Patent Publication Number: US-2004047972-A1

Title: Method for producing protein products which can be emulsified from an oilseed

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001] The present invention relates to a method for producing emulsifiable protein products from plant seeds of an oilseed crop, in particular soybeans.  
       STATE OF THE ART  
       [0002] The substances fat and water play a vital role in human and animal food cycles not only in their separate forms but in particular in mixed forms due to their inability to mix as dispersion systems or emulsions. However. These emulsions tend to demix on their own so that additional substances have to be added to obtain long-term stable respectively long-term storable emulsions by preventing de-mixing of the two phases oil or fat and water to a thermodynamically stable end state respectively delaying the same until the emulsions have fulfilled their task. Such substances are known as stabilizers or emulsifiers.  
       [0003] Most natural and/or technical emulsions consist of water and oil or fat as unmixable phases. Depending on the composition and behavior of the phases, there are two possible manners of distribution. If water is the external phase and oil the internal one, the result is an O/W emulsion characterized predominantly by water, as is the case, for example, with milk, mayonnaise or ice cream. If oil respectively fat is the external phase and water the internal one, the result is a W/Oil emulsion characterized predominantly by the oil as is the case, for example, with butter, margarine or salves.  
       [0004] Among the many known emulsifiers or emulsion stabilizers are, among other things, also protein isolates which, depending on the method of treatment and method of production, possess special, optimized functional properties. Of special interest is the emulsifiability of such optimized protein isolates used as emulsifiers in particular in the nutritional field. Also suited, in addition to confected protein isolates, as an emulsifiable agent for stabilizing the aforementioned dispersion systems are lecithins. Also known are mixed products of the two substances obtained by applying lecithin on protein isolates by spray drying.  
       [0005] Although lecithins, like protein isolates, stem from the same raw material, for example from soybeans, lupines or rapes, to produce it, the substances have to first be separated. Thus, staying with the example of obtaining protein isolates from soybeans, the soybeans undergo a de-oiling process following respective cleaning and comminution. In this de-oiling process, the soybeans are subjected to an organic solvent, such as for example hexane or ethanol. De-oiling yields a lipid fraction which contains for the most part the entire lecithin content of the soybeans and from which the so-called crude lecithin is obtained by means of subsequent refining. On the other hand, the de-oiling step also yields, apart from the lipid fraction, de-oiled meal, which is rich in proteins and from which proteins can be isolated by means of further extraction steps.  
       [0006] In order to produce lecithin-rich protein isolates, which, as described in the preceding, possess excellent emulsifiability and are, therefore, of great interest in the food industry, the cleaned lecithin, respectively the crude lecithin, and the isolated protein are remixed, for example using a spraying method. Without doubt, such a manner of proceeding is a complicated and, therefore, expensive way of obtaining protein isolates of extraordinary emulsifiability.  
       [0007] A possible alternative, producing not de-oiled and therefore at the same time lecithinized protein isolates, yields products that emulsify well but they are not long-term stable respectively long-term storable, because the oil they contain tends to oxidize giving the products a rancid smell and taste. The same applies to well-emulsified products with a low protein content, which however have not been de-oiled respectively insufficiently de-oiled. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0008] The object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a method for producing emulsifiable protein products from the plant seeds of an oilseed crop, in particular from soybeans, in which the aforementioned drawbacks of the state of the art are avoided and, in particular, an emulsifiable protein product, for example a protein isolate, can be obtained which is inexpensive to produce, possesses extraordinary emulsifiablility and is long-term stable and long-term storable.  
     [0009] The solution to the object on which the present invention is based is set forth in claim 1. The advantageous further developing features of the inventive idea are contained in the subclaims as well as in the following description.  
     [0010] A key element of the invention is that preferably the comminuted plant seeds undergo a de-oiling step in such a manner that supercritical CO 2  is added as a solvent to the comminuted plant seeds. Crude oil and a de-oiled residue are yielded by subsequent separation, for example by means of a conventional filtration or decanting step. Another element of the invention is that it was understood that selective use of supercritical CO 2  to de-oil oilseeds can yield a de-oiled refined product from which a protein isolate can be obtained as a protein product that contains a high percentage of lecithin and practically no readily oxidizable oils, by means of state-of-the-art downstream cleaning and fraction processes.  
     [0011] The protein isolates obtained from the aforementioned oilseeds by way of extraction with supercritical CO 2  are distinguished by excellent emulsifiablility, which makes it stand out from comparable products obtained using conventional methods as described in the introduction.  
     [0012] In addition to obtaining the afore-characterized protein isolates of excellent emulsifiablility, other products that are distinguished by a comparably high lecithin content can be obtained from the de-oiled residue, for example in the form of meal, yielded by the de-oiling step conducted with supercritical CO 2 . These are protein-reduced meals, such as bulkage or the yielded meal itself but also protein concentrates. The protein content of the yielded product can be set variably between 15 and 95% in dry substance by means of various processing of the de-oiled residue.  
     [0013] Besides optimizing the lecithin content, for example in obtaining protein isolates, the lecithin content of the end product can also be variably reduced by employing an additional entrainer in the CO 2  extraction. For example, propane is suited as an entrainer, by means of which lecithin is extracted from the seed meal in the same manner as the crude oil. If no entrainers are employed and only supercritical CO 2  is utilized as a solvent in the de-oiling step, de-oiled products can flow directly into the human and animal food chain without requiring additional measures. These products even meet the standards of so-called organic food.  
     WAYS TO CARRY OUT TH INV NTION, COMMERCIAL APPLICABILITY  
     [0014] In preparing de-oiling plant seeds such as oilseeds, for example soybeans, lupines, sunflower seeds or rape, the seeds are preconditioned by being cleaned, peeled, broken, flaked or even possibly pelletized in such a manner that the subsequent de-oiling step, i.e. the selective use of supercritical CO 2  as the organic solvent, largely completely saturates the correspondingly preconditioned seed. Especially suited is producing flakes or pellets with the aid of a flaking roller to which the peeled and preferably halved plant seeds are conveyed and pressed. In order to inactivate the seed-inherent enzymes to a great extent, the flaking rollers are preheated to a denaturization temperature of preferably below 35° C., which heats the comminuted plant seeds in order to inactivate the seed-inherent enzymes but, for the most part, does not influence the true properties of the seed-inherent proteins. Then the plant seeds preconditioned in this manner are subjected to supercritical CO 2 , which acts on the plant seeds at temperatures between 40° C.-69° C. and under pressure conditions between 240-300 bar. Under these de-oiling conditions, all the triglycerides are flushed out of the plant seeds. On the other hand, lecithins but also other so-called fatty escort substances, such as carotinoids, isoflavonoids, tocopherols remain in the de-oiled residue and remain uninfluenced within the plant matrix by the supercritical CO 2 .  
     [0015] Surprisingly, it was understood that the fatty escort substances and, in particular, lecithin remain in large amounts in the protein isolate even following standard methods of further extraction for obtaining protein isolates. For this reason, protein isolates obtained in this manner possess extraordinarily high emulsifiability. The protein products, in particular protein isolates, obtained in the preceding manner, can be utilized advantageously immediately without further preparation treatment in all food systems, in which the emulsifying function plays a major role. These are, in particular, products such as bakery goods, sausages and meat products, sweets, chocolates, delicatessen products, beverages, etc.