Patent Publication Number: US-2022219065-A1

Title: System, Method, and Apparatus for Providing an Immersive Experience for a Sports or Game Simulation Using a Ball

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure is directed to a system, method, and apparatus for providing an experience, and more particularly, to a system, method, and apparatus for providing an immersive experience for a sports or game simulation using a ball. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Some conventional systems for providing simulations for athletic training and enhancing athletic performance involve projecting virtual environments on screens to provide a degree of realism to the training environment. For example, some conventional systems for improving a golf swing include a flat screen or boundary that is disposed in front of a training tee for a golfer and displays a virtual golf course. For example, projected images of real pictures of a golf course or videos or computer-simulated images of a golf course are displayed on a flat screen in front of the golfer to provide a degree of realism to the golf training. 
     Such conventional systems typically do not provide a realistic experience for the training athlete because the user can see where the horizontal screen ends in his or her peripheral vision and can easily perceive that the display is horizontal when looking to the side portions of the display. Accordingly, such conventional systems do not provide an immersive effect and experience for a user such as a training athlete. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,591,184 to Conklin (the &#39;184 patent) discloses one conventional system for an indoor golf game. The &#39;184 patent discloses a target including sensors that detect data indicating a flight trajectory of a golf ball hit at the target. As best understood, the &#39;184 patent includes a substantially flat screen for projecting images, which is supported at a front portion of the target. Accordingly, the &#39;184 patent does not provide an immersive effect for a user viewing the apparently flat screen of disposed in front of the target. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,825 to Wilson (the &#39;825 patent) discloses a golf game simulating apparatus having a screen 20 configured to cause a driven golf ball to deflect generally downwardly at a speed considerably less than the speed at which the ball strikes the screen. The system of the &#39;825 patent apparently utilizes the rebound angle of the ball to help calculate an amount of hook or slice of the golfer using the system. However, the &#39;825 patent does not provide an immersive effect for the user. 
     The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus of the present disclosure is directed to overcoming one or more of the shortcomings set forth above and/or other deficiencies in existing technology. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In one exemplary aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system for creating a virtual environment. The system includes a barrier screen configured to stop an object including a ball that is moved toward the barrier, including a first barrier screen portion that is a cylinder section, and a second barrier screen portion that is disposed above the first barrier screen portion, wherein the second barrier screen portion is an elliptical section. The system also includes at least one projector configured to project an image of the virtual environment on the barrier screen, at least one sensor configured to sense data associated with the object, and a computing device configured to control the at least one projector to change the image based on the sensed data. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method. The method includes assembling a barrier screen having a first barrier screen portion and a second barrier screen portion that is disposed above the first barrier screen portion, assembling the first barrier screen portion as a cylindrical section, and assembling the second barrier screen portion as an elliptical section. The method also includes stopping an object including a ball that is propelled toward the barrier screen with a surface of the barrier screen, sensing data associated with the object that is propelled, and projecting an image on the surface of the barrier screen showing a continued virtual path of the object based on the sensed data. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Accompanying this written specification is a collection of drawings of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that these are merely exemplary embodiments, and additional and alternative embodiments may exist and are still within the spirit of the disclosure as described herein. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a front view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a schematic view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11A  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11B  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11C  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11D  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11E  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12A  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12B  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12C  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13A  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13B  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13C  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13D  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a schematic view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates a top view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15C  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15D  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a panoramic projection view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17A  illustrates a sectional view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17B  illustrates a sectional view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18A  illustrates a sectional view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18B  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19A  illustrates a side view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19B  illustrates a plan view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19C  illustrates a plan view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19D  illustrates a perspective view of at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary computing device, in accordance with at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary network, in accordance with at least some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     In at least some exemplary embodiments, the exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may include a structure such as a dome structure (e.g., SuperMax Dome) for projecting an image to be used in a training activity such as physical, athletic, and/or sports training. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may be used in training for athletic sports such as golf, baseball, football, skee ball, bowling, soccer, kickball, dodgeball, tennis, or any other suitable sport. 
       FIGS. 1-5  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus. System  300  may include a structural assembly  350 , a flexible assembly  400 , an impact assembly  450 , an imaging system  500 , and a computing system  550 . Structural assembly  350  may support flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450 . Structural assembly  350 , flexible assembly  400 , and impact assembly  450  may form a barrier screen for stopping an object that may be moved toward the barrier screen. Imaging system  500  may provide an image on a surface of impact assembly  450 . Computing system  550  may control system  300  including the image provided by imaging system  500 . 
     Structural assembly  350  may be any suitable structural assembly for supporting flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450 . Structural assembly  350  may include a plurality of members (e.g., tubes, channels, I-beams, and/or any other suitable structural members), hardware such as fasteners, connectors, brackets, and/or any other suitable structural components. Structural assembly  350  may be a modular assembly that may be assembled and disassembled as desired. Structural assembly  350  may be formed from any suitable structural material such as, for example, metal, plastic, composite material, hybrid material, wood, and/or any other suitable structural material. For example, structural assembly  350  may be formed from structural steel or structural aluminum material. In at least some exemplary embodiments, structural assembly  350  may be a modular assembly including structural steel tubing. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 , a plurality of members of structural assembly  350  may be attached (e.g., removably attached) to form a structural shell for supporting flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450 . For example, structural assembly  350  may include a plurality of structural members that are fastened together to form a grid structure (e.g., a frame or truss) for supporting flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450 . For example, structural assembly  350  may form a hard shell structure for supporting impact assembly  450  and flexible assembly  400 . 
