Patent Publication Number: US-11398705-B2

Title: Coupling interface and method of operation

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to establishment of electrical connections in a context supporting arbitrary device dispositions, such as planar recharging surfaces with multiple contact zones. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Over recent years portable electronic devices have become increasingly ubiquitous—telephones, media players, tablet and laptop computers, IoT (Internet of Things) devices or the like and portable loudspeaker units are now widespread. With a tendency towards miniaturisation on one hand, and the increasing size and brightness of displays and expectancy of wireless connectivity on the other, demands on the energy storage capacity of the batteries of these devices are more and more challenging. In view of these considerations, users are increasingly subject to “low battery anxiety”, where the level of charge of their various devices, and the time until the next opportunity to recharge them, is a continuous source of concern. An attempt to address this problem using stand alone general purpose rechargeable battery units adds to the list of devices to be recharged and carried. This issue is further complicated by the range of power connectors and varying voltage requirements of these devices, which can make it necessary for individuals to carry a range of chargers and cables with them, nullifying many of the advantages of the devices miniaturisation. 
     WO2017046458 presents a partial solution to this problem. 
       FIG. 1  presents aspects of the prior art approach provided by WO2017046458. 
     As shown, a nomadic electronic device  120  is positioned to be recharged on a planar mating surface  110  provided with a plurality of contact zones  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 , by using an adapter  1301 . 
       FIG. 2  presents aspects of the prior art approach provided by WO2017046458 in further detail. As shown, the nomadic electronic device  120  is positioned to be recharged on a planar recharging surface  110  provided with a plurality of contact zones  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 , by using an adapter, which is represented in  FIG. 2  as the footprint  230  of the adapter  130  on the surface  110 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the adapter  130  defines two electrically conducting terminals  231 ,  232  of small cross section in an external face of the adapter strip. 
     For each device to be energized, there is provision to abut an internal face of the strip against a face of the device and to engage a connector into the device on the side of a bent part of the strip to place the adapter between the device and the recharging surface so as to allow conduction from two of the contact zones, the terminals  231 ,  232  being spaced a predetermined distance apart which is much greater than their cross-sectional size. As described in WO2017046458, contact zones are selectively energized with current, so that the zones  112 ,  114  on which the two terminals  231 ,  232  are positioned respectively come into a functional state and allow recharging of the device  120  via the adapter  230 . 
     As described in WO2017046458, in order to determine the status of each contact zone with a view to determining the presence of a device to be charged, there is provided a processing unit which is able to briefly drive independently each of the conductive zones from a low potential (e.g. 0V) to a high potential (e.g. 5V). The processing unit also manages a data link to drive ADCs for measuring the current drawn by each conductive zone. If the current drawn corresponds to an expected current value for a chargeable device, the high voltage is maintained on the corresponding conductive zone. Otherwise, the element  80  is returned to the low voltage. 
     Accordingly, nomadic devices equipped with the proposed adapter can be placed freely on such a planar surface equipped with the described system, and hopefully be detected and provided with a power supply voltage accordingly. 
     A drawback of this approach lies in the fact that in a case where an electrical connection exists between any two conductive regions for some reason besides the presence of a chargeable device, for example due to a conductive article such as a metal tool or ornament being placed on the surface, the testing process will create a short circuit to ground through this connection, leading to a flow of current. Depending on the conductive properties of the article, this may appear to the controller as characteristic of a chargeable device, which may lead to an attempt to supply power to the article, leading to a waste of energy and possible damage to the article, the conductive zones or the controller. 
     US2010/022285 presents a related solution for retrofitting a mobile electronic device, which has an input power receptacle located on its side, to receive power from a power delivery pad that has a flat power delivery surface. A connector assembly is connectable to the mobile electronic device by plugging a connector into the input power receptacle of the device. A power receiver assembly connects pivotally and electrically to the connector assembly by magnetism. The power receiver assembly is pivotal to position a power receiver hub, which is at a fixed distance from the connector assembly, over an axis of the mobile device, where an anchor comprising magnetic material or a mechanical attachment apparatus is adhered to the surface of the mobile device, and the hub is attached to the anchor by magnetism also, so that it is simply and easily detachable and re-attachable. The connector is adjustable in the connector assembly to position the power receiver assembly flush with the surface of the mobile device. Alternate connector assemblies with differently configured connectors are attachable magnetically or mechanically to the power receiver assembly. 
