Patent Publication Number: US-2023160579-A1

Title: Electric stovetop heater unit with integrated temperature control

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/639,334, filed Jun. 30, 2017, entitled, “Electric Stovetop Heater Unit with Integrated Temperature Control” which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/438,537, filed Feb. 21, 2017, entitled, “Electric Stovetop Heater Unit with Integrated Temperature Control.” The disclosure of each document identified in this paragraph is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The subject matter described herein relates to systems and methods for controlling the temperature of a heating element. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Heaters are used to provide heat to an object by converting electrical current in the heating element into thermal energy. The thermal energy is typically transferred to the object by conduction between the object and the heating element. The temperature of a heater can be varied by adjusting the amount of current flowing through the heating element until a desired thermal equilibrium is reached between the heating element and the object in thermal contact with the heating element. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods for controlling the temperature of a heating element are disclosed. 
     In a first aspect, an apparatus includes a heater with a heating element having a region that does not contain a surface heating portion of the heating element and a thermostat positioned in the region. The thermostat includes a contact surface disposed to make physical contact with an object placed on the surface heating portion and a switch configured to prevent a current from conducting through the heating element when the contact surface experiences a temperature equal to or greater than a temperature limit. 
     In some variations one or more of the following features can optionally be included in any feasible combination. A medallion can be positioned below a top surface of the heating element. The medallion can include a medallion aperture shaped to allow the contact surface to extend vertically through the medallion aperture to make physical contact with the object. 
     There can also be an urging element providing an upward force to cause the contact surface to make physical contact with the object. There can be an urging surface abutting a bottom surface of the thermostat and providing the upward force to the thermostat. Also, a deformable surface can be operatively connected to the urging surface and that mechanically deforms to cause an upward force in response to a downward force applied from the object to the thermostat. The deformable surface can have a number of planar sections each connected at an angle, the upward force applied through the deformable surface being a restorative force to urge the deformable surface to restore the angles between the plurality of planar sections. 
     The urging surface can be connected to an upper portion of the thermostat and provide the upward force to the thermostat. A deformable surface can be operatively connected to the urging surface and that mechanically deforms to cause an upward force in response to a downward force applied from the object to the temperature sensor, the deformable surface comprising a plurality of planar sections each connected at an angle, the upward force applied through the deformable surface being a restorative force to urge the deformable surface to restore the angles between the plurality of planar sections. 
     The urging element can include an urging surface connected to a bottom portion of the thermostat and providing the upward force to the thermostat. The deformable surface can be operatively connected to the urging surface and that mechanically deforms to cause an upward force in response to a downward force applied from the object to the temperature sensor. The deformable surface can have a radius that increases in response to the downward force causing a flattening of the deformable surface. 
     The contact surface of the thermostat can extend vertically approximately 0.2 mm above the medallion. 
     In an interrelated aspect, a method for regulating a temperature of an apparatus that includes a heater with a heating element having a region that does not contain a surface heating portion of the heating element and a thermostat positioned in the region, the thermostat including a contact surface in physical contact with an object placed on the surface heating portion and a switch configured prevent a current from conducting through the heating element when the contact surface experiences a temperature equal to or greater than a temperature limit. The method includes opening the switch to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element when the contact surface experiences the temperature that is equal to or greater than the temperature limit. When the temperature experienced by the contact surface is below the temperature limit, the switch is allowed to close such that current can conduct through the heating element. 
     In another interrelated aspect, a heating element is operatively connected between a first terminal in electrical contact with a second terminal to conduct a current through the heating element. A thermostat is positioned within a region of the heating element and operatively connected in series between the first terminal and the second terminal to measure a temperature of the heating element. The thermostat includes a switch configured to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element when the thermostat measures or experiences a temperature of the heating element that is equal to or greater than a temperature limit. 
     In some variations one or more of the following features can optionally be included in any feasible combination. 
     There can be an inner end heater operatively connected to conduct the current between the first terminal and an inner end of the heating element. An outer end heater can be operatively connected to conduct the current between an outer end of the heating element and the thermostat. 
     The connection of the heating element to the first terminal and the second terminal can be below the heating element. A protective plate can be mounted below the thermostat and covering the thermostat to prevent access to the thermostat from below the protective plate. 
     A medallion can be mounted in the region of the heating element and in thermal contact with the thermostat to allow thermal conduction between the medallion and the thermostat. 
     The switch can be further configured to allow the current to conduct through the heating element when the temperature measured by the thermostat is below the temperature limit. 
     The thermostat can have a vertical displacement below the heating element to cause the temperature measured by the thermostat to be almost entirely due to the temperature of the heating element. The vertical displacement can be at least one of approximately 10 mm, 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, or 100 mm. 