     In at least some exemplary embodiments and as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , structural assembly  350  may be a geodesic support structure and may include one or more front arch supports. In at least some exemplary embodiments and as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , structural assembly  350  may include rib and spine members that may be cut and/or curved to form any desired shape for supporting flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450  for example as described herein. Structural assembly  350  may include any suitable connectors such as swivel connectors (e.g., tube swivel connectors) for example as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Structural assembly  350  may include a bracket  305  (e.g., corner stone bracket) for connecting structural members for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 7 . Structural assembly  350  may include members provided in any suitable configuration (e.g., as illustrated in  FIGS. 11A through 11E, 12A through 12C, and 13A through 13D ) for forming any desired shape of structural assembly  350  for supporting flexible assembly  400  and impact assembly  450 . 
     Structural assembly  350  may be formed to provide a structure having any desired curvature. For example, structural assembly  350  may have horizontal curvature and/or vertical curvature to form a curved shell structure. For example, structural assembly  350  may be horizontally curved (e.g., have horizontal curvature) about a substantially vertical axis and/or vertically curved (e.g., have vertical curvature) about a substantially horizontal axis. Structural assembly  350  may also include curvature about any desired axis (e.g., an axis disposed diagonally and/or in any desired direction). Portions of structural assembly  350  may be horizontally curved, vertically curved, and/or both horizontally and vertically curved. 
     In at least some exemplary embodiments and as illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 8 , a lower portion  320  of structural assembly  350  may include horizontal curvature. For example, lower portion  320  may be horizontally curved to form a cylinder shape. Lower portion  320  may extend any desired height “H” above a bottom (e.g., ground surface) of structural assembly  350  as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . For example, lower portion  320  may extend height “H” that may be 60 inches (or any other desired distance such as between 0 and about 10 feet, between about 1 foot and about 20 feet, between about 3 feet and about 12 feet, between about 4 feet and about 8 feet, or between about 4 feet and about 6 feet). For example, lower portion  320  may be between about four feet high and about six feet high. Lower portion  320  may thereby provide an offset portion of structural assembly  350  having horizontal curvature and not vertical curvature. Structural assembly  350  may also include an upper portion  330  having both horizontal and vertical curvature. Upper portion  330  may form for example a dome portion (e.g., having an elliptical dome shape or a spherical dome shape). Structural assembly  350  may for example include upper portion  330  that may be a dome portion (e.g., having both horizontal curvature and vertical curvature) disposed on lower portion  320  that may be a cylindrical portion (e.g., having horizontal curvature and not vertical curvature). Upper portion  330  (e.g., and lower portion  320 ) may have any desired radius of curvature such as, for example, a 12.5 foot radius of curvature (e.g., and/or any other desired radius of curvature such as, for example, between about 6 feet and about 20 feet, or between about 10 feet and about 15 feet). For example, upper portion  330  may form a spherical or elliptical shell structure. Upper portion  330  may have any desired amount of vertical curvature. For example, upper portion  330  may have vertical curvature of between about 10 degrees and about 90 degrees, between about 30 degrees and about 90 degrees, between about 45 degrees and about 90 degrees, or between about 75 degrees and about 90 degrees. 
     Flexible assembly  400  may be formed from a flexible material. For example, flexible assembly  400  may be formed from an elastic material. In at least some exemplary embodiments, flexible assembly  400  may be formed from compressible material. Flexible assembly  400  may be formed from foam material. For example, flexible assembly  400  may be formed from closed cell foam material. Flexible assembly  400  may be formed from polyurethane foam (e.g., flexible polyurethane foam) material. Flexible assembly  400  may be formed from elastomeric material. Flexible assembly  400  may be formed from relatively light and non-dense material. For example, flexible assembly  400  may be formed from uncompressed material. In at least some exemplary embodiments, flexible assembly  400  may be formed from uncompressed, light foam material. 
     Flexible assembly  400  may have any suitable thickness for compressing to absorb kinetic energy of a moving object such as a ball (e.g., by compressing to transfer the kinetic energy of the ball into potential energy to be stored in the compressed material of flexible assembly  400 ). For example, flexible assembly  400  may have any suitable thickness for stopping a moving object that impacts flexible assembly  400  so that the object falls to the ground. In at least some exemplary embodiments, flexible assembly  400  may have a thickness of between about 3 inches and about 24 inches, between about 6 inches and about 20 inches, between about 6 inches and about 18 inches, or between about 12 inches and about 18 inches (e.g., or any other suitable thickness). In at least some exemplary embodiments, flexible assembly  400  may be a foam layer having a thickness of about 12 inches. In at least some exemplary embodiments, flexible assembly  400  may be a foam layer having a thickness of between about 6 inches thick and about 18 inches thick. 
     Flexible assembly  400  may be configured similarly to structural assembly  350 . Flexible assembly  400  may include curvature (e.g., horizontal and/or vertical curvature) similar to structural assembly  350  so that flexible assembly  400  may be received by and abut against surfaces of structural assembly  350 . For example, flexible assembly  400  and structural assembly  350  may have a similar shape, curvature, and configuration so that flexible assembly  400  may be nested within structural assembly  350 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 8 , flexible assembly  400  may include a lower portion  420 , which may have a curvature similar to lower portion  320  for example as described above. Flexible assembly  400  may include an upper portion  430 , which may have a curvature similar to upper portion  330  for example as described above. Flexible assembly  400  may for example include upper portion  430  that may be a dome portion (e.g., having both horizontal curvature and vertical curvature) disposed on lower portion  420  that may be a cylindrical portion (e.g., having horizontal curvature and not vertical curvature). Flexible assembly  400  may be nested within structural assembly  350  based for example on lower portion  420  being nested within lower portion  320  and upper portion  430  being nested within upper portion  330  for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 3, 4, and 8 . 
