Patent Publication Number: US-2023156508-A1

Title: Methods and devices for managing measurement of radio link quality

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure is directed generally to wireless communications and particularly to manage measurement of radio link quality in a wireless communication network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the existing wireless communication system, radio link failure (RLF) detection and recovery procedure is used to maintain the radio link between wireless network access node (WANN) and user equipment (UE). At the beam level, the beam failure detection (BFD) and beam failure recovery (BFR) is used to keep the suitable downlink (DL) beam. To perform RLF detection and beam failure detection, the UE is configured with reference signals. Generally, the WANN transmits the reference signal to the UE periodically and the UE has to measure the periodically transmitted reference signals to determine the quality of the radio link between the UE and the WANN, which inevitably consumes the power of the UE. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure is directed to methods, systems, and devices related to wireless communication, and more specifically, for managing measurement of quality of the radio link between the wireless network access node and the user equipment. 
     In one embodiment, a method for managing measurement of radio link quality by a user equipment is disclosed. The method may be performed at a user equipment. The method may include obtaining an information on adjusting an indication period. The indication period may represent a time period during every which a radio link quality indication is sent to an upper layer of the user equipment. The radio link quality indication may indicate quality of a radio link between the user equipment and a wireless access network node. The method may further include determining, based on the information, whether to adjust the indication period. 
     In another embodiment, a device for wireless communication may include a memory storing instructions and a processing circuitry in communication with the memory. When the processing circuitry executes the instructions, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the above methods. 
     In another embodiment, a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the above methods. 
     The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example system diagram including a user equipment and a wireless access network node in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    shows a flow diagram of a method for wireless communication in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    schematically illustrates radio link failure monitoring in the case of relaxed radio link quality measurement. 
         FIG.  4    schematically illustrates beam failure monitoring in the case of relaxed radio link quality measurement. 
         FIG.  5    shows a flow diagram of a method for wireless communication in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    schematically illustrates a discontinuous reception cycle. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The technology and examples of implementations and/or embodiments in this disclosure can be used to improve performance in wireless communication systems. The term “exemplary” is used to mean “an example of” and unless otherwise stated, does not imply an ideal or preferred example, implementation, or embodiment. Section headers are used in the present disclosure to facilitate understanding and do not limit the disclosed technology in the sections only to the corresponding section. Please note that the implementations may, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, the covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any of the embodiments to be set forth below. Please also note that the implementations may be embodied as methods, devices, components, or systems. Accordingly, embodiments of this disclosure may, for example, take the form of hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. 
     A wireless access network provides network connectivity between user equipment and an information or data network such as a voice or video communication network, the Internet, and the like. An example wireless access network may be based on cellular technologies, which may further be based on, for example, 4G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G, and/or New Radio (NR) technologies and/or formats.  FIG.  1    shows an example system diagram of wireless communication network  100  including a user equipment (UE)  102  and a wireless access network node (WANN)  104  according to various embodiments. The UE  102  may include but is not limited to a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet, laptop computer, a smart electronics or appliance including an air conditioner, a television, a refrigerator, an oven and the like, or other devices that are capable of communicating wirelessly over a network. The UE  102  may include transceiver circuitry  106  coupled to an antenna  108  to effect wireless communication with the wireless access network node  104 . The transceiver circuitry  106  may also be coupled to a processor  110 , which may also be coupled to a memory  112  or other storage device. The memory  112  may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor  110 , cause the processor  110  to implement various ones of the methods described herein. 
     Similarly, the wireless access network node  104  may comprise a base station or other wireless network access points capable of communicating wirelessly over a network with one or more UEs. For example, the wireless access network node  104  may comprise a 5G new radio (NR) base station, a 5G central-unit base station, or a 5G distributed-unit base station, a 5G core station, or an application server in various embodiments. . Each type of these wireless access network nodes may be configured to perform a corresponding set of wireless network functions. The set of wireless network functions between different types of wireless access network nodes may not be identical. The set of wireless network functions between different types of wireless access network nodes, however, may functionally overlap. The wireless access node  104  may include transceiver circuitry  114  coupled to an antenna  116 , which may include an antenna tower  118  in various approaches, to effect wireless communication with the UE  102 . The transceiver circuitry  114  may also be coupled to one or more processors  120 , which may also be coupled to a memory  122  or other storage device. The memory  122  may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor  120 , cause the processor  120  to implement various ones of the methods described herein. 
