Patent Publication Number: US-7583347-B2

Title: Liquid crystal display having electrodes constituted by a transparent electric conductor

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/343,464, filed Jun. 17, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,414,682, which is based on International Application PCT/JP01/06575 filed Jul. 31, 2001, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application Nos. JP 2000-230449 filed Jul. 31, 2000 and JP 2000-255135 filed Aug. 25, 2000, the contents of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display and a fabrication method thereof. 
   BACKGROUND ART 
   Conventionally, there have been provided IPS (In-Plane-Switching)-mode (transversal electric field type) liquid crystal displays as liquid crystal displays having a wide viewing angle characteristic. However, in the IPS-mode liquid crystal display, since a pixel electrode for modulating liquid crystal and a counter electrode are required to be located relatively close to-one another on one of a pair of substrates retaining the liquid crystal therebetween, a display light incident on a liquid crystal panel is blocked by both electrodes, thereby reducing a display light emanating from the liquid crystal panel. Consequently, luminance of a display screen is decreased. 
   An IPS-mode liquid crystal display for the purpose of addressing this problem has been disclosed, for example, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 9-73101.  FIG. 25  is a plan view schematically showing a pixel structure of the liquid crystal display. As shown in  FIG. 25 , in a pixel  402  of the liquid crystal display  401  in a plan view, a comb-teeth shaped pixel electrode  403  and a counter electrode  404  are disposed so as to oppose to one another, and at least one of the pixel electrode  403  and the counter electrode  404  is constituted by a transparent electric conductor, thereby reducing the amount of display light to be blocked by the electrodes  403 ,  404 . Consequently, luminance of a display screen is increased correspondingly. 
   However, there is a problem in the liquid crystal display  401  as described below.  FIGS. 26   a  and  26   b  are views schematically showing an operation of the liquid crystal display  401 , wherein  FIG. 26   a  is a sectional view showing an electric field and an alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a pixel, and  FIG. 26   a  is a sectional view showing a transmittance distribution in the pixel. In these figures, constitutions of array substrates are simplified for the sake of illustration. In addition, the pixel electrode  403  and counter electrode  404  are here constituted by transparent electric conductors. As shown in  FIG. 26   a , the pixel electrode  403  and counter electrode  404  are provided on the array substrate  411  so as to oppose to one another (juxtaposed to one another) on the plane in which the array substrate  411  is present. Therefore, when a voltage is applied across the pixel electrode  403  and the counter electrode  404 , an electric field is formed such that both of the electrodes  403 ,  404  are connected by bow-shaped lines of electric force  406 , and liquid crystal molecules  405  are aligned along the lines of electric force. However, in an central portion of each of the electrodes  403 ,  404 , there is formed a boundary of the lines of electric force of opposite directions, where liquid crystal molecules are aligned vertically with respect to the array substrate  411  (hereinafter, simply referred to as vertically) and along the lines of electrical force extending toward a point at infinity, thereby forming a liquid crystal disclination area  301 . That is, the pixel is divided by the pixel electrodes  403  and the counter electrodes  404  into a plurality of domains. As a result, as shown in  FIG. 26   b , transmittance  302  of the liquid crystal panel (transmittance in a state in which a voltage is applied in a normally black mode; hereinafter simply referred to as transmittance) becomes high in an area located between the electrodes  403 ,  404  of the liquid crystal where the liquid molecules  405  are aligned horizontally with respect to the array substrate (hereinafter, referred to as horizontally) because a modulation rate of the liquid crystal molecules  405  becomes large, transmittance  302  becomes low in the disclination area  301  where the liquid molecules  405  are aligned vertically because a modulation rate of the liquid crystal molecules  405  becomes small, and transmittance  302  becomes medium in an area located above an portion other than the central portion of each of the electrodes  403 ,  404  where the liquid molecules  405  are aligned obliquely because a modulation rate of the liquid crystal molecules  405  becomes medium. The area  303  where the transmittance  302  is high, the area  304  where the transmittance  302  is medium, and the disclination area  301  respectively become a high contrast area, medium contrast area, and low contrast area. As described in the foregoing, since a display area includes the low contrast area  301 , an average contrast of the display screen of the liquid crystal display  401  is reduced. 
   DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention has been developed to address the above-described problem and an object thereof is to provide a liquid crystal display having a high luminance and a high contrast. 
   In order to achieve the object, the present invention consists of two aspects. In a first aspect, portions located below low contrast areas of light-transmitting electrode and the like are made to be light-non-transmitting portions, thereby improving contrast while keeping an effect of improvement of luminance. In a second aspect, reflectance of electrodes and the like is increased, thereby improving luminance without reducing contrast. 
   More specifically, a liquid crystal display according to the present invention comprises a liquid crystal panel for displaying an image by changing a transmittance of a display light and one or more structures dividing a pixel of the liquid crystal panel into a plurality of domains, characterized in that at least part of the structure is constituted by a light-transmitting portion and a light-non-transmitting portion. With this constitution, by locating the light-non-transmitting portion below a boundary portion of the domains formed on the structure, a display light incident on the light-transmitting portion transmits therethrough, thereby improving luminance of a display screen correspondingly. On the other hand, since a light incident on the light-non-transmitting portion does not transmit therethrough, the boundary portion of the domains that is a low contrast area is excluded from a display area, thereby improving an average contrast of the display screen correspondingly. 
   The structure may comprise a light-transmitting layer serving as the light-transmitting portion and a light-non-transmitting layer serving as the light-non-transmitting portion formed on inner surfaces of a pair of substrates retaining liquid crystal therebetween in the liquid crystal panel. In this constitution, the light-transmitting portion and the light-non-transmitting portion can easily be formed by photolithography. 
   The structure may divide the pixel into a plurality of domains by controlling an alignment of the liquid crystal. In this constitution, the present invention can be applied to a MVA-mode liquid crystal display. 
   The light-transmitting layer and the light-non-transmitting layer of the structure may be respectively constituted by a light-transmitting dielectric substance and a light-non-transmitting component. In this constitution, luminance and contrast can be improved in the MVA-mode liquid crystal display. 
   In the above case, the structure may divide the pixel into a plurality of domains by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal. In this constitution, the present invention can be applied to a PVA-mode and transversal electric field type liquid crystal display. 
   The light-transmitting layer and the light-non-transmitting layer of the structure may be respectively constituted by a light-transmitting electric conductor and a light-non-transmitting electric conductor. In this constitution, luminance and contrast can be improved in the PVA-mode and transversal electric field type liquid crystal display. 
   In the above case, the structure may be formed such that the light-non-transmitting layer is surrounded by the light-transmitting layer when seen in a direction perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel. In this constitution, since a low contrast area is typically formed in a central portion of the structure, proper exclusion of the low contrast portion from the display area enables the contrast to be improved. 
   The structure may be formed such that the light-non-transmitting layer and the light-transmitting layer are layered in this order on the inner surfaces of the pair of substrates. In this constitution, since the amount of display light absorbed at the light-transmitting layer is reduced, the amount of recycled light can be increased. Furthermore, with the structure formed by photolithography, a ridge portion is formed on a surface of the light-transmitting layer, and a disclination area is formed above the ridge portion, thereby reliably enabling the contrast to be improved. 
   The light-non-transmitting layer of the structure may be reflective. In this constitution, a light reflected on the light-non-transmitting layer is recycled, thereby enabling the luminance to be improved. 
   Furthermore, in a liquid crystal display according to the present invention, a liquid crystal display of transversal electric field type comprises a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal is retained between a pair of substrates, a plurality of scanning signal lines and a plurality of video signal lines formed so as to define a plurality of pixels in matrix on an inner surface of one of the pair of substrates, and a pixel electrode and a common electrode formed so as to be aligned in each pixel, wherein an image is displayed on the liquid display panel by inputting a video signal from the video signal line into the pixel electrode while sequentially selecting the pixel through the scanning signal line, characterized in that at least one of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode is partially constituted by a light-transmitting conductive layer and a light-non-transmitting conductive layer. In this constitution, luminance and contrast can be improved in the transversal electric field type. 
   A width of the light-transmitting conductive layer may be narrower than a width of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer. 
   The width of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer may be narrower than the width of the light-transmitting conductive layer by 1 μm or more. In this constitution, the luminance and the contrast can be suitably improved. 
   In the above case, the light-non-transmitting conductive layer and the light-transmitting conductive layer may be layered in this order on the inner surface of the substrate. In this constitution, since the amount of display light absorbed at the light-transmitting conductive layer is reduced, the amount of recycled light can be increased. 
   An electric conductivity of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer may be higher than an electric conductivity of the light-transmitting conductive layer. In this constitution, since a signal delay is reduced compared to the case where each of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode is entirely constituted by a light-transmitting electric conductor, flickering can be reduced. 
   The light-non-transmitting conductive layer may be constituted by a plurality of layers having a different reflectance, and a layer closest to the liquid crystal may have a lower reflectance than a layer closest to the substrate. In this constitution, since the amount of ambient light reflected on a surface of the liquid crystal side the light-non-transmitting conductive layer is reduced, the contrast can be improved. 
   The layer of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer closest to the liquid crystal may be constituted by an electric conductor having a higher reflectance than aluminum. In this constitution, the amount of recycled light is increased, thereby enabling the luminance to be improved. 
   A blackening process may be performed on a surface of the liquid crystal side of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer. In this constitution, since an ambient light is hardly reflected on a surface of the liquid crystal side of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer, the contrast can be suitably improved. 
   In the above case, a light-blocking layer may be formed on an inner surface of the other one of the pair of substrates so as to substantially overlap with the light-non-transmitting conductive layer when seen in a direction perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel. In this constitution, since an undesired light reflected on a surface of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer can be blocked, the contrast can be improved. 
   A blackening process may be performed on a surface of the liquid crystal side of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer. In this constitution; since an ambient light is hardly reflected on a surface of the liquid crystal side of the light-non-transmitting conductive layer, the contrast can be suitably improved. 
