addition, scanning side drive circuit  105  provided with a shift register and level shifter is connected to scanning lines  101 . 
   Moreover, a switching thin film transistor  112 , in which scanning signals are supplied to a gate electrode via scanning lines  101 , a holding capacitor cap that holds pixel signals supplied from signal lines  102  via this switching thin film transistor  112 , a driving thin film transistor  123  in which pixel signals held by said holding capacitor cap are supplied to a gate electrode, a pixel electrode  111  (electrode) to which drive current flows from said power lines  103  when electrically connected to power lines  103  via this driving thin film transistor  123 , and functional layer  110  interposed between this pixel electrode  111  and a cathode  12  (counter electrode), are provided in each pixel region A. A luminescent element is composed by electrode  111 , counter electrode  12  and functional layer  110 . 
   According to this constitution, when scanning lines  110  are driven and switching thin film transistor  112  is switched on, the potential of signal lines  102  at that time is held by holding capacitor cap, and the on/off status of driving thin film transistor  123  is determined according to the status of said holding capacitor cap. Current flows from power lines  103  to pixel electrode  111  via a channel of driving thin film transistor  123 , and current further flows to cathode  12  via functional layer  110 . Functional layer  110  then emits light corresponding to the amount of current that flows through it. 
   Next, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , display apparatus  1  of the present embodiment of the invention is provided with a transparent substrate  2  made of glass and so forth, luminescent element section  11  equipped with luminescent elements arranged in the form of a matrix and formed on substrate  2 , and cathode  12  formed on luminescent element section  11 . Display element  10  is composed by luminescent element section  11  and cathode  12 . 
   Substrate  2  is a transparent substrate made of, for example, glass, and is divided into display region  2   a  located in the center of substrate  2 , and a non-display region  2   b  located around the periphery of substrate  2  surrounding display region  2   a.    
   Display region  2   a  is a region formed by luminescent elements arranged in the form of a matrix, and non-display region  2   b  is formed around the outside of this display region. Dummy display region  2   d  adjacent to display region  2   a  is formed in non-display region  2   b.    
   In addition, as shown in  FIG. 2B , circuit element section  14  is provided between luminescent element section  11  and substrate  2 , and this circuit element section  14  is provided with the previously mentioned scanning lines, signal lines, holding capacitor, switching thin film transistor and driving thin film transistor  123  and so forth. 
   In addition, one end of cathode  12  is connected from luminescent element section  11  to cathode wiring  12   a  formed on substrate  2 , and one end of this wiring is connected to wiring  5   a  on a flexible substrate  5 . In addition, wiring  5   a  is connected to a drive IC  6  (drive circuit) provided on flexible substrate  5 . 
   In addition, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the above-mentioned power lines  103  ( 103 R,  103 G,  103 B) are wired to a non-display region  2   b  of circuit element section  14 . 
   In addition, the above-mentioned scanning side drive circuits  105  are arranged on both sides of display region  2   a  in FIG.  2 A. These scanning side drive circuits  105  are provided within circuit element section  14  on the lower side of dummy region  2   d . Moreover, drive circuit control signal wiring  105   a  and drive circuit power supply wiring  105   b  connected to scanning side drive circuit  105  are provided within circuit element section  14 . 
   Moreover, inspection circuit  106  is arranged on the upper side of display region  2   a  in FIG.  2 A. This inspection circuit  106  makes it possible to inspect the quality of the display apparatus for defects during the course of manufacturing and at the time of shipment. 
   In addition, as shown in  FIG. 2B , sealing section  3  is provided on luminescent element section  11 . This sealing section  3  is composed of sealing resin  603  coated onto substrate  2  and sealing can  604 . Sealing resin  603  is made of a thermosetting resin or ultraviolet setting resin, and an epoxy resin that is a type of thermosetting resin is particularly preferable. 
   This sealing resin  603  is coated in the shape of a ring around substrate  2 , and is coated by, for example, a microdispenser. This sealing resin  603  joins substrate  2  and sealing can  604 , and prevents oxidation of a luminescent layer not shown in the drawing that is formed in cathode  12  or luminescent element section  11  by preventing the infiltration of water or oxygen into sealing can  604  from between substrate  2  and sealing can  604 . 
   Sealing can  604  is made of glass or metal, is joined to substrate  2  via sealing resin  603 , and indentation  604   a  that houses a display element  10  is provided inside. In addition, a getter that absorbs water, oxygen and so forth is affixed to indentation  604   a  so as to be able to absorb water or oxygen that has infiltrated inside sealing can  604 . Furthermore, this getter  605  may also be omitted. 
   Next, an enlarged view of the cross-sectional structure of a display region in a display apparatus is shown in FIG.  3 . Three pixel regions A are shown in this FIG.  3 . This display apparatus is composed by sequentially laminating circuit element section  14 , in which TFT and other circuits are formed, luminescent element section  11 , on which a functional layer  110  is formed, and cathode  12  on substrate  2 . 
   In this display apparatus  1 , together with light emitted from a functional layer  10  towards the side of substrate  2  being radiated to the lower side (observer side) of substrate  2  by passing through circuit element section  14  and substrate  2 , light emitted from a functional layer  10  towards the opposite side of substrate  2  is reflected and then radiated towards the lower side (observer side) of substrate  2  by passing through circuit element section  14  and substrate  2 . 
   Furthermore, light emitted from the cathode side can be made to be radiated by using a transparent material for cathode  12 . Examples of transparent materials that can be used include ITO, Pt, Ir, Ni and Pd. A film thickness of about 75 nm is preferable for the film thickness, and film thickness less than this film thickness is more preferable. 
   An undercoating protective layer  2   c  composed of a silicon oxide film is formed on substrate  2  in circuit element section  14 , and an island-shaped semiconductor film  141  composed of polycrystalline silicon is formed on this undercoating protective layer  2   c . Furthermore, a source region  141   a  and a drain region  141   b  are formed by highly concentrated P ion implantation in semiconductor film  141 . Furthermore, the region at which P is not introduced becomes channel region  141   c.    
   Moreover, transparent gate insulating film  142  that covers undercoating protective film  2   c  and semiconductor film  141  is formed on circuit element section  14 , a gate electrode  143  (scanning line  101 ) composed of Al, Mo, Ta, Ti or W and so forth is formed on gate insulating film  142 , and a transparent first interlayer insulating film  144   a  and a second interlayer insulating film  144   b  are formed on gate electrode  143  and gate insulating film  142 . Gate electrode  143  is provided at a location corresponding to channel region  141   c  of semiconductor film  141 . In addition, contact holes  145  and  146  connected to source and drain regions  141   a  and  141   b , respectively, of semiconductor film  141  are formed passing through first and second interlayer insulating films  144   a  and  144   b.    
   A transparent pixel electrode  111  composed of ITO and so forth is patterned to a prescribed shape and formed on second interlayer insulating film  144   b , and one contact hole  145  is connected to this pixel electrode  111 . 
   In addition, the other contact hole  146  is connected to power line  103 . 
   In this manner, driving thin film transistor  123  connected to each pixel electrode  111  is formed in circuit element section  14 . 
   Furthermore, although the previously mentioned holding capacitor cap and switching thin film transistor  142  are also formed in circuit element section  14 , these are not shown in FIG.  3 . 
   Next, as shown in  FIG. 3 , luminescent element section  11  is mainly composed of a functional layer  110  laminated on each of a plurality of pixel electrodes  111 , and bank section  112  provided between each pixel electrode  111  and functional layer  110  which separates each functional layer  110 . Cathode  12  is arranged on functional layer  110 . A luminescent element is composed by pixel electrode  111 , functional layer  110  and cathode  12 . Here, pixel electrode  111  is composed by, for example, ITO, and is formed by patterning into a roughly rectangular shape when viewed overhead. The thickness of this pixel electrode  111  is preferably within the range of, for example, 50-200 nm, and particularly preferably about 150 nm. Bank section  112  is provided between each pixel electrode  111 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 3 , bank section  112  is composed by laminating inorganic bank layer  112   a  located on the side of substrate  2  (first bank layer), and organic bank layer  112   b  located away from substrate  2  (second bank layer). 
   Inorganic and organic bank layers  112   a  and  112   b  are formed so as to ride up onto the peripheral edge of pixel electrode  111 . In terms of the horizontal plane, the structure is such that the peripheral edge of pixel electrode  111  and inorganic bank layer  112   a  are arranged so as to be overlapping in the horizontal plane. In addition, organic bank layer  112   b  is similarly arranged so as to overlap a portion of pixel electrode  111  in the horizontal plane. In addition, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed further towards the center of pixel electrode  111  than organic bank layer  112   b . As a result of each first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  being formed on the inside of pixel electrode  111  in this manner, lower opening  112   c  is provided corresponding to the formed location of pixel electrode  111 . 
   In addition, upper opening  112   d  is formed in organic bank layer  112   b . This upper opening  112   d  is provided at the formed location of pixel electrode  111  and so as to correspond to lower opening  112   c . As shown in  FIG. 3 , upper opening  112   d  is formed to be wider than lower opening  112   c  and narrower than pixel electrode  111 . In addition, it may also be formed so that the location of the upper portion of upper opening  112   d  is nearly at the same location as the edge of pixel electrode  111 . In this case, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the cross-section of upper opening  112   d  of organic bank layer  112   b  has an inclined shape. 