     Impact assembly  450  may be any suitable assembly for forming a layer having a surface that may be impacted by a moving object such as a ball. For example, impact assembly  450  may be an impact screen. Impact assembly  450  may form a tarp that may be suspended from structural assembly  350 . Impact assembly  450  may be formed from flexible material such as fabric material. Impact assembly  450  may be formed from textile material. In at least some exemplary embodiments, impact assembly  450  may be a coated high strength textile material. Impact assembly  450  may include PVC, nylon, and/or polyester material. 
     Impact assembly  450  may have a relatively small thickness of for example between about 1/16″ and ¼″. In at least some exemplary embodiments, impact assembly may be about ⅛″ thick (e.g., about 3 mm). Impact assembly  450  may include a plurality of layers of the exemplary disclosed material. For example as illustrated in  FIG. 17A , impact assembly  450  may include a layer  455  and a layer  460  that may be formed from the exemplary disclosed material. A combined thickness of layers  455  and  460  may have a thickness as described above, or each of layers  455  and  460  may have a thickness as described above. In at least some exemplary embodiments, a spacer material (e.g., a spacer cushion such as a nylon spacer cushion) may be disposed between layers  455  and  460 . 
     Layer  460  may for example be a sacrificial layer that may be disposed on layer  455  that may be a base layer. For example during use of system  300 , objects impacting impact assembly  450  may strike and wear away portions of layer  460  (e.g., exterior layer that may be a sacrificial layer). After some or substantially all of layer  460  (e.g., sacrificial layer) has been worn away, layer  460  may be replaced with a new layer  460 . Because layer  460  (e.g., sacrificial layer) may be disposed on top of and thereby protect layer  455  (e.g., base layer), layer  460  may be replaced while layer  455  may be maintained (e.g., because layer  460  may protect layer  455  from being worn away). Multiple layers  460  (e.g., sacrificial layers) may be iteratively removed and replaced in succession over time during use of system  300 . 
       FIG. 17B  illustrates another exemplary embodiment of system  300 . A layer of air “P” (e.g., an air pocket) may be disposed between layer  455  and  460 , between layer  455  and flexible assembly  400 , and/or between flexible assembly  400  and structural assembly  350 . Each layer of air P may be any desired width such as, for example, between about 1/16 inch and about 3 inches, between about 1/16 inch and 1 inch, or between about ⅛ inch and ¾ inch. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D , impact assembly  450  may be configured similarly to flexible assembly  400  and structural assembly  350 . Impact assembly  450  may include curvature (e.g., horizontal and/or vertical curvature) similar to flexible assembly  400  and structural assembly  350  so that impact assembly  450  may be received by and fit within contours of flexible assembly  400 . For example, impact assembly  450 , flexible assembly  400 , and structural assembly  350  may have a similar shape, curvature, and configuration so that impact assembly  450  may be nested within flexible assembly  400 , and flexible assembly  400  may be nested within structural assembly  350 . Impact assembly  450  may include a lower portion  470 , which may have a curvature similar to lower portion  320  for example as described above and/or lower portion  420 . Impact assembly  450  may include an upper portion  480 , which may have a curvature similar to upper portion  330  for example as described above and/or upper portion  430 . Impact assembly  450  may for example include upper portion  480  that may be a dome portion (e.g., having both horizontal curvature and vertical curvature) disposed on lower portion  470  that may be a cylindrical portion (e.g., having horizontal curvature and not vertical curvature). Impact assembly  450  may be received within flexible assembly  400  based for example on lower portion  470  being nested within lower portion  420  and upper portion  480  being nested within upper portion  430  for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 15A through 15D . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D , impact assembly  450  including lower portion  470  and upper portion  480  may be formed from a plurality of panels that may be cut, configured, and attached to provide the exemplary disclosed shape and curvature. The plurality of panels may for example form a float screen that may be suspended from structural assembly  350 . Impact assembly  450  may be custom fabricated in any desired configuration for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 17A  (e.g., and  FIG. 17B ), flexible assembly  400  may be disposed between structural assembly  350  and impact assembly  450 . Impact assembly  450  may be free hanging (e.g., a free hanging fabric screen) from structural assembly  350 . In at least some exemplary embodiments, impact assembly  450  may include an attachment section extending along partial sections of a perimeter or a substantially entire perimeter of impact assembly  450 . The attachment section may include fastener components such as grommets, hook and loop fasteners (e.g., VELCRO®), wire connectors (e.g., nylon draw strings), and/or any other suitable fasteners for attaching impact assembly  450  to the exemplary disclosed members of structural assembly  350 . Flexible assembly  400  may be supported by impact assembly  450 , which may be attached to structural assembly  350  via the exemplary disclosed attachment portions. For example, impact assembly  450  may be attached in a freely-hanging configuration to structural assembly  350 , with flexible assembly  400  disposed and supported between impact assembly  450  and structural assembly  350  via the freely-hanging attachment. Layers  455  and  460  of impact assembly  450  may be each attached to structural assembly  350  via the exemplary disclosed attachment portion. Layer  460  (e.g., sacrificial layer) may be removed and replaced from the exemplary disclosed attachment portion as desired. For example, layer  460  (e.g., sacrificial layer) may include grommets or other fastener components around its perimeter that may be removed from fasteners maintaining layer  455  (e.g., base layer) on structural assembly  350 . A new layer  460  may then be removably attached to structural member  350  to cover layer  455 . Depending on the activity (e.g., sport) to be trained using the exemplary disclosed system, impact assembly  450  and/or flexible assembly  400  may include apertures, recesses, protrusions and/or any other suitable attachments or components for integrating suitable equipment (e.g., for baseball, impact assembly  450  and/or flexible assembly  400  may include apertures and protrusions for receiving a pitching machine). 
