Patent Publication Number: US-2023158195-A1

Title: Articles formed of pulp base materials with modulated scent release

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to and claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/402,906 (“the &#39;906 application”), filed on Sep. 30, 2016, entitled ARTICLES FORMED OF PULP BASE MATERIALS WITH MODULATED SCENT RELEASE. The &#39;906 application is hereby incorporated in its entirety by this reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention relates to articles formed of pulp base materials, which are configured to provide a modulated release of volatile compositions, and more specifically relates to articles formed of pulp base materials that provide a modulated release of volatile olfactory or fragrance compounds. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Fragrance-releasing devices are well known and commonly used in household and commercial establishments to provide a pleasant environment for people in the immediate space. Further, aroma-driven experiences are well recognized to improve or enhance the general mood of individuals. In some instances, fragrances may trigger memories of experiences associated with the specific scent. Whether it is providing a pleasant environment, affecting a general demeanor, or triggering a nostalgic memory, a steady, long-lasting release of fragrance will ensure consumer and customer satisfaction. 
     Fragrance-release devices based on passive diffusion are limited in their product-use by a finite supply of the fragrance and its evaporation rate from a surface. In some examples, the fragrance-release device is designed to carry the fragrance liquid within its architecture so that the fragrance supply is finite and determined by the size of the fragrance-release device. 
     The evaporation rate of fragrance from the fragrance-release device is determined, at least in part, by the composition of the fragrance, where compositions containing more volatile compounds (e.g. “top” notes) will evaporate faster than those with less volatile compounds (e.g. “base” notes). A fragrance composition determines its character. As a result, changing the composition of the fragrance will affect the character. The release rate profile of fragrance is generally strong (more intense) at the beginning of product use, followed by decreasing intensity over time. 
     For these fragrances, there is a need to modulate the release of fragrance from the fragrance-release device to provide a steady and long-lasting fragrance release without changing the fragrance load and character. Specifically, there is a need to temper the release of fragrance compounds at the initial stage of product use, followed by facilitation of fragrance compound release at a later stage of product use. There is also a need to modulate the type of scent released over time so that the olfactory senses do not become immune to the scent released by the article. 
     SUMMARY 
     The terms “invention,” “the invention,” “this invention” and “the present invention” used in this patent are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent and the patent claims below. Statements containing these terms should be understood not to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit the meaning or scope of the patent claims below. Embodiments of the invention covered by this patent are defined by the claims below, not this summary. This summary is a high-level overview of various aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts that are further described in the Detailed Description section below. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings and each claim. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, an article comprises a pulp base material comprising fibers, wherein pores are formed between the fibers, and a volatile composition comprising at least one top note component and at least one base note component. The volatile composition at least partially fills the pores of the pulp base material, wherein a release rate of the at least one top note component is modulated by the pulp base material, and wherein a release rate of the at least one base note component is enhanced by the pulp base material. 
     In some embodiments, the pulp base material comprises at least one low porosity zone and at least one high porosity zone. The at least one top note component may be added to the at least one low porosity zone, and the at least one base note component may be added to the at least one high porosity zone. 
     The at least one low porosity zone and the at least one high porosity zone may be formed by use of a mold having different drainage surfaces, by use of a divider within a mold, by application of different pressures to portions of a mold, by application of different pulp concentrations to portions of a mold, and/or by application of different amounts of gas or gas-forming materials to portions of the pulp base material. In some embodiments, the at least one low porosity zone is formed in a first mold and the at least one high porosity zone is formed in a second mold. 
     The article may comprise at least two pulp base materials joined together. 
     In some embodiments, the pulp base material comprises at least one surface having complex geometry. The complex geometry may comprise peaks and flatter regions. The peaks may enhance the release rate of the volatile composition and/or provide three-dimensional emission of the volatile composition. 
     The article may comprise an attachment element. The attachment element may comprise a hole. 
     The article may comprise a smooth surface for holding the article in an upright position. In some embodiments, a stand is coupled to the article to hold the article in an upright position. 
     A backing layer may be added to the article. The backing layer may be formed of a conductive material. 
     In some embodiments, the article may further comprise an opening through the article for placement of a light source. 
     In certain embodiments, the pulp base material comprises a first porosity and openings in which other materials having at least a second porosity are added to the pulp base material. 
     A modulating coating may applied to the pulp base material, only applied to the at least one low porosity zone, and/or only applied to the at least one high porosity zone. 
     In some embodiments, the article is combined with at least one energy source. 
     The at least one energy source may be a warmer bowl or plate and/or a fan. The article may form at least one blade of the fan. 
     In some embodiments, the article is positioned around a light source. 
     In some embodiments, the article is positioned within a support structure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the following detailed description, embodiments of the invention are described referring to the following figures: 
         FIG.  1    is an image of a mold used to form a pulp base material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  2    is a top view of the pulp base material formed with the mold of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a side view of the pulp base material of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4    is a top view of a pulp base material formed with a divider, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  5    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with a divider in which the top and bottom surfaces of the divider are covered by pulp material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  6    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with a divider in which the top surface of the divider are covered by pulp material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  7    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with a divider in which the top and bottom surfaces of the divider are not covered by pulp material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  8    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with a divider comprising a backing layer, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  9    is a top view of a pulp base material formed with a divider comprising multiple zones, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  10    is a flow diagram of a multi-step molding process, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  11    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with complex surface geometry, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  12    is a side view of a pulp base material formed with complex surface geometry, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  13    is a top view of a pulp base material formed with an attachment element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  14    is a top view of a pulp base material formed with an opening, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  15    is a top view of a pulp base material formed with a plurality of openings for addition of other materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  16    is a top view of the pulp base material of  FIG.  15    with the other materials incorporated into the plurality of openings. 
         FIG.  17    is a side view of two pulp base materials being joined, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  18    is a side view of the two pulp base materials of  FIG.  17    joined. 
         FIG.  19    is a side view of a pulp base material with a capillary system for introduction of volatile compositions into the pulp base material. 
         FIG.  20    includes front images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  21    includes front images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  22    includes front and side images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  23    includes front images of articles with attachment elements that couple the articles to stands, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  24    is a front image of an article and an attachable backing layer, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  25    is a front view of the article of  FIG.  24    attached to the backing layer. 
         FIG.  26    is a rear view of the article of  FIG.  24    attached to the backing layer. 
         FIG.  27    is a sketch of an article with an attachable backing layer. 
         FIG.  28    includes front and side images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  29    is a sketch of an article with an attached backing layer. 
         FIG.  30 A  includes front and side images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes and coloration, along with a side image of an article formed by joining two pulp base materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  30 B  includes front images of articles with attachment elements and a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  31    includes top, front, and side views of an article formed by joining two pulp base materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  32    includes top, front, and side views of an article formed by joining two pulp base materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  33 A,  33 B and  33 C  include images of an article formed by joining two pulp base materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  34    is a front view of an article, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  35    is a rear view of the article of  FIG.  34    coupled to a stand. 
         FIG.  36    is a front view of the stand of  FIG.  35   . 
         FIG.  37    includes front and side images of articles with stands and a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  38 A and  38 B  include front images of articles with stands and a variety of shapes, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  39 A  includes front and side images of articles with stands and a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  39 B  includes front images of articles with stands and a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  40    includes top, front, side, and rear views of an article formed by joining two pulp base materials, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  41 A,  41 B, and  41 C  include top and side views of articles with stands and a variety of shapes, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  42    includes side views of articles with stands, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  43    includes top, side, and perspective views of an article with a stand, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  44 A and  44 B  include top, side, and perspective views of an article with a stand, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  45    includes side views of articles combined with energy sources, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  46    includes side views of articles combined with energy sources, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  47    includes front views of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  48    includes front views of articles with a variety of shapes and a warmer bowl, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  49    includes front views of articles with a variety of shapes and a warmer bowl, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  50    includes top and side views of an article combined with a backing layer and holder, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  51 A and  51 B  include front and side images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  52 A and  52 B  include front, side, and perspective images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  53    includes front and side images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  54 A and  54 B  include front, side, and perspective images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  55 A and  55 B  include front, side, and perspective images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  56 A and  56 B  include front, side, and perspective images of articles with a variety of shapes and coloration and a plug-in heating element, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  57    includes a sketch of an article forming blades of a fan, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  58    includes a sketch of an article forming blades of a fan, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  59    is a perspective view of a support structure for an article, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  60    is atop view of the support structure of  FIG.  59   . 
         FIG.  61    is a bottom view of the support structure of  FIG.  59   . 
         FIG.  62    is a front view of a decorative covering attached to the support structure of  FIG.  59   . 
         FIG.  63    is a side view of the decorative covering and support structure of  FIG.  62   . 
         FIG.  64    is a bottom view of the decorative covering and support structure of  FIG.  62   . 
         FIG.  65    is a schematic illustrating the movement of a volatile composition across an internal structure of a base material and a modulating coating over time, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  66    is a microphotograph image of a cross-section of a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object comprising a low density pulp base material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  67    is a microphotograph image of a cross-section of a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object comprising a high density pulp base material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  68    is a microphotograph image of a cross-section of a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object with both high density pulp material and low density pulp material, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  69    is a microphotograph low-angle reflected light image of a cross-section of a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object comprising a low density pulp base material after iodine staining, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  70    is a microphotograph low-angle reflected light image of a cross-section of a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object comprising a high density pulp base material after iodine staining, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  71    is a high resolution image of the cross-section of the low density sample of  FIG.  69   . 
         FIG.  72    is a high resolution image of the cross-section of the high density sample of  FIG.  70   . 
