Patent Publication Number: US-10772507-B2

Title: Systems, devices and methods for monitoring breastfeeding

Description:
If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the filing date of this application, it is incorporated by reference herein. Any applications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 119, 120, 121, or 365(c), and any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of such applications, are also incorporated by reference, including any priority claims made in those applications and any material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC § 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)). 
     PRIORITY APPLICATIONS 
     None 
     If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that appears in the Domestic Benefit/National Stage Information section of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of this application. 
     All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any and all applications related to the Priority Applications by priority claims (directly or indirectly), including any priority claims made and subject matter incorporated by reference therein as of the filing date of the instant application, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an embodiment, a wearable breast monitor includes, but is not limited to, a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; at least one light source operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers; a reporting device; and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated breast volume delta value. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects of a wearable breast monitor are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a breast monitoring system includes, but is not limited to, a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; at least one light source operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers; a reporting device; and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated breast volume delta value. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a breast monitoring system includes, but is not limited to, a wearable breast monitor including a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject, one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable, at least one light source operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers; and a transmission unit including an antenna and operably coupled to the at least one photodetector, the transmission unit configured to transmit signals, the transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector; and a computing device including a receiver and a microprocessor with circuitry, the circuitry including input circuitry configured to receive a first set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor, and receive at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of transmitted signals and the received at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor, and to calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a method for monitoring breastfeeding includes, but is not limited to, measuring a curvature of a breast during a breastfeeding event at a first time point and at at least one second time point with one or more optical fibers associated with a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor; calculating a change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event between the first time point and the at least one second time point; correlating the calculated change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event with a volume of milk expressed between the first time point and the at least one second time point; and reporting the volume of milk expressed during the breastfeeding event between the first time point and the at least one second time point to a user. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a method for monitoring breastfeeding includes, but is not limited to, receiving a first set of signals at a first time point from at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from one or more optical fibers associated with a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor; receiving at least one second set of signals at at least one second time point from the at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor; calculating a curvature delta value based on comparing the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals; calculating a breast volume delta from the calculated curvature delta value; and transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta to a reporting device. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a breast monitoring system includes, but is not limited to, a breast sensor device including a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; and at least one connector operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one light source configured to operably couple with a first end of the one or more optical fibers of the breast sensor device through the at least one connector; at least one photodetector configured to operably couple with a second end of the one or more optical fibers of the breast sensor device through the at least one connector, the at least one photodetector positioned to detect light transmission through at least one of the one or more optical fibers from the at least one light source; a reporting device; and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated breast volume delta value. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment, a breast sensor device includes, but is not limited to, a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; and at least one connector operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers. In addition to the foregoing, other device aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing aspects of a wearable breast monitor such as depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 5A  is a frontal view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 5B  is a side view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 6A  is a frontal view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 6B  is a side view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 7A  is a frontal view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 7B  is a side view of an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor on a breast. 
         FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 9  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 10  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor associated with a brassiere. 
         FIG. 11  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor associated with a nursing bra. 
         FIG. 12  shows an embodiment of an optical fiber pattern on a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 13  shows an embodiment of an optical fiber pattern on a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 14  shows an embodiment of an optical fiber pattern on a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 15  shows an embodiment of an optical fiber pattern on a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 16  shows an embodiment of an optical fiber pattern on a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. 
         FIG. 17  shows calculations related to determining breast volume deltas from curvature deltas. 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram of an embodiment of breast monitoring system. 
         FIG. 19  is a block diagram of an embodiment of breast monitoring system. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment of a breast monitoring system. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates an embodiment of a breast monitoring system. 
         FIG. 22  shows a block diagram of a method for monitoring breastfeeding. 
         FIG. 23  shows a block diagram of a method for monitoring breastfeeding. 
         FIG. 24  shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates an embodiment of a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates an embodiment of a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 27  shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a breast monitoring system including a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates an embodiment of a breast monitoring system including a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates an embodiment of a breast monitoring system including a breast sensor device. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates an embodiment of a breast monitoring system including a breast sensor device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. 
     Described herein are systems, devices, and methods for monitoring breastfeeding. In an aspect, the systems, devices, and methods for monitoring breastfeeding include a device intended for application to a mammalian breast and including one or more optical fibers for use in measuring changes in the curvature of the breast before, during, and/or after a breastfeeding event. The changes in curvature can be correlated with changes in breast volume to calculate a volume of milk expressed from the breast during the breastfeeding event. 
     An optical fiber can act as a waveguide or “light guide,” guiding light introduced at one end of the guide through to the other end. The amount of light transmitted through the optical fiber is altered when the optical fiber is bent. For example, light rays entering the optical fiber within a cone defined by the numerical aperture correspond to rays that are incident at the core/cladding interface of a straight fiber at an angle larger than the critical angle and thus reflected, whereas rays having a smaller incident angle are refracted and escape from the fiber core. Fiber bending can cause a change in the incidence angle at the core-cladding interface, so even rays that are within the acceptance cone can be incident at the core/cladding interface with an angle smaller than the critical angle, and thus radiated with a reduction in the received power at the fiber end. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram illustrating non-limiting aspects of a wearable breast monitor for calculating changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event using optical fibers. Wearable breast monitor  100  includes flexible substrate  110 . Flexible substrate  110  is fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject. For example, the flexible substrate can include a flexible strip, flexible sheet, or garment fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours, i.e., the skin surface, of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a nursing mother. Wearable breast monitor  100  further includes one or more optical fibers  120  associated with the flexible substrate  110 . For example, the one or more optical fibers can be attached to, incorporated into, or woven into the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor. The one or more optical fibers  120  are dynamically bendable. For example, the one or more optical fibers are fabricated with materials that allow for dynamic bending and straightening as the volume and associated curvature of the breast changes during a breastfeeding event. Wearable breast monitor  100  further includes at least one light source  130  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  120 . For example, a light emitting diode can be positioned to transmit light into one end of the one or more optical fibers. Wearable breast monitor  100  further includes at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  120 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned at an end of the one or more optical fibers  120 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  is position along a length of the one or more optical fibers  120 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned to detect light transmitted through the one or more optical fibers  120 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned to detect light reflected from the one or more optical fibers  120 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned to detect light refracted from the one or more optical fibers  120 . Wearable breast monitor  100  further includes reporting device  150 . In some embodiments, reporting device  150  is configured to directly report information to a user, i.e., the subject wearing or using the wearable breast monitor. For example, an audio, haptic, or optical reporting device can be used to report information to a nursing mother before, during, or after a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the user is an individual (e.g., a healthcare provider or lactation consultant) monitoring a nursing mother and/or a nursing infant during a breastfeeding event. In some embodiments, reporting device  150  is configured to report information to an external device. For example, the reporting device can include a transmission unit and antenna for transmitting information to an external device, e.g., a smart phone. Wearable breast monitor  100  further includes microcontroller  160  including microprocessor  170  and circuitry  180 . Circuitry  180  includes input circuitry  182  configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 , and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least photodetector  140 . Circuitry  180  includes calculation circuitry  184  configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 , and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. Changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event can be correlated with a volume or an amount of milk expressed during the breastfeeding event. Circuitry  180  further includes reporting circuitry  186  configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  150  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates further aspects of a wearable breast monitor. Wearable breast monitor  100  includes a flexible substrate  110 . The flexible substrate is fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours (e.g., the skin surface) of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject. In an aspect, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor including the one or more optical fibers is sized to cover at least a portion of the superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, and/or inferomedial quadrants of the breast. In an aspect, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor is sized to cover at least a portion of the upper outer, upper inner, lower outer, and/or lower inner portions of the breast. In an aspect, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor is sized to cover the entirety of the breast. 
     The flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor can take any of a number of forms sized to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject. For example, the flexible substrate can take the form of one or more strips or patches having a rectangular, square, trapezoid, polygon, triangular, circular, or oval shape configured for placement on a skin surface of one or more breasts of a nursing mother. For example, the flexible substrate can take the form of a sleeve that fits over at least a portion of the breast. For example, the flexible substrate can take the form of a garment. 
     In some embodiments, flexible substrate  110  of wearable breast monitor  100  covers only a portion of the breast. In an embodiment, flexible substrate  110  is a flexible strip  200  fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor can include a flexible strip formed from a flexible material and configured for placement on the skin surface of a breast of a nursing mother. The flexible strip can take the form of a rectangular, square, trapezoid, polygon, triangular, circular, or oval shape configured for placement on or adherence to a skin surface of a breast. For example, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor can include a flexible strip sized for placement on at least a portion of the superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, and/or inferomedial quadrants of the breast. The flexible substrate can include a series of interconnected flexible strips sized for placement on the skin surface of the breast. The flexible substrate can include a long strip of flexible material sized to span from a medial edge to a lateral edge of the breast or from an upper edge to a lower edge of the breast. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate can include a long strip of flexible material sized to encircle a portion of the breast. In some embodiments, the flexible strip  200  is adhered to the surface of the breast with, e.g., a biocompatible, pressure sensitive adhesive. In some embodiments, flexible strip  200  is sized for placement between the external contours of the at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject and a brassiere. In some embodiments, the flexible strip  200  is attached to an inner surface of the brassiere. For example, a wearable breast monitor can include a flexible substrate that is a flexible strip sized to be worn on the inside surface of a nursing bra. 
     In some embodiments, flexible substrate  110  of wearable breast monitor  100  is a flexible sleeve  202  fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, the flexible substrate can include a flexible material, e.g., a stretchable fabric, knit, or mesh, sized to fit over a breast. In some embodiments, the flexible sleeve  202  is adhered to the surface of the breast. For example, the flexible sleeve can include a biocompatible, pressure sensitive adhesive to adhere the flexible sleeve to the surface of the breast. In some embodiments, flexible sleeve  202  is sized for placement between the external contours of the at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject and a brassiere. In some embodiments, the flexible sleeve  202  is attached to an inner surface of the brassiere. For example, the flexible sleeve forming the flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor can be sized to be worn on the inside surface of a brassiere or nursing bra. 
     In some embodiments, flexible substrate  110  is a flexible garment  204  fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. In an aspect, flexible garment  204  is a brassiere. For example, the flexible garment can include a standard bra, sports bra, or other form-fitting undergarment. In an aspect, flexible garment  204  is a nursing bra. For example, the flexible substrate can be a nursing bra into which the optical fibers, photodetectors, reporting device, and microcontroller have been incorporated to form the wearable breast monitor. In some embodiments, the flexible garment is fabricated in a range of sizes to accommodate a variety of cup and chest sizes. In some embodiments, the flexible garment is fabricated in a limited number of sizes and is configured to stretch to accommodate a variety of cup and chest sizes. Other non-limiting examples of flexible garments include form-fitting shirts, bustiers, camisoles, tube tops, and the like. 
     The flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor is at least one of bendable, stretchable, elastic, fitted, or form-fitting. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate is fabricated from a thin sheet of dynamically bendable material. For example, the flexible substrate can include a thin sheet of paper or other cellulose-based material. For example, the flexible substrate can include a metallic foil (e.g., stainless steel, molybdenum, or aluminum foils). For example, the flexible substrate can include a thin sheet of flexible plastic or polymer film formed from, for example, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), or polyimide (PI). 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate is fabricated from a fabric. Non-limiting examples of fabric include natural fabrics, e.g., cotton or wool, and synthetic fabrics, e.g., nylon, rayon, or polyester. For example, a flexible strip, sleeve, or garment can be formed from one or more natural and/or synthetic fabrics. In some embodiments, the fabric is a woven fabric, e.g., a loom woven or knit fabric. In some embodiments, the fabric is a nonwoven fabric, e.g., fabric-like material formed from long fibers bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat, or solvent treatment. Non-limiting examples include rayon, poly(ethylene terephthalate (PET), and polypropylene. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate is fabricated from a stretchable or elastomeric fabric. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate includes a stretchable fabric with 2-way stretch. In some embodiment, the flexible substrate includes a stretchable fabric with 4-way stretch. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate includes a material with stretch memory, e.g., a cotton, polyester, nylon blend. Non-limiting examples of stretchable fabric includes a knit fabric (e.g., cotton knit or cotton knit blend), synthetic polymer, spandex, elastane, lycra, nylon, polyester, polyurethane, or olefin fiber. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate is fabricated from a form-fitting material that substantially conforms to the external contours of the at least one portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, the flexible substrate can be formed from a form-fitting material that is a stretchable or elastomeric fabric, e.g., a knit fabric, synthetic polymer, spandex, elastane, lycra, nylon, polyester, polyurethane, or olefin fiber. For example, the flexible substrate can be formed from a form-fitting that conforms to the external contours of a breast, e.g., a “shrink-wrap” type material. In an aspect, only a portion of the flexible substrate includes a form-fitting material. For example, flexible garment, e.g., a brassiere, may include form-fitting material only in the cups of the brassiere. 
     In an aspect, at least a portion of the flexible substrate includes a soft fabric. In an aspect, at least one surface of the flexible substrate includes a soft fabric. For example, a portion of the flexible substrate intended to come in contact with a nursing infant (e.g., the nursing infant&#39;s cheek) can include a soft fabric or material compatible with the infant&#39;s skin. For example, the soft fabric can include a fleece, flannel, faux fur, soft cotton, satin, silk, and the like. 
       FIGS. 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6A, and 6B  show non-limiting examples of a wearable breast monitor having a flexible substrate that is a flexible strip.  FIG. 3  shows a non-limiting example of a wearable breast monitor  300  including flexible strip  310 . Wearable breast monitor  300  includes one or more optical fibers  320  associated with flexible strip  310 . Optical fibers  320  are dynamically bendable. In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers  320  are shown positioned parallel to one another. Wearable breast monitor  300  further includes at least one light source  130  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  320  and at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  320 . In this non-limiting example, the at least light source  130  is operably coupled at a first end of the one or more optical fibers and the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned to detect light reception at a second end of the one or more optical fibers  320 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  can be positioned somewhere along the length of the one or more optical fibers  320 . Wearable breast monitor  300  further includes reporting device  150  and microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 , and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 , and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  150  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. 
       FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor  400  including flexible substrate  410 . Wearable breast monitor  400  includes one or more optical fibers  420  associated with flexible strip  410 . Optical fibers  420  are dynamically bendable. In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers are shown forming a U-shape. Wearable breast monitor  400  further includes at least one light source  130  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  420  and at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  420 . In this non-limiting example, the at least light source  130  is operably coupled at a first end of the one or more optical fibers  420  forming the U-shape and the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned to detect light transmission at a second end of the one or more optical fibers  420  forming the U-shape. In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  140  can be positioned somewhere along the length of the one or more optical fibers  420 . Wearable breast monitor  400  further includes reporting device  150  and microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry configured to receive and process information from the at least one photodetector  140  to calculate a breast volume delta value and to transmit information to reporting device  150  based on the breast volume delta value. 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a non-limiting embodiment of a wearable breast monitor that includes a flexible substrate that is a single flexible strip.  FIG. 5A  shows a frontal view of wearable breast monitor  500  including flexible substrate  510  associated with a frontal view of a breast  520  including nipple  530 . Wearable breast monitor  500  further includes one or more optical fibers, at least one light source, at least one photodetector, a reporting device and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry. In this non-limiting example, wearable breast monitor  500  has a flexible substrate  510  positioned on breast  520  with one end in proximity to nipple  530  and a second end of positioned towards the lateral side of breast  520 . In some embodiments, wearable breast monitor  500  includes an adhesive on at least one surface configured to firmly adhere the device to the skin surface of breast  520 .  FIG. 5B  shows a side view of breast  520  with nipple  530 . Also shown is wearable breast monitor  500  including flexible substrate  510  positioned on the surface of breast  520 . 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  show a non-limiting embodiment of a wearable breast monitor that includes a flexible substrate that includes a radial pattern of flexible strips.  FIG. 6A  shows wearable breast monitor  600  including flexible substrate  610  associated with a frontal view of a breast  620  including nipple  630 . In this non-limiting example, wearable breast monitor  600  includes a cross-pattern of flexible strips that includes nipple access portion  615  defined by the flexible substrate  610  and includes an aperture sized to accommodate nipple  630  of breast  620 . The flexible substrate  610  of wearable breast monitor  600  radiates out from the nipple in several directions to allow measurement of changes in breast curvature during a breastfeeding event. Wearable breast monitor  600  further includes one or more optical fibers, at least one light source, at least one photodetector, a reporting device and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry. In some embodiments, wearable breast monitor  600  includes an adhesive on at least one surface configured to firmly adhere the device to the skin surface of breast  620 .  FIG. 6B  shows a side view of breast  620  with nipple  630 . Also shown is wearable breast monitor  600  with flexible substrate  610  and nipple access portion  615  positioned on the surface of breast  620 . 
     In some embodiments, flexible substrate  110  is a flexible sleeve fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, the flexible substrate can include a sleeve fabricated from flexible form-fitting material, e.g., a stretchable fabric, sized to fit over a breast, e.g., slipped onto or over the breast region of the subject.  FIGS. 7A, 7B, 8, and 9  show non-limiting embodiments of a wearable breast monitor.  FIGS. 7A and 7B  show a non-limiting example of a wearable breast monitor including a flexible substrate that is a flexible sleeve.  FIG. 7A  shows a frontal view of wearable breast monitor  700  including flexible substrate  710  associated with breast  720  including nipple  730 . Wearable breast monitor  700  further includes nipple access portion  715  defined by flexible substrate  710  and including an aperture to accommodate nipple  730 . Wearable breast monitor  700  further includes one or more optical fibers, at least one light source, at least one photodetector, a reporting device and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry. In this non-limiting example, wearable breast monitor  700  includes a flexible substrate  710  that is a flexible sleeve that fits snuggly around breast  720  and allows for access to nipple  730  through nipple access portion  715 .  FIG. 7B  shows a side view of breast  720  including nipple  730  and wearable breast monitor  700  attached to the breast surface and including flexible substrate  710  and nipple access portion  715 . In some embodiments, the flexible substrate  710  of wearable breast monitor  700  is adhered to the surface of breast  720 . In some embodiments, the flexible substrate  710  of wearable breast monitor  700  is sized for placement between the external contours of the breast  720  and a brassiere. For example, the flexible sleeve can be sized to be worn on the inside surface of a nursing bra. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate  710  of wearable breast monitor  700  is attached to an inner surface of the brassiere. 
       FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. In this non-limiting example, wearable breast monitor  800  includes flexible substrate  710  and nipple access portion  715 . Wearable breast monitor  800  further includes one or more optical fibers  820  associated with flexible substrate  710 , wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable. In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers  820  form a ring associated with the flexible substrate  710  with a first end operably coupled to at least one light source  130  and a second end in proximity to at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  820 . Wearable breast monitor  800  further includes reporting device  150  and microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, the circuitry including input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 , and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on the comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  150  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. 
       FIG. 9  shows an embodiment of a wearable breast monitor. Wearable breast monitor  900  includes flexible substrate  710  including nipple access portion  715 . Wearable breast monitor  900  further includes one or more optical fibers  920  associated with flexible substrate  710 . In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers  920  form multiple U-shapes on the flexible substrate  710  in which the optical fibers  920  loop back on themselves. Wearable breast monitor  900  further includes at least one light source  130  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  920  and at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  920 . In this non-limiting example, each of the U-shaped configurations of optical fibers  920  includes at least one light source  130  and at least one photodetector  140 . Wearable breast monitor  900  further includes reporting device  150  and microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry configured to receive and process information from the at least one photodetector  140  to calculate a breast volume delta value and to transmit information to reporting device  150  based on the breast volume delta value. 
     In an aspect, the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor includes an adhesive layer on at least one surface. In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor having a flexible substrate in the form of a strip or a sleeve is configured for reversible attachment to the skin surface of the at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate includes an adhesive layer on a surface of the flexible substrate intended to come in contact with the external contours of the at least a portion of the at least one of the one or more breasts of a subject. For example, the flexible substrate, e.g., a flexible strip, can include a biocompatible and reversible adhesive for temporarily adhering the flexible substrate to the surface of a breast of a nursing mother. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate includes an adhesive layer on a surface of the flexible substrate intended to come in contact with an inner surface of a brassiere. For example, the flexible substrate, e.g., a flexible sleeve, can include an adhesive for adhering the flexible substrate to the inner surface of a nursing bra. In an aspect, the adhesive is reusable. For example, the flexible substrate including the adhesive can be attached and removed from the surface of the breast of a nursing mother one or more times. For example, the flexible substrate including the adhesive can be attached and removed from the inner surface of a nursing bra one or more times. In an aspect, the flexible substrate includes an adhesive on a first surface of the flexible substrate intended to come in contact with the external contours of the at least a portion of the at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject and on a second surface of the flexible substrate intended to come in contact with an inner surface of a bra. In this way, the flexible substrate can be held in place during a breastfeeding event. 
     In an aspect, the adhesive layer includes, but is not limited to, an acrylic adhesive, a natural rubber adhesive, synthetic rubber adhesive, silicone adhesive, vinyl ester adhesive, vinyl ether adhesive, acrylic or vinyl water-containing adhesive and the like conventionally used for medical applications. The thickness of the adhesive layer is generally 5-2000 microns, preferably 10-1000 microns. In an aspect, at least one surface of the flexible substrate includes a reversible adhesive. In an aspect, the adhesive includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive. In an aspect, the pressure-sensitive adhesive includes a rubber based pressure-sensitive adhesive, an acrylic based pressure-sensitive adhesive, a silicone based pressure-sensitive adhesive, or the like. For example, a surface of the flexible substrate intended for placement on the breast region of the lactating female can include a pressure sensitive adhesive. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be one or more pressure sensitive adhesives, e.g., adhesive tape, applicable for skin contact. For example, the wearable breast monitor can be adhered to the surface of a breast with one or more strips of medical-rated double-stick tape. As another example, the wearable breast monitor can be adhered to the surface of a breast with a coating of adhesive, e.g., URO-Bond® IV Silicone Skin Adhesive (from, UROCARE Products, Pomona, Calif.). Non-limiting examples of adhesives designed for healthcare use include any of a number of silicone-based pressure sensitive adhesives from, for example, Dow Corning, Midland, Mich. or 3M, St. Paul, Minn. 
     In an aspect, the adhesive layer on at least one surface of the flexible substrate includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating on the surface of a thin film. In an aspect, the pressure-sensitive adhesive coating covers at least a portion of at least one surface of the thin film. In an aspect, the one or more thin films are stackable. In an aspect, peeling away a thin film on the top of a stack of thin films reveals an underlying thin film including a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating. For example, the flexible substrate can include a stack of peelable thin films, each thin film including an adhesive (e.g., a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating) on a surface of the thin film intended to be in contact with the skin surface of the breast and/or the inner surface of a brassiere. 
     In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor having a flexible substrate in the form of a strip or sleeve is configured for placement between the skin surface of the breast of the subject and a form-fitting garment. For example, the strip or sleeve forming the wearable breast monitor can be placed on the skin surface of the breast and held in place with a tight fitting shirt, tube-top, or undergarment. For example, the strip or sleeve forming the wearable breast monitor can be placed on the skin surface of the breast and held in place with a tight fitting brassiere or nursing bra. 
     In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor having a flexible substrate in the form of a flexible strip or a flexible sleeve is configured for attachment to a garment. In an aspect, the garment is fabricated from a form-fitting material and the flexible strip or flexible sleeve forming the wearable breast monitor is attached to a surface of the garment. In an aspect, the garment includes a shirt, a tube top, or an undergarment. In some embodiments, the wearable breast monitor is attached to an outer surface of the garment. In some embodiments, the wearable breast monitor is attached to an inner surface of the garment. For example, the wearable breast monitor can be configured for attachment to an inner surface of a cup region of a nursing bra or similar garment. In an aspect, the flexible strip or flexible sleeve forming the wearable breast monitor is attached to an inner surface of a garment through one or more of an adhesive, snaps, VELCRO, or similar attachment means. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate is a brassiere.  FIG. 10  shows a non-limiting example of a wearable breast monitor incorporated into a brassiere. Wearable breast monitor  1000  includes flexible substrate  1010 . In this non-limiting example, flexible substrate  1010  takes the form of a typical brassiere including cups  1012  intended to fit snuggly around each of the breasts and straps  1014  intended to support the breasts in cups  1012 . In some embodiments, the flexible substrate can include a dedicated nursing bra. Wearable breast monitor  1000  further includes optical fibers  1020  arranged in a pattern on or in the cups  1012  of flexible substrate  1010 . In this non-limiting example, the optical fibers  1020  span from the medial side to the lateral side of cups  1012 . Also in this non-limiting example, at least one light source  130  is positioned on the lateral side of each cup  1012  while at least one photodetector  140  is position on the medial side of each cup  1012 . Light source  130  is operably coupled to a first end of optical fibers  1020  and at least one photodetector  140  is operably coupled to a second end of optical fibers  1020 . In some embodiments, at least one photodetector  140  is positioned along the length of optical fibers  1020 . Wearable breast monitor  1000  further includes microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  150  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. Reporting device  150  can include a haptic reporting device, an audio reporting device, an optical reporting device and/or a transmission unit configured to transmit a signal including information regarding a calculated breast volume delta value. 
     In an aspect, a wearable breast monitor is incorporated into a nursing bra. In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor includes a nipple access portion defined by the flexible substrate, wherein the nipple access portion includes an aperture sized to accommodate a nipple associated with the breast. In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor further includes a nipple access covering, wherein the nipple access covering is sized to cover at least a portion of the nipple access portion. In some embodiments, the nipple access covering is an extension of the flexible substrate sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the extension of the flexible substrate to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. In some embodiments, the nipple access covering is a separate piece of material sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the separate piece of material to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. For example, the nipple access covering can be formed from the same material as the flexible substrate. For example, the nipple access covering can be formed from a material that is different from the flexible substrate. In an aspect, the fastener includes at least one of a snap, a button, a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, VELCRO, or an adhesive. In an aspect, the nipple access covering is held on and/or over the nipple access portion by virtue of friction with the flexible substrate material. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a non-limiting example of a wearable breast monitor including a nipple access portion and nipple access covering. Wearable breast monitor  1100  includes flexible substrate  1110 . In this non-limiting example, flexible substrate  1110  takes the form of a nursing bra including cups  1112  intended to fit snuggly around each of the breasts and straps  1114  intended to support the breasts in cups  1112 . Wearable breast monitor  1100  further includes nipple access portion  1130  defined by flexible substrate  1110 , wherein nipple access portion  1130  includes an aperture sized to accommodate a nipple associated with a subject&#39;s breast (not shown). Wearable breast monitor  1100  further includes nipple access covering  1140  sized to cover at least a portion of nipple access portion  1130 . In this non-limiting example, nipple access covering  1140  is a separate piece of material sized to cover the nipple access portion  1130  and including at least one fastener (not shown) configured to reversibly attach the separate piece of material to flexible substrate  1110  over nipple access portion  1130 . Wearable breast monitor  1100  further includes optical fibers  1120  arranged in a pattern on or in the cups  1112  of flexible substrate  1110 . In this non-limiting example, the optical fibers  1120  form a grid pattern on cups  1112 . In this non-limiting example, wearable breast monitor  1100  includes at least one light source  130  and at least one photodetector  140  positioned in a central portion of the wearable breast monitor  1100  between cups  1112 . It is contemplated that the light sources and the photodetectors can be located in other locations on the wearable breast monitor, depending upon the positioning of the optical fibers and what type of light reception is being measured from said optical fibers. Wearable breast monitor  1100  further includes microcontroller  160  including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  150  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. Reporting device  150  can include a haptic reporting device, an audio reporting device, an optical reporting device and/or a transmission unit configured to transmit a signal including information regarding a calculated breast volume delta value. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , wearable breast monitor  100  includes one or more optical fibers  120  associated with the flexible substrate  110 . In an aspect, the optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis by a process of total internal reflection. In an aspect, the optical fiber includes a core surrounded by a cladding layer. In an aspect, both the core and the cladding layers are made of dielectric materials. In an aspect, the refractive index of the core is greater than the refractive index of the cladding. In an aspect, the optical fiber is a step-index fiber with an abrupt boundary between the core and the cladding. In an aspect, the optical fiber is a graded-index fiber with a gradual boundary between the core and the cladding. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are single mode fibers with a relatively narrow diameter through which only one mode will propagate. In an aspect, single mode fibers are coupled with a narrow spectral width light source. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are multimode fibers. 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are one or more plastic optical fibers  206 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are one or more polymer optical fibers  208 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are one or more acrylic optical fibers  210 . For example, the one or more optical fibers can include a core formed from acrylic polymer PMMA (polymethyl-methacrylate) or polystyrene and cladding formed from fluorinated polymers or silicone resin. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers can include graded-index (GI-POF) fiber based on an amorphous fluoropolymer, e.g., poly(perfluoro-butenylvinyl ether) (CYTOP). In some embodiments, the plastic or polymer optical fibers have a core/cladding interface that includes a step-index profile. In some embodiments, the plastic or polymer optical fibers have a core/cladding interface that includes a graded-index profile. In general, plastic or polymer optical fibers (POFs) are available from commercial sources, e.g., Edmund Optics, Inc., Barrington, N.J. 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are one or more glass optical fibers  212 . In an aspect, all or part of the one or more optical fibers are formed from silica glass. In an aspect, all or part of the one or more optical fibers are formed from silica glass doped with various materials to change the refractive index. For example, the silica glass can be doped with germanium dioxide or aluminum oxide to raise the refractive index. For example, the silica glass can be doped with fluorine or boron trioxide to lower the refractive index. Depending upon the desired refractive properties of the optical fiber, the core and/or the cladding can be doped. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are formed from aluminosilicate glass, germanosilicate glass, fluorosilicate glass, phosphosilicate glass, or borosilicate glass. Other non-limiting examples of glasses for use in forming optical fibers include fluorozirconate glass, fluoroaluminate glass, and chalcogenide glasses. Other crystalline materials can be used including, for example, sapphire. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are formed from fluoride glasses. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be formed from fluoride glass composed of fluorides of various metals, For example, the one or more optical fibers can be formed from heavy metal fluoride glasses. For example, the one or more glass fibers can be formed from the ZBLAN glass group including fluoride glass including zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium fluorides. 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are formed from phosphate glass. For example, the one or more optical fibers can include a phosphate glass formed from metaphosphates of various metals. For example, the one or more optical fibers can include phosphorus pentoxide. In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers are formed from a combination of fluoride and phosphate glass (e.g., fluorophosphate glass). 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are formed from chalcogenide glass. For example, the one or more optical fibers are formed from a combination of chalcogens (elements in group 16 of the periodic table, e.g., sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) and more electropositive elements (e.g., silver). 
     In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers  120  are photonic crystal fibers  214 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are microstructured or holey fibers that include photonic crystal to form the cladding around the core of the fiber. For example, the one or more optical fibers can include a central core and a cladding comprised of hexagonal air holes formed in silica. See, e.g., Roberts, et al. “Ultimate low loss of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Optics Express, 13:236-244, which is incorporated herein by reference. Photonic crystal fibers with a hollow core are available from commercial sources (from, e.g., NKT Photonics, Ontario, Canada). The photonic crystal fibers can include air guided, nonlinear, polarization maintaining, endlessly single mode, or large-mode-area fibers (see, e.g., Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, N.J.). In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor includes one or more photonic crystal fibers, wherein the calculation circuitry  184  is configured to calculate the curvature delta value based upon a difference in optical modal structure associated with a first set of signals and a second set of signals. 
     In an aspect, an optoelectronic instrument can be used to characterize a property of the one or more optical fibers. In an aspect, the optoelectronic instrument includes an optical time-domain reflectometer. In an aspect, the optical time-domain reflectometer injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under tests and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered (Rayleigh backscatter) or reflected back from points along the fiber. The scattered or reflected light is used to characterize the optical fiber. The strength of the return pulses can be measured and integrated as a function of time, and plotted as a function of fiber length. 
     In some embodiments, one or more portions along the length of the one or more optical fibers  120  are rendered transmissive to light, and wherein the amount of light transmitted out is dependent on the curvature of the one or more optical fibers. In some embodiments, each of the one or more optical fibers  120  includes an inner core and an outer cladding, wherein a portion of a core/cladding interface is modified to alter light transmission, and wherein the amount of light transmitted out is dependent on the curvature of the one or more optical fibers. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  120  has a cladding component having a first optical absorption coefficient and a core component having a second optical absorption coefficient. In an aspect, at least one first photodetector  140  is configured to detect light reception from the core component and at least one second photodetector  140  is configured to detect light reception from the cladding component; and wherein the calculation circuitry  184  is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon a difference between signals from the at least one first photodetector  140  and signals from the at least one second photodetector  140 . 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  110  includes one or more fiber Bragg gratings. In an aspect, the fiber Bragg gratings include periodic or quasiperiodic orthogonal perturbations of the refractive index along the length of an optical fiber. The grating structure can be constructed in short segments along the length of the optical fiber to reflect particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. For example, a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core can be created to generate a wavelength-specific dielectric mirror. In an aspect, the fiber Bragg gratings are created by “inscribing” or “writing” systematic variation of refractive index into the core of an optical fiber using an intense ultraviolet source, such as an UV laser. The structure of the fiber Bragg grating can vary via the refractive index, or the grating period. Grating period can be uniform or graded, and either localized or distributed in a superstructure. The grating can be uniform, blazed, chirped, apodized, and/or superstructured. 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are attached to the flexible substrate  110 . For example, the one or more optical fibers can be adhered with an adhesive material to the flexible substrate. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be sewn onto the flexible substrate. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are incorporated into the flexible substrate  110 . For example, the one or more optical fibers can be embedded into an elastic fabric during a knit fabrication process. In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers are at least one of attached, woven, incorporated, or embedded into an external surface of the flexible substrate. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be sewn into a flexible fabric, e.g., nylon, Lycra, or similar material. See, e.g., Ghosh et al (2005) “Development of a sensor-embedded flexible textile structure for apparel or large area applications,” Indian J Fibre &amp; Textile Res., 30:42-48; Krebber (2013) “Smart technical textiles based on fiber optic sensors” pp. 319-344 (INTECH;  Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology ; dx.doi.org/10.5772/54244; accessed Nov. 17, 2016), which are incorporated herein by reference. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  120  are woven into the flexible substrate  110 . For example, the optical fiber strands can be woven into a fabric-based flexible substrate. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,630,591 titled “Optical fiber substrate useful as a sensor or illumination device component,” to Allen et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In an aspect, the flexible substrate  110  includes a first layer and a second layer, and wherein the one or more optical fibers  120  are disposed between the first and the second layer of the flexible substrate. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be disposed between a first layer and a second layer of a cup portion of a brassiere or nursing bra. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be disposed between a first layer and a second layer forming a flexible strip or flexible sleeve. In an aspect, the first layer of the flexible substrate  110  and the second layer of the flexible substrate  110  are formed from a stretchable fabric. For example, the one or more optical fibers can be disposed between two layers of stretchable spandex or polyester fabric. 
     In some embodiments the wearable breast monitor includes one or more optical fibers arranged in a pattern on or in the flexible substrate. In some embodiments, the optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a linear pattern (see, e.g.,  FIG. 3, 320 ). For example, the optical fibers can be positioned linearly on a flexible strip or sleeve forming the base of the wearable breast monitor. In some embodiments, the optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a loop or U-shaped pattern (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4, 420 ;  FIG. 9, 920 ). In some embodiments, the optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a curved pattern (see, e.g.,  FIG. 8, 820 ;  FIG. 10, 1020 ). For example, the optical fibers can be arranged in a serpentine pattern on or in the flexible substrate. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a portion of the distance around the base of the breast. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span a distance between the medial side and the lateral side of a breast in a curved configuration. 
     In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are aligned with specific anatomical features of the breast. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a portion of the distance between the clavicle and the nipple. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a portion of the distance between the inframammary fold and the nipple. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a portion of a circumference around a portion of the breast. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a distance between the lateral breast crease and the nipple. For example, the one or more optical fibers can span at least a distance between the midline of the breast bone and the nipple. 
