Patent Publication Number: US-2023133392-A1

Title: Automatic generation of question answer pairs

Description:
The following disclosure(s) are submitted under 35 U.S.C. 102(b)( 1 )(A), and are attached hereto as Appendix A and Appendix B:
     [1] Yao, Bingsheng and Wang, Dakuo and Wu, Tongshuang and Hoang, Tran and Sun, Branda and Li, Toby Jia-Jun and Yu, Mo and Xu, Ying, “It is AI&#39;s Turn to Ask Human a Question: Question and Answer Pair Generation for Children Storybooks in FairytaleQA Dataset,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.03423 (2021); and   [2] Zhang, Zheng and Xu, Ying and Wang, Yanhao and Yao, Bingsheng and Ritchie, Daniel and Wu, Tongshuang and Yu, Mo and Wang, Dakuo, “StoryBuddy: A Human-AI Collaborative Agent for Parent-Child Interactive Storytelling with Flexible Parent Involvement,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.03423 (2021).   

     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to artificial intelligence (AI), and more specifically, to the use of AI for human computer interaction (HCI). 
     The development of the EDVAC system in 1948 is often cited as the beginning of the computer era. Since that time, computer systems have evolved into extremely complicated devices. Today&#39;s computer systems typically include a combination of sophisticated hardware and software components, application programs, operating systems, processors, buses, memory, input/output devices, and so on. As advances in semiconductor processing and computer architecture push performance higher and higher, even more advanced computer software has evolved to take advantage of the relatively higher performance of those capabilities, resulting in computer systems today that are more powerful than just a few years ago. 
     Today, information technology (IT) departments are transitioning from a traditional infrastructure of separate, static, physical data processing systems (DPS) to a dynamic mix of on-premises, managed cloud, private cloud, and public cloud environments, running on virtualized or software-defined resources that scale and reconfigure constantly. Applications and systems across these environments, however, generate large volumes of data. 
     Traditional, domain-based IT management solutions can only provide limited help. For example, traditional solutions cannot intelligently sort the significant events out of the surrounding data. Further, these traditional solutions cannot correlate data across different (but interdependent) environments. Additionally, such traditional solutions cannot provide the real-time insight and predictive analysis that IT operations teams desire. Also, these traditional solutions cannot provide real-time insight and predictive analysis fast enough to meet user and customer service level expectations. 
     Artificial intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) generally refers to a collection of solutions that provide visibility into performance data and dependencies across all environments; analyze the data to extract significant events related to slow-downs or outages; and automatically alert IT staff to problems, their root causes, and recommended solutions. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a computerized method for automatically generating question and answer pairs comprising receiving an input document, the input document comprising content. The method may further comprise generating, by a first machine learning model from the input document, a plurality of answers based on the content of the input document, and generating, by a second machine learning model from the input document, a question for each of the plurality of answers to form a plurality of question-answer pairs. The method may further comprise ranking, by a third machine learning model, the plurality of question-answer pairs, selecting a predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs, and returning the predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs to a user. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a system for automatically generating question and answer pairs, comprising a processing unit and a memory coupled to the processing unit. The memory may contain program instructions executable by the processing unit to cause the processing unit to receive an input document, the input document comprising content. The memory may further contain program instructions to generate, by a first machine learning model from the input document, a plurality of answers based on the content of the input document, and generate, by a second machine learning model from the input document, a question for each of the plurality of answers to form a plurality of question-answer pairs. The memory may further contain program instructions to rank, by a third machine learning model, the plurality of question-answer pairs, select a predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs, and return the predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs to a user. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a computer program product for generating question and answer pairs, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to receive an input document, the input document comprising content. The program instructions may further cause the processor to generate, by a first machine learning model from the input document, a plurality of answers based on the content of the input document, and generate, by a second machine learning model from the input document, a question for each of the plurality of answers to form a plurality of question-answer pairs. The program instructions may further cause the processor to rank, by a third machine learning model, the plurality of question-answer pairs, select a predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs, and return the predetermined number of highest ranked question-answer pairs to a user. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a computerized method for building a dialogue flow, comprising receiving an input document, the input document comprising content, and generating, by a question-answer pipeline, a plurality of question-answer pairs from the content of the input document. For each question-answer pair, the method may further comprise feeding the question of the question-answer pair into an intent of a dialogue flow structure, and feeding the answer of the question-answer pair as one response of the intent. The method may further comprise tagging each of the plurality of question-answer pairs with a corresponding document section index, reading, by a conversational agent, the input document to a user, pausing the reading when the conversational agent reaches one of the document section indices in the input document, and in response, reading the question corresponding to the document section indicia to the user. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a computer program product for building a dialogue flow, comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions may be executable by a processor to cause the processor to collect user input for a plurality of input document texts via a graphical web user interface, using the user input to train a first deep learning model, feed a new input document text to the first deep learning model, and extract, by the first deep-learning model, a plurality of question-answer pairs from the input text. The program instructions may further cause the processor to tag of the plurality of question-answer pairs with the corresponding document section index, and generate, by a second deep-learning model for at least some of the plurality of question-answer pairs, at least one additional answer with a similar semantic meaning to the answer and at least one contradictory additional answer with an opposite semantic meanings to the answer, and form a plurality of &lt;question, correct answers, incorrect answers&gt; tuples from the question-answer pairs, the additional answers, and the contradictory answers. For each &lt;question, correct answers, incorrect answers&gt; tuple, the program instructions may further cause the processor to feed each question into a new intent of a dialogue flow structure, feed the correct answers as one response of the intent, and feed the incorrect answers as another response option of the intent. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a system for building a dialogue flow, comprising a processing unit, and a memory coupled to the processing unit. The memory may contain program instructions executable by the processing unit to cause the processing unit to receive an input document, the input document comprising content, and generate, by a question-answer pipeline, a plurality of question-answer pairs from the content of the input document. For each question-answer pair, the memory may further contain program instructions to cause the processing unit to feed the question of the question-answer pair into an intent of a dialogue flow structure, and feed the answer of the question-answer pair as one response of the intent. The memory may further contain program instructions to cause the processing unit to tag each of the plurality of question-answer pairs with a corresponding document section index, read, by a conversational agent, the input document to a user, pause the reading when the conversational agent reaches one of the document section indices in the input document, and in response, reading the question corresponding to the document section indicia to the user. 
     The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings included in the present application are incorporated into, and form part of, the specification. They illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, along with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. The drawings are only illustrative of certain embodiments and do not limit the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates one embodiment of a data processing system (DPS), consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates one embodiment of a cloud environment suitable for an edge enabled scalable and dynamic transfer learning mechanism. 
         FIG.  3    shows a set of functional abstraction layers provided by a cloud computing environment. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates an example ML model, consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 B  depicts one embodiment of a ML model training method is depicted, consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a system diagram of a QA generation pipeline, consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating one method of automatically generating a list of QA Pairs from an input document consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a system diagram of a conversational agent system, consistent with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8 A- 8 B  are a flow chart illustrating one method of operating the conversational agent system in more detail, consistent with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate to artificial intelligence (AI), more particular aspects relate to the use of AI for human computer interaction (HCI). While the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to such applications, various aspects of the disclosure may be appreciated through a discussion of various examples using this context. 
     Many IT departments are becoming overwhelmed by the amount of information available to them from various structured and unstructured sources. For example, many IT products are provided with rich product documentation. Counter-intuitively, however, the very scope of that documentation may make it hard for IT staff to find the particular portion(s) of the documentation that is relevant at any particular moment. Moreover, information gaps may develop as IT staff try to piece together that documentation with the results of Internet search(es) on various subjects. 
     To assist their customers&#39; IT staff, some enterprise IT system developers utilize Question and Answer (QA) systems, which may take a natural language question as input and return results indicative of the most probable answer to the input question. In particular, some QA systems may interpret a natural language input question; analyze large sources of content (e.g., product documentation) with regard to the input question; and then generate an answer to the input question, together with a confidence measure as to how accurate that answer is with respect to the input question. 
     QA systems are not merely document search systems. One difference between a QA system and document search systems is that the document search systems typically take a keyword query and return a list of documents, ranked in order of relevance to the query. QA systems, on the other hand, may take a question expressed in natural language, seek to understand it in detail, and return a precise answer to that question. For example, an end user of a QA system may enter a question in natural language form (e.g., via a chatbot) much as if they were asking another person. In response, the QA system may sift through vast amounts of potential evidence to return a ranked list of relevant answers. These output of the QA system may also include summaries of justifying/supporting evidence, which may enable the end user/customer to quickly assess that evidence. 
     QA systems are also not merely a search engine. While a search engine (e.g., an Internet web search engine) typically has access to an immense source of information and can quickly find relevant results (e.g., web pages) given a small number of query terms, search engine do not return answers to questions; rather, search engines return a ranked list of results (e.g., web pages) that the user may be trying to find. 
     Traditional, knowledge-based artificial intelligence approaches to QA systems try to logically prove an answer is correct from a logical encoding of the question and from all the domain knowledge relevant to that question. Such traditional approaches have challenges, however, including the prohibitive time and manual effort involved in acquiring the relatively large volumes of knowledge they require, and then formally encoding that knowledge into logical formulas that are accessible to their models. Further, these traditional approaches have difficulty understanding natural language questions well enough to exploit such formal encodings. Consequently, such traditional QA systems tend to falter in terms of breadth. Template based approaches have been applied to partially ameliorate this problem, but such template based approaches are prone to error, and typically only point to a relevant page or section, but not the correct answer itself. 