     WO2005/060401 meanwhile describes a power transfer pad, having a non-conductive board having a top and a bottom plurality conductive substrates sections disposed across the top of the non-conductive board; at least one conducting element disposed on each of the conductive substrate sections; a plurality of electrical contacts on the bottom the non-conductive board, wherein each of the electrical contacts on the bottom of the non-conductive board are in electrical communication with one of the conductive substrate sections on the top of non-conductive board. 
     A general problem arising with these various technologies relates to the difficulties of channelling voltage at the proper level to the negative or ground and positive terminals of any device to be supplied, whilst avoiding short circuits or leakage currents through conductive articles or substances that may come into contact with the charging surface. Generally, the preceding prior art methods rely to some extent on the dimensions and/or physical disposition of the charging regions of the surface, and of dielectric regions between them on one hand, and the physical disposition of charging terminals on the device to be charged on the other hand. In the case of WO2017046458 these provisions are supplemented by measuring the current drawn by respective pads. 
     These approaches are not entirely satisfactory since they represent constraints on the layout of the charging surface and/or the contacts of the charging terminals of the device, yet cannot rule out the inadvertent creation of short circuits. Additionally, prior art approaches tend to require complex electronics in the device itself for the device to be effectively detected and distinguished. It is thus as a consequence desirable to provide an arrangement offering improvements in these considerations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention in a first aspect there is provided a coupling interface for establishing an electrical coupling with an electrically conductive article, wherein the coupling interface controls a plurality of conductive regions, each conductive region being switchably coupled under the control of the coupling interface. The coupling interface is further adapted to detect the electrically conductive article to be electrically coupled across a first conductive region and a second conductive region in a case where a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a first state is determined fall to within a predetermined range and to differ in the presence of a potential difference of a first polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface in a predetermined manner to a characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a second state in the presence of a potential difference of a second polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface, the second polarity being opposite the first polarity, to establish persistent electrical connections to said first conductive region and said second conductive region by said switching operation accordingly. 
     In a development of the first aspect, the electrical property is a current flow from or to any region in the first or second state. 
     In a development of the first aspect, the electrical property is a voltage of any region in the first or second state. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is adapted to proceed for a given combination of conductive regions to the second state only in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined to have a value falling within a predetermined set of values, and in a case where the characteristic is determined to have a value not falling within the predetermined set of values, to consider no article to be coupled between the conductive regions in the given combination. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined to have a value falling within a predetermined set of values, but the characteristic in the first state is determined not to differ in the predetermined manner to the characteristic of the electrical property in the second state to consider an article to be coupled between the conductive regions in the given combination, but to consider the article not to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the plurality of conductive regions comprises more than two conductive regions, the coupling interface further comprising a controller configured to sequentially select each region, and to measure a respective electrical property of each of the plurality of regions with respect to the selected region. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is adapted to oscillate between the first state and the second state a plurality of times with a predetermined timing, and to measure a respective the electrical property at each oscillation, and in a case where said electrical property for any region exhibits a first predetermined characteristic consistently over the plurality of oscillations, considering the article to be coupled across the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the predetermined timing is defined so as to distinguish mechanical or electrical oscillations of the article across the regions. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is adapted in a case where the article is determined to be a conductive article creating a short circuit between the first conductive region and the second conductive region, to couple the first conductive region and the second conductive region to a predetermined voltage. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is adapted to measure the electrical property at a plurality of instants in time for a given combination of conductive regions to obtain a chronological evolution pattern of said electrical property, and to compare said chronological evolution to one or more reference evolution patterns, each reference evolution pattern corresponding to a specified class of electrical device, and in a case where the chronological evolution pattern corresponds to a respective reference evolution pattern, considering the article coupled across the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic to be an example of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the electrical property is the respective voltage across any known resistance, and wherein the coupling interface is adapted to measure the electrical property for the first conductive region and the second conductive region and to compare the electrical property to one or more reference electrical properties, each reference electrical property corresponding to a specified class of electrical device, and in a case where the electrical property pattern corresponds to a respective reference electrical property, considering the article coupled across the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic to be an example of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is further adapted to couple the first conductive region to a first voltage and to couple the second conductive region to a second voltage, where the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage correspond to a preferred supply voltage associated with the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface is further adapted to establish one or more data connections between an information handling system and one or more respective conductive regions, wherein the respective conductive regions with respect to which data connections are established are selected as having a predetermined spatial relationship to the first conductive region and the second conductive region. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the predetermined spatial relationship is retrieved as a function of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     In a further development of the first aspect, the coupling interface further comprises a memory, and is adapted to store values in the memory defining for each the conductive region a relationship with each other conductive region, each relationship being one of:
         in low resistance connection to,   providing current to, or   receiving current from,       

     wherein the coupling interface is adapted to determine and store each relation in the memory with the determinations of any preceding claim, and wherein the coupling interface is further adapted to couple each conductive region to a voltage in accordance with any preceding claim as a function of the relationships. 
