Patent Publication Number: US-5841401-A

Title: Printed circuit antenna

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to radio frequency antennas and more particularly to printed circuit antennas. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As is known in the art, existing cellular telephone and paging systems utilize signals having frequencies typically in the 800 to 900 megahertz (MHz) region of the ultrahigh frequency band (UHF). Such cellular telephone and paging services are typically provided by so-called cellular service providers. Cellular telephone and paging systems use a variety of antennas to satisfy particular coverage and gain requirements. 
     As is also known, there is a trend to develop a next generation cellular telephone service referred to as Personal Communication Services (PCS). The term PCS is often used to describe a wide range of activities and services including various wireless access services and personal mobility services having an emphasis on wireless access services. PCS systems utilize signals having frequencies which are different than the operating frequency range of existing cellular telephone and paging systems. For example, present PCS systems operate in a range of frequencies around 1900 MHZ. 
     PCS system specifications in the United States currently emphasize that PCS systems support of a wide range of wireless access services including cellular, micro-cellular and cordless telephone services, wireless data services and satellite based services. In the event that a cellular service provider having a license to send and receive signals in the cellular frequency range (e.g. 900 MHz) obtains a license to operate in the PCS frequency range (e.g. 1900 MHz), the service provider must add base station equipment and antennas responsive to signals in the PCS frequency range. 
     This results in some service provider locations having two physically separate antennas mounted in the same location. A first antenna would be responsive to signals in the cellular frequency range and a second antenna would be responsive to signals in the PCS frequency range. 
     One problem with this approach, however, is that it results in assembling, erecting and maintaining two physically separate antenna assemblies, two antenna mounting structures and two base stations. Another problem is that local zoning codes, building codes and aesthetic issues typically restrict the number and size of antenna assemblies erected by service providers. 
     It would therefore be desirable to provide a single antenna assembly which operates in two different frequency ranges such as the cellular and PCS frequency ranges. It would also be desirable to provide a relatively inexpensive antenna assembly which operates in two frequency bands and which allows the antenna characteristics of each antenna to be changed independently of one another. It would also be desirable to provide an antenna system which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and which is responsive to signals in both the cellular and PCS frequency ranges and which allows service providers to use existing base station towers or buildings already having installed therein antennas responsive to signals from cellular and/or paging systems. It would also be desirable to provide an antenna system which can be assembled without screws or bolts. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, an antenna includes a substrate having a first surface with a ground plane disposed thereover and a second surface having a first plurality of strip conductors disposed along a first longitudinal axis thereof. The antenna further includes a first feed circuit having a first port coupled to a first antenna port and having a plurality of second ports each of which are coupled to one of the plurality of strip conductors. A first surface of a radome is disposed over and spaced a pre-determined distance from the second surface of the substrate and a second plurality of strip conductors are disposed on the first surface of the radome. Each of the second plurality of strip conductors have a second pre-determined shape and are disposed along a first longitudinal axis of the radome wherein the first longitudinal axis of the radome is aligned with the first longitudinal axis of the substrate. With this particular arrangement, a printed circuit antenna is provided. The strip conductors disposed on the first surface of the substrate correspond to active antenna elements and the strip conductors disposed on the radome correspond to parasitic antenna elements disposed above the active antenna elements. Both the first and second plurality of strip conductors may be provided as microstrip circuits or so-called patch antenna elements disposed on respective surfaces of the antenna substrate and radome. The width of the parasitic antenna elements may be adjusted to modify the antenna beamwidth. Thus the antenna characteristics may be changed without changing the geometry of the active antenna elements. feed circuit may likewise be provided as a microstrip circuit disposed on the second surface of the substrate. The antenna may also include a back structure disposed against the first surface of the substrate. The back structure includes a mating region which engages a complementary mating region provided on the radome The mating region of the radome may be provided as clips, for example, which engage a wall of the back structure. In this manner, the antenna may be assembled by placing the substrate on a first one of the back structure and the radome and engaging the clips of the radome with the engagement region of the back structure. Thus, the antenna may be assembled without the aid of screws, rivets or other fastening means which require the use of tools or other devices. By placing antenna elements responsive to signals 
     In accordance with the further aspect of the present invention, an antenna having first and second antenna ports includes a substrate having a first surface with the ground plane disposed thereover and having a second surface with a first and a second plurality of strip conductors disposed along respective ones of first and second longitudinal axes of the substrate. The antenna further includes first and second feed circuits. The first feed circuit has a first port coupled to the first antenna port and a plurality of second ports each of which is coupled to respective ones of the first plurality of strip conductors. Similarly, the second feed circuit has a first port coupled to the second antenna port and a plurality of second ports each of which is coupled to one of the second plurality of strip conductors. By providing the first and second plurality of antenna strip conductors with different geometries, this particular arrangement provides an antenna responsive to signals in first and second different frequency ranges. The first plurality of strip conductors corresponds to a first linear array of antenna elements and the second plurality of strip conductors corresponds to a second linear array of antenna elements. The antenna thus includes two nested linear arrays of antenna elements. The array antenna elements may be selected having a geometry such that the first linear array is responsive to signals having a frequency in a cellular telephone and paging system frequency range and the second linear array is responsive to signals having a frequency in a Personal Communication System (PCS) frequency range. The antenna elements of the linear arrays may be provided as microstrip patch antenna elements and the first and second feed circuits may be provided from reactive power dividers, all of which are provided as strip conductors disposed on a single substrate. A radome having first and second strip conductors disposed thereon to act as parasitic antenna elements may be placed over the two nested linear arrays of antenna elements. The geometry of the parasitic antenna elements can be changed to produce a change in antenna characteristics. For example, the beamwidth of each antenna may be changed by changing the width of the parasitic antenna elements disposed above the particular array. The gain and radiation patterns of each linear array can thus be independently controlled control for each of the linear antenna arrays. By combining two array antennas on a single substrate, the antenna simultaneously operates in both the cellular and PCS frequency ranges and fewer antenna assemblies are required at particular service provider sites which receive signals from both cellular and PCS systems. Furthermore, combining two arrays in a single antenna housing facilitates the addition of a PCS system to a site which already includes a cellular system. The antenna of the present invention also allows cellular service providers to utilize existing cellular infrastructure such as base station equipment, mounting structures, etc . . . . 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing features of the invention, as well as the invention itself may be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1, is a block diagram of a cellular and Personal Communication Services 0 network architecture; 
     FIG. 2, is an exploded view of an antenna assembly; 
     FIG. 3, is an exploded view of the antenna assembly in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 3A is a cross sectional view of a mounting plug; 
     FIG. 4, is a cross-sectional view of an antenna assembly; 
     FIG. 5, is a plan view of a dual band antenna; 
     FIG. 5A is an enlarged view of a portion of the antenna in FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 6, is a top view of an antenna assembly; and 
     FIG. 6A, is a side view of an antenna assembly. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a cellular and Person Communication Services (PCS) network system 10 includes a plurality of antenna assemblies 12a-2c generally denoted 12, each coupled to one of a corresponding plurality of base stations 14a-14c generally denoted 14. Antenna assemblies 12 are responsive to signals propagating in the existing cellular telephone and paging frequency ranges 800-900 megahertz (MHZ) as well as to signals propagating in the Personal Communications Services (PCS) frequency range which typically is about 1900 MHZ. 
     As will be discussed further below in conjunction with FIGS. 2-6A, each of the antenna assemblies 12 is provided as a relatively low cost printed circuit antenna. Each of the antenna assemblies 12 is mounted on a base station mounting structure 13. The antennas 12 are coupled to base stations 14 which include transmit and receive equipment and interface circuits required to coupled signals to a central switching network 16. 
     Switching network 16 subsequently provides signals to a public switch telephone network (PSTN) 18 and to mobile users 21a, 21b. In a relatively simple cellular system, there is only one base station 14 per cell. Each base station 14 includes a transmitter/receiver which communicates directly with the users in its cell. Land lines couple signals from each base station 14 to the central switching network 16. Switching network 16 also includes circuitry to determine channel allocation and cell hand off as is generally known. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3 in which like elements are provided having like reference designations a dual band antenna assembly 22 which may be similar to antennas 12 described above in conjunction with FIG. 1, includes a substrate 24 having first and second opposing surfaces 24a, 24b. The substrate 24 is provided having a thickness T here corresponding to about 0.060 inches and a relative dielectric constant .di-elect cons. r  typically of about 3.2. In particular, substrate 24 may be provided as the type manufactured by Taconics Corporation, Coonbrook Road, Petersburgh, N.Y. and identified as part no. TLC-32. Portions of substrate 24 have here been removed to reveal a ground plane conductor 25 disposed over substrate surface 24b. 
     A first plurality of strip conductors 26a-26N generally denoted 26 having a length L 1  and a width W 1  are disposed over the substrate surface 24a to provide a plurality of radiating antenna elements 26 which form an array 27 of antenna elements 26. Each of the strip conductors 26 may be provided having a rectangular shape or alternatively strip conductors 26 may be provided having a square shape with sides having equal lengths L 1 . 
     A radio frequency (RF) feed circuit 28 has an input port 28a coupled to an antenna input port 22a (FIG. 3). Input port 22a is here provided as an N-type flange connector mounted on ground plane conductor 25 in a manner which is generally known. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other connector types may also be used. 
     Feed circuit 28 also includes a plurality of output ports each of which is coupled to a corresponding one of the antenna elements 26a-26N as shown. Feed circuit 28 may be provided, for example, from a plurality of strip conductors disposed on the first surface 24a of substrate 24 and coupled to a first side of the radiating elements 26. Although feed circuit 28 is here shown as strip conductors disposed on substrate 24, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that other types of feed circuits such as probe feed circuits or capacitive feed circuits may also be used to couple RF energy to and from the radiating elements 26 and that such feed circuits may or may not include microstrip or other printed circuits. 
     A second plurality of strip conductors 30a-30K generally denoted 30 are disposed on the surface 24a of substrate 24 to provide a plurality of radiating elements which form an array 32 of antenna elements 30. Each of the strip conductors 30 is provided having a rectangular shape with a length L 2  and a width W 2 . Alternatively, strip conductors 30 may be provided having a square shape with sides having equal lengths L 2  . 
     A radio frequency (RF) feed circuit 34 has an input port 34a coupled to an antenna input port 22b (FIG. 3) here provided as an N-type flange connector mounted on ground plane conductor 25 in a manner which is generally known. Feed circuit 34 also includes a plurality of output ports each of which is coupled to a corresponding one of the antenna elements 30a-30N as shown. Feed circuit 34 may be provided from a plurality of strip conductors disposed on the first surface 24a of substrate 24 and coupled to a first side of the radiating elements 30. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that other feed circuits such as probe feed circuits or capacitor feed circuits may also be used to couple RF energy to and from the radiating elements 30 and that such feed circuits may or may not include microstrip or other printed circuits. 
     Substrate 24 has provided therein a plurality of relief holes 36a-36N, generally denoted 36. Relief holes 36 are provided having an oval shape with a major axis aligned with a central longitudinal axis of the substrate 24. A center one of relief holes 36 is provided having a circular shape rather than an oval shape to thus serve as an alignment hole to thus align the substrate 36 with the radome 40. The oval relief holes 36 were selected to account for expansion in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the substrate 24. Since the substrate 24 is longer than it is wide, it is necessary to allow for a greater expansion in the longitudinal direction than the transverse direction. 
     Disposed over the surface 24a of substrate 24 is a radome 40 and disposed over surface 24b of substrate 24 is a back structure 42. Back structure 42 is provided having an egg crate surface 43 formed by a plurality of longitudinal and transverse directed back structure support walls 44 which intersect to form a plurality of void regions 46. Formed along a central longitudinal axis of back structure 42 are a plurality of stand-off-feed-through structures 48a-48N, generally denoted 48. Each of the feed through structures 48 has an opening 50 provided therein. When substrate 24 is placed against back structure 42, the openings 50 are aligned with the relief holes 36. In this particular embodiment, the openings 50 and relief holes 36 are aligned along a central longitudinal axis of the substrate 24 and back structure 42, respectively. 
     Back structure 42 also has provided therein a pair of connector access openings 52 which accept antenna connectors 22a, 22b when substrate 24 is disposed against the back structure support walls 44. 
     Referring briefly to FIG. 3, a second surface 42a of back structure 42 has a plurality of mounting brackets 54 disposed thereon. Mounting brackets 54 are secured to the back structure 42 via fasteners such as screws 56. Mounting brackets 54 secure antenna system 22 to a mounting structure such as a pole 58 only a portion of which is here shown for clarity. 
     Back structure 42 has provided in the second surface 42a thereof a plurality of fastener access openings 60a-60K generally denoted 60. Also, provided in the second surface of back structure 42 are a pair of connector access openings 62 through which signal cables (not shown) are disposed and coupled to connectors 22a, 22b. Portions of walls 64 protrude above back structure surface 42a to form a continuous edge 66 around the perimeter of back structure 42. 
     Radome 40 has a base region 67 with a plurality of side wall regions 68 projecting therefrom to form a recessed region 69 in the radome 40. The radome side walls 68 include a plurality of clips 70. In this particular embodiment, the clips are formed as an integral part of the radome 40. In other embodiments the clips may be provided separately from radome 40 and coupled to radome 40. When back structure 42 is placed against ground plane 25 and radome 40 is placed over substrate surface 24a, clips 70 engage the edge region 66 of back structure 42 to provide an enclosed antenna assembly 22. Clips 70 may be positioned along any of sides 68a-68d as required to ensure a secure engagement with back structure 42. 
     Referring briefly to FIG. 3A, radome 40 may be secure to backstructure 42 by engaging an engagement head 70&#39; through an aperture 66&#39; provided in backstructure 42. Engagement structures 66&#39;, 70&#39; may be disposed around the perimeter of the backstructure 42 and radome 40 respectively. 
     Referring again to FIG. 3, disposed on base region 67 are a first plurality of strip conductors 72a-72N which form parasitic antenna elements. Also disposed on base region 67 are a second plurality of strip conductors 74a-74N which form a second set of parasitic antenna elements. Projecting from base 67 are a plurality of stand-offs 76. Each of the stand-offs 76 include a post 78 and a mounting wing 80. The stand-offs 76 are positioned on based 67 such that they are aligned with relief holes 36 and backstructure openings 50 (FIG. 2) and thus in this particular embodiment the stand-offs 76 are positioned along a central longitudinal axis of radome 40. A plurality of stiffeners 82 project from an internal surface of the side wall regions 68 of radome 40 onto base region 67 to provide additional support to side walls 68. Stiffeners 82 also contact substrate 24 and minimize the amount by which substrate 24 can move when covered by radome 40 and backstructure 42. 
     To assemble the antenna 22, connectors 22a, 22b are attached to substrate 24 and in particular a central probe of each of the connectors 22a, 22b is coupled to a respective one of the feed circuits 28, 34 (FIG. 2). Substrate 24 is then placed over the stand-offs 76 such that antenna elements 26, 30 disposed on surface 24a (FIG. 2) of substrate 24 are spaced a pre-determined distance from the parasitic antenna elements 72, 76 disposed on the surface of the base region 67. The particular manner in which the antenna elements 26, 30, 72, 76 are spaced will be described further below in conjunction with FIG. 4. Suffice it here to say, that a surface of each of the mounting wings 80 contact substrate surface 24a to control the spacing of the substrate above the radome. 
     When the substrate 24 is disposed on stand-offs 76, posts 78 project through the openings 36. Mounting wings 80 and stiffeners 82 minimize the amount by which substrate 24 is able to move along transverse and longitudinal directions. 
     Next, the back structure 42 is disposed over the substrate 24 such that the posts 78 project into openings 60a-60N. Similarly, connectors 22a, 22b project into respective ones of connector access openings 62. 
     The back structure 42 is fabricated having tolerances which ensure that the substrate 24 is secured in place when the back structure is disposed thereover and coupled to radome 40. The back structure 42 may be manufactured, for example, from a structural foam such as the type manufactured by Nory Corporation and identified as part number FN150. Nory FN150 structural foam is an injection molded self-foaming plastic Thus, this particular material allows back structure 42 to be fabricated using injection molding techniques. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate of course, that other materials having similar mechanical characteristics may also be used and that back structure 42 may be fabricated using manufacturing techniques other than injection molding techniques. 
     As mentioned above, radome clips 70 engage edges 66 and thus antenna 22 may be assembled without the aid of screws or other hardware including assembly tools. Optionally, however, in addition to clips 70, nylon screws may be inserted through openings 36 to engage threaded holes in mounting posts 78. Alternatively still, post 78 may be provided having a glue or epoxy top which may be melted and re-cured to fasten the antenna back structure 42 to the antenna radome 40 thereby ensuring that the substrate 24 remains enclosed. 
     Radome 40 may be provided using injection molding or any other techniques which may be used to fabricate relatively inexpensive structurally sound radomes. Radome 40 may be manufactured, for example, from a plastic such as the type manufactured by Cycoloy Corporation and identified as part number C2950 which is a Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polycarbonate (i.e. an ABS/PC blend). This material is an alloyed plastic having the processing capabilities of ABS as well as the mechanical properties, including impact and heat resistance of polycarbonate. Several important characteristics of this material include low electrical loss to RF signals propagating at desired antenna operating frequencies, relatively high impact resistance, and dimensional stability upon exposure to environmental conditions. Furthermore this material is, flame retardant and paintable. Those of ordinary skill will appreciate, of course, that other materials having similar mechanical and electrical characteristics may also be used. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials used to provide both the radome 40 and back structure 42 are preferably selected to be similar to thus reduce stress on the antenna assembly 22 upon exposure of the antenna assembly 22 to extremely low and extremely high temperatures. 
     When fabricating radome 40, the parasitic antenna elements 72, 74 may be deposited on the base region 67 using decals having copper patterns printed thereon. The decals may be melted, molded or otherwise embedded into base 67 of radome 40. A thin layer of plastic may be disposed over the parasitic elements 72, 74 to prevent damage to elements 72, 74 during assembly and also to prevent elements 72, 74 from being lifted from the base region 67 of the radome 40. Such a protective layer may be provided having a thickness typically of about 0.005 inches. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, in which like elements of antenna 22 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3 are provided having like reference designations, a portion of the antenna 22 is shown assembled. The first surface 24a of substrate 24 is disposed against a first surface of mounting wing 80. As mentioned above, when antenna 22 is assembled, substrate 24 is also supported by support blocks 82 (FIG. 3). A fastener 84 which may be provided as a plastic screw, epoxy joint or the like, coupled to the end of post 78 secures post 78 and thus radome 40 to the back structure 42. 
     Back structure support walls 44 as well as portions of stand-off feed through structures 48 contact ground plane 25 thereby securing the substrate 24 between the back structure and mounting wings 80. Mounting wings 80 space the antenna elements 26 and 30 from parasitic elements 72 and 74 by a pre-determined distance S1. The distance S1 may thus be adjusted by selecting stand-offs 76 having different height mounting wings 80. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 5A antenna 90 includes first and second nested linear arrays 92, 94. In this particular embodiment, array 92 includes five antenna elements 96a-96e. A feed circuit 98 is here provided from four power divider circuits. An inport port 98a of feed circuit of 98 is coupled to an antenna input connector such as input connector 22a described above in conjunction with FIG. 3. The impedance characteristics of the individual transmission lines which form the four power divider circuits are selected to provide predetermined power division between the port 98a and each of the ports which are coupled to antenna elements 96 and also to provide an impedance match to the antenna elements 96. Here the impedance characteristics and lengths of the individual transmission lines which form the four power divider circuits are selected such that a signal fed to port 98a is results in equal amplitude equal phase signals being presented at each of remaining ports of power divider circuit 98. 
     For operation in the 900 MHZ frequency range, antenna elements 96 are provided having a length L 1  typically of about 3.660 inches and a width W 1  typically of about 3.614 inches and are disposed on a first surface of a substrate having a thickness typically of about 0.060 inches and a relative dielectric constant typically of about 3.2. A ground plane conductor is disposed on a second opposing surface of the substrate. Each of the elements 96a, 96b are spaced by a distance D1 corresponding to about 8.453 inches. 
     Disposed over each of the antenna elements 96 is a corresponding parasitic antenna element 100 which may be similar to parasitic element 72a described above in conjunction with FIGS. 3-4. Parasitic elements 100 are provided having a length of typically of about 4.8 inches and a width typically of about 2.22 inches and are centrally disposed over corresponding ones of antenna elements 96 as shown. When parasitic elements 100 are disposed on an inner surface of a radome as described above in conjunction with FIG. 3, the relative dielectric constant of the radome should typically be about 2.7 and the radome should be provided having a thickness typically of about 120 inches. Parasitic elements 100 are spaced above antenna elements 96 by a distance (designated S 1  in FIG. 4) typically of about 1.5 inches. 
     Antenna array 94 includes eleven radiating elements 102, each of the radiating elements 102 having a square shape. For operation in the 1900 MHZ frequency range, the radiating elements 102 are provided having a length typically of about 1.701 inches and a width typically of about 1.701 inches. A feed circuit 104 is here provided from ten power divider circuits coupled as shown. An input port 104a of feed circuit 104 is coupled to an antenna input port such as input port 22b described above in conjunction with FIG. 3. The impedance characteristics of the individual transmission lines which form the four power divider circuits are selected to provide predetermined power division between the port 98a and each of the ports which are coupled to antenna elements 96 and also to provide an impedance match to the antenna element 102. Here the impedance characteristics and lengths of the individual transmission lines which form the four power divider circuits are selected such that a signal fed to port 98a is results in equal amplitude equal phase signals being presented at each of remaining ports of power divider circuit 98. Each of the feed lines coupled to antenna elements 102 includes a tuning circuit 105. 
     Referring briefly to FIG. 5A, tuning circuit 105 improves the impedance match between power divider circuit 104 and antenna element 102. In this particular embodiment, the tuning circuit 105 is provided having a length L typically of about 0.180 inches and a width W typically of about 0.200 inches and a first edge of the tuning circuit 105 is spaced a distance D2 typically of about 0.140 inches from a first edge of the antenna element 102. 
     Referring again to FIG. 5, a parasitic antenna element 106 is disposed over each of the radiating elements 102. In this particular embodiment, each of the parasitic elements 106 are provided having a length measured along a longitudinal axis of the antenna typically of about 2.18 inches and a width typically of about 1.90 inches. One parasitic element 106 is centrally positioned as shown above a corresponding one of the plurality of radiating elements 102. 
     The width of the parasitic antenna elements 100, 106 may be adjusted to adjust the beamwidth of the antenna arrays 92, 94. The output ports of feed circuit 104 each include a tuning stub which minimizes impedance mismatches between feed circuit 104 and each of the antenna elements. Such impedance mismatches are due to mutual coupling between each of the antenna elements 102. In this particular embodiment, the matching structure is provided placing a tuning stub having a width typically of about 0.2 inches and a length typically of about 0.1 inches, a distance of about 0.140 inches from a first edge of the antenna element 102. In this manner, an impedance match is achieved between the feed circuit 104 and the radiating antenna elements 102. The spacing between a longitudinal axis along which antenna elements 96 lie and a longitudinal axis along which antenna elements 102 lie is typically of about 3.80 inches. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that more or fewer than five antenna elements 96 may be used in array 92 and that more or fewer than eleven antenna elements 102 may be used in array 94. The number of elements used in each of the array 92 and 94 is dictated by the available antenna aperture size, the desired operating frequencies and the desired beamwidth. In this particular embodiment, the antenna arrays 92, 94 are responsive to RF signals having linear vertical polarization however, the feed structures and shapes of the antenna elements may be changed such that arrays 92, 94 are responsive to signals having other antenna polarizations. For example, antenna arrays 92, 94 may be provided from microstrip patches having a circular shape. 
     Although arrays 92, 94 have here been described for operation in the 800-900 MHz frequency ranges, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the length, width and spacing of the antenna elements 96, 102 and parasitic antenna elements 100, 106 as well as the distance S 1  by which the parasitic elements 100, 106 are spaced from the antenna elements 92, 94 may be selected using iterative empirical techniques to allow antenna 90 to operate at frequencies other than frequencies in the 800-900 MHz and 1900 MHz frequency ranges. To provide antenna 90 as a low cost printed circuit antenna, the microstrip antenna elements and feed circuits may be manufactured by providing a substrate having double sided one-half once (oz) copper disposed on first and second opposing surfaces thereof and using well known subtractive material processes such as etching to provide antenna elements and feed circuits on substrate 24. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, of course, that instead of subtractive processes well known additive processes such as pattern plating may also be used to provide the antenna elements and feed circuits. In this case, substrate 24 would be provided having copper or some other conductor disposed on only one side thereof and copper or some other conductor is disposed on the conductor free surface of the substrate. 
     In a subtractive process, the strip conductors which provide antenna elements 96, 102 and feed circuits 98, 104 are provided by depositing a photo-resist layer (not shown) over the conductor layer (not shown) on a first surface of the substrate and patterning the photo-resist layer to selectively mask portions of the conductor layer corresponding to the strip conductors comprising the transmission line sections and transmission line resonators shown in FIG. 5. A chemical etchant, such as a combination of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, is brought into contact with unmasked portions of the conductive layer to remove such unmasked conductor portions while leaving strip conductors which form the antenna elements 96, 102 and transmission line transmission line sections which make up the power divider circuits 98, 104 described above. The conductive layer on the second surface of the substrate provides the ground plane 25 (FIG. 3) to the substrate. 
     Alternatively, the strip conductors which provide antenna elements 96, 102 and feed circuits 98, 104 could be provided by the so-called &#34;lift off&#34; or pattern plating technique. In the lift off technique, the substrate has a conductive layer disposed only on a second surface thereof to act as the ground plane to the substrate. A patterned photo-resist layer is provided over a first surface of the substrate and a conductive layer is deposited over the photo-resist and exposed portions of the first surface of the substrate provided by the patterned layer. The photo-resist is then &#34;lifted off&#34; carrying away the metal deposited thereon but leaving behind the metal deposited on the substrate and thus providing the patterned strip conductors as shown in FIG. 5. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 6A in which like elements of FIGS. 2-4 are provided having like reference designations, assembled antenna 22 is shown having an overall length L typically of about 46 inches, an overall width W typically of about 12.5 inches and an overall height H (FIG. 6A) typically of about 2.67 inches. Clips 70 engage back structure edge 66 to thus provide an antenna assembly 22 which does not require mechanical fasteners. Furthermore, the antenna may be environmentally sealed by applying a sealant such as a silicone caulking material or a gasket manufactured from appropriate materials to the seam formed from backstructure edge 66 and radome walls 68. 
     Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. It is felt therefore that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.