     The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. While certain features of the currently disclosed subject matter are described for illustrative purposes in relation to particular implementations, it should be readily understood that such features are not intended to be limiting. The claims that follow this disclosure are intended to define the scope of the protected subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain some of the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In the drawings, 
         FIG.  1    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of an exemplary heating element and thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of an exemplary heating element incorporating an exemplary protective plate in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side elevational view of an exemplary thermostat displaced vertically from the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of an exemplary heating element incorporating the thermostat outside of a region of the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a simplified top and perspective view of a heater incorporating a contact surface extending through a medallion in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom and perspective view of a heater and a housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom and perspective view of a heater and the housing open to show the thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing open to show the thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing open to show the thermostat and a first implementation of an urging element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing open to show the thermostat and a second implementation of an urging element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing open to show the thermostat and a third implementation of an urging element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  12    is a simplified diagram for an exemplary method of controlling the temperature of the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  13    is a simplified diagram for an exemplary method of controlling the temperature of an object in contact with the contact surface  512  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  14    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a thermostat incorporating a contact surface extending through a medallion in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  15    is a diagram illustrating a simplified close-up perspective view of a thermostat incorporating a contact surface extending through a medallion in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  16    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of a thermostat and the housing open to show the thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  17    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a thermostat connected to a bracket located within the housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  18    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a bracket coupled to a mount and the thermostat accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  19    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a bracket in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  20    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective bottom view of a medallion, a bracket, and the thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  21    is a diagram illustrating a simplified exploded perspective view of a medallion, the thermostat, and the housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  22    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective bottom view of a bracket, thermostat, medallion, and the housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  23    is a diagram illustrating a simplified exploded perspective view of a bracket, thermostat, medallion, and the housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  24    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of an exemplary thermostat displaced vertically from the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  25    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of an exemplary thermostat substantially aligned vertically from the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  26    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a medallion coupled to a housing in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  27    is a diagram illustrating a simplified close-up perspective view of a medallion configured to cover a thermostat in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  28    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a bracket, thermostat, medallion, and the housing open to show the thermostat and a third implementation of an urging element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  29    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a bracket, thermostat, medallion, and the housing open to show the thermostat and a third implementation of an urging element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  30    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of an exemplary medallion displaced vertically from the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  31    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of an exemplary medallion substantially aligned vertically from the heating element in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Heating elements, for example those used in stovetop burners and hot plates, can be used to heat objects or prepare food. As described herein, heating elements can provide heat to the desired object primarily by the conduction of heat from the heating element to the object placed on top of, or otherwise in contact with, the heating element. The heating element can also contribute heat to the object in the form of radiative heat transfer. 
     An electrical current passed through the heating element can cause resistive heating of the heating element. The direction of current flow through any of the elements described herein is arbitrary and can go in any direction consistent with the applied power source. The steady-state temperature of the heating element can be based on achievement of thermal equilibrium between the power dissipated during the resistive heating and the power radiated or conducted away by the objects or the medium in contact with the heating element. During the heating process, the temperature of the heating element increases until thermal equilibrium is reached. Because an object, for example, a pan with water, can act as a substantial heat sink, the heating element can obtain a different final temperature than it would in the absence of an object being heated. 
     Because the temperature of the heating element can vary substantially depending on the various heat sinks, an un-monitored or unregulated supply of current to the heating element can cause the heating element to overheat. An overheated heating element can damage an object that is unable to dissipate the heat from the heating element. Also, an overheated heating element can damage the heating element itself, through mechanical failure, melting, or enhanced degradation of the heating element, or can result in a fire or the production of unhealthy combustion or thermal degradation by-products. 
     By providing a direct measurement of the temperature of the heating element, an overheat condition can be detected. The current to the heating element can then be reduced or stopped in order to avoid the overheating condition. Various implementations of the current subject matter described herein address this problem. 
       FIG.  1    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of an exemplary heating element  100  and thermostat  105  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     A heating element  100  can be operatively connected between a first terminal  110  in electrical contact with a second terminal  115  to conduct a current through the heating element  100 . The first terminal  110  and the second terminal  115  can be connected across a voltage source or other power supply (not shown) that provides the current for the heating element  100 . The heating element  100 , as shown in  FIG.  1   , can be generally shaped in a spiral with current flowing from the first terminal  110  to a region of the heating element  100  and then spiraling outward through the heating element  100  to return through the second terminal  115 . Though the implementations shown herein illustrate a spiral pattern to the heating element  100 , other structural forms of the heating element  100  can be used. For example, the heating element  100  can be rectangular, grid shaped, triangular, or the like. The heating element  100  can be constructed of any electrically conducting material, for example, iron, steel, tungsten, or the like. The cross-sectional shape of the heating element  100 , as shown in  FIG.  1   , can be circular. However, other cross-sectional shapes are possible, including rectangular, square, or the like. The heating element  100  can be shaped to provide a generally planar surface such that the object to be heated can be placed onto the heating element  100  in a generally level orientation. However, the heating element  100  can also be shaped in other ways, for example, to form a concave or convex surface, to provide an angle between two portions of the surface of the heating element  100 , or the like. 
     In some implementations, a thermostat  105  can be positioned within a region of the heating element  100  and operatively connected in series between the first terminal  110  and the second terminal  115 . The thermostat  105  can measure, regulate, or limit a temperature of the heating element  100 . The thermostat  105  can include a temperature sensor that is in direct contact with the heating element  100  to provide a direct measurement of the temperature of the heating element  100 . To make a direct measurement of the temperature of the heating element  100 , the thermostat  105  can be thermally isolated or insulated from other heat sources such that other heat sources provide little or no contribution to the measurement by the thermostat  105 . For example, when a cooler object is placed in contact with the heating element  100 , the heating element  100  and the cooler object can have different temperatures. However, the isolated thermostat  105 , by virtue of being in direct contact with only the heating element  100 , measures the instantaneous temperature of the heating element  100  essentially independently of any heat provided by the object. 
     In other implementations, the thermostat  105  can measure and regulate the times or amount of current going through the heating element  100  based on a measurement of an object in contact with the thermostat  105  and resting on the heating element  100 . Such implementations are described in further detail with regard to  FIGS.  5 - 11   . 
