Patent Publication Number: US-2023158027-A1

Title: Methods of treatment with myosin modulator

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to United States provisional application Nos. 62/933,517, filed Nov. 10, 2019; 62/933,970, filed Nov. 11, 2019; 62/935,922 filed Nov. 15, 2019; 63/001,473 filed Mar. 29, 2020; 63/002,302 filed Mar. 30, 2020; 63/006,701 filed Apr. 7, 2020; 63/022,573 filed May 10, 2020; 63/059,143 filed Jul. 30, 2020; and 63/064,450 filed Aug. 12, 2020, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to methods of treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof and diagnostic methods useful in connection with those treatments. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a chronic, progressive disease in which excessive contraction of the heart muscle and reduced left ventricle filling capacity can lead to the development of debilitating symptoms and cardiac dysfunction. HCM is estimated to affect one in every 500 people. The most frequent cause of HCM is mutations in the proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. In approximately two-thirds of HCM subjects, the path followed by blood exiting the heart, known as the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), becomes obstructed by the enlarged and diseased muscle, restricting the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body (obstructive HCM). In other subjects, the thickened heart muscle does not block the LVOT, and their disease is driven by diastolic impairment due to the enlarged and stiffened heart muscle (non-obstructive HCM). In either obstructive or non-obstructive HCM subjects, exertion can result in fatigue or shortness of breath, interfering with a subject&#39;s ability to participate in activities of daily living. HCM has also been associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation, stroke, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. 
     Mavacamten is a novel, oral, allosteric modulator of cardiac myosin being developed for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This therapy is intended to reduce cardiac muscle contractility by inhibiting the excessive myosin-actin cross-bridge formation that underlies the excessive contractility, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced compliance characteristics of HCM. Mavacamten is currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials for the treatment of obstructive and non-obstructive HCM. A pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, known as EXPLORER-HCM, is being conducted in subjects with symptomatic, obstructive HCM and additionally, a Phase 2 clinical trial known as MAVERICK-HCM is being conducted in subjects with symptomatic, non-obstructive HCM (nHCM); and two long term follow-up studies are also ongoing, the PIONEER open-label extension study of obstructive HCM subjects from Phase 2 PIONEER trial and the MAVA-LTE, an extension study for subjects who have completed either EXPLORER-HCM or MAVERICK-HCM. Mavacamten is the first myosin inhibitor to enter into clinical trials. 
     Due to observations unfolding in the clinical trials with mavacamten and with mavacamten and other myosin inhibitors in the pre-clinical setting, new insights into how myosin inhibitors can be used beneficially to impact the disease state of HCM and other diseases will be provided in this application. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator, wherein the subject has (1) an elevated level of a cardiac troponin and/or (2) an elevated level of BNP or proBNP. In a further embodiment, such subject has normal contractility or systolic hypercontractility. In some embodiments, such subject has a left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF)≥52% or ≥50%. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the subject to be treated with a myosin inhibitor has (1) an elevated level of a cardiac troponin and/or (2) an elevated level of BNP or proBNP, wherein such subject has normal contractility or systolic hypercontractility and (A) diastolic dysfunction or elevated filling pressure and/or (B) left ventricle hypertrophy or left atrial enlargement. 
     In some embodiments, such subject has a left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF)≥52% or ≥50%. In some embodiments, the subject has either (1) a diastolic dysfunction, (2) elevated left ventricular filling pressure, or (3) left ventricular hypertrophy and/or left atrial size enlargement. 
     In some embodiments, the myosin modulator is a myosin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is a myosin inhibitor specifically identified in this application. In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cTnI. In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cTnT. In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI). In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is high sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT). In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject, wherein the subject is suffering from a symptom of a cardiovascular disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject, wherein the subject is suffering from a symptom selected from shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, syncope, or a limit on an activity of daily living. In some embodiments, the limit on an activity of daily living is selected from the group consisting of a limit on personal care, mobility, or eating. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated pro-BNP or BNP level. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has (1) an elevated level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and (2) an elevated pro-BNP level. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated E/e′. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated level of cardiac troponin and an elevated E/e′. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and/or cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and/or an elevated pro-BNP level, and/or an elevated E/e′. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has a normal or hypercontractile left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has (1) an elevated level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and/or (2) an elevated pro-BNP level, and/or (3) an elevated E/e′, and/or (4) a normal or hypercontractile left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject is suffering from diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), angina, ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); or wherein the subject is suffering from valvular aortic stenosis, mixed LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, idiopathic RV hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, aortic insufficiency, tetralogy of Fallot, mitral stenosis, or acute coronary syndromes. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, angina is microvascular angina. In some embodiments, the LVH is malignant LVH. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject is diagnosed with an HCM. In some embodiments, HCM is obstructive HCM. In some embodiments, the HCM is non-obstructive HCM. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject is diagnosed with HFpEF. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject is suffering from a disease comprising oHCM, nHCM, HFpEF, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), or angina, comprising the steps of: 
     recommending the subject be tested for elevated cardiac troponin levels; and 
     administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor if the subject has elevated cardiac troponin levels. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, cardiac troponin measured is cTnI, cTnT, hs-cTnI or hs-cTnT. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be tested for elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels and then administering the myosin modulator or inhibitor if elevated cardiac troponin levels and elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be evaluated for elevated E/e′ and then administering the myosin modulator or inhibitor if elevated cardiac troponin levels and elevated E/e′ are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the elevated E/e′ is greater than 10. In some embodiments, the elevated E/e′ is greater than 13. In some embodiments, the elevated E/e′ is greater than 14. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be tested for elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels and then administering the modulator or myosin inhibitor if (1) elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels and (2) elevated E/e′ are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be tested for elevated cardiac troponin levels (i.e., cTnI or cTnT), and/or elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels, and/or elevated E/e′ and then administering the myosin modulator or inhibitor if elevated cardiac troponin, elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels, and/or elevated E/e′ are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the disease in the subject is diagnosed in accordance with the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. In some embodiments, the treatment comprises the step of assessing a NYHA classification score of the subject before and after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein a decreased NYHA score after administration of the myosin modulator or inhibitor indicates a reduction in the extent of the disease in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment comprises the step of administering a myosin modulator or inhibitor until the subject has moved from a Class III to Class II, or Class II to Class I NYHA classification. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the NYHA classification score of the subject after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor decreases from Class III to Class II, or from Class II to Class I. 
     In some embodiments, the disease in the subject is diagnosed in accordance with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment comprises the step of: determining a KCCQ score of the subject before and after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein an increased KCCQ score after administration of the myosin modulator or inhibitor indicates a reduction in the extent of the disease in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is assessed peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) during exercise before and after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein an increase in peak oxygen consumption in the subject after administration of the myosin modulator or inhibitor indicates a reduction in the extent of HCM or the at least one symptomatic component or condition thereof in the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is assessed for VE/VCO 2  or VE/VCO 2  slope during exercise before and after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, the subject experiences an improvement in pVO 2 . In some embodiments, the subject experiences an improvement in NYHA Class. In some embodiments, the subject experiences (i) an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  and a reduction of 1 or more NYHA Class, or (ii) an improvement of at least 3.0 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA Class. In some embodiments, the subject experiences an improvement in VE/VCO 2  or VE/VCO 2  slope. 
     In some embodiments, the subject experiences a reduction in the risk of a major cardiovascular event. In some embodiments, the major cardiovascular event is selected from the group consisting of death, hospitalization for worsening of the disease, and myocardial infarction. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a statistically significant reduction in their level(s) of cardiac troponin and/or NT-proBNP or BNP. 
     In some embodiments, the patients have been diagnosed as having HCM and is eligible for surgical intervention or percutaneous ablation for treating the disease. In some embodiments, HCM is obstructive HCM. In some embodiments HCM is non-obstructive HCM. 
     In some embodiments, the patients have been diagnosed as having HFpEF. 
     In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is a child, an adolescent or an adult. In some embodiments, the adolescent is age 12-17. In some embodiments, the child is age 5-11. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing mortality in a subject suffering from a symptom due to a cardiovascular disease, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective starting amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor to achieve a stable desired clinical state, followed by administering a reduced dosage regimen of the myosin modulator or inhibitor to maintain or improve the desired clinical state. In some embodiments, the method is a method of treating cardiovascular disease, which results in a reduction in mortality. 
     In some embodiments, the symptom due to a cardiovascular disease is shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, syncope, fatigue, or limits on activities of daily living. In some embodiments, wherein the limit on an activity of daily living is selected from the group consisting of a limit on personal care, mobility, or eating. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of oHCM, nHCM, HFpEF, LVH, or angina. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the major cardiovascular event is selected from the group consisting of death, hospitalization for worsening of the disease, and myocardial infarction. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced daily dosage regimen is about 3 times, 4 times, or 5 times less than the amount of mavacamten needed to maintain a blood plasma level of mavacamten in the subject. In some embodiments, wherein the blood plasma level of mavacamten is between 200 to 750 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced dosage regimen is less than 5 mg per day, 4 mg or less per day, 3 mg or less per day, 2 mg or less per day, or 1 mg or less per day. In some embodiments, the starting therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten is from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, and the reduced dosage regimen is less than 5 mg per day mg of mavacamten per day. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced dosage regimen is administered to the subject chronically. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject after septal reduction therapy (SRT), comprising administering to the subject a reduced dosage regimen of the myosin modulator or inhibitor to maintain a stable desired clinical state after septal reduction therapy. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced dosage regimen is a daily amount of mavacamten to achieve between 50-350 ng/ml plasma concentration or less than 5 mg per day, 1 4 mg or less per day, 3 mg or less per day, 2.5 mg or less per day, or 1 mg or less per day. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preventing HCM or LVH in a subject at risk of developing HCM or LVH, comprising and the step of administering to the at risk subject in need thereof a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated cardiac troponin level. In some embodiments, the at risk subject further has an elevated pro-BNP level. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preventing HCM or LVH in a subject at risk of developing HCM or LVH, comprising and the step of administering to the subject in need thereof a low dose of a myosin modulator or inhibitor to completely or partially prevent development of HCM or LVH. In some embodiments, the myosin modulator or inhibitor is administered chronically. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is a child, an adolescent or an adult. In some embodiments, the subject has a symptom of a HCM or LVH comprising shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, syncope, fatigue and limits on activities of daily living. 
     In some embodiments, the limit on an activity of daily living is selected from the group consisting of a limit on personal care, mobility, or eating. In some embodiments, the low dose of the myosin modulator or inhibitor is an amount that is 3 to 5 times less than the amount needed for such myosin inhibitor to reduce the LVOT gradient in an oHCM patient. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the low dose of mavacamten is less than 5 mg per day or is a mount to maintain the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten between 50 to 350 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the low dose of mavacamten is 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, or 3 mg per day. In some embodiments, the dosage regimen of a myosin modulator or inhibitor is administered to the subject at an early stage of development of HCM or LVH. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing an adverse event in a subject related to reduced cardiac output following a treatment comprising a myosin modulator or inhibitor, comprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeutic dose of a beta adrenergic agonist. In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the beta adrenergic agonist is dobutamine or levosimendan. In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose of the beta adrenergic agonist is from about 5 μg/kg/min to about 10 μg/kg/min dobutamine infusion. In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose of the beta adrenergic agonist is infusion of from about 0.2 to about 0.4 μmol/kg of levosimendan over a period of about 30 minutes. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the additional step of administering to the subject an intravenous volume supplementation and/or an arterial vasoconstrictor agent. In some embodiments, the arterial vasoconstrictor agent is an adrenergic agonist. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises monitoring the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject and determining that the subject has received a supratherapeutic dose of mavacamten based on the measured blood plasma concentration. In some embodiments, the method further comprise monitoring LVEF and/or monitoring NT-proBNP and determining that the subject has (or has likely) received a supratherapeutic dose of mavacamten based on the measured LVEF and/or NT-proBNP. In some embodiments, the supratherapeutic dose of mavacamten is a dose of mavacamten that causes a blood plasma concentration of mavacamten of greater than about 1000 ng/mL in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of for treating a subject with mavacamten for more than 28 weeks or more than 48 weeks. (i.e., can include longer term dosing). 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provide a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject has an elevated level of cardiac troponin and/or an elevated E/e′, wherein the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). In some embodiments, the subject further has an elevated NT-proBNP or BNP level. In some embodiments, the subject further has an elevated E/e′. 
     In some embodiments, the subject has a normal or hypercontractile left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). In some embodiments, normal LVEF is between 52-74%, or in some embodiments 50-74%. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), malignant LVH, angina, ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from valvular aortic stenosis, mixed LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, idiopathic RV hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, aortic insufficiency, tetralogy of Fallot, mitral stenosis, or acute coronary syndromes. 
     In some embodiments, the myosin modulator is a myosin inhibitor. In further embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the subject experiences a reduction in the risk of a major cardiovascular event, wherein the major cardiovascular event is selected from the group consisting of death, hospitalization for worsening of the disease, and myocardial infarction. 
     In some embodiments, the subject experiences a statistically significant reduction in their level(s) of (a) cardiac troponin and/or (b) NT-proBNP or BNP. 
     In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, wherein the subject is suffering from a disease comprising oHCM, nHCM, HFpEF, diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), malignant LVH, ischemia, or angina, comprising the steps of: recommending the subject be tested for elevated cardiac troponin levels and/or elevated E/e′; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor if the subject has elevated cardiac troponin levels and/or elevated E/e′. 
     In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin measured is cTnI or cTnT. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be tested for elevated E/e′ and then administering the myosin modulator or inhibitor if elevated cardiac troponin levels and elevated E/e′ are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of recommending the subject be evaluated for elevated NT-proBNP or BNP and then administering the myosin modulator or inhibitor if elevated cardiac troponin levels, elevated NT-proBNP or BNP levels, and elevated E/e′ are observed. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises assessing peak oxygen consumption pVO 2  and/or VE/VCO 2  or VE/VCO 2  slope in the subject during exercise before and after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor. In some embodiments, the peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 ) in the subject increases. In some embodiments, the VE/VCO 2  or VE/VCO 2  slope in the subject improves. In some embodiments, the disease is HFpEF, obstructive HCM, non-obstructive HCM. 
     In some embodiments, the subject experiences a reduction in the risk of a major cardiovascular event, e.g., wherein the major cardiovascular event is selected from the group consisting of death, hospitalization for worsening of the disease, and myocardial infarction. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a statistically significant reduction in their level(s) of cardiac troponin and/or NT-proBNP or BNP. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides after administration of the therapeutically effective amount of a myosin modulator or inhibitor, the subject experiences an improvement in pVO 2  and optionally an improvement in NYHA Class, for example: (i) an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  and a reduction of 1 or more NYHA Class, or (ii) an improvement of at least 3.0 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA Class. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of administering mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject suffering from HFpEF, comprising: measuring a first NT-proBNP or BNP level in the subject; administering a first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject during a first treatment period; measuring a second NT-proBNP or BNP level in the subject; if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 15-75% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering a second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during a second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 15-75% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during a second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises: if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 40-60% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 40-60% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period; or if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 50% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 50% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the first NT-proBNP or BNP level is an elevated level. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring a first LVEF of the subject, and measuring a second LVEF of the subject after the first LVEF and after the start of the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the second LVEF at the end of, after, or within four weeks before the end of, the first treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 15-75% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level and the second LVEF is not at least 10-20% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 15-75% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level or the second LVEF is at least 10-20% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period; or if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 40-60% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level and the second LVEF is not at least 10-20% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 40-60% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level or the second LVEF is at least 10-20% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period, or if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not at least 50% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level and the second LVEF is not at least 15% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is at least 50% less than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level or the second LVEF is at least 15% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the first NT-proBNP or BNP level is measured before the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the first NT-proBNP or BNP level is measured immediately before, or within two weeks before, the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is measured during the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is measured at the end of, or within four weeks of the end of, the first treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of administering mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject suffering from with HFpEF, comprising: 
     measuring a first cardiac troponin level in the subject; 
     administering a first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject during a first treatment period; 
     measuring a second cardiac troponin level in the subject; 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering a second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during a second treatment period; and 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during a second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises: 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises: 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring a first LVEF of the subject, and measuring a second LVEF of the subject after the first LVEF and after the start of the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the second LVEF at the end of, after, or within two weeks before the end of, the first treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second LVEF is not at least 10-20% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second LVEF is at least 10-20% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period, or 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second LVEF is not at least 10-20% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second LVEF is at least 10-20% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period, or 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second LVEF is not at least 15% less than the first LVEF, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second LVEF is at least 15% less than the second LVEF, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring a first NT-proBNP or BNP level of the subject, and measuring a second NT-proBNP or BNP level of the subject after the first NT-proBNP or BNP level and after the start of the first treatment period. In some embodiments, measuring the second NT-proBNP or BNP level at the end of, after, or within four weeks before the end of, the first treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises: if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not more than 20-60% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and wherein if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 10-50% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is more than 20-60% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period, or 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not more than 40-55% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 20-40% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is more than 40-55% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period, or 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is not at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level and the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is not more than 50% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the second dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is greater than the first dose during the second treatment period; and 
     if the second cardiac troponin level is at least 30% less than the first cardiac troponin level or the second NT-proBNP or BNP level is more than 50% greater than the first NT-proBNP or BNP level, then administering the first dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof during the second treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the first cardiac troponin level is measured before the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the first cardiac troponin level is measured immediately before, or within two weeks before, the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the second cardiac troponin level is measured during the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the second cardiac troponin level is measured at the end of, or within four weeks of the end of, the first treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the first dose is from about 1 mg to about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the first dose is about 2.5 mg. In some embodiments, the second dose is from about 2.5 mg to about 10 mg. In some embodiments, the second dose is about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the second dose is about 1.5 times to about 3 times the first dose. In some embodiments, the second dose is about double the first dose. 
     In some embodiments, the first dose is administered daily during the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period is at least two weeks, at least four weeks, at least six weeks, at least eight weeks, at least ten weeks, at least twelve weeks, 4-20 weeks, 10-16 weeks, or about 14 weeks. In some embodiments, the second dose is administered daily during the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the second treatment period is at least two weeks, at least four weeks, at least six weeks, at least eight weeks, at least ten weeks, or at least twelve weeks. 
     In some embodiments, the subject has prior objective evidence of heart failure as shown by one or more of: 
     previous hospitalization for heart failure with radiographic evidence of pulmonary congestion; 
     elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest or with exercise; 
     elevated level of NT-proBNP or BNP; and 
     echocardiographic evidence of medial E/e′ ratio≥15 or left atrial enlargement together with chronic treatment with a loop diuretic. 
     In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT), high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI). In some embodiments, the elevated troponin level is above the upper limit of normal (ULN). In some embodiments, the ULN is about 0.014 ng/mL for cTnT. In some embodiments, the ULN is about 47 pg/mL for cTnI. 
     In some embodiments, an elevated E/e′ is greater than 10. In some embodiments, an E/e′ is the average E/e′. In some embodiments, an elevated E/e′ is greater than 13. In some embodiments, an elevated E/e′ is greater than 14. 
     In some embodiments, an elevated BNP is greater than 35 pg/mL. In some embodiments, an elevated NT-proBNP is greater than 125 pg/mL. In some embodiments, an elevated NT-proBNP is greater than 250 pg/mL. In some embodiments, an elevated NT-proBNP is greater than 300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, an elevated T-proBNP is greater than 450 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the subject is 74 years old or younger with NT-proBNP greater than 125 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the subject is 75 years old or older with NT-proBNP greater than 125 pg/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from diastolic dysfunction, elevated filling pressure, elevated left ventricular filling pressure, left atrial enlargement, preserved systolic function, or systolic hyper-contractility. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), malignant LVH, angina, ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), or restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations (atrial fibrillation), chest pain and discomfort, dizziness, syncope, palpitations, limits on activities of daily living, or edema. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from myocardial diastolic dysfunction, elevated LV filing pressure, left ventricular wall hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, normal or hypercontractility, myocardial injury and fibrosis, or abnormal myocardial energetics. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is suffering from reduced exercise tolerance, fatigue, tiredness, increased time to recover after exercise, ankle swelling. 
     In some embodiments, the subject has a normal or hypercontractile left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). In some embodiments, the normal LVEF is between 50-74% or 52-74%. 
     In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the subject experiences a reduction in the risk of a major cardiovascular event, e.g., wherein the major cardiovascular event is selected from the group consisting of death, hospitalization for worsening of the disease, and myocardial infarction. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a myosin inhibitor, wherein the subject has a LVEF of greater than 52, and one or more of an elevated level of cardiac troponin, an elevated NT-proBNP or BNP, and elevated E/e′. In some embodiments, the disease is a heart disease. 
     In some embodiments, the subject has preserved systolic function or normal or systolic hyper-contractility. In some embodiments, treating the disease with the myosin modulator or inhibitor results in the subject experiencing a reduction in global longitudinal strain. In some embodiments, the subject has diastolic dysfunction. 
     In some embodiments, treating the disease with the myosin modulator or inhibitor results in the subject experiencing a reduction in left ventricle filling pressures. In some embodiments, the reduction is characterized by an improvement in the average E/e′. In some embodiments, the subject has left ventricle hypertrophy or left atrium size enlargement. In some embodiments, the subject has mild left ventricle hypertrophy. 
     In some embodiments, treating the disease with the myosin modulator or inhibitor results in the subject experiencing a reduction left ventricular mass, left ventricular wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, or left ventricular septal thickness. In some embodiments, myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 2.5 mg to about 15 mg. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 2.5 mg to about 5 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 7.5 mg to about 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the subject has a LVEF of greater than 50%, and one or more of an elevated level of cardiac troponin, an elevated NT-proBNP or BNP, and elevated E/e′, wherein the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and/or cardiac cTnI and/or or high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI), wherein elevated E/e′ is greater than 10 or 13, or wherein E/e′ is the average E/e′, wherein BNP is greater than 35 pg/mL, wherein the NT-proBNP is greater than 125 pg/mL or wherein NT-proBNP is greater than 200 or 300 pg/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provide a method for measuring the cardiac diseases by echocardiogram (ECHO), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan, or cardia catheter. 
     Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a subject suffering from oHCM comprising administering a myosin modulator to the subject, wherein the subject is eligible for septal reduction therapy (SRT). 
     In some embodiments, the treatment comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the myosin modulator to the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment lessens the likelihood that the subject will undergo a SRT. In some embodiments, the treatment lessens the short-term likelihood that the subject will undergo SRT. In some embodiments, the treatment eliminates the need for the subject to undergo a SRT. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment results in a reduction in interventricular septal (IVS) wall thickness. In some embodiments, the treatment results in a reduction in IVS wall thickness of at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm, or at least 5 mm. In some embodiments, the treatment reduces the interventricular septal (IVS) wall thickness relative to the IVS thickness prior to receiving the treatment. In some embodiments, prior to the administration of the myosin modulator, the subject had an interventricular septal (IVS) wall thickness to ≥13 mm and has a family history of HCM. In some embodiments, prior to the administration of the myosin modulator, the subject had a interventricular septal (IVS) wall thickness to ≥15 mm. 
     In some embodiments, prior to the treatment, the subject has severe dyspnea or chest pain. 
     In some embodiments, prior to the treatment, the subject is diagnosed with NYHA Class III or IV, or NYHA Class II with exertional symptoms. In some embodiments, the exertional symptoms are exertion-induced syncope or pre-syncope. 
     In some embodiments, prior to the treatment, the subject has a dynamic LVOT gradient at rest or with provocation of ≥50 mmHg associated with septal hypertrophy. In some embodiments, provocation is determined during a Valsalva maneuver or exercise. 
     In some embodiments, prior to the treatment, the subject has a LVEF≥60%. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment results in an improvement in the NYHA Class. In some embodiments, NYHA Class III to Class II, or NYHA Class II to Class I. In some embodiments, the treatment results in an improvement in the KCCQ. 
     In some embodiments, the myosin modulator is a myosin inhibitor. 
     In some embodiments, the myosin inhibitor is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 2.5 mg to about 15 mg. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg per day, or about 7.5 mg to about 15 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is about 5 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is administered once a day for 16 or more weeks. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is administered once a day for 32 or more weeks. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is administered once a day for 96 or more weeks. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 5 mg per day for 16 or more weeks. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is optionally evaluated for a dose adjustment at week 4, week 8, week 12, or week 16. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 5 mg per day for 32 or more weeks. In some embodiments, the subject is optionally evaluated for a dose adjustment at week 4, week 8, week 12, or week 16, week 20, week 24, week 28, or week 32. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 5 mg per day for 96 or more weeks. In some embodiments, the subject is optionally evaluated for a dose adjustment at week 4, week 8, week 12, or week 16, week 20, week 24, week 28, or week 32, week 44, week 56, week 68, week 80, week 92, week 104, week 116, or week 128. 
     In some embodiments, each dose adjustment comprises reducing the dose to 2.5 mg or 1 mg per day. In some embodiments, each dose adjustment comprises increasing the dose to 7.5 mg or 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation for the dose adjustment comprises the assessments of one or more of any of: vital signs, body weight, NYHA functional classes, adverse events, concomitant medications, physical examination, KCCQ, resting Valsalva, transthoracic echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, postexercise, Accelerometer, Holter monitor application, Single 12-lead ECG, PK sample, blood chemistry and coagulation, cardiac biomarkers, or exploratory biomarkers. 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises assessments of one or more cardiac biomarkers. In some embodiments, the one or more cardiac biomarkers comprise NT-proBNP or BNP. In some embodiments, the one or more cardiac biomarkers comprise cardiac troponin. In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI). In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin T (cTnT) or high sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT). 
     In some embodiments, the vital signs comprises temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, or blood pressure. 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises analysis of LVOT gradient, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, or left atrium size in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises assessments of changes from the baseline to week 16 in the subject who is treated with mavacamten compared with the subject who is treated with placebo. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises assessments of changes from baseline to week 16 compared with changes from baseline to week 32 in the subject who is treated with mavacamten. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises assessments of changes from the baseline to week 32 in the subject who is treated with mavacamten compared with the subject who is treated with placebo from week 1 to week 16 and then is treated with mavacamten from week 17 to week 32. 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation is to assess changes in NYHA functional classes, in KCCQ-23 scores, in NT-proBNP or BNP, in cardiac troponins, or LVOT gradient in the subject. In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI). In some embodiments, the cardiac troponin is cardiac troponin T (cTnT), or high sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT). 
     In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises analysis of LVOT gradient and/or LVEF. In some embodiments, the method comprises increasing the dose of mavacamten if the LVOT gradient in the subject is greater than 30 mmHg and the LVEF in the subject is greater than or equal to 50%. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is reevaluated at week 16, week 32, week 80, and/or week 128 for SRT eligibility. In some embodiments, the evaluation shows the method of any one of claims  1 - 33  lessens the need of a SRT for the subject. In some embodiments, the evaluation shows the method of any one of claims  1 - 33  eliminates the need of a SRT for the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to standard of care treatment for oHCM. “Refractory” refers to the subject&#39;s disease, in this case oHCM, not responding to treatment. In one embodiment, a subject is refractory if the subject, after treatment, remains symptomatic (e.g., NYHA class III or IV) and has an LVOT gradient greater than or equal to 50 mmHg. “Standard of care” treatment refers to the treatment for the disease, in this case oHCM, that is generally used and accepted by medical professionals in the field of medicine. In one embodiment, the standard of care for oHCM comprises administration of a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker, disopyramide or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to treatment of oHCM with a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker, disopyramide or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, prior to treatment with a myosin inhibitor, or mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the subject reached their maximum tolerated medical treatment with standard of care oHCM therapy and remained symptomatic NYHA class III or IV with an LVOT gradient greater than or equal to 50 mmHg. In some embodiments, prior to treatment with a myosin inhibitor, or mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the subject reached their maximum tolerated medical treatment with a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and/or disopyramide and remained symptomatic NYHA class III or IV with an LVOT gradient greater than or equal to 50 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the subject receives adjunctive therapy comprising standard of care treatment for oHCM during the course of treatment with the myosin inhibitor, or mavacamten or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject receives adjunctive therapy comprising a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker, disopyramide, or any combination thereof during the course of treatment with the myosin inhibitor, or mavacamten or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the subject having oHCM who is to be treated to lessen the likelihood of SRT is classified as NYHA class IV. In some embodiments, the oHCM is symptomatic oHCM. In some embodiments, the subject having HCM who is to be treated to lessen the likelihood of SRT satisfies the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria of Example 6. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating or alleviating shortness of breath in a patient diagnosed with symptomatic, obstructive HCM, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof once per day for greater than twenty-one weeks. 
     In some embodiments, shortness of breath is measured by a patient-reported questionnaire. 
     In some embodiments, the questionnaire comprises two or more questions regarding shortness of breath symptoms of the patient. 
     In some embodiments, the questionnaire is HCMSQ-SoB. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 2.5 mg to about 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten is administered for at least thirty weeks. 
     In some embodiments, the patient has an LVEF≥50%. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a post exercise LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 50 mmHg or less than about 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of increasing the quality of life of a patient diagnosed with symptomatic, obstructive HCM, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least thirty weeks, wherein the improvement in the quality of life of the patient is measured by an improvement of at least six points in the patient&#39;s KCCQ score relative to before treatment with mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the KCCQ score is based on using any one or all of KCCQ-CSS, KCCQ-OSS, or KCCQ-TSS. 
     In some embodiments, improvement in quality of life is additionally measured by an improvement in shortness of breath. 
     In some embodiments, improvement in shortness of breath is determined by a questionnaire comprising two or more questions. 
     In some embodiments, improvement in shortness of breath is determined by HCMSQ-SoB score. 
     In some embodiments, the patient achieves an improvement of six points in KCCQ score. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 2.5 mg to about 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the patient has an LVEF&gt;50%. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a post exercise LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 30 mmHg or less than about 50 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating symptomatic obstructive HCM in a patient in need thereof comprising: 
     administering to the patient mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a starting dose of from about 2.5 to about 5 mg per day; and 
     titrating the starting dose to a second dose of from about 2.5 to about 15 mg per day; 
     wherein the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 ) and a reduction of one or more class in NYHA Functional Classification;   an improvement of 3.0 mL/kg/min or more in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA Functional Class;   a improvement in post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient;   at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class;   an improvement in pVO2;   an improvement in KCCQ score;   an improvement in HCMSQ score;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;50 mmHg;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;30 mmHg;   an improvement in NT-proBNP levels; and   an improvement in hs-cTnI levels;       

     In some embodiments, the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement in EuroQol five dimensions 5-level questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Patient Global Impression of Change and Patient Global Impression of Severity scores;   an improvement in daily step count and other accelerometer parameters.       

     In some embodiments, comprising titrating the starting dose to achieve a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, comprising titrating the starting dose to achieve a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL and a Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the starting dose is 2.5 or 5 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the second dose is 2.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten is administered daily for at least about 30 weeks. 
     In some embodiments, the patient to be treated has (a) an oHCM classified as NYHA II or NYHA III, (b) an LVOT peak gradient&gt;50 mmHG as assessed by echocardiography at rest, after Valsalva maneuver, or post-exercise, and (c) an LVEF&gt;55%. 
     In some embodiments, the patient satisfies the inclusion and/or exclusion criteria listed in Table 7.0 of Example 7. 
     In some embodiments, titrating the starting dose to a second dose of from about 2.5 to about 15 mg per day comprises titrating the starting dose to a second dose of 2.5 mg per day if Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient is less than 20 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating symptomatic obstructive HCM in a patient in need thereof comprising: 
     administering to the patient mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a starting dose of from about 2.5 to about 5 mg per day; 
     titrating the starting dose to a second dose of from about 2.5 to about 15 mg per day to achieve a Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 30 mmHg; 
     wherein the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and a reduction of one or more class in NYHA Functional Classification;   an improvement of 3.0 mL/kg/min or more in pVO2 with no worsening in NYHA Functional Class;   an improvement in post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient;   at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class;   an improvement in pVO2;   an improvement in KCCQ score;   an improvement in HCMSQ score;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;50 mmHg;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;30 mmHg;   an improvement in NT-proBNP levels;   an improvement in hs-cTnI levels;       

     In some embodiments, the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement in EuroQol five dimensions 5-level questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Patient Global Impression of Change and Patient Global Impression of Severity scores;   an improvement in daily step count and other accelerometer parameters.       

     In some embodiments, comprising titrating the starting dose to achieve a Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 30 mmHg and a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the starting dose is 2.5 or 5 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the second dose is 2.5, 5, 10 or 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten is administered daily for at least about 30 weeks. 
     In some embodiments, the patient to be treated satisfies the inclusion criteria in Table 7.0 of Example 7. In some embodiments, the patient to be treated satisfies the exclusion criteria in Table 7.0 of Example 7. 
     In some embodiments, titrating the starting dose to a second dose of from about 2.5 to about 15 mg per day comprises titrating the starting dose to a second dose of 2.5 mg per day if Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient is less than 20 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, provide herein is a method of treating HCM in a patient in need thereof comprising the steps of:
         (a) administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof once per day;   (b) temporarily discontinuing administration of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when the ejection fraction in the patient drops below a threshold ejection fraction; and   (c) resuming administration to the patient of a therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof once per day.       

     In some embodiments, the threshold ejection fraction is 50%, 52%, or 55%. In some embodiments, the threshold ejection fraction is 50%. 
     In some embodiments, step (b) of the method further comprises temporarily discontinuing administration of mavacamten or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for a period of from about 1 to about 8 weeks when the ejection fraction in the patient drops below the threshold ejection fraction. In some embodiments, step (b) of the method further comprises temporarily discontinuing administration of mavacamten or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for a period of from about 4 to about 6 weeks when the ejection fraction in the patient drops below the threshold ejection fraction. In some embodiments, step (b) of the method further comprises temporarily discontinuing administration of mavacamten or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof until LVEF has returned to a normal range, e.g., over 50%. 
     In some embodiments, step (c) of the method comprises resuming administration of a therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the patient once per day for at least about 4 weeks. In some embodiments, administration is resumed at a lower dose. In some embodiments, the HCM patient who has not achieved the desired clinical improvement after a minimum of 12 weeks receiving 10 mg daily dose, the dose is increased to 15 mg per day if LVEF is &gt;60%. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 2.5 mg to about 15 mg per day. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a trough blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the patient of from about 350 to about 700 ng/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount results in a Valsalva LVOT gradient in the patient of less than about 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, subsequent to resuming administration according to step (c), the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and a reduction of one or more class in NYHA Functional Classification;   an improvement of 3.0 mL/kg/min or more in pVO2 with no worsening in NYHA Functional Class;   an improvement in post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient;   at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class;   an improvement in pVO2;   an improvement in KCCQ score;   an improvement in HCMSQ score;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;50 mmHg;   a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient&lt;30 mmHg;   an improvement in NT-proBNP levels;   an improvement in hs-cTnI levels;       

     In some embodiments, the patient achieves one or more of the following:
         an improvement in EuroQol five dimensions 5-level questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire score;   an improvement in the Patient Global Impression of Change and Patient Global Impression of Severity scores;   an improvement in daily step count and other accelerometer parameters.       

     In some embodiments, the patient achieves an improvement in post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient and at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class. 
     In some embodiments, the patient achieves a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient of &lt;50 mmHg and at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class. 
     In some embodiments, the patient achieves a post-exercise LVOT peak LVOT gradient of &lt;30 mmHg and at least 1 class improvement in NYHA functional class. 
     Also disclosed herein is a method of treating symptomatic oHCM in a patient in need thereof, comprising: 
     administering to the patient a starting dose of 5 mg per day of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least 4 weeks; 
     assessing the patient for LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver to determine a first Valsalva gradient; 
     reducing the dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to 2.5 mg per day when the first Valsalva gradient is less than 20 mmHg; 
     continuing administration of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     assessing the patient for LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver to determine a second Valsalva gradient; and 
     increasing the dose from 2.5 mg to 5 mg per day or from 5 mg to 10 mg per day when the second Valsalva gradient is greater than 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the first Valsalva gradient is measured after about 4-6 weeks of administration. In some embodiments, the second Valsalva gradient is measured after about 12 weeks of administration. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprising assessing the LVEF of the patient prior to administration, wherein administration of the starting dose is initiated when the LVEF is greater than or equal to 55%. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprising assessing the LVEF of the patient during administration, and temporarily discontinuing administration when LVEF of the patient is less than 50%. 
     In some embodiments, administration is discontinued for 4-6 weeks or until LVEF returns to greater than or equal to 50%. 
     In some embodiments, the dose is increased from 2.5 mg to 5 mg per day or from 5 mg to 10 mg per day when the second Valsalva gradient is greater than 30 mmHg and the patient has a LVEF greater than or equal to 55%. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprising assessing the patient for LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver to determine a third Valsalva gradient and increasing the dose from 2.5 mg to 5 mg per day, from 5 mg to 10 mg per day, or from 10 mg to 15 mg per day, when the third Valsalva gradient is greater than 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the dose is increased from 2.5 mg to 5 mg per day, from 5 mg to 10 mg per day, or from 10 mg to 15 mg per day, when the third Valsalva gradient is greater than 30 mmHg and the patient has a LVEF greater than or equal to 55%. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  is a plot of Mean LVOT gradient (resting) for the subjects in Example 1.  FIG.  1 B  is a plot of Mean LVOT gradient (Valsalva) for the subjects in Example 1.  FIG.  1 C  is a plot of Mean LVOT gradient (post-exercise) for the subjects in Example 1.  FIG.  1 D  is a plot of Mean LVEF for the subjects in Example 1. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a chart showing the change in NYHA functional class after 48 weeks in the study of Example 1.  FIG.  2 B  is a plot of the change in KCCQ overall summary score after 48 weeks in the study of Example 1. 
         FIG.  3 A  is a plot of septal wall thickness measurements over 48 weeks in the study of Example 1.  FIG.  3 B  is a plot of posterial wall thickness measurements over 48 weeks in the study of Example 1. 
         FIG.  4    is a scheme for the study of Example 2. 
         FIG.  5 A  is a plot of EDP (end-diastolic pressures) for MYK-581 versus control.  FIG.  5 B  is a plot of E ed  (stiffness) for MYK-581 versus control.  FIG.  5 C  shows side-by-side plots for tau w  and dP/dt min  for MYK-581 versus control, demonstrating improved compliance and early relaxation. 
         FIG.  6 A  is a plot of ejection fraction (EF) from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 B  is a plot of left atrial (LA) volume from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 C  is a plot of WT d  (diastolic wall thickness over the left ventricle) from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 D  is a plot of T1 pre  from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 E  is a plot of extracellular volume (ECV) from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 F  is a plot of cardiac output (CO) from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 G  is a plot of PV aorta  from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 H  is a plot of left ventricular (LV) mass from the study of Example 2.  FIG.  6 I  is a plot of ejection fraction (EF) from the study of Example 2. 
         FIG.  7    is a scheme for the study of Example 3. 
         FIG.  8    is a plot of the geometric mean of NT-proBNP through week 24 in Example 3. 
         FIG.  9    is a plot of the geometric mean of cTnI in subpopulation with elevated cTnI through week 24 in Example 3. 
         FIG.  10    is a bar chart of the percent change from baseline in cTnI at week 16 in the subpopulation with elevated cTnI in Example 3. 
         FIG.  11 A  is a bar chart of the percent change in hs-cTnI by participant in Example 3. 
         FIG.  11 B  is a bar chart of the percent change in hs-cTnT by participant in Example 3. 
         FIG.  12    shows plots depicting the association between NT-proBNP change from baseline at week 4 versus cTnI. 
         FIG.  13    is a bar chart of the exploratory function composite endpoint of Example 3. 
         FIG.  14    is a bar chart showing the correlation between NT-proBNP level and pVO 2  in different studies and different treatment groups. 
         FIG.  15    is a scheme for the study of Example 6. 
         FIG.  16    is a scheme for the study of Example 7. 
         FIG.  17    is a plot of half-life for subjects of Example 9 grouped by metabolizer phenotype. 
         FIG.  18    is a plot of clearance rate for subject of Example 9 grouped by metabolizer phenotype. 
         FIG.  19 A  is a scatter plot of the mean observed plasma concentrations for a single dose according to Example 10.  FIG.  19 B  is a scatter plot of the mean observed plasma concentrations for multiple doses according to Example 10.  FIG.  19 C  is a scatter plot of the mean observed plasma concentrations for a multiple doses over time according to Example 10. 
         FIG.  20    is a plot of trough concentration over time based on the model of Example 10. 
         FIG.  21    is a scheme for the study of Example 1 showing the transition to the open label extension study. 
         FIG.  22    is a scheme for the study of Example 1 showing the dosing protocol for the study. 
         FIG.  23 A  provides the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) spectrum of crystal Form A of mavacamten (MYK-461).  FIG.  23 B  provides XRPD spectra for Lots 4, 5, and 6 from Example 13. 
         FIG.  24    provides the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) trace for crystal Form A of mavacamten. 
         FIG.  25    provides the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for crystal Form A of mavacamten. 
         FIG.  26 A  is a chart of SRX versus concentration for mavacamten (MYK-461) and MYK-581.  FIG.  26 B  is a chart of DRX ATPase rate versus concentration.  FIG.  26 C  is a chart of SRX ATPase rate versus concentration. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
     While various embodiments and aspects of the present invention are shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments and aspects are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. 
     The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in the application including, without limitation, patents, patent applications, articles, books, manuals, and treatises are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. 
     The following documents are incorporated by reference in their entirety:
     The American Society of Echocardiography, Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults: A Quick Reference Guide from the ASE Workflow and Lab Management Task Force, July 2018   Lang et al., Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, January 2015   Nagueh et al., Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2016; 29:277-314   Caballero et al., Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac Doppler data: results form the NORRE Study, European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging (2015) 16, 1031-1041   Jozine M. ter Maaten et al., Connectin heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and renal dysfunction: the role of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, European Journal of Heart Failure (2016) 18, 588-598   ATS/ACCP Statement on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians, Nov. 1, 2001   Zaid et al., Pre- and Post-Operative Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Valvular Heart Disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2013, 62(21), 1922-1930   Gupta et al., Racial differences in circulating natriuretic peptide levels: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, Journal of the American Heart Association, 2015; 4:e001831   Eugene Braunwald, Cardiomyopathies: An Overview, Circ Res. 2017; 121:711-721   Towbin and Jefferies, Cardiomyopathies Due to Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Mitochondrial and Storage Diseases and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Circ Res. 2017; 121:838-854   Cirino and Ho, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Overview. 2008. In: Adam et al., eds., GeneReviews®, Seattle (Wash.): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020.   

     Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Singleton et al., DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 2nd ed., J. Wiley &amp; Sons (New York, N.Y. 1994); Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Springs Harbor Press (Cold Springs Harbor, N Y 1989). Any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of this invention. The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The terms “a” or “an,” as used in herein means one or more. 
     The terms “comprise,” “include,” and “have,” and the derivatives thereof, are used herein interchangeably as comprehensive, open-ended terms. For example, use of “comprising,” “including,” or “having” means that whatever element is comprised, had, or included, is not the only element encompassed by the subject of the clause that contains the verb. 
     As used herein, the term “about” means a range of values including the specified value, which a person of ordinary skill in the art would consider reasonably similar to the specified value. In some embodiments, the term “about” means within a standard deviation using measurements generally acceptable in the art. In some embodiments, “about” means a range extending to +/−10% of the specified value. In some embodiments, “about” means the specified value. 
     As used herein, “treatment” or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” or “reducing” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit. By therapeutic benefit means eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the subject, notwithstanding that the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. Treatment includes causing the clinical symptoms of the disease to slow in development by administration of a composition; suppressing the disease, that is, causing a reduction in the clinical symptoms of the disease; inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of clinical symptoms by administration of a composition after the initial appearance of symptoms; and/or relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms by administration of a composition after their initial appearance. For example, certain methods described herein treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) by decreasing or reducing the occurrence, or progression of HCM; or treat HCM by decreasing a symptom of HCM. Symptoms of, or test results indicating HCM would be known or may be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art and may include, but are not limited to, shortness of breath (especially during exercise), chest pain (especially during exercise), fainting (especially during or just after exercise), sensation of rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, heart murmur, hypertrophied and non-dilated left ventricle, thickened heart muscle, thickened left ventricular wall, elevated pressure gradient across left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and elevated post-exercise LVOT gradient. 
     “Patient” or “subject” or “subject in need thereof” refers to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by using the methods provided herein. The term does not necessarily indicate that the subject has been diagnosed with a particular disease, but typically refers to an individual under medical supervision. Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, cats, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In some embodiments, a patient, subject or subject in need thereof is a human. 
     As used herein, “administration” of a disclosed compound encompasses the delivery to a subject of a compound as described herein, or a prodrug or other pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, using any suitable formulation or route of administration, e.g., as described herein. 
     “Pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” refer to compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms and other materials which are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for veterinary or human pharmaceutical use. 
     An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to accomplish a stated purpose (e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition, reduce viral replication in a cell). An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effective amount.” A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). Efficacy can also be expressed as “-fold” increase or decrease. For example, a therapeutically effective amount can have at least a 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, or more effect over a control. 
     “Elevated level of troponin” or “elevated troponin level” refers to a concentration of a cardiac troponin (cTn) complex protein in a blood sample that exceeds the 99 th  percentile of a healthy reference population concentration. The upper limit of normal (ULN) is typically most precisely determined by the individual assay or detection approach. Cardiac troponins form a trimeric complex (T:I:C) bound to the thin filament. According to this invention, the cardiac troponin complex or its variations in protein constituents comprising the complex to be measured in a blood sample is preferred through the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). In one embodiment, the blood sample is a plasma or a serum sample. In one embodiment, the elevated troponin level is detected by immunoassay. 
     In another embodiment, the elevated cTnI concentration is above 0.01 ng/ml, above 0.03 ng/ml or is above 0.4 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the immunoassay has a Limit of Quantification (LoQ) of &lt; or =10 pg/ml. LoQ refers to the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be accurately quantified with bias ≤10% and imprecision ≤10% CV. In another embodiment, the immunoassay has a limit of detection (LOD)≤0.010 ng/ml with a precision of 10% coefficient of variation (CV). In another embodiment, elevated troponin level is above the upper limit of normal (ULN), wherein the ULN is 0.014 ng/mL for cTnT or 47 pg/mL for cTnI. In another embodiment, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for cTnT is 0.003 ng/ml and the LLOQ for cTnI is 2.5 pg/ml. In one embodiment, “high sensitivity” for a cTnT or cTnI assay refers to a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for cTnT of 0.003 ng/ml and a LLOQ for cTnI of 2.5 pg/ml, respectively. 
     Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a natriuretic hormone initially identified in the brain but released primarily from the heart, particularly the ventricles. Cleavage of the 108 amino acid prohormone proBNP produces biologically active 32 amino acid BNP as well as biologically inert 76 amino acid N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP). The biologically active BNP, proBNP and NT-proBNP can each be measured in the blood. BNP is released in response to myocyte stretching caused by ventricular volume expansion or pressure overload 
     “Elevated proBNP level”, “elevated NT-proBNP level”, “elevated level of pro-BNP,” and “elevated level of NT-ProBNP” are interchangeable and refer to a concentration of a NT-proB-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) in a blood sample that is, &gt;125 pg/ml. In some embodiments, elevated proBNP level is &gt;300 pg/ml. In some embodiments, elevated proBNP level is &gt;200 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the elevated NT-proBNP is &gt;750 pg/mL for a subject who has atrial fibrillation or flutter. 
     “Elevated adjusted NT-proBNP level,” “elevated adjusted NT-proBNP,” or “elevated adjusted level of pro-BNP” refers to a concentration of NT-proBNP in a blood sample that is higher than normal. In some embodiments, the upper limit of normal (ULN) for any particular assay is provided in its product specification. In some embodiments, such ULN is 125 pg/ml. The ULN can vary based on patient characteristics, such as race, body-mass index (BMI), age and gender. For example, African-Americans may have a lower ULN than 125 pg/ml. Studies indicate that there may be an inverse relationship between BMI and NT-proBNP levels. The ULN for NT-proBNP for older adults tends to increase with age. Other studies indicate that the NT-proBNP levels in healthy females under 80 years old may be higher than healthy males of the same age. In some studies, patients with atrial fibrillation have higher NT-proBNP levels (e.g., &gt;750). In some embodiments, the elevated NT-proBNP level is an elevated adjusted NT-proBNP level. 
     “Elevated BNP Level” or “elevated BNP” refers to a concentration of brain natriuretic peptide in a blood sample that is higher than normal. In some embodiments, elevated BNP is higher than the upper limit of normal as provided by a given assay. The upper limit of normal (ULN) is typically most precisely determined by the individual assay or detection approach. In some embodiments, the elevated BNP level is &gt;100 pg/ml. 
     E/e′ refers to the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e′). E/e′ is an echocardiogram (ECHO) surrogate measure of elevated left ventricular filling pressure. E/e′ can be measured and calculated as the medial or septal E/e′ ratio, the lateral E/e′ ratio, or as the average E/e′ ratio. In some embodiments, E/e′ is E/e′ average . Elevated E/e′ refers to a ratio value that is higher than the upper limit of normal. In one embodiment, the elevated E/e′ is &gt;14. In one embodiment, the elevated E/e′ is E/e′ average &gt;14. In another embodiment, elevated E/e′ is E/e′ septal &gt;15. In another embodiment, elevated E/e′ is E/e′ lateral &gt;13, or in another embodiment &gt;12. 
     “Desired clinical state” refers to a better clinical state measured by any one or combination of the measures selected from the group consisting of: normal LVEF (52-74%), normal LVOT (resting gradient, Valsalva gradient or post-exercise gradient of &lt;30 mmHg), normal Interventricular Septal Thickness (IVS) (6-10 mm), normal LV Posterior Wall Thickness (6-10 mm), normal left ventricular mass or mass index, normal LAVI (16-34 mL/m 2 ), normal Lateral E/e′ (&lt;8), normal NT-proBNP (&lt;125 pg/ml); normal KCCQ Overall Symptom Score; and normal cTnI levels (below elevated troponin levels). 
     “Stable” refers to the determination by a physician that the disease is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity over a period of time. 
     A “subject at risk of developing HCM or LVH” is an individual that may be asymptomatic or have a NYHA I classification. Such at risk individual additionally has any one or combination of the following: elevated troponin level, a predisposition to develop HCM or LVH, a symptom of a HCM or LVH, or clinical suspicion of early LV hypertrophy or HCM. In one embodiment, the patient is at risk of developing nHCM. 
     “Predisposition to develop HCM or LVH” refers to the predisposition to develop HCM or LVH in an subject either due to (a) a genetic predisposition wherein the subject has a mutation associated with HCM or LVH or (b) a familial predisposition wherein the subject&#39;s family has a history of developing HCM or LVH but a genetic linkage for the HCM or LVH is not known. There are eight cardiac sarcomere genes that most commonly cause HCM (MYH7, MYBPC3, TNNT2, TNNI3, TPM1, ACTC, MLC2 and MLC3), and two glycogen metabolism genes (named PRKAG2 and LAMP2) cause a condition that mimics HCM, also causing LVH. By analyzing five genes, MYH7, MYBPC3, TNNT2, TNNI3, and TPM1, a mutation can be found in 50-60% of individuals who are thought to have HCM. By looking at three additional genes: ACTC, MLC2 and MLC3, a mutation can be detected in an additional 5-10% of subjects with HCM. Altogether, current genetic testing for HCM can detect a mutation in about 55-70% of people with a suspected diagnosis of HCM. 
     “Lessen the likelihood that a subject will undergo septal reduction therapy (SRT),” or the like, refers to a clinically significant decrease in the likelihood that a subject with undergo SRT when the subject undergoes treatment as compared to lack of treatment (e.g., placebo). In some embodiments, the decrease in likelihood that the subject will undergo septal reduction therapy is a decrease of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 75%. In one embodiment, lessening the likelihood that a subject will undergo SRT refers to (1) a reduction in the desire of a patient to proceed with SRT, and/or (2) a resultant change in SRT guideline eligibility such that the patient is no longer eligible to receive SRT. 
     “Lessen the short-term likelihood that a subject will undergo septal reduction therapy (SRT),” or the like, refers to a clinically significant decrease in the likelihood that a subject with undergo SRT within one year of the start of treatment when the subject undergoes treatment as compared to lack of treatment (e.g., placebo). In some embodiments, the decrease in likelihood that the subject will undergo septal reduction therapy within one year of the start of treatment is a decrease of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 75%. In some embodiments, the short-term likelihood is evaluated after 16 weeks of treatment. In some embodiments, the short-term likelihood is evaluated after 32 weeks of treatment. In some embodiments, the lessened likelihood that a subject will undergo SRT is maintained across the time period from 16 weeks to 32 weeks. 
     Myosin Inhibitors 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor is a compound of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
 
R 1  is C 1-8  alkyl, C 3-8  cycloalkyl, or a phenyl, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted with one or two halo;
 
R 2  is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two halo;
 
R 3  is C 1-8  alkyl or C 3-8  cycloalkyl, wherein each R 3  is optionally substituted with halo, hydroxyl or C 1-2  alkoxy;
 
     R 4  is H; and 
     X is H. 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from group (I) consisting of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor of formula (I) is mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having the following structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Mavacamten is also known as MYK-461. Its chemical name is (S)-3-Isopropyl-6-((1-phenylethyl)amino)pyrimidine-2, 4(1H,3H)-dione or 6-[[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino]-3-propan-2-yl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione. 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor of formula (I) is MYK-581 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having the following structure. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     MYK-581&#39;s chemical name is (S)-6-((1-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)amino)-3-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione. 
     Myosin inhibitors of formula (I), including the compounds of group (I), mavacamten, or MYK-581, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be obtained according to the production methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,200, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten is crystalline mavacamten. In some embodiments, mavacamten is amorphous mavacamten. In some embodiments, mavacamten is a mixture of crystalline and amorphous mavacamten. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten is crystalline mavacamten of Form A. In some embodiments, mavacamten is a purified crystalline form that is substantially Form A. 
     As used herein, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is substantially free of impurities including enantiomers of the noted compound, disasteromers or other isomers, as well as artifacts of the preparative process. Generally a “purified” compound or composition has a purity of at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.2%, 99.4%, 99.6%, 99.8% or 99.9% relative to other components (impurities). 
     The term “substantially” as applied to a composition or substance indicates at least 80% (w/w) identity as the designated substance, and preferably higher levels, such as at least 85%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. 
     Provided herein is purified crystalline form of mavacamten that is substantially Form A. 
     In some embodiments, the purity of the crystalline form A is at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 99.6%. 
     In some aspects, the crystalline solid has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising three endothermic peaks with maxima of 238° C., 242° C., and 252° C. In some aspects, the crystalline solid has a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     In some aspects, one or more of the thermogram peak values is ±0.5, ±0.796, ±0.8, or ±1.0° C. 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 18.8° 2θ±0.1° 2θ and at least four peaks selected from the group consisting of 10.0, 11.7, 14.6, 15.7, 16.2, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.7, 26.2 and 29.2° 2θ (±0.1° 2θ). 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 18.8° 2θ±0.1° 2θ and at least eight peaks selected from the group consisting of 10.0, 11.7, 14.6, 15.7, 16.2, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.7, 26.2 and 29.2° 2θ (±0.1° 2θ). 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 10.0, 11.7, 14.6, 15.7, 16.2, 17.5, 18.8, 20.0, 22.5, 25.7, 26.2 and 29.2° 2θ (±0.1° 2θ). 
     In some aspects, the XRPD pattern comprises at least four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peaks selected from the group above. In some aspects, the crystalline solid has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially as shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) has an orthorhombic crystal system. In some aspects, the crystalline solid has a primitive Bravais lattice. In some aspects, the crystalline solid has a space group of P2 1 2 1 2 1 . 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) has an orthorhombic crystal system. In some aspects, at about 25° C., the crystalline solid has the unit cell parameters of about a=9.47 Å, b=12.09 Å, c=12.70 Å, α=90.00°, β=90.00°, and γ=90.00°. 
     In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) is at least 90% Form A by weight. In some aspects, the purified crystalline form (Form A) is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.6% Form A by weight. 
     In one aspect, provided herein is a method of making a crystalline solid of Form A, the method comprising recrystallizing (S)-3-isopropyl-6-((1-phenylethyl)amino)-pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione in ethanol or an ethanol/water mixture to form the crystalline solid of Form A. In another aspect, the method further comprises adding a seed crystal of Form A. In another aspect, the method further comprises stirring a slurry of the crystalline solid at an internal temperature between about 5° C. and about 10° C. for a period of about 24 hours. In another aspect, the method further comprises washing a solid recrystallization product with methyl tert-butyl ether. In another aspect, the solid comprises less than 2% by weight of other crystal forms. 
     In one aspect, provided herein is a method of making mavacamten, the method comprising reacting a compound of structure II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     with POCl 3  in the presence of acetonitrile to form a compound of structure III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and
 
heating the compound of structure III with (S)-1-phenylethanamine to form mavacamten:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one aspect, provided herein is the method of preparing mavacamten as shown above, the method further comprising a method of making a crystalline solid of a single crystal form (e.g., Form A) as set forth herein. 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor is a compound of formula (II): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
 
R 1  is fluoro, chloro, C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  haloalkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, C 1-4  haloalkoxy, or C 2-4  alkynyl,
 
wherein at least one R 1  is fluoro; and one of R 2a  and R 2b  is fluoro and the other of R 2a  and R 2b  is H.
 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor of formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from group (II) consisting of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Myosin inhibitors of formula (II), including the compounds of group (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be obtained according to the production methods described in International Application Number PCT/US2019/058297, filed on Oct. 29, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor is a compound of formula (III): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
 
G 1  is —CR 4 R 5 — or —O—;
 
G 2  is a bond or —CR 6 R 7 —;
 
G 3  is —CR 8 — or —N—;
 
R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  are each independently H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, halo, or hydroxyl;
 
R 2  is H, C 2 -C 6  alkyl, halo, or hydroxyl;
 
Z is a bond, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—, —N(R 9 )—, —R X O—, —OR Y , or —R Z S—;
 
R 9  is H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
 
A is selected from the group consisting of substituted C 2  alkynyl, unsubstituted C 2  alkynyl, substituted phenyl, unsubstituted phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl comprising at least one annular N atom, wherein the 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more 10° substituents:
 
each R 10  is independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or —C(O)OR a ;
 
B is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, wherein the C 1 -C 6  alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl of B is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R 11  substituents;
 
each R 11  is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkyl substituted with one or more R 12  substituents, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, halo, —OR b , —C(O)R c , —C(O)OR d , oxo, and NR e R f ;
 
each R 12  is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —OR b , —C(O)R g , C(O)OR h , and —C(O)NR i R j ;
 
each R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R i , and R j  is independently H or C 1 -C 6  alkyl; and
 
R X , R Y , and R Z  are each C 1 -C 6  alkyl.
 
     In some embodiments, a myosin inhibitor of formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from group (III) consisting of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Myosin inhibitors of formula (III), including the compounds of group (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be obtained according to the production methods described in International Publication Number WO 2019/144041, published on Jul. 25, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, myosin inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in PCT patent applications, published as WO2020/005887, WO2020/005888, WO2020/047447, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581, is administered orally. 
     In some embodiments, a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581, is administered in a unit dosage. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten and/or MYK-581 is administered at a daily dosage amount of 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten and/or MYK-581 is administered daily for 4 weeks, 8 week, 12 weeks, 18 weeks, 24 weeks, 30 weeks, 36 weeks, 48 weeks, or 56 weeks at a daily dosage amount of 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten and/or MYK-581 is administered daily at a starting treatment dosage of 2.5 mg per day and optionally increased to 5 mg per day if certain conditions are met. 
     In some embodiments, mavacamten and/or MYK-581 is chronically administered daily at least one year, two year, three year, more than five year, or as long as determined by a physician, at a daily dosage amount of 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg as a maintenance therapy. 
     In some embodiments, daily dosage in a maintenance therapy comprising mavacamten is less than 7.5 mg. 
     In some embodiments, daily dosage in a maintenance therapy comprising mavacamten is less than 5 mg. 
     In some embodiments, daily dosage in a maintenance therapy comprising mavacamten is between 2 mg and 2.5 mg. 
     The term “maintenance therapy” refers to a therapeutic regimen that is designed to help a primary treatment succeed. For example, maintenance therapy may be given to people who have completely or partially restored cardiac functions after the primary treatment in an effort to prevent, delay, or reduce the likelihood of disease recurrence or progression. Maintenance therapy can be provided for any length of time, including extended time periods up to the life-span of the subject. Maintenance therapy can be provided after primary treatment or in conjunction with additional therapies. Dosages used for maintenance therapy can vary and can include low-intensity dosages as compared to dosages used for primary treatment. 
     The term “primary therapy” refers to the starting treatment given to a subject based upon the diagnosis of the cardiac dysfunction in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the starting treatment of mavacamten and/or MYK-581 is about 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten and/or MYK-581 at daily dosage of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg is sufficient to lower a post-exercise or resting LVOT gradient to less than 30 mmHg (e.g., about 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 mmHg). Post-exercise (stress) gradient LVOT can be measured by any methods known in the art. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 at a daily dosage amount of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg is sufficient to improve, stabilize or delay worsening in accordance with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification of subjects. 
     The NYHA functional classification grades the severity of heart failure symptoms as one of four functional classes. The NYHA functional classification is widely used in clinical practice and in research because it provides a standard description of severity that can be used to assess response to treatment and to guide management. The NYHA functional classification based on severity of symptoms and physical activity are:
         Class I: No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue breathlessness, fatigue, or palpitations   Class II: Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in undue breathlessness, fatigue, or palpitations.   Class III: Marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary physical activity results in undue breathlessness, fatigue, or palpitations.   Class IV: Unable to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms at rest can be present. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.       

     In some embodiments, the NYHA functional classification, after administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581, is reduced from class IV to class III, from class IV to class II, or from class IV to class I. In some embodiments, the NYHA functional classification is reduced from class III to class II. In some embodiments, the NYHA functional classification is reduced from class III to class I. In some embodiments, the NYHA functional classification is reduced from class II to class I. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 improves, stabilizes or delays worsening in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification of subjects. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 improves peak VO 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 improves VE/VCO 2  or VE/VCO 2  slope. In some embodiments, the subject has a VE/VCO 2  of 34 or above. In some embodiments, the improvement comprises reduction of VE/VCO 2  to 34 or below. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 reduces (e.g., by a statistically significant amount or percentage) the level of NT-proBNP or BNP in a subject. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 reduces (e.g., by a statistically significant amount or percentage) the level of cardiac troponin (e.g., cTnI, cTnT, hs-cTnI, or hs-cTnT) in a subject. 
     In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject with a myosin modulator (e.g., mavacamten), as described herein, results in an improvement in one or more clinical endpoints, e.g., one or more functional endpoints or one or more outcome endpoints. In some embodiments, the improved clinical endpoint is a symptom selected from the group consisting of shortness of breath (e.g., as measured by a change in dyspnea index), fatigue (e.g., as measured by a change in peak VO 2  or NYHA class), palpitations (e.g., as measured by a change in atrial fibrillation), chest discomfort, edema, and premature mortality, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the improved clinical endpoint is a functional endpoint selected from the group consisting of peak VO 2 , VE/VCO 2 , VE/VCO 2  slope, six-minute walk test, KCCQ subscores, Canadian Cardiovascular Society chest pain score, and Seattle angina score, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the improved clinical endpoint is an outcome endpoint selected from the group consisting of reduction in mortality, reduction in hospitalization or rehospitalization, reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), reduction in atrial fibrillation, and reduction in atrial fibrillation embolic phenomenon, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the improvement is a change (e.g., increase or decrease) from baseline, either in percentage or in amount. In other embodiments, the improvement is achievement of an absolute threshold. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 improves, stabilizes or delays worsening in accordance with Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 improves LV wall hypertrophy, e.g., by increasing volume, i.e., increasing LVEDV. 
     KCCQ is a 23-item self-administered instrument developed to independently measure the subject&#39;s perception of their health status, heart failure impacts their quality of life (QOL) within a 2-week recall period. In the KCCQ, an overall summary score can be derived from the physical function, symptom (frequency and severity), social function, and quality of life domains. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II) or group (II) is at a daily dosage that sufficiently reduces LVOT gradient less than 30 mm/Hg. A reduced dosage regimen or low dose can be 2-5 times fold less than the daily dosage. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (III) or group (III) is at a daily dosage that sufficiently reduces LVOT gradient less than 30 mm/Hg. A reduced dosage regimen can be 2-5 times fold less than the daily dosage. 
     Some of the symptoms and signs that HCM subjects have include, but are not limited to, shortness of breath (especially during exercise), chest pain (especially during exercise), fainting (especially during or just after exercise), sensation of rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats, and heart murmur. 
     Individuals with HCM can be subdivided based on the presence or absence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOT). The presence of LVOT obstruction, i.e. obstructive HCM (oHCM) is associated with more severe symptoms and greater risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death. Limited data support medical treatments (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, disopyramide) in this subject subset, and persistently symptomatic subjects may be referred for invasive septal reduction therapy. 
     Individuals without outflow tract obstruction at rest or upon provocation, i.e. non-obstructive HCM (nHCM) account for approximately one-third of HCM subjects under care. Subjects without LVOT obstruction commonly report dyspnea and/or angina and may progress to advanced heart failure. The underlying pathophysiology in nHCM subjects is a hypercontractile, stiff ventricle leading to impaired diastolic function and elevated filling pressures. 
     Non-obstructive HCM (nHCM) is often clinically characterized by less than a 30 mmHg pressure gradient across the LVOT in an individual at rest, during or immediately after Valsalva maneuver, or post-exercise. 
     In some embodiments, an individual with nHCM has an LVOT pressure gradient of less than 25 mmHg, or less than 20 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure gradient across the LVOT is measured at rest. In some embodiments, the pressure gradient across the LVOT in the individual is measured during or immediately after a Valsalva maneuver is performed. In some embodiments, the pressure gradient across the LVOT in the individual is measured post-exercise. 
     As of today, no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medical therapies exist for subjects with symptomatic nHCM, and no interventional options are available, short of cardiac transplant. Therefore, there is a need for new therapies for subjects with nHCM. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of administering mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject suffering from nHCM. 
     In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an initial dose of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The initial dose may be from about 1 mg to about 10 mg, e.g., about 5 mg. 
     In some embodiments the initial dose is titrated to a higher dose. For example, the initial dose may be administered for an initial treatment period of at least four weeks, at least six weeks, at least eight weeks, 6-14 weeks, 8-12 weeks, or about 10 weeks, followed by up-titration to a higher dose. 
     In some embodiments, the initial dose administered to the subject suffering from nHCM is up-titrated to a higher dose based on measuring the NT-proBNP or BNP level, or change in NT-proBNP or BNP level in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the initial dose is up-titrated to a higher dose if NT-proBNP has not decreased by at least 20-60% (e.g., at least 30-50%, or at least 40%) during treatment with the first dose during the initial treatment period. 
     In some embodiments, the initial dose is up-titrated to a higher dose if NT-proBNP has not decreased by at least 20-60% (e.g., at least 30-50%, or at least 40%) during treatment with the first dose during the initial treatment period, and NT-proBNP is greater than 125-400 pg/mL, e.g., greater than 300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the NT-proBNP or BNP level is measured after 6-10 weeks (e.g., about 8 weeks) of administration of the initial dose. 
     In some embodiments, if NT-proBNP has decreased by 40% or more, then treatment is continued at the initial dose, with no up-titration. In some embodiments the higher dose is from about 2.5 mg to about 20 mg (e.g., about 5 mg to about 15 mg, or about 10 mg). 
     In some embodiments, the higher dose or the continued initial dose is administered to the subject suffering from nHCM during a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the dose of the second treatment period is up-titrated to a higher dose based on measuring the NT-proBNP or BNP level, or change in NT-proBNP or BNP level in the subject. In some embodiments, the dose of the second treatment period is up-titrated to a higher dose if NT-proBNP has not decreased by at least 20-60% (e.g., at least 30-50%, or at least 40%) during treatment during the initial and second treatment periods, and NT-proBNP is greater than 125-400 pg/mL, e.g., greater than 300 pg/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the dose of the second treatment period is up-titrated to a higher dose if NT-proBNP is greater than 400-600 pg/mL (e.g., greater than 500 pg/mL) after treatment during the initial and second treatment periods, and NYHA is class 3. 
     In some embodiments, the method of administering mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject suffering from nHCM may comprise down-titration of the initial dose if LVEF decreases during treatment, for examples if LVEF is less than 80-90% (e.g. less than 85%) of baseline or LVEF is less than 55%. In some embodiments, the method may comprise down-titration of the initial dose if NT-proBNP or BNP increases during treatment, for example if the increase is greater than 20-40% (e.g., greater than 30%). 
     Diastolic dysfunction is present or an important feature of a series of diseases including, but not limited to, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)— including both disorders of active relaxation and disorders of chamber stiffness (diabetic HFpEF). Diastolic dysfunction may be diagnosed using one or more techniques and measurements, including: invasive procedures, such as catheter procedures, E/e′, left atrial size, and BNP or NT-proBNP. 
     Ejection fraction is an indicator of normal or hypercontractile systolic function, i.e., ejection fraction is greater than about 52% or 50% in subjects with normal or hypercontractile systolic function. 
     LVH, which is characterized by wall thickness, may be diagnosed using one or more techniques and measurements, including: echocardiogram, cardiac MM, noninvasive imaging techniques (e.g., tissue Doppler imaging) and E/e′. 
     Subjects in need of treatment for diastolic dysfunction include subjects from a patient population characterized by nHCM, LVH, or HFpEF. Subjects in need of treatment for diastolic dysfunction include subjects who exhibit left ventricle stiffness as measured by echocardiography or left ventricle stiffness as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof is from a HFpEF patient population. In some embodiments, the subject from a HFpEF patient population is diagnosed with HCM. In some embodiments, the subject from a HFpEF patient population is not diagnosed with HCM. 
     In some embodiments, the subject having HFpEF has an ejection fraction of ≥50% and has evidence of abnormal diastolic function. Abnormal diastolic function includes impaired left ventricle relaxation, filling, diastolic distensibility, or stiffness. These traits can be measured using echocardiography. In some embodiments, subjects are considered to have abnormal diastolic function when at least one of the following echocardiography values are met septal e′&lt;7 cm/sec; lateral e′&lt;10 cm/sec, average E/e′ ratio&gt;14; LA volume index&gt;34 mL/m 2 ; peak TR velocity&gt;2.8 m/sec. In some embodiments, subjects are considered to have abnormal diastolic function when at least three of the above listed values are met. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof is from an HCM patient population. In some embodiments, the subject from an HCM patient population is diagnosed with HFpEF. In some embodiments, the subject from an HCM patient population is not diagnosed with HFpEF. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof exhibits left ventricle stiffness as measured by echocardiography. A subject is considered to have left ventricle stiffness as measured by echocardiography when at least one of the following characteristics are met: mitral E/A ratio&gt;0.8; septal e′&lt;7 cm/sec; lateral e′&lt;10 cm/sec, average E/e′≥14; LA volume index&gt;34 mL/m2; peak TR velocity&gt;2.8 m/sec. In some embodiments, subjects are considered to have left ventricle stiffness when at least three of the above listed values are met. 
     Further determining factors for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction using echocardiography are described in  J Am Soc Echocardiogr.  29(4):277-314 (2016), the contents of which are incorporated herein for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof exhibits left ventricle stiffness as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance. Cardiac magnetic resonance is used to determine peak filling rate, time to peak filling, and peak diastolic strain rate. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a subject has left ventricle stiffness as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance when at least one of the following characteristics are met: abnormal peak filing rate, time to peak filling, or peak diastolic strain rate. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof are suffering from diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, increased left ventricular wall thickness (or mass index), increased interventricular septal (IVS) wall thickness, poor or reduced cardiac elasticity, poor or reduced diastolic left ventricular relaxation, abnormal high left atrial pressure, reduced E/e′ ratio, diminished exercise capacity or tolerance, diminished peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), increased left ventricular diastolic pressure, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof are suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) characterized by at least one biomarker selected from elevated level of NT-proB-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), elevated level of cardiac troponin I. In another embodiment, the HCM subject in need thereof has a predisposition to developing HCM. 
     In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof are suffering from chest pain, dyspnea, angina, syncope or dizziness. 
     In some embodiments, the total daily dose is adjusted according to individual subject requirements. For example, the total daily dose may be adjusted after 4-16 weeks (e.g. after 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 weeks, or any number of days in between) of initiating therapy with a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 depending on the response profile of the subject. In some embodiments, the total daily dose is decreased when the subject&#39;s New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification is reduced. 
     In some embodiments, the total daily dose of mavacamten is increased when the subject&#39;s New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification is not reduced or worsens. 
     In some embodiments, the individual subjects requirements used to adjust the total daily dose are the subject&#39;s resting left ventricular ejection fraction and resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) peak gradient. As a non-limiting example, in some embodiments, the total daily dose of mavacamten is 5 mg, and said dose is increased when the subject&#39;s resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is ≥55% and resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) peak gradient is ≥30 mm Hg. 
     In some embodiments, the total daily dose of mavacamten is increased to 7.5 mg when the subject&#39;s resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is ≥55% and resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) peak gradient is from ≥30 mm Hg to &lt;50 mm Hg. 
     In some embodiments, the total daily dose of mavacamten is increased to 10 mg when the subject&#39;s resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is ≥55% and resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) peak gradient is ≥50 mm Hg. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 can be adjusted according to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) level of the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the method provided herein also includes measuring the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the subject prior to the administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581, thereby providing a first LVEF value (baseline). 
     In some embodiments, the method provided herein also includes measuring the LVEF in the subject sometimes (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 days) after the imitation of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581, thereby providing a second LVEF value, and calculating a percentage of change of the second LVEF value compared to the first LVEF value. Accordingly, in some embodiments, total daily dosage is adjusted according to the percentage of change of LVEF. Optimally, the LVEF is maintained in the normal range. 
     In some embodiments, the second LVEF is measured 4 weeks after the administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III), and/or a compound of group (I), (II), or (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 can be adjusted according to the cardiac troponin I level of the subject. The cardiac troponin I level can be measured by any of the methods known to one skilled in the art or following the procedure descriptions in a clinically validated assay, such as Abbott&#39;s ARCHITECT Stat Troponin-I 2K41 assay or in Siemens&#39; Advia Centur® High Sensitivity Troponin I (TNIH) assay. The cardiac troponin T level can be measured by any of the methods known to one skilled in the art or following the procedures description in Roche&#39;s Elecsys Troponin T hs Assay. BNP levels can be measured by any one of the methods known to one skilled in the art or following the procedures description of the ADVIA Centaur XPT/XP/CP Immunoassay System. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III), and/or a compound of group (I), (II), or (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 can be adjusted according to NT-proBNP or BNP level of the subject. The NT-ProBNP level of the subject can be measured by any of the methods known to one skilled in the art or following the procedures description in Roche&#39;s Elecsys proBNPII Immunoassay. 
     In some embodiments, a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III), and/or a compound of group (I), (II), or (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 are administered in a subject suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) characterized by at least one biomarker or combination thereof selected from an elevated level of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), an elevated level of NT-proB-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), and an elevated level of cardiac troponin I. In yet another embodiment, the subject additionally has a predisposition to develop HCM. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount can be adjusted according to the plasma concentration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581. 
     In some embodiments, the method also includes measuring the plasma concentration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 days after administration of the compound. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount can be adjusted based on ‘trough’ measurements. ‘Trough’ measurements (either concentration or any pharmacodynamic measurement) refers to measurements taken just prior to the next dose. For example, for once daily (QD) dosing these occur every −24 hours just prior to the subject taking their next dosage (typically a tablet or capsule). For pharmacokinetic reasons, these measurements are used as a way to standardize assessments and minimize variability. When an individual “achieves and maintains” a certain blood plasma concentration of the compound, the individual&#39;s trough measurement does not go below the referenced minimum level or above the referenced maximum level. 
     In some embodiments, dosing determinations can also be made based on an individual&#39;s ability to metabolize a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581. In some embodiments, poor metabolizers are administered a lower starting dose. 
     In some embodiments, poor metabolizers of mavacamten can include individuals with CYP2C19 polymorphisms enzymes. Poor metabolizers of mavacamten can be administered a lower starting dose and/or the dose can be adjusted to a lower amounts such as 1 mg daily. 
     In some embodiments, a poor metabolizer of mavacamten is administered an initial daily dose of 2.5 mg and the daily dose may be adjusted down to 1 mg if the trough measurement of mavacamten in the individuals blood plasma is above a desired maximum level. 
     In some embodiments, a poor metabolizer of mavacamten is administered an initial daily dose of 5 mg and the daily dose may be adjusted down to 2.5 or 2 mg if the trough measurement of mavacamten in the individuals blood plasma is above a desired maximum level. 
     In some embodiments, a poor metabolizer of mavacamten is administered an initial daily dose of 7.5 mg and the daily dose may be adjusted down to 5 mg if the trough measurement of mavacamten in the individuals blood plasma is above a desired maximum level. 
     In some embodiments, poor metabolizers of mavacamten are of Asian descent due to CYP2C19 polymorphisms enzymes. In some embodiments, poor metabolizers of mavacamten are of south Asian descent. In some embodiments, Asian descent includes, but not limiting to, Japanese population, Chinese population, Thai population, Korean population, Filipino population, Indonesian population, and Vietnamese population. 
     In some embodiments, individuals who are Asian descent with CYP2C19 polymorphisms enzymes may be administered with an initial lower starting dose and/or the dose can be adjusted to a lower amounts such as 1 mg daily. In some embodiments, an initial daily dose is about 2.5 mg and the dose may be adjusted down to 1 mg daily. In some embodiments, an initial daily dose is about 5 mg and the dose may be adjusted down to 2.5 mg or 2 mg daily. 
     In some embodiments, treatments may comprise the steps of: determining whether the patient is a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer by obtaining or having obtained a biological sample from the patient, and performing or having performed a genotyping assay on the biological sample to determining if the patient has a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer genotype; and if the patient has a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer genotype, then administering mavacamten to the patient in an amount of a low dose such as less than 5 mg daily (e.g., 5 mg, 2.5 mg, 2 mg, or 1 mg/day), and if the patient does not have a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer genotype, then administering mavacamten the patient in an amount of from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, up to 50 mg/day. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in a subject who is a poor metabolizer of mavacamten, comprising: administering to the subject a starting dose of mavacamten in an amount of 2.5 mg per day; and titrating to a subsequent dose based on pharmacokinetic measurements and/or LVOT gradient in the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on a blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on the body weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on a blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject and the body weight of the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is 1 mg. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the poor metabolizer of mavacamten has a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer genotype. In some embodiments, the poor metabolizer of mavacamten has a CYP2C19 *2/*2, *2/*3, or *3/*3 genotype. 
     In some embodiments, the poor metabolizer of mavacamten is an Asian descendant. In some embodiments, the poor metabolizer of mavacamten is a Japanese descendant. 
     In some embodiments, administration of the subsequent dose maintains the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject between 350 and 700 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is about 1 mg if the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject after administration of the starting dose is over 700 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is about 5 mg if the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject after administration of the starting dose is below 350 ng/mL and the Valsalva gradient of the subject after administration is greater than or equal to 30 mmHg. 
     In some embodiments, the HCM is obstructive HCM (oHCM). 
     In some embodiments, the method reduces the risk of adverse events in the subject who is a poor metabolizer of mavacamten. In some embodiments, the method reduces the risk of systolic dysfunction in the subject who is a poor metabolizer of mavacamten. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating HCM in subject who is an Asian descendant, comprising: administering to the subject a starting dose of mavacamten in an amount of 2.5 mg per day; and titrating to a subsequent dose based on pharmacokinetic measurements and/or LVOT gradient of the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on a blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on the body weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is based on a blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject and the body weight of the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is 1 mg. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg. 
     In some embodiments, administration of the subsequent dose maintains the blood plasma concentration of mavacamten in the subject between 350 and 700 ng/mL. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is about 1 mg if the subject weighs below 45 kg or below 50 kg. In some embodiments, the subsequent dose is about 5 mg if the subject weighs over 70 kg. 
     In some embodiments, the HCM is obstructive HCM (oHCM). 
     In some embodiments, the Asian descendant is a Japanese descendant. 
     In some embodiments, the Asian descendant is a Japanese descendent, a Chinese descendent, a Thai descendent, a Korean descendent, a Filipino descendent, an Indonesian descendent, or a Vietnamese descendent. 
     Pharmaceutical Composition 
     The pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art of pharmacy and drug delivery. All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with a carrier containing one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. In the pharmaceutical composition, the active agent is generally included in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon myocardial contractility (i.e. to decrease the often supranormal systolic contractility in HCM) and to improve left ventricular relaxation in diastole. Such improved relaxation can alleviate symptoms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other etiologies of diastolic dysfunction. It can also ameliorate the effects of diastolic dysfunction causing impairment of coronary blood flow, improving the latter as an adjunctive agent in angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease. It can also confer benefits on adverse left ventricular remodeling in HCM and other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy due to chronic volume or pressure overload from, e.g., valvular heart disease or systemic hypertension. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, buccal patch, oral gel, chewing gum, chewable tablets, effervescent powder and effervescent tablets. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example PVP, cellulose, PEG, starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated, enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They may also be coated to form osmotic therapeutic tablets for controlled release. 
     Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Additionally, emulsions can be prepared with a non-water miscible ingredient such as oils and stabilized with surfactants such as mono-diglycerides, PEG esters and the like. 
     In some embodiments, a compound of formulas (I), (II), (III), and/or a compound of groups (I), (II), (III), and/or mavacamten, and/or MYK-581 can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt include salts with inorganic bases, salts with organic bases, salts with inorganic acids, salts with organic acids, and salts with basic or acidic amino acids. 
     Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 
     The present disclosure includes novel pharmaceutical dosage forms of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The dosage forms described herein are suitable for oral administration to a subject. The dosage form may be in any form suitable for oral administration, including, but not limited to, a capsule or a tablet. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a single unit dosage capsule or tablet form containing 1-25 mg (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12.5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mg) of mavacamten or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the amount of mavacamten in a unit dosage is from about 2 to 5 mg, from about 5 to 10 mg, about 2.5 mg or about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the single unit dosage form is a capsule. In some embodiments, the single unit dosage form is a tablet. 
     Combination Therapy 
     The present disclosure provides both a myosin inhibitor monotherapy and combination therapy. In combination therapy, a myosin inhibitor regimen of the present disclosure is used in combination with an additional therapy regimen, e.g., a standard of care (SOC) therapy for the patient&#39;s cardiac condition or other therapy useful for treating the relevant disease or disorder. The additional therapeutic agent may be administered by a route and in an amount commonly used for said agent or at a reduced amount, and may be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or concurrently with a myosin inhibitor. 
     In certain embodiments, a myosin inhibitor is administered with another therapeutic agent such as a beta-blocker, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, an angiotensin receptor antagonist (e.g., an angiotensin B receptor blocker), an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) (e.g., sacubitril/valsartan), a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (e.g., an aldosterone inhibitor such as a potassium-sparing diuretic such as eplerenone, spironolactone, or canrenone), a cholesterol lowering drug (e.g., a statin), a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor (NEPi), a positive inotropic agent (e.g., digoxin, pimobendane, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist such as dobutamine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 inhibitor such as milrinone, or a calcium-sensitizing agent such as levosimendan), potassium or magnesium, a preprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, a vasodilator (e.g., a calcium channel blocker, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, endothelin receptor antagonist, renin inhibitor, or smooth muscle myosin modulator), a diuretic (e.g., furosemide), warfarin, a RAAS inhibitor, an arrhythmia medication, an anticoagulant, an antithrombotic agent, an antiplatelet agent, or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable ARBs may include, e.g., A-81988, A-81282, BIBR-363, BIBS39, BIBS-222, BMS-180560, BMS-184698, candesartan, candesartan cilexetil, CGP-38560A, CGP-48369, CGP-49870, CGP-63170, CI-996, CV-11194, DA-2079, DE-3489, DMP-811, DuP-167, DuP-532, E-4177, elisartan, EMD-66397, EMD-73495, eprosartan, EXP-063, EXP-929, EXP-3174, EXP-6155, EXP-6803, EXP-7711, EXP-9270, FK-739, GA-0056, RN-65021, HR-720, ICI-D6888, ICI-D7155, ICI-D8731, irbesartan, isoteoline, KRI-1177, KT3-671, losartan, LR-B/057, L-158809, L-158978, L-159282, L-159874, L-161177, L-162154, L-163017, L-159689, L-162234, L-162441, L-163007, LR-B/081, LR B087, LY-285434, LY-302289, LY-315995, LY-235656, LY-301875, ME-3221, olmesartan, PD-150304, PD-123177, PD-123319, RG-13647, RWJ-38970, RWJ-46458, saralasin acetate, S-8307, S-8308, SC-52458, saprisartan, saralasin, sarmesin, SL-91.0102, tasosartan, telmisartan, UP-269-6, U-96849, U-97018, UP-275-22, WAY-126227, WK-1492.2K, YM-31472, WK-1360, X-6803, valsartan, XH-1-148, XR-510, YM-358, ZD-6888, ZD-7155, ZD-8731, and zolasartan. 
     In particular embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent may be an ARNI such as sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto®) or a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) such as empaglifozin (e.g., Jardiance®), dapagliflozin (e.g., Farxiga®), or sotaglitlozin. 
     In yet another embodiment, a patient being treated for heart failure with a myosin inhibitor is also being treated with an ARNI, a beta blocker, and/or an MRA. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-arrhythmia medication is disopyramide. 
     If any adverse effect occurs, the patient may be treated for the adverse effect. For example, a patient experiencing a headache due to the myosin inhibitor treatment may be treated with an analgesic such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Abbreviations: 
     
