Patent Publication Number: US-11649533-B2

Title: Iron alloy particle and method for producing iron alloy particle

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2018/045959, filed Dec. 13, 2018, and to Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-056447, filed Mar. 23, 2018, the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to an iron alloy particle and a method for producing iron alloy particles. 
     Background Art 
     Conventionally, iron, silicon steel, and the like have been used as soft magnetic materials for use in various reactors, motors, transformers, and the like. These materials have high magnetic flux densities, but have high crystal magnetic anisotropy and thus have large hystereses. Thus, the magnetic parts obtained with the use of these materials have the problem of increasing the losses. 
     To address such a problem, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-67863 discloses a soft magnetic alloy powder represented by composition formula: Fe 100-x-y Cu x B y  (in atomic %, 1&lt;x&lt;2, 10≤y≤20), including a structure in which crystal particles that have a body-centered cubic structure, of 60 nm or less in average particle size, are dispersed in a volume fraction of 30% or more in an amorphous matrix. 
     SUMMARY 
     The disclosure in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-67863 describes achieving the effect of having a high saturation magnetic flux density and excellent soft magnetic characteristics. The disclosure in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-67863, however, has the problem of inadequate high frequency characteristics. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure provides an iron alloy particle that has a high saturation magnetic flux density and favorable high frequency characteristics. The present disclosure also provides a method for producing the iron alloy particle. 
     The iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure is a particle including an iron alloy, the particle includes multiple mixed-phase particles, each including nanocrystals of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less (i.e., from 10 nm to 100 nm) in crystallite size and an amorphous phase; and a grain boundary layer between the mixed-phase particles, and the iron alloy has a composition containing Fe, Si, P, B, C, and Cu. 
     In the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, the grain boundary layer preferably has a thickness of 200 nm or less. 
     The method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure includes the steps of applying a shearing process to an amorphous material including an iron alloy that has a composition containing Fe, Si, P, B, C, and Cu to plastically deform the amorphous material into particles and introduce a grain boundary layer into the particles; and applying a heat treatment to the particles with the grain boundary layer to deposit, in the particles, nanocrystals of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less (i.e., from 10 nm to 100 nm) in crystallite size. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the shearing process is preferably performed with a high-speed rotary grinder, and a rotor of the high-speed rotary grinder preferably has a circumferential speed of 40 m/s or more. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the shearing process is preferably performed for an amorphous alloy ribbon including an iron alloy. 
     According to the present disclosure, an iron alloy particle can be provided which has a high saturation magnetic flux density and favorable high frequency characteristics. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a sectional view schematically illustrating an example of an iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  2    is an enlarged view of a part of the iron alloy particle shown in  FIG.  1   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure will be described below. However, the present disclosure is not to be considered limited to the following configurations, but can be applied with changes appropriately made without changing the scope of the present disclosure. It is to be noted that the present disclosure also encompasses combinations of two or more individual desirable configurations according to the present disclosure as described below. 
     [Iron Alloy Particle] 
       FIG.  1    is a sectional view schematically illustrating an example of an iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure. The iron alloy particle  1  shown in  FIG.  1    is a soft magnetic particle made of an iron alloy. The iron alloy particle  1  has one particle composed of multiple mixed-phase particles  10 , with a grain boundary layer  20  between the mixed-phase particles  10 . 
       FIG.  2    is an enlarged view of a part of the iron alloy particle shown in  FIG.  1   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , the mixed-phase particle  10  includes nanocrystals  11  and an amorphous phase  12 , which have a periphery surrounded by the grain boundary layer  20 . The nanocrystal  11  is a crystal particle that has a crystallite size of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less (i.e., from 10 nm to 100 nm). The main phase of the mixed-phase particle  10  may be any of the nanocrystals  11  and the amorphous phase  12 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , there are also grain boundaries between the nanocrystals  11 , but the iron alloy particle  1  shown in  FIG.  1    has the grain boundary layer  20  that is different from the grain boundaries between the nanocrystals  11 . 
     In the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, the phase state of the particle is the mixed phase including the nanocrystals and the amorphous phase, thus allowing the saturation magnetic flux density to be increased as compared with a case of only the amorphous phase. 
     The presence of nanocrystals in the mixed-phase particle can be confirmed by, for example, observing a section of the particle with the use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or the like. Similarly, the crystallite sizes of nanocrystals can be measured by section observation with the use of a TEM or the like. In contrast, the presence of amorphous phase in the mixed-phase particle can be confirmed, for example, from the X-ray diffraction pattern of the iron alloy particle. 
     In the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, the composition of the iron alloy contains Fe, Si, P, B, C, and Cu. Fe is a main element that is responsible for magnetism, and the proportion thereof is higher than 50 at %. Si, P, B, and C are elements that are responsible for the formation of the amorphous phase, and Cu is an element that contributes to nanocrystallization. 
     In the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, the composition of the iron alloy is preferably represented by Fe a B b Si c P x C y Cu z , with 79≤a≤86 at %, 5≤b≤13 at %, 0≤c≤8 at %, 1≤x≤8 at %, 0&lt;y≤5 at %, 0.4≤z≤1.4 at %, and 0.08≤z/x≤0.8. b, c, and x more preferably meet 6≤b≤10 at %, 2≤c≤8 at %, and 2≤x≤5 at %. y, z, and z/x more preferably meet 0&lt;y≤3 at %, 0.4≤z≤1.1 at %, and 0.08≤z/x≤0.55. It is to be noted that 3 at % or less of Fe may be substituted with one or more elements of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Cr, Co, Ni, Al, Mn, Ag, Zn, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Y, N, O, and rare earth elements. 
     When an amorphous alloy that has the composition of FeSiPBCCu is subjected to a heat treatment, crystallization proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, nanocrystals are deposited in the particle, and in the second stage, the remaining amorphous phase is crystallized. Accordingly, the measurement by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) determines the first crystallization calorific value and the second crystallization calorific value, thereby allowing the rate of decrease in calorific value in the case where the state with the first crystallization calorific value of 0 is regarded 100% to be evaluated as a “deposition rate of nanocrystals”. 
     Furthermore, in the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, high frequency characteristics can be improved by introducing the grain boundary layer into the particle. The reason is considered as follows. 
     The core loss Pcv, which is the loss of a coil or an inductor, is expressed by the following equation (1):
 
 Pcv=Phv+Pev=Wh·f+A·f   2   ·d   2 /ρ  (1)
 
     Pcv: core loss (kW/m 3 ) 
     Phv: hysteresis loss (kW/m 3 ) 
     Pev: eddy current loss (kW/m 3 ) 
     f: frequency (Hz) 
     Wh: hysteresis loss coefficient (kW/m 3 ·Hz) 
     d: particle size (m) 
     p: intragranular electrical resistivity (Ω·m) 
     A: coefficient 
     The eddy current loss Pev, which increases with the square of the frequency, is dominant for the loss at high frequencies. Thus, it is essential to lower the Pev in order to improve the high frequency characteristics. From the above-mentioned formula (1), the Pev is affected by the frequency, the particle size, and the intragranular electrical resistivity. According to the present disclosure, the introduction of the grain boundary layer into the particle can increase the intragranular electrical resistivity, and thus lower the Pev. As a result, the high frequency characteristics are considered improved. 
     The iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure has only to have at least one grain boundary layer in one particle. The presence of the grain boundary layer in the particle can be confirmed from, for example, the different contrast of a part corresponding to the mixed-phase particle surrounded by the grain boundary layer in the observation of a section of the particle with the use of a TEM or the like. 
     The grain boundary layer of the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure is a layer made of an oxide containing a metal element included in the iron alloy and an oxygen element. Accordingly, the section of the particle is subjected to elemental mapping for oxygen, thereby making it possible to measure the thickness of the grain boundary layer. 
     In the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure, the thickness of the grain boundary layer is increased, thereby allowing the intragranular electrical resistivity to be increased, but in contrast, the increased thickness of the grain boundary layer decreases the saturation magnetic flux density. This is because the high volume ratio of the non-magnetic oxide or the oxide with a low saturation magnetic flux density. Accordingly, the thickness of the grain boundary layer is preferably 200 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, from the viewpoint of achieving a balance between the high frequency characteristics and the saturation magnetic flux density. Furthermore, the thickness of the grain boundary layer is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more. It is to be noted that the thickness of the grain boundary layer means, in the case of making a section observation in a defined field of view in the range of 1 μm×1 μm and measuring the thickness of the grain boundary layer at 10 or more points by a line segment method, the average value for the thickness of the grain boundary layer in the field of view. 
     The average particle size of the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure is not particularly limited, but for example, preferably 0.1 μm or more and 100 μm or less (i.e., from 0.1 μm to 100 μm). It is to be noted that the average particle size means, in the case of making a section observation in a defined field of view in the range of 1 μm×1 μm and measuring the particle size of each particle at 10 or more points by a line segment method, the average particle size for the circle equivalent diameter of each particle present in the field of view. 
     [Method for Producing Iron Alloy Particle] 
     The method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure includes the steps of applying a shearing process to an amorphous material including an iron alloy that has a composition containing Fe, Si, P, B, C, and Cu to plastically deform the amorphous material into particles and introduce a grain boundary layer into the particles; and applying a heat treatment to the particles with the grain boundary layer to deposit, in the particles, nanocrystals of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less (i.e., from 10 nm to 100 nm) in crystallite size. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the form of the amorphous material including the iron alloy is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a ribbon shape, a fibrous shape, and a thick-plate shape. Above all, in the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the shearing process is applied to an amorphous alloy ribbon made of an iron alloy. 
     The alloy ribbon is obtained as a long ribbon-shaped ribbon by melting an alloy containing Fe by means such as arc melting or high frequency induction melting to produce an alloy melt, and quenching the alloy melt. As a method for quenching the molten alloy, for example, a method such as a single roll quenching method is used. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the composition of the iron alloy contains Fe, Si, P, B, C, and Cu. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the composition of the iron alloy is preferably represented by Fe a B b Si c P x C y Cu z , with 79≤a≤86 at %, 5≤b≤13 at %, 0≤c≤8 at %, 1≤x≤8 at %, 0≤y≤5 at %, 0.4≤z≤1.4 at %, and 0.08≤z/x≤0.8. b, c, and x more preferably meet 6≤b≤10 at %, 2≤c≤8 at %, and 2≤x≤5 at %. y, z, and z/x more preferably meet 0&lt;y≤3 at %, 0.4≤z≤1.1 at %, and 0.08≤z/x≤0.55. It is to be noted that 3 at % or less of Fe may be substituted with one or more elements of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Cr, Co, Ni, Al, Mn, Ag, Zn, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Y, N, O, and rare earth elements. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the shearing process is preferably performed with the use of a high-speed rotary grinder. The high-speed rotary grinder is a device that rotates a hammer, a blade, a pin, or the like at high speed for grinding by shearing. Examples of such a high-speed rotary grinder include a hammer mill and a pin mill. Furthermore, the high-speed rotary grinder preferably has a mechanism that circulates particles. 
     In the process of shearing process with the use of the high-speed rotary grinder, a grain boundary layer can be introduced into the particles by plastic deforming and compounding the particles in addition to crushing the particles. 