   In a liquid crystal display according to the present invention, a liquid crystal display of transversal electric field type may comprise a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal is retained between a pair of substrates, a plurality of scanning signal lines and a plurality of video signal lines formed so as to define a plurality of pixels in matrix on an inner surface of one of the pair of substrates, and a pixel electrode and a common electrode formed so as to be aligned in each pixel, wherein an image is displayed on the liquid display panel by inputting a video signal from the video signal line into the pixel electrode while sequentially selecting the pixel through the scanning signal line, characterized in that at least one of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode are partially constituted by a light-transmitting conductive layer and a light-non-transmitting conductive layer, and the other of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode, which are not constituted by a light-transmitting conductive layer and a light-non-transmitting conductive layer, have a light diffusive surface. In this constitution, since an ambient light diffused at the light diffusive upper surface can be used for a display light, a semi-transmittance liquid crystal display can be achieved. In addition, with the electrodes and the like constituted by a silver Ag-based material, the luminance can be further improved. 
   A light-blocking layer may be formed on an inner surface of the other one of the pair of substrates so as to substantially overlap with the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode that have a light diffusive surface when seen in a direction perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel. In this constitution, since an ambient light diffused at the light diffusive upper surface and passing through an area above the electrodes and the like having a low modulation ratio can be blocked, the contrast can be improved. 
   The light-non-transmitting conductive layer may be constituted by an electric conductor having a higher reflectance than aluminum. In this constitution, the amount of recycled light and hence the luminance can be improved. 
   A liquid crystal display according to the present invention comprises an array substrate on an upper surface of which a common electrode, a pixel electrode, a scanning signal line, a video signal line, and a semiconductor switching device are formed, an opposing substrate disposed so as to be opposite to the upper surface of the array substrate, a liquid crystal panel having a liquid crystal layer disposed between the array substrate and the opposing substrate, and a reflecting face, wherein a light reflected on the reflecting face is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, characterized in that at least one electrode of the common electrode and the pixel electrode is constituted by a electrode portion and a wiring portion, the electrode portion is at least partially constituted by a transparent electric conductor, the electrode portion is formed in a layer separated by an insulating layer from a layer in which the scanning signal line is formed, and the wiring portion is formed in the layer in which the scanning signal line is formed. In this constitution, since the electrode portion is at least partially constituted by a transparent electric conductor, the luminance is improved. Also, since the electrode portion of the electrode is separated by the insulating layer from the scanning signal line, short-circuit can be prevented. 
   The common electrode and the pixel electrode may be both constituted by a wiring portion and a comb-shaped electrode portion, and a width of the electrode portion at least partially constituted by a transparent electric conductor may be different from a width of the other part of the electrode portion. In this constitution, the width of the electrode portion constituted by a transparent electric conductor can be increased, thereby improving light-transmittance of the liquid crystal panel. 
   The width of the part of the electrode portion constituted by a transparent electric conductor may be larger than the width of the other part of the electrode portion. In this constitution, fabrication by use of photolithography can be simplified without reducing the light-transmittance of the liquid crystal panel. 
   In the above case, the common electrode and the pixel electrode may be both constituted by a wiring portion and a comb-shaped electrode portion, and widths of both of the common electrode portion and the pixel electrode portion may be such that liquid crystal molecules above an electrode portion constituted by a transparent electric conductor can be modulated by an electric field generated between both of the electrode portions. In this constitution, the light-transmittance can be improved without changing the driving system. 
   At least one of a width of each electrode portion of the common electrode and the pixel electrode and a spacing between both electrode portions of the common electrode and the pixel electrode may be substantially equal to or smaller than a spacing between the array substrate and the opposing substrate. In this constitution, since a vertical electric field is generated above the electrode portions, and an electric field strength above the electrode portions is increased, light-transmittance of portions where the electrode portions constituted by a transparent electric conductor in the liquid crystal panel is improved. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a higher luminance can be obtained. 
   In the above case, a width of each electrode portion of the common electrode and the pixel electrode may be 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less. In this constitution, combined with other conditions, liquid crystal molecules above the electrodes can be suitably modulated. 
   A liquid crystal display according to the present invention comprises a liquid crystal panel having an array substrate on an upper surface of which a common electrode, a pixel electrode, a scanning signal line, a video signal line, and a semiconductor switching device are formed, an opposing substrate disposed so as to be opposite to the upper surface of the array substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the array substrate and the opposing substrate and a reflecting face formed below the liquid crystal panel, wherein a light reflected on the reflecting face is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, characterized in that at least one of the common electrode, the pixel electrode, the scanning signal line, the video signal line, and the semiconductor switching device is at least partially constituted by a high reflectance electric conductor having a higher reflectance than aluminum. Generally, a light reflected toward the reflecting face on the common electrode, the pixel electrode, the scanning signal line, the video signal line, and the semiconductor switching device is reflected on the reflecting face and recycled, part of which is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, thereby contributing to the improvement of luminance of the liquid crystal panel. In this constitution, since at least part of members of the electrodes and the like is constituted by an high reflectance electric conductor having a higher reflectance than a commonly used aluminum, the amount of recycled light is increased by the amount of light reflected by the high reflectance electric conductor. Consequently, the light-transmittance of the liquid crystal panel is improved, and thereby a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. Furthermore, unlike prior art cases where an entire part of the electrodes and the like is made to be transparent, the contrast is not reduced. Accordingly, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance and a high contrast can be obtained. 
   In the above case, the high reflectance electric conductor has a lower resistivity than aluminum, and at least one of the common electrode, the pixel electrode, the scanning signal line, and the video signal line is constituted by a single layer of the high reflectance electric conductor. In this constitution, since the high reflectance electric conductor has a lower resistivity than aluminum, members of the common electrode and the like can be formed with a single layer, thereby enabling manufacturing cost to be reduced compared to a case where multi layers are formed. 
   A liquid crystal display according to the present invention comprises a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal is retained between a pair of substrates, a plurality of scanning signal lines and a plurality of video signal lines formed so as to define a plurality of pixels in matrix on an inner surface of one of the pair of substrates, a pixel electrode formed in each pixel and a common electrode formed on an inner surface of the other one of the pair of substrates, wherein an image is displayed on the liquid display panel by inputting a video signal from the video signal line into the pixel electrode while sequentially selecting the pixel through the scanning signal line, characterized in that a high reflectance layer having a higher reflectance than aluminum is formed across an insulating layer and below at least one of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, and the pixel electrode. In this constitution, the amount of recycled light is increased, and thereby the luminance of the display screen can be improved in a TN-mode liquid crystal display. 
   A liquid crystal display of transversal electric field type according to the present invention comprises a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal is retained between a pair of substrates, a plurality of scanning signal lines and a plurality of video signal lines formed so as to define a plurality of pixels in matrix on an inner surface of one of the pair of substrates, and a pixel electrode and a common electrode formed so as to be aligned in each pixel, wherein an image is displayed on the liquid display panel by inputting a video signal from the video signal line into the pixel electrode while sequentially selecting the pixel through the scanning signal line, characterized in that a high reflectance layer having a higher reflectance than aluminum is formed being separated by an insulating layer from at least one of the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode and therebelow. Also, in this constitution, the amount of recycled light is increased, and thereby the luminance of the display screen can be improved in a liquid crystal display of transversal electric field type. 
   The high reflectance layer may be formed to have substantially the same width as the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, and the common electrode located above the high reflectance layer. In this constitution, since an area of the high reflectance layer can be maximized without the reduction of the luminance caused by the high reflectance layer appearing to protrude from the scanning signal lines and the like, the luminance can be effectively improved. 
   The high reflectance layer may be formed so as to substantially overlap with the scanning signal lines, the video signal lines, the pixel electrode, or the common electrode located above the high reflectance layer when seen in a direction perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel. Also, in this constitution, since an area of the high reflectance layer can be maximized without reducing the luminance caused by the high reflectance layer running off projections of the scanning signal lines and the like, the luminance can be effectively improved. 
   A liquid crystal display according to the present invention comprises an array substrate on an upper surface of which a common electrode, a pixel electrode, a scanning signal line, a video signal line, and a semiconductor switching device are formed, an opposing substrate disposed so as to be opposite to the upper surface of the array substrate, a liquid crystal panel having a liquid crystal layer disposed between the array substrate and the opposing substrate, and a reflecting face, wherein a light reflected on the reflecting face is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, characterized in that at least one of the common electrode, the pixel electrode, the scanning signal line, the video signal line, and the semiconductor switching device has a plurality of layers which are non-transparent and having a different reflectance, and the plurality of layers are such that a layer closest to the liquid layer has a lower reflectance than a layer closest to the array substrate. In this constitution, since the amount of ambient light reflected by members of the common electrode and the like becomes relatively small compared to the amount of light recycled by the members of the common electrode and the like, reduction of the contrast due to an undesired light can be prevented. 
   The layer closest to the array substrate may be constituted by an electric conductor having a higher reflectance than aluminum. In this constitution, since the amount of recycled light is increased compared to prior art, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained, while preventing reduction of the contrast due to an undesired light. 
   In the above case, one of the common electrode and the video signal line may be provided so as to overlap with one another with an insulating layer interposed therebetween when seen in a direction perpendicular to the array substrate. In this constitution, an aperture ratio of the array substrate can be increased, thereby achieving a liquid crystal display having a high luminance. 
   A light-blocking layer may be provided on the substrate on which the pixel electrode is formed. In this constitution, the accuracy of positioning of the light-blocking layer is determined by the accuracy of printing at a time of manufacturing, thereby suppressing decrease in the aperture ratio due to displacement in bonding the array substrate to the opposing substrate. Consequently, a liquid crystal panel having a high aperture ratio and a high luminance can be achieved. 
   A color filter may be provided on the substrate on which the pixel electrode is formed. In this constitution, the accuracy of positioning of color filter is determined by the accuracy of printing at a time of manufacturing, thereby suppressing decrease in the aperture ratio due to displacement in bonding the array substrate to the opposing substrate. Consequently, a liquid crystal panel having a high aperture ratio and a high luminance can be achieved. 