         FIG.  73    is a front view of an article, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  74    is a rear view of the article of  FIG.  73   . 
         FIG.  75    is a front view of an article, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  76    is a rear view of the article of  FIG.  75   . 
         FIG.  77    is a perspective assembled view of a support structure for an article, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  78 A and  78 B  are exploded perspective views of the support structure of  FIG.  77   . 
         FIG.  79    is a graph showing weight loss data for two density zones according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  80    is a graph showing weight loss data for an article according to certain embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is described here with specificity to meet statutory requirements, but this description is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claims. The claimed subject matter may be embodied in other ways, may include different elements or steps, and may be used in conjunction with other existing or future technologies. This description should not be interpreted as implying any particular order or arrangement among or between various steps or elements except when the order of individual steps or arrangement of elements is explicitly described. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, an article  10  comprises a base material  12 . 
     A. Base Material 
     The base material  12  may comprise an internal structure  20  comprising a plurality of pores  22  that are configured to provide locations for the volatile composition  24  to be stored therein and released therefrom, which is described in detail below. 
     The base material  12  may comprise natural and/or synthetic pulp compositions; pulp compositions combined with other products, including but not limited to paper, cellulose, cellulose acetate, pulp lap, cotton linters, biological plant-derived materials (from living plants), synthesized pulp compositions, and mixed pulps; polymer material; porous material; and/or extrudate. 
     As known in the art, pulp is primarily a collection of fibers with other components of the source material, wherein the fibers are derived from a natural or synthetic source material, for example, biological plants (natural) or petroleum-based synthesis products (synthetic). Pulp may be produced from various types of woods using any one of several known pulping techniques. The pulp may be from hardwoods, softwoods, or mixtures thereof. The pulp may also be produced from bamboo, sugarcane, and other pulp sources. The pulp may also be made from recycled materials, and comprises recovering waste paper and remaking it into new products. 
     In certain embodiments, the number and/or size of the plurality of pores  22  (i.e., porosity) within the base material  12  may be controlled by the compactness and/or size of the fibers and/or particles that form the internal structure  20 . For example, in certain embodiments of the base material  12  that comprise fibers, voids between the fibers form tiny air passages throughout the internal structure  20 . The compactness of the fibers affects the degree in which the base material  12  allows gas or liquid to pass through it. For example, porosity may affect absorbency, uptake, and/or load amount of volatile compositions, or may affect the rate of release of such substances. Porosity and/or absorbency of the base material  12  may be affected by adding other materials, such as additives to the matrix material  12  as it is being formed from a composition, such as pulp or any other composition described above, so that the additives are located within the internal structure  20  of the base material  12  after formation. 
     The porosity of a base material  12  that comprises pulp may be affected at any stage of the pulp production process. An increased level of fiber refining causes the fibers to bond together more strongly and tightly, making the pulp material denser, thereby reducing the network of air passages and the porosity. The porosity of the base material  12  may also be controlled using other compression methods, which are described in detail below. 
     The porosity of the base material  12  is measured quantitatively as either the length of time it takes for a quantity of air to pass through a sample, or the rate of the passage of air through a sample, using either a Gurley densometer (in the first case) or a Sheffield porosimeter (in the second case). With the Gurley densometer, the porosity is measured as the number of seconds required for 100 cubic centimeters of air to pass through 1.0 square inch of a given material at a pressure differential of 4.88 inches of water, as described in ISO 5646-5, TAPPI T-460, or TAPPI T-536. 
     The porosity may affect how completely and how quickly the volatile composition  24  is absorbed into a pulp base material  12 , as such absorption may occur primarily by capillary action. For example, a pulp base material  12  with high porosity may have increased absorbency of the volatile composition  24 . As an example relating porosity to standard test methods for sheets of paper, the porosity of the pulp base material  12  may range from 0.01 Gurley second-100 Gurley seconds, and all ranges therein. In certain embodiments where there are multiple layers of pulp base material  12 , the porosity may range from 0.01 Gurley second-20 Gurley seconds. The volatile composition  24  may be applied to the base material  12  in the form of a film or a coating, or as a treatment integrated into the internal structure  20  of the base material  12 . The difference in porosities affects the release rate of the volatile composition  24 , as the lower porosity has a lower release rate, whereas the higher porosity has a higher release rate. Having a higher porosity in one portion of the base material  12  (such as inner layer or inner ply) compensates for the fact that the volatile composition  24  has to travel through more layers/plies to reach the outside of the base material  12 . It is also noted that the density of the base material  12  affects the internal reservoir of the base material  12  (i.e., the capacity to absorb the volatile composition  24 ). 
     In some embodiments, different thicknesses of the base material  12  may have different amounts of compression applied during the manufacturing process such that the resultant base materials  12  may have varying densities, porosities, and absorbencies. 
     Additional description of base materials, porosity, pulp concentrations, etc. may be found in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0262377, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, the porosity of the pulp base material  12  may be controlled such that the pulp base material  12  is configured with varying porosity zones  1202 . In some embodiments, the porosity zones  1202  may be formed by changing the compactness of the fibers within the pulp base material  12 . 
     For example, the pulp base material  12  may be formed within a mold  1204 , as shown in  FIG.  1   . The mold  1204  is configured to form a pulp base material  12  having at least one high porosity zone  1206  and at least one low porosity zone  1208 . 
     The pulp base material  12  positioned over the portion of the mold  1204  having a plurality of apertures  1209  in the base surface comprises the low porosity zone  1208 . When pressure is uniformly applied to the pulp base material  12 , more water is removed from that zone of the pulp base material  12  via the drainage apertures  1209 . As a result, the low porosity zone  1208  will have greater fiber compactness (and thus a greater density). 
     In contrast, the pulp base material  12  positioned over the portion of the mold  1204  with the solid base surface comprises the high porosity zone  1206 . When pressure is uniformly applied to the pulp base material  12 , less water is removed from that zone of the pulp base material  12  because there is no additional drainage mechanism to assist with water removal. As a result, the high porosity zone  1206  will have less fiber compactness (and thus a lower density). 
     As best illustrated in  FIGS.  2 - 3   , there may be transitional porosity zones  1210  between the high porosity zone  1206  and the low porosity zone  1208 , in which the fiber compactness gradually changes. When the volatile composition(s)  24  are infused into zones  1206 ,  1208  of the pulp base material  12 , a certain amount of wicking of the volatile composition(s)  24  may occur through the transitional porosity zones  1210 . 
     In further embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  4 - 9   , a divider  1212  may be positioned, or at least partially embedded within the pulp base material  12 . To position the divider  1212  within the pulp base material  12 , the divider  1212  may be positioned within the mold  1204  when the pulp composition is introduced into the mold  1204 . The divider  1212  may be shaped to separate the zones  1206  and  1208  so as to eliminate some or substantially all of the transitional porosity zones  1210 , as well as some or substantially all of the wicking of the volatile composition  24  between the various porosity zones  1202 . 
     In some embodiments, the pulp base material  12  with a lower concentration of pulp fibers may be added to the high porosity zone  1206 , and the pulp base material  12  with a higher concentration of pulp fibers may be added to the low porosity zone  1208 . When pressure is uniformly applied to the mold  1204 , the high porosity zone  1206  will have less fiber compactness (and thus a lower density) than the low porosity zone  1208 . When pressure is applied to compact the mold  1204  to a uniform distance, the low porosity zone  1208  will have greater fiber compactness (and thus a higher density) due to a greater number of fibers per volume, than the high porosity zone  1206 . 
     Alternatively, a pulp base material  12  having a uniform concentration of pulp fibers may be added to both zones  1206 ,  1208 . More pressure may be applied to the low porosity zone  1208 , thereby compressing it more to reduce the porosity (i.e., by compacting the fibers more and increasing the density). In contrast, less pressure may be applied to the high porosity zone  1206 , thereby compressing it less than the low porosity zone  1208 . 
     As best illustrated in  FIGS.  5 - 6   , the divider  1212  may be shaped so as to be at least partially embedded within the pulp base material  12 . In these embodiments, a portion of the pulp base material  12  may extend over an upper ( FIGS.  5 - 6   ) and/or lower ( FIG.  6   ) surface of the divider  1212  so that the divider  1212  is not visible through the overlapping pulp base material  12 . When the volatile composition(s)  24  are infused into zones  1206 ,  1208  of the pulp base material  12 , a certain amount of wicking of the volatile composition(s)  24  may occur through the overlapping pulp base material  12 . 
     In other embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  4  and  6 - 9   , the divider  1212  may be shaped so as to form at least a portion of a visible surface of the article  10 . In these embodiments, the divider  1212  may be shaped so as to form a portion of a decorative design or other aesthetically appealing surface treatment of the article  10 . 
     In further embodiments, the porosity zones  1202  may be formed by introducing varying amounts of a pore-forming agent such as a gas or gas-forming material. The gas or gas-forming material may be introduced into the pulp base material  12  prior to or after introduction into the mold  1204 . Examples of gas-forming materials include solids, volatile liquids, chemical reagents, such as calcium carbonate and acid, thermally decomposable materials which will cause evolution of a gas by, for example, decomposition of bicarbonate, or biological agents, such as dextrose and yeast. Different amounts of gas or gas-forming materials may be introduced into each zone  1206 ,  1208 , thereby producing zones with differing porosities, even if the fiber content of each zone is approximately the same. For example, the high porosity zone  1206  may be infused with a larger amount of a gas or gas-forming material, thereby having a greater porosity, while the low porosity zone  1208  may be infused with a lesser amount of a gas or gas-forming material, thereby having a lower porosity. 