     Accordingly, some embodiments of the present disclosure may provide an AIOps system that uses big data, analytics, and machine learning (ML) capabilities to do one or more of the following: (i) collect and aggregate the relatively large volumes of operations data generated by multiple IT infrastructure components, applications, and performance-monitoring tools; (ii) intelligently sift ‘signals’ out of the ‘noise’ to identify events and patterns related to system performance and availability issues; (iii) diagnose and report root causes to IT for rapid response and remediation—or, in some cases, automatically resolve these issues without human intervention; and (iv) replace multiple separate, manual IT operations tools with a single, intelligent, and automated IT operations platform. By replacing manual IT operations tools in this way, some embodiments may enable IT operations teams to respond more quickly—even proactively—to slowdowns and outages, with less effort. Accordingly, some embodiments may be useful by bridging the gap between an increasingly diverse, dynamic, and difficult-to-monitor IT landscape on the one hand, and meeting user expectations for little or no interruption in application performance and availability on the other. 
     More specifically, some embodiments may use artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically generate and then rank question-answer (QA) pairs from source documents, such as product documentation. In some embodiments, the AI may perform four operations: (i) parsing a new input document; (ii) extracting key concepts from the input document, and then using those key concepts to generate candidate answers; (iii) for each candidate answer, generating one or more questions that may lead to that answer, thereby forming a plurality of question and answer (QA) pairs; and (iv) ranking all of the QA pairs, and then selecting/returning a predetermined number of the highest ranked QA pairs. As an illustrative example, one of the input documents may comprise the following text:
         CICS® TS for z/OS® product documentation is provided in information centers for download to your environment. IBM® plans to provide a version of IBM Knowledge Center for use offline. When this is available, it will replace the CICS TS information centers.   You can set up the information center to run on a server over your organization&#39;s intranet, or as a local installation on your own system. CICS information centers consist of a framework—the IBM User Interface Help System, built on Eclipse—and content, delivered as a set of document plug-ins. CICS information centers run in a Windows, Linux®, AIX®, or z/OS® environment. You view the information center in your usual Web browser.   You can choose to download either a package that includes both the Eclipse framework and the CICS content, or simply the CICS content to integrate with an existing information center. To download the information center that includes both CICS content and the Eclipse framework, go to the: IBM Publications Center. To download only the CICS content, go to the CICS information download site.
 
Some embodiments of the present disclosure may generate the corresponding QA pairs from that input text:
   &lt;“Where can I download CICS content?”,“CICS information download site &lt;https://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx?”&gt;&lt;“What environments can CICS run on?”,“Windows, Linux, AIX, or z/OS” ?&gt;
 
These resulting QA pairs may be useful to automatically generate a frequently asked questions (FAQ) page and/or to automatically generate response trees for use by chat bots.
       

     In some embodiments, the AI may comprise a deep-learning architecture to automatically generate questions and answers using three subsystems: an answer extraction subsystem, a question generation subsystem, and a ranking subsystem. The answer generation subsystem may comprise a first a first deep-learning model that parses an input document and identifies parts of speech, named entities, and semantic roles. The answer generation subsystem may further comprise a second deep-learning model that identifies key facts and relationships using the parsed document as input. The question generation subsystem may comprise a third deep-learning model that takes one of the answers and the parsed documentation as input, and then generates one or more questions that match that answer. This operation may be repeated for each of the answers, forming a plurality of QA pairs. The ranking subsystem may comprise a fourth deep-learning model that ranks the QA pairs, both in terms of relative importance (e.g., what would a typical IT staff member find important in the input document) and in terms of semantic correctness, and returns a predetermined number of the highest ranking QA pairs. The deep-learning models may be trained by collecting user input for related input texts (e.g., questions from real customers/users relating to similar product documentation). In this way, some embodiments may generate questions similar to those that would be submitted by actual customers in response to the new input document (e.g., a new product&#39;s documentation). 
     Data Processing System (DPS) 
       FIG.  1    illustrates one embodiment of a data processing system (DPS)  100   a ,  100   b  (herein generically referred to as a DPS  100 ), consistent with some embodiments.  FIG.  1    only depicts the representative major components of the DPS  100 , and those individual components may have greater complexity than represented in  FIG.  1   . In some embodiments, the DPS  100  may be implemented as a personal computer; server computer; portable computer, such as a laptop or notebook computer, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), tablet computer, or smartphone; processors embedded into larger devices, such as an automobile, airplane, teleconferencing system, appliance; smart devices; or any other appropriate type of electronic device. Moreover, components other than or in addition to those shown in  FIG.  1    may be present, and that the number, type, and configuration of such components may vary. 
