Patent Publication Number: US-2022228915-A1

Title: Systems and methods for using optical sensors in fire suppression systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION 
     The present application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/855,440, filed May 31, 2019, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Fire suppression systems are commonly used to protect an area and objects within the area from fire. Fire suppression systems can be activated manually or automatically in response to an indication that a fire is present nearby (e.g., an increase in ambient temperature beyond a predetermined threshold value, etc.). Once activated, fire suppression systems spread a fire suppressant agent throughout the area. The fire suppressant agent then extinguishes or prevents the growth of the fire. Various sprinklers, nozzles, and dispersion devices are used to disperse the fire suppressant agent throughout the area. 
     SUMMARY 
     One implementation of the present disclosure is a fire suppression system. The fire suppression system includes an interface control module, and an interface module, according to some embodiments. The interface control module is configured to activate a fire suppressant discharge system in response to receiving a fire detection signal, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the interface module is connected with the interface control module, and is connected with at least one of a first optical sensor and an interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the interface expansion module is configured to connect with a second optical sensor. In some embodiments, the first optical sensor and the second optical sensor are configured to detect a fire condition at an area of interest and provide the first detection signal to the interface control module in response to detecting the fire. In some embodiments, the interface module includes light emitting devices corresponding to the first optical sensor and the interface expansion module, the light emitting devices configured to display different colors indicating a status of the first optical sensor and the interface expansion module. 
     In some embodiments, the light emitting devices are configured to display a first color when the first optical sensor and the interface expansion module are operating normally, a second color when the first optical sensor or the interface expansion module undergo a fault, and a third color when the first optical sensor or the second optical sensor of the interface expansion module detect a fire condition. 
     In some embodiments, the light emitting devices are configured to continually display the second color in response to a downstream fault. 
     In some embodiments, the interface module includes a reset button. In some embodiments, the light emitting device is configured to cease continually displaying the second color in response to the reset button being depressed for a predetermined amount of time. 
     In some embodiments, the interface module and the interface expansion module are each configured to connect with three optical sensors. In some embodiments, the interface module and the interface expansion module each include three light emitting devices corresponding to the three optical sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the interface module includes a light emitting device associated with the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the light emitting device is configured to display different colors to indicate the status of any of the three optical sensors connected with the interface expansion module. 
     In some embodiments, the interface expansion module includes a light emitting device corresponding to the second optical sensor. In some embodiments, the light emitting device is configured to display different colors indicating a status of the second optical sensor. 
     In some embodiments, the light emitting device of the interface expansion module is configured to display a first color in response to the second optical sensor operating normally, a second color in response to the second optical sensor undergoing a fault, and a third color in response to the second optical sensor detecting a fire condition. 
     In some embodiments, the light emitting device of the interface expansion module is configured to continually display the second color in response to the second optical sensor undergoing a fault and continue displaying the second color after the second optical sensor ceases undergoing the fault. In some embodiments, the light emitting device of the interface expansion module is configured to cease displaying the second color in response to a user input. 
     In some embodiments, the fire suppression system of further includes an additional interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the additional interface expansion module is connected with the interface expansion module and is configured to connect with three optical sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the optical sensors are infrared optical sensors and are configured to generate sensor signals. In some embodiments, the sensor signals include either a standby signal, or the fire detection signal. 
     Another implementation of the present disclosure is a fire suppression system. In some embodiments, the fire suppression system includes a first sensor, an interface expansion module, a second sensor, an interface module, and an interface control module. In some embodiments, the first sensor is configured to detect a fire condition and generate fire detection signals in response to detecting the fire. In some embodiments, the interface expansion module is configured to receive the fire detection signals from the first sensor and operate a first indicator to indicate a status of the first sensor. In some embodiments, the second sensor is configured to detect a fire condition and generate fire detection signals in response to detecting the fire. In some embodiments, the interface module is configured to receive the fire detection signals from the second sensor and the fire detection signals from the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the interface module includes a second indicator corresponding to the second sensor, and a third indicator corresponding to the first sensor and the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the second indicator is configured to display a status of the second sensor, and the third indicator is configured to display a status of the first sensor and the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the interface control module is configured to receive the fire detection signals generated by any of the first sensor and the second sensor from the interface module and activate a fire suppressant discharge system in response to the fire detection signals. 
     In some embodiments, the first indicator is configured to display a first color when the first optical sensor is operating normally, a second color when the first optical sensor undergoes a fault, and a third color when the first optical sensor detects a fire condition. In some embodiments, the second indicator is configured to display the first color when the second optical sensor is operating normally, the second color when the second optical sensor undergoes a fault, and the third color when the second optical sensor detects a fire condition. In some embodiments, the third indicator is configured to display the first color when the first optical sensor and the interface expansion module are operating normally, the second color when the first optical sensor or the interface expansion module undergo a fault, and the third color when the first optical sensor or the interface expansion module detect a fire condition. 
     In some embodiments, the first indicator, the second indicator, and the third indicator are configured to continually display the second color in response to a downstream fault. 
     In some embodiments, the interface module includes a reset button. In some embodiments, the first indicator is configured to cease displaying the second color in response to the reset button being depressed for a predetermined amount of time. 
     In some embodiments, the interface module and the interface expansion module are each configured to connect with three optical sensors. In some embodiments, the interface module and the interface expansion module each include an indicator configured to operate to display a status of any of the three optical sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the fire suppression system further includes an additional interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the additional interface expansion module is connected with the interface expansion module and is configured to connect with three optical sensors. 
