Patent Publication Number: US-10322777-B2

Title: Surf wake system for a watercraft

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/830,356, filed Mar. 14, 2013, and titled SURF WAKE SYSTEM FOR A WATERCRAFT, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/545,969, filed on Jul. 10, 2012, and titled SURF WAKE SYSTEM FOR A WATERCRAFT, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/559,069, filed on Nov. 12, 2011, and titled SURF WAKE SYSTEM FOR A WATERCRAFT. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/830,356 is also a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/055788, with an international filing date of Sep. 17, 2012, titled SURF WAKE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A WATERCRAFT, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/535,438, filed on Sep. 16, 2011 and titled SURF WAKE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A WATERCRAFT. Each of the above-identified patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and is made a part of this specification for all that it discloses. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     This application relates, in general, to a wake system for a watercraft, and more particularly, to a surf wake system for modifying a wake produced by a watercraft travelling through water. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Wake surfing has become increasingly popular in recent years because, unlike an ocean wave, a wake produced by a watercraft is on-demand not to mention continuous and endless as long as the watercraft is moving forward. As a watercraft travels through water, the watercraft displaces water and thus generates waves including bow wave and diverging stern waves on both sides of the watercraft. Due to pressure differences, these waves generally converge in the hollow formed behind the traveling watercraft and/or interfere with each other to form a wake behind the watercraft. Such a wake, however, is generally small, choppy or too close to the watercraft to be suitable and safe for water sports, and particularly not suitable for wake boarding or surfing. 
     To facilitate surfing, a wake should be formed away from the stern of the watercraft, for example, about ten feet away, and with a waist-height peak, for example, about three feet or higher. Generally hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of pounds of additional weight or ballast to a rear corner of the watercraft to make the watercraft tilt to one side, displaces more water, and hence generates a larger wake on that side. Such additional weight may be in the form of removable ballast bags, installed ballast tanks or bladders, or passengers positioned to one side of the watercraft, which is primarily used to tip the watercraft to that side. Using such additional weight to produce larger wakes, however, poses several disadvantages. For example, such additional weight may take up significant space and capacity that may otherwise reduce the passenger capacity of the watercraft. Also, such additional weight may unbalance the watercraft creating difficulties in control. Moreover, the additional weight generally must be moved from one side of the water craft to the other in order to generate a wake on the other side of the water craft. Shifting such additional weight may require significant time and effort. For example, filling and emptying ballast tanks to switch from one side to the other may require 20 minutes or more. 
     Alternatively, it is known to require extensive modification to a boat hull to promote a proper surf wake. An exemplar of generating a larger wake can be found in a U.S. Pat. No. 6,105,527 to Lochtefeld et al. 
     In light of the foregoing, it would therefore be useful to provide surf wake system that overcomes the above and other disadvantages. 
     SUMMARY 
     One aspect of the present invention is directed to a surf wake system for modifying a wake formed by a watercraft travelling through water. The surf wake system may include a pair of upright water diverters including a port diverter and a starboard diverter, each independently movable from a neutral position to a deployed position in which a respective water diverter extends outboard of a transom of the watercraft to deflect water traveling along a hull of the watercraft and past the transom. Positioning the port diverter in its deployed position while the starboard diverter is in its neutral position modifies the wake to provide a starboard surf wake, and positioning the starboard diverter in its deployed position while the port diverter is in its neutral position modifies the wake to provide a port surf wake. 
     In the deployed position, the respective water diverter may extend outboard beyond a side strake of the watercraft to deflect water traveling along the side strake and past the transom. 
     Each upright water diverter may be pivotally mounted to the watercraft adjacent the transom or a respective side strake. 
     Each upright water diverter may be pivotally mounted to directly to the transom or a respective side strake. 
     The surf wake system may include a plurality of positioners operably connected to a respective water diverter for positioning the respective water diverter relative to a longitudinal axis of the watercraft. 
     At least one of the plurality of positioners may be a linear actuator configured to selectively move a respective water diverter between its neutral and extended positions. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a surf wake system including a flap for deflecting water traveling past a transom of the watercraft, a hinge for pivotally mounting the flap relative to the watercraft, the hinge having a pivot axis extending adjacent and along a side edge of the transom, and a positioner operably connected to the flap for positioning the flap relative to a longitudinal axis of the watercraft between a neutral position and an outward position. 
     The flap may include a substantially planar member. 
     The flap may be approximately 10-15 inches high and approximately 15-20 inches long. 
     The flap may be formed of plastic, stainless steel, wood and/or fiberglass. 
     The hinge may be a jointed device having a first member pivotally affixed to a second member by a pin, wherein the first member is affixed to the watercraft and the second member is affixed to the flap. 
     The second member may be monolithically formed with the flap. 
     The actuator may be dimensioned and configured to pivotally move and position the flap between the neutral position, in which the flap pulls inboard, and the extended position, in which the flap extends outboard. 
     The flap may extend outboard at least approximately 5-15° relative to a longitudinal axis of the watercraft. 
     The surf wake system may include a manual actuator to selectively position the flap. 
     The surf wake system may include a controller installed within the watercraft and operably connected to the actuator to selectively position the flap. 
     The controller may include a display panel for displaying an indication of a position of the flap. 
     The surf wake system may include a plurality of flaps and hinges, each flap pivotally mounted to the watercraft by a respective hinge. 
     The plurality of flaps may include a port flap and a starboard flap, each mounted adjacent respective port side and starboard side edges. 
     The positioner may include a plurality of actuators each secured on the watercraft and operably connected to a respective one of the plurality of flaps. 
     The surf wake system may include a controller installed within the watercraft and operably connected to the plurality of the actuators to selectively position the plurality of the flaps. 
     In various embodiments, positioning the port flap in the outward position and the starboard flap in the neutral position enhances a right surf wake, and wherein positioning the starboard flap in the outward position and the port flap in the neutral position enhances a left surfing wake. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein can relate to a boat configured to generate a starboard side surf wake for at least goofy-foot wake surfing and a port side surf wake for at least regular-foot wake surfing, with the port side surf wake different from the starboard side surf wake. The boat can include an upright port side water diverter movable between a first and second position, where one of said first and second positions produces the starboard side surf wake. The boat can include an upright starboard side water diverter movable between a first and second position, where one of said first and second positions produces the port side surf wake. The boat can include a controller responsive to driver input into an input device, and one or more actuators responsive to the controller to move the port side water diverter from one of the first and second positions to the other of the first and second positions, and move the starboard side water diverter from one of the second and first positions to the other of the second and first positions. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein can relate to a boat configured to produce a right side surf wake and a left side surf wake different from the right side surf wake. Both the right side surf wake and left side surf wake can be different from a wake of the boat moving through water without water diverters engaged. The boat can include a memory storing information including wake surf settings, a control responsive to the memory, one or more actuators responsive to the control, an upright right side water diverter operably connected to the actuator(s) to move between a first and second position, where one of the first and second positions produces the left side surf wake, and an upright left side water diverter operably connected to the actuator(s) to move between a first and second position, where one of the first and second positions produces the right side surf wake. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein can relate to a boat configured to create an asymmetrical wake suitable for wake surfing. The boat can include first and second upright wake modifiers. The first wake modifier can be configured to engage to form a right side asymmetrical wake, and the second wake modifier can be configured to engage to form a left side asymmetrical wake. Each of the right and left side asymmetrical wakes can be different from a non-surf wake of the boat moving through water without the first and second wake modifiers engaged. In some embodiments, the boat can include a controller responsive to one or more safety features to override engagement of said first or second upright wake modifiers. 
     Various embodiments can relate to an inboard water-sports boat that can include a hull including a transom. The hull can house an engine configured to propel the hull through water, and the hull can be configured to produce a wake having eventually diverging port-side and starboard-side waves when the hull is propelled through water. The inboard water-sports boat can include a ballast system configured to add and remove water ballast (e.g., reference number  69  in  FIG. 3 ), a rudder (e.g., reference number  71  in  FIG. 10 ) responsive to a steering mechanism to steer the hull when the hull is propelled through water, and a surf system configurable by an operator purposefully selecting which of the port-side wave and the starboard-side wave to enhance to improve surfing thereon. The surf system can include a port-side deployable element (e.g., water diverter or flap  33   p ) movable between a deployed position and an at least substantially retracted position, and at least a portion of the port-side deployable element when in the deployed position can be configured to redirect water to enhance the starboard-side wave of the wake to have a face that is substantially smoother than a face of the port-side wave. The surf system can include a starboard-side deployable element (e.g., water diverter or flap  33   s ) movable between a deployed position and an at least substantially retracted position, and at least a portion of the starboard-side deployable element when in the deployed position can be configured to redirect water to enhance the port-side wave of the wake to have a face that is substantially smoother than a face of the starboard-side wave. The surf system can include a user interface configured to receive a user command to change from enhancing the starboard-side wave to the port-side wave or to change from enhancing the port-side wave to the starboard-side wave. The user interface can include a first user input element (e.g., right button  67  in  FIG. 8A ) configured to receive a selection of enhancing the starboard-side wave, and the user interface can include a second user input element (e.g., left button  67  in  FIG. 8A ) configured to receive a selection of enhancing the port-side wave. The surf system can include a first actuator configured to move the port-side deployable element to the deployed position in response to the user command to change from enhancing the port-side wave to the starboard-side wave, and a second actuator configured to move the starboard-side deployable element to the deployed position in response to the user command to change from enhancing the starboard-side wave to the port-side wave. The inboard water-sports boat can be configured to change from enhancing the starboard-side wave to the port-side wave or to change from enhancing the port-side wave to the starboard-side wave while the inboard water-sports boat is moving at a speed suitable for surfing. 