     The DPS  100  in  FIG.  1    may comprise a plurality of processing units  110   a - 110   d  (generically, processor  110  or CPU  110 ) that may be connected to a main memory  112 , a mass storage interface  114 , a terminal/display interface  116 , a network interface  118 , and an input/output (“I/O”) interface  120  by a system bus  122 . The mass storage interfaces  114  in this embodiment may connect the system bus  122  to one or more mass storage devices, such as a direct access storage device  140 , a USB drive  141 , and/or a readable/writable optical disk drive  142 . The network interfaces  118  may allow the DPS  100   a  to communicate with other DPS  100   b  over a network  106 . The main memory  112  may contain an operating system  124 , a plurality of application programs  126 , and program data  128 . 
     The DPS  100  embodiment in  FIG.  1    may be a general-purpose computing device. In these embodiments, the processors  110  may be any device capable of executing program instructions stored in the main memory  112 , and may themselves be constructed from one or more microprocessors and/or integrated circuits. In some embodiments, the DPS  100  may contain multiple processors and/or processing cores, as is typical of larger, more capable computer systems; however, in other embodiments, the computing systems  100  may only comprise a single processor system and/or a single processor designed to emulate a multiprocessor system. Further, the processor(s)  110  may be implemented using a number of heterogeneous data processing systems  100  in which a main processor  110  is present with secondary processors on a single chip. As another illustrative example, the processor(s)  110  may be a symmetric multiprocessor system containing multiple processors  110  of the same type 
     When the DPS  100  starts up, the associated processor(s)  110  may initially execute program instructions that make up the operating system  124 . The operating system  124 , in turn, may manage the physical and logical resources of the DPS  100 . These resources may include the main memory  112 , the mass storage interface  114 , the terminal/display interface  116 , the network interface  118 , and the system bus  122 . As with the processor(s)  110 , some DPS  100  embodiments may utilize multiple system interfaces  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120 , and buses  122 , which in turn, may each include their own separate, fully programmed microprocessors. 
     Instructions for the operating system  124  and/or application programs  126  (generically, “program code,” “computer usable program code,” or “computer readable program code”) may be initially located in the mass storage devices, which are in communication with the processor(s)  110  through the system bus  122 . The program code in the different embodiments may be embodied on different physical or tangible computer-readable media, such as the memory  112  or the mass storage devices. In the illustrative example in  FIG.  1   , the instructions may be stored in a functional form of persistent storage on the direct access storage device  140 . These instructions may then be loaded into the main memory  112  for execution by the processor(s)  110 . However, the program code may also be located in a functional form on the computer-readable media, such as the direct access storage device  140  or the readable/writable optical disk drive  142 , that is selectively removable in some embodiments. It may be loaded onto or transferred to the DPS  100  for execution by the processor(s)  110 . 
     With continuing reference to  FIG.  1   , the system bus  122  may be any device that facilitates communication between and among the processor(s)  110 ; the main memory  112 ; and the interface(s)  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120 . Moreover, although the system bus  122  in this embodiment is a relatively simple, single bus structure that provides a direct communication path among the system bus  122 , other bus structures are consistent with the present disclosure, including without limitation, point-to-point links in hierarchical, star or web configurations, multiple hierarchical buses, parallel and redundant paths, etc. 
     The main memory  112  and the mass storage device(s)  140  may work cooperatively to store the operating system  124 , the application programs  126 , and the program data  128 . In some embodiments, the main memory  112  may be a random-access semiconductor memory device (“RAM”) capable of storing data and program instructions. Although  FIG.  1    conceptually depicts that the main memory  112  as a single monolithic entity, the main memory  112  in some embodiments may be a more complex arrangement, such as a hierarchy of caches and other memory devices. For example, the main memory  112  may exist in multiple levels of caches, and these caches may be further divided by function, such that one cache holds instructions while another cache holds non-instruction data that is used by the processor(s)  110 . The main memory  112  may be further distributed and associated with a different processor(s)  110  or sets of the processor(s)  110 , as is known in any of various so-called non-uniform memory access (NUMA) computer architectures. Moreover, some embodiments may utilize virtual addressing mechanisms that allow the DPS  100  to behave as if it has access to a large, single storage entity instead of access to multiple, smaller storage entities (such as the main memory  112  and the mass storage device  140 ). 
     Although the operating system  124 , the application programs  126 , and the program data  128  are illustrated in  FIG.  1    as being contained within the main memory  112  of DPS  100   a , some or all of them may be physically located on a different computer system (e.g., DPS  100   b ) and may be accessed remotely, e.g., via the network  106 , in some embodiments. Moreover, the operating system  124 , the application programs  126 , and the program data  128  are not necessarily all completely contained in the same physical DPS  100   a  at the same time, and may even reside in the physical or virtual memory of other DPS  100   b.    
