Patent Publication Number: US-9418858-B2

Title: Selective etch of silicon by way of metastable hydrogen termination

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims benefit to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/439,079, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,808,563, filed on Apr. 4, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Prov. Pat. App. No. 61/544,747 filed Oct. 7, 2011, and titled “SELECTIVE ETCH OF SILICON BY WAY OF METASTABLE HYDROGEN TERMINATION,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Integrated circuits are made possible by processes which produce intricately patterned material layers on substrate surfaces. Producing patterned material on a substrate requires controlled methods for removal of exposed material. Chemical etching is used for a variety of purposes including transferring a pattern in photoresist into underlying layers, thinning layers or thinning lateral dimensions of features already present on the surface. Often it is desirable to have an etch process which etches one material faster than another helping e.g. a pattern transfer process proceed. Such an etch process is said to be selective to the first material. As a result of the diversity of materials, circuits and processes, etch processes have been developed with a selectivity towards a variety of materials. However, there are few options for selectively etching silicon nitride faster than silicon. 
     Dry etch processes are often desirable for selectively removing material from semiconductor substrates. The desirability stems from the ability to gently remove material from miniature structures with minimal physical disturbance. Dry etch processes also allow the etch rate to be abruptly stopped by removing the gas phase reagents. Some dry-etch processes involve the exposure of a substrate to remote plasma by-products formed from one or more precursors. For example, remote plasma generation of nitrogen trifluoride in combination with ion suppression techniques enables silicon to be selectively removed from a patterned substrate when the plasma effluents are flowed into the substrate processing region. However, the silicon selectivity occasionally needs to be even higher for certain applications, for example, the removal of “dummy” gates of polysilicon before a working gate can be formed. 
     Methods are needed to increase silicon selectively relatively to silicon oxide, silicon nitride and other materials for dry etch processes. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods of etching exposed silicon on patterned heterogeneous structures is described and includes a remote plasma etch formed from a fluorine-containing precursor and a hydrogen-containing precursor. Plasma effluents from the remote plasma are flowed into a substrate processing region where the plasma effluents react with the exposed regions of silicon. The plasmas effluents react with the patterned heterogeneous structures to selectively remove silicon while very slowly removing other exposed materials. The silicon selectivity results, in part, from a preponderance of hydrogen-containing precursor in the remote plasma which hydrogen terminates surfaces on the patterned heterogeneous structures. A much lower flow of the fluorine-containing precursor progressively substitutes fluorine for hydrogen on the hydrogen-terminated silicon thereby selectively removing silicon from exposed regions of silicon. The silicon selectivity also results from the presence of an ion suppressor positioned between the remote plasma and the substrate processing region. The ion suppressor reduces or substantially eliminates the number of ionically-charged species that reach the substrate. The methods may be used to selectively remove silicon far faster than silicon oxide, silicon nitride and a variety of metal-containing materials. 
     Embodiments of the invention include methods of etching a patterned substrate in a substrate processing region of a substrate processing chamber. The patterned substrate has exposed silicon. The method include flowing each of a fluorine-containing precursor and a hydrogen-containing precursor into a remote plasma region fluidly coupled to the substrate processing region while forming a remote plasma in the remote plasma region to produce plasma effluents. The atomic flow ratio of the precursors is greater than or about 25:1 H:F and forming the remote plasma in the remote plasma region to produce the plasma effluents comprises applying RF power between about 10 Watts and about 2000 Watts to the plasma region. The methods further include etching the exposed silicon by flowing the plasma effluents into the substrate processing region through through-holes in a showerhead. The temperature of the patterned substrate during the etching operation is greater than or about 0° C. and the pressure within the substrate processing region is above or about 0.05 Torr and below or about 10 Torr. 
     Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the specification or may be learned by the practice of the disclosed embodiments. The features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, and methods described in the specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the disclosed embodiments may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart of a silicon selective etch process according to disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 2A  shows a substrate processing chamber according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 2B  shows a showerhead of a substrate processing chamber according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a substrate processing system according to embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods of etching exposed silicon on patterned heterogeneous structures is described and includes a remote plasma etch formed from a fluorine-containing precursor and a hydrogen-containing precursor. Plasma effluents from the remote plasma are flowed into a substrate processing region where the plasma effluents react with the exposed regions of silicon. The plasmas effluents react with the patterned heterogeneous structures to selectively remove silicon while very slowly removing other exposed materials. The silicon selectivity results, in part, from a preponderance of hydrogen-containing precursor in the remote plasma which hydrogen terminates surfaces on the patterned heterogeneous structures. A much lower flow of the fluorine-containing precursor progressively substitutes fluorine for hydrogen on the hydrogen-terminated silicon thereby selectively removing silicon from exposed regions of silicon. The silicon selectivity also results from the presence of an ion suppressor positioned between the remote plasma and the substrate processing region. The ion suppressor reduces or substantially eliminates the number of ionically-charged species that reach the substrate. The methods may be used to selectively remove silicon far faster than silicon oxide, silicon nitride and a variety of metal-containing materials. 