     Various embodiments can relate to a wake surf system for use with an inboard water-sports boat. The wake surf system can include a port-side deployable element configured to be operably coupled to a hull of an inboard water-sports boat proximate a transom. The port-side deployable element can be configured to be movable between a deployed position and an at least substantially retracted position. A starboard-side deployable element can be configured to be operably coupled to the hull of the inboard water-sports boat proximate the transom, can the starboard-side deployable element can be configured to be movable between a deployed position and an at least substantially retracted position. The wake surf system can include a user interface configured to receive a user command to change a surf wake from one side of the inboard water-sports boat to the other side of the inboard water-sports boat. The user interface can include a first user input element configured to receive a selection of a starboard-side surf wake, and the user interface can include a second user input element configured to receive a selection of a port-side surf wake. The wake surf system can include actuators configured to move the port-side deployable element and the starboard-side deployable element in response to the user command received by the user interface. 
     An inboard water-sports boat can include the wake surf system for producing a surf wake having a wave that is one of two eventually diverging waves produced by the inboard water-sports boat. The wave of the surf wake can have a face substantially smoother than a face of the other wave, where the wave of the surf wake is suitable for surfing. The inboard water-sports boat can include a hull including a transom. The hull can house an engine configured to propel the hull through water. The hull can be configured to produce a wake when the hull is propelled through water. The inboard water-sports boat can include a ballast system configured to add and remove water ballast, and a rudder responsive to a steering mechanism to steer the hull when the hull is propelled through water. The starboard-side deployable element can be operably coupled to the hull proximate the transom, and the port-side deployable element can be operably coupled to the hull proximate the transom. The inboard water-sports boat can be configured such that the actuators move the port-side deployable element and the starboard-side deployable element to change a surf wake from one side of the inboard water-sports boat to the other side of the inboard water-sports boat in response to the user command received by the user interface. The inboard water-sports boat can be configured to change the surf wake from one side of the inboard water-sports boat to the other side of the inboard water-sports boat in response to a user activating a single user input element on the user interface. 
     The methods and apparatuses of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and the following Detailed Description, which together serve to explain certain principles of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a rear perspective view of an exemplary surf wake system including a pair of flap assemblies in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged perspective view of one of the flap assemblies of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic rear view of the exemplary surf wake system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4( a )  and  FIG. 4( b )  are schematic views of the flap assembly of  FIG. 2  in extended and retracted positions, respectively. 
         FIG. 5( a ) ,  FIG. 5( b )  and  FIG. 5( c )  are schematic views of the exemplary surf wake system of  FIG. 1  in which the flap assemblies are positioned for cruising, a starboard side surf wake, and a port side surf wake, respectively. 
         FIG. 6( a ) ,  FIG. 6( b )  and  FIG. 6( c )  illustrate conventional, starboard surf, and port surf wakes, respectively, as produced by the surf wake system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an exemplary cockpit of a watercraft incorporating a surf wake system including an input controller for operation of the surf wake system. 
         FIG. 8( a ) ,  FIG. 8( b ) ,  FIG. 8( c ) ,  FIG. 8( d ) ,  FIG. 8( e )  and  FIG. 8( f )  are exemplary screen shots of the input controller of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic view of an exemplary control system of a surf wake system in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a rear perspective view of an exemplary surf wake system including contoured flap assemblies with a complementary swim platform in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a side view of the exemplary surf wake system of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 12( a )  and  FIG. 12( b )  are a rear and plan views of an exemplary surf wake system including a flap assembly integrated with a complementary swim platform in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13( a ) ,  FIG. 13( b )   FIG. 13( c )  are schematic plan views illustrating the operation of the exemplary surf wake system in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14( a )  and  FIG. 14( b )  are rear and side views of another exemplary flap assembly in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15( a ) ,  FIG. 15( b )  and  FIG. 15( c )  are side and top views of other exemplary flap assemblies in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16( a )  and  FIG. 16( b )  are rear perspective and rear elevation views, respectively of another exemplary flap assembly integrated with a complementary swim platform in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic view of an exemplary surf wake system including side-hull flap assemblies in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic view of an exemplary surf wake system including longitudinally extendable flap assemblies in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a partial perspective view of an example embodiment of a water removable water diverter coupled to a coupling member on a boat. 
         FIG. 20  is a partial perspective view of the coupling member of  FIG. 20  on the boat with the water diverter removed therefrom. 
         FIG. 21  is a partial perspective view showing multiple example embodiments of water diverters compatible for use interchangeably with the boat. 
         FIG. 22  shows an example embodiment of a boat with a wake shaping system that includes rider notification elements. 
         FIG. 23  shows another example embodiment of a boat with a wake shaping system that includes rider notification elements. 
         FIG. 24  shows another example embodiment of a boat with a wake shaping system that includes rider notification elements. 
         FIG. 25  shows an example embodiment of a boat with a wake shaping system that includes rider notification elements. 
         FIG. 26  shows an example embodiment of a boat with a wake shaping system. 
         FIG. 27  shows an example embodiment of a wake shaping system that includes a rider control device. 
         FIG. 28  shows an example embodiment of a boat having a movable swim platform. 
         FIG. 29  shows the movable swim platform of  FIG. 28  in a raised position. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     Generally, the present invention relates to a surf wake system for a watercraft that is concerned with flow management of water passing the stern as the water craft is moving forward through a body of water, so that water is directed in such a manner to enhance size, shape and/or other characteristics the resulting wake of the watercraft. As will become apparent below, the surf wake system of the watercraft allows diversion of water passing along one side of the stern away from the usual converging area immediately behind the transom of the watercraft, so that the diverging water will enhance the resulting wake on the opposing side of the watercraft. In doing so, the surf wake system of the present invention allows the enhancement of wake without significant pitching or leaning of the watercraft to one side or the other. 
     Turning now to the drawings, wherein like components are designated by like reference numerals throughout the various figures, attention is directed to  FIG. 1  which illustrates a watercraft  30  equipped a surf wake system  32  for modifying a wake formed by the watercraft travelling through water. Advantageously, the surf wake system may enhance surf wakes with or without supplemental ballast and thus it is possible to enhance wake with less watercraft lean. The surf wake system of the present invention in general includes one or more water diverters  33 , each water diverter is adjustably mounted relative to the watercraft for deflecting water travelling past a transom  35  of the watercraft. Broadly, the water diverters are movably mounted with respect to transom  35 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the water diverters are in the form of flaps  33 , pivotally mounted on respective hinges  37 , which have a pivot axis  39  extending adjacent and along a side edge  40  of the transom. Although the illustrated embodiment shows the flaps mounted directly on the transom, one will appreciate that the flaps may be moveably mounted directly or indirectly to the transom. For example, the flaps and associated hardware may be mounted on a removable swim platform or other structure that is mounted on or adjacent the transom. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 1 , watercraft  30  may be equipped with a wake-modifying device  42  to enhance the overall size of the wake formed by the watercraft. One such device is sold by Malibu Boats as the Power Wedge, which is similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,140,318, the entire content of which is incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference. Another such device may incorporate pivotal centerline fins of the type developed by Malibu Boats and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/535,438, the entire content of which is also incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference. One will appreciate that, while various other wake modifying devices may be very beneficial in enhancing the size and shape of a wake, such other wake modifying devices need not be used, nor is essential to be used, in combination with the surf wake system of the present invention. Similarly, one will appreciate that positioning extra weight or ballast adjacent the transom may also be very beneficial in enhancing the size of a wake, with or without the use of a wake modifying device, however, such weight or ballast need not be used, nor is essential to be used, in combination with the surf wake system of the present invention. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , a side edge is the intersection of the transom with either a port side strake  44   p  or a starboard side strake  44   s , wherein the suffixes “p” and “s” represent features on the port side and the starboard side, respectively. Therefore, the intersection of the transom with the port side strake is referred to as the port side edge  40   p  and the intersection of the transom with the starboard side strake is referred to as the starboard side edge  40   s . Accordingly, a port side flap  33   p  refers to a flap adjacent the port side edge, and a starboard side flap  33   s  refers to a flap adjacent the starboard side edge. 
     In general, a distance L between a respective pivot axis and the side edge is less than the longest dimension of the flap in order to allow the flap to extend parallel to the side strake of the hull or beyond. The distance is preferably less than 10-5 inches and more preferably less than 5 inches. That is, the flaps are positioned away from an imaginary center line or longitudinal axis of the watercraft and adjacent a respective port side or starboard side. 
