Patent Publication Number: US-2023152489-A1

Title: Field Calibration of Reference Weather Stations

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/264,119, filed on Nov. 16, 2021, and entitled, “Field Calibration of Reference Weather Stations”, all of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Some types of mobile devices, such as smart phones, include a barometric pressure sensor. Barometric pressure measurements generated by the barometric pressure sensor can be used to estimate the altitude of the mobile device. In order to provide accurate pressure measurements for accurate altitude estimations, the barometric pressure sensor must be properly calibrated. When estimating the altitude of the mobile device or calibrating the barometric pressure sensor therein, the pressure measurement is compared to a reference pressure based on a pressure measurement generated by a reference pressure device or sensor. Multiple reference pressure devices in a network of horizontally and vertically spatially separated reference weather stations can be used for this purpose. Such a barometric-based altitude estimation system relies on accurate weather information, so the reference pressure devices must also be properly calibrated. 
     High-quality reference pressure devices (known as “golden” pressure sensors) can reliably provide accurate pressure measurements. These devices are accurately calibrated before being deployed across the network of reference weather stations (e.g., in a laboratory or manufacturing facility) and are known to maintain their calibration for a long time. However, these devices are generally expensive and slower to manufacture reliably, so it is financially impractical to use these high-quality reference pressure devices for all of the reference pressure devices in the network of reference weather stations. 
     Due to the high cost and scarcity of the high-quality reference pressure devices, some of the reference pressure devices in the network of reference weather stations are lower-cost, less reliable pressure devices. Although these less reliable pressure devices can often be calibrated before deployment in the network of reference weather stations (e.g., in a laboratory or manufacturing facility), they can be prone to inaccuracy, because their calibration tends to “drift” over a relatively short time (e.g., on the order of days). Thus, these less reliable pressure devices (known as “drifty” pressure sensors) must be recalibrated using one of the high-quality reference pressure devices, which is centrally located among several of the less reliable pressure devices. Calibration of the less reliable pressure devices causes the sensor measurements therefrom to be adjusted to agree with an average measurement from the high-quality reference pressure device, since the long-term average (e.g., on the order of days or weeks) of pressure differences of two spatially separated locations will tend to equalize over a given timeframe. 
     This approach reduces the need to retrieve the less reliable pressure devices for routine recalibration in a laboratory setting, and thus allows for calibration of deployed units in the field. However, this approach can be limited, for example, if the less reliable pressure device has a significant temperature dependence (i.e., the calibration value changes depending on ambient temperature), if the less reliable pressure device was not calibrated over the range of temperatures experienced in the field, if the less reliable pressure device was not calibrated at all, or if the temperature dependence has drifted over time. In these cases, a one-point calibration at an average temperature is insufficient. In addition, if the less reliable pressure device is located somewhere with a significant, sustained pressure gradient compared with the high-quality reference pressure device, then the calibration may contain a bias not reflective of the true ambient pressure in the direct vicinity of the less reliable pressure device, causing a miscalibration of the less reliable pressure device. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, a method includes: collecting simultaneous pressure data and temperature data measured at a first reference weather station and a second reference weather station for multiple time points, wherein the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station have been deployed in an operational environment, and the first reference weather station has a higher reliability and is less prone to sensor drift relative to the second reference weather station; calculating pressure differences between pairs of simultaneous data points of the collected pressure data; fitting a model to the pressure differences versus corresponding temperatures and/or pressures; and using fit parameters of the model to correct measurements from the second reference weather station. 
     In some embodiments, a method includes: collecting simultaneous pressure data measured at a first reference weather station and a second reference weather station for multiple time points, wherein the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station have been deployed in an operational environment, and the first reference weather station has a higher reliability and is less prone to sensor drift relative to the second reference weather station; calculating pressure differences between pairs of simultaneous data points of the collected pressure data; fitting a model to the pressure differences versus corresponding pressures; and using fit parameters of the model to correct measurements from the second reference weather station. 