     The thermostat  105  can also include a switch configured to prevent current from conducting through the heating element  100  when the thermostat  105  measures a temperature of the heating element  100  that is equal to or greater than a temperature limit. Therefore, the switch can act to prevent an overheat condition in the heating element  100 . When the temperature limit is reached, the thermostat  105  can cause the switch to open and break the circuit preventing current from flowing through the heating element  100 . Similarly, the switch can be further configured to close and allow the current to conduct through the heating element  100  when the temperature measured by the thermostat  105  is below the temperature limit. In this way, the switch can open and close to regulate the temperature of the heating element  100  and keep the heating element  100  from attaining a temperature that exceeds the temperature limit. 
     The opening or closing of the switch can be controlled by a computer, for example by converting the electrical measurement signals from a temperature sensor in the thermostat  105  to a temperature and comparing this temperature to the temperature limit. Temperature sensors can include, for example, a thermocouple, thermometer, optical sensor, or the like. The computer, or other integrated circuit, can be included in the thermostat  105 , or can be at an external location. In other implementations, the opening or closing of the switch can be based on a mechanical configuration of the switch responding to changes in the temperature of the heating element  100 . For example, a switch in thermal contact with the heating element  100  can move, deflect, or the like due to thermal expansion or contraction of the materials in the switch. In other implementations, the switch can be located outside the thermostat  105 . For example, the switch can be at the power supply for the heating element  100 , elsewhere in the appliance containing the heating element  100 , or the like. 
     In some implementations, the thermostat  105  can be positioned within a region  120  of the heating element  100 . The region  120  of the heating element  100  is shown by the dashed line in  FIG.  1   . The region  120  is not restricted to literally the illustrated boundary. The region  120  is intended to illustrate the region of the heating element  100  generally at the center of the heating element  100  and proximate to the thermostat  105 . Here, the thermostat  105  is connected to the heating element  100  at a location along the heating element  100  that is substantially closer to the second terminal  115  than to the first terminal  110 . 
     Additional conductors (also referred to herein as heaters) can be connected between the terminals and the ends of the heating element  100 . These heaters can act as extensions of the heating element  100  to allow connection with other components, for example, the terminals, thermostat  105 , or the like. There can be an inner end heater  125  operatively connected to conduct the current between the first terminal  110  and an inner end  130  of the heating element  100 . There can also be an outer end heater  135  operatively connected to conduct the current between an outer end  140  of the heating element  100  and the thermostat  105 . The inner end  130  of the heating element  100  can be the location along the heating element  100  that is closest to the center of the heating element  100 . Similarly, the outer end  140  of the heating element  100  can be located along the spiral-shaped heating element  100  that is the most radially distant from the center of the spiral-shaped heating element  100 . There can also be a second outer end heater  135  connecting the thermostat  105  to the second terminal  115 . 
     The inner end heater  125  and the outer end heater  135  can be shaped to allow connection of the heating element  100  to the first terminal  110  and the second terminal  115  below the heating element  100 . As described above, the heating element  100  can form a generally planar surface. The inner end heater  125  can include a vertical portion  150  that extends below the heating element  100  to allow connection between the inner end  130  of the heating element  100  and the first terminal  110 . The vertical portion  150  can be connected to a horizontal portion that extends to the first terminal  110 . Similarly, the first outer end heater  135  and the second outer end heater  135  can also include one or more vertical portions and horizontal portions to connect the heating element  100 , the thermostat  105 , and the second terminal  115 . Though described as including vertical and horizontal portions, the current subject matter contemplates any general shaping of the heating element  100 , any inner end heaters  125 , and any outer end heaters  135  to facilitate connection between the terminals, the thermostat  105 , and the heating element  100 . 
     In some implementations, a medallion  145  can be mounted in the region  120  of the heating element  100  and be in thermal contact with the thermostat  105 . The medallion  145  can be a plate that occupies part of the region  120  of the heating element  100 . The medallion  145  can be substantially coplanar with the top surface (also see  FIG.  3   ) of the heating element  100 . In other implementations, the medallion  145  can be slightly above the top surface of the heating element  100  or slightly below the top surface of the heating element  100 . In some implementations, the medallion  145  can be constructed of metal, or other suitable thermally conductive material. When in thermal contact with the thermostat  105 , the temperature sensor in the thermostat  105  can additionally measure the temperature of the medallion  145 . 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of an exemplary heating element  100  incorporating an exemplary protective plate  210  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  2   , a protective plate  210  can be mounted below the thermostat  105  to cover the thermostat  105  and prevent access to the thermostat  105  from below the protective plate  210 . In some implementations, the protective plate  210  can also extend into other parts of the region  120 . The protective plate  210  can also extend beyond the region  120  to protect other portions of the heating element  100  from contact.  FIG.  2    illustrates the protective plate  210  as having a generally triangular shape, however other shapes such as circular, square, or the like, are also contemplated. The protective plate  210  can have one or more slots, apertures, notches, or other removed portions that can permit access by portions of the heating element  100  or the heaters. The protective plate  210  can be spaced, insulated, or otherwise separated from the heating element  100  or the heaters to reduce or prevent any thermal or electrical conduction to the protective plate  210 . 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side elevational view of an exemplary thermostat  105  displaced vertically from the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the thermostat  105  can have a vertical displacement  310  below the heating element  100 . The vertical displacement  310  can cause the temperature measured by the thermostat  105  to be almost entirely due to the temperature of the heating element  100 . For example, when the thermostat  105  is in direct thermal contact with the medallion  145 , which in turn is in direct contact with an object that has been heated, the thermostat  105  can read a temperature that is unreflective of the temperature of the heating element  100 . However, when the thermostat  105  is displaced vertically below the heating element  100  such that the thermostat  105  is in direct contact with only the heaters or the heating element  100 , and not in contact with the object on the heating element  100 , the temperature measured by the thermostat  105  is more directly related to only the temperature of the components directly contacting the thermostat  105 . In some implementations, when the thermostat  105  (and possibly the medallion  145 ) is slightly below the top surface  320  of the heating element  100 , the hot object on the heating element  100  can still contribute radiative heat to the thermostat  105  (although less than the heat that would have been available via a direct conduction). In other implementations, when the thermostat  105  is further below the top surface  320  of the heating element  100 , the contribution of the radiated heat from the hot object to the thermostat  105  can be reduced or effectively eliminated. The vertical displacement  310  can be, for example, approximately 10 mm, 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, or any distance in this approximate range, as desired by one skilled in the art. 