     For illustration purposes, the pivot axis of the hinge shown in this application is drawn parallel to the corresponding side edge. One will appreciate that the pivot axis does not necessary need to be parallel to the corresponding side edge. One will also appreciate that the pivot axis may be substantially vertical, substantially parallel to the side edge, some other angle therebetween, or some angle slightly inclined with respect to the side edge. Preferably the angle between the pivot axis and the side edge is less than approximately 15°, more preferably less than 10°, and even more preferably less than 5°. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the surf wake system also includes one or more positioners or actuators  46 , each secured on the watercraft and operably connected to a respective flap  33 . In the illustrated embodiment, the actuators are linear actuators including electric motors. However, one will appreciate that other suitable actuators may be employed to move the flaps, including hydraulic and pneumatic motors. Preferably the actuators are watertight or water resistant, and more preferably waterproof. The actuators are configured to pivot the flaps about their respective pivot axis and position the flaps in different positions, as will be discussed in greater detail below. One will also appreciate that manual actuators or positioners may be utilized to secure the flaps in a desired position. 
     In various embodiments, the actuators may be electric actuators of the type manufactured by Lenco Marine Inc. which include a linearly-extendable threaded rod assembly driven by a step motor. In various embodiments, the actuator may be configured to move between an inner retracted position and an outer extended position, while in other embodiments, the actuators are configured to also move to one or more interim positions, for example, every 5°, 10°, 15°, etc. By activating the actuator for predetermined periods of time, the actuator may be accurately and repeatedly controlled to move to the desired position. One will appreciate that the actuator may be configured to accommodate a wide variety of angular ranges as well as interim positions. 
     One will also appreciate that other actuators may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example. hydraulic and pneumatic actuators may be used, as well as manual actuators. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4( a )  and  FIG. 4( b ) , port side flap  33   p  is shown in two different positions, namely an outward position in  FIG. 4( a )  and a neutral position in  FIG. 4( b ) . As illustrated, the flap in the outward position extends away from a longitudinal axis  47  of watercraft  30  as the flap moves in the direction illustrated by arrow A. In the illustrated embodiment, the flap and has at least a portion of the flap extending outwardly beyond the side strake and the transom. In the neutral position, the flap extends toward the center line as it moves in the direction illustrated by arrow B and is located behind the transom and inboard of the side strake  44   p . In various embodiments of the present invention, the flap has an angle θ 1  of approximately 0° to 45°, preferably between 5° to 30°, and more preferably 5° to 15° relative to the longitudinal axis of the watercraft when the flap extends to its outermost position, and has an angle θ 2  of approximately 0 to −90°, preferably −15° to −30° relative to the longitudinal axis when the flap extends in its innermost position. One will also appreciate that the system may be configured to allow the flap to laterally extend beyond the side strake substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the watercraft in order to redirect and/or deflect water passing along the water craft as it moves beyond the transom. Alternatively, one will appreciate that the flap may extend parallel to the longitudinal axis to direct water straight back and prevent water from flowing directly behind the transom. While extending the flap beyond the side strake will likely delay convergence of water to a greater degree (as will become apparent below), extending the flap parallel to the longitudinal axis may sufficiently delay convergence of water to produce a desired waveform. 
     One will appreciate that the surf wake system of the present invention may be configured to hold the flaps in one or more interim positions between their respective outward and neutral positions. For example, the surf wake system may be configured to hold the flaps at 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and etc. relative to the centerline. Such interim positions may allow the system to further modify or incrementally modify the resulting wake, and may thus accommodate surfer preferences. For example, such interim positions may more precisely shape the wake to accommodate for specific watercraft setup, watercraft speed, watercraft weight, passenger weight variances and distributions, and other variables to provide a desired wake shape and waveform. Moreover, a number of interim positions may optimize waveform for various other parameters such user preferences. For example, experienced surfers may prefer larger faster wakes, while novice surfers may want a smaller, slower manageable wake. 
     As a watercraft travels through water, the watercraft displaces water and generates waves including bow waves and diverging stern waves. Due to pressure differences and other phenomena, these waves generally converge in the hollow formed behind the watercraft and interfere with each other to form an otherwise conventional wake behind the watercraft, such as that shown in  FIG. 6( a ) . As noted above, such a wake is generally small, choppy or too close to the watercraft to be suitable and safe for water sports, and particularly not suitable for wake surfing. 
     By moving a flap of the present invention to an outward position, however, water is redirected, which may lead to constructive interference to form a larger wake having a higher peak and a smoother face, which wake is conducive for surfing. In addition, the flap may redirect water so that the larger wake is formed further away from the watercraft, and thus creating a safer environment for surfing. Moreover, by placing the flaps along the side edges, the watercraft can generate a suitable surfing wake with less tilt or lean to one side, thus making the watercraft easier to control. One will appreciate that the flaps may enhance wake shape and size with or without the use of significant additional weight or ballast located toward the rear corners of the watercraft. Other advantages will become apparent later on in the description of the operation of the present invention. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention, the wake system may include one or more flap assemblies, for example, one or more port flap assemblies, and/or one or more starboard flap assemblies may be used. Preferably, the wake system is configured and positioned to have one flap and corresponding hinge immediately adjacent each of the port side edge and the starboard side edge. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention, the flap is a substantially planar member, as can be seen in  FIG. 2 . The flap is generally dimensioned and configured such that the top of the flap is located within the resting freeboard distance (i.e., the distance between the waterline and the gunwale) and will be located approximately at the waterline while the watercraft is at use accommodating for both watercraft speed and displacement with additional ballast and/or passenger weight. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the flap is approximately 14 inches high, approximately 17 inches long and approximately ¾ inch thick. One will appreciate that the actual dimensions of the flap may vary. Preferably, the flap is approximately 10-18 inches high, approximately 12-22 inches long, and approximately ½ to 1¼ inches thick, and more preferably approximately 12-16 inches high, 15-19 inches long, and ¾ to 1 inch thick. One will appreciate that the deeper the flap extends below the waterline, the more water will be diverted. 
     In addition, one will appreciate that the flap need not be planar and its actual dimensions will vary depending on the size of the watercraft, the demand of the type of the wake and/or other factors. Other suitable configurations and sizes can be employed, including curved surfaces, curved edges, different geometric profiles, and/or different surface textures. The flap can be made of plastic, stainless steel, fiberglass, composites, and/or other suitable materials. For example, the flap may be formed of gelcoated fiberglass and/or stainless trim plate. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 4( a )-4( b ) , in the illustrated embodiment, hinge  37 , is a jointed device having a first hinge member  49  pivotally affixed to a second hinge member  51  by a pin  53 . First member  49  is affixed to the watercraft and second member  51  is affixed to flap  33 . One will appreciate that other hinge devices may be utilized. For example, the hinge may include a flexible member allowing relative pivotal motion instead of a pinned joint. In addition, various configurations may be utilized. For example, the second member may be monolithically formed with the flap. 
     Turning back to  FIG. 3 , wake system  32  may include a controller  54  that is operationally connected to actuators  46 , of the wake system, which actuators selectively control the positions of respective flaps  33 . 
     An exemplary method of operating the surf wake system in exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIGS. 5-8 . A pair of flaps  33   p ,  33   s  with their respective hinges  37   p ,  37   s  and actuators  46   p ,  46   s  are installed on transom  35  of the watercraft adjacent respective side edges  40 , one on the port side and the other on the starboard side of the watercraft. One will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to this specific configuration. The number of the flaps and the positions thereof can be varied as noted previously. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5( a ) , both flaps are retracted and positioned in their neutral positions behind transom  35 , and not extending outward or outboard form their respective port and starboard side strakes  44   p ,  44   s . At such positions, the flaps in general do not interference with the waves generated by the watercraft travelling through water, and hence have no or negligible effects on the wake, and thus the flaps can be positioned in such configuration for cruising. As shown in  FIG. 6( a ) , having the flaps positioned in the manner illustrated in  FIG. 5( a )  does not redirect water passing by the transom that thus produces an otherwise conventional wake, that is, one without a smooth face or a high peak, and is thus not suitable for surfing. 
     Turning to  FIG. 5( b ) , when a starboard surf wake is desired, port side flap  33   p  is positioned in an outward position while the starboard side flap  33   s  remains in a neutral position. Since the port side flap is in an outward position and thus extends beyond the port side strake  44   p , waves on the port side are redirected, which facilitates constructive interference of converging waves to form a larger starboard wake with a higher peak and smoother face that is suitable for starboard surfing, such as that shown in  FIG. 6( b )  Comparing to the non-enhanced wake of  FIG. 6( a )  with the starboard wake shown in  FIG. 6( b ) , it is evident that surf wake system  32  modified and/or enhanced the wake with a smooth face and a relatively high peak. As can be seen in  FIG. 6( b ) , waist-high peaks of three or four feet are attainable, thus providing a reproducible wake that is suitable for surfing. 