     Another implementation of the present disclosure is a fire suppression system. In some embodiments, the fire suppression system includes a first sensor, an interface expansion module, a second sensor, an interface module, and an interface control module. In some embodiments, the first sensor is configured to detect a fire condition and generate fire detection signals in response to detecting the fire. In some embodiments, the interface expansion module is configured to receive the fire detection signals from the first sensor and operate a first indicator to indicate a status of the first sensor. In some embodiments, the second sensor is configured to detect a fire condition and generate fire detection signals in response to detecting the fire. In some embodiments, the interface module is configured to receive the fire detection signals from the second sensor and the fire detection signals from the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the interface module includes a second indicator corresponding to the second sensor, and a third indicator corresponding to the first sensor and the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the second indicator is configured to display a status of the second sensor, and the third indicator is configured to display a status of the first sensor and the interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the interface control module is configured to receive the fire detection signals generated by any of the first sensor and the second sensor from the interface module and activate a fire suppressant discharge system in response to receiving the fire detection signals. In some embodiments, the first indicator, the second indicator, and the third indicator are configured to continually indicate a fault status of a corresponding circuit even after the fault status of the corresponding circuit clears, until a user input is received. 
     In some embodiments, the fire suppression system further includes an additional interface expansion module. In some embodiments, the additional interface expansion module is connected with the interface expansion module and is configured to connect with three optical sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the additional interface expansion module includes multiple indicators. In some embodiments, each of the multiple indicators are configured to operate to display a status of a corresponding one of the three optical sensors. 
     This summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the devices or processes described herein will become apparent in the detailed description set forth herein, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a portion of a fire detection and suppression system including an interface module, an interface expansion module, and optical sensors, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the fire detection and suppression system of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a top view of the interface module of the fire detection and suppression system of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of the interface expansion module of the fire detection and suppression system of  FIG. 1 , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a top view of one of the sensors of the fire detection and suppression system of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of a fire suppressant delivery system that can be activated by the fire detection and suppression system of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before turning to the figures, which illustrate the exemplary embodiments in detail, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the details or methodology set forth in the description or illustrated in the FIGURES. It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description only and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     Overview 
     Referring generally to the FIGURES, a fire suppression system includes an interface control module, an interface module, and an interface expansion module. The system can also include optical sensors configured to monitor an area of interest to detect a presence of fire in the area of interest. The sensors can be communicably and wiredly coupled with corresponding interface expansion modules and/or corresponding interface modules. Each interface module and/or interface expansion module can communicably connect with up to three sensors. The interface expansion modules can be daisy-chained in series with the interface module. For example, the interface module can connect with a first set of three sensors, and a first interface expansion module. The first interface expansion module can connect with a second set of three sensors and a second interface expansion module. The second interface expansion module can connect with a third set of three sensors. 
     Each connection between upstream and downstream devices in the daisy-chain can be associated with a corresponding light emitting device (LED). For example, the interface module can include a first set of four LEDs, with each of the four LEDs indicating status of the connected and corresponding sensors and first interface expansion module. Likewise, the first interface expansion module can include a second set of four LEDs, with each of the four LEDs indicating status of the connected and corresponding sensors and second interface expansion module. The second interface expansion module can include similar LEDs. 
     The LEDs can operate to notify an operator or a technician regarding various conditions. For example, the LEDs can indicate a normal operating mode of the corresponding sensor or interface expansion module by displaying a green color. The LEDs can indicate that a fire or a fire condition (e.g., flames, smoke, a temperature condition, a rate of change of a temperature condition, etc.) has been detected by one of the corresponding sensors or interface expansion modules by displaying a red color. The LEDs can indicate that a fault has occurred with one of the corresponding sensors or interface expansion modules by displaying a yellow/amber color. 
     The LEDs can latch the yellow/amber color if an intermittent fault occurs. For example, if the first interface expansion module undergoes an intermittent fault, the corresponding LED at the interface module can display the yellow/amber color, even after the first interface expansion module returns to normal operation. In some embodiments, the LEDs display the yellow/amber color in response to any circuitry further downstream undergoing a fault. For example, if one of the sensors that are connected with the second interface expansion module fault, the corresponding LED of the second interface expansion module can display the yellow/amber color. The second interface expansion module can provide the first interface expansion module with a fault signal, such that the LED of the first interface expansion module that corresponds to the second interface expansion module displays the yellow/amber color. In this way, a technician can visually identify and troubleshoot faulty components. The technician may start upstream at the interface module and work downstream to identify any faulty components. 
     Any of the electrical components (e.g., sensors, modules, etc.) may be plug-and-play devices such that they can be easily removed, replaced, and installed. The sensors can communicate fire detection information (e.g., sensor signals) to the interface control module. In response to receiving an indication that a fire or a fire condition is detected by one or more of the sensors, the interface control module can operate a user device to display a warning or alert, and may activate a fire suppressant discharge system to suppress the fire. The warning or alert provided to the user can include operating an LED or a light emitting device to display a particular color (e.g., red) and/or intermittently display the color (e.g., strobing, periodically, etc.). 
     System 
     Referring particularly to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a fire detection and suppression system  10  includes one or more sensors  18 , and an interface control module  12 . Interface control module  12  can be a controller including a processing circuit, a processor, and memory. Interface control module  12  is configured to communicably connect with sensors  18  to detect a presence of a fire or a fire condition or to predict the likely occurrence of a fire or a fire condition in the future. Interface control module  12  can be communicably coupled or communicatively connected with a fire suppressant agent (FSA) discharge system  42 . Sensors  18  may generate a fire detection signal or a fire condition detection signal in response to detecting the fire or fire condition and can provide the fire detection signal or the fire condition detection signal to upstream communicably coupled devices (e.g., interface control module  12 , an interface module  14 , an interface expansion module  16 , etc.). Particularly, interface control module  12  can be communicably coupled with one or more actuators  44  of FSA discharge system  42 . Interface control module  12  can receive sensor signals from sensors  18  and activate FSA discharge system  42 . Interface control module  12  can activate FSA discharge system  42  by generating activation signals and providing the activation signals to FSA discharge system  42 . In some embodiments, interface control module  12  receives manual activation signals from manual activation device  60  and activates FSA discharge system  42  in response to receiving the manual activation signals. 
     In some embodiments, FSA discharge system  42  includes tanks, reservoirs, containers, etc., configured to store and discharge a fire suppressant agent. FSA discharge system  42  can include a plumbing or piping system configured to fluidly couple the tanks of fire suppressant agent with nozzles, dispersion devices, sprayers, outlets, etc., to disperse, spread, discharge, provide, etc., the fire suppressant agent to an area of interest. FSA discharge system  42  can also include cartridges that store a compressed or expellant gas. The cartridges can be fluidly coupled with a corresponding fire suppressant tank. When interface control module  12  provides actuator(s)  44  with activation signals, actuator  44  can operate to fluidly couple the cartridge with the corresponding fire suppressant tank. Actuator  44  can be an electric actuator, a mechanical transducer, an electric pneumatic actuator, a protracting actuation device, etc. Actuator  44  can be configured to puncture a rupture disk to fluidly couple the cartridge with the corresponding fire suppressant tank. 
     When the fire suppressant tank is fluidly coupled with the cartridge, the expellant or compressed gas is provided to the fire suppressant tank from the cartridge, thereby pressurizing the fire suppressant agent within the tank. The fire suppressant agent is then forced to flow through the piping or plumbing system and is discharged through the dispersion devices to suppress a fire at the area of interest. 
     Fire detection and suppression system  10  can be configured to detect and suppress fires on mobile equipment, commercial vehicles, industrial vehicles, etc. For example, fire detection and suppression system  10  can be used on haulers, hydraulic excavators, wheeled loaders, dozers, graders, etc. Fire detection and suppression system  10  can be used to suppress fire at an engine bay of mobile equipment. For example, fire detection and suppression system  10  can be used to suppress fire at an internal combustion engine such as a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, a compressed natural gas engine, etc. In some embodiments, fire detection and suppression system  10  includes multiple detection circuits and can detect fires in multiple areas. Fire detection and suppression system  10  can also be used to detect and suppress fires at or in buildings, sheds, utility closets, houses, kitchen appliances, cookers, fryers, data storage systems, etc., or any other device, apparatus, system, etc., for which fire suppression is desired. 
     Sensors  18  can be optical sensors configured to monitor one or more areas of interest and detect a presence of fire at the one or more areas of interest. In some embodiments, sensors  18  are temperature sensors. Sensors  18  can be any photoconductive devices, photovoltaic or solar cells, infrared detectors, photodiodes, phototransistors, optical switches, etc., to detect light intensity and/or light wavelength and generate an electrical signals based on the detected light intensity and/or the light wavelength. 
     Sensors  18  can be configured to use RS-485 digital communications to report their respective statuses. In some embodiments, the statuses of sensors  18  include a normal state (e.g., no fault, no alarm, etc.), and a fault or alarm state. Sensors  18   a  can generate signals that indicate their respective states or statuses and provide the signals to an interface module  14 . In some embodiments, sensors  18  are wiredly and/or communicably coupled with interface module  14  through cables, cords, or wires, shown as bus cables  20 . 
     In response to receiving an alarm or alert signal from sensors  18 , interface module  14  converts the received signal to an alarm condition by closing a set of contacts within interface module  14  which can be read by interface control module  12  as an alarm condition. Interface module  14  can be communicably or electrically coupled with interface control module  12  through bus cables  20 . Interface control module  12  can receive signals associated with closing the set of contacts within interface module  14 . Any fault condition at interface module  14  or any connected devices such as sensors  18  (e.g., an open-circuit, a wire-to-ground short, a wire-to-wire short, etc.) causes a fault relay of interface module  14  to open which can be read by interface control module  12 . Interface control module  12  can report a “Detection Circuit Open Fault” or any other fault message/notification to user interface  28  which can be displayed to a user or operator. 
     In some embodiments, interface module  14 , interface expansion module  16 , and/or interface control module  12  are configured to latch a signal (e.g., a fire detection signal) from optical sensors  18  or from further downstream after a “combined” five seconds or more (e.g., after the signal persists for at least five seconds, or any other predetermined amount of time). In some embodiments, the signal is latched and maintained if a first one of optical sensors  18  detects a fire condition (e.g., a flame) and then three seconds later a second one of optical sensors  18  detects the fire condition before the first optical sensor  18  does not see or detect the fire condition, with the total time being greater than five seconds. In such a case, the signal (e.g., the fire detection signal) is latched or maintained at the interface control module  12 . 
     Interface module  14  can include status LEDs as well as a reset button on a front face of interface module  14 . Interface module  14  can include an output circuit. Interface module  14  (i.e., the output circuit of interface module  14 ) can operate the LEDs to display a current status of any downstream devices or interface modules  14 . Interface module  14  can operate the LEDs to display a solid green for a normal or standby condition, amber or yellow for a fault condition, and red for an active alarm or alert. The LEDs can be latched or persist in their operation so that any alarm or fault condition that occurs in the circuit shown in  FIGS. 1-2  latches a corresponding one of the LEDs to the appropriate condition. Advantageously, this facilitates easier troubleshooting of the circuit shown in  FIGS. 1-2  if intermittent faults or spurious alarms occur. For example, if a particular one of sensors  18  undergoes an intermittent fault that clears, the corresponding LED to the particular sensor  18  may latch the amber or yellow color, indicating that the circuit had a fault. If the fault clears, the particular sensor  18  can resume normal operation, but the corresponding LED may remain amber or yellow. If a subsequent fire occurs, the particular sensor  18  can still detect the fire and interface module  14  can report the fire condition to interface control module  12  through bus cables  20 , and the corresponding LED may change from amber/yellow to red. The corresponding LED can remain in this state until the reset button of interface module  14  is pressed for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 3 seconds, 5 seconds, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, interface module  14  is configured to operate the LEDs according to different blink rates (e.g., based on downstream faults, downstream fire detection, etc.). For example, interface module  14  may operate the LEDs according to different blink rates or adjust a blink rate of the LEDs based on an activation of fire detection and suppression system  10  or based on fire detection at sensors  18 . 
     Interface module  14  can be configured to be connected onto any of multiple detection circuits that interface control module  12  monitors. For example, interface module  14  can be connected to interface control module  12  in conjunction with a linear detection cable on the same detection circuit, or connected separately to a dedicated detection circuit using a standard detection circuit cable. In some embodiments, the linear detection cable is required in the same hazard areas that corresponding sensors  18  are configured to monitor. Certain customers may desire to have sensors  18  on a different or separate detection circuit so that faults/alarms detected by sensors  18  can be differentiated from faults/alarms of the linear detection cable. The linear detection cable can be connected with interface control module  12  prior to connection of a first interface module  14  to interface control module  12 . 
     Each interface module  14  is configured to connect with or interface with up to three sensors  18  (e.g., sensors  18   a ), according to some embodiments. Additional sensors  18   b  can be added to the circuit through an interface expansion module  16 . Unused interfaces of interface module  14  and/or interface expansion module  16  can be terminated with a plug  19 . If no additional interface modules  14  and/or interface expansion modules  16  are added to the circuit, an output of interface modules  14  and/or interface expansion modules  16  can be terminated with a 5-pin M12 end of line (EOL) device. 
     Interface module  14  and interface expansion module  16  can be constructed the same as or similar to each other. However, interface module  14  can include power and detection conductors in a single cable. All other characteristics of interface module  14  and interface expansion module  16  (e.g., PCB board, enclosure, etc.) can be the same or similar to each other. 
     Table 1 below shows the colors displayed by the LEDs of interface module  14  and interface expansion module  16  for various conditions: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 LED Colors and Associated Conditions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Color 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Condition 
                 Green 
                 Amber/Yellow 
                 Red 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Normal (Stand-by) 
                 X 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Open-Circuit Fault 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Wire-to-Ground Fault 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Wire-to-Wire Short 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Alarm 
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Specifically, the LEDs of interface module  14  and/or interface expansion module  16  can display a green color if the corresponding sensor  18  or circuit is operating normally. If the corresponding sensor  18  provides interface module  14  and/or interface expansion module  16  with an alarm or alert, the corresponding LED can display a red color. For faults such as open-circuit fault, wire-to-ground fault, wire-to-wire short, etc., the corresponding LED can display an amber or yellow color. For example, if one of the bus cables  20  shorts (e.g., wire-to-ground fault), the corresponding LED of interface module  14  and/or interface expansion module  16  may operate to display an amber or yellow color. The LED can continue displaying the amber or yellow color even if the corresponding bus cable  20  and/or the corresponding sensor  18  returns to a normal mode of operation. Advantageously, this facilitates allowing a technician to troubleshoot intermittent faults and to determine which of bus cables  20  and/or sensors  18  has faulted, even after the circuit or sensors  18  return to normal operation. According to alternative embodiments, other colors than those disclosed herein may be used and other states may be indicated. 
     In some embodiments, interface control module  12 , interface module  14 , and/or interface expansion module  16  have a voltage operating range of 9-32 volts DC. Advantageously, this facilitates the circuit accommodating typical nominal 12 volt and/or 24 volt heavy-duty mobile equipment (HDME) systems. In some embodiments, interface control module  12 , interface module  14 , and/or interface expansion module  16  have an operating temperature range of approximately −40 degrees Celsius to +85 degrees Celsius (or −40 degrees Fahrenheit to 185 degrees Fahrenheit). In some embodiments, interface control module  12  can communicably connect with up to three interface modules  14  and interface expansion modules  16  (e.g., one interface module  14  and two interface expansion modules  16 ). A maximum power circuit length used to power interface module  14  (and/or interface expansion modules  16 ) may be 200 feet for 12 volt nominal systems, and 300 feet for 24 volt nominal systems. In some embodiments, a maximum cable length between sensors  18  and a corresponding interface module  14  and/or interface control module  16  is 200 feet for 12 and 24 volt nominal systems. In some embodiments, a maximum length of cable (e.g., bus cable  20 ) between interface modules  14  (and interface expansion modules  16 ) is 100 feet for 12 volt nominal systems and 250 feet for 24 volt nominal systems. 
     In general, fire detection and suppression system  10  does not include contact between dissimilar metals, which could facilitate galvanic reaction, except where necessary. Additionally, fire detection and suppression system  10  does not include any exposed brass. All electronic components and solder of fire detection and suppression system  10  are RoHS compliant. 
     Interface Module 
     Referring particularly to  FIG. 3 , interface module  14  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Interface module  14  includes a connector  32  configured to communicably connect with sensors  18  and interface expansion module  16 . Connector  32  can be a female bus connector pigtail assembly. Connector  32  is configured to receive and connect with bus cables  20 . Connector  32  includes sensor input connectors  46  and expansion input connector  52 . In some embodiments, sensor input connectors  46  and expansion input connector  52  are all configured to wiredly and communicably couple with a same type of cable (e.g., bus cable  20 ). Sensor input connectors  46  can be configured to receive and communicably couple with bus cables  20  of corresponding sensors  18 . Expansion input connector  52  is similarly configured to receive and communicably couple with bus cable  20  of a corresponding interface expansion module  16 . In some embodiments, interface module  14  includes LEDs  48  that correspond to each connected bus cable  20  (e.g., three sensors  18  and interface expansion module  16 ). 
     LEDs  48  can operate to display red, green, or yellow/amber color in response to any of the conditions described in greater detail above with reference to Table 1. For example, LEDs  48  can display a green color in response to normal operation for corresponding sensors  18  and/or corresponding interface expansion module  16 . In response to a fault or an intermittent fault, LEDs  48  can display and hold (or latch) the yellow/amber color. For example, if a particular one of sensors  18  malfunctions, the corresponding one of LEDs  48  may operate to display the yellow/amber color and hold the yellow/amber color to facilitate troubleshooting of the fault. Likewise, if interface expansion module  16  or any sensor, interface expansion module  16 , bus cable  20 , etc., connected to interface module  14  malfunctions, the corresponding LED  48  may operate to display the yellow/amber color and hold the yellow/amber color to facilitate troubleshooting the fault. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 3 , interface module  14  includes a reset button  50 . In some embodiments, reset button  50  can be pressed and held for a predetermined time duration (e.g., 3 seconds) to clear faults. For example, if one of LEDs  48  holds the yellow/amber color, reset button  50  can be pressed and held for the predetermined time duration to reset LED  48  to display the green color. In some embodiments, pressing, holding, and releasing reset button  50  clears faults (e.g., returns LEDs  48  to display the green color) for all bus cables  20  that are connected to interface module  14  (e.g., sensor input connectors  46 , and expansion input connector  52 ). 
     Interface module  14  includes an enclosure  34  (e.g., a housing, a container, a mold, a shell, a body, etc.) configured to substantially enclose and protect internal components of interface module  14 . For example, enclosure  34  can be configured to enclose and protect switches, relays, processors, processing circuits, memory, PCB boards, etc., of interface module  14 . In some embodiments, enclosure  34  is filled with a resin to seal against environmental factors, thereby protecting internal components of interface module  14 . 
     Referring still to  FIG. 3 , interface module  14  includes a power connector  38 . Power connector  38  is configured to receive power through a corresponding power cable  28  to power interface module  14 . In some embodiments, interface module  14  receives power from power source  30  through power cable  28  and power connector  38 . Power cable  28  can connect directly to a battery (e.g., a vehicle battery, power source  30 ) via a fused power cable, or can connect to a power output of interface control module  12  (as shown in  FIGS. 1-2 ). 
     Interface module  14  includes a detection connector  36 . Detection connector  36  is configured to receive a corresponding detection cable  26  to communicably connect interface module  14  with interface control module  12 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , interface expansion module  16  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Interface expansion module  16  can be the same as or similar to interface module  14 . For example, interface expansion module  16  can include the same processing circuit, PCB, connectors, etc., as interface module  14 . Likewise, interface expansion module  16  can also include enclosure  34  to enclose and protect internal components. 
     Interface expansion module  16  can include both input power and detection in a single cable, shown as connector  54 . A cable the same as or similar to bus cable  20  can communicably and electrically couple interface expansion module  16  with interface module  14 . Interface expansion module  16  can provide interface module  14  with any signals received from sensors  18  that are downstream of interface expansion module  16 . For example, interface expansion module  16  can receive fault or alarm signals from sensors  18  that are connected through sensor input connectors  46  and provide any of the fault or alarm signals to interface module  14  through connector  54 . Interface expansion module  16  can also receive power from interface module  14  through connector  54 . 
     Interface expansion module  16  can include LEDs  48  and reset button  50 . LEDs  48  can operate to continuously display the amber/yellow color in response to a fault in one of sensors  18  (or a further downstream interface expansion module  16 ) until reset button  50  is pressed for a predetermined time duration (e.g., 3 seconds). If interface expansion module  16  receives a fault (e.g., an intermittent fault signal) from one of sensors  18  or from a further downstream interface expansion module  16 , interface expansion module  16  can provide interface module  14  with a fault signal through connector  54  and the corresponding cable. Interface module  14  can receive the fault signal through the corresponding cable and expansion input connector  52 . Interface module  14  can operate the corresponding LED  48  to display and hold the yellow/amber color until reset button  50  of interface module  14  is pressed and held for the predetermined time duration. 
     Additional interface expansion modules  16  can be daisy-chained in series such that additional sensors  18  can be integrated into fire detection and suppression system  10 . For example, interface module  14  can be communicably connected with interface control module  12  via detection connector  36  (wiredly coupled with the red connector shown in  FIG. 2 ) and the corresponding detection cable  26 . Interface module  14  can receive power from interface control module  12  through power connector  38  and power cable  28  (wiredly coupled with the green connector shown in  FIG. 2 ) unless connected directly to vehicle power. Interface expansion module  16  can be communicably connected with interface module  14  via expansion input connector  52  and connector  54  through a corresponding bus cable  20 . Additional interface expansion modules  16  can be installed in series in fire detection and suppression system  10  through subsequent connectors  54  and expansion input connectors  52 . In this way, all of the signals generated by sensors  18  can be provided to interface control module  12 . 
     Sensors 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , sensor  18  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Sensors  18  can be infrared optical sensors configured to monitor an area of interest for fire detection. Sensor  18  can include an enclosure  56 . Enclosure  56  can be similar to enclosure  34 , and is configured to enclose and protect internal components (e.g., processing circuit, PCB boards, processors, microprocessors, etc.) of sensor  18 . The internal components (e.g., the PCB board) of sensor  18  can be communicably connected with a corresponding interface module  14  and/or interface expansion modules  16  through bus cable  20 . Bus cable  20  can include a male (or female) connector  58 . Connector  58  is configured to be received by, and communicably/electrically connect with any of sensor input connectors  46 . Sensor  18  can include a processing circuit configured to perform flame detection based on sensor signals. For example, the processing circuit can include firmware for processing any of the sensor signals to determine if a fire or a fire condition is present at the area of interest. 
     Technician Diagnosis 
     Advantageously, any of the components, devices, modules, sensors, etc., of fire detection and suppression system  10  may be plug-and-play devices. This facilitates easy installation, removal, and replacement of the various components that make up fire detection and suppression system  10 . All of the sensor signals received from sensors  18  can be provided to interface control module  12 . Interface control module  12  can include a memory and can generate logs. The logs can be accessed from interface control module  12  via a communications port. In some embodiments, the logs include fire detection information (e.g., times at which sensors  18  detected a fire or a fire condition). 
     Interface control module  12  can operate FSA discharge system  42  to provide fire suppressant agent to the area of interest (the monitored area) to suppress the fire. In some embodiments, interface control module  12  operates FSA discharge system  42  to provide fire suppressant agent to the area of interest in response to any of sensors  18  detecting a fire or a fire condition. 
     A technician can troubleshoot faults in fire detection and suppression system  10  by examining LEDs  48  of interface module  14  and/or interface expansion modules  16 . For example, the technician may inspect the LEDs  48  of interface module  14 . If any of the LEDs  48  display the yellow/amber color, the technician knows that the corresponding sensor  18  has undergone faults in the past. If the LED  48  that corresponds with interface expansion module  16  displays the yellow/amber color, the technician knows that a fault has occurred further downstream in the circuit. The technician can then view LEDs  48  of the interface expansion module  16  to identify which of sensors  18  is faulting. If LED  48  of interface expansion module  16  that corresponds to a further downstream interface expansion module  16  displays the yellow/amber color, the technician can then examine/inspect the further downstream interface expansion module  16  to identify which sensor  18  is faulting. 
     In this way, LEDs  48  can be used to continuously display the amber/yellow color even for an intermittent fault. This facilitates allowing a technician to troubleshoot faulty sensors  18 . The technician can then remove and replace the faulty sensor  18 . The technician can clear the LEDs  48  by pressing and holding the reset button  50  of interface module  14  and/or one of interface expansion modules  16 . 
     Fire Suppressant Agent Discharge System 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , FSA discharge system  42  is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. In one embodiment, FSA discharge system  42  is a chemical fire suppression system. FSA discharge system  42  is configured to dispense or distribute a fire suppressant agent onto and/or nearby a fire, extinguishing the fire and preventing the fire from spreading. FSA discharge system  42  can be used alone or in combination with other types of fire suppression systems (e.g., a building sprinkler system, a handheld fire extinguisher, etc.). In some embodiments, multiple FSA discharge systems  42  are used in combination with one another to cover a larger area (e.g., each in different rooms of a building). 
     FSA discharge system  42  can be used in a variety of different applications. Different applications can require different types of fire suppressant agent and different levels of mobility. FSA discharge system  42  is usable with a variety of different fire suppressant agents, such as powders, liquids, foams, or other fluid or flowable materials. FSA discharge system  42  can be used in a variety of stationary applications. By way of example, FSA discharge system  42  is usable in kitchens (e.g., for oil or grease fires, etc.), in libraries, in data centers (e.g., for electronics fires, etc.), at filling stations (e.g., for gasoline or propane fires, etc.), or in other stationary applications. Alternatively, FSA discharge system  42  can be used in a variety of mobile applications. By way of example, FSA discharge system  42  can be incorporated into land-based vehicles (e.g., racing vehicles, forestry vehicles, construction vehicles, agricultural vehicles, mining vehicles, passenger vehicles, refuse vehicles, etc.), airborne vehicles (e.g., jets, planes, helicopters, etc.), or aquatic vehicles, (e.g., ships, submarines, etc.). 
     Referring still to  FIG. 6 , FSA discharge system  42  includes one or more fire suppressant tanks  112  (e.g., vessels, containers, vats, drums, tanks, canisters, cartridges, cans, etc.). Fire suppressant tank  112  is filled (e.g., partially, completely, etc.) with fire suppressant agent. In some embodiments, the fire suppressant agent is normally not pressurized (e.g., is near atmospheric pressure). Fire suppressant tank  112  includes an exchange section, shown as hose  114  and an outlet section (e.g., an aperture, a valve, etc.), shown as outlet valve  116 . Hose  114  permits the flow of expellant gas into fire suppressant tank  112  and the flow of fire suppressant agent out of fire suppressant tank  112  through outlet valve  116  so that the fire suppressant agent can be supplied to a fire or a fire condition. 
     FSA discharge system  42  further includes a cartridge  118  (e.g., a vessel, container, vat, drum, tank, canister, cartridge, or can, etc.). Cartridge  118  is configured to contain a volume of pressurized expellant gas. The expellant gas can be an inert gas. In some embodiments, the expellant gas is air, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen. Cartridge  118  can be rechargeable or disposable after use. 
     FSA discharge system  42  further includes a valve, puncture device, or activator assembly, shown as actuator  44 . Actuator  44  is configured to selectively fluidly couple cartridge  118  to fire suppressant tank  112  to facilitate activation of FSA discharge system  42 . Decoupling cartridge  118  from actuator  44  may facilitate removal and replacement of cartridge  118  when cartridge  118  is depleted. 
     Once actuator  44  is activated and cartridge  118  is fluidly coupled to hose  114 , the expellant gas from cartridge  118  flows freely through hose  114 . The expellant gas forces fire suppressant agent from fire suppressant tank  112  out through outlet valve  116  and into a conduit or hose, shown as pipe  122 . In one embodiment, hose  114  directs the expellant gas from cartridge  118  to fire suppressant tank  112  (e.g., to a top portion of fire suppressant tank  112 ). The pressure of the expellant gas within fire suppressant tank  112  forces the fire suppressant agent to exit through outlet valve  116 . In other embodiments, the expellant gas enters a bladder within fire suppressant tank  112 , and the bladder presses against the fire suppressant agent to force the fire suppressant agent out through outlet valve  116 . In some embodiments, fire suppressant tank  112  includes a burst disk that prevents the fire suppressant agent from flowing out through hose  114  until the pressure within fire suppressant tank  112  exceeds a threshold pressure. Once the pressure exceeds the threshold pressure, the burst disk ruptures, permitting the flow of fire suppressant agent. Alternatively, fire suppressant tank  112  can include a valve, a puncture device, or another type of opening device or activator assembly that is configured to fluidly couple fire suppressant tank  112  to pipe  122  in response to the pressure within fire suppressant tank  112  exceeding the threshold pressure. Such an opening device can be configured to activate mechanically (e.g., the force of the pressure causes the opening device to activate, etc.), fluidly (e.g., using a pressurized liquid or gas), or electrically (e.g., in response to receiving an electrical signal from a controller). The opening device may include a separate pressure sensor in communication with fire suppressant tank  112  that causes the opening device to activate. 
     Pipe  122  is fluidly coupled to one or more outlets or sprayers, shown as nozzles  124 . The fire suppressant agent flows through pipe  122  and to nozzles  124 . Nozzles  124  each define one or more apertures, through which the fire suppressant agent exits, forming a spray of fire suppressant agent that covers a desired area. The sprays from nozzles  124  then suppress or extinguish fire within that area. The apertures of nozzles  124  can be shaped to control the spray pattern of the fire suppressant agent leaving nozzles  124 . Nozzles  124  can be aimed such that the sprays cover specific points of interest (e.g., a specific piece of restaurant equipment, a specific component within an engine compartment of a vehicle, etc.). Nozzles  124  can be configured such that all of nozzles  124  activate simultaneously, or nozzles  124  can be configured such that only nozzles  124  near the fire are activated. 
     FSA discharge system  42  further includes or is communicably connected with interface control module  12  that controls the activation of actuator  44 . Interface control module  12  is configured to monitor one or more conditions and determine if those conditions are indicative of a nearby fire. Upon detecting a nearby fire, interface control module  12  activates actuator  44 , causing the fire suppressant agent to leave nozzles  124  and extinguish the fire. 
     Actuator  44  can be configured to activate in response to receiving an electrical signal from interface control module  12 . Referring still to  FIG. 6 , interface control module  12  can monitor signals from one or more sensors, shown as temperature sensors  128  (e.g., linear thermal detector, spot thermal detector, etc.). Interface control module  12  can use the signals from temperature sensors  128  and/or sensors  18  to determine if an ambient temperature has exceeded a threshold temperature or to optically detect a fire or a fire condition. Upon determining that the ambient temperature has exceeded the threshold temperature, or optically detecting a fire or a fire condition, interface control module  12  provides an electrical signal to actuator  44 . Actuator  44  then activates in response to receiving the electrical signal. 
     FSA discharge system  42  further includes a manual activation system  130  that controls the activation of actuator  44 . Manual activation system  130  is configured to activate actuator  44  in response to an input from an operator. Manual activation system  130  can be included instead of or in addition to interface control module  12 . Both interface control module  12  and manual activation system  130  can activate actuator  44  independently. By way of example, interface control module  12  can activate actuator  44  regardless of any input from manual activation system  130 , and vice versa. 
     Actuator  44  can additionally or alternatively be configured to activate in response to receiving an electrical signal from manual activation system  130 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , button  132  is operably coupled to interface control module  12 . By way of example, interface control module  12  can be configured to monitor a signal from button  132  to determine if button  132  is pressed. Upon detecting that button  132  has been pressed, interface control module  12  sends an electrical signal to actuator  44  to activate actuator  44 . 
     Interface control module  12  can be configured to monitor the status of and output information to a human interface device  138  (e.g., engaged, disengaged, etc.). In some embodiments, human interface device  138  is the same as (or similar to) or includes user interface  28 . Upon determining that human interface device  138  is engaged, interface control module  12  provides electrical signals to human interface device  138 . By way of example, interface control module  12  receives a first electrical signal from either manual activation device  60  or temperature sensors  128  (or sensors  18 ) that button  132  has been pressed or the temperature has reached the threshold temperature (or that a fire or a fire condition has optically been detected). In response to the first electrical signal, a second electrical signal is sent from interface control module  12  to human interface device  138 . The second electrical signal is configured to notify a user by way of a notification device (e.g., an LED, an auditory signal, etc.) on human interface device  138 . 
     In some embodiments, human interface device  138  and interface control module  12  are configured to be the same device, such that interface control module  12  incorporates notification devices directly into interface control module  12 . Interface control module  12  is then configured to replace human interface device  138  in FSA discharge system  42 . 
     An electrical wire  136  is utilized for the transfer of the electrical signals in response to the activation of manual activation system  130  or temperature sensors  128  (or sensors  18 ) determine that the ambient temperature has exceeded the threshold temperature (or that a fire or fire condition is optically detected). The electrical signals are sent from manual activation system  130  and/or one or more of temperatures sensors  128  through electrical wire  136  and quick attach wires  134  to interface control module  12 . Electrical wires  136  and quick attach wires  134  are connected through an electrical wire connection  200 . 
     Configuration of Exemplary Embodiments 
     As utilized herein, the terms “approximately,” “about,” “substantially,” and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should be understood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure that these terms are intended to allow a description of certain features described and claimed without restricting the scope of these features to the precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure as recited in the appended claims. 
     It should be noted that the term “exemplary” and variations thereof, as used herein to describe various embodiments, are intended to indicate that such embodiments are possible examples, representations, and/or illustrations of possible embodiments (and such terms are not intended to connote that such embodiments are necessarily extraordinary or superlative examples). 
     The term “coupled,” as used herein, means the joining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary (e.g., permanent or fixed) or moveable (e.g., removable or releasable). Such joining may be achieved with the two members coupled directly to each other, with the two members coupled to each other using a separate intervening member and any additional intermediate members coupled with one another, or with the two members coupled to each other using an intervening member that is integrally formed as a single unitary body with one of the two members. Such members may be coupled mechanically, electrically, and/or fluidly. 
     The term “or,” as used herein, is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is understood to convey that an element may be either X, Y, Z; X and Y; X and Z; Y and Z; or X, Y, and Z (i.e., any combination of X, Y, and Z). Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z to each be present, unless otherwise indicated. 
     References herein to the positions of elements (e.g., “top,” “bottom,” “above,” “below,” etc.) are merely used to describe the orientation of various elements in the FIGURES. It should be noted that the orientation of various elements may differ according to other exemplary embodiments, and that such variations are intended to be encompassed by the present disclosure. 
     The hardware and data processing components used to implement the various processes, operations, illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose single- or multi-chip processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or, any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor also may be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. In some embodiments, particular processes and methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific to a given function. The memory (e.g., memory, memory unit, storage device, etc.) may include one or more devices (e.g., RAM, ROM, Flash memory, hard disk storage, etc.) for storing data and/or computer code for completing or facilitating the various processes, layers and modules described in the present disclosure. The memory may be or include volatile memory or non-volatile memory, and may include database components, object code components, script components, or any other type of information structure for supporting the various activities and information structures described in the present disclosure. According to an exemplary embodiment, the memory is communicably connected to the processor via a processing circuit and includes computer code for executing (e.g., by the processing circuit and/or the processor) the one or more processes described herein. 
     The present disclosure contemplates methods, systems and program products on any machine-readable media for accomplishing various operations. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using existing computer processors, or by a special purpose computer processor for an appropriate system, incorporated for this or another purpose, or by a hardwired system. Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure include program products comprising machine-readable media for carrying or having machine-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such machine-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. By way of example, such machine-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of machine-readable media. Machine-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing machines to perform a certain function or group of functions. 
     Although the figures and description may illustrate a specific order of method steps, the order of such steps may differ from what is depicted and described, unless specified differently above. Also, two or more steps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence, unless specified differently above. Such variation may depend, for example, on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designer choice. All such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations of the described methods could be accomplished with standard programming techniques with rule-based logic and other logic to accomplish the various connection steps, processing steps, comparison steps, and decision steps. 
     It is important to note that the construction and arrangement of the fire suppression system as shown in the various exemplary embodiments is illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.). For example, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Additionally, any element disclosed in one embodiment may be incorporated or utilized with any other embodiment disclosed herein. For example, the sensor  18  of the exemplary embodiment described in at least paragraph [0020] may be incorporated in the FSA discharge system  42  of the exemplary embodiment described in at least paragraph [0046]. Although only one example of an element from one embodiment that can be incorporated or utilized in another embodiment has been described above, it should be appreciated that other elements of the various embodiments may be incorporated or utilized with any of the other embodiments disclosed herein.