   A portion of the common electrode and a portion of the pixel electrode between which a substantially transversal electric field is generated are respectively formed so as to have at least one bent portion and at least one bent portion that are bent to conform in shape to one another in a pixel. In this constitution, a viewing angle characteristic can be further improved. 
   The liquid crystal display may comprise a light-blocking layer, wherein the video signal line and the light-blocking layer are formed so as to have bent portions bent to conform in shape to the bent portions of the common electrode and the pixel electrode when seen in a direction perpendicular to the array substrate. In this constitution, increase in light-blocking area can be prevented by bending each of the electrode portions of the electrodes. 
   In the above case, the semiconductor switching device may be constituted by a channel etching type thin film transistor. In this constitution, the insulating layer separating the electrode portions constituted by the transparent electric conductor from the scanning signal lines is constituted so as to also play a role as a protection layer for the channel etching type TFT, thereby enabling manufacturing process to be simplified. Consequently, an optimum constitution can be achieved with respect to manufacturing process. 
   The semiconductor switching device may be constituted by a thin film transistor using poly-silicon. In this constitution, the semiconductor switching device can be down-sized, thereby improving the aperture ratio of the array substrate. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. 
   The higher reflectance than aluminum may be more than 90%. In this constitution, since the high reflectance electric conductor or the high reflectance layer has a higher reflectance than aluminum, a liquid crystal display having a higher light-transmittance and a higher luminance than prior art can be obtained. 
   The high reflectance electric conductor or the high reflectance layer may be made of an Ag-based material. In this constitution, since parts of members of the common electrode and the like are constituted by an Ag-based electric conductor having a higher reflectance than a commonly used aluminum, a reflectance of a portion constituted by the Ag-based electric conductor is increased, thereby increasing the amount of recycled light. Consequently, light-transmittance of the liquid crystal panel is improved, and thereby a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. 
   The object, as well as other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken with reference to the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a first embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 1   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 1   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line Ib-Ib of  FIG. 1   a;    
       FIG. 2  is a sectional view showing process steps of a fabrication method of a liquid crystal panel  101 ; 
       FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are views showing an operation of the liquid crystal display of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , wherein  FIG. 3   a  is a sectional view showing a pixel, and  FIG. 3   b  is a partially enlarged sectional view showing a section of a counter electrode; 
       FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a first modification of the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 4   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 4   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line IVb-IVb of  FIG. 4   a;    
       FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a second modification of the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 5   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 5   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line Vb-Vb of  FIG. 5   a;    
       FIG. 6  is a sectional view showing a transmittance distribution of the liquid crystal display according to the first embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a third embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 8  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 9  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 10  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 11  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 12  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  are views showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of the liquid crystal display of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , wherein  FIG. 13   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 13   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XIIIb-XIIIb of  FIG. 13   a;    
       FIG. 14  is a view showing changes in recycled light amount with respect to light reflection numbers when a backlight recycle rate is equal to 60%; 
       FIG. 15  is a view showing changes in recycled light amount with respect to light reflection numbers when the backlight recycle rate is equal to 90%; 
       FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b  are views showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 16   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 16   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XVIb-XVIb of  FIG. 16   a;    
       FIG. 17  is a view explaining a dimensional relationship between a line width of an electrode and a cell gap; 
       FIG. 18  is a sectional view showing a partial constitution of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIGS. 19   a  and  19   b  are views showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 19   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 19   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XIXb-XIXb of  FIG. 19   a;    
       FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b  are views showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 20   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 20   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XXb-XXb of  FIG. 20   a;    
       FIG. 21  is a plan view showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 22   a  and  22   b  are views showing a constitution in a vicinity of pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a fourteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 22   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 22   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XXIIb-XXIIb of  FIG. 22   a;    
       FIG. 23  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a fifteenth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 24  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a sixteenth embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 25  is a plan view schematically showing a constitution of a pixel of a conventional liquid crystal display; and 
       FIGS. 26   a  and  26   b  are views showing an operation of the conventional liquid crystal display, wherein  FIG. 26   a  is a sectional view showing an electric field and an alignment of liquid crystal molecules, and  FIG. 26   b  is a sectional view showing a transmittance distribution. 
   

   BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
   Hereinbelow, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to accompanying drawings. 
   FIRST EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a first embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 1   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 1   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line Ib-Ib of  FIG. 1   a.    
   In  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , the liquid crystal display according to the first embodiment includes a liquid crystal panel  101  having a display screen and a liquid crystal panel driving circuit (not shown) for displaying an image corresponding to a video signal on the display screen by modulating liquid crystal of the liquid crystal panel  101  in response to the video signal to change transmittance of a display light. In addition, the liquid crystal display is configured to be in a normally black mode. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , the liquid crystal display is constituted such that liquid crystal  156  is retained between an opposing substrate  155  and an array substrate  157 , both of which are opposing to one another. The opposing substrate  155  and the array substrate  157  are both constituted by a glass substrate. A black matrix (hereinafter, referred to as a light-blocking layer (not shown)), color filter (not shown), and alignment layer are layered on an inner face of the opposing substrate  155  in this order. The substrate thus constituted is hereinafter referred to as an opposing side substrate. A plurality of video signal lines  153  which are in parallel with one another and a plurality of scanning signal lines  154  which are in parallel with one another, when seen in a plan view, are formed in an inner surface of the array substrate  157  so as to be orthogonal to one another and in matrix. A pixel (a display region)  103  is constituted by a region defined by the plurality of video signal lines  153  and the plurality of scanning signal lines  154 . A mass of pixels  103  constitutes a display screen (not shown). A horseshoe-shaped pixel electrode  152  and a strip-shaped counter electrode (a common electrode)  151  are formed in each pixel  103  so as to oppose to one another. That is, the pixel electrode  152  and the counter electrode  151  are formed so as to oppose to one another in a comb-teeth shape. Then, both electrodes  152 ,  153  are formed so as to extend in parallel with the video signal lines  153 . Also, one end of the pixel electrode  152  is connected to the video signal line  153  through a semiconductor switching element  160 . The semiconductor switching element  160  is constituted by a channel etching type TFT (Thin Film Transistor). On the other hand, the counter electrode  151  is connected to a counter electrode bus line (a wiring portion)  158 . Then, a protection film  164  is formed so as to cover a surface of the array substrate  157  in which these structures are formed, and further an alignment layer is formed so as to cover the protection film  164  (not shown). Hereinbelow, the substrate thus constructed is referred to as an array side substrate. 
   The counter electrode  151  is constituted by two layers including a non-transparent conductive layer  151 A made of a metal having a high reflectance, for example, an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy having a reflectance of 98% in an visible light region and a transparent conductive layer  151 B constituted by a transparent electric conductor, for example, ITO. That is, the counter electrode  151  is constituted such that the elongated plate-shaped non-transparent conductive layer  151 A is formed on the array substrate  157 , and the transparent conductive layer  151 B is formed so as to cover a periphery of the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A. Thus, in the counter electrode  151 , when seen in a plan view, an edge portion thereof is constituted by the transparent conductive layer  151 B, and a central portion thereof is constituted by the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A. 
   Next, a fabrication method for the liquid crystal panel  101  thus constructed will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b , and  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  is a sectional view showing process steps of the fabrication method of the liquid crystal panel  101 . 
   First of all, a fabrication method of an array side substrate will be described. As shown in  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b , and  FIG. 2 , in order to fabricate the array side substrate, a thin-film conductive layer made of an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy and having a film thickness of approximately 0.1 μm is formed on one main face of a glass substrate  157  serving as an array substrate using a vacuum forming machine. 
   Then, the scanning signal line  154 , non-transparent conductive layer  151 A of the counter electrode  151 , and counter electrode bus line  158  are selectively formed by photolithography using a first photomask ( FIG. 1   a ,  FIG. 2   a ). 
   The, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film  151 ′ is formed by sputtering so as to be 0.04-0.2 μm in thickness (approximately 0.1 μm in the present embodiment) on an entire surface of the glass substrate  157  ( FIG. 2   b ). 
   Thereafter, patterning is performed by photolithography using a second photomask such that a line width of the ITO film  151 ′ should cover the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A. In this way, a transparent conductive layer  151 B is formed ( FIG. 2   c ). In the present embodiment, the line width of the transparent conductive layer  151 B is configured to be wider than that of the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A by 1 μm or more on one side and 2 μm or more on both sides. 
   Then, using plasma CVD equipment, three kinds of thin-film layers including a silicon nitride SiNx layer to be a gate insulating layer of TFT  161 , an amorphous silicon a-Si layer  162  containing little impurities to be a channel of TFT, and an N-type amorphous silicon n + a-Si layer  163  are sequentially formed on an entire surface of the glass substrate  157  so as to be respectively 0.3 μm, 0.2 μm, and 0.03 μm in thickness. Thereafter, the amorphous silicon a-Si layer  162  is selectively left on a portion to be the channel of TFT by using a third photomask, thereby forming a channel portion of TFT ( FIGS. 2   d ,  2   e ). 
   Then, a thin-film  152 ′ made of an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy is formed by sputtering on an entire surface of the glass substrate  157  so as to be approximately 0.1 μm in thickness ( FIG. 2   f ). 
   Thereafter, patterning is performed by photolithography using a fourth photomask on the thin-film  152 ′ made of an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy, thereby selectively forming a video signal line  153  and a pixel electrode  152  ( FIG. 1   a ). 
   Then, etching is performed on the N-type amorphous silicon n + a-Si layer  163  such that the N-type amorphous silicon n + a-Si layer  163  remains on a portion to be source and drain regions of the TFT. In this way, the TFT  160  using the channel etching type amorphous silicon is formed. It should be noted that, in the above process, the amorphous silicon a-Si layer  162  and the N-type amorphous silicon n + a-Si layer  163  can be laser-annealed to form a poly-silicon p-Si layer and a N-type poly-silicon n + p-Si layer respectively, thereby forming a TFT  160  using poly-silicon. 
   Then, using plasma CVD equipment, a protection film  164  constituted by a silicon nitride layer is deposited. Thereafter, an alignment layer is formed on the protection film  164  ( FIG. 2   g ). 