     When a moving object  700  such as a ball is moved toward and strikes layer  460 , the exemplary disclosed layered structure (for example as illustrated in  FIG. 17A  or  FIG. 17B ) may be pushed toward layer  455  by the object&#39;s impact. The object may then push impact assembly  450  into flexible assembly  400 , which may compress flexible assembly  400  against structural assembly  350 . The object may push impact assembly  450  into flexible assembly  400  until the kinetic energy of the moving object has been transferred into potential energy of compressed flexible assembly  400 . The object then stops advancing toward structural assembly  350  and drops to the ground. Flexible assembly  400  may thereby operate to deaden an impact of the moving object and prevent the object such as a ball from hitting a surface (e.g., indoor surface) and ricocheting back at a user or other individuals located near system  300 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 17A  (e.g., and  FIG. 17B ), structural assembly  350 , flexible assembly  400 , and impact assembly  450  may form a barrier screen  600 . Barrier screen  600  may include a first barrier screen portion  605 , which may be formed by lower portion  320 , lower portion  420 , and lower portion  470 . Barrier screen  600  may also include a second barrier screen portion  610 , which may be formed by upper portion  330 , upper portion  430 , and upper portion  480 . First barrier screen portion  605  may be a cylinder section. Second barrier screen portion  610  may be an elliptical section or a spherical section (e.g., a dome section). First barrier screen portion  605  and second barrier screen portion  610  may be configured concave-inward relative to an object (e.g., object  700 ) that is moved toward barrier screen  600 . 
     Imaging system  500  may provide (e.g., project) an image such as pictures, videos, or computer animation on a surface of impact assembly  450 . For example, imaging system  500  may project a simulated environment such as a golf course, sports field, or other suitable environment to provide a realistic and immersive experience for a user. 
     Imaging system  500  may include a plurality of projectors  510 . Projector  510  may be any suitable projector such as a laser projector. For example as illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 , one or more projectors  510  (e.g., two projectors  510 ) may project a desired image on impact assembly  450  to display an immersive environment for a user located on an activity platform  520 . For example, the field of view (e.g., angle of view) for a user (e.g., training athlete) located on activity platform  520  may be substantially filled with images projected by one or more projectors  510 . Based on the exemplary disclosed horizontal and vertical curvature of system  300  described for example above, the projected image displayed for example on the lower portion  470  and upper portion  480  may appear more realistic as compared to projections on a flat screen. For example, the exemplary disclosed horizontal curvature of the exemplary disclosed bottom portion and horizontal and vertical curvature of the exemplary disclosed upper portion (e.g., forming an elliptical dome or a spherical dome) may provide an immersive experience in displaying the projected images. 
     For example as illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, and 14 , a plurality of projectors  510  may each provide a projection (e.g., a projection channel) independently of each other and may provide an area of overlapping projection (e.g., a blend zone “B” as illustrated in  FIG. 5 ) to provide for a relatively seamless projection for viewing by a user. Using a plurality of projectors  510  may also reduce an area of activity platform  520  that may potentially block projected images (e.g., a user may stand or move across most portions of activity platform  520  without blocking images projected by projectors  510 ).  FIG. 9  illustrates a top view of a projection of an image on impact assembly  450  by projectors  510 .  FIG. 10  illustrates a front view of an active screen area “A” projected by one projector  510  on impact assembly  450 .  FIG. 14  illustrates a front view of active screen area “A” projected by a first projector  510  on impact assembly  450  and an active screen area “C” projected by a second projector  510 . 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  illustrate another exemplary embodiment of the exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus. System  900  may include a support assembly  905  including a plurality of members  910 . Members  910  may be any suitable structural members and may be formed from material generally similar to members of structural assembly  350 . For example, members  910  may be round bars (e.g., 1″ round bars). Support assembly  905  may support a support member  915 . Support member  915  may be a sheet support member such as, for example, a perforated metal sheet including a plurality of apertures (e.g., round holes). Support assembly  905  may be attached to and/or may be an integral portion of support assembly  350 . Support assembly  905  may support a flexible assembly that may be similar to flexible assembly  400 , and an impact assembly  450 A that may be similar to impact assembly  450 , for example as described below. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 18A and 18B , system  900  may include a plurality of elongated members  920  and a plurality of elongated members  925 . Elongated members  920  may support impact assembly  450 A by applying a tension force to impact assembly  450 A. For example, elongated members  920  may form a tension assembly for supporting impact assembly  450 A. Elongated members  925  may support a fiber member  930  that may be disposed behind impact assembly  450 A as illustrated in  FIGS. 18A and 18B . Fiber member  930  may be formed from a fibrous material such as a reinforced fibrous material (e.g., may be a 2″ thick reinforced fibrous member). Fiber member  930  may be formed for example from a fiber-reinforced composite material, a fiber reinforced polymer material, and/or any other suitable fiber material. Elongated members  920  and  925  may be disposed in an alternating pattern with respect to each other for example as illustrated in  FIG. 18A , and may be supported by support member  915  by being inserted through apertures of support member  915 . The flexible assembly that may be similar to flexible assembly  400  may be supported in a space P 1  disposed between support member  915  and fiber member  930 . For example, a plurality of elongated members (e.g., elongated members  920  and  925 ) may be attached to a fabric layer (e.g., impact assembly  450 A) and to a perforated plate member (e.g., support member  915 ) that may be attached to a portion of structural assembly  350 . 
       FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C, and 19D  illustrate exemplary embodiments of elongated members  920  and  925 . Elongated members  920  and  925  may include rods such as rods  935  and washers such as washers  940  and may be formed from nylon material and/or any other suitable material. Some of washers  940  may be adhered (e.g., glued) and/or sewn to a back surface of impact assembly  450 A. Some or all washers  940  may include a slit  945  cut to a full radius of the washer. Rod  935  may be integrally formed with washer  940  (e.g., or attached to washer  940 ). Washer  940  may include a fastener  950 . Fastener  950  may fasten washer  940  to other components of system  900  such as, for example, impact assembly  450 A and fiber member  930 . Fastener  950  may be a patch, a pocket, a loop, a hook, or any other suitable fastener. 
     Returning to  FIG. 1 , computing system  550  may control an operation of system  300 , including controlling an operation of projectors  510 . Computing system  550  may include a computing device. Computing system  550  may communicate with any suitable components of system  300  wirelessly (e.g., via network component  555 ) and/or via direct communication. Computing system  550  may include any suitable computing and/or controller components (e.g., a computing device) for controlling an operation of system  300 . The computing and/or controller components may include for example a micro-processing logic control device or board components. Also for example, the computing and/or controller components may include input/output arrangements that allow them to be connected (e.g., via wireless and/or electrical connection) to other components of system  300 . For example, computing system  550  and/or any suitable component of system  300  may communicate via any suitable communication method such as, for example, wireless communication (e.g., CDMA, GSM, 3G, 4G, and/or 5G), direct communication (e.g., wire communication), Bluetooth communication coverage, Near Field Communication (e.g., NFC contactless communication), radio frequency communication (e.g., RF communication such as short-wavelength radio waves, e.g., UHF waves), and/or any other desired communication technique. Components of computing system  550  may be integrated into any suitable components of system  300 . 
     Computing system  550  may include one or more modules that may be partially or substantially entirely integrated with any suitable components of system  300  such as, for example, network component  555 , a user device  560 , and/or any other suitable component of system  300 . The one or more modules may be software modules as described for example below regarding  FIG. 20 . For example, the one or more modules may include computer-executable code stored in non-volatile memory. The one or more modules may also operate using a processor (e.g., as described for example herein). The one or more modules may store data and/or be used to control some or all of the exemplary disclosed processes described herein. The one or more modules may operate using machine learning and artificial intelligence operations for example as described herein. 
     Computing system  550  may provide for projection mapping of an object such as a ball used with system  300 . For example, a user using system  300  may hit, throw, or kick a ball at impact assembly  450 . As the physical ball is stopped by impact assembly  450  and flexible assembly  400  and drops to the ground for example as described above, computing system  550  may provide for projection mapping of the ball on the display projected by projectors  510  on a surface of impact assembly  450 . Computing system  550  may use any suitable techniques for use in projection mapping such as, for example, using one or more sensors  800  to gather data on the physical dynamics and interaction between a user (e.g., located on activity platform  520 ) and the ball, desired ambient conditions (e.g., wind speed, humidity, or turf firmness), and/or any other desired factors. For example when system  300  provides a golf simulation to a user who is a golfer (e.g., and activity platform  520  is a golf platform), system  300  may include one or more sensors  800  (e.g., an infrared sensor, cameras, and/or any other suitable sensor) that collect data for use by computing system  550  in calculating a trajectory of the ball to display via projectors  510 . For example based on the actual physical mechanics of a golf swing and golf ball movement, computing system  550  may calculate and project a trajectory on impact assembly  450  that a golf ball would have taken had it not been stopped by flexible assembly  400 .  FIG. 16  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the exemplary disclosed system that may be a golf simulation system included in an athletic facility. 
     Computing system  550  may also operate to adjust and refine a resolution and appearance of images projected by projectors  510  on the exemplary disclosed curved surfaces of impact assembly  450 . For example, the exemplary disclosed modules of computing system  550  may adjust the appearance of the projected images based on the actual physical horizontal and vertical curvature of impact assembly  450 , flexible assembly  400 , and structural assembly  350  (for example, the exemplary disclosed curvature described above). 
     User device  560  may be any suitable user device for receiving input and/or providing output (e.g., raw data or other desired information) to a user. User device  560  may be, for example, a touchscreen device (e.g., a smartphone, a tablet, a smartboard, and/or any suitable computer device), a computer keyboard and monitor (e.g., desktop or laptop), an audio-based device for entering input and/or receiving output via sound, a tactile-based device for entering input and receiving output based on touch or feel, a dedicated user device or interface designed to work specifically with other components of the exemplary disclosed system, and/or any other suitable user device or interface. For example, user device  560  may include a touchscreen device of a smartphone or handheld tablet. For example, user device  560  may include a display that may include a graphical user interface to facilitate entry of input by a user and/or receiving output. For example, the exemplary disclosed system may provide notifications to a user via output transmitted to the exemplary disclosed user device. User device  560  may also be any suitable accessory such as a smart watch, Bluetooth headphones, and/or other suitable devices that may communicate with components of the exemplary disclosed system. For example, user device  560  may include a plurality of applications that may be displayed on a screen or any other suitable graphical user interface of the exemplary disclosed user device. User device  560  may include components and/or operate with components similar to the exemplary disclosed components of  FIGS. 20 and 21 . 
