Patent Publication Number: US-11662616-B2

Title: Electronic modulating device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/281,325, filed Feb. 21, 2019 and entitled “ELECTRONIC MODULATING DEVICE”, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,989,946. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to an electronic modulating device, and in particular it relates to an organic insulating layer of the electronic modulating device. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Electronic products that include a display panel, such as smartphones, tablets, notebook computers, monitors, and TVs, have become indispensable necessities in modern society. With the flourishing development of such portable electronic products, consumers have high expectations regarding their quality, functionality, and price. Some of these electronic products are provided with communications capabilities that depend on modulating structures (e.g., antennas) to operate. 
     Although existing electronic modulating devices have been adequate for their intended purposes, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects. For example, the dielectric loss resulting from the insulator in the electronic modulating device is an issue. Therefore, at present, there remain problems that need be solved in the technology behind electronic devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a modulating electronic device is provided. The modulating electronic device includes a first substrate, a second substrate disposed opposing to the first substrate and a modulating material disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The electronic modulating device also includes a buffer layer disposed on the first substrate, and a first electrode disposed on the buffer layer. The buffer layer includes a first opening defining a first top edge and a first bottom edge of the buffer layer. The first electrode includes a second opening defining a second top edge and a second bottom edge of the first electrode. The electronic modulating device also includes an organic insulating layer disposed on the first electrode and within the first opening and the second opening. The thickness of the organic insulating layer at the second bottom edge is greater than the thickness of the organic insulating layer at the first top edge. 
     In accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure, a modulating electronic device is provided. The modulating electronic device includes a first substrate, a second substrate disposed opposing to the first substrate and a modulating material disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The electronic modulating device also includes an electrode disposed on the first substrate, and the electrode comprising an opening defining a top edge and a bottom edge of the electrode. The opening has a central portion. The electronic modulating device also includes an organic insulating layer disposed on the electrode and within the opening. The thickness of the organic insulating layer at the bottom edge is greater than the thickness of the organic insulating layer at the central portion. 
     A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure may be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1 A  is a cross-sectional diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 B  is an enlarged diagram of region A in  FIG.  1 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 C  is top-view diagram of region A in  FIG.  1 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a cross-sectional diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 B  is an enlarged diagram of region C in  FIG.  2 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 C  is top-view diagram of region C in  FIG.  2 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 H  are top-view diagrams of the opening of the first electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 G  are cross-sectional diagrams of a portion of the electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 F  are cross-sectional diagrams of a portion of the electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 F  are enlarged diagrams of region A in  FIG.  1 A  during the manufacturing processes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 F  are enlarged diagrams of region A in  FIG.  1 A  during the manufacturing processes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  are enlarged diagrams of region C in  FIG.  2 A  during the manufacturing processes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 D  are enlarged diagrams of region C in  FIG.  2 A  during the manufacturing processes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The electronic modulating device of the present disclosure and the method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device are described in detail in the following description. In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details and embodiments are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. The specific elements and configurations described in the following detailed description are set forth in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that the exemplary embodiments set forth herein are used merely for the purpose of illustration, and the concept of the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms without being limited to those exemplary embodiments. In addition, the drawings of different embodiments may use like and/or corresponding numerals to denote like and/or corresponding elements in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. However, the use of like and/or corresponding numerals in the drawings of different embodiments does not suggest any correlation between different embodiments. 
     It should be understood that this description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be considered part of the entire written description. The drawings are not drawn to scale. In addition, structures and devices are shown schematically in order to simplify the drawing. 
     It should be noted that the elements or devices in the drawings of the present disclosure may be present in any form or configuration known to those with ordinary skill in the art. In addition, the expressions “a layer overlying another layer”, “a layer is disposed above another layer”, “a layer is disposed on another layer” and “a layer is disposed over another layer” may indicate that the layer is in direct contact with the other layer, or that the layer is not in direct contact with the other layer, there being one or more intermediate layers disposed between the layer and the other layer. 
     In addition, in this specification, relative expressions are used. For example, “lower”, “bottom”, “higher” or “top” are used to describe the position of one element relative to another. It should be appreciated that if a device is flipped upside down, an element that is “lower” will become an element that is “higher”. 
     It should be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, portions and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, portions and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, portion or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, portion or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, portion or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. 