     In some implementations, the thermostat  105  can be positioned outside of a region  120  of the heating element  100 . As described herein, the thermostat  105  can be placed in series between the first terminal  110  and the heating element  100 , the second terminal  115  and the heating element  100 , within the heating element  100 , or generally in series with the sequence of components that form the circuit used for heating. Similar to the implementations illustrated in  FIGS.  1 - 3   , the implementation shown in  FIG.  4    can also have an inner end heater  125  operatively connected to conduct the current between the thermostat  105  and an inner end  130  of the heating element  100 . Here, the thermostat  105  can be an arbitrary distance from the center of the heating element  100 . There can also be an outer end heater  135  operatively connected to conduct the current between an outer end  140  of the heating element  100  and the second terminal  115 . Additionally, the inner end heater  125  and the outer end heater  135  can be shaped to allow connection of the heating element  100  to the first terminal  110  and the second terminal  115  below the heating element  100 . 
     In other implementations, a capsule  410  can enclose the thermostat  105 . The capsule  410  can also be electrically isolated from the thermostat  105 . By enclosing the thermostat  105  in a capsule  410 , the thermostat  105  can also be protected from undesirable contact. In some implementations, having the thermostat  105  electrically isolated from the capsule  410  can prevent voltage or current applied to the capsule  410  from affecting the temperature measurement. The capsule  410  can also prevent debris, scorching, oxidation, or other unwanted surface effects from adversely impacting the operation of the thermostat  105 . In some implementations, the capsule  410  can be made of stainless steel, aluminum, iron, copper, or the like. Electrical isolation for the portions of the heaters, heating element  100 , or terminals that are in contact with the capsule  410  can be provided by, for example, ceramic spacers or feed-throughs. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a simplified top and perspective view of a heater incorporating a contact surface  512  extending through a medallion  145  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.  FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom and perspective view of a heater and a housing  530  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.  FIG.  7    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom and perspective view of a heater and the housing  530  open to show the thermostat  105  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated herein, for example in  FIGS.  5 - 7   , the heating element  100  can be an elongate conductor with terminals connected to a current source. The heating element  100  can be shaped to form a top surface  320  upon which an object (not shown), for example a pot, cup, or the like, can be placed for heating (this portion of the heating element  100  is also referred to herein as a surface heating portion  520 ). The region  120  can include an area, substantially coplanar with the top surface  320 , which does not contain any portion of the heating element  100 . In this way, a heater can include a heating element  100  positioned about a region  120  that does not contain a surface heating portion  520  of the heating element  100 . 
     In some implementations, the thermostat  105  can be positioned in the region  120 . As used herein, the term “region”  120  can refer to a volume above or below that indicated by the dashed line shown in  FIG.  1   . The region  120  generally refers to a centrally located region of the apparatus that is not used for heating, but can include other hardware. For example, the region  120  can include the thermostat  105 , switches, portions of the heating element  100 , electrical connections, housings, or the like. 
     The thermostat  105  can include a contact surface  512  that can be disposed to make physical contact with an object placed on the surface heating portion  520 . In some implementations, the contact surface  512  can be the direct point of measurement for a temperature sensor  510 . For example, when the temperature sensor  510  is a thermocouple, the contact surface  512  can include the joint made by the two different metal types of the thermocouple. In other implementations, the contact surface  512  can include another metal surface or similar material portion of sufficiently small thickness and thermal conductivity such that the point of measurement for the temperature sensor  510  essentially measures the same temperature as the object on the other side of the contact surface  512 . For example, there can be a contact plate or other protective surface or shell surrounding the temperature sensor  510  while not interfering with the measurement of the temperature of the object by the temperature sensor  510 . Similar to other implementations described herein, the thermostat  105  can include a switch configured prevent a current from conducting through the heating element  100  when the contact surface  512  measures, or otherwise experiences, a temperature equal to or greater than a temperature limit. The temperature limit can be, for example, a desired temperature of foodstuffs in a pot or object. The temperature limit can be set by a temperature setting device in communication with the switch and temperature sensor. When the temperature limit is met or exceeded, the switch can open, preventing the flow of current through the heating element  100 . When the temperature is below the temperature limit, the switch can close, allowing further current flow and subsequent heating. In other implementations, the contact surface  512  reaching the temperature limit to cause the switch to open based on a physical change in the switch (e.g. a bimetallic strip or switch that opens when the temperature is experienced). In yet other implementations, the opening or closing of the switch can be based on a condition generated in response to the temperature reaching the temperature limit (e.g. a voltage generated from a thermocouple causing a switch to open or close based on the applied voltage). In further implementations, the activation of the switch can be based on analog or digital logic interpreting of measurements of the temperature of the contact surface  512  (e.g. digitizing a thermocouple output, or other measurements of the temperature). 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , there can be a medallion  145  positioned below the top surface  320  of the surface heating element  100 . The medallion  145  can include a top surface  146  that can provide support for the object. The medallion  145  can also be part of a housing  530 , as shown in  FIG.  6   , which can hold the thermostat  105  or other hardware. In some implementations, the medallion  145  can include a medallion aperture  540  shaped to allow the contact surface  512  to extend vertically through the medallion aperture  540  to make physical contact with the object. The medallion aperture  540  can be a circular hole through the medallion  145  and can be slightly larger in diameter than the temperature sensor  510  (and possibly the corresponding contact surface  512 ). The shape of the medallion  145 , the housing  530 , and the medallion aperture  540 , is arbitrary and can be, for example, circular, square, hexagonal, or the like. The housing  530  can also include one or more side walls  710  that extend from the medallion  145  to further enclose a volume inside the housing  530 . Housing  530  can also include a bottom surface  610  to substantially enclose the volume inside the housing  530 . The housing  530  can include one or more apertures  620  and/or feedthroughs to allow access to the interior of the housing  530 . In some implementations, the apertures  620  can be shaped to correspond to the cross-sectional dimensions of the heating element  100 . 