   Finally, although not shown in the figures, for the purpose of supplying an electric signal to the scanning signal line  154  and the video signal line  153 , the silicon nitride layer  164  serving as a passivation insulating layer on the electrodes is selectively removed in a periphery portion of the glass substrate  157  using a fifth photomask, thereby exposing terminal electrodes. 
   Next, a fabrication method for the opposing side substrate will be described. In this case, the light-blocking layer, color filter, and alignment layer are sequentially formed on one main surface of the glass substrate  155  serving as the opposing substrate. The light-blocking layer is formed so as to mask the scanning signal line  154  and video signal line  153  for light blocking. 
   Then, a liquid crystal panel  101  is assembled using a predetermined method in such a way that a liquid crystal  156  is retained in a gap between the opposing side substrate and the array side substrate. 
   Then, a liquid crystal panel driving circuit and a backlight are added, thereby completing the fabrication of the liquid crystal display. 
   Next, operation of the liquid crystal display thus constituted and fabricated will be described.  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are views showing the operation of the liquid crystal display of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , wherein  FIG. 3   a  is a sectional view showing the pixel, and  FIG. 3   b  is a partially enlarged sectional view showing the counter electrode. 
   As shown in  FIG. 3   a , in the liquid crystal display, when a voltage is applied across the pixel electrode  152  and the counter electrode  151 , an electric field described in the prior art is formed between the pixel electrode  152  and the counter electrode  151  in response to the applied voltage, and a disclination area  301  is formed in a central portion of each of the electrodes  151 ,  152 . Liquid crystal  156  in a pixel  103  is divided by the disclination area  301  into a plurality of domains  391 . However, in the counter electrode  151 , when seen in a plan view, an edge portion-thereof is constituted by the transparent conductive layer  151 B, and a central portion thereof is constituted by the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A. Therefore, since a display light  801   b  which is incident on the transparent conductive layer  151 B is transmitted therethrough, luminance of a display screen is improved correspondingly. On the other hand, since a display light  801   c  which is incident on the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A is reflected on the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A and returned back to a backlight, light recycling efficiency of the backlight is improved. In addition, since the disclination area  301  which is a low contrast area located above the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A is removed from the display area, an average contrast of the display screen is improved correspondingly. 
   Furthermore, in the case similar to the present embodiment where the counter electrode  151  is a two-layer structure in which the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A is covered by the transparent conductive layer  151 B and formed by a method of photolithography, a ridge portion  501  is formed in an upper face of the outer layer  151 B, and a ridge portion  164   a  reflecting the ridge portion  501  is also formed in a layer (an alignment layer not shown) contacting with the liquid crystal  156 . Therefore, a boundary of lines of electric force  406  is formed in the ridge portion  164   a , so that the disclination area  301  is formed above the ridge portion  164   a . Consequently, the contrast can be reliably improved since the distination area  301  is reliably positioned above the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A. 
   Furthermore, since the central portion of the counter electrode  151  is constituted by the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A made of a silver Ag-based material having a high electrical conductivity, signal delay can be reduced compared to prior art in which the counter electrode  151  is constituted only by the transparent conductive layer made of ITO having a low electrical conductivity, thereby enabling flickering to be reduced. 
   Next, an example of modification of the present embodiment will be described.  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a first modification example, wherein  FIG. 4   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 4   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line IVb-IVb of  FIG. 4   a.    
   In the example of the present modification, in addition to the counter electrode  151 , the pixel electrode  152  is also a two-layer structure including a non-transparent conductive layer  152 A and a transparent conductive layer  152 B, thereby enabling luminance and contrast of the display screen to be further improved. It should be noted that, of course, in the pixel electrode  152 , similarly to the counter electrode  151 , the ridge portion  164   a  shown in  FIG. 3   b  is also formed, thereby allowing an effect in which the contrast of the display screen reliably is improved to be obtained. 
     FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  are views showing a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display according to a second modification example, wherein  FIG. 5   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 5   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line Vb-Vb of  FIG. 5   a.    
   In the example of the present modification, the pixel electrode  152  is a two-layer structure including the non-transparent conductive layer  152 A and the transparent conductive layer  152 B. Also, in this structure, the luminance and contrast of the display screen can be improved. 
   Finally, effects of the present embodiment will be summarized for the sake of better clarification.  FIG. 6  is a sectional view showing a transmittance distribution of the liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment. 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , as shown in the examples of three constitution, at least one of the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode  152  of the liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment is a two-layer structure including a non-transparent conductive layer and a transparent conductive layer ( FIG. 6  shows the case where both of the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode  152  are of two-layer structure). In this structure, when a voltage is applied across the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode  152 , transmittance  302  becomes high in an area  303  located between the electrodes  151 ,  152  of liquid crystal, transmittance  302  becomes low in the disclination area  301 , and transmittance  302  becomes medium in an area  304  located above a portion excluding the central portion of each of the electrodes  151 ,  152 . As a result, of the display lights  801 , a display light  801   b  which is incident on the area  304  having medium transmittance  302  as well as a display light  801   b  which is incident on the area  303  having high transmittance  302  is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, and therefore, luminance of the display screen is correspondingly improved. On the other hand, of the display lights  801 , a display light  801   c  which is incident on the disclination area  301  is reflected on the non-transparent conductive layer  151 A,  152 A of each of the electrodes  151 ,  152 , and thus the disclination area  301  having low transmittance is removed from the display area. Consequently, an average contrast of the display screen is improved correspondingly. 
   While, in the examples of the constitutions, an inner portion of the pixel  103 , that is, only electrodes located in the display area have a two-layer structure, the scanning signal line  154 , video signal line  153 , or the like may also have a two-layer structure. 
   SECOND EMBODIMENT 
   In the first embodiment, the non-transparent conductive layer and the transparent conductive layer are formed using different photomasks. However, in the present embodiment, a transparent conductive layer is formed using the same mask as a photomask used to form a non-transparent conductive layer. In particular, in forming the non-transparent conductive layer, a line width of the non-transparent conductive layer is adjusted by over-etching so as to be smaller than a line width of the photomask in an etching process. Thereafter, in forming the transparent conductive layer, the degree of over-etching is adjusted in the etching process such that a line width of the transparent conductive layer is wider than the line width of the previously made non-transparent conductive layer. The degree of over-etching on the non-transparent conductive layer is the degree to which the line width of the non-transparent conductive layer becomes 2 μm narrower than the line width of the photomask. 
   With this forming method, an electrode constituted by two layers including a non-transparent conductive layer and a transparent conductive layer can be formed without increasing the number of photomasks. 
   THIRD EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 7  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 7 , the same reference numerals as in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 7 , in the present embodiment, light-blocking layers  322  corresponding to the non-transparent conductive layers  151 A,  152 A of the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode  152  are formed on the opposing substrate  155 . The light-blocking layers  322  are formed so as to overlap with the non-transparent conductive layers  151 A,  152 A when seen from a direction vertical to the liquid crystal panel  101 . The other respects are similar to those of the first embodiment. 
   In this constitution, an ambient light incident from the opposing substrate  155  and reflected on the none-transparent conductive layers  151 A,  152 A, that is, an undesired light is reduced, thereby enabling the contrast of the display screen to be improved. 
   Furthermore, as an example of modification of the present embodiment, a blackening processed layer  376  may be formed on surfaces of the non-transparent conductive layers  151 A,  152 A of the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode  152 , instead of providing the light-blocking layer  322 . The blackening processed layer  376  is formed by forming a chromium layer having a low reflectance on the surfaces or by performing plasma treatment after forming a silver Ag-based material on the surfaces. In this constitution, an incident ambient light from the opposing substrate  155  side is absorbed by the blackening processed layer  376 , thereby reducing an undesired light. Consequently, the contrast of the display screen can be improved. 
   FOURTH EMBODIMENT 
   A fourth embodiment of the present invention exemplifies a constitution of an IPS-mode semi-transmittance liquid crystal display. 
     FIG. 8  is a sectional view schematically showing the constitution of the liquid crystal display according to the fourth embodiment. In  FIG. 8 , the same reference numerals as in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 8 , in the present embodiment, either one of the counter electrode  151  and the pixel electrode (the pixel electrode in  FIG. 8 ) is constituted by the non-transparent electric conductor, an upper face  152   a  of the electrode  152  constituted by the transparent electric conductor is formed to be light diffusive. The other respects are similar to those of the first embodiment. 
   In this constitution, since an incident ambient light  802  from the opposing substrate side is diffused at the light diffusive upper surface  152   a , the diffused light can be used as a display light. Consequently, a semi-transmittance liquid crystal display can be achieved. Furthermore, if materials for the electrodes and the like can be constituted by silver Ag-based or the like metallic materials having a high reflectance, the luminance of the display screen can be improved. 
   FIFTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 9  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 9 , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 8  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 9 , according to the present embodiment, a light-blocking layer  323  is formed at a position on the opposing substrate  155  corresponding to the electrode  152  whose upper surface was formed to be light diffusive in the liquid crystal display of the fourth embodiment. In this constitution, among lights reflected on the upper surface  152   a  of the electrode  152 , an undesired light incident on an observer&#39;s eye through a liquid crystal layer having a low modulation ratio and located above the electrode  152  can be reduced, thereby further improving the contrast of the display screen. 
   SIXTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 10  is a sectional view schematically showing a liquid crystal display according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. 