     In accordance with the present invention in a second aspect there is provided a method of establishing an electrical connection with an electrically conductive article coupled across an arbitrary pair of conductive regions, the method comprising the steps of 
     establishing in a first state a potential difference of a first polarity between a first conductive region and a second conductive region, 
     measuring a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state, 
     determining that the characteristic falls within a predetermined range, and 
     establishing in a second state a potential difference of a second polarity between a first conductive region and a second conductive region, the second polarity being opposite the first polarity, 
     measuring a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, 
     determining whether the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state differs in a predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, and 
     in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state differs in a predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, establishing persistent electrical connections to said first conductive region and said second conductive region by said switching operation accordingly. 
     In accordance with the present invention in a third aspect there is provided a computer program adapted to implement the steps of the second aspect. 
     As a consequence, effectively identifying an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via a coupling device means that short circuits and other spurious connections can be advantageously avoided, reducing energy consumption, and reducing the risk of sparking or overheating, whilst enabling the convenient and efficient, plug-free charging, power supply or data connection for devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other advantages of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, for illustration purposes only, in which: 
         FIG. 1  presents aspects of the prior art approach provided by WO2017046458; 
         FIG. 2  presents aspects of the prior art approach provided by WO2017046458 in further detail; 
         FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  shows a first coupling arrangement suitable for use in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  presents a further example of a circuit demonstrating these characteristics; 
         FIG. 6 a    shows a first scenario in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 6 b    shows a second scenario in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 6 c    shows a third scenario in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 6 d    shows a third scenario in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 6 e    shows a fourth scenario in accordance with certain embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  shows a typical reaction of a cell to entry into a charging state; 
         FIG. 8  represents a variant of the coupling arrangement of  FIG. 2  according to some embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 9  shows an embodiment in which multiple articles are present on the conductive regions; 
         FIG. 10  presents steps of a method in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  shows a variant of the method of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 12  shows a generic computing system suitable for implementation of embodiments of the invention; and 
         FIG. 13  shows a surface device adaptable to constitute an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In accordance with various embodiments, there is provided a coupling interface for establishing an electrical connection with an electrically conductive article, wherein the coupling interface controls a plurality of conductive regions, each conductive region being switchably coupled under the control of the coupling interface, for example as described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  above. The coupling interface is adapted to detect such an electrically conductive article to be electrically coupled across a first conductive region and a second conductive region in a case where a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a first state is determined to differ in the presence of a potential difference of a first polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface in a predetermined manner to a characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a second state in the presence of a potential difference of an opposite polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface. The polarities referred to herein relate to the potential difference between the two conductive regions under consideration, not the individual voltage of each conductive regions. If conductive region A is at 5V and conductive region B is at 0V, the potential difference across the terminals may be taken to be 5V, whilst if terminal A is at 0V and terminal B is at 5V, the potential difference across the terminals is −5V, so that the polarity in the second case (negative) is opposite to the polarity in the first case (positive). The skilled person will appreciate that any convenient voltage may be used in this testing process, and that the voltage used in the testing process need not be the same as the voltage finally provided to supply a connected device. Common supply voltages include 3.3V, 5V, 12V and 20V DC, and any of these or some other voltage may be used in the testing process. Regardless of the voltages used, in the first state if the first conductive region is set to a higher voltage than the second conductive region, in the second state the first conductive region is set to a lower voltage than the second conductive region, and if in the first state the first conductive region is set to a lower voltage than the second conductive region, in the second state the first conductive region is set to a higher voltage than the second conductive region. On this basis, an article is considered to be coupled between the first conductive regions and the second conductive region and to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device where this difference in the predetermined characteristic is found to exist, and to establish persistent electrical connections to said terminals by said switching operation accordingly. As discussed hereafter, this may suggest a coupling to a power or data channel. 
       FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of the described solution. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , there is provided a coupling interface  300  for establishing an electrical connection with an electrically conductive article  320 , 
     The coupling interface  300  controls a plurality of conductive regions  311 ,  312 ,  313 ,  314 , constituting a mating surface, each conductive region  311 ,  312 ,  313 ,  314  being switchably coupled, for example by means of electronically controlled switches  301  under the control of the coupling interface  300  to a first voltage, here shown by way of example as a supply voltage V+ on supply line  302 . Additional voltage supply rails and corresponding switch positions may be provided as discussed hereafter. The supply voltage may be any convenient voltage such as 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 20V etc. It may be a DC or AC voltage. The voltage used for the testing procedure as described herein need not correspond to the required supply voltage of the device in normal operation. The coupling interface  300  further comprises a controller  303  configured to sequentially select each region  311 ,  312 ,  313 ,  314  and to couple the instantaneously selected region ( 312  for example at a given instant) to the first voltage in a first state, and to measure a respective electrical property such as current through or voltage as discussed below, of each of the plurality of regions other than the selected region (that is, regions  311 ,  313 ,  314  at that given instant). In a case where the electrical property for any region  311 ,  313 ,  314  exhibits a first predetermined characteristic, the article  320  is considered to be coupled across the selected region  312  and the region exhibiting the first characteristic. 
     It will be appreciated the switchable coupling may be achieved by many means, including by way of example electromechanical devices such as relays, electronic devices such as transistors or combinations of electronic devices implementing logic gates, multiplexers or the like, and so on. Still further, in some cases the device and/or coupling adapter may comprise addressable elements on a common bus. 
     It will be appreciated that while the mating surface as shown comprises a number of square conductive regions in a plane, other embodiments may use conductive regions of any shape, and each conductive region, or certain groups of conductive regions may vary in shape. The conductive regions need not be in a planar arrangement, but could conform to any three dimensional surface. The conductive regions may be separated with gaps or dielectric filler of varying dimensions, depending on the corresponding dimensions of the article as discussed below. Accordingly, while in some embodiments squares, hexagons or other tessellating shapes may be used in a planar disposition with minimal dielectric separations, in other embodiments the conducting regions may be of arbitrary two or three dimensional form. 
     As mentioned above, in the first state in one variant, each of the plurality of regions other than the selected region is coupled in turn to a second voltage defining a first potential difference with respect the first voltage, and the electrical property is a current flow from the selected region and a respective region coupled to the second voltage. By way of example, if the first voltage is 5V as discussed above, the second voltage may be 0V. 
     Alternatively, each of the plurality of regions  311 ,  313 ,  314  other than the selected region  312  is coupled in turn to a second voltage, the second voltage defining a first potential difference with respect to the first voltage, via a respective known resistance  304   a ,  304   b ,  304   c ,  304   d , and the electrical property is the respective voltage across each known resistance  304   a ,  304   b ,  304   c ,  304   d.    
     As shown, in the arrangement of  FIG. 3  each of the switches  301   a ,  301   b ,  301   c ,  301   d  has four positions, with the first position of each switch being coupled to the 5V supply line  302 , the second position coupled to the ground plane, the third position floating and the fourth position coupled to ground by the respective resistance  304   a ,  304   b ,  304   c ,  304   d  as discussed above. The term “floating” as used here may designate an open circuit as shown, or a high resistance connection to ground or another voltage as appropriate. As such, the arrangement of  FIG. 3  is able to implement either variant, by using the second position to couple the regions other than the selected region to ground in the first variant, or using the fourth position to couple the regions other than the selected region to ground via a respective known voltage in the second variant. It will be appreciated that implementations need not support both variants. It will be appreciation that certain connections may not be required in all embodiments, for example the third connection of each switch (floating) may not be required in view of the availability of a high resistance connection to ground. 
     As shown, the first switch  301   a  corresponding to the conductive region  312 , which in the current example is taken to be the selected region is in the first position coupling region  312  to 5V. Switches  301   b  and  301   c  corresponding to regions  311  and  313  are in the third position leaving these regions floating. Switch  301   d  is in the fourth position, coupling the conductive region  314  to ground via known resistance  304   d . The voltage across resistance  304   d  can be measured by voltmeter  305   d . Corresponding voltmeters  305   a ,  305   b ,  305   c  are shown in association with resistances  304   a ,  304   b ,  304   c  respectively. In accordance with the preceding discussion, in other phases regions  311  and  313  will be similarly coupled across their corresponding resistances whilst the other regions other than the presently selected region ( 312 ) are left floating. 
     The coupling interface is adapted in a case where the electrical property for any region exhibits the first predetermined characteristic (that is, a characteristic voltage change or current flow, or power level) to enter a second state. 
     In this second state, the selected region is coupled to a third voltage, and the region exhibiting the first characteristic is coupled to a fourth voltage, where the fourth voltage defining a second potential difference with respect to the third voltage of opposite polarity to the first potential difference. For example, the voltages of the two regions may simply be swapped. In the case of  FIG. 3 , this would mean changing switch  301   a  to position  4  and switch  301   d  to position  1 . 