     The circumferential speed of the rotor of the high-speed rotary grinder is preferably 40 m/s or more from the viewpoint of sufficiently introducing the grain boundary layer into the particles. The circumferential speed is, for example, preferably 150 m/s or less, more preferably 120 m/s or less. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the amorphous material including the iron alloy is preferably subjected to a heat treatment before the shearing process. This heat treatment allows an oxide layer for the grain boundary layer to be formed on the surface. The thickness of the grain boundary layer can be changed by changing the heat treatment conditions. In addition, the thickness of the grain boundary layer can also be changed by changing the temperature for the shearing process. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the thickness of the grain boundary layer in increased as the temperature of the heat treatment is increased. The temperature of the heat treatment is not particularly limited, but, for example, 80° C. or higher, and preferably lower than the first crystallization temperature. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the particles with a grain boundary layer is subjected to the heat treatment after the shearing process, thereby allowing nanocrystals to be deposited in the particles. The deposition rate of nanocrystals can be changed by changing the heat treatment conditions. 
     In the method for producing iron alloy particles according to the present disclosure, the temperature of the heat treatment for depositing the nanocrystals is not particularly limited, but preferably higher than the temperature of the heat treatment for forming the oxide layer, for example, preferably 500° C. or higher, and preferably lower than the first crystallization temperature. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples that more specifically disclose the iron alloy particle according to the present disclosure will be described below. It is to be noted that the present disclosure is not to be considered limited to only these examples. 
     Preparation of Alloy Particle 
     Example 1-1 
     As a raw material, an alloy ribbon with a composition of FeSiPBCCu, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared. The composition used in the examples is Fe 84.8 Si 0.5 B 9.4 P 3.5 Cu 0.8 C 1 . This alloy ribbon was subjected to grinding with the use of a high-speed rotary grinder. 
     A hybridization system (NHS-0 type, manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.) was used as the high-speed rotary grinder. Table 1 shows the processing time (rotor rotation time) and the circumferential speed (rotor rotation speed). 
     After the grinding, heat treatment was performed at 500° C. for 1 hour. According to the above-mentioned manner, alloy particles were prepared. 
     Example 1-2 to Example 1-8 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Example 1-1, except for changing the processing time and the circumferential speed to the values shown in Table 1. 
     Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-4 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Example 1-1, except for changing the processing time and the circumferential speed to the values shown in Table 1. 
     Comparative Example 1-5 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Example 1-1, except for grinding with the use of a high-speed collision-type grinder instead of the high-speed rotary grinder, and for changing the processing time to the values shown in Table 1. A jet mill (AS-100 type, manufactured by HOSOKAWA MICRON CORPORATION) was used as the high-speed collision-type grinder. 
     Comparative Example 1-6 to Comparative Example 1-8 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Comparative Example 1-5, except for changing the processing time to the values shown in Table 1. 
     Comparative Example 1-9 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Example 1-1, except that the heat treatment after the grinding was not performed. 
     [Confirmation of Phase State] 
     For the alloy particles prepared in Example 1-1 to Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-9, the crystallinity was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction patterns. Furthermore, the alloy particles prepared in Example 1-1 to Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-9 were dispersed in a silicone resin, thermally cured, and then polished at sections. The TEM observation of the sections of the obtained alloy particles confirmed whether nanocrystals of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less (i.e., from 10 nm to 100 nm) in crystallite size were deposited or not. Table 1 shows the phase state of each alloy particle. 
     [Presence or Absence of Grain Boundary Layer] 
     The TEM observation of the sections of the alloy particles obtained as mentioned above confirmed whether any grain boundary layer was present or not in the particles. Table 1 shows the presence or absence of the grain boundary layer. 
     [Saturation Magnetic Flux Density] 
     For the alloy particles prepared in Example 1-1 to Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1-1 to Example 1-9, the saturation magnetic flux density was measured with the use of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM device). The results are shown in Table 1. 
     [Intragranular Electrical Resistivity] 
     For the sections of the alloy particles obtained above, the intragranular electrical resistivity was measured by a four terminal method. The results are shown in Table 1. 
     [Eddy Current Loss] 
     The eddy current loss was calculated from the intragranular electrical resistivity measured as mentioned above. Based on the formula (1) mentioned above, Pcv was measured, and based on the same formula, Phv and Pev were calculated. The measurement conditions were: Bm=40 mT; and f=0.1 to 1 MHz, and for the measuring instrument, a B-H analyzer SY8218 manufactured by IWATSU ELECTRIC CO., LTD. was used. The results are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Saturation 
                 Intragranular 
                 Eddy 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Processing 
                 Circumferential 
                 Grain 
                 Magnetic 
                 Electrical 
                 Current Loss 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Time 
                 Speed 
                 Boundary 
                 Flux Density 
                 Resistivity 
                 40 mT-1 MHz 
               