     In some implementations, the top surface  514  of the medallion  145  can be flush or coplanar with the top surface  320  of the heating element  100 . In other implementations, the top surface  514  of the medallion  145  can be slightly above the top surface  320  or slightly below the top surface  320  of the heating element  100 . For example, the distance between top surface  514  of the medallion  145  and the top surface  320  of the heating element  100  can be approximately 0 mm (i.e. coplanar), +0.2 mm, +0.4 mm, +0.6 mm, +0.8 mm, +1.0 mm, +2.0 mm, +3.0 mm, less than +5.0 mm, less than 1.0 cm, etc. Similarly, the medallion  145  distance below the top surface  320  can be, for example, approximately −0.2 mm, −0.4 mm, −0.6 mm, −0.8 mm, −1.0 mm, −2.0 mm, −3.0 mm, less than −5.0 mm, greater than −1.0 cm, etc. 
     To provide enhanced thermal contact with the object, the temperature sensor  510  (or equivalent contact surface  512  for the thermostat  105 ) can extend vertically above the top surface  320  of the medallion  145  and/or the surface heating portion  520  of the heating element  100 . In some implementations, the contact surface  512  can extend vertically approximately 0.2 mm above the medallion  145 . For example, a pot with a flat bottom surface can be placed on the heating element  100 . Because, in this implementation, the contact surface  512  extends above the medallion  145  (and the surface heating portion  520  of the heating element  100 ) direct physical contact with the pot is ensured. Direct physical contact, as opposed to providing an air gap, can improve the accuracy of the temperature measurement and the response times for detection of changes in the temperature of the object. However, in other implementations, an air gap can be incorporated to provide other benefits. 
       FIG.  8    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing  530  open to show the thermostat  105  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the contact surface  512  of the temperature sensor  510  can be fixed in any of the vertical positions described herein. For example, the contact surface  512  can be slightly higher than the surface heating portion  520  of the heating element  100 . In these implementations, the distance which the contact surface  512  extends vertically from the surface heating portion  520  can be small to avoid the object resting on an undesirably unstable surface. For example, the fixed distance between the contact surface  512  and the top surface  320  of the medallion  145  or the surface heating portion  520  can be approximately +0.2 mm, +0.4 mm, +0.6 mm, +0.8 mm, +1.0 mm, +2.0 mm, +3.0 mm, less than +5.0 mm, less than 1.0 cm, or the like. In other implementations, described below, there can be a means for flexibly allowing the contact surface  512  to remain in contact with the object without creating an unstable surface. The thermostat  105  can be supported in the fixed position by one or more brackets  810  connected to the medallion  145 , the housing  530 , or the like. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing  530  open to show the thermostat  105  and a first implementation of an urging element  910  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. To provide good physical contact between the contact surface  512  of the thermostat  105  and the object, there can be a means for providing an upward force to the thermostat  105  to keep the contact surface  512  pressed against the object. The upward force can be provided by an urging element  910 , such as a spring or other mechanism (e.g. a flexible piece of metal or other material bent or otherwise formed to undergo an elastic deflection when the contact surface  312  of the thermostat  105  is pressed down). The urging element  910  can have an urging surface  920  to press the contact surface  512  of the thermostat  105  against the object but allow the object to depress the contact surface  512  such that the object is able to rest on the stable surface heating portion  520  of the heating element  100 . As shown in  FIG.  9   , there can be an urging surface  920  abutting a bottom surface of the thermostat  105  and providing the upward force to the thermostat  105 . In some implementations, the urging element  910  can be, for example, a spring, tension bar, gas-filled piston that compresses and collapses in response to an applied weight and/or responsive to changes in temperature of the gas, or the like. In the implementations described below, the urging element  910  can generally be a mechanically deformable plate that provides an upward force to the thermostat  105 . 
     To allow for the depression and expansion of the urging element  910 , there can be a deformable surface  930  operatively connected to the urging surface  920  that mechanically deforms to cause an upward force to the thermostat  105  or (directly or indirectly) to the contact surface  512  in response to a downward force applied from the object to the temperature sensor  510 . The deformable surface  930  can include a number of planar sections  940  each connected at an angle. The upward force applied through the deformable surface  930  can act as a restorative force to urge the deformable surface  930  to restore the angles between the planar sections  940 . 