     Turning to  FIG. 5( c ) , when a port side surf wake is desired, starboard side flap  33   s  is positioned in an outward position while the port side flap  33   p  remains in a neutral position. Now that the starboard side flap is in an outward position, a port side wake, such as that shown in  FIG. 6( c )  is produced in a manner similar to that described above. Such configuration produces a left side surf wake. Comparing to the non-enhanced wake of  FIG. 6( a )  with the port side wake shown in  FIG. 6( c ) , it is evident that surf wake system  32  modified and/or enhanced the port side wake with a smooth face and a relatively high peak. As can be seen in  FIG. 6( c ) , waist-high peaks of three or four feet are attainable, thus providing a reproducible wake that is suitable for surfing. 
     As noted before, the watercraft equipped with the surf wake system of the present invention can generate a suitable surfing wake with or without adding significant extra weight at a rear corner of the watercraft. As such, weight need not be moved from one side to another, and thus no significant shifting of the watercraft from one side to the other is not required, and thus there are no significant changes to the handling of the watercraft. The surf wake system of the present invention allows switching from a port side wake to a starboard wake, or vice versa, on demand or “on the fly” thus accommodating both regular (or natural) and goofy surfers, as well as surfers that are sufficiently competent to switch from a port side wake to a starboard wake while under way. To this end, the controller is preferably configured to allow operation of the actuators on-demand and on-the-fly. 
     In addition to modifying wakes for recreational purposes, the water diverters of the surf wake system may be activated for other purposes such as steering assist. For example, the port flap may be actuated to provide turning assist to the left at gear idle, and similarly the starboard flap actuated to provide turning assist to the right. Thus, with an appropriate flap extended, the watercraft may turn within a very small radius around a fallen skier, boarder or surfer. Also, it is sometimes difficult for inboard watercraft to turn to left while moving backwards, the flaps may be activated to assist in such maneuvering. One will appreciate that the control system may be configured to utilize input from the steering system and/or the drive system to determine an appropriate level of “turning assist”. For example, the control system may be configured such that turning assist would only work below a predetermined speed, for example 7 mph. One will also appreciate that such turning assist may utilize controls that that are integrated into the surf wake system, or alternatively, such turning assist may utilize discrete controls to that are separately activated in accordance with the needs of turning assistance. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7 , watercraft  30  includes an otherwise conventional steering wheel  56  and throttle control  58  and instrument panel bearing a tachometer  60  and speedometer  61 . In addition, the water craft includes a multipurpose graphical display  63  and/or a discrete input device  65 . The graphic display and the touch screen are operably connected to or integrated with controller  54 . In the illustrated embodiment, the input device is a discrete touch screen, however, one will appreciate that the graphic display and the input device may be integrated into a single device, for example, a single screen that is suitable for both displaying information and receiving touch screen inputs. Alternatively, a variety of switches, buttons and other input devices may be utilized instead of, or in addition to, a touch screen device. 
     Display  63  is configured to convey a variety of desired information such as speed of the watercraft, water depth, and/or other useful information concerning the watercraft and operation thereof including, but not limited to, various service alerts, such as low oil pressure, low battery voltage, etc., and/or operational alerts such as shallow water, bilge pump status, etc. 
     Input device  65  is primarily configured to receive a variety of input commands from the watercraft operator. In accordance with the present invention, and with reference to  FIG. 8( a ) , the input display includes a SURF GATE center which serves as input control for operation of surf wake system  32 . As shown, the input control may include buttons  67  to activate surf wake system  32  to generate a surfable wake on the left portside or on the right starboard side. For example, if the operator chooses to generate a portside surfable wake, the operator may select left button  67 , which in turn would cause controller  54  to extend flap  33   s  to generate a left port side wake in the manner described above. And the operator may similarly press right button  67  to generate a right starboard side surfable wake. In accordance with the present invention, an operator may reconfigure the watercraft to switch from a left surf wake mode to a right surf wake mode by pressing a single button. 
     One will appreciate that other suitable input means may be utilized to activate the flaps. For example, a graphic or virtual slide assembly may be provided to activate the flaps as to the desired degree left or right, or a plurality of graphic or virtual buttons may be provided to activate the flaps to the desired degree left or right. In addition, one will appreciate that mechanical and/or electromechanical switches and input devices may also be used to activate the flaps as desired. 
     With reference to  FIG. 8( a )  through  FIG. 8( f ) , input device  65  serves as an input device for other watercraft systems such as Malibu Boats&#39; POWER WEDGE system, ballast tank systems (see, e.g.,  FIG. 8( c ) ), lighting systems (see, e.g.,  FIG. 8( d ) ), etc. 
     Also, input device  65  may also provide various alerts regarding the operation of the surf wake system. For example,  FIG. 8( a )  illustrates an operational alert that the once activated, surf wake system will extend above 7 mph and retract under 7 mph. One will appreciate that the surf wake system may be configured to operate only within various speeds deemed suitable for surfing, and may vary from moving to about 20 mph, and in some cases from about 7 mph to about 13 mph.  FIG. 8( b )  illustrates a general error alert,  FIG. 8( c )  through  FIG. 8( f )  illustrate a maximum current warnings for various stages of flap operation to alert the operator of excessive resistance in moving the flaps form one position to another. 
     In various embodiments, the surf wake system can be configured with various safety features which limit operation and/or alert the driver to various situations. For example, the system may be configured to provide a visual and/or audible alarm to alert the operator when the watercraft is traveling faster than a predetermined speed, for example 15 mph. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic of an exemplary control system  68  in which the user interface, in the illustrated embodiment, input device  65  communicates with controller  54  in order to control flow management by operating associated wave shaper(s), (e.g., flaps  33  and actuators  46 ). As illustrated and as noted above, input device  65  may also be configured to control other watercraft systems including Malibu Boats&#39; POWER WEDGE system, ballast tank systems. 
     Control system  32  may also include a memory that is configured to store information regarding watercraft configuration including static parameters such as hull shape, hull length, weight, etc., as well as dynamic parameters passenger weight, ballast, wedge, speed, fuel, depth, wind, etc. The memory may also include “Rider” information regarding the surfer (or boarder or skier), including goofy/regular footed, weight, board length, board type, skill level, etc. Moreover, the memory may be configured to store “presets” that include the information regarding a specific “Rider” including the Rider information as well as the Rider&#39;s preferences such as left or right wave, a preferred watercraft speed, a preferred wake height, etc. One will appreciate that the presets could be for the surf wake system as well as other parameters including POWER WEDGE setting, watercraft speed, goofy/regular footed, steep wave face, amount of weight, wave size, etc. One will appreciate that such presets would allow the watercraft operator to quickly reconfigure the surf wake system to accommodate various “Riders”, for example very experienced professional wake surfers, beginner wake surfers, and anyone in between. 
     Control system  32  may also include a remote which may allow a rider to actuate the surf wake system. For example, a remote may allow a rider to further deploy or retract flap  33 , to an interim position to vary the size of the wake. 
     One will appreciate that control system  32  may be integrated into the watercraft, for example, fully integrated with a CAN bus of the watercraft. Alternatively, the control system may be an aftermarket solution which may be installed on a watercraft, either connecting into the CAN bus, or operating completely independently of the CAN bus. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , surf wake system  32  may be utilized with a swim platform  70 . In the illustrated embodiment, the swim platform includes tapered sides  72  having recessed notches  74  which provide space to receive flaps  33 , therein. Such tapered sides and notches allow for flaps  33 , to return to neutral positions which have little to no effect on the wake, while allowing for a larger surface area of the swim platform. In the illustrated embodiment, the tapered sides extend inwardly approximately 15-30° from the longitudinal axis, however, one will appreciate that actual angle that the tapered sides angle in may vary, for example, up to approximately 45°. Also, although the depth of the notch is approximately equal to the thickness of the corresponding flap, one will appreciate that the actual dimensions of the notch may vary. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the swim platform has rounded corners  75  which are also configured to diminish the effect the swim platform has on the resulting wake. In this regard, the rounded corners lessen the amount of swim platform that contacts water flowing behind the transom, and thus lessens any adverse effect the swim platform may have on the modified wake. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 12( a )  and  FIG. 12( b ) , surf wake system  32  is mostly integrated into a swim platform and can thus be readily installed on an existing watercraft in the form of an aftermarket kit. In various embodiments, swim platform  70  may be mounted to a watercraft in an otherwise conventional fashion, but unlike conventional swim platforms, swim platform  70  includes integrated flaps  33 , hinges  37 , and actuators  46 , in which the integrated assembly may be mounted onto a watercraft in much the same manner as an otherwise conventional swim platform. In the illustrated embodiment, actuators  46  are manually adjustable in the form of a telescopic rod assembly which may be secured in various lengths, for example, by a link pin extending through one of a plurality of holes  53 , or by other suitable means. Thus, in various embodiments, the surf wake system of the present invention may be a substantially mechanical system in which the angles of flaps  33  are manually set by the user. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the actuators are mounted on the swim platform to selectively deploy the flaps, however, one will appreciate that the actuators may be mounted on the transom. 