     The exemplary disclosed system for creating a virtual environment may include a barrier screen configured to stop an object including a ball that is moved toward the barrier, including a first barrier screen portion that is a cylinder section, and a second barrier screen portion that is disposed above the first barrier screen portion, wherein the second barrier screen portion is an elliptical section. The exemplary disclosed system may also include at least one projector configured to project an image of the virtual environment on the barrier screen, at least one sensor configured to sense data associated with the object, and a computing device configured to control the at least one projector to change the image based on the sensed data. The first barrier screen portion may be horizontally curved about a vertical axis. The second barrier screen may be both horizontally curved about a vertical axis and vertically curved about a horizontal axis. The first barrier screen portion may be between four feet high and six feet high. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may each include a foam layer. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may each include a fabric layer forming both an impact surface for the object and a display surface for the image. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may each include a portion of a structural assembly that structurally supports the barrier screen. The structural assembly may be a geodesic assembly formed from structural steel tubing. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may each include a portion of a structural assembly that structurally supports the barrier screen, a fabric layer that is attached freely-hanging to the structural assembly, the fabric layer forming both an impact surface for the object and a display surface for the image, and a compressible layer disposed between the fabric layer and the structural assembly. The exemplary disclosed system may further include a plurality of elongated members that are attached to the fabric layer and to a perforated plate member that is attached to the portion of the structural assembly. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may be configured concave-inward relative to the object that is moved toward the barrier screen. 
     The exemplary disclosed method may include assembling a barrier screen having a first barrier screen portion and a second barrier screen portion that is disposed above the first barrier screen portion, assembling the first barrier screen portion as a cylindrical section, and assembling the second barrier screen portion as an elliptical section. The exemplary disclosed method may also include stopping an object including a ball that is propelled toward the barrier screen with a surface of the barrier screen, sensing data associated with the object that is propelled, and projecting an image on the surface of the barrier screen showing a continued virtual path of the object based on the sensed data. Assembling the first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may include removably assembling a structural modular assembly. The exemplary disclosed method may also include disassembling the structural modular assembly and subsequently removably assembling the structural modular assembly. Assembling the first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may include removably attaching a freely hanging fabric layer to the barrier screen at a plurality of attachment points, the freely hanging fabric layer including a first portion cylindrically shaped to fit in the first barrier screen portion, and a second portion elliptically shaped to fit in the second barrier screen portion. The exemplary disclosed method may further include supporting a foam layer with the freely hanging fabric layer. The freely hanging fabric layer may include a base layer and a removably attachable sacrificial layer disposed in front of the base layer. Removably attaching the freely hanging fabric layer to the barrier screen at the plurality of attachment points may include attaching the freely hanging fabric layer, using a plurality of rods, to a portion of a structural assembly that structurally supports the barrier screen. Stopping the object that is propelled toward the barrier screen with the surface of the barrier screen may include compressing a foam layer disposed behind a fabric layer that forms the surface of the barrier screen. 
     The exemplary disclosed system for creating a virtual environment may include a barrier screen configured to stop an object including a ball that is moved toward the barrier screen, including a first barrier screen portion that is horizontally curved about a vertical axis, and a second barrier screen portion that is disposed above the first barrier screen portion, wherein the second barrier screen portion is both horizontally curved about a vertical axis and vertically curved about a horizontal axis. The exemplary disclosed system may also include at least one projector configured to project an image of the virtual environment on the barrier screen, at least one sensor configured to sense data associated with the object, and a computing device configured to control the at least one projector to change the image based on the sensed data. The first barrier screen portion and the second barrier screen portion may each include a portion of a structural assembly that structurally supports the barrier screen, a fabric layer that is attached freely-hanging to the structural assembly, the fabric layer forming both an impact surface for the object and a display surface for the image, and a foam layer disposed between the fabric layer and the structural assembly. The foam layer may be between 6 inches thick and 18 inches thick. The fabric layer may include two layers that are attached together at a perimeter of the fabric layer via fasteners that are received through apertures disposed at the perimeter of the fabric layer. 
     The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may be used in any suitable application such as, for example, physical training. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may be used in any suitable application for sports training. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may be used in any suitable application involving a moving object such as a ball used in playing a sport. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may be used in training for athletic sports such as golf, baseball, football, skee ball, bowling, soccer, kickball, dodgeball, tennis, or any other suitable sport. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may also be used in any suitable application such as military training or law enforcement training or any other suitable type of physical activity. 
     The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may provide an efficient and effective technique for helping a user to improve physical skills such as enhancing ability in a sport. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may assist a user in enhancing performance in a sport by providing a realistic simulation of athletic activities such as interacting with a ball used in a sport. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may provide a realistic simulation of an outdoor (e.g., or indoor) sporting activity in an indoor setting such as, for example, hitting a golf ball with a golf club, hitting a baseball with a baseball bat, throwing a football to a simulated receiver, or any other desired activity. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may facilitate a realistic simulation (e.g., a realistic projection of a virtual environment) and/or immersive experience to a user who may interact with an actual play object (e.g., ball) in connection with the realistic simulation. The exemplary disclosed system, method, and apparatus may thereby provide a realistic environment for improving athletic or physical performance of a user. 