     Siconi™ etch processes have used a hydrogen source such as ammonia (NH 3 ) and a fluorine source such as nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) which together flow through a remote plasma system (RPS) and into a reaction region. The flow rates of ammonia and nitrogen trifluoride are typically chosen such that the atomic flow rate of hydrogen is roughly twice that of fluorine in order to efficiently utilize the constituents of the two process gases. The presence of hydrogen and fluorine allows the formation of solid byproducts of (NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6  at relatively low substrate temperatures. The solid byproducts are removed by raising the temperature of the substrate above the sublimation temperature. Siconi™ etch processes remove silicon oxide more rapidly than silicon. The inventors have discovered that the selectivity can be inverted by increasing the atomic flow ratio of hydrogen:fluorine. Without binding the coverage of the claims to hypothetical mechanisms which may or may not be entirely correct, the inventors hypothesize that the preponderance of hydrogen radicals maintains a stable hydrogen termination on a broad array of exposed materials. The exposure to hydrogen radicals also hydrogen terminates silicon surfaces, however, the lower density fluorine radicals break the Si—H bonds to form Si—F bonds until volatile SiF x  species desorb from the surface and are evacuated from the substrate processing region. The open bonding sites left behind by the desorption are quickly hydrogen terminated and the process continues. 
     In order to better understand and appreciate the invention, reference is now made to  FIG. 1  which is a flow chart of a silicon selective etch process according to disclosed embodiments. Silicon may be amorphous, crystalline or polycrystalline (in which case it is usually referred to as polysilicon). Prior to the first operation, a structure is formed in a patterned substrate. The structure possesses separate exposed regions of silicon and silicon oxide. The substrate is then delivered into a processing region (operation  110 ). 
     Hydrogen (H 2 ) is flowed into a plasma region separate from the substrate processing region (operation  120 ). The separate plasma region may be referred to as a remote plasma region herein and may be within a distinct module from the processing chamber or a compartment within the processing chamber. Generally speaking, an hydrogen-containing precursor may be flowed into the plasma region and the oxygen-containing precursor may comprise at least one precursor selected from H 2 , NH 3 , hydrocarbons, or the like. A flow of nitrogen trifluoride is also introduced into the remote plasma region (operation  125 ) where it is simultaneously excited in a plasma along with the hydrogen. The flow rate of the nitrogen trifluoride is low relative to the flow rate of the hydrogen to effect a high atomic flow ratio H:F as will be quantified shortly. Other sources of fluorine may be used to augment or replace the nitrogen trifluoride. In general, a fluorine-containing precursor may be flowed into the remote plasma region and the fluorine-containing precursor comprises at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of atomic fluorine, diatomic fluorine, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, fluorinated hydrocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and xenon difluoride. 
     The plasma effluents formed in the remote plasma region are then flowed into the substrate processing region (operation  130 ). The patterned substrate is selectively etched (operation  135 ) such that the exposed silicon is removed at a rate at least or about seventy times greater than the exposed silicon oxide. The invention involves maintenance of a high atomic flow ratio of hydrogen (H) to fluorine (F) in order achieve high etch selectivity of silicon. Some precursors may contain both fluorine and hydrogen, in which case the atomic flow rate of all contributions are included when calculating the atomic flow ratio described herein. The preponderance of hydrogen helps to hydrogen terminate exposed surfaces on the patterned substrate. Under the conditions described herein, hydrogen termination is metastable on only the silicon surfaces. Fluorine from the nitrogen trifluoride or other fluorine-containing precursor displaces the hydrogen on the silicon surface and creates volatile residue which leaves the surface and carries silicon away. Due to the strong bond energies present in the other exposed materials, the fluorine is unable to displace the hydrogen of the other hydrogen terminated surfaces (and/or is unable to create volatile residue to remove the other exposed material). In one embodiment, a gas flow ratio (H 2 :NF 3 ) greater than or about 15:1, or in general terms, greater than or about an atomic flow ratio of between 10:1, was found to achieve etch selectivity (silicon:silicon oxide or silicon:silicon nitride) of greater than or about 70:1. The etch selectivity (silicon:silicon oxide or silicon:silicon nitride) may also be greater than or about 100:1, greater than or about 150:1, greater than or about 200:1, greater than or about 250:1 or greater than or about 300:1 in disclosed embodiments. Regions of exposed tungsten or titanium nitride may also be present on the patterned substrate and may be referred to as exposed metallic regions. The etch selectivity (silicon:exposed metallic region) may be greater than or about 100:1, greater than or about 150:1, greater than or about 200:1, greater than or about 250:1, greater than or about 500:1, greater than or about 1000:1, greater than or about 2000:1 or greater than or about 3000:1 in disclosed embodiments. The reactive chemical species are removed from the substrate processing region and then the substrate is removed from the processing region (operation  145 ). 