   As shown in  FIG. 10 , in the present embodiment, the present invention is applied to a so-called MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment)-mode liquid crystal display. That is, according to a liquid crystal panel  101  in the liquid crystal display  101  of the present embodiment, transparent electrodes made of ITO are respectively formed on inner surfaces of an opposing substrate  351  and an array substrate  353  in a pixel, and ribs having a triangular-shaped section are formed on surfaces of each of the transparent electrodes so as to protrude alternately from the opposing substrate  351  side and the array substrate  353  side. The rib  355  formed on the opposing substrate  351  side is made of dielectric substance similarly to prior art. On the other hand, the rib  356  formed in the array substrate  353  side is constituted by two layers including a non-transparent conductive layer  356 A formed on a transparent electrode  354  and a transparent dielectric layer  356 B formed so as to cover the non-transparent conductive layer  356 A. The non-transparent layer  356  is made of conductive material having a high reflectance. In the liquid crystal display thus constituted, liquid crystal molecules  405  are oriented obliquely due to an action of the dielectric substances of the ribs  355 ,  356 . As a result, a disclination area  301  is formed in a ridge portion of the rib  355 ,  356 , and this disclination area is a low contrast area having a low transmittance (modulation) similarly to the case of the IPS-mode. However, in the present embodiment, the rib  356  in the array substrate  353  side is constituted such that the non-transparent conductive layer  356 A is positioned below the ridge. Therefore, a display light  801   b  incident on the transparent dielectric layer  356 B passes through this, thereby correspondingly improving the luminance of the display screen. On the other hand, a display light  801   c  incident on the non-transparent conductive layer  356 A is reflected on the non-transparent conductive layer  356 A and returned back to a backlight, thereby improving light recycling efficiency of the backlight and excluding the disclination area  301  located above the non-transparent conductive layer  356 A from the display area. Consequently, an average contrast of the display screen is improved correspondingly. 
   It should be noted that the rib  355  on the opposing substrate  351  side may be of a two-layer structure including a non-transparent conductive layer and a transparent dielectric layer. 
   In addition, although, in the above-mentioned constitution, the non-transparent layer of the two-layer structure is constituted by an electric conductor, since the non-transparent layer only needs to have a light reflectance, the non-transparent layer may-be constituted by a dielectric substance or a semiconductor having a light reflectance. 
   SEVENTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 11  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention. 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , in the seventh embodiment, the present invention is applied to a so-called PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment)-mode liquid crystal display. That is, in a liquid crystal panel  101  of a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment, electrodes are respectively formed on inner surfaces of an opposing substrate  361  and an array substrate  362  so as to protrude alternately from the opposing substrate  361  side and the array substrate  362  side in a pixel. The electrode  363  formed in the opposing substrate  361  side is constituted by a transparent electric conductor made of ITO, similarly to prior art. On the other hand, the electrode  364  formed in the array substrate  353  side is constituted by two layers including a non-transparent conductive layer  364 A formed on the array substrate  362  and a transparent conductive layer  364 B made of ITO formed so as to cover the non-transparent conductive layer  364 A. The non-transparent conductive layer  364  is made of conductive material having a high reflectance. In the liquid crystal display thus constituted, an electric field is formed obliquely between the electrode  363  in the opposing substrate  361  side and the electrode  364  in the array substrate  362  side, and liquid crystal molecules  405  are oriented obliquely according to the electric field. As a result, a disclination area  301  is formed in a central portion of each electrode  363 ,  364 , and this disclination area  301  is a low contrast area having a low transmittance (modulation), similar to the case of IPS-mode. However, in the present embodiment, the electrode  364  in the array substrate  362  side is constituted such that the non-transparent conductive layer  364 A is positioned in the central portion. Therefore, a display light  801   b  incident on the transparent conductive layer  364 B passes through this, thereby correspondingly improving the luminance of the display screen. On the other hand, a display light  801   c  incident on the non-transparent conductive layer  364 A is reflected on the non-transparent conductive layer  364 A and returned back to a backlight, thereby improving light recycling efficiency of the backlight and excluding the disclination area  301  located above the non-transparent conductive layer  364 A from the display area. Consequently, an average contrast of the display screen is improved correspondingly. 
   It should be noted that the electrode  368  on the opposing substrate  361  side may be of a two-layer structure including a non-transparent conductive layer and a transparent dielectric layer. 
   EIGHTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 12  is a view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  are views showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel in a liquid crystal display of  FIG. 12 , wherein  FIG. 13   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 13   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XIIIb-XIIIb of  FIG. 13   a . The direction of the liquid crystal display is defined as shown in  FIG. 12  for the sake of convenience. 
   As shown in  FIG. 12 , the liquid crystal display  100  includes a liquid crystal panel  101  and a backlight  10 , the backlight  10  being disposed directly below the liquid crystal panel  101 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 12  and  FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b , in the liquid crystal panel  101 , an opposing substrate  1 B is located so as to be opposite to an upper surface of an array substrate  1 A, and liquid crystal is located between both substrates  1 A,  1 B. A wiring layer  102  is formed on the upper surface of the array substrate  1 A. In addition, an alignment layer  9 A is formed so as to cover the upper layer of the array substrate  1 A on which the wiring layer was formed. In addition, a light-blocking layer  13  having a grid or stripe shape is formed on a lower surface of the opposing substrate  1 B, and a color filter  8  is formed so as to cover the lower surface of the opposing substrate  1 B on which the light-blocking layer  13  was formed. Furthermore, an alignment layer  9 B is formed so as to cover a lower layer of the color filter  8 . Then, the liquid crystal  2  is located between the alignment layer  9 A formed on the array substrate  1 A and the alignment layer  9 B formed on the opposing substrate  1 B. In addition, polarizing films (not shown) are respectively provided on the lower surface of the array substrate  1 A and the upper surface of the opposing substrate. 
   A backlight  10  includes a light guiding plate  10   b , a reflecting plate (reflecting surface)  10   c , and a light source  10   a . The light guiding plate  10   b  is provided below the liquid crystal panel  101 . A pair of tubular light sources  10   a  are provided along a pair of opposing side faces of the light guiding plate  10   b . The reflector  10   c  is provided so as to cover other side faces and a lower surface of the light guiding plate  10   b . Furthermore, a lamp reflector (not shown) is provided so as to cover a periphery of the light source  10   a  excluding a portion thereof facing the light guiding plate  10   b , and a diffusive sheet (not shown) for diffusing light is provided on the upper surface of the light guiding plate  10   b.    
   Next, the above-mentioned wiring layer  102  will be described in detail. An electric circuit for changing the alignment of liquid crystal  2  (hereinafter, referred to as a liquid crystal operation circuit) is constituted by a load portion and a power supply portion. The load portion is constituted by a portion formed within the wiring layer of the liquid crystal panel  101 , and the power supply portion is constituted by a so-called liquid crystal panel drive circuit. The liquid crystal panel drive circuit is not shown. Circuit components (hereinafter, referred to as in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components) such as a common electrode  3 , a pixel electrode  4 , and the like are formed in the wiring layer  102  as the load portion of the liquid crystal operation circuit. 
   As shown in  FIG. 13   a , a common electrode  3 , a pixel electrode  4 , a video signal line  5 , a scanning signal line  6 , and a semiconductor switching device  7  are formed on the array substrate  1  as the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components. 
   In a plan view, the video signal line  5  and the scanning signal line  6  are respectively formed linearly, and a plurality of video signal lines  5  and a plurality of scanning signal lines  6  are orthogonal and provided on the array substrate  1 A so as to be in matrix. An area defined by the video signal lines  5  and the scanning signal lines  6  constitutes a pixel  103 . In each pixel  103 , the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  are both formed to be string-shaped (strip-shaped to be more accurate) and constituted by electrode portions  3   a ,  4   a  functioning practically as an electrode by generating a transversal electric field and wiring portions  3   b ,  4   b ′,  4   b ″ functioning as a wire connecting the electrode portions with each other and the electrode portions with other in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components. The common electrode  3 , in the present embodiment, is provided such that three electrode portions  3   a  having a certain length are bent in a zigzag at certain intervals and extend in an extending direction of the video signal line  5 , and the wiring portion  3   b  is provided so as to linearly extend in an extending direction of the scanning signal line  6 , connecting central portions of each electrode portion  3   a . The wiring portion  3   b  is connected to an earth terminal not shown. The pixel electrode  4  is, in the present embodiment, provided such that two electrode portions  4   a  extend in an extending direction of the video signal line  5  and between the three electrode portions  3   a  of the common electrode  3  so as to be bent in a zigzag and so as to conform in shape to the electrode portions  3   a  of the common electrode  3 . The electrode portions  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  and the electrode portions  3   a  of the common electrode  3  are evenly spaced with each other. One ends of the electrode portions  4   a  are connected by means of the wiring portion  4   b ′ located on the scanning signal line  6 , and the other end of one electrode portion  4   a  is connected to the semiconductor switching device  7  by means of the L-shaped wiring portion  4   b ″. The semiconductor switching device  7  is provided in the vicinity of an intersection of the video signal line  5  and the scanning signal line  6  for each pixel. The semiconductor switching device  7  is constituted by a well-known TFT, a gate electrode is connected to the scanning signal line  6 , a source is connected to the video signal line  5 , and a drain is connected to the wiring portion  4   b ″ of the pixel electrode  4 . 
   Additionally, the wiring layer  102  is, in a sectional view, formed on the array substrate  1  by layering the common electrode  3  and the scanning signal line  6 , the insulating layer (not shown), and the pixel electrode  4 , and the video signal line  5  in this order and from the bottom up. It should be noted that  FIG. 13   b  illustrates the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  as being in the same layer for the sake of simple description. 
   Next, materials will be described. The array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B are made of transparent glass. The alignment layer  9 A,  9 B is made of material capable of aligning molecules of the liquid crystal  2  such as polyimide. The semiconductor switching device  7  is made of amorphous silicon a-Si used for an active semiconductor layer. 
   The common electrode  3 , the pixel electrode  4 , the video signal line  5 , and the scanning signal line  6  are made of Ag-based metallic materials having a high reflectance of substantially 95% or more in the visible light region (hereinafter, referred to as high reflectance metallic materials). Of such metallic materials, an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy is preferable in consideration of etching performance and reliability required for patterning in photolithography. Since Ag-based metallic materials have a low electric resistivity, the use of an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy enables the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components to be constituted by a single layer, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost in comparison with the use of multi-layers of Al-based, Cr-based, etc. metallic materials. Furthermore, owing to the low electric resistivity, a layer thickness of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components can be reduced, thereby enabling the alignment to be reliably formed. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having high picture qualities such as high contrast and low uneven luminance can be achieved. In the present embodiment, an Ag—Pd—Cu alloy is used as a high reflectance metallic material. The composition ratio is Ag:Pd:Cu=0.981:0.009:0.010. 