     In further embodiments, zones  1206  and  1208  may be formed in completely separate molds  1204  using any of the above techniques (i.e., fiber compactness, infusion of gas or gas-forming materials, refining, additives, or any other porosity-controlling method described above) to adjust the porosity of zone  1206  relative to the porosity of zone  1208 . 
     Furthermore, as described in  FIG.  10   , the pulp base material  12  may be formed using at least two molding steps. In the first step, pulp composition is added to a first mold  1204 A, which is then compressed using a higher pressure (in the range of 0.1 lb/in 2  to 100 lb/in 2 ) to form the low porosity zone  1208 . The pulp base material  12  is removed from the first mold  1204 A, and then inserted into a second mold  1204 B having a larger volume than the first mold  1204 A. Additional pulp composition is then added to the second mold  1204 B to surround the pulp base material  12  from the first mold  1204 A. The material inside mold  1204 B is then compressed using a lower pressure (in the range of 0.1 lb/in 2  to 100 lb/in 2 ) to form the high porosity zone  1206 . This technique forms a pulp base material  12  having discrete porosity zones  1202  without the transitional porosity zones  1210  forming between the porosity zones  1202  and also without the need for a divider  1212  to separate the zones. Additionally, a treatment may be applied to the low porosity zone  1208  before additional pulp composition is added to the second mold  1204 B to maintain the shape and/or density of the low porosity zone  1208  after addition of the additional pulp composition. Examples of the treatment include, but are not limited to wet strength agents, binders, wax, starch, sizing, cross-linking reagents, and/or any other suitable agent. 
     In the embodiments where the divider  1212  is shaped so as to completely eliminate any overlapping pulp base material  12  between the zones  1206 ,  1208  and/or where the zones  1206 ,  1208  are formed in different molds, joining mechanisms  1214  between the zones  1206 ,  1208  may be used to discrete units of the pulp base material  12  into the article  10 , as illustrated in  FIGS.  17 - 18 ,  30 A,  31 - 32 , and  40   . 
     Examples of suitable joining mechanisms  1214  may include but are not limited to any suitable chemical fasteners such as adhesives, coatings, wax, starch, and gums, and/or any suitable mechanical fasteners such as male/female clips, anchors, hook and loop fasteners, pins, screw-type fasteners, impregnation-type fasteners, and magnets. These mechanical fasteneres may, in certain embodiments, be part of the molding process itself and may be made out of pulp. 
       FIG.  17    illustrates an example of joining mechanisms  1214  that may be used. In certain embodiments, the joining mechanisms  1214  may be included in the mold when the pulp base material  12  is formed. In other embodiments, the joining mechanisms  1214  may be added to the zones  1206 ,  1208  after the molding process is completed. 
     While the above description of the pulp base material  12  focused on two porosity zones  1206 ,  1208 , the embodiments are by no means so limited. For example, the above techniques and mechanisms may be used to form a pulp base material  12  having any suitable number of zones, including but not limited to three, four, five, six, or more zones. As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the pulp base material  12  may include eight zones: zones  1206 A having the highest porosity,  1206 B having high porosity,  1208 A having low porosity, and  1208 B having the lowest porosity. 
     Furthermore, the zones may have any suitable shape, which includes but is not limited to wedge or pie shapes, rectilinear, elliptical, circular, or any suitable type of simple or complex geometry. Furthermore, while the zones  1206 ,  1208  have been described as being formed with different porosities, the person of ordinary skill in the relevant art will understand that the zones  1206 ,  1208  may be formed of the same or similar porosities using any of the forming or joining techniques discussed above. 
     Furthermore, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  2     11 - 12 ,  17 - 18 ,  30 A,  31 - 32 , and  40 , the zones may be formed with a relatively smooth interlocking surface  1216  for joining with other zones, while also having a very rough or complex exterior-facing surface  1218  that may include many peaks  1226  that form the outer surface of the pulp base material  12 . 
     In some embodiments, the complex geometry of the exterior-facing surface  1218  may provide additional release rate control. For example, as shown in the attached microphotographs in  FIGS.  71  and  72   , the pulp base material  12  contains mini-variations in pulp compositions that are located within peaks  1226  that are located on the surface  1218 . The shape of the peaks  1226  causes the pulp fibers to become more highly concentrated at a micro-scale in these areas, whereas the valleys or flatter regions  1228  are configured for better pulp fiber dispersion at a micro-scale. As a result, there are variations in release rates from peak areas  1226  as compared to the flatter regions  1228 . Additionally, as explained in more detail below, the different surface areas of the peaks  1226  and the valleys or flatter regions  1228  will also provide release rate control. Thus, the surface geometry may be configured to provide more peaks  1226  within the zone  1206  to further enhance the release rate of the “base notes,” while using a smoother surface texture within zone  1208  to further regulate the release rate of the “top notes.” Thus, the release rate can be tailored by density and/or surface area differences. 
     The location and concentration of the peaks  1226  also enhances the directionality of the release of the volatile composition  24 . For example, the peaks  1226  act as small three-dimensional emitters, thus allowing the volatile composition  24  to emit from the raised surface of the peak  1226  in all directions. In contrast, the flatter regions  1228  tend to emit in more limited directionality because there is less surface area that faces in a range of directions. The range of emitting directionality provided by the peaks  1226  and flatter regions  1228  may be optimized and tied with locations of certain volatile compositions  24  within the pulp base material  12 . The surface geometry may be designed to work in conjunction with porosity zones  1202  and/or with a pulp base material  12  having a relatively uniform porosity. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS.  20 - 26 ,  28 - 29 ,  30 A- 30 B,  35 ,  59 - 64 , and  73 - 76   , the article  10  may include an attachment element  1002  for attaching the article  10  to another article or to other objects, such as a portion of any form of transportation (such as a cabin of a car, plane, train, boat, etc.), a Christmas tree or other real or artificial ornamentation or decoration, a fixture in a home or office, or a body. Such an attachment element  1002  may comprise a hole within the pulp base material  12  through which a hook, clip, loop, string, prongs, band, magnet, or other mechanisms for attaching an article to a surface, another article, or another structure may be inserted or otherwise coupled to the article  10 . In other embodiments, the article  10  may comprise an attachment element  1002  that is configured to penetrate through at least a portion of the pulp base material  12 . 
     The attachment element  1002  may be formed in or attached to the article  10  after the pulp base material  12  has been molded. The attachment element  1002  may also be connected to or formed as part of the divider  1212  or other structure that is placed into the mold  1204  with the pulp composition so that the attachment element  1002  is at least partially embedded within the pulp base material  12 . 
     In some embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  11 - 12 ,  17 - 18 ,  24 - 25 ,  31   , the article  10  may include an externally-facing smooth surface  1220  that forms a support surface to hold the article  10  in an upright position when positioned on another surface such as a table, desk, counter, window sill, etc. 
     In certain embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  23 , and  35 - 44   , a stand  1006  may be configured to couple to the article  10 . The stand  1006  may be formed of any material that does not absorb or transmit the volatile composition  24  so as to prevent contact between the article  10  and other surfaces. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to metal, metalized films, ceramic, glass, glazed ceramics, plastic, polymers, and any other impervious material. 
     In other embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  8 ,  24 - 27 , and  29   , the article  10  may include a backing layer  1222  that is applied to at least one surface of the article  10 . The backing layer  1222  may be formed of any material that does not absorb or transmit the volatile composition  24  so as to prevent contact between the article  10  and other surfaces. Suitable materials include but are not limited to metal, metalized films, ceramic, glass, glazed ceramics, plastic, polymers, and any other impervious material. 
     The backing layer  1222  may be applied to the article  10  after the pulp base material  12  has been molded using any suitable chemical fasteners such as adhesives, coatings, wax, starch, gum and/or any suitable mechanical fasteners such as snap-fit design, male/female clips, anchors, hook and loop fasteners, pins, screw-type fasteners, impregnation-type fasteners, roughness or compatibility of the surface to bind pulp fibers, and magnets. 
     In certain embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIG.  8   , the backing layer  1222  may also be connected to or formed as part of the divider  1212  or other structure that is placed into the mold  1204  with the pulp composition so that the backing layer  1222  forms an exterior surface of the base pulp material  12 . 
     In further embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  14 - 16 ,  21 ,  41  and  43   , the article  10  may further include a dowel or other opening  1224  that extends through a portion of or entirely through the article  10 . The opening  1224  may be formed within the pulp base material  12  during the molding process or may be formed in the article  10  using a mechanical tool to form the opening  1224 . The opening  1224  may be configured for placement of a light source, such as an light emitting diode or other light source, within the article  10 . 
     In further embodiments, one or more openings  1224  may form a receptacle for the insertion of other pulp base materials  12  or other materials or objects. For example, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  15 - 16   , the pulp base material  12  may be molded having a uniform first porosity without porosity zones  1202  but with at least one opening  1224 . This opening  1224  may be shaped to receive another pulp base material  12  that is molded having a uniform second porosity without porosity zones  1202  and having a shape that substantially conforms to the shape and dimensions of the opening  1224 . Once the second pulp base material  12  is inserted into the opening  1224 , the article  10  may then comprise different porosity zones  1202  resulting from the different porosities of the other pulp base materials  12 . Additional openings  1224  may be included with the article  10 , and more pulp base materials  12  with additional different porosities may be inserted to form a plurality of porosity zones  1202 . In further embodiments, other items such as scented rods of spiral wound paper, may be inserted into the openings  1224 . Thus, the openings  1224  may serve as a way to replenish the volatile composition  24  within the article  10  by removing older base materials  12  or scented rods from which the scent has been depleted, and replacing them with new ones. 