   Opening  112   g  that passes through inorganic bank layer  112   a  and organic bank layer  112   b  is then formed by connecting lower opening  112   c  and upper opening  112   d  in bank section  112 . 
   In addition, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is preferably composed of an inorganic material such as SiO, SiO 2  or TiO 2 . The film thickness of this inorganic bank layer  112   a  is preferably within the range of, for example, 50-200 nm, and is particularly preferably 150 nm. If the film thickness is less than 50 nm, inorganic bank layer  112   a  becomes thinner than a positive hole injection/transport layer to be described later, which is not preferable since it prevents the securing of flatness for the positive hole injection/transport layer. In addition, if the film thickness exceeds 200 nm, the level difference with lower opening  112   c  becomes large, which is not preferable since it prevents the securing of flatness of a luminescent layer to be described later that is laminated onto the positive hole injection/transport layer. 
   Moreover, organic bank layer  112   b  is formed from a resist having superior heat resistance and solvent resistance such as acrylic resin or polyimide resin. The thickness of this organic bank layer  112   b  is preferably, for example, within the range of 0.1-3.5 μm, and particularly preferably about 2 μm. If the thickness is less than 0.1 μm, organic bank layer  112   b  becomes thinner than the total thickness of the positive hole injection/transport layer and luminescent layer to be described later, which is not preferable since it results in the risk of the luminescent layer overflowing from upper opening  112   d . In addition, if the thickness exceeds 3.5 μm, the difference caused by upper opening  112   d  becomes excessively large, which is not preferable since step coverage of cathode  12  formed on organic bank layer  112   b  can no longer be ensured. In addition, if the thickness of organic bank layer  112   b  is made to be 2 μm or more, insulation with driving thin film transistor  123  can be improved, thereby making this desirable. 
   In addition, regions exhibiting lyophilic properties and regions exhibiting liquid repellence are formed on bank section  112 . 
   The regions that exhibit lyophilic properties are first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  and electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111 , and these regions are surface-treated to be lyophilic by plasma treatment using oxygen for the treatment gas. In addition, the regions that exhibit liquid repellence are the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  and the upper surface  112   f  of organic bank layer  112   b , and the surfaces of these regions are fluorine-treated (treated to be liquid repellent) by plasma treatment using methane tetrafluoride for the treatment gas. 
   Next, as shown in  FIG. 3 , functional layer  110  is composed of positive hole injection/transplant layer  110   a  laminated on pixel electrode  111 , and luminescent layer  110   b  formed on positive hole injection/transplant layer  110   a  adjacent to it. Furthermore, other functional layers having other functions may also be formed adjacent to luminescent layer  110   b . For example, an electron transport layer can also be formed. 
   Together with having the function of injecting positive holes into luminescent layer  110   b , positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  also has the function of transporting positive holes within positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . By providing such a positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  between pixel electrode  111  and luminescent layer  110   b , the luminescent efficiency, lifetime and other element characteristics of luminescent layer  110   b  are improved. In addition, in luminescent layer  110   b , positive holes injected from positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and electrons injected from cathode  12  are recoupled in the luminescent layer to emit light. 
   Positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is composed of flat section  110   a   1  located within lower opening  112   c  and formed on pixel electrode surface  111   a , and peripheral edge section  110   a   2  located within upper opening  112   d  and formed on first laminated section  112   e  of the inorganic bank layer. In addition, depending on its structure, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  may be formed only on pixel electrode  111  and between it and inorganic bank layer  112   a  (lower opening  1110   c ) (there is also a mode in which it is only formed in the previously mentioned flat section). 
   This flat section  110   a   1  is formed to have a nearly constant thickness within the range of, for example, 50-70 nm. 
   In the case peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is formed, together with being located on first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a , it is in contact with the wall surface of upper opening  112   d , namely organic bank layer  112   b . In addition, the thickness of peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is thinner on the side close to electrode surface  111   a , gradually increases along the direction moving away from electrode surface  111   a , and is the thickest near the wall surface of lower opening  112   d.    
   The reason for peripheral edge section  110   a   2  exhibiting the above shape is that, since positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed by discharging a first composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material and polar solvent (composition) into opening  112  and then removing the polar solvent, volatilization of the polar solvent occurs mainly on first laminated section  112   e  of organic bank layer  112   a , and a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is intensively concentrated and precipitated on this first laminated section  112   e.    
   In addition, luminescent layer  110   b  is formed across flat section  110   a   1  and peripheral edge section  110   a   2  of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a , and its thickness on flat section  110   a   1  is made to be within the range of, for example, 50-80 nm. 
   Luminescent layer  110   b  has three types of luminescent layers consisting of red luminescent layer  110   b   1  that emits red light (R), green luminescent layer  110   b   2  that emits green light (G), and blue luminescent layer  110   b   3  that emits blue light (B), and each luminescent layer  110   b   1  through  110   b   3  is arranged in the form of stripes. 
   As has been described above, since peripheral edge section  110   a   2  of the positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  contacts the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  (organic bank layer  112   b ), luminescent layer  110   b  does not make direct contact with organic bank layer  112   b . Thus, the migration of water contained as an impurity in organic bank layer  112   b  to the side of luminescent layer  110   b  can be inhibited by peripheral edge section  110   a   2 , thereby preventing oxidation of luminescent layer  110   b  by water. 
   In addition, since peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is formed at a uniform thickness on first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a , peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is insulated from pixel electrode  111  by first laminated section  112   e , and there is no injection of positive holes from peripheral edge section  110   a   2  to luminescent layer  110   b . As a result, current from pixel electrode  111  only flows through flat section  112   a   1 , and positive holes can be uniformly transported from flat section  112   a   1  to luminescent layer  110   b , which together with allowing only the central section of luminescent layer  110   b  to emit light, enables the amount of emitted light in luminescent layer  110   b  to be made constant. 
   In addition, since inorganic bank layer  112   a  is extended farther towards the center of pixel electrode  111  than organic bank layer  112   b , the shape of the junction between pixel electrode  111  and flat section  110   a   1  can be trimmed by this inorganic bank layer  112   a , and variations in luminescent intensity between each luminescent layer  110   b  can be suppressed. 
   Moreover, since electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111  and first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  are lyophilic, functional layer  110  uniformly adheres to pixel electrode  111  and inorganic bank layer  112   a , and shorts between pixel electrode  111  and cathode  12  can be prevented without making functional layer  110  extremely thin on inorganic bank layer  112   a.    
   In addition, since upper surface  112   f  of organic bank layer  112   b  and the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  exhibit liquid repellency, there are no decreases in the adhesion between functional layer  110  and organic bank layer  112   b , and functional layer  110  is not formed overflowing from opening  112   g.    
   Furthermore, mixtures of polythiophene derivatives such as polyethylene dioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonic acid, etc. can be used as a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material. 
   In addition, examples of materials that can be used for luminescent layer  110   b  include (poly) paraphenylene vinylene derivatives, polyphenylene derivatives, polyfluorene derivatives, polyvinylcarbazole, polythiophene derivatives, perylene pigment, coumarin pigment and rhodamine pigment indicated with compounds 1 through 5 represented with the following structural formulas, or their polymer materials doped with rubrene, perylene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, tetraphenylbutadiene, Nile red, coumarin 6, quinacrylidone and so forth. 
                 
 
   Next, cathode  12  is formed over the entire surface of luminescent element section  11 , and forms a pair with pixel electrode  111  to fulfill the role of providing current to functional layer  110 . This cathode  12  is composed, for example, by laminating a calcium layer and an aluminum layer. At this time, it is preferable to provide a cathode having a low work function on the side close to the luminescent layer, and in this embodiment in particular, cathode  12  fulfills the role of injecting electrons into luminescent layer  110   b  by being in direct contact with luminescent layer  110   b . In addition, since lithium fluoride causes light to be emitted efficiently depending on the material of the luminescent layer, there are also cases in which LiF is formed between luminescent layer  110  and cathode  12 . 
   Furthermore, red and green luminescent layers  110   b   1  and  110   b   2  are not limited to the use of lithium fluoride, but rather other materials may also be used. Thus, in this case, a layer composed of lithium fluoride may be formed only for blue (B) luminescent layer  110   b   3 , while a material other than lithium fluoride may be laminated onto the other red and green luminescent layers  110   b   1  and  110   b   2 . In addition, only calcium may be formed on red and green luminescent layers  110   b   1  and  110   b   2  without forming lithium fluoride. 
   Furthermore, the thickness of the lithium fluoride is preferably within the range of, for example, 2-5 nm, and particularly preferably about 2 nm. In addition, the thickness of the calcium is preferably within the range of, for example, 2-50 nm, and particularly preferably about 20 nm. 
   In addition, since the aluminum that forms cathode  12  reflects light emitted from luminescent layer  110   b  towards substrate  2 , besides an Al film, it is preferably composed of Ag film or a laminated film of Al and Ag, etc. In addition, its thickness is preferably within the range of, for example, 100-1000 nm, and particularly preferably about 200 nm. 
   Moreover, a protective film for preventing oxidation composed of SiO, SiO 2  or SiN and so forth may also be provided on the aluminum. 
   Furthermore, a sealing can  604  is arranged on a luminescent element formed in this manner. As shown in  FIG. 2B , display apparatus  1  is formed by adhering sealing can  604  with sealing resin  603 . 
   The following provides an explanation of a manufacturing method of a display apparatus of the present embodiment with reference to the drawings. 
   A manufacturing method of display apparatus  1  of the present embodiment is comprised of, for example, (1) a bank section formation step, (2) a plasma treatment step, (3) a positive hole injection/transfer layer formation step (including a first liquid droplet discharge step), (4) a luminescent layer formation step (including a second liquid droplet discharge step), (5) a counter electrode formation step, and (6) a sealing step. Furthermore, the manufacturing method is not limited to this, but rather other steps may be deleted or added as necessary. 
   (1) Bank Section Formation Step 
   The bank section formation step consists of a step in which bank section  112  is formed at a prescribed location of substrate  2 . Bank section  112  is composed by an inorganic bank layer  112   a  being formed as a first bank layer, and an organic bank layer  112   b  being formed as a second bank layer. The following provides an explanation of their formation methods. 
   (1)-1 Formation of Inorganic Bank Layer 
   To begin with, as shown in  FIG. 4 , inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed at prescribed location on the substrate. The location where inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed is on second interlayer insulating film  144   b  and electrode (here, a pixel electrode)  111 . Furthermore, second interlayer insulating film  144   b  is formed on a circuit element section  14  in which is arranged thin film transistors, scanning lines, signal lines and so forth. 
   Inorganic bank layer  112   a  can use as its material an inorganic film such as SiO 2  or TiO 2 . These materials are formed by, for example, CVD, coating, sputtering or vapor deposition. 
   Moreover, the film thickness of inorganic bank layer  112   a  is preferably within the range of 50-200 nm, and particularly preferably 150 nm. 
   Inorganic bank layer  112   a  forms an inorganic film over the entire surface of interlayer insulating layer  144  and pixel electrode  111 , and by subsequently patterning the inorganic film by photolithography and so forth, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed having an opening. This opening corresponds to the formed location of electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111 , and as shown in  FIG. 4 , is provided as lower opening  112   c.    
   At this time, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed to as to overlap the peripheral edges of pixel electrode  111 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , by forming inorganic bank layer  112   a  so that the peripheral edges of pixel electrode  111  overlap with inorganic bank layer  112   a , the luminescent region of luminescent layer  110  can be controlled. 
   (1)-2 Formation of Organic Bank Layer  112   b    
   Next, organic bank layer  112   b  is formed as a second bank layer. 
   As shown in  FIG. 5 , organic bank layer  112   b  is formed on inorganic bank layer  112   a . A material such as acrylic resin or polyimide resin having heat resistance and solvent resistance is used for organic bank layer  112   b . Organic bank layer  112   b  is formed using these materials by patterning by photolithography technology and so forth. Furthermore, during patterning, upper opening  112   d  is formed in organic bank layer  112   b . Upper opening  112   d  is provided at the location corresponding to electrode surface  111   a  and lower opening  112   c.    
   As shown in  FIG. 5 , upper opening  112   d  is preferably formed wider than lower opening  112   c  formed in inorganic bank layer  112   a . Moreover, organic bank layer  112   b  preferably has a tapered shape, and is preferably formed so that it is narrower than the width of pixel electrode  111  at the lowermost surface of organic bank layer  112 , and so that it has about the same width as the width of pixel electrode  111  at the uppermost surface of organic bank layer  112   b . As a result, first laminated section  112   e  that surrounds lower opening  112   c  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  has a form that extends farther towards the center of pixel electrode  111  than organic bank layer  112   b.    
   In this manner, opening  112   g  that passes through inorganic bank layer  112   a  and organic bank layer  112   b  is formed by making upper opening  112   d  formed in organic bank layer  112   b  and lower opening  112   c  formed in inorganic bank layer  112   a  continuous. 
   Furthermore, the thickness of organic bank layer  112   b  is preferably within the range of 0.1-3.5 μm, and particularly preferably about 2 μm. The reasons for defining the thickness to be within the range are described below. 
   Namely, if the thickness is less than 0.1 μm, the thickness of organic bank layer  112   b  becomes thinner than the total thickness of the positive hole injection/transport layer and luminescent layer to be described later, which is not desirable since this results in the risk of luminescent layer  110   b  overflowing from upper opening  112   d . In addition, if the thickness exceeds 3.5 μm, the level difference with upper opening  112   d  becomes excessively large, which is not desirable since it prevents step coverage of cathode  12  in upper opening  112   d  from being secured. In addition, if the thickness of organic bank layer  112   b  is 2 μm or more, insulation between cathode  12  and drive thin film transistor  123  can be enhanced, thereby making this preferable. 
   (2) Plasma Treatment Step 
   Next, the plasma treatment step is carried out for the purpose of activating the surface of pixel electrode  111 , and treating the surface of bank section  112 . In particular, the activation step is carried out mainly for the purpose of washing pixel electrode  111  (ITO) and adjusting the work function. Moreover, lyophilic treatment of the surface of pixel electrode  111  and liquid repellency treatment of the surface of bank section  112  are carried out. 
   This plasma treatment step can be broadly divided into, for example, preheating step (2)-1, activation treatment step (lyophilic step for imparting lyophilic properties) (2)-2 , liquid repellency treatment step (2)-3, and cooling step (2)-4 . Furthermore, the plasma treatment step is not limited to these steps, but rather steps may be deleted or added as necessary. 
   To begin with,  FIG. 6  shows a plasma treatment apparatus used in the plasma treatment step. 
   Plasma treatment apparatus  50  shown in  FIG. 6  is composed of preheating treatment chamber  51 , first plasma treatment chamber  52 , second plasma treatment chamber  53 , cooling treatment chamber  54 , and transport apparatus  55  that transports substrate  2  to each of these treatment chambers  51 - 54 . Each treatment chamber  51 - 54  is arranged in a radial form centering around transport apparatus  55 . 
   To begin with, an explanation is provided of an overview of this step using these apparatuses. 
   The preheating treatment step is carried out in preheating treatment chamber  51  shown in FIG.  6 . Substrate  2  transported from the bank section formation step is heated to a prescribed temperature by this treatment chamber  51 . 
   Following the preheating step, the lyophilic step and liquid repellency treatment step are carried out. Namely, substrate  2  is sequentially transported to first and second plasma treatment chambers  52  and  53 , and plasma treatment is performed in treatment chambers  52  and  53 , respectively, to impart lyophilic properties. Liquid repellency treatment is carried out after this lyophilic treatment. Following liquid repellency treatment, the substrate is transported to the cooling treatment chamber, and the substrate is cooled to room temperature in cooling treatment chamber  54 . After this cooling step, the substrate is transported to the next step in the form of the positive hole injection/transport layer formation step by the transport apparatus. 
   The following provides a detailed explanation of each step. 
   (2)-1 Preheating Step 
   The preheating step is performed by preheating treatment chamber  51 . Substrate  2 , including bank section  112 , is heated to a prescribed temperature in this treatment chamber  51 . 
   A means by which, for example, a heater is attached to a stage on which substrate  2  is placed within treatment chamber  51 , and this stage with substrate  2  on it is heated with this heater is adopted for the method for heating substrate  2 . Furthermore, other methods may also be employed. 
   In preheating treatment chamber  51 , substrate  2  is heated to within the range of, for example, 70-80° C. This temperature is the treatment temperature in the next step of plasma treatment, and is performed for the purpose of preheating substrate  2  in accordance with the next step and to eliminate any variations in the temperature of substrate  2 . 
   If a preheating step is not added, substrate  2  would be heated to the above temperature from room temperature, meaning that treatment would be carried out while temperature fluctuates continuously during the plasma treatment step from the start to the end of the step. Thus, the performing of plasma treatment while the substrate temperature changes has the possibility of leading to non-uniform properties. Thus, preheating is carried out in order to maintain constant treatment conditions and obtain uniform properties. 
   Therefore, in the plasma treatment step, in the case of performing the lyophilic step or liquid repellency step with substrate  2  placed on a sample stage within first and second plasma treatment chambers  52  and  53 , the preheating temperature preferably closely coincides with the temperature of sample stage  56  at which the lyophilic step or liquid repellency step is carried out continuously. 
   Therefore, by preheating substrate  2  to a temperature of, for example, 70-80° C., which is the final temperature of the sample stages in the first and second plasma treatment chambers  52  and  53 , even in the case of continuously performing plasma treatment on a large number of substrates, plasma treatment conditions immediately after the start of treatment and immediately before completion of treatment can be maintained nearly constant. As a result, the surface treatment conditions between substrates  2  can be made to be the same, wettability relative to the composition of bank section  112  can be made to be uniform, and display apparatuses can be manufactured that have a fixed level of quality. 
   In addition, preheating substrate  2  makes it possible to shorten the treatment time of subsequent plasma treatment. 
   (2)-2 Activation Treatment 
   Next, activation treatment is performed in first plasma treatment chamber  52 . Activation treatment includes adjustment and control of the work function in pixel electrode  111 , washing of the pixel electrode surface, and lyophilic treatment of the pixel electrode surface. 
   Lyophilic treatment consists of performing plasma treatment using oxygen as the treatment gas in an atmospheric atmosphere (O 2  plasma treatment).  FIG. 7  schematically shows the first plasma treatment. As shown in  FIG. 7 , substrate  2  that contains bank section  112  is placed on sample stage  56  that contains a built-in heater, and plasma discharge electrode  57  is arranged in opposition to substrate  2  at a distance of a gap of 0.5-2 mm above substrate  2 . While substrate  2  is being heated by sample stage  56 , sample stage  56  moves in the direction of the arrow in the drawing, and substrate  2  is transported at a prescribed transport speed. During that time, oxygen plasma is irradiated onto substrate  2 . 
   O 2  plasma treatment is carried out under conditions of, for example, plasma power of 100-800 kW, oxygen gas flow rate of 50-100 ml/min, substrate transport speed of 0.5-10 mm/sec, and substrate temperature of 70-90° C. Furthermore, heating by sample stage  56  is mainly performed to maintain the temperature of the preheated substrate  2 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 8 , as a result of this O 2  plasma treatment, electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111 , first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  as well as the wall surface and upper surface of upper opening  112   d  of organic bank layer  112   b  are subjected to lyophilic treatment. As a result of this lyophilic treatment, hydroxyl groups are introduced onto each of these surfaces to impart lyophilic properties. 
     FIG. 9  shows the sections subjected to lyophilic treatment with single dotted lines. 
   Furthermore, this O 2  plasma treatment is not only performed to impart lyophilic properties, but also serves to wash the ITO serving as the pixel electrode as previously mentioned as well as adjust the work function. 
   (2)-3 Liquid Repellency Treatment Step 
   Next, plasma treatment(CF 4  plasma treatment) is performed in which tetrafluoromethane is used as the treatment gas in an atmospheric atmosphere as the liquid repellency step in second plasma treatment chamber  53 . The internal structure of second plasma treatment chamber  53  is the same as the internal structure of first plasma treatment chamber  52  shown in FIG.  7 . Namely, substrate  2  is heated by a sample stage while being transported at a prescribed transport speed on the sample stage, and during that time, tetrafluoromethane plasma (carbon tetrafluoride) is irradiated onto substrate  2 . 
   CF 4  plasma treatment is carried out under conditions consisting of, for example, plasma power of 100-800 kW, tetrafluoromethane gas flow rate of 50-100 ml/min, substrate transport speed of 0.5-10 mm/sec, and substrate temperature of 70-90° C. Furthermore, similar to the case of first plasma treatment chamber  52 , heating by the heating stage is mainly performed to maintain the temperature of preheated substrate  2 . 
   Furthermore, the treatment gas is not limited to tetrafluoromethane (carbon tetrafluoride), but rather other fluorocarbon-based gases may also be used. 
   As shown in  FIG. 9 , as a result of CF 4  plasma treatment, the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  and the upper surface  112   f  of organic bank layer  112   b  are treated to be liquid repellent. As a result of this liquid repellency treatment, fluorine groups are introduced onto each of these surfaces to impart them with liquid repellency. In  FIG. 9 , those regions exhibiting liquid repellence are indicated with double dotted lines. Organic substances such as the acrylic resin or polyimide resin that composes organic bank layer  112   b  can be easily made to be liquid repellent by irradiating with fluorocarbon plasma. In addition, pretreating with O 2  plasma has the characteristic of facilitating fluorination, and is particularly effective in the present embodiment. 
   Furthermore, although electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111  and first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  are also affected to a certain extent by this CF 4  plasma treatment, there is little effect on wettability. In  FIG. 9 , those regions that exhibit lyophilic properties are indicated with single dotted lines. 
   (2)-4 Cooling Step 
   Next, for the cooling step, cooling treatment chamber  54  is used to cool substrate  2  heated for plasma treatment to a control temperature. This step is carried out to cool substrate  2  to the control temperature of the subsequent ink jet step (liquid droplet discharge step). 
   This cooling treatment chamber  54  has a plate for arranging substrate  2 , and that plate employs a structure in which a cooling apparatus is contained so as to cool substrate  2 . 
   In addition, by cooling substrate  2  following plasma treatment to room temperature or a prescribed temperature (such as the control temperature at which the ink jet step is carried out), the temperature of substrate  2  becomes constant in the subsequent positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, thereby enabling the next step to be carried out at a uniform temperature free of temperature changes in substrate  2 . Thus, the addition of such a cooling step makes it possible to uniformly form materials that are discharged by a discharge means of an ink jet method and so forth. 
   For example, when discharging a first composition that contains a material for forming a positive hole injection/transport layer, the first composition can be continuously discharged at a constant volume, thereby enabling the uniform formation of a positive hole injection/transport layer. 
   In the above plasma treatment step, a lyophilic region and liquid repellent region can be easily provided on bank section  112  by sequentially carrying out O 2  plasma treatment and CF 4  plasma treatment on organic bank layer  112   b  and inorganic bank layer  112   a  having different materials. 
   Furthermore, the plasma treatment apparatus used for the plasma treatment step is not limited to that shown in  FIG. 6 , but rather plasma treatment apparatus  60  as shown in  FIG. 10 , for example, may also be used. 
   Plasma treatment apparatus  60  shown in  FIG. 10  is composed of a preheating treatment chamber  61 , first plasma treatment chamber  62 , second plasma treatment chamber  63 , cooling treatment chamber  64 , and a transport apparatus  65  that transports substrate  2  to each of these treatment chambers  61 - 64 , and each of these treatment chambers  61 - 64  is arranged on both sides in the direction of transport (on both sides in the direction of the arrows in the drawing) of transport apparatus  65 . 
   In this plasma treatment apparatus  60 , similar to the plasma treatment apparatus  50  shown in  FIG. 6 , substrate  2  transported from the bank section formation step is sequentially transported to preheating treatment chamber  61 , first and second plasma treatment chambers  62  and  63 , and cooling treatment chamber  64 , and after undergoing treatment similar to that previously described in each treatment chamber, substrate  2  is transported to the next positive hole injection/transport layer formation step. 
   In addition, the above plasma apparatus does not have to be an apparatus operating at atmospheric pressure, but rather a vacuum plasma apparatus may also be used. 
   (3) Positive Hole Injection/Transport Layer Formation Step 
   Next, a positive hole injection/transport layer is formed on an electrode (here, pixel electrode  111 ) in the luminescent element formation step. 
   In the positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, by using, for example, an ink jet apparatus for discharge of liquid droplets, a first composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material (composition) is discharged onto electrode surface  111   a  (first liquid droplet discharge step). Subsequently, drying treatment and heat treatment are carried out, and positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed on pixel electrode  111  and inorganic bank layer  112   a . Furthermore, the inorganic bank layer  112   a  on which positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed is referred to here as first laminated section  112   e.    
   This positive hole injection/transport layer formation step and following steps are preferably carried out in an atmosphere free of water and oxygen. For example, they are preferably carried out in an inert gas atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere or argon atmosphere. 
   Furthermore, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  does not have to be formed on first laminated section  112   e . Namely, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  may only be formed on pixel electrode  111 . 
   The manufacturing method using an ink jet is as described below. 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , a first composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is discharged from a plurality of nozzles formed in ink jet head H 1 . Here, although the composition is filled into each pixel by scanning of the ink jet head, this may also be performed by scanning of substrate  2 . Moreover, the composition may also be filled by moving the ink jet head and substrate  2  relative to each other. Furthermore, this applies similarly to subsequent steps in which an ink jet head is used. 
   Discharge by the ink jet head is carried out as described below. Namely, discharge nozzle H 2  formed in ink jet head H 1  is arranged in opposition to electrode surface  111   a , and a first composition is discharged from nozzle H 2 . Bank  112  that divides lower opening  112   c  is formed around electrode surface  111   a , ink jet head H 1  is opposed to pixel electrode surface  111   a  located within this lower opening  112   c , and first composition droplets  110   c , for which the amount of liquid per drop is controlled, are discharged from discharge nozzle H 2  onto electrode surface  111   a  while this ink jet head H 1  and substrate  2  move relative to each other. 
   A composition in which a mixture of, for example, a polythiophene derivative such as polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) and the like is dissolved in a polar solvent may be used for the first composition used here. Examples of polar solvents include isopropyl alcohol (IPA), normal alcohol, γ-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and its derivatives, and glycol ethers such as carbitol acetate and butylcarbitol acetate. 
   A more specific example of the composition of this first composition is 12.52% by weight of a PEDOT/PSS mixture (PEDOT/PSS=1:20), 1.44% by weight of PSS, 10% by weight of IPA, 27.48% by weight of NMP and 50% by weight of DMI. Furthermore, the viscosity of the first composition is preferably about 2-20 cPs, and particularly preferably 4-15 cPs. 