     The presence of the high flow of hydrogen-containing precursor, as described herein, ensures that silicon, silicon oxide and silicon nitride maintain a hydrogen-terminated surface during much of the processing. The fluorine-containing precursor and/or the hydrogen-containing precursor may further include one or more relatively inert gases such as He, N 2 , Ar, or the like. The inert gas can be used to improve plasma stability and/or to carry liquid precursors to the remote plasma region. Flow rates and ratios of the different gases may be used to control etch rates and etch selectivity. In an embodiment, the fluorine-containing gas includes NF 3  at a flow rate of between about 1 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) and 30 sccm, H 2  at a flow rate of between about 500 sccm and 5,000 sccm, He at a flow rate of between about 0 sccm and 3000 sccm, and Ar at a flow rate of between about 0 sccm and 3000 sccm. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other gases and/or flows may be used depending on a number of factors including processing chamber configuration, substrate size, geometry and layout of features being etched, and the like. The flow rate of the fluorine-containing gas may be less than or about 30 sccm, less than or about 20 sccm, less than or about 15 sccm or less than or about 10 sccm in disclosed embodiments. Lower flow rates of the fluorine-containing gas will generally increase the silicon selectivity. The flow rate of the hydrogen-containing gas may be greater than or about 300 sccm, greater than or about 500 sccm, greater than or about 1000 sccm or greater than or about 2000 sccm in disclosed embodiments. Increasing the flow rate of the hydrogen-containing gas generally increases silicon selectivity. The atomic flow ratio H:F should be kept high to reduce or eliminate solid residue formation on silicon oxide. The formation of solid residue consumes some silicon oxide which reduces the silicon selectivity of the etch process. The atomic flow ratio H:F is greater than or about twenty five (i.e. 25:1), greater than or about 30:1 or greater than or about 40:1 in embodiments of the invention. 
     The method also includes applying energy to the fluorine-containing precursor and the hydrogen-containing precursor while they are in the remote plasma region to generate the plasma effluents. As would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the plasma may include a number of charged and neutral species including radicals and ions. The plasma may be generated using known techniques (e.g., RF, capacitively coupled, inductively coupled, and the like). In an embodiment, the plasma power is applied using a capacitively-coupled plasma unit at a source power of between about 10 W and 2000 W and a pressure of between about 0.2 Torr and 5 Torr. The capacitively-coupled plasma unit may be disposed remote from a gas reaction region of the processing chamber. For example, the capacitively-coupled plasma unit and the plasma generation region may be separated from the gas reaction region by an ion suppressor. 
     An ion suppressor may be used to filter ions from the plasma effluents during transit from the remote plasma region to the substrate processing region in embodiments of the invention. The ion suppressor functions to reduce or eliminate ionically charged species traveling from the plasma generation region to the substrate. Uncharged neutral and radical species may pass through the openings in the ion suppressor to react at the substrate. It should be noted that complete elimination of ionically charged species in the reaction region surrounding the substrate is not always the desired goal. In many instances, ionic species are required to reach the substrate in order to perform the etch and/or deposition process. In these instances, the ion suppressor helps control the concentration of ionic species in the reaction region at a level that assists the process. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, an ion suppressor as described in the exemplary equipment section may be used to provide radical and/or neutral species for selectively etching substrates. In one embodiment, for example, an ion suppressor is used to provide fluorine and hydrogen containing plasma effluents to selectively etch silicon. Using the plasma effluents, an etch rate selectivity of silicon:silicon oxide (or silicon nitride) over seventy may be achieved. The ion suppressor may be used to provide a reactive gas having a higher concentration of radicals than ions. Because most of the charged particles of a plasma are filtered or removed by the ion suppressor, the substrate is not necessarily biased during the etch process. Such a process using radicals and other neutral species can reduce plasma damage compared to conventional plasma etch processes that include sputtering and bombardment. Embodiments of the present invention are also advantageous over conventional wet etch processes where surface tension of liquids can cause bending and peeling of small features. 
     Blanket wafers of silicon oxide, silicon and silicon nitride were used to quantify the etch rates for an exemplary process. A remote plasma was formed from nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen (H 2 ), helium and argon and the effluents etched blanket wafers of each of the three films in separate processes. The etch process removed silicon at about two hundred times the rate of silicon oxide and over two hundred times the rate of silicon nitride for etch rates of about 400 Å/min. In separate experiments, the etch process removed silicon at about five hundred times the rate of silicon oxide and over five hundred times the rate of silicon nitride for etch rates of about 200 Å/min. The etch rate of silicon oxide may be greater than or about 100 Å/min, greater than or about 200 Å/min or greater than or about 300 Å/min in disclosed embodiments. The selectivity, the non-local plasma, the controlled ionic concentration and the lack of solid byproducts, each make these etch processes well suited for delicately removing or trimming silicon structures removing little or no silicon oxide and little or no silicon nitride. 
     The temperature of the substrate is greater than 0° C. during the etch process. The substrate temperature may be greater than or about 20° C. and less than or about 300° C. At the high end of this substrate temperature range, the silicon etch rate drops. At the lower end of this substrate temperature range, silicon oxide and silicon nitride begin to etch and so the selectivity drops. In disclosed embodiments, the temperature of the substrate during the etches described herein may be greater than or about 30° C. while less than or about 200° C. or greater than or about 40° C. while less than or about 150° C. The substrate temperature may be below 100° C., below or about 80° C., below or about 65° C. or below or about 50° C. in disclosed embodiments. 
     The data further show an increase in silicon etch rate as a function of process pressure (for a given hydrogen:fluorine atomic ratio). However, for an atomic flow rate ratio of about 50:1 H:F increasing the pressure above 1 Torr begins to reduce the selectivity. This is suspected to result from a higher probability of combining two or more fluorine-containing effluents. The etch process then begins to remove silicon oxide, silicon nitride and other materials. The pressure within the substrate processing region may be below or about 10 Torr, below or about 5 Torr, below or about 3 Torr, below or about 2 Torr, below or about 1 Torr or below or about 750 mTorr in disclosed embodiments. In order to ensure adequate etch rate, the pressure may be above or about 0.05 Torr, above or about 0.1 Torr, above or about 0.2 Torr or above or about 0.4 Torr in embodiments of the invention. Any of the upper limits on pressure may be combined with lower limits to form additional embodiments. Plasma power applied to the remote plasma region can be a variety of frequencies or a combination of multiple frequencies. The RF power may be between about 10 Watts and about 2000 Watts, between about 200 Watts and about 1800 Watts or between about 750 Watts and about 1500 Watts in different embodiments. The RF frequency applied in the exemplary processing system may be low RF frequencies less than about 500 kHz, high RF frequencies between about 10 MHz and about 15 MHz or microwave frequencies greater than or about 1 GHz in different embodiments. 
     A pre-treatment may be used, in embodiments, to remove a thin oxide layer on the surfaces of the exposed silicon regions. The pre-treatment occurs before the operation of etching the exposed silicon. Thin oxide layers often form when exposing silicon to atmospheric conditions. The thin oxide layer can make the silicon regions behave more like silicon oxide regions, in part, because the selectivities of the processes reported herein are so high. The thin silicon oxide layer is often referred to as a “native” oxide and may be removed using a variety of processes known to those of skill in the art. For example, a Siconi™ etch may be used to remove the native oxide. In other words, a fluorine-containing precursor and a hydrogen-containing precursor may be combined in a remote plasma region and excited in a plasma. The atomic flow ratio H:F during the pre-treatment Siconi™ may be between about 0.5:1 and about 8:1 to ensure the production of solid by-products on the exposed silicon surfaces. The native oxide is consumed during the production of these solid by-products in embodiments of the invention. The temperature of the patterned substrate during the Siconi™ etch may be below the sublimation temperature of the solid by-products. The temperature of the patterned substrate may be raised above the sublimation temperature after formation of the solid by-products to remove the solid by-products. The sublimation completes the removal of the native oxide from the exposed silicon. 
     Alternatively, the native oxide can be removed by a hydrogen plasma formed in the substrate processing region. The local pre-treatment plasma is created by applying a local plasma power above or about 200 Watts and below or about 3000 Watts or above or about 300 Watts and below or about 2000 Watts in embodiments. Regardless of the method used, the native oxide (if present) is removed before the operation of etching the exposed silicon. Techniques for removing the native oxide may be carried out in the same substrate processing region used to selectively etch the silicon, or each of these processes may be performed in separate chambers. However, the patterned substrate should not be exposed to moisture or an atmospheric environment during the transfer between separate chambers. It should also be noted that the terms “exposed silicon region” and “exposed silicon” will be used herein regardless of whether a native oxide is present. 
     A post-treatment may be used, in embodiments, to avoid forming residue after the substrate has been etched and exposed to atmospheric conditions. Residual fluorine on the surface of the patterned substrate is hypothesized to react with moisture from the atmosphere to form small amounts of hydrofluoric acid (HF). This may cause residues of silicon, titanium or other compounds to form on the surface. The post-treatment occurs after the operation of etching the exposed silicon. One treatment which is thought to remove the residual fluorine includes flowing at least one of N 2 , Ar, He, NO 2 , N 2 O, H 2 , NH 3 , O 2  or CH 4  into the substrate processing region while forming a local plasma by applying a local plasma power above or about 100 Watts and below or about 2000 Watts or 3000 Watts. At least one of N 2 , Ar, He, NO 2 , N 2 O, H 2 , NH 3 , O 2  or CH 4  may alternatively flow through a remote plasma region with plasma power (between 100 Watts and 2000 Watts or 3000 Watts) applied. The plasma effluents may then be flowed into the substrate processing region to remove residual fluorine from the exposed silicon regions of the patterned substrate. One additional post-treatment involves simply heating the substrate to between 200° C. and about 600° C. or between about 300° C. and about 600° C. to desorb the residual fluorine in embodiments of the invention. Any of these post-treatments may be used alone or in combination with any or all of the others to remove residual fluorine from the exposed silicon regions. 
     Additional process parameters are disclosed in the course of describing an exemplary processing chamber and system. 
     Exemplary Processing System 
     Processing chambers that may implement embodiments of the present invention may be included within processing platforms such as the CENTURA® and PRODUCER® systems, available from Applied Materials, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. Examples of substrate processing chambers that can be used with exemplary methods of the invention may include those shown and described in co-assigned U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 60/803,499 to Lubomirsky et al, filed May 30, 2006, and titled “PROCESS CHAMBER FOR DIELECTRIC GAPFILL,” the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. Additional exemplary systems may include those shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,387,207 and 6,830,624, which are also incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
       FIG. 2A  is a substrate processing chamber  200  according to disclosed embodiments. A remote plasma system  210  may process the fluorine-containing precursor which then travels through a gas inlet assembly  211 . Two distinct gas supply channels are visible within the gas inlet assembly  211 . A first channel  212  carries a gas that passes through the remote plasma system  210  (RPS), while a second channel  213  bypasses the remote plasma system  210 . Either channel may be used for the fluorine-containing precursor, in embodiments. On the other hand, the first channel  212  may be used for the process gas and the second channel  213  may be used for a treatment gas. The lid (or conductive top portion)  221  and a perforated partition  253  are shown with an insulating ring  224  in between, which allows an AC potential to be applied to the lid  221  relative to perforated partition  253 . The AC potential strikes a plasma in chamber plasma region  220 . The process gas may travel through first channel  212  into chamber plasma region  220  and may be excited by a plasma in chamber plasma region  220  alone or in combination with remote plasma system  210 . If the process gas (the fluorine-containing precursor) flows through second channel  213 , then only the chamber plasma region  220  is used for excitation. The combination of chamber plasma region  220  and/or remote plasma system  210  may be referred to as a remote plasma system herein. The perforated partition (also referred to as a showerhead)  253  separates chamber plasma region  220  from a substrate processing region  270  beneath showerhead  253 . Showerhead  253  allows a plasma present in chamber plasma region  220  to avoid directly exciting gases in substrate processing region  270 , while still allowing excited species to travel from chamber plasma region  220  into substrate processing region  270 . 
     Showerhead  253  is positioned between chamber plasma region  220  and substrate processing region  270  and allows plasma effluents (excited derivatives of precursors or other gases) created within remote plasma system  210  and/or chamber plasma region  220  to pass through a plurality of through-holes  256  that traverse the thickness of the plate. The showerhead  253  also has one or more hollow volumes  251  which can be filled with a precursor in the form of a vapor or gas (such as a silicon-containing precursor) and pass through small holes  255  into substrate processing region  270  but not directly into chamber plasma region  220 . Showerhead  253  is thicker than the length of the smallest diameter  250  of the through-holes  256  in this disclosed embodiment. In order to maintain a significant concentration of excited species penetrating from chamber plasma region  220  to substrate processing region  270 , the length  226  of the smallest diameter  250  of the through-holes may be restricted by forming larger diameter portions of through-holes  256  part way through the showerhead  253 . The length of the smallest diameter  250  of the through-holes  256  may be the same order of magnitude as the smallest diameter of the through-holes  256  or less in disclosed embodiments. 
     Showerhead  253  may be configured to serve the purpose of an ion suppressor as shown in  FIG. 2A . Alternatively, a separate processing chamber element may be included (not shown) which suppresses the ion concentration traveling into substrate processing region  270 . Lid  221  and showerhead  253  may function as a first electrode and second electrode, respectively, so that lid  221  and showerhead  253  may receive different electric voltages. In these configurations, electrical power (e.g., RF power) may be applied to lid  221 , showerhead  253 , or both. For example, electrical power may be applied to lid  221  while showerhead  253  (serving as ion suppressor) is grounded. The substrate processing system may include a RF generator that provides electrical power to the lid and/or showerhead  253 . The voltage applied to lid  221  may facilitate a uniform distribution of plasma (i.e., reduce localized plasma) within chamber plasma region  220 . To enable the formation of a plasma in chamber plasma region  220 , insulating ring  224  may electrically insulate lid  221  from showerhead  253 . Insulating ring  224  may be made from a ceramic and may have a high breakdown voltage to avoid sparking Portions of substrate processing chamber  200  near the capacitively-coupled plasma components just described may further include a cooling unit (not shown) that includes one or more cooling fluid channels to cool surfaces exposed to the plasma with a circulating coolant (e.g., water). 
     In the embodiment shown, showerhead  253  may distribute (via through-holes  256 ) process gases which contain oxygen, fluorine and/or nitrogen and/or plasma effluents of such process gases upon excitation by a plasma in chamber plasma region  220 . In embodiments, the process gas introduced into the remote plasma system  210  and/or chamber plasma region  220  may contain fluorine (e.g. F 2 , NF 3  or XeF 2 ). The process gas may also include a carrier gas such as helium, argon, nitrogen (N 2 ), etc. Plasma effluents may include ionized or neutral derivatives of the process gas and may also be referred to herein as radical-fluorine referring to the atomic constituent of the process gas introduced. 
     Through-holes  256  are configured to suppress the migration of ionically-charged species out of the chamber plasma region  220  while allowing uncharged neutral or radical species to pass through showerhead  253  into substrate processing region  270 . These uncharged species may include highly reactive species that are transported with less-reactive carrier gas by through-holes  256 . As noted above, the migration of ionic species by through-holes  256  may be reduced, and in some instances completely suppressed. Controlling the amount of ionic species passing through showerhead  253  provides increased control over the gas mixture brought into contact with the underlying wafer substrate, which in turn increases control of the deposition and/or etch characteristics of the gas mixture. For example, adjustments in the ion concentration of the gas mixture can significantly alter its etch selectivity (e.g., silicon nitride:silicon etch ratios). 
     In embodiments, the number of through-holes  256  may be between about 60 and about 2000. Through-holes  256  may have a variety of shapes but are most easily made round. The smallest diameter  250  of through-holes  256  may be between about 0.5 mm and about 20 mm or between about 1 mm and about 6 mm in disclosed embodiments. There is also latitude in choosing the cross-sectional shape of through-holes, which may be made conical, cylindrical or combinations of the two shapes. The number of small holes  255  used to introduce unexcited precursors into substrate processing region  270  may be between about 100 and about 5000 or between about 500 and about 2000 in different embodiments. The diameter of the small holes  255  may be between about 0.1 mm and about 2 mm. 
     Through-holes  256  may be configured to control the passage of the plasma-activated gas (i.e., the ionic, radical, and/or neutral species) through showerhead  253 . For example, the aspect ratio of the holes (i.e., the hole diameter to length) and/or the geometry of the holes may be controlled so that the flow of ionically-charged species in the activated gas passing through showerhead  253  is reduced. Through-holes  256  in showerhead  253  may include a tapered portion that faces chamber plasma region  220 , and a cylindrical portion that faces substrate processing region  270 . The cylindrical portion may be proportioned and dimensioned to control the flow of ionic species passing into substrate processing region  270 . An adjustable electrical bias may also be applied to showerhead  253  as an additional means to control the flow of ionic species through showerhead  253 . 
     Alternatively, through-holes  256  may have a smaller inner diameter (ID) toward the top surface of showerhead  253  and a larger ID toward the bottom surface. In addition, the bottom edge of through-holes  256  may be chamfered to help evenly distribute the plasma effluents in substrate processing region  270  as the plasma effluents exit the showerhead and thereby promote even distribution of the plasma effluents and precursor gases. The smaller ID may be placed at a variety of locations along through-holes  256  and still allow showerhead  253  to reduce the ion density within substrate processing region  270 . The reduction in ion density results from an increase in the number of collisions with walls prior to entry into substrate processing region  270 . Each collision increases the probability that an ion is neutralized by the acquisition or loss of an electron from the wall. Generally speaking, the smaller ID of through-holes  256  may be between about 0.2 mm and about 20 mm. In other embodiments, the smaller ID may be between about 1 mm and 6 mm or between about 0.2 mm and about 5 mm. Further, aspect ratios of the through-holes  256  (i.e., the smaller ID to hole length) may be approximately 1 to 20. The smaller ID of the through-holes may be the minimum ID found along the length of the through-holes. The cross sectional shape of through-holes  256  may be generally cylindrical, conical, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 2B  is a bottom view of a showerhead  253  for use with a processing chamber according to disclosed embodiments. Showerhead  253  corresponds with the showerhead shown in  FIG. 2A . Through-holes  256  are depicted with a larger inner-diameter (ID) on the bottom of showerhead  253  and a smaller ID at the top. Small holes  255  are distributed substantially evenly over the surface of the showerhead, even amongst the through-holes  256  which helps to provide more even mixing than other embodiments described herein. 
     An exemplary patterned substrate may be supported by a pedestal (not shown) within substrate processing region  270  when fluorine-containing plasma effluents and hydrogen-containing plasma effluents arrive through through-holes  256  in showerhead  253 . Though substrate processing region  270  may be equipped to support a plasma for other processes such as curing, no plasma is present during the etching of patterned substrate, in embodiments of the invention. 
     A plasma may be ignited either in chamber plasma region  220  above showerhead  253  or substrate processing region  270  below showerhead  253 . A plasma is present in chamber plasma region  220  to produce the radical-fluorine from an inflow of the fluorine-containing precursor. An AC voltage typically in the radio frequency (RF) range is applied between the conductive top portion (lid  221 ) of the processing chamber and showerhead  253  to ignite a plasma in chamber plasma region  220  during deposition. An RF power supply generates a high RF frequency of 13.56 MHz but may also generate other frequencies alone or in combination with the 13.56 MHz frequency. 
     The top plasma may be left at low or no power when the bottom plasma in the substrate processing region  270  is turned on to either cure a film or clean the interior surfaces bordering substrate processing region  270 . A plasma in substrate processing region  270  is ignited by applying an AC voltage between showerhead  253  and the pedestal or bottom of the chamber. A cleaning gas may be introduced into substrate processing region  270  while the plasma is present. 
     The pedestal may have a heat exchange channel through which a heat exchange fluid flows to control the temperature of the substrate. This configuration allows the substrate temperature to be cooled or heated to maintain relatively low temperatures (from room temperature through about 120° C.). The heat exchange fluid may comprise ethylene glycol and water. The wafer support platter of the pedestal (preferably aluminum, ceramic, or a combination thereof) may also be resistively heated in order to achieve relatively high temperatures (from about 120° C. through about 1100° C.) using an embedded single-loop embedded heater element configured to make two full turns in the form of parallel concentric circles. An outer portion of the heater element may run adjacent to a perimeter of the support platter, while an inner portion runs on the path of a concentric circle having a smaller radius. The wiring to the heater element passes through the stem of the pedestal. 
     The chamber plasma region or a region in a remote plasma system may be referred to as a remote plasma region. In embodiments, the radical precursors (e.g. radical-fluorine and radical-hydrogen) are formed in the remote plasma region and travel into the substrate processing region where the combination preferentially etches silicon. Plasma power may essentially be applied only to the remote plasma region, in embodiments, to ensure that the radical-fluorine and the radical-hydrogen (which together may be referred to as plasma effluents) are not further excited in the substrate processing region. 
     In embodiments employing a chamber plasma region, the excited plasma effluents are generated in a section of the substrate processing region partitioned from a deposition region. The deposition region, also known herein as the substrate processing region, is where the plasma effluents mix and react to etch the patterned substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). The excited plasma effluents may also be accompanied by inert gases (in the exemplary case, argon). The substrate processing region may be described herein as “plasma-free” during the etch of the patterned substrate. “Plasma-free” does not necessarily mean the region is devoid of plasma. A relatively low concentration of ionized species and free electrons created within the plasma region do travel through pores (apertures) in the partition (showerhead/ion suppressor) due to the shapes and sizes of through-holes  256 . In some embodiments, there is essentially no concentration of ionized species and free electrons within the substrate processing region. The borders of the plasma in the chamber plasma region are hard to define and may encroach upon the substrate processing region through the apertures in the showerhead. In the case of an inductively-coupled plasma, a small amount of ionization may be effected within the substrate processing region directly. Furthermore, a low intensity plasma may be created in the substrate processing region without eliminating desirable features of the forming film. All causes for a plasma having much lower intensity ion density than the chamber plasma region (or a remote plasma region, for that matter) during the creation of the excited plasma effluents do not deviate from the scope of “plasma-free” as used herein. 
     Combined flow rates of fluorine-containing precursor and hydrogen-containing precursor into the chamber may account for 0.05% to about 20% by volume of the overall gas mixture; the remainder being carrier gases. The fluorine-containing precursor and the hydrogen-containing precursor are flowed into the remote plasma region but the plasma effluents have the same volumetric flow ratio, in embodiments. In the case of the fluorine-containing precursor, a purge or carrier gas may be first initiated into the remote plasma region before those of the fluorine-containing gas to stabilize the pressure within the remote plasma region. 
     Plasma power applied to the remote plasma region can be a variety of frequencies or a combination of multiple frequencies. In the exemplary processing system the plasma is provided by RF power delivered between lid  221  and showerhead  253 . The RF power may be between about 10 Watts and about 15,000 Watts, between about 10 Watts and about 5000 Watts, between about 10 Watts and about 2000 Watts, between about 200 Watts and about 1800 Watts or between about 750 Watts and about 1500 Watts in different embodiments. The RF frequency applied in the exemplary processing system may be low RF frequencies less than about 200 kHz, high RF frequencies between about 10 MHz and about 15 MHz or microwave frequencies greater than or about 1 GHz in different embodiments. Substrate processing region  270  can be maintained at a variety of pressures during the flow of carrier gases and plasma effluents into substrate processing region  270 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the substrate processing chamber  200  can be integrated into a variety of multi-processing platforms, including the Producer™ GT, Centura™ AP and Endura™ platforms available from Applied Materials, Inc. located in Santa Clara, Calif. Such a processing platform is capable of performing several processing operations without breaking vacuum. Processing chambers that may implement embodiments of the present invention may include dielectric etch chambers or a variety of chemical vapor deposition chambers, among other types of chambers. 
     Embodiments of the deposition systems may be incorporated into larger fabrication systems for producing integrated circuit chips.  FIG. 3  shows one such system  300  of deposition, baking and curing chambers according to disclosed embodiments. In the figure, a pair of FOUPs (front opening unified pods)  302  supply substrate substrates (e.g., 300 mm diameter wafers) that are received by robotic arms  304  and placed into a low pressure holding areas  306  before being placed into one of the wafer processing chambers  308   a - f . A second robotic arm  310  may be used to transport the substrate wafers from the low pressure holding areas  306  to the wafer processing chambers  308   a - f  and back. Each wafer processing chamber  308   a - f , can be outfitted to perform a number of substrate processing operations including the dry etch processes described herein in addition to cyclical layer deposition (CLD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), etch, pre-clean, degas, orientation and other substrate processes. 
     The wafer processing chambers  308   a - f  may include one or more system components for depositing, annealing, curing and/or etching a flowable dielectric film on the substrate wafer. In one configuration, two pairs of the processing chamber (e.g.,  308   c - d  and  308   e - f ) may be used to deposit dielectric material on the substrate, and the third pair of processing chambers (e.g.,  308   a - b ) may be used to etch the deposited dielectric. In another configuration, all three pairs of chambers (e.g.,  308   a - f ) may be configured to etch a dielectric film on the substrate. Any one or more of the processes described may be carried out on chamber(s) separated from the fabrication system shown in different embodiments. 
     The substrate processing system is controlled by a system controller. In an exemplary embodiment, the system controller includes a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive and a processor. The processor contains a single-board computer (SBC), analog and digital input/output boards, interface boards and stepper motor controller boards. Various parts of CVD system conform to the Versa Modular European (VME) standard which defines board, card cage, and connector dimensions and types. The VME standard also defines the bus structure as having a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus. 
     System controller  357  is used to control motors, valves, flow controllers, power supplies and other functions required to carry out process recipes described herein. A gas handling system  355  may also be controlled by system controller  357  to introduce gases to one or all of the wafer processing chambers  308   a - f . System controller  357  may rely on feedback from optical sensors to determine and adjust the position of movable mechanical assemblies in gas handling system  355  and/or in wafer processing chambers  308   a - f . Mechanical assemblies may include the robot, throttle valves and susceptors which are moved by motors under the control of system controller  357 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, system controller  357  includes a hard disk drive (memory), USB ports, a floppy disk drive and a processor. System controller  357  includes analog and digital input/output boards, interface boards and stepper motor controller boards. Various parts of multi-chamber processing system  300  which contains substrate processing chamber  200  are controlled by system controller  357 . The system controller executes system control software in the form of a computer program stored on computer-readable medium such as a hard disk, a floppy disk or a flash memory thumb drive. Other types of memory can also be used. The computer program includes sets of instructions that dictate the timing, mixture of gases, chamber pressure, chamber temperature, RF power levels, susceptor position, and other parameters of a particular process. 
     A process for etching, depositing or otherwise processing a film on a substrate or a process for cleaning chamber can be implemented using a computer program product that is executed by the controller. The computer program code can be written in any conventional computer readable programming language: for example, 68000 assembly language, C, C++, Pascal, Fortran or others. Suitable program code is entered into a single file, or multiple files, using a conventional text editor, and stored or embodied in a computer usable medium, such as a memory system of the computer. If the entered code text is in a high level language, the code is compiled, and the resultant compiler code is then linked with an object code of precompiled Microsoft Windows® library routines. To execute the linked, compiled object code the system user invokes the object code, causing the computer system to load the code in memory. The CPU then reads and executes the code to perform the tasks identified in the program. 
     The interface between a user and the controller may be via a touch-sensitive monitor and may also include a mouse and keyboard. In one embodiment two monitors are used, one mounted in the clean room wall for the operators and the other behind the wall for the service technicians. The two monitors may simultaneously display the same information, in which case only one is configured to accept input at a time. To select a particular screen or function, the operator touches a designated area on the display screen with a finger or the mouse. The touched area changes its highlighted color, or a new menu or screen is displayed, confirming the operator&#39;s selection. 
     As used herein “substrate” may be a support substrate with or without layers formed thereon. The patterned substrate may be an insulator or a semiconductor of a variety of doping concentrations and profiles and may, for example, be a semiconductor substrate of the type used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Exposed “silicon” of the patterned substrate is predominantly Si but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Exposed “silicon nitride” of the patterned substrate is predominantly Si 3 N 4  but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. Exposed “silicon oxide” of the patterned substrate is predominantly SiO 2  but may include minority concentrations of other elemental constituents such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and the like. In some embodiments, silicon oxide films etched using the methods disclosed herein consist essentially of silicon and oxygen. The term “precursor” is used to refer to any process gas which takes part in a reaction to either remove material from or deposit material onto a surface. “Plasma effluents” describe gas exiting from the chamber plasma region and entering the substrate processing region. Plasma effluents are in an “excited state” wherein at least some of the gas molecules are in vibrationally-excited, dissociated and/or ionized states. A “radical precursor” is used to describe plasma effluents (a gas in an excited state which is exiting a plasma) which participate in a reaction to either remove material from or deposit material on a surface. “Radical-fluorine” (or “radical-oxygen”) are radical precursors which contain fluorine (or oxygen) but may contain other elemental constituents. The phrase “inert gas” refers to any gas which does not form chemical bonds when etching or being incorporated into a film. Exemplary inert gases include noble gases but may include other gases so long as no chemical bonds are formed when (typically) trace amounts are trapped in a film. 
     The terms “gap” and “trench” are used throughout with no implication that the etched geometry has a large horizontal aspect ratio. Viewed from above the surface, trenches may appear circular, oval, polygonal, rectangular, or a variety of other shapes. A trench may be in the shape of a moat around an island of material. The term “via” is used to refer to a low aspect ratio trench (as viewed from above) which may or may not be filled with metal to form a vertical electrical connection. As used herein, a conformal etch process refers to a generally uniform removal of material on a surface in the same shape as the surface, i.e., the surface of the etched layer and the pre-etch surface are generally parallel. A person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the etched interface likely cannot be 100% conformal and thus the term “generally” allows for acceptable tolerances. 
     Having disclosed several embodiments, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, a number of well known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included. 
     As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a process” includes a plurality of such processes and reference to “the dielectric material” includes reference to one or more dielectric materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. 
     Also, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification and in the following claims are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.