         
         AE adverse event 
         AESI adverse event of special interest 
         ALP alkaline phosphatase 
         ALT alanine aminotransferase 
         ASA alcohol septal ablation 
         AST aspartate aminotransferase 
         BP blood pressure 
         CPET cardiopulmonary exercise testing 
         CV cardiovascular 
         DILI drug-induced liver injury 
         EC ethics committee; refers to an IRB or IEC or equivalent 
         ECG electrocardiogram 
         eCRF electronic case report form 
         EDC electronic data capture 
         EOS end of study 
         ET early termination 
         FDA Food and Drug Administration 
         FSH follicle-stimulating hormone 
         GCP Good Clinical Practice 
         HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
         HR heart rate 
         IUD intrauterine device 
         IUS intrauterine system 
         IXRS interactive response system 
         KCCQ Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire 
         LV left ventricular 
         LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction 
         LVOT left ventricular outflow tract 
         MAD multiple ascending dose 
         MedDRA Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities 
         NT-proBNP N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide 
         NYHA New York Heart Association 
         oHCM obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
         PD pharmacodynamic(s) 
         PK pharmacokinetic(s) 
         PM poor metabolizer 
         QD once daily 
         QoL quality of life 
         QTc corrected QT interval 
         QTcF Fridericia-corrected QT interval 
         SAD single ascending dose 
         SAE serious adverse event 
         SD standard deviation 
         SOC system organ class 
         SRT septal reduction therapy 
         SUSAR suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions 
         Stress echo Stress echocardiography 
         TBL total bilirubin 
         TEAE treatment-emergent adverse event 
         TTE transthoracic echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram 
         ULN upper limit of normal 
       
    
     Example 1. Week-48 Observations from the PIONEER-OLE Study of Mavacamten 
     In a Phase 2 (PIONEER-HCM) clinical trial of subjects with obstructive HCM, mavacamten reduced or eliminated the obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in improvements in how subjects feel (as measured by New York Heart Association classification and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), and how their hearts are functioning (based on peak VO 2  measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing). Heitner, S B, et al., (April 2019 online)  Ann. Intern. Med.  170(11):741-748 
     The following describes (1) the trial design of the PIONEER OLE study, which is a Phase 2, open-label, multicenter study of adults with symptomatic oHCM who have previously completed the PIONEER-HCM Study and (2) observations at Week 48 with respect to subjects treated with mavacamten in the PIONEER-OLE, which trial is currently ongoing. 
     PIONEER-OLE Study Objectives: 
     
         
         (a) Primary Objective: To assess the long-term safety and tolerability of mavacamten in individuals with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM). 
         (b) Secondary Objectives: To assess in individuals with symptomatic oHCM the long-term effects of mavacamten on left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, on functional capacity, and on oHCM symptoms. 
         (c) Pharmacokinetic Objective: To perform population pharmacokinetics (PK) analyses in individuals with symptomatic oHCM receiving mavacamten. 
       
    
     Study Design and Plan: 
     The study was designed as shown in  FIGS.  21  and  22   . All subjects were started on a dose of 5 mg QD. 
     To maximize safety, the starting dose will be 5 mg for all subjects. Subjects will return at Week 4 (±4 days) for a plasma PK sample to measure drug levels and to undergo echocardiography to determine LVOT gradient (at rest, after a Valsalva maneuver, and after exercise) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Subjects will return at Week 6 (±7 days) for evaluation of Week 4 results and dose adjustment to obtain a steady-state trough plasma concentration of approximately 250 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL, based on PK modeling (i.e., 5, 10 or 15 mg mavacamten QD). 
     These plasma concentration levels have generally been associated with a marked reduction in LVOT gradient and they have been well-tolerated without excessive reductions in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). 
     For eligible subjects, an increase in dose beyond the target at a later time point after Week 6 may also be possible. Decreased doses after Week 6 may also be possible if indicated by LVEF, PK or clinical judgment of the investigator in discussion with the medical monitor. Subjects are allowed to stay on background therapy with either beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. 
     A stress echocardiogram will be administered at Week 48 and Week 72 to evaluate the post-exercise LVOT gradient and to determine whether further dose adjustment may be needed. 
     If the post-exercise LVOT gradient is measured≥50 mm Hg, further dose adjustment may be considered. 
     The dose will not be increased if one or more of the following criteria are met:
     (a) LVEF is &lt;55%, and/or   (b) LVOT gradient is &lt;30 mmHg after exercise, and/or   (c) Trough Mavacamten plasma concentration is &gt;350 ng/mL, and/or   (d) A dose increase is not warranted in the clinical judgment of the Investigator.   

     Dose Reduction Rule: The dose may be reduced or discontinued in the case of an exaggerated pharmacologic effect at any time during the study based on the clinical judgment of the Investigator. 
     Temporary Discontinuation: If results as reported by the central laboratories from any visit show Mavacamten plasma concentration is ≥1000 ng/mL, or LVEF&lt;45% (central read), or Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) meets the following criteria, the subject will be notified by the study site/Investigator for further instructions:
     (a) If QRS is narrow (&lt;120 ms), then temporary discontinuation criteria are the smaller of: 15% increase from baseline QTcF OR QTcF≥520 ms,   (b) If QRS is wide (≥120 ms), then temporary discontinuation criteria are the smaller of: a 15% increase from baseline QTcF OR QTcF≥550 ms,   (c) If the subject is taking 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg, study drug will be temporarily discontinued and he or she will return for an unscheduled visit (with electrocardiogram [ECG] and TTE assessments) 2 to 4 weeks later.
 
If LVEF≥55% and QTcF&lt;500 ms at the unscheduled visit, then the study drug will be restarted at a lower dose as shown below (previous dose→restart dose):
   (a) 5 mg→resume 5 mg,   (b) 10 mg→5 mg,   (c) 15 mg→10 mg.   

     Subjects on 5 mg who have been temporarily discontinued on treatment based on clinical evaluation can be considered for dose reintroduction at 5 mg. 
     If LVEF, plasma drug concentration and/or QTcF persist out of range at the follow-up visit, then the subject will be discontinued from the study. 
     After Week 6, additional study visits will occur at Week 8 (±7 days), Week 12 (±7 days), and every 12 weeks (±7 days) thereafter. Subjects also will be contacted by phone in between clinic visits, at Week 18 and every 12 weeks thereafter. An end of study (EOS) visit will occur 12 weeks (±7 days) after the last administration of study drug. Visits (including the Screening visit which serves as the baseline) will entail recording vital signs, targeted physical examination, ECGs, safety laboratory tests, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), adverse events (AEs), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score, and concomitant medications. At Weeks 4, 8, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, 144, 156/early termination (ET), and 168/EOS, a predose blood sample for assessment of drug concentration will be obtained. A standard TTE (including but not limited to assessment of LVOT gradient at rest and after Valsalva) will be performed at baseline, at Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 156/ET, and 168/EOS. In addition, a stress echocardiogram (with assessment of LVOT gradient post-exercise) will also be performed at baseline, Weeks 4, 48, 72, 156/ET, and 168/EOS. 
     Subjects will be followed through completion of EOS procedures. All AEs, including serious adverse events (SAEs), will be collected from the time of informed consent through the duration of the study, up to and including the Week 168/EOS visit. If there is a significant clinical abnormality or clinically significant laboratory abnormality in need of monitoring, the subject will be followed until resolution of the abnormality or until it is considered stable in the opinion of the Investigator. 
     Subject may receive dose reduction after they are on a stable dose of 10 mg or 15 mg treatment for 24 weeks or longer. Subjects that have been dose reduced will undergo a follow-up visit 4 to 8 weeks (±7 days) later (to mirror Week 8 assessments including a TTE assessment). Based on results and clinical symptoms at follow-up visits, subsequent dose decisions will be determined. This cycle of potential dose reduction and follow up can be repeated more than once (after at least 24 weeks on a stable dose of 10 or 15 mg treatment). 
     Study Duration: 
     The study duration is 172 weeks (up to 4 weeks for screening, 156 weeks for treatment, and a 12-weeks post treatment follow-up). The study protocol may be amended to allow an extension beyond 3 years. 
     Study Endpoints: 
     The study endpoints include safety, tolerability, and select measures of efficacy using individualized dosing. Key measurements include LVOT gradient, LVEF, NT-proBNP. 
     Safety Endpoints include:
     1. Frequency and severity of treatment-emergent AEs and SAEs,   2. Frequency of cardiovascular (CV) death,   3. Frequency of sudden death,   4. Frequency of CV hospitalization,   5. Frequency of heart failure requiring the initiation of oral loop diuretics or the administration of intravenous loop diuretics,   6. Frequency of myocardial infarction,   7. Frequency of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular flutter, torsade de pointe),   8. Frequency of syncope,   9. Frequency of seizures,   10. Frequency of stroke,   11. Frequency of LVEF≤45% as measured by echocardiography,   12. QT and QTcF intervals over time.
 
Efficacy and Pharmacodynamics include:
   1. Post-exercise, post-Valsalva, and resting LVOT gradient over time,   2. NYHA functional class over time,   3. KCCQ scores over time,   4. NT-proBNP over time,   5. Frequency of septal reduction therapy.
 
Pharmacokinetics endpoints include:
   Mavacamten plasma concentration over time and Population PK.   

     Baseline Characteristics of Subjects 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PIONEER-HCM 
                 PIONEER-OLE 
               
               
                 Characteristic 
                 n = 13 
                 N = 13 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age, year, mean (SD) 
                 56.5 
                 (13.2) 
                 57.8 
                 (133) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Male, n (%) 
                 9 (69.2) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NYHA functional class, n (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Class II 
                 9 
                 (69.2) 
                 12 
                 (92.3) 
               
               
                 Class III 
                 4 
                 (30.8) 
                 1 
                 (7.7) 
               
               
                 Background HCM therapy 
               
               
                 while on study drug, n 
               
               
                 Metoprolol 
                 7 
                 (53.8) 
                 11 
                 (84.6) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Bisoprolol 
                 0 
                 1 
                 (7.7) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Echocardiography parameters 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Resting LVEF, %, mean (SD) 
                 73.0 
                 (5.6) 
                 72.0 
                 (4.9) 
               
               
                 LVOT gradient, mm 
               
               
                 Hg, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Resting 
                 69.7 
                 (53.9) 
                 67.3 
                 (42.8) 
               
               
                 Valsalva 
                 93.7 
                 (55.6) 
                 89.9 
                 (30.7) 
               
               
                 Post-exercise 
                 94.5 
                 (45.0) 
                 127.5 
                 (33.4) 
               
               
                 NT-pro BNP, pg/mL, mean (SD) 
                 1601 
                 (2702) 
                 1836 
                 (2886) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     PIONEER-OLE Study Results: 
     Result 1. PIONEER-OLE Week-48 Results: Safety and Efficacy Maintained Through One Year in Open-Label Extension Study of 12 Subjects with Symptomatic, Obstructive Hcm. 
     Data for twelve subjects at 48 weeks of treatment with mavacamten were consistent with prior safety and efficacy observations at the 12-, 24-, and 36-week readouts. Highlights of the data include continued safety and tolerability and sustained clinical benefits, including reductions in left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOT), improvements in NYHA functional class and improvement of multiple biomarkers toward normal ranges. For the first time, a reduction in septal wall thickness, a defining characteristic of HCM, was observed, as well as improvements in subjects&#39; quality of life, as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), were also reported. 
     Data for twelve subjects at 48 weeks in this trial demonstrates continued safety, reduced LVOT gradient profile and normal LVEF. Mavacamten was well tolerated throughout the one-year treatment period. There were no cardiac-related adverse events (AEs) attributed to study drug throughout the 48-week period. To date, all adverse events attributed to treatment have been mild or moderate and transient. 
     The longest duration of mavacamten therapy was 1.5 years. There were no dose changes due to AEs. There were 4 SAEs in 3 subjects; not cardiovascular and not related to study drug. There was one cardiovascular AE (NSVT) not related to study drug. Of 64 AEs, most were mild or moderate, and transient. 8 AEs in 3 subjects were considered potentially related to study drug (fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, lethargy); 7 were mild and 1 was moderate; one subject had 3 severe AEs and 1 serious AE that were unrelated—male with history of ulcerative colitis presented 4 days after Week 24 visit with epigastric pain, elevated AST (≥5×ULN), and biliary obstruction; subsequently diagnosed with Klatskin type cholangiocarcinoma; the subject discontinued study drug dosing and had an early study termination. 
     LVOT gradient, a measure of obstruction of the left ventricle, was consistently reduced from baseline with statistical significance p&lt;0.01 in all subjects with evaluable visits at all timepoints under multiple conditions of testing: i.e. at rest, post-exercise and upon provocation with a Valsalva maneuver. At week 48, resting LVOT gradient for all subjects was below 50 mmHg, the guideline-based threshold for an invasive intervention, and 11 of 12 subjects were below the 30 mmHg threshold at which obstructive HCM is diagnosed. Provoked gradient measurements, taken using a Valsalva maneuver and post-exercise, were also below 50 mmHg in all but two subjects at Week 48. In  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C , the mean resting LVOT gradient was 67.3 mm Hg (standard deviation [SD], 42.8) at baseline and 14.0 mm Hg (SD, 9.7) at Week 48 (mean change of −52.7 mm Hg, P=0.0005). Similar improvements were seen in Valsalva LVOT gradient (mean change of −66.0 mm Hg, P=0.001) and post-exercise LVOT gradient (mean change of −85.1 mm Hg, P=0.001) at Week 48. Five patients achieved a post-exercise LVOT gradient&lt;30 mm Hg. The mean change from baseline in LVEF was—1.8% (P=0.3013) at Week 48 ( 1 D). LVEF was maintained above 50% for all patients at all timepoints throughout the study. One subject could not complete a stress echocardiogram at Week 48 due to residual effects from serious adverse event. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remained above normal (50%) for all 12 subjects at all times of assessment. See  FIG.  1 D . 
     Result 2. Improvements in Both Symptom Burden and Quality of Life has been Observed Among the PIONEER-OLE Subjects at Week 48. 
     At baseline, subjects enrolled in PIONEER-OLE were symptomatic with a NYHA classification of Class II or III. NYHA classifications were measured at Week 24 and Week 48 and demonstrated improvements, with nine out of twelve subjects achieving asymptomatic status (Class I). See  FIG.  2 A . 
     Positive results from the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), designed to measure subjects&#39; perception of their heart failure health status and its impact on the activities of daily living, were also reported. In PIONEER-OLE, KCCQ mean scores went from 74.1 at baseline to 87.3 at Week 48 (Scores range from 0-100, and higher scores reflect better status). A clinically significant change in KCCQ is defined as greater than or equal to 6. See  FIG.  2 B . 
     In  FIG.  2 B , scores range from 0 to 100. Higher score reflects better health status. 
     Result 3. Evidence Suggests Favorable Impact on Cardiac Structure, Including Reductions in Interior Septal Wall Thickness, and Left Ventricle Filling 
     As shown below, mavacamten improved markers related to ventricular filling at Weeks 12, 24, 36, and 48. During this period, there was a significant increase in mitral annular velocity during early diastole (e′ lat ) and concomitant reduction in E/e′ lat ; there was a significant decrease in left atrial (LA) volume, and the levels of NT-proBNP were significantly reduced.
         NT-proBNP, an established circulating blood marker of cardiac wall stress, significantly decreased to ranges closer to normal (considered less than 125 pg/mL). NT-proBNP levels in HCM subjects of &lt;310 pg/mL have been associated with a 75 percent reduction in the rate of heart failure-related death or hospitalization, progression to end-stage disease, and stroke, as compared with subjects with levels≥310 pg/mL.   E/e′, an echocardiographic measure of left ventricular filling pressure, decreased from a mean baseline measure of 12.8 to 9.1.   Left atrial volume index decreased to normal levels from a baseline mean of 41 mL/m 2  to a mean of 32 mL/m 2 . Left atrial volumes are a measure of the filling pressure of the left ventricle, and increased volumes are potentially associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation in HCM subjects.   Reductions in interventricular septal (IVS) thickness as measured by echocardiography were observed in PIONEER-OLE subjects. Overall, PIONEER-OLE subjects began the study with a mean IVS of 17 mm at baseline, and progressively decreased to 15 mm after 48 weeks of mavacamten treatment. Studies of HCM subjects post-septal reduction interventions have shown that IVS reductions in HCM subjects are associated with improvements in LVOT gradient, functional capacity and symptoms. The risk of sudden cardiac death in HCM subjects has been observed to increase progressively as wall thickness increases above 15 mm.       

     For the first time, the data below shows that interventricular septal thickness was reduced in humans at Week 12, 24, 36, and 48, by a myosin inhibitor without changes in posterior wall thickness. See Table 1.1, Table 1.2, and  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  for biomarker measurements, mean (SD), cardiac wall stress, diastole, and structural changes. 
     Significant reductions were seen in serum levels of NT-proBNP. The median serum NT-proBNP level was 136.5 pg/mL at Week 48, resulting in a change from baseline of −472 pg/mL (P=0.0005). A similar reduction in median NT-proBNP levels was seen at Week 60 (change from baseline of −481 pg/mL, P=0.0005). For exploratory assessments, mavacamten improved markers related to ventricular filling. There was a significant increase in e′ lat  (mean change from baseline of 1.6 cm/s, P=0.002) and concomitant reduction in E/e′ lat  (mean change from baseline of −3.4, P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in LA volume index at Week 48 (mean change from baseline of −9.8 mL/m 2 , P=0.0269). Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve was noted in 12 of 13 patients at baseline and in 4 of 12 evaluable patients by Week 48. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Change from 
               
               
                   
                 Normal 
                 Baseline 
                 Week 12 
                 Week 24 
                 Week 36 
                 Week 48 
                 Baseline to 
               
               
                   
                 ranges 
                 (N = 13) 
                 (N = 13) 
                 (N = 13) 
                 (N = 12) 
                 (N = 12) 
                 Week 48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NT-proBNP 
                 &lt;125 
                 594 
                 99 
                 93 
                 168 
                 137 
                 −472 
               
               
                 (pg/mL), 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (−2467, −157)** 
               
               
                 median (IQR) 
               
               
                 e&#39;lat, cm/s, 
                 &gt;12 
                 6.4 ± 1.3 
                 8.4 ± 2.3 
                 7.9 ± 2.2 
                 8.7 ± 2.8 
                 8.0 ± 1.6 
                 1.6 ± 1.1* 
               
               
                 mean ± SD 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (n = 11) 
               
               
                 E/e&#39; lateral 
                 &lt;13 
                 12.8 
                 9.8 
                 10.2 
                 8.5 
                 9.1 
                 −3.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (±2.9) 
                 (±2.5) 
                 (±2.7) 
                 (±2.3) 
                 (±2.0) † 
                 (3.0)** 
               
               
                 LA volume 
                 16-34 
                 40.9 
                 31.8 
                 30.8 
                 30.4 
                 31.5 
                 −9.8 
               
               
                 index (mL/m2) 
                   
                 (±16.4) 
                 (±8.4) 
                 (±8.0) 
                 (±8.7) 
                 (±6.9) 
                 (±13.5)* 
               
               
                 mean ± SD 
               
               
                 IVS (mm) 
                 6-10 mm 
                 16.7 
                 16.0 
                 15.8 
                 15.4 
                 15.3 
                 −1.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (2.8) 
                 (2.7) 
                 (2.7) 
                 (2.7) 
                 (2.2) 
                 (2.6) 
               
               
                 Systolic 
                 N/A 
                 12 
                 6 
                 6 
                 7 
                 4 
                 — 
               
               
                 anterior motion 
                   
                 (92.3) 
                 (46.2) 
                 (46.2) 
                 (58.3) 
                 (33.3) 
               
               
                 of the mitral 
               
               
                 valve present 
               
               
                 (Y/N n (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **p &lt; 0.01; 
               
               
                 *p &lt; 0.05; 
               
               
                 “†” = n is 11 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Mavacamten was associated with reductions in interventricular septal thickness over 48 weeks (mean change from baseline of −1.2 mm, P=0.1294) without any notable changes in posterior wall thickness. Significant reductions in LV mass index (mean change from baseline of −16.3 g/m 2 , P=0.021) and LV maximum wall thickness (mean change from baseline of −1.4 mm, P=0.0259) were also seen at Week 48. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Baseline 
                 Week 12 
                 Week 24 
                 Week 36 
                 Week 48 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 N = 13 
                 N = 13 
                 N = 13 
                 n = 12 
                 n = 12 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Interventricular 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 septal thickness, mm 
               
               
                 Mean ± SD 
                 16.6 ± 2.9 
                 15.9 ± 2.7 
                 15.8 ± 2.7 
                 15.4 ± 2.7 
                 15.5 ± 2.0 
               
               
                 Change from 
                 — 
                 −0.7 ± 0.7 
                 −0.7 ± 1.1 
                 −1.2 ± 1.7 
                 −1.2 ± 2.3 
               
               
                 baseline, mean ± SD 
               
               
                 P value 
                 — 
                 0.0007 
                 0.0215 
                 0.0425 
                 0.1294 
               
               
                 LV posterior wall 
               
               
                 thickness, mm 
               
               
                 Mean ± SD 
                 11.7 ± 2.2 
                 11.9 ± 2.2 
                 11.8 ± 2.0 
                 11.7 ± 1.7 
                 11.1 ± 1.9 
               
               
                 Change from 
                 — 
                  0.2 ± 0.8 
                  0.2 ± 0.9 
                  0.0 ± 1.5 
                 −0.5 ± 1.9 
               
               
                 baseline, mean ± SD 
               
               
                 P value 
                 — 
                 0.3757 
                 0.8394 
                 0.8501 
                 0.4697 
               
               
                 LV mass index, g/m 2   
               
               
                 Mean ± SD 
                 103.0 ± 25.8 
                 101.1 ± 26.1 
                  99.4 ± 25.1 
                  95.8 ± 22.3 
                  86.0 ± 18.7 
               
               
                 Change from 
                 — 
                 −1.9 ± 8.0 
                  −3.6 ± 15.6 
                  −6.4 ± 17.5 
                 −16.3 ± 20.3 
               
               
                 baseline, mean ± SD 
               
               
                 P value 
                 — 
                 0.4548 
                 0.2163 
                 0.3013 
                 0.0210 
               
               
                 LV maximum wall 
               
               
                 thickness, mm 
               
               
                 Mean ± SD 
                 20.9 ± 2.1 
                 20.1 ± 2.5 
                 19.1 ± 2.4 
                 19.0 ± 2.2 
                 19.4 ± 2.7 
               
               
                 Change from 
                 — 
                 −0.8 ± 2.0 
                 −1.8 ± 1.8 
                 −1.8 ± 1.9 
                 −1.4 ± 2.2 
               
               
                 baseline, mean ± SD 
               
               
                 P value 
                 — 
                 0.0596 
                 0.0034 
                 0.0054 
                 0.0259 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2. Chronic Effect of MYK-581 in a Min-Pig Genetic Model of Non-Obstructed Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: In Vivo Evidence for Improved Relaxation and Functional Reserve 
     Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heritable disease characterized by cardiac remodeling, impaired relaxation, and exertional intolerance. Direct myosin-attenuation with mavacamten can normalize contractility and improve exercise capacity in subjects with obstructed HCM, providing sustained symptomatic relief. However, mavacamten and its surrogate MYK-581 can also improve relaxation by limiting residual cross-bridges during diastole, and therefore, may offer cardiac benefits beyond obstruction reprieve. This in vivo study evaluated the chronic effects of MYK-581 in a genetic large-animal model of non-obstructed HCM. 
     Methods: Young cloned Yucatan mini-pigs with a heterozygous MYH7 R403Q mutation were randomly assigned to one of two arms: time-controls (n=10) or daily MYK-581 (n=10; PO). The mini-pigs were treated for at least 12 weeks and were evaluated as shown in Schematic 1 below. Treated animals received progressively increasing MYK-581 doses (5, 7.5, and 10 mg/day PO) to account for weight gain 6.4±0.3 to 28.3±1.1 kg (P&lt;0.05) as shown in Schematic 1 below. After ˜14 weeks of treatment, all pigs underwent in vivo cMR imaging for the assessment of LV function and geometry, as well as of myocardial composition via of Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) and T1 mapping techniques including extracellular volume (ECV) assessments. In addition, a subset of animals (MYK: n=6, CTRL: n=5) also underwent terminal invasive hemodynamics assessments, including cardiac output (CO, via thermodilution), load-independent systolic/diastolic function (via LV pressure-volume relationships), and 3-adrenergic (β-AR) cardiac reserve (via dobutamine at 5 ug/kg/min IV). See  FIG.  4   . 
     The mini-pig model can be obtained following the method disclosed in a presentation entitled “A Minipig Genetic Model of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Uncovers the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Disease Evolution”, by E. Green et al., at University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine. 
     Results: 
     In R403Q mutant pigs, MYK-581 treatment decreased (P&lt;0.05) both EF (59±2 vs. 65±2%) and LV mass (51±4 vs. 66±5 g), while preserving CO. Treated pigs had smaller left-atrial volumes (16±1 vs. 29±4 mL, P&lt;0.05) with lower T1-times and ECV (27±1 vs. 32±2%, P&lt;0.05), suggesting improved LV structure/compliance. Indeed, the MYK-group had lower (P&lt;0.05) LV end-diastolic pressures (9±1 vs. 23±4 mmHg) and stiffness (1.3±0.2 vs. 3.5±0.3 mmHg/mL) with faster time-constants of relaxation (45±3 vs. 71±5 ms, P&lt;0.05). Treatment also rescued β-AR stroke-volume recruitment (+15±4 vs. −14±6%, P&lt;0.05). 
     Result 1 Chronic MYK-581 Normalized Diastole
         a. Chronic MYK-581 preserved end-diastolic pressures (EDP)/stiffness (E ed )       Improved compliance and early relaxation (tau w ; dP/dt).
       b. Chronic MYK-581 rescued β-AR cardiac reserve (dobutamine challenge):   
       ↑SV (CTRL: −14±6% vs. MYK: +15±4%, P&lt;0.05)   ↑CO (CTRL: +26±2% vs. MYK: +60±8%, P&lt;0.05)   

     The Result 1 indicates a preserved ability of the myocardium to respond to stress, which suggests a potential ability to preserve exercise capacity. Also see  FIGS.  5 A-C . 
     Result 2 Chronic MYK-581 Normalized Cardiac Phenotype
     a. Chronic MYK-581 reduced hyper-contractility, while preserving cardiac output, both via cMR and thermodilution   b. Chronic MYK-581 preserved LA volume (LA vol), blunting increases in average diastolic wall thickness over the left ventricle (WTd) and LV mass gain (LV mass)   c. Chronic MYK-581 preserved LV structure (reduced T1 and ECV)   d. Improved mortality (trend): CTRL: 40% vs. MYK 0% at the end of the study (˜5 months).   

     See FIGS.  6 A-I. 
     Chronic direct myosin attenuation with a mavacamten surrogate, MYK-581, prevented cardiac remodeling characteristic of disease in a genetic HCM model and reduced mortality. Chronic treatment improved diastolic function and cardiac reserve while reducing left atrial size, a known prognostic indicator in HCM. These observations suggests potential salutary effects beyond obstruction relief in subjects with HCM and that early and chronic administration of mavacamten suppresses the development of ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray, attenuates hypertrophic gene expression. 
     From this chronic pig study, we observed total plasma concentrations between 30 and 140 ng/mL. After correcting for species differences in plasma protein binding, and potency differences between MYK-581 and mavacamten, the observed levels in pig translate to human plasma concentrations in a range of 50-250 ng/mL that would be expected to have equivalent effects. From our understanding of mavacamten PK, this in turn translates to doses in the range of 1-5 mg QD, which is approximately 2-5 fold lower than the doses required to relieve obstruction in humans. 
     Comparative studies of MYK-581 and mavacamten have shown that these two compounds behave alike in terms of ATPase inhibition and populating super relaxed states (SRX). Particularly, studies of MYK-581 and mavacamten in bovine cardiac synthetic myosin filaments showed similar DRX ATPase rate and SRX ATPase Rate (as a fraction of control) for the two compounds over a range of concentrations. See  FIGS.  26 A-C . Due to these similarities, mavacamten is expected to provide like benefits in the measures related to nHCM in this Example 2. 
     Example 3. MAVERICK-HCM TRIAL: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Concentration-Guided Study, Exploratory Study of Mavacamten in Subjects with Symptomatic Non-Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (nHCM) and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction 
     This is a Phase 2 trial designed to assess the safety and tolerability of a range of exposures over 16 weeks of treatment in subjects with symptomatic, non-obstructive HCM. All study subjects were required to be diagnosed with non-obstructive HCM, with left ventricular wall thickness either ≥15 mm or ≥13 mm with a family history of HCM, LVEF≥55%, NYHA classifications of Class II or III, and NT-proBNP levels of greater than 300 pg/mL at rest. Baseline characteristics, such as age, weight, gender, pathogenic mutation status, background beta blocker use, NYHA classification and exercise capacity were approximately evenly distributed between active and placebo arms. 
     Study Objective: 
     
         
         (a) Primary Objective: To evaluate safety and tolerability of a 16-week course of mavacamten in individuals with symptomatic nHCM. 
         (b) Exploratory: 
         1. To evaluate the effect of a 16-week course of mavacamten on exercise capacity as measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), 
         2. To evaluate the relationship of mavacamten concentration to pharmacodynamic response (eg, echocardiographic measures of diastolic and systolic function), 
         3. To assess the effect of a 16-week course of mavacamten on symptoms and quality of life, 
         4. To assess the effect of a 16-week course of mavacamten on circulating levels of N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 
         5. To assess effect of a 16-week course of mavacamten on daily activity level as measured by accelerometer, 
         6. To assess the reversibility of the effects of mavacamten after a 16-week course of the treatment has been discontinued for approximately 8 weeks. 
         (c) Pharmacokinetic Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of mavacamten. 
       
    
     Methods: 
     This double-blind study enrolled 59 individuals with nHCM (Left ventricular outflow tract gradient&lt;30 mmHg; resting or provoked), NYHA Class II or III, and LVEF≥55%. Subjects were randomized 1:1:1 to one of two target plasma drug concentrations (Group 1: ˜200 ng/mL and Group 2: ˜500 ng/mL) or placebo for 16 weeks, followed by an 8-week washout. The starting dose of mavacamten was 5 mg daily, with one-step dose titration at Week 6 based on plasma drug concentration. Predefined criteria, including LVEF (LVEF≤45%), guided study drug discontinuation if indicated. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed at baseline and Week 16 to assess the impact on exercise capacity. 
     Study Design and Plan: 
     This study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy, PD, and PK of 2 target drug concentrations of Mavacamten compared with placebo in subjects with symptomatic nHCM. Study Scheme is shown in  FIG.  7   . 
     Approximately 60 subjects with symptomatic nHCM are randomized and receive a 16-week course of Mavacamten doses titrated to achieve 1 of 2 target drug concentrations (Group 1: ˜200 ng/mL; Group 2: ˜500 ng/mL) or placebo once daily (QD). Dose adjustments will be based on PK parameters. Assessments include safety, standardized cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with measurement of peak oxygen consumption, echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and parameters of diastolic function, symptoms, quality of life, daily step counts, and NT-proBNP at rest and after exercise. In addition, subjects may consent to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genotyping and pharmacogenetic sampling. 
     For subjects who consented and had prior HCM genotype test results demonstrating a pathogenic mutation known to be associated with HCM, no further genotype assessment were performed if the data could be provided from a clinical laboratory source document and the subject consents to share this information. Subjects who had not been tested and subjects who did not have an HCM genotype test results demonstrating a pathogenic mutation known to be associated with HCM might consent separately to have blood drawn prior to dosing on Day 1 for assessment of HCM genotype. For subjects who consented to pharmacogenetic assessment, blood samples were collected prior to dosing for analysis of genetic biomarkers of efficacy, safety, PD, or PK parameters as determined by future studies, using clinically meaningful endpoints, through additional DNA sequencing or other genetic testing. 
     Cardiac Troponin I levels were evaluated on plasma and serum samples of subjects at baseline and at various time points in the trial (Abbott Architect Stat Troponin-I assay (Ref 2K41)). Cardiac Troponin T levels were evaluated on plasma and serum samples of subjects at baseline and at various time points in the trial (Roche Elecsys Troponin T hs assay) (Ref. 08469873190) performed on a cobas e 801 analyzer). NT-proBNP levels were evaluated on plasma samples using the Roche Elecsys proBNPII assay (Ref 07027664190) on a cobas e 801 analyzer. 
     Key Inclusion Criteria: 
     
         
         
           
             1. Was at least 18 years old at Screening, body weight was greater than 45 kg at Screening, 
             2. Diagnosed with nHCM (hypertrophied and non-dilated left ventricle in absence of systemic or other known cause) consistent with current American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology guidelines, with:
           Left ventricular (LV) wall thickness≥15 mm, or   LV wall thickness≥13 mm with a positive family history of HCM,   
         
             3. LV ejection fraction≥55%, 
             4. LVOT peak gradient at rest AND during Valsalva AND post-exercise &lt;30 mmHg, 
             5. Maximal intracavitary gradient at rest AND during Valsalva AND post-exercise &lt;30 mmHg as determined by the echocardiography central laboratory, 
             6. Has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II or III symptoms, 
             7. Has an elevated NT-proBNP at rest (&gt;300 pg/mL). 
           
         
       
    
     Key Exclusion Criteria: 
     
         
         
           
             1. Had a known infiltrative or storage disorder causing cardiac hypertrophy that mimics nHCM, such as Fabry disease, amyloidosis, or Noonan syndrome with LV hypertrophy, 
             2. Has any medical condition that precludes upright exercise stress testing, 
             3. Had a history of syncope or a history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia with exercise within the past 6 months, 
             4. Had a history of resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest at any time or known appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharge within 6 months, 
             5. Had paroxysmal, intermittent atrial fibrillation with atrial fibrillation present per the investigator&#39;s evaluation of the subject&#39;s electrocardiogram (ECG) at the time of Screening, 
             6. Had persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation not on anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and/or is not adequately rate-controlled within 6 months, 
             7. Was currently treated with disopyramide or ranolazine, 
             8. Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF)&gt;480 ms or any other ECG abnormality considered to pose a risk to subject safety, 
             9. For subjects on beta blocker, verapamil, or diltiazem, any dose adjustment&lt;14 days before screening, 
             10. Currently treated or planned treatment during the study with a combination of beta blocker and verapamil or a combination of beta blocker and diltiazem, 
             11. Has been treated with invasive septal reduction (surgical myectomy or percutaneous alcohot septal ablation) within 6 months prior to screening, 
             12. Documented history of resting or post-exercise LVOT or intracavity gradient&gt;30 mmHg unless subsequently treated by septal reduction therapy, 
             13. Has documented obstructive coronary artery disease (&gt;70% stenosis in one or more epicardial coronary arteries) or myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, 
             14. Has known moderate or severe aortic valve stenosis at screening, 
             15. Has pulmonary disease that limits exercise capacity or systemic arterial oxygen saturation, 
             16. Currently taking, or has taken within 14 days prior to screening, a prohibited medication such as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 inhibitor (eg, omeprazole), a strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor, or St. John&#39;s Wort. 
           
         
       
    
     Study Treatment: 
     A concentration guided approach was used to evaluate what doses of mavacamten resulted in improvement of diastolic function in nHCM subjects. Subjects were randomized via an interactive response system to 3 groups in a 1:1:1 ratio: 2 active treatment groups and 1 matching placebo. 
     5 mg QD was used as the starting dose for the study. All subjects in the active treatment groups started on 5 mg QD. Subjects were assessed for plasma concentration of mavacamten in blood samples taken at Week 4 visit. PK modeling was used to guide blinded dose adjustment at the Week 6 visit, based on the plasma concentrations collected at Week 4. Subjects in the placebo group underwent the same assessments in order to preserve the blind. The study drug was provided in mavacamten capsules in available strengths of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg. Subjects were instructed to take the drug under fasting conditions, at approximately the same time each day, and with 8 ounces of water. 
     A target mavacamten blood plasma concentration of 200 ng/mL was the goal in Group 1 subjects. To achieve the target concentration, if a subject&#39;s Week 4 concentration was &gt;450 ng/mL, the subject&#39;s dose was decreased to 2.5 mg QD; if Week 4 concentration was 110-450 ng/mL, the dose was maintained at 5 mg QD; and if Week 4 concentration was &lt;110 ng/mL, the dose was increased to 10 mg QD. 
     A target Mavacamten blood plasma concentration of 500 ng/mL was the goal in Group 2 subjects. To achieve the target concentration, if a subject&#39;s Week 4 concentration was &gt;450 ng/mL, the subject&#39;s dose was decreased to 2.5 mg QD; if Week 4 concentration was 300-450 ng/mL, the dose was maintained at 5 mg QD; if Week 4 concentration was greater than or equal to 175 and less than 300 ng/mL, the dose was increased to 10 mg QD; and if Week 4 concentration was &lt;175 ng/mL, the dose was increased to 15 mg QD. 
     Subjects were monitored for adverse events (AE), including high blood plasma concentration, systolic dysfunction, QT prolongation, and LVEF decrease. If any of the following thresholds were hit PK 1000 or more, QTcF 500, or LVEF 45%, the subjects were discontinued on drug. Specifically, high blood plasma concentration was defined as blood plasma concentration greater than or equal to 1000 ng/mL; QT prolongation was defined as QTcF greater than or equal to 500 ms; and LVEF shortening was defined as LVEF less than or equal to 45% (including serious adverse event (SAE) for LVEF less than or equal to 30%). 
     Efficacy and pharmacodynamics assessments were also made. Resting transthoracic echocardiography measurements were taken at Weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. Ejection fraction (2-D) and LV fractional shortening were analyzed along with other echocardiographic at baseline measures including measure of diastolic function. Post-exercise stress echocardiography was also performed following a standard symptom-limited exercise test performed by the subjects. Instantaneous peak LVOT gradient was assessed immediately post-exercise. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was also performed. CPET was conducted using a standardized treadmill or upright bicycle ergometer on Day 1 and at Week 16. Subjects were encouraged to perform maximally to achieve expected heart rate. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), volume expired (VE), VE/VO 2 , ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio, circulatory power, and metabolic equivalent of the task were assessed. 
     Pharmacokinetic assessments were also made during the study. Blood samples were collected for mavacamten plasma concentration assessments at Weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. At Week 16, a predose and postdose PK blood sample was taken. 
     Study Endpoints: 
     The primary endpoint is the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events. Secondary endpoints including echocardiographic measures of diastolic function, NT-proBNP levels, subject reported outcomes, and physical activity by wearable accelerometer. 
     Exploratory Endpoints: 
     
         
         1. Change from baseline to Week 16 in peak VO 2 , 
         2. Change from baseline to Week 16 in echocardiographic measures of systolic function (eg, LVEF), 
         3. Change from baseline to Week 16 in echocardiographic measures of diastolic function (peak velocity of early diastolic septal and lateral mitral annular motion [e′], ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow [E] to e′ [E/e′], ratio of E to peak velocity of late transmittal flow [A] [E/A], pulmonary artery systolic pressure, left atrium size), 
         4. Change from baseline to Week 16 in NYHA class, 
         5. Change from baseline to Week 16 in KCCQ scores, 
         6. Change from baseline to Week 16 in EQ-5D score, 
         7. Change from baseline to Week 16 in subject-reported severity of HCM symptoms as assessed by the HCMSQ score, 
         8. Change from baseline to Week 16 in perceived severity of symptoms assessed by the PGIC and PGIS questionnaire scores, 
         9. Change from baseline to Week 16 in NT-proBNP at rest (prior to exercise) and after maximal exercise, 
         10. Change from baseline to Week 16 in accelerometer daily step count, 
         11. Change in echocardiographic measures of diastolic function (e′, E/e′, E/A, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, left atrium size) from Week 16 to Week 24, 
         12. Change in NYHA class, KCCQ scores, EQ-5D score, HCMSQ scores, and PGIC and PGIS questionnaire scores from Week 16 to Week 24, 
         13. Change in NT-proBNP at rest from Week 16 to Week 24.
 
The composite functional endpoint was also studied and is described below.
 
       
    
     Results: 
     59 participants were randomized 19/21/19 to 200 ng/mL/500 ng/mL/placebo. Baseline characteristics are shown in Table 3.1. 40 participants had a detectable cTnI level and among those, 19 (32%) had an elevated cTnI (&gt;0.03 ng/mL or &gt;99th percentile; 13 participants on mavacamten and 6 participants on placebo). For those with detectable cTnI, baseline geometric mean cTnI level was 0.03 ng/mL in the pooled-mavacamten group and 0.05 ng/mL in placebo. Baseline E/e′ average  was elevated (&gt;14) in 25 of 59 (42.4%) participants. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Demographics and Baseline Characteristics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group 1 
                 Group 2 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 mavacamten 
                 mavacamten 
                 Pooled 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ~200 ng/mL 
                 ~500 ng/mL 
                 mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                 Characteristic 
                 (n = 19) 
                 (n = 21) 
                 (n = 40) 
                 (n = 19) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age, mean years (SD) 
                 58.3 
                 (13.7) 
                 50.0 
                 (14.7) 
                 54.0 
                 (14.6) 
                 53.8 
                 (18.2) 
               
               
                 Female sex, n (%) 
                 9 
                 (47.4) 
                 12 
                 (57.1) 
                 21 
                 (52.5) 
                 13 
                 (68.4) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Race, n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Asian 
                 1 
                 (5.3) 
                 0    
                 1 
                 (2.5) 
                 0    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Black or African 
                 1 
                 (5.3) 
                 1 
                 (4.8) 
                 2 
                 (5.0) 
                 0    
               
               
                 American 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 White 
                 17 
                 (89.5) 
                 18 
                 (85.7) 
                 35 
                 (87.5) 
                 17 
                 (89.5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Unknown 
                 0 
                 2 
                 (9.5) 
                 2 
                 (5.0) 
                 2 
                 (10.5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 BMI, kg/m 2  (SD) 
                 28.8 
                 (4.1) 
                 29.8 
                 (6.1) 
                 29.3 
                 (5.2) 
                 31.0 
                 (4.9) 
               
               
                 Consented to Optional 
                 14 
                 (73.7) 
                 14 
                 (66.7) 
                 28 
                 (70.0) 
                 12 
                 (63.2) 
               
               
                 HCM Genotyping, n (%) 
               
               
                 Pathogenic or Likely 
                 7 
                 (50.0) 
                 7 
                 (50.0) 
                 14 
                 (50.0) 
                 8 
                 (66.7) 
               
               
                 Pathogenic HCM Gene 
               
               
                 Mutation, n (%) of 40 
               
               
                 with genetic testing 
               
               
                 NT-proBNP (pg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Geometric mean 
                 889     
                 763     
                 821     
                 914     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 95% CI 
                 747, 
                 1575 
                 606, 
                 1261 
                 790, 
                 1293 
                 770, 
                 1558 
               
               
                 cTnI (ng/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Geometric mean 
                 0.024 
                 0.023 
                 0.023 
                 0.020 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 95% CI 
                 0, 
                 0.503 
                 0.016, 
                 0.080 
                 0, 
                 0.253 
                 0.013, 
                 0.119 
               
               
                 cTnI &gt;0.03 
                 6 
                 (31.6) 
                 7 
                 (33.3) 
                 13 
                 (32.5) 
                 6 
                 (31.6) 
               
               
                 ng/mL,* n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 NYHA class, n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Class II 
                 15 
                 (78.9) 
                 18 
                 (85.7) 
                 33 
                 (82.5) 
                 13 
                 (68.4) 
               
               
                 Class III 
                 4 
                 (21.1) 
                 3 
                 (14.3) 
                 7 
                 (17.5) 
                 6 
                 (31.6) 
               
               
                 Peak VO 2  (mL/kg/min), 
                 19.5 
                 (5.2) 
                 21.0 
                 (6.6) 
                 20.4 
                 (6.0) 
                 17.9 
                 (5.1) 
               
               
                 mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Maximal LV Wall 
                 20.9 
                 (3.0) 
                 20.4 
                 (4.8) 
                 20.6 
                 (4.0) 
                 18.8 
                 (3.5) 
               
               
                 Thickness (mm), mean 
               
               
                 (SD) 
               
               
                 LVEF, % (SD) 
                 68.0 
                 (5.2) 
                 69.4 
                 (5.8) 
                 68.7 
                 (5.5) 
                 66.4 
                 (7.7) 
               
               
                 Lateral e′ (cm/s) mean 
                 8.5 
                 (3.8) 
                 7.7 
                 (2.6) 
                 8.1 
                 (3.2) 
                 7.8 
                 (3.6) 
               
               
                 (SD) 
               
               
                 Septal e′ (cm/s) mean 
                 5.3 
                 (2.0) 
                 4.5 
                 (1.6) 
                 4.9 
                 (1.8) 
                 4.4 
                 (1.7) 
               
               
                 (SD) 
               
               
                 E/e′ average, mean 
                 13.9 
                 (5.4) 
                 14.2 
                 (7.7) 
                 14.1 
                 (6.6) 
                 18.5 
                 (9.9) 
               
               
                 (SD) 
               
               
                 LVEDV (mL) mean 
                 59.5 
                 (14.5) 
                 58.5 
                 (18.6) 
                 58.9 
                 (16.6) 
                 60.5 
                 (21.6) 
               
               
                 (SD) 
               
               
                 LA Volume Index 
                 40.3 
                 (16.1) 
                 34.5 
                 (8.9) 
                 37.3 
                 (13.0) 
                 40.8 
                 (15.2) 
               
               
                 (mL/m 2 ), mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Peak gradient (mmHg), 
                 8.1 
                 (3.3) 
                 9.4 
                 (3.6) 
                 8.8 
                 (3.5) 
                 7.8 
                 (2.5) 
               
               
                 mean (SD) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Background HCM therapy, n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Beta blocker 
                 12 
                 (63.2) 
                 13 
                 (61.9) 
                 25 
                 (62.5) 
                 12 
                 (63.2) 
               
               
                 Calcium channel 
                 5 
                 (26.3) 
                 5 
                 (23.8) 
                 10 
                 (25.0) 
                 3 
                 (15.8) 
               
               
                 blocker 
               
               
                 Neither 
                 3 
                 (15.8) 
                 3 
                 (14.3) 
                 6 
                 (15.0) 
                 4 
                 (21.1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *99th percentile, BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The primary study objective was demonstrating safety and tolerability in the subjects with nHCM, which was achieved. The rate of adverse events (AEs) was greater in the mavacamten groups than the placebo group. The majority of AEs and treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs) reported were mild or moderate in severity and reversible or self-resolving. Serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred twice as frequently in the placebo arm (21%) as compared to subjects receiving mavacamten (10%). Transient ejection fraction reductions below the protocol-defined threshold of 45% occurred in five subjects in the active drug arms. 
     The overall change in LVEF was as follows: [mean % change (SD)]: Group 1 −2.3% (5.3); Group 2 −5.6% (9.7); Pooled-mavacamten −4.1% (8.0); placebo −2.3% (4.9). Planned echocardiographic assessment at weeks 11-12 identified 5 participants among the 40 receiving active treatment (12.5%; 2 participants in Group 1, 3 in Group 2) with a decrease in LVEF to ≤45% (range 38%-45%), leading to discontinuation of study drug per pre-specified stopping rules. Four of the 5 participants (3 in Group 2 and 1 in Group 1) had undergone the protocol-defined, concentration-targeted dose up-titration from 5 mg to 10 mg at week 6. The fifth participant (Participant 5, Group 1) remained on 5 mg. 
     For the intent-to-treat population, there was a statistically significant difference at 16 weeks between active and placebo groups in the exploratory endpoint for the biomarker NT-proBNP, for which levels were markedly reduced in subjects receiving mavacamten (p=0.004) across both treatment cohorts, as compared to the placebo group. The NT-proBNP geometric mean at week 16 decreased by 53% in the pooled-mavacamten group (47% in Group 1, 58% in Group 2) vs 1% decrease in placebo with geometric mean differences of −435 pg/mL and −6 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.0005 for the difference between pooled-mavacamten and placebo). See  FIG.  8   . NT-proBNP in the pooled-mavacamten group was lower than placebo at all timepoints from week 4 to week 16. An initial decline in NT-proBNP was noted at week 4 on 5 mg daily dosing, provided to both groups. Group 2 participants showed a further decrease in NT-proBNP at week 8 (after week 6 titration), consistent with a dose dependent effect. These lower NT-proBNP levels were maintained through week 16 and increased to baseline values at week 24 after the drug was discontinued. NT-proBNP is a well-established biomarker of cardiac wall stress, and elevated NT-proBNP levels are associated with higher risk of heart failure-related death or hospitalization, progression to end-stage disease and stroke. NT-proBNP was measured by Elecsys ProBNP II Immunoassay on Cobas platform. 
     In subjects with elevated cardiac troponin believed to be at higher risk of morbidity and mortality, meaningful trends suggesting clinical benefit were observed for subjects on treatment versus placebo across multiple endpoints of symptoms, function, biomarkers of cardiac stress and diastolic compliance. 
     Additionally, similar trends were observed in a subgroup of subjects with elevated cardiac filling pressures (measured by E/e′), suggesting improvement driven by reduced left ventricular pressure, consistent with mavacamten&#39;s targeted mechanism. 
     In addition to a consistent safety profile, the trial establishes that it was able to identify a subject profile with diastolic dysfunction that could achieve benefit from mavacamten treatment. Three million people in the United States have diseases of diastolic dysfunction, referred to as HFpEF, who historically have been addressed as a single group and treated in an undifferentiated manner. With data from the MAVERICK trial, it can now subtype these subjects—both those with HCM and those w/o HCM—and advance development of mavacamten in a “precision”, efficient fashion. 
     For subjects having elevated troponin levels, there was an observed numerical improvement in the combined treated group (Group 1 and Group 2) compared to placebo in several parameters (see asterisked parameters in the Table below) and especially with respect to the medial E/e′ ratio (resting), average E/e′ ratio (resting), serum NT-proBNP, and Peak VO 2 . See Table 3.2 below. Elevated troponin levels have been linked with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging evidence of myocardial fibrosis, a well-defined prognostic factor in HCM. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Elevated Troponin 
                 Other 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MYK-461 
                 Placebo 
                   
                 MYK-461 
                 Placebo 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (N = 13) 
                 (N = 6) 
                 Mean 
                 (N = 27) 
                 (N = 13) 
                 Mean 
               
               
                 Endpoints 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Difference 
                 Mean 
                 Mean 
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Peak VO2 
                 1.475 
                 −1.220 
                 2.695 
                 −0.530 
                 1.277 
                 −1.807 
               
               
                 (mL/kg/min)* 
               
               
                 NYHA Class* 
                 −0.462 
                 −0.200 
                 −0.262 
                 −0.417 
                 −0.538 
                 0.122 
               
               
                 Lateral E/E&#39; Ratio, 
                 −2.258 
                 0.325 
                 −2.583 
                 −0.304 
                 −1.650 
                 1.346 
               
               
                 Resting* 
               
               
                 Medial E/E&#39; Ratio, 
                 −3.169 
                 3.875 
                 −7.044 
                 −3.896 
                 −3.900 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 Resting* 
               
               
                 Average E/E&#39; 
                 −2.754 
                 2.075 
                 −4.829 
                 −2.492 
                 −2.767 
                 0.275 
               
               
                 Ratio, Resting* 
               
               
                 LV End-Diastolic 
                 0.791 
                 0.750 
                 0.042 
                 2.623 
                 −0.709 
                 3.332 
               
               
                 Volume Index 
               
               
                 (mL/m2), Resting 
               
               
                 LV Mass Index 
                 −6.639 
                 −1.941 
                 −4.698 
                 −3.564 
                 −7.886 
                 4.322 
               
               
                 (g/m2), Resting* 
               
               
                 LA Volume Index 
                 0.899 
                 −0.934 
                 1.833 
                 1.631 
                 −0.767 
                 2.398 
               
               
                 (mL/m2), Resting 
               
               
                 Serum NT-proBNP 
                 −950.462 
                 −166.400 
                 −784.062 
                 −280.667 
                 −102.154 
                 −178.513 
               
               
                 (ng/L)* 
               
               
                 Serum Troponin I 
                 −0.123 
                 −0.040 
                 −0.083 
                 −0.003 
                 0.001 
                 −0.004 
               
               
                 (ng/mL) 
               
               
                 Overall KCCQ 
                 6.410 
                 4.514 
                 1.896 
                 2.210 
                 6.705 
                 −4.495 
               
               
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                 Clinical KCCQ 
                 6.891 
                 −1.875 
                 8.766 
                 1.195 
                 7.159 
                 −5.964 
               
               
                 Summary Score* 
               
               
                 Average Daily 
                 136328 
                 −214019 
                 350347 
                 82413 
                 −210744 
                 293157 
               
               
                 Accelerometry 
               
               
                 Unit* 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additionally, in the subgroup with elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) subgroup at baseline, cTnI levels decreased in 11 of 13 (84.6%) study subjects at week 16 compared to baseline and remained unchanged in 2 of 13 (15.4%). The % reduction in the 11 of 13 with reductions ranged from 12.5% to 75.0%. The treated individuals demonstrate a 30-80% percentage change in cardiac troponin I from baseline. After study drug was stopped at week 16, cTnI levels in the pooled-mavacamten group increased to baseline by week 24. See  FIGS.  9  and  10   . That treatment was associated with significant dose-dependent reductions in NT-proBNP and cTnI suggests improvement in myocardial wall stress and cardiac injury in nHCM patients and generally suggests a physiological benefit. cTnI was measured using Abbott Stat Architect platform. 
     In the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, there was also a significant decrease in cTnI levels. The cTnI geometric mean at Week 16 decreased by 34% in the pooled-mavacamten group vs a 4% increase in placebo with geometric mean differences of −0.008 ng/mL and +0.001 ng/mL, respectively (P=0.009). See Table 3.3. After study drug was stopped at week 16, cTnI levels in the pooled mavacamten group increased to baseline by week 24. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3.3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Change in Efficacy and Pharmacodynamic Parameters in the ITT Population 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group 1 
                 Group 2 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mavacamten 
                 Mavacamten 
                 Pooled 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter, Mean 
                 ~200 ng/mL 
                 ~500 ng/mL 
                 mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                 (SD) 
                 (n = 19) 
                 (n = 21) 
                 (n = 40) 
                 (n = 19) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 LVEF (%) 
                 −2.30 
                 (5.30) 
                 −5.61 
                 (9.65) 
                 −4.09 
                 (8.02) 
                 −2.31 
                 (4.94) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −5.03, 
                 0.42 
                 −10.13, 
                 −1.09 
                 −6.77, 
                 −1.42 
                 −4.85, 
                 0.23 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.91 
                 0.42 
                 0.45 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Lateral e′ (cm/s) 
                 0.34 
                 (2.57) 
                 1.46 
                 (3.55) 
                 0.94 
                 (3.15) 
                 0.32 
                 (2.37) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −0.99, 
                 1.66 
                 −0.20, 
                 3.12 
                 −0.11, 
                 1.99 
                 −0.94, 
                 1.59 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.66 
                 0.10 
                 0.35 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Septal e′ (cm/s) 
                 0.64 
                 (1.63) 
                 1.60 
                 (1.49) 
                 1.17 
                 (1.61) 
                 0.41 
                 (1.20) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −0.21, 
                 1.48 
                 0.92, 
                 2.27 
                 0.64, 
                 1.69 
                 −0.23, 
                 1.05 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.79 
                 0.02 
                 0.14 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E/e′ lat  ratio 
                 −0.71 
                 (2.73) 
                 −1.13 
                 (4.85) 
                 −0.94 
                 (3.97) 
                 −1.16 
                 (6.37) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −2.12, 
                 0.69 
                 −3.40, 
                 1.14 
                 −2.26, 
                 0.39 
                 −4.55, 
                 2.24 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.81 
                 0.41 
                 0.43 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E/e′ sep  ratio 
                 −1.42 
                 (3.56) 
                 −5.45 
                 (10.03) 
                 −3.65 
                 (8.00) 
                 −1.96 
                 (9.11) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −3.25, 
                 0.41 
                 −10.0, 
                 −0.88 
                 −6.28, 
                 −1.02 
                 −6.81, 
                 2.90 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.74 
                 0.25 
                 0.46 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E/e′ average  ratio 
                 −1.51 
                 (2.44) 
                 −3.45 
                 (6.78) 
                 −2.58 
                 (5.33) 
                 −1.56 
                 (6.449) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −2.77, 
                 −0.26 
                 −6.54, 
                 −0.36 
                 −4.33, 
                 −0.83 
                 −4.993, 
                 1.880 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.72 
                 0.28 
                 0.50 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 LVEDV (mL) 
                 1.15 
                 (10.9) 
                 6.50 
                 (13.5) 
                 4.04 
                 (12.5) 
                 −0.35 
                 (10.4) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −4.45, 
                 6.75 
                 0.19, 
                 12.8 
                 −0.12, 
                 8.2 
                 −5.68, 
                 4.97 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.46 
                 0.12 
                 0.22 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 LA vol (index) 
                 0.25 
                 (7.23) 
                 2.40 
                 (9.13) 
                 1.39 
                 (8.25) 
                 −0.82 
                 (8.72) 
               
               
                 (mL/m 2 ) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −3.47, 
                 3.97 
                 −2.00, 
                 6.80 
                 −1.40, 
                 4.18 
                 −5.30, 
                 3.67 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.85 
                 0.88 
                 0.90 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Peak VO 2  (mL/kg/min) 
                 0.36 
                 (3.12) 
                 0.12 
                 (3.76) 
                 0.22 
                 (3.44) 
                 0.58 
                 (2.39) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −1.44, 
                 2.16 
                 −1.75, 
                 1.99 
                 −1.02, 
                 1.46 
                 −0.60, 
                 1.77 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.87 
                 0.67 
                 0.93 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NYHA Class 
                 −0.6 
                 (0.7) 
                 −0.3 
                 (0.6) 
                 −0.4 
                 (0.7) 
                 −0.4 
                 (0.6) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −1.0, 
                 −0.2 
                 −0.5, 
                 −0.3 
                 −0.7, 
                 −0.2 
                 −0.8, 
                 −0.1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.42 
                 0.51 
                 0.95 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NT-proBNP* (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Geometric mean 
                 −47.1 
                 −57.9 
                 −53.2 
                 −0.7 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.01 
                  0.001 
                  0.0005 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 cTnI* (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Geometric mean 
                 −23.4 
                 −41.0 
                 −34.0 
                  3.8 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.09 
                  0.003 
                  0.009 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Overall KCCQ 
                 0.35 
                 (8.71) 
                 6.24 
                 (10.73) 
                 3.82 
                 (10.24) 
                 6.02 
                 (17.63) 
               
               
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −4.68, 
                 5.38 
                 1.22, 
                 11.26 
                 0.24, 
                 7.39 
                 −3.38, 
                 15.42 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.52 
                 0.48 
                 &gt;0.99  
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Clinical KCCQ 
                 0.11 
                 (7.67) 
                 5.66 
                 (10.01) 
                 3.37 
                 (9.41) 
                 4.34 
                 (16.05) 
               
               
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 −4.32, 
                 4.54 
                 0.97, 
                 10.34 
                 0.09, 
                 6.66 
                 −4.22, 
                 12.89 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.96 
                 0.40 
                 0.47 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Percent change is presented. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Post-hoc analyses of high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI) were performed on banked serum samples from baseline and week 16 using an ADVIA Centaur XPT immunoassay system (Siemens). The results from hs-cTnI confirmed the reduction in cTnI with mavacamten treatment. See  FIG.  11 A . Results from hs-cTnT were also confirmatory of the trend in reduction of cardiac troponin levels. See  FIG.  11 B . The hs-cTnT assay was also performed on the banked serum samples from baseline and week 16 using an ADVIA Centaur XPT immunoassay system (Siemens). 
     In the pooled-mavacamten group, there was a statistically significant correlation between the change in NT-proBNP at week 4 and the change in cTnI at week 16 (r=0.45, P=0.006). See  FIG.  12   . No significant correlation was seen in the placebo group (r=−0.31, P=0.212). 
     Change from baseline in key efficacy and pharmacodynamic parameters in participants with the elevated baseline cTnI is presented in Table 3.4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3.4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Change from Baseline in Efficacy and Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
               
                 in the Subgroup with Elevated cTnI at Baseline 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Pooled 
                   
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                 mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 mavacamten vs 
               
               
                   
                 (n = 13) 
                 (n = 6) 
                 placebo, 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Mean (95% CI) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Peak VO 2   
                 1.47 
                 (3.05) 
                 −1.22 
                 (1.94) 
                 2.70 
                 (−0.48, 5.87) 
               
               
                 (mL/kg/min) 
               
               
                 NYHA Class 
                 −0.5 
                 (0.8) 
                 −0.2 
                 (0.5) 
                 −0.3 
                 (−1.1, 0.5) 
               
               
                 E/e′ lat  Ratio 
                 −2.3 
                 (5.1) 
                 0.3 
                 (1.1) 
                 −2.6 
                 (−6.0, 0.8) 
               
               
                 E/e′ sep  Ratio 
                 −3.2 
                 (8.7) 
                 3.9 
                 (4.9) 
                 −7.0 
                 (−16.9, 2.8) 
               
               
                 E/e′ average  Ratio 
                 −2.8 
                 (6.6) 
                 2.1 
                 (3.0) 
                 −4.8 
                 (−12.2, 2.5) 
               
               
                 LVEDVi (mL/m 2 ) 
                 0.79 
                 (7.69) 
                 0.75 
                 (8.43) 
                 0.042 
                 (−8.92, 9.00) 
               
               
                 LA Volume Index 
                 0.9 
                 (11.1) 
                 −0.9 
                 (5.7) 
                 1.8 
                 (−9.5, 13.1) 
               
               
                 NT-proBNP (ng/L) 
                 −951 
                 (1040) 
                 −166 
                 (496) 
                 −784 
                 (−1826, 258) 
               
               
                 cTnI (ng/mL) 
                 −0.12 
                 (0.23) 
                 −0.04 
                 (0.04) 
                 −0.083 
                 (−0.23, 0.063) 
               
               
                 Overall KCCQ 
                 6.4 
                 (11.2) 
                 4.5 
                 (11.3) 
                 1.9 
                 (−10.7, 14.5) 
               
               
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                 Clinical KCCQ 
                 6.9 
                 (9.7) 
                 −1.9 
                 (9.1) 
                 8.8 
                 (−1.9, 19.4) 
               
               
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Elevated cTnI defined as &gt; 0.03 ng/mL (&gt;99 th  percentile). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exploratory analyses were performed to assess the impact of 16 weeks of mavacamten treatment on echo parameters of diastolic function (E/e′, e′ velocity) and the composite functional endpoint, which was defined as:
         1) an improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  and a reduction of 1 or more NYHA Class, or   2) an improvement of at least 3.0 mL/kg/min in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA Class.       

     Standardized CPET-based pVO 2  was determined at baseline and week 16 by a core laboratory (Cardio-metabolic Diagnostic Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.). In the ITT population, no significant changes were identified in E/e′ or e′ velocity across treatment groups. For participants with the elevated baseline E/e′, change from baseline in key efficacy and pharmacodynamic parameters is presented in Table 3.5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3.5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Change from Baseline in Efficacy and Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
               
                 in the Subgroup with Elevated E/e′ at Baseline 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pooled 
                   
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 mavacamten vs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (n = 14) 
                 (n = 11) 
                 placebo 
               
               
                   
                 Parameter 
                   
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Mean (95% CI) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Peak VO 2   
                 1.2 
                 (3.5) 
                 −0.7 
                 (1.8) 
                 1.9 
                 (−0.7, 4.4) 
               
               
                   
                 (mL/kg/min) 
               
               
                   
                 NYHA Class 
                 −0.4 
                 (0.8) 
                 −0.4 
                 (0.7) 
                 0.0 
                 (−0.6, 0.7) 
               
               
                   
                 E/e′ lat  Ratio 
                 −2.8 
                 (4.8) 
                 −2.4 
                 (8.3) 
                 −0.4 
                 (−6.1, 5.3) 
               
               
                   
                 E/e′ sep  Ratio 
                 −8.7 
                 (11.0) 
                 −3.3 
                 (12.0) 
                 −5.4 
                 (−15.5, 4.8) 
               
               
                   
                 E/e′ average  Ratio 
                 −6.4 
                 (6.7) 
                 −2.9 
                 (8.3) 
                 −3.6 
                 (−10.1, 3.0) 
               
               
                   
                 LVEDVi (mL/m 2 ) 
                 2.8 
                 (7.0) 
                 −1.1 
                 (5.7) 
                 3.9 
                 (−1.7, 9.4) 
               
               
                   
                 LA Volume Index 
                 2.8 
                 (6.3) 
                 −0.2 
                 (9.2) 
                 3.0 
                 (−3.7, 9.8) 
               
               
                   
                 NT-proBNP (ng/L) 
                 −656 
                 (1103) 
                 −301 
                 (520) 
                 −355 
                 (−1060, 350) 
               
               
                   
                 cTnI (ng/mL) 
                 −0.09 
                 (0.23) 
                 −0.02 
                 (0.04) 
                 −0.07 
                 (−0.20, 0.07) 
               
               
                   
                 Overall KCCQ 
                 4.7 
                 (8.6) 
                 4.4 
                 (8.8) 
                 0.4 
                 (−7.4, 8.2) 
               
               
                   
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                   
                 Clinical KCCQ 
                 4.6 
                 (8.7) 
                 0.5 
                 (8.1) 
                 4.1 
                 (−3.5, 11.8) 
               
               
                   
                 Summary Score 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     There was no clear difference observed in the proportion of participants achieving the composite functional endpoint in the ITT group—Group 1, 16%; Group 2, 29%; placebo, 22% of participants (p&gt;0.05). However, when analyzing a subgroup of participants with elevated cTnI (&gt;99th percentile) or E/e′average (&gt;14) at baseline (21 participants on mavacamten and 12 participants on placebo) (the “combined subgroup”), 33% of mavacamten-treated participants met the composite functional endpoint, while none of the placebo-treated participants achieved this (P=0.03). See  FIG.  13    and Table 3.6. Thus, in the initial exploratory analysis of this subset of participants with more severe disease expression (reflected by baseline elevated E/e′ and/or baseline elevated cTnI), mavacamten therapy was associated with improved pVO 2  and/or NYHA Class. Based on the data in Table 3.4 and 3.5, there appear to be favorable trends across multiple biomarkers and parameters of symptoms and function, including: Elevated troponin subgroup: peak VO 2 , NYHA, E/e′, and KCCQ; and Elevated E/e′ subgroup: peak VO 2 , E/e′, LVEDV, and KCCQ. Accordingly, this subgroup may benefit most from mavacamten therapy. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3.6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composite Functional Endpoint* in the Combined Subgroup (i.e., with 
               
               
                 Baseline Elevated cTnI or E/e′ average &gt; 14). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group 1 
                 Group 2 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mavacamten 
                 mavacamten 
                 Pooled 
               
               
                   
                 ~200 ng/mL 
                 ~500 ng/mL 
                 mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                 Parameters 
                 (n = 9) 
                 (n = 12) 
                 (n = 21) 
                 (n = 12) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Met endpoint, either 
                 3 
                 (33.3) 
                 4 
                 (33.3) 
                 7 
                 (33.3) 
                 0 
               
               
                 type, n (%) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 7.5, 
                 70.1 
                 9.9, 
                 65.1 
                 14.6, 
                 57.0 
                 0, 26.5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P value 
                 0.0456 
                 0.0336 
                 0.0287 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Type 1, n (%) 
                 1 
                 (11.1) 
                 1 
                 (8.3) 
                 2 
                 (9.5) 
                 0 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 0.3, 
                 48.3 
                 0.2, 
                 38.5 
                 1.2, 
                 30.4 
                 0, 26.5 
               
               
                 Type 2, n (%) 
                 2 
                 (22.2) 
                 3 
                 (25.0) 
                 5 
                 (23.8) 
                 0 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                 2.8, 
                 60.0 
                 5.5, 
                 57.2 
                 8.2, 
                 47.2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Composite functional endpoint was ≥1.5 mL/kg/min increase in pVO2 and ≥1 NYHA Class improvement; or ≥3.0 mL/kg/min increase in pVO2 with no worsening in NYHA Class An inverse correlation was observed between NT-proBNP levels and pVO2, a marker of clinical benefit in a Maverick patient subgroup (i.e., elevated troponin and/or elevated E/e′). See FIG. 14. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4. Overdosing of Mavacamten 
     Experiments with isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes in vitro and with anaesthetized rats in vivo have established that the pharmacologic effects of mavacamten can be counteracted by β adrenergic agonists (isoproterenol and dobutamine, respectively). Therefore, in the mavacamten clinical trials, if a subject experiences AEs potentially related to reduced cardiac output due to the administration of mavacamten, administration of therapeutic doses of a β adrenergic agonist (e.g., 5 to 10 μg/kg/min dobutamine infusion) should be considered. Additional supportive measures, e.g., intravenous volume supplementation and/or the use of arterial vasoconstrictor agents (a adrenergic agonists) may complement the use of a β adrenergic agonist. 
     Methods: The responsiveness of mavacamten-induced cardio-depression to positive inotropic challenges was assessed in a set of conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. In these animals, functional reserve was assessed via either dobutamine (+DOB, 10 ug/kg/min IV for 10 min, n=7) or levosimendan (+LEVO, 0.3 μmol/kg IV over 30; n=6) challenges given 3 hrs following a single-dose administration of MAVA (at 4 mg/kg, PO). Cardiac function/geometry were recorded and compared at three separate time-points/days: prior to dosing (i.e., at baseline) and at 3 hrs post-dosing both before as well as during the inotropic challenge; in order to account for the levosimendan-induced changes in loading conditions, an additional echocardiographic examination was performed following acute preload-restoration in LEVO-treated rats (+LEVO/F, 0.9% NaCl at 30 mL/kg/hr IV). 
     In these experiments, left-ventricular fractional shortening (FS), an index of systolic performance, as well as LV dimensions/volumes and heart rates were measured using a high-frequency transducer and parasternal long-axis transthoracic views (Vevo2100, VisualSonic). FS was defined as the end-diastole normalized change in internal dimensions/diameter of the left ventricle between end-systole (LVESd) and end-diastole (LVEDd) (i.e., FS=100. [LVEDd−LVESd]/LVEDd). LV volumes were derived assuming a Teichholz model (LVV=7·[2.4+LVid]−1·LVid3). 
     In addition, the effects of MAVA (at 1.5 mg/kg PO, via gavage) on cardiac reserve were evaluated via acute β-AR challenges (dobutamime: 2, 5, and 10 ug/kg/min IV) in conscious fully-instrumented (LVPV group) dogs with normal cardiac function (n=8). These challenges were performed before/after dosing (+3-hour) in control- and MAVA-treated animals both under normal cardiac physiological conditions (n=4) and under (mild) concomitant cardio-depression induced via either selective β-AR blockade (+BB, metoprolol 0.5±0.1 mg/kg PO tid; n=4) or L-type Ca2+−channel blockade (+CCB, verapamil at 5±1 mg/kg PO tid; n=4); pharmacological blockades were established for 7 days prior to the MAVA treatment. Both peak and dose-responses were evaluated at steady state. 
     Throughout these experiments, analog signals were digitally acquired (1000 Hz) and recorded continuously with a data acquisition/analysis system (IOX; EMKA Technologies). Heart rate (HR), end-systolic (ESP) and end-diastolic pressures (EDP), as well as the peak rates of pressure rise/decline (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin), the contractility index (CI: dP/dt/P at dP/dtmax), and the time-constant of myocardial relaxation (tau½, time for 50% decay from dP/dtmin) were derived from the LV pressure signal. Meanwhile, the end-systolic (ESV) and end-diastolic volumes (EDV) were measured from the LV volume signal derived from the implanted myocardial crystals. LV volumes were derived assuming a Teichholz model, and stroke volume (SV=EDV−ESV), ejection fraction (EF=SV/EDV), as well as cardiac output (CO=SV·HR) were calculated; in a subset of animals, SV and CO values were verified from data derived from the implanted aortic flow proble. During each experiment, LV pressure-volume relationships were also evaluated during brief periods of cardiac preload reduction (transient occlusion of the inferior vena cava by inflation of the implanted cuff) using the telemetry-based LV pressure and the crystal-derived volume signals. The slopes of the preload-recruitable stroke work (PRSW; stroke work vs. EDV) and the end-systolic pressure-volume relationships (ESPVR; end-systolic elastance, Ees) were derived by software using linear models (IOX; EMKA Technologies), and were used as load-independent inotropic indices. Ventricular load was estimated by the effective arterial elastance (Ea=ESP/SV). In addition, the functional left-ventricular stiffness at end-diastole (LV-b) was estimated as the slope of the linear end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR), while the EDV/EDP ratio was used as an index of LV distensibility. 
     Both dobutamine (a synthetic β-AR agonist) and levosimendan (a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor) successfully rescued/restored echocardiography-derived indices of systolic function in healthy rats exposed to a supra-therapeutic dose of mavacamten (resulting an approximately a 50% reduction in ejection fraction). Similar observations were noted in conscious chronically-instrumented dogs. In dogs, dobutamine triggered comparable stroke-volume/cardiac output recruitments both before (i.e., control condition) and under acute mavacamten treatment, despite the induced depression; notably, MAVA blunted β-AR elevations in dP/dtmax and CI. Moreover, in these animals, mavacamten not only permitted systolic recruitment but also enhanced the β-AR induced acceleration of tau (and/or dP/dtmin, data not shown) at any given dP/dtmax gain, an observation consistent with the improvements in myocardial distensibility noted above. 
     Example 5. MYK-461-019 TRIAL: An Exploratory, Open-Label, Proof-of-Concept Study of Mavacamten (MYK-461) in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) and Chronic Elevation of Cardiac Troponin-I and/or NT-proBNP 
     This study will be a multicenter, exploratory, open-label study of the administration of mavacamten in approximately 35-40 ambulatory participants with a diagnosis of (symptomatic) HFpEF and either elevated hs-cTnI or NT-proBNP (as defined in inclusion/exclusion criteria). The number of participants entering the study without elevated (&gt;99th percentile) hs-cTnI will be limited to 23. Participants will receive a 26 week course of mavacamten followed by an 8 week washout period. All participants will initially receive 2.5 mg orally each day. At week 14, the dose for some participants may be increased to 5 mg orally each day as defined below in Study Treatment section. 
     Study Treatment: 
     Doses of mavacamten used in this study will be 2.5 and 5 mg. Dose adjustments at Week 14 will be based upon biomarkers (hs-cTnI and NT-proBNP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured at the Week 12 visit. 
     For participants entering the study with hs-cTnI&gt;99 th  percentile, the dose will be increased to 5 mg at Week 14 if the following conditions are met:
         1. hs-cTnI (at Week 12) has not decreased by at least 30% relative to the mean of all available pre-treatment values (pre-screening, screening, and day 1 pre-dose) AND   2. Resting LVEF (at Week 12) has not decreased by ≥15% (relative reduction from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 Pre-Dose resting LVEFs) AND   3. NT-proBNP has not increased by ≥50% from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 pre-dose resting measurements
 
If the core laboratory determines that a precise quantitative estimate of LVEF is not possible for the Week 12 echo due to technical factors, a repeat echo from an unscheduled visit (if performed by Week 14) can be utilized for this purpose. If this is not possible, a qualitative assessment of LVEF from the Week 12 TTE may be utilized.
       

