Patent Publication Number: US-2021177892-A1

Title: Prevention and treatment of infectious disease using low concentration hypochlorous acid solutions

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/833,209, filed on Mar. 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/293,551, filed on Mar. 5, 2019, the contents of both which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure is generally related to inhibiting activity and growth of pathogens, and more specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to inhibit growth of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, yeast, mold, fungus, spore, protozoa or prion. In embodiments, the present disclosure can be used for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases on various medical equipment as a prophylaxis. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Antimicrobial medications are commonly used to treat infectious disease. Antimicrobial resistance is a key issue that needs to be taken into account when selecting a therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious diseases. For example, hospital infections due to multi-resistant bacteria, such as MRSA or Gram-negative multi-resistant bacteria, are serious threats. Although bacterial resistance is a natural phenomenon, the misuse of antimicrobial drugs has accelerated the development of resistance. Accordingly, a treatment that an infectious agent cannot develop a resistance to would be advantageous. 
     Antiseptics agents are known to destroy or inhibit the growth and development of microorganisms in or on living tissue. Unlike antibiotics that act selectively on a specific target, antiseptics have multiple targets and a broader spectrum of activity, which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeast, mold, protozoa, spores, archaea, algae, and even prions. Several antiseptic categories exist, including alcohols (ethanol), anilides (triclocarban), biguanides (chlorhexidine), bisphenols (triclosan), chlorine compounds, iodine compounds, silver compounds, peroxygens, and quaternary ammonium compounds. In particular, chlorine-based compounds, like bleach, have been traditionally used for both antiseptic and disinfectant purposes. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases using low concentration hypochlorous acid solutions. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of destroying infectious agents and organisms on medical equipment used by a patient to prevent infection by the infectious diseases in the patient. The method may include delivering an antiseptic solution to the medical equipment to disinfect the medical equipment used by the patient, thereby preventing infection by the infectious diseases in the patient. The antiseptic solution may include an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorous acid may be between 30 parts per million (ppm) to 500 ppm of the aqueous solution. 
     In embodiments, the hypochlorous acid may have a pH range of approximately 4 to 7. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution into a reservoir of a nebulizer. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include aerosolizing the aqueous solution into particles. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include distributing the aerosolized particles of the aqueous solution onto the medical equipment. 
     In embodiments, the particles may be between 0.1 μm and 99 μm in size. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of a spray bottle. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a mist. the delivery of antiseptic solution may include spraying the mist of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid onto the medical equipment. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of an atomizer. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a fine spray. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include distributing the fine spray of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid onto the medical equipment. 
     In embodiments, the medical equipment may include one of medical tubing, tracheostomy tube, respiratory equipment, masks, nasal pieces, laryngoscopes, endoscopes, portable x-ray machine, ultrasound machine, echocardiogram machine, fluoroscopic equipment, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, tracheostomies, respiratory devices, ventilators, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices, bronchoscopes, urinary catheter, and surgical equipment. 
     One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of prophylactically treating infectious diseases. The method may include applying an antiseptic solution to medical equipment used by a patient, thereby preventing infection by the infectious disease to the patient. The antiseptic solution may include an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorous acid may be between 30 parts per million to 500 ppm of the aqueous solution. 
     In embodiments, the hypochlorous acid may have a pH range of approximately 4 to 7. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of a spray bottle. The application of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a mist. The application of antiseptic solution may include spraying the mist of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid into a nasal cavity. 
     In embodiments, the particles may be between 0.1 μm and 99 μm in size. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a urinary catheter. The application of antiseptic solution may include clamping the urinary catheter for a time period. The application of antiseptic solution may include releasing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid from the urinary catheter. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of an atomizer. The application of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a fine spray. The application of antiseptic solution may include distributing the fine spray of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid to the medical equipment. 
     In embodiments, the medical equipment may include one of medical tubing, tracheostomy tube, respiratory equipment, masks, nasal pieces, laryngoscopes, endoscopes, portable x-ray machine, ultrasound machine, echocardiogram machine, fluoroscopic equipment, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, tracheostomies, respiratory devices, ventilators, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices, bronchoscopes, urinary catheter, and surgical equipment. 
     One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating infectious diseases by delivering an antiseptic solution to a patient. The method may include delivering the antiseptic solution to the patient to therapeutically treat the infectious disease. The antiseptic solution may include an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorous acid may be between 30 parts per million (ppm) to 500 ppm of the aqueous solution. 
     In embodiments, the hypochlorous acid may have a pH range of approximately 4 to 7. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a reservoir of a nebulizer. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include aerosolizing the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid into particles. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include distributing the aerosolized particles of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid onto an affected area of the patient. 
     In embodiments, the particles may be approximately from 0.1 μm to 99 μm in size. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of a spray bottle. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a mist. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include spraying the mist of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid onto an affected area of the patient. 
     In embodiments, the delivery of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of an atomizer. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a fine spray. The delivery of antiseptic solution may include distributing the fine spray of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid onto an affected area of the patient. 
     One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating infectious diseases using an antiseptic solution. The method may include applying the antiseptic solution to an affected area of the patient. The antiseptic solution may include an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorous acid may be between 30 parts per million to 500 ppm of the aqueous solution. 
     In embodiments, the hypochlorous acid may have a pH range of approximately 4 to 7. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a reservoir of a nebulizer. The application of antiseptic solution may include aerosolizing the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid into particles. The application of antiseptic solution may include distributing the aerosolized particles of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid to the affected area. 
     In embodiments, the particles may be approximately from 0.1 μm to 99 μm in size. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of a spray bottle. The application of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a mist. The application of antiseptic solution may include spraying the mist of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid to the affected area. 
     In embodiments, the application of antiseptic solution may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a reservoir of an atomizer. The application of antiseptic solution may include transforming the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid into a fine spray. The application of antiseptic solution may include distributing the fine spray of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid to the affected area. 