     The terms “about” and “substantially” typically mean+/−10% of the stated value, more typically mean+/−5% of the stated value, more typically+/−3% of the stated value, more typically+/−2% of the stated value, more typically+/−1% of the stated value and even more typically+/−0.5% of the stated value. The stated value of the present disclosure is an approximate value. When there is no specific description, the stated value includes the meaning of “about” or “substantially”. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It should be appreciated that, in each case, the term, which is defined in a commonly used dictionary, should be interpreted as having a meaning that conforms to the relative skills of the present disclosure and the background or the context of the present disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal manner unless so defined. 
     In addition, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise. 
     In addition, the phrase “in a range between a first value and a second value” or “ranged from a first value to a second value” indicates that the range includes the first value, the second value, and other values between them. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic modulating device is provided. The electronic modulating device may include an organic insulating layer having different thickness according to different positions. The thickness of the organic insulating layer may be controlled to decrease the dielectric loss of the electromagnetic wave or to decrease the amount of metal ions diffusing into the modulating material. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a cross-sectional diagram of an electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that additional features may be added to the electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Some of the features of the electronic modulating device  10  described below may be replaced or omitted in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be noted that only a portion of the electronic modulating device  10  (e.g., a portion of the working area) is illustrated in the figures, and the electronic modulating device  10  may include other structures (e.g., non-working area) depending on needs. In some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may serve as an antenna, a smartphone, a tablet, a notebook computer, a monitor, a TV, and/or other applicable electronic modulating devices to receive and/or transmit the electromagnetic wave. In some examples, some components may be added or eliminated in some of the applications. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 A , the electronic modulating device  10  may include a first substrate  102 , a second substrate  104  and a modulating material  106 . The second substrate  104  may be disposed opposing to the first substrate  102 . The modulating material  106  may be disposed between the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104 . Specifically, the modulating material  106  may at least partially fill the space between the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104 . In some examples, the space may be formed by at least one sealant (not illustrated) disposed between the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104 . The modulating material  106  may be the material that can be adjusted to possess different properties (e.g., dielectric coefficients) by applying an electric field or another method. In some embodiments, the modulating material  106  may be used to control the transmission of the electromagnetic wave W (as indicated by an arrow), but it is not limited thereto. 
     In some embodiments, the material of the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104  may include, but is not limited to, glass, quartz, sapphire, polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), rubber, glass fiber, ceramic, another suitable material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104  may be a flexible substrate, a rigid substrate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the material of the first substrate  102  may be the same as or different from that of the second substrate  104 . In some embodiments, the modulating material  106  may include liquid-crystal molecules, but it is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, the electronic modulating device  10  may include a buffer layer  108  disposed on the first substrate  102 . The buffer layer  108  may be disposed between the first substrate  102  and a first electrode  110 . In some embodiments, the expansion coefficients of the first substrate  102  and the first electrode  110  may be substantially matched through the intermediate buffer layer  108  to reduce the warpage of the first substrate  102 . In some embodiments, the buffer layer  108  may include a first opening  108   p . The first opening  108   p  may define a first top edge  108   a  and a first bottom edge  108   b  of the buffer layer  108  (as shown in  FIG.  1 B ). The buffer layer  108  may include a top surface  108 S 1  and a bottom surface  108 S 2 . Specifically, the first top edge  108   a  may refer to the highest point of the edge of the top surface  108 S 1  of the buffer layer  108  in a cross-sectional view. 
     In some embodiments, the material of the buffer layer  108  may include, but is not limited to, an organic insulating material, an inorganic insulating material, a metal material, another suitable material, or a combination thereof. The organic insulating material may include, but is not limited to, an acrylic or methacrylic organic compound, an isoprene compound, phenol-formaldehyde resin, benzocyclobutene (BCB), perfluorocyclobutane (PECB), polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or a combination thereof. The inorganic insulating material may include, but is not limited to, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride or a combination thereof. The metal material may include, but is not limited to, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, aluminum, gold, chromium, platinum, silver, copper, titanium alloys, molybdenum alloys, tungsten alloys, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, gold alloys, chromium alloys, platinum alloys, silver alloys, copper alloys, another suitable material, or a combination thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 A , the electronic modulating device  10  may include the first electrode  110  disposed on the buffer layer  108 . The first electrode  110  may be disposed between the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104 . The first electrode  110  may include a second opening  110   p . The second opening  110   p  may define a second top edge  110   a  and a second bottom edge  110   b  of the first electrode  110  (as shown in  FIG.  1 B ). The first electrode  110  may include a top surface  110 S 1  and a bottom surface  110 S 2 . Specifically, the second top edge  110   a  may refer to the highest point of the edge of the top surface  110 S 1  of the first electrode  110  in a cross-sectional view. In some embodiments, compared with the first top edge  108   a  of the buffer layer  108 , the second bottom edge  110   b  of the first electrode  110  may be disposed away from the first opening  108   p.    