   Next, a fabrication method for the liquid crystal display thus constituted will be described. In  FIGS. 12 and 13 , first of all, a conductive layer made of high reflectance metallic material is formed on an array substrate  1 A, and a common electrode  3  and a scanning electrode line  6  are formed by patterning the conductive layer. Then, an insulating layer (not shown) is formed so as to cover a surface of the common electrode  3  and the scanning electrode line  6 . Thereafter, a semiconductor switching device  7  is formed of amorphous silicon a-Si or the like, a conductive layer made of high reflectance metallic material is formed, and a pixel electrode  4  and a video signal line  5  are formed by patterning the conductive layer. 
   Then, an alignment layer  9 A made of polyimide is formed on a surface of the array substrate  1  on which the pixel electrode  4  and the video signal line  5  were formed. 
   On the other hand, a light-blocking layer  102  and a color filter  8  are sequentially formed on an opposing substrate  1 B. In the color filter  8 , color filter materials of R (red), G (green), and B (blue) are arranged in a predetermined pattern. Then, an alignment layer  9 B made of polyimide is formed on a surface of the opposing substrate  1 B on which the color filter  8  was formed. 
   Then, initial alignments are respectively developed in predetermined directions in the array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B thus constructed. Then, peripheral portions of-the array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B are bonded together using a sealing agent, and thereafter a space formed between both substrates is filled with liquid crystal  2  and then sealed, thus completing a liquid crystal panel  101 . Thereafter, a backlight  10  is mounted to the liquid crystal panel  101 . 
   Next, operation of the liquid crystal display  100  thus constituted will be described. In  FIG. 13 , the semiconductor switching device  7  is controlled for on/off according to a driving signal inputted through the video signal line  5  and the scanning signal line  6 . Then, a voltage is applied across the pixel electrode  4  and the common electrode  3  depending on the control state of the semiconductor switching device  7 , thereby causing a transversal electric field to be generated. The alignment of the liquid crystal  2  varies according to the generated transversal electric field, and transmittance of an incident light from the backlight  10  varies according to the variation, thereby controlling the luminance of each pixel  103  for an image display. 
   By the way, generally, in a display method using an IPS-mode, since the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  are formed to be lined up side-by-side on the array substrate  1 A, an aperture ratio of the array substrate  1 A is reduced to 30-40%. On the other hand, a light emanating from the light source  10   a  of the backlight  10  is repeatedly reflected on the reflector  10   c  and the like and reaches to the array substrate  1 A through the light guiding plate  10   b . Only part of the light is transmitted through an aperture of the array substrate  1 A, that is, through a portion of the array substrate  1 A where the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components such as the common electrode  3 , the pixel electrode  4 , and the like are not formed. However, the other part of the light, after reflected on the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components, is repeatedly reflected within the backlight  10  and the array substrate  1 A, during which part of the other part of the light is sequentially transmitted through the aperture. That is, even light unable to be transmitted through the aperture of the array substrate  1 A is recycled when reflected toward the reflecting plate  10   c , and part of the recycled light is transmitted through the aperture, thereby contributing to improvement of the luminance of the liquid crystal panel  101 . 
   In  FIG. 13   b , dashed lines having arrows show a light tracking view illustrating a state in which a light emanating from the light source  10   a  is reflected on the reflecting plate  10   c , traveling toward the array substrate  1 A, then reflected on the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4 , thereafter returning back to the backlight  10 , reflected again on the reflecting plate  10   c , then further traveling toward the array substrate  1 A, and finally transmitted through the aperture. A light transmitted through the aperture of the array substrate  1 A after repeatedly reflected in the manner described above is defined as a recycled light. Therefore, the amount of recycled light increases or decreases depending on the reflectance of each component constituting the liquid crystal panel  101  and backlight  10 , the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel  101 , and the number of reflections. 
   In a conventional liquid crystal display, metallic materials for use in the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components have hardly been selected in view of these respects. Rather, in view of cost, or etching performance, reliability, or the like, Cr-based or Al-based alloys, or a multi-layer wiring formed by combining these alloys with metal such as Ti, Zr, Mo, or the like has been frequently used. 
   However, these metallic materials do not have a high reflectance, and, especially, a Cr-based alloy has a low reflectance of approximately 60%. Therefore, a light emanating from the light source  10   a  of the backlight  10  loses a large amount of light by being repeatedly reflected on the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components. Accordingly, the amount of light to be used as a recycled light is small, and the recycled light could hardly contribute to the improvement of the luminance. Therefore, in a conventional IPS-mode liquid crystal display, decrease in aperture ratio of the array substrate directly lead to the reduction of the luminance of the liquid crystal panel, thereby making the screen dark. 
   In contrast, the present invention pays attention to the fact that recycled light contributes to the improvement of the luminance. In the liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment, metallic materials having a high reflectance are used as materials for in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components. Accordingly, since the amount of light to be lost while a light emanating from a light source  10   a  of the backlight is repeatedly reflected between the backlight  10  side and the array substrate  1 A side or within the liquid crystal panel  101  can be reduced, the amount of light that can be used as recycled light is increased, thereby enabling the recycled light to contribute to the improvement of the luminance. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. In addition, differently from prior art, where the entire part of the electrodes was made transparent, the reduction of the contrast is not brought about. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance and a high contrast can be achieved. 
   By the way, the backlight  10  is actually constituted by a diffusive sheet, a collecting prism, a polarization conversion film, and the like, as well as the light source  10   a , the light guiding plate  10   b , and the reflector  10   c  and thus very complicated. And, this constitution also depends on the model. For the purpose of analyzing the influence of reflectance of the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4 , two kinds of backlights having different constitutions are selected, and for the two kinds of backlights, a rate (hereinafter, referred to as a recycling rate) was actually measured between the amount of light returned to the backlight  10  side and the amount of light returned to the backlight  10  side, reflected, and again incident on the liquid crystal panel  101 . As a result, the recycling rates of the two kinds of backlights were different and approximately 60% and 90%, respectively. Hereinbelow, by comparing these two backlights, influences of reflectance of the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  (hereinafter, simply referred to as electrodes) on the amount of recycled light are examined. Here, the amount of recycled light is represented as a rate expressed in % of the amount of light emanating from the light source  10   a  of the backlight  10  to the amount of light transmitted through the array substrate  1 A. 
     FIG. 14  is a view showing change in the amount of recycled light with respect to the number of light reflections in the case where the recycling rate of the backlight is 60%. In  FIG. 14 , reflectance of an electrode is a parameter, and the relationship between the number of light reflections and the amount of recycled light is shown in the case where the reflectance of the electrode is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 98%.  FIG. 14  shows that when the reflectance of the electrode is increased, the amount of recycled light is increases irrespective of the number of reflections. For example, when the light reflectance is changed from 60% to 98%, increase in the amount of recycled light is approximately 5% (5 points) of the increase when the number of reflections is 5. 
     FIG. 15  is a view showing change in the amount of recycled light with respect to the number of light reflections in the case where the recycling rate of the backlight is 90%. Similarly to  FIG. 14 , in  FIG. 15 , the relationship between the number of light reflections and the amount of recycled light is also shown in the case where the reflectance of the electrode is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 98%.  FIG. 15  shows that when the light reflectance is changed from 60% to 98%, increase in the amount of recycled light is 50% (50 points) of the increase when the number of reflections is 5 and 30% (30 points) of the increase when the number of reflections is 10. Accordingly, increase in the amount of recycled light with respect to increase in reflectance of an electrode is very large, compared to the case in  FIG. 14 . Furthermore, when the reflectance of an electrode is changed from 90% to 30%, increase in the amount of recycled light is approximately 20% (20 points) of the increase when the number of reflections is either 5 or 10. 
   Application of the above-mentioned results to actual electrode materials shows that since the reflectance of Cr-based metallic material is approximately 60%, and the reflectance of Ag-based metallic material is approximately 98%, change of the electrode material from Cr-based to Ag-based will increase the amount of recycled light and thereby improve the luminance. Especially, when the recycling rate of the backlight is large, even small change in the reflectance of electrode from 90% to 98%, that is, change of the electrode material from Al-based to Ag-based, will improve the luminance greatly. 
   In addition, in the present invention, since each electrode portion  3   a ,  4   a  of the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  is bent, molecules of the liquid crystal  2  are rotated in two directions. Therefore, colors of the liquid crystal pane  101  are offset with respect to each other in the case when the liquid crystal panel is seen from a tilted angle, thereby achieving a liquid crystal panel  101  having less color variation irrespective of viewing directions. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a wide viewing angle can be achieved. 
   Furthermore, while each one of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components is entirely made of metallic materials having a high reflectance in the present embodiment, some of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components may be made of metallic materials having a high reflectance, or a certain one of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit component may be partially made of metallic material having a high reflectance. 
   NINTH EMBODIMENT 
   A ninth embodiment of the present invention exemplifies a liquid crystal display having a common electrode constituted by a transparent electric conductor among liquid crystal displays in which at least either one of a common electrode and a pixel electrode is constituted by a transparent electric conductor. 
     FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b  are views showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to the present invention, wherein  FIG. 16   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 16   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XVIb-XVIb of  FIG. 16   a . In  FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 13  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   According to the present embodiment, differently from the eighth embodiment, the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  is constituted by the transparent electric conductor, and the wiring portion  3   b  is made of metallic material having a high reflectance, as shown in  FIG. 16 . The electrode portion  3   a  and the wiring portion  3   b  are separated by an insulating layer (a second insulating layer  11  and a first insulating layer not shown), and the electrode portion  3   a  and the wiring portion  3   b  are connected through a contact hole  11   a  provided in the insulating layer. That is, when seen in a sectional view, the wiring layer  102  is formed on the array substrate  1  by layering the wiring portion  3   b  of the common electrode and the scanning signal line  6 , the first insulating layer (shown by reference numeral  14  in  FIG. 19   b ), the pixel electrode  4  and the video signal line  5 , the second insulating layer  11 , and the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode in this order and from the bottom up. It should be noted that the first insulating layer is not shown in  FIG. 16   b  for the sake of simple description. The other respects are similar to those of the eighth embodiment. 
   Next, a fabrication method of the liquid crystal display thus constituted will be described with reference to  FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b.    
     FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b , first of all, a conductive layer made of high reflectance metallic material is formed on the array substrate  1 A, and then patterning is performed on the conductive layer so as to form a predetermined shape, thus forming the wiring portion  3   b  of the common electrode  3  and the scanning signal line  6 . The first insulating layer (not shown) is formed so as to cover a surface of the common electrode  3  and the scanning signal line  6 . Then, a semiconductor switching device  7  constituted by an a-Si layer and a n + -type a-Si layer (both are not shown) is formed on a predetermined portion of the first insulating layer. Furthermore, a conductive layer made of metallic material having a high reflectance is formed on a portion of the first insulating layer where the semiconductor switching device  7  was formed and on a predetermined portion of the semiconductor switching device  7 . Patterning is performed on the conductive layer to form a predetermined shape, thus forming the video signal line  5  and the pixel electrode  4 . 
   Then, a second insulating layer  11  made of SiNx or the like is formed on a surface of the array substrate  1 A in which the video signal line  5  and the pixel electrode  4  were thus formed. The second insulating layer  11  also plays a role as a protection film for protecting the semiconductor switching device  7 . 
   Then, a transparent conductive layer made of ITO is formed on the second insulating layer  11 , and patterning is performed to form a predetermined shape, thus forming the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode. 
   Here, contact holes  11   a  (see  FIG. 19   b ) are respectively provided in the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer  11  to achieve an electric conduction between the wiring portion  3   b  of the common electrode made of metallic material having a high reflectance and three electrode portions  3   a  of the common electrode constituted by the transparent electric conductor. 
   Thereafter, the liquid crystal display is attained through the same process steps as in the eighth embodiment. 
   In the liquid crystal display thus constituted, since the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  is constituted by the transparent electric conductor, the aperture ratio of the array substrate  1 A is increased. 
   However, electric field intensities in areas above the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  and an electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  are smaller than an electric field intensity in an area positioned between the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  and the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4 . Therefore, in order to substantially increase the aperture ratio of the array substrate  1 A, the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  is not only constituted by the transparent electric conductor, but molecules of the liquid crystal  2  positioned above the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  also need to be reliably modulated (alignment is changed). 
   Hereinbelow, the conditions under which the molecules of the liquid crystal  2  positioned above the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  could be modulated by an electric field generated between the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  and the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  will be described. These conditions are requirements on a line width of an electrode, spacing between electrodes, a cell gap, and a liquid crystal material. 
     FIG. 17  is a view explaining the relationship between a line width of an electrode and a dimension of a cell gap, which is a sectional view showing the same portion as in  FIG. 16   b.    
   In  FIG. 17 , d represents a cell gap, w 1  represents a line width of the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode, w 2  represents a line width of the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode, and L represents spacing between the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode and the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode. In the present embodiment, the line width of the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode w 1  is equal to 5˜m, the line width of the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode w 2  is equal to 4˜tm, and the spacing between the electrodes L is equal to 10˜tm. That is, each of the line widths w 1 , w 2  of the electrode portions  3   a ˜ 4   a  of the common electrode  3  and the pixel electrode  4  is structured to be substantially equal to the spacing (cell gap) d between the array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B. Here, since the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode is constituted by the transparent electric conductor, the line width w 1  thereof may be thicker than the line width w 2  of the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode constituted by the transparent electric conductor. 
   Furthermore, a cyanide-based liquid crystal material having approximately 10% or 20% of cyanide-based chemical compound is used as a material for the liquid crystal  2 , and a retardation Δn·d (product of cell gap d and refractive index difference Δn) is set to approximately 350 nm. In addition, the material for the liquid crystal  2  has a spray elastic constant K 11  of 12 (pN), a twist elastic constant K 22  of 7 (pN), a bend elastic constant K 33  of 18 (pN), and a dielectric constant anisotropy Δ ∈ of +8. Here, the dielectric constant anisotropy Δ ∈ and the bend elastic constant K 33  are important to determine a driving voltage for the liquid crystal. In particular, preferably, the dielectric constant anisotropy Δ ∈ is +8 or more, and the bend elastic constant K 33  is 18 (pN) or less. 
   Combining the spacing L of the electrodes, the line widths w 1 , w 2  of the electrodes, and the cell gap d as described above with the liquid crystal  2  thus constituted enables the electric field strength above the electrode portions of the electrodes to be sufficiently increased with a commonly used driving voltage (approximately 5 V), thereby allowing molecules of the liquid crystal  2  positioned above the electrode portions of the electrodes to be modulated to drive the liquid crystal  2 . In this way, the molecules of the liquid crystal  2  positioned above the electrode portions of the electrodes are reliably modulated. Thereby, in cooperation with the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode constituted by the transparent electric conductor, the aperture ratio of the array substrate  1 A is substantially increased. Consequently, the luminance of the liquid crystal display is improved. 
   Furthermore, when the spacing L between the electrode portions of the electrodes or the line widths w 1 , w 2  of the electrode portions of the electrodes is grater than the cell gap d, only a transversal electric field is generated. However, when the spacing L between the electrode portions of the electrodes or the line widths w 1 , w 2  of the electrode portions of the electrodes is equal to or smaller than the cell gap d, not only a transversal electric field is generated, but a vertical electric field due to peripheral electric fields of the electrodes is also generated. For example, when the spacing L between the electrode portions of the electrodes is equal to 3 μm, the line widths w 1  and w 2  are equal to 4 μm, and the cell gap d is equal to 5 μm, not only a transversal electric field but also a vertical electric field are generated, thereby increasing the electric field strength above the electrode portions of the electrodes. Consequently, a high transmittance is achieved. Therefore, the spacing L between the electrode portions of the electrodes and the line widths w 1 , w 2  of the electrode portions of the electrodes are preferably smaller than the cell gap d. 
   Furthermore, line widths of the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode and the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode are preferably 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less in consideration of fabrication conditions in addition to modulation conditions for the molecules of the liquid crystal  2 . 
   It should be noted that, of course, in the present embodiment, since the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components excluding the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode are made of metallic material having a high reflectance, the effect of improving the luminance by recycled light could be obtained, similarly to the eighth embodiment. However, in the present embodiment, since the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode is constituted by the transparent electric conductor, slight increase in the line width thereof will not substantially decrease the aperture ratio. Accordingly, in the case where the effect of improving the luminance by recycled light cannot be obtained much, it is preferable that the pixel electrode  4  constituted by the non-transparent electric conductor should be downsized as much as possible, and the line width of the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode should be widened. 
   Furthermore, similarly to the eighth embodiment, when the scanning signal line  6  and the common electrode  3  are formed in the same layer, a distance between the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode and the scanning signal line  6  becomes 3-6 μm. Since they are formed very close to each other, there have been a high probability that a fault occurs due to short-circuit. However, in the present embodiment, the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode is formed in a layer separated by first and second insulating layers from a layer in which the scanning signal line  6  is formed, thereby eliminating the fault due to short-circuit. 
   While, in the above description, only the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode is constituted by the transparent electric conductor, the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  may be constituted by the transparent electric conductor. In this case, a wiring portion of the pixel electrode is formed in the same layer that the pixel electrode  4  is formed in the case described above, and the electrode portion of the pixel electrode is formed in the same layer that the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  is formed in the case described above. It should be note that both of the electrode portions of the common electrode and the pixel electrode may be constituted by the transparent electric conductor. 
   Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the semiconductor switching device  7  is constituted by the channel etching type TFT. Since the second insulating layer also plays a role as a protection layer, employing the channel etching type TFT in the liquid crystal display in which the electrode portions of the electrodes are constituted by the transparent electric conductor provides optimum constitution with respect to the process. 
   TENTH EMBODIMENT 
   A tenth embodiment of the present invention exemplifies a liquid crystal display constituted such that in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components are constituted by a plurality of layers having different reflectance, an array substrate side layer has a high reflectance, and a liquid crystal side layer has a low reflectance. 
     FIG. 18  is a view showing a constitution of a portion of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 18 , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 13   b  denote the same or corresponding elements. A constitution in the vicinity of the pixel of the liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment, when seen in a plan view, is identical to the liquid crystal display  100  of the eighth embodiment, that is, the constitution shown in  FIG. 13   a .  FIG. 18  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XIIIb-XIIIb of  FIG. 13   a.    
   In  FIG. 18 , the electrode portion  3   a  of the common electrode  3  has a two-layer structure constituted by a high reflectance layer  3   a ′ formed in the array substrate  1 A side and a low reflectance layer  3   a ″ formed in the liquid crystal  2  side. Furthermore, the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  has a two-layer structure constituted by a high reflectance layer  4   a ′ formed in the array substrate  1 A side and a low reflectance layer  4   a ″ formed in the liquid crystal  2  side. The high reflectance layers  3   a ′,  4   a ′ of the electrode portions  3   a ,  4   a  of both electrodes  3 ,  4  are made of metallic material having a high reflectance, and the low reflectance layers  3   a ″,  4   a ″ are made of, for example, Cr-based metallic material having a reflectance of approximately 60%. Other in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components that are not shown, that is, a wiring portion of the common electrode, a wiring portion of the pixel electrode, the video signal line, the scanning line, and a wiring portion of the semiconductor switching device also have the same two-layer structures as described above. 
   Function and effects of the liquid crystal display thus constituted will be described. If all of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components are constituted by the high reflectance electric conductor similarly to the eighth embodiment, a reflected light due to an ambient light such as room light, that is, an undesired light is increased, and the amount of light in dark display is increased, thereby causing the contrast to be decreased. Therefore, formation of a low reflectance layer in a side of the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components where the liquid crystal panel  101  is seen, that is, in the opposing substrate  1 B side enables a portion of the undesired light to be absorbed, thereby suppressing decrease in the contrast due to the undesired light. 