     One will also appreciate that actuators  46  may be automated in a manner similar to that described above, for example, the actuators may be electric, electromechanical, pneumatic and/or hydraulic actuators as described above. In the case that the actuators are automated, the actuators may be integrated with the watercraft&#39;s existing control system (e.g., by connecting to the CAN bus of the watercraft), or a dedicated control system may be installed to control the actuators that is completely independent of the watercrafts other systems. For example, the control system may include toggle switches or other suitable devices to selectively move actuators  46  and flaps  33  as desired. 
     In operation and use, swim platform  70  functions in the same manner as that described above. The neutral position of surf wake system  32  is shown in  FIG. 13( a )  in which flaps  33  are in their neutral, retracted position. In this position, the flow of water past the transom is unimpeded by the flaps and the water is allowed to converge at it is natural intersection relatively close to the transom. When a surfable starboard side wake is desired, the operator may deploy the port side flap  33   p  as shown in  FIG. 13( b ) . In this position, the flow of water along the port side past the transom is disrupted such that the flow of water is redirected outwardly and/or rearwardly thereby delaying convergence of the port side flow with starboard side flow to a point further from the transom. Such disruption and redirection facilitates constructive interference of converging waves to form a larger starboard wake with a higher peak and smoother face that is suitable for starboard surfing, such as the waveform shown in  FIG. 6( b ) . 
     Similarly, when a surfable port side wake is desired, the operator may deploy the starboard side flap  33   s  as shown in  FIG. 13( c ) . In this position, the flow of water along the starboard side past the transom is disrupted such that the flow of water is redirected outwardly and/or rearwardly thereby delaying convergence of the starboard side flow with the port side flow to a point further from the transom, which facilitates constructive interference of converging waves to form a larger portside wake with a higher peak and smoother face that is suitable for starboard surfing, such as the waveform shown in  FIG. 6( c ) . 
     In various embodiments and as noted above, the size and shape of the flaps may vary depending upon varies factors. One such variation is illustrated in  FIG. 14( a )  and  FIG. 14( b ) , which shows a channeled flap  33 , having a series of parallel horizontally extending channels  77 . The channels are on the outboard side of the flap and extend linear to the direction of watercraft travel. The channels may assist in creating laminar flow across the gate, thus producing a cleaner waveform. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the flap includes five channels, however, one will appreciate that one, two, three or more channels may be utilized to redirect the flow of water as desired. One will also appreciate that the channel need not be linear or horizontal. For example, the channels may extend at an incline upwardly away from transom  35  to direct the flow of water upwardly as it flows along the surface of flap  33 , which may provide a net downward force on the flap and, in turn, the transom to further enhance displacement of the watercraft stern. Also, the channels may be curved in order to gently redirect water upwardly or downwardly. One will also appreciate that other patterns and/or textured surfaces may also be utilized to manage the direction of flow of water along the flap. 
     The peripheral shape of flap  33  is similar to that shown in  FIG. 10 , as well as that shown in  FIG. 15( a ) . Flap  33  includes a transom indentation  79  a cross-spray protrusion  81 . The transom indentation allows for the flap to be positioned immediately adjacent to the hull such that a minimal gap exists between the transom and the flap, and thus promoting a smooth flow of water along the hull and along the flap. One will appreciate that the actual size and shape of the transom indentation may vary to accommodate for a wide variety of hulls. The cross-spray protrusion is provided to reduce the amount of water at the water line that is inadvertently kicked up in the form of cross-spray, thus reducing the amount of cross-spray formed by deployment of the flaps. 
     In various embodiments, the flaps may be planar or non-planar. For example,  FIG. 15( b )  shows a convexly-flared flap  33 , which allows water flow along the outer surface of the flap that gently trails in towards the hull centerline, while  FIG. 15( c )  shows a concave flap  33 , that allows water flow along the outer surface of the flap to be further redirected outward away from the centerline of the hull. One will appreciate that curved flap may effectively extend or otherwise adjust the range of deployment allowing for the use of variously sized actuators. For example, concave flaps may effectively extend the range of deployment such that smaller displacement actuators may be used. Furthermore, convex flaps may reduce face friction, promote laminar flow, or otherwise enhance or modify the wake. 
     One will appreciate that other flap shapes and configurations may also be utilized in accordance with the present invention, including, but not limited to, oval shaped flaps, other polygonal shapes, perforate surfaces, patterned surfaces, and etc. One will also appreciate that the flaps may be replaceable and interchangeable such that a user may replace flaps of one type with flaps of another type in order to further customize the performance of the surf wake system. Alternatively, supplemental “bolt-on” shapes may be provided which can be attached to an existing flap to further modify its overall shape. 
     In various embodiments, upper surfaces of the swim platform may be hinged to facilitate the flow of water past the swim platform. Conventional swim platforms generally impede waveform by suppressing water flow on surf side when boat is rolled to the same side. As shown in  FIG. 16( a )  and  FIG. 16( b ) , swim platform  70  may be provided with hinged surfaces  82  which are configured to pivot up and away from flow of water as respective side of the swim platform approaches the waterline. The hinged surfaces are designed to allow only upward movement from the resting plan of the swim platform. As shown in  FIG. 16( b ) , hinged surface  82  is configured to allow water forces to push the hinged portion up and away from the flow of water creating the resulting surf wave. In the illustrated embodiment, hinged surface  82  is pivotally attached to a fixed main portion  84 , whereby the hinged surface may pivot up and not impede waveform. In the illustrated embodiment, the hinged surface is pivotally attached to the fixed main portion by a hinge, however, one will appreciate that other suitable means may be utilized to allow the hinged portion to flex upwardly. One will appreciate that swim platform  70  and hinged surfaces  82  may be used in conjunction or separate from the surf wake system of the present invention. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, surf wake system  32  is similar to the systems described above but includes flaps  33  that are mounted on the side of the hull instead of the transom, as shown in  FIG. 17 . In this embodiment, the actuators are mounted on an appropriate section of the hull to effect deployment from a neutral position, as illustrated by flap  33   p , to an extended deployed position, as illustrated by flap  33   s . In a manner similar to the systems described above, deploying a flap will disrupt the flow of water along the side of the hull past the transom such that the flow of water is redirected outwardly and/or rearwardly to facilitate constructive interference of converging waves in a manner that is described above with respect to  FIG. 13( b )  and  FIG. 13( c ) . 
     One will appreciate that the various flap and actuator configurations described above may be utilized with a hull-side configuration. 
     In still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, surf wake system  32  is similar to the systems described above but includes flaps  33  that are mounted to extend rearward of transom  35 , as shown in  FIG. 18 . Flaps may be mounted to slide along a track assembly  86  mounted on the side of the hull, or alternatively, may be configured to extend directly outwardly from the hull. In this embodiment, actuators (not shown) are mounted on an appropriate section of the hull or track assembly to effect deployment from a neutral position, as illustrated by flap  33   p , to an extended deployed position, as illustrated by flap  33   s . In a manner similar to the systems described above, deploying a flap will disrupt the flow of water along the side of the hull past the transom such that the flow of water is redirected rearwardly to facilitate constructive interference of converging waves in a manner that is described above with respect to  FIG. 13( b )  and  FIG. 13( c ) . 
     One will appreciate that the various flap and actuator configurations described above may also be utilized with such a retractable flap configuration. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 19-21 , in some embodiments, a wake shaping system  100  can be configured to use removable and/or interchangeable water diverters  102   a - d , which can have different sizes, different shapes, or other different configurations.  FIGS. 19-21  are partial views of the wake shaping system  100 , and show example embodiments of port-side water diverting elements. Although not shown in  FIG. 19-21 , the wake shaping system  100  can include similar starboard-side water diverting elements. The wake shaping system  100  can include one or more actuators  104  configured to selectively position the water diverters  102   a - d . The one or more actuators  104  can include an electric motor, a hydraulic motor, a pneumatic motor, or other mechanism suitable to move the water diverters  102   a - d . The actuators  104 , the water diverters  102   a - d , and various other elements of the wake shaping system  100  can be similar to, or the same as, corresponding elements in various other embodiments disclosed herein, and various features described in connection with the other embodiments can be incorporated into the wake shaping system  100  even when not specifically described in connection with  FIG. 19-21 . 
     The system  100  can include a coupling member  106  that is configured to couple the removable water diverters  102   a - d  to the actuator  104  and/or to the boat  108  (e.g., to the transom of side portion thereof). The coupling member  104  can be attached to the boat  108  by a joint or other mechanism that enables the coupling member  104  to move with respect to the boat  108 . For example, the coupling member  106  can be pivotally coupled to the boat  108  (e.g., by joint  110 ) so that the coupling member  106  can pivot between two or more positions that are configured to modify wake shape. The coupling member  106  can slidably be coupled to the boat  108 , such that the coupling member  106  can slide (e.g., in a direction that is generally transverse to the longitudinal axis, generally parallel to the longitudinal axis, or any angle therebetween) between two or more position that are configured to modify wake shape. The coupling member  105  can be coupled to the actuator  104  such that the actuator  104  can selectively position the coupling member,  106  as described herein. The coupling member  106  can be permanently or semi-permanently attached to the boat  108  and/or to the actuator  104  (e.g., using screws, bolts, rivets, or other suitable fasteners). For example, in some embodiments, the coupling member  106  can disassembled from the boat  108  and/or actuator  104  (e.g., for repair), but the coupling member  106  is not removably by a user during normal operation of the wake shaping system  100 . 