     The system interfaces  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120  in some embodiments may support communication with a variety of storage and I/O devices. The mass storage interface  114  may support the attachment of one or more mass storage devices  140 , which may include rotating magnetic disk drive storage devices, solid-state storage devices (SSD) that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently, typically using flash memory or a combination of the two. Additionally, the mass storage devices  140  may also comprise other devices and assemblies, including arrays of disk drives configured to appear as a single large storage device to a host (commonly called RAID arrays) and/or archival storage media, such as hard disk drives, tape (e.g., mini-DV), writable compact disks (e.g., CD-R and CD-RW), digital versatile disks (e.g., DVD, DVD−R, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD−RAM), holography storage systems, blue laser disks, IBM Millipede devices, and the like. The I/O interface  120  may support attachment of one or more I/O devices, such as a keyboard  181 , mouse  182 , modem  183 , or printer (not shown) 
     The terminal/display interface  116  may be used to directly connect one or more displays  180  to the data processing system  100 . These displays  180  may be non-intelligent (i.e., dumb) terminals, such as an LED monitor, or may themselves be fully programmable workstations that allow IT administrators and users to communicate with the DPS  100 . Note, however, that while the display interface  116  may be provided to support communication with one or more displays  180 , the computer systems  100  does not necessarily require a display  180  because all needed interaction with users and other processes may occur via the network  106 . 
     The network  106  may be any suitable network or combination of networks and may support any appropriate protocol suitable for communication of data and/or code to/from multiple DPS  100 . Accordingly, the network interfaces  118  may be any device that facilitates such communication, regardless of whether the network connection is made using present-day analog and/or digital techniques or via some networking mechanism of the future. Suitable networks  106  include, but are not limited to, networks implemented using one or more of the “InfiniBand” or IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.3x “Ethernet” specifications; cellular transmission networks; wireless networks implemented one of the IEEE 802.11x, IEEE 802.16, General Packet Radio Service (“GPRS”), FRS (Family Radio Service), or Bluetooth specifications; Ultra-Wide Band (“UWB”) technology, such as that described in FCC 02-48; or the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different network and transport protocols may be used to implement the network  106 . The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”) suite contains a suitable network and transport protocols. 
     Cloud Computing 
       FIG.  2    illustrates one embodiment of a cloud environment suitable for enabling a QA system. It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows:
         On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider.   Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).   Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).   Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.   Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.       

     Service Models are as follows:
         Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.   Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.   Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).       

     Deployment Models are as follows:
         Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.   Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.   Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.   Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).       

     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2   , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  includes one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG.  2    are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG.  2   ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG.  3    are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and a machine learning (ML) model  96 . 
     Artificial Intelligence 
     The AI in some embodiments may comprise one or more machine learning (ML) models, such as ML model  96 . The ML models, in turn, may be any software system that recognizes patterns. In some embodiments, the ML models comprise a plurality of artificial neurons interconnected through connection points called synapses or gates. Each synapse may encode a strength of the connection between the output of one neuron and the input of another. The output of each neuron, in turn, may be determined by the aggregate input received from other neurons that are connected to it, and thus by the outputs of these “upstream” connected neurons and the strength of the connections as determined by the synaptic weights. 
     The ML models may be trained to solve a specific problem (e.g., answer generation, etc.) by adjusting the weights of the synapses such that a particular class of inputs produce a desired output. This weight adjustment procedure in these embodiments is known as “learning.” Ideally, these adjustments lead to a pattern of synaptic weights that, during the learning process, converge toward an optimal solution for the given problem based on some cost function. In some embodiments, the artificial neurons may be organized into layers. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an example ML model  400 , consistent with some embodiments. The ML model  400  comprises a plurality of layers  405   1 - 405   n . Each of the layers comprises weights  405   1w - 405   nw  and biases  405   1b - 405   nb  (only some labeled for clarity). The layer  405   1  that receives external data is the input layer. The layer  405   n  that produces the ultimate result is the output layer. Some embodiments include a plurality of hidden layers  405   2 - 405   n-1  between the input and output layers, and commonly hundreds of such hidden layers. Some of the hidden layers  405   2 - 405   n-1  may have different sizes, organizations, and purposes than other hidden layers  405   2 - 405   n-1 . For example, some of the hidden layers in the ML model may be convolution layers, while other hidden layers may be fully connected layers, deconvolution layers, or recurrent layers. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 B , one embodiment of a ML model training method  450  is depicted, consistent with some embodiments and described with reference to answer generation as an illustrative example. At operation  452 , the system receives and loads training data. In this example, the input data-set may include questions actually submitted by organization&#39;s real-world customers to previous generations of a product/product documentation via a graphical web interface, or QA pairs generated by experienced employees that will be used to train new hires. At operation  454 , the training data is prepared to reduce sources of bias, typically including de-duplication, normalization, and order randomization. At operation  456 , a model is selected for training and the initial synaptic weights are initialized (e.g., randomized). Depending on the underlying task, suitable models include, but are not limited to, feedforward techniques (e.g., convolutional neural networks), regulatory feedback-based systems, radial basis function (RBF) techniques, and recurrent neural network-based techniques (e.g., long short-term memory). At operation  458 , the selected model is used to predict an output using the input data element, and that prediction is compared to the corresponding target data. A gradient (e.g., difference between the predicted value and the target value) is then used at operation  460  to update the synaptic weights. This process repeats, with each iteration updating the weights, until the training data is exhausted, or the model reaches an acceptable level of accuracy and/or precision. At operation  462 , the resulting model may optionally be compared to previously unevaluated data to validate and test its performance. 