     The respective electrical property of the selected region (presently  312 ) may then be measured, and in a case where the electrical property for the selected region exhibits a second predetermined characteristic, the article considered to be a power consuming electrical device coupled the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic. 
     On this basis the interface may select in turn each conductive region, and test each other region first with one polarity, then with the opposite polarity if the first characteristic is detected, before proceeding to select a new conductive region and test each other region with respect to the newly selected region, until every region has been tested with respect to every other region. 
     The measurement of the first electrical property may be performed by any convenient method. For example, it may be measured by Analogue to Digital Converters, moving coil galvanometer, hall effect sensor or otherwise. 
     As such, the embodiment of  FIG. 3  presumes a difference in behaviour depending on the polarity of the voltage across a device. Specifically, a first characteristic voltage drop or current flow with one polarity, and a second characteristic voltage drop or current flow with the opposite polarity. In other words, the presence of an electronic circuit adapted to perform a first anti-inversion of current function between the first electrode and the second electrode. In some embodiments for example as discussed below there may be provided additional electrodes for data or power connections, in which case additional anti-inversion behaviour may be implemented between some or all pairs of such additional electrodes. 
     Where no such difference is detectable, any voltage drop or current flow detected may be presumed to be due to a spurious connection not corresponding to a power consuming electrical device due to a short circuit or resistive electrical connection across the two conductive regions for example. For the remainder of the present application such situations will be referred to as short circuits, even if the level of resistance is significant as will become clear from the following description, embodiments of the present invention are able to distinguish even high resistance spurious connections from devices susceptible to electrical connection. If different characteristics are detectable, the conductive article is presumed to be a chargeable device. 
     Accordingly, in a case where the electrical property for the selected region exhibits a third predetermined characteristic, that is, one of a set of values not corresponding to the second characteristic, the interface is adapted to consider the article to be a conductive article creating a short circuit between the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic. 
     Where this determination is made, the coupling interface may be adapted to switch the voltage of the two conductive regions to a common voltage as discussed above. This common voltage may be 0 volts, that is to say, connection to ground, or may be any non zero voltage (positive or negative). In any case, by setting both regions to the same voltage any further short current between the conductive regions is stopped. 
     While the preceding approach is described as treating all conductive regions sequentially, it will be appreciated that a set of conductive regions may be broken into a number of subsets, with each the respective subsets operating in parallel. This may be more effective where a large number of conductive regions are managed. 
     This characteristic behaviour in the face of different electrical conditions implies certain characteristics in a power consuming electrical device enabling it to be distinguished from a spurious connection not corresponding to a power consuming electrical device. These characteristics may be achieved by including certain electronic components in the power consuming electrical device itself, or in a coupling interface positioned between (in an electrical sense) the power consuming electrical device and the conductive regions. 
     The coupling interface may act as a front end for coupling of devices to power from solar panels, battery packs, mini wind turbines, mains electricity either directly or rectified to DC and/or reduced to any desired voltage, and other power supply units, via the conductive regions. 
       FIG. 4  shows a first coupling arrangement suitable for use in accordance with certain embodiments. 
     As shown, a coupling arrangement  430  comprises a first terminal  431  in contact with a first conductive region  414  and a second terminal  432  in contact with a second conductive region  412 . The first conductive region  414  may correspond to the conductive region  314  as described with reference to  FIG. 3  above at the moment the conductive region  314  is selected as the first conductive region, and the second conductive region  412  may correspond to the conductive region  312  as described with reference to  FIG. 3  above at the moment the conductive region  312  is selected as the second conductive region. The coupling arrangement  430  furthermore comprises a negative power supply terminal  433  and a positive power supply terminal  434 . The negative power supply terminal  433  and a positive power supply terminal  434  provide a connection to the circuits of an apparatus  420  which may correspond to the apparatus  120 ,  320  as described above. The circuits in question may be any circuit able to draw current from the terminals  433 ,  434 , either to energize the operational circuits of the device, or to charge an internal battery of the device, or both.  FIG. 4  presents device  420  as comprising an equivalent circuit for a cell based on a simplified Randle&#39;s cell circuit by way of example, but the detailed content of the device itself is outside the scope of the present invention. In any event, in certain embodiments a final objective may be to charge such a cell via the coupling interface and the conductive regions. 
     In accordance with the discussion of  FIG. 3 , a device disposed across the conductive regions  412 ,  414  is expected to exhibit certain electrical characteristics. 
     Specifically, a characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a potential difference of a given polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region is expected to differ in a predetermined manner from the characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a potential difference of an opposite polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region. 
     More particularly, this may be achieved by a coupling arrangement providing an anti-inversion effect. 
       FIG. 4  presents one example of a circuit achieving such an effect. As shown, the coupling arrangement  430  comprises a first diode  435 , the cathode of the first diode  435  being connected to the first electrode  431 , a resistor  436  connected across the negative supply terminal  433  and the positive power supply terminal  434 . Meanwhile, a second diode  437  is connected, with the anode of the second diode being connected to the second electrode  432 . The resistance of the resistor  436  may be selected as being in a similar range to the typical internal equivalent resistance of the device  420 . In certain embodiments the interface controller may be adapted to select a resistance from a range of available values in an adaptive manner in response to the detected characteristics of the device, for example starting with a high resistance and progressively reducing the resistance until a value providing good discrimination is found. 
     Accordingly, on the basis of the connections shown, with the first conductive region  414  being coupled to a positive voltage and the second conductive region coupled to ground, one can expect a current to flow through the second diode  437 , the resistor  436  and the first diode  435 . The exact level of the current that flows will depend on the value of the resistor  436  and the equivalent internal resistance of the device  420 , however it is presumed that the value of resistor  436  will be selected so as to provide a current falling within a predictable range of current values in the presence of an arrangement as shown. 
     If on the other hand the polarity of the potential difference between the first and second conductive regions is reversed, for example by inversing the voltages on these respective conductive regions, no (or a much smaller) current should flow, in view of the properties of the diodes  435  and  437 . 
     As such, the current may constitute the electrical property considered by the interface of  FIG. 3  for example, such that a current flow between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a positive potential difference coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region is expected to be substantially greater, for example one or more orders of magnitude greater, than the current between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a negative potential difference across the first conductive region and the second conductive region. 
     Accordingly there is disclosed a coupling adapter which in certain embodiments may be adapted for association with an electrical device. The coupling adapter comprises two electrodes coupled across a characterization circuit and adapted to be coupled across a power supply circuit of such a device. The characterization circuit is configured to exhibit a first predetermined electrical characteristic in response to a positive potential difference at the first electrode with respect to the second electrode, and the second predetermined characteristic in response to a negative potential difference at said first electrode with respect to said second electrode. 
       FIG. 5  shows a second coupling arrangement suitable for use in accordance with certain embodiments. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , a coupling arrangement  530  comprises a first terminal  531  in contact with a first conductive region  514  and a second terminal  532  in contact with a second conductive region  512 . The first conductive region  514  may correspond to the conductive region  314  as described with reference to  FIG. 3  above at the moment the conductive region  314  is selected as the first conductive region, and the second conductive region  512  may correspond to the conductive region  312  as described with reference to  FIG. 3  above at the moment the conductive region  312  is selected as the second conductive region. The coupling arrangement  530  furthermore comprises a negative power supply terminal  533  and a positive power supply terminal  534 . It will be appreciated that the negative terminal may in fact expect a ground connection references to negative connections, terminals, electrodes, voltages and the like should be understood to include 0V, or a ground connection. The negative power supply terminal  533  and a positive power supply terminal  534  provide a connection to the circuits of an apparatus  520  which may correspond to the apparatus  120 ,  320 ,  420  as described above. 
     In accordance with the discussion of  FIG. 3 , a device disposed across the conductive regions  512 ,  514  is expected to exhibit certain electrical characteristics as discussed with respect to  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 5  presents a further example of a circuit demonstrating these characteristics. As shown, the coupling arrangement  530  comprises a MOSFET  535 , the source of the MOSFET  535  being connected to the positive supply terminal  433 , the gate of the MOSFET  535  being connected to the first electrode  531  and negative supply terminal  533  and the drain of the MOSFET  535  being connected to the second electrode  532  and the positive power supply terminal  534 . Meanwhile resistor  536  is connected across the negative supply terminal  533  and the positive power supply terminal  534 . The resistance of the resistor  536  may be selected as being in a similar range to the typical internal equivalent resistance of the device  520 . 
     Accordingly, on the basis of the connections shown, with the first conductive region  514  being coupled to a positive voltage and the second conductive region coupled to ground, one can expect the channel of the MOSFET  535  to open allowing a current to flow through from the source to the drain, through the resistor  536 . The exact level of the current that flows will depend on the value of the resistor  536  and the equivalent internal resistance of the device  520 , however it is presumed that the value of resistor  536  will be selected so as to provide a current falling within a predictable range of current values in the presence of an arrangement as shown (although the measured value may rise over time to arrive at this value). 
     If on the other hand the polarity of the potential difference between the first and second conductive regions is reversed, for example by inverting the voltages on these respective conductive regions, no (or a much smaller) current should flow, in view of the properties of the MOSFET  535 , the channel of which will remain closed if coupled to ground (assuming the MOSFET  535  is an N MOSFET device). 
     Use of a MOSFET device to provide the desired device characteristics is advantageously simple, reliable and inexpensive. 
     As such, the current may constitute the electrical property considered by the interface of  FIG. 3  for example, such that a current flow between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a positive potential difference coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region is expected to be substantially greater than the current between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the presence of a negative potential difference across the first conductive region and the second conductive region. 
     Alternatively, by provision of a known resistance a potential divider structure may be provided as discussed with respect to  FIG. 3  enabling the measurement of a voltage drop at the conductive region, such that a voltage drop may constitute the electrical property considered by the coupling interface. 
     It will be appreciated that there are many other circuit configurations that can be provided to achieve the same desired characteristic, based on P MOSFETs, multiple MOSFETs, or many other possible arrangements as may occur to the skilled person. 
     It will be appreciated that the general approach discussed above with respect to  FIG. 3  may be extended to provide an enriched understanding of articles disposed across the conductive regions. In particular, it will be appreciated that in the context of the present invention, various different situations may arise, such as:
         A. Any given pair of conducting regions may be connected by a low resistance or short circuit, for example where a metallic ornament or tool is placed in contact with both regions;   B. Any given pair of conducting regions may be isolated from each other (this is the default condition where no article is present);   C. An electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device may be coupled across the regions with its terminals in one orientation (positive to positive conductive region, negative to negative conductive region) or   D. An electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device may be coupled across the regions with its terminals in another orientation (negative to positive conductive region, positive to negative conductive region).       

     Embodiments of the invention are able to distinguish some or all of these scenarios as discussed in more detail below. 
       FIGS. 6 a  to 6 d    explore a number of scenarios that may be distinguished on the basis of certain embodiments. In each of these figures there is presented schematically a simplified version of the arrangement of  FIG. 3 , comprising four conductive regions  611 ,  612 ,  613 ,  614 . As shown, each of these four conductive regions is switchably coupled either to ground via a respective resistance, or to 5V. As shown, in each case the conductive region  613  is coupled to 5V and the other regions coupled to ground via a respective resistance. 
       FIG. 6 a    shows a first scenario in which a coupling arrangement  620   a  as discussed above is coupled across the conductive region  613  and the conductive region  614  in a configuration corresponding to scenario C above. Specifically, the coupling arrangement  620   a , is represented schematically here by a resistance and diode in series with the anode of the diode connected to conductive region  614  and the resistance connected to the conductive region  613 . Accordingly, no (or little) current can flow through the diode from positive conductive region  613  to negative conductive region  614  in view of the diode characteristics. In the configuration of  FIG. 6 , this small current flow may be detected by measuring a voltage drop across the known resistance coupling conductive region  614  to ground. 
       FIG. 6 b    shows a second scenario in which a coupling arrangement  620   b  as discussed above is coupled across the conductive region  613  and the conductive region  614  in a configuration corresponding to scenario D above. Specifically, the coupling arrangement  620   b , represented schematically here by a resistance and diode in series with the anode of the diode connected to conductive region  613  and the resistance connected to the conductive region  614 . Accordingly, current can flow through the diode and resistance from positive conductive region  613  to negative conductive region  614  in view of the diode characteristics. 
     The scenarios of  FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b    correspond to the two states in which any article will be assessed as discussed above. That is a characteristic of an electrical property (in this case current) between the first conductive region (taking the situation of figure a as a starting point by way of example) and the second conductive region in a first state is determined to differ in the presence of a potential difference of a first polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface in a predetermined manner (in this case, the current in the first state is much lower than in the second state, and this may be used here as the differentiating factor) to a characteristic of the electrical property (current) between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a second state (the situation of  FIG. 6 b   ) in the presence of a potential difference of an opposite polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface. On this basis, an article is considered to be coupled between the first conductive region and the second conductive region and to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device where this difference in the predetermined characteristic is found to exist. It will be understood that in the first state the polarity may be positive (i.e. the voltage of the first selected conductive region is higher than the voltage of the further conductive region) and in the second state the polarity may be negative (i.e. the voltage of the first selected conductive region is lower than the voltage of the further conductive region), or vice versa. 
       FIG. 6 c    shows a third scenario in which a short circuit  620   c  is coupled across the conductive region  613  and the conductive region  614  in a configuration corresponding to scenario A above. Accordingly, current can flow through the circuit from positive conductive region  613  to negative conductive region  614 . 
       FIG. 6 d    shows a third scenario in which a short circuit  620   d  is coupled across the conductive region  613  and the conductive region  614  in a configuration corresponding to scenario A above. In the case of  FIG. 6 d    however, the polarity of the voltage across the two conductive regions has been reversed, so that conductive region  614  is at 5V and conductive region  613  is coupled to ground via a resistance. Accordingly current can flow through circuit from positive conductive region  614  to negative conductive region  613 . 
     The scenarios of  FIGS. 6 c  and 6 d    correspond to the two states in which any article will be assessed as discussed above. That is, a characteristic of an electrical property (in this case current) between the first conductive region (taking the situation of  FIG. 6 c    as a starting point by way of example) and the second conductive region in a first state is determined to differ in the presence of a potential difference of a first polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface in a predetermined manner (in this case, the current in the first state should be much lower than in the second state, and this may be used here as the differentiating factor, however in the case of  FIGS. 6 c  and 6 d    this difference is not present, since the current in each direction will generally be the same or similar) to a characteristic of the electrical property (current) between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a second state (the situation of  FIG. 6 d   ) in the presence of a potential difference of an opposite polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface. On this basis, an article is considered to be coupled between the first conductive region and the second conductive region but not to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device where this difference in the predetermined characteristic is found to exist. As discussed hereafter, such a finding may nevertheless prompt the coupling interface to establish of persistent electrical connections to the respective conductive regions by the switching operation for example by setting the corresponding regions to a floating or high resistance condition. As such, in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined to have a value falling within a predetermined set of values, but the characteristic in the first state is determined not to differ in the predetermined manner to the characteristic of the electrical property in the second state, the interface may to consider an article to be coupled between the conductive regions in the given combination, but to consider the article not to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device. 
     In such a situation, the coupling interface may be adapted in a case where the article is determined to be a conductive article creating a short circuit between the first conductive region and the second conductive region, to couple the first conductive region and the second conductive region to a predetermined voltage. This predetermined voltage may be ground, or any other voltage, on the basis that whatever voltage is selected, if it is the same in both regions across which the article is coupled, no current will flow through the article. 
       FIG. 6 e    shows a fourth scenario in which an open circuit  620   e  is present across the conductive region  613  and the conductive region  614  in a configuration corresponding to scenario B above. Accordingly no current can flow through the circuit from positive conductive region  614  to negative conductive region  613 . If the polarity is reversed between the two conductive regions, the situation will be the same. 
     The scenario of  FIG. 6 e    and the corresponding situation with reversed polarity (not shown) correspond to the two states in which any article will be assessed as discussed above. That is, a characteristic of an electrical property (in this case current) between the first conductive region (taking the situation of  FIG. 6 e    as a starting point by way of example) and the second conductive region in a first state is determined not to fall within a predetermined range (for example, greater than zero) to differ in the presence of a potential difference of a first polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface in a predetermined manner (in this case, the current in the first state should be much lower than in the second state, and this may be used here as the differentiating factor, however in the case of  FIGS. 6 c  and 6 d    this difference is not present, since the current in each direction will generally be the same or similar) to a characteristic of the electrical property (current) between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in a second state (the situation of  FIG. 6 e    with reversed polarity) in the presence of a potential difference of an opposite polarity coupled across the first conductive region and the second conductive region by the switching operation of the coupling interface. On this basis, no article is considered to be coupled between the first conductive region and the second conductive region, since not only did the values in the two states not differ, but in at least one case the value was determined to lie outside the predetermined acceptable range. 
     It will be appreciated that in some cases, it may not be necessary to measure the short circuit with both polarities. The resistance  436  or  536  will have a predictable and measureable effect on the current drawn by the device, which makes it possible to distinguish between the presence of the device in a forward biased mode and a short circuit. Even if the resistance is omitted, it may be possible to determine the presence of the adapter on the basis of the voltage drop characteristic of a diode which may be distinguished from the short circuit situation. It may also be possible to distinguish the circuit in a reverse biased mode from an open circuit on the basis of the breakdown voltage characteristic of the diode. Where this is the case, the coupling interface may be adapted to proceed for a given combination of conductive regions to the second state only in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined to have a value falling within a predetermined set of values, and in a case where the characteristic is determined to have a value not falling within a predetermined set of values, to consider no article to be coupled between the conductive regions in the given combination. 
     As discussed hereafter, a determination that no article is coupled between the conductive regions in the given combination such a finding may nevertheless prompt the coupling interface to establish of persistent electrical connections to the