     The coupling member  106  can be configured to removably receive a water diverter  102   a - d .  FIG. 19  shows a port-side coupling member  106  with a water diverter  102   a  attached thereto.  FIG. 20  shows the port-side coupling member  106  with no water diverter attached thereto. In some embodiments, the coupling member  106  can be used as a water diverter (e.g., of relatively small size) without any additional water diverter  102   a - d  attached thereto.  FIG. 21  shows four example water diverters  102   a - d  that can each be removably attached to the coupling member  106 . The water diverters  102   a - d  can have different sizes, different shapes, or other different configurations configured to affect wake shape in different ways. For example, the water diverter  102   b  can include ridges or channels  112  (e.g., similar to the embodiments discussed in connection with  FIGS. 14( a ) and 14( b ) . For ease of illustration, the water diverter  102   b  is shown oriented differently than the water diverters  102   a ,  102   c , and  102   d , such that the outboard side of the water diverter  102   b  is visible. As another example, the water diverter  102   c  can be taller than the water diverter  102   a . As yet another example, the water diverter  102   d  is longer than the water diverter  102   a . Many other variations are possible. The different water diverters  102   a - d  can be configured to divert water in different manners, e.g., to achieve different wake shaping effects. For example, different water diverters  102   a - d  can be used depending on the desired wake size, the desired wake steepness, the desired wake position, the rider&#39;s weight, age, or skill level, the depth of the water, etc. 
     The water diverters  102   a - d  and/or the coupling member  106  can include one or more coupling mechanisms  114  configured to removably attach a water diverter  102   a - d  to the coupling member  106 . For example, a sliding engagement mechanism  114  can be disposed on an inboard side of the water diverters  102   a - d , and a corresponding mechanism (hidden from view in  FIG. 21 ) can be configured to engage the sliding engagement mechanisms  114  of the water diverters  102   a - d  to secure a water diverter  102   a - d  to the coupling member  106 . Many other types of coupling mechanisms  114  can be used, such as clamps, snaps, friction-fit elements, or any other suitable mechanism that can enable a user to remove one water diverter  102   a - d  and replace it with a different water diverter  102   a - d  during normal operation of the wake shaping system  100 . 
     Some embodiments can include water diverters that include removable portions. For example, a water diverter  102  can include a coupling mechanism that is configured to removably receive a supplemental portion (e.g., an extension portion) that changes the size and/or shape of the water diverter  102 . For example, the supplemental portion can be added to make the water diverter  102  taller or longer, etc. to modify the wake produced by the boat. In some configurations, both the main water diverter portion and the supplemental portion can be configured to divert water when deployed. 
     In some embodiments, the wake shaping system  100  can include a controller  120  that can adjust various features on the boat  108  based on various factors or inputs to achieve a desired wake condition, as discussed herein. In some embodiments, the controller  120  can adjust one or more actuators  104  (e.g., to position the water diverters  102   a - d ) differently depending on the type of interchangeable water diverter  102   a - d  that is coupled thereto. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a memory can store an indication of the type of water diverter  102   a - d  that is being used. A user input device can enable a user to input the indication of the type of water diverter  102   a - d.    
     In some embodiments, the wake shaping system  100  can be configured to automatically change the indication of the type of water diverter being used in response to an interchange of the water diverters  102   a - d . The wake shaping system  100  can be configured to detect the type of water diverter  102   a - d  that is attached thereto. For example, the water diverters  102   a - d  can include an indicator element  116  that is different for the different types of water diverters  102   a - d . The coupling member  106  can be configured to detect what type of water diverter  102   a - d  is attached thereto based at least in part on the indicator element  116 . For example, the indicator element  116  can include a pin or protrusion that can be positioned at a different location on different types of water diverters  102   a - d . The coupling member  106  can detect the location of the pin or protrusion (e.g., with a series of buttons or a pressure sensor). An indication of the type of water diverter  102   a - d  can be transferred (e.g., from coupling member  106 ) to the controller  120 , such as using a cable or a wireless communication link. Many variations are possible. For example, in some embodiments, the indicator element  116  can be a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, and the system  100  can be configured to detect what water diverter  102   a - d  is being used by the RFID tags therein. 
     In some embodiments, the wake control system  100  can be configured to provide a notification to a rider that depends, at least in part on the positions of the water diverters  102 . For example the rider notification can be an indication of which side of the wake is currently adapted for surfing, a notification that the surf wake is changing from one side to the other, a notification that the surf wake will soon change from one side to the other, an indication of a current wake property (e.g., height, steepness, etc.), a notification that a wake property is changing or is about to change, etc. A controller  120  can be configured to provide a signal to one or more rider notification elements  122  that are configured to provide the notification to the rider (e.g., a wakesurfer riding the wake of the boat  108 ). The rider notification elements  122  can be positioned at or near the transom of the boat  108  such that they are visible to a rider, although other positions are possible (e.g., on a wake tower). In some embodiments, the controller  120  can send a notification (e.g., by a wireless communication link) to a remote notification device, which can be worn by the rider (e.g., on the wrist), located on the wake surfboard, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the system  100  can include a port notification element  122   a  and a starboard notification element  122   b , as shown, for example in  FIG. 22 . The port and starboard notification elements  122   a  and  122   b  can include one or more lights. As shown in  FIG. 22 , for example, the system  100  can include a port notification light  122   a  and a starboard notification light  122   b , and the controller  120  can operate the lights  122   a  and  122   b  to provide notifications to the rider. For example, if the wake shaping system  100  is configured to provide a port-side surfing wake, the port notification light  122   a  can be illuminated and the starboard notification light  122   b  can be off (or vice versa). In some embodiments, both the port notification light  122   a  and the starboard notification light  122   b  (or neither) is be illuminated while the water diverters  102  change the side of the wake that is adapted for surfing from one side to the other. In some embodiments, one or both of the port indicator light  122   a  and the starboard indicator light  122   b  can flash to indicate that the water diverters  102  will soon change the side of the wake that is adapted for surfing from one side to the other. For example, if the controller  120  receives an instruction to change the side of the surf wake (e.g., from the driver via a user interface  142  or from instructions stored in memory  124 ), the controller  120  can wait for a delay period before making the change, and the controller can provide a notification of the upcoming change to the rider during some or all of the period of delay (e.g., for about 2 seconds to about 10 seconds prior to the start of the transition). Many variations are possible. 
     As shown in  FIG. 23 , in some embodiments, the port notification element  122   a  can be configured to emit multiple colors of light (e.g., red, yellow, and green), such as from multiple light sources. Similarly, the starboard notification element  122   b  can be configured to emit multiple colors of light (e.g., red, yellow, and green), such as from multiple light sources. In some embodiments, a first color (e.g., green) can be emitted when the wake is adapted for surfing on the same side as the light. A second color (e.g., yellow) can be emitted when the surf wake is moving from one side to the other, or as an indication that the surf wake will soon move from one side to the other. A third color (e.g., red) can be emitted when the wake is adapted for surfing on the opposite side as the light. The colors can be used to provide information to the user regarding other wake properties. For example, a first color (e.g., green) can be emitted to indicate that the wake has a relatively low height or a relatively low steepness (e.g., a beginner wake). A second color (e.g., yellow) can be emitted to indicate that the wake has an intermediate height or an intermediate steepness (e.g., an intermediate wake). A third color (e.g., red) can be emitted to indicate that the wake has a relatively large height or is relatively steep (e.g., an advanced wave). An individual flashing color can be used to indicate that the wake properties are changing, or are about to change. The lights on one side  122   a  or  122   b  can be all off to indicate that the wake is adapted for surfing on the side of the boat  108  opposite the lights that are off. In some embodiments, the lights on both sides can be turned on, or off, or can flash to indicate that the surf wake is changing from one side to the other or that the surf wake will soon change from one side to the other. For example, lights on both sides can flash to notify the rider that the surf wake will soon change sides. The rate at which the lights flash can indicate how long before the transition will start. For example a faster rate of flashing can indicate that the transition will start relatively soon (e.g., within 1 second or less), and a slower rate of flashing can indicate more time (e.g., about 3 seconds or more) until the transition will start. During the transition of the surf wake from one side to the other (e.g., during actuation of the water diverters  102 ), one or more lights on both sides can be turned on. Many variations are possible. 
     With reference to  FIG. 24 , the rider notification element  122  can include a graphical slide  122  that can be configured to provide a notification based on the position of one or both of the water diverters  102 . For example, the graphical slide  122  can indicate where one or both of the water diverters  102  is positioned between the fully deployed and the fully retracted positions. Thus, a slide indication that is somewhat to the right (as shown in  FIG. 24 ) can indicate that the starboard side of the wake is adapted for surfing and that the at least one water diverter implanting the starboard-side surf wake is not fully deployed. 