     For simplicity and clarity, only one WANN and one UE are shown in the wireless communication network  100 . It will be appreciated that one or more WANNs may exist in the wireless communication network, and each WANN may serve one or more UEs in the meantime. 
     The evolving new generation wireless communication network provides discontinuous reception for user equipments. The discontinuous reception is a method used in wireless communication to conserve the battery of the user equipments. For example, a user equipment and the network may negotiate phases in which data transfer occurs. During other times the user equipment may turn its receiver off and enters a low power state. One of the objectives of the present disclosure is to dynamically adjust indication period, which may represent the time interval to measure quality of radio link between the UE and the WANN for RLF detection and beam failure detection in the case that the DRX is applied to the radio link between the UE and the WANN. With reference to  FIG.  6   , a DRX cycle may include an onDuration period and an offDuration period. The UE may monitor physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in the onDuration period and may not have to monitor PDCCH in the offDuration period. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example implementation  200  of adjusting indication period. By way of example, various operations of a user equipment such as the UE  102  that adjusting the indication period will be described with reference to  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  2   . 
     The UE  102  may obtain an information on adjusting an indication period ( 210 ). The indication period may represent a time period. During every such time period, a radio link quality indication may be sent to from a lower layer, such as a physical layer, to an upper layer, such as the MAC layer, of the UE  102 . The radio link quality indication may indicate quality of a radio link between the user equipment and a wireless access network node. For example, the radio link quality indication may represent that an actual measurement result is higher or lower than a predetermined threshold. The actual measurement result may represent the result of measuring the quality of the radio link between the UE  102  and the WANN  118 . The UE  102  may determine whether to adjust the indication period based on the obtained information ( 220 ). The adjustment of the indication period may extend or shorten the indication period. When the indication period is extended, the radio link quality measurement is relaxed. 
     In an implementation, the UE  102  may receive the information on adjusting the indication period from is the WANN  118 . The information may include an indication whether to allow UE  102  to adjust the indication period. The WANN  118  may transmit the information via a radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) signaling, or a downlink control information (DCI) signaling. In the case that the MAC CE signaling is used, the MAC CE may include channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) identifier (ID), Serving Cell ID, bandwidth part (BWP) ID, synchronization signal block (SSB) ID, offset parameter for adjusting the indication period which will be described later in detail, and indication of measurement mode to be used, e.g., relaxation or non-relaxation. In the case that the DCI signaling is used, the DCI may include codepoint representing the BWP ID, codepoint representing the serving cell ID, codepoint representing the CSI-RS, codepoint representing the SSB, codepoint representing offset parameter, codepoint representing indication of measurement mode to be used. 
     In an implementation, the UE  102  may receive the information on adjusting the indication period from the WANN  118 . The information may include an indication whether to allow UE  102  to adjust the indication period. The WANN  118  may transmit the information via a radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) signaling, or a downlink control information (DCI) signaling. In an implementation, the combination of above mentioned information may be used (i.e., RRC, MAC CE, DCI). For example, offset parameter for adjusting the indication period is transmitted to the UE  102  from the WANN  118  via RRC signaling. Adjust indication is transmitted to the UE  102  from the WANN  118  via MAC CE or DCI signaling. In such case the MAC CE may include channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) identifier (ID), Serving Cell ID, bandwidth part (BWP) ID, synchronization signal block (SSB) ID, and indication of measurement mode to be used, e.g., relaxation or non-relaxation. In the case that the DCI signaling is used, the DCI may include codepoint representing the BWP ID, codepoint representing the serving cell ID, codepoint representing the CSI-RS, codepoint representing the SSB, codepoint representing indication of measurement mode to be used. 
     In another implementation, the UE  102  may read the information on adjusting the indication period from a memory of the UE  102 . The information may include a predetermined rule to determine whether to adjust the indication period based on a specified event. For example, the specified event may indicate reception of a wake up signal (WUS). Where the wake up signal does not indicate the UE  102  to wake up within the associated DRX cycle, the UE  102  may determine to extend the indication period. Where the wake up signal indicates the UE  102  to wake up the associated DRX cycle and the indication period has been adjusted to an extended indication period for relaxation measurement, the UE  102  may restore the indication period from the extended indication period. For example, the indication period may return to the original indication period prior to the adjustment. Alternatively, the indication period may return to a time period which is less than the extended indication period. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the specified event may include a measured metric of a reference signal, which may indicate the quality of the radio link between the UE  102  and the WANN  118 . The measured metric of the reference signal may include, for example, a reference signal received power, a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, and a path loss. Where the measured metric is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the UE  102  may determine to extend the indication period. Where the measured metric is less than the predetermined threshold and the indication period has been adjusted to an extended indication period, the UE  102  may restore the indication period from the extended indication period. For example, the indication period may return to the original indication period prior to the adjustment. Alternatively, the indication period may return to a time period which is less than the extended indication period. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in the case that the UE  102  may be configured with a DRX for the radio link between the UE  102  and the WANN  118 , the specified event may include a status of a monitoring timer related to monitoring the quality of the radio link. The monitoring timer may include, for example, a T 310  timer and a beam failure detection timer, e.g., beamFailureDetectionTimer. The T 310  timer may be used in the radio link failure (RLF) measurement. For example, the T 310  timer may be started in the case that N 310  consecutive out-sync indication is received and may be stopped in the case that N 311  consecutive in-sync indication is received. When the T 310  timer is expired, the RLF may be triggered. The beamFailureDetectionTimer may be used in BFR measurement. For example, the MAC entity of the UE  102  may be configured with beamFailureInstanceMaxCount and a beamFailureDetectionTimer for each serving cell including the WANN  118 . In the case that the beam failure indication is received, the UE  102  may increase BFI_COUNTER by  1  and start or restart beamFailureDetectionTimer. Where the beamFailureDetectionTimer is expired, the UE  102  may set the BFI_COUNTER to zero. Where BFI_COUNTER reaches the maximum number beamFailureInstanceMaxCount, the UE  102  may trigger the BFR. 
     Where the status of the monitoring timer indicates the monitoring timer is stopped, the UE  102  may determine to extend the indication period. Where the status of the monitoring timer indicates the monitoring timer is running, the UE  102  may restore the indication period from the extended indication period. For example, the extended indication period may return to the original indication period prior to the adjustment. Alternatively, the indication period may return to a time period which is shorter than the extended indication period. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in the case that the UE  102  is configured with a DRX for the radio link between the UE  102  and the WANN  118 , the specified event may include a status of the UE  102 . Where the status of the UE  102  indicates the UE  102  is inactive, the UE  102  may determine to extend the indication period. Where the status of the UE  102  indicates the UE  102  is active, the UE  102  may restore the indication period from the extended indication period. For example, the indication period may return to the original indication period prior to the adjustment. Alternatively, the indication period may return to a time period which is shorter than the extended indication period. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in the case that the UE  102  is performing the relaxed measurement for BFR and RLF (i.e extended indication period is using), the UE  102  may determine whether some event for mobility is triggered. If so, the UE  102  may restore the indication period from the extend the indication period. The event may include at least one of the followings: (1) Event A 2 : serving becomes worse than threshold; (2) Event A 3 : neighbor cell becomes offset better than SpCell; (3) Event A 4 : neighbor cell becomes better than threshold; (4) Event A 5 : SpCell becomes worse than a threshold and neighbor cell becomes better than another threshold. (5) Event B 1 : Inter Radio access technology (RAT) neighbor cell becomes better than a threshold. (6) Event B 2 : PCell becomes worse than a threshold and inter RAT neighbor cell becomes better than another threshold. (7) Event I: interference becomes higher than threshold. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in the case that a serving cell covering the UE  102  is a dormancy serving cell or the active BWP at this serving cell is a dormancy BWP, the UE  102  will perform the relaxed measurement for the serving cell. In some implementations, the dormancy serving cell is the SCell or the dormancy BWP is a BWP where the UE  102  only performs measurement (CSI-RS or SSB) but does not monitor the PDCCH, the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or transmission on uplink shared channel and PUCCH. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , where the UE  102  determines to adjust the indication period at step  220 , the UE  102  may adjust the indication period based on the information obtained at step  210  ( 230 ). In an implementation, the information may include, for example, offset parameter for adjusting the indication period. For example, the offset parameter may be received from the WANN  118  via the MAC CE signaling or the DCI signaling or radio resource control signaling (RRC). For another example, the offset parameter may be configured to the UE  102  in a granularity of Cell group or Cell. For another example, the offset parameter maybe predefined, for example, in technical specification such as wireless communication protocol. The offset parameter may include, for example, a first coefficient of a DRX cycle, a second coefficient of a shortest period of receiving a reference signal for measuring the quality of the radio link from the WANN  118 , a third coefficient of a longest period of receiving the reference signal from the WANN  118 , and a period value with a specified time unit. The time unit may include, for example, millisecond, slot, symbol, and sub-frame, etc. 
     Where the offset parameter includes the first coefficient of a DRX cycle, the UE  102  may adjust the indication period to be equal to a maximum value between a shortest period of the reference signal and the DRX cycle multiplying the first coefficient. Additionally or alternatively, where the offset parameter includes the second coefficient of a shortest period of receiving a reference signal from the WANN  118 , the UE  102  may adjust the indication period to be equal to a maximum value between the DRX cycle and the shortest period of the reference signal multiplying the second coefficient. Additionally or alternatively, where the offset parameter includes a third coefficient of a longest period of receiving the reference signal from the WANN  118 , the UE  102  may adjust the indication period to be equal to a maximum value between the DRX cycle and the longest period of the reference signal multiplying the third coefficient. Additionally or alternatively, where the offset parameter includes the period value, the UE  102  may adjust the indication period to be equal to a maximum value among the shortest period of the reference signal, the DRX cycle, and the period value. The first coefficient, the second coefficient, the third coefficient, and the period value may be either predefined, for example, in technical specification such as a wireless communication protocol or dynamically received from the WANN  118 , for example, via a RRC signaling, a DCI signaling, or a MAC CE signaling. 
     Where the indication period is extended, the UE  102  may decrease the frequency to measure the radio link quality. The relaxation of radio link quality measurement may undesirably impact the UE  102  to perform radio link failure detection using T 310  timer and beam failure detection using beamFailureDetectionTimer.  FIG.  3    illustrates a radio link failure monitoring in the case of relaxation measurement. As illustrated, during the time period of running the T 310  timer, the UE  102  may expect to obtain four consecutive in-sync indication. Otherwise, the UE  102  may trigger the radio link failure. However, due to the relaxed measurement, the UE  102  fails to perform sufficient times of radio link quality measurement within the time period running the T 310  timer which leads to produce less than four consecutive in-sync indication. For example, the UE  102  may obtain only three consecutive in-sync indications during the running of the T 310  timer. As a result, although the radio link may work well with good quality, the UE  102  may trigger a false radio link failure. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a beam failure monitoring in the case of relaxation measurement. In the case that the beam failure indication is received, the UE  102  may increase BFI_COUNTER by  1  and start or restart beamFailureDetectionTimer. Where the beamFailureDetectionTimer is expired, the UE  102  may set the BFI_COUNTER to zero. Where BFI_COUNTER reaches the maximum number beamFailureInstanceMaxCount, the UE  102  may trigger the beam failure. However, the relaxed measurement may render sparse beam failure indications during running of the beamFailureDetectionTimer. The expiration of the beamFailureDetectionTimer resets the BFI_COUNTER. Therefore, BFI_COUNTER can hardly reach the beamFailureInstanceMaxCount to trigger the beam failure even if the beam failure occurs. 
     To address the negative impact on radio link failure detection and beam failure detection by relaxed measurement, the UE  102  may be configured with a mechanism to suspend the T 310  timer and beamFailureDetectionTimer in the case that the indication period for RLF measurement and BFD is used. Alternatively, the UE  102  may be configured with two monitoring timers, e.g., two T 310  timer or two beamFailureDetectionTimer. The two sets of monitor timers may be respectively used in relaxed measurement (i.e using original indication period) and unrelaxed measurement. (i.e using extended indication period) 
     For example, the UE  102  may make use of a first monitoring timer when the original indication period is used, i.e., non-relaxation of measurement. The UE  102  may make use of a second monitor timer when the expended indication period is used, i.e., relaxation of measurement. The WANN  118  may configure the second monitor timer and transmit to the UE  102 , for example, via RRC signaling. 
     In the event that the UE  102  starts to measure radio link quality per the extended indication period while the first monitoring timer is running, the UE  102  may stop the first monitoring timer and switch to use the second monitoring timer in monitoring the quality of the radio link. 
     Moreover, when the UE  102  determines to terminates measuring the quality of the radio link per the extended indication period and restore to measure the quality of the radio link per the original indication period, the UE  102  may restart the first monitoring timer. In the meantime, the UE  102  may stop using the second monitoring timer and switch back to use the first monitoring timer. 
     A DRX group may include a set of DRX configuration parameters. A user equipment such as the UE  102  may maintain multiple DRX groups which may be used by different cells serving the UE  102 . It is likely that multiple cells serving the UE  102  may use the same DRX group. Due to the maintenance of multiple DRX groups, the UE  102  may have to determine which DRX group(s) the wake up signal may apply. In an implementation, the WUS signal is used for indicating whether the drx-ondurationTimer is started for the current DRX cycle.  FIG.  5    illustrates an example implementation  500  of applying wake up signal for a DRX group. By way of example, various operations of the UE  102  that applies wake up signal for the DRX group will be described with reference to  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  5   . 
     The UE  102  may receive a WUS signal, for example, from the WANN  118  ( 510 ). The WUS signal may be a downlink control indication (DCI). The index of applicable DRX group that can be applied the WUS may be indicated in the DCI. For example, the applicable DRX Group of the UE  102  may be indicated by the codepoints of the DCI. One codepoint may represent one DRX group. The value ‘0’ of the codepoint may represent that the drx-ondurationTimer for this DRX group will not start for the corresponding DRX cycle , and the value ‘1’ of such code point may represent that the drx-ondurationTimer for this DRX group will start for the corresponding DRX cycle. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the WUS signal may be a MAC CE which may indicate the applicable DRX group. For example, the MAC CE may include DRX group identifiers, the indication of drx-ondurationTimer status for each DRX group, and the indication of number of periods DRX group. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the WUS signal may be only applicable to the primary DRX group among the DRX groups. The DRX group may be defined as primary DRX group if it is used by a primary cell such as SpCell. Additionally or alternatively, the UE  102  may determine the primary DRX group from the indication in RRC signaling, for example, transmitted from the WANN  118 . 
     Then, the UE  102  may determine a status of the DRX on duration timer, e.g., drx-ondurationTimer status for the applicable DRX group according to the WUS signal ( 520 ). In an implementation, where the WUS signal contain the identification of the DRX group that may apply the WUS signal as discussed above, the UE  102  may determine the applicable DRX group according to the WUS signal. In this case, where the WUS signal is not received because of the bandwidth part (BWP) switch, there is measurement gap, or the WUS occasion is within the UE active status, the UE  102  may start the drx-ondurationTimer of all the applicable DRX groups after the drx-slotoffset for the corresponding cycle. If WUS signal is not received from lower layer and ps-wakeup is configured for one or more DRX groups, the UE  102  may start the on duration timer of the applicable DRX groups configured with ps-wakeup after the drx-slotoffset for the corresponding cycle. 