     In some embodiments, the first electrode  110  may include a conductive material. In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode  110  may include, but is not limited to, gold, copper, silver, tin, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, nickel, platinum, gold alloy, copper alloy, silver alloy, tin alloy, aluminum alloy, molybdenum alloy, tungsten alloy, chromium alloy, nickel alloy, platinum alloy, another suitable conductive material or a combination thereof. Moreover, in some embodiments, the material of the first electrode  110  may be different from the material of the buffer layer  108 . 
     In addition, the electronic modulating device  10  may include an organic insulating layer  112  disposed on the first electrode  110  and within the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p . The organic insulating layer  112  may be disposed between the first electrode  110  and the modulating material  106 . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may cover and be in contact with the buffer layer  108  and the first electrode  110 . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may be an alignment layer for the modulating material  106 . 
     In particular, the organic insulating layer  112  may have different thickness within the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p  to decrease the dielectric loss of the electromagnetic wave or diffusion of the metal ions into the modulating material. The configuration of the organic insulating layer  112 , and the buffer layer  108  and the first electrode  110  will be described in detail in  FIG.  1 B . 
     In some embodiments, the material of the organic insulating layer  112  may include, but is not limited to, a polymer (e.g., polyimide, PI), a phenone-based insulating material, another suitable organic insulating material, or a combination thereof. For example, the phenone-based insulating material may include benzophenone, benzophenone, tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), or phenol formaldehyde resins (PF), but it is not limited thereto. In addition, in some other embodiments, an inorganic insulating layer may be used to replace the organic insulating layer  112 . 
     Furthermore, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include a second electrode  114  disposed between the modulating material  106  and the second substrate  104 . In some embodiments, the second electrode  114  may overlap the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p . As shown in  FIG.  1 A , the second electrode  114  may include an opening  114   p  in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Moreover, the organic insulating layer  112  also may be disposed on the second electrode  114 . In some embodiments, the buffer layer  108  may also be disposed between the second electrode  114  and the second substrate  104 . In addition, region B as illustrated in the figures may have similar a configuration (e.g., the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112 ) as region A in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In addition, the first electrode  110  and/or the second electrode  114  may be electrically connected to a functional circuit (not illustrated) respectively. The functional circuit may include an active element (e.g., a thin-film transistor (TFT) and/or a chip) or a passive element. In some embodiments, the functional circuit may be disposed on a surface  104 B of the second substrate  104 , where the second electrode  114  is disposed. In some other embodiments, the functional circuit may be disposed on a surface  104 A of the second substrate  104  that is opposite to the surface  104 B, and the second electrode  114  may be electrically connected to the functional circuit. In some examples, the second electrode  114  may be electrically connected to the functional circuit through a via hole (not illustrated) that penetrates through the second substrate  104 . For example, the active driving element may include a thin-film transistor (TFT). In some embodiments, the active element may be integrated with the circuit of a gate on array (GOP) structure. The passive element may be controlled by an IC or a microchip disposed in or outside the electronic modulating device  10 . 
     As described above, the second electrode  114  may include an opening  114   p  in accordance with some embodiments. More specifically, the second electrode  114  may be a patterned electrode with several portions in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the several portions of the second electrode  114  may be connected to different circuits. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include supporting elements  116  disposed between the first substrate  102  and the second substrate  104 . In some embodiments, the supporting element  116  may be disposed between the first electrode  110  and the second electrode  114 . The supporting element  116  may provide structural stability for the electronic modulating device  10 . In some examples, the supporting element  116  may be formed on the first substrate  102  or the second substrate  104 , but it is not limited thereto. The organic insulating layer  112  may be formed on the supporting element  116 , the first substrate  102 , and/or the second substrate  104 . 