   It should be noted that in the case where the high reflectance layer is constituted by the high reflectance electric conductor, a thickness thereof may be any thickness which can reflect a light satisfactorily but not necessarily determined based on an electric resistance thereof. For example, 2000 angstrom or more may be suitable. 
   Furthermore, the low reflectance layer is not necessarily constituted by the electric conductor; the low reflectance layer may be made of non-conductive material having a low reflectance. 
   Furthermore, while, in the above description, the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components are of two-layer structure, the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components may be constituted by 3 or more layers. For example, a structure in which an ordinary conductive layer is retained between a low reflectance layer and a high reflectance layer may be suitable. 
   ELEVENTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 19   a  and  19   b  are views showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 19   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 19   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XIXb-XIXb of  FIG. 19   a . In  FIGS. 19   a  and  19   b , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 16  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 19   a  and  19   b , differently from the ninth embodiment, a light-blocking layer  13  is provided on the array substrate  1 A in the present embodiment. The light-blocking layer  13  is formed between the second insulting layer  11  and the alignment layer  9 A so as to be positioned above the video signal line  5  and have a wider width than the video signal line  5 . Accordingly, the light-blocking layer  13  is formed to be stripe-shaped in the present embodiment. The other respects are similar to those of the ninth embodiment. Reference numeral  14  denotes the first insulating layer not shown in  FIG. 16 . Furthermore, although not shown in  FIG. 16 , the contact hole  11   a  is filled with an electric conductor. In this constitution, since the light-blocking layer  13  is formed on the array substrate  11 A together with wiring of the video signal line  5 , the accuracy of positioning of the light-blocking layer  13  is determined by the accuracy of printing at the time of manufacturing, thereby suppressing decrease in the aperture ratio due to displacement in bonding the array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B. Consequently, a liquid crystal panel having a high aperture ratio and a high luminance can be achieved. 
   TWELFTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b  are views showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to an twelfth embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 20   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 20   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XXb-XXb of  FIG. 20   a . In  FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 13  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b , differently from the eighth embodiment, the common electrode  3  is constituted by a so-called multi-layer common electrode, and the video signal line  5  is constituted by a so-called multi-layer video signal line. That is, the common electrode  3  includes an electrode portion  3   c ′ located in a pixel  103  similar to the eighth embodiment and, in addition thereto, an electrode portion  3   c ″ located above the video signal line  5 , that is, above a borderline of the pixel  103 , and these electrode portions  3   c ′,  3   c ″ are connected by a wiring portion  3   b . Describing more in detail, an electrode portion  4   a  and wiring portions  4   b ′,  4   b ″ of the pixel electrode  4  and the video signal line  5  are formed on an upper surface of the array substrate  1 A, an insulating layer  11  is formed thereon, and the electrode portions  3   c ′,  3   c ″ of the common electrode  3  are formed on the insulating layer  11 . The electrode portions  3   c ′,  3   c ″ of the common electrode  3  and the electrode portion  4   a  of the pixel electrode  4  are formed so as to extend linearly in an extending direction of the video signal line  5 . Furthermore, the electrode portion  3   c ″ located above the vide signal line  5  of the common electrode  3  is formed so as to have a slightly wider width than the video signal line  5 . The other respects are similar to those of the eighth embodiment. 
   In this constitution, since a transversal electric field is formed as far as an area close to the borderline of the pixel  103 , a substantial aperture ratio of the array substrate can be increased. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. 
   THIRTEENTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 21  is a plan-view showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 21 , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 19  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 21 , differently from the eleventh embodiment, in the present embodiment, the video signal line  5  and the light-blocking layer  13  are formed so as to be bent in a zigzag and extend conforming in shape to respective electrode portions  3   a ,  4   a  of sideways-pointing-shaped common and pixel electrodes  3 ,  4  in a direction perpendicular to an extending direction of the scanning signal line  6 . The other respects are similar to those of the eleventh embodiment. In this constitution, increase in light-blocking area caused by bending the electrode portion  3   a ,  4   a  of each electrode  3 ,  4  can be prevented. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. 
   FOURTEENTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 22   a  and  22   b  are views showing a constitution in the vicinity of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display according to an fourteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein  FIG. 22   a  is a plan view, and  FIG. 22   b  is a sectional view taken in the direction of arrows substantially along line XXIIb-XXIIb of  FIG. 22   a . In  FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 16  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 22   a  and  22   b , differently from the ninth embodiment, the light-blocking layer  13  and a color filter  8  are formed on the array substrate  1 A in the present embodiment. The other respects are similar to those of the ninth embodiment. In this constitution, since the light-blocking layer  13  and the color filter  8  are formed on the array substrate  1 A together with wirings of the video signal line  5 , the scanning signal line  6 , and the like, accuracy of positioning of the light-blocking layer  13  and the color filter  8  is determined by accuracy of printing at the time of manufacturing, thereby suppressing decrease in an aperture ratio due to displacement in bonding the array substrate  1 A and the opposing substrate  1 B. Consequently, a liquid crystal panel having a high aperture ratio and a high luminance can be achieved. 
   FIFTEENTH EMBODIMENT 
   A fifteenth embodiment of the present invention is a combination of the first embodiment and the tenth embodiment. 
     FIG. 23  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment. In  FIG. 23 , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 12  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 23 , in the liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment, in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components  381  formed on an inner face of the array substrate  1 A is constituted by a transparent layer  381 A formed on the array substrate  1 A and a non-transparent layer  381 B,  381 C formed thereon and having a narrower width than it. Then, the non-transparent layer  381 B,  381 C includes a plurality of layers (two layers, herein), a layer closest to the array substrate  1 A is made of material having a highest reflectance, a layer  381 C closest to the liquid crystal layer is made of material having a lowest reflectance, and a blackening process is performed on a surface thereof ( 380 D). The transparent layer is made of, for example, ITO. Furthermore, the layer  381 B is made of, for example, silver Ag-based alloy, and the layer  381 C is made of, for, example, chromium Cr-based alloy. Also, a blackening process of the layer  381 C is performed by, for example, providing a low reflectance chromium layer  381 D thereon, or performing plasma-treatment after providing silver Ag-based material thereon. 
   In this constitution, similarly to the first embodiment, the contrast and the luminance are improved because of the two-layer structures of the transparent layer  381 A and the non-transparent layer  381 B,  381 C. Furthermore, even when an ambient light  802  is incident from the opposing substrate  1 B on the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components  381 , since a surface thereof is blackened, reflection is prevented. Consequently, the contrast of the display screen is improved. 
   Furthermore, for the purpose of simplification, the blackening process ( 381 D) may be omitted. Even in this case, improvement in the contrast can be obtained because of the reduction of undesired light. 
   SIXTEENTH EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 24  is a sectional view schematically showing a constitution of a liquid crystal display according to a sixteenth embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 24 , the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 12  denote the same or corresponding elements. 
   As shown in  FIG. 24 , in the present embodiment, a high reflectance layer  371 ′ is formed below in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components  371  formed on the array substrate  1 A with an insulating layer  372  interposed therebetween. The high reflectance layer  371 ′ is made of, for example, silver Ag-based material and formed so as to overlap with the in-panel liquid crystal operation circuit components  371  when seen in a direction-perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel  101 . 
   In this constitution, the amount of recycled light is increased, and the luminance of the display screen is improved. It should be noted that this constitution could be similarly applied to non-transparent wirings such as scanning signal line, video signal line and the like formed on an array substrate of a TN-mode liquid crystal display. 
   In the first to seventh embodiments, the two-layer structure including a layer constituted by a transparent body (a transparent electric conductor or a transparent dielectric substance) and a layer constituted by a non-transparent body (a non-transparent electric conductor or a non-transparent dielectric substance) in the structure formed in the pixel may be formed by forming a layer constituted by a transparent body and then a layer constituted by a non-transparent body having a narrower width than the layer constituted by a transparent body. Furthermore, such a structure constituted by a non-transparent portion and a transparent portion may be such that, when seen in a direction perpendicular to the liquid crystal panel, an edge thereof is constituted by a transparent body, and a central portion thereof is constituted by a non-transparent body, and therefore may be structured such that an island-shaped non-transparent portion is surrounded by an annular transparent portion, rather than the two-layer structure. 
   In the eighth to eleventh and fourteenth embodiments, the electrode portions may be of other shape than bent-shape, that is, of linear-shape, enclosure-shape, and the like. In either shape, an effect of substantially increasing the aperture ratio can be obtained. 
   In the first to fifteenth and eighth to fourteenth embodiments, while the case where the semiconductor switching device was constituted by the channel etching type TFT was described, the semiconductor switching device may be constituted by a channel protection-type TFT or any other type of semiconductor switching device. 
   In the eighth to fourteenth embodiments, if the semiconductor switching devices are constituted by an active semiconductor layer made of p-Si (polysilicon), the semiconductor switching device can be downsized. Specifically, for example, in the TFT  160  shown in  FIG. 1   b , a channel portion can be constituted by a polysilicon p-si layer in place of the amorphous silicon a-si layer  162 , and the source area and drain area can be constituted by N-type polysilicon n + p-Si layer in place of N-type amorphous silicon n + a-Si layer  163 . While, the above embodiments,  FIGS. 13 ,  16 ,  19 ,  20 ,  21  illustrate the semiconductor switching device  7  as being placed in the area above the scanning signal line  6 , the semiconductor switching device actually runs over the area of the pixel  103 . Therefore, downsizing of the semiconductor switching device  7  enables the aperture ratio of the array substrate  1 A to be increased. Consequently, a liquid crystal display having a high luminance can be obtained. 
   In the first to fourteenth embodiments, the backlight was used as a light source. Alternatively, only a reflecting plate may be provided, and a reflected light obtained in such a way that an ambient light from the opposing substrate side is reflected on the reflecting plate may be used as a light source. 
   Numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the description is to be construed as illustrative only, and is provided for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the best mode of carrying out the invention. The details of the structure and/or function may be varied substantially without departing from the spirit of the invention.