     QA Generation Pipeline 
       FIG.  5    is a system diagram of a QA generation pipeline  500 , consistent with some embodiments. This QA generation pipeline  500  may comprise three subsystems: a rule-based answer generation (AG) subsystem  510 , question generation (QG) subsystem  520 , and ranking subsystem  530 . 
     The AG subsystem  510  in some embodiments may receive a document “z” (e.g., text-based documentation) as input. The AG subsystem  510  may then pass the input document z a language model  512  for part-of-speech tagging. This language model  512  may include a named entity extractor  514  and noun chunk extractor  516 , which may identify the subject(s) and object(s) of sentences in the input document z. The language model  512  may also include a semantic roles labeler  515 , which may extract the trigger verb(s) and other dependenc(ies) from the input document z. The subjects, objects, verbs, and dependencies may be combined by the language model  512  to create a plurality of candidate answers, a 1  . . . a i  (collectively A i ). The named entity extractor  514 , the noun chunk extractor  516 , and the semantic roles labeler  515  may each comprise a separate, trained ML model in some embodiments. These trained ML models may be general purpose ML models trained to parse textual material. 
     The candidate answers A i  may then be passed to the QG subsystem  520 , together with the original text z, as inputs. QG subsystem  520  may use these inputs to generate at least one associated question q 1  . . . q i  (collectively Q i ) for each generated answer A i . These questions Q i  and answers A i  may be stored together as question-answer pairs (QA pairs). In some embodiments, these QA pairs may have one or more action, causal relationship, and outcome resolution relationships involving one or more facts, actions, or events in the input document z. The outcome resolution relationships, in turn, may use the output from the semantic roles labeler  515  (e.g., trigger verb and other dependency nodes) to put together as a combination of subject, verb, and object as the associated question Q i . 
     The QG subsystem  520  in some embodiments may comprise a BART-based deep-learning model. BART, in turn, generally refers to a class of “Bidirectional and Auto-Regressive Transformer” models that were originally proposed in Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Ves Stoyanov and Luke Zettlemoyer, “BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension” (29 Oct. 2019). In some embodiments, the BART-based deep-learning model may be further fine-tuned on a dataset (not shown) similar to the input document z. 
     Optionally, in some embodiments, the QA pipeline  500  may further use a QA classification subsystem  525  containing a plurality of expert-defined templates  528 . These templates  528  may be used to better create a plurality of types/categories of questions “c” from among the generated answers A i . In this way, the expert-defined templates  528  may ensure a wide variety of QA pair types are created, which in turn, may help the QA pipeline  500  produce questions similar to those submitted by actual customers in response to the training corpus. For example, some QA pairs may be directed to specific triggers/responsive actions (e.g., Q: “What should I do when my XXX server fails?” A: “you can refer to http://xx.xx.xx and follow the following steps. Step 1 . . . .”) and some may be directed to specific facts (e.g., “Q: “Where can I find a system update patch file?” A: “http://bb.bb.bb”). 
     The AG subsystem  510  and QG subsystem  520  described above may generate a relatively large number of QA pairs, more than is typically desired by an end user of a particular application e.g., more than 14,000 QA pairs for a typical IT-related input document. Accordingly, some embodiments may use the ranking subsystem  530  to reduce that output to a predetermined number of the comparatively highest-quality QA pairs. The QA ranking subsystem  530 , in turn, may comprise a QA rating model  532  and a scoring subsystem  534 . 
     In operation, the QA rating model  532  may receive the QA pairs and the input document z as input, and may provide automated evaluation of generated QA quality. The QA rating model  532  may be a BART-based ML model trained to evaluate whether each generated answer A i  matches its associated generated question Q i , and this BART-based model may be trained and/or fine-tuned on a similar data corpus to the input document z. Some QA rating models  532  may output a RougeL score for each QA pair, as described in Chin-Yew Lin. “Rouge: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries,” (2004) as the evaluation metric. The scoring subsystem  534  may return a predetermined number of the highest ranked QA pairs as a list, together with their associated scores. 