     In some embodiments, the material of the supporting element  116  may include, but is not limited to, dielectric material, metal material, organic material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dielectric material may include, but is not limited to, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, another high-k dielectric material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal material may include, but is not limited to, copper, silver, gold, copper alloy, silver alloy, gold alloy, another suitable metal material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic material may include, but is not limited to, polyimide (PI), epoxy resin, acrylic resin (e.g., polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA)), benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyester, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PFA) or a combination thereof. 
     In addition, in some embodiments, the supporting element  116  may include, but is not limited to, a sealant, a photo spacer, a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) layer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the supporting element  116  may include a photo-curing or thermal curing sealant. For example, the supporting element  116  may include a photo-curing sealant (UV light or visible light), a thermal curing sealant, or a photothermal curing sealant. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  1 B , which is an enlarged diagram of region A in  FIG.  1 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As described above, the organic insulating layer  112  may have different thickness within the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p . It should be noted that the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  described herein refers to the thickness that is measured in the normal direction of the first substrate  102  (e.g., the Z direction shown in  FIG.  1 B ). More specifically, in some examples, a cross-sectional image of the organic insulating layer  112  may be obtained by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and then the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  may be measured based on the cross-sectional image. 
     The organic insulating layer  112  may have a first thickness T 1  at the first top edge  108   a  of the buffer layer  108 . The organic insulating layer  112  may have a second thickness T 2  at the first bottom edge  108   b  of the buffer layer  108 . In addition, the organic insulating layer  112  may have a third thickness T 3  at the second top edge  110   a  of the first electrode  110 . The organic insulating layer  112  may have a fourth thickness T 4  at the second bottom edge  110   b  of the first electrode  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the fourth thickness T 4  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second bottom edge  110   b  may be greater than the first thickness T 1  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the first top edge  108   a . In some embodiments, the ratio of the first thickness T 1  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the fourth thickness T 4  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.4, such as 0.35, 0.30, 0.25 or 0.2. The organic insulating layer  112  having a thinner thickness (e.g., the first thickness T 1 ) at the first top edge  108   a  may not affect the performance of electromagnetic wave since the dielectric loss resulting from the organic insulating layer  112  may be reduced. On the other hand, the organic insulating layer  112  having a thicker thickness (e.g., the fourth thickness T 4 ) at the second bottom edge  110   b  may decrease the amount of the metal ions of the first electrode  110  diffusing into the modulating layer  106 . 
     In some embodiments, the fourth thickness T 4  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second bottom edge  110   b  may be greater than the third thickness T 3  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second top edge  110   a . In some embodiments, the ratio of the third thickness T 3  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the fourth thickness T 4  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.4, such as 0.35, 0.30, 0.25 or 0.2. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  on the top surface  110 S 1  of the first electrode  110  may be uniform. In other embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may have a third thickness T 3 ′ on the top surface  110 S 1  other than the second top edge  110   a . In some embodiments, the third thickness T 3 ′ may be greater than or less than the third thickness T 3  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second top edge  110   a.    
     The third thickness T 3  at the second top edge  110   a  may be thinner than the fourth thickness T 4  at the second bottom edge  110   b  or the third thickness T 3 ′ on the top surface  110 S 1 , and thereby the intensity of the electric field consumed at the second top edge  110   a  may be reduced. 
     In some embodiments, the first opening  108   p  may include a central portion  108   c . The central portion  108   c  may refer to the region from which the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  1 C ) extends for a certain distance. In other words, the central portion  108   c  may be a circular area having a certain radius that is around the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p . The definition of the central portion  108   c  in accordance with various embodiments will be described later in  FIG.  3 A . 
     In addition, the organic insulating layer  112  may have a fifth thickness T 5  at the central portion  108   c  of the first opening  108   p . In some examples, the fifth thickness T 5  may be the minimum thickness at the central portion  108   c  of the first opening  108   p . In some embodiment, the second thickness T 2  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the first bottom edge  108   b  may be greater than the fifth thickness T 5  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the central portion  108   c . In some embodiments, the ratio of the fifth thickness T 5  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the second thickness T 2  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.3, such as 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, or 0.10. 
     Moreover, as shown in  FIG.  1 B , the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  that is within the first opening  108   p  may decrease gradually toward the central portion  108   c . As described above, the organic insulating layer  112  having a thinner thickness (e.g., the fifth thickness T 5 ) at the central portion  108   c  may reduce the dielectric loss resulting from the organic insulating layer  112  (i.e. the amount of organic insulating layer  112  that the electromagnetic wave needs to pass through). 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, the second thickness T 2  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the first bottom edge  108   b  may be greater than the first thickness T 1  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the first top edge  108   a . In some embodiments, the ratio of the first thickness T 1  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the second thickness T 2  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.3, such as 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, or 0.10. The second thickness T 2  at the first bottom edge  108   b  may be thinner than the first thickness T 1  at the first top edge  108   a  and thereby the intensity of the electric field consumed at the second top edge  110   a  may be reduced. 
     In addition, the first opening  108   p  may have a first width d 1  and the second opening  110   p  may have a second width d 2 . In some embodiments, the second width d 2  may be greater than the first width d 1 . In accordance with some embodiments, the width of the opening may be the distance between two points on the bottom edges (e.g., first bottom edge  108   b ) in a cross-sectional view. In addition, the width of the opening may be the maximum distance of the first opening  108   p  or the second opening  110   p  on the plane that is substantially perpendicular to the normal direction of the first substrate  102 , e.g., the X-Y plane, as shown in  FIG.  1 C . 
     In some embodiments, a distance d 3  between the second bottom edge  110   b  and the first top edge  108   a  may be in a range from 0 μm to 50 μm (0 μm≤d 3 ≤50 μm), such as from 1 μm to 10 μm (1 μm≤d 3 ≤10 μm), or from 1 μm to 5 μm (1 μm≤d 3 ≤5 μm). It should be understood that if the distance d 3  between the second bottom edge  110   b  and the first top edge  108   a  is less than 0 μm, the expansion coefficients of the first substrate  102  and the first electrode  110  may not be matched. On the other hand, if the distance d 3  between the second bottom edge  110   b  and the first top edge  108   a  is too large, the dielectric loss resulting from the buffer layer  108  may be increased. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  1 C , which is top-view diagram of region A in  FIG.  1 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Moreover, the cross-sectional diagram of the electronic modulating device  10  shown in  FIG.  1 B  is the diagram obtained along line segment I-I′ shown in  FIG.  1 C . It should be noted that the organic insulating layer  112  is omitted in  FIG.  1 C  for clarity. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1 C , in some embodiments, the region of the first opening  108   p  may be defined by the first bottom edge  108   b . The region of the second opening  110   p  may be defined by the second bottom edge  110   b . But the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the region of the second opening  110   p  may be greater than the region of the first opening  108   p  in the top-view perspective. In addition, in some embodiments, a radius r of the central portion  108   c  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 50 μm, such as less than or equal to 30 μm, 20 μm, or 10 μm. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  2 A , which is a cross-sectional diagram of an electronic modulating device  20  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that the same or similar components or elements in the context of the descriptions provided above and below are represented by the same or similar reference numerals. The materials, manufacturing methods and functions of these components or elements are the same as or similar to those described above, and thus will not be repeated herein. 
     The electronic modulating device  20  is similar to the electronic modulating device  10  shown in  FIG.  1 A . The difference between them is that the electronic modulating device  20  may not include the buffer layer  108  with an opening  108   p . As shown in FIG.  2 A, the electronic modulating device  20  may include the first electrode  110  disposed on the first substrate  102 . In some embodiments, the first electrode  110  may be in contact with the first substrate  102 . In some embodiments, the first substrate  102  may have a multilayered structure. For example, the first substrate  102  may include a buffer layer (not illustrated). The buffer layer may be in contact with the first electrode  110  in accordance with some embodiments. The buffer layer may be patterned or non-patterned. In other examples, the first substrate  102  may include a buffer layer not in contact with the first electrode  110 . More specifically, the first substrate  102  may include a buffer layer that is not patterned in accordance embodiments. 
     The first electrode  110  may include the second opening  110   p . The second opening  110   p  may define the second top edge  110   a  and the second bottom edge  110   b  of the first electrode  110  (as shown in  FIG.  2 B ). In some embodiments, the second electrode  114  may overlap the second opening  110   p.    
     Moreover, the electronic modulating device  20  may include the organic insulating layer  112  disposed on the first electrode  110  and within the second opening  110   p . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may cover and be in contact with the first electrode  110 . In particular, the organic insulating layer  112  may have different thickness within the second opening  110   p  to decrease the dielectric loss of the electromagnetic wave or diffusion of the metal ions into the modulating material. 
     In addition, the second electrode  114  may include the opening  114   p  in accordance with some embodiments. It should be understood that the opening  114   p  (region D as illustrated in figure) may have similar configuration (e.g., the thickness of organic insulating layer  112 ) as the region C in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 B , which is an enlarged diagram of region C in  FIG.  2 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The organic insulating layer  112  may have the sixth thickness T 6  at the second top edge  110   a  of the first electrode  110 . The organic insulating layer  112  may have the seventh thickness T 7  at the second bottom edge  110   b  of the first electrode  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the seventh thickness T 7  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second bottom edge  110   b  may be greater than the sixth thickness T 6  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second top edge  110   a . In some embodiments, the ratio of the sixth thickness T 6  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the seventh thickness T 7  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.4, such as 0.35, 0.30, 0.25 or 0.2. 
     Furthermore, the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  on the top surface  110 S 1  of the first electrode  110  may be uniform. In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may have a sixth thickness T 6 ′ on the top surface  110 S 1  other than the second top edge  110   a . In some embodiments, the sixth thickness T 6 ′ may be greater than or less than the sixth thickness T 6  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second top edge  110   a.    
     The sixth thickness T 6  at the second top edge  110   a  may be thinner than the seventh thickness T 7  at the second bottom edge  110   b  or the sixth thickness T 6 ′ on the top surface  110 S 1 , and thereby the intensity of the electric field consumed at the second top edge  110   a  may be reduced. 
     In addition, the second opening  110   p  may include a central portion  110   c . The organic insulating layer  112  may have an eighth thickness T 8  at the central portion  110   c  of the second opening  110   p . In some embodiment, the seventh thickness T 7  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the second bottom edge  110   b  may be greater than the eighth thickness T 8  of the organic insulating layer  112  at the central portion  110   c . In some embodiments, the ratio of the eighth thickness T 8  of the organic insulating layer  112  to the seventh thickness T 7  of the organic insulating layer  112  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 0.3, such as 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, or 0.10. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2 B , the thickness of the organic insulating layer  112  that is within the second opening  110   p  may decrease gradually toward the central portion  110   c . As described above, the organic insulating layer  112  having a thinner thickness (e.g., the eighth thickness T 8 ) at the central portion  110   c  may reduce the dielectric loss of the electromagnetic wave from the organic insulating layer  112 . 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  2 C , which is top-view diagram of region C in  FIG.  2 A  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Moreover, the cross-sectional diagram of the electronic modulating device  20  shown in  FIG.  2 B  is the diagram obtained along line segment T-T′ shown in  FIG.  2 C . It should be noted that the organic insulating layer  112  is omitted in  FIG.  2 C  for clarity. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2 C , the region of the second opening  110   p  may be defined by the second bottom edge  110   b . In some embodiments, a radius r of the central portion  110   c  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 50 μm, such as less than or equal to 30 μm, 20 μm, or 10 μm. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 H , which are top-view diagrams of the first opening  108   p  of the buffer layer  108  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 H , the first opening  108   p  may be patterned to have various shapes. In some embodiments, the first opening  108   p  may have a rectangle shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 A ), a square shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 B ), a triangle shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 C ), a pentagonal shape, a hexagonal shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 D ), a heptagonal shape, an octagonal shape, a circular shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 E ), an ellipse shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 F ), an irregular shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 G ), a donut shape (as shown in  FIG.  3 H ), another suitable shape, but it is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B , the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p  that has a rectangle shape or a square shape may be the intersection point of two diagonals in accordance with some embodiments. In some other embodiments, as shown in  FIGS.  3 C- 3 H , for the first opening  108   p  that has the shape other than rectangle or square shape, the geometric center CT of such first opening  108   p  may be the intersection point of two diagonals of the minimum rectangle or square that can encompass the first opening  108   p.    