       FIGS. 12-16  illustrate additional non-limiting examples of patterns of optical fibers on or in the flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a network. For example, the wearable breast monitor can include one or more optical fibers forming a network over at least a portion of the flexible substrate. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a radial pattern.  FIG. 12  shows a non-limiting example. In this case, wearable breast monitor  1200  includes flexible substrate  1210  including optical fibers  1220  shown radiating out from a nipple access portion  1215 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a spiral pattern.  FIG. 13  shows a non-limiting example. In this case, wearable breast monitor  1300  includes flexible substrate  1310  including optical fibers  1320  in a pattern spiraling out from nipple access portion  1315 . In an aspect, at least two of the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in concentric circles.  FIG. 14  shows a non-limiting example. In this case, wearable breast monitor  1400  includes flexible substrate  1410  including optical fibers  1420  forming concentric circles centered around nipple access portion  1415 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in overlapping patterns.  FIG. 15  shows a non-limiting example. In this case, wearable breast monitor  1500  includes flexible substrate  1510  including optical fibers  1520   a  radiating out from nipple access portion  1515  and overlapping optical fibers  1520   b  forming concentric circles centered around nipple access portion  1515 . In an aspect, at least two of the one or more optical fibers are proximate and non-parallel. In an aspect, a first optical fiber overlays a second non-parallel optical fiber. In an aspect, a first portion of at least one of the one or more optical fibers overlays a second non-parallel portion of the at least one of the one or more optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged on or in the flexible substrate in a grid-like network. For example, the optical fibers can be arranged in a mesh configuration incorporated into the flexible substrate, e.g., stretchable fabric, of the wearable breast monitor.  FIG. 16  shows a non-limiting example. In this case, wearable breast monitor  1600  includes flexible substrate  1610  including optical fibers  1620  forming a mesh or grid-like network or pattern. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , wearable breast monitor  100  includes at least one light source  130  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  120 . The at least one light source provides light to the optical fiber wave guide. In an aspect, the at least one light source is optimized for suitable physical dimensions, suitable radiation pattern (beam width), linearity and large dynamic ranges (output power proportional to driving current), ability to be directly modulated at high speeds (fast response time), adequate output power to overcome channel losses, narrow spectral width, thermal stability, reliability, cost considerations, direct modulation considerations, driving circuit considerations, and conversion efficiency. 
     In an aspect, the at least one light source  130  provides at least one of ultraviolet, visible, and/or near infrared light to the one or more optical fibers. In an aspect, the at least one light source  130  provides visible light ranging from about 380 nm to about 800 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one light source  130  provides a broad spectrum of light. For example, the light source can provide white light to the one or more optical fibers. In some embodiments, the at least one light source  130  provides light of limited wavelength. For example, the light source can provide blue, green, yellow, orange, or red light to the one or more optical fibers. In an aspect, the at least one light source is configured to provide a continuous stream of photons. In an aspect, the at least one light source is configured to provide a pulse of photons. 
     In an aspect, the at least one light source  130  includes at least one light emitting diode (LED)  216 . In an aspect, the wavelength of light emitted by the LED is a wavelength between 550 nm and 1670 nm. In an aspect, the wavelength emitted by the LED is near infrared. In an aspect, the LED is fabricated from one or more of gallium phosphide, aluminum arsenide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, aluminum-gallium arsenide, or indium-gallium-arsenide-phosphide. For example, gallium aluminum arsenide might be used for short-wavelength emissions (770-870) and indium gallium arsenide phosphide might be used for long-wavelength emissions (1100-1670 nm). Depending upon the composition of the LED, the emitting light can be shades of red, orange, yellow, green, and blue (e.g., gallium nitride (GaN) and indium gallium nitride (InGaN). Depending upon the application, the LED can be an edge-emitting LED (ELED) with high output power, narrow emission spectra, and narrow beam pattern or a surface emitting LED (SLED) with low-to-moderate output power and a broader beam pattern. In an aspect, the LED light source has a high radiance, fast response time, and high quantum efficiency. 
     In an aspect, the at least one light source  130  includes at least one laser diode  218 . In an aspect, the at least one light source includes an electrically pumped semiconductor laser in which the active laser medium includes a p-n junction of a semiconductor diode. In an aspect, the at least one light source  130  includes an injection laser diode. In an aspect, the at least one light source includes a PIN diode. Laser diodes that emit at a variety of wavelengths are commercially available (from, e.g., Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, N.J.). 
     In an aspect, the at least one light source is configured to emit one or more pulses of light. For example, the light source can include a pulsed laser diode. In an aspect, the pulsed light source is at least one of Q-switched, gain-switched, mode-locked, superpulsed, and/or chopped or gated. In an aspect, the pulsed light source has a frequency in the 2.5 to 10,000 Hz ranges. In an aspect, the pulsed light source has pulse durations in the range of a few milliseconds. In some embodiments, pulsed light from the at least one light source is used to detect changes in curvature of the breast during a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the at least one photodetector is configured to measure a time delta between its reception of light and emission of light by the at least one light source; and wherein the calculation circuitry is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon the time delta. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , wearable breast monitor  100  includes at least one photodetector  140  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  120 . In an aspect, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned along the one or more optical fibers to detect light transmission through the one or more optical fibers  120  from the at least one light source  130 . In an aspect, the at least one photodetector  140  is at an end of the optical fiber opposite of the at least one light source  130 . In an aspect, the at least one light source is positioned at a first end of the one or more optical fibers and the at least one photodetector is positioned at a second end of the one or more optical fibers. For example, the at least one photodetector can be positioned at the end of the one or more optical fibers to detect increase/decrease in light transmitted through the one or more optical fibers in response to changes in curvature of the breast during a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the at least one photodetector  140  is positioned along the length of the one or more optical fibers  120  to detect light reflection from the one or more optical fibers  120 . For example, the at least one photodetector can be positioned along a length of the optical fiber to detect an increase/decrease in photons escaping from the optical fiber in response to changes in curvature of the breast during a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, a plurality of photodetectors is positioned along a length of at least one of the one or more optical fibers. 
     In an aspect, a single photodetector is connected to the one or more optical fibers. For example, one or more optical fibers can be organized in a pattern such that the second ends of the optical fibers are operably coupled to the single photodetector. In an aspect, the optical fibers are connected to a light source at the first end and a photodetector at the second end. In between the light source and the photodetector the optical fibers may fan out in a pattern configured to cover the at least a portion of the breast. In an aspect, each of the optical fibers or bundles of optical fibers include a photodetector. 
     In some embodiments, the photodetector converts light signals from photons absorbed by the photodetector into voltage or current. In an aspect, the photodetector is a photodiode  220 . For example, the photodetector can include a semiconductor photodiode that converts absorbed light, e.g., photons, into a current. In an aspect, photodiode  220  includes a p-n junction or PIN structure. In an aspect, photodiode  220  is a silicon, germanium, indium gallium arsenide, and/or mercury cadmium telluride based photodiode. In an aspect, photodiode  220  has a spectral response ranging from 190 nm to 1100 nm in wavelength. In some embodiments, photodiode  220  is response to longer wavelengths of electromagnetic energy. 
     In an aspect, the photodetector is a photoemission photodetector in which photons cause electrons to transition from a conduction band of material to free electrons in a vacuum or gas. For example, the photoemission photodetector can include a photomultiplier tube, photocathodes, and/or microchannel plate detectors. In an aspect, the photodetector is a photoelectric photodetector in which photons cause electrons to transition from a valence band to a conduction band of a semiconductor. For example, the photoelectric photodetector can include a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector, charge-coupled devices (CCD), reverse-biased light emitting diodes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, quantum dot photoconductors or photodiodes. Photoelectric photodetectors are available from commercial sources (from, e.g., OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Regensburg, Germany). In an aspect the photodetector is a photovoltaic photodetector in which photons cause a voltage to develop across a depletion region of a photovoltaic cell. For example, the photovoltaic photodetector can include a type of solar cell. In some embodiments, the photodetector converts light signals from photons absorbed by the photodetector into heat. For example, the photodetector can be a thermal photodetector in which photons cause electrons to transition to mid-gap states then decay back to lower bands, inducing phonon generation and heat. 
     In some embodiments, the light signals from photons absorbed by the photodetector induce polarization effects. For example, the photodetector can be a polarization photodetector in which photons induce changes in polarization of suitable materials, which leads to a change in index of refraction or other polarization effects. 
     In some embodiments, the photodetector converts light signals from photons absorbed by the photodetector into a chemical reaction. For example, the photodetector can be a photochemical photodetector in which photons induce a chemical change in a material. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , wearable breast monitor  100  includes at least one reporting device  150 . The reporting device  150  is operably coupled to the microcontroller  160  and configured to receive one or more signals transmitted from the reporting circuitry  186 , the one or more signals including information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. In turn, the reporting device  150  is configured to report information related to the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the reporting device  150  is configured to provide a signal, e.g., a haptic, audio, or optical signal, to a nursing mother to indicate that sufficient breastmilk has been expressed during a particular breastfeeding event. Alternatively, the reporting device  150  is configured to provide a signal, e.g., a haptic, audio, and/or optical signal, designed to startle an infant into ceasing breastfeeding (i.e., disengaging from the nipple) if sufficient breastmilk has been expressed during a particular breastfeeding event. 
     In some embodiments, reporting device  150  includes a haptic reporting device  222 . For example, the reporting device can include a haptic reporting device that emits a haptic signal, e.g., a vibrational signal, in response to the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. In an aspect, the haptic reporting device  222  is incorporated into or onto a surface of the flexible substrate that is in direct contact with a subject wearing the wearable breast monitor. For example, the haptic reporting device can be associated with an internal surface of a nursing bra. In an aspect, the haptic reporting device  222  is incorporated into or onto a surface of the flexible substrate that comes into direct contact with the nursing infant. In an aspect, the haptic reporting device  222  provides a haptic signal to startle an infant into ceasing breastfeeding if sufficient breast milk has been expressed during a breastfeeding event. For example, the haptic reporting device can be associated with an external surface of a nursing bra that comes into contact with a cheek or other portion of a nursing infant. For example, the haptic reporting device can include a vibrational motor (e.g., a coin or pancake vibration motor, from, e.g., Precision Microdrives Ltd, London, UK) that might be used to let the nursing mother know that sufficient breast milk has been expressed. 
     In some embodiments, the haptic reporting device  222  includes a device for inducing a mild electrical shock. For example, the haptic reporting device can emit a mild electric shock to let the nursing mother know that a sufficient volume of milk has been expressed. For example, the haptic reporting device can emit a mild electric shock to startle an infant into ceasing breastfeeding if sufficient breast milk has been expressed during a breastfeeding event. 
     In some embodiments, the reporting device  150  includes an audio reporting device  224 . For example, the reporting device can include an audio reporting device including at least one speaker that emits an audible signal in response to the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. For example, the audio reporting device can emit a warning sound, e.g., a beeping sound, if the calculated breast volume delta value fails to fall within a range of acceptable breast volume delta values. For example, the audio reporting device can emit one or more spoken words indicating whether the calculated breast volume delta value falls within a range of acceptable breast volume delta values. In an aspect, audio reporting device  224  provides an audible signal to startle an infant into ceasing breastfeeding if sufficient breast milk has been expressed during a breastfeeding event. Electronic sound chips and/or sound cards for use as an audio reporting device are available from commercial sources (from, e.g., STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland). 
     In some embodiments, the reporting device  150  includes an optical reporting device  226 . In an aspect, the optical reporting device includes one or more light indicators. For example, the reporting device can include one or more lights, e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs), configured to light up in response to the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. In an aspect, the optical reporting device includes one or more color-coded lights. For example, the reporting device can include LEDs of different colors and a coding system. For example, a signal from a green LED can indicate that the calculated breast volume delta value falls within a range of acceptable breast volume delta values while a red LED can indicate that the calculated breast volume delta value fails to fall within a range of acceptable breast volume delta values. In an aspect, optical reporting device  226  provides a visible single to startle an infant into ceasing breastfeeding if sufficient breast milk has been expressed during a breastfeeding event. As a non-limiting example, sewn-on washable LEDs designed for use with fabric are commercially available (from, e.g., SparkFun Electronics, Niwot, Colo.). 
     In an aspect, reporting device  150  includes transmission unit  228  including an antenna. A “transmission unit,” as used herein, can be one or more of a variety of units that are configured to send and/or receive signals, such as signals carried as electromagnetic, radio, sonic, or optical waves. A transmission unit generally includes at least one antenna and associated circuitry. A transmission unit can be operably connected to the microcontroller and/or can include a processor and/or memory component. A transmission unit can be operably connected to an energy source, such as a battery. A transmission unit can include an energy harvesting unit, such as a unit configured to obtain energy from electromagnetic waves. A transmission unit can include a transponder utilizing electromagnetic waves, for example as described in “Fundamental Operating Principles,” in Chapter 3 of the  RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification , Klaus Finkenzeller, John Wiley &amp; Sons, (2003), which is incorporated herein by reference. In an aspect, the transmission unit communicates within a wireless personal area network, e.g., Bluetooth, wireless USB, WiFi, or ZigBee. 
     In an aspect, the transmission unit  228  comprises a radiofrequency transmission unit. A transmission unit can include an oscillator and encoder configured to generate a programmable pulse position-modulated signal in the radio frequency range (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,288, which is incorporated herein by reference). A transmission unit can include a radio frequency identification device (RFID), which can be a passive RFID device, a semi-passive RFID device, or an active RFID device, depending on the embodiment (see, e.g., Chawla &amp; Ha, “An Overview of Passive RFID,”  IEEE Applications and Practice,  11-17 (September 2007), which is incorporated herein by reference). A transmission unit including an RFID device can be configured to transmit signals in the UHF standard range. A transmission unit can include a battery-assisted passive RFID device, such as sold by Alien Technology®, Morgan Hill, Calif. A transmission unit can include an optical transmission unit. For example, the optical transmission unit can include an infrared transmitting diode. A transmission unit can include a hybrid backscatter system configured to function in an RFID, IEEE 802.11x standard and Bluetooth system. A transmission unit can include a near field communication (NFC) device. A transmission unit can include a Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) device. A transmission unit can be operably coupled to a data storage unit. 
     In an aspect, transmission unit  228  is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to an external device. For example, the transmission unit can be configured to sync with an external device, e.g., a smart phone, to transfer information, e.g., data, regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a dedicated handheld device. For example, the transmission unit can transmit information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a dedicated handheld device specifically designed for use with a wearable breast monitor or breast monitoring system. For example, a dedicated handheld device can include a transmission unit and antenna for communicating with the wearable breast monitor, a user interface, e.g., a display, microphone, or haptic interface, for displaying and/or notifying a user during a breastfeeding event, and a computing component to display and save information received from the wearable breast monitor. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a mobile communication device. For example, the transmission unit can transmit the information related to the calculated breast volume delta value to a mobile communication device, e.g., a cellular or smart phone. For example, the transmission unit including the antenna can be connected through a wireless radiofrequency communication link, e.g., Bluetooth or WiFi, to a smart phone. In an aspect, the mobile communication device includes a program, set of instructions, and/or an application configured to receive information from the wearable breast monitor, process the received information, and display the received information for a user, e.g., a nursing mother. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a computing device. For example, the transmission unit can transmit the information related to the calculated breast volume delta value to a computing device, e.g., a tablet, a laptop, or tabletop computing device. 
     In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to communicate with a communication device, such as one or more of a mobile communication device and a computer system including, but not limited to, mobile computing devices (e.g., hand-held portable computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, netbook computers, tablet computers, and so forth), mobile telephone devices (e.g., cellular telephones and smartphones), devices that include functionalities associated with smartphones and tablet computers (e.g., phablets), portable game devices, portable media layers, multimedia devices, satellite navigation devices (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation devices), e-book reader devices (eReaders), Smart Television (TV) devices, surface computing devices (e.g., table top computers), Personal Computer (PC) devices, and other devices that employ touch-based human interfaces. In an aspect, the computing device is associated with another piece of equipment associated with a patient care room in a hospital or other medical facility or lactation clinic. 
     In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a network. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to communicate with a health provider network. For example, the reporting device can be configured to communicate directly with a network associated with a subject&#39;s healthcare provider, e.g., a hospital, a clinic, medical facility, or physician&#39;s office. For example, the reporting device can be configured to communicate directly with the subject&#39;s electronic medical file or health record. 
     In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a social media site. In some embodiments, the transmission unit is configured to directly transmit information to a social media site. Alternatively, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to an external device, e.g., a dedicated handheld device, mobile communication device, or other computing device, which in turn transmits the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a social media site. For example, the transmission unit can be configured to post the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to Facebook, Google, Instagram, CafeMom, or similar social media site. For example, the transmission unit can be configured to post the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta to a website dedicated to a specific topic, e.g., lactation or other parenting/baby topics. For example, the transmission unit can be configured to post the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta to a website that allows the nursing mother to track breastfeeding events, compare data with other nursing mothers, get advice on nursing/breastfeeding issues, and the like. 
     Wearable breast monitor  100  includes microcontroller  160  including microprocessor  170  and circuitry  180 . In an aspect, the microcontroller includes a microprocessor  170 , e.g., a central processing unit, for controlling one or more functions of the wearable breast monitor. In an aspect, the microprocessor is incorporated into one or more integrated circuits. In an aspect, the microprocessor is programmable, capable of accepting input data, processes the input data according to instructions, and provides results as output. The control unit further includes a system memory and a system bus that couples various system components including the system memory to the microprocessor. The microprocessor can include a processing unit, a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate entry (FPGA), or the like, or any combinations thereof, and can include discrete digital or analog circuit elements or electronics, or combinations thereof. In an aspect, the microcontroller includes one or more ASICs having a plurality of pre-defined logic components. In an aspect, the microcontroller includes one or more FPGA having a plurality of programmable logic commands. In an aspect, the microcontroller includes embedded software. 
     The microcontroller  160  includes circuitry  180 . In an aspect, the circuitry includes input circuitry  182  configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 ; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 . In an aspect, the signals from the at least one photodetector are indicative of the amount of photons detected by the photodetector at the end of the optical fiber or along the length of the optical fiber. The signal received by the input circuitry from the photodetector is proportionally related to changes in the curvature of the optical fibers and dependent upon the placement of the photodetector. For example, a decreased signal from a photodetector at the end of the optical fiber may be correlated with an increase in bending, whereas a decreased signal from a photodetector along the length of the optical fiber may be correlated with a decrease in bending. Similarly, an increase in signal from a photodetector at the end of the optical fiber may be correlated with a decrease in bending, whereas an increased signal from a photodetector along the length of the optical fiber may be correlated with an increase in bending. 
     The input circuitry  182  is configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 . In some embodiments, the first set of signals is sent as soon as the wearable breast monitor is switched on. In some embodiments, the first set of signals is sent once the wearable breast monitor has made contact with a skin surface. In some embodiments, the first set of signals is sent in response to input from the subject. For example, the wearable breast monitor can include a “start button” or similar user interface for activating the device. For example, the wearable breast monitor can be configured to receive a “start” signal from a remote device, e.g., a dedicated hand-held device, mobile communication device, and/or computing device. 
     The input circuitry  182  is configured to receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  140 . In some embodiments, the input circuitry is configured to receive the at least one second set of signals periodically during a breastfeeding event. Alternatively or in addition, the input circuitry can be configured to receive the at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector at the end of a breastfeeding event. In some embodiments, the frequency at which signals are received is modulated by the at least one photodetector in terms of how frequently the photodetector monitors light reception. In some embodiments, the frequency at which signals are received is modulated by the input circuitry in terms of how frequently the circuitry samples for signals from the photodetectors. 
     Circuitry  180  includes calculation circuitry  184  configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector. For example, the circuitry can be configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on changes in voltage output from a photodetector in response to a change in curvature, e.g., change in breast volume during a breastfeeding event. In some embodiments, the microcontroller includes a look-up table that includes correlation data between light transmission, reflection, or refraction by a particular type or orientation of optical fiber versus the curvature of the optical fiber. It is anticipated that as the optical fiber bends, more photons are potentially lost from the optical waveguide. This may be measured as a decrease in light transmitted through the optical fiber or may be measured as an increase in light escaping from the optical fiber along its path. 
     A wearable breast monitor such as described herein includes calculation circuitry configured to calculate a breast volume delta value from a calculated curvature delta value. In an aspect, the calculation circuitry of the microcontroller includes an algorithm for calculating the breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. 
     In some embodiments, the calculation circuitry calculates the breast volume delta value based on changes in the height of the breast from the chest. From a geometric perspective, the breast can be considered a cap section of a sphere obtained by slicing the sphere with a plane. As such, a spherical cap has a circular base and a dome that is flatter than a hemispherical dome, the latter of which is a spherical cap obtained by cutting the sphere in half. The volume of a spherical cap can be calculated from its height H and its radius at the base A. R is the radius of the sphere from which the spherical cap is “cut.” As such, H, A, and R are related as follows:
 