     Automatically Generating QA Pairs 
       FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating one method  600  of automatically generating a list of QA Pairs from an input document, such as technical documentation, consistent with some embodiments. This method  600  may, for example, be used to generate a frequently-asked-questions list or a list of answers-responses for a chatbot. At operation  605 , a DPS  100  operating in the cloud environment  50  may collect a plurality of questions from real world customers, together with the associated product documentation. This information may be stored in an associated data store, such as database software  68 . At operation  610 , the stored documentation and customer questions may be used as a data corpus to train one or more ML models, such as the ML models in the AG subsystem  510 , the QG subsystem  520 , and the ranking subsystem  530 . 
     At operation  615 , the DPS  100  may receive a new set of product documentation. In response, the AG subsystem  510  may analyze the product documentation and may generate a plurality of answers A i  based on the content of the input document at operation  620 . This may include parsing the input documentation to identify one or more parts of speech (e.g., noun chunks), named entities, and semantic roles. The QG subsystem  520  may then generate a question q i  for each of the plurality of answers a i  at operation  625 , thus forming a plurality of QA pairs. 
     At operation  630 , the DPS  100  may rank the plurality the question-answer pairs based on one or more criteria, such as a RougeL sore and/or how closely the QA pairs resemble the questions received at operation  605 . In some embodiments, this ranking may be performed by an ML model. Next, a predetermined number of the highest ranked QA pairs may be selected, and then returned to a user, at operation  635 . 
     Automated Generation of Dialogue Flow from Documents 
       FIG.  7    is a system diagram of a conversational agent system  700 , consistent with some embodiments. The embodiment in  FIG.  7    may comprise a document reading subsystem  720  that can ingest an input document  710  and generate a plurality of QA pairs  730  therefrom, and a dialogue subsystem  740  in which a dialogue flow structure  750  may be created. The dialogue flow structure  750  may associate a correct answer  742 , a plurality of alternative correct answers  744 , and a plurality of incorrect answers  746  for each of a plurality of anchor questions  735  (e.g., the highest rated questions) from the QA-pairs  730 . The correct answer  742 , the plurality of alternative correct answers  744 , and the plurality of incorrect answers  746  may each be associated with one of a plurality of feedback responses  748 . The dialogue flow structure  750  may also contain an all-other-answers option  760 , together with an associated feedback response  762 , for answers not otherwise addressed in the dialogue flow structure  750   
     As an illustrative example, the conversational agent system  700  may be used to train a new SRE (site reliability engineer). Traditional conversational agents systems were not well adapted to this application because those traditional systems could not easily digest IT support documents, and because the manual building of such traditional systems was time-consuming and expensive. Some conversational agent systems  700 , in contrast, may include an architecture and system that may automatically generate dialogue flows from technical documentation. This architecture may include advanced neural network algorithms trained on question-answer pairs from experienced SREs (i.e., actual, real-world users). In this way, some embodiments may simulate the type and difficulty of questions that an experienced SRE would ask to a newly hired SRE. 
     However, while embodiments of the conversational agent system  700  will be described with reference to onboarding SREs, those skilled in the art will appreciate that its methods and architecture are generic. Thus, embodiments of the conversational agent system  700  can be adapted to a wide variety of input documents and generate dialogue trees therefrom, and its advanced neural network algorithms may be fine-tuned using a variety of training sets. For example, as will be described in more detail in the Appendices, embodiments of the disclosure have been successfully applied to educational software. 
     In operation, the conversational agent system  700  may: (i) collect input from one or more experienced SREs via a graphical web user interface. This input may comprise a plurality of QA pairs and an associated technical support document; (ii) use the collected answers to train a QA system, such as the QA generation pipeline  500  discussed in more detail with respect to  FIG.  5   ; (iii) parse a new input document (e.g., feeding the document&#39;s text into the document reading subsystem  720 , generating a plurality of QA pairs therefrom, then selecting a plurality of the highest ranked QA pairs as “anchor” questions  735  for inclusion in the dialogue flow structure  750 , and identifying corresponding document location for each anchor question  735 ); (iv) generate a plurality of alternative answers and incorrect answers for each anchor question  735 ; (v) feed the anchor questions, correct answers  742 , alternative correct answers  744 , incorrect answers  746  into the dialogue flow structure  750 ; and (vi) by the dialogue subsystem  740 , read the input document to a new SRE, pausing when it reaches one of the document locations associated with the anchor questions  735  and then triggering the dialogue subsystem  740  to handle new SREs responses pursuant to dialogue flow structure  750 . 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  are a flow chart illustrating one method  800  of operating the conversational agent system  700  in more detail, consistent with some embodiments. In some embodiments, method  800  may begin at operation  805  by receiving a plurality of questions and answers about a training document from one or more experienced SREs via a graphical user interface. These questions and answers may represent details that the experienced SREs believe represent the most relevant and/or important portions of the training document. The inputs may be stored in a data store, together with the associated training documents. Next, at operation  810 , the plurality of inputs and documents may be used to train and/or fine tune one or more ML models of the document reading subsystem  720 . This document reading subsystem  720  may comprise the question-answer pipeline  500  described in more detail with reference to  FIG.  5   . In this way, the document reading subsystem  720  may produce QA pairs  730  similar to those that the experienced SREs would have produced had they read that particular document. 