     The central portion  108   c  may refer to the region from which the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p  extends for a certain distance (radius r). In other words, the central portion  108   c  may be a circular area having a radius r that is around the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p . In some embodiments, the radius r of the central portion  108   c  may be greater than zero and less than or equal to 50 μm, such as less than or equal to 30 μm, 20 μm, or 10 μm. 
     It should be noted that the second opening  110   p  may also have the similar configuration as that of the first opening  108   p  as described above in accordance with some embodiments. In addition, the geometric center CT and the central portion  110   c  of the second opening  110   p  may be defined in the same manner as described above. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  4 A- 4 G , which are cross-sectional diagrams of a portion of the electronic modulating device  10  (e.g., region E shown in  FIG.  1 B ) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 G , the organic insulating layer  112  may have different profiles in accordance with various embodiments. 
     For example, the organic insulating layer  112  disposed within the first opening  108   p  or the second opening  110   p  may protrude toward the geometric center CT of the first opening  108   p  or the second opening  110   p . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may include protruding portions  112   t  and recessed portions  112   r . In some embodiments, the protruding portion  112   t  may have a rounded shape, a flat shape, a curved shape, another suitable shape, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  on the first substrate  102  may have a wave shape. In addition, the slopes of the organic insulating layer  112  on the first electrode  110 , the buffer layer  108  and the first substrate  102  may be different. In some embodiments, the slope of the organic insulating layer  112  may be changed along the profile of the first electrode  110 , the buffer layer  108  or the first substrate  102 . 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  5 A- 5 F , which are cross-sectional diagrams of a portion of the electronic modulating device  10  (e.g., region E shown in  FIG.  1 B ) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 F , the first electrode  110  and the buffer layer  108  may have different profiles in accordance with various embodiments. 
     For example, as shown in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C , an inner side  110   s  of the first electrode  110  may have a bent shape, a recessed shape, a wave shape, another suitable shape, or a combination thereof in accordance with some embodiments. The inner side  110   s  of the first electrode  110  may be the sidewall of the first electrode  110  that is adjacent to the second opening  110   p.    
     In addition, as shown in  FIGS.  5 D- 5 F , an inner side  108   s  of the buffer layer  108  may have a bent shape, a recessed shape, a wave shape, another suitable shape, or a combination thereof in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 F , which are enlarged diagrams of region A in  FIG.  1 A  during a method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that, additional operations may be provided before, during, or after the processes in the method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  10 . In some embodiments, some of the operations described below may be replaced or eliminated. In some embodiments, the order of the operations may be interchangeable. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 A , the first substrate  102  is provided. The buffer layer  108  and the first electrode  110  may be sequentially formed on the first substrate  102 . The first electrode  110  may be patterned to form the second opening  110   p . The second opening  110   p  may expose a portion of the top surface  108 S 1  of the buffer layer  108 . 
     In some embodiments, the buffer layer  108  may be formed by using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a spin coating process, a printing process, or a combination thereof. The chemical vapor deposition process may include, but is not limited to, a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process, a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (LTCVD) process, a rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) process, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. 
     In some embodiments, the first electrode  110  may be formed by using a chemical vapor deposition process, a physical vapor deposition process, an electroplating process, an electroless plating process, another suitable process, or a combination thereof. The physical vapor deposition process may include, but is not limited to, a sputtering process, an evaporation process, or a pulsed laser deposition. In addition, in some embodiments, the second opening  110   p  may be formed by one or more photolithography processes and etching process. In some embodiments, the photolithography process may include photoresist coating (e.g., spin coating), soft baking, hard baking, mask aligning, exposure, post-exposure baking, developing the photoresist, rinsing, drying, or another suitable process. In some embodiments, the etching process may include a dry etching process or a wet etching process. 
     Next, referring to  FIG.  6 B , the buffer layer  108  may be patterned to form the first opening  108   p . The first opening  108   p  may expose a portion of the top surface  102 A of the first substrate  102 . In addition, the first opening  108   p  may be formed by one or more photolithography processes and etching process as described above. 
     Next, referring to  FIG.  6 C , the organic insulating layer  112  may be formed on the first electrode  110  and within the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may be formed on the first electrode  110 , the buffer layer  108  and the first substrate  102 . 
     In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may be formed by using a chemical vapor deposition process, a spin coating process, a printing process, or a combination thereof. 