     One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating urinary tract infections using an antiseptic solution. The method may include placing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid within a urinary catheter. The method may include clamping the urinary catheter for a time period. The method may include releasing the aqueous solution of the hypochlorous acid from the urinary catheter. The antiseptic solution may include an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid. The hypochlorous acid may be between 30 parts per million to 500 ppm of the aqueous solution. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of an antiseptic agent delivery system for administering HOCl comprising a nebulizer, according to an implementation of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a process of administering HOCl using a nebulizer, according to an implementation of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates tables showing the effect of a solution of HOCl on  Streptococcus pneumoniae,  according to an implementation of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates tables showing the effect of a solution of HOCl on  Streptococcus pyogenes,  according to an implementation of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a weak acid that forms when sodium chloride dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming HOCL and hypochlorite, OCl—, depending on the solution pH. Similar to other chlorine-releasing agents (e.g., sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and the N-chloro compounds such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate), aqueous HOCL is well known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. 
     Applications of aqueous solutions containing approximately 30-2500 ppm (0.003% to 0.25%) HOCl are used in a variety of areas including (but not limited to) wound care, as antimicrobial agents, as anti-allergen agents, dental care and there are also significant applications in water treatments, food sanitization, and hard surface disinfection, and cosmetics. HOCl can also be used as a disinfectant in medical equipment, the medical equipment includes medical tubing, tracheostomy tube, respiratory equipment, masks, nasal pieces, laryngoscopes, endoscopes, portable x-ray machine, ultrasound machine, echocardiogram machine, fluoroscopic equipment, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, tracheostomies, respiratory devices, ventilators, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices, bronchoscopes, surgical equipment, urinary catheter, and/or other medical equipment. HOCl can also be used therapeutically and/or prophylactically to prevent or limit the spread of infectious organisms, clear the natural flora of a known contaminating pathogen, and/or to sterilize spaces contaminated with hard to eradicate pathogens. 
     HOCl is a potent antimicrobial capable of eradicating bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains, viruses, fungi, and spores. In particular, HOCl is the active component responsible for pathogen disruption and inactivation by chlorine-releasing agents (CRAs). It is understood that the OCl— ion has little effect compared to undissolved HOCl, as the hypochlorite (OCl—), has only a minute effect compared to undissolved HOCl. Accordingly, the microbicidal effect of HOCl is the greatest when the percentage of undissolved HOCl is highest. In an aqueous solution of HOCl, ranging from approximately pH 4 to pH 7, chlorine exists predominantly as HOCl, whereas above pH 9, ClO— predominates. 
     Because HOCl is a highly active oxidizing agent, its mode of operation comprises destroying and/or deactivating cellular activity of proteins. For example, HOCl targets bacteria by chemically linking chlorine atoms to nucleotide bases that disrupt the function of bacterial DNA, impede metabolic pathways in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, and release energy, and other membrane-associated activities. Additionally, HOCl has also been found to disrupt oxidative phosphorylation and other membrane-associated activity. Similarly, HOCl has been found to inhibit bacterial growth. For example, at 50 mM (2.6 ppm), HOCl completely inhibited the growth of  E. coli  within 5 minutes, including inhibiting the DNA synthesis by ninety-six percent. Unlike conventional antibiotics, the antimicrobial activity of HOCl is directly toxic to microbial cells, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their biofilms. HOCl has demonstrated disinfection efficacy against eradication of bacteria, including  Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes,  MRSA ( Staph. aureus ), Polymicrobial biofilm,  Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Staph epidermidis,  and  Yersinia enterocolitica.  HOCl can also be used to treat, kill, disinfect, minimize levels of, and/or otherwise affect infectious disease agents, infectious diseases, and/or complications after infections, including mast cell degranulation, acne, pneumonia,  Streptococcus pyogenes,  biofilms, bronchiectasis, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchitis, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chest infections, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis,  Staphylococcus aureus,  haemophilius influenzae,  Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomona aeruginosa,  bordetella pertussis,  Moraxella catarrhalis, Coxiella burnetiid,  chlamdyophilia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae,  Legionella pneumophilia,  yesinia pestis, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, hantavirus, Herpes simplex, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces, pneumocystis, coccidiodes, thrush, herpes simplex ulcers, other infections of the mouth, otitis media, cavity-causing bacteria, gingivitis,  Helicobacter pylori,  Giardia, tapeworms, Entamoeba, other GI-infecting organisms,  Clostridium difficile,  colitis, diarrhea,  Candida , vaginitis, drug-resistant bacteria, pruritic, and the like. HOCl can also be used as a prophylaxis for splenectomized patients and others at risk for pneumonia. 
     For example,  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  illustrate tables of the effect of a solution of HOCl on  Streptococcus pneumoniae  and  Streptococcus pyogenes,  respectively. The organisms in this test were prepared by inoculating the surface of about 5% Sheep blood agar plates, incubated at about 30 to 35° C. for 18 to 24 hours. Following the incubation period, the plates were washed with sterile Serological Saline Solution to harvest the microorganisms used and dilutions with Saline were made, plated on blood agar and incubated at 30 to 35° C. for 24-48 hours to determine the concentration. The inoculum level was then adjusted to 108 cfu/ml for use as a stock suspension. Stock suspensions were well mixed and homogenized at each inoculation interval. The following microorganisms were used in this Kill Time Study to demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of the HOCl solution against common pathogenic organisms: Microbiologies Kwik-Stik  Streptococcus pyogenes  ATCC 49399,  Streptococcus pneumoniae  ATCC 49619. 
     Positive controls were performed at initiation and completion by spread plating to enumerate inoculum levels and verify culture purity during testing and Negative controls were performed to establish sterility of media, reagents, and materials used at initiation. Neutralizer Suitability using Modified Letheen Broth (MLB) was performed concurrently with Kill Time testing to confirm the recovery of &lt;100 CFU of the test organism in the subculture media in the presence of product. Duplicate 10 ml containers for each treated specimen or material concentration was prepared, equilibrated to 25±2° C., and 0.1 ml of inoculum is added to each container to achieve a final concentration of 106 cfu/ml. 
     Serial dilutions from each replicate were made at intervals of 15 second, 30 second, 1 minute and 5 minutes using 1 ml of the inoculated test product into 9 ml MLB from 1:10 to 1:1000000. Subsequently, 1 ml from each dilution was spread plated on 5% Sheep Blood agar plate in duplicate, incubated at 30 to 35° C. for 48 hours. After the incubation period, all plates were counted to determine the number of microorganisms, results are averaged and reported as log 10 reductions. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 3 , after fifteen seconds, there were less than 10 cfu/ml of the  Streptococcus pneumoniae  after the HOCl solution was applied, the percent reduction for  Streptococcus pneumoniae  was 99.99% after the HOCl solution was applied, and the log 10 reduction for  Streptococcus pneumoniae  was 6.057 after the HOCl solution was applied. 
     In  FIG. 4 , after fifteen seconds, there were less than 10 cfu/ml of the  Streptococcus pyogenes  after the HOCl solution was applied, the percent reduction for  Streptococcus pyogenes  was 99.99% after the HOCl solution was applied, and the log 10 reduction for  Streptococcus pyogenes  was 6.086 after the HOCl solution was applied. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate that the bacteria that cause strep throat and pneumonia are effectively killed by HOCL in less than 15 seconds. The currently disclosed solution of HOCl overcomes the issues with other medicine commonly prescribed for these diseases. For example, healthcare professionals may prescribe penicillin or amoxicillin to treat these bacterial infections. Side effects of penicillin antibiotics include diarrhea, dizziness, heartburn, insomnia, nausea, itching, vomiting, confusion, abdominal pain, easy bruising, bleeding, rash, and allergic reactions. The most common side effects of amoxicillin are nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. Moreover, amoxicillin may also destroy the good bacteria that naturally resides in the body. This can lead to an overgrowth of yeast, which may not only produce diarrhea but also cause yeast infections, especially in the mouth and vagina. In addition, oral amoxicillin exposure may cause shifts in microbiome composition that can last approximately 30 days on average and more than 2 months in some individuals. This shift in microbiome composition can also predispose patients to  Clostridium difficile  colitis. The additional concern about resistance to antibiotics is well known. Bacteria have not been known to develop a resistance to the HOCL nor is it known to cause any of the side effects listed above. 
     Additionally, HOCl possesses viricidal activity properties. For example, it has been demonstrated that HOCl inactivated naked f2 RNA at the same rate as RNA in intact phage, whereas f2 capsid proteins could still adsorb to the host. HOCl has demonstrated disinfection efficacy against eradication of viruses including norovirus, filoviruses such as Ebola, and human coronaviruses like MERS-CoV and SARS, as well as fungi such as  Candida  and  Aspergillus.  Further, as a sporicide, HOCl causes the spore coat to detach from the cortex, where further degradation occurs. 
     Both topical and internal applications of HOCl are safe because it is the exact same substance white blood cells in the human body produce to fight infection. Indeed, extensive studies have demonstrated exceptional safety of HOCl. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared preparations of HOCl to be used, e.g., topically for wound cleansing, eye infections, tooth infections, nasal decontamination, and the care of surgical incisions. In particular, inhaling the aerosolized form of HOCl has also been shown to causes no adverse effects. 
     The advent of antibiotics and other area disinfectants led to a reduction in environmental use of HOCl. However, widespread use of antibiotic agents led to antimicrobial resistance. Accordingly, an urgent need to optimize currently available anti-infectious therapies to overcome drug resistance exists. Antimicrobial resistance has not been observed for HOCl. 
     Embodiments of the technology disclosed herein are directed to antiseptic agent delivery systems in which the antiseptic agent is administered via a pulmonary route as a treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes (e.g., bacteria, spores), viral, fungal, allergy-causing agents. Because the inhalation process gives a more direct access to the target organ/cavity than more traditional routes (e.g., topical, oral, intravenous, etc.), the pulmonary administration of HOCl used to inhibit viral and bacterial growth provides a therapeutic approach that may help avoid reduce antimicrobial resistance while alleviating the disease symptoms. For example, upper respiratory tract infections caused by one or more bacterial or viral pathogens such as bronchitis, epiglottitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and so on, lung infections, such as pneumonia, may be treated by a pulmonary administration of an antiseptic agent, such as HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, a solution of HOCl may be delivered via the pulmonary route via a number pulmonary delivery devices. For example, the HOCl may be delivered via a nebulizer, an aerosolizer, atomizer, and/or any other such pulmonary delivery device. For example, a solution of HOCl of low concentration levels and relatively low acidotic pH may be used as a nebulized topical laryngeal, tracheal, and alveolar disinfectant. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may include a concentration of approximately 0.02 percent of HOCl dissolved in water. 
     In embodiments, a solution of HOCl may be delivered by a spraying mechanism, a nebulizer, a vaping mechanism, a fogging mechanism, and/or other delivery mechanisms. In some embodiments, the solution of HOCl may include a concentration of approximately 10 ppm to approximately 500 ppm of HOCl in water. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an antiseptic agent delivery system for delivering HOCl via the pulmonary route. The antiseptic agent delivery system  100  or components/features thereof may be implemented in combination with, or as an alternative to, other systems/features/components described herein, such as those described with reference to other embodiments and figures. The antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may additionally be utilized in any of the methods for using such systems/components/features described herein. The antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may also be used in various applications and/or permutations, which may or may not be noted in the illustrative embodiments described herein. For instance, antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may include more or less features/components than those shown in  FIG. 1 , in some embodiments. Moreover, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  is not limited to the size, shape, number of components, etc. specifically shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  comprises a housing  112  which houses one or more components configured to aerosolize the aqueous antiseptic solution so that it can be administered it in the form of aerosolized particles by being inhaled into lungs. For example, the one or more components hosed in housing  112  may include an ultrasonic generator or oscillator, a compressor, or similar components and associated circuitry (not shown) for causing aerosolization. 
