Patent Publication Number: US-2006019883-A1

Title: Use of cyclin D1 inhibitors

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
      The present invention relates to use of certain cyclin D1 inhibitors at the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations to be used in the treatment of patients to improve their response to tamoxifen treatment following a breast cancer treatment, either surgically, using cytotoxic compounds and/or irradiation.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Anti-estrogen treatment by tamoxifen is a well-established adjuvant therapy for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Despite ER-positivity some tumours do not respond to tamoxifen and therefore the potential link between the ER co-factor cyclin D1 and tamoxifen response in 102 ER-positive tumours from post-menopausal breast cancer patients randomised to tamoxifen or no treatment has been delineated.  
      Thereby it could be noted that patients with moderate cyclin D1 levels responded to tamoxifen treatment whereas patients with cyclin D1 over expressing tumours did not show any difference in survival between tamoxifen and non-tamoxifen treatments. The results suggest that cyclin D1 over expression predicts for treatment resistance but despite this, indicates an overall better prognosis.  
      Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease that should ideally be subcategorised according to genetic defects potentially mirroring prognostic and predictive information in order to assure optimal and individualised treatment for patients. Adjuvant treatment with anti-estrogens like tamoxifen is one of the most important treatment strategies used for breast cancer, saving many lives. The presence of ER in tumour cells is essential for tamoxifen response and the ER together with the progesterone receptor serves as a predictive factor for tamoxifen response in clinical practise. Despite ER-positivity some tumours do not respond or develop resistance to tamoxifen treatment suggesting that the presence of ER is not the only factor influencing tamoxifen response. Even though the rational for treatment failure is not fully comprehended, co-factors to the ER such as cyclin D1 are suggested to be implicated in this process. Cyclin D1 is a cell cycle regulating protein with potential dual roles and in addition to activating cdk 4/6 in the G1/S transition the protein has cdk-independent functions (1, 2). Some reports propose that cyclin D1 over expression can activate the ER independent of ligand but the theoretically important feature for cyclin D1 in response to tamoxifen treatment has shown contradictory results using breast cancer cell lines (3, 4, 5) and no randomized clinical studies have been reported. Cyclin D1 knockout mice show a marked defect in breast epithelium development during pregnancy and tissue specific over-expression of cyclin D1 leads to mammary hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma formation in mice models, supporting the relevance for cyclin D1 in breast cancer research and its potential as a co-factor for the ER (2).  
      Cancer Research, vol. 59, (1999), p. 44-47, Suganuma et al relates to a use of tamoxifen in the treatment of lung cancer. However, there is very little of estrogen receptor (ER) present in cancer cells in lung tissue compared to breast cancer cells. Laura Stabile et al, Cancer Res. 62:2141-2150, (2002) have shown that there is much lower levels of ER present in different lung cancer cell lines in comparison with the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Thus, one cannot expect the same effect of the ER antagonist tamoxifen in a breast cancer cell line as in a lung cancer cell line. Suganuma et al neither show any presence of ER in PC-9 cells used in the trials.  
      When it comes to breast cancer tamoxifen treatment requires a presence of ER in more than 10% of the cells.  
      The doses of tamoxifen used by Suganuma et al is, further, much higher than those used at the inhibition of breast cancer growth in a cell culture, and a clinical evaluation, respectively. Using such high concentrations, as Suganuma et al use, one obtains an evident toxic effect with a high degree of apoptosis, while lower concentrations provides for a specific cell cycle blockade and no apoptosis. In general there is thus different effect mechanisms present in the Suganuma study, compared to the study given herein below, and which are used for a combination therapy using cyclin D1-inhibitors and tamoxifen.  
      In the same article it is further discussed unpublished data concerning an additive effect of green tea and tamoxifen and it is referred to animal models showing a lower frequency of breast cancer in tamoxifen plus green tea treated mice. However, it is still discussed high, toxic concentrations of tamoxifen, and will not discuss the facts behind the present invention, i.e., that a cofactor of ER, as cyclin D1, may influence the response to tamoxifen.  
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION  
      It has turned out that the response to tamoxifen treatment following a breast cancer treatment, either surgical, using cytotoxic compounds and/or irradiation is improved using one or more of the cyclin D1 inhibitors selected from the group consisting of monoterpenes, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, acyclic retinoid (ACR), sesquicillin, sulinac (an NSAID), methylglyoxal bis(cyclopentylamidinohydrazone), ANXA-1, FR-901228 (a cyclic peptide inhibitor of histone deacetylase), simvastatin (mevalonate/protein prenylation inhibitor), cerivastatin (inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase), (−)-enantiomer of glossypol (polyphenolic pigment present in cottonseed), ursolic acid (pentacyclictriterpenoid), 14-epi-analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, tangeritin(5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone), purvalanol A (protein kinase inhibitor), tetrandrine, deoxybouvardin, lycopene, podophyllotoxin GL331, resveratrol, silymarin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), piceatannol, exisulind, oxamflatin, androstanes and androstenes and prostaglandin A2 in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of patients to improve their response to anti-estrogen treatment following a breast cancer treatment, either surgical, using cytotoxic compounds and/or irradiation.  
      In a preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical preparation is intended for the treatment of tamoxifen none-responsive breast cancer patients over expressing cyclin D1.  
      In another preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical preparation is intended for the treatment of breast-cancer patients expressing low or moderate levels of cyclin D1.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the invention the anti-estrogen compound is tamoxifen.  
      In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the invention includes a method for treatment of breast cancer treated patients by administering a therapeutically active amount of one or more cyclin D1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of monoterpenes, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, acyclic retinoid (ACR), sesquicillin, sulinac (an NSAID), methylglyoxal bis(cyclopentylamidinohydrazone), ANXA-1, FR-901228 (a cyclic peptide inhibitor of histone deacetylase), simvastatin (mevalonate/protein prenylation inhibitor), cerivastatin (inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase), (−)-enantiomer of glossypol (polyphenolic pigment present in cottonseed), ursolic acid (pentacyclictriterpenoid), 14-epi-analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, tangeritin(5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone), purvalanol A (protein kinase inhibitor), tetrandrine, deoxybouvardin, lycopene, podophyllotoxin GL331, resveratrol, silymarin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), piceatannol, exisulind, oxamflatin, androstanes and androstenes, in particular Δ5-androstene-3β-17α-diol, and prostaglandin A2 to improve their response to anti-estrogen treatment following a breast cancer treatment, either surgical, using cytotoxic compounds and/or irradiation, whereby the anti-estrogen compound is preferably tamoxifen.  
      Study  
      The breast cancer material used in this study initially included 168 post-menopausal (&gt;55 years old) patients with small (T0-T1) node-negative (N0) tumours. All patients were part of a clinical trial (1980-1987) and had been randomised to either 2 years of tamoxifen treatment or no adjuvant treatment. Data regarding breast cancer specific survival was obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry (2002) resulting in a mean follow-up time of 18 years (range 15-22 years). Representative parts of the tumours were assembled in a tissue array, sectioned and immunohistochemically stained for ER (antibodies M7047 from Dako, Denmark, diluted 1/200) and cyclin D1 (M7155, Dako, Denmark, 1/100). Patients with tumours lacking or expressing low ER as well as tumours with 10-90% ER positive cells did not show any significant difference in survival for tamoxifen in comparison to no treatment and were therefore not used for the cyclin D1 studies (data not shown). The 102 tumours with &gt;90% ER positive cells, nevertheless showed a marked difference in survival (p-value) and were selected for further studies. Cyclin D1 protein was evaluated by determining nuclear staining intensity (0-3) and 45% of the 102 ER high tumours were cyclin D1 high-expressing whereas 50% were moderate expressing and 5% were cyclin D1 low expressing. By this definition, around half of the ER positive tumours over-expressed cyclin D1, which is in line with earlier reports (2). As illustrated in  FIG. 1A  there was a marked difference in survival between patients that had received tamoxifen or no treatment when patients with moderate/low cyclin D1 tumours were analysed separately (p=0.0019 at 10 years). Surprisingly, this difference was eliminated for tumours with high cyclin D1 ( FIG. 1B ), suggesting that over expression of cyclin D1 is linked to tamoxifen treatment resistance despite high ER-content. Using multivariate analysis and a Cox-regression model, limiting the follow-up time to 10 years and including the age at onset of disease, the difference in tamoxifen response between the two cyclin D1 groups were statistically significant (p=0,049) clearly validating the results. There was further a marked difference between the cyclin D1 groups regarding survival for untreated patients with a mortality rate of 35% and 72% respectively for cyclin D1 high contra cyclin D1 moderate/low tumours (table 1). This suggests that high levels of cyclin D1 are associated with an overall better prognosis than moderate or low cyclin D1 levels as also illustrated in  FIG. 1C . Interestingly, the opposite was observed, when analysing only patients treated with tamoxifen ( FIG. 1D ), which is in line with earlier publications that suggest cyclin D1 over-expression to be associated with bad prognosis. Our results using randomised untreated or tamoxifen treated patients with a long follow-up period indicate that cyclin D1 indeed affects tamoxifen response and the most likely mechanistic explanation for this is through a direct interaction between cyclin D1 and the ER/SRC, or via its cell cycle regulatory function, as also supported by cell line studies (4, 5). Cyclin D1 could potentially block the effect of tamoxifen on the ER despite theoretically causing an estrogen independent low activation. The alternative model is that cyclin D1 could sequester cdk-inhibitors thereby effecting the G1/S control and tamoxifen response. Further studies now have to verify our results but it seems that a large fraction of patients who receive tamoxifen do not benefit from it. On the other hand they have a rather favourable prognosis. The outcome could nevertheless potentially be improved by specifically targeting cyclin D1 in conjunction with tamoxifen, representing a new treatment strategy for tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive cyclin D1 over expressing breast cancer.  
       FIG. 1  shows the response to tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer patients. Tumours with moderate levels of cyclin D1 expressed show response to tamoxifen treatment but low over all survival ( 1 A). High levels of cyclin D1 expressed predict for treatment resistance but better over all survival ( 1 B). Thus  FIG. 1B  shows that there is no real difference between the survival of non-tamoxifen patients and tamoxifen patients with regard to survival, which indicates that the tamoxifen treatment has little or no effect in the high cyclin D1 expressing group.  
      Table 1  
      Patient material summarised by subgroups.  
      Number of patients in different groups studied; mean age; survival time and mortality rates.  
                                                   Moderate/   Moderate/low   High   High CD1           low CD1   CD1 and   CD1 and   and           and no   tamoxifen   no   tamoxifen           treatment   treatment   treatment   treatment                  Number of   29   27   23   23       patients       Median age at   70.3 years   68.8 years   64.8 years   63.3 years       onset of disease       Median   65 months   169 months   35 months*   47 months*       survival       time of       deceased       patients       Mortality rate   72%   63%   35%   39%                 *Variation due to distribution of cases. Mean values near equal.             
 
    
    
     FIGURE LEGENDS  
     
       FIG. 1 
     
      A-D: Breast cancer specific survival in relation to cyclin D1 and the randomisation to 2 years of tamoxifen treatment or no treatment in a material of 102 strongly ER-positive breast cancer samples. The p-value in A corresponds to 10 years of follow-up as indicated in the figure.  
       a Multivariate analyses using a cox-model including age at onset illustrating the significant difference in response to tamoxifen treatment in the cyclin D1 groups. E: Cumulative total survival in the patient group of cyclin D1 high breast cancer subdivided according to tamoxifen treatment or nor treatment. The calculated expected survival for the specific patient group and year is indicated in the figure.  
    
    
     REFERENCES  
     
         
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