     In some embodiments, the rider notification element  122  can include a display, such as an alpha-numeric display or a graphical display. The display  122  can be configured to display the rider notification, e.g., either as test or as a graphical image. The display  122  can display other information to the rider, such as an identification of a trick to be performed, boat speed, ballast information, a score awarded during a competition, etc. 
     Although some examples have been given, it will be understood that many different types of rider notification elements can be used. For example, the rider notification element can include an audio speaker, and the controller  120  can be configured to play audio notifications for the rider. In some embodiments, the rider notification element can be a single light source. For example, the light can be off when the parameters of the surf wake are static. The light can turn on or flash as a notification that the surf wake is changing sides or is about to change sides. 
     In some embodiments, the wake shaping system  100  can be configured to execute a predetermined sequence of wake shaping operations. The same predetermined sequence of wake shaping operations can be performed multiple times in order to provide a preset run for use during a wakesurfing competition. Also the same predetermined sequence of wake shaping operations can be performed multiple times in order to provide a consistent environment for a rider to learn or practice particular maneuvers or tricks. For example, when a rider is learning the maneuver of transitioning from one side of the wake to the other, the rider can have more success if the surf wake moves from one side to the other in the same manner each time the rider attempts the maneuver. 
     With reference to  FIG. 26 , the wake shaping system  100  can include a memory  124  that stores one or more sets of wake shaping operations (e.g., as one or more preset runs). A user interface  142  (e.g., on the boat  108 ) can allow a user (e.g., a driver, a competition judge, etc.) to select a preset run to be delivered to the controller  120 . The user interface  142  can also allow a user to adjust the parameters of a preset run or define new preset runs. For example, a set of wake shaping operations can include a first type of port-side surf wake for 30 seconds, then a second type of port-side surf wake for 14 seconds, then a transition from a port-side surf wake to a starboard-side surf wake lasting 2 seconds, then a first type of starboard-side surf wake for 30 seconds, and ending with a second type of starboard-side surf wake for 14 seconds. This example would provide a 1.5 minute long preset run that can be used to allow multiple riders to compete in a run that is dynamic and exciting to observe, while also being consistent across each execution of the run, thereby enabling an exciting and fair competing environment. Many variations are possible, and many types of preset runs can be used (e.g., stored in memory  124 ). The preset run can last for a relatively short time (e.g., about 5 to about 30 seconds) or for relatively long times (e.g., about 5 minutes to 30 minutes). The preset run can include two or more wake shaping operations, wherein the second wake shaping operation is to be performed at a later time than the first wake shaping operation. Additional wake shaping operations can be included and can be performed at times later than the first and second operations. For example, 5, 10, 20, or more wake shaping operations can be included in a single preset run. In some embodiments, the operations can be configured to effect gradual changes in the wake shaping features, and the effects of the different operations can overlap each other, in some instances. In some cases, the wake shaping operations can be distinct from each other, in that one operation is configured to create a wake type independent from the other operations of the preset run. 
     The controller  120  can receive instructions (e.g., from memory  124 , from a user interface  142 , or via a communication interface  126  from a remote device (e.g., a remote computer or mobile device such as a phone or tablet)) corresponding to the sequence of wake shaping operations, and the controller  120  can implement the wake shaping operations by adjusting one or more wake shaping features on the boat  108 . Example wake shaping features include, by way of example, water diverters  102  (which can be configured to control which side of the wake is adapted for surfing and/or other surf wake properties), ballast tanks  128 , boat speed, one or more wake-modifying devices  130  (e.g., the Power Wedge discussed above), one or more trim tabs (not shown in  FIG. 26 ), etc. These wake shaping features can be used in various different combinations of settings to achieve surf wakes of various different types. In some embodiments, the controller  120  can receive instructions that specify the settings for the various wake shaping features that correspond to desired sequence of surf wakes, and the controller can implement the desired sequence of surf wakes by applying the specified settings to the various wake shaping features. 
     In some embodiments, the controller  120  can receive instructions that include a sequence of desired surf wake types (e.g., as mentioned in the example above). The controller  120  can be configured to determine what settings should be applied at what times to the various wake shaping features to achieve the specified sequence of surf wake types. In some embodiments, the controller  120  can consider factors specific to the boat  108  when determining how to implement the specified sequence of surf wake types. For example, controller  120  can consider the type of water diverters  102  (especially for systems that include interchangeable water diverters), the weight in the boat (dynamic ballast), the distribution of weight in the boat  108 , the hull shape and/or boat model, the depth of the water, etc. (e.g., which information can be entered by a user via the user interface or can be received from sensors or from a remote source via the communication interface  126 ). Accordingly, a preset sequence of wake shaping operations can be consistently applied by different boats, or by the same boat at different times, by using a controller that is configured to determine the settings for implementing the desired surf wake types. 
     In some embodiments, the system  100  can include one or more rider notification elements  122 , as discussed above. The rider notification element  122  can notify a rider of upcoming changes in the surf wake type, of a type of preset run, a score, etc. The rider notification element  122 , or other features similar to thereto, can also be used provide information to observers of a wakesurfing competition, so that observers are informed of the dynamic setting of the competition. 
     In some embodiments, the wake shaping system  100  can be configured to allow a rider  132  to control the surf wake. For example, the controller  120  can be configured to receive instructions from a rider control device  134  via a communication interface  126 . The system  100  can include a rider control device  134  that is configured to send instructions to the controller  120  via a communication interface  136 . The communication interfaces  126  and  136  can communicate, for example, via a wireless communication link such as by Bluetooth, WiFi, or via other suitable communication protocol. The user control device  134  can include a user interface  140  configured to receive input from the rider  132 . The user control device  134  can include a memory  141  that can store input from the rider  132  or various other information discussed herein. The rider control device  134  can include a controller  138  which can be configured to handle the transfer of data between the user interface  140 , the memory  141 , and the communication interface  136  of the rider control device  134 . In some embodiments, the controller  138  can perform various determinations discussed herein. For example, various determinations that are discussed as being performed by the controller  120  can be performed instead by the controller  138  on the rider control device  134 . Various determinations can also be made by an outside controller (e.g., on a remote computer or a mobile device such as a phone or tablet) and results of the determinations can be received by one or both of the communication interfaces  126  and  136 . 
     In some embodiments, the rider control device  134  can be buoyant such that it floats in water (e.g., if it becomes separated from the rider  132 ). The rider control device  134  can be wearable device that is configured to worn on the rider&#39;s body, for example as an arm band, watch, necklace, hat, hood, etc. The rider control device  134  can be a fob or a handheld device, in some embodiments. The rider control device  134  be attached to, or integrated into, a wake surfboard. The rider control device  134  can be attached to or integrated into a tow rope handle. Many other configurations are possible. 
     The rider control device  134  can be configured to allow a rider  132  to change settings of one or more of the wake shaping features on the boat  108 , such as the water diverters  102  (which can be configured to control which side of the wake is adapted for surfing and/or other surf wake properties), one or more ballast tanks  128 , boat speed, one or more wake-modifying devices  130  (e.g., the Power Wedge discussed above), one or more trim tabs (not shown in  FIG. 26 ), etc. The settings can be adjusted individually, and the settings can also be adjusted together, e.g., by selecting a preset configuration. The user interface  140  can enable the rider  132  to input information, such as the rider&#39;s height, weight, and skill level, selection of a preset rider profile, board type or dimensions (e.g., length, volume, rocker, etc.), dynamic ballast information (e.g., amount of weight in boat  108  and distribution of weight in the boat  108 ), the type of water diverters  102  being used, etc. Various selections and operations that are discussed as being performed on the user interface  140  can be performed on the user interface  142  on the boat  108 , and vice versa. For example, the rider  132  can select, modify, or define preset runs that can be stored in the memory  141  or in the memory  124 . The rider control device  134  can allow a rider  132  to control various settings on the fly, while riding the surf wake. For example, a rider  132  may push a button (or otherwise provide input) corresponding to a maneuver that is associated with a particular surf wake type, and the system  100  can be configured to adjust the settings of the wake shaping features to achieve the desired surf wake type. The rider control device  134  can enable a rider  132  to input a command to change the surf wake from one side to the other, which can give the rider  132  better control over the wake surfing experience. For example when attempting a maneuver that involves transitioning from one side of the boat to the other, the rider  132  can send the command to change sides when the rider  132  is ready to perform the maneuver, instead of having to depend on input from a driver or other user which may come at a time when the rider  132  is not prepared to attempt the maneuver. 
     The rider control device  134  can include the rider notification elements  122  discussed herein. Accordingly the rider control device  134  can be used to receive input from the rider  132  and to output information to the rider  132 , e.g., by sound or visually. For example the rider control device  134  can include a display (e.g., a touchscreen). 
     In some embodiments, the system can be configured to enable the driver to disable the rider control device  134 . For example, if the driver wants to have control over the boat  108  independent of the rider commands (e.g., so that rider commands do not affect the boat steering), the diver can provide an input to the user interface  142  to disable the rider control device  134 , or to ignore commands received therefrom. The user interface  142  on the boat  108  can be configured to receive a command (e.g., from the driver) to disable or ignore the rider control device  134 . The controller  120  can be configured to disable or ignore the rider control device  134  in response to the command (e.g., from the driver). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface  142  on the boat  108  can be configured to provide a notification to the driver based on input received from the rider control device  134 . For example, if a rider  132  sends a command to change the surf wake from one side to the other, a visual or audio notification can be issued to the driver via the user interface  142 . This can alert the driver to adjust the steering of the boat  108  to compensate for the change in the water diverters  102 . The system  100  can be configured to notify the driver of changes made by the rider  132  to settings on other wake shaping features as well, especially for changes that may affect the steering of the boat  108 . 
     Allowing the rider  132  to control the wake can be advantageous for certain competitive settings. For example, in a freestyle competition a competitor may have the freedom to select various different combinations of wake surf types, which can allow for unique and creative combinations of maneuvers and tricks (which can provide improved entertainment to observers of the competition). Thus, in a freestyle competition, the competitors can be scored partially on the creativity and dynamic nature of the run selected (or input on the fly) by the competitor. The increased freedom afforded by the user control device  134  can also improve the wakesurfing experience in casual and practice settings. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 28 and 29 , tin some embodiments, the swim platform  150  can be movable (e.g., pivotable) with respect to the boat  108 , such that the swim platform  150  can be moved to a raised position to reduce the effect of the swim platform  150  on the wake. For example, the swim platform  150  can be coupled to the boat  108  (e.g., to the transom) by a joint  152  that enables the swim platform  150  to move between a neutral position (e.g., shown in  FIG. 28 ) and a raised position (e.g., shown in  FIG. 29 ). In some embodiments, an actuator  154  can be configured to move the swim platform between the neutral and raised positions. The actuator  154  can include an electric motor, a hydraulic motor, a pneumatic motor, or any other suitable mechanism for actuating the swim platform  150 . In some embodiments, the actuator  154  can be coupled to the boat  108  (e.g., to the transom at a location below the swim platform  150 ) by a joint  156  that allows the actuator  154  to pivot with respect to the boat  108  (e.g., to accommodate a change in the position of the actuator  154  (e.g., the angle between the actuator  154  and the boat  108 ) as the swim platform  150  moves). Similarly, the actuator  154  can be coupled to the swim platform  150  (e.g., to the underside or edges thereof) by a joint  158  that allows the actuator  154  to move (e.g., pivot) with respect to the swim platform  150 . 
     In some embodiments, the actuator  154  can be in communication with the controller  120  and can be configured to move the swim platform in response to instructions received from the controller  120 . For example, a user can provide a command (e.g., via the user interface  140  or  142 ) to raise or lower the swim platform. In some embodiments, the swim platform  150  can automatically raise when the boat  108  goes above a predetermined speed (e.g., about 7 mph) and/or can automatically lower when the speed of the boat  108  goes below a predetermined speed (e.g., about 7 mph). 
     In some embodiments, the system  100  can be configured such that the swim platform  150  will not move (e.g., from the raised to neutral position and/or from the neutral to the raised position) when the boat speed is below a threshold value (e.g., about 5 mph). Also, in some embodiments, the system  100  can monitor the resistance on the actuator  154  as it moves the swim platform  150 , and the controller  120  can stop (or reverse) movement of the swim platform  150  if the resistance goes above a threshold value. The threshold value can correspond to a force that is low enough that it would not injure a person&#39;s body portion (e.g., a child&#39;s leg) if it were to be caught by the swim platform  15 , and that is high enough to move the swim platform  150  between the neutral and raised positions. For example, the threshold value can correspond to a force between about 3 lbs. and about 200 lbs., between about 5 lbs. and about 100 lbs., between about 10 lbs. and about 50 lbs., between about 20 lbs. and about 40 lbs., or between about 25 lbs. and about 35 lbs., although values outside these ranges can used. The system can be configured to monitor a signal (e.g., power, amperage, etc.) provided to the actuator  154  to determine whether stop (or reverse) movement of the swim platform  150 . For example, the threshold value can be between about 3 amps and about 12 amps, between about 4 amps and about 10 amps, between about 6 amps and about 8 amps, or about 6.5 amps, although the threshold value can be outside these ranges in some embodiments. Similarly, in some embodiments, system  100  can be configured such that the water diverters  102  will not move (e.g., from the neutral position to the deployed position and/or from the deployed position to the neutral position) when the boat speed is below a threshold value (e.g., about 5 mph). Also, in some embodiments, the system  100  can monitor the resistance on the one or more actuators  104  as they move the water diverter(s)  102 , and the controller  120  can stop (or reverse) movement of the water diverter(s)  102  if the resistance goes above a threshold value. The threshold value can correspond to a force that is low enough that it would not injure a person&#39;s body portion (e.g., a child&#39;s leg) if it were to be caught by the water diverter  102 , and that is high enough to move the water diverter  102  between positions. For example, the threshold value can correspond to a force between about 3 lbs. and about 200 lbs., between about 5 lbs. and about 100 lbs., between about 10 lbs. and about 50 lbs., between about 20 lbs. and about 40 lbs., or between about 25 lbs. and about 35 lbs., although values outside these ranges can used. The system can be configured to monitor a signal (e.g., power, amperage, etc.) provided to the actuator  104  to determine whether stop (or reverse) movement of the water diverter  102 . For example, the threshold value can be between about 3 amps and about 12 amps, between about 4 amps and about 10 amps, between about 6 amps and about 8 amps, or about 6.5 amps, although the threshold value can be outside these ranges in some embodiments. 
     With reference again to  FIGS. 28 and 29 , in some embodiments, the swim step  150  can be manually movable between the neutral and raised positions. For example a locking mechanism can be include (e.g., on the joint  152 ) that is configured to lock the swim platform  150  in the neutral and/or raised positions. A release mechanism (e.g., on the joint  152 ) can enable a user to release the swim platform  150  from the locked state so that it can be moved. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism and release mechanism can be incorporate together as a single mechanism (e.g., on the joint  152 ). In some embodiments, the swim platform  150  can be positioned (e.g., locked) at one or more of intermediate positions (or can be infinitely positionable between the raised and neutral positions), either by the actuator  154  or by the locking and release mechanism(s). In some embodiments, a spring or shock can be used to facilitate movement of the swim platform  150  between positions. 
     In some embodiments, the swim platform  150  can be configured to redirect water to improve wake shape. For example, in some embodiments, instead of raising the swim platform  150  to reduce its effect on the wake (as discussed in connection with  FIGS. 28  and  29 ), a water redirecting mechanism (not shown) can be coupled to the swim platform  150  (e.g., on the underside thereof) or can be positioned under the swim platform  150  (e.g., coupled to the boat  108 ). The water redirecting mechanism can be configured to redirect water (e.g., water that would otherwise hit the swim platform  150 ) into the wake produced by the boat  108 , thereby improving wake shape and/or size. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface  140  or  142  can be configured to display fuel efficiency information. Some wake shaping features can cause reduced fuel efficiency when used. Accordingly, the system  100  can provide the user with information to enable to the user to decide whether to disable features that reduce fuel efficiency, or to adjust those features to a setting that provides acceptable fuel efficiency. In some embodiments, the controller  120  can be configured to consider fuel efficiency when adjusting the wake shaping features to achieve a specified wake type. In some embodiments, the user interface  142  can allow a user to specify a priority level for fuel efficiency. For example if the priority level is set to a low value, the controller  120  can give low priority to improving fuel efficiency, and if a high priority level is specified by the user the controller  120  can give higher priority to improving fuel efficiency. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface  140  or  142  can be configured to receive input from a user for feedback regarding wake quality. For example, a user can specify a quality value for the wake created by the boat  108  under its current settings. The controller  120  store the user feedback (e.g., in memory  124 ) and can take the user&#39;s prior feedback into account when determining the settings to use for the wake shaping features. Thus, the controller  120  can be configured to “learn” a user&#39;s preferences and use those preferences to improve wake shape (e.g., for a particular rider). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface  142  can include a joystick configured to receive input (e.g., from the driver) for controlling the wake shaping features. The joystick can allow for various buttons or other user input elements to be readily available to a user&#39;s hand. Thus, if the joystick is configured to steer the boat  108  (e.g., in some embodiments, no steering wheel is used), the wake shaping input controls can be readily available to the driver&#39;s hand even while the drier operates the steering mechanism (e.g., joystick). Also a joystick can have improved water resistance and/or improved resilience as compared to some user input devices (e.g., a touchscreen). The wake shaping system  100  disclosed herein includes various features applicable to improving the shape of a wake (e.g., for wake surfing). Various wake shaping features described herein can operate in concert to achieve various different wake types. The wake shaping system  100  can provide a wide range of user freedom and control to achieve optimal wake shape and size for a wide variety of uses. 
     For convenience in explanation and accurate definition in the appended claims, the terms “inward” and “outward”, “inboard” and “outboard”, and etc. are used to describe features of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the positions of such features as displayed in the figures. 
     The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.