Patent Publication Number: US-2023133348-A1

Title: Selective extraction system and method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims benefit of priority to Singaporean Patent Application No. 10202112248W, filed Nov. 3, 2021, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     FILED OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the extraction of hydrocarbons (eg Oil and/or Gas) from a well. In particular, the invention relates to the use of downhole equipment for said extraction. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Extraction of hydrocarbons from a relatively new reservoir results in high concentrations of the desired asset. At any stage during the life of the reservoir, having to manage entrained material is inevitable but relatively easy to remove in a downstream process once the hydrocarbon has been extracted. 
     One undesirable by-product is water. As the reservoir is depleted, the water table displaces the hydrocarbon, and enters the extraction system. Water is a less easily removed by-product adding costs to the extraction process. Towards the end of the reservoir&#39;s productive life, the cost of excessive entrained water may therefore end the economic life of the reservoir, particularly at a time when global oil prices are depressed. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     In a first aspect, the invention provides an extraction system for extracting hydrocarbons from a well, the system comprising: an extraction string comprising a plurality of screen assemblies; said screen assemblies comprising screens positioned about a base pipe; a plurality of fluid isolation devices arranged to divide the extraction string into zones; each zone having at least one SSD, said SSD arranged to be selectively operable to permit, or prevent, ingress into the base pipe; wherein each zone is arranged to be individually open to receive an ingress or closed to seal that zone from receiving ingress. 
     In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for extracting hydrocarbons from a well using an extraction string comprising a plurality of screen assemblies, the method comprising the steps of: dividing the extraction string into fluidly isolated zones; identifying a composition of an ingress from each zone into the screen assemblies; selectively opening or closing SSD&#39;s in the zones and, consequently; sealing or unsealing a zone based upon said composition. 
     It will be appreciated that, as the water table displaces oil, these may not be homogeneous. Different portions of the reservoir may become depleted faster, or the water table may impede further in some areas than others. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides the ability to selectively block extraction in a zone having excessive concentrations of water, whilst maintaining extraction from other zones within the reservoir. Thus, selecting productive zones within the reservoir becomes possible with the present invention within the same well. This substantially decreases extraction costs as well as capital costs in avoiding having to re-drill a well for more productive extraction. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       It will be convenient to further describe the present invention with respect to the accompanying drawings that illustrate possible arrangements of the invention. Other arrangements of the invention are possible and consequently, the particularity of the accompanying drawings is not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. 
         FIG.  1    is a cross sectional view of a well having an extraction system according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    is a partial cross-sectional view of a screen assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  are partial cross-sectional views of a screen assembly according to a further embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  are isometric views of a spiral centralizer according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  5    is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) image of hydrocarbon flow within a screen according to a further embodiment of the present invention, and; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic view of an extraction assembly according to a further embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention is directed to an extraction system that divides the well into zones. These zones can then be selectively opened or closed, controlling the selectivity of extraction within the reservoir. 
       FIG.  1    shows one embodiment having an extraction system  5  within a well  10 . The extraction system  5  includes a pipe  12 , secured by a completion pack  15 , and extending from the surface to the desired location within the reservoir. The remainder of the extraction system  5  includes a plurality of screen assemblies to form an extraction string. The extraction string is then divided into zones  20 ,  25 ,  30 . The zones are sealed so as to be in fluid isolation from each other, using fluid isolation devices, such that the extraction string receives ingress from the reservoir only from the respective zones. 
     The fluid isolation devices may be swell packs  35 , which define the boundaries between each zone, and are located at various intervals of, for instance 10-300 metres. Alternatively, the fluid isolation devices may be injectors to inject a viscous (such as a liquid elastomer) or curable material (such as grout) at the zonal boundary. The actual intervals may be subject to individual installations. The swell packs  35  provide a 4 m independent pup joint which is placed in the string in pre-determined locations to provide annular isolation of production fluids creating independent zones within the wellbore. The swell pack rubber chemistry is designed for the specific well conditions and can be water activated or hydrocarbon activated. 
     Within each zone is a screen assembly  45  comprising lengths of base pipe connected by flow-through couplings  40  with the ingress fluid entering the screen  45  and flowing towards a sliding sleeve door (SSD) which is selectively closable to prevent the ingress from entering the base pipe  12 , or openable to allow the extraction of the hydrocarbon from the respective zones. The selective closure of the SSD may be achieved with an activated with tractor tool or a B Shifting tool. 
     Tracers  42  may be placed in the extraction string, with a unique signature for each zone. Two types of Tracer may be used. The first is water activated, and thus can be used with the unique signature to identify the water producing zone. The second is an Oil Contact Tracer which is used to quantify the rate of Oil Production. 
     A sample of production fluids can be sent to a Laboratory for analysis or with equipment at the location itself for analysis. Each zone can be uniquely characterised with quantification of oil produced and also water produced providing critical data for decision making on selective shut-in of zones which are producing unacceptable water. It will be appreciated that the tracer in communicating  47  the data may then trigger an automatic control system that operates the SSDs for a particular zone and thus the use of a tracer may be used to inform an operator to make a decision on the ingress in any particular zone and thus make a decision on whether the SSD is to be closed. That decision, instead, may be made by an automatic control system such that data collected by the tracer  42  is feed back to the system to close the SSD on detecting an unacceptably high concentration of water within the ingress. 
     It will be further appreciated that, in unusual circumstances, the concentration of water within a particular zone may decrease and thus making the respective zone more productive. In this case, this information can equally be communicated to an operator or a control system to subsequently open the SSD again to continue extraction from that zone. 
       FIG.  1    further shows where the water table  57  has now infiltrated  55  the zone  30  of the well thus increasing the concentration of water within the ingress. In this circumstance, the SSD may be closed so as to prevent any further ingress from the non-productive zone  30 . 
       FIG.  2    shows an example of a screen assembly  60  that may be located within a zone. Here a base pipe  85  having a direct wrapped screen  65  and a flow-through shroud  75  receives ingress  90  from the well. The flow-through shroud will be placed on the direct wrap screen  65  during transportation. Upon connecting the screens (coupling on pin end of the other screen), a flow-through coupling will be pulled and screwed onto the next screen. O-rings on both ends and metal-metal seals of the flow-through coupling will act as a sand control barrier. 
     In a further embodiment, dissolvable plugs, which may be dissolvable with brine, may be inserted into the base pipe prior to installation, and arranged to dissolve under different brine concentration and temperature. By having the base pipe sealed with special material plugs, while running the screen and well preparation, the use of wash wipes may be avoided. Once ready for production, brine fluid is pumped to dissolve the plugs making the well/screen ready for production. 
     The ingress passes through the flow-through shroud  75  to arrive at the SSD  80 . In this case, the SSD is open having apertures  82  through which the ingress  100  can enter the base pipe to be extracted. Thus, in order to prevent further ingress, the SSD  80  can be closed and so extraction within the respective zone of the well is prevented. Sliding sleeve are welded to the base pipe, which enables it to act as a single component with the Base Pipe. The SSD ID may be bigger than the base pipe ID, and so may avoid any intervention tools to be limited to the SSD ID. With conventional SSD&#39;s, there will be a limitation on the SSD ID, to perform the closure of the keys in shifting tool. As discussed, the SSD may be activated by a WL/CT Shifting tool/Tractor tool, which is enabled to select the chosen zone/SSD, as opposed to traditional SSD&#39;s which have to be open/close multiple times while reaching desired SSD. 
       FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  show a before and after of a connection  125  between adjacent strings  105 ,  110 . A flow through connector  120  which is coupled on one string  110  is arranged to connect to the adjacent string  105 , and thus allow for the multiple screen assemblies to be attached. Importantly, the flow through connector  120  does not impede flow as it travels along the screen towards the SSD (not shown).  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  also show the flow-through shroud in better detail along which the ingress is able to travel. 
     The flow enters the direct wrapped screen  127 , passing through the flow through end ring  107  and then the shroud, being the last wrap applied to the screen, may be applied to the other layers of the screen. Therefore, in order to allow the ingress to flow along the screen the shroud includes longitudinally directed channels through the shroud to provide a flow path for said ingress. 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  show a spiral centralizer  130  ( 133  in  FIG.  3 B ) which is attached to the screen  140  by welding. The centralizer  130  includes ridges  132  such that on rotating the screen assembly the ridges  132  contact edges of the well so as to apply a force to the well maintaining a generally concentric position within the well. The centralizer  130  may be connected directly to the shroud and so providing a cover to the various screen layers  135 ,  145 . 
       FIG.  5    shows the flow path of the ingress as it travels along the screen shows high concentration of turbulent flow  152  as it enters the screen normalizing for the length before entering through the SSD  154 . 
       FIG.  6    shows a further embodiment of the extraction system  155  whereby four screen assemblies  160 ,  165 ,  175 ,  180  are connected together through flow-through couplings  185 . Centralizers  200  are mounted to each screen assembly so as to provide the centralizing action as the extraction assembly  155  further shows the flow through shroud and also the SSD  202  within one of the screens  180  into which the ingress flows on the basis the SSD  202  has been selected to be opened.