   As a result of using the above first composition, discharge can be carried out stably without the occurrence of clogging in discharge nozzle H 2 . 
   Furthermore, the positive hole injection/transport layer forming material may use the same material for each of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) luminescent layers  110   b   1  through  110   b   3 , or the material may be changed for each luminescent layer. 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , discharged first composition droplets  110   c  spread over lyophilic treated electrode surface  111   a  and fist laminated section  112   e , and are filled into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d . Even if first composition droplets  110   c  shift from the prescribed discharge location and are discharged onto upper surface  112   f , the repelled first composition droplets  110   c  roll into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d  without upper surface  112   f  overflowing with first composition droplets  110   c.    
   The amount of the first composition discharged onto electrode surface  111   a  is determined by the sizes of lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d , the thickness of the positive hole injection/transport layer attempting to be formed, the concentration of the positive hole injection/transport layer forming material within the first composition and so forth. 
   In addition, first composition droplets  110   c  may not only be discharged onto the same electrode surface  111   a  once, but also by dividing into a plurality of discharges. In this case, the amount of the first composition during each discharge may be the same, or the amount of the first composition may be changed each time. Moreover, the first composition may not only be discharged at the same location on electrode surface  111   a , but may also be discharged at different locations on electrode surface  111   a  each time. 
   With respect to the structure of the ink jet head, a head H like that shown in  FIG. 14  may be used. Moreover, the substrate and ink jet head are preferably arranged as shown in FIG.  15 . In  FIG. 14 , reference symbol H 7  represents a support substrate that supports the above ink jet head H 1 , and a plurality of ink jet heads H 1  are provided on this support substrate H 7 . 
   A plurality of discharge nozzles are provided in the ink discharge surface (surface in opposition to the substrate) of ink jet head H 1  arranged in rows along the lengthwise direction of the head and arranged in two rows at an interval in the widthwise direction of the head (for example, 180 nozzles per row for a total of 360 nozzles). In addition, together with the discharge nozzles facing towards the substrate, a plurality of these ink jet heads H 1  (6 per row for a total of 12 in  FIG. 14 ) are positioned and supported by a roughly rectangular support plate  20  when viewed from overhead in rows along roughly the direction of the X axis inclined at a prescribed angle relative to the X axis (or Y axis), and arranged in two rows at a prescribed interval in the direction of the Y axis. 
   In addition, in the ink jet apparatus shown in  FIG. 15 , reference symbol  1115  represents a stage on which substrate  2  is placed, while reference symbol  1116  represents a guide rail that guides stage  1115  in the direction of the X axis in the drawing (main scanning direction). In addition, head H is able to move in the direction of the Y axis in the drawing (auxiliary scanning direction) according to guide rail  1113  via support member  1111 , head H is able to rotate in the direction of the θ axis in the drawing, and the ink jet heads H 1  can be inclined at a prescribed angle relative to the main scanning direction. In this manner, by arranging the ink jet heads by inclining relative to the scanning direction, nozzle pitch can be made to correspond to the pixel pitch. In addition, by adjusting the angle of inclination, the nozzle pitch can be made to correspond to any pixel pitch. 
   Substrate  2  shown in  FIG. 15  has a structure in which a plurality of chips are arranged on a mother board. Namely, the region of 1 chip corresponds to a single display apparatus. Although three display regions  2   a  are formed here, the number of display regions is not limited to three. For example, in the case of coating a composition for display region  2   a  on the left side of substrate  2 , together with moving head H to the left side in the drawing by means of guide rail  1113 , substrate  2  is moved upward in the drawing by means of guide rail  1116 , and coating is performed while scanning substrate  2 . Next, head H is moved to the right in the drawing to coat the composition for the central display region  2   a  of the substrate. This applies similarly to display area  2   a  on the right end of the substrate. 
   Furthermore, the head H shown in FIG.  14  and the ink jet apparatus shown in  FIG. 15  may be used not only in the positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, but also in the luminescent layer formation step. 
   Next, a drying step like that shown in  FIG. 12  is carried out. As a result of carrying out this drying step, the first composition following discharge is dried, the polar solvent contained in the first composition is evaporated, and positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed. 
   When drying treatment is carried out, evaporation of the polar solvent contained in first composition droplets  110   c  mainly occurs near inorganic bank layer  112   a  and organic bank layer  112   b , and together with this evaporation of polar solvent, positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is concentrated and precipitates. 
   As a result, as shown in  FIG. 13 , peripheral edge section  110   a   2  composed of positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is formed on first laminated section  112   e . This peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is tightly adhered to the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  (organic bank layer  112   b ), and its thickness is thinner closest to electrode surface  111   a , and thicker farthest from electrode surface  111   a , namely closest to organic bank layer  112   b.    
   In addition, simultaneous to this, evaporation of polar solvent also occurs on electrode surface  111   a  due to drying treatment, and as a result, flat section  110   a   1  composed of positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is formed on electrode surface  111   a . Since the evaporation rate of polar solvent is nearly uniform on electrode surface  111   a , the material that forms the positive hole injection/transport layer is concentrated uniformly, thereby resulting in the formation of a flat section  110   a   1  of uniform thickness. 
   In this manner, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed that is composed of peripheral edge section  110   a   2  and flat section  110   a   1 . 
   Furthermore, the positive hole injection/transport layer may only be formed on electrode surface  111   a  without being formed on peripheral edge section  110   a   2 . 
   The above drying treatment is carried out in, for example, a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and at a pressure of, for example, 133.3 Pa (1 Torr). If the pressure is too low, first composition droplets  110   c  end up bumping, which is not desirable. In addition, if the temperature is higher than room temperature, the evaporation rate of the polar solvent increases, thereby preventing the formation of a flat film. 
   Following drying treatment, any polar solvent or water remaining in positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is preferably removed by carrying out heat treatment by heating for about 10 minutes at a temperature of 200° C. in nitrogen, and preferably in a vacuum. 
   In the above positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, while the discharged first composition droplets  110   c  are filled into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d , the first composition is repelled by liquid repellency treated organic bank layer  112   b , causing it to roll into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d . As a result, the discharged first composition droplets  110   c  can always be filled into upper and lower openings  112   c  and  112   d , enabling positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  to be formed on electrode surface  111   a.    
   (4) Luminescent Layer Formation Step 
   Next, the luminescent layer formation step is composed of a surface modification step, a luminescent layer forming material discharge step (second liquid droplet discharge step) and a drying step. 
   To begin with, a surface modification step is carried out to modify the surface of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . The details of this step will be described later. Next, similar to the previously mentioned positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, a second composition is discharged onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  by an ink jet method. Subsequently, the discharged second composition is subjected to drying treatment (and heat treatment) to form luminescent layer  110   b  on positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a.    
   In the luminescent layer formation step, a non-polar solvent that is insoluble with respect to positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is used for the solvent of the second composition used during formation of the luminescent layer to prevent positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  from redissolving. 
   On the other hand, however, since positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  has low affinity for non-polar solvents, even if the second composition containing a non-polar solvent is discharged onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a , there is the risk of it either being no longer able to cause positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and luminescent layer  110   b  to be adhered, or allow luminescent layer  110   b  to be coated uniformly. 
   Therefore, a surface modification step is carried out prior to formation of the luminescent layer to enhance the affinity of the surface of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  to non-polar solvent and the luminescent layer forming material. 
   The following provides an explanation of the surface modification step. 
   The surface modification step is carried out by coating a surface modifier in the form of the same or similar solvent as the non-polar solvent of the second composition used during luminescent layer formation onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  by the ink jet method (liquid droplet discharge method), spin coating or dipping, followed by drying. 
   As shown in  FIG. 13 , coating using the ink jet method is carried out by filling the surface modifier into ink jet head H 3 , and discharging the surface modifier from discharge nozzles H 4  formed in ink jet head H 3 . Similar to the previously mentioned positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, discharge nozzles H 4  are in opposition to substrate  2  (namely, substrate  2  on which positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed), and surface modifier  110   d  is discharged from discharge nozzles H 4  onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  while moving ink jet head H 3  and substrate  2  relative to each other. 
   In addition, coating by spin coating is carried out by placing substrate  2  on, for example, a rotary stage, dropping the surface modifier onto substrate  2  from above, and then rotating substrate  2  to spread the surface modifier over the entire surface of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  on substrate  2 . Furthermore, although the surface modifier is temporarily spread over the liquid repellency treated upper surface  112   f , since surface modifier is repelled from upper surface  112   f  when the substrate is lifted up, surface modifier is only coated on positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a.    
   Moreover, coating by the dipping method is carried out by, for example, immersing substrate  2  in a surface modifier and then lifting it out to spread the surface modifier over the entire surface of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . In this case as well, although the surface modifier typically spreads over the liquid repellency treated upper surface  112   f , the surface modifier is repelled from upper surface  112   f  when the substrate is lifted out, and is only coated onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a.    
   The surface modifier used here is the same as the non-polar solvent of the second composition, examples of which include cyclohexylbenzene, dihydrobenzofuran, trimethylbenzene and tetramethylbenzene, while those similar to the non-polar solvent of the second composition include, for example, toluene and xylene. 
   In particular, in the case of coating using the ink jet method, dihydrobenzofuran, trimethylbenzene, tetramethylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene or mixtures thereof, and particularly the same solvent mixture as the second composition, are preferably used, while toluene, xylene and so forth are preferably used in the case of coating by spin coating or dipping. 
   Next, as shown in  FIG. 16 , the coated region is dried. This drying step is preferably carried out in the case of coating using the ink jet method by placing substrate  2  on a hot plate and drying to evaporation by heating at a temperature of, for example, 200° C. or lower. In the case of coating by spin coating or dipping, drying is preferably carried out by either blowing nitrogen onto substrate  2 , or by rotating the substrate and generating air flow over the surface of substrate  2 . 
   Furthermore, coating of surface modifier may be carried out after drying treatment of the positive hole injection/transport layer formation step, and heat treatment of the positive hole injection/transport layer formation step may be carried out after drying the surface modifier following coating. 
   As a result of performing this surface modification step, the surface of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is given greater affinity to non-polar solvent, and the second composition containing the luminescent layer forming material can be uniformly coated onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  in the subsequent step. 
   Furthermore, an extremely thin positive hole transport layer may also be formed on the positive hole injection/transport layer by dissolving the above-mentioned compound and so forth typically used as a positive hole transport material to form a composition and using that composition for the above surface modifier, followed by coating this composition onto the positive hole injection/transport layer by the ink jet method followed by drying. 
   Although the majority of the positive hole injection/transport layer is dissolved into luminescent layer  110   b  that is coated in the following step, a portion remains in the form of a thin film between positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and luminescent layer  110   b , and as a result, luminescent efficiency can be improved by facilitating movement of positive holes as a result of lowering the energy barrier between positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and luminescent layer  110   b.    
   Next, for the luminescent layer formation step, luminescent layer  110   b  is formed on positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  by discharging the second composition containing luminescent layer forming material onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  by the ink jet method (liquid droplet discharge method) followed by drying treatment. 
     FIG. 17  shows the discharge method according to the ink jet method. As shown in  FIG. 17 , the second composition containing each color (here, blue (B)) of luminescent layer forming material is discharged from discharge nozzles H 6  formed in an ink jet head H 5  while moving ink jet head H 5  and substrate  2  relative to each other. 
   During discharge, the second composition is discharged while positioning the discharge nozzles in opposition to positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  located in lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d , and moving ink jet head H 5  relative to substrate  2 . The amount of liquid discharged from discharge nozzles H 6  is controlled per drop. Liquid for which the amount has been controlled in this manner (second composition droplets  110   e ) are then discharged from the discharge nozzles, and these second composition droplets  110   e  are discharged onto positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a.    
   The polyfluorene-based polymer derivatives (poly)paraphenylene vinylene derivatives, polyphenylene derivatives, polyvinylcarbazole, polythiophene derivatives, polythiophene derivatives, perylene pigment, coumarin pigment, rhodamine pigment or their polymers doped with organic EL materials shown in Compounds 1 through 5 can be used for the luminescent layer forming material. Examples of materials that can be used for doping include rubrene, perylene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, tetraphenylbutadiene, Nile red, coumarin 6 and quinacrylidone. 
   Preferable non-polar solvents that can be used include those which are insoluble with respect to positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a , examples of which include cyclohexylbenzene, dihydrobenzofuran, trimethylbenzene and tetramethylbenzene. 
   As a result of using such non-polar solvents in the second composition of luminescent layer  110   b , the second composition can be coated without causing positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  to be redissolved. 
   As shown in  FIG. 17 , the discharged second composition  110   e  is filled into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d  by spreading over positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . On the other-hand, even if second composition droplets  110   e  shift from the prescribed discharge location and are discharged onto upper surface  112   f , second composition droplets  110   e  roll into lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d  without dampening upper surface  112   f.    
   The amount of the second composition that is discharged onto each positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is determined according to the sizes of lower and upper openings  112   c  and  112   d , the thickness of the luminescent layer  110   b  to be formed, and the concentration of the luminescent layer material in the second composition and so forth. 
   In addition, the second composition  110   e  may be discharged not only once, but also discharged over the course of several times onto the same positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . In this case, the amount of the second composition for each discharge may be the same or the liquid amount of the second composition may be changed for each discharge. Moreover, the second composition may not only be discharged at the same location of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a , but also the second composition may be discharged at different locations within positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  for each discharge. 
   Next, after the second composition has finished being discharged at the prescribed location, luminescent layer  110   b   3  is formed by subjecting the second composition droplets  110   e  following discharge to drying treatment. Namely, the non-polar solvent contained in the second composition is evaporated by drying, and blue (B) luminescent layer  110   b   3  is formed as shown in FIG.  18 . Furthermore, although only one luminescent layer  110   b   3  that emits blue light is shown in  FIG. 18 , as is clear from FIG.  1  and the other drawings, since luminescent elements are inherently formed in the form of a matrix, a large number of luminescent layers (corresponding to blue color) not shown are also formed. 
   Continuing, as shown in  FIG. 19 , red (R) luminescent layer  110   b   1  is formed, and finally a green (G) luminescent layer  110   b   2  is formed, using a step that is similar to the case of the previously mentioned blue (B) luminescent layer  110   b   3 . 
   Furthermore, there are no particular restrictions on the previously mentioned order in which luminescent layers  110   b  are formed, and they may be formed in any order. For example, the order in which they are formed may be determined according to the luminescent layer forming materials. 
   In addition, the drying of the second composition of the luminescent layer is carried out under conditions of, in the case of blue luminescent layer  110   b   3  for example, a pressure of 133.3 Pa (1 Torr) at room temperature and in a nitrogen atmosphere for about 5-10 minutes. If the pressure is too low, first composition droplets  110   c  end up bumping, which is not desirable. In addition, if the temperature is higher than room temperature, the evaporation rate of the polar solvent increases, thereby causing excessive adhesion of the luminescent layer forming material to the wall surface of upper opening  112   d , which is also not desirable. 
   In addition, in the case of green luminescent layer  110   b   2  and red luminescent layer  110   b   1 , drying is preferably carried out rapidly due to the large number of luminescent layer forming material components, and drying is preferably carried out under conditions of, for example, blowing nitrogen at a temperature of 40° for 5-10 minutes. 
   Examples of other drying means include far infrared irradiation and blowing of high-temperature nitrogen gas. 
   In this manner, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and luminescent layer  110   b  are formed on pixel electrode  111 . 
   (5) Counter Electrode (Cathode) Formation Step 
   Next, in the counter electrode formation step, as shown in  FIG. 20 , cathode  12  (counter electrode) is formed over the entire surface of luminescent layer  110   b  and organic bank layer  112   b . Furthermore, cathode  12  may be formed by laminating a plurality of materials. For example, a material having a small work function is preferably formed on the side near the luminescent layer, and a material such as Ca or Ba may be used. In addition, there are also cases in which it is better to form a thin layer of LiF and so forth for the lower layer depending on the material. In addition, a material having a higher work function than the lower side, such as Al, may also be used for the upper side (sealing side). 
   These cathodes  12  are preferably formed by, for example, sputtering or CVD, and formation by vapor deposition in particular is preferably with respect to being able to prevent damage to luminescent layer  110   b  by heat. 
   In addition, lithium fluoride may only be formed on luminescent layer  110   b , and may be formed corresponding to a prescribed color. For example, it may only be formed on blue (B) luminescent layer  110   b   3 . In this case, upper cathode layer  12   b  composed of calcium makes contact with the other red (R) and green (G) luminescent layers  110   b   1  and  110   b   2 . 
   In addition, an Al film or Ag film and so forth formed by vapor deposition, sputtering or CVD is preferably used for the upper section of cathode  12 . In addition, its thickness is preferably within the range of, for example, 100-1000 nm, and is particularly preferably 200-500 nm. 
   In addition, a protective layer of SiO 2  or SiN and so forth may also be provided on cathode  12  for protecting against oxidation. 
   (6) Sealing Step 
   Finally, the sealing step is a step in which substrate  2  on which luminescent elements are formed and sealing substrate  3   b  are sealed with a sealing resin. For example, sealing resin  3   a  composed of a thermosetting resin or ultraviolet setting resin is coated over the entire surface of substrate  2 , and sealing substrate  3   b  is laminated onto sealing resin  3   a . Sealing section  3  is formed on substrate  2  by this step. 
   The sealing step is preferably carried out in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or helium. If it is carried out in air, in the case pin holes or other defects have occurred in cathode  12 , water or oxygen and so forth penetrate into cathode  12  from these defect sections resulting in the risk of oxidation of cathode  12 , which is not desirable. 
   Moreover, together with cathode  12  being connected to wiring  5   a  of substrate  5  shown in  FIG. 2 , by also connecting the wiring of circuit element section  14  to drive IC  6 , display apparatus  1  of the present embodiment is obtained. 
   [Second Embodiment] 
   Next, an explanation is provided of a second embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings. Furthermore, in the following explanation, the same reference symbols are used to represent those sites that are the same as in the previously mentioned first embodiment, and their explanation is omitted. 
     FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view showing a display apparatus of the second embodiment. 
   As shown in  FIG. 21 , the display apparatus of the present embodiment is provided with a substrate  2 ′, luminescent element section  11  formed on substrate  2 ′ and provided with luminescent elements arranged in the form of a matrix, and cathode  12 ′ formed on luminescent element section  11 . Display apparatus  10 ′ is composed by luminescent element section  11  and cathode  12 ′. 
   The display apparatus of the present embodiment has a so-called top emission structure in which the side of sealing section  3 ′ is composed as the display surface, and a transparent substrate (or semi-transparent substrate) and opaque substrate may be used for substrate  2 ′. Examples of transparent or semi-transparent substrates include those made of glass, quartz or resin (plastic or plastic film), and inexpensive soda glass is used particularly preferably. Examples of opaque substrates include those in which surface oxidation or other insulation treatment is performed on ceramics such as alumina or a metal sheet such as stainless steel, as well as thermosetting resins and thermoplastic resins. In addition, substrate  2 ′ is divided into a display region  2   a  located in the center, and a non-display region  2   b  that surrounds display region  2   a  positioned around the peripheral edge of substrate  2 ′. 
   Display region  2   a  is a region formed by luminescent elements arranged in the form of a matrix, and non-display region  2   b  is formed outside this display region. Dummy display region  2   d  adjacent to display region  2   a  is formed in this non-display region  2   b.    
   In addition, circuit element section  14  is provided between luminescent element section  11  and substrate  2 ′, and similar to the above first embodiment, this circuit element section  14  is provided with scanning lines, signal lines, previously mentioned scanning lines, signal lines, holding capacitor, switching thin film transistor and driving thin film transistor  123  and so forth. 
   In addition, one end of cathode  12 ′ is connected from luminescent element section  11  to cathode wiring  12   a  formed on substrate  2 ′, and one end of this wiring is connected to wiring on a flexible substrate (not shown). In addition, this wiring is connected to a drive IC  6  (drive circuit) not shown provided on the flexible substrate. 
   In addition, power lines  103  ( 103 R,  103 G,  103 B) explained in the previously described first embodiment are wired to non-display region  2   b  of circuit element section  14 . 
   In addition, the above-mentioned scanning side drive circuits  105  are arranged on both sides of display region  2   a . These scanning side drive circuits  105  are provided within circuit element section  14  on the lower side of dummy region  2   d . Moreover, drive circuit control signal wiring  105   a  and drive circuit power supply wiring  105   b  connected to scanning side drive circuits  105  are provided within circuit element section  14 . 
   In addition, sealing section  3 ′ is provided on luminescent element section  11 . This sealing section  3 ′ is composed of sealing resin  603  coated onto substrate  2 ′ and sealing can  604 ′. Sealing resin  603  is made of a thermosetting resin or ultraviolet setting resin, and an epoxy resin that is a type of thermosetting resin is particularly preferable. 
   This sealing resin  603  is coated in the shape of a ring around substrate  2 ′, and is coated by, for example, a microdispenser. This sealing resin  603  joins substrate  2 ′ and sealing can  604 ′, and prevents oxidation of a luminescent layer not shown in the drawing that is formed in cathode  12 ′ or luminescent element section  11  by preventing the infiltration of water or oxygen into sealing can  604 ′ from between substrate  2 ′ and sealing can  604 ′. 
   Sealing can  604 ′ is made of a light transmitting member such as glass or resin, is joined to substrate  2 ′ via sealing resin  603 , and indentation  604   a  that houses a display element  10 ′ is provided inside. Furthermore, a getter that absorbs water, oxygen and so forth may be provided as necessary in indentation  604   a . This getter may also be made to not have an effect on the display by providing, for example, in non-display region  2   b  within indentation  604   a.    
     FIG. 22  shows an enlarged view of the cross-sectional structure of a display region in this display apparatus. Three pixel regions are shown in this FIG.  22 . This display apparatus is composed by sequentially laminating circuit element section  14 , in which TFT and other circuits are formed, luminescent element section  11 , on which a functional layer  110  is formed, and cathode  12  on substrate  2 ′. 
   In this display apparatus, together with light emitted from functional layer  110  towards the side of sealing section  3 ′ being emitted towards the upper side (observer side) of sealing can  604 ′, light emitted from functional layer  110  towards the side of substrate  2 ′ is reflected by pixel electrode  111 ′ and emitted towards the side of sealing section  3 ′ (observer side). Consequently, a transparent material such as ITO, Pt, Ir, Ni or Pd is used for cathode  12 ′. It is preferable to use a thick film having a film thickness of about 75 nm, and a thinner film is more preferable. In addition, a highly reflective metallic material such as Al or Ag is preferably used for pixel electrode  111 ′, and as a result, light emitted towards the side of substrate  2 ′ can be efficiently emitted towards the side of sealing section  3 ′. 
   Luminescent element section  11  is mainly composed of functional layer  110  laminated on each of a plurality of pixel electrodes  111 ′, and bank section  112  provided between each pixel electrode  111 ′ and functional layer  110  which separates each functional layer  110 . Cathode  12  is arranged on functional layer  110 . A luminescent element is composed by pixel electrode  111 ′, functional layer  110  and cathode  12 ′. Here, pixel electrode  111 ′ is formed by, for example, ITO, and is formed by patterning into a roughly rectangular shape when viewed overhead. The thickness of this pixel electrode  111 ′ is preferably within the range of, for example, 50-200 nm, and particularly preferably about 150 nm. Bank section  112  is provided between each pixel electrode  111 ′. 
   Bank section  112  is composed by laminating inorganic bank layer  112   a  located on the side of substrate  2  (first bank layer), and organic bank layer  112   b  located away from substrate  2  (second bank layer). 
   Inorganic and organic bank layers  112   a  and  112   b  are formed so as to ride up onto the peripheral edge of pixel electrode  111 ′. In terms of the horizontal plane, the structure is such that the peripheral edge of pixel electrode  111 ′ and inorganic bank layer  112   a  are arranged so as to be overlapping in the horizontal plane. In addition, organic bank layer  112   b  is similarly arranged so as to overlap a portion of pixel electrode  111 ′ in the horizontal plane. In addition, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is formed further towards the center of pixel electrode  111 ′ than organic bank layer  112   b . As a result of each first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  being formed on the inside of pixel electrode  111  in this manner, lower opening  112   c  is provided corresponding to the formed location of pixel electrode  111 . 
   In addition, upper opening  112   d  is formed in organic bank layer  112   b . This upper opening  112   d  is provided at the formed location of pixel electrode  111  and so as to correspond to lower opening  112   c . As shown in  FIG. 22 , upper opening  112   d  is formed to be wider than lower opening  112   c  and narrower than pixel electrode  111 ′. In addition, it may also be formed so that the location of the upper portion of upper opening  112   d  is nearly at the same location as the edge of pixel electrode  111 ′. In this case, as shown in  FIG. 22 , the cross-section of upper opening  112   d  of organic bank layer  112   b  has an inclined shape. 
   Opening  112   g  that passes through inorganic bank layer  112   a  and organic bank layer  112   b  is then formed by connecting lower opening  112   c  and upper opening  112   d  in bank section  112 . 
   In addition, inorganic bank layer  112   a  is preferably composed of an inorganic material such as SiO, SiO 2  or TiO 2 . The film thickness of this inorganic bank layer  112   a  is preferably within the range of, for example, 50-200 nm, and is particularly preferably 150 nm. If the film thickness is less than 50 nm, inorganic bank layer  112   a  becomes thinner than a positive hole injection/transport layer to be described later, which is not preferable since it prevents the securing of flatness for the positive hole injection/transport layer. In addition, if the film thickness exceeds 200 nm, the level difference with lower opening  112   c  becomes large, which is not preferable since it prevents the securing of flatness of a luminescent layer to be described later that is laminated onto the positive hole injection/transport layer. 
   Moreover, organic bank layer  112   b  is formed from a resist having superior heat resistance and solvent resistance such as acrylic resin or polyimide resin. The thickness of this organic bank layer  112   b  is preferably, for example, within the range of 0.1-3.5 μm, and particularly preferably about 2 μm. If the thickness is less than 0.1 μm, organic bank layer  112   b  becomes thinner than the total thickness of the positive hole injection/transport layer and luminescent layer to be described later, which is not preferable since it results in the risk of the luminescent layer overflowing from upper opening  112   d . In addition, if the thickness exceeds 3.5 μm, the difference caused by upper opening  112   d  becomes excessively large, which is not preferable since step coverage of cathode  12  formed on organic bank layer  112   b  can no longer be ensured. In addition, if the thickness of organic bank layer  112   b  is made to be 2 μm or more, insulation with driving thin film transistor  123  can be improved, thereby making this desirable. 
   In addition, regions exhibiting lyophilic properties and regions exhibiting liquid repellence are formed on bank section  112 . 
   The regions that exhibit lyophilic properties are first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a  and electrode surface  111   a  of pixel electrode  111 , and these regions are surface-treated to be lyophilic by plasma treatment using oxygen for the treatment gas. In addition, the regions that exhibit liquid repellence are the wall surface of upper opening  112   d  and the upper surface  112   f  of organic bank layer  112   b , and the surfaces of these regions are fluorine-treated (treated to be liquid repellent) by plasma treatment using methane tetrafluoride for the treatment gas. 
   Functional layer  110  is composed of positive hole injection/transplant layer  110   a  laminated on pixel electrode  111 ′, and luminescent layer  110   b  formed on positive hole injection/transplant layer  110   a  adjacent to it. Furthermore, other functional layers having other functions may also be formed adjacent to luminescent layer  110   b . For example, an electron transport layer can also be formed. 
   Together with having the function of injecting positive holes into luminescent layer  110   b , positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  also has the function of transporting positive holes within positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a . By providing such a positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  between pixel electrode  111 ′ and luminescent layer  110   b , the luminescent efficiency, lifetime and other element characteristics of luminescent layer  110   b  are improved. In addition, in luminescent layer  110   b , positive holes injected from positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  and electrons injected from cathode  12 ′ are recoupled in the luminescent layer to emit light. 
   Positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is composed of flat section  110   a   1  located within lower opening  112   c  and formed on pixel electrode surface  111   a , and peripheral edge section  110   a   2  located within upper opening  112   d  and formed on first laminated section  112   e  of the inorganic bank layer. In addition, depending on its structure, positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  may be formed only on pixel electrode  111 ′ and between it and inorganic bank layer  112   a  (lower opening  110   c ) (there is also a mode in which it is only formed in the previously mentioned flat section). 
   This flat section  110   a   1  is formed to have a nearly constant thickness within the range of, for example, 50-70 nm. 
   In the case peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is formed, together with being located on first laminated section  112   e  of inorganic bank layer  112   a , it is in contact with the wall surface of upper opening  112   d , namely organic bank layer  112   b . In addition, the thickness of peripheral edge section  110   a   2  is thinner on the side close to electrode surface  111   a , gradually increases along the direction moving away from electrode surface  111   a , and is the thickest near the wall surface of lower opening  112   d.    
   The reason for peripheral edge section  110   a   2  exhibiting the above shape is that, since positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a  is formed by discharging a first composition containing a positive hole injection/transport layer forming material and polar solvent (composition) into opening  112  and then removing the polar solvent, volatilization of the polar solvent occurs mainly on first laminated section  112   e  of organic bank layer  112   a , and the positive hole injection/transport layer forming material is intensively concentrated and precipitated on this first laminated section  112   e.    
   In addition, luminescent layer  110   b  is formed across flat section  110   a   1  and peripheral edge section  110   a   2  of positive hole injection/transport layer  110   a , and its thickness on flat section  110   a   1  is made to be within the range of, for example, 50-80 nm. 
   Luminescent layer  110   b  has three types of luminescent layers consisting of red luminescent layer  110   b   1  that emits red light (R), green luminescent layer  110   b   2  that emits green light (G), and blue luminescent layer  110   b   3  that emits blue light (B), and each luminescent layer  110   b   1  through  110   b   3  is arranged in the form of stripes. 
   Furthermore, since the constitution of circuit element section  14  is the same as the previously mentioned first embodiment, its explanation is omitted. 
   Thus, similar to the previously mentioned first embodiment, the amount of emitted light in luminescent layer  110   b  is able to be made uniform within the same plane in the display apparatus of the present embodiment as well. In addition, although a structure is shown in  FIG. 21  in which TFT  123  is arranged on the side of the lower layer of bank section  112  (namely, in the region between adjacent luminescent layers), in the case light from luminescent layer  110   b  is extracted from the side of sealing section  3 ′ as in the present embodiment, since the pixel numerical aperture is not affected by the circuit structure arranged on the side of the lower layer of pixel electrode  111 ′, the wiring of circuit element section  14 , TFT  123  and pixel electrode  111 ′ may be arranged to as to be overlapping when viewed from overhead. As a result, a high-luminance and large-screen display can be realized by making pixel electrode  111 ′ as wide as possible while also making the wiring thickness sufficiently large. 
   Furthermore, the manufacturing method of the display apparatus of the present embodiment is roughly similar to the manufacturing method of the display apparatus of the first embodiment, and only differs with respect to pixel electrodes  111 ′, cathode  12 ′ and the material of sealing can  604 ′. Thus, with the exception of the above differences, the display apparatus of the present embodiment is manufactured using a procedure similar to the manufacturing method of the first embodiment. 
   [Third Embodiment] 
   Next, an explanation is provided of specific examples of electric devices equipped with a display apparatus of the first or second embodiment. 
     FIG. 23A  is a perspective view showing an example of a cellular telephone. In  FIG. 23A , reference symbol  600  indicates a cellular telephone body, while reference symbol  601  indicates a display unit that uses the previously mentioned display apparatus. 
     FIG. 23B  is a perspective view showing an example of a portable information processing apparatus such as a word processor or personal computer. In  FIG. 23B , reference symbol  700  indicates an information processing apparatus, reference symbol  701  indicates a keyboard or other input unit, reference symbol  703  indicates the information processing apparatus body, and reference symbol  702  indicates a display unit that uses the previously mentioned display apparatus. 
     FIG. 23C  is a perspective view showing an example of a wristwatch-type electric device. In  FIG. 23C , reference symbol  800  indicates the watch body, while reference symbol  801  indicates a display unit that uses the previously mentioned display apparatus. 
   Each of the electric devices shown in  FIGS. 23A through 23C  is provided with a display unit that uses the display apparatus of the previously mentioned first or second embodiment, and since it has the characteristics of the display apparatus of the previous first or second embodiment, is an electric device that offers the advantage of high luminance and superior display quality. 
   In the manufacturing of these electric devices, similar to the first or second embodiment, a display apparatus  1  is composed that is provided with a drive IC  6   a  (drive circuit) like that shown in  FIG. 2 , and this display apparatus  1  is then manufactured by incorporating in a cellular telephone, portable information processing apparatus or wristwatch-type electric device. 
   Furthermore, the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the previously mentioned embodiments, but rather various modifications may be added within a range that does deviate from the gist of the present invention. 
     FIG. 24  shows a cross-sectional schematic drawing showing another example of a display apparatus as claimed in the present invention. The display apparatus shown in  FIG. 24  is composed by being provided with a substrate  2 , display element  10  formed on substrate  2 , sealing resin  603  coated in the shape of a ring around substrate  2 , and sealing can  604  provided on display element  10 . 
   Substrate  2  and display element  10  are the same as the substrate and display element of the first or second embodiment. Display element  10  is composed mainly by luminescent element section  11  and cathode  12  formed on said luminescent element section  11 . 
   In addition, as shown in  FIG. 24 , sealing section  3  is provided on luminescent element section  11 . This sealing section  3  is composed of sealing resin  3   a  made of a thermosetting resin or ultraviolet setting resin coated onto cathode  12 , and sealing substrate  3   b  arranged on sealing resin  3   a . Furthermore, preferable examples of sealing resin  3   a  are those that do not generate gas or solvent and so forth during setting. 
   This sealing section  3  is at least formed so as to nearly cover cathode  12  on luminescent element section  11 , and prevents oxidation of a luminescent layer to be described later formed within cathode  12  or luminescent element section  11  by preventing infiltration of water or oxygen to cathode  12  and luminescent element section  11 . 
   Furthermore, sealing substrate  3   b  protects sealing resin  3   a  by being coupled to sealing resin  3   a , and is preferably a glass plate, metal plate or resin plate. 
   In addition,  FIG. 25  shows a cross-sectional schematic drawing of another example of a display apparatus as claimed in the present invention. The display apparatus shown in  FIG. 25  is composed by being provided with a substrate  2 , display element  10  formed on substrate  2 , sealing resin  3   a  coated over the entire surface of display element  10 , and sealing substrate  3   b  provided on sealing resin  3   a.    
   Substrate  2 , display element  10 , sealing resin  3   a  and sealing substrate  3   b  are the same as the substrate, display element, sealing material and sealing substrate as claimed in the first or second embodiment. Display  10  is mainly composed of luminescent element section  11  and cathode  12  formed on said luminescent element section  11 . 
   In addition, as shown in  FIG. 25 , protective layer  713  is formed between sealing material  3  and cathode  12 . Protective layer  713  is made of SiO 2 , SiN and so forth, and has a thickness within the range of 100-200 nm. This protective layer  713  prevents oxidation of a luminescent layer not shown in the drawing formed within cathode  12  or luminescent element section  11  by preventing infiltration of water or oxygen to cathode  12  and luminescent element section  11 . 
   According to the above display apparatus, since the infiltration of water and oxygen is effectively prevented to prevent oxidation of cathode  12  or luminescent element section  11 , a display apparatus can be achieved that has high luminance and a long lifetime. 
   In addition, although each R, G and B luminescent layer  110  in the first embodiment was explained with respect to the case of being arranged in a striped layout, the present invention is not limited to this, but rather various layout structures may be employed. For example, in addition to the striped layout as shown in  FIG. 26A , a mosaic layout may be employed like that shown in  FIG. 26B , or a delta layout may be employed like that shown in FIG.  26 C.