     In some embodiments, the collected pressure data for the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station is translated to a common altitude. In some embodiments, the model is fitted with temperatures or pressures as inputs and pressure differences as outputs, and the model approximates the pressure differences when given the temperatures or pressures. In some embodiments, the temperatures or pressures that are input to the model are measured by the second reference weather station at the multiple time points. In some embodiments, the temperatures or pressures that are input to the model are measured by the first reference weather station at the multiple time points. In some embodiments, the temperatures or pressures that are input to the model are a weighted combination of temperatures or pressures measured by the first reference weather station at the multiple time points and temperatures or pressures measured by the second reference weather station at the multiple time points. 
     In some embodiments, a method includes: collecting simultaneous pressure data at a first reference weather station and a second reference weather station for multiple time points, wherein the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station have been deployed in an operational environment, and the first reference weather station has a higher reliability and is less prone to sensor drift relative to the second reference weather station; calculating pressure differences between pairs of simultaneous data points of the collected pressure data; for each time point, estimating a pressure gradient for a region that encompasses the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station; determining a distance between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station; for each time point, determining a pressure gradient difference between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station based on the pressure gradient and the distance between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station; for each time point, obtaining a pressure difference offset for one of the data points of the pair of simultaneous data points based on the pressure gradient difference and the pressure difference; determining an average pressure difference offset between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station by averaging the pressure difference offsets for the pairs of simultaneous data points; and using the average pressure difference offset to correct measurements from the second reference weather station. 
     In some embodiments, determining the pressure gradient difference between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station further includes: multiplying the pressure gradient by the distance between the first reference weather station and the second reference weather station. In some embodiments, obtaining the pressure difference offset for one of the data points of the pair of simultaneous data points further includes: subtracting the pressure gradient difference from the pressure difference. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a simplified schematic diagram of an example system for determining a location of a mobile device, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a simplified environment in which a reference pressure device can be calibrated, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a simplified flowchart for a process for calibrating a pressure device across temperatures or pressures, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    shows example plots of pressure differences versus temperatures for use in the process shown in  FIG.  3   , in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a simplified flowchart for a process for calibrating a pressure device using pressure gradient information, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    shows an example of a pressure gradient map for use with the process shown in  FIG.  5   , in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    shows example plots of pressure differences versus temperatures for use in the process shown in  FIG.  5   , in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    shows simplified schematic diagrams of a reference weather station, a mobile device, and a server, in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Improved methods to calibrate reference pressure devices that have been deployed in the field (as opposed to in a laboratory or manufacturing facility) are disclosed herein: calibrating across temperatures, pressures and pressure gradients. These methods can be combined and performed in any order, or just one can be performed independently. Thus, the disclosed methods improve calibration of pressure devices or sensors in a network of reference weather stations by incorporating sensor sensitivity to temperature changes, pressure changes, and physical pressure gradients. 
     United States Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0127287 discloses calibration of a pressure sensor of a reference weather station, is assigned in common with the present application, and is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
       FIG.  1    shows an example location system  100  for determining the location of mobile devices  102 , in accordance with some embodiments. The example location system  100  generally includes the mobile devices  102 , one or more high-quality or golden reference weather station  104 , one or more less reliable or drifty reference weather station  106 , and one or more server  108 , among other components not shown for simplicity. The mobile devices  102 , the high-quality “first” reference weather station  104 , the less reliable “second” reference weather station  106 , and the server  108  generally communicate through a network  110 . 
     The server  108  generally represents one or more computerized devices, such as a cloud computing system, a server farm, a set of computers, a desktop computer, a notebook computer, among others. The functions described herein of the server  108 , thus, may be performed by one or more physical server or computerized devices. The mobile devices  102  each generally represent a mobile phone, smart phone, a cell phone, other wireless communication device, a handheld computer, a notebook computer, a personal computer, a portable computer, a navigation device, a tracking device, a receiver, a wearable computing device, a game console, etc. The network  110  generally represents any appropriate combination of one or more communication systems, such as the Internet, cell phone communication systems, broadband cellular networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless networks, networks based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards (Wi-Fi networks), and other data communication networks. 
     In some embodiments, each mobile device  102  generally includes a position sensor, a movement sensor, a barometric pressure sensor, and a device calibration value, among other hardware, software and data (not shown). In some embodiments, with the device sensor data from its sensors, its device calibration value, and the reference data (e.g., temperature and pressure) from the reference weather stations  104 / 106 , the mobile device  102  determines its location, including horizontal position and altitude. In some embodiments, the server  108  maintains or receives this data, determines the location of the mobile device  102 , and sends the location data to the mobile device  102 . 
     In some embodiments, each less reliable reference weather station  106  generally includes a barometric pressure sensor  112 , a temperature sensor  114 , and a calibration value  116 , among other components and data not shown for simplicity. Each high-quality reference weather station  104  generally includes similar components and data. However, the high-quality reference weather stations  104  have pressure sensors with a much higher reliability and are less prone to sensor drift relative to pressure sensors of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , because the high-quality reference weather stations  104  have more expensive “golden” pressure sensors that typically have a drift of less than 10 Pa/year, and the less reliable reference weather stations  106  have lower-cost “drifty” pressure sensors that typically have a drift of less than 100 Pa/year and sometimes about 10 Pa/week in either +/− direction. 
     In some embodiments, the server  108  generally maintains, receives, or calculates location data  118  for the high-quality reference weather stations  104 , pressure data  120  for the high-quality reference weather stations  104 , temperature data  122  for the high-quality reference weather stations  104 , location data  124  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , pressure data  126  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , temperature data  128  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , and calibration values  130  (or the “model fit parameters” or the “average pressure difference offset” described below) for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 . The server  108  communicates with the reference weather stations  104  and  106  to receive the portion of this data that is generated by the reference weather stations  104  and  106 , e.g., the temperature and pressure data. The server  108  uses this data for calibrating the barometric pressure sensors  112  of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , i.e., to generate/calculate the calibration values  130  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , e.g., using a best fit model of pressure difference versus temperature/pressure or using pressure gradients as described below. 
     In some embodiments, the server  108  sends the calibration values  130  to each less reliable reference weather station  106  for the less reliable reference weather station  106  to adjust its pressure data before transmitting it (e.g., either to the server  108  or to the mobile devices  102 ) for use in determining the locations of the mobile devices  102 . In some embodiments, the server  108  maintains the calibration values  130  for each less reliable reference weather station  106 , receives the pressure data from the less reliable reference weather station  106 , and adjusts the pressure data (based on the calibration values  130 ) for use in determining the locations of the mobile devices  102  (e.g., either by the server  108  or by the mobile devices  102 ). 
       FIG.  2    is a simplified operational environment  200  in which reference pressure devices (e.g., the less reliable reference weather stations  106 ) can be calibrated (e.g., using measurements from the high-quality reference weather stations  104 ) in the field, in accordance with some embodiments. The operational environment  200  includes an example of the network of reference weather stations  104  and  106 , examples of the mobile devices  102 , and the server(s)  108 . The server  108  exchanges communications with various devices, such as the reference weather stations  104  and  106  and the mobile devices  102 . (The mobile devices  102 , however, are not necessarily used in the calibration of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , so they are shown in the operational environment  200  for illustrative purposes only, since the overall purpose of the location system  100  is to determine the locations of the mobile devices  102 .) Also, the example operational environment  200  includes a terrain  202  having ground levels at different elevations (altitudes) and structures, such as buildings  204  and  206  having floor levels at different altitudes and a transmission tower  208 . 
     The reference weather stations  104  and  106  form a network of terrestrial transmitters that may be located at different altitudes or depths that are inside or outside various natural or manmade structures (e.g., the buildings  204  and  206  and the transmission tower  208 ), relative to different altitudes throughout the terrain  202 , as illustrated by the examples in  FIG.  2   . In some embodiments, sensor measurements (e.g., temperature and pressure) and positioning signals are transmitted from the reference weather stations  104  and  106  and subsequently received by the mobile device  102  and/or the server  108  using known transmission technologies. Positioning signals may also be transmitted from transmitters (that are not weather stations, e.g., the transmission tower  208 ) located throughout the example operational environment  200  or from satellites (not shown) high above the example operational environment  200 . For example, the sensor measurements and positioning signals may be transmitted using one or more common multiplexing parameters that utilize time slots, pseudorandom sequences, frequency offsets, or other approaches, as is known in the art or otherwise disclosed herein. 
     The mobile devices  102  may be carried by users  210  located at different altitudes or depths that are inside or outside various natural or manmade structures (e.g., the buildings  204  and  206 ), relative to different altitudes throughout the terrain  202 , as illustrated by the examples in  FIG.  2   . The mobile devices  102  may also be carried or mounted in a vehicle  212  within the operational environment  200  or an aircraft (not shown) high above the operational environment  200 . 
     Examples of possible hardware, software and data components in the weather stations  104  and  106 , the mobile device  102 , and the server  108  are shown in  FIGS.  1  and  8   , as described herein. In particular, each weather station  104  and  106  and mobile device  102  may include appropriate atmospheric sensors (e.g., barometric pressure sensors and temperature sensors) for generating measurements of atmospheric conditions (e.g., atmospheric pressure and temperature) that are used to calibrate the barometric pressure sensors  112  of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , estimate the altitude of the mobile device  102 , or to calibrate the barometric pressure sensor (not shown) in the mobile device  102 . 
     An example process  300  for the server  108  (or one or more processors of the server  108 ) to calibrate a pressure device (e.g., the barometric pressure sensors  112  of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 ) across temperatures or pressures is shown in  FIG.  3   . The particular steps, combination of steps, and order of the steps for the process  300  are provided for illustrative purposes only. Other processes with different steps, combinations of steps, or orders of steps can also be used to achieve the same or similar result. Features or functions described for one of the steps performed by one of the components may be enabled in a different step or component in some embodiments. Additionally, some steps may be performed before, after or overlapping other steps, in spite of the illustrated order of the steps. 
     At  302 , in some embodiments, pressure data and temperature data are measured and collected simultaneously at two spatially separated pressure devices (e.g., a high-quality or golden reference pressure device of the high-quality reference weather station  104  and a less reliable or drifty pressure device of a less reliable reference weather station  106 ) for several time points over T amount of time. (For embodiments that perform calibration across pressures, the temperature data might not be needed.) Time T can be several days to several weeks but should be less than the expected time of the drift of the sensor of the less reliable pressure device and may be evenly or unevenly spaced. 
     At  304 , pressure differences are calculated between each pair of simultaneous data points of the collected pressure data for the high-quality reference pressure device and the less reliable pressure device. Since pressure varies with altitude, before calculating the differences, the pressure data of the two devices can be translated to a common altitude or plane, e.g., sea-level, 0 m Height Above Ellipsoid (HAE), an altitude close to the terrain in the area of the two devices, an altitude of one of the devices, etc. 
     At  306 , the pressure differences calculated at  304  are associated with temperatures or pressures or both based on the temperature data and/or pressure data that correspond to the pairs of simultaneous data points used to calculate each pressure difference, and a model is fitted with temperatures and/or pressures as inputs and pressure differences as outputs, such that the model approximates the pressure differences when given the temperatures and/or pressures. The temperatures and/or pressures associated with the calculated pressure differences for use in fitting the model can be the temperatures and/or pressures measured by the less reliable pressure device for the simultaneous data points, the temperatures and/or pressures measured by the high-quality reference pressure device for the simultaneous data points, or some weighted combination of the two. The model can be chosen to closely match the expected temperature and/or pressure sensitivity of the less reliable pressure device. For example, a linear model can be chosen if the expected temperature and/or pressure sensitivity does not change significantly. Alternatively, a second-degree polynomial model can be chosen. It is undesirable to use models that have poor extrapolation features, such that if it is necessary to extrapolate a few degrees outside the range of the inputs used to generate the model, then there will not be a significant change in the pressure difference obtained from the model. Such undesirable models include polynomials with high orders (3 rd  or higher, for example), or exponential models. 
       FIG.  4    shows an example plot of the pressure differences versus temperatures for the uncalibrated data (the dots), the calibrated data (the Xs), and the model fitted to the uncalibrated data (the solid line plot  400 ). (For embodiments that perform calibration across pressures, an example plot would be of the pressure differences versus pressures.) “P drifty ” is the pressure measured by the less reliable pressure device, “P golden ” is the pressure measured by the high-quality reference pressure device, and “P drifty −P golden ” is the pressure difference between the two. The curve of the solid line of the model, therefore, generally follows the dots of the uncalibrated data. In this example, the fit of the curve is to a second order polynomial, and there is a nonuniform density of data points (e.g., more dense at about −10 C and less dense at about 30-40 C). Additionally, in some embodiments, the raw data points can be used or sampled/binned data points can be used. After the pressure data is calibrated relative to the temperature, the Xs of the calibrated data have the same relative variance from the zero value of the pressure difference that the dots of the uncalibrated data have from the solid line of the model. In this manner,  FIG.  4    illustrates that calibration using the model produces pressure results for the less reliable pressure device that closely match the measured pressure of the high-quality reference pressure device, e.g., less than +/−10 Pa in this example. 
     At  308  of the process  300  ( FIG.  3   ), the model fit parameters are used to correct the pressure measurements from the less reliable pressure device going forward, i.e., the model fit parameters are the calibration value for the less reliable pressure device. The temperature or pressure used by the less reliable pressure device to determine the calibration value from the model can be its own measured temperature or pressure, the temperature or pressure simultaneously measured by the high-quality reference pressure device, or some weighted combination of the two. 
     The process  300  can be repeated periodically to adjust the model. 
     An example process  500  for the server  108  (or one or more processors of the server  108 ) to calibrate a less reliable pressure device (e.g., of the less reliable reference weather station  106 ) using pressure gradient information is shown in  FIG.  5   . The particular steps, combination of steps, and order of the steps for the process  500  are provided for illustrative purposes only. Other processes with different steps, combinations of steps, or orders of steps can also be used to achieve the same or similar result. Features or functions described for one of the steps performed by one of the components may be enabled in a different step or component in some embodiments. Additionally, some steps may be performed before, after or overlapping other steps, in spite of the illustrated order of the steps. 
     At  502 , pressure data is measured and collected simultaneously at two spatially separated pressure devices (e.g., a high-quality reference pressure device of the high-quality reference weather station  104  and a less reliable pressure device of the less reliable reference weather station  106 ) for several (uniform or nonuniform) time points over T amount of time. Time T can be several days to several weeks but should be less than the expected time of the drift of the sensor of the less reliable pressure device. 
     At  504 , the pressure differences are calculated between each pair of simultaneous data points of the collected pressure data for the high-quality reference pressure device and the less reliable pressure device. Since pressure varies with altitude, before calculating the pressure differences, the pressure data of the two devices can be translated to a common altitude or plane, e.g., sea-level, 0 m Height Above Ellipsoid (HAE), an altitude close to the terrain in the area of the two devices, an altitude of one of the devices, etc. 
     For each time point at which pressure data is simultaneously collected, the process  500  repeats  506 - 512 . At  506 , the pressure gradient dp/ds is estimated for a region that encompasses the two pressure devices. This can be derived from NOAA, another source of weather gradient mapping, through a lookup table, or interpolated from a gradient map. If a gradient map is unavailable for the timestamp of the pressures, then the gradient can be used from the closest available timestamp gradient map, or some interpolated gradient between maps that begin before the pressure timestamp and end after the pressure timestamp. 
       FIG.  6    shows an example of a pressure gradient map  600  that can be used for this purpose, wherein a “drifty sensor” is the less reliable pressure device and a “golden sensor” is the high-quality reference pressure device. At  508 , the distance between the two pressure devices is determined, measured, or calculated. At  510 , a pressure gradient difference (i.e., the pressure difference between the two devices that is due to the pressure gradient) is determined based on the pressure gradient and the distance between the two pressure devices, e.g., by multiplying the pressure gradient by the distance between the two devices. At  512 , the pressure gradient difference is subtracted from each of the pressure differences calculated at  504  to obtain pressure difference offsets for each pair of simultaneous data points. 
     At  514 , an average pressure difference offset between the two devices is determined by averaging the pressure difference offsets for the pairs of simultaneous data points. At  516 , the average pressure difference offset is used to correct the pressure measurements from the less reliable pressure device in addition to the calibration going forward. 
       FIG.  7    shows example plots of the pressure differences versus elapsed days (e.g., for a number of days that data is collected) for the uncalibrated data (the dots), the pressure gradient differences (the solid line) between the less reliable pressure device (“drifty sensor”) and the high-quality reference pressure device (“golden sensor”), the uncalibrated gradient-corrected data (the triangles), and the calibrated and gradient-corrected data (the Xs). “P drifty ” is the pressure measured by the less reliable pressure device, “P golden ” is the pressure measured by the high-quality reference pressure device, and “P drifty −P golden ” (or “P golden −P drifty ”) is the pressure difference between the two. The triangles of the uncalibrated gradient-corrected data have the same relative variance from the zero value of the pressure difference that the dots of the uncalibrated data have from the solid line of the pressure gradient differences, but offset from zero by a calibration value. In this example, there is a nonuniform density of data points and gaps in the data. After the pressure data is both calibrated and gradient-corrected, the Xs of the calibrated and gradient-corrected data have the same relative variance from the zero value of the pressure difference that the dots of the uncalibrated data have from the solid line of the pressure gradient differences. In this manner,  FIG.  7    illustrates that calibration using the pressure gradient information between the two devices produces pressure results for the less reliable pressure device that closely match the measured pressure of the high-quality reference pressure device, e.g., less than +/−3 Pa in this example. 
     The process  500  can be repeated periodically to adjust the pressure gradient differences and the average pressure difference offset. 
     By way of example in  FIG.  8   , the reference weather stations  104  and  106  discussed herein may include: a mobile device interface  11  for exchanging information with a mobile device  102  (e.g., antenna(s) and RF front end components known in the art or otherwise disclosed herein) via the network  110 ; one or more processor(s)  12 ; memory/data source  13  for providing storage and retrieval of information and/or program instructions; atmospheric sensor(s)  14  for measuring environmental conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, humidity, other) at or near the reference weather stations  104  and  106 ; a server interface  15  for exchanging information with a server  108  (e.g., an antenna, a network interface, or other) via the network  110 ; and any other components known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The memory/data source  13  may include memory storing software modules with executable instructions, and the processor(s)  12  may perform different actions by executing the instructions from the modules, including: (i) performance of part or all of the methods as described herein or otherwise understood by one of skill in the art as being performable at the reference weather stations  104  and  106 ; (ii) generation of calibration values for the reference weather stations  106  in the field; (iii) generation of positioning signals for transmission using a selected time, frequency, code, and/or phase; (iv) processing of signaling received from the mobile device  102  or other source; or (v) other processing as required by operations described in this disclosure. For example, the memory/data source  13  may include a signal generation module, a signal processing module, a calibration value, and other modules. Signals generated and transmitted by the reference weather stations  104  and  106  may carry different information that, once determined by the mobile device  102  or the server  108 , may identify the following: the reference weather station  104  or  106 ; the weather station&#39;s position; environmental conditions (e.g., pressure and/or temperature) at or near the weather station  104  or  106 ; and/or other information known in the art. The atmospheric sensor(s)  14  may be integral with the reference weather stations  104  and  106 , or separate from the reference weather stations  104  and  106  and either co-located with the reference weather stations  104  and  106  or located in the vicinity of the reference weather stations  104  and  106  (e.g., within a threshold amount of distance). 
     By way of example in  FIG.  8   , the mobile device  102  may include a network interface  27  for exchanging information with the server  108  via the network  110  (e.g., a wired and/or a wireless interface port, an antenna and RF front end components known in the art or otherwise disclosed herein); a weather station interface  21  for exchanging information with the reference weather stations  104  and  106  via the network  110 ; one or more processor(s)  22 ; memory/data source  23  for providing storage and retrieval of information and/or program instructions; atmospheric sensor(s)  24  (including a barometric pressure sensor) for measuring environmental conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, other) at the mobile device  102 ; other sensor(s)  25  for measuring other conditions (e.g., compass, accelerometer and inertial sensors for measuring movement and orientation); a user interface  26  (e.g., display, keyboard, microphone, speaker, other) for permitting the user of the mobile device  102  to provide inputs and receive outputs; and any other components known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A GNSS interface and processing unit (not shown) are contemplated, which may be integrated with other components or a standalone antenna, RF front end, and processors dedicated to receiving and processing GNSS signaling. The memory/data source  23  may include memory storing data and software modules with executable instructions, including a signal processing module, a signal-based position estimate module, a pressure-based altitude module, a location determination module, a movement determination module (not shown), the current calibration value (not shown), the data packet (not shown), a calibration module (not shown), and other modules. The processor(s)  22  may perform different actions by executing the instructions from the modules, including: (i) performance of part or all of the methods, processes and techniques as described herein or otherwise understood by one of ordinary skill in the art as being performable at the mobile device  102 ; (ii) estimation of an altitude of the mobile device  102  (based on measurements of pressure from the mobile device  102  and the reference weather stations  104  and  106 , temperature measurement(s) from the reference weather stations  104  and  106  or another source, and any other information needed for the computation); (iii) processing of received signals to determine position information or location data (e.g., times of arrival or travel time of the signals, pseudoranges between the mobile device  102  and the reference weather stations  104  and  106 , weather station atmospheric conditions, weather station and/or locations or other weather station information); (iv) use of position information to compute an estimated position of the mobile device  102 ; (v) determination of movement based on measurements from inertial sensors of the mobile device  102 ; (vi) GNSS signal processing; (vii) storing the current calibration value; (viii) calibrating its barometric pressure sensor; and/or (ix) other processing as required by operations described in this disclosure. 
     By way of example in  FIG.  8   , the server  108  may include: a network interface  31  for exchanging information with the mobile device  102  and other sources of data via the network  110  (e.g., a wired and/or a wireless interface port, an antenna, or other); one or more processor(s)  32 ; memory/data source  33  for providing storage and retrieval of information and/or program instructions; a weather station interface  34  for exchanging information with the reference weather stations  104  and  106  (e.g., a wired and/or a wireless interface port, an antenna, or other); and any other components known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The memory/data source  33  may include memory storing data and software modules with executable instructions, such as a calibration module and calibration data (e.g., the data  118 - 128 ) for generating the calibration values  130  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106  for use in calibrating the barometric pressure sensors  112  of the less reliable reference weather stations  106 , a general calibration data assembly module (not shown), calibration technique modules (not shown), a signal-based positioning module (not shown), a pressure-based altitude module (not shown), a calibration conduciveness module (not shown), as well as other modules for each of the above-described methods and processes or portions/steps thereof. The processor(s)  32  may perform different actions by executing instructions from the modules, including: (i) performance of part or all of the methods, processes and techniques as described herein or otherwise understood by one of ordinary skill in the art as being performable at the server  108 ; (ii) estimation of the calibration values  130  for the less reliable reference weather stations  106 ; (iii) estimation of an altitude of the mobile device  102 ; (iv) computation of an estimated position of the mobile device  102 ; (v) performance of calibration techniques; (vi) calibration of the mobile device  102 ; or (vii) other processing as required by operations or processes described in this disclosure. Steps performed by servers  108  as described herein may also be performed on other machines that are remote from the reference weather stations  104 / 106  and the mobile device  102 , including computers of enterprises or any other suitable machine. 
     Reference has been made in detail to embodiments of the disclosed invention, one or more examples of which have been illustrated in the accompanying figures. Each example has been provided by way of explanation of the present technology, not as a limitation of the present technology. In fact, while the specification has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present subject matter covers all such modifications and variations within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention.