Patent Publication Number: US-6215648-B1

Title: Capacitor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of United States Patent Provisional application Ser. No. 60/49,140 filed Jun. 10, 1997. All subject matter set forth in provisional application Ser. No. 60/049,140 is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application as if fully set forth herein. 
     This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/094,396 filed Jun. 9, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,079,089, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to capacitors for electrical and electronic circuits, and more particularly to an improved metallic capacitor having a high capacitance and low physical volume. This invention also relates to the method of making the improved metallic capacitor through a wire drawing process. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Over the years, the size of electronic components has decreased steadily and dramatically in the electrical and electronic art. Along with such dramatic decrease in the size of electrical components, the speed and complexity of electronic components has increased substantially in the electrical and electronic art. The decrease in size of electronic components has been primarily within the areas of semiconductors and resistant elements. However, such dramatic decreases in size have not been effected in the area of electrical capacitors. 
     A capacitor is formed by two conductive plates separated by a dielectric interposed between the two conductive plates. The capacitance of a capacitor is directly proportional to the area of the conductive plates of the capacitor and is inversely proportional to the separation of the conductive plates or the thickness of the dielectric. The dielectric of a capacitor must be of sufficient thickness to withstand the potential voltage potential between the conductive capacitor plates while being sufficiently thin to increase the capacitance of the capacitor. 
     It should be understood that any reduction in size of a capacitor is limited by the physical configurations of the capacitor namely the total surface area of the conductive capacitor plates and the thickness of the dielectric insulator between the conductive plates of the capacitor. Accordingly, in order to decrease the physical dimensions of the capacitor while remaining the same capacitance, any reduction in the total surface area of the conductive capacitor plates must be associated with the corresponding reduction in the thickness of the dielectric material or the spacing between the conductive capacitor plates. 
     Traditionally, prior art capacitors were formed by rolling a first and second foil separated by a dielectric material into a cylindrical roll. Some in the prior art have attempted to miniaturize capacitors by incorporating thin film sheet technology and the like. By utilizing thin film sheet technology, the physical thickness of the conductive capacitor plates is reduced, without reducing the surface area thereof. The use of thin film technology aided in the physical reduction of the physical size of the capacitor for a given capacitance. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor having an extremely high capacitance for physical size which was heretofore unknown by the prior art. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor which is extremely reliable and capable of high temperature operation. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor which utilizes a plurality of coaxial capacitors connected in electrical parallel. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor wherein each of the individual coaxial capacitors may be tested for any defects prior to interconnection thereby eliminating the need for scrapping the capacitor due to a single defective one of a plurality of coaxial capacitors. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor by drawing coaxial conductors separated by a dielectric material in a wire drawing process. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method of making a capacitor by drawing a multiplicity of individual coaxial capacitors in a wire drawing process. 
     The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects of the present invention. These objects should be construed as being merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications of the invention. Many other beneficial results can be obtained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or modifying the invention within the scope of the invention. Accordingly other objects in a full understanding of the invention may be had by referring to the summary of the invention, the detailed description describing the preferred embodiment in addition to the scope of the invention defined by the claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is defined by the appended claims with specific embodiments being shown in the attached drawings. For the purpose of summarizing the invention, the invention relates to an improved capacitor comprising an array formed from a multiplicity of capacitor elements. Each of said multiplicity of said capacitor elements comprises a first capacitor plate element surrounded by a second capacitor plate element with a dielectric material interposed therebetween. A first capacitor plate connector interconnects each of the first capacitor plate elements of the multiplicity of the capacitor elements to form a first capacitor plate. A second capacitor plate connector interconnects each of the second capacitor plate elements of the multiplicity of the capacitor elements to form a second capacitor plate. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the first capacitor plate elements includes a metallic wire having a substantially circular cross-section. The dielectric material may include an oxide on each of the first capacitor plate elements or may include a coating on each of the first capacitor plate elements. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, each of the second capacitor plate elements includes a metallic tube in the form of a continuous metallic tube about each of the first capacitor plate elements and the dielectric materials. The first capacitor plate connector includes each of the first capacitor plate elements having an exposed portion. The first capacitor plate connector interconnects each of the exposed portions of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements to form the first capacitor plate. The second capacitor plate connector includes the multiplicity of the capacitor elements being disposed within a second metallic tube and being in electrical contact therewith. 
     The invention is also incorporated into the process for making a capacitor, comprising the steps of providing a first capacitor plate element and covering the first capacitor plate element with a dielectric material. The first capacitor plate element and the dielectric material are encased with a second capacitor plate element. The second capacitor plate element with first capacitor plate element and the dielectric material therein is drawn for reducing the outer diameter thereof and for forming a capacitor element. A multiplicity of the capacitor elements are encased within a second capacitor plate connector. The second capacitor plate connector with the multiplicity of the capacitor elements therein is drawn for reducing the outer diameter thereof and for electrically interconnecting the multiplicity of the second capacitor plate elements with the second capacitor plate connector to form a second capacitor plate. The multiplicity of the first capacitor elements are interconnected with a first capacitor plate connector to form a first capacitor plate. 
     In a more specific embodiment of the invention, the first capacitor plate element is a metallic wire having a substantially circular cross-section. The dielectric material may be a coating on the first capacitor plate element such as an oxide on the first capacitor plate element. In an alternative, the dielectric material may be a dielectric cloth wrapped about the first capacitor plate element. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the second capacitor element is a first metallic tube such as a preformed First metallic tube or a continuous tube formed about the first capacitor plate element and the dielectric material. When the second capacitor plate element is drawn, the first capacitor plate element and the second capacitor plate element are moved into engagement with opposed sides of the dielectric material to form the capacitor element thereby. 
     Preferably, a multiplicity of the capacitor elements are formed into an array. The array of the capacitor elements are simultaneously encased within the second capacitor plate connector. Preferably, the second capacitor plate connector is a second metallic tube such as a preformed second metallic tube or a continuous tube formed about the array of the capacitor elements. 
     The step of drawing the second capacitor plate connector electrically interconnects the multiplicity of the second capacitor plate elements with the second capacitor plate connector by diffusion welding the second capacitor plate elements to the second capacitor plate connector to form a substantially unitary material. 
     The multiplicity of the first capacitor elements are interconnected with a first capacitor plate connector to form a first capacitor plate. Preferably, a portion of each of the first capacitor plate elements of the array of capacitor elements are exposed for connection to the first capacitor plate connector. 
     A portion of each of the first capacitor plate elements of the array of capacitor elements may be exposed by chemically removing a portion of the second capacitor plate elements and the second capacitor plate connector. The exposed portion of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements are interconnected with the first capacitor plate connector. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the second capacitor plate elements and the second capacitor plate connector are immersed into an acid for dissolving a portion of the second capacitor plate elements and the second capacitor plate connector and for exposing a portion of each of the first capacitor plate elements of the array of capacitor elements. The exposed portion of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements are interconnected with the first capacitor. plate connector. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the more pertinent and important features of the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood so that the present contribution to the art can be more fully appreciated. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It also should be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a capacitor of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the capacitor of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an improved method of making a capacitor; 
     FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a first capacitor plate element shown as a wire referred to in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 4A is an end view of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a dielectric material encasing the first capacitor plate element of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 5A is an end view of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the first capacitor plate element and the dielectric material encased within a second capacitor plate element; 
     FIG. 6A is an end view of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 7 is an isometric view after drawing the second capacitor plate element with the first capacitor plate element and the dielectric material to form a capacitor element; 
     FIG. 7A is an enlarged end view of FIG. 7; 
     FIG. 8 is an isometric view of assembling a multiplicity of the capacitor elements into an array; 
     FIG. 8A is an end view of FIG. 8; 
     FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a second capacitor plate connector encasing the array of the capacitor elements; 
     FIG. 9A is an end view of FIG. 9; 
     FIG. 10 is an isometric view after drawing the second capacitor plate connector with the array of the capacitor elements therein for electrically interconnecting the second capacitor plate elements with the second capacitor plate connector to form a second capacitor plate; 
     FIG. 10A is an enlarged end view of FIG. 10; 
     FIG. 11 is an isometric view after exposing a portion of each of the first capacitor plate elements of the array of the capacitor elements; 
     FIG. 11A is an enlarged end view of FIG. 11; 
     FIG. 12 is an isometric view interconnecting the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements with a first capacitor plate connector to form a first capacitor plate; 
     FIG. 12A is an enlarged view of FIG. 12; 
     FIG. 13 is an isometric view after packaging the capacitor of FIG. 12; and 
     FIG. 13A is an enlarged view of FIG.  13 . 
    
    
     Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several Figures of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DISCUSSION 
     FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a capacitor  5  of the present invention with FIG. 2 being a sectional view of the capacitor  5  of FIG.  1 . The capacitor  5  comprises an array  6  of coaxial capacitor elements  8  shown as a physically oriented parallel array interconnected in electrical parallel. 
     The capacitor  5  comprises a first capacitor plate  10  and a second capacitor plate  20  separated by a dielectric  30 . The first capacitor plate  10  comprises a multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12  with each of the multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12  being shown as a wire having an outer diameter  12 D. 
     The second capacitor plate  20  comprises a multiplicity of second capacitor elements  22  encompassing the multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12 . A multiplicity of dielectric materials  30  are interposed between each of the multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12  and the multiplicity of second capacitor elements  22 . 
     As best shown in FIG. 2, each of the second capacitor elements  22  defines an outer diameter  22 D whereas each of the multiplicity of dielectric materials  30  define an outer diameter  30 D. 
     The multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12  are connected by a first plate connector  13  to form the first capacitor plate  10 . The first plate connector  13  interconnects the multiplicity of first capacitor elements  12  in electrical parallel. The first capacitor plate  10  is connected through a first wire connector  14  to a first connection wire  15 . 
     The multiplicity of the second capacitor elements  22  are connected by a second plate connector  23  to form the second capacitor plate  20 . The second plate connector  23  interconnects the multiplicity of the second capacitor elements  22  in electrical parallel. The second capacitor plate  20  is connected through a second wire connector  24  to a first connection wire  25 . 
     The capacitor  5  is encapsulated with an insulating covering  40  for insulating the first and second capacitor plates  10  and  20  from the ambient. The insulating covering  40  comprises an outer insulator  42  and end insulators  44  and  46 . 
     The capacitor  5  has been shown with only a small number of coaxial capacitor elements  8  within the array  6  for the sake of clarity. Preferably, 500 to 1000 coaxial capacitor elements  8  are contained within the array  6  when the capacitor  5  of FIGS. 1 and 2 are constructed in accordance with the process of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a process  110  for making the capacitor  5 . The improved process  110  of FIG. 3 comprises the provision of the first capacitor plate element  12 . FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the first capacitor plate element  12  referred to in FIG. 3 with FIG. 4A being an end view of FIG.  4 . Preferably, the first capacitor plate element  12  is in the form of a metallic wire having a substantially circular cross-section defined by the outer diameter  12 D. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  111  of covering the first capacitor plate element  12  with the dielectric material  30 . FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the dielectric material  30  encasing the first capacitor plate element  12  of FIG. 4 with FIG. 5A being an end view of FIG.  5 . Preferably, the dielectric material  30  is applied to the first capacitor plate element  12  to a thickness of 0.005 cm to 0.05 cm to define an outer diameter  30 D. The dielectric material  30  is an insulating material having the a dielectric strength ranging from 40 to 400 volts/mil and a dielectric constant ranging from 2 to 12,000. 
     The process of covering the first capacitor plate element  12  with the dielectric material  30  may be accomplished in various ways depending upon the desired physical and electrical characteristics of the capacitor  5 . In one example of the invention, the process of covering the first capacitor plate element  12  with the dielectric material  30  includes forming an oxide on the first capacitor plate element  12 . In another example of the invention, the process of covering the first capacitor plate element  12  with the dielectric material  30  includes coating the first capacitor plate element  12  with a dielectric material  30 . The first capacitor plate element  12  may be coated with a flowable dielectric material  30  that cures onto the first capacitor plate element  12 . In the alternative, the process of covering the first capacitor plate element  12  with the dielectric material  30  includes wrapping the first capacitor plate element  12  with a dielectric material  30  in the form of a dielectric cloth. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  112  of encasing the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  with the second capacitor plate element  22 . FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  encased within the second capacitor plate element  22  with FIG. 6A being an end view of FIG.  6 . The second capacitor plate element  22  is defined by a preformed tube  26 . The second capacitor plate element  22  encircles the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  to have a substantially circular cross-section defined by the outer diameter  22 D. Preferably, the second capacitor plate element  22  is in the form of a continuous metal tube having different chemical properties than the first capacitor plate element  12 . The step of encasing the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  within the second capacitor plate element  22  includes inserting the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  within the second capacitor plate element  22 . 
     In the alternative, the second capacitor plate element  22  may be a longitudinally extending sheet formed about the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  to have a substantially circular cross-section. In this alternative, the first capacitor plate element  22  with the dielectric material  30  thereon is encased by bending the longitudinally extending sheet of the second capacitor plate element  22  about the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  113  of drawing the second capacitor plate element  22  with first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  therein for reducing the outer diameter  22 D thereof and for forming the coaxial capacitor element  8 . 
     FIG. 7 is an isometric view after drawing the second capacitor plate element  22  with the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  to form the coaxial capacitor element  8 . FIG. 7A is an enlarged end view of FIG.  7 . Preferably, the process step  113  of drawing the second capacitor plate element  22  includes the successive drawing and annealing of the second capacitor plate element  22  with the first capacitor plate element  12  and the dielectric material  30  therein for reducing the outer diameter  22 D. The successive drawing and annealing of the second capacitor plate element  22  moves the first capacitor plate element  12  and the second capacitor plate element  22  into engagement with opposed sides of the dielectric material  30  to form the coaxial capacitor element  8  thereby. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  114  of assembling the multiplicity of coaxial capacitor elements  8  into the substantially parallel array  6 . FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  assembled into the array  6  with FIG. 8A being an end view of FIG.  8 . Preferably, 500 to 1000 coaxial capacitor elements  8  are arranged in a substantially parallel configuration to form the array  6 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  115  of encasing the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  within the second capacitor plate connector  23 . FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a second capacitor plate connector  23  encasing the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  with FIG. 9A being an end view of FIG.  9 . Preferably, the second capacitor plate connector  23  is in the form of a continuous metal tube having the same chemical properties as the second capacitor plate element  22 . The second capacitor plate connector  23  encircles the array  6  to have a substantially circular cross-section defined by an outer diameter  23 D. Preferably, the step of encasing the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  within the second capacitor plate connector  23  includes simultaneously inserting the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  within a preformed second metallic tube. 
     In the alternative, the second capacitor plate connector  23  may be a longitudinally extending sheet formed about the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  to have a substantially circular cross-section. In this alternative, the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  is encased by bending the longitudinally extending sheet of the second capacitor plate connector  23  about the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  116  of drawing the second capacitor plate connector  23  with the array  6  of coaxial capacitor elements  8  therein. FIG. 10 is an isometric view after drawing the second capacitor plate connector  23  with the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  therein for electrically interconnecting the second capacitor plate elements  22  with the second capacitor plate connector  23  to form the second capacitor plate  20 . FIG. 10A is an enlarged end view of FIG.  10 . 
     The drawing of the second capacitor plate connector  23  with the array  6  of the multiplicity of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  therein reduces the outer diameter  23 D of the second capacitor plate connector  23  and electrically interconnects the multiplicity of the second capacitor plate elements  22  with the second capacitor plate connector  23  to form the second capacitor plate  20 . 
     The process step  116  of drawing the second capacitor plate connector  23  with the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  therein provides three effects. Firstly, the process step  116  reduces an outer diameter  23 D of the second capacitor plate connector  23 . Secondly, the process step  116  reduces the corresponding outer diameter  8 D of each of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  and the corresponding thickness of the dielectric material  30 . Thirdly, the process step  116  causes the second capacitor plate elements  22  to diffusion weld with adjacent second capacitor plate elements  22  and to diffusion weld with the second capacitor plate connector  23  to form the second capacitor plate  20 . 
     The diffusion welding of the second capacitor plate elements  22  to adjacent second capacitor plate elements  22  and with the second capacitor plate connector  23  forms a unitary second capacitor plate  20 . The multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  surrounded by the dielectric material  30  are contained within the unitary second capacitor plate  20 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  117  of interconnecting the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  with the first capacitor plate connector  13  to form the first capacitor plate  10 . In one example of the invention, the step of interconnecting the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  with the first capacitor plate connector  13  to form the first capacitor plate  10  includes exposing a portion  60  of each of the first capacitor plate elements  12  of the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8 . Thereafter, the exposed portions  60  of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  is interconnected to the first capacitor plate connector  13 . 
     FIG. 11 is an isometric view after exposing the portion  60  of each of the first capacitor plate elements  12  of the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8 . FIG. 11A is an enlarged end view of FIG.  11 . In one process of the present invention, the process of exposing the portion  60  of each of the first capacitor plate elements  12  of the array  6  of the coaxial capacitor elements  8  includes chemically removing a portion of the second capacitor plate elements  22  and a portion of the second capacitor plate connector  23 . Preferably, the second capacitor plate elements  22  and the second capacitor plate connector  23  are immersed into an acid for dissolving a portion of the second capacitor plate elements  22  and a portion of the second capacitor plate connector  23 . 
     The second capacitor plate connector  23  has the same chemical properties as the second capacitor plate element  22 . Since the second capacitor plate element  22  and the second capacitor plate connector  23  have different chemical properties from the first capacitor plate element  12 , a portion of the second capacitor plate elements  22  and a portion of the second capacitor plate connector  23  may be chemically removed without removal of the first capacitor plate element  12 . 
     FIG. 12 is an isometric view illustrating the interconnection of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  with the first capacitor plate connector  13  to form a first capacitor plate  10 . FIG. 12A is an enlarged view of FIG.  12 . In one example of the present invention, the exposed portions  60  of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  is interconnected with the first capacitor plate connector  13  by a soldering process. In the alternative, the exposed portions  60  of each of the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12  is interconnected with the first capacitor plate connector  13  by a welding process. The first capacitor plate  10  is connected through the first wire connector  14  to the first connection wire  15 . It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various ways may be utilized to electrically interconnect the multiplicity of the first capacitor elements  12 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the process step  118  of encapsulating the capacitor  5  with the insulation covering  40 . FIG. 13 is an isometric view of the capacitor  5  of FIG. 12 encapsulated with the insulation covering  40 . FIG. 13A is an enlarged view of FIG.  13 . The insulating covering  40  comprises end insulator  44 . In the alternative, the insulating covering  40  may be a unitary insulation applied by a potting process or the like. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 first capacitor plate element (12) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 nickel 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 .05 cm 
               
               
                   
                 second capacitor plate element (22) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 copper 
               
               
                   
                 wall thickness 
                 0.025 cm 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 0.12 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final diameter 
                 0.024 cm 
               
               
                   
                 second capacitor plate connector (23) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 copper 
               
               
                   
                 wall thickness 
                 0.025 cm 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 0.6 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final diameter 
                 0.024 cm 
               
               
                   
                 insulator (30) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 aluminum oxide cloth 
               
               
                   
                 initial thickness 
                 0.01 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final thickness 
                 0.0001 cm 
               
               
                   
                 Capacitor (5) 
               
               
                   
                 final physical dimensions 
                 0.024 cm × 1 cm 
               
               
                   
                 number of coaxial capacitors 
                 331 ends 
               
               
                   
                 capacitance 
                 1.4 μF 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 first capacitor plate element (12) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 stainless steel 304L 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 0.025 cm 
               
               
                   
                 second capacitor plate element (22) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 nickel grade 201 
               
               
                   
                 wall thickness 
                 0.025 cm 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 0.08 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final diameter 
                 0.024 cm 
               
               
                   
                 second capacitor plate connector (23) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 nickel grade 201 
               
               
                   
                 wall thickness 
                 0.025 cm 
               
               
                   
                 initial diameter 
                 0.9 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final diameter 
                 0.024 cm 
               
               
                   
                 insulator (30) 
               
               
                   
                 material 
                 sodium silicate 
               
               
                   
                 initial thickness 
                 0.005 cm 
               
               
                   
                 final thickness 
                 0.00005 cm 
               
               
                   
                 Capacitor (5) 
               
               
                   
                 final physical dimensions 
                 0.024 cm × 1 cm 
               
               
                   
                 number of coaxial capacitors 
                 817 
               
               
                   
                 capacitance 
                 2.5 μF 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The present disclosure includes that contained in the appended claims as well as that of the foregoing description. Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.