     Further, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  comprises a liquid supply reservoir  118  and a mouthpiece  110 . In some embodiments, the aqueous antiseptic solution may be placed within the liquid supply reservoir  118 . For example, the aqueous antiseptic solution may include liquid HOCl liquid solution ranging from 0.5 ml to 20 ml placed in the reservoir  118 . 
     In some embodiments, the one or components housed within housing  112  may cause the aqueous antiseptic solution to be aerosolize the aqueous antiseptic solution. For example, the housing  112  may include an inlet (not shown) through which air is supplied under pressure from a compressor (not shown). In some embodiments, agent delivery system  100  may be configured to use a driving gas flow (typically 0.5 mL/min) to generate aerosol. For example, the nebulizers may deliver an approximately equal volume of aerosol during the inhalation phase (i.e., when patient is breathing). In other embodiments, an oscillator (not shown) may transmit ultrasonic waves through the aqueous antiseptic solution. 
     In some embodiments, the pressurized air may be directed via an air channel (not shown) into the liquid supply reservoir  118  causing a rapid formation and collapse of bubbles, which then stream toward the surface of the solution and encounter the interface between the solution and air, resulting in a production of a fine mist or aerosol adjacent the solution surface. 
     In some embodiments, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may be configured to carry the aerosol upwardly through a conduit  120  connected to the mouthpiece  110 . The patient may aspirate the aerosolized aqueous antiseptic solution through the mouthpiece  110 . In some embodiments, the diameter of aerosol particles or droplets may be approximately 1 to 5 microns to ensure the particles or droplets are not likely to be impacted in the airway before they reach the lungs and are not carried out of the lungs again on exhalation without being deposited within the respiratory system structures (e.g., lungs). 
     In some embodiments, the conduit  120  may be configured to be slightly larger in diameter than an exit port (not shown) within the mouthpiece  110 . By virtue of the conduit  120  being slightly larger in diameter than the air exit port of the mouthpiece  100  a small space between the outer surface of the air exit port and the inner surface of the conduit  120  is provided. For example, the space may be approximately 0.00254-0.254 mm. In some embodiments, the space allows fluid from the liquid supply reservoir  118  to proceed upward between the air exit port and the conduit  120 . In some embodiments, the diameter of the conduit  120  may be adjusted to change the particle size of the mist. 
     In some embodiments, the housing  112  may include one or more pressure sensors (not shown) configured to detect the pressure within the liquid supply reservoir  118 . In some embodiments, the one or more pressure sensors may be connected to the inside of the mouthpiece  100 . In some embodiments, the one or more pressure sensors may detect that a patient has inhaled causing the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  to divert pressurized air to an air outlet (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may be configured to analyze the pressure changes within the system  100  during a certain number of initial breaths (e.g., first three breaths) to determine an average shape of the breathing pattern. A timed pulse of atomization is commenced upon start of subsequent inspirations such that atomization occurs for the first 50 percent of the inspiration. In some embodiments, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may be configured to have a timed pulse of atomization to occur during a period other than 50% of the duration of inspiration. In some embodiments, the antiseptic agent delivery system  100  may be configured to have a predetermined pulse length. For example, the pulse length may be set for each patient by a clinician. 
     In some embodiments, the housing  112  may include one or more panels (not shown) to operate the one or more components configured to aerosolize the aqueous antiseptic solution. In some embodiments, the housing  112  may comprise a connector  114  to which a power cable (not shown) may be connected. 
     In some embodiments, the nebulized HOCl may be delivered using compressor-based jet-nebulizer system. For example, a jet nebulizer may be configured with a mechanism to allow the production of aerosol HOCl only when the inhalation airflow exceeds a certain flow rate. By virtue of including the mechanism, the jet nebulizer provides control over the portion of the breath into which the aerosol HOCl is delivered. 
     In some embodiments, the nebulized HOCl may be delivered using a mesh-based nebulizer system. In some embodiments, the mesh-based nebulizer may be used to deliver aerosol HOCl based on a breathing-pattern of a patient. For example, the mesh-based nebulizer may include one or more sensors configured to monitor inspiratory flow rate and length of the inhalation. In some embodiments, aerosol HOCl may be pulsed during the first fifty to eighty percent of the inhalation, based on determined specific characteristics of the breathing pattern. The duration of each pulse of aerosol HOCl may be determined by the patient&#39;s breathing pattern and varied for each subsequent breath, depending on the preceding breaths. 
     In some embodiments, the nebulized HOCl may be delivered using an ultrasonic wave nebulizer. For example, the ultrasound wave nebulizer may comprise an electronic oscillator and a one or more piezoelectric elements to create an aerosol. The electronic oscillator may be configured to generate a high frequency ultrasonic wave, which causes the mechanical vibration of the one or more piezoelectric elements, the one or more piezoelectric elements may be in contact with a compartment used to store an aqueous HOCl solution. The one or more piezoelectric elements may vibrate at a high frequency and deliver a vapor mist comprising an aerosolized HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of aerosolized or atomized pulmonary administration. Embodiments using this method involve the use of an aerosolizer or an atomizer to aerosolize a liquid HOCl solution for respirable delivery. For example, and as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the delivery of the aerosolized HOCl may include one or more of the following operations. In an operation  202 , an aqueous antiseptic solution may be placed in a reservoir of an aerosolizing, atomizing, diffusing, or similar device. For example, the aqueous antiseptic solution comprising HOCl ranging in volume from approximately 0.5 ml to 10 ml may be placed into the reservoir. In an operation  204 , the aqueous antiseptic solution may be aerosolized into particle sizes. For example, the aqueous antiseptic solution comprising HOCl may be aerosolized into particles ranging from approximately 0.1 μm to 99 μm or larger, in size. In an operation  206 , the aqueous antiseptic solution may be directed into a mouthpiece affixed to the device to be aspired by a patient into their upper respiratory track. For example, the aerosolized aqueous antiseptic solution comprising HOCl may be aspired for a prescribed duration (e.g., a period ranging from approximately 0.5 min to 30 min. or longer). 
     In some embodiments, the antiseptic solution may be diffused. The diffusion may be the result of nebulization, ultrasonication, and/or other mechanisms. A nebulizing diffuser may send air through a small tube at a high speed to produce pressure differentials in and around the tube (i.e., the pressure near the end of the tube is lower than in the tube). This pressure different m cause a suction-like effect to cause the solution to be sucked up toward the top of the tube where they are atomized into tiny particles in a liquidless mist. 
     An ultrasonic diffuser may use ultrasonic vibrations to convert the HOCl solution into a vapor. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished using a vibrating membrane. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of aerosolized or atomized administration via patient&#39;s nasal sinus passages. For example, the delivery of the aerosolized HOCl may include one or more of the following: placing liquid solution ranging from 0.5 ml to 10 ml placed in the reservoir of an aerosolizing, atomizing, or similar device, aerosolizing or atomizing the liquid into particle sizes ranging from approximately 0.1 μm to 99 μm or larger, and inserting a nose piece affixed to the device into the nostril(s) for a prescribed duration (e.g., a period ranging from approximately 0.5 min to 10 min, or longer). 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of a nasal spray. For example, a spray device comprising a pump and a spray nozzle, may be used to transform the aqueous solution of HOCl into a mist for administering the solution to the nasal passages and sinus cavities. In some embodiments, the delivery of the mist comprising an aqueous HOCl solution may include one or more of the following: placing an aqueous solution of HOCl ranging from 0.1 ml to 10 ml into a nasal spray bottle adequately suited for nasal use, and administering the mist comprising aqueous solution HOCl into the nasal passages of each nostril via the spray bottle by compressing the spray bottle. For example, approximately one to ten sprays per nostril may be administered into each nostril by compressing the spray bottle. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may be diluted with one or more diluents. For example, 0.5 ml to 20 ml of saline may be added to the aqueous solution of HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of nasal rinsing or irrigation. Generally, nasal rinses and irrigation systems are used to flush out excess mucus and debris from the nasal passages and sinus cavities, but they can also be used to administer medicated solutions to the nasal passages and sinus cavities. In some embodiments, the delivery of the aqueous solution of HOCl may include one or more of the following: adding an aqueous solution of HOCl (ranging approximately from approximately 0.1 ml to 10 ml) to a commercially available or prepared nasal rinsing or irrigation solution, and administering the aqueous solution of HOCl to the nasal passages and sinus cavities by rinsing, flushing, irrigating, or otherwise exposing nasal passages and cavities to the combined aqueous solution of HOCl and rinsing or irrigating solution. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of an oral rinse solution. Generally, oral rinses use a liquid solution that is used to swish around the oral cavity, including teeth, gums and tongue to help prevent or treat various oral health conditions and diseases (e.g., gum disease, canker sores, halitosis, gingivitis, tartar, and so on). In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may be diluted with one or more diluents. For example, approximately 0.5 ml to 20 ml of saline may be added to the aqueous solution of HOCl. In some embodiments, a particular amount of aqueous solution of HOCl (e.g., approximately 5 mL) may be placed inside a patient&#39;s oral cavity without swallowing. While keeping the lips closed, the patient may make a swishing motion to move the HOCl so that so that the HOCl solution reaches the front and sides of your mouth equally for a prescribed duration (e.g., a period ranging from approximately 0.5 min to 10 min, or longer), repeating it as necessary. Upon completing the oral rinse, the HOCl solution may be spit out. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of a gargling solution. For example, a particular amount of aqueous solution of HOCl (e.g., approximately 5 mL) may be placed inside a patient&#39;s oral cavity without swallowing. While keeping the lips and teeth slightly apart and tilting the head slightly backwards, the patient may move the liquid within the throat cavity by exhaling through it for a prescribed duration (e.g., a period ranging from approximately 0.5 min to 10 min, or longer), repeating it as necessary. Upon completing the gargling, the HOCl solution may be spitted out. In some embodiments a spray device comprising a spray nozzle, may be used to transform the aqueous solution of HOCl into a mist for administering the solution to the oral cavity and/or throat structures (e.g., oropharynx, larynx, etc.). In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may be diluted with one or more diluents. For example, approximately 0.5 ml to 20 ml of saline may be added to the aqueous solution of HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by adverse reactions to one or more medications and/or lifestyle choices may be treated by administering HOCl through use of an or oral rinse and/or gargling solution, as described above. For example, oral inflammation and/or ulceration (e.g., mucositis) which may arise as an adverse effect to a particular medication (e.g., chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer) or due to dehydration, poor mouth care, oxygen therapy, excessive use of alcohol and/or tobacco, and lack of protein in the diet may be treated by placing a particular amount of aqueous solution of HOCl (e.g., approximately 5 mL) may be placed inside a patient&#39;s oral cavity without swallowing and used as an oral rinse and/or a gargling. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may be diluted with one or more diluents. For example, approximately 0.5 ml to 20 ml of saline may be added to the aqueous solution of HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, the delivery of the mist comprising an aqueous HOCl solution may include one or more of the following: placing an aqueous solution of HOCl ranging from 0.1 ml to 10 ml into a spray bottle adequately suited for oral use, and administering the mist comprising aqueous solution HOCl into the oral cavity and surrounding throat structures via the spray bottle by compressing the spray bottle. For example, approximately one to ten sprays may be administered into the oral cavity by compressing the spray bottle. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of HOCl may be diluted with one or more diluents. For example, approximately 10 ml of saline may be added to 10 mL of aqueous solution of HOCl. 
     In some embodiments, one or more effects of relaxing one or more respiratory structures (e.g., uvula, soft palate, etc.) resulting in a sound (e.g., snoring) due to their vibrations during sleep may be treated by administering HOCl. For example, the HOCl may be administered through the use of a HOCl containing oral rinse solution, a gargling solution, as described above. In embodiments, spraying HOCl into the nasal cavity before sleeping may also provide relief. 
     In some embodiments, an irritation, inflammation, and/or obstruction of the breathing passages resulting in in a cough reflex and often associated with acute and/or chronic respiratory tract infection may be treated by administering HOCl. For example, the HOCl may be administered through the use of a HOCl containing oral rinse solution, a gargling solution, as described above. In some embodiments, the HOCl solution may be administered by a pulmonary delivery method, as described above. 
     In some embodiments, an irritation and/or an inflammation of the voice box resulting in loss of voice and/or diminished capacity to produce sound (e.g., laryngitis) may be treated by administering HOCl. For example, the HOCl may be administered through the use of a HOCl containing oral rinse solution, a gargling solution, as described above. In some embodiments, the HOCl solution may be administered by a pulmonary delivery method, as described above. 
     In some embodiments, an irritation and/or an inflammation of one or more structures within the nasal cavity and/or throat due to an allergic reaction to one or more allergens, such as pet dander, dust, mites, pollen and mold, may be treated by administering HOCl. For example, the HOCl solution may be used to decrease the activity of allergy-causing agents through the use of a HOCl containing nasal spray solution, a nasal rinse or irrigation solution, an oral rinse solution, and/or a gargling solution, as described above. In some embodiments, the HOCl solution may be administered by a pulmonary delivery method, as described above. Alternatively, the HOCl solution may be used to decrease the histamine response which may be elevated during an allergic response to one or more allergens, as previously alluded. For example, the HOCl may be administered through the use of a HOCl containing oral rinse solution, a gargling solution, as described above, or a pulmonary delivery method. 
     In some embodiments, infectious disease agents, infectious diseases, and/or complications after infections (e.g., diseases caused by microbes (including spores), antimicrobes, pollutants, microorganisms, biofilms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, parasites, allergy-causing agents, and/or other organisms, including mast cell degranulation, acne, pneumonia, biofilms, bronchiectasis, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchitis, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chest infections, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis,  Staphlococcus aureus, Haemophilius influenzae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Bordetella pertussis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Coxiella burnetiid, Chlamdyophilia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophilia, Yesinia pestis,  influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, hantavirus, Herpes simplex, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces, pneumocystis, coccidiodes, thrush, herpes simplex ulcers, other infections of the mouth, otitis media, cavity-causing bacteria, gingivitis,  Helicobacter pylori,  Giardia, tapeworms, Entamoeba, other GI-infecting organisms,  Clostridium difficile,  colitis, diarrhea,  Candida,  vaginitis, drug-resistant bacteria, pruritic, and the like) present, or capable of spreading, on medical equipment (e.g., medical tubing, respiratory equipment, masks, nasal pieces, laryngoscopes, endoscopes, portable x-ray machine, ultrasound machine, echocardiogram machine, fluoroscopic equipment, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, tracheostomies, respiratory devices, ventilators, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices, bronchoscopes, surgical equipment, urinary catheter, and/or other medical equipment) used by patients may be disinfected and/or cleaned by administering HOCl to the medical equipment through the use of various delivery mechanisms, thereby prophylactically treating patients from the infectious diseases. The treatment may be administered, or delivered, for 5 seconds, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, etc. or any time period in between. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments the amount of solution administered, or delivered, is limited by the delivery mechanism (e.g., a spray into a nasal cavity is limited by the spray bottle and related components). 
     The delivery mechanisms may include bathing the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, rinsing the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, spraying the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, misting the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, fogging the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, aerosolizing the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, electrostatically spraying the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl, and/or other delivery mechanisms. 
     For example, flushing the bladder with about 50 mL to about 100 mL of an aqueous solution with HOCl for about 15 to about 30 minutes may prevent and/or treat bladder infections. This may be accomplished via a urinary catheter by clamping the urinary catheter inserted into the patient&#39;s bladder for the about 15 to about 30 minutes referenced above. For prophylactic purposes, this flushing process may be done at least one to two times a week. For treatment purposes, this flushing process may be done at least two to three times a day for five to seven days. 
     For example, spraying the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl may be based on pumping a trigger on the container that lowers the air pressure within the tube that is in the bottle. The pumping action forces the solution up the tube into a smaller nozzle that is converted into a mist. 
     For example, misting the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl may use a pressure pump to send a solution through a nozzle to turn the solution in a mist. 
     For example, fogging the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl may include thermal foggers, ULV, or cold, foggers, and/or other foggers. Thermal foggers may use heat to vaporize a solution to be sprayed as a fog. The resulting particle size may be between about 0.5 to 10 microns. ULV foggers may use motors that produce a high power, low pressure air stream. The solution may be sent through the air stream through a nozzle that gives the resulting air flow a swirling motion separating it into tiny particles. The resulting particle size may be between about 5 to 30 microns. 
     For example, aerosolizing the medical equipment in an aqueous solution with HOCl may include pressurizing the solution within a container and using a propellant to push the solution into the air in aerosolized form. 
     In some embodiments, infectious disease agents, infectious diseases, and/or complications after infections (e.g., (e.g., diseases caused by microbes (including spores), antimicrobes, pollutants, microorganisms, biofilms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, parasites, allergy-causing agents, and/or other organisms, including mast cell degranulation, acne, pneumonia, biofilms, bronchiectasis, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchitis, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chest infections, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis,  Staphlococcus aureus, Haemophilius influenzae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Bordetella pertussis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Coxiella burnetiid, Chlamdyophilia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophilia, Yesinia pestis,  influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, hantavirus, Herpes simplex, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces, pneumocystis, coccidiodes, thrush, herpes simplex ulcers, other infections of the mouth, otitis media, cavity-causing bacteria, gingivitis,  Helicobacter pylori,  Giardia, tapeworms, Entamoeba, other GI-infecting organisms,  Clostridium difficile,  colitis, diarrhea,  Candida,  vaginitis, drug-resistant bacteria, pruritic, and the like) may prevent infection, therapeutically treat the infectious diseases, kill the pathogen causing the infectious disease, and/or limit progression of the infectious diseases by administering HOCl through use of various delivery mechanisms. The delivery mechanisms may include ingestion of an aqueous solution with HOCl to a patient via medical equipment, rinsing the affected area on and/or in the patient with the aqueous solution of HOCl (e.g., neti pot, liquid rinse, etc.), spraying the aqueous solution with HOCl onto or into the patient (e.g., nasal spray, throat spray, ear spray, etc.), misting the aqueous solution with HOCl onto or into the patient (e.g., nasal mist, throat mist, ear mist, etc.), fogging the aqueous solution with HOCl onto or into the patient, aerosolizing the aqueous solution with HOCl onto or into the patient, electrostatic, and/or other delivery mechanisms. It should be appreciated that the location where the HOCl solution is delivered may be different depending on the particular infectious disease. For example, treating an allergy-causing agent may be sprayed into a nasal cavity, while treating asthma may be sprayed into the mouth and/or throat. In another example, treating acne may be a liquid application to the affected area. As one example, infections of the upper sinuses may be prevented or prophylactically treated by delivering a HOCl solution via a nasal spray or rinse at about 100 ppm. Patients with recurrent sinusitis may use HOCl to prevent or prophylactically treat the sinusitis. HOCl may be used to prevent or prophylactically treat patients with severe allergies that often progress to sinusitis. HOCl via a nasal spray or rinse at least once per day at about 100 pm treatment may be used to (i) prevent infection, (ii) kill the pathogen in the early stages shortly after exposure, and/or (iii) limit progression from the sinuses to the lung. HOCl may be used to prophylactically treat an exposed or at-risk individual, thereby preventing infection, killing the pathogen early, and/or preventing migration to the lung. 
     In some embodiments, infections of the lungs and/or bronchitis may be prevented or prophylactically treated by using a nebulizer at least once per day at 100 pm of HOCl. Prophylaxis using HOCl may benefit following groups at risk for recurrent lung infections: 
     Immunosuppressed (e.g., due to hereditary immunodeficiency, HIV, chemotherapy, biologic therapy (e.g. anti-TNF), transplant, etc.)—These patients may be at a higher risk for pneumonia due to organisms that do not cause pneumonia in immunologically intact patients, as well as routine respiratory pathogens. 
     Asplenectics—Patients who have had their spleens removed may be susceptible to lung infections by pathogens, such as  Streptococcus pneumoniae.    
     Cirrhosis—Patients with cirrhosis may be susceptible to lung infections by pathogens, such as  S. pneumoniae.    
     Chronic lung diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], chronic interstitial lung diseases, chronic pulmonary fibrosis, etc.)—Patients with chronic lung diseases may be at risk for pneumonia. 
     Autoimmune diseases—Autoimmune diseases (e.g., granulomatosis with granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegner&#39;s Granulomatosis)) may affect the lungs and render it susceptible to infection. In these situations, the HOCl solution may be used to provide anti-inflammatory effects. 
     Contamination of respiratory assist devices—Tracheostomies, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices, ventilators, etc. may become colonized with organisms (e.g., some that form biofilms within the tubing), and these organisms may infect the lungs and lead to pneumonia. As one example of minimizing the likelihood of organism colonization of the medical equipment, nebulized HOCl (e.g., about 100 ppm) may be applied directly into a respiratory assistance devices, thereby preventing the development of nosocomial pneumonia in patients using the respiratory assistance devices. In some embodiments, HOCl can also be used to clean the masks and/or nasal pieces of the respiratory assist devices, as well as devices which can be used to treat pulmonary infections. 
     As yet another example, infections of upper sinuses and sinusitis may be treated by nasal spray, rinse, etc. by using a HOCl solution at least 3 times a day at about 100 to about 250 ppm. 
     As another example, infections of the lungs and bronchi may be treated by nebulizer treatment of about 100 to about 250 ppm of a HOCl solution at least 3 times a day. In some embodiments, HOCl may assist antibiotic therapy in clearing or decreasing the organism load from the lung cavity. 
     As yet another example, applying a mist via nebulizer at least 2 times a day of about 100 to about 250 ppm of a HOCl solution into and/or onto the medical equipment may be used to treat pneumonia patients on tracheostomies, ventilators, etc. HOCl may also decrease bacteria in biofilms within the tubing by decreasing a potential source of the organism and killing the organism within the lung. 
     As another example, HOCl may be taken up into the blood to kill circulating organisms in the blood. HOCl may be used for intracellular killing of organisms, including viruses. HOCl inhalation may decrease the extracellular organism load in the lung, kill free organisms in the blood, and/or kill intracellular organisms. HOCl may be administered by nebulizer for blood infections. 
     As yet another example, HOCl may be used in individuals at high risk for external otitis media, such as swimmers. HOCl (e.g., about 50 to about 100 ppm) may be used for at least 1 min in each ear canal after swimming, or after the at-risk-activity, to reduce the likelihood of otitis media. 
     As another example, HOCl (e.g., about 100 to about 250 ppm used at least 2 times a day) may be used for the treatment of external otitis media. In some embodiments, the solution may be applied to the ear canal for about 10 to about 15 min to kill organisms causing the infection. 
     As yet another example, HOCl nasal inhalation (e.g., about 100 to about 250 ppm used at least 2 times a day) may be used to assist in the clearance of inner ear infections 
     As another example, HOCl may be used as an antiseptic. In some embodiments, it may constitute an oral wash that may be effective against thrush, herpes simplex ulcers, and other infections of the mouth. The HOCl may be administered at least 2 times a day as a mouthwash for more than about 15 s. In embodiments, HOCl may be effective in reducing cavities by killing cavity-causing bacteria and gingivitis without the stinging feeling of alcohol-based mouthwashes. As yet another example, HOCl at about 250 ppm with about 100 ml at least 2 times a day may be used to kill  Helicobacter pylori.    
     As another example, HOCl (e.g., about 250 ppm) as an enema may provide anti-septic concentrations of HOCl to the colon. In some embodiments, HOCl may be consumed at about 250 ppm at about 100 ml at least 4 times a day to kill pathogenic organisms of the GI tract. Giardia, tapeworms, Entamoeba, and other GI-infecting organisms may be cleared from the GI tract by HOCl consumption.  Clostridium difficile  bearing toxins may colonize individuals and lead to  C. difficile  colitis and diarrhea after antibiotic treatment. HOCl as an enema or consumed at about 250 ppm at about 100 ml at least 4 times a day may reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the GI tract and allow reconstitution with non-resistant natural GI flora. In some embodiments, HOCl may be used to treat  C. difficile  colitis and/or diarrhea. 
     As yet another example, an HOCl solution may be used to remove and/or reduce bacteria and/or  Candida  from the vagina to allow normal flora to reconstitute. Douching with about 100 ml HOCl (e.g., about 100 to about 250 ppm) at least once daily may reduce vaginitis. 
     As another example, patients may be disinfected with an HOCl sponge bath (e.g., about 100 to about 250 ppm) to remove drug-resistant bacteria from the skin followed by a nasal disinfection (about 10 min at about 100 ppm HOCl) to clear their noses, throats, and mouths from drug-resistant bacteria. Nasal swab disinfection may also work better for pre-operative nasal decolonization of organisms than currently used disinfectants or antibiotic ointments. These surfaces may then be recolonized by defined populations of non-drug resistant normal flora. 
     As yet another example, a sponge bath of HOCl (e.g., about 100 to about 250 ppm) at least once daily may reduce the  Candida  and/or pruritic. 
     As another example, an HOCl disinfectant wipe may be used to decontaminate surfaces in the hospital. Misted HOCl may be used to disinfect hospital rooms, nursing home rooms, and other spaces from  C. difficile  spores, providing effective cleaning with short exposure times, thereby decreasing cleaning failures. Many current antiseptics require extended incubation periods (&gt;1 min) before they effectively kill the  C. difficile  spores. This adds costs and increases the likelihood that the exposure is not sufficient to kill the spores. 
     As yet another example,  Candida auris  may be difficult to remove from the environment and may be life threatening if individuals become infected. Misted HOCl at about 100 to about 250 ppm may be used as a disinfectant to control  Candida auris  in health care settings and the community. A  C. auris -colonized patient may be decontaminated with sponge baths using HOCl of about 100 to about 250 ppm. 
     As another example, HOCl may be used to clean medical equipment that may be contaminated by organisms, some of which form biofilms. Bacterial biofilms are a source of infection when used for diagnostics and/or treatment. HOCl may be used to penetrate and kill bacteria within biofilms. HOCl may be in a misted or soaked medium to decontaminate the medical equipment (e.g., endoscopes). It is especially advantageous to use HOCl with endoscopes as there is a history of drug resistant outbreaks on endoscopes. Misted HOCl may also be used to decontaminate reused masks. 
     In some embodiments, the pH level of the HOCl solution administered through the methods disclosed herein may be pH-neutral because stabilized and/or pH-neutral HOCl is superior in terms of antimicrobial activity to non-stabilized HOCl and acidified bleach, including against hypochlorite-resistant strains. In some embodiments, the acidotic pH level of the HOCl may be within the range resulting in the highest amount of undissolved HOCl. For example, the acidotic pH level may range from approximately pH 6.1 to approximately pH 6.3. In another example, the acidotic pH level may range from approximately pH 4.0 to approximately pH 7.0. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl through use of a vaping device. The vaping device may comprise a cartridge configured to store HOCl solution, and a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and/or other such similar components. In some embodiments, the delivery of the vapor solution of HOCl may include one or more of the following: adding an aqueous solution of HOCl (ranging approximately from approximately 0.1 ml to 10 ml) to a cartridge of a vaping device, atomizing the liquid into particle sizes ranging from approximately 0.1 μm to 99 μm or larger by the heating element, and breathing the atomized particles through a mouth piece affixed to the device into the upper respiratory track to administer the atomized HOCl for a prescribed duration (e.g., a period ranging from approximately 0.5 min to 30 min. or longer). In some embodiments, HOCl solution may be heated to a certain temperature (e.g., at or about 100-250° C.) to create an aerosolized vapor. 
     In some embodiments, illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl solution as an agent in an aerial diffusion. For example, disinfectant properties of HOCl may be delivered via a diffusion device. In some embodiments a diffusion device may be configured to volatilize HOCl into the air. The volatilized HOCl may then be inhaled by one or more patients to treat one or more respiratory illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents. 
     In some embodiments, ophthalmic illnesses suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl solution. For example, disinfectant properties of HOCl may be delivered via a dropper or a similar device adapted for delivering solutions into a patient&#39;s eye. 
     In some embodiments, cochlear illnesses suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents may be treated by administering HOCl solution. For example, disinfectant properties of HOCl may be delivered via be delivered via a dropper or a similar device adapted for delivering solutions into a patient&#39;s ears. 
     In some embodiments a diffusion device may be configured to volatilize HOCl into the air. The volatilized HOCl may then be inhaled by one or more patients to treat one or more respiratory illness suspected to be caused by microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents. 
     In some embodiments, HOCl solution may be administered intravenously and used as a prophylactic solution to defend against a potential microbes, bacteria, spores, viral, fungal, and/or allergy-causing agents. For example, HOCl solution, administered intravenously, may be used to counter one or more types of influenza virus (e.g., H1N1) strains. 
     Although the disclosed technology is described above in terms of various exemplary embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that the various features, aspects and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of the other embodiments of the disclosed technology, whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the technology disclosed herein should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. 
     Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing: the term “including” should be read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like; the term “example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; the terms “a” or “an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or the like; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known” and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future. Likewise, where this document refers to technologies that would be apparent or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such technologies encompass those apparent or known to the skilled artisan now or at any time in the future. 
     The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. Moreover, the use of patients, individuals, and similar terms may refer to humans and animals. 
     Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.