     A new input document (e.g., new technical documentation) may be received at operation  820  by the trained document reading subsystem  720 . In response, the trained document reading subsystem  720  may generate a plurality of new QA pairs  730  from the content of the new input document at operation  825 . The highest ranking questions from the QA pairs  730  may be used as anchor questions  735 . Next, at operation  830 , anchor questions  735  may be fed into an intent of the dialogue flow structure  750 ; and the corresponding answer from the QA pairs  730  may be feed into the dialogue flow structure as the correct answer  742  of that intent. 
     Optionally, in some embodiments, the trained document reading subsystem  720  may also generate one or more additional answers  744  for each anchor question  735  at operation  840 . The additional answers  744  may have similar semantic meanings (e.g., paraphrases) to the correct answer  742 , The trained document reading subsystem  720  may also generate, for each anchor question  735 , one or more contradictory answers  746  with opposing/opposite semantic meanings to the correct answer  742  at operation  842 . These correct answers  742 , similar answers  744 , and contradictory answers  746  may be associated with the anchor questions  735  to form a &lt;question, correct answers, incorrect answers&gt; tuple at operation  848 . The &lt;question, correct answers, incorrect answers&gt; tuple may be fed into the dialogue flow structure  750  at operation  848  as alternate correct answers and incorrect answers. 
     At operation  850 , each of the answers  742 , alternate answers  744 , and contradictory answers  746  may be associated with a one of a plurality of feedback responses  748 . These feedback responses may be generic (e.g., “correct,” “good job,” etc.), customized (e.g., “sorry, the correct answer is . . . ”), or a combination of both types. At operation  855 , an “all other” intent  760  and response  762  may be created and added to the dialogue flow structure  750 . 
     At operation  860 , each of the plurality of anchor questions  735  may be tagged with a corresponding document section index (e.g., a particular part of the input document to which that anchor question  735  relates). The dialogue subsystem  740  may begin reading the input document to the new SRE at operation  865 . When the dialogue subsystem  740  reaches one of the document section indices in the input document, the dialogue subsystem  740  may pause the reading and ask the anchor question  735  corresponding to that document section indicia to the new SRE at operation  870 . The new SRE may respond with (and the dialogue subsystem  740  may receive) a received answer to the anchor question  735  at operation  875 . The dialogue subsystem  740  will then use the dialogue flow structure  750  to pick an appropriate feedback response  748 ,  762  to the received answer. This may include associating the received answer with one of: the answer  742 , the alternative answers  744 , the incorrect answers  746 , or the other response  760  in the dialogue flow structure  750  at operation  880 , and then replying to the new SRE using the associated feedback response  748 ,  762  at operation  885 . Operations  860 - 885  may then repeat for each document section index in the document. 
     Computer Program Product 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a subsystem, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be accomplished as one step, executed concurrently, substantially concurrently, in a partially or wholly temporally overlapping manner, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     GENERAL 
     While embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to AIOps and training SREs, other applications are within its scope and spirit. For example, as described in more detail in the Appendices below, embodiments of the disclosure have been successfully applied to educational software, such as reading and automatically generating question-answer pairs (QA pairs) for children&#39;s storybooks. In addition, some embodiments allow parents and/or guardians to collaborate with the system to create storytelling experiences, complete with interactive questioning and answering. Additionally, some embodiments may provide two distinct modes: (i) an assisted parent-AI co-reading mode, in which the system may assist the parent in storytelling by identifying potential opportunities for asking questions and recommending follow-up questions. Embodiments operating in this mode may reduce the cognitive load and lower the literacy barrier for the parent, facilitate skill development for the child, while encouraging direct parent-child interaction that both parties value in their relationship; and (ii) an asynchronous automated bot-reading mode, in which a parent can create an interactive storytelling bot for any story by configuring the question generation model, selecting from the generated questions, and customizing follow-up questions. The bot can then tell stories, ask children questions and provide feedback, and converse with the children to keep them engaged without intervention from the parents. In both modes, some embodiments may track the child&#39;s progress and may enable a dashboard that may help parents visualize their child&#39;s performance data, enabling the parent to assess the development of the child&#39;s comprehension skills. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. 
     Therefore, it is desired that the embodiments described herein be considered in all respects as illustrative, not restrictive, and that reference be made to the appended claims for determining the scope of the invention.