 A   2 =2 RH−H   2  
 
     To find the volume in terms of the radius of the base A of the spherical cap and the height H of the spherical cap, the following equation can be used:
 
 V =(π/6) H (3 A   2   +H   2 )
 
     To find the volume in terms of the radius of the sphere R and the height H, the following equation can be used:
 
 V =(π/3) H   2 (3 R−H )
 
     In some embodiments, for calculation purposes, the breast is treated as a rotationally symmetric breast. Said rotationally symmetric breast is raised above the chest by a height of Z(r). The breast at the chest has a radius of r.  FIG. 17  illustrates aspects of this scenario. In this case, the breast volume is given by the equation:
 
 V=∫   0   R 2π rZ ( r ) dr  
 
In some cases, the value of Z(r) (the height of the breast above the chest) is not predefined. However, changes in this height during a breastfeeding event can be calculated based on changes in local curvature of the breast, as measured using the optical fibers of the wearable breast monitor. Let s be the arc-length along the surface of the curved breast and let  (s) be the inverse curvature, i.e., the radius of curvature. Let θ be the local slope angle. This is illustrated in  FIG. 17 . As such, dr/ds=cos θ; dZ/dz=−sin θ; and ds/dθ= . Therefore, dr/dθ=cos θ and dZ/dθ=− sin θ.
 
     In some embodiments, the algorithm assumes a constant radius of curvature  . As such the following it true:
 
 r =  sin θ
 
 Z = + (cos θ−1)
 
 s=     θ 
 
Let R be the full radius of the breast and assume that R&lt; . The maximum θ value is θ • , wherein
 
sin  = R/       
 
Skin length (s(θ • )) along the curvature is equal to
 
 =   
 
Z 0  is calculated by requiring that Z=0 at θ • . As such
 
0= Z   0 + (cos  −1)
 
 Z   0 = (1−cos  )
 
 Z = (cos θ−cos  )
 
Based on these relationships, volume V can be calculated as follows:
 
                   V   =     2   ⁢   π   ⁢   ⁢   ℛ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢     ℛ   ⁡     (       cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -     cos   ⁢           ⁢       )       ⁢   ℛ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   θ       ⁢     
     ⁢     V   =       2   ⁢     πℛ   3     ⁢   ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -     cos   ⁢           ⁢           )     ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   θ               V   =       πℛ   3     ⁢     /     ⁢   3   ⁢           ⁢     {     2   -     3   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢     +     cos   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢       }             
where cos  =√{square root over (1−R 2 /   2 )}.
 
     In some embodiments, the radius of curvature   varies with the local slope angle θ. As such: 
               ℛ   ⁡     (   θ   )       =       ℛ   0     -       R   ′     ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ                   and   ⁢     :                 s   =         ℛ   0     ⁢   θ     +       ℛ   ′     ⁡     (       cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -   1     )                     r   =         ℛ   0     ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -       1   2     ⁢     ℛ   ′     ⁢           ⁢     sin   2     ⁢           ⁢   θ                   Z   =       Z   0     +       ℛ   0     ⁡     (       cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -   1     )       +         ℛ   ′     2     ⁢   θ     -         ℛ   ′     4     ⁢     sin   2     ⁢           ⁢   θ             
These variables can then be used to integrate to calculate a volume, where:
 
     
       
         
           
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     For other Z(r) shapes, r and Z can be numerically evaluated via dr/dθ= (θ) cos θ and dZ/dθ= (θ) sin θ; and then numerically integrated 
     
       
         
           
             
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     For breasts which are not rotationally symmetric, Z(x,y) are found and then integrate for volume:
 
 V=∫∫Z ( x,y ) dxdy  
 
     Changes in the curvature of the breast as indicated by changes in the light emission properties of the optical fibers of the wearable breast monitor can be used to calculate a change in volume of the breast and by inference a volume of milk expressed during a breastfeeding event. 
     In some embodiments, the calculations assume that the mammalian breast is a dome shape with a flat circular bottom, rounded sides, and a rounded top. In an aspect, the calculations assume that the mammalian breast is a spherical cap. In an aspect, the calculations assume that the mammalian breast is an ellipsoid. In an aspect, the calculations assume that the mammalian breast is a paraboloid. In an aspect, the change in curvature is correlated with a change in surface area of at least a portion of the breast. 
     Described herein are aspects of a breast monitoring system.  FIG. 18  shows a non-limiting example of a breast monitoring system. Breast monitoring system  1800  includes a flexible substrate  1810  fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers  1820  associated with the flexible substrate  1810 , wherein the one or more optical fibers  1820  are dynamically bendable; at least one light source  1830  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  1820 ; at least one photodetector  1840  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  1820 ; a reporting device  1850 ; and a microcontroller  1860  including a microprocessor  1870  and circuitry  1880 , wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry  1882  configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry  1884  configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry  1886  configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated breast volume delta value. 
     In some embodiments, the components of breast monitoring system  1800  including one or more optical fibers  1820 , at least one light source  1830 , at least one photodetector  1840 , reporting device  1850 , and microcontroller  1860  including microprocessor  1870  and circuitry  1880  are all associated with and/or incorporated into flexible substrate  1810  to form a wearable breast monitoring system. In some embodiments, the breast monitoring system  1800  includes one or more optical fiber  1820 , at least one light source  1820 , at least one photodetector and the reporting device  1850  associated with the flexible substrate  1810 , wherein the reporting device  1850  (e.g., a transmission unit) is in wireless communication with microcontroller  1860 . Non-limiting aspects of flexible substrates, optical fibers, light sources, photodetectors, reporting devices, microcontrollers, and circuitry have been described above herein. 
     Described herein are aspects of a breast monitoring system. In an aspect, a breast monitoring system comprises a wearable breast monitor and a computing device, wherein the wearable breast monitor includes a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; at least one light source operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers; and a transmission unit including an antenna and operably coupled to the at least one photodetector, the transmission unit configured to transmit signals, the transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector; and the computing device including a receiver and a microprocessor with circuitry, the circuitry including input circuitry configured to receive a first set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor, and to receive at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of transmitted signals and the received at least one second set of transmitted signals form the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value. 
       FIG. 19  shows non-limiting aspects of a breast monitoring system. Breast monitoring system  1900  includes wearable breast monitor  1905  and computing device  1960 . Wearable breast monitor  1905  of system  1900  includes flexible substrate  1910  fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  is a flexible strip fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  is a flexible sleeve fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. In an aspect, the flexible sleeve is sized for placement between the external contours of the at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject and a brassiere (e.g., a nursing bra). In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes an adhesive on at least one surface. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a stretchable fabric. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a form-fitting material that substantially conforms to the external contours of the at least one portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. Non-limiting aspects of flexible strips, flexible sleeves, and adhesives have been described above herein. In an aspect, at least one surface of the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a soft fabric. For example, at least one surface of the wearable breast monitor can include a material (e.g., flannel or faux fur) that is soft to the touch and comfortable for the skin surface of a nursing infant. 
     In an aspect, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  is a flexible garment fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. In an aspect, the flexible garment is a brassiere. In an aspect, the flexible garment is a nursing bra. 
     In some embodiments, the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a nipple access portion defined by the flexible substrate  1910 , wherein the nipple access portion includes an aperture in the flexible substrate sized to accommodate a nipple associated with the breast of the subject. In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a nipple access covering sized to cover at least a portion of the nipple access portion of the wearable breast monitor  1905 . In an aspect, the nipple access covering is an extension of the flexible substrate sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the extension of the flexible substrate to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. In an aspect, the nipple access covering is a separate piece of material sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the separate piece of material to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. A fastener can include at least one of a snap, a button, a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, VELCRO, magnet, or the like. 
     Wearable breast monitor  1905  of system  1900  further includes one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910 , wherein the one or more optical fibers  1920  are dynamically bendable. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  1920  are at least one of attached to the flexible substrate  1910 , incorporated into the flexible substrate  1910 , or woven into the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1805 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers are arranged in at least one of a network, radial pattern, spiral pattern, concentric circles, or overlapping patterns on the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 . In some embodiments, at least two of the one or more optical fibers  1920  are proximate and non-parallel. In some embodiments, a first optical fiber overlays a second, non-parallel, optical fiber. In some embodiments, a first portion of at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920  overlays a second non-parallel portion of the at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  1920  are arranged in a grid-like network on the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 . Non-limiting examples of arrangements or patterns of optical fibers associated with flexible substrates have been described above. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a first layer and a second layer, wherein the one or more optical fibers  1920  are disposed between the first layer and the second layer of the flexible substrate  1910 . In an aspect, the first layer of the flexible substrate and second layer of the flexible substrate are formed from stretchable fabric. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  are one or more glass optical fibers. In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  are one or more plastic optical fibers, one or more polymer optical fibers, or one or more acrylic optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  are one or more photonic crystal fibers. In an aspect, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  has a core including one or more fiber Bragg gratings. Non-limiting aspects of optical fibers have been described above herein. 
     Wearable breast monitor  1905  of breast monitoring system  1900  further includes at least one light source  1930  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  1920  and at least one photodetector  1940  positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers  1920 . In an aspect, the at least one light source  1930  of wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a light emitting diode. In an aspect, the at least one light source  1930  of wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a laser diode. In some embodiments, the at least one light source  1930  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  is positioned at a first end of the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910  and at least one photodetector  1940  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  is positioned at a second end of the one or more optical fibers  1920  associated with the flexible substrate  1910 . In aspect, the at least one photodetector  1940  is positioned along the length of the one or more optical fibers  1920 . In an aspect, the at least one photodetector  1940  includes at least one photodiode. In some embodiments, the wearable breast monitor  1905  includes a plurality of photodetectors positioned along a length of at least one of the one or more optical fibers. In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  1940  is positioned along at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920  to detect light transmission through the at least one of the one or more optical fibers from the at least one light source  1930 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  1940  is positioned along at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920  to detect light reflected from the at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920 . 
     In some embodiments, the at least one light source  1930  is configured to emit one or more pulses of light. Under these conditions, the at least one photodetector  1940  is configured to measure a time delta between its reception of light and emission of light by the at least one light source  1930  and the calculation circuitry  1994  is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon the time delta. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  1920  has a cladding component having a first optical absorption coefficient and a core component having a second optical absorption coefficient. In an aspect, at least one first photodetector is configured to detect light reception from the core component and at least one second photodetector is configured to detect light reception from the cladding component; and wherein the calculation circuitry  1994  is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon a difference between a signal from the at least one first photodetector and a signal from the at least one second photodetector. 
     Wearable breast monitor  1905  of breast monitoring system  1900  further includes transmission unit  1950  including an antenna and operably coupled to the at least one photodetector  1940 , the transmission unit configured to transmit signals, the transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector  1940 . In an aspect, transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905  comprises a radiofrequency transmission unit and antenna. For example, the transmission unit can include Bluetooth or WiFi transmission capability. In an aspect, the transmission unit  1950  comprises an optical transmission unit. For example, the transmission unit can include an infrared optical transmitter. Non-limiting aspects of transmission units has been described above herein. 
     Breast monitoring system  1900  further includes a computing device  1960  including a receiver  1970 , a microprocessor  1980 , and circuitry  1990 . In an aspect, the computing device  1960  is a dedicated handheld device. For example, the computing device can include a dedicated handheld device manufactured specifically for the purpose of working with the wearable breast monitor. Said dedicated handheld device can further include a receiver, a microprocessor, and circuitry including input circuitry, calculation circuitry and reporting circuitry. In an aspect, the computing device  1960  is a mobile communication device. For example, the computing device can include a smart phone, cell phone, or similar device that includes a receiver capable of communicating with the wearable breast monitor and circuitry configured to receive and process information from a wearable breast monitor to calculate changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the computing device  1960  is a laptop or tablet computing device. In some embodiments, the computing device  1960  is connected to a network. For example, the computing device can be connected to or in communication with a network associated with a healthcare provider or lactation consultant. For example, the computing device can be connected to or in communication with a network that allows for sharing breastfeeding information to a website, e.g., a lactation tracking website or to a social media website. 
     In an aspect, the receiver  1970  is configured to receive transmitted signals from the transmission unit of the wearable breast monitor. In an aspect, the receiver is configured to receive radio, acoustic, electromagnetic, and/or optical transmissions. For example, the receiver can include a radiofrequency receiver for receiving radiofrequency signals from the wearable breast monitor. For example, the receiver can be configured to receive Bluetooth or WiFi transmissions. For example, the receiver can include an optical signal receiver configured to receive an optical transmission, e.g., an infrared transmission. 
     In an aspect, the computing device  1960  includes a transmission unit (e.g., infrared, Bluetooth or WiFi compatible systems) capable of transmitting signals to the wearable breast monitor  1905 . For example, the computing device can included a transmission unit capable of transmitting signals to the wearable breast monitor to control operation of the wearable breast monitor, e.g., on/off signals. For example, the computing device can include a transmission unit capable of transmitting signals from the reporting circuitry back to the wearable breast monitor to activate an associated reporting device, e.g., an optical, audio, or haptic reporting device, associated with the wearable breast monitor to alert a nursing mother and/or infant as to the calculated breast volume delta value. 
     Circuitry  1990  of computing device  1960  includes input circuitry  1992  configured to receive a first set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 , and to receive at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 . Circuitry  1990  includes calculation circuitry  1994  configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of transmitted signals and the received at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 , and to calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. In an aspect, calculation circuitry  1994  of the computing device  1960  includes an algorithm for calculating the breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. In an aspect, calculation circuitry  1994  of the computing device  1960  includes circuitry configured to calculate a volume of milk expressed during a breastfeeding event from the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, computing device  1960  includes compilation circuitry configured to compile calculated breast volume delta values over time and transmit a signal including information regarding the compilation to a reporting device. 
     Circuitry  1990  further includes reporting circuitry  1996  configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value. In an aspect, the reporting circuitry  1996  is configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to a reporting device associated with the computing device  1960 , wherein the reporting device includes at least one of a display, an optical reporting device, an audio reporting device, or a haptic reporting device associated with the computing device  1960 . In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry  1996  of the computing device  1960  is configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to a network. For example, the reporting circuitry can be configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to a network associated with a healthcare provider and/or lactation consultant. In an aspect, the reporting circuitry  1996  of the computing device  1960  is configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to a social media website. For example, the reporting circuitry can be configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to Facebook or similar social media website. Additional non-limiting aspects of input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry have been described above herein. 
     In an aspect, the input circuitry  1992 , the calculation circuitry  1994 , and the reporting circuitry  1996  are part of a breast monitoring application configured for implementation on the computing device. In some embodiments, system  1900  includes a breast monitoring application that includes non-transitory signal bearing medium including one or more instructions, the one or more instructions when implemented on the computing device  1960  include one or more instructions for receiving the first set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 ; one or more instructions for receiving the at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of wearable breast monitor  1905 ; one or more instructions for calculating the curvature delta value based on the comparison of the received first set of transmitted signals and the received at least one second set of transmitted signals from the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  1905 ; one or more instructions for calculating the breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and one or more instructions for reporting the calculated breast volume delta value. 
     A breast monitoring application that includes non-transitory signal bearing medium including one or more instructions, the one or more instructions when implemented on computing device including at least one or more of one or more instructions for transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to at least one of a haptic reporting device, an audio reporting device, an optical reporting device, or a transmission unit; one or more instructions for transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a dedicated hand-held device, a mobile communication device, a portable computing device, a computing device, or a network; one or more instructions for compiling calculated breast volume delta values over time and for reporting the compilation; one or more instructions for calculating a volume of milk expressed during a breastfeeding event from the calculated curvature delta value; and one or more instructions for generating a graphic representation of the calculated volume of milk expressed during a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a non-limiting example of a breast monitoring system. Breast monitoring system  2000  includes wearable breast monitor  2005  and computing device  2040 . Wearable breast monitor  2005  includes a flexible substrate  2010 . In this non-limiting example, the substrate is shown as a flexible strip fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject. Wearable breast monitor  2005  further includes one or more optical fibers  2020  associated with flexible substrate  2010  as well as at least one light source  1930  operably coupled at one end of optical fibers  2020  and at least one photodetector  1940  positioned to detect light reception at the other end of the optical fibers  2020 . The at least one photodetector  1940  is further operably coupled to transmission unit  1950  which includes antenna  2030 . Transmission unit  1950  is configured to transmit signals through antenna  2030 , the transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector  1940 . Breast monitoring system  2000  further includes computing device  2040 . In this non-limiting example, computing device  2040  is a mobile communication device, e.g., a smart phone. Computing device  2040  includes a receiver  2050  configured to communicate with the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  2005  to receive transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector  1940 . In some embodiments, transmission unit  1950  of wearable breast monitor  2005  can act as a receiver to receive signals (e.g., operational signals) from computing device  2040  (through, e.g., a transmission feature of receiver  2050 ). Computing device  2040  includes a microprocessor with circuitry, the circuitry including input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry. In some embodiments, computing device  2040  includes an application (e.g., a software application) including one or more instructions implemented on the computing device. For example, the computing device, e.g., a smart phone, can include a downloadable application for use in calculating changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event based on the signals received from the wearable breast monitor. Computing device further includes display  2060 . Display  2060  can be operably coupled to reporting circuitry configured to report a calculated breast volume delta value to a user, e.g., the subject using the breast monitoring system during a breastfeeding event or a healthcare provider or lactation consultant monitoring said breastfeeding events. For example, the display can display a numerical representation of the calculated breast volume delta value. For example, the display can display a graphical representation of the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry can be configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value audibly to the user. For example, the computing device can include a sound card for transmitting an audible signal, e.g., beeps or spoken language, indicative of the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry can be configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value haptically to the user. For example, the computing device can include a vibrating component for transmitting a haptic signal, e.g., a vibration, to the subject indicative of the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the optical, audible, and/or haptic signal is intended to startle a nursing infant such that he/she disengages from the nipple of the nursing mother when sufficient milk for any given breastfeeding event has been expressed. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a non-limiting example of a breast monitoring system. Breast monitoring system  2100  includes wearable breast monitor  2105  and computing device  2040 . Wearable breast monitor  2105  includes a flexible substrate  2110 . In this non-limiting example, flexible substrate  2110  takes the form of a typical brassiere including cups  2112  intended to fit snuggly around each of the breasts and straps  2114  intended to support the breasts in cups  2112 . In some embodiments, the flexible substrate can include a dedicated nursing bra. Wearable breast monitor  2105  further includes optical fibers  2120  arranged in a pattern on or in the cups  2112  of flexible substrate  2110 . In this non-limiting example, the optical fibers  2120  span from the medial side to the lateral side of cups  2112 . Also in this non-limiting example, at least one light source  1930  is positioned on the lateral side of each cup  2112  while at least one photodetector  1940  is position on the medial side of each cup  2112 . Light source  1930  is operably coupled to a first end of optical fibers  2120  and at least one photodetector  1940  is operably coupled to a second end of optical fibers  2120 . In some embodiments, at least one photodetector  1940  is positioned along the length of optical fibers  2120 . The at least one photodetector  1940  is further operably coupled to transmission unit  1950  which includes antenna  2030 . Transmission unit  1950  is configured to transmit signals through antenna  2030 , the transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector  1940 . 