               
                   
                 Raw Material 
                 Grinder 
                 (s) 
                 (m/s) 
                 Layer 
                 (T) 
                 (μΩ · cm) 
                 (kW/m 3 ) 
                 Phase State 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1-1 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 130 
                 3643 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-2 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 160 
                 3137 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-3 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 600 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 180 
                 2788 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-4 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 900 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 200 
                 2192 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-5 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 1800 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 220 
                 2563 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-6 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 60 
                 80 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 150 
                 3854 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-7 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 80 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 220 
                 2567 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-8 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 30 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 120 
                 3926 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 5 
                 40 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 5382 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-1 
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 30 
                 40 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4965 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-2 
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 60 
                 40 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4726 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-3 
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 30 
                 80 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4275 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-4 
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 60 
                 — 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 5382 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-5 
                 Ribbon 
                 Collision-Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 600 
                 — 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4894 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-6 
                 Ribbon 
                 Collision-Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 1800 
                 — 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4430 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-7 
                 Ribbon 
                 Collision-Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 — 
                 No 
                 1.70 
                 100 
                 4912 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                 Example 1-8 
                 Ribbon 
                 Collision-Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.65 
                 110 
                 4061 
                 Amorphous 
               
               
                 Example 1-9 
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Example 1-1 to Example 1-8, the particles include nanocrystals in addition to an amorphous phase. Accordingly, higher saturation magnetic flux densities are achieved as compared with Comparative Example 1-9 including no nanocrystals in the particles. 
     Moreover, in Example 1-1 to Example 1-8, the grain boundary layer is introduced into the particles by the grinding with the use of the high-speed rotary grinder. As a result, the intragranular electrical resistivity is increased to decrease eddy current loss, thus achieving the effect of improving the high frequency characteristics. 
     In contrast, Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-8, without the grain boundary layer introduced into the particles, fails to achieve the effect of improving the high frequency characteristics. As in Comparative Example 1-1 to Comparative Example 1-4, even in the case of using the high-speed rotary grinder, no grain boundary layer is considered introduced into the particles if the processing time is short. Moreover, as in Comparative Example 1-5 to Comparative Example 1-8, in the case of using a high-speed collision-type grinder, grinding by chipping occurs, but the grain boundary layer is considered to fail to be introduced into the particles. 
     Preparation of Alloy Particle 
     Example 2-1 
     As in Example 1-1, an alloy ribbon with a composition of FeSiPBCCu, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared as a raw material. The alloy ribbon was subjected to a heat treatment under the conditions shown in Table 2, and then the same processing as in Example 1-1 to prepare alloy particles. 
     Example 2-2 to Example 2-8 
     Alloy particles were prepared by the same processing as in Example 2-1, except for changing the conditions of the heat treatment for the alloy ribbons to the values shown in Table 2. 
     [Confirmation of Phase State] 
     The phase states of the alloy particles prepared in Example 2-1 to Example 2-8 were confirmed by the same method as in Example 1-1. Table 2 shows the deposition rate of the phase state for each alloy particle. 
     [Thickness of Grain Boundary Layer] 
     Furthermore, the alloy particles prepared in Example 2-1 to Example 2-8 were dispersed in a silicone resin, thermally cured, and then polished at sections. The obtained sections of the alloy particles were subjected to TEM observation and elemental mapping for oxygen, thereby measuring the thickness of the grain boundary layer. The results are shown in Table 2. 
     [Saturation Magnetic Flux Density] 
     For the alloy particles prepared in Example 2-1 to Example 2-8, the saturation magnetic flux density was measured by the same method as in Example 1-1. The results are shown in Table 2. 
     [Intragranular Electrical Resistivity] 
     For the alloy particles prepared in Example 2-1 to Example 2-8, the intragranular electrical resistivity was measured by the same method as in Example 1-1. The results are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Heat 
                 Heat 
                 Grain 
                 Saturation 
                 Intragranular 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Treatment 
                 Treatment 
                 Boundary Layer 
                 Magnetic Flux 
                 Electrical 
               
               
                   
                 Raw 
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Time 
                 Thickness 
                 Density 
                 Resistivity 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Grinder 
                 (° C.) 
                 (s) 
                 (nm) 
                 (T) 
                 (μΩ · cm) 
                 Phase State 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 2-1 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 100 
                 10 
                 1 
                 1.70 
                 115 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-2 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 200 
                 30 
                 5 
                 1.70 
                 125 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-3 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 200 
                 60 
                 10 
                 1.70 
                 125 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-4 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 200 
                 600 
                 50 
                 1.65 
                 160 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-5 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 250 
                 600 
                 100 
                 1.60 
                 210 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-6 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 600 
                 200 
                 1.50 
                 300 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-7 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 350 
                 600 
                 300 
                 1.40 
                 420 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 2-8 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 425 
                 600 
                 500 
                 1.35 
                 580 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                 Ribbon 
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thickness of the oxide layer at the surface can be changed by changing the heat treatment conditions for the alloy ribbon. Specifically, as the heat treatment temperature and the heat treatment time are respectively higher and longer, the thickness of the oxide layer is increased. The thickness of the grain boundary layer corresponds to the thickness of the oxide layer, and thus, as shown in Table 2, the thickness of the grain boundary layer can be changed by changing the conditions of heat treatment for the alloy ribbon. 
     From the results of Example 2-1 to Example 2-8, the intragranular electrical resistivity can be increased by increasing the thickness of the grain boundary layer, whereas the increased thickness of the grain boundary layer decreases the saturation magnetic flux density. From Table 2, the thickness of the grain boundary layer is adjusted to 200 nm or less, thereby making it possible to achieve the high intragranular electrical resistivity and saturation magnetic flux density. 
     Preparation of Alloy Particle or Metal particle 
     Comparative Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-2 
     As a raw material, an alloy ribbon with a composition of FeSiB, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared, and subjected to the same processing as in Example 1-1 under the conditions shown in Table 3, thereby preparing alloy particles. 
     Comparative Example 3-3 to Comparative Example 3-5 
     As a raw material, an alloy ribbon with a composition of FeSi, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared, and subjected to the same processing as in Example 1-1 under the conditions shown in Table 3, thereby preparing alloy particles. 
     Comparative Example 3-6 to Comparative Example 3-8 
     As a raw material, a metal ribbon with a composition of Fe, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared, and subjected to the same processing as in Example 1-1 under the conditions shown in Table 3, thereby preparing metal particles. 
     Comparative Example 3-9 
     As a raw material, an alloy ribbon with a composition of FeSiB, prepared by a single roll quenching method, was prepared, and subjected to the same processing as in Comparative Example 1-7 under the conditions shown in Table 3, thereby preparing alloy particles. 
     The alloy particles or metal particles prepared in Comparative Example 3-1 to Comparative Example 3-9 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1-1. The results are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Saturation 
                 Intragranular 
                 Eddy 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Processing 
                 Circumferential 
                 Grain 
                 Magnetic 
                 Electrical 
                 Current Loss 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Time 
                 Speed 
                 Boundary 
                 Flux Density 
                 Resistivity 
                 40 mT-1 MHz 
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Grinder 
                 (s) 
                 (m/s) 
                 Layer 
                 (T) 
                 (μΩ · cm) 
                 (kW/m 3 ) 
                 Phase State 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1-1 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 130 
                 3643 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-2 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 160 
                 3137 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Example 1-3 
                 FeSiPBCCu 
                 High-Speed 
                 600 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.70 
                 180 
                 2788 
                 Amorphous + 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rotary Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nanocrystal 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiB 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.25 
                 120 
                 3984 
                 Amorphous 
               
               
                 Example 3-1 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiB 
                 High-Speed 
                 5 
                 40 
                 No 
                 1.25 
                 100 
                 4583 
                 Amorphous 
               
               
                 Example 3-2 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSi 
                 High-Speed 
                 5 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.90 
                 30 
                 5231 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-3 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSi 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.90 
                 40 
                 4962 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-4 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSi 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 1.90 
                 60 
                 4785 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-5 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Fe 
                 High-Speed 
                 5 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 2.10 
                 10 
                 6926 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-6 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Fe 
                 High-Speed 
                 180 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 2.10 
                 30 
                 5391 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-7 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Fe 
                 High-Speed 
                 300 
                 40 
                 Yes 
                 2.10 
                 50 
                 5207 
                 Crystalline 
               
               
                 Example 3-8 
                   
                 Rotary Type 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 FeSiB 
                 High-Speed 
                 1800 
                 — 
                 No 
                 1.25 
                 100 
                 4400 
                 Amorphous 
               
               
                 Example 3-9 
                   
                 Collision-Type 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From Table 3, Comparative Example 3-1 with the iron alloy composition of FeSiB allows amorphous alloy particles, but without nanocrystals deposited, fails to achieve a high saturation magnetic flux density. Furthermore, Comparative Example 3-2 and Comparative Example 3-9, without the grain boundary layer introduced into the particles, fail to increase the intragranular electrical resistivity, thereby increasing the eddy current loss. 
     Comparative Example 3-3 to Comparative Example 3-5 with the iron alloy composition of FeSi and Comparative Example 3-6 to Comparative Example 3-8 without any iron alloy, because of the crystalline alloy particles or the metal particles, fail to increase the intragranular electrical resistivity, thereby increasing the eddy current loss.