Patent Publication Number: US-2010130612-A1

Title: Composition containing chitosan for sustained drug release

Description:
The present invention relates to a composition for sustained drug release and the use thereof. 
     Chitosan is a natural substance that is highly available in nature. It is inexpensive, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible when compared with other polymers. Pharmaceutical uses of chitosan are very numerous. The scientific and medical literature lists hundreds of industrial, medical and dietary applications for chitosan, see J. Karlsen and O. Skaugrud, Exicipient Properties of Chitosan, Manufacturing Chemist, 62, p. 18, 1991, and I. Orienti, K. Aieda, C. Ponti, E. Gianasi, V. Zecchi, Progesterone Loaded Chitosan Microspheres, Effect of triethylene glycol glutarate linked to the chitosan molecule on drug release, S.T.P. Pharm. Sci., 6, p. 424-429, 1996. Chitosan is considered to be non-digestible by humans when taken by oral route due to lack of chitosanases, which are present, however, in some bacteria. 
     As a drug delivery vehicle, chitosan is considered as the drug carrier for the 21 st  century. It has been examined extensively by the pharmaceutical industry for its potential in controlled drug delivery systems. The use of chitosan in controlled drug delivery systems aims to prepare solid dosage forms including microparticles or macromolecular systems kinetically controlling drug release in order to make the release more dependent on the pharmaceutical formulation than the physicochemical characteristics of the drug. Examples are as follows: chitosan direct compression tablets, chitosan microspheres that adhere to stomach wall, chitosan cross-linked with acetic anhydride and glutaraldehyde forms a spongy structure upon exposure to dissolution medium, and chitosan beads prepared as controlled release drug carrier. 
     The administering of solid drug compositions is sometimes not convenient for some patients. Solid dosage forms can not be given to children, babies and newborns, there is a difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms compared to liquid forms. Further, there are certain adults that can not swallow tablets and, additionally drug dose can be given in larger amount in liquid dosage forms compared to solid dosage forms, especially for drugs of high strength. 
     It is therefore the object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a composition for sustained drug release, which may be easily and reliable administered to a patient. 
     This object is achieved by a composition for sustained drug release comprising: a) chitosan dissolved in a solvent having a pH of below about 4.0, wherein the chitosan is selected from the group of chitosans precipitating in a pH range of between about 3.0 and about 7.5 and b) at least one drug compound soluble in the chitosan solution. 
     It is preferable that the chitosan is selected from the group of chitosans precipitating in a pH range of between 5.0 and 7.5, preferably 6.0 to 7.5, more preferably 6.5 to 7.5, and most preferably 7.0 and 7.5. 
     More preferably, the solvent is 0.1 M HCl and/or water. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the drug is diclofenac, ibuprofen sodium, valproate sodium and/or the like. 
     A composition may be provided, wherein the chitosan has a molecular weight of about 500 to about 400,000, preferably of about 500 to about 100,000. 
     Preferably, the drug is present in the liquid composition in an amount of about 0.1-10% w/v, more preferably 0.1-2% w/v. 
     Also preferably, chitosan is present in the liquid composition in an amount of about 1-15% w/v, more preferably 1-10% w/v, most preferably 1-5% w/v. 
     The inventive composition may be used for sustained drug release. 
     Preferably the liquid composition is administered orally. 
     It was surprisingly found that using the liquid composition according to the present invention the stomach may be protected from the harsh side effect of acidic drugs, such as diclofenac sodium or ibuprofen sodium, since the release of the drug is mainly sustained to the intestinal tract, wherein the pH is somewhat higher. Up to now, diclofenac sodium or ibuprofen sodium seemed to be insoluble in acidic media. However, when used in the liquid composition according to the present invention it turns to be soluble in acidic media (pH&lt;5.0), if it is combined with a respective chitosan polymer solution. 
     With increasing pH the drug released slowly due to chitosan precipitation according to the pH value. The pH of the human digestive tract varies between 1.0-7.8, wherein the stomach being acidic (pH around 1.0-3.0) and the small intestine having a pH of about 5.50-7.8. 
     Using the inventive liquid composition, the release of a drug may be targeted to the specific regions in the gastrointestinal tract, for example duodenum and colon. It is assumed that the sustained release depends, amongst others, on the molecular weight of chitosan used with the drug. 
     Further, it was observed that an improvement in drug resident time in the stomach can be obtained by modifying the solution clearance rate out of the stomach through adding muco-adhesive and/or viscosity builder polymers to the inventive composition. 
    