     For participants entering the study with NT-proBNP elevation and hs-cTnI≤99 th  percentile, the dose will be increased to 5 mg at Week 14 if the following conditions are met:
         1. NT-proBNP (at Week 12) has not decreased by at least 50% or increased by at least 50% relative to the mean of all available pre-treatment values (pre-screening, screening, and day 1 pre-dose) AND   2. Resting LVEF (at Week 12) has not decreased by ≥15% (relative reduction from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 Pre-Dose resting LVEFs)       

     There will also be a provision for temporary or permanent treatment discontinuation based on the LVEF after all visits in which it is measured:
         If the local sonographer determines that the LVEF is ≤45%: under these circumstances, the sonographer should review and re-measure the findings with at least one other professional qualified in echocardiography assessment (can be the investigator) in addition to informing the investigator. If the result is confirmed locally (LVEF≤45%), then study drug will be permanently discontinued.   If the central echo lab determines that LVEF has either decreased (relative reduction) of 20% from baseline (mean of all screening/pre-dose values) OR that the LVEF is &lt;50% but &gt;45%, study drug will be temporarily discontinued for two weeks. In the event that TTE quality is deemed insufficient by the central core laboratory to precisely estimate LVEF, an attempt to obtain a repeat unscheduled TTE for this purpose should be made; however, if this is not possible or if LVEF still cannot be quantitatively estimated, the core TTE laboratory should qualitatively determine whether the LVEF is likely &lt;50% and this information will be utilized for dosing. If the local investigator is informed that LVEF is &lt;50% on a non-study TTE, study drug should be temporarily discontinued and the TTE images obtained for core TTE lab review. If the core TTE lab determines that LVEF was ≤45% on the TTE, study drug must be permanently discontinued. If the core TTE lab determines that LVEF was &lt;50% but ≥45%: the procedures in (2) above should be followed.       

     If study drug is temporarily discontinued under (2), it may be restarted after 2 weeks if repeat TTE demonstrates that participant no longer meets the criteria leading to temporary discontinuation on the subsequent TTE. The dose upon restarting will be 2.5 mg regardless of the dose at the time of temporary discontinuation. If a participant meets criteria for temporary discontinuation a second time after restarting study drug, the study drug will be permanently discontinued. 
     Study Objectives: 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary 
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                 Objectives 
                 on hs-cTnI levels (at rest and post-exercise) 
               
               
                   
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on NT-proBNP levels (at rest and post-exercise) 
               
               
                   
                 To evaluate the safety and tolerability of a 26-week course 
               
               
                   
                 of mavacamten in individuals with HFpEF with chronic 
               
               
                   
                 elevation of cTn and/or NT-proBNP 
               
               
                 Exploratory 
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                 Objectives 
                 on Peak VO 2  and VE/VCO 2  slope by CPET 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the effect of a 26 week course of mavacamten on 
               
               
                   
                 diastolic function (both with and without exercise) by TTE 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on systolic function (both with and without exercise) by 
               
               
                   
                 TTE 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on activity measured by accelerometry 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on NYHA class 
               
               
                   
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on KCCQ 
               
               
                   
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on Seattle Angina Questionnaire 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic 
                 To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of 
               
               
                 Objective 
                 mavacamten in individuals with HFpEF with chronic 
               
               
                   
                 elevation of cTn and/or NT-proBNP 
               
               
                 CMR Substudy 
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                 Exploratory 
                 on left ventricular mass index as measured by cardiac 
               
               
                 Objectives 
                 magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging 
               
               
                 (Optional) 
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26-week course of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 on myocardial perfusion as measured by CMR 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study Criteria 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Inclusion 
                 Each participant must meet the following criteria to be included in 
               
               
                 Criteria 
                 this study: 
               
               
                   
                 1. Able to understand and comply with the study procedures, 
               
               
                   
                 understand the risks involved in the study, and provide written 
               
               
                   
                 informed consent according to federal, local, and institutional 
               
               
                   
                 guidelines before the first study-specific procedure 
               
               
                   
                 2. Is at least 50 years old at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 3. Body weight is greater than 45 kg at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 4. Prior objective evidence of heart failure as shown by 1 or more 
               
               
                   
                 of the following criteria: 
               
               
                   
                 Previous hospitalization for heart failure with radiographic 
               
               
                   
                 evidence of pulmonary congestion 
               
               
                   
                 Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or 
               
               
                   
                 pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest (≥15 mm Hg) or 
               
               
                   
                 with exercise (≥25 mm Hg) 
               
               
                   
                 Elevated level of NT-proBNP (&gt;400 pg/mL) or BNP (&gt;200 
               
               
                   
                 pg/mL). In the absence of qualifying historical NT- 
               
               
                   
                 proBNP or BNP levels meeting this threshold, screening 
               
               
                   
                 NT-proBNP meeting the threshold in inclusion criterion 5 
               
               
                   
                 will satisfy inclusion criterion 4. 
               
               
                   
                 Echocardiographic evidence of medial E/e′ ratio ≥ 15 or 
               
               
                   
                 left atrial enlargement together with chronic treatment with 
               
               
                   
                 a loop diuretic 
               
               
                   
                 5. Has either: 
               
               
                   
                 a screening hs-cTnI &gt; 99 th  percentile. OR 
               
               
                   
                 a screening NT-proBNP &gt;300 pg/mL (if not in atrial 
               
               
                   
                 fibrillation or atrial flutter) or &gt; 750 pg/mL (if in atrial 
               
               
                   
                 fibrillation or atrial flutter)* 
               
               
                   
                 *No more than 23 participants may enter the study without a 
               
               
                   
                 screening hs-cTnI &gt; 99 th  percentile 
               
               
                   
                 6. Has documented left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 60% at the 
               
               
                   
                 Screening visit as determined by the echocardiography central 
               
               
                   
                 laboratory and no prior LVEF ≤ 45%. 
               
               
                   
                 7. Has documented elevated left ventricular mass index by 2- 
               
               
                   
                 dimensional imaging (&gt;95 g/m 2  if female and &gt;115 g/m 2  if male). 
               
               
                   
                 Upon agreement of the study Co-Coordinating Investigators and 
               
               
                   
                 MyoKardia after an interim review of data, the LVMI threshold 
               
               
                   
                 for inclusion may be increased if deemed appropriate. 
               
               
                   
                 8. Has adequate acoustic windows on screening resting 
               
               
                   
                 transthoracic echocardiogram as determined by echocardiography 
               
               
                   
                 central laboratory, to enable high likelihood of acquisition of high 
               
               
                   
                 quality transthoracic echocardiograms throughout study. 
               
               
                   
                 9. Has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II or III 
               
               
                   
                 symptoms at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 10. Has safety laboratory parameters (chemistry, hematology, 
               
               
                   
                 coagulation, and urinalysis) within normal limits (according to the 
               
               
                   
                 central laboratory reference range) at Screening; however, a 
               
               
                   
                 participant with safety laboratory parameters outside normal limits 
               
               
                   
                 may be included if he or she meets all of the following criteria: 
               
               
                   
                 The safety laboratory parameter outside normal limits is 
               
               
                   
                 considered by the investigator to be clinically unimportant 
               
               
                   
                 If there is an alanine aminotransferase or aspartate 
               
               
                   
                 aminotransferase result, the value must be &lt;3 x the upper 
               
               
                   
                 limit of the laboratory reference range 
               
               
                   
                 The body size-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate 
               
               
                   
                 is ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2   
               
               
                   
                 11. Female participants must not be pregnant or lactating and, if 
               
               
                   
                 sexually active, must be using one of the following highly 
               
               
                   
                 effective birth control methods from the Screening visit through 3 
               
               
                   
                 months after the last dose of study drug. 
               
               
                   
                 Combined (estrogen- and progestogen-containing) 
               
               
                   
                 hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of 
               
               
                   
                 ovulation or progestogen-only hormonal contraception 
               
               
                   
                 associated with inhibition of ovulation by oral, 
               
               
                   
                 implantable, or injectable route of administration 
               
               
                   
                 Intrauterine device (IUD) 
               
               
                   
                 Intrauterine hormone-releasing system (IUS) 
               
               
                   
                 Female is surgically sterile for 6 months or 
               
               
                   
                 postmenopausal for 1 year. Permanent sterilization 
               
               
                   
                 includes hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, bilateral 
               
               
                   
                 salpingectomy, and/or documented bilateral tubal 
               
               
                   
                 occlusion at least 6 months prior to Screening. Females are 
               
               
                   
                 considered postmenopausal if they have had amenorrhea 
               
               
                   
                 for at least 1 year or more following cessation of all 
               
               
                   
                 exogenous hormonal treatments and follicle-stimulating 
               
               
                   
                 hormone levels are in the postmenopausal range 
               
               
                   
                 Male partners must also use a contraceptive (e.g., barrier, condom 
               
               
                   
                 or vasectomy) 
               
               
                 Exclusion 
                 A participant who meets any of the following exclusion criteria 
               
               
                 Criteria 
                 may not participate in this study: 
               
               
                   
                 1. Previously participated in a clinical study with mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 2. Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 formulation 
               
               
                   
                 3. Participated in a clinical trial where the participant received any 
               
               
                   
                 investigational drug (or is currently using an investigational 
               
               
                   
                 device) within 30 days prior to screening or 5 times the respective 
               
               
                   
                 elimination half-life (whichever is longer) 
               
               
                   
                 4. Has a known infiltrative or storage disorder causing HFpEF 
               
               
                   
                 and/or cardiac hypertrophy, such as amyloidosis, Fabry disease, or 
               
               
                   
                 Noonan syndrome with LV hypertrophy OR has imaging results 
               
               
                   
                 from this study deemed on central review by the co-lead 
               
               
                   
                 investigators to be suspicious for amyloid OR has an abnormal 
               
               
                   
                 serum free light chain ratio at screening OR a positive serum 
               
               
                   
                 immunofixation result 
               
               
                   
                 5. Has any medical condition that precludes upright exercise stress 
               
               
                   
                 testing (for stress echocardiogram) 
               
               
                   
                 6. Has a history of syncope within the last 6 months or sustained 
               
               
                   
                 ventricular tachycardia with exercise within the past 6 months 
               
               
                   
                 7. Has a history of resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest at any time or 
               
               
                   
                 known appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) 
               
               
                   
                 discharge within 6 months prior to Screening 
               
               
                   
                 8. Has paroxysmal, intermittent atrial fibrillation with atrial 
               
               
                   
                 fibrillation present per the investigator&#39;s evaluation of the 
               
               
                   
                 participant&#39;s electrocardiogram (ECG) at the time of screening 
               
               
                   
                 9. Has persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation not on 
               
               
                   
                 anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and/or is not 
               
               
                   
                 adequately rate controlled within 6 months prior to Screening 
               
               
                   
                 (note: patients with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation who 
               
               
                   
                 are anticoagulated and adequately rate-controlled are allowed) 
               
               
                   
                 10. For participants on beta blocker, verapamil or diltiazem, any 
               
               
                   
                 dose adjustment &lt; 14 days before screening 
               
               
                   
                 11. Currently treated or planned treatment during the study with a 
               
               
                   
                 combination of beta blocker and verapamil or a combination of 
               
               
                   
                 beta blocker and diltiazem 
               
               
                   
                 12. Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) &gt; 500 ms or any other 
               
               
                   
                 ECG abnormality considered by the investigator to pose a risk to 
               
               
                   
                 participant safety (eg, second-degree atrioventricular block type II) 
               
               
                   
                 13. Has known unrevascularized coronary artery disease 
               
               
                   
                 14. Has known moderate or severe (as per the Investigator&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 judgment) aortic valve stenosis at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 15. Has any acute or serious comorbid condition (eg, major 
               
               
                   
                 infection or hematologic, renal, metabolic, gastrointestinal, or 
               
               
                   
                 endocrine dysfunction) that, in the judgment of the investigator, 
               
               
                   
                 could lead to premature termination of study participation or 
               
               
                   
                 interfere with the measurement or interpretation of the efficacy 
               
               
                   
                 and safety assessments in the study 
               
               
                   
                 16. Has severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or 
               
               
                   
                 other severe pulmonary disease, requiring home oxygen, chronic 
               
               
                   
                 nebulizer therapy, chronic oral steroid therapy or hospitalized for 
               
               
                   
                 pulmonary decompensation within 12 months 
               
               
                   
                 17. Hemoglobin &lt; 10 g/dL 
               
               
                   
                 18. Body Mass Index ≥45 kg/m 2   
               
               
                   
                 19. Positive serologic test at Screening for infection with human 
               
               
                   
                 immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, or hepatitis B virus 
               
               
                   
                 20. Active acute respiratory infection at time of screening or 
               
               
                   
                 randomization 
               
               
                   
                 21. History of clinically significant malignant disease within 10 
               
               
                   
                 years of Screening: 
               
               
                   
                 Participants who have been successfully treated for 
               
               
                   
                 nonmetastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma or have been adequately treated for cervical 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma in situ can be included in the study 
               
               
                   
                 22. History or evidence of any other clinically significant disorder, 
               
               
                   
                 condition, or disease (with the exception of those outlined above) 
               
               
                   
                 that, in the opinion of the investigator or medical monitor, would 
               
               
                   
                 pose a risk to participant safety or interfere with the study 
               
               
                   
                 evaluation, procedures, or completion 
               
               
                   
                 23. Currently taking, or has taken within 14 days prior to 
               
               
                   
                 Screening, a prohibited medication such as a cytochrome P450 
               
               
                   
                 (CYP) 2C19 inhibitor (eg, omeprazole, esomeprazole), a strong 
               
               
                   
                 CYP 3A4 inhibitor, or St. Johns Wort 
               
               
                   
                 24. Prior treatment with cardiotoxic agents such as doxorubicin or 
               
               
                   
                 similar 
               
               
                   
                 25. Unable to comply with the study requirements, including the 
               
               
                   
                 number of required visits to the clinical site 
               
               
                   
                 26. Employed by, or a relative of someone employed by 
               
               
                   
                 MyoKardia, the investigator, or his/her staff or family 
               
               
                 Additional CMR 
                 1. Consents to participation in MRI substudy 
               
               
                 Substudy Inclusion 
               
               
                 Criterion 
               
               
                 Additional CMR 
                 1. Any contraindication to MRI (including contraindications to 
               
               
                 Substudy Exclusion 
                 gadolinium contrast) based on local clinical protocols 
               
               
                 Criterion 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study Endpoints: 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary Endpoints 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in hs-cTnI 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in NT-proBNP 
               
               
                 Exploratory Endpoints 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in Peak VO 2   
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in VE/VCO 2  slope 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE measures of 
               
               
                   
                 resting diastolic function (e′, E/e′, E/A, pulmonary artery 
               
               
                   
                 systolic pressure, left atrial size) 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE measures of 
               
               
                   
                 diastolic function upon exercise stress echo 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE measures of 
               
               
                   
                 systolic function (eg, LVEF) 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE measures of 
               
               
                   
                 systolic function upon exercise stress echo 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in average daily activity 
               
               
                   
                 units as measured by accelerometry 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in NYHA Class 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in KCCQ Scores 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in Seattle Angina 
               
               
                   
                 Questionnaire score 
               
               
                 Exploratory Endpoints - 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in left ventricular mass 
               
               
                 CMR Sub-Study 
                 index by CMR 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in maximal left 
               
               
                   
                 ventricular wall thickness by CMR 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in perfusion by CMR 
               
               
                 Safety Endpoints 
                 Frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse 
               
               
                   
                 events, adverse events of special interest (permanent or 
               
               
                   
                 temporary treatment discontinuation due to LVEF 
               
               
                   
                 reduction), and serious adverse events; laboratory 
               
               
                   
                 abnormalities; vital signs; and cardiac rhythm abnormalities 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic Endpoint 
                 Mavacamten plasma concentration over time 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6. VALOR TRIAL: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate Mavacamten in Adults with Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Who are Eligible for Septal Reduction Therapy 
     This is a Phase 3 study to evaluate the effect of mavacamten treatment on reducing the number of septal reduction therapy (SRT) procedures performed in subjects with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM [also known as HOCM]) who are eligible for SRT based on American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Heart Association (AHA) and/or European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines (ie, guidelines). Data from this study will complement results from the completed MYK-461-004 (PIONEER-HCM) and ongoing MYK-461-005 (EXPLORER-HCM) studies of mavacamten in subjects with symptomatic oHCM and potentially expand the benefit of mavacamten to a population of oHCM patients with severe symptoms refractory to maximal medical therapy. 
     Study Objective and Endpoints: 
     The primary, secondary, exploratory, and pharmacokinetics (PK) objectives and endpoints of the study are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Objectives 
                 Endpoints 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary 
                   
               
               
                 To evaluate the ability of 
                 The primary endpoint will be a composite of: 
               
               
                 mavacamten to reduce the need 
                 1) Decision to proceed with SRT prior to or at Week 16 
               
               
                 for SRT in guideline-eligible 
                 and 2) SRT guideline eligible at Week 16 (but declined 
               
               
                 subjects with oHCM who are 
                 by subject). 
               
               
                 referred for SRT. 
               
               
                 Secondary 
               
               
                 To evaluate the persistence of the 
                 The endpoint will be a composite of the outcomes at 
               
               
                 effects of mavacamten in reducing 
                 Week 32 compared with Week 16 for subjects in the 
               
               
                 the number of SRT procedures. 
                 mavacamten group in: 
               
               
                   
                 1) Decision to proceed with SRT prior to or at Week 32 
               
               
                   
                 and 2) SRT guideline eligible at Week 32 (but declined 
               
               
                   
                 by subject). 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of 
                 Change from baseline to Week 16 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                 mavacamten on subject 
                 group compared with the placebo group in: 
               
               
                 symptoms. 
                 New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class 
               
               
                   
                 Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire 23-item 
               
               
                   
                 version (KCCQ-23). 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of 
                 Change from baseline to Week 16 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                 mavacamten on cardiac 
                 group compared with the placebo group in N-terminal 
               
               
                 biomarkers 
                 pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac 
               
               
                   
                 troponin. 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of 
                 Change from baseline to Week16 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                 mavacamten on a hemodynamic 
                 group compared with the placebo group in left 
               
               
                 parameter 
                 ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient. 
               
               
                 Exploratory 
               
               
                 To evaluate the ability of 
                 The endpoint will be a composite of the outcomes at 
               
               
                 mavacamten to reduce the need 
                 Week 32 compared with Week 16 for subjects in the 
               
               
                 for SRT in subjects who were 
                 placebo-to-active group on: 
               
               
                 randomized to receive placebo for 
                 1) Decision to proceed with SRT prior to or at Week 32 
               
               
                 the first 16 weeks of the study. 
                 and 2) SRT guideline eligible at Week 32, but declined 
               
               
                   
                 by subject. 
               
               
                 To evaluate the ability of 
                 Analysis of NYHA functional class, KCCQ-23, and 
               
               
                 mavacamten to reduce symptoms 
                 LVOT gradient will be performed for: 
               
               
                 and hemodynamic gradient. 
                 Change from baseline to Week 16 compared with 
               
               
                   
                 change from baseline to Week 32 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 group; Change from baseline to Week 32 in the 
               
               
                   
                 mavacamten group compared with the placebo-to-active 
               
               
                   
                 group. 
               
               
                 To evaluate the ability of 
                 Analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 
               
               
                 mavacamten to reduce 
                 left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, left atrium size, 
               
               
                 hemodynamic parameters and 
                 cardiac biomarkers, accelerometry, and EuroQol 
               
               
                 cardiac biomarkers and to 
                 5-dimensions 5-level questionnaire will be performed 
               
               
                 improve subject activity level and 
                 for: 
               
               
                 quality of life. 
                 Change from baseline to Week 16 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 group compared with the placebo group; 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 16 compared with 
               
               
                   
                 change from baseline to Week 32 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 group; 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 32 in the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 group compared with the placebo-to-active group. 
               
               
                 Evaluate the effects of 
                 Change from baseline to Week 16, Week 16 to 32, and 
               
               
                 mavacamten on type and dose of 
                 Week 32 to Week 128 in HCM standard of care cardiac 
               
               
                 cardiac medications. 
                 medications. 
               
               
                 Safety 
               
               
                 To evaluate the safety of 
                 Incidence of LVEF &lt;50% following dose titration 
               
               
                 mavacamten for the duration of 
                 determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) 
               
               
                 the study. 
                 Incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse 
               
               
                   
                 events (TEAEs), treatment-emergent serious adverse 
               
               
                   
                 events (SAEs), and laboratory abnormalities (including 
               
               
                   
                 trends in NT-proBNP); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of SAEs in subjects taking mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 compared with subjects taking placebo and with those 
               
               
                   
                 who undergo SRT; 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE; 
               
               
                   
                 death, stroke, acute myocardial infarction); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of hospitalizations (due to cardiovascular 
               
               
                   
                 [CV] and non-CV events); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of heart failure (HF) events, (including 
               
               
                   
                 hospitalizations and urgent emergency room/outpatient 
               
               
                   
                 visits for HF and escalation in HF treatment); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of atrial fibrillation/flutter (new from 
               
               
                   
                 screening and recurrent); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 
               
               
                   
                 (ICD) therapy and resuscitated cardiac arrest 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (includes 
               
               
                   
                 ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and 
               
               
                   
                 Torsades de Pointe); 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of adverse events of special interest (AESIs; 
               
               
                   
                 symptomatic overdose, pregnancy, LVEF ≤30%). 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetics 
               
               
                 Evaluate plasma concentrations of 
                 Summarize mavacamten plasma concentrations from 
               
               
                 mavacamten 
                 on-treatment sample collection 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Overall Design: 
     This is a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of males and females≥18 years with oHCM who meet ACCF/AHA and/or ESC guideline criteria for SRT (e.g., LVOT gradient of ≥50 mmHg and NYHA Class III-IV) and have been referred for an invasive procedure. After completing screening assessments, eligible subjects will be randomized 1:1 to the mavacamten or placebo treatment groups. Randomization will be stratified by the type of SRT procedure recommended (myectomy or alcohol septal ablation [ASA]) and NYHA functional class. 
     The study duration will be up to 138 weeks, including a 2-week screening period (Week −2), 128 weeks of treatment, and an 8-week posttreatment follow-up visit (Week 136). 
     There will be 3 dosing periods as follows:
         Placebo-controlled dosing period (Day 1 to Week 16): Subjects will receive double-blind mavacamten or placebo once daily for 16 weeks.   Active-controlled dosing period (Week 16 to Week 32): All subjects will receive mavacamten once daily for 16 weeks. Dose will be blinded.   Long-term extension (LTE) dosing period (Week 32 to Week 128): All subjects will receive mavacamten once daily for 96 weeks. Dose will remain blinded unless the sponsor chooses to unblind once the primary analysis is complete.       

     Study Procedures and Treatment: 
     
         
         
           
             Study visits will occur at screening, Day 1, every 4 weeks through Week 32, every 12 weeks thereafter until Week 128 (EOT), and Week 136 (end of study). Visits must take place at the study center at Day 1 and Weeks 8, 16, 24, and 32, every 12 weeks thereafter through Week 128, and Week 136. For selected sites, study visits may take place at a subject&#39;s home with a qualified home health care professional who is contracted by the sponsor at Weeks 4, 12, 20, and 28. Subjects who prematurely discontinue study drug at any time (except for SRT) will attend a treatment discontinuation visit within 14 days of study drug discontinuation and will be followed every 24 weeks thereafter until Week 128. 
             On Day 1, eligible subjects will be randomized in a double-blind manner via an interactive response system (IXRS) to the mavacamten or placebo groups. Randomization will be stratified by the type of SRT procedure recommended (myectomy or ASA) and NYHA functional class. Subjects will begin mavacamten 5 mg or matching placebo once daily by mouth for 16 weeks with subsequent assessments for dose adjustments. 
             At Weeks 16, 32, 80, and 128, subjects will be reevaluated for SRT eligibility. The investigator will confirm that the subject remains on maximal medical therapy, determine NYHA class, and enter the information in the electronic case report form (eCRF). Every effort should be made to have the same investigator who evaluates NYHA at screening also evaluate NYHA at Weeks 16, 32, 80, and 128. Independently, and blinded to the investigator, a TTE will be performed to assess LVOT gradients at rest, provocation, and post exercise. At Weeks 16 and 32, TTE will be read at the core echocardiography laboratory, and a categorical LVOT gradient result (&lt;50 mmHg or ≥50 mmHg) will be reported to the study site by the core laboratory. At Weeks 80 and 128, LVOT&lt;50 mmHg or ≥50 mmHg will be determined by site-read echocardiography. The investigator will remain blinded to the LVOT gradient result until after NYHA results have been entered in the eCRF. Results of medical therapy, NYHA functional class, and LVOT will be reviewed by the investigator, who will determine whether the subject meets ACCF/AHA and/or ESC eligibility criteria for SRT (yes or no). The investigator will discuss the recommendation with the subject. If the recommendation is to proceed with SRT, the subject may schedule the SRT at a recommended HCM center to occur after a recommended study drug washout period≥6 weeks, or the subject may decline the recommendation and remain on study drug. 
             After Week 16 assessments, subjects in the mavacamten treatment group who elect to continue treatment (i.e., do not make a decision to have SRT) will continue once-daily dosing with mavacamten at the dose they had been receiving at Week 16 for an additional 16 weeks; subjects in the placebo group who elect to continue treatment (i.e., do not make a decision to have SRT) will begin dosing with mavacamten 5 mg once daily for 16 weeks with subsequent assessments for dose adjustments (placebo-to-active group). During the active-controlled dosing period, mavacamten dose will remain blinded. 
             After Week 32 assessments, all subjects (mavacamten group and placebo-to-active group) who elect to continue treatment (ie, do not make a decision to have SRT) will continue daily dosing with mavacamten at the dose they had been receiving at Week 32 for an additional 96 weeks to Week 128 (EOT). During the LTE dosing period, mavacamten dose will remain blinded unless the sponsor chooses to unblind once the primary analysis is complete. Subjects will be reevaluated for SRT eligibility at Weeks 80 and 128. 
             During the study, dose may be titrated based on LVEF and LVOT by TTE read at the core echocardiography laboratory and according to dose titration guidelines. Throughout the study, all dose adjustments will occur in a blinded manner via the IXRS. 
             During the placebo-controlled dosing period (Day 1 to Week 16), all subjects will be evaluated for possible down-titration at Week 4 and up-titration at Weeks 8 and 12. Although subjects in the placebo group will be evaluated for dose titration, they will remain on placebo. 
             During the active-controlled dosing period (Weeks 16 to 32), subjects in the placebo-to-active group, who begin dosing with mavacamten at Week 16, will be evaluated for possible down-titration at Week 20 and up-titration at Weeks 24 and 28. 
             During the LTE dosing period (Weeks 32 to 128), mavacamten dose may be up-titrated at any scheduled visit after Week 32 if the site-read LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver is ≥30 mmHg and LVEF is ≥50%. All dose increases during LTE dosing must be approved by the medical monitor before they are implemented. Subjects who have their mavacamten dose increased during the LTE period will attend an unscheduled study visit 4 weeks after the dose increase and then resume the regular study visit schedule. 
             Dose may be down-titrated for safety at any time. Safety will be monitored throughout the study. 
             Table 6.0 provides dose titration guidelines for the study 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.0 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dose Titration Guidelines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 LVEF ≥ 50% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mavacamten Group 
                 Placebo-to-Active Group 
               
               
                   
                 Day 1 to Week 16 
                 Week 16 to Week 32 
               
               
                   
                 Study Week 
                 Study Week 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4 
                 8 
                 12 
                 20 
                 24 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Valsalva 
                 Remain 
                 Increase 
                 Increase 
                 Remain 
                 Increase 
                 Increase 
               
               
                 LVOT ≥ 
                 on 5 mg 
                 dose (2.5 
                 dose (2.5 
                 on 5 mg 
                 dose (2.5 
                 dose (2.5 
               
               
                 30 mmHg 
                   
                 mg to 5 
                 mg to 5 mg, 
                   
                 mg to 5 
                 mg to 5 mg, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg, or 5 
                 5 mg to 10 
                   
                 mg, or 5 
                 5 mg to 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg to 10 
                 mg, or 10 
                   
                 mg to 10 
                 mg, or 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg) 
                 mg to 15 
                   
                 mg) 
                 mg to 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 mg) 
                   
                   
                 mg) 
               
               
                 Valsalva 
                 Decrease 
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
                 Decrease 
                 Dose 
                 Dose 
               
               
                 LVOT &lt; 
                 dose (5 
                 remains 
                 remains 
                 dose (5 
                 remains 
                 remains 
               
               
                 30 mmHg 
                 mg to 2.5 
                 unchanged 
                 unchanged 
                 mg to 2.5 
                 unchanged 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                   
                 mg) 
                   
                   
                 mg) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 LVOT not 
                 LVEF &lt; 50% 
               
               
                 applicable 
                 If at any time LVEF &lt; 50%, discontinue mavacamten 2-4 weeks until follow- 
               
               
                   
                 up visit. If at follow-up, LVEF ≥ 50%, then resume at 1 step decreased dose 
               
               
                   
                 (15 mg to 10 mg, 10 mg to 5 mg, or 5 mg to 2.5 mg, 2.5 mg to a retrial of 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 mg) 
               
               
                   
                 If LVEF again falls to &lt; 50%, then mavacamten will be permanently 
               
               
                   
                 discontinued 
               
               
                   
                 If at any time LVEF ≤ 30%, permanently discontinue mavacamten. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study Scheme: 
     The study scheme is shown in  FIG.  15   . 
     Study Scheme Notes: 
     
         
         
           
             a During the placebo-controlled dosing period (Day 1 to Week 16) subjects will be evaluated for possible down-titration at Week 4 and up-titration at Weeks 8 and 12 by independent assessment of TTE by the echocardiography core laboratory and according to dose-titration guidelines. Dose may be down-titrated for safety at any time. 
             b Subjects in the placebo-to-active group, who begin dosing with mavacamten at Week 16, will be evaluated for possible down-titration at Week 20 and up-titration at Weeks 24 and 28. Dose may be down-titrated for safety at any time. 
             c During the long-term extension (LTE) dosing period (Weeks 32 to 128), mavacamten dose may be up-titrated at any scheduled visit after Week 32 if the site-read LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver is ≥30 mmHg and LVEF is ≥50%. All dose increases during LTE dosing must be approved by the MyoKardia medical monitor before they are implemented. Subjects who have their mavacamten dose increased during the LTE period will attend an unscheduled study visit 4 weeks after the dose increase and then resume the regular study visit schedule. Dose may be down-titrated for safety at any time. 
             d At any time during the study, subjects may withdraw from study drug and proceed with SRT at a recognized HCM center after a recommended study drug washout period≥6 weeks. Subjects who discontinue study drug to undergo SRT will undergo EOT assessments within 14 days and will have a telephone follow-up with the study site to assess adverse events 8 weeks after treatment discontinuation (or prior to SRT, whichever is earlier). Subjects will be followed every 24 weeks from the date of SRT to Week 128. 
           
         
       
    
     Study Drug Schedule: 
     On Day 1, subjects will begin blinded dosing with mavacamten or matching placebo once daily for 16 weeks (placebo-controlled period). After the Week 16 study assessments, subjects in the mavacamten group will continue mavacamten, and subjects in the placebo group will begin dosing with mavacamten, once daily from Weeks 16 to 32 (active-controlled period). During the active-controlled period, mavacamten dose will be blinded. Beginning at Week 16 and throughout the remainder of the study, the placebo group will be referred to as the placebo-to-active group. After the Week 32 assessments, all subjects will continue once-daily mavacamten until Week 128 (LTE period). During the LTE period, mavacamten dose will remain blinded unless the sponsor chooses to unblind once the primary analysis is complete. 
     Criteria for Evaluation: 
     Efficacy: The primary endpoint will be a composite of 1) the number of subjects who decide to proceed with SRT prior to or at Week 16 and 2) the number of subjects who are SRT guideline eligible at Week 16 but decline in the mavacamten group compared with the placebo group. 
     Safety: Safety assessments include monitoring of AEs and concomitant medications, safety laboratory assessments, physical examinations, vital sign measurements, TTEs, cardiac/activity monitoring, and ECGs. 
     SRT Evaluation: 
     At screening, the investigator will confirm the subject&#39;s NYHA functional class and eligibility for SRT based on the ACCF/AHA and/or ESC guidelines. At any time during the study, subjects may withdraw from study drug and proceed with SRT at a recognized HCM center after a recommended study drug washout period≥6 weeks. Subjects who discontinue study drug to undergo SRT will undergo end-of-treatment (EOT) assessments within 14 days and will have a telephone follow-up with the study site to assess adverse events (AEs) 8 weeks after treatment discontinuation (or prior to SRT, whichever is earlier). Subjects will be followed every 24 weeks from the date of SRT to Week 128. 
     At Weeks 16, 32, 80, and 128, subjects will be reevaluated for SRT eligibility by maximal medical therapy, NYHA functional class, and TTE. Every effort should be made to have the same investigator who evaluates NYHA at screening also evaluate NYHA at Weeks 16, 32, 80, and 128. At Weeks 16 and 32, LVOT&lt;50 mmHg or ≥50 mmHg will be revealed to the site by the core echocardiography laboratory after the investigator makes the NYHA determination. The investigator will make a guideline-based recommendation for SRT (yes or no). Subjects will be required to decide within 48 hours whether to accept the recommendation for SRT or continue study treatment. At Weeks 80 and 128, LVOT&lt;50 mmHg or ≥50 mmHg will be determined by site-read echocardiography. 
     An interim analysis will be conducted after 50 subjects have completed the Week 16 study visit to assess efficacy results. 
     Inclusion Criteria: 
     
         
         
           
             (A) Able to understand and comply with the study procedures, understand the risks involved in the study, and provide written informed consent according to federal, local, and institutional guidelines prior to initiation of any study-specific procedure. 
             (B) At least 18 years old at screening. 
             (C) Body weight&gt;45 kg at screening. 
             (D) Adequate acoustic windows to enable accurate TTE (refer to the central echocardiography laboratory&#39;s manual of operations). 
             (E) Diagnosed with oHCM (maximal septal thickness≥15 mm or ≥13 mm with family history of HCM) consistent with current ACCF/AHA 2011 and/or ESC 2014 guidelines and meet their recommendations for invasive therapies as follows: 
           
         
         a. Clinical criteria: Despite maximally tolerated drug therapy severe dyspnea or chest pain (NYHA Class III or IV) or Class II with exertional symptoms, such as exertion-induced syncope or near syncope, 
         b. Hemodynamic criteria: dynamic LVOT gradient at rest or with provocation (ie, Valsalva or exercise)≥50 mmHg associated with septal hypertrophy (read by the core echocardiography laboratory), and 
         c. Anatomic criteria: targeted anterior septal thickness sufficient to perform the procedure safely and effectively in the judgment of the individual operator.
       (F) Referred or under active consideration within the past 12 months for SRT procedure and willing to have SRT procedure.   (G) Subjects referred or considered for ASA must have adequate coronary artery anatomy for the operator to perform the procedure.   (H) Documented oxygen saturation at rest≥90% at screening.   (I) Documented LVEF≥60% at screening according to core echocardiography laboratory reading.   (J) Female subjects not pregnant or lactating.   
     
       
    
     Exclusion Criteria: 
     
         
         1. Previously participated in a clinical study with mavacamten (individuals who failed screening for a prior mavacamten study may participate). 
         2. Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the mavacamten formulation. 
         3. Participated in a clinical trial in which the subject received any investigational drug (or currently using an investigational device) within 30 days prior to screening, or at least 5 times the respective elimination half-life (whichever is longer). 
         4. Known infiltrative or storage disorder causing cardiac hypertrophy that mimics oHCM, such as Fabry disease, amyloidosis, or Noonan syndrome with LV hypertrophy. 
         5. Planned invasive procedure during the first 32 weeks of the study. 
         6. Papillary muscle or mitral valve in need of repair or any other intracardiac procedure planned (however, if need for mitral valve repair is discovered during SRT procedure, the subject will continue to be followed on study). 
         7. For individuals on beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or disopyramide, any dose adjustment of these medications&lt;14 days prior to screening or an anticipated change in regimen during the first 16 weeks of the study. 
         8. Any medical condition that precludes upright exercise stress testing. 
         9. Paroxysmal, intermittent atrial fibrillation with atrial fibrillation present at screening per the investigator&#39;s evaluation of the subject&#39;s electrocardiogram (ECG). 
         10. Persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation and subject not on anticoagulation for ≥4 weeks prior to screening and/or not adequately rate controlled ≤6 months prior to screening. 
         11. Previously treated with invasive septal reduction (surgical myectomy or percutaneous ASA). 
         12. Planned implantable ICD placement or pulse generator change during the first 32 weeks of the study. 
         13. QT interval with Fridericia correction (QTcF)&gt;500 ms when QRS interval&lt;120 ms or QTcF&gt;520 ms when QRS≥120 ms if subject has left bundle branch block. 
         14. Acute or serious comorbid condition (e.g. major infection or hematologic, renal, metabolic, gastrointestinal, or endocrine dysfunction) that, in the judgment of the investigator, could lead to premature termination of study participation or interfere with the measurement or interpretation of the efficacy and safety assessments in the study
       1. Pulmonary disease that limits exercise capacity or systemic arterial oxygen saturation   2. History of malignant disease within 10 years prior to screening:
           1. Subjects who have been successfully treated for nonmetastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma or have been adequately treated for cervical carcinoma in situ or breast ductal carcinoma in situ may be included in the study   2. Subjects with other malignancies who are cancer-free for more than 10 years prior to screening may be included in the study   
           
     
         15. History or evidence of any other clinically significant disorder, condition, or disease that, in the opinion of the investigator, would pose a risk to subject safety or interfere with study evaluations, procedures, or completion. 
         16. Safety laboratory parameters (chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis) outside normal limits (according to the central laboratory reference range) at screening as assessed by the central laboratory; however, a subject with safety laboratory parameters outside the normal limits may be included if all the following criteria are met:
       a. Safety laboratory parameters outside normal limits are considered by the investigator to be clinically not significant   b. If an alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase result, the value must be &lt;3× the upper limit of the laboratory reference range   c. Body size−adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate is ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 .   
     