     In other embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIG.  19   , a capillary structure  1230  may be incorporated into the dividers  1212  and/or may be a separate structure that is added to the mold  1204  prior to or during the pulp composition addition. This capillary structure  1230  may comprise a length of tubing  1232  having one open end  1234  accessible from an outer surface of the pulp base material  12  and an opposing end  1236  terminating within the body of the pulp base material  12 . The opposing end  1236  may be connected to the divider  1212  to suspend the capillary structure  1230  within the mold  1204  during the pulp composition addition and molding process. 
     In certain embodiments, the capillary structure  1230  may comprise separate tubing extending through each zone  1206 ,  1208 . The tubing may further comprise a series of small apertures  1238  along its length. The capillary structure  1230  may be used to reintroduce a volatile composition  24  into the zones  1206 ,  1208  once the concentration is depleted. The volatile composition  24  is introduced through the open end  1234  and disperses into the zones  1206 ,  1208  via the apertures  1238 . Each zone  1206 ,  1208  may receive a different volatile composition  24  and/or the re-fill design allows for the volatile compositions  24  to be replaced with different scents as desired. 
     In certain embodiments, as best illustrated in  FIGS.  45 - 46 ,  48 - 49 , and  51 - 58   , the article  10  may be combined with at least one energy source  1004 , including but not limited to a heating element (such as a warmer bowl or plate, electrical plug-in, chemical warmer pack, candle, light source, heating element system, and any other heat generating object) and a wind element (such as a fan, blower, air circulation vent, bladeless fan, and any other air movement object). 
     The article  10  may be combined with the energy source  1004  in a variety of manners. A variety of energy sources that are attached and/or placed in close proximity to articles containing volatile compositions are described in U.S. Publication No. 2015/0217016, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In some embodiments, the article  10  may be positioned within a warmer bowl or plate  1004 , wherein the article  10  is heated through contact with the surface of the warmer bowl  1004 . The surface of the warmer bowl or plate  1004  produces heat in a range of approximately 90° F. to 250° F. In further embodiments, a chemical warmer pack  1004  may be attached or positioned adjacent to the article  10 . 
     In these embodiments, the backing layer  1222  may be configured to serve as a contact surface between the article  10  and the warmer bowl  1004 . To improve the efficiency of heat transfer between the article  10  and the warmer bowl  1004 , the backing layer  1222  may be formed of a conductive material such as tin, copper, aluminum, or other suitable metallic materials. 
     According to some embodiments, the article  10  may be shaped into a light shade or screen, which is positioned around and/or near an incandescent light bulb. For example, the article  10  may be positioned as a screen for a night light or a shade for small decorative lights. The article  10  may also be configured as a lamp shade or screen for larger bulbs. 
     The article  10  may also be positioned within the path of and/or coupled to a wind element such as a fan, as shown in  FIGS.  57 - 58  and  77 - 78 B . In some embodiments, the article  10  may form at least a portion of one or more blades of the fan and/or may be attached to a vent cover. In these embodiments, the article  10  may be positioned within a support structure  1008 , such as the pronged structure  1008  shown in  FIGS.  59 - 64    or the cup structure  1008  in  FIGS.  77 - 78 B . Prongs  1010  extend to partially enclose sides of the article  10  to secure the article  10  to the support structure  1008 . The prongs  1010  may be attached to the support structure  1008  (as shown in  FIGS.  59 - 64   ) or to the decorative cover  1012  (as shown in  FIGS.  77 - 78 B ). The support structure  1008  also comprises an attachment element  1002 , which secures the support structure  1008  to a vent blade or other suitable surface. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  78 B , the attachment element  1002  may include a pair of clamp members biased toward one another that can engage a suitable surface, such as an exterior portion of a fan or a vent in an automobile. The support structure  1008  may further comprise a decorative cover  1012  that attaches to an outer surface of the prongs  1010 . 
     The heat generated by the energy source  1004  heats the volatile composition  24  within the article  10  so as to facilitate its release, and the wind generated by the energy source  1004  creates an air flow over the article  10 , which facilitates dispersion of the volatile composition  24 . 
     As shown in  FIGS.  73 - 76   , the article  10  may include a plurality of zones with different densities. The article  10  may have any number of zones with different respective densities. For example, the article  10  may include a first density zone  1241 , a second density zone  1242 , a third density zone  1243 , and a fourth density zone  1244 . In some embodiments, the density zones may correlate to various porosity zones, as described above (e.g., high porosity zones  1206  and low porosity zones  1208 ). In some cases, a high density zone correlates to a low porosity zone  1208  and a low density zone correlates to a high porosity zone  1206 . However, the article  10  is not limited to two density/porosity zones and may have any number of density/porosity zones. In addition to affecting the absorption and subsequent release of the volatile composition  24  (explained in greater detail below), the various density zones may also affect the aesthetics/appearance of article  10 . In some embodiments, the volatile composition  24  may be combined with a dye (such as an oil soluble dye). Various dyes are described in greater detail below. The color of the dye in the volatile composition  24  appears more dark or concentrated in the high density areas of article  10 . In some cases, the base material  12  is approximately white and the dye is a color (such as red, blue, green, etc.) such that the lower density areas appear closer to the white color of the base material  12  while the higher density areas have a darker color closer to the color of the dye. 
       FIGS.  73  and  74    show an example of an article  10  formed in the shape of an angel (see also  FIGS.  24 - 28 ,  34 ,  35 ,  37 ,  40   ). In some embodiments, the second density zone  1242  corresponds to the wings of the angel and has the highest density of the article  10 . The first and third density zones  1241  and  1243  shown in  FIGS.  73  and  74    have lower densities than the second density zone  1242 . In some embodiments, the face/head of the angel (first density zone  1241 ) has a low density and the dress/body of the angel (third density zone  1243 ) has a moderate density that is greater than the density of the first density zone  1241  but less than the density of the second density zone  1242 . 
     In some embodiments, the first density zone  1241  is approximately 0.6 g/cm 3  to 0.9 g/cm 3  and the second density zone  1242  is approximately 1.0 g/cm 3  to 1.2 g/cm 3 . In certain embodiments, the first density zone  1241  is approximately 0.7 g/cm 3  to 0.75 g/cm 3  and the second density zone  1242  is approximately 1.05 g/cm 3  to 1.1 g/cm 3 . As the density of article  10  increases, the maximum amount of fragrance (liquid, such as volatile composition  24 ) that can be absorbed into article  10  decreases. In some embodiments, after liquid has been absorbed, the first density zone  1241  has a percent fragrance load of approximately 50%-54% and the second density zone  1242  has a percent fragrance load of approximately 42%-46%. In certain embodiments, after liquid has been absorbed, the first density zone  1241  has a percent fragrance load of approximately 51.5%-52.5% and the second density zone  1242  has a percent fragrance load of approximately 43.5%-44.5%. 
       FIGS.  75  and  76    show examples of an article  10  formed in the shape of a snowflake (see also  FIG.  50   ). These figures show two versions of the article  10 , version (a) and version (b) where version (b) has a height/thickness h 2  that is larger than the height h 1  of version (a). In some embodiments, h 2  is approximately 50% larger than h 1 . In some examples, h 2  is approximately 1.5 mm and h 1  is approximately 1 mm. Version (a) has a first density zone  1241  and a second density zone  1242  where the second density zone  1242  has a higher density than the first density zone  1241 . Version (b) has a third density zone  1243  and a fourth density zone  1244  where the fourth density zone  1244  has a higher density than the third density zone  1243 . The increased height/thickness of version (b) dictates that the third density zone  1243  has a lower density than the first density zone  1241  of version (a), which allows for better color contrast between third density zone  1243  and fourth density zone  1244  (compared to the contrast between first density zone  1241  and second density zone  1242 ). 
     The article  10  may also include a channel  1250  on the rear side (see  FIGS.  74  and  76   ). The shape of the channel  1250  may approximately match the perimeter of the article  10  (as shown in  FIGS.  74  and  76    with an offset from the perimeter on the rear side of the article  10 ), although this is not necessary. In some embodiments, during the manufacturing process of the article  10 , a specific amount of volatile composition  24  (or a combination of volatile composition  24  and an oil soluble dye) may be poured into the channel  1250 . As shown in  FIG.  74   , the channel  1250  may include at least one auxiliary channel  1251 ,  1252 . The auxiliary channels  1251 ,  1252  may ensure liquid poured into the channel accumulates in specific regions and/or may reduce overall thickness of the article  10  in specific areas. Reducing a local thickness of the article  10  increases the compression in the local area thus increasing density of the article  10  at the desired location, which allows for greater detail surface detail to be molded at the exterior-facing surface  1218 . For example, the first auxiliary channel  1251  may be located opposite of the face of the angel thus allowing facial features (e.g., mouth, eyes, etc.) to be molded into the exterior-facing surface  1218  (see  FIGS.  73  and  74   ). Similarly, the second auxiliary channel  1252  may be located opposite of the dress of the angel thus allowing features (e.g., stripes, etc.) to be molded into the exterior-facing surface  1218  (see  FIGS.  73  and  74   ). In some embodiments, the first auxiliary channel  1251  may have an approximately circular (2D) or partially spherical (3D) shape. In certain embodiments, the second auxiliary channel  1252  may have an approximately triangular (2D) or partially conical (3D) shape. The article  10  may also be submerged into a container of volatile composition  24  (or a combination of volatile composition  24  and an oil soluble dye). One or both of the pouring of the volatile composition  24  into the channel or submerging the article  10  into the container may be completed by a robotic device. 
     As described above, the density of the article  10  affects the amount of liquid fragrance that can be absorbed. In some embodiments, after the volatile composition  24  (or the combination of volatile composition  24  and the oil soluble dye) is added, the overall articles  10  shown in  FIGS.  73 - 76    are approximately 30%-60% liquid (by weight). Some examples of the articles  10  may have 40% liquid by weight while other articles  10  may have 50% liquid by weight. In some embodiments, the article  10  has an internal reservoir capable of receiving up to 5-15 g of volatile composition  24  (or the combination of volatile composition  24  and the oil soluble dye). In some embodiments, the internal reservoir of the article  10  is capable of receiving up to 9 g of volatile composition  24  (i.e., the maximum liquid capacity). In some embodiments, the article  10  is designed to absorb approximately ⅔ of maximum liquid capacity. In some embodiments, the article  10  is designed to absorb approximately 6 g of volatile composition  24 . 
     The channel  1250  may be designed such that the volume of the channel  1250  approximately corresponds to the maximum liquid capacity of the article  10 . In some cases, the volume of the channel  1250  approximately corresponds to the desired amount of liquid to be absorbed by the article  10  during the manufacturing process, while in other embodiments, the volume of the channel  1250  is less than the desired amount of liquid to be absorbed by the article  10  during the manufacturing process based on the assumption that absorption begins immediately when liquid is poured into the channel. 
     B. Volatile Composition 
     The volatile composition  24  may include, but is not limited to fragrances, flavor compounds, odor-eliminating compounds, aromatherapy compounds, natural oils, water-based scents, odor neutralizing compounds, and outdoor products (e.g., insect repellent). 
     As used herein, “volatile substance” refers to any compound, mixture, or suspension of compounds that are odorous, or any compound, mixture, or suspension of compounds that cancel or neutralize odorous compounds, such as any compound or combination of compounds that would produce a positive or negative olfactory sense response in a living being that is capable of responding to olfactory compounds, or that reduces or eliminates such olfactory responses. 
     A volatile composition as used herein comprises one or more volatile substances, and is generally a composition that has a smell or odor, which may be volatile, which may be transported to the olfactory system of a human or animal, and is generally provided in a sufficiently high concentration so that it will interact with one or more olfactory receptors. 
     A fragrance may comprise an aroma or odorous compound, mixture or suspension of compounds that is capable of producing an olfactory response in a living being capable of responding to olfactory compounds, and may be referred to herein as odorant, aroma, or fragrance. A fragrance composition may include one or more than one of the fragrance characteristics, including top notes, mid notes or heart, and dry down or base notes. The volatile composition  24  may comprise other diluents or additives, such as solvents or preservatives. 
     Examples of volatile compositions  24  useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to esters, terpenes, cyclic terpenes, phenolics, which are also referred to as aromatics, amines and alcohols. Further examples include, but are not limited to furaneol 1-hexanol, cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, menthol, acetaldehyde, hexanal, cis-3-hexenal, furfural, fructone, hexyl acetate, ethyl methylphenylglycidate, dihydrojasmone, wine lactone, oct-1-en-3-one, 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline, 6-acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, gamma-decalactone, gamma-nonalactone, delta-octalactone, jasmine,  massoia  lactone, sotolon ethanethiol, grapefruit mercaptan, methanethiol, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, methylphosphine, dimethylphosphine, methyl formate, nerolin tetrahydrothiophene, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, substituted pyrazines, methyl acetate, methyl butyrate, methyl butanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, pentyl butyrate, pentyl butanoate, pentyl pentanoate, isoamyl acetate, octyl acetate, myrcene, geraniol, nerol, citral, lemonal, geranial, neral, citronellal, citronellol, linalool, nerolidol, limonene, camphor, terpineol, alpha-ionone, terpineol, thujone, benzaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, ethyl maltol, vanillin, anisole, anethole, estragole, thymoltrimethylamine, putrescine, diaminobutane, cadaverine, pyridine, indole and skatole. Most of these are organic compounds and are readily soluble in organic solvents, such as alcohols or oils. Fragrance includes pure fragrances, such as those including essential oils, and are known to those skilled in the art. Water-based odorous compounds and other odorous compositions are also contemplated by the present invention. 
     Fragrance oils as olfactory-active compounds or compositions usually comprise many different perfume raw materials. Each perfume raw material used differs from another by several important properties including individual character and volatility. By bearing in mind these different properties, and others, perfume raw materials may be blended to develop a fragrance oil with an overall specific character profile. To date, characters are designed to alter and develop with time as the different perfume raw materials evaporate from the substrate and are detected by the user. For example, perfume raw materials which have a high volatility and low substantivity are commonly used to give an initial burst of characters such as light, fresh, fruity, citrus, green, or delicate floral to the fragrance oil, which are detected soon after application. Such materials are commonly referred to in the field of fragrances as “top notes.” By way of a contrast, the less volatile, and more substantive, perfume raw materials are typically used to give characters such as musk, sweet, balsamic, spicy, woody or heavy floral to the fragrance oil, which may also be detected soon after application, but also last far longer. These materials are commonly referred to as “middle notes” or “base notes.” Highly skilled perfumers are usually employed to carefully blend perfume raw materials so that the resultant fragrance oils have the desired overall fragrance character profile. The desired overall character is dependent both upon the type of composition in which the fragrance oil will finally be used and also the consumer preference for a fragrance. 
     In addition to the volatility, another important characteristic of a perfume raw material is its olfactory detection level, otherwise known as the odor detection threshold (ODT). If a perfume raw material has a low odor detection threshold, only very low levels are required in the gas phase, or air, for it to be detected by the human, sometimes as low as a few parts per billion. Conversely, if a perfume raw material has a high ODT, larger amounts or higher concentrations in the air of that material are required before it can be smelled by the user. The impact of a material is its function of its gas phase or air concentration and its ODT. Thus, volatile materials, capable of delivering large gas-phase concentrations, which also have low ODTs, are considered to be impactful. To date, when developing a fragrance oil, it has been important to balance the fragrance with both low and high volatility raw materials, as the use of too many high volatility materials may lead to a short lived, overwhelming scent. As such, the levels of high odor impact perfume raw materials within a fragrance oil have traditionally been restricted. 
     As used herein, the term “fragrance oil” relates to a perfume raw material, or mixture of perfume raw materials, that are used to impart an overall pleasant odor profile to a composition, preferably a cosmetic composition. As used herein, the term “perfume raw material” relates to any chemical compound which is odorous when in an un-entrapped state. For example, in the case of pro-perfumes, the perfume component is considered to be a perfume raw material, and the pro-chemistry anchor is considered to be the entrapment material. In addition, “perfume raw materials” are defined by materials with a ClogP value preferably greater than about 0.1, more preferably greater than about 0.5, even more preferably greater than about 1.0. As used herein the term “ClogP” means the logarithm to base  10  of the octanol/water partition coefficient. This can be readily calculated from a program called “CLOGP,” which is available from Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc., Irvine Calif., USA. Octanol/water partition coefficients are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,563. 
     Examples of residual “middle and base note” perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethyl vanillin, heliotropin, indol, methyl anthranilate, vanillin, amyl salicylate, coumarin. Further examples of residual perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to, ambrox, bacdanol, benzyl salicylate, butyl anthranilate, cetalox, ebanol, cis-3-hexenyl salicylate, lilial, gamma undecalactone, gamma dodecalactone, gamma decalactone, calone, cymal, dihydro iso jasmonate, iso eugenol, lyral, methyl beta naphthyl ketone, beta naphthol methyl ether, para hydroxylphenyl butanone, 8-cyclohexadecen-1-one, oxocyclohexadecen-2-one/habanolide, florhydral, intreleven aldehyde. 
     Examples of volatile “top note” perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to anethol, methyl heptine carbonate, ethyl aceto acetate, para cymene, nerol, decyl aldehyde, para cresol, methyl phenyl carbinyl acetate, ionone alpha, ionone beta, undecylenic aldehyde, undecyl aldehyde, 2,6-nonadienal, nonyl aldehyde, octyl aldehyde. Further examples of volatile perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to phenyl acetaldehyde, anisic aldehyde, benzyl acetone, ethyl-2-methyl butyrate, damascenone, damascone alpha, damascone beta, flor acetate, frutene, fructone, herbavert, iso cyclo citral, methyl isobutenyl tetrahydro pyran, isopropyl quinoline, 2,6-nonadien-1-ol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-pyrazine, methyl octine carbonate, tridecene-2-nitrile, allyl amyl glycolate, cyclogalbanate, cyclal C, melonal, gamma nonalactone, c is 1,3-oxathiane-2-methyl-4-propyl. 
     Other useful residual “middle and base note” perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to eugenol, amyl cinnamic aldehyde, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, hexyl salicylate, methyl dihydro jasmonate, sandalore, veloutone, undecavertol, exaltolide/cyclopentadecanolide, zingerone, methyl cedrylone, sandela, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl butyrate, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl isobutyrate, triethyl citrate, cashmeran, phenoxy ethyl isobutyrate, iso eugenol acetate, helional, iso E super, ionone gamma methyl, pentalide, galaxolide, phenoxy ethyl propionate. 
     Other volatile “top note” perfume raw materials include, but are not limited to benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, camphor, carvone, borneol, bomyl acetate, decyl alcohol, eucalyptol, linalool, hexyl acetate, iso-amyl acetate, thymol, carvacrol, limonene, menthol, iso-amyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, alpha pinene, alpha terpineol, citronellol, alpha thuj one, benzyl alcohol, beta gamma hexenol, dimethyl benzyl carbinol, phenyl ethyl dimethyl carbinol, adoxal, allyl cyclohexane propionate, beta pinene, citral, citronellyl acetate, citronellal nitrile, dihydro myrcenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl nitrile, hydroquinone dimethyl ether, hydroxycitronellal, linalyl acetate, phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, phenyl propyl alcohol, prenyl acetate, triplal, tetrahydrolinalool, verdox, cis-3-hexenyl acetate. 
     In certain embodiments, the volatile composition  24  may comprise a fragrance component having a release rate ranging from 0.001 g/day to 2.0 g/day. The formulation of the fragrance may comprise any suitable combination of top, mid, and base note components. 
     In certain embodiments, the pulp base material  12  may be infused with more than one volatile composition  24  that is paired with a suitable zone  1206 ,  1208  within the pulp base material  12  to achieve a blended release rate designed to optimize the “top note” and “middle and base note” release rates. 
     As discussed above, the porosity (which may be controlled by fiber compactness, infusion of gas or gas-forming materials, refining, additives, or any other porosity-controlling method described above) may affect the uptake or load amount of the volatile composition  24 , or may affect the rate of release of the volatile composition  24 . For example, high porosity zone  1206 , which has a lower fiber compactness, will provide an easier release of the volatile composition  24  because there are larger air passages between the fibers. Thus, a volatile composition  24  comprising mostly “middle and base note” components may be incorporated into the high porosity zone  1206  to provide an earlier release of the “middle and base note” components. 
     In contrast, low porosity zone  1208 , which has a higher fiber compactness, will provide a more controlled release of the volatile composition  24  because the network of air passages through the fibers is tighter and more complex. Thus, a volatile composition  24  comprising mostly “top note” components may be incorporated into the low porosity zone  1208  to provide a slower release of the “top note” components. 
     In other words, the pulp base material  12  may be engineered with a plurality of zones, each zone having a uniquely designed pulp porosity that correlates to the desired release rate of the particular notes within the different volatile compositions  24 . 
     In some embodiments, the design may be to create a simultaneous and sustained release of all notes, which may be optimized by pairing “top notes” with lower porosity zones, “middle notes” with medium porosity zones, and “base notes” with higher porosity zones. 
     In other embodiments, the design may be to create a staggered release of different scents over time, which may be optimized by reversing the pairing described above. In other words, the pulp base material  12  may include a pairing of “top notes” with higher porosity zones  1202 , “middle notes” with medium porosity zones  1202 , and “base notes” with lower porosity zones  1202 . 
     The test results described in Example 2 demonstrate that a pulp base material  12  having a density of 0.36 g/mL generates a different release profile of a volatile composition with high and low molecular weight compounds, when compared to a pulp base material  12  having a density of 0.24 g/mL. In the fragrance industry, high molecular weight compounds are categorized as “base note” compounds, and low molecular weight compounds are categorized as “top note” volatile compounds. 
     Specifically, for samples containing only “base note” compound methyl cedryl ketone (“MCK”) volatile composition  24 , the lower density pulp base material samples released approximately 12 times more “base note” MCK than the higher density pulp base material samples. 
     For samples containing both “top note” compound ethyl acetate volatile composition  24  and “base note” compound methyl cedryl ketone (“MCK”) volatile composition  24 , the lower density pulp base material samples and the higher density pulp base material samples released the “base note” MCK at similar rates, while the lower density pulp base material samples released approximately 15 times more “top note” ethyl acetate than the higher density pulp base material samples. 
     Finally, the lower density pulp base material samples showed a faster release rate for all volatile compositions  24  over the higher density pulp base material samples. 
       FIG.  79    shows weight loss data for first density zone  1241  and second density zone  1242 . In some embodiments, the data shown in  FIG.  79    is relevant to the embodiments shown in  FIGS.  73  and  74   . However, the data shown in  FIG.  79    may be relevant to multiple embodiments. Because, as described above, first density zone  1241  has a lower density (higher porosity) and thus can absorb more liquid compared to the second density zone  1242 , the first density zone  1241  exhibits a greater weight loss (per surface area).  FIG.  79    also illustrates that the rate of the weight loss for second density zone  1242  reduces faster than the rate of the weight loss for first density zone  1241 .  FIG.  80    shows an example of the cumulative weight loss for an article  10  over a 21 day period. In some embodiments, the data shown in  FIG.  80    is relevant to the embodiments shown in  FIGS.  73  and  74   . However, the data shown in  FIG.  80    may be relevant to multiple embodiments. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1. Synthesis of Pulp Matrix 
     Pulp material (15 g; southern hardwood; Sulfatate-H-J grade; Rayonier Performance Fibers, LLC) was added to a blender cup. A solution containing (i) colloidal silica (5 g; Snowtex®-O (silica 20% wt/wt in water); Nissan Chemical America Corporation), (ii) starch (5 g; Maltrin QD® M500 Maltodextrin NF; Grain Processing Corporation), (iii) baking powder (1 g; Clabber Girl Corporation), and (iv) water (221.5 g) was added to the blender cup. The content in the blender cup was blended to form a consistent pulp slurry, followed by removal of 100 g of excess solution. The final pulp slurry was added to a silicone mold, where the shape of the mold is a cylinder with dimensions 1.8 cm diameter, 1.3 cm height (volume: 3.31 cm 3 ). The amount of pulp slurry used to create a varying density pulp cylinder is provided in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pulp mass and density of pulp cylinder matrix 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Pulp slurry mass 
                 Pulp dry mass 
                 Density 
               
               
                   
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g pulp/cm 3 ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 High density pulp 
                 10 
                 1.2 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 cylinder 
               
               
                 Low density pulp 
                 6 
                 0.8 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 cylinder 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2. Headspace Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Valuation of Release of High and Low MW Ingredients from a Pulp Matrix 
     The amount of release of a top note or base note volatile ingredient from the pulp matrix was evaluated using the standard method ASTM D4526-12 Standard for Determination of Volatiles in Polymers by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography. Headspace GC/MS experiments were carried out on Agilent instruments: headspace model 7697A, GC model 7850A, and MS model 5975C. The top note and base note ingredients selected are common ingredients used in all types of olfactive compositions in the fragrance industry. Ethyl acetate (CAS 141-78-6; MW 88.1 g/mol) is the top note ingredient that was tested, and methyl cedryl ketone (CAS 32388-5-9; MW 246.4 g/mol) is the base note ingredient that was tested. The base note ingredient represents the high end of the molecular weight spectrum for volatile ingredients, and the top note ingredient represents the low end of the molecular weight spectrum for volatile ingredients. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Headspace GC/MS results demonstrating impact of packing density in pulp 
               
               
                 base material 12 on release profile of olfactive volatile compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Pulp 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 matrix 
                 Compound 
                 GC/MS 
                 GC/MS 
                 Amount EA 
                 MCK 
               
               
                   
                 density 
                 injected 
                 peak area 
                 peak area 
                 detected 
                 detected 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 (g/mL) 
                 (7 μL each) 
                 (EA) 
                 (MCK) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 EA 
                 NA 
                 EA 
                 1191399736 
                 NA 
                 100 
                 NA 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                 MCK 
                 NA 
                 MCK 
                 NA 
                 1437276114   
                 NA 
                 100 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                 1 
                 0.36 
                 EA 
                 Below limit 
                 NA 
                 not detected 
                 NA 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.36 
                 MCK 
                 NA 
                 21830631  
                 NA 
                 1.52 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.36 
                 EA/MCK 
                 Below limit 
                 3915890 
                 not detected 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.24 
                 EA 
                 Below limit 
                 NA 
                 not detected 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.24 
                 MCK 
                 NA 
                 270003206  
                 NA 
                 18.79 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.24 
                 EA/MCK 
                  186196145 
                 4025104 
                 15.63 
                 0.28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EA = ethyl acetate; 
               
               
                 MCK = methyl cedryl ketone; 
               
               
                 NA = not applicable 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3. Illustration of Fiber Density in Pulp Base Material  12  by Epoxy Embedding and Thin Section Imaging 
     Samples of a three-dimensional pulp object with a high density (0.36 g/mL) and a three-dimensional pulp object with a low density (0.24 g/mL) pulp base material  12  were analyzed using Epoxy Embedding and Thin Section Imaging. Each sample was vacuum filled with Epofix cold mount epoxy resin distributed by Electron Microscopy Sciences. A thin section of each sample was cut with a saw blade and immersed in Cargill refractive index liquid (R.I.=1.572, which matches the R.I. of Epofix). Transmitted light imaging was then used to capture micrographs of the cross-sections of each sample, as may be seen in  FIGS.  66 ,  67  and  68   . The dark, spiked features at the centers of the samples indicate incomplete impregnation of the epoxy resin, which also indirectly indicates fiber density. For example, as may be seen in  FIG.  67   , the epoxy resin impregnation is less complete in the high density sample than in the low density sample shown in  FIG.  66   . Moreover,  FIG.  68   , which includes a sample of a three-dimensional pulp object with both high density and low density pulp base material  12 , also illustrates less complete epoxy resin impregnation in the area with a higher density than in the area with a lower density. Additionally, in  FIG.  67   , the faint, gradual change in density from top to bottom in the high density sample, excluding the dark center, is an artifact caused by a change in thin section thickness, as the sample is wedge-shaped. However, the sample in  FIG.  68   , which includes both high density and low density pulp base materials  12 , has a uniform thickness, and thus the faintly darker upper half is indicative of the higher density pulp base material  12  in that area. 
     C. Modulating Coating 
     As used herein, “coating” refers to any composition that may be applied using any suitable method to at least one of an outer surface of the article  10 , to some or all surfaces of the pulp base material  12 , and/or may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed throughout the internal structure  20  of the base material  12  and/or the article  10 . In cases of surface application, the coating may be applied so that the composition may or may not penetrate to at least some degree within the article  10  and/or the base material  12 . 
     Modulating coating  14  may be applied to at least one outer surface  16  of the base material  12  and/or to the article  10 , and may be applied before or after loading of the volatile composition  24 . In certain embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may penetrate into the internal structure  20  of the base material  12  to a certain level, which may vary depending on the porosity, processing methods, or other characteristics of the base material  12 . 
     The modulating coating  14  is designed to slow the release rate of the volatile composition  24  loaded into the internal structure  20  at higher concentration levels and accelerate the release rate of the volatile composition  24  at lower concentration levels in order to achieve a relatively steady release of volatile composition  24  over time. 
     To explain the way that the modulating coating  14  works to have this “hold/push” effect over a range of load levels of the volatile composition  24 , it is necessary to explain the way in which the release rate of the volatile composition  24  is generated. The volatile composition  24  is loaded or absorbed into the internal structure  20  via the pores  22  until a sufficiently high load level is achieved within the internal structure  20  through various embodiments of loading methods, which are explained in detail below. The volatile composition  24  may be loaded or absorbed into the internal structure  20  before or after the modulating coating  14  is applied. 
     The initially high load level of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20  creates an internal force that causes the volatile composition  24  to diffuse or evaporate out of the internal structure  20  as quickly as possible to a region of lower concentration. As the load level of the volatile composition  24  decreases over time, the force that causes the diffusion or evaporation diminishes until there is no longer a force remaining (i.e., an equilibrium point is reached where the volatile composition  24  no longer diffuses or evaporates out of the internal structure  20 ). The equilibrium point is usually higher than 0% concentration, which causes some of the volatile composition  24  to become trapped within the pores  22  of the internal structure  20 . 
     In conventional applications, such as in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0262377, a coating may be applied to form a layer that slows or retards the rapid release of a volatile composition at higher concentration levels. These conventional coatings typically include substances that trap some of the volatile composition within the coating layer, which slows down the rate of release through the coating. However, because the coating only serves as a barrier or “speed bump” to slow down the rate of release of the volatile composition, the release will eventually stop once the concentration of volatile composition within the internal structure reaches equilibrium (i.e., a level where there is no longer a sufficient concentration to drive the volatile composition through the coating layer, thus allowing some of volatile composition to remain trapped within the coating layer and/or within the internal structure). 
     The modulating coating  14  comprises both a barrier substance  26  and a hygroscopic substance  28 . In particular, in most embodiments, the modulating coating  14  comprises substances that do not chemically interact with the volatile composition  24  itself. 
     In these embodiments, when the modulating coating  14  is applied to the outer surface  16  of the internal structure  20 , at the higher concentration levels of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20 , the barrier substance  26  forms a barrier or “speed bump” to slow down the rate of release of the volatile composition  24  through the modulating coating  14 . At these higher initial concentration levels, as illustrated in the early stage section of  FIG.  65   , the hygroscopic substance  28  does not play a role in modulating the release rate of the volatile composition  24  (i.e., does not absorb any water into the modulating coating  14 ) because the concentration of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20  is sufficiently high to force a certain amount of the volatile composition  24  to release through the modulating coating  14  at a rate that effectively blocks any water from being attracted into the modulating coating  14  by the hygroscopic substance  28 . 
     As the concentration level of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20  slowly diminishes, as illustrated in the mid stage section of  FIG.  65   , the concentration of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20  is still sufficiently high to continue to force some of the volatile composition  24  out of the modulating coating  14  at a reduced rate of release. 
     One hypothesis to explain the phenomenon observed in the late stage is that because there is a lower volume of the volatile composition  24  exiting the modulating coating  14 , the hygroscopic substance  28  begins to attract more water (typically in the form of water vapor) into the modulating coating  14 , whereupon the water adsorbs or absorbs to the hygroscopic substance  28  and begins to displace the volatile composition  24  that is trapped by the barrier substance  26  within the modulating coating  14 . This hypothesis is illustrated in the late stage section of  FIG.  65   , and is based on known physical properties of the hygroscopic substance  28  and the data showing higher release rates at the end of the product life cycle, as compared to the same product without the modulating coating  14 . Once displaced, the volatile composition  24  is released from the modulating coating  14 , thereby creating an aggregate rate of release of the volatile composition  24  that may approximate the rate of release driven by the higher load level of the volatile composition  24  alone. 
     As the load level of volatile composition  24  continues to drop to a level that can no longer drive the volatile composition  24  out of the modulating coating  14 , the hygroscopic substance  28  continues to pull more and more water into the modulating coating  14 . That water continues to displace the trapped volatile composition  24 , effectively forcing the displaced volatile composition  24  to be released from the modulating coating  14 . For a period of time in the late stage, the rate of release of the volatile composition  24  due to water displacement driven by the hygroscopic substance  28  may approximate the rate of release driven by the higher load level of the volatile composition  24  alone and/or may approximate the aggregate rate of release driven by both the higher load level of the volatile composition  24  and water displacement driven by the hygroscopic substance  28 . As a result, where conventional coatings that contain only barrier substances  26  may have stopped releasing volatile compositions once the equilibrium point of the concentration is reached within the internal structure  20 , the modulating coating  14  continues to provide a relatively constant release of the volatile composition  24 . 
     An alternate hypothesis to explain the phenomenon observed in the late stage is that the water that is brought into the modulating coating  14  by the hygroscopic substance  28  may act to degrade the barrier substance  26 , which would also allow for release of the volatile composition  24  trapped within the modulating coating  14  and within the internal structure  20  of the base material  12 . 
     In any event, the test results demonstrate that the modulating coating  14  generates an improved release profile of the volatile composition  24  over the aromatic life cycle of the article  10 , depending on the porosity of the internal structure  20  of the base material  12  and the volatility levels of the volatile composition  24 . Eventually, the concentration of the volatile composition  24  within the internal structure  20  and the amount trapped by the barrier substances  26  within the modulating coating  14  will reach such a low point that the amount of volatile composition  24  released on a daily basis by the modulating coating  14  will eventually decline to zero. A series of examples supporting and explaining this process are provided in U.S. Publication No. 2016/0089468, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, the barrier substance  26  may comprise maltodextrin (e.g. Maltrin). In other embodiments, the barrier substance  26  may include, but is not limited to other dextrins, other film-forming polysaccharides, other carbohydrates (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.), natural unmodified starch, modified starch, any starch appropriate for use in papermaking, as well as combinations of starch types, dextrin types, and combinations of starches and dextrins. In certain embodiments, the barrier substance  26  may include, but not is limited to additives such as insolubilizers, lubricants, dispersants, defoamers, crosslinkers, binders, surfactants, leveling agents, wetting agents, surface additives, rheology modifiers, non-stick agents, and other coating additives. 
     In certain embodiments, the hygroscopic substance  28  may comprise silica (e.g. silica nanoparticles). In other embodiments, the hygroscopic substance  28  may include, but is not limited to other hygroscopic reagents, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, molecular sieves, or other suitable water absorbing materials. 
     The weight ratio of the barrier substance  26  to the hygroscopic substance  28  may range from 99:1 to 1:99, and all ranges therein between. In certain embodiments, weight ratio of the barrier substance  26  to the hygroscopic substance  28  may further range from 25:75 to 75:25. In yet other embodiments, the weight ratio of the barrier substance  26  to the hygroscopic substance  28  may be approximately 50:50. 
     In certain embodiments, the particle size of the hygroscopic substance  28  is determined in part by the amount of surface area needed to attract enough water to counteract the drop in release rate due to a reduction in the load level of the volatile composition  24 . The hygroscopic substance  28  is also configured so that it will attract water vapor, rather than liquid water. As a result, the diameter of the particle size of the hygroscopic substance  28  may range from 0.001 μm-1 μm, and all ranges therein between, and may further range from 1 nm-100 nm, which will attract the appropriate amount of water vapor molecules, as well as provide a more even coating. 
     In certain embodiments, the hygroscopic substance  28  may have a surface charge range that ensures interaction with the barrier substances  26 . For example, in the case of silica, the surface charge ranges from −10 mV to −4000 mV, as measured by Zeta potential, which is a highly anionic point charge. When the silica is mixed with the maltodextrin before coating, the maltodextrin may group around the silica particles, which may further assist with the barrier formation within the modulating coating  14 . 
     In certain embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may provide a more consistent release rate of the volatile compound  24 . The consistency (variance) may be measured by the following formula. 
       Variance (Weight-loss ratio) =First day weight-loss value/Last day weight-loss value 
     A benefit of the modulating coating  14  is to reduce the variance within a ratio range of 1 to 20 over a life cycle of the article, which in certain embodiments may be 30 days, but could be longer or shorter as needed or desired. 
     In certain embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may be used in combination with the porosity zones  1202  described above. For example, the modulating coating  14  may be applied to the external surfaces of the pulp base material  12  or may only be applied to the external surfaces of the low porosity zone  1208  to further enhance the regulating effect of the low porosity/high density design of that zone for top note volatile components  24 . 
     An additional benefit of the modulating coating  14  is the structural reinforcement that the modulating coating  14  provides to the pulp base material  12 , particularly for the high porosity zones  1206 . In some embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may only be applied to the external surfaces of the high porosity zone  1206  to provide additional stability to those high porosity zones  1206 , even if the coating may also temper the release rate of base note volatile compositions  24  from the high porosity zones  1206 . 
     D. Additional Treatment of the Base Material and/or Article 
     The base material  12  may be converted into the article  10 , which may occur before or after the modulating coating  14  and/or the volatile composition  24  are applied. 
     In further embodiments, the article  10  may comprise a three-dimensional structure with varying shapes and sizes including but not limited to a cylindrical disk, cylinder, tree, wreath, globe, orb, pine cone, star, bell, stocking, bag, gift box, snowman, penguin, reindeer, santa claus, heart, angel, basket, flower, butterfly, leaf, face, bird, fish, mammal, reptile, pyramid, cone, snowflake, other polygonal shape, fan blade or a portion thereof. The article  10  may have one or more flat surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, surfaces that are smooth, and/or surfaces that contain complex geometry (e.g., peaks and valleys), or any other suitable surface configuration. 
     In certain embodiments, the article  10  may comprise a spiral wound paper. The spiral winding process allows for the paper to be the same or different for each layer formed by winding the paper one complete revolution around the axis of the structural component. For example, the article  10  may comprise a rod shape, formed by winding the pulp base material  12  around a vertical axis, so that a rod having a length longer than its diameter is formed. Each layer formed by the complete revolution of the paper matrix around the axis may be referred to as a ply. For example, a 10 ply rod may have from one to ten different characteristics for each ply of the rod. Characteristics may include but are not limited to absorbance, tensile strength density, pH, porosity, and polarity of the base material  12 , and the type of paper or internal structure  20 . 
     The modulating coating  14  may be applied to the pulp base material  12  before or after application of the volatile composition  24 . 
     The modulating coating  14  may be applied to pulp base material  12  after it has been removed from the mold  1204  and/or after it has been formed into the article  10 . 
     For example, the modulating coating  14  may be applied to the pulp base material  12  and/or the article  10  via a dip method where the three-dimensional article  10  is placed within a volume of modulating coating  14  for a specified amount of time, then removed and allowed to dry. The dip method may also be used with two-dimensional versions of the article  10 . The add-on level may range from 0.1% to 10% by weight. 
     In other embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may be applied to the pulp base material  12  and/or the article  10  via an infusion method with the add-on infusion ranging from 1% to 20% by weight, and, in certain embodiments, may further range from 10% to 20% by weight. 
     In yet other embodiments, the modulating coating  14  may be applied to pulp base material  12  and/or the article  10  via spray treatment. 
     The volatile composition  24  may be applied to the base material  12  before or after application of the modulating coating  14 , as described above. For example, the volatile composition  24  may be applied by placing the base material  12  and/or the article  10  in intimate contact with the volatile composition  24  for a period of time. The volatile composition  24  may be in any physical state, such as liquid, solid, gel, or gas. For convenience, a liquid volatile composition  24  is described, but this is not intended to be limiting. The interaction time may depend on the concentration or type of volatile composition  24  being applied to the base material  12  and/or the article  10 , and/or how strong or intense of a volatile composition  24  release is desired, and/or the type of base material  12 . The saturation time (interaction time) may range from less than one minute to a several hours, to several days. The base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be pre-treated prior to exposure to the volatile composition  24 . For example, the base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be placed in a drying oven to remove any residual moisture. Further method steps comprise pressure treating and/or vacuum treating the base material  12  and/or the article  10 . After treatment, the base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be dried, for example by rubbing or patting dry, and/or by other methods known for drying a surface, and/or may be left to air dry. Drying steps may be used before or after other steps described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a method for applying the volatile composition  24  to the base material  12  and/or to the article  10  comprises combining the volatile composition  24  and the base material  12  and/or the article  10  in a container and applying a pressure above atmospheric pressure on the volatile composition  24  and base material  12  and/or the article  10 . Pressure may be applied in a range from about 1 psi to about 40 psi, from about 5 psi to about 30 psi, or from about 10 psi to about 20 psi, at about 5 psi, at about 10 psi, at about 15 psi, at about 20 psi, at about 25 psi, at about 30 psi, at about 35 psi, at about 40 psi, and/or at pressures therein between. The pressure may be applied for a period of time from about 1 minute to about 10 hours, for about 30 minutes, for about 1 hour, for about 2 hours, for about 3 hours, for about 4 hours, for about 5 hours for about 6 hours, for about 7 hours, for about 8 hours, for about 9 hours, for about 10 hours, or longer if needed to apply sufficient amounts of the volatile composition  24  to the base material  12  and/or the article  10  to achieve a desired load of the volatile composition  24  to the base material  12  and/or the article  10  or release of the volatile composition  24  from the base material  12  and/or the article  10 . Appropriate pressures and times for a particular embodiment can be determined by one skilled in the art based on the identities and characteristics of the particular volatile composition  24  and base material  12  and/or article  10 . 
     In certain embodiments, a method for applying the volatile composition  24  comprises combining the volatile composition  24  and base material  12  and/or the article  10  in a container and applying a vacuum below atmospheric pressure to the volatile composition  24  and the base material  12  and/or the article  10 . Vacuum may be applied in a range from 0.001 mm Hg to about 700 mm Hg, or from about 5 Kpa to about 35 kPa, from about 10 Kpa to about 25 kPa, from about 20 Kpa to about 30 kPa, from about 15 Kpa to about 25 kPa, from about 25 Kpa to about 30 kPa, at about 5 kPa, at about 6 kPa, at about 7 kPa, at about 8 kPa, at about 9 kPa, at about 10 kPa, at about 15 kPa, at about 16 kPa, at about 17 kPa, at about 18 kPa, at about 19 kPa, at about 20 kPa, at about 22 kPa, at about 24 kPa, at about 26 kPa, at about 28 kPa, at about 30 kPa, and vacuums therein between. The vacuum may be applied for a period of time from about 1 minute to about 10 hours, for about 30 minutes, for about 1 hour, for about 2 hours, for about 3 hours, for about 4 hours, for about 5 hours for about 6 hours, for about 7 hours, for about 8 hours, for about 9 hours, for about 10 hours, or longer if needed to apply sufficient amounts of the volatile composition  24  to the base material  12  and/or the article  10  to achieve a desired load of the volatile composition  24  to the base material  12  and/or the article  10  or release of the volatile composition  24  from the base material  12  and/or the article  10 . 
     In yet other embodiments, the method may comprise pressure and vacuum steps. The volatile composition  24  and the base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be combined and undergo vacuum treatment and pressure treatment, in no particular order. For example, the volatile composition  24  and the base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be combined in a container in an air-tight apparatus and a vacuum of 20 mm Hg to 80 mm Hg may be applied for about 1 minute to 10 hours. Pressure treatment of 1 psi to 40 psi may be applied for about 1 minute to about 10 hours and the time and amount of vacuum or pressure treatment may vary and depend upon the amount of volatile composition  24  to be loaded in the base material  12  and/or the article  10 , the type of base material  12  used, the intended use of the article  10 , and other characteristics of the article  10 . 
     In certain embodiments, the base material  12  and/or the article  10  may be pre-treated with colorants, followed by treatment with the modulating coating  14 . Colorants may include natural and synthetic dyes, water-resistant dyes, oil-resistant dyes, oil soluble dyes, and combinations of water- and oil-resistant dyes. Colorants may be selected based on the composition of the base material  12 , and is well within the skill of those in the art. Suitable water-resistant colorants include oil soluble colorants and wax soluble colorants. Examples of oil soluble colorants include Pylakrome Dark Green and Pylakrome Red (Pylam Products Company, Tempe Ariz.). Suitable oil-resistant colorants include water soluble colorants. Examples of water soluble colorants include FD&amp;C Blue No. 1 and Carmine (Sensient, St. Louis, Mo.). A Lake type dye may also be used. Examples of Lake dyes are Cartasol Blue KRL-NA LIQ and Cartasol Yellow KGL LIQ (Clariant Corporation, Charlotte, N.C.). Pigments may also be used in coloring the base material  12  and may be added during or after the manufacture of the base material  12 . Such coloring or dying methods are known to those skilled in the art, and any suitable dyes, pigments, or colorants are contemplated by the present invention. Colorants may be used to affect the overall surface charge of the silica or other hygroscopic substance  28  to enhance the interaction with the coating. 
     In certain embodiments, ink or paint may be applied to the surface of the article  10  to provide complex designs, such as those shown in  FIGS.  21 ,  28 ,  30 A- 30 B,  33 A- 33 B,  37 - 39 ,  51 - 55   . Such techniques are similar to those used to apply ink or paint to ceramic materials. The ink or paint may be applied in combination with dyes and/or in lieu of the dye process. 
     E. Solvent-Free Fragrance Dispenser 
     According to certain embodiments, the article  10  is formed of all-natural, biodegradable, recyclable, compostable and sustainably sourced materials, such as wood pulp. These materials are combined with all-natural biodegradable, recyclable, compostable performance boosters, such as silica, starch, and baking soda. The product is then treated with fragrance, such as 100% pure fragrance in the form of all-natural essential oils and/or other responsibly selected and harvested fragrance materials. 
     Specifically, the article  10  does not include a chemical solvent. Chemical solvents minimize the amount of fragrance that can be used (by as much as 85%) and compromise duration. Furthermore, chemical solvents have a chemical overtone that is difficult to entirely overcome with perfume. Use of chemical solvents means that it is impossible to completely eliminate carcinogens, respiratory sensitizers, asthmagens, phthalates and persistent bio-accumulative toxins, which lead to a compromised health and wellness profile. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below.