    
     
       Further advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent studying the following detailed description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanied drawings, wherein 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the percentage of diclofenac sodium being free in chitosan diclofenac sodium solution using chitosan of a fraction at pH 5.00; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the percentage of diclofenac sodium being free in chitosan diclofenac sodium solution using chitosan of a fraction at pH 6.00; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the percentage of diclofenac sodium being free in chitosan diclofenac sodium solution using chitosan of a fraction at pH 7.00; and 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the percentage of diclofenac sodium, being free in chitosan diclofenac sodium solution using chitosan of a fraction at pH 7.50; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates ibuprofen sodium plasma concentration time profiles of sustained release solution (molecular weight of chitosan&lt;3000) compared to an immediate release solution; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates ibuprofen sodium plasma concentration time profiles of sustained release solution (with chitosan having a molecular weight&lt;5000) compared to immediate release solution; and 
         FIG. 7  illustrates ibuprofen sodium plasma concentration time profiles of sustained release solution (chitosan having a molecular weight of&lt;10000) compared to immediate release solution. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Separation Method of Chitosan Oligosaccharide 
     In order to prepare a liquid composition for sustained drug release according to the present invention, a chitosan fraction (or several fractions) have to be prepared from commercially available chitosan mixture.
     A) 25 g chitosan oligosaccharide mixture was dissolved in 500 ml distilled water or 0.1 M HCl and adjusted to a pH of 1.0 using 6.0 M HCl. The chitosan oligosaccharide mixture may be a mixture comprising chitosan with a molecular weight of not more than 2,000, not more than 3,000, not more than 5,000, not more than 10,000, not more than 50,000, between 10,000 and 100,000, not more than 100,000 or 250,000-400,000, for example. Each chitosan solution was then filtered using a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate filter.   B) For each chitosan solution prepared above (having each a chitosan with different molecular weight) precipitates were collected at different pH values as follows:   

     1. adjust pH of the filtered solution to pH 3.0 using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     2. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 1 to pH 4.0 using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     3. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 2 to pH 5.0 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     4. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 3 to pH 5.5 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     5. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 4 to pH 6.0 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     6. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 5 to pH 6.5 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate, 
     7. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 6 to pH 7.0 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate, and 
     8. adjust pH of the filtered solution obtained in step 7 to pH 7.5 using 1.0 M NaOH, filtrate and collect the precipitate.
     C) Above precipitates were purified by dissolving each of them in 0.1 M HCl. Then 1 M NaOH was added to increase the pH to the pH for precipitating each prepared solution. The precipitate was filtrated and collected. This step was repeated twice.   D) The above prepared precipitates were air-dried, milled and collected as powder.   

     Some of the chitosan precipitates obtained above in a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0 with chitosans having different molecular weights were used for further evaluation, and solutions for sustained drug release were prepared using that chitosan fractions and different drugs. 
     1. In-Vitro Drug Release Tests Utilizing Diclofenac Sodium as a Model Drug 
     Example 1 
     A precipitate collected in step B3 from chitosan mixture (molecular weight=not more than 100,000) at pH 5.0 was air-dried, milled and collected as powder. 2.0 g of this powder was dissolved in 20 ml of 0.1 M HCl. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2.0 using 6.0 M HCl. The resultant concentration of chitosan is 10% w/v. 
     Further, the following solutions were prepared which are to be used for further evaluation: 
     Solution (1): 1.667 ml of 15 mg/ml diclofenac sodium in propylene glycol solution was added to 20 ml of the chitosan oligosaccharide solution prepared above. 
     Solution (2): 1.667 ml of 15 mg/ml of diclofenac sodium in propylene glycol solution was added to 20 ml of distilled water. 
     Solution (3): 1.667 ml of distilled water was added to 20 ml of the chitosan oligosaccharide solution prepared above [used as blank for solution 1]. 
     Solution (4): 0.1 M HCl solution was used and its pH was changed similar to the other solution [used as blank for solution 2]. 
     The four solutions prepared were each added to 600 ml 0.1 M HCl and stirred with an USP paddle apparatus at a speed of 50 rpm at a temperature of 37° C. 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate was added stepwise to slowly increase the pH value as follows: 
     1. 600 ml of 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.20). 
     2. Add to the above solution 105.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 2.92. 
     3. Add another 6.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 4.25. 
     4. Add another 3.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 5.20. 
     5. Add another 6.75 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.06. 
     The percentage of drug release from the chitosan fraction prepared according to step B3 (molecular weight not more than 100,000) is summarized as below. The drug release is measured by standard dissolution method, which is known to someone skilled in the art, see e.g., M. 
     Sheu, H. Chou, C. Kao, C. Liu, T. Sokotoski, Dissolution of Diclofenac Sodium from Matrix Tablets, Int. J. Pharm., 85, pp. 57-63, 1992. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Absorbance of 
                 Absorbance of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 Solution (2) 
                 Solution (1) 
                 % Release 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 1.20 
                 0.4078 
                 0.1028 
                 25.21% 
               
               
                   
                 2.92 
                 0.5937 
                 0.0902 
                 15.20% 
               
               
                   
                 4.25 
                 0.7812 
                 0.1506 
                 19.28% 
               
               
                   
                 5.20 
                 1.0005 
                 0.9810 
                 98.05% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 1  illustrates the results given in table 1. 
     Example 2 
     A precipitate collected in step B5 from chitosan oligosaccharide mixture (molecular weight=10,000-100,000) at pH 6.0 was air-dried, milled and collected as powder. A chitosan solution was prepared as in example 1 above, and additionally four solutions as in example 1 were prepared. Further, the pH was increased by adding tri-sodium phosphate according to the following scheme: 
     1. 600 ml of 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.20). 2. Add to the above solution 105.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 2.92. 
     3. Add another 6.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 4.25. 
     4. Add another 3.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 5.20. 
     5. Add another 6.75 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.06. 
     6. Add another 45.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.88. 
     The percentage of drug release from the chitosan fraction obtained in step B5 (molecular weight=10,000-100,000) is summarized as below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Absorbance of 
                 Absorbance of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 Solution (2) 
                 Solution (1) 
                 % Release 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 1.20 
                 0.4078 
                 0.1228 
                 30.01% 
               
               
                   
                 2.92 
                 0.5937 
                 0.1130 
                 19.04% 
               
               
                   
                 4.25 
                 0.7812 
                 0.2223 
                 28.45% 
               
               
                   
                 5.20 
                 1.0005 
                 0.9461 
                 94.56% 
               
               
                   
                 6.06 
                 1.1108 
                 1.0982 
                 98.87% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results given in table 2 are also illustrated in  FIG. 2   
     Example 3 
     A precipitate collected in step B7 from chitosan oligosaccharide mixture (molecular weight=not more than 10,000) at pH 7.0 was air-dried, milled and collected as powder. A chitosan solution as well as solutions for evaluating the dissolution behavior were prepared according to example 1 and the pH of these solutions was amended using tri-sodium phosphate according to the following scheme. 
     1. 600 ml of 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.20). 2. Add to the above solution 105.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 2.92. 
     3. Add another 6.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 4.25. 
     4. Add another 3.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 5.20. 
     5. Add another 6.75 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.06. 
     The percentage of drug release from the chitosan fraction obtained in step B7 (molecular weight not more than 10,000) is summarized as below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Absorbance of 
                 Absorbance of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 Solution (2) 
                 Solution (1) 
                 % Release 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.4078 
                 0.0560 
                 13.73% 
               
               
                   
                 3.0 
                 0.5937 
                 0.0620 
                 10.44% 
               
               
                   
                 4.0 
                 0.7812 
                 0.0707 
                 9.05% 
               
               
                   
                 5.0 
                 1.0005 
                 0.2195 
                 21.93% 
               
               
                   
                 6.0 
                 1.1108 
                 1.0724 
                 96.54% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results given in table 3 are also illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     Example 4 
     A precipitate collected in step B8 from chitosan oligosaccharide mixture (molecular weight=not more than 5,000) at pH 7.5 was air-dried, milled and collected as powder. A chitosan solution as well as solutions for evaluating the dissolution behavior have been prepared according to example 1. The pH of these solutions was increased using tri-sodium phosphate according to the following scheme. 
     1. 600 ml of 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.20). 2. Add to the above solution 105.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 2.92. 
     3. Add another 6.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 4.25. 
     4. Add another 3.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 5.20. 
     5. Add another 6.75 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.06. 
     6. Add another 45.0 ml of 0.2 M tri-sodium phosphate to get pH 6.88. 
     The percentage of drug release from the chitosan fraction obtained in step B8 (molecular weight not more than 5,000) is summarized as below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Absorbance of 
                 Absorbance of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 Solution (2) 
                 Solution (1) 
                 % Release 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.4078 
                 0.065 
                 15.84% 
               
               
                   
                 3.0 
                 0.5937 
                 0.030 
                 5.05% 
               
               
                   
                 4.0 
                 0.7812 
                 0.073 
                 9.40% 
               
               
                   
                 5.0 
                 1.0005 
                 0.068 
                 6.77% 
               
               
                   
                 6.0 
                 1.1108 
                 0.556 
                 50.08% 
               
               
                   
                 7.0 
                 1.0721 
                 0.924 
                 86.21% 
               
               
                   
                 8.0 
                 1.0204 
                 0.990 
                 97.04% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results of table 4 are also illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     Above results illustrate that diclofenac sodium shows sustained release as pH is changing using different fractions of chitosan solutions. These situations resemble the gastrointestinal tract conditions when human being takes a solution orally. 
     The amount of the drug loaded in chitosan solution was 25 mg diclofenac sodium/22 ml. This dose seems realistic since the commercial diclofenac sodium doses start from 12.5 mg to 150 mg. 
     2. In Vivo Study on Ibuprofen Sodium Chitosan Conjugate 
     Ibuprofen sodium is another model drug that is used to prove the sustained release idea in-vivo. 
     Chitosan of different molecular weights (Mw&lt;3000, &lt;5000 and &lt;10000) were evaluated for controlling the release of ibuprofen. Each sustained release chitosan conjugate solution contained a complex of ibuprofen sodium with chitosan. The final pH of the solutions were 6.60. The dose of the conjugate oral solutions was 30 mg of ibuprofen/kg rabbit. A reference immediate release oral solution was given with a dose of 10 mg of ibuprofen/kg rabbit. Blood samples were withdrawn at specified time interval, centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes and placed in a freezer at −20° C. before analysis. The samples were analyzed using HPLC method. A simple rapid method of determining the ibuprofen concentration by HPLC was developed. Naproxen was used as an internal standard. Mobile Phase: Water: Acetonitrile (40:60), then adjust pH to 2.4 with H3PO4. Column: Waters, Symmetry, 5 u, C18, and 150*4.6 mm. Internal STD Stock Solution: Dissolve 5 mg of Naproxen into 50 ml MeOH. Injection Loop: 50 ul. Flow rate: 1 ml/min. Wavelength: 220 nm. 
     Sample Preparation: Transfer 100 μL of plasma sample to test tube, add 10 μL of Internal STD Stock solution, add 0.25 ml of 1 M HCl, shake for 30 seconds, add 5 mL of (85:15)(Hexane: Isopropanol), shake with vortex for 1 min., centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 min., transfer 4 ml of organic layer to new test tube, evaporate the organic solvent using an air shower, and reconstitute with 1 ml mobile phase. The method was evaluated for specificity showing that there is no interference with the ibuprofen peak. Recovery was 85-90% for ibuprofen. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration 0.5-10 μg/ml. 
     The chitosan conjugate solution contained 12 mg ibuprofen/ml. The dose of the drug given to each rabbit was 30 mg/kg. 
     The immediate release aqueous solution contained ibuprofen sodium with a concentration of 4 mg ibuprofen/ml. The dose of the drug given as a reference was 10 mg/kg. This dose (10 mg/kg rabbit) is equivalent to 600 mg ibuprofen given to human subject weighted 60 kg (The usual human immediate release dose for adults is 200-600 mg given 3 times per day). In the sustained release preparation the formula should contain total daily dose and to be given once i.e. 30 mg/kg. 
     This justifies the dose of the sustained release solution being three times more than the immediate release one. One of the advantages of sustained release is to decrease the frequency of drug dosing by giving the dose once per day. 
     The drug release from the immediate release solution occurs very quickly, reaches maximum and also declines very quickly,  FIGS. 5-7 . 
       FIGS. 5-7  show that the release profiles of ibuprofen from the conjugate samples were pH dependent. As drug passes through a certain portion of different pH some of the drug is released. In the first portion, drug being released is somewhat equivalent or less than that released by an immediate release solution of ibuprofen. 
     For example, in the sustained release solution of CH MWt&lt;3000 about 70% of the immediate drug plasma level was reached in the first period based on Cmax ratio. While, in the sustained release solution of CH MWt&lt;5000 and CH MWt&lt;10000 about 45% and 86% of the immediate drug plasma level was reached in the first period, respectively. This clearly indicates that the 30 mg/kg sustained release dose was not absorbed rapidly. Small fractions of the drug were delivered as the complex passes throughout the GIT depending on the pH changes that occur inside the gut and the molecular weight of the chitosan conjugate with that drug. 
     Above results illustrate that ibuprofen shows sustained release as it passes the gastrointestinal tract when given as a chitosan conjugate solution. 
     The features disclosed in the foregoing description, in the claims and/or in the drawings may, both separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realizing the invention in diverse forms thereof.