         17. Positive serologic test at screening for infection with human immunodeficiency virus; hepatitis C virus; or hepatitis B virus, with the exception of hepatitis B s-antibody positive, which is a marker of immunity. 
         18. Prior treatment with cardiotoxic agents, such as doxorubicin or similar. 
         19. Unable to comply with the study requirements, including the number of required visits to the study site. 
       
    
     Schedule of Study Assessments 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Schedule of Study Assessments (Screening through Week 32) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Placebo-Controlled Dosing 
                 Active-Controlled Dosing 
               
               
                   
                 Screen 
                 Day 1 to Week 16 
                 Weeks 16 to 32 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Days −14 
                 Week 4 
                 Week 8 
                 Week 12 
                 Week 16 
                 Week 20 
                 Week 24 
                 Week 28 
                 Week 32 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Assessment a, b   
                 to −1 
                 Day 1 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Informed 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 consent 
               
               
                 Medical, 
                 X 
               
               
                 surgical 
               
               
                 and HCM 
               
               
                 history 
               
               
                 Randomization 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 Vital 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 signs c   
               
               
                 Body 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 weight 
               
               
                 NYHA 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 functional 
               
               
                 class d   
               
               
                 AEs 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Concomitant 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 medications 
               
               
                 Physical 
                 X 
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 examination e   
               
               
                 KCCQ, 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 EQ-5D-5L f   
               
               
                 Resting 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 and 
               
               
                 Valsalva 
               
               
                 TTE 
               
               
                 Postexercise stress 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 TTE , g   
               
               
                 Single 12- 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 lead ECG h   
               
               
                 Holter 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 monitor 
               
               
                 application i   
               
               
                 Accelerometer 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 provided j   
               
               
                 ICD 
                 X k   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 download 
               
               
                 PK sample 
                   
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Hepatitis/ 
                 X 
               
               
                 HIV panel 
               
               
                 Optional 
                 X 
               
               
                 HCM 
               
               
                 genotyping l   
               
               
                 Optional 
                 X 
               
               
                 pharmacogenetics m   
               
               
                 Blood 
                 X 
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 chemistry 
               
               
                 and 
               
               
                 coagulation 
               
               
                 Hematology 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 Cardiac 
                 X 
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 biomarkers n   
               
               
                 Exploratory 
                 X 
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 biomarkers 
               
               
                 Serum 
                 X 
               
               
                 pregnancy 
               
               
                 test or 
               
               
                 FSH o   
               
               
                 Urinalysis 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 Pregnancy 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 test urine 
               
               
                 (β-hCG) p   
               
               
                 Study drug 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 dispensed q   
               
               
                 Once-daily 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 study drug 
               
               
                 Dose 
                   
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 adjustment 
               
               
                 based on 
               
               
                 TTE 
               
               
                 SRT 
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 evaluation r   
               
               
                 Study drug 
                   
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 compliance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AE = adverse event; 
               
               
                 β-hCG = beta human chorionic gonadotropin; 
               
               
                 ECG = electrocardiogram; 
               
               
                 EQ-5D-5L = EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire; 
               
               
                 FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone; 
               
               
                 FU = follow-up; 
               
               
                 HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; 
               
               
                 HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; 
               
               
                 ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; 
               
               
                 KCCQ-23 = Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (23-item version); 
               
               
                 NYHA = New York Heart Association; 
               
               
                 PK = pharmacokinetics; 
               
               
                 SRT = septal reduction therapy; 
               
               
                 TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram 
               
               
                   a Beginning at Week 4, each study visit has a window of +7 days. Regardless of the day within a window that the study visit occurs, the next visit should adhere to the visit schedule based on the Day 1 visit date. Study visits may occur over multiple days. 
               
               
                   b On study visit days, study drug dosing should be delayed until after study assessments are complete and the study staff instruct the subject to take their daily dose. 
               
               
                   c Vital signs, including temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and blood pressure (BP), will be obtained at screening, Day 1, Week 16, and Week 32 visits. At all other visits, vital signs will include only HR, RR, and BP. 
               
               
                   d Every effort should be made to have the same investigator evaluate NYHA functional class at screening, Week 16, and Week 32. 
               
               
                   e At screening, a complete physical examination will be performed, including a neurological examination (gross motor and deep tendon reflexes), height and weight, and assessment of the following: general appearance, skin, head and neck, mouth, lymph nodes, thyroid, abdomen, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory systems. At all other onsite visits, an abbreviated cardiopulmonary physical examination will be conducted. 
               
               
                   f At study visits that KCCQ-23 and EQ-5D-5L assessments are collected, they should be completed prior to any other procedure. 
               
               
                   g Subjects should abstain from food for ≥4 hours prior to postexercise stress TTEs at screening, Week 16, and Week 32. 
               
               
                   h Single 12-lead ECGs will be performed prior to dosing and after 10 minutes of rest at screening and all study visits from Week 4 to Week 32. Each time an ECG is completed, a 10-second paper ECG will be obtained and maintained in the subject&#39;s source documentation. 
               
               
                   i A Holter monitor will be applied at screening, Week 12, and Week 28 visits and retrieved at the Day 1, Week 16, and Week 32 visits, respectively. If a subject has an adverse reaction to the adhesive used for the Holter monitor, the requirement for monitoring may be waived. 
               
               
                   j A wrist-worn accelerometer will be applied at screening, Week 12, and Week 28 visits and retrieved at the Day 1, Week 16, and Week 32 visits, respectively. 
               
               
                   k ICD download may be performed at screening or prior to dosing on Day 1. 
               
               
                   l A separate, optional consent form is required for HCM genotyping. If a subject has already been genotyped for HCM, they may consent to provide their results, which will be captured in the electronic case report form. 
               
               
                   m A separate, optional consent form is required for collection of a blood sample for possible pharmacogenetics analysis. 
               
               
                   n Blood samples for NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin will be collected prior to the postexercise stress TTE at screening, Week 16, and Week 32. 
               
               
                   o FSH testing at screening is for postmenopausal female subjects to confirm postmenopausal status. 
               
               
                   p Only females of child-bearing potential will be assessed for pregnancy. If a positive result occurs at any time, a serum pregnancy test should be performed. 
               
               
                   q Study drug dispensing may occur up to 7 days after TTE assessments for dose titration. 
               
               
                   r Evaluation for SRT may include a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) if CPET is used as standard of care for SRT evaluation by the study site, but it is not required. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Schedule of Study Assessments (Week 44 through Week 136) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 LTE Dosing 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Week 32 through 128) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Week 44 
                 Week 56 
                 Week 68 
                 Week 80 
                 Week 92 
                 Week 104 
                 Week 116 
                 Week 128/EOT c, d   
                 Week 136/EOS 
                   
               
               
                 Assessment a, b   
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 (+7 d) 
                 UV e   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Vital signs f   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Body 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 weight 
               
               
                 NYHA 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 functional 
               
               
                 class g   
               
               
                 AEs 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Concomitant 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 medications 
               
               
                 Physical 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 examination h   
               
               
                 KCCQ, 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 EQ-5D-5L i   
               
               
                 Resting and 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Valsalva 
               
               
                 TTE 
               
               
                 Postexercise stress 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 TTE j   
               
               
                 Single 12- 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 lead ECG k   
               
               
                 ICD 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 download 
               
               
                 PK sample 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Blood 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 chemistry 
               
               
                 and 
               
               
                 coagulation 
               
               
                 Hematology 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Cardiac 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 biomarkers 
               
               
                 Exploratory 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 biomarkers 
               
               
                 Urinalysis 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 Pregnancy 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 test urine 
               
               
                 (β-hCG) l   
               
               
                 Study drug 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                   
                 X m   
               
               
                 dispensed 
               
               
                 Once-daily 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 study drug 
               
               
                 Dose 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 adjustment 
               
               
                 based on 
               
               
                 site read 
               
               
                 TTE n   
               
               
                 SRT 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 evaluation o   
               
               
                 Study drug 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 compliance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AE = adverse event; 
               
               
                 β-hCG = beta human chorionic gonadotropin; 
               
               
                 d = day; 
               
               
                 ECG = electrocardiogram; 
               
               
                 EOS = end of study; 
               
               
                 EOT = end of treatment; 
               
               
                 ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; 
               
               
                 NYHA = New York Heart Association; 
               
               
                 PK = pharmacokinetics; 
               
               
                 TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram; 
               
               
                 UV = unscheduled visit 
               
               
                   a Beginning at Week 4, each study visit has a window of +7 days. Regardless of the day within a window that the study visit occurs, the next visit should adhere to the visit schedule based on the Day 1 visit date. Study visits may occur over multiple days. 
               
               
                   b On study visit days, study drug dosing should be delayed until after study assessments are complete and the study staff instruct the subject to take their daily dose. 
               
               
                   c Subjects who permanently discontinue study drug prior to Week 128 and are unwilling to remain on study to be evaluated for concomitant medications and clinical assessments will undergo EOT assessments within 14 days of study drug discontinuation and EOS assessments 8 weeks later. 
               
               
                   d If a subject prematurely discontinues from the study (eg, withdrawal of consent), the medical monitor should be contacted, and EOT assessments should be conducted. 
               
               
                   e Unscheduled visits may be conducted for assessment of AEs, new or worsening symptoms, physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory tests, ECGs, and TTEs and upon discontinuation of study drug prior to an SRT procedure. All information collected from unscheduled visits will be recorded in the eCRF and included in the clinical database. 
               
               
                   f Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate will be assessed. 
               
               
                   g Every effort should be made to have the same investigator who evaluated NYHA functional class at screening, Week 16, and Week 32 also evaluate NYHA functional class at Week 80 and Week 128. 
               
               
                   h An abbreviated cardiopulmonary physical examination will be conducted. 
               
               
                   i At study visits that KCCQ-23 and EQ-5D-5L assessments are collected, they should be completed prior to any other procedure. 
               
               
                   j Subjects should abstain from food for ≥4 hours prior to postexercise stress TTEs. 
               
               
                   k Single 12-lead ECGs will be performed prior to dosing and after 10 minutes of rest from Week 44 to Week 56, Weeks 80, 104, 128, and 136, and unscheduled visits, as applicable. Each time an ECG is completed, a 10-second paper ECG will be obtained and maintained in the subject&#39;s source documentation. 
               
               
                   l Only females of child-bearing potential will be assessed for pregnancy. If a positive result occurs at any time, a serum pregnancy test should be performed. 
               
               
                   m Study drug may be dispensed if unscheduled visit is to follow-up on a temporary discontinuation, and study drug is reintroduced. 
               
               
                   n Mavacamten dose may be up-titrated at any scheduled visit after Week 32 if the site-read LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver is &gt; 30 mmHg and LVEF is &gt; 50%. All dose increases during LTE dosing must be approved by the MyoKardia medical monitor before they are implemented. Subjects who have their mavacamten dose increased during the LTE period will attend an unscheduled study visit 4 weeks after the dose increase and then resume the regular study visit schedule. 
               
               
                   o Evaluation for SRT may include a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) if CPET is used as standard of care for SRT evaluation by the study site, but it is not required. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Schedule of Assessments Following Septal Reduction Therapy 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Weeks After SRT 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 48 
                 72 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
               
               
                   
                 Assessments a   
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Postoperative follow-up b   
                 X 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vital signs c   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 AEs 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Concomitant medications 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Physical examination d   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Resting and Valsalva TTE 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 NYHA functional class 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 KCCQ-23 e   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 EQ-5D-5L e   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AE = adverse event; 
               
               
                   
                 EQ-5D-5L = EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire; 
               
               
                   
                 KCCQ-23 = Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (23-item version); 
               
               
                   
                 NYHA = New York Heart Association; 
               
               
                   
                 SRT = septal reduction therapy; 
               
               
                   
                 TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram 
               
               
                   
                   a Subjects who discontinue study drug to undergo SRT will undergo end-of-treatment assessments within 14 days and will have a telephone follow-up with the study site to assess adverse events 8 weeks after treatment discontinuation (or prior to SRT, whichever is earlier). Subjects will be followed every 24 weeks from the date of SRT to Week 128. 
               
               
                   
                   b At the first follow-up visit after SRT, the following information should be collected: date of SRT, procedure type (myectomy or alcohol septal ablation), dates of hospitalization, any complications, need for pacemaker, periprocedure adverse events 
               
               
                   
                   c Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate will be assessed. 
               
               
                   
                   d An abbreviated cardiopulmonary physical examination will be conducted. 
               
               
                   
                   e KCCQ-23 and EQ-5D-5L should be completed prior to any other procedure. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6.4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Schedule of Assessments Following Discontinuation of Study Drug 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Weeks After Discontinuation 
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Study Drug 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24 
                 48 
                 72 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
                 (±7 
               
               
                 Assessments a   
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
                 Days) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AEs 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Concomitant medications 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Vital signs b   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Physical examination c   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 Single 12-lead ECG 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 ICD download 
               
               
                 Resting and Valsalva TTE 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 NYHA functional class 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 KCCQ-23 d   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 EQ-5D-5L d   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 SRT evaluation e   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AE = adverse event; 
               
               
                 ECG = electrocardiogram; 
               
               
                 EQ-5D-5L = EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire; 
               
               
                 ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; 
               
               
                 KCCQ-23 = Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (23-item version); 
               
               
                 NYHA = New York Heart Association; 
               
               
                 SRT = septal reduction therapy; 
               
               
                 TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram 
               
               
                   a Subjects who permanently discontinue treatment prior to Week 128 will undergo end-of-treatment assessments within 14 days of study drug discontinuation and will be followed every 24 weeks thereafter until Week 128. 
               
               
                   b Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate will be assessed. 
               
               
                   c An abbreviated cardiopulmonary physical examination will be conducted. 
               
               
                   d KCCQ-23 and EQ-5D-5L should be completed prior to any other procedure. 
               
               
                   e Evaluation for SRT after discontinuation of study drug should be based on NYHA functional class, maximal medical therapy, and resting and Valsalva TTE. A postexercise TTE is not required. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 7. EXPLORER-HCM TRIAL: A Phase 3, Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter, International, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Mavacamten Compared with Placebo (1:1) in Participants with Symptomatic oHCM 
     A Phase 3, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter, international, parallel group study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of mavacamten compared with placebo (1:1) in participants with symptomatic oHCM was conducted. 251 participants were enrolled (123 on mavacamten, 128 on placebo). A subset of participants consented to participate in a CMR substudy at selected sites. Randomization was stratified according to NYHA functional classification (II or III), current treatment with β-blocker (yes or no), planned type of ergometer used during the study (treadmill or exercise bicycle), and consent for the CMR substudy (yes or no). 
     Study Objective: 
     The study objectives were as follows 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary Objective 
                 To compare the effect of a 30-week course of mavacamten with 
               
               
                   
                 placebo on clinical response comprising of exercise capacity 
               
               
                   
                 and clinical symptoms in participants with symptomatic 
               
               
                   
                 obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) 
               
               
                 Secondary Objectives 
                 To compare the effect of a 30-week course of mavacamten with 
               
               
                   
                 placebo on symptoms and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) 
               
               
                   
                 obstruction as determined by Doppler echocardiography 
               
               
                   
                 To compare the effect of a 30-week course of mavacamten with 
               
               
                   
                 placebo on exercise capacity, clinical symptoms and Patient 
               
               
                   
                 Reported Outcomes individually 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the safety and tolerability of mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                 To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of 
               
               
                   
                 mavacamten 
               
               
                 Exploratory Objectives 
                 To assess the effect of a 30-week course of mavacamten on 
               
               
                   
                 LVOT obstruction; disease biomarkers; symptoms, health- 
               
               
                   
                 related quality of life, and work activity as assessed by 
               
               
                   
                 patient-reported outcomes (PRO); cardiac rhythm patterns as 
               
               
                   
                 assessed by continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring; functional 
               
               
                   
                 capacity as assessed by accelerometer; and risk for sudden 
               
               
                   
                 cardiac death as assessed by the HCM risk prediction model 
               
               
                 Cardiac Magnetic 
                 To assess the effect of mavacamten on cardiac mass and 
               
               
                 Resonance Imaging 
                 structure as evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 
               
               
                 Substudy Objective 
                 (CMR) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study Design: 
     The study included 3 periods carried out according to the following design: 
     1) Screening period (Day −35 to Day −1): Participants will undergo a variety of general, cardiopulmonary, laboratory, symptom, and PRO assessments over 1 to 2 days in order to assess eligibility. Key Screening tests include electrocardiogram (ECG); transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) conducted at rest, with Valsalva maneuver, and post-exercise; as well as cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The following screening assessments may be repeated, as long as within the 35-days screening window: blood tests, ECG, and/or TTE. Repeat assessments are allowed if central core labs require a repeat submission due to quality and in order to better assess inclusion/exclusion values. Participants who screen fail may be considered for rescreening based on the investigator&#39;s discretion, taking into consideration the reason(s) for screen fail. One attempt at rescreening will be allowed, and all procedures must be repeated. 
     2) Double-blind treatment period (Day 1 [randomization] to Week 30/end of treatment [EOT]): The double-blind treatment period will include a two-step dose titration scheme designed to achieve safe and effective dosing for each participant based on their own response parameters. Participants who meet all eligibility criteria at Screening will first be randomized via an interactive response system in a 1:1 ratio to receive treatment with mavacamten 5 mg starting dose or matching placebo once daily (QD). Subsequently, assessments including ECG, PK (trough plasma concentrations), and TTE will be performed at each of 7 study visits, beginning at Week 4, and read by core laboratories. At Week 8 and Week 14, the dose may be increased, decreased, or remain unchanged based upon results of Week 6 and Week 12 assessments, respectively, and based primarily on measurements of provoked left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient and bounded by a target plasma concentration (PK) range and clinical tolerability (LVEF). At Week 8, the dose may be increased to a maximum daily dose of 10 mg (ie, increase from 5 mg QD to 10 mg QD), and at Week 14 to a maximum daily dose of 15 mg (ie, increase from 10 mg QD to 15 mg QD). Dose increases are designed to be step wise and are not allowed to skip doses (eg, from 5 mg to 15 mg). 
     At Week 30/EOT, participants will complete CPET and post-exercise TTE. For any participants permanently discontinuing treatment prior to Week 30, an early termination (ET) visit should be conducted as soon as possible, including CPET and post-exercise TTE. Participants with ET will also be encouraged to complete all remaining study visits and assessments, including the Week 30 visit. 
     3) Posttreatment follow-up period (Week 30/EOT to Week 38/end of study [EOS]): When double-blind treatment ends at Week 30, participants will be contacted by phone at Week 34 and return to the site at Week 38 for an EOS visit. At the EOS visit, specified assessments will be repeated. This posttreatment follow-up period applies only to participants who are receiving study drug after Week 22. Study design is shown in  FIG.  16   . 
     Safety Monitoring: 
     Safety monitoring was carried out as follows: 
     To maintain safety throughout the double-blind treatment period, a clinic visit will occur every 2 to 4 weeks, beginning at Week 4 for an initial evaluation of clinical tolerability and safety. Clinic visits will include but are not limited to clinical evaluation (symptoms, PRO evaluations, adverse event [AE]/serious adverse event [SAE] assessment), ECGs, PK sample, TTEs, and laboratory assessments. Results of TTE performed by study site sonographers at each scheduled visit following randomization should be kept blinded to the investigator and other study site personnel. An exception may occur if left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)≤30% is measured at the site, then the investigator will be immediately notified and study drug will be permanently discontinued as described within the protocol. 
     Assessments at Weeks 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 22, and 26 will be used to guide dose reduction or temporary discontinuation if indicated, based on predefined criteria detailed within the protocol. If at any time during the double blind treatment period the mavacamten dose is decreased from the previous dose, the participant will continue on the reduced dose to the EOT (Week 30) unless further safety concerns or intolerability arise. 
     At selected sites, participants will have the option to participate in the CMR substudy. Approximately 80 participants will be enrolled (˜40 per treatment group). In addition to the main study schedule of procedures, participants will undergo CMR at Day 1 and Week 30 (or up to 5 days before each visit). 
     Study Treatment: 
     Participants received mavacamten immediate release capsules 5 mg or matching placebo QD for the first 8 weeks of the dosing period with trough PK samples drawn at Week 4, Week 6, and Week 8. If at Week 4 the trough PK was between 700 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL, the dose was decreased to 2.5 mg at Week 6. 
     Otherwise, the dose was adjusted (increase, decrease, or remain unchanged) at Week 8 based on Week 6 assessments and Week 14 based on Week 12 assessments. The permissible doses after dose adjustment at Week 8 was 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, or placebo. The permissible doses after dose adjustment at Week 14 was 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or placebo. 
     For added safety, if 700 ng/mL&lt;Week 8 PK&lt;1000 ng/mL then an unscheduled visit was arranged 2 weeks later (Week 10) to reduce dose. After Week 14, assessments continued every 4 weeks to Week 30/EOT for safety monitoring. 
     At any time if PK plasma concentration≥1000 ng/mL, then study drug was temporarily discontinued. 
     Each participant was in the study for up to 43 weeks: for Screening, up to 5 weeks; for study conduct, 38 weeks (±7 days). 
     Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: 
     The following inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Inclusion Criteria 
                 Each participant must meet the following criteria to be included in 
               
               
                   
                 this study: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  1. 
                 Able to understand and comply with the study procedures, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 understand the risks involved in the study, and provide written 
               
               
                   
                 informed consent according to federal, local, and institutional 
               
               
                   
                 guidelines before the first study-specific procedure 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  2. 
                 Is at least 18 years old at Screening 
               
               
                   
                  3. 
                 Body weight is greater than 45 kg at Screening 
               
               
                   
                  4. 
                 Has adequate acoustic windows to enable accurate TTEs (refer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 to Echocardiography Site Instruction Manual) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  5. 
                 Diagnosed with oHCM consistent with current American 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association 
               
               
                   
                 and European Society of Cardiology guidelines, ie, satisfy both 
               
               
                   
                 criteria below (criteria to be documented by the 
               
               
                   
                 echocardiography core laboratory): 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A. 
                 Has unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 nondilated ventricular chambers in the absence of other 
               
               
                   
                 cardiac (eg, hypertension, aortic stenosis) or systemic 
               
               
                   
                 disease and with maximal LV wall thickness ≥15 mm 
               
               
                   
                 (or ≥13 mm with positive family history of hypertrophic 
               
               
                   
                 cardiomyopathy [HCM]) as determined by core laboratory 
               
               
                   
                 interpretation, and 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 B. 
                 Has LVOT peak gradient ≥50 mmHg during Screening as 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 assessed by echocardiography at rest, after Valsalva 
               
               
                   
                 maneuver, or post-exercise (confirmed by echocardiography 
               
               
                   
                 core laboratory interpretation) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  6. 
                 Has documented LVEF ≥55% by echocardiography core 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 laboratory read of Screening TTE at rest 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  7. 
                 Has LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver at Screening TTE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 of ≥30 mmHg, determined by echocardiography core laboratory 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  8. 
                 Has NYHA Functional Class II or III symptoms at Screening 
               
               
                   
                  9. 
                 Has documented oxygen saturation at rest ≥90% at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 10. 
                 Is able to perform an upright CPET and has a respiratory 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 exchange ratio (RER) ≥1.0 at Screening per central reading; if 
               
               
                   
                 the RER is between 0.91 and 1.0, the participant may be 
               
               
                   
                 enrolled only if it is determined by the central CPET laboratory 
               
               
                   
                 that peak exercise has been achieved in the subject (the only 
               
               
                   
                 permitted reasons for subpeak performance are [1] a decrease in 
               
               
                   
                 systolic blood pressure or [2] severe angina as described in the 
               
               
                   
                 CPET Laboratory Manual) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 11. 
                 Female participants must not be pregnant or lactating and, if 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 sexually active, must use one of the following highly effective 
               
               
                   
                 birth control methods from the Screening visit through 3 
               
               
                   
                 months after the last dose of investigational medicinal product 
               
               
                   
                 (IMP). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 combined (estrogen- and progestogen-containing) hormonal 
               
               
                   
                 contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation or 
               
               
                   
                 progestogen-only hormonal contraception associated with 
               
               
                   
                 inhibition of ovulation by oral, implantable, or injectable 
               
               
                   
                 route of administration 
               
               
                   
                 intrauterine device (IUD) 
               
               
                   
                 intrauterine hormone-releasing system (IUS) 
               
               
                   
                 bilateral tubal occlusion 
               
               
                   
                 Female is surgically sterile for 6 months or postmenopausal 
               
               
                   
                 for 1 year. Permanent sterilization includes hysterectomy, 
               
               
                   
                 bilateral oophorectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and/or 
               
               
                   
                 documented bilateral tubal occlusion at least 6 months prior 
               
               
                   
                 to Screening. Females are considered postmenopausal if 
               
               
                   
                 they have had amenorrhea for at least 1 year or more 
               
               
                   
                 following cessation of all exogenous hormonal treatments 
               
               
                   
                 and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are in the 
               
               
                   
                 postmenopausal range. 
               
               
                   
                 Male partners must also use a contraceptive (eg, barrier, 
               
               
                   
                 condom or vasectomy) 
               
               
                 Exclusion Criteria 
                 A participant who meets any of the following exclusion criteria 
               
               
                   
                 may not participate in this study: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  1. 
                 Previously participated in a clinical study with mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                  2. 
                 Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the mavacamten 
               
               
                   
                   
                 formulation 
               
               
                   
                  3. 
                 Participated in a clinical trial in which the participant received 
               
               
                   
                   
                 any investigational drug (or is currently using an investigational 
               
               
                   
                   
                 device) within 30 days prior to Screening, or at least 5 times the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 respective elimination half-life (whichever is longer) 
               
               
                   
                  4. 
                 Known infiltrative or storage disorder causing cardiac 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hypertrophy that mimics oHCM, such as Fabry disease, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 amyloidosis, or Noonan syndrome with LV hypertrophy 
               
               
                   
                  5. 
                 Has any medical condition that precludes upright exercise stress 
               
               
                   
                   
                 testing 
               
               
                   
                  6. 
                 Has a history of syncope within 6 months prior to screening or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia with exercise 
               
               
                   
                   
                 within 6 months prior to Screening 
               
               
                   
                  7. 
                 Has a history of resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest (at any time) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 or known history of appropriate implantable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) discharge/shock for life- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 threatening ventricular arrhythmia within 6 months prior to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screening (Note: history of anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 within 6 months or ever is allowed) 
               
               
                   
                  8. 
                 Has paroxysmal, intermittent atrial fibrillation with atrial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fibrillation present per the investigator&#39;s evaluation of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 participant&#39;s ECG at the time of Screening 
               
               
                   
                  9. 
                 Has persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation not on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and/or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 not adequately rate-controlled within 6 months prior to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screening (Note - patients with persistent or permanent atrial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fibrillation who are anticoagulated and adequately rate- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled are allowed) 
               
               
                   
                 10. 
                 Current treatment (within 14 days prior to Screening) or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 planned treatment during the study with disopyramide or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ranolazine 
               
               
                   
                 11. 
                 Current treatment (within 14 days prior to Screening) or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 planned treatment during the study with a combination of β- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 blockers and verapamil or a combination of β-blockers and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diltiazem 
               
               
                   
                 12. 
                 For individuals on β-blockers, verapamil, or diltiazem, any dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                 adjustment of that medication &lt;14 days prior to Screening or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 any anticipated change in treatment regimen using these 
               
               
                   
                   
                 medications during the study 
               
               
                   
                 13. 
                 Has been successfully treated with invasive septal reduction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (surgical myectomy or percutaneous alcohol septal ablation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [ASA]) within 6 months prior to Screening or plans to have 
               
               
                   
                   
                 either of these treatments during the study (note: individuals 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with myectomy or percutaneous ASA procedure performed &gt;6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 months prior to Screening may be enrolled if study eligibility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 criteria for LVOT gradient criteria are met) 
               
               
                   
                 14. 
                 ICD placement or pulse generator change within 2 months prior 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to Screening or planned new ICD placement during the study 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (pulse generator changes, if needed during the study, are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 allowed) 
               
               
                   
                 15. 
                 Has QT interval with Fridericia correction (QTcF) &gt;500 ms at 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screening or any other ECG abnormality considered by the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 investigator to pose a risk to participant safety (eg, second- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 degree atrioventricular block type II) 
               
               
                   
                 16. 
                 Has documented obstructive coronary artery disease (&gt;70% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stenosis in one or more epicardial coronary arteries) or history 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of myocardial infarction 
               
               
                   
                 17. 
                 Has known moderate or severe (as per investigator&#39;s judgment) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aortic valve stenosis at Screening 
               
               
                   
                 18. 
                 Has any acute or serious comorbid condition (eg, major 
               
               
                   
                   
                 infection or hematologic, renal, metabolic, gastrointestinal, or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 endocrine dysfunction) that, in the judgment of the investigator, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 could lead to premature termination of study participation or 
               
               
                   
                 interfere with the measurement or interpretation of the efficacy 
               
               
                   
                 and safety assessments in the study 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 19. 
                 Has pulmonary disease that limits exercise capacity or systemic 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 arterial oxygen saturation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20. 
                 History of malignant disease within 10 years of Screening: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Participants who have been successfully treated for 
               
               
                   
                 nonmetastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma or have been adequately treated for cervical 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma in situ or breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) 
               
               
                   
                 can be included in the study 
               
               
                   
                 Participants with other malignancies who are cancer-free for 
               
               
                   
                 more than 10 years before Screening can be included in the 
               
               
                   
                 study 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 21. 
                 Has safety laboratory parameters (chemistry, hematology, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coagulation, and urinalysis) outside normal limits (according to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the central laboratory reference range) at Screening as assessed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by the central laboratory; however, a participant with safety 
               
               
                   
                   
                 laboratory parameters outside normal limits may be included if 
               
               
                   
                   
                 he or she meets all of the following criteria: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 The safety laboratory parameter outside normal limits is 
               
               
                   
                 considered by the investigator to be clinically not significant 
               
               
                   
                 If there is an alanine aminotransferase or aspartate 
               
               
                   
                 aminotransferase result, the value must be &lt;3 × the upper 
               
               
                   
                 limit of the laboratory reference range 
               
               
                   
                 The body size-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate 
               
               
                   
                 is ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m 2   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 22. 
                 Has a positive serologic test at Screening for infection with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, or hepatitis B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 virus 
               
               
                   
                 23. 
                 Has a history or evidence of any other clinically significant 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disorder, condition, or disease that, in the opinion of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 investigator, would pose a risk to participant safety or interfere 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with the study evaluation, procedures, or completion 
               
               
                   
                 24. 
                 Is currently taking, or has taken within 14 days prior to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screening, a prohibited medication, such as a cytochrome P450 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (CYP) 2C19 inhibitor (eg, omeprazole or esomeprazole), a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor, or St. John&#39;s Wort. Alternatives, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 such as pantoprazole, are allowed and may be discussed with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the medical monitor 
               
               
                   
                 25. 
                 Prior treatment with cardiotoxic agents such as doxorubicin or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 similar 
               
               
                   
                 26. 
                 Unable to comply with the study requirements, including the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 number of required visits to the clinical site 
               
               
                   
                 27. 
                 Is a first degree relative of personnel directly affiliated with the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 study at the clinical study site, any study vendor, or the study 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sponsor 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 CMR Substudy 
                 Each participant must meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria and be 
               
               
                 Inclusion/Exclusion 
                 enrolled in the full EXPLORER-HCM clinical trial. In addition, to 
               
               
                 Criteria 
                 be included in this substudy, participants must not have: 
               
               
                   
                 An ICD or pacemaker 
               
               
                   
                 Atrial fibrillation at the time of Screening (participants who 
               
               
                   
                 are in atrial fibrillation at the time of imaging will be asked 
               
               
                   
                 to return at a later time within 1 month, and if the 
               
               
                   
                 participant is still in atrial fibrillation, the participant will be 
               
               
                   
                 disqualified from enrolling in the CMR substudy) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study Endpoints: 
     The following endpoints were used for the study: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary Efficacy 
                 Clinical response defined as achieving: 1) An improvement of at 
               
               
                 Endpoint 
                 least 1.5 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 ) as 
               
               
                   
                 determined by CPET and a reduction of one or more class in 
               
               
                   
                 NYHA Functional Classification or 2) an improvement of 
               
               
                   
                 3.0 mL/kg/min or more in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA 
               
               
                   
                 Functional Class. 
               
               
                 Secondary Efficacy 
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in post-exercise LVOT peak 
               
               
                 Endpoints 
                 gradient 
               
               
                   
                 Proportion of participants with at least 1 class improvement in 
               
               
                   
                 NYHA functional class from baseline to Week 30 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in (pVO 2 ) as determined by 
               
               
                   
                 CPET 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in participant-reported 
               
               
                   
                 health-related quality of life as assessed by the KCCQ score 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in patient-reported severity of 
               
               
                   
                 HCM symptoms as assessed by the HCM Symptom 
               
               
                   
                 Questionnaire score (HCMSQ score) 
               
               
                 Exploratory Efficacy 
                 Proportion of participants achieving a post-exercise LVOT peak 
               
               
                 Endpoints 
                 gradient &lt;50 mmHg at Week 30 
               
               
                   
                 Proportion of participants achieving a post-exercise LVOT peak 
               
               
                   
                 gradient &lt;30 mmHg at Week 30 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in echocardiographic indices 
               
               
                   
                 of cardiac structure (LV wall thickness) and function (systolic 
               
               
                   
                 and diastolic parameters) 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in N-terminal pro b-type 
               
               
                   
                 natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration over time 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in the following patient- 
               
               
                   
                 reported endpoints: 
               
               
                   
                 Perceived health status/health-related quality of life as 
               
               
                   
                 assessed by the EuroQol five dimensions 5-level 
               
               
                   
                 questionnaire scores 
               
               
                   
                 Work productivity and activity impairment as assessed by 
               
               
                   
                 the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment 
               
               
                   
                 questionnaire scores 
               
               
                   
                 Perceived severity of symptoms assessed by the Patient 
               
               
                   
                 Global Impression of Change and Patient Global Impression 
               
               
                   
                 of Severity scores 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in cardiac rhythm patterns 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in daily step count and other 
               
               
                   
                 accelerometer parameters 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in the HCM risk prediction 
               
               
                   
                 model 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in hs-cardiac troponin-I 
               
               
                 Safety Endpoints 
                 Incidence of major adverse cardiac events (death, stroke, acute 
               
               
                   
                 myocardial infarction) 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of hospitalizations (both cardiovascular (CV) and 
               
               
                   
                 non-CV) 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of heart failure (HF) events, (includes HF 
               
               
                   
                 hospitalizations and urgent emergency room (ER)/outpatient 
               
               
                   
                 (OP) visits for HF) 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of atrial fibrillation/flutter (new from screening) 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of ICD therapy and resuscitated cardiac arrest 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (includes ventricular 
               
               
                   
                 tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and Torsades de 
               
               
                   
                 Pointe) 
               
               
                   
                 Incidence of syncope and seizures 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events 
               
               
                   
                 (TEAEs), treatment-emergent SAEs, and laboratory 
               
               
                   
                 abnormalities (including trends in NT-proBNP) 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic 
                 Mavacamten plasma concentration over time 
               
               
                 Endpoints 
                 PK parameters using a population PK approach 
               
               
                 CMR Substudy 
                 Primary Endpoint 
               
               
                 Endpoints 
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in LV mass index 
               
               
                   
                 Exploratory Endpoints 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in myocardial fibrosis as 
               
               
                   
                 measured by late gadolinium enhancement 
               
               
                   
                 Change from baseline to Week 30 in cellular hypertrophy, left 
               
               
                   
                 atrial volume and function, and LV function 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results 
     Efficacy: 
     45 of the 123 patients in the intent-to-treat population (36.6%) met the primary efficacy endpoint of a clinical response defined as achieving: 1) An improvement of at least 1.5 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 ) as determined by CPET and a reduction of one or more class in NYHA Functional Classification or 2) an improvement of 3.0 mL/kg/min or more in pVO 2  with no worsening in NYHA Functional Class (referred to as “composite functional response”). Only 22 of 128 patients in the placebo group (17.2%) met the primary efficacy endpoint. Mavacamten provided a statistically significant benefit for the primary efficacy endpoint. The data for the primary efficacy endpoint is shown in Table 7.1 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primary Efficacy Endpoint Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 Mavacamten vs 
               
               
                 Primary Endpoint 
                 (n = 123) 
                 (n = 128) 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Met Composite Functional 
                 45 (36.6) 
                 22 (17.2) 
                 19.4 
               
               
                 Response*, either type, n (%) 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                   
                   
                 (8.67, 30.13) 
               
               
                 p-value 
                   
                   
                   0.0005 
               
               
                 Response Type 1, n (%) 
                 41 (33.3) 
                 18 (14.1) 
                 19.3 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                   
                   
                 (8.99, 29.55) 
               
               
                 Response Type 2, n (%) 
                 29 (23.6) 
                 14 (10.9) 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                   
                   
                 (3.39, 21.89) 
               
               
                 pVO2 ≥3.0 and NYHA ≥1 
                 25 (20.3) 
                 10 (7.8)  
                 12.5 
               
               
                 95% CI 
                   
                   
                 (4.02, 21.01) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Response Definitions: 
               
               
                 Type 1 - pVO2 ≥1.5 ml/kg/min and NYHA improved ≥1 
               
               
                 Type 2 - pVO2 ≥3.0 ml/kg/min and no worsening NYHA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Data for the secondary efficacy endpoints are shown in Table 7.2. Mavacamten provided a statistically significant benefit for all secondary efficacy endpoints. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Secondary Efficacy Endpoints Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mavacamten vs Placebo 
               
               
                 Secondary Endpoint 
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 Difference (95% CI) 
               
               
                 (Change from baseline) 
                 (n = 123) 
                 (n = 128) 
                 p-value 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Post-exercise LVOT peak 
                 −47.2 (40.3)  
                 −10.7 (29.6)  
                 −35.5 (−43.1, −27.9) &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 gradient, mmHg, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 pVO2, mL/kg/min, mean (SD) 
                 1.4 (3.1) 
                 −0.05 (3.0)  
                 1.35 (0.580, 2.116) 0.0006 
               
               
                 NYHA improved ≥1 Class, n (%) 
                 80 (65) 
                     40 (31.3) 
                 33.8 (22.1, 45.4) &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 KCCQ-CSS, mean (SD) 
                 13.6 (14.4) 
                  4.2 (13.7) 
                 9.1 (5.46, 12.66) &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 KCCQ-OSS, mean (SD) 
                 14.87 (15.8)  
                 5.45 (13.7) 
                 9.12 (5.46, 12.80) &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 KCCQ-total symptom 
                 12.44 (15.0)  
                 4.79 (15.9) 
                 7.60 (3.68, 11.52) 0.0002 
               
               
                 score, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 HCMSQ-SoB score, mean (SD) 
                 −2.82 (2.7)  
                 −0.85 (2.4)  
                 −1.8 (−2.402, −1.196) &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (23-item version) (KCCQ-23) is a patient reported questionnaire that measures the impact of patients&#39; cardiovascular disease or its treatment on 6 distinct domains using a 2-week recall: symptoms/signs, physical limitations, quality of life, social limitations, self-efficacy, and symptom stability (Green et al, 2000). In addition to the individual domains, 2 summary scores can be calculated from the KCCQ-23: the overall summary score (OSS) (includes the total symptom, physical limitation, social limitations and quality of life scores) and the clinical summary score (CSS) (combines the total symptom and physical limitation scales). Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better health status. 
     HCMSQ score is a patient-reported outcome instrument (questionnaire) applied to evaluate HCM symptoms in clinical practice to inform diagnosis to specifically capture symptoms of HCM and to assess therapeutic response longitudinally. HCMSQ-SoB score is a sub-score for questions 1-6 of the HCMSQ. Study participants received a handheld electronic device and training at Screening. During Screening they completed the HCMSQ daily for a minimum of 7 days and every day for the first 6 weeks after treatment initiation. Participants completed the HCMSQ on the handheld electronic device daily for a consecutive 7-day (1-week) period prior to the Week 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30 (EOT), and 38 (EOS) time points. 
     The HCMSQ Questionnaire: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Core Symptom 
                 Item 
                 Question 
                 Response Options 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Shortness of 
                 1 
                 Were you short of breath during 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                 breath 
                   
                 the past 24 hours? 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Were you short of breath during 
                 . = I did not attempt to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 light physical activity such as 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                   
                   
                 walking slowly or cooking 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 during the past 24 hours? 
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5 = Too short of breath to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Were you short of breath during 
                 . = I did not attempt to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 moderate physical activity such 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as cleaning house or lifting 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 heavy objects? 
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5 = Too short of breath to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Were you short of breath during 
                 . = I did not attempt to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                 (removed) 
                 heavy physical activity such as 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                   
                   
                 jogging or playing sports during 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the past 24 hours? 
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5 = Too short of breath to do the activity 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Describe your shortness of 
                 0 = No shortness of breath 
               
               
                   
                 (removed) 
                 breath at its worst during the 
                 1 = Short of breath during heavy physical activity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 past 24 hours. 
                 2 = Short of breath during moderate physical activity 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Short of breath during light physical activity 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Short of breath 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 when resting 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 How often did you have 
                 0 = Never 
               
               
                   
                   
                 shortness of breath during past 
                 1 = Seldom 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 hours? 
                 2 = Sometimes 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Often 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Almost Always 
               
               
                 Tiredness/ 
                 7 
                 Were you tired during past 24 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                 fatigue 
                   
                 hours? 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                 Heart 
                 8 
                 Did your heart beat rapidly or 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                 palpitations 
                   
                 flutter (palpitations) during past 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 hours? 
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                 Chest pain 
                 9 
                 Did you have chest pain during 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the past 24 hours? 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                 Dizziness 
                 10 
                 Were you dizzy or light-headed 
                 0 = Not at all 
               
               
                   
                   
                 during the past 24 hours? 
                 1 = Mildly 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2 = Moderately 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3 = Severely 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 4 = Very Severely 
               
               
                 Syncope 
                 11 
                 Did you faint or lose 
                 1 = Yes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 consciousness during the past 
                 0 = No 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 hours? 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     65% of patients on mavacamten achieved NYHA class I status compared to 21% on placebo. 57% of patients on mavacamten achieved a post-exercise LVOT peak gradient below 30 mmHg compared to 7% on placebo. 27% of patients on mavacamten achieved a complete response (NYHA 1 and all LVOT gradients below 30 mmHg) compared to 1% on placebo. 
     Data for key exploratory efficacy endpoints are shown in Table 7.3. Mavacamten showed a statistically significant improvement over placebo for each key exploratory efficacy endpoint. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Key Exploratory Efficacy Endpoints Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mava vs Placebo 
               
               
                   
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 Difference (95% CI) 
               
               
                 Exploratory Endpoints 
                 n/assessible (%) 
                 n/assessible (%) 
                 p-value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Post-exercise LVOT peak 
                 75/101 
                 (74.3) 
                 22/106 
                 (20.8) 
                 53.5 (42.0. 65.0) 
               
               
                 gradient &lt; 50 mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Post-exercise LVOT peak 
                 64/113 
                 (56.6) 
                 8/113 
                 (7.1) 
                 49.6 (39.3, 59.8) 
               
               
                 gradient &lt; 30 mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Complete Response* 
                 32/117 
                 (27.4) 
                 1/126 
                 (0.8) 
                 26.6 (18.3, 34.8) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Absence of SAM 
                 76/94 
                 (80.9) 
                 33/97 
                 (34.0) 
                 46.9 (34.5, 59.2) 
               
               
                 (systolic anterior motion of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 mitral valve) 
               
               
                 Absence of MR 
                 10/111 
                 (9.0) 
                 0/120 
                 (0.0) 
                 9.0 (3.7, 14.3) 
               
               
                 (mitral regurgitation) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                  0.0006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Complete Response defined as NYHA Class I and all LVOT gradients &lt; 30 mmHg 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Data for key biomarker results are shown in Table 7.4. Mavacamten showed a statistically significant decrease in NT-proBNP levels and in hs-cTnI levels compared to placebo. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mava vs 
               
               
                   
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                   
                 Geometric 
                 Geometric 
                 Week 30 
                 Week 30 
                 Model Est 
               
               
                   
                 mean (CV %) 
                 mean (CV %) 
                 ratio to BL 
                 ratio to BL 
                 RR (95% CI) 
               
               
                 Biomarker 
                 Baseline 
                 Baseline 
                 (CV %) 
                 (CV %) 
                 p-value 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 NT-proBNP 
                 777.4 
                 615.7 
                 N = 116 
                 N = 121 
                 0.202 
               
               
                 (ng/L) 
                 (136) 
                 (108) 
                 0.204 
                 1.024 
                 (0.169, 0.241) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (266.9) 
                 (55.8) 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 hs-cTnI 
                 12.51 
                 12.45 
                 N = 114 
                 N = 111 
                 0.589 
               
               
                 (ng/L) 
                 (208) 
                 (373) 
                 0.584 
                 0.993 
                 (0.500, 0.693) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (49.2) 
                 (143.3) 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Baseline characteristics for the study population are shown in Table 7.5. Baseline characteristics are measured prior to treatment. Improvements are defined relative to baseline. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baseline Characteristics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mavacamten 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                   
                 (n = 123) 
                 (n = 128) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age, mean, years (SD) 
                 58.5 
                 (12.2) 
                 58.5 
                 (11.8) 
               
               
                 Female sex, n (%) 
                 57 
                 (46.3) 
                 45 
                 (35.2) 
               
               
                 White race, n (%) 
                 115 
                 (93.5) 
                 114 
                 (89.1) 
               
               
                 US 
                 53 
                 (43.1) 
                 55 
                 (43.0) 
               
               
                 ex-US 
                 70 
                 (56.9) 
                 73 
                 (57.0) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 NYHA class, n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Class II 
                 88 
                 (71.5) 
                 95 
                 (74.2) 
               
               
                 Class III 
                 35 
                 (28.5) 
                 33 
                 (25.8) 
               
               
                 Peak VO 2 , mL/kg/min, 
                 18.93 
                 (4.86) 
                 19.90 
                 (4.91) 
               
               
                 mean (SD) 
               
               
                 NT-proBNP, pg/mL, median, 
                 783.5 
                 (373, 1759) 
                 648 
                 (354, 1360) 
               
               
                 (Q1, Q3) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Background therapy, n (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Beta blocker 
                 94 
                 (76) 
                 95 
                 (74) 
               
               
                 Calcium channel blocker 
                 25 
                 (20) 
                 17 
                 (13) 
               
               
                 LVEF, % (SD) 
                 74.1 
                 (5.8) 
                 74.2 
                 (5.9) 
               
               
                 Resting LVOT gradient, 
                 51.7 
                 (29.4) 
                 51.1 
                 (31.9) 
               
               
                 mmHg, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Valsalva LVOT gradient, 
                 72.3 
                 (31.7) 
                 73.9 
                 (32.0) 
               
               
                 mmHg, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Post-exercise LVOT gradient, 
                 85.7 
                 (34.3) 
                 84.7 
                 (35.6) 
               
               
                 mmHg, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Interventricular septum 
                 16.8 
                 (2.5) 
                 16.7 
                 (2.8) 
               
               
                 thickness, mm, mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Posterior wall thickness, mm, 
                 11.7 
                 (2.4) 
                 11.4 
                 (2.4) 
               
               
                 mean (SD) 
               
               
                 Lateral e′, cm/s, mean (SD) 
                 6.3 
                 (2.0) 
                 6.6 
                 (2.4) 
               
               
                 Septal e′, cm/s, mean (SD) 
                 4.6 
                 (1.2) 
                 4.8 
                 (1.5) 
               
               
                 E/e′ average, mean (SD) 
                 19.1 
                 (6.5) 
                 19.3 
                 (8.3) 
               
               
                 LA volume index, mL/m 2 , 
                 40.3 
                 (12.1) 
                 40.6 
                 (13.8) 
               
               
                 mean (SD) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Safety: 
     Few discontinuations were reported. 8 temporary discontinuations were reported in patients on mavacamten (all patients were at a 5 mg dose) and 7 temporary discontinuations were reported in patients on placebo. One disease related sudden death occurred on placebo. No other disease-related SAEs were reported. Five permanent treatment discontinuations were reported: 3 were due to adverse events of which 2 were on mavacamten (atrial fibrillation, syncope) and 1 on placebo (sudden death); and 2 were due to subject self-withdrawal (1 mavacamten, 1 placebo) of which one was due to the patient moving away from site, and the other was due to the patient deciding to stop study drug. 
     Mavacamten was well tolerated and demonstrated a safety profile in line with placebo at doses ranging from 2.5 to 15 mg. 10 (8.1%) subjects experienced SAEs on mavacamten through week 30. 11 (8.6%) subjects on placebo experienced AEs. The number of SAEs was 12 on mavacamten vs. 20 on placebo. Severe TEAEs occurred in 7 (5.7%) of subjects on mavacamten, vs. 13 (10.2%) on placebo. Cardiac SAEs occurred in 4 patients on mavacamten and 4 patients on placebo. 
     The dosing approach based on standard echocardiographic measures worked well and consistently. 5 of 251 participants experienced a temporary discontinuation associated with reduced ejection fraction (3 mavacamten, 2 placebo). Following a dose modification, all of the mavacamten patients returned to and completed the study. 
     Conclusion: 
     Mavacamten demonstrated a robust treatment effect on the primary and all secondary endpoints of the Phase 3 EXPLORER pivotal study with statistical significance (p&lt;0.0006 for all endpoints). For the vast majority of patients on mavacamten treatment, symptoms were diminished, exercise capacity increased and obstruction of the left ventricle—a defining characteristic of their condition—was reduced or eliminated. 
     The data from the EXPLORER pivotal trial confirm mavacamten&#39;s ability to be dosed safely to achieve statistically significant, clinically meaningful results. Treatment with mavacamten resulted in a statistically significant benefit relative to placebo (p=0.0005) for the primary endpoint for EXPLORER-HCM, a composite functional analysis designed to capture mavacamten&#39;s effect on both symptoms and cardiac function. Secondary endpoints also demonstrated statistically significant improvements as compared to placebo. 
     Mavacamten was well tolerated and demonstrated a safety profile consistent with prior mavacamten clinical studies and comparable with placebo. A greater number of serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred among patients in the placebo arm vs. the treatment arm (20 vs. 12). Overall rates of cardiac AEs were similar in the active and placebo cohorts, and not directly attributable to use of mavacamten. 
     Example 8. An Open-Label Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Single-Dose Mavacamten in Healthy Adults Who are Normal or Poor CYP 2C19 Metabolizers Based on Genotype 
     Introduction 
     CYP2C19 is a major enzyme involved in mavacamten metabolism. Specifically, in vitro experiments demonstrate that CYP2C19 contributes 74% to the metabolism of mavacamten. Other CYP enzymes metabolize mavacamten to a lesser extent; those enzymes and their percent contributions to metabolism are CYP3A4/5 (18%), CYP2C9 (7.5%), and CYP2J2 (negligible). Thus, CYP2C19 plays a major role in mavacamten metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 
     This study explores the effects of polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 enzyme on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of mavacamten. Major polymorphisms affecting CYP2C19 function include *2 (rs4244285) and *3 (r54986893), which cause a loss of function, and *17 (r512248560) which causes a gain of function. Polymorphisms in CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C9 have also been presently further studied but were found to have insignificant effects on the pharmacokinetics of mavacamten. 
     Individuals can be categorized by their genotype/phenotype as a poor metabolizer (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive/normal metabolizers (EM/NM), rapid metabolizer (RM) and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM). Individuals with a poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype have a *2/*2, *2/*3, or *3/*3 genotype. Intermediate metabolizers (IM) have a *1/*2 or *2/*17 genotype. Normal metabolizers (NM) have a *1/*1 genotype. Ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) have a *17/*17 and rapid metabolizers (RM) have a *1/*17 genotype. 
     Two genotyping platforms have been approved by the FDA for CYP2C19. The first is the Amplichip® CYP450 test (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Pleasanton, Calif.), which interrogates CYP2C19*2 and *3 (plus CYP2D6 variants). The second is the Infiniti® CYP2C19 assay (Autogenomics, Inc., Vista, Calif.), which interrogates CYP2C19*2, *3 and *17. These and other suitable methods may be used to determine CYP2C19 genotype in the present methods. 
     The effect of CYP2C19 phenotype and genotype on the metabolism function of the CYP2C19 enzyme has been presently investigated. It has been presently demonstrated that CYP2C19 phenotype/genotype is associated with mavacamten half-life and clearance rate. Specifically, normal metabolizers typically have a half-life of from about 6 to about 9 days, e.g., about 7 days (1 week), whereas poor metabolizers have a longer half-life, e.g., from about 12 to about 30 days, or often from about 16 to about 28 days based on current data in humans. Additionally, normal metabolizers typically have a clearance rate of from about 10 to about 100 mL/min, whereas poor metabolizers have a lower clearance, e.g., less than about 15 mL/min (e.g., less than about 10 mL/min.). 
     Due to the observed effects of CYP2C19 phenotype/genotype on mavacamten pharmacokinetics, treatment methods have been presently developed that are safe for patients that are poor metabolizers and which are also efficacious for normal metabolizers. 
     Adjustments to dosage for treating HCM can be made based on an individual&#39;s ability to metabolize mavacamten. Poor metabolizers of mavacamten can include individuals with mutant forms of CYP 2C19. Poor metabolizers of mavacamten can be administered a lower starting dose and/or the dose can be adjusted to a lower amount such as 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 or 2.5 mg, and dose adjust down or up based on echo. For example, in some embodiments, a poor metabolizer of mavacamten is administered an initial dose of 2 or 2.5 mg and the dose may be adjusted down to 1 mg based on LVOT and LVEF and if above 1000 ng/ml, may dose adjust down. In some embodiments, a poor metabolizer of Mavacamten is administered an initial dose of 1 mg. Mavacamten is metabolized in part by CYP 2C19, an enzyme that is subject to genetic polymorphism. The incidence of the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype for CYP 2C19 varies from about 2% in Caucasians to over 10% in several Asian countries (see, e.g., Yusuf et al., Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 531, pp. 37-46 (2003)). Our analysis thus far indicate that the exposure to mavacamten may be increased approximately 4-fold in individuals with the PM genotype compared to the normal CYP 2C19 metabolizer (NM) genotype. The study below is designed to more precisely determine the exposure to mavacamten in participants with the PM versus NM genotype. 
     Study Objective: 
     (1) To assess the PK of a single mavacamten dose in healthy participants who are either normal or poor CYP 2C19 metabolizers based on genotype. 
     (2) To assess the safety of a single Mavacamten dose in the above participants. 
     Study Design and Plan: 
     This is a Phase 1, single center, open-label, parallel group study of the administration of a single 15-mg oral dose of mavacamten to healthy participants who exhibit either the normal metabolizer (NM; *1/*1) or poor metabolizer (PM; *2/*2 or *3/*3 or *2/*3) CYP 2C19 genotype. 
     Once the informed consent form is signed and eligibility has been established, approximately 8 healthy NM participants and 8 healthy PM participants will be admitted to the clinical research unit (CRU) on the day prior to study drug administration (Day −1). On Day 1, participants will receive a single 15-mg Mavacamten dose orally. They will remain in the CRU until Day 3 (48 h after study drug administration). Blood samples will be obtained in the CRU to determine Mavacamten concentrations at pre-dose and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after study drug administration. Outpatient visits will occur on Days 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 45 to obtain additional blood samples. One last blood sample will be collected at the Termination Visit on Day 60. Additionally, urine and stool will be collected during the in-house period. For each PM participant identified, a NM participant will be identified that is of the same race and weighs±5 kg of his/her PM counterpart. 
     Genotype Assessment: 
     Blood will be drawn for genotype assessment twice. The first blood draw will be at a prescreening assessment for CYP 2C19 genotyping. Participants will sign an informed consent form (ICF) during the prescreening assessment consenting to the blood draw. The second blood draw will occur at Day-1 for CYP 2C9 genotyping. 
     Study Treatment: 
     Each participant will receive one single 15-mg Mavacamten immediate-release capsule orally with approximately 240 mL (8 fl oz) of water after an 8-hour overnight fast. 
     Study Duration: 
     Up to 120 days Prescreening Period, 30 days Screening Period, and up to 61 days thereafter (4 days in-house and 57 days outpatient). 
     Key Inclusion Criteria: 
     The key inclusion criteria are:
     1. Man or woman between the ages of 18 and 60 years,   2. Is a CYP 2C19 NM with genotype *1/*1 or PM with genotype *2/*2, *3/*3, or *2/*3 as determined by the central laboratory during the Prescreening Period;   3. Participant has a body mass index (BMI) between 18 kg/m 2  and 30 kg/m 2 ,   4. Participant is healthy as determined by medical history, physical examination, vital signs, and routine laboratory parameters (chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis); and electrocardiography (ECG) at the Screening Visit and on Day-1. Laboratory values outside the normal range are acceptable if deemed to be clinically insignificant,   5. ECG, and laboratory assessments can be repeated at Screening and Day-1;   

     Key Exclusion Criteria: 
     The key exclusion criteria are:
     20. Participant has a prior exposure to Mavacamten;   21. Participant has a history of clinically significant arrhythmia, LV systolic dysfunction, or coronary artery disease;   22. Participant has a history of malignancy of any type, other than in situ cervical cancer or surgically excised nonmelanomatous skin cancers, within 10 years of Day 1;   23. Participant has a positive serologic test at Screening for infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, or hepatitis B virus;   24. Participant has a positive test for alcohol or drugs of abuse at Screening or Day-1;   25. Participant has used prescription medication within 28 days of Day 1 or over-the-counter medication (including herbal preparations and supplements) within 14 days of Day 1 (acetaminophen up to 1.5 g per day is allowed);   26. Participant has a history or evidence of any other clinically significant disorder, condition, or disease (with the exception of those outlined above) that, in the opinion of the investigator or MyoKardia physician, would pose a risk to participant safety or interfere with the study evaluation, procedures, or completion;   27. Participant has any condition or treatment for a condition that might interfere with the conduct of the study or would, in the opinion of the investigator, put the participant&#39;s participation in the study at risk. This includes, but is not limited to, alcoholism, drug dependency or abuse, and psychiatric conditions;   28. Participant is currently using tobacco- or nicotine-containing products exceeding 10 cigarettes per day or equivalent;   29. Participant received an investigational drug (or is currently using an investigational device) within 30 days prior to Screening, or at least 5 times the respective elimination half-life (whichever is longer);   30. Participant is unable to comply with the study restrictions/requirements, including the number of required visits to the clinical site;   31. Participant has donated 500 mL or more of blood in the last 60 days or plasma in the last 2 weeks prior to the Screening Visit.   

     Study Endpoints: 
     Pharmacokinetic Endpoints include:
     3. Area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC(0-∞))   4. Maximum observed concentration (Cmax)   5. Half-life (t½)   

     Safety Endpoints include:
     3. AEs   4. Physical examination findings   5. ECG parameters   6. Vital signs   7. Clinical laboratory data, including routine chemistry and hematology parameters   

     Example 9. Half-Life and Clearance Analysis from Early Clinical Studies with Mavacamten 
     In a first clinical trial, 34 patients were given varying doses of Mavacamten from 1 mg QD to 48 mg QD. Half-life and clearance rate were analyzed after a single oral dose. Clearance rate was calculated as CL=Dose*F/AUC inf . In a second clinical trial, 21 patients were given varying doses of Mavacamten from 1 mg BiD to 18.5 mg QD. Half-life and clearance rate were analyzed after the last dose upon reaching steady state. Clearance rate was calculated as CL, SS =Dose*F/AUC (0-T) . Both trials were combined and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey&#39;s multiple comparison test. 
       FIG.  17    shows the Mavacamten half-life of the patients grouped by metabolizer phenotype. UM (rapid/ultra-rapid metabolizer) is *1/*17 or *17/*17; EM (extensive metabolizer) is *1/*1; IM (intermediate metabolizer) is *1/*2 or *17/*2; and PM (poor metabolizer) is *2/*2 or *2/*3. 
       FIG.  18    shows the Mavacamten clearance rate (CL/F) of the patients grouped by metabolizer phenotype. CYP2C19 poor metabolizers have lower clearance and longer terminal half-life than the other patients (UM, EM and IM). 
     Similar studies were performed for CYP3A5 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms. The CYP3A5 and CYP2C9 genotype did not have a significant effect on half-life or clearance rate of mavacamten. 
     Example 10 
     10A. Preliminary Population PK Modeling 
     A model was built with data from clinical studies of mavacamten in healthy subjects and HCM patients. The model captures exposure and variability across the population. 
     The model used data from studies of Mavacamten in solution and in tablet form, at varying doses from 1 to 48 mg per day, in healthy and oHCM patients. 
     A two-compartment linear PK model with linear elimination and first order absorption characterized the individual and mean concentrations well for each dose and study. Two primary co-variates were found: CYP2C19 genotype and body weight. A single copy of the 2* allele was predicted to reduce clearance rate to 59% of the clearance rate in wild type CYP2C19. A double copy of the 2* allele was predicted to reduce clearance rate to 24% of clearance in wild type of CYP2C19. Table 10.1 shows the predicted clearance rate and resulting exposure (AUC) for different genotypes.  FIGS.  19 A-C  show the mean observed plasma concentrations as a scatter plot (with 90% CI) with the modeled plasma concentrations shown in solid lines.  FIG.  19 A  shows for single dose.  FIG.  19 B  shows for multiple doses.  FIG.  19 C  shows for multiple doses over an extended time period. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Predicted Clearance Rate and Resulting 
               
               
                 Exposure based on Genotype 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CL vs Wild 
                   
                 Resulting exposure 
               
               
                 CYP2C19 
                 Type CL 
                 95% CI 
                 (AUC) vs Wild Type: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *2/*1 
                 59% 
                 [45, 78] 
                 168% [128, 221] 
               
               
                 *2/*2 
                 24% 
                 [16, 36] 
                 422% [280, 635] 
               
               
                 *17/*17 
                 167%  
                  [95, 292] 
                 60% [34, 105] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The model suggests a low starting dose will ensure safety in patients, including poor metabolizers. For example, according to the model, all patients, including poor metabolizers, will have concentrations below 800 ng/mL through 8 weeks of daily dosing at a low starting dose (5 mg/day).  FIG.  20    shows a simulation of 1500 patients with different CYP2C19 genotypes, providing expected concentration ranges for the blood plasma concentration of Mavacamten in the 1500 patients. 
     Simulations in Japanese population suggests use of a 2.5 mg/day initial dose due to the higher percentage of patients with a poor metabolizer phenotype. 
     10B. Population PK Modeling 
     Body weight had significant impact on overall exposure, with heavier subjects experiencing higher clearance (CL) and higher volume of distribution. This resulted in predicted concentrations 1.25-fold higher in a typical oHCM subject of weight 70 kg vs a subject of weight 90 kg; and predicted concentrations 1.67-fold higher in a typical oHCM subject of weight 50 kg vs a subject of weight 90 kg. Patient type (oHCM vs healthy subject) had a significant impact on overall exposure. This resulted in predicted concentrations 1.73-fold higher for a typical oHCM subject vs. a typical healthy subject of equal body weight. CYP2C19 genotype was also found to significantly impact CL, and therefore exposure, as shown in Table 10.2. Exposures were about 4-fold higher in poor metabolizers than in wild type. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CYP2C19 Impact on CL and Exposure Relative to Wild Type 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CYP2C19 
                   
                 CL ratio vs 
                   
                 AUC ratio vs wild 
               
               
                 Phenotype 
                 CYP2C19 
                 wild type CL 
                 95% CI 
                 type [95% CI] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IM 
                 *2/*1 or 
                 0.62 
                 [0.48, 0.81] 
                 1.61 [1.23, 2.09] 
               
               
                   
                 *2/*17 
               
               
                 PM 
                 *2/*2 
                 0.25 
                 [0.16, 0.37] 
                 4.08 [2.73, 6.09] 
               
               
                 UM 
                 *17/*17 
                 1.67 
                 [0.95, 2.92] 
                 0.60 [0.34, 1.05] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes: 
               
               
                 CI = confidence interval; PM = poor metabolizer; IM = intermediate metabolizer; EM = extensive metabolizer; UM = ultra-rapid metabolizer. AUC computed as dose/CL; Wild Type defined as *1/*1 or *1/*17. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Simulations 
     PK simulations were performed to assess the concentration-related aspects of the safety monitoring and dose adjustment algorithm proposed in the protocol for the EXPLORER trial in oHCM patients. Additional dose adjustment criteria in the protocol based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient were not implemented in the simulation, but would be expected to add to the overall safety of the trial. In these simulations, 1500 simulated subjects were created. The subjects had a mean (SD) body weight of 93.2 kg (14.1) as was seen in the oHCM patient study (Study 004 Parts A and B) and a range of 44.6 to 142.6 kg. These simulated subjects also had CYP2C19 genotype/phenotype distributions as suggested by the combined study data: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 EM 
                 IM 
                 PM 
                 UM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 64.8% 
                 26.7% 
                 3.8% 
                 4.8% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Distribution of PK parameters for simulated subjects was as determined in the PK model. There is no known or expected correlation between CYP2C19 genotype/phenotype and body weight. 
     In the first simulation, all simulated subjects were dosed 5 mg once daily (qd) for 30 weeks. A comparison with the predicted PK for 5 mg qd dosing of actual CYP2C19 poor metabolizer (*2/*2) subjects (PMs) in the combined studies showed that they were well characterized in the simulation. Only 2.9% of subjects were predicted to exceed the 700 ng/mL safety threshold by Week 30, the overwhelming majority of which were PMs. But, 85% of simulated subjects failed to exceed the defined minimum efficacy threshold of 350 ng/mL by Week 30, showing the necessity of dose titration. 
     In the second simulation, all simulated subjects were initiated on 5 mg qd. Per the dosing algorithm in the EXPLORER study protocol, a safety assessment was performed at Weeks 4, 6, 12, 18, 22 and 26 with a dose reduction two weeks later for subjects recording concentrations above 700 ng/mL or discontinuation of dosing for subjects recording concentrations above 1000 ng/mL. Dose increases to 10 or 15 mg qd were considered based on assessment at Weeks 6 and 12 for subjects recording concentrations below 350 ng/mL. 
       FIG.  20    shows the concentration time-course for all 1500 simulated subjects (in the second simulation), color-coded by final dose. The vertical dotted lines indicate weeks where safety or dose adjustment assessments were made (with impacted subjects&#39; dose adjusted two weeks later). The horizontal dashed lines indicate the prescribed safety thresholds (700 and 1000 ng/mL) and the low concentration threshold (350 ng/mL). 
     At Week 30, 85% of subjects were predicted to be in the 350-700 ng/mL range, with 15% below that range and none above. After the final dose adjustments at Week 28, 13%, 38% and 46% of subjects were predicted to be on 5, 10 and 15 mg doses respectively; with 2.7% on 2.5 mg and 0.73% requiring discontinuation to placebo. Poor metabolizers (PM, *2/*2) accounted for all of the subjects requiring discontinuation to placebo and 60% of those on 2.5 mg dose by Week 28. 
     Of the PM subjects, 17% required discontinuation to placebo; 38%, 42% and 3% were predicted to be on 2.5, 5 and 10 mg after the final dose adjustments at Week 28. No PM subjects were dosed 15 mg. 
     The simulations show that under the safety monitoring and dose adjustment algorithm, most subjects are expected to remain within the estimated therapeutic window of 350-700 ng/mL. 
     Analysis: 
     A two-compartment linear PK model with first order absorption and absorption lag characterized the individual and mean concentrations well for each dose and study. Body weight had significant impact on overall exposure, entering the model as an effect on both CL and Q and an effect on both V2 and V3 (central and peripheral volumes of distribution). This resulted in predicted concentrations 1.25-fold higher in a typical oHCM subject of weight 70 kg vs a subject of weight 90 kg; and predicted concentrations 1.67-fold higher in a typical oHCM subject of weight 50 kg vs a subject of weight 90 kg. 
     The CYP2C19 genotype covariates regarding one or two copies of the *2 allele were found to significantly reduce CL. Two copies of the *17 allele was found to marginally significantly increase CL, while a single copy of the *17 allele was not found to significantly impact CL. This testing confirmed the phenotype groupings as covariates: poor metabolizer (PM; *2/*2); intermediate metabolizer (IM; *1/*2, *2/*17); extensive metabolizer (EM; *1/*1, *1/*17); and ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM; *17/*17). The EM grouping was considered the base case. The other phenotype covariates were used in the final model. 
     Taken together, the combination of low body weight and the higher prevalence of CYP2C19 PM genotypes in Asia countries suggests that one dosing regimen for oHCM from a safety perspective is a starting dose of between 1-2.5 mg daily (e.g., QD) followed by adjusted dose amounts periodically based on the patient&#39;s response (LVOT gradient and LVEF), and/or plasma mavacamten concentrations. 
     Example 11 A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study and Long-Term Safety Extension Study to Evaluate Mavacamten in Japanese Adults with Symptomatic oHCM 
     This is a Phase 3, double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel group study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of mavacamten in Japanese subjects with symptomatic oHCM. Approximately 45 subjects will be enrolled. Subjects will be randomized 2:1 (30 mavacamten, 15 placebo). The study will comprise 4 periods: screening period (5 weeks), treatment period (30 weeks), long term extension (102 weeks) and posttreatment follow-up (8 weeks). 
     During the treatment period, a dose titration scheme will be used to achieve safe and effective dosing for each subject based on their own response parameters. The starting dose will be 2.5 mg (or matching placebo) once daily. The dose may be adjusted to 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mg. Assessments including ECG, PK (pre-dose plasma concentrations), CPET, and TTE will be performed at study visits. The dose will be adjusted or temporarily discontinued depending on these assessments. All subjects who complete the placebo-controlled treatment period are eligible for the long-term extension (LTE). Dose adjustments are permitted during the LTE. Subjects who were on placebo will begin at 2.5 mg during LTE. 
     Study Treatment and Administration 
     During the placebo-controlled treatment period, randomized subjects with receive mavacamten immediate-release capsules 2.5 mg or matching placebo QD for the first 8 weeks of the dosing period with pre-dose PK samples drawn at Week 4, 6, and 8. If at Week 4, the pre-dose PK is 700-1000 ng/mL, the dose will be decreased to 1 mg QD at Week 6. At all other time points, the dose will be adjusted based on pre-dose PK and central laboratory TTE assessments at Week 8 based on Week 6 assessments, Week 14 based on Week 12, and Week 20 based on Week 18. The permissible doses at Week 8 will be 1, 2.5, 5 mg or placebo. 10 mg will be available beginning at Week 14 and 15 mg will be available beginning at Week 20. The titration criteria for dose adjustments is shown in Tables 11.1 and 11.2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PK Criteria for Down-Titration (requires LVEF ≥ 50%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Time of 
                 Pre-dose PK 
                   
               
               
                 Assessment 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 Time and Dose Reduction 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Week 4 
                 700 &lt; PK &lt; 
                 Week 6: Reduce to 1 mg 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
               
               
                 Week 6 
                 700 &lt; PK &lt; 
                 Week 8: Reduce to next lower dose 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 (2.5 to 1 mg, 1 mg to placebo) 
               
               
                 Week 8 
                 700 &lt; PK &lt; 
                 2 weeks later: Reduce to next lower dose 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 (5 to 2.5 mg, 2.5 to 1 mg, 1 mg to placebo) 
               
               
                 Week 12 
                 700 &lt; PK &lt; 
                 Week 14: Reduce to next lower dose 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 (5 mg to 2.5 mg, 2.5 mg to 1 mg, 1 mg to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 placebo) 
               
               
                 Week 18 
                 700 &lt; PK &lt; 
                 Week 20: Reduce to next lower dose 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 (10 mg to 5 mg, 5 mg to 2.5 mg, 2.5 mg to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 mg, 1 mg to placebo) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dose Up-Titration Criteria (requires LVEF ≥ 55%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Time of Assessment: 
                 Dose 
                 Week 8 Time 
                 Week 14 Time 
                 Week 20 Time 
               
               
                 Week 6, 12, and 18 
                 Titration 
                 and Dose 
                 and Dose 
                 and Dose 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PK &lt; 350 ng/mL AND 
                 Increase 
                 1 → 2.5 mg 
                 1 → 2.5 mg 
                 1 → 2.5 mg 
               
               
                 Valsalva gradient ≥ 30 
                   
                 2.5 → 5 mg 
                 2.5 → 5 mg 
                 2.5 → 5 mg 
               
               
                 mmHg 
                   
                   
                 5 → 10 mg 
                 5 → 10 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 → 15 mg 
               
               
                 PK &lt; 350 ng/mL AND 
                 No change 
                 Continue prior 
                 Continue prior 
                 Continue prior 
               
               
                 Valsalva gradient &lt; 30 
                   
                 dose 
                 dose 
                 dose 
               
               
                 mmHg 
               
               
                 350 ≤ PK ≤ 700 ng/mL 
                 No change 
                 Continue prior 
                 Continue prior 
                 Continue prior 
               
               
                 (regardless of Valsalva 
                   
                 dose 
                 dose 
                 dose 
               
               
                 gradient) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After the third dose titration at Week 20 there are no further up-titrations; the intent is for dose to remain unchanged unless for safety or other reasons for premature discontinuation. 
     Example 12 an Exploratory, Open-Label, Proof-of-Concept, Phase 2a Study of Mavacamten (MYK-461) in Participants with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) and Chronic Elevation of Cardiac Troponin I and/or NT-proBNP 
     This is a Phase 2a proof-of-concept study to assess safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of mavacamten treatment on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in participants with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and chronic elevation of cTnI and/or NT-proBNP. 
     Objectives and Endpoints: The primary, exploratory, and pharmacokinetic (PK) objectives and endpoints of the study are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Objectives 
                 Endpoints 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Primary 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in cTnI 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on 
                 (resting), as assessed by a high-sensitivity assay 
               
               
                 cTnI levels (at rest) 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on 
                 NT-proBNP (resting) 
               
               
                 NT-proBNP levels (at rest) 
               
               
                 To evaluate the safety and 
                 Frequency and severity of treatment-emergent 
               
               
                 tolerability of a 26-week 
                 adverse events (AEs), adverse events of special 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten 
                 interest (symptomatic overdose, outcomes of 
               
               
                   
                 pregnancy, left ventricular ejection fraction 
               
               
                   
                 [LVEF] ≤ 30%), and serious adverse events; 
               
               
                   
                 laboratory abnormalities; vital signs; and cardiac 
               
               
                   
                 rhythm abnormalities 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Exploratory 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in cTnT 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on cardiac 
                 (resting), as assessed by a high-sensitivity assay 
               
               
                 troponin T (cTnT) levels (at rest) 
               
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on diastolic 
                 measures of resting diastolic function 
               
               
                 function (both with and without 
               
               
                 exercise) by transthoracic 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE 
               
               
                 echocardiogram (TTE) 
                 measures of diastolic function upon exercise 
               
               
                   
                 stress echocardiogram 
               
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on systolic 
                 measures of systolic function (eg, LVEF) 
               
               
                 function (both with and without 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in TTE 
               
               
                 exercise) by TTE 
                 measures of systolic function upon exercise 
               
               
                   
                 stress echocardiogram 
               
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in 6MWT 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on 6- 
                 distance 
               
               
                 minute walk test (6MWT) 
               
               
                 distance 
               
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in average 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on 
                 daily activity units as measured by 
               
               
                 activity measured by 
                 accelerometry 
               
               
                 accelerometry 
               
               
                 To assess the effect of a 26-week 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in NYHA 
               
               
                 course of mavacamten on New York 
                 class 
               
               
                 Heart Association (NYHA) class 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in KCCQ 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on 
                 scores 
               
               
                 Kansas City Cardio-myopathy 
               
               
                 Questionnaire (KCCQ) Scores 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in SF-12 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on the 
                 score 
               
               
                 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) 
               
               
                 scores 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in post- 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on 
                 exercise cTnI levels, as assessed with a high- 
               
               
                 post-exercise cTnI levels 
                 sensitivity assay 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in post- 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on 
                 exercise cTnT levels, as assessed with a high- 
               
               
                 post-exercise cTnT levels 
                 sensitivity assay 
               
               
                 To evaluate the effect of a 26- 
                 Change from baseline to Week 26 in post- 
               
               
                 week course of mavacamten on post- 
                 exercise NT-proBNP levels 
               
               
                 exercise NT-proBNP levels 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Pharmacokinetic 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To characterize the PK profile of 
                 Mavacamten plasma concentration over time 
               
               
                 mavacamten in individuals with 
                 PK parameters using a population PK approach 
               
               
                 HFpEF with chronic elevation of 
               
               
                 cTnI and/or NT-proBNP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Overall Design 
     This is a multicenter, exploratory, open-label study to explore the efficacy and/or pharmacodynamic effect, PK, safety, and tolerability of mavacamten in approximately 35 ambulatory participants with symptomatic HFpEF and elevated cTnI and/or elevated NT-proBNP as defined in inclusion/exclusion criteria. The study will include an up to 7-week screening period (with an initial biomarker prescreen that may be performed remotely via home health nurse), a 26-week treatment period, and an 8-week posttreatment follow-up period. The number of participants entering the study without elevated (≥99th percentile) high-sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI) will be limited to 20. Participants will receive a 26-week course of mavacamten followed by an 8-week washout period. All participants will initially receive 2.5 mg orally each day. At Week 14, the dose for some participants may be increased to 5 mg orally each day. An interim analysis will be performed after the first 10 participants have reached the end of treatment (Week 26). The data will be utilized to assess preliminary effects of mavacamten on NT-proBNP and hs-cTnI in the targeted HFpEF segment and determine whether any changes to dosing strategy and/or the number of participants are appropriate. 
     Inclusion Criteria 
     Inclusion Criteria:
     1. Able to understand and comply with the study procedures, understand the risks involved in the study, and provide written informed consent according to federal, local, and institutional guidelines before the first study-specific procedure.   2. Is at least 50 years old at Screening.   3. Body weight is greater than 45 kg at Screening.   4. Documented prior objective evidence of heart failure as shown by 1 or more of the following criteria:
       Previous hospitalization for heart failure with documented radiographic evidence of pulmonary congestion.   Elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest (≥15 mm Hg) or with exercise (≥25 mm Hg).   Elevated level of NT-proBNP (&gt;400 pg/mL) or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (&gt;200 pg/mL). In the absence of qualifying historical NT-proBNP or BNP levels meeting this threshold, screening NT-proBNP meeting the threshold in inclusion criterion 5 will satisfy inclusion criterion 4.   Echocardiographic evidence of medial E/e′ ratio≥15 or left atrial enlargement (left atrial volume index&gt;34 mL/m 2 ) together with chronic treatment with spironolactone, eplerenone, or a loop diuretic.   
       5. Meets 1 or more of the following criteria:
       A screening hs-cTnI&gt;99th percentile (at initial screening measurement with a second measurement during Screening within ±25% of initial measurement). OR   NT-proBNP*&gt;300 pg/mL at initial screening measurement (if not in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter) or &gt;750 pg/mL (if in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter). OR   If the screened participant is either of African descent or has a body mass index 230.0 kg/m 2 , a screening NT-proBNP*&gt;240 pg/mL (if not in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter) or &gt;600 pg/mL (if in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter).
 
No more than 20 participants may enter the study without a screening hs-cTnI&gt;99th percentile.
   
       6. Has documented LVEF≥60% at the Screening visit as determined by the echocardiography central laboratory and no history of prior LVEF≤45%.   7. Has documented elevated left ventricular mass index (LVMI) by 2-dimensional imaging (&gt;95 g/m 2  if female and &gt;115 g/m 2  if male) OR maximal left ventricular wall thickness 212 mm.
 
Upon agreement of the study co-chairs and MyoKardia after an interim review of data (and with documentation of such review and decision in a Note to File), the LVMI threshold for inclusion may be increased if deemed appropriate.
   8. Has adequate acoustic windows on screening resting TTE as determined by echocardiography central laboratory, to enable high likelihood of acquisition of high-quality TTEs throughout study.   9. Has NYHA class II or III symptoms at Screening.   10. Has safety laboratory parameters (chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis) within normal limits (according to the central laboratory reference range) at Screening; however, a participant with safety laboratory parameters outside normal limits may be included if he/she meets all of the following criteria:
       The safety laboratory parameter outside normal limits is considered by the investigator to be clinically unimportant. In this case, the investigator should discuss the result in question with the study medical monitor prior to enrollment.   If there is an alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase result, the value must be &lt;3× the upper limit of the laboratory reference range.   The body size-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate is ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 .   
       11. Female participants must not be pregnant or lactating and, if sexually active (and not postmenopausal or surgically sterile per the definition below), must be using one of the following highly effective birth control methods from the Screening visit through 3 months after the last dose of study drug. Male partners of female participants must also use a contraceptive (eg, barrier, condom, or vasectomy).
       Combined (estrogen- and progestogen-containing) hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation or progestogen-only hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation by oral, implantable, or injectable route of administration.   Intrauterine device.   Intrauterine hormone-releasing system.   Female is surgically sterile for 6 months or postmenopausal for 1 year. Permanent sterilization includes hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and/or documented bilateral tubal occlusion at least 6 months prior to Screening. Females are considered postmenopausal if they have had amenorrhea for at least 1 year or more following cessation of all exogenous hormonal treatments and follicle-stimulating hormone levels are in the postmenopausal range.   
       

     Exclusion Criteria 
     Exclusion criteria:
     1. Previously participated in a clinical study in which mavacamten was received.   2. Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the mavacamten formulation.   3. Participated in a clinical trial where the participant received any investigational drug (or is currently using an investigational device) within 30 days prior to Screening or 5 times the respective elimination half-life (whichever is longer).   4. Has a prior diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy OR a known infiltrative or storage disorder which could cause HFpEF and/or cardiac hypertrophy, such as amyloidosis, Fabry disease, or Noonan syndrome with LV hypertrophy OR a positive serum immunofixation result.   5. Has any medical condition that precludes exercise stress testing (for stress echocardiogram).   6. Has a history of syncope within the last 6 months or sustained ventricular tachycardia with exercise within the past 6 months.   7. Has a history of resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest at any time or known appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge within 6 months prior to Screening.   8. Has persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation not on anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and/or is not adequately rate controlled within 6 months prior to Screening (note: participants with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation who are anticoagulated and adequately rate-controlled are allowed).   9. For participants on beta blocker, verapamil, or diltiazem, any dose adjustment&lt;14 days before Screening.   10. Currently treated or planned treatment during the study with either: (a) a combination of beta blocker and verapamil or a combination of beta blocker and diltiazem, (b) disopyramide, or (c) biotin or biotin-containing supplements/multivitamins.   11. Has any electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormality considered by the investigator to pose a risk to participant safety (eg, second-degree atrioventricular block type II).   12. Has either: (a) known unrevascularized coronary artery disease OR (b) acute coronary syndrome in the last 3 months.   13. Has known moderate or severe aortic valve stenosis, hemodynamically significant mitral stenosis, or severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation at Screening (all in the investigator&#39;s judgment).   14. Has any acute or serious comorbid condition (eg, major infection or hematologic, renal, metabolic, gastrointestinal, or endocrine dysfunction) that, in the judgment of the investigator, could lead to premature termination of study participation or interfere with the measurement or interpretation of the efficacy and safety assessments in the study.   15. Has severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other severe pulmonary disease, requiring home oxygen, chronic nebulizer therapy, chronic oral steroid therapy or hospitalized for pulmonary decompensation within 12 months.   16. Hemoglobin&lt;10.0 g/dL.   17. Body mass index≥45.0 kg/m 2 .   18. Positive serologic test at Screening for infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, or hepatitis B virus. Positive hepatitis BsAb participants are allowed as this positive serologic test denotes presence of neutralizing, protective antibodies and does not denote chronic infection.   19. Active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and/or other acute respiratory infection at time of Screening or randomization.   20. History of clinically significant malignant disease within 5 years of Screening:
       Participants who have been successfully treated for nonmetastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma or have been adequately treated for cervical carcinoma in situ can be included in the study.   
       21. History or evidence of any other clinically significant disorder, condition, or disease (with the exception of those outlined above) that, in the opinion of the investigator or medical monitor, would pose a risk to participant safety or interfere with the study evaluation, procedures, or completion.   22. Currently taking, or has taken within 14 days prior to Screening, a prohibited medication (including over-the-counter medications) such as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 inhibitor (eg, omeprazole, esomeprazole), a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, or St. John&#39;s Wort.   23. Prior or concomitant treatment with cardiotoxic agents such as doxorubicin or similar.   24. Unable to comply with the study requirements, including the number of required visits to the clinical site.   25. Employed by, or a relative of someone employed by MyoKardia, the investigator, or his/her staff or family.   26. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain by TTE in the range from 0 to −12.0 (assessed by central TTE reader).   27. Unable to participate in 6MWT (eg, nonambulatory, etc).   28. NT-proBNP at Screening&gt;2000 pg/mL.   

     Study Procedures and Treatment: 
     Doses of mavacamten used in this study will be 2.5 and 5 mg. Dose adjustments at Week 14 will be based upon biomarkers (hs-cTnI and NT-proBNP) and LVEF measured at the Week 12 visit. 
     Study visits will occur at Screening, Day 1, Week 6, Week 12, Week 14, Week 20, Week 26, and the End of Study (EOS) visit at Week 34. Assessments during the treatment period will include vital signs, AEs, concomitant medications, abbreviated physical examination, weight, 12-lead ECG, resting TTE, PK sampling, safety laboratory assessments (chemistry, hematology, coagulation panel, and urinalysis), hs-cTnI, high-sensitivity cTnT, NT-proBNP, urine pregnancy test (for women of childbearing potential only), a blood sample for exploratory biomarkers, NYHA class, KCCQ score, and SF-12 score. A 6MWT will be conducted twice during Screening, at Week 26, and at Week 34/EOS. A post-exercise stress TTE will be conducted no more than 5 days prior to the first dose, at Week 26, and at Week 34/EOS. Accelerometry will be conducted from the second Screening visit to Week 34. Genotyping and pharmacogenetic samples will be collected on Day 1 predose. In addition, participants will be contacted via telephone call at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 22, and 24 to collect information about AEs and concomitant medications. Participants who prematurely discontinue study drug at any time will attend an early drug discontinuation visit within 14 days of study drug discontinuation and the EOS visit at Week 34. 
     All participants will initially receive 2.5 mg mavacamten orally once daily (QD). At Week 14, the dose for some participants may be increased to 5 mg QD based on biomarkers (hs-cTnI and NT-proBNP) and LVEF measured at the Week 12 visit. 
     For participants entering the study with hs-cTnI&gt;99th percentile, the dose will be increased to 5 mg at Week 14 if all of the following conditions are met:
         hs-cTnI (at Week 12) is &gt;99th percentile and has not decreased by at least 30% relative to the mean of all available pretreatment values (Prescreening, Screening, and Day 1 predose); AND   Resting LVEF (at Week 12) has not decreased by ≥15% (relative reduction from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 predose resting LVEFs); AND   NT-proBNP has not increased by &gt;50% from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 predose resting measurements.       

     For participants entering the study with NT-proBNP elevation and hs-cTnI≤99th percentile, the dose will be increased to 5 mg at Week 14 if all of the following conditions are met:
         NT-proBNP (at Week 12) is greater than the upper limit of normal and has neither decreased by at least 50% nor increased by at least 50% relative to the mean of all available pretreatment values (Prescreening, Screening, and Day 1 predose); AND   Resting LVEF (at Week 12) has not decreased by ≥15% (relative reduction from the mean of all available screening and Day 1 predose resting LVEFs).       

     There will also be a provision for temporary or permanent treatment discontinuation based on the LVEF after all visits in which it is measured:
         (1) If the local sonographer determines that the LVEF is ≤45%: Under these circumstances, the sonographer should review and remeasure the findings with at least one other professional qualified in echocardiography assessment (can be the investigator) in addition to informing the investigator. If the result is confirmed locally (LVEF≤45%), then study drug will be temporarily discontinued with subsequent permanent treatment discontinuation if confirmed by the core echocardiography laboratory. In the event that the central reader does not confirm the ≤45% result, the investigator and the medical monitor (with input from the co-coordinating investigators as needed) will discuss the study participant&#39;s results to determine whether treatment may be reinitiated and at what dose (with documentation in writing prior to reinitiation of treatment).   (2) If the central echocardiography laboratory determines that LVEF has either decreased (relative reduction) by 20% or more from baseline (mean of all screening/predose values) OR that the LVEF is &lt;50% but &gt;45%, study drug will be temporarily discontinued for 2 weeks. In the event that TTE quality is deemed insufficient by the central core laboratory to precisely estimate LVEF, an attempt to obtain a repeat unscheduled TTE for this purpose should be made; however, if this is not possible or if LVEF still cannot be quantitatively estimated, the core TTE laboratory should qualitatively determine whether the LVEF is likely &lt;50% and this information will be utilized for the purpose of decision-making regarding temporarily discontinuing dosing.   (3) If the local investigator is informed that LVEF is &lt;50% on a nonstudy TTE, study drug should be temporarily discontinued and the nonstudy TTE images obtained for core TTE laboratory review. If the core TTE laboratory determines that LVEF was ≤45% on the TTE, study drug must be permanently discontinued. If the core TTE laboratory determines that LVEF was &lt;50% but &gt;45%: the procedures in condition (2) above should be followed. In the event that the nonstudy TTE images triggering the temporary discontinuation are not available to the core laboratory expediently, an unscheduled study TTE should be performed in a timely manner to obtain images for core laboratory review for these purposes.       

     If study drug is temporarily discontinued under condition (2), it may be restarted after 2 weeks if repeat TTE demonstrates that the participant no longer meets the criteria leading to temporary discontinuation on the subsequent TTE. The dose upon restarting will be 2.5 mg regardless of the dose at the time of temporary discontinuation. If a participant meets criteria for temporary discontinuation a second time after restarting study drug, the study drug will be permanently discontinued. 
     If study drug is stopped for any reason directly or indirectly related to the COVID-19 pandemic (including, but not limited to, inability to obtain TTE and/or biomarker, drug supply issue, etc), the investigator and the medical monitor (with input from the study co-chairs as needed) will discuss and mutually approve (with documentation in writing) any plan for restarting study drug for an individual study participant. 
     The dose may be down-titrated for safety at any time. Safety will be monitored throughout the study. 
     Example 13. Crystalline Form a of Mavacamten 
     Abbreviations 
     
         
         
           
             API=active pharmaceutical ingredient=mavacamten 
             DCM=dichloromethane 
             DSC=differential scanning calorimetry 
             h=hour(s) 
             HFIPA=hexafluoroisopropanol 
             HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography 
             HSM=hot stage microscopy 
             IPC=integrated process control 
             MIBK=methyl isobutyl ketone 
             MTBE=methyl tert-butyl ether 
             ND=not detected 
             RT or rt=room temperature 
             TGA=thermogravimetric analysis 
             TMS-NCO=isocyanatotrimethylsilane (i.e., (trimethylsilyl)isocyanate) 
             XRPD=x-ray powder diffraction 
           
         
       
    
     Example 13.1: Preparation of API 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.1. Synthesis of Propan-2-yl urea. Into a 1-L round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of argon, was placed a solution of propan-2-amine (35.91 g, 607.51 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (1000 mL). Isocyanato-trimethylsilane (68.56 g, 595.11 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was added to the solution. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. This was followed by the addition of methanol (300 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 degree C. The resulting solution was allowed to react, with stirring, for an additional 2 h at rt. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol/ether (1:40). The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 53 g (85%) of propan-2-yl urea (compound 1.1) as a white solid. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.2. Synthesis of 1-Isopropylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (Methanol). Into a 2-L round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of argon, was placed methanol (1000 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium metal (39.1 g, 1.70 mol, 2.50 equiv) in portions at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. To this solution was added propan-2-yl urea (69 g, 675.58 mmol, 1.00 equiv; compound 1.1) and 1,3-dimethyl propanedioate (98.2 g, 743.29 mmol, 1.10 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight in a 70° C. oil bath. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3 with concentrated hydrogen chloride. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (20/1). This resulted in 91 g (79%) of 1-(propan-2-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione (compound 1.2) as a yellow solid.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 , ppm): δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 4.96-5.05 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 1.43-1.45 (m, 6H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.2. Synthesis of 1-Isopropylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (Ethanol). 1-Isopropylurea (4.983 kg, 48.79 mol; compound 1.1), absolute ethanol (15.8 kg), diethyl malonate, (8.701 kg, 54.32 mol, 1.1 equiv), and sodium ethoxide (21 wt % in ethanol), (20.7 kg, 63.9 mol, 1.3 equiv) were added to a 100 L reactor and heated to reflux (75-80° C.) with stirring (145 rpm) for 20.7 hours. An IPC LC/MS limit test indicated ≤10% 1-isopropylurea. The mixture was cooled to 24° C. A solution of 2N HCl was prepared by mixing potable water (30.0 kg) and concentrated HCl (6.3 kg). The 2N HCl solution was added to the reaction mixture over 25 min (23-25° C. temperature range), adjusting the pH to 3. The slurry was then concentrated by vacuum distillation to about 27 L (5.5 L/kg), while maintaining a pot temperature below 50° C. An IPC GC headspace limit test indicated ≤10% ethanol. The slurry was cooled to 9° C. and mixed for 15.5 h at 5-10° C. The solids were isolated by filtration, washed with potable water (30.0 kg) and vacuum-dried at 40-45° C. for 39 h. The dried product afforded 6.579 kg (79%) of 1-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (compound 1.2) as a light yellow solid in 99.22% purity (a/a). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.3. Synthesis of 6-Chloro-3-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (BTEAC). Into a 2-L round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of argon was placed 1-(propan-2-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione (129 g, 758.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv; compound 1.2) and N-benzyl-N,N-triethylethanaminiumchloride (241 g, 1.06 mol, 1.40 equiv) in 400 mL of phosphoryl trichloride (5.0-5.5 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 50° C. in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was cooled to 0° C. with a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with 5×500 mL of dichloromethane and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was washed with 100 mL of dichloromethane. The solids were collected by filtration and washed with 200 mL ether. This resulted in 93 g (crude) of 6-chloro-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione (compound 1.3) as a light yellow solid. LC-MS (ES, m/z) [M+H] +  189.3, [M+CH 3 CN]+230.3.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , ppm): δ 12.19 (s, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 4.90-4.99 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.35 (m, 6H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.3. Synthesis of 6-Chloro-3-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (Acetonitrile). 1-Isopropylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (6.200 kg, 36.43 mol; compound 1.2), anhydrous acetonitrile (24.4 kg), and phosphorus oxychloride (6.184 kg, 40.33 mol, 1.1 equiv) were added to a 100 L reactor. The mixture was heated to 55° C. and held at 55-60° C. for 21.7 h. In-process HPLC analysis showed 0.6% of the trione starting material remaining. The mixture was then cooled to 24° C. and potable water (62.0 kg) was charged over 31 min while maintaining an internal temperature below 35° C. The resulting suspension was stirred at 23-26° C. for 3.1 h and then filtered. The solids were washed with potable water (37.2 kg) and then vacuum-dried at ca. 60° C. for 18.5 h to afford 4.726 kg (69%) of 6-chloro-3-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (compound 1.3) as a light brown solid in 99.48% purity (a/a). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.4. Synthesis of API (Neat 1-Phenylethan-1-amine). Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of argon, was placed 6-chloro-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione (40 g, 212.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in (1S)-1-phenylethan-1-amine (64.4 g, 531.44 mmol, 2.50 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at 100° C. in an oil bath. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1). The crude product was recrystallized from ether. This resulted in 30.7127 g (53%) of 6-[[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino]-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione (compound 1.4) as a light yellow solid. LC-MS (ES, m/z) [M+H]+ 274.10, [2M+H]+547.25.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , ppm): δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.50-6.52 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.85-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.54 (m, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 1.38-1.40 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.25-1.28 (m, 6H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.4. Synthesis of Crude API (Large-Scale). A 100 L reactor was charged with 6-chloro-3-isopropylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (3.715 kg, 19.70 mol; compound 1.3), 1-propanol (9.0 kg), and (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine (5.980 kg, 49.35 mol, 2.5 equiv). The reaction mixture was heated to 104° C. with stirring (250 RPM) for 20 h. HPLC analysis showed 0.9% residual compound 1.3. The solution was then cooled to 87° C., and potable water (22.3 kg) was added. The mixture was cooled to 25° C., and the resulting slurry was stirred for 21.5 h at 15-25° C. The resulting suspension was filtered. The solids were washed with potable water (19.7 kg) and MTBE (14.5 kg,) and then were vacuum-dried at 60° C. for 18 h to afford 4.949 kg (92%) of the crude API (compound 1.4). HPLC analysis of the material indicated 100% purity (a/a). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1.5. Preparation of Purified API (Large-Scale). A 100 L reactor was charged with the crude API (4.942 kg, 18.08 mol; compound 1.4) and 95% ethanol (39.0 kg). The suspension was heated to 75° C. with stirring (250 RPM). The resulting solution was clarified into a second 100 L reactor by filtration through a 1.2 μm filter cartridge. The filter cartridge was rinsed with 95% EtOH (1.954 kg), and the rinse was transferred into the 100 L receiving reactor. The contents of the receiving vessel were heated at reflux (76-78° C.) for 10 min, and then the solution was cooled to 10° C. over 3.5 h. The resulting slurry was stirred at ca. 5-10° C. for 25 h, and then the suspension was filtered. The solids were washed with MTBE (14.5 kg) and then vacuum-dried at 60° C. for 15.5 h to afford 4.311 kg (87%) of the purified API. Analytical data for the purified API is discussed below in Table 13.1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Analytical Data for the Purified API 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 METHOD 
                 LIMITS 
                 RESULTS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 XRPD 
                 NA 
                 Consistent with reference. 
               
               
                 HPLC 
                 &gt;99.5% (a/a) 
                 100.0% (a/a) 
               
               
                   
                 All impurities &lt;0.1%. 
                 No impurities detected. 
               
               
                 HPLC 
                 NA 
                 99.97% (a/a) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.026% MYK-460 (enantiomer) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Speciesf 
                 Amount Detected 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Residual 
                 CH 3 CN 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Solvents 
                 EtOH 
                 523 ppm 
               
               
                 GC (TM1094) 
                 MTBE 
                  20 ppm 
               
               
                   
                 1-propanol 
                 ND* 
               
               
                   
                 (S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine 
                 115 ppm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *ND = not detected 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13.2: Identification and Characterization of Form A 
     Three samples of the API (Lots 2-4, 2-5, and 2-6) were analyzed and identified as a crystalline solid form, which was designated as Form A. 
     Procedures 
     X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD): PANalytical EXPERT Pro MPD Diffractometer Transmission. XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X&#39;Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu radiation produced using an Optix long, fine-focus source. An elliptically graded multilayer mirror was used to focus Cu Kα X-rays through the specimen and onto the detector. Before the analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to verify the observed position of the Si 111 peak is consistent with the NIST-certified position. A specimen of the sample was sandwiched between 3-μm-thick films and analyzed in transmission geometry. A beam-stop, short antiscatter extension, antiscatter knife edge, were used to minimize the background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening from axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X&#39;Celerator) located 240 mm from the specimen and Data Collector software v. 2.2b. 
     PANalytical EXPERT Pro MPD Diffractometer—Reflection. XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X&#39;Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu Kα radiation produced using a long, fine-focus source and a nickel filter. The diffractometer was configured using the symmetric Bragg-Brentano geometry. Before the analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to verify the observed position of the Si 111 peak is consistent with the NIST-certified position. A specimen of the sample was prepared as a thin, circular layer centered on a silicon zero-background substrate. In some cases, samples were prepared under a nitrogen atmosphere. Antiscatter slits (SS) were used to minimize the background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening from axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X&#39;Celerator) located 240 mm from the sample and Data Collector software v. 2.2b. 
     Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC): DSC was performed using a TA Instruments 2920 differential scanning calorimeter. Temperature calibration was performed using NIST-traceable indium metal. The sample was placed into an aluminum DSC pan, covered with a lid, and the weight was accurately recorded. A weighed aluminum pan configured as the sample pan was placed on the reference side of the cell. The method code on the thermogram is an abbreviation for the start and end temperature as well as the heating rate; e.g., −30-250-10 means “from −30° C. to 250° C., at 10° C./min.” The following table summarizes the abbreviations used for pan configurations: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Abbreviation in comments 
                 Meaning 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 TOC 
                 Tzero crimped pan 
               
               
                   
                 HS 
                 Lid hermetically sealed 
               
               
                   
                 HSLP 
                 Lid hermetically sealed and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perforated with a laser pinhole 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 Lid crimped 
               
               
                   
                 NC 
                 Lid not crimped 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): TG analyses were performed using a TA Instruments 2950 thermogravimetric analyzer. Temperature calibration was performed using nickel and a nickel-aluminum alloy (Alumel™). Each sample was placed in a platinum pan and inserted into the TG furnace. The furnace was heated under a nitrogen purge. The method code on the thermogram is an abbreviation for the start and end temperature as well as the heating rate; e.g., 25-350-10 means “from 25 to 350° C., at 10° C./min”. 
     Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM): Hot stage microscopy was performed using a Linkam hot stage (model FTIR 600) mounted on a Leica DM LP microscope equipped with a SPOT Insight™ color digital camera. Temperature calibrations were performed using USP melting point standards. Samples were placed on a cover glass, and a second cover glass was placed on top of the sample. As the stage was heated, each sample was visually observed using a 20×objective with cross polarizers and a first order red compensator. Images were captured using SPOT advanced software (v. 4.5.9). The sample was heated at 20° C./min from ambient to 228° C., then at 3° C./min to 243° C. The sample was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature by turning off the heat source. On reaching 27° C., the sample was re-heated at 20° C./min to 190° C. then reduced to 10° C./min to 249° C. 
     Results 
     Three samples of the API (Lots 2-4, 2-5, and 2-6) were analyzed by XRPD and found to be of the same crystalline solid form, which was designated as Form A ( FIGS.  23 A and  23 B ). Form A is an unsolvated, anhydrous crystalline form. 
     Lot 2-4 was further characterized by thermal analysis (see  FIGS.  24  and  25   ). A negligible weight loss of 0.2 wt % from 25 to 200° C. was observed in the TGA trace ( FIG.  24   ). DSC of the material showed a broad endotherm followed by three sharp endotherms with peak maxima at 214, 238, 242° C. and 252° C., respectively ( FIG.  25   ). 
     The observations made from the hot stage microscopy (HSM) (Table 13.2) are consistent with thermal events observed in the DSC and TG traces. No changes were observed by microscopy while heating a sample of Form A at 20° C./min from ambient temperature to 222° C., when changes in birefringence were noted. The heating rate was slowed to 3° C./min at 228° C. when melting was observed, followed by recrystallization at the same temperature to produce columnar and acicular particles. No further changes were observed until 238° C. when melting was noted followed by crystallization at 239° C. A third melting event occurred at 243° C. The sample was cooled and crystallization of fibrous particles encapsulated in droplets was observed at 27° C. The sample was re-heated at 20° C./min until crystallization of plates was observed at 125° C. At 190° C., the heating rate was reduced to 10° C./min. Concurrent melting and crystallization was recorded at 207° C. followed by crystallization of columnar particles at 216° C. A second concurrent melt/crystallization occurred between 226 to 230° C. that generated plates. The plate particles were observed to melt starting at 245° C. The thermal data suggests that polymorphs of the API are possible within the temperature range tested. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterization of API Samples as Received 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Lot 
                 Analytical 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Technique 
                 Result a   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2-4 
                 XRPD 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 DSC 
                 Endo 1: br, 200.3° C. (onset) 214.1° C. (peak max) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Endo 2: sh, 237.6° C. (peak max) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Endo 3: sh, 242.0° C. (peak max) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Endo 4: sh, 251.6° C. (peak max) 
               
               
                   
                 TGA 
                 0.15 wt % loss from 24.8 to 200.0° C. 
               
               
                   
                 HSM b   
                 25.4° C., started heating 20° C./min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 112.2° C., no changes observed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 221.5° C., some changes in birefringence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 227.6° C., melting, heating 3° C./min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 228.4° C., crystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 234.1° C., no changes observed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 238.1° C., melting. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 239.8° C., crystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 242.6° C., melting and few crystals left 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27.4° C., partially crystallized, heating 20° C./min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 124.9° C., more sample started crystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 190.0° C., no changes observed, heating 10° C./min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 207.3° C., appeared to melt/recrystallization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 216.4° C., some new crystals formed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 226.4° C., melting/recrystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 228.3° C., melting/recrystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 230.4° C., melting/recrystallizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 234.7° C., no changes observed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 244.6° C., melting 
               
               
                   
                   
                 249.4° C., last crystal melted 
               
               
                   
                 PLM 
                 Aggregates w/flat, columnar &amp; acicular particles, B/E 
               
               
                 2-5 a   
                 XRPD 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 2-6 
                 XRPD 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Lot 2-5 was previously characterized as amorphous. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13.3: Polymorph Results I 
     A focused solid-form analysis and XRPD characterization was performed on the API. Form A was obtained from the majority of experiments under a wide range of conditions. 
     Procedures 
     The same procedures for XRFD, DSC, and TGA were used as in Example 13.2. 
     Solubility Estimates: Aliquots of various solvents were added to measured amounts of mavacamten at ambient temperature until complete dissolution was achieved, as judged by visual observation. Solubilities were calculated based on the total solvent used to give a solution; actual solubilities may be greater because of the volume of solvent portions utilized or a slow rate of dissolution. If dissolution did not occur as determined by visual assessment value was reported as “&lt;”. If dissolution occurred at the first aliquot, the value was reported as “&gt;”. 
     Slurrying. Slurries of the API were prepared by adding sufficient solids to a given solvent or solvent system at ambient conditions or at elevated temperature such that undissolved solids were present. The mixtures were then agitated in a closed vial at ambient or elevated temperature for an extended period of time. Solids were collected by vacuum filtration and analyzed. 
     Interconversion Experiment: Selected solvent systems were pre-saturated by slurrying with the API at elevated temperature for one day. The saturated mother liquors were collected by filtering the slurries through a 0.2 mm nylon syringe filter. Selected materials were added to each mother liquor sample and slurried for six to seven days at elevated temperature. The solids were collected by vacuum filtration and air dried. 
     Solution Proton Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy CH NMR): The solution NMR spectrum was acquired with an Agilent DD2-400 spectrometer. The sample was prepared by dissolving approximately 5 mg of sample in DMSO-d 6  containing TMS. 
     Results 
     The experiments were performed primarily using Lot 2-5 as received as the source of API. The samples were prepared by fast evaporation from HFIPA and by stressing Form A, lot 2-5 at approximately 75% RH and 40° C. for 17 days. The XRPD patterns of two samples of Form A were observed to contain a small peak at 21.5° 2θ not characteristic of Form A. This peak was also present in the starting material, lot 2-5 and is believed to be attributable to a process impurity. 
     Solubility Estimates 
     Solubility estimates at ambient temperature were performed in 25 solvents and solvent systems using Form A (Lot 2-4) (Table 13.3). Form A was observed to have intermediate (i.e., between 20 and 100 mg/mL) or higher solubility in HFIPA and various mixtures with DMSO, NMP and DMF. Form A showed limited solubility in methanol, THF, THF/water (90/10, vol/vol) and DMSO/water (90/10, vol/vol). Anisole, isopropanol, MIBK, nitromethane, and toluene were found to be antisolvents with estimates of 1 mg/mL or less, and the mixtures DMSO/water (50/50, vol/vol) and MeOH/water (50/50 and 90:10, vol/vol) exhibited a similar low solubility. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Solubility Results 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 API Thermodynamic Solubility Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Solvent 
                 Solubility (mg/ml) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Acetone 
                 3.3 
               
               
                   
                 Acetonitrile 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 DCM 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyl ether 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 DMF 
                 ~130 
               
               
                   
                 DMSO 
                 &gt;150 
               
               
                   
                 p-Dioxane 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 EtOAc 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 EtOH 
                 (7.4) 
               
               
                   
                 n-Heptanes 
                 &lt;0.01 
               
               
                   
                 n-Hexane 
                 &lt;0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Hexanes 
                 &lt;0.01 
               
               
                   
                 NMP 
                 &gt;150 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Supplemental Solubility Data Generated in Support of Polymorph Analysis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Solvent (vol:vol) 
                 Solubility (mg/mL) a   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anisole 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 DMF:anisole (90:10) 
                 ~28 
               
               
                 DMF:CHCl 3  (90:10) 
                 ~27 
               
               
                 DMF:EtOAc (80:20) 
                 ~27 
               
               
                 DMSO:water (50:50) 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 DMSO:water (90:10) 
                 ~5 
               
               
                 DMSO:p-dioxane (80:20) 
                 &gt;42 
               
               
                 DMF:EtOH (75:25) 
                 ~28 
               
               
                 DMF:iPrOH (80:20) 
                 ~43 
               
               
                 DMF:toluene (90:10) 
                 ~42 
               
               
                 HFIPA 
                 &gt;60 
               
               
                 HFIPA:water (90:10) 
                 ~28 
               
               
                 iPrOH 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 MIBK 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 MeOH 
                 ~2 
               
               
                 MeOH:water (50:50) 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 MeOH:water (90:10) 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 nitromethane 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 NMP:MeOH (75:25) 
                 ~38 
               
               
                 NMP:EtOAc (80:20) 
                 ~45 
               
               
                 NMP:toluene (80:20) 
                 ~27 
               
               
                 NMP:water (90:10) 
                 ~23 
               
               
                 THF 
                 ~2 
               
               
                 THF:water (90:10) 
                 ~13 
               
               
                 toluene 
                 &lt;1.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Solubilities are calculated based on the total solvent used to give a solution; actual solubilities may be greater because of the volume of the solvent portions utilized or a slow rate of dissolution (see thermodynamic solubility data in the preceding table). Solubilities are rounded to the nearest mg/mL unless otherwise stated. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Stable Form Analysis 
     A stable form analysis of the API (Lot 2-4) was performed to identify the preferred solid form within typical process conditions (e.g., ambient to 85° C., atmospheric pressure, with a variety of solvents including water). 
     A total of 17 slurries were held stirring at ambient temperature or with temperature cycling between 20 and 30 or 40° C. (with a few brief exposures to approximately 46° C.) for extended time periods (Table 13.4). Solids from the slurry experiments were filtered, air-dried, then analyzed by XRPD. All slurry experiments yielded Form A, except one with chloroform that produced a mixture of Form A with a minor amount of a second form. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13.4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stable Form Screening Experiments 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 XRPD 
               
               
                 Solvent (vol:vol) 
                 Conditions a   
                 Observations 
                 Result 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anisole 
                 Slurry, ~50° C., 4 d 
                 Aggregates, very 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fine particles, B/E 
               
               
                 CHCl 3   
                 TC, 20 to 30° C. b , 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A + 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 acicular particles, 
                 Second 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B/E 
                 Form 
               
               
                 DCM 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, very 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fine particles, B/E 
               
               
                 DMF:CHCl 3   
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (20:80) 
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 DMF:EtOH 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (20:80) 
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 DMSO:water 
                 Slurry, RT, 3 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (90:10) 
                 TC, 20 to 30° C. b , 
                 columnar 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 EtOAc 
                 TC 20 to 40° C. c , 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 EtOH 
                 TC 20 to 40° C. c , 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 HFIPA:acetone 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (10:90) 
                   
                 acicular particles, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B/E 
               
               
                 iPrOH 
                 TC, 20 to 40° C. c , 
                 Aggregates, 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 acicular particles, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B/E 
               
               
                 MeOH 
                 Slurry, RT, 3 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 TC, 20 to 30° C. b , 
                 acicular particles, 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 B/E 
               
               
                 MIBK 
                 Slurry, ~80° C., 1 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 NMP:MeOH 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, very 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (10:90) 
                   
                 fine acicular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 NMP:toluene 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (80:20) 
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 NMP:water 
                 Slurry, RT, 17 d 
                 Aggregates, very 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (50:50) 
                   
                 fine acicular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                 THF 
                 Slurry, RT, 3 d 
                 Aggregates, fine 
                 Form A 
               
               
                   
                 TC, 20 to 40° C. c , 
                 acicular particles, 
               
               
                   
                 10 d 
                 B/E 
               
               
                 THF:water 
                 TC, 20 to 30° C. b , 
                 Aggregates, few 
                 Form A 
               
               
                 (75:25) 
                 10 d 
                 acicular and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 columnar 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particles, B/E 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Time values are approximate. 
               
               
                   b Samples in Crystal 16 ™. Experiment exposed to 44-46° C. for brief periods of time at experiment start due to temperature control unit failure. 
               
               
                   c Samples in Crystal 16 ™. Experiment exposed to 44-46° C. for brief periods of time at experiment start due to temperature control unit failure. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13.4: X-Ray Crystal Structure of Form A 
     The crystal structure of the API crystal Form A was determined by X-ray diffraction. 
     A single crystal was selected by observation under a binocular microscope and was mounted on the goniometric head of a Bruker Instrument Service v2013.12.0.0 diffractometer. Intensities were collected at room temperature (T=296 K), with the use of a graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation (λ=0.71073 Å). 
     The structure was solved by direct methods using the SIR software. Altomare, A.; Cascarano, G.; Giacovazzo, C.; Guagliardi, A.; Burla, M. C.; Polidori, G.; Cavalli, A.  J. Appl. Crystallogr.  1994, 27, pp. 435-436. The structure was refined on F 2  by full least squares methods with SHELXTL. Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 2008, A64, pp. 112-122. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters; a riding model was used for hydrogen atoms. Final agreement values are R1=0.0340 (observed reflections) and wR2=0.0820 (all data) for 2570 reflections and 184 parameters, with a goodness of fit of 1.047. 
     Systematic investigation of the diffraction nodes indicates that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system, with a primitive Bravais lattice. The unit cell parameters are: 
     
       
         
           
             
               a 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               Å 
               ) 
             
             = 
             9.47 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               b 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               Å 
               ) 
             
             = 
             12.09 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               c 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               Å 
               ) 
             
             = 
             12.7 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               α 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               ° 
               ) 
             
             = 
             90. 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               β 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               ° 
               ) 
             
             = 
             90. 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               γ 
               ⁡ 
               ( 
               ° 
               ) 
             
             = 
             90. 
           
         
       
     
     Examination of the molecular structure confirms that all bond angles and lengths stand in the standard range values. The crystal structure is fully ordered and orthorhombic; it does not contain other molecules (i.e., water or solvent). The compound crystallizes in the space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , but the asymmetric unit of the crystal is made up of one molecule of API. Thus, four formulae are present in the unit cell. 
     In view of the number of atoms in the API molecule and of the unit cell volume, it is concluded that this unit cell must contain four molecules having the formula C 15 H 19 N 3 O 2  which is equivalent to a calculated density of 1.249. The number of reflections collected was 18611, of which 2570 were unique. 
     Determination of the space group was achieved unequivocally due to the presence of three systematic extinctions along the main crystal directions. 
     The crystal data, X-ray experimental parameters, and structure refinements are given in Table 13.5. The figure was generated with the PLATON program. Spek, A. L.  J. Appl. Cryst.  2003, 36, pp. 7-13. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13.5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Crystal Data and Structure Refinement 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Identification code 
                 API 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical formula 
                 C15 H19 N3 O2 
               
               
                 Molecular weight 
                 273.33 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Temperature 
                 296 
                 (2) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Wavelength 
                 0.71073 
               
               
                 Crystal system; space group 
                 Orthorhombic; P 21 21 21 
               
               
                 Unit cell dimensions 
                 a = 9.4677(7) Å; α = 90.00° 
               
               
                   
                 b = 12.0911(8) Å; β = 90.00° 
               
               
                   
                 c = 12.6957(10) Å; γ = 90.00° 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Volume 
                 1453.34(18) 
                 Å 3   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Z, Calculated density 
                 4, 1.249 Mg/m 3   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Absorption coefficient 
                 0.085 
                 1/mm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 F(000) 
                 584 
               
               
                 Theta range for data collection 
                 2.33° to 25.00° 
               
               
                 Limiting indices 
                 −11 &lt;= h &lt;= 11; −14 &lt;= k &lt;= 
               
               
                   
                 14; −15 &lt;= l &lt;= 15 
               
               
                 Reflection collected/unique 
                 18611/2570 [R(int) = 0.0345] 
               
               
                 Completeness to theta max 
                 96.1% 
               
               
                 Refinement method 
                 Full-matrix least-square on F 2   
               
               
                 Data/restraints/parameters 
                 2570/0/184 
               
               
                 Goodness of fit on F 2   
                 1.047 
               
               
                 Final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)] 
                 R1 = 0.0340; wR2 = 0.0741 
               
               
                 Final R indices [all data] 
                 R1 = 0.0518; wR2 = 0.0820 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Absolute structure parameter 
                 −0.4 
                 (13) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Largest diff peak and hole 
                 0.143 and −0.207 e/Å 3   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 14. Dosing and Administration of Mavacamten 
     Mavacamten has been used in clinical trials to treat symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) in adults to improve functional capacity, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and symptoms. Prior to initiating treatment with mavacamten, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is assessed by echocardiography. Initiation of treatment with mavacamten in patients with LVEF&lt;55% is not recommended. 
     The recommended starting dose of mavacamten is 5 mg orally once daily without regard to food. Following the initiation of treatment with 5 mg once daily the patient is assessed after 4-6 weeks of early clinical response based on LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver. If LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver is &lt;20 mmHg, the dose should is increased to 2.5 mg once daily. Otherwise 5 mg once daily is maintained. 
     Patients are assessed for clinical effect, including echocardiography, 12 weeks after initiating treatment and the dosing of mavacamten is adjusted based on therapeutic response. If symptoms of oHCM persist and LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver is &gt;30 mmHg, the dose is increased in patients with LVEF&gt;55%. Thereafter, dose increase do not occur more frequently than every 12 weeks. LVEF is assessed 4-6 weeks after any dose increase, then return to monitoring every 12 weeks. Dose is not increased if the patient is experiencing an intercurrent illness or arrhythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation or other uncontrolled tachyarrhythmia) which may impair systolic function. 
     If at any visit LVEF declines &lt;50%, dosing with mavacamten is interrupted for 4-6 weeks or until LVEF returns to &gt;50%. Thereafter, dosing with mavacamten may be resumed at the same or a lower dose. 
     The dose range for mavacamten is 2.5 to 15 mg. In the EXPLORER-HCM trial, 81% (100/123) of patients were receiving either the 5 mg or 10 mg dose at the end of the treatment period, with 49% (60/123) receiving the 5 mg dose. The maximum dose is 15 mg once daily. 
     For the first year of therapy, patients are monitored by echocardiography ever 12 weeks to ensure that the LVEF remains ≥50%. After the first year of therapy, monitoring is performed every 6 months. If at any visit LVEF declines &lt;50%, dosing with mavacamten is interrupted for 4-6 weeks or until LVEF returns to &gt;50%. Thereafter, dosing with mavacamten may be resumed at the same or a lower dose. 
     LVEF is assessed if clinical course changes or in patients with a serious intercurrent illness or arrythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation or other uncontrolled tachyarrhythmia). 
     Mavacamten is administered in capsules with dosage strengths of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg.