Patent Publication Number: US-2021162817-A1

Title: Pneumatic Tire

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present technology relates to a pneumatic tire with sipes provided in a tread portion. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In general, in a pneumatic tire (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “tire”), a plurality of sipes extending in the tire width direction are provided in blocks of a tread portion to improve braking performance on wet road surfaces and icy road surfaces, based on an edge effect and a drainage effect produced by the sipes. However, the sipes reduce the rigidity of the blocks, and thus, while the tire is new, the blocks are subjected to collapse or shear deformation, leading to increased wear and a decrease in steering stability on dry road surfaces. Additionally, a configuration is known in which the sipes are shaped like waves in a sipe depth direction to suppress deformation of the blocks, while increasing the rigidity of the blocks. However, with the sipes in the wave-like shape, during vulcanization molding, removal of sipe blades provided in a mold is hindered, making the blocks likely to be damaged in a case where the sipe blades are removed from the tire. Such removal of the sipe blades from the tire is hereinafter referred to as mold releasing from the tire. For example, a pneumatic tire is known that suppresses a decrease in the rigidity of the blocks and ribs caused by the sipes when the tire is new and that prevents the rigidity of the blocks and ribs from increasing excessively with progression of wear, the pneumatic tire allowing effective mitigation of degradation of mold releasing from the tire during vulcanization molding (see Japan Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-105131). 
     The pneumatic tire includes sipes in the blocks and/or ribs of the tread portion, and each of the sipes includes a bent portion provided at least at both end portions in a sipe length direction and including recesses and protrusions in a sipe width direction, the bent portion being provided along the sipe depth direction. In the sipe, the size of the recesses and protrusions of the bent portion gradually decreases toward a center side in the sipe length direction, and the bent portion on one end side in the sipe length direction and the bent portion on the other end side in the sipe length direction form recesses and protrusions in the opposite directions with respect to the side width direction. 
     In the sipe described above, the amplitude of the recesses and protrusions provided in the sipe depth direction gradually decreases from one end side to the other end side in the sipe length direction, and the amplitude of the recesses and protrusions is zero at the center portion between the one end side and the other end side in the sipe length direction. In the pneumatic tire described above, even in a case where opposing sipe wall surfaces start to collapse and approach each other, the collapse can be borne by the recesses and protrusions of the sipe wall surfaces, thus ensuring the rigidity of the sipe wall surfaces against collapse-deformation. On the other hand, the size of the recesses and protrusions of the bent portion of the sipe gradually decreases toward the center side in the sipe length direction, leading to easy removal of the sipe blades of the mold during vulcanization molding. 
     However, mold releasing from the pneumatic tire at the end of vulcanization molding is still insufficient. In a case where the amplitude of the recesses and protrusions of the bent portion is reduced in order to improve mold releasing from the tire, bearing the collapsing blocks or ribs, that is, bearing collapse of one of the sipe wall surfaces by the recesses and protrusions of the other sipe wall surface, is insufficient, and the rigidity of the sipe wall surfaces against the collapse-deformation does not improve. 
     Additionally, in a case where land portions provided with the sipes are subjected to deformation along the sipe length direction (this deformation is referred to as shear deformation), and the sipe wall surfaces start to be displaced by a different displacement amount, the rigidity of the land portions against shear deformation is still low because the sipe described above includes few recesses and protrusions formed along the sipe depth direction, the recesses and protrusions serving to inhibit the side wall surfaces from being displaced in the sipe length direction. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present technology provides a pneumatic tire including sipes having a sipe shape different from a known sipe shape, the sipes allowing improvement of mold releasing from the tire during tire manufacture, the sipes allowing the land portions with the sipes to be appropriately provided with the rigidity of the land portions against collapse-deformation and shear deformation. 
     An aspect of the present technology is a pneumatic tire including a tread portion provided with grooves and sipes. In the tread portion of the pneumatic tire, a shape of a tread pattern including a shape of land portions defined by the grooves and a shape of sipes is asymmetric, with respect to a tire equator line, between a first half-tread region on a first side in a tire width direction, for which a serial number is provided in a side portion of the pneumatic tire, and a second half-tread region on a second side opposite to the first side with respect to the tire equator line, and 
     the sipes are provided in regions of the land portions located in at least one of the first half-tread region or the second half-tread region. 
     The sipes include first sipes, 
     an opening of each of the first sipes viewed from a tread surface of the tread portion extends linearly between both ends of the sipe, 
     in a sipe depth direction of the first sipe, side wall surfaces of the first sipe undulate like waves such that a maximum projection height and a maximum recess depth are equal with respect to a reference plane extending from the opening in the sipe depth direction, 
     a first side wall surface corresponding to one of the side wall surfaces on both sides of the first sipe includes, along the sipe depth direction, at least two ridge portions and at least one valley portion sandwiched between the ridge portions bending like waves in a direction orthogonal to the sipe depth direction, at every different position in a sipe extension direction of the first sipe, and a second side wall surface corresponding to the other side wall surface includes, along the sipe depth direction, at least two valley portions located opposite the at least two ridge portions and at least one ridge portion located opposite the at least one valley portion, 
     the ridge portions maintain a constant projection height with respect to the reference plane in the first side wall surface, at any positions in the sipe extension direction, and a recess depth of the valley portions from the ridge portions when viewed along the sipe depth direction varies depending on a position in the sipe extension direction, 
     the ridge portions of the first side wall surface include a first ridge portion and a second ridge portion between which one of the valley portions is sandwiched in the sipe depth direction, and 
     a spacing between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion in the sipe depth direction increases toward one side in the sipe extension direction, and the recess depth, from the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion, of one of the valley portions sandwiched between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion gradually increases toward the one side in the sipe extension direction. 
     Preferably, the grooves are disposed point-symmetrically or axisymmetrically between the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region, 
     the first sipes are provided in each of the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region, and 
     dimensions related to the ridge portions or the valley portions of the side wall surfaces of the first sipes located in the regions of the land portions corresponding to positions of point symmetry or axisymmetry in the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region are different from each other. 
     Preferably, one of the valley portions sandwiched between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion extends from a position of the maximum recess depth toward a position at which the recess depth of the valley portion from the ridge portion is minimized, the recess depth decreasing gradually, 
     when a distance along the sipe extension direction from the position where the recess depth of the one of the valley portions is maximized to the position where the recess depth of the one of the valley portions is minimized is L1, a dimension of the maximum projection height or the maximum recess depth is L2, and a separation distance along the sipe depth direction between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion at the position of the maximum recess depth in the sipe extension direction is L3, 
     the first sipes include sipes A, for which a product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 8 mm 2  and a ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066, and 
     each of the sipes A is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the first half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Preferably, 
     the first sipes include the sipes B, for which a product L2×L3 and a ratio L2/L1 for each of the sipes B are respectively smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 for the sipes A, the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 2 mm 2 , and the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033, and 
     each of the sipes B is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the second half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Preferably, one of the valley portions sandwiched between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion extends from a position of the maximum recess depth toward a position at which the recess depth of the valley portion from the ridge portion is minimized, the recess depth decreasing gradually, 
     when a distance along the sipe extension direction from the position where the recess depth of the one of the valley portions is maximized to the position where the recess depth is minimized is L1, a dimension of the maximum projection height or the maximum recess depth is L2, and a separation distance along the sipe depth direction between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion at the position of the maximum recess depth in the sipe extension direction is L3, 
     the first sipes include sipes A, for which a product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 8 mm 2  and a ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066, 
     each of the sipes A is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the first half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half, and 
     a second sipe including two side wall surfaces opposing to each other and extending linearly in the sipe depth direction is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the second half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Additionally, preferably, one of the valley portions sandwiched between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion extends from a position of the maximum recess depth toward a position at which the recess depth of the valley portion from the ridge portion is minimized, the recess depth decreasing gradually, 
     when a distance along the sipe extension direction from the position where the recess depth of the one of the valley portions is maximized to the position where the recess depth is minimized is L1, a dimension of the maximum projection height or the maximum recess depth is L2, and a separation distance along the sipe depth direction between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion at the position of the maximum recess depth in the sipe extension direction is L3, 
     the first sipes include sipes C, for which a product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 10 mm 2  and a ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066, and 
     each of the sipes C is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the second half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Preferably, 
     the first sipes include the sipes D, for which a product L2×L3 and a ratio L2/L1 for each of the sipes D are respectively smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 for the sipes C, the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 3 mm 2 , and the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033, and 
     each of the sipes D is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the first half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Preferably, one of the valley portions sandwiched between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion extends from a position of the maximum recess depth toward a position at which the recess depth of the valley portion from the ridge portion is minimized, the recess depth decreasing gradually, 
     when a distance along the sipe extension direction from the position where the recess depth of the one of the valley portions is maximized to the position where the recess depth is minimized is L1, a dimension of the maximum projection height or the maximum recess depth is L2, and a separation distance along the sipe depth direction between the first ridge portion and the second ridge portion at the position of the maximum recess depth in the sipe extension direction is L3, 
     the first sipes include sipes C, for which a product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 10 mm 2  and a ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066, 
     each of the sipes C is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of a second half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half, and 
     a second sipe including two side wall surfaces opposed to each other and extending linearly in the sipe depth direction is provided in a region of a lateral land portion located on an outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position at which a range between the tire equator line and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the first half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Preferably, a position of the one of the valley portions in the sipe depth direction viewed from the tread surface is identical at any position in the sipe extension direction. 
     Preferably, an extension direction of the first sipe viewed from the tread surface of the tread portion corresponds to an inclination angle of 45 degrees or smaller with respect to the tire width direction. 
     According to the pneumatic tire described above, mold releasing from the tire during tire manufacture can be improved, while the land portions with the sipes can be appropriately provided with the rigidity of the land portions against collapse-deformation and shear deformation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a tire cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of a tread pattern provided in a tread portion of the pneumatic tire according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are each diagrams illustrating an example of sipes provided in the pneumatic tire according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram in a plan view of a sipe wall surface illustrated in  FIG. 3B . 
         FIG. 5  at (a) to (d) is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the shape of the sipe wall surface in a case where the sipe wall surface is cut at positions A to D in a sipe extension direction in  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Below, a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment will be described. The pneumatic tire described below is, for example, a tire for a passenger vehicle. The tire for a passenger vehicle refers to a tire specified in Chapter A of the JATMA Year Book 2010 (standards of The Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc.). The tire can also be a small truck tire specified in Chapter B or a truck tire or bus tire specified in Chapter C. 
     “Tire circumferential direction” described below refers to the direction (both rotation directions) to which a tread surface rotates in a case where a tire rotates about the tire rotation axis. “Tire radial direction” refers to the direction that extends radially orthogonal to the tire rotation axis. “Outer side in the tire radial direction” refers to the direction away from the tire rotation axis in the tire radial direction. “Tire width direction” refers to the direction parallel with the tire rotation axis direction. “Outer side in the tire width direction” refers to both directions away from a tire equator line of the tire. 
     Additionally, a ground contact edge of a pneumatic tire described below is an edge of a region in which the tread surface of a tread portion of the pneumatic tire contacts a dry horizontal surface, the edge being located farthest from the tire equator line in the tire width direction, in a case where the pneumatic tire is mounted on a regular rim, inflated to the regular internal pressure, and loaded with 70% of the regular load. Here, “regular rim” refers to a “standard rim” defined by the Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association Inc. (JATMA), a “design rim” defined by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc. (TRA), or a “measuring rim” defined by the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO). “Regular internal pressure” refers to a “maximum air pressure” defined by JATMA, the maximum value in “TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES” defined by TRA, or “INFLATION PRESSURES” defined by ETRTO. “Regular load” refers to a “maximum load capacity” defined by JATMA, the maximum value in “TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES” defined by TRA, or “LOAD CAPACITY” defined by ETRTO. 
     “Shape of a tread pattern described below being axisymmetric” refers to a tread pattern shape of a half-tread region on one side in the tire width direction with respect to the tire equator line overlapping a tread pattern shape of a half-tread region on the other side, in a case where the tire is turned inside out. 
     “Shape of the tread pattern being point symmetric” refers to the tread pattern shape of the half-tread region on one side in the tire width direction with respect to the tire equator line overlapping the tread pattern shape of the half-tread region on the other side, in a case where the tire is rotated through 180 degrees around one point on the tire equator line. 
     The tread pattern shape described below includes the shape of sipes, in addition to the shape of land portions defined by grooves. The shape of sipes includes the shape of the sipes visible on the tread surface, and in a case where a sipe wall surface includes recesses and protrusions in a sipe depth direction, the shape of the recesses and protrusions. 
       FIG. 1  is a tire cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section of a pneumatic tire  10  (hereinafter referred to as “tire  10 ”) of an embodiment. FIG.  2  is a diagram illustrating an example of a tread pattern provided in a tread portion of the tire  10 . 
     Tire Structure 
     The tire  10  includes, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a carcass ply layer  12 , a belt layer  14 , and bead cores  16  as framework members or layers of framework members and mainly includes a tread rubber member  18 , side rubber members  20 , bead filler rubber members  22 , rim cushion rubber members  24 , and an innerliner rubber member  26  around the framework members. 
     The carcass ply  12  includes a carcass ply member that is formed from organic fibers covered with rubber and that is wound into a toroidal shape, between a pair of the bead cores  16  of an annular shape. In the tire  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the carcass ply layer  12  is made of a single carcass ply member but may be made of two carcass ply members. The belt layer  14  is provided on an outer side of the carcass ply layer  12  in the tire radial direction and is composed of two belt members  14   a  and  14   b . The belt layer  14  is a member formed from steel cords covered with rubber, in which the steel cords are arranged inclined at a predetermined angle, for example, from 20 to 30 degrees, with respect to the tire circumferential direction. The width in the tire width direction of the belt member  14   a , which is a lower layer, is greater than the width in the tire width direction of the belt member  14   b , which is an upper layer. The steel cords of the two belt members  14   a  and  14   b  are inclined in opposite directions. Accordingly, the belt members  14   a  and  14   b  are crossing layers serving to suppress expansion of the carcass ply layer  12  due to inflation air pressure. 
     The tread rubber member  18  is disposed on an outer side of the belt layer  14  in the tire radial direction. Both end portions of the tread rubber member  18  connect to the side rubber members  20  to form the sidewall portions. The tread rubber member  18  is made of two layers of rubber members, namely an upper layer tread rubber member  18   a  provided on the outer side in the tire radial direction and a lower layer tread rubber member  18   b  provided on the inner side in the tire radial direction. The rim cushion rubber members  24  are respectively provided at the inner ends of the side rubber members  20  in the tire radial direction and come into contact with a rim on which the tire  10  is mountable. The bead filler rubber members  22  are provided on an outer side of the bead cores  16  in the tire radial direction, each of the bead filler rubber members  22  being sandwiched between a portion of the carcass ply layer  12  before being wound around the bead core  16  and a portion of the carcass ply layer  12  after being wound around the bead core  16 . The innerliner rubber member  26  is provided in an inner surface of the tire  10  facing a tire cavity region that is filled with air and is surrounded by the tire  10  and the rim. 
     In addition, the tire  10  includes a belt cover layer  28  formed from organic fiber covered with rubber that covers the belt layer  14  from the outer side in the tire radial direction of the belt layer  14 . 
     The tire  10  has such a tire structure, but the tire structure is not limited to the tire structure illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , the groove cross section of a tread pattern  50  described below that is formed in the tread rubber member  18  is omitted. 
     Tread Pattern 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of the tread pattern  50  provided in the tread portion. Grooves, land portions, and sipes are provided in the tread portion. The shape of the tread pattern  50  of the tread portion, the shape including the shape of the land portions defined by the grooves and the shape of the sipes, is asymmetric, with respect to the tire equator line CL, between a first half-tread region on a first side in the tire width direction, for which a serial number is provided in a side portion thereof, and a second half-tread region on a second side opposite the first side with respect to the tire equator line. “Asymmetric shape” refers to not being point symmetric or axisymmetric. 
     In the description of the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the half-tread region on the right side of the page corresponds to the first half-tread region, and the half-tread region on the left side of the page corresponds to the second half-tread region. Here, “serial number” refers to a combination of a number allowing identification of the manufacturing year and week of the pneumatic tire  10  and a code symbol for a factory having manufactured the tire, the number and the code symbol being placed on the side portion thereof. The serial number is provided on one side in the tire width direction. The side of the side portion, on which the serial number is provided, faces the vehicle outer side in a case where the tire is mounted on a vehicle. 
     The shapes of the grooves and the land portions in the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2  are point symmetric, but sipes  81   a ,  81   b ,  82   a ,  82   b ,  83   a ,  83   b  provided in the regions of the land portions described hereinafter are disposed asymmetrically between the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region. 
     The tread portion is provided with circumferential main grooves  52   a ,  52   b ,  53   a , and  53   b  extending continuously and circumnavigating in the tire circumferential direction. Between the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  52   b , lug grooves  55  are provided that connect the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  52   b , and block land portions  62  are provided that are defined by the lug grooves  55  and the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  52   b . Between the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  52   b , lug grooves  54   a  and  54   b  are provided that extend from the circumferential main grooves  52   a  and  52   b  toward the side of the tire equator line CL and that terminate within a region of the block land portions  62  without reaching the other circumferential main groove  52   b  or  52   a.    
     In addition, in the first half-tread region, lug grooves  56   a  are provided, each of which connects the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  53   a , and in the second half-tread region, lug grooves  56   b  are provided, each of which connects the circumferential main groove  52   b  and circumferential main groove  53   b . Between the circumferential main grooves  52   a  and the circumferential main grooves  53   a  in the first half-tread region, block land portions  63   a  are provided, each of which is defined by the lug grooves  56   a , the circumferential main groove  52   a , and the circumferential main groove  53   a . Between the circumferential main grooves  52   b  and the circumferential main grooves  53   b  in the second half-tread region, block land portions  63   b  are provided, each of which is defined by the lug grooves  56   b , the circumferential main groove  52   b , and the circumferential main groove  53   b . Furthermore, between the circumferential main groove  52   a  and the circumferential main groove  53   a , lug grooves  57   a  and  58   a  are provided, each of which extends from one of the circumferential main grooves  52   a  or  53   a  toward an inner side of the corresponding block land portion  63   a  and terminates within the region of the block land portion  63   a , without reaching the other circumferential main groove  53   a  or  52   a . Additionally, between the circumferential main groove  52   b  and the circumferential main groove  53   b , lug grooves  57   b  and  58   b  are provided, each of which extends from one of the circumferential main grooves  52   b  or  53   b  toward an inner side of the corresponding block land portion  63   b  and terminates within the region of the block land portion  63   b , without reaching the other circumferential main groove  53   b  or  52   b.    
     On the outer side of the circumferential main grooves  53   a  and  53   b  in the tire width direction, shoulder lug grooves  59   a  and  59   b  are provided, each of which extends from the circumferential main groove  53   a  or  53   b  toward the outer side in the tire width direction to a pattern end, and communication grooves  60   a  and  60   b  are provided, each of which connects the shoulder lug grooves  59   a  or the shoulder lug grooves  59   b  adjoining each other in the tire circumferential direction. 
     Additionally, on the outer side of the circumferential main grooves  53   a  and  53   b  in the tire width direction, lateral land portions  64   a  and  64   b  are provided, each of which is enclosed by the circumferential main groove  53   a  or  53   b , the shoulder lug groove  59   a  or  59   b , and the communication groove  60   a  or  60   b . On the outer side of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  64   b  in the tire width direction, lateral land portions  65   a  and  65   b  are provided, each of which is defined by the shoulder lug groove  59   a  or  59   b , the communication groove  60   a  or  60   b , and the pattern end. The lateral land portions  64   a ,  64   b ,  65   a , and  65   b  are each located on the outer side, in the tire width direction, of an intermediate position, at which a range between the tire equator line CL and a ground contact edge on an outer side of the first half-tread region or the second half-tread region in the tire width direction is divided in half. 
     Due to the plurality of grooves described above, the tread portion of the tire  10  includes the block land portions  62 ,  63   a , and  63   b  and the lateral land portions  64   a ,  64   b ,  65   a , and  65   b . The sipes  81   a ,  81   b ,  82   a ,  82   b ,  83   a , and  83   b  are provided in the respective regions of the land portions. 
     The tread pattern  50  of the tire  10  of an embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2  includes the above-described configuration, but the tread pattern is not limited to the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     In the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the sipes are provided in the regions of blocks surrounded by the grooves or the ground contact edges in all directions, but the sipes may be provided in a region of a rib-like land portion that is continuous in the tire circumferential direction. 
     At least some of the sipes  81   a ,  81   b ,  82   a ,  82   b ,  83   a , and  83   b  are provided with first sipes described below. All of the regions of the land portions are provided with the first sipes according to one embodiment, while some of the regions of the land portions are provided with the first sipes according to another embodiment. Hereinafter, the first sipes will be described collectively as a sipe  80 . 
     Description of First Sipe 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are diagrams illustrating an example of the sipe  80 .  FIG. 3A  illustrates an opening of the sipe  80  in a tread surface  19 . An opening viewed from the tread surface  19  extends linearly between both ends of the sipe. A width w of a sipe space, sandwiched by sipe wall surfaces (side wall surfaces)  80   a  and  80   b  that define the sipe  80  along a length direction (hereinafter, referred to as a sipe extension direction) of the opening of the sipe  80  that extends linearly, is for example, from 0.2 to 1.5 mm, and in a tire mold, sipe blades having a planar shape are mounted, as molds forming the sipes  80 , on a mold tread forming surface provided with protrusion portions forming grooves in the tire mold. 
     Each sipe wall surface of a pair of the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  of the tread portion, defining the space of the sipe  80 , includes, along the sipe depth direction, ridge portions and valley portions that bend or curve like waves, at every different position in the sipe extension direction. Specifically, the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  of the sipe  80  undulate like waves such that a maximum projection height and a maximum recessed depth are equal with respect to a reference plane. Specifically, the reference plane is a plane that extends in the sipe depth direction (the depth direction of the page of  FIG. 3A ) through the edge of the opening of the sipe  80 , which corresponds to a portion of the sipe wall surface  80   a  or the sipe wall surface  80   b.    
       FIG. 3B  illustrates the recess/protrusion shape of the sipe wall surface  80   a . The sipe wall surface  80   b  includes ridge portions and valley portions that bend or curve like waves in parallel with the sipe wall surface  80   a  at every different location and is separated from the side wall surface  80   a  by the constant width w. Accordingly, a sipe space with the constant width w is formed that is defined by the sipe wall surface  80   a  and the sipe wall surface  80   b . In other words, the width w of the sipe  80  is constant in the sipe depth direction and in the sipe extension direction. Thus, a recess portion is provided at a position of the sipe wall surface  80   b  located opposite a protrusion portion on the sipe wall surfaces  80   a,  and a protrusion portion is provided at a position of the sipe wall surface  80   b  located opposite a recess portion in the sipe wall surfaces  80   a.    
     The sipe wall surface  80   a  (first side wall surface) of the sipe  80  includes, in the sipe depth direction, at least two ridge portions and at least one valley portion bending and curving like waves in a direction orthogonal to the sipe depth direction, at every different position in the sipe extension direction. 
     On the other hand, although not illustrated in the diagrams, the sipe wall surface  80   b  includes: two valley portions located opposite two ridge portions of the sipe wall surface  80   a ; and at least one ridge portion located opposite at least one valley portion of the sipe wall surface  80   a.    
     In the sipe wall surface  80   a  (first sipe wall surface), at any positions in the sipe extension direction, the ridge portions maintain a constant projection height with respect to the reference plane. Furthermore, in a case where the ridge portions and valley portions are viewed along the sipe depth direction, the recess depth of the valley portions from the ridge portions varies depending on the position in the sipe extension direction. The projection height at which the ridge portions maintain a constant height is, for example, a maximum projection height. 
     The example illustrated in  FIG. 3B  will be described in detail. The sipe wall surface  80   a  includes at least a first ridge portion  80 M 1 , a second ridge portion  80 M 2 , and a first valley portion  80 V 1 . The first valley portion  80 V 1  is sandwiched between the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  in the sipe depth direction. The recess depth of the first valley portion  80 V 1  from the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  varies depending on the position in the sipe extension direction, and in the illustrated example, the recess depth decreases rightward in the diagram. 
     The first valley portion  80 V 1  extends from a side of a maximum-depth valley portion having a maximum recess depth (left side in the example illustrated in  FIG. 3B ) toward a position (right side in the example illustrated in  FIG. 3B ) at which the recess depth of the first valley portion  80 V 1  from the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  is minimized (the recess depth is zero in the example illustrated in  FIG. 3B ), and the recess depth from the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  gradually decreases, as the first valley portion  80 V 1  extends from the side of the maximum-depth valley portion toward a side of the maximum ridge portion. In other words, the first valley portion  80 V 1  extends from a position, where the recess depth of the first valley portion  80 V 1  from the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  is maximum, toward a position where the recess depth gradually decreases and is minimum. On the other hand, although not illustrated, the second side wall surface  80   b  includes: two valley portions located opposite the ridge portions of the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2 ; and at least one ridge portion located opposite the first valley portion  80 V 1 , and the ridge portions extend such that the projection height from the two valley portions gradually decreases from a position with the maximum projection height toward a position with the minimum projection height. 
     The spacing between the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  in the sipe depth direction increases toward one side in the sipe extension direction (left side of the page in the example illustrated in  FIG. 3B ), and the recess depth, from the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2 , of the first valley portion  80 V 1  sandwiched between the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the second ridge portion  80 M 2  gradually increases toward the one side in the sipe extension direction. 
     As described above, the ridge portions and the valley portions are present at any positions in the sipe extension direction of the sipe  80 , and thus, even in a case where the sipe  80  is subjected to an external force in a direction orthogonal to the sipe extension direction and subjected to collapse-deformation in which the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  approach each other, the recesses and protrusions of the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  engage with one another, at any positions in the sipe extension direction of the sipe  80 , to bear the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b . This enables suppression of a decrease in the rigidity against collapse-deformation included in a decrease in the rigidity of the land portions of the tread portion, thanks to the sipes  80  provided in the land portions. In other words, the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes  80  against the collapse-deformation is improved compared to the rigidity, against the collapse-deformation of land portions with known sipes in which sipe wall surfaces defining the sipe include parallel flat surfaces. Furthermore, the recess depth decreases as the first valley portion  80 V 1  extends in the sipe extension direction, thus allowing mold releasing to be improved. 
     Furthermore, the spacing between the top portion of the first ridge portion  80 M 1  and the top portion of the second ridge portion  80 M 2  in the sipe depth direction varies in the sipe extension direction, and thus even in a case where, under an external force in the sipe extension direction, one of the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  starts to be displaced toward the other sipe wall surface by a relatively large displacement amount in the sipe extension direction, in other words, even in a case where the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  are subjected to shear deformation along the sipe extension direction and start to be displaced, the ridge portions and the valley portions of one of the sipe wall surfaces respectively located opposite the valley portions and the ridge portions of the other sipe wall surface bear the valley portions and the ridge portions of the other sipe wall surface and inhibit the deformation. This allows suppression of a decrease in the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes  80  against shear deformation along the sipe extension direction. That is, the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes  80  against the shear deformation along the sipe extension direction is improved compared to the rigidity, against the shear deformation along the sipe extension direction, of land portions with known sipes in which the sipe wall surfaces defining the sipe include parallel flat surfaces. 
       FIG. 4  is a plan view of the sipe wall surface  80   a  illustrated in  FIG. 3B .  FIG. 5  at (a) to (d) is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the shape of the sipe wall surface  80   a  in a case where the sipe wall surface  80   a  is cut at the positions A to D in the sipe extension direction in  FIG. 4 . 
     The ridge portion includes ridge lines  80 R 1 ,  80 R 2 ,  80 R 3 , and  80 R 4 . The ridge lines  80 R 1 ,  80 R 2 ,  80 R 3 , and  80 R 4  correspond to, in the sipe wall surface  80   a,  top portions forming protrusion shapes from peripheral positions in the sipe depth direction at the same position in the sipe extension direction, the top portions extending continuously in the sipe extension direction. Additionally, the valley portion includes valley bottom lines  80 B 1 ,  80 B 2 , and  80 B 3 . The valley bottom lines  80 B 1 ,  80 B 2 , and  80 B 3  correspond to bottom portions forming recess shapes from peripheral positions in the sipe depth direction at the same position in the sipe extension direction, the bottom portions extending continuously in the sipe extension direction. In  FIG. 4 , the ridge lines  80 R 1 ,  80 R 2 ,  80 R 3 , and  80 R 4  are illustrated by solid lines, and the valley bottom lines  80 B 1 ,  80 B 2 , and  80 B 3  are illustrated by dot-dash lines. Note that the ridge lines referred to herein are top lines in a case where the top portions of the ridge portions are lines, but that, in a case where the top portion forms flat surfaces each with a width, the ridge line may be a line formed by connecting the center positions of the flat surfaces. 
     Here, for the ridge lines  80 R 1 ,  80 R 2 ,  80 R 3 , and  80 R 4 , a position in the sipe depth direction varies in the sipe extension direction. The position of each of the ridge lines  80 R 1  and  80 R 3  shifts deeper in the sipe depth direction while extending rightward in  FIG. 4 , and the position of each of the ridge lines  80 R 2  and  80 R 4  shifts shallower in the sipe depth direction while extending rightward in  FIG. 4 . 
     Note that, although  FIG. 4  illustrates the ridge lines and the valley bottom lines of the sipe wall surface  80   a,  the sipe wall surface  80   b  includes: valley bottom lines located opposite the ridge lines  80 R 1 ,  80 R 2 ,  80 R 3 , and  80 R 4  of the sipe wall surface  80   a ; and ridge lines located opposite the valley bottom lines  80 B 1 ,  80 B 2  and  80 B 3 , and thus in the sipe wall surface  80   b , the position of each valley bottom line in the sipe depth direction shifts while the valley bottom line extends in the sipe extension direction. 
     Additionally, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the valley bottom line  80 B 1  of the sipe wall surface  80   a  is parallel to the tread surface  19 . At this time, an inclined surface Q sandwiched between the valley bottom line  80 B 1  and the ridge line  80 R 1  and an inclined surface R sandwiched between the valley bottom line  80 B 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2  are configured to face the corresponding inclined surfaces of the sipe wall surface  80   b.    
     The varying position of the ridge line or the valley bottom line in the sipe depth direction allows the shape of the ridge portion or the valley portion to be varied depending on the position in the sipe extension direction. 
     Accordingly, in a case where the sipe blades are removed from the tread rubber, the sipe blades are less susceptible to resistance of the tread rubber, allowing the sipe blades to be easily removed. Thus, mold releasing from the tire can be improved. 
     Additionally, since the inclined surface Q sandwiched between the valley bottom line  80 B 1  and the ridge line  80 R 1  and the inclined surface R sandwiched between the valley bottom line  80 B 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2  are configured to face the corresponding inclined surfaces of the sipe wall surface  80   b , even in a case where the shear deformation of the land portions along the sipe extension direction starts to displace the ridge portion of one of the sipe wall surfaces in the sipe extension direction, the inclined surface between the ridge portion and the valley portion (inclined surfaces R and Q) comes into contact with the inclined surface of the other sipe wall surface to inhibit the displacement of the ridge portion. Thus, the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes  80  against shear resistance is improved compared to the rigidity, against the shear deformation of land portions with known sipes in which the sipe wall surfaces defining the sipe include parallel flat surfaces. 
     According to an embodiment, preferably, the ridge line  80 R 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2 , or the ridge line  80 R 2  and the ridge line  80 R 3 , or the ridge line  80 R 3  and the ridge line  80 R 4  approach each other while extending toward one side in the sipe extension direction, and as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the ridge lines join up with each other. At this time, the recess depth from the ridge line  80 R 1  and ridge line  80 R 2  at the valley bottom line  80 B 1  becomes progressively shallower toward the converging position, and the recess depth of the valley bottom line  80 B 1  is preferably zero at the confluence position. Thus, with mold releasing from the tire improved, the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes against collapse-deformation and shear deformation can be improved compared to the rigidity of the land portions with the known sipes against collapse-deformation and shear deformation. 
       FIG. 5  at (a) to (d) illustrates the recess/protrusion shapes at the positions A to D illustrated in  FIG. 4  to facilitate understanding of the shapes of the sipe wall surfaces. As illustrated in  FIG. 5  at (a) to (d), the positions the ridge line  80 R 1 , the ridge line  80 R 2 , the ridge line  80 R 3 , and the ridge line  80 R 4  in the sipe depth direction varies depending on the position in the sipe extension direction. In a case where the sipe blades are removed from the tread rubber, the resistance experienced by the sipe blades varies according to the magnitude of the amount of variation in the recess/protrusion shape in the sipe depth direction and decreases consistently as the amount of variation decreases. 
     Since the recess depth of each of the valley bottom lines  80 B 1 ,  80 B 2 , and  80 B 3  gradually decreases from the maximum recess depth, the amounts of variation in the recess/protrusion shape at the positions B and C are smaller than the amounts of variation in the recess/protrusion shape at the positions A and D. Thus, the resistance experienced by the sipe blade at the positions B and C is small, allowing mold releasing from the tire to be improved. On the other hand, the number of the recesses and protrusions in the recess/protrusion shape along the sipe depth direction is greater at the positions B and C than at the positions A and D, as illustrated in  FIG. 5  at (b) and (c). Thus, in a case of collapsing, the sipe wall surfaces more effectively engage with and bear each other. 
     Additionally, for the ridge line  80 R 1 , the ridge line  80 R 2 , the ridge line  80 R 3 , and the ridge line  80 R 4 , since the position in the sipe depth direction varies, with the projection height with respect to a reference plane P maintained, and since the inclined surfaces of the ridge portions  80 M 1  and  80 M 2  forming each of the ridge line  80 R 1 , the ridge line  80 R 2 , the ridge line  80 R 3 , and the ridge line  80 R 4  come into contact with and are borne by the inclined surfaces of the valley portions of the opposing sipe wall surface  80   b , thus even in a case where the sipe wall surfaces are subjected to shear deformation with the displacement amount differing between the sipe wall surfaces, the sipe wall surfaces are more effectively inhibited from being displaced. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the valley bottom line  80 B 2  is provided at a deeper location in the sipe depth direction than the valley bottom line  80 B 1  and provided parallel to the valley bottom line  80 B 1 , and the valley bottom line  80 B 2  joins up with the ridge  80 R 2  and the ridge line  80 R 3 . A confluence position where the valley bottom line  80 B 2  joins up with the ridge  80 R 2  and the ridge line  80 R 3  is different from a confluence position where the valley bottom line  80 B 1  joins up with the ridge line  80 R 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the confluence position where the valley bottom line  80 B 2  joins up with the ridge line  80 R 2  and the ridge line  80 R 3  is located opposite, in the sipe extension direction, to the confluence position where the valley bottom line  80 B 1  joins up with the ridge line  80 R 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2 . Such a shape allows the valley bottom lines to be repeatedly provided in the sipe depth direction, and thus the rigidity of the land portions with the sipes  80  against collapse-deformation and the shear deformation is significantly improved compared to the rigidity of the land portions with the known sipes in which the sipe wall surfaces defining the sipe include parallel flat surfaces. 
     A distance L1 (see  FIG. 4 ) along the sipe extension direction from the position A where the recess depth of the valley bottom line  80 B illustrated in  FIG. 4  from the ridge line  80 R 1  and the ridge line  80 R 2  is maximized to the position D where the recess depth is minimized (zero) is, for example, from 10 to 40 mm. 
     A dimension L2 (see  FIG. 5 ) of each of the maximum recessed depth and the maximum protrusion of the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  is, for example, from 0.1 to 5 mm and is preferably from 0.3 to 2 mm. 
     Additionally, a separation distance L3 (see  FIG. 4 ) between the ridge portions  80 M 1  and  80 M 2  adjacent in the sipe depth direction at a position where the valley portion  80 V 1  or the valley bottom line  80 B 1  is at the maximum recess depth is, for example, from 0.5 to 8 mm and is preferably from 1 to 4 mm. 
     Here, in addition to the collapse-deformation of land portions such as blocks or ribs provided with the sipes  80 , the rigidity against shear deformation varies depending on the shapes of the ridge portions including the ridge portions  80 M 1  and  80 M 2  and the valley portions including the valley portion  80 V 1 . For example, the rigidity of the land portions against collapse-deformation and shear deformation is preferably adjusted by adjusting a ratio L2/L1 of the dimension L2 (see  FIG. 5 ) to the distance L1 (see  FIG. 4 ) and a product L2×L3 of the dimension L2 and the separation distance L3. 
     The ratio L2/L1 indicates the magnitude of the inclination angle at which two ridge lines adjacent in the sipe depth direction illustrated in  FIG. 4  approach each other in the sipe extension direction, and the product L2×L3 indicates the magnitude of the projected area of the inclined surface Q and the inclined surface R illustrated in  FIG. 4  as viewed parallel to the sipe extension direction. Increasing the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 enables an increase in the rigidity of the land portions against shear deformation. Additionally, increasing the dimension L2 enables an increase in the rigidity of the land portions against collapse-deformation. Thus, for the increased rigidity of the land portions against shear deformation and collapse-deformation, the dimension L2 is preferably improved. However, with an excessively increased dimension L2, in a case where an attempt is made to remove the tire from the tire mold during a vulcanization step, the sipe blades are subjected to high resistance of the tread rubber, making separation of the tire from the mold difficult. Thus, using sipes with a large dimension L2 all over the tread pattern is difficult, and locally using is preferable. In this case, by adjusting the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 with the dimension L2 limited to within a predetermined range, the rigidity against collapse-deformation and the rigidity against shear deformation can be variably adjusted. 
     For example, by reducing the distance L1 and increasing the separation distance L3, with the dimension L2 unchanged, the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 can be improved to enhance the rigidity against shear deformation. In addition, by increasing the dimension L2 within a predetermined range, with the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 unchanged, the rigidity against collapse-deformation can be improved. 
     For the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the tire  10  is mounted such that the vehicle outer side corresponds to the side of the first half-tread region where a serial number is provided on the side portion thereof (the right side of the page in the example illustrated in  FIG. 2 ), the first half-tread region being located on one of both sides in the tire width direction. Thus, the first half-tread region faces the vehicle outer side in a case where the tire  10  is mounted on the vehicle. Thus, the first half-tread region is a portion in which the tire is subjected to a large lateral force from the ground during cornering of the vehicle. Accordingly, increasing the rigidity of the land portions against the lateral force of the first half-tread region is preferable in terms of improved dry steering stability (steering performance at a large steering angle). In particular, it is preferable to increase the rigidity against the lateral force of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a , corresponding to land portions located away from the tire equator line CL on the outer side in the tire width direction. 
     In this case, for the sipes  83   a  in which the sipe extension direction (the extension direction of the opening of the sipe viewed from the tread surface of the tread portion) corresponds to an inclination direction at 45 degrees or smaller with respect to the tire width direction, the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 are preferably adjusted to improve the rigidity against shear deformation, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     Additionally, some vehicles on which the tire  10  is mounted may have a large negative camber. The tire  10  mounted on such a vehicle has an increased ground contact surface on the vehicle inner side which is increased by a large negative camber, and high-speed durability on the side of the second half-tread region is likely to decrease. Accordingly, the rigidity of the land portions in the second half-tread region in the tire circumferential direction and the tire width direction is preferably increased. In particular, it is preferable to increase the rigidity against the force exerted in the tire circumferential direction and the tire width direction in the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b , corresponding to land portions located away from the tire equator line CL on the outer side in the tire width direction. In this case, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , for the sipes  83   b  in which the sipe extension direction corresponds to an inclination direction at 45 degrees or smaller with respect to the tire width direction, the ratio L2/L1 and the product L2×L3 are preferably adjusted to improve the rigidity against: the collapse-deformation in which the sipe wall surfaces  80   a  and  80   b  start to collapse due to a force exerted in the tire circumferential direction; and the shear deformation along the sipe extension direction experienced by the land portions due to a lateral force. 
     Hereinafter, a tire having improved dry steering stability; and sipes suitable for a tire having improved load durability will be described. 
     (1) Tire with Improved Dry Steering Stability 
     In order to obtain a tire with improved dry steering stability, it is preferable to improve the rigidity of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  against the lateral force in the tire width direction. In case of using sipes in which the sipe extension direction corresponds to a direction at 45 degrees or smaller with respect to the tire width direction, the above-described rigidity against shear deformation is preferably improved. In this case, the sipes  83   a  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  are preferably sipes A for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 8 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066. By providing the sipes A in the region of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a , dry steering stability can be improved. According to an embodiment, the sipes A need not be provided in all of the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , but may be provided in some of the regions. Additionally, according to an embodiment, the sipes A may also be provided in the regions of the block land portions 62 and  63   a  of the first half-tread region. For the tire for a passenger vehicle, the distance L1 ranges from 30 to 70 mm, for example, the dimension L2 ranges from 0.3 to 2 mm, for example, and the separation distance L3 ranges from 1 to 4 mm, for example. 
     In this case, according to an embodiment, the sipes  83   b  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  of the second half-tread region are preferably sipes B for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 2 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033. Both the product L2×L3 and the ratio L2/L1 for the sipes B are smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 for the sipes A. By providing the sipes B as described above in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b , braking performance and high-speed durability on wet road surfaces are also improved. The width w, which is the distance between the sipe wall surfaces of the sipe B, is preferably similar to the width w of the sipe A. The sipes B need not be provided in all of the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , but may be provided in some of the regions. Additionally, according to an embodiment, the sipes B may be provided in the regions of the block land portions 62 and  63   b  located in the second half-tread region. For the tire for a passenger vehicle, the distance L1 ranges from 30 to 70 mm, for example, the dimension L2 ranges from 0.1 to 1 mm, for example, and the separation distance L3 ranges from 0.5 to 2 mm 
     In addition, according to an embodiment, in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  of the second half-tread region, instead of the sipes  83   b , known sipes (second sipes) are preferably provided in which the two opposing sipe wall surfaces are parallel and in which the sipe wall surfaces form flat surfaces extending linearly in the sipe depth direction. In this case, the width of the sipe, corresponding to the distance between the sipe wall surfaces, is preferably similar to the width w of the sipe  80  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  of the first half-tread region. In this case as well, dry steering stability is improved. 
     (2) Tire with Improved High-speed Durability 
     The high-speed durability means up to which level of speed the tire can have the durability to be maintained without being destroyed in a case where, with the negative camber taken into account, the rotation speed of the tire is gradually increased under a certain load at a camber angle similar to that of the negative camber. Preferably, such a tire improves the rigidity of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  of the second half-tread region against the force in tire width direction and the tire circumferential direction. In this case, the sipes  83   b  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  are preferably sipes C for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.3 to 10 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0042 to 0.066. By providing the sipes C in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b , high-speed durability can be improved. The sipes C need not be provided in all of the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , but may be provided in some of the regions. For the tire for a passenger vehicle, the distance L1 ranges from 30 to 70 mm, for example, the dimension L2 ranges from 0.3 to 2 mm, for example, and the separation distance L3 ranges from 1 to 5 mm, for example. 
     In this case, according to an embodiment, the sipes  83   a  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  of the first half-tread region are preferably sipes D for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 3 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033. Both the product L2×L3 and the ratio L2/L1 for the sipes D are smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 for the sipes C. By providing the sipes D as described above in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a , braking performance on wet road surfaces and dry steering stability are also improved. 
     The width w, corresponding to the distance between the sipe wall surfaces of the sipe D, is preferably similar to the width w of the sipe C. The sipes D need not be provided in all of the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , but may be provided in some of the regions. Additionally, according to an embodiment, the sipes D may be provided in the regions of the block land portions  62  and  63   a  of the first half-tread region. For the tire for a passenger vehicle, the distance L1 ranges from 30 to 70 mm, for example, the dimension L2 ranges from 0.1 to 1 mm, for example, and the separation distance L3 ranges from 0.5 to 3 mm. 
     In addition, according to an embodiment, in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  of the first half-tread region, instead of the sipes  83   a , known sipes (second sipes) are preferably provided in which the two opposing sipe wall surfaces are parallel and in which the sipe wall surfaces form flat surfaces extending linearly in the sipe depth direction. In this case, the width of the sipe, corresponding to the distance between the sipe wall surfaces, is preferably similar to the width w of the sipe  80  provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  of the first half-tread region. In this case as well, high-speed durability is improved. 
     In the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the shape of the grooves and land portions is point symmetric, but according to another embodiment, the shape of the grooves and land portions can be made axisymmetric with respect to the tire equator line CL. For the axisymmetric shape, the tire rotation direction is often specified. The tire rotation direction is designated by a symbol, characters, or the like displayed on the sidewall. In such a case, to locate the first half-tread region on the vehicle outer side with respect to the second half-tread region, it is preferable that the sidewall located on the vehicle mounting outer side displays a symbol, characters, or the like indicating that the sidewall faces the vehicle mounting outer side or includes a serial number. Even in a case where the shape of the grooves and the land portions is point symmetric or axisymmetric, the tread pattern can be formed into an asymmetric shape by providing sipes such that the type of the sipes provided in the regions of the land portions (including differences in the dimensions of the distance L1, the dimension L2, and the separation distance L3) differs between the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region. 
     In other words, according to an embodiment, the grooves in the tread pattern are disposed point-symmetrically or axisymmetrically between the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region, and for the sipes provided in the regions of the land portions of the tread pattern, the forms of the recess/protrusion shapes of the sipe wall surfaces (dimensions of the distance L1, the dimension L2, and the separation distance L3) located in the regions of the land portions corresponding to the positions of point symmetry or axisymmetry in the first and second half-tread regions can be made different from each other. 
     Of course, in the regions of the land portions of a tread pattern in which the grooves and the land portions have an asymmetric shape that is not point-symmetric or axisymmetric, the sipes are provided such that the type of the sipes provided in the regions of the land portions differs between the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region, allowing a tread pattern in an asymmetric shape to be formed. 
     EXAMPLES, CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 
     To verify the effects of the present embodiment, for sipes of the tread pattern  50  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the sipes  80  having various dimensions and being provided in the land portions of the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region are provided in the tire  10 , and the tire  10  (195/65R 15 91H) with the tire structure illustrated in  FIG. 1  is manufactured and tested for dry steering stability performance and the high-speed durability. 
     For dry steering stability performance, four of the tires  10  are mounted on rims (rim size 15×6.0 J) and further mounted on a test vehicle (1500 cc, front wheel drive passenger vehicle) at an air pressure of 200 kPa, and the test vehicle is driven on a dry road surface on a predetermined course and evaluated by sensory evaluation by a driver. The evaluation results for each example are indexed, with the following Conventional Example assigned the value of 100. Higher indexes indicate more excellent dry steering stability performance. 
     For high-speed durability, the tires are driven on a drum testing machine at a load of 5.31 kN and an air pressure of 220 kPa, using a rim 15×6.0 J. The tires are evaluated for performance by performing the testing until the tires are broken. In the testing, with a period before the start of driving defined as step 0, the tires are driven at a constant running speed for 30 minutes in sequential steps from step 1. After the elapse of 30 minutes, the step is incremented by one, and driving at the constant running speed for 30 minutes is repeated. The running speed in step 1 is 121 km/hr, the running speed in step 2 is 129 km/hr, the running speed in step 3 is 137 km/hr, and so forth, and the running speed is increased by 8 km/hr on a step-by-step basis. High-speed durability is evaluated based on a step in which the tire is broken, and how high the step is has been checked by using, as a reference (zero), the corresponding step in Conventional Example described below. Thus, larger values indicate more excellent high-speed durability. 
     Tables 1 and 2 indicate specifications and evaluation results. 
     Unlike the form of the sipes  80  illustrated in  FIG. 3B , the form of the sipes in Conventional Example is such that three ridge portions extend parallel to the tread surface at the same position in the sipe depth direction and have a constant projection height and is such that the valley portions sandwiched between the ridge portions extend parallel to the tread surface, at the same position in the sipe depth direction and have a constant recess depth. The dimension of the sipe corresponding to the dimension L2 of the sipe  80  is 0.7 mm, the separation distance between the adjacent ridge portions in the sipe depth direction is 1.0 mm, and the dimensions are indicated in the corresponding sections in Table 1. The sipe is provided in all of the land portions in the first half-tread region and the second half-tread region. 
     In Examples, the sipes  81   a ,  81   b ,  82   a ,  82   b  in the tread pattern  50  and the sipes  83   a  and  83   b  in the lateral land portions  64   a  and  64   b  are in the same form as that in Conventional Example described above, and the sipes  80  with varying dimensions are used as all of the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  65   a  and  65   b.    
     In the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   b  and  65   b  in Example 3, the two opposing sipe wall surfaces are parallel, and the sipe wall surfaces form flat surfaces extending linearly in the sipe depth direction. In the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions  64   a  and  65   a  in Example 6, the two opposing sipe wall surfaces are parallel, and the sipe wall surfaces form flat surfaces extending linearly in the sipe depth direction, the sipes being known sipes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Con- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam-  
                 Exam- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ventional 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sipe in region 
                 Distance  
                 — 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
               
               
                 of lateral land 
                 L1 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 portion 65a 
                 Dimension 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 L2 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Separation  
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 distance  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L3 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 × L3  
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 (mm 2 ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2/L1 
                 — 
                 0.018 
                 0.018 
                 0.018 
               
               
                 Sipe in region 
                 Distance  
                 — 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 of lateral land 
                 L1 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 portion 65b 
                 Dimension  
                 0.7 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 L2 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Separation  
                 1.0 
                 0.2 
                 1.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 distance  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L3 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 × L3 
                 0.7 
                 0.04 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 mm 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2/L1 
                 — 
                 0.005 
                 0.013 
                 — 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dry Steering Stability 
                 100 
                 102 
                 103 
                 102 
               
               
                 High-speed durability 
                 0 
                 +1 
                 +2 
                 +1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 4  
                 Example 5 
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sipe in region 
                 Distance L1 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 of lateral land 
                 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 portion 65a 
                 Dimension L2 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Separation distance  
                 0.2 
                 1.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 L3 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 × L3 (mm 2 ) 
                 0.04 
                 0.50 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 L2/L1 
                 0.005 
                 0.013 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Distance L1 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dimension L2 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Sipe in region 
                 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 of lateral land 
                 Separation distance  
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 portion 65b 
                 L3 (mm) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2 × L3 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 mm 2   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 L2/L1 
                 0.018 
                 0.018 
                 0.018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dry Steering Stability 
                 101 
                 102 
                 101 
               
               
                 High-speed durability 
                 +2 
                 +3 
                 +2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The table indicates that all of Examples 1 to 6 improve both dry steering stability and high-speed durability compared to Conventional Example. This indicates that the land portions with the sipes  80  can be appropriately provided with the rigidity of the land portions against collapse-deformation and shear deformation. 
     A comparison between Example 1 and Example 2 indicates that, for the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the second half-tread region, not only the dry steering stability but also the high-speed durability can be improved by using the sipes for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 2 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033, the product L2×L3 and the ratio L2/L1 being smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 of the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the first half-tread region. Additionally, as illustrated in Example 3, compared to the Conventional Example, a configuration, in which the identical sipes having flat surfaces as those in Conventional Example are provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the second half-tread region, can improve not only the dry steering stability but also the high-speed durability. A comparison between Example 4 and Example 5 indicates that, for the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the first half-tread region, not only high-speed durability but also the dry steering stability can be improved by using the sipes for which the product L2×L3 ranges from 0.05 to 2 mm 2  and for which the ratio L2/L1 ranges from 0.0014 to 0.033, the product L2×L3 and the ratio L2/L1 being smaller than the corresponding product L2×L3 and ratio L2/L1 of the sipes provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the second half-tread region. Additionally, as illustrated in Example 6, compared to the Conventional Example, a configuration, in which the identical sipes having flat surfaces as those in Conventional Example are provided in the regions of the lateral land portions of the first half tread region, can improve not only the dry steering stability but also the high-speed durability. 
     The foregoing has been a detailed description of the pneumatic tire according to embodiments of the present technology. However, the present technology is naturally not limited to the above embodiments and Examples and may be improved or modified in various ways within the scope of the present technology.