     In an aspect, wearable breast monitor  2105  is incorporated into a nursing bra. In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor includes a nipple access portion defined by the flexible substrate, wherein the nipple access portion includes an aperture sized to accommodate a nipple associated with the breast. In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor further includes a nipple access covering, wherein the nipple access covering is sized to cover at least a portion of the nipple access portion. In some embodiments, the nipple access covering is an extension of the flexible substrate sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the extension of the flexible substrate to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. In some embodiments, the nipple access covering is a separate piece of material sized to cover the nipple access portion and includes at least one fastener configured to reversibly attach the separate piece of material to the flexible substrate over the nipple access portion. For example, the nipple access covering can be formed from the same material as the flexible substrate. For example, the nipple access covering can be formed from a material that is different from the flexible substrate. In an aspect, the fastener includes at least one of a snap, a button, a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, VELCRO, or an adhesive. In an aspect, the nipple access covering is held on and/or over the nipple access portion by virtue of friction with the flexible substrate material. 
     Breast monitoring system  2100  further includes computing device  2040 . In this non-limiting example, computing device  2040  is a mobile communication device, e.g., a smart phone. Computing device  2040  includes a receiver  2050  configured to communicate with the transmission unit  1950  of the wearable breast monitor  2005  to receive transmitted signals including light reception information from the at least one photodetector  1940 . Computing device  2040  includes a microprocessor with circuitry, the circuitry including input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry. In some embodiments, computing device  2040  includes an application including one or more instructions implemented on the computing device. For example, the computing device, e.g., a smart phone, can include a downloadable application for use in calculating changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event based on the signals received from the wearable breast monitor. Computing device further includes display  2060 . Display  2060  can be operably coupled to reporting circuitry configured to report a calculated breast volume delta value to a user. For example, the display can display a numerical representation and/or a graphical representation of the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry can be configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value audibly (e.g., through beeps or spoken language) or haptically (e.g., through a vibration) to the user. 
       FIG. 22  shows a block diagram of a method for monitoring a breastfeeding event. Method  2200  includes in block  2210  receiving a first set of signals at a first time point from at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from one or more optical fibers associated with a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. Method  2200  includes in block  2220  receiving at least one second set of signals at at least one second time point from the at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor. Method  2200  includes in block  2230  calculating a curvature delta value based on comparing the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals. Method  2200  includes in block  2240  calculating a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. Method  2200  includes in block  2250  transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a reporting device. 
     Method  2200  includes receiving a first set of signals and at least one second set of signals from at least one photodetector. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the first set of signals and the at least one second set of signals directly from the at least one photodetector. For example, the method can include a microcontroller associated with the wearable breast monitor directly receiving signals from photodetectors associated with the wearable breast monitor. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the first set of signals and the at least one second set of signals indirectly from the at least one photodetector. For example, the method includes a computing device wirelessly receiving signals from a transmission unit operably coupled to the at least one photodetector of the wearable breast monitor. 
     Method  2200  includes calculating a curvature data value based on comparing the received first set of signals and the at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector. In some embodiments, the method includes accessing a database, look-up table, graph, or reference source including information regarding optical output for a given optical fiber type or configuration depending upon curvature of the optical fiber. 
     Method  2200  includes calculating a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. The method can include using an algorithm to calculate the breast volume delta value. Non-limiting examples of algorithms from calculated breast volume have been described above herein. 
     Method  2200  includes transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a reporting device. For example, the method can include transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a reporting device associated with the wearable breast monitor. For example, the method can include transmitting the one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a reporting device associated with a computing device, e.g., a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, or a laptop or tablet computer. 
     In some embodiments, the method includes transmitting the one or more signals having the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to at least one of a haptic reporting device, an audio reporting device, or an optical reporting device. In an aspect, the haptic reporting device, audio reporting device, or optical reporting device is incorporated into the wearable breast monitor. In an aspect, the haptic reporting device, audio reporting device, or optical reporting device is incorporated into a separate computing device, e.g., a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, or a laptop or tablet computer. 
     In an aspect, the method includes transmitting the one or more signals having the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a transmission unit including an antenna. In an aspect, the method includes transmitting the one or more signals having the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value through the transmission unit to an external device. For example, the method can include transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value from a transmission unit associated with a wearable breast monitor to an external device, e.g., a computing device. In an aspect, the method includes transmitting the one or more signals having the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value through the transmission unit to at least one of a dedicated hand-held device, a mobile communication device, a portable computing device, a computing device, or a network. For example, the method can include transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value from a transmission unit associated with a wearable breast monitor to an external device, e.g., a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, or a laptop or tablet computer. 
     In an aspect, the method further includes calculating a volume of milk expressed during a breastfeeding event from the calculated curvature delta value; and transmitting one or more signals having information regarding the calculated volume of expressed milk to an external device. In an aspect, the method further includes tracking the calculated volume of milk expressed during a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. For example, the method can include storing data including the calculated volume of milk expressed at a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the method further includes generating a graphic representation of the calculated volume of milk expressed during a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. For example, the method can include generating a graph or chart including a date and/or time for each breastfeeding event and a calculated volume of milk expressed at each of the breastfeeding events. The graphical representation or chart can include a histogram, a bar chart, a pie chart, and/or a line chart. Alternatively or in addition, the graphical representation or chart can include a timeline chart. In some embodiments, the method can include generating a graph or chart including three variables. For example, the method can include generating a bubble chart or 3-D chart including a date correlated with an infant&#39;s age, volume of milk expressed, and a plurality of infants. In an aspect, the method includes generating a plot to track the calculated volume of milk expressed. For example, the method can include generating a box plot, dot plot, scatterplot, or the like. The graphical representation of the calculated volume of milk over time can be displayed on a display associated with a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, a laptop or tablet computing device, or other computing device. In an aspect, the graphical representation is provided to the user, i.e., the nursing mother. In an aspect, the graphical representation is provided to a medical practitioner or lactation specialist. 
     A method is described for using a wearable breast monitor to measure changes in breast volume during a breastfeeding event.  FIG. 23  shows a block diagram of a method for monitoring breastfeeding. Method  2300  includes in block  2310  measuring curvature of a breast during a breastfeeding event at a first time point and at at least one second time point with one or more optical fibers associated with a flexible substrate of a wearable breast monitor. Method  2300  includes in block  2320  calculating a change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event between the first time point and the at least one second time point. Method  2300  includes in block  2330  correlating the calculated change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event with a volume of milk expressed between the first time point and the at least one second time point. Method  2300  includes in block  2340  reporting the volume of milk expressed during the breastfeeding event between the first time point and the at least one second time point to a user. Methods including algorithms for calculating the change in volume of the breast based on the changes in curvature of the breast have been described above herein. 
     The method for monitoring breastfeeding includes measuring the curvature of the breast during a breastfeeding event at a first time point and at at least one second time point with the one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor. In some embodiments, the method can include measuring the curvature of the breast at a time point prior to initiating a breastfeeding event and at a second time at the end of a breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor is worn throughout the breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the wearable breast monitor is applied prior to initiation of the breastfeeding event to measure curvature of the breast at the first time point, removed for the actual breastfeeding event, and reapplied after the end of the breastfeeding event to measure curvature of the breast at the second time point. 
     In some embodiments, the method can include wearing the wearable breast monitor throughout a breastfeeding event so as to measure the curvature of the breast at several time points before, during, and/or after the course of the breastfeeding event. For example, the method can include continuously measuring changes in curvature during a breastfeeding event and reporting the resulting changes in breast volume on a continuous basis. 
     The method further includes calculating a change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event between the first time point and the at least one second time point. In an aspect, the method includes receiving a first set of signals from at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate of the wearable breast monitor and receiving at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector. For example, the method can include calculating the change in curvature of the breast from the first time point and the at least one second time point based on changes in voltage received from the photodetector of the wearable breast monitor. The method further includes correlating the calculated change in curvature of the breast during the breastfeeding event with a volume of milk expressed between the first time point and the at least one second time point. 
     The method includes reporting the calculated volume of milk expressed during the breastfeeding event. The method can include reporting the calculated volume of milk expressed to a user through at least one of an optical reporting device, a haptic reporting device, or an audio reporting device. The method can include reporting the calculated volume of milk expressed to a user through a display as part of a numerical and/or graphical representation. The method can include reporting the calculated volume of milk expressed to the user on a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, a portable computing device, or other similar computing device. The method can include reporting the calculated volume of milk expressed to the user through a network interface. 
     In an aspect, the method further includes tracking the calculated volume of milk expressed during a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. For example, the method can include storing data including the calculated volume of milk expressed at a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the method further includes generating a graphic representation of the calculated volume of milk expressed during a first breastfeeding event and at least one second breastfeeding event. For example, the method can include generating a graph or chart including a date and/or time for each breastfeeding event and a calculated volume of milk expressed at each of the breastfeeding events. The graphical representation or chart can include a histogram, a bar chart, a pie chart, and/or a line chart. Alternatively or in addition, the graphical representation or chart can include a timeline chart. In some embodiments, the method can include generating a graph or chart including three variables. For example, the method can include generating a bubble chart or 3-D chart including a date correlated with an infant&#39;s age, volume of milk expressed, and a plurality of infants. In an aspect, the method includes generating a plot tracking the calculated volume of milk expressed. For example, the method can include generating a box plot, dot plot, scatterplot, or the like. The graphical representation of the calculated volume of milk over time can be displayed on a display associated with a dedicated handheld device, a mobile communication device, a laptop or tablet computing device, or other computing device. In an aspect, the graphical representation is provided to the user, i.e., the nursing mother. In an aspect, the graphical representation is provided to a medical practitioner or lactation specialist. 
     Described herein are aspects of a breast sensor device. In some embodiments, a breast sensor device includes a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; and at least one connector operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers. The at least one connector is configured to connect the breast sensor device to at least one light source and at least one photodetector. 
       FIGS. 24-26  illustrate non-limiting aspects of breast sensor devices.  FIG. 24  shows a block diagram of breast sensor device  2400  including flexible substrate  2410 , one or more optical fibers  2420 , and at least one connector  2430 . 
     In an aspect, the flexible substrate  2410  is a flexible strip fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of the at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  2410  is a flexible sleeve fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of the at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. In some embodiments, the flexible sleeve is sized for placement between the external contours of the at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject and a garment. In some embodiments, the garment includes a nursing bra. Alternatively, the garment includes a brassiere, sports bra, or other tight or form-fitting undergarment. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  2410  includes a stretchable fabric. In an aspect, the flexible substrate  2410  includes a form-fitting material that substantially conforms to the external contours of the at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, the stretchable and/or form-fitting fabric can include a stretchable polyester fabric (e.g., LYCRA). 
     In an aspect, the breast sensor device  2400  includes an adhesive on at least one surface of the flexible substrate  2410 . For example, at least one surface of the flexible substrate of the breast sensor device can include a biocompatible and reversible adhesive (e.g., a pressure sensitive adhesive) for adhering the breast sensor device to the skin surface of a subject. For example, at least one surface of the flexible substrate of the breast sensor device can include an adhesive for adhering the breast sensor device to a surface of a brassiere (e.g., a nursing bra). 
     In an aspect, the breast sensor device  2400  includes at least one fastener configured to attach the breast sensor device  2400  to a garment. In an aspect, the fastener is at least one of a snap, a button, a zipper, a hook and eye fastener, a hook and loop fastener, a magnetic fastener, or an adhesive. In an aspect, the at least one fastener is configured to attach the breast sensor device  2400  to a nursing bra. For example, the breast sensor device can include a hook and loop fastener (e.g., VELCRO) for attaching the breast sensor device into a cup region of a nursing bra. 
     Breast sensor device  2400  includes one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are one or more glass optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are one or more plastic optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are one or more polymer optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are one or more photonic crystal fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are one or more acrylic optical fibers. In an aspect, each of the one or more optical fibers  2420  includes an inner core and an outer cladding, and wherein a portion of a core/cladding interface is modified to alter light transmission, wherein the amount of light transmitted out is dependent on the curvature of the one or more optical fibers  2420 . In an aspect, one or more portions along the length of the one or more optical fibers  2420  are rendered transmissive to light, and the amount of light transmitted out is dependent on the curvature of the one or more optical fibers  2420 . In an aspect, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  2420  includes one or more fiber Bragg gratings. 
     One or more optical fibers  2420  are associated with the flexible substrate  2410  of breast sensor device  2400 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are attached to the flexible substrate  2410 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are incorporated into the flexible substrate  2410 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  are woven into the flexible substrate  2410 . 
     In some embodiments, the flexible substrate  2410  includes a first layer and a second layer, and the one or more optical fibers  2420  are disposed between the first layer and the second layer of the flexible substrate. In an aspect, the first layer and the second layer of the flexible substrate  2410  are formed from a stretchable fabric. For example, the first and second layers of the flexible substrate can include a stretchable polyester fabric between which the one or more optical fibers are disposed. In some embodiments, at least one of the first layer or the second layer of the flexible substrate includes a soft fabric. For example, the first layer and/or the second layer of the flexible substrate can include a soft flannel or other fabric intended to be soft to the touch, and particularly soft to the touch of an infant&#39;s cheek while breastfeeding. 
     The one or more optical fibers  2420  are arranged in a pattern on a surface of the flexible substrate  2410  of breast sensor device  2400 . In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in a network. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in a radial pattern. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in a spiral pattern. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in concentric circles. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in overlapping patterns. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are proximate and non-parallel. In some embodiments, a first optical fiber overlays a second, non-parallel optical fiber. In some embodiments, a first portion of at least one of the one or more optical fibers  2420  overlays a second non-parallel portion of the at least one of the one or more optical fibers. In an aspect, the one or more optical fibers  2420  associated with the flexible substrate  2410  are arranged in a grid-like network. 
     Breast sensor device  2400  includes at least one connector  2430  operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers  2420 . For example, a breast sensor device can include a plug operably coupled to the optical fibers and configured to connect the breast sensor device to at least one of a light source and/or a photodetector. For example, a breast sensor device can include a conduit operably coupled to the optical fibers and configured to connect the breast sensor device to at least one of a light source and/or a photodetector. The connector can include a connector, a plug, a conduit, an adapter, a coupling, a joint, or a linker operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers and configured to operably connect one or more optical fibers of the breast sensor device to at least one of a light source and/or a photodetector. In an aspect, the at least one connector  2430  includes a light input connector configured to operably connect the one or more optical fibers  2420  to a light source. In an aspect, the at least one connector  2430  includes a light output connector configured to operably connect the one or more optical fibers  2420  to a photodetector. In some embodiments, the at least one connector  2430  of the breast sensor device  2400  includes at least one light input connector and at least one light output connector. In some embodiments, the at least one connector  2430  includes a light input connector configured to operably connect a first end of the one or more optical fibers  2420  to a light source and a light output connector configured to operably connect a second end of the one or more optical fibers  2420  to a photodetector. 
       FIG. 25  shows a non-limiting embodiment of a breast sensor device. Breast sensor device  2500  includes a flexible substrate  2510 . In this non-limiting example, flexible substrate  2510  is a flexible strip fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of the one or more breasts of the subject. For example, a flexible strip including one or more optical fibers and a connector can be adhered to a surface of a subject&#39;s breast to monitor changes in breast curvature and breast volume during a breastfeeding event. Breast sensor  2500  includes optical fiber  2520  associated with flexible substrate  2510  (e.g., a flexible strip). In this non-limiting exampling, the optical fiber is curved such that a first end and a second end of the fiber are proximate to one another. Breast sensor  2500  further includes connector  2530 . In this non-limiting example, connector  2530  is configured to connect the first end of the optical fiber  2520  to a light source and the second end of the optical fiber  2530  to a photodetector. 
     In some embodiments, the breast sensor device includes a nipple access portion defined by the flexible substrate, wherein the nipple access portion includes an aperture in the flexible substrate sized to accommodate a nipple associated with the breast of the subject.  FIG. 26  shows a non-limiting example of a breast sensor device including a nipple access portion. Breast sensor device  2600  includes a flexible substrate  2610 . In this non-limiting example, flexible substrate  2610  is a flexible sleeve fabricated to substantially conform to the external contours of at least a portion of at least one of the one or more breasts of the subject. Breast sensor device  2600  further includes nipple access portion  2605  defined by flexible substrate  2610 , wherein nipple access portion  2605  includes an aperture in the flexible substrate  2610  sized to accommodate a nipple associated with the breast of the subject. Breast sensor device further includes one or more optical fibers  2620 . In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers  2620  are associated with the flexible substrate  2610  in concentric circles. The ends of the optical fibers meet at the connector  2630 . Connector  2630  is configured to connect a first end of the one or more optical fibers  2620  to a light source and a second end of the one or more optical fibers  2620  to a photodetector. 
     In some embodiments, a breast sensor device is part of a breast monitoring system. In some embodiments, a breast monitoring system includes a breast sensor device including a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject, one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable, and at least one connector operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one light source configured to operably couple with a first end of the one or more optical fibers of the breast sensor device through the at least one connector; at least one photodetector configured to operably couple with a second end of the one or more optical fibers of the breast sensor device through the at least one connector, the at least one photodetector positioned to detect light transmission through at least one of the one or more optical fibers from the at least one light source; a reporting device; and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector, and calculate a breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated breast volume delta value. 
       FIG. 27  shows a block diagram illustrating non-limiting aspects of a breast monitoring system. Breast monitoring system  2700  includes breast sensor device  2710  including flexible substrate  2712 , one or more optical fibers  2714 , and at least one connector  2716 . Non-limiting aspects of a breast sensor device including at least one connector have been described above herein in  FIGS. 24-26  and associated text. System  2700  further includes at least one light source  2720 , at least one photodetector  2730 , reporting device  2740 , and microcontroller  2750  including a microprocessor and circuitry. The circuitry includes input circuitry  2752 , calculation circuitry  2754 , and reporting circuitry  2756 . 
     System  2700  includes at least one light source  2720  configured to operably couple with a first end of the one or more optical fibers  2714  of the breast sensor device  2710  through the at least one connector  2716 . In an aspect, the at least one light source  2720  includes at least one light emitting diode. In an aspect, the at least one light source  2720  includes at least one laser diode. 
     System  2700  further includes at least one photodetector  2730  configured to operably couple with a second end of the one or more optical fibers  2714  of the breast sensor device  2710  through the at least one connector  2716 , the at least one photodetector  2730  positioned to detect light transmission through at least one of the one or more optical fibers from the at least one light source. In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  2730  is positioned to detect light transmission through at least one of the one or more optical fibers  2714  from the at least one light source  2720 . In some embodiments, the at least one photodetector  2730  is positioned to detect light reflection from at least one of the one or more optical fibers  2714 . In an aspect, the at least one photodetector includes at least one photodiode. Non-limiting aspects of photodetectors have been described above herein. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more optical fibers  2714  of the breast sensor device  2710  has a cladding component having a first optical absorption coefficient and a core component having a second optical absorption coefficient. In an aspect, at least one first photodetector is configured to detect light reception form the core component and at least one second photodetector is configured to detect light reception from the cladding component; and wherein the calculation circuitry is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon a difference between signals from the at least one first photodetector and signals from the at least one second photodetector. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one light source  2720  is configured to emit one or more pulses of light. The at least one photodetector  2730  is further configured to measure a time delta between its reception of light and emission of light by the at least one light source  2720 . The calculation circuitry  2754  is configured to calculate positional information related to the curvature based upon the time delta. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more optical fibers  2714  of the breast sensor device are photonic crystal fibers; and wherein the calculation circuitry  2754  is configured to calculate the curvature delta value based upon a difference in optical modal structure associated with a first set of signals and a second set of signals. 
     Breast monitoring system  2700  further includes reporting device  2740 . The reporting device is configured to report information regarding the calculated breast volume delta. In some embodiments, the reporting device provides a signal, e.g., a flashing light, an audible beep, or a haptic vibration, indicating that the calculated breast volume delta represents a sufficient amount of milk expressed during a given breastfeeding event. Alternatively, the reporting device provides more specificity in the form of text, graphics, or words indicating that the calculated breast volume delta represents a sufficient amount of milk expressed during the breastfeeding event. 
     In some embodiments, the reporting device  2740  includes a haptic reporting device. For example, the reporting device can include a vibrational device configured to provide haptic information to a user (e.g., the nursing mother) before, during, and/or after a breastfeeding event. In some embodiments, the reporting device  2740  includes an audio reporting device. For example, the reporting device can include an audio speaker and sound card configured to provide audio information to a user (e.g., the nursing mother, a healthcare provider, and/or a lactation consultant) before, during, and/or after a breastfeeding event. In some embodiments, the reporting device  2740  includes an optical reporting device. For example, the reporting device can include one or more lights configured to provide visual information to a user (e.g., the nursing mother, a healthcare provider, and/or a lactation consultant) before, during, and/or after a breastfeeding event. For example, the reporting device can include a display, e.g., an LCD display, configured to provided information in the form of text, tables, and/or graphs to a user before, during, and/or after a breastfeeding event. 
     In some embodiments, the reporting device includes a transmission unit including an antenna, the transmission unit configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to an external device. In an aspect, the transmission unit includes a radiofrequency transmission unit. For example, the transmission unit may be part of a Bluetooth system. In an aspect, the transmission unit includes an optical transmission unit. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a dedicated handheld device. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a mobile communication device. For example, the transmission unit can transmit the calculated breast volume delta value to a user&#39;s cell phone or smart phone. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a computing device. For example, the transmission unit can transmit the calculated breast volume delta value to a lap top or tablet computing device. In some embodiments, computing device is associated with the nursing subject. Alternatively or in addition, the computing device is associated with a health care provider and/or lactation consultant. In some embodiments, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the information regarding the calculated breast volume delta value to a network. For example, the transmission unit can be configured to send the calculated breast volume delta value to an Internet site, e.g., a social media or healthcare provider site. In an aspect, the transmission unit is configured to transmit the calculated breast volume delta value to an Internet site specifically set up to collect and track said data over time. 
     The breast monitoring system  2700  further includes a microcontroller  2750  including a microprocessor and circuitry. In some embodiments, the microcontroller  2750  is configured to receive information from the at least one photodetector  2730  through a wired connection. In some embodiments, the microcontroller  2750  is configured to receive information from the at least one photodetector  2730  through a wireless connection. In some embodiments, the reporting device  2740  is a transmission unit configured to wirelessly transmit information from the at least one photodetector  2730  to the microcontroller  2730 . In some embodiments, the microcontroller  2750  is incorporated into a garment, e.g., a nursing bra along with the at least one light source, the reporting device, and the at least one photodetector. In some embodiments, the microcontroller is associated with a dedicated hand-held device. For example, the microcontroller can include a dedicated hand-held device in with at least one photodetector associated with a nursing bra through a transmission unit. Alternatively, the microcontroller is associated with a mobile communication device, e.g., a cell phone or smart phone. In an aspect, the microcontroller is associated with a computing device, e.g., a laptop or tablet computing device. 
     Microcontroller  2750  includes circuitry configured to receive, process, and report data. The circuitry includes input circuitry  2752  configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector  2730 ; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  2730 . The circuitry includes calculation circuitry  2754  configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector  2730 . In some embodiments, the calculation circuitry  2754  of the microcontroller  2750  includes an algorithm for calculating the breast volume delta value from the calculated curvature delta value. Non-limiting aspects of algorithms for use in calculating the breast volume delta based on changes in breast curvature during a breastfeeding event have been described above. In an aspect, the calculation circuitry  2754  of the microcontroller is configured to calculate a volume of milk expressed during a breastfeeding event from the calculated breast volume delta value. 
     The microcontroller  2750  further includes reporting circuitry  2756  configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device  2740  based on the calculated breast volume delta value. In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry  2756  of the microcontroller  2750  is configured to transmit a signal to at least one of a haptic reporting device, an audio reporting device, a wirelessly coupled reporting device, or an optical reporting device. In an aspect, the reporting device is attached to a garment, e.g., a nursing bra. For example, the reporting circuitry can be configured to transmit a signal to a vibrating haptic device associate with the nursing bra to provide a haptic alert regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. For example, the reporting circuitry can be configured to transmit a signal to one or more indicator lights associated with the nursing bra to provide an optical alert regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. For example, the reporting circuitry can be configured to transmit a signal to a speaker associate with the nursing bra to provide an audio alert regarding the calculated breast volume delta value. 
     In some embodiments, the reporting circuitry  2756  of the microcontroller  2750  is configured to transmit a signal to a transmission unit including an antenna. In an aspect, the transmission unit is operable to transmit a signal to at least one of a dedicated hand-held device, a mobile communication device, and/or a laptop or tablet computing device. In an aspect, the transmission unit is operable to transmit a signal to a network, e.g., a healthcare provider network or a social media network. 
     In an aspect, the microcontroller further includes compilation circuitry configured to compile the calculated breast volume delta values over time and transmit a signal including information regarding the compilation to the reporting device. In an aspect, the compilation circuitry compiles the calculated breast volume delta values over the course of a single breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the compilation circuitry is configured to generate a graphic representation of cumulative breast volume delta values over the course of a single breastfeeding event. In an aspect, the compilation circuitry is configured to generate a graphic representation of total breast volume delta values at each of one or more breastfeeding events. The graphic representation can be reported via a display associated with a dedicated hand-held device, a mobile communication device, and/or a laptop or tablet computer. 
     In an aspect, a breast monitoring system such as described in  FIG. 28  further includes a garment, wherein the garment includes a surface configured to accept the breast sensor device, and wherein the at least one light source, the at least one photodetector, the reporting device, and the microcontroller are associated with the garment. Breast monitoring system  2800  includes a breast sensor device  2810  including a flexible substrate  2812  associated with a surface  2805  of a garment, e.g., a nursing bra. For example, the breast sensor device  2810  can include an adhesive (e.g., a pressure sensitive adhesive) for adhering the sensor to the surface  2805  of the garment. For example, the breast sensor device  2810  can include a fastener of some sort (e.g., VELCRO or snaps) for attaching the sensor to the surface  2805  of the garment. The breast sensor device  2810  further includes one or more optical fibers  2814  associated with the flexible substrate  2812 . In this non-limiting example, the one or more optical fibers  2814  are curved into a loop with each end associated with connector  2816 . 
     Breast monitoring system  2800  further includes at least one light source  2820 , at least one photodetector  2830 , microcontroller  2850 , and reporting device  2840 . In this non-limiting example, the at least one light source  2820 , the at least one photodetector  2830 , the microcontroller  2850 , and the reporting device  2840  are all associated with the surface  2805  of the garment. The at least one light source  2820  (e.g., a light emitting diode) and the at least one photodetector  2830  (e.g., a photodiode) are shown operably connected to the breast sensor device  2810  through the connector  2816 . For example, the connector of the breast sensor device can be configured to “plug in” to the light source and photodetector. The microcontroller  2850  includes a microprocessor and circuitry including input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry for receiving, processing, and reporting information associated with a breastfeeding event. The reporting device  2840  reports information regarding the breastfeeding event to a user and includes at least one of an optical, audio, or haptic reporting device, or a transmission unit. 
     In some embodiments, one or more of the light sources, photodetectors, microprocessor and reporting device are grouped together. For example, the light source and the photodetectors may be grouped together for ease in connecting with the connector of the breast sensor device. In some embodiments, all or part of the light sources, photodetectors, microprocessor and reporting device are resistant to an environment associated with cleaning a garment, e.g., a nursing bra. For example, all or part of the components are water resistant or are encased in a water resistant compartment. In some embodiments, the light sources, photodetectors, microprocessor and reporting device are combined in a single unit. A single unit including these components can be configured for easy attachment and removal from the garment so as to be able to clean the garment. 
     In some embodiments, the microprocessor and/or the reporting device components of the breast monitoring system are not associated with the breastfeeding garment. For example, the microprocessor and/or the reporting device can be part of a separate computing device, e.g., a dedicated hand-held device, a mobile communication device, or a laptop or tablet computing device in communication with the other components of the system.  FIG. 29  illustrates an example of a breast monitoring system including a computing device. Breast monitoring system  2900  includes breast sensor device  2910  associated with a surface  2905  of a garment, e.g., a nursing bra. Breast sensor device  2910  includes one or more optical fibers  2914  associated with (e.g., attached to) flexible substrate  2912 . Breast sensor device  2910  is operably coupled (e.g., “plugged in”) to at least one light source  2920  and at least one photodetector  2930  through connector  2916 . The at least one light source  2920  and the at least one photodetector  2930  are associated with the surface  2905  of the garment. Breast monitoring system  2900  further includes a transmission unit  2940  operably coupled to at least the photodetector  2930 . Transmission unit  2940  is configured to communicate with computing device  2950 . Computing device  2950  includes an antenna  2960  configured to communicate with transmission unit  2940 . Computing device  2950  further includes microprocessor  2970  including input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry configured to receive, process, and report information associated with a breastfeeding event. The input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry can be part of an application implemented on the mobile communication device. Computing device  2950  further includes reporting device  2980 . In this non-limiting embodiment, the reporting device  2980  can include a user interface (e.g., a display and a keyboard or touchpad) for inputting and receiving information. 
     In some embodiments, a breast monitoring system includes a breast sensor device including a flexible substrate, one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, and at least one connector; at least one light source, at least one photodetector, and a transmission unit associated with a garment, e.g., a nursing bra; and a mobile communication device, in communication with the at least one photodetector through the transmission unit, the computing device including input circuitry, calculation circuitry, and reporting circuitry, wherein the reporting circuitry is configured to report the calculated breast volume delta value to a user through a display associated with the mobile communication device. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of a breast monitoring system including a subset of the system components associated with a brassiere (e.g., a nursing bra) and configured for communication with a mobile communication device (e.g., a smart phone). Breast monitoring system  3000  includes brassiere  3005  including straps and cups. The brassiere can be configured for wear by a user during a breastfeeding event. Breast monitoring system  3000  includes breast sensor device  3010  including a flexible substrate associated with a surface of brassiere  3005 . Breast sensor device  3010  includes one or more optical fibers  3012  associated with the flexible substrate and nipple access portion  3014 . In this non-limiting example, the optical fibers form concentric circles around the nipple access portion  3014 . Breast sensor device  3010  further includes connector  3016 . Brassiere  3005  further has associated with it at least one light source  3020 , at least one photodetector  3030 , and a transmission unit  3040  including an antenna  3045 . In this non-limiting example, these components are shown grouped together. In an alternative embodiment, each component may be separately associated with the brassiere. 
     Breast monitoring system  3000  further includes a mobile communication device  3050  including a transmission unit  3060  including a receiver and a user interface  3070 . Mobile communication device  3050  can include a smart phone or cell phone or other mobile communication device. In some embodiments, the mobile communication device  3050  can include a tablet computer. The transmission unit  3060  includes a receiver configured to wirelessly receive signals from the transmission unit  3040  associated with the nursing bra  3005 . Transmission unit  3060  can further include a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the transmission unit  3040  of the nursing bra  3005 . In some embodiments, the transmission unit  3060  of the mobile communication device  3050  transmits signals carrying information for controlling one or more of the at least one light source  3020 , the at least one photodetector  3030 , or the transmission unit  3040  associated with the nursing bra  3005 . 
     In some embodiments, a wearable breast monitor including one or more optical fibers can be used to measure a physiological parameter of a user. In an aspect, a wearable breast monitor comprises a flexible substrate fabricated to substantially conform to external contours of at least a portion of one or more breasts of a subject; one or more optical fibers associated with the flexible substrate, wherein the one or more optical fibers are dynamically bendable; at least one light source operably coupled to the one or more optical fibers; at least one photodetector positioned to detect light reception from the one or more optical fibers; a reporting device; and a microcontroller including a microprocessor and circuitry, wherein the circuitry includes input circuitry configured to receive a first set of signals from the at least one photodetector; and receive at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; calculation circuitry configured to calculate a curvature delta value based on a comparison of the received first set of signals and the received at least one second set of signals from the at least one photodetector; and calculate a physiological parameter value from the calculated curvature delta value; and reporting circuitry configured to transmit a signal to the reporting device based on the calculated physiological parameter value. 
     In some embodiments, the physiological parameter value includes a step count. For example, the optical fibers associated with the wearable breast monitor can detect changes in breast curvature associated with a breast moving, e.g., bouncing up and down, with each step or footfall. 
     In some embodiments, the physiological parameter value includes a respiration rate. For example, the optical fibers associated with the wearable breast monitor can detect changes in breast curvature associated with movement of the chest and associated breasts during inhalation and exhalation. 
     The state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware, software, and/or firmware implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware, software, and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. There are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein can be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware. 
     In some implementations described herein, logic and similar implementations can include software or other control structures. Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths of electrical current constructed and arranged to implement various functions as described herein. In some implementations, one or more media can be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation when such media hold or transmit a device detectable instructions operable to perform as described herein. In some variants, for example, implementations can include an update or modification of existing software or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, such as by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or more instructions in relation to one or more operations described herein. Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation can include special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/or general-purpose components executing or otherwise invoking special-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations can be transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission media as described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise by passing through distributed media at various times. 
     Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing a special-purpose instruction sequence or otherwise invoking circuitry for enabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or more occurrences of any functional operations described above. In some variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may be expressed directly as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as an executable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, C++ or other code sequences can be compiled directly or otherwise implemented in high-level descriptor languages (e.g., a logic-synthesizable language, a hardware description language, a hardware design simulation, and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression). Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the logical expression may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description or other circuitry model before physical implementation in hardware, especially for basic operations or timing-critical applications. Those skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimize suitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies, actuators, or other common structures in light of these teachings. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein can be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, and/or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, electro-magnetically actuated devices, and/or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.), and/or any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, medical devices, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and/or communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise. 
     In a general sense, the various aspects described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination thereof and can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). The subject matter described herein can be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the systems and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system. A data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A data processing system can be implemented utilizing suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the systems and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a mote system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical mote system generally includes one or more memories such as volatile or non-volatile memories, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, user interfaces, drivers, sensors, actuators, applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., an antenna USB ports, acoustic ports, etc.), control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing or estimating position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A mote system may be implemented utilizing suitable components, such as those found in mote computing/communication systems. Specific examples of such components entail such as Intel Corporation&#39;s and/or Crossbow Corporation&#39;s mote components and supporting hardware, software, and/or firmware. 
     In certain cases, use of a system or method may occur in a territory even if components are located outside the territory. For example, in a distributed computing context, use of a distributed computing system may occur in a territory even though parts of the system may be located outside of the territory (e.g., relay, server, processor, signal-bearing medium, transmitting computer, receiving computer, etc. located outside the territory). A sale of a system or method may likewise occur in a territory even if components of the system or method are located and/or used outside the territory. 
     Further, implementation of at least part of a system for performing a method in one territory does not preclude use of the system in another territory. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “operably coupled to” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable components. 
     In some instances, one or more components can be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (e.g. “configured to”) can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. 
     While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications can be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. 
     It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     Various non-limiting embodiments are described herein as Prophetic Examples. 
     Prophetic Example 1: A Wearable Adhesive Strip Breastfeeding Monitor 
     A wearable breastfeeding monitor is fabricated to adhere to the breast and monitor the volume of milk in the breast before and after breastfeeding. A flexible strip of plastic is fabricated with flexible optical fibers, a light source and a photodetector which detects light transmitted through the optical fibers. The amount of light transmitted depends on the bend (or curvature) of the optical fibers. A microcontroller which includes a microprocessor and dedicated microcircuitry processes the light transmission data, calculates the volume of milk expressed during breastfeeding and reports to the mother via a haptic device. 
     The breastfeeding monitor is fabricated starting with a strip of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) or polyester. Flexible polyester films and biomedical adhesives are available from Tekra, Division of EIS, Inc., New Berlin, Wis. For example, an adhesive-coated polyethylene tape that adheres well to the skin, and is conformable and hypoallergenic is suitable for fabricating the breastfeeding monitor as a strip which adheres and conforms to the external shape of the breast (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5A and 5B ). 
     Multimode silica optical fibers are attached to the strip in a linear arrangement spanning the adhesive strip (see, e.g.,  FIG. 3, 320 ). Standard glass-clad, silica core multimode fibers with a wavelength range of 400-2400 nm are available from ThorLabs Inc., Newton, N.J., and they may be attached to the polyethylene strip with epoxy that allows bending of the fibers/strip to conform with the shape of the breast. A white LED light source is connected to one end of the optical fibers (see, e.g.,  FIG. 3, 130 ). For example, a 0.3 W white LED with transmitter circuitry and optic connectors are available from Digi-Key Corporation, Thief River Falls, Minn. 56701 USA. A fiber optic receiver, photodetector (see e.g.,  FIG. 3, 140 ) is connected to the opposite end of the optical fibers. For example, a fiber optic receiver that includes a photodiode and output circuitry compatible with CMOS logic is available from Digi-Key Corporation, Thief River Falls, Minn. 56701 USA. The receiver detects light transmitted through the optical fibers and signals to a microcontroller (see  FIG. 3, 160 ) which determines light intensities, calculates breast shapes and determines breast milk volumes. 
     A first pulse of light is transmitted prior to breastfeeding, and a second pulse of light is transmitted after breastfeeding. A differential in the amount of light received following the first and second pulses (i.e., delta in light intensity) results from bending in the optical fibers that accompanies the change of shape in the breast when milk is expressed. For example, a fiber optic system detects bending of optical fibers that results in attenuation of light transmitted through the optical fibers (see e.g., Fujiwara et al.,  IEEE Sensors Journal  14: 3631-3636, 2014 which is incorporated herein by reference). The delta in light detected by the fiber optic receiver before and after breastfeeding is signaled to the microcontroller where calculation circuitry calculates a delta in breast volume which corresponds to the amount of breast milk expressed during breastfeeding. 
     The wearable breast monitor includes a reporting device (see e.g.,  FIG. 3, 150 ) to alert the mother when a sufficient volume of milk has been consumed by her infant. For example, a haptic reporting device can include a vibrational motor (e.g., a coin or pancake vibration motor is available from Precision Microdrives Ltd, London, UK) that is used to alert the nursing mother when sufficient breast milk has been expressed. The haptic reporting device may be attached to the adhesive strip and signal by vibration on the breast when a sufficient volume of milk has been expressed. For example, when a predetermined minimum and/or maximum volume of milk has been expressed the mother may be alerted. The reporting device may include circuitry to signal wirelessly to the mother&#39;s cell phone and leave a record of the day, time and volume of milk expressed and consumed. 
     Prophetic Example 2: A Breastfeeding Monitor Nursing Bra 
     A breastfeeding monitor is incorporated in a nursing bra to detect and report the expression of breast milk during breast feeding. The nursing bra is constructed from a stretchable fabric that includes interwoven optical fibers in a spiral configuration in each cup. The bra cups fit snugly around each breast and conform to the breast shape. The optical fibers are inscribed with multiple Bragg gratings and connected to a light source and an optic receiver which detects light reflected through the optical fibers. A microcontroller, which includes a microprocessor and circuitry, processes light signals from the optical fibers and calculates changes in breast shape which are used to calculate breast milk consumption. A reporting device signals to the mother and an external device that a breastfeeding event has occurred and reports the volume of breast milk expressed. 
     The nursing bra is fabricated to incorporate all the elements of the breastfeeding monitor in a functional nursing bra. See, e.g.,  FIG. 11 . The cups surrounding each breast are fabricated from a flexible fabric comprised of a thin woven polyester Spandex fabric with approximately 20% to 30% stretch in both width and length, so as to fit snugly and conform to the shape of the breast. Optical fibers are sewn in between the layers of polyester Spandex fabric in a spiral pattern (see  FIG. 13, 1320 ) that is centered around the nipple access opening  1315 . Single mode optical fibers with multiple Bragg gratings distributed over the fiber for multi-point distributed sensing are used to provide real time 3D sensing of the optical fiber. Optical fiber with Bragg gratings inscribed is available from Technica Optical Components, Atlanta, Ga. For example, see the Specification Sheet: T100/FBG Sensing Array which is incorporated herein by reference. Located between the bra cups on the bridge segment (see  FIG. 11, 130 ), a laser diode source provides 980 nm light to the optical fibers on each breast. For example, a continuous wave laser diode which emits at 980 nm is available from Hamamatsu Photonics, San Jose, Calif. and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) receiver  140  detects light reflected back through the optical fiber. FBG receivers are available from Redondo Optics, Redondo Beach, Calif. Changes in breast shape cause changes in shape (bends) of the optical fiber which in turn, cause changes in the light reflected from the Bragg gratings. Changes in reflected light detected by the receiver are processed by a centrally located microcontroller  160  which includes microprocessors and circuitry to process the photonic data and calculate changes in breast shape and breast volume. A reporting device  150  transmits breastfeeding data to an external device, (e.g., cell phone) and also alerts the mother directly with a haptic device or an audio signal. Expressed breast milk volumes determined periodically during breastfeeding are reported to a cell phone or laptop computer and when a preset minimum volume of milk is expressed the mother is alerted with a haptic or audio signal. 
     Prophetic Example 3: A Breastfeeding Monitor System for a Nursing Bra 
     A system to monitor breastfeeding is fabricated in a nursing bra with integrated optical fibers and connectors and a detachable module that includes a light emitting diode (LED) light source, a charge coupled device (CCD) photodetector, a microcontroller and a reporting device. The nursing bra cups are fabricated with polyester fabric which has interwoven optical fibers terminating in connectors that couple to the detachable module. The system detects change (delta) in breast shape to calculate change (delta) in breast volume following breastfeeding and reports the volume of milk expressed to the mother and to external devices, e.g., a cell phone or computer. 
     The system includes optical fibers associated with a flexible substrate of a nursing bra. Multimode silica optical fibers are interwoven with polyester fibers to create a flexible substrate including optical fibers that conforms to the external shape of the breast. Woven optical fiber substrates are described (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Appl. 2003/0044155 by Maiden, which is incorporated herein by reference). Polyester fabric with interwoven silica core multimode fibers is used to fabricate bra cups to hold the breasts and conform to their external shape. The optical fibers are interwoven in lateral patterns that span each breast cup. The ends of the interwoven optical fibers converge on connectors located in the bridge between the bra cups. Optical fiber couplers for coupling light into and out of optical fibers are available. See e.g., Achromatic FiberPorts that collimate over a range of wavelengths from ThorLabs Inc., Newton, N.J. 
     A detachable module for the breast monitoring system includes a LED light source, a CCD photodetector, a microcontroller and a reporting device which couples as a unit to the optical fiber connector on the nursing bra. A white LED light source is coupled to one end of the optical fibers. For example, a 0.3 W white LED with transmitter circuitry and optic connectors is available from Digi-Key Corporation, Thief River Falls, Minn. 56701 USA. A fiber optic receiver (i.e., photodetector) connects to the opposite end of the optical fibers. For example, a fiber optic receiver that includes a photodiode and output circuitry compatible with CMOS logic is available from Digi-Key Corporation, Thief River Falls, Minn. 56701 USA. The detachable module also includes a microcontroller with microprocessors and dedicated circuitry to process, and calculate data on changes in breast shape and breast volume. The microprocessor receives electronic signals from the photodetector corresponding to light transmitted through the optical fibers. For example, prior to breastfeeding, the white LED source transmits a constant light intensity through the optical fiber which is detected by the photodetector and processed by the microcontroller as light intensity at time zero. After breastfeeding, (e.g., for 10 minutes) the LED continues to transmits light through the optical fiber which is detected and processed as light intensity at time 10 minutes. However, bending of the optical fibers lowers the light intensity detected by the photodetector. For example, a fiber optic system that detects bending of optical fibers by measuring attenuation of light transmitted through optical fibers is described (see e.g., Fujiwara et al.,  IEEE Sensors Journal  14: 3631-3636, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference). Circuitry in the microcontroller calculates a difference (i.e., delta) in light intensity which corresponds to a delta in the shape or bends of the optical fiber and a delta in the shape of the breast. Calculation circuitry converts changes in bending of the bra cup optical fibers to changes in shape of the breasts and finally to changes in volume of the breast. An exemplary volume calculation for a model breast with radius of curvature R (s) is shown in  FIG. 17 . Data on the volume of breast milk expressed is transmitted by the reporting device which may report to the mother with an audible or vibrating alarm when a minimum volume of breast milk has been expressed to nourish the infant. In addition, the reporting device may wirelessly transmit the volume of breast milk expressed, the time and the date to a mobile computing device, e.g., mobile phone to create a record of breastfeeding events for review by the mother and healthcare workers. The detachable module including the microcontroller, photodetector, LED and reporter may be disconnected at the coupler and removed in order to launder the nursing bra, or the module may be coupled with another nursing bra with different dimensions and different bra cups. 
     All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, to the extent not inconsistent herewith. 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.