     Next, referring to  FIG.  6 D  and  FIG.  6 E , the organic insulating layer  112  may be patterned to have a desired profile by a photolithography process. As described above, the photolithography process may include photoresist coating (e.g., spin coating), soft baking, hard baking, mask aligning, exposure, post-exposure baking, developing the photoresist, rinsing, drying, or another suitable process. Specifically, a photoresist layer  204  may be formed on the organic insulating layer  112 , and a mask  202  may be used in the photolithography process in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the mask  202  may include a halftone mask that may offer multiple transmission levels. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6 E , a portion of the photoresist layer  204  may be removed to form a remained photoresist layer  204 ′ during the photolithography process. The remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be disposed within a portion of the first opening  108   p  and/or the second opening  110   p . Next, as shown in  FIG.  6 F , a portion of the organic insulating layer  112  and/or the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be removed to form the organic insulating layer  112  with the desired profile (e.g., having different thickness within the first opening  108   p  and the second opening  110   p ). In some embodiments, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be removed by an ashing process or an etching process. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 F , which are enlarged diagrams of region A in  FIG.  1 A  during a method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The processes shown in  FIG.  7 A- 7 F  are similar to those shown in  FIG.  6 A- 6 F . The difference between them is that, as shown in  FIG.  7 D , the mask  202 ′ used in the photolithography process may include a full tone mask that may offer a single transmission level. As shown in  FIG.  7 E , in this embodiment, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be disposed on the top surface  110 S 1  of the first electrode  110 . In some embodiments, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may not be disposed within the first opening  108   p  and/or the second opening  110   p  depending on the desired profile of the organic insulating layer  112 . 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D , which are enlarged diagrams of region C in  FIG.  2 A  during a method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  20  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that, additional operations may be provided before, during, and after the processes in the method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  20 . In some embodiments, some of the operations described below may be replaced or eliminated. In some embodiments, the order of the operations may be interchangeable. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8 A , the first substrate  102  is provided. The first electrode  110  may be sequentially formed on the first substrate  102 . The first electrode  110  may be patterned to form the second opening  110   p . The second opening  110   p  may expose a portion of the top surface  102 A of the first substrate  102 . Thereafter, the organic insulating layer  112  may be formed on the first electrode  110  and within the second opening  110   p . In some embodiments, the organic insulating layer  112  may conformally formed on the first electrode  110  and the first substrate  102 . 
     The processes for forming the first electrode  110  and the organic insulating layer  112  may be similar to those described above, and thus are not repeated herein. 
     Next, referring to  FIG.  8 B  and  FIG.  8 C , the organic insulating layer  112  may be patterned to have a desired profile by a photolithography process. Specifically, a photoresist layer  204  may be formed on the organic insulating layer  112 , and a mask  202  may be used in the photolithography process in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the mask  202  may include a halftone mask that may offer multiple transmission levels. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 C , a portion of the photoresist layer  204  may be removed to form a remained photoresist layer  204 ′ during the photolithography process. The remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be disposed within a portion of the second opening  110   p . Next, as shown in  FIG.  8 D , a portion of the organic insulating layer  112  and/or the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be removed to form the organic insulating layer  112  with the desired profile (e.g., having different thickness within the second opening  110   p ). In some embodiments, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be removed by an ashing process or an etching process. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 D , which are enlarged diagrams of region C in  FIG.  2 A  during a method for manufacturing the electronic modulating device  20  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The processes shown in  FIG.  9 A- 9 D  are similar to those shown in  FIG.  8 A- 8 D . The difference between them is that, as shown in  FIG.  9 B , the mask  202 ′ used in the photolithography process may include a full tone mask that may offer a single transmission level. As shown in  FIG.  9 C , in this embodiment, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may be disposed on the top surface  110 S 1  of the first electrode  110 . In this embodiment, the remained photoresist layer  204 ′ may not be disposed within the second opening  110   p.    
     To summarize the above, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic modulating device is provided. The electronic modulating device may include an organic insulating layer having different thickness within the opening defined by the buffer layer or the electrode. The thickness of the organic insulating layer may be controlled to decrease the dielectric loss of the electromagnetic wave or to prevent metal ions of the electrode from diffusing into the modulating material. 
     Although some embodiments of the present disclosure and their advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, it will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that many of the features, functions, processes, and materials described herein may be varied while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the present disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.