     An illustrative representation of a computing device appropriate for use with embodiments of the system of the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 20 . The computing device  100  can generally be comprised of a Central Processing Unit (CPU,  101 ), optional further processing units including a graphics processing unit (GPU), a Random Access Memory (RAM,  102 ), a mother board  103 , or alternatively/additionally a storage medium (e.g., hard disk drive, solid state drive, flash memory, cloud storage), an operating system (OS,  104 ), one or more application software  105 , a display element  106 , and one or more input/output devices/means  107 , including one or more communication interfaces (e.g., RS232, Ethernet, Wifi, Bluetooth, USB). Useful examples include, but are not limited to, personal computers, smart phones, laptops, mobile computing devices, tablet PCs, and servers. Multiple computing devices can be operably linked to form a computer network in a manner as to distribute and share one or more resources, such as clustered computing devices and server banks/farms. 
     Various examples of such general-purpose multi-unit computer networks suitable for embodiments of the disclosure, their typical configuration and many standardized communication links are well known to one skilled in the art, as explained in more detail and illustrated by  FIG. 21 , which is discussed herein-below. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, data may be transferred to the system, stored by the system and/or transferred by the system to users of the system across local area networks (LANs) (e.g., office networks, home networks) or wide area networks (WANs) (e.g., the Internet). In accordance with the previous embodiment, the system may be comprised of numerous servers communicatively connected across one or more LANs and/or WANs. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that there are numerous manners in which the system could be configured and embodiments of the present disclosure are contemplated for use with any configuration. 
     In general, the system and methods provided herein may be employed by a user of a computing device whether connected to a network or not. Similarly, some steps of the methods provided herein may be performed by components and modules of the system whether connected or not. While such components/modules are offline, and the data they generated will then be transmitted to the relevant other parts of the system once the offline component/module comes again online with the rest of the network (or a relevant part thereof). According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, some of the applications of the present disclosure may not be accessible when not connected to a network, however a user or a module/component of the system itself may be able to compose data offline from the remainder of the system that will be consumed by the system or its other components when the user/offline system component or module is later connected to the system network. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , a schematic overview of a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. The system is comprised of one or more application servers  203  for electronically storing information used by the system. Applications in the server  203  may retrieve and manipulate information in storage devices and exchange information through a WAN  201  (e.g., the Internet). Applications in server  203  may also be used to manipulate information stored remotely and process and analyze data stored remotely across a WAN  201  (e.g., the Internet). 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 21 , exchange of information through the WAN  201  or other network may occur through one or more high speed connections. In some cases, high speed connections may be over-the-air (OTA), passed through networked systems, directly connected to one or more WANs  201  or directed through one or more routers  202 . Router(s)  202  are completely optional and other embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure may or may not utilize one or more routers  202 . One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that there are numerous ways server  203  may connect to WAN  201  for the exchange of information, and embodiments of the present disclosure are contemplated for use with any method for connecting to networks for the purpose of exchanging information. Further, while this application refers to high speed connections, embodiments of the present disclosure may be utilized with connections of any speed. 
     Components or modules of the system may connect to server  203  via WAN  201  or other network in numerous ways. For instance, a component or module may connect to the system i) through a computing device  212  directly connected to the WAN  201 , ii) through a computing device  205 ,  206  connected to the WAN  201  through a routing device  204 , iii) through a computing device  208 ,  209 ,  210  connected to a wireless access point  207  or iv) through a computing device  211  via a wireless connection (e.g., CDMA, GMS, 3G, 4G, 5G) to the WAN  201 . One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are numerous ways that a component or module may connect to server  203  via WAN  201  or other network, and embodiments of the present disclosure are contemplated for use with any method for connecting to server  203  via WAN  201  or other network. Furthermore, server  203  could be comprised of a personal computing device, such as a smartphone, acting as a host for other computing devices to connect to. 
     The communications means of the system may be any means for communicating data, including image and video, over one or more networks or to one or more peripheral devices attached to the system, or to a system module or component. Appropriate communications means may include, but are not limited to, wireless connections, wired connections, cellular connections, data port connections, Bluetooth® connections, near field communications (NFC) connections, or any combination thereof. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are numerous communications means that may be utilized with embodiments of the present disclosure, and embodiments of the present disclosure are contemplated for use with any communications means. 
     Traditionally, a computer program includes a finite sequence of computational instructions or program instructions. It will be appreciated that a programmable apparatus or computing device can receive such a computer program and, by processing the computational instructions thereof, produce a technical effect. 
     A programmable apparatus or computing device includes one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, embedded microcontrollers, programmable digital signal processors, programmable devices, programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, memory devices, application specific integrated circuits, or the like, which can be suitably employed or configured to process computer program instructions, execute computer logic, store computer data, and so on. Throughout this disclosure and elsewhere a computing device can include any and all suitable combinations of at least one general purpose computer, special-purpose computer, programmable data processing apparatus, processor, processor architecture, and so on. It will be understood that a computing device can include a computer-readable storage medium and that this medium may be internal or external, removable and replaceable, or fixed. It will also be understood that a computing device can include a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), firmware, an operating system, a database, or the like that can include, interface with, or support the software and hardware described herein. 
     Embodiments of the system as described herein are not limited to applications involving conventional computer programs or programmable apparatuses that run them. It is contemplated, for example, that embodiments of the disclosure as claimed herein could include an optical computer, quantum computer, analog computer, or the like. 
     Regardless of the type of computer program or computing device involved, a computer program can be loaded onto a computing device to produce a particular machine that can perform any and all of the depicted functions. This particular machine (or networked configuration thereof) provides a technique for carrying out any and all of the depicted functions. 
     Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Illustrative examples of the computer readable storage medium may include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     A data store may be comprised of one or more of a database, file storage system, relational data storage system or any other data system or structure configured to store data. The data store may be a relational database, working in conjunction with a relational database management system (RDBMS) for receiving, processing and storing data. A data store may comprise one or more databases for storing information related to the processing of moving information and estimate information as well one or more databases configured for storage and retrieval of moving information and estimate information. 
     Computer program instructions can be stored in a computer-readable memory capable of directing a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner. The instructions stored in the computer-readable memory constitute an article of manufacture including computer-readable instructions for implementing any and all of the depicted functions. 
     A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. 
     The elements depicted in flowchart illustrations and block diagrams throughout the figures imply logical boundaries between the elements. However, according to software or hardware engineering practices, the depicted elements and the functions thereof may be implemented as parts of a monolithic software structure, as standalone software components or modules, or as components or modules that employ external routines, code, services, and so forth, or any combination of these. All such implementations are within the scope of the present disclosure. In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that elements of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions, program instruction technique for performing the specified functions, and so on. 
     It will be appreciated that computer program instructions may include computer executable code. A variety of languages for expressing computer program instructions are possible, including without limitation C, C++, Java, JavaScript, assembly language, Lisp, HTML, Perl, and so on. Such languages may include assembly languages, hardware description languages, database programming languages, functional programming languages, imperative programming languages, and so on. In some embodiments, computer program instructions can be stored, compiled, or interpreted to run on a computing device, a programmable data processing apparatus, a heterogeneous combination of processors or processor architectures, and so on. Without limitation, embodiments of the system as described herein can take the form of web-based computer software, which includes client/server software, software-as-a-service, peer-to-peer software, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, a computing device enables execution of computer program instructions including multiple programs or threads. The multiple programs or threads may be processed more or less simultaneously to enhance utilization of the processor and to facilitate substantially simultaneous functions. By way of implementation, any and all methods, program codes, program instructions, and the like described herein may be implemented in one or more thread. The thread can spawn other threads, which can themselves have assigned priorities associated with them. In some embodiments, a computing device can process these threads based on priority or any other order based on instructions provided in the program code. 
     Unless explicitly stated or otherwise clear from the context, the verbs “process” and “execute” are used interchangeably to indicate execute, process, interpret, compile, assemble, link, load, any and all combinations of the foregoing, or the like. Therefore, embodiments that process computer program instructions, computer-executable code, or the like can suitably act upon the instructions or code in any and all of the ways just described. 
     The functions and operations presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computing device or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may also be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, along with equivalent variations. In addition, embodiments of the disclosure are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It is appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the present teachings as described herein, and any references to specific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and best mode of embodiments of the disclosure. Embodiments of the disclosure are well suited to a wide variety of computer network systems over numerous topologies. Within this field, the configuration and management of large networks include storage devices and computing devices that are communicatively coupled to dissimilar computing and storage devices over a network, such as the Internet, also referred to as “web” or “world wide web”. 
     In at least some exemplary embodiments, the exemplary disclosed system may utilize sophisticated machine learning and/or artificial intelligence techniques to prepare and submit datasets and variables to cloud computing clusters and/or other analytical tools (e.g., predictive analytical tools) which may analyze such data using artificial intelligence neural networks. The exemplary disclosed system may for example include cloud computing clusters performing predictive analysis. For example, the exemplary neural network may include a plurality of input nodes that may be interconnected and/or networked with a plurality of additional and/or other processing nodes to determine a predicted result. Exemplary artificial intelligence processes may include filtering and processing datasets, processing to simplify datasets by statistically eliminating irrelevant, invariant or superfluous variables or creating new variables which are an amalgamation of a set of underlying variables, and/or processing for splitting datasets into train, test and validate datasets using at least a stratified sampling technique. The exemplary disclosed system may utilize prediction algorithms and approach that may include regression models, tree-based approaches, logistic regression, Bayesian methods, deep-learning and neural networks both as a stand-alone and on an ensemble basis, and final prediction may be based on the model/structure which delivers the highest degree of accuracy and stability as judged by implementation against the test and validate datasets. 
     Throughout this disclosure and elsewhere, block diagrams and flowchart illustrations depict methods, apparatuses (e.g., systems), and computer program products. Each element of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, as well as each respective combination of elements in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, illustrates a function of the methods, apparatuses, and computer program products. Any and all such functions (“depicted functions”) can be implemented by computer program instructions; by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems; by combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions; by combinations of general purpose hardware and computer instructions; and so on—any and all of which may be generally referred to herein as a “component”, “module,” or “system.” 
     While the foregoing drawings and description set forth functional aspects of the disclosed systems, no particular arrangement of software for implementing these functional aspects should be inferred from these descriptions unless explicitly stated or otherwise clear from the context. 
     Each element in flowchart illustrations may depict a step, or group of steps, of a computer-implemented method. Further, each step may contain one or more sub-steps. For the purpose of illustration, these steps (as well as any and all other steps identified and described above) are presented in order. It will be understood that an embodiment can contain an alternate order of the steps adapted to a particular application of a technique disclosed herein. All such variations and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. The depiction and description of steps in any particular order is not intended to exclude embodiments having the steps in a different order, unless required by a particular application, explicitly stated, or otherwise clear from the context. 
     The functions, systems and methods herein described could be utilized and presented in a multitude of languages. Individual systems may be presented in one or more languages and the language may be changed with ease at any point in the process or methods described above. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that there are numerous languages the system could be provided in, and embodiments of the present disclosure are contemplated for use with any language. 
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. There may be aspects of this disclosure that may be practiced without the implementation of some features as they are described. It should be understood that some details have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the focus of the disclosure. The disclosure is capable of myriad modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive in nature.