     In the implementation shown in  FIG.  9   , the thermostat  105  (having contact surface  512 ) is supported by an angled surface  950  vertically extending from a base plate. Also vertically extending from the base plate can be one or more vertical sides  960  that can be connected to the housing  530 . In this way, the urging element  910  is generally shaped like a “W,” where the middle portion of the “W” is depressed when an object is placed on the contact surface  512 . There can be any number of planar surfaces at various angles to provide the upward force. For example, the urging element  910  can generally be linear (e.g. a relatively narrow bent strip of thin material), cylindrical (e.g. having the cross-section shown but symmetrically formed around a central axis going through the contact surface  512 ), square (e.g. similar to the cylindrical case when the central area and or thermostat  105  is square), or the like, such that the general cross-section and construction of the urging element  910  remain similar to that shown in  FIG.  9   . 
     When an object is placed on the contact surface  512  of the thermostat  105 , the weight of the object can cause the thermostat  105  to be pressed down until the object is resting on the heating element  100 . Because the planner sections are able to mechanically deform, for example bulging downward and/or laterally, there is a restorative force pressing upwards against the thermostat  105  to maintain good physical and thermal contact with the object. 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing  530  open to show the thermostat  105  and a second implementation of an urging element  1010  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In other implementations, the urging surface  920  of an urging element  1010  can be connected to an upper portion  1020  of the thermostat  105  and provide the upward force to the temperature sensor  510 . The urging surface  920  can be connected to any part of the thermostat  105  or associated elements such that the urging element  1010  is able to cause the contact surface  512  to press against an object resting on the heating element  100 . In the implementation shown in  FIG.  10   , the upward force provided by the urging element  1010  can be more of an upward pull to bring the contact surface  512  into contact with the object. 
       FIG.  11    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of a heater and the housing  530  open to show the thermostat  105  and a third implementation of an urging element  1110  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In this implementation, the urging element  1110  can include a curved, deformable surface  930  having a radius  1120  that increases in response to the downward force flattening the deformable surface  930 . Similar to the other implementations provided herein, the mechanical deformation of the curved surface  930  can provide a restoring force to press the contact surface  512  against the object. In some implementations, the radius  1120  can be defined by a specified height of the curved surface  930  above the perimeter of the curved surface  930 . For example, the height can be approximately 0.5 cm, 0.75 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, less than 2.0 cm, less than 5.0 cm, or the like. The mechanical deformation present in the curved surface  930  can be as a result of the perimeter or can also be the result of a compression of the material of the curved surface  930  in the generally lateral direction (e.g. horizontally). 
       FIG.  12    is a simplified diagram for an exemplary method of controlling the temperature in the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the method can include, at  1210 , measuring, at the thermostat  105 , the temperature of the heating element  100 . 
     At  1220 , a switch can be opened to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element  100  when the thermostat  105  measures the temperature of the heating element  100  that is equal to or greater than the temperature limit. 
     At  1230 , the switch can be closed to allow the current to conduct through the heating element  100  when the temperature measured by the thermostat  105  is below the temperature limit. 
       FIG.  13    is a simplified diagram for an exemplary method of controlling the temperature of an object in contact with the contact surface  512  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
     At  1310 , the switch can be opened to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element  100  when the contact surface  512  experiences the temperature that is equal to or greater than the temperature limit. 
     At  1320 , the switch can be closed to allow the current to conduct through the heating element  100  when the temperature experienced by the contact surface  512  is below the temperature limit. 
       FIG.  14    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of the thermostat  105  incorporating the contact surface  512  extending through a medallion  1445  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  14   , the thermostat  105  extends through the medallion  1445  through a medallion aperture  1440 . In some aspects, the medallion aperture  1440  is configured to be of a similar size and shape as the thermostat  105  to allow passage through the medallion aperture  1440 . In other aspects, the medallion aperture  1440  may comprise other shapes and sizes that allow the thermostat  105  to extend through the medallion aperture  1440 . In some embodiments, the medallion  1445  may comprise similar material to the medallion  145  and may be constructed of metal or any other suitable thermally conductive material. 
     As shown in  FIG.  14   , the medallion  1445  may be coupled to a housing  1430 . The housing  1430  may comprise one or more extensions  1470  for supporting the heating object  100  and/or any object placed on the heating object  100 . In some aspects, the extensions  1470  may be separately attached to the housing  1430  or may comprise a single piece of material along with the housing  1430 . 
       FIG.  15    is a diagram illustrating a close-up simplified perspective view of the housing  1430  assembly incorporating the contact surface  512  extending through the medallion  1445  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.  FIG.  15    shows slots  1475  at one or more connection points between the medallion  1445  and the extensions  1470 . The extensions  1470  may also comprise recesses  1480  configured to couple with the size and shape of the heating element  100 . In some aspects, the one or more slots  1475  may be located on one or more of the medallion  1445 , the housing  1430 , or the extensions  1470 . In some embodiments, the slots  1475  are configured to allow vertical movement of one or more of the thermostat  105 , the medallion  1440 , or the housing  1430 . For example, when an object is placed on the heating element  100 , the thermostat  105  and medallion  1440  may depress and move vertically downward with the weight of the object (e.g., a pot) while the contact surface  512  maintains contact with a contact surface of the object. In some aspects, the amount of movement may be based on the size of the slots  1475 . In other aspects, the amount of movement may also depend on a spring or urging element (not shown) coupled to the housing  1430 , the thermostat  105 , and/or the medallion  1445 . In some aspects, the spring or urging element may provide an upward force in response to a downward force applied from the object to the thermostat  105 . 