     In another implementation, the UE  102  may determine that the WUS signal is only applicable to the DRX group that is used by the cell where the WUS signal is received. In an implementation, a primary cell may be configured for each DRX group, the WUS signal may be sent on the primary cell of each DRX group. In another implementation, the WUS signal may be sent on any cells of each DRX group. In the implementation, if WUS signal is not received because of the BWP switch, measurement gap in a DRX group, or the WUS occasion being within the UE active status in a DRX group, the UE  102  may start the drx-ondurationTimer of this DRX group after the drx-slotoffset for the corresponding cycle. If the WUS signal is not received from lower layer in a DRX group and ps-wakeup is configured for the DRX group, the UE  102  may start the on duration timer of the DRX group configured with ps-wakeup after the drx-slotoffset for the corresponding cycle. 
     With respect to the ps-wakeup, the ps-wakeup may be configured per DRX group, and ps-wakeup is only available for the DRX group where it is configured. Additionally or alternatively, the ps-wakeup is configured on primary DRX group, and ps-wakeup is available for all DRX groups. 
     Here, the channel state information (CSI) reporting for the DRX group will be described. In an implementation, the UE  102  determines if it is in active status for a DRX group. If the UE  102  is not in active status, the UE  102  may determine the reason why it is not in active status. If the reason is that the received WUS signal indicates the drx-ondrationTimer is not started, the UE  102  may determine whether the information element ps-TransmitOtherPeriodicCSI is configured for this DRX group. If the ps-TransmitOtherPeriodicCSI is configured for this DRX group, the UE  102  may report measurement result of CSI, other than reference signal receive power (RSRP) CSI, via physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). The UE  102  may further determine whether the information element ps-TransmitPeriodicLl-RSRP is configured for this DRX group. If the ps-TransmitPeriodicLl-RSRP is configured for this DRX group, the UE  102  may report the measurement result of RSRP CSI via PUCCH. 
     The WUS signal may include parameters to configure ps-TransmitOtherPeriodicCSI and ps-TransmitPeriodicLl-RSRP on different DRX configuration to the UE  102 . In an implementation, parameters of the WUS signal may be configured separately for different DRX configurations. In another implementation, parameters of the WUS signal in primary DRX configuration shall be applied to all DRX groups. 
     Moreover, in the case that one DRX group of the UE  102  is activated while another DRX group of the UE  102  is deactivated, it is likely that the UE  102  may be configured to measure the CSI in the one DRX group while reporting the CSI in the another DRX group. In this case, the UE  102  may take the status of DRX group where the CSI measurement is performed as the status of the UE  102 . Alternatively, the UE  102  may take the status of DRX group where the CSI reporting is performed as the status of the UE  102 . Alternatively, the UE  102  may take the status of the primary DRX group as the status of the UE  102 . 
     The description and accompanying drawings above provide specific example embodiments and implementations. The described subject matter may, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any example embodiments set forth herein. A reasonably broad scope for claimed or covered subject matter is intended. Among other things, for example, subject matter may be embodied as methods, devices, components, systems, or non-transitory computer-readable media for storing computer codes. Accordingly, embodiments may, for example, take the form of hardware, software, firmware, storage media or any combination thereof. For example, the method embodiments described above may be implemented by components, devices, or systems including memory and processors by executing computer codes stored in the memory. 
     Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have nuanced meanings suggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning. Likewise, the phrase “in one embodiment/implementation” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment and the phrase “in another embodiment/implementation” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment. It is intended, for example, that claimed subject matter includes combinations of example embodiments in whole or in part. 
     In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms, such as “and”, “or”, or “and/or,” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least in part on the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a,” “an,” or “the,” may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context. 
     Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present solution should be or are included in any single implementation thereof. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present solution. Thus, discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout the specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment. 
     Furthermore, the described features, advantages and characteristics of the present solution may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize, in light of the description herein, that the present solution can be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the present solution.