       FIG.  16    is a diagram illustrating a simplified bottom view of the housing  1430  open to show the thermostat  105  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  16    a bracket  1610  may be coupled to the thermostat  105 . In some aspects, the bracket  1610  may comprise a spring, urging element, or another mechanism producing a spring effect to allow or absorb vertical or horizontal movements of the thermostat  105  and/or the medallion  1445 . For example, the bracket  1610  may produce a springing effect to allow vertical or horizontal movements of the thermostat  105  when an object is placed in contact with the contact surface  512  or when an object is moved along the contact surface  512 . 
       FIG.  17    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of the thermostat  105  coupled to the bracket  1610  and located within the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  17   , the bracket  1610  may be located within the housing  1430 . In some aspects, the thermostat  105  may be coupled to a mount  1717 . In some embodiments, the mount  1717  is a separate piece coupled to the thermostat. In other aspects, the mount  1717  comprises a single piece along with the thermostat  105 . As shown in  FIG.  17   , the mount  1717  connects to the bracket  1610  and comprises one or more connection points  1718 . In some embodiments, the connection points  1718  comprise holes, recesses, or other markings to indicate or facilitate coupling between the bracket  1610  and the mount  1717 . For example, the connection points  1718  may indicate welding points for the mount  1717  to weld and connect to the bracket  1610 . 
       FIG.  18    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of the bracket  1610  coupled to the mount  1717  and the thermostat  105  accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  18   , the bracket  1610  may comprise legs  1832  configured to couple to the housing  1430  or the medallion  1445 . In some aspects, the bracket  1610  may be connected to the housing  1430  or the medallion  1445  by welding the legs  1832  to the walls of the housing  1430  or the medallion  1445 , by sliding the legs  1832  into corresponding slots in the walls of the housing  1430  or the medallion  1445 , or by any other connection means. 
       FIG.  19    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of the bracket  1610  with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  19   , the bracket  1610  comprises a bracket aperture  1940 . The bracket aperture  1940  is configured to be of a similar size and shape as the thermostat  105  to allow passage through the bracket aperture  1940 . In other aspects, the bracket aperture  1940  may comprise other shapes and sizes that allow the thermostat  105  to extend through the bracket aperture  1940 . In some embodiments, the bracket aperture  1940  may also be configured to allow the mount  1717  to couple with the bracket  1610 . 
       FIG.  20    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective bottom view of the medallion  1445  coupled to the bracket  1610 , and thermostat  105  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  20   , the bracket  1610  may be located within, and connected to, the medallion  1445 . In some aspects, the medallion may be coupled to the bracket legs  1832  or any other connection point of the bracket  1610 , such as a top surface of the bracket  1610 . 
       FIG.  21    is a diagram illustrating a simplified exploded perspective view of the medallion  1445  and the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  21   , the thermostat  105  extends through the medallion  1445  and the medallion  1445 , with slots  1475 , is configured to couple with the housing  1430 . 
       FIG.  22   . is a diagram illustrating a simplified exploded bottom view of the bracket  1610 , thermostat  105 , medallion  1445 , and the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In connection with  FIG.  21   ,  FIG.  22    shows an example configuration of the thermostat  105  coupled to the bracket  1610  and protruding through the medallion  1445 . 
       FIG.  23    is a diagram illustrating a simplified exploded view of the bracket  1610 , thermostat  105 , medallion  1445 , and the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown, in  FIG.  23   , the thermostat  105  extends through the bracket aperture  1940  and the medallion aperture  1440  so that it may contact an object placed on the heating element  100 . Additionally,  FIG.  23    illustrates an example of how the medallion  1445  may comprise slots  1475  and may couple to the housing  1430 .  FIG.  23    also shows an example of how the thermostat  105  may couple to the bracket  1610  using the mount  1717 . 
       FIG.  24    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of the thermostat  105  with the contact surface  512  in a first position displaced vertically from the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  24   , the horizontal dashed line  2450  represents a vertical position of the heating element  100 .  FIG.  24    also comprises the horizontal solid line  2460  which represents a vertical position of the contact surface  512 . The difference in the vertical positions of the contact surface  512  and the heating element  100  is shown as the gap  2455  in  FIG.  24   . In some aspects, the configuration shown in  FIG.  24    illustrates a first position of the thermostat  105  and medallion  1445  when there is no object placed on the heating element  100 . 
       FIG.  25    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of the thermostat  105  with the contact surface  512  in a second position substantially aligned vertically with the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  25   , the horizontal dashed line  2450  represents a vertical position of the heating element  100 . As shown in  FIG.  25   , in some aspects, when an object is placed on the heating element  100  and is in contact with the contact surface  512 , the thermostat  105  and medallion  1445  move vertically downward to a second position where the contact surface  512  is substantially aligned vertically with the vertical position of the heating element  100 . In some embodiments, the medallion  1445  and moves along the slots  1475  to allow for the vertical displacement. In some aspects, such a vertical displacement of the medallion  1445  and the thermostat  105  allows the contact surface  512  to maintain contact with the object placed on the heating element  100 . This allows the thermostat  105  to make accurate readings regarding the object and allows the bottom surface of the object to maintain even contact with the heating element  100 . As shown in  FIG.  25   , the gap  2455  of  FIG.  24    has been reduced to substantially zero in this second position, indicating a substantially flush contact of the contact surface  512 , the bottom surface of the object, and the top surface of the heating element  100 . 
     The combined movement of the thermostat  105  and the medallion  1445  in response to the downward force applied by an object placed on the heating element may provide several benefits. For example, in some aspects, since the medallion  1445  moves along with the thermostat  105 , the thermostat  105  does not depress below the medallion within the housing  1430 . In some embodiments, this can prevent the thermostat  105  from becoming stuck underneath the medallion  1445  after the object has been removed. Additionally, the movement of the thermostat  105  may become restricted or clogged with objects and in some embodiments the thermostat  105  may not be able to move vertically respective of the medallion  1445 . Such a restricted movement may prevent a bottom surface of the object from fully contacting the surface of the heating element  100 . 
     As discussed above, in some aspects, when the thermostat  105  measures a temperature of the heating element  100  or the object placed on the heating element that is equal to or greater than a temperature limit, then a switch can be opened to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element  100 . 
       FIG.  26    is a diagram illustrating a simplified perspective view of a medallion  2645  coupled to the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  26   , the medallion  2645  comprises a medallion extension  2646  configured in the shape of the thermostat  105  and contact surface  512 . In some aspects, the medallion  2645  comprises a single piece of metal or other suitable thermally conductive material. In some embodiments, the single piece configuration for the medallion  2645  and medallion extension  2646  provide a sealed system that protects the thermostat  105  from spilled liquids. Additionally, the sealed system may also prevent debris or other objects from entering the housing and causing damage to the thermostat  105 , the switch, or other components of the heating element. 
       FIG.  27    is a diagram illustrating a simplified close-up perspective view of the medallion  2645  and medallion extension  2646  coupled to the housing  1430  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the medallion  2645  may comprise slots  1475  configured to allow vertical movement of the medallion  2645  while coupled to the housing  1430 . Similar to the embodiments described above with respect to  FIG.  15   , the slots  1475  may be configured to allow vertical movement of one or more of the thermostat  105 , the medallion  2645 , or the housing  1430 . 
       FIG.  28    is a diagram illustrating a simplified sectional view of the medallion  2645  and the housing  1430  open to show the thermostat  105 , and the bracket  1610  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  28   , the medallion extension  2646  is configured to substantially the same shape and size of the thermostat  105  and the contact surface  512  is in contact with the bottom surface of the medallion extension  2646 . As described above, the medallion  2645  and medallion extension  2646  effectively covers and seals the thermostat  105  to prevent liquids from damaging the thermostat. In some aspects, this configuration may provide the benefit of protection against common spills in the kitchen or cooking area. 
       FIG.  29    is a diagram illustrating a simplified close-up sectional view of the medallion  2645  and the housing  1430  open to show the thermostat  105 , and the bracket  1610  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  29   , the contact surface  512  is located beneath the medallion extension  2646 . Accordingly, in some aspects, the thermostat  105  may sense and measure temperatures of objects placed on the medallion extension  2646  by measuring the temperature of the medallion extension  2646 . In some aspects, when the thermostat  105  measures a temperature of the heating element  100 , the medallion extension  2646 , or the object placed on the heating element that is equal to or greater than a temperature limit, then a switch can be opened to prevent the current from conducting through the heating element  100 . 
       FIG.  30    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of the medallion  2645  with the medallion extension  2646  in a first position displaced vertically from the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  30   , the horizontal dashed line  3050  represents a vertical position of the heating element  100 .  FIG.  30    also comprises the horizontal solid line  3060  which represents a vertical position of a contact surface of the medallion extension  2646 . The difference in the vertical positions of the medallion extension  2646  and the heating element  100  is shown as the gap  3055  in  FIG.  30   . In some aspects, the configuration shown in  FIG.  30    illustrates a first position of the medallion  2645  when there is no object placed on the heating element  100 . 
       FIG.  31    is a diagram illustrating a simplified side view of the medallion  2645  with the medallion extension  2646  in a second position substantially aligned vertically with the heating element  100  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  31   , the horizontal dashed line  3050  represents a vertical position of the heating element  100 . In some aspects, when an object is placed on the heating element  100  and is in contact with the medallion extension  2646 , the medallion  2645  moves vertically downward to a second position where the contact surface of the medallion extension  2646  is substantially aligned vertically with the vertical position of the heating element  100 . In some embodiments, the medallion  2645  and moves along the slots  1475  to allow for the vertical displacement. In some aspects, such a vertical displacement of the medallion  2645  allows the contact surface of the medallion extension  2646  to maintain contact with the object placed on the heating element  100 . This allows the thermostat  105  to make accurate readings regarding the medallion extension  2646 , the heating element  100 , or the object, and allows the bottom surface of the object to maintain even contact with the heating element  100 . As shown in  FIG.  31   , the gap  3055  of  FIG.  30    has been reduced to substantially zero in this second position, indicating a substantially flush contact of the medallion extension  2646 , the bottom surface of the object, and the top surface of the heating element  100 . 
     In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” Use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible. 
     The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, computer programs and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. Any methods or the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all implementations consistent with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. The implementations described above can be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of further features noted above. Furthermore, above described advantages are not intended to limit the application of any issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the advantages. 
     Additionally, section headings shall not limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Specifically, and by way of example, although the headings refer to a “Technical Field,” such claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Further, the description of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construed as an admission that technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference to this disclosure in general or use of the word “invention” in the singular is not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of the claims set forth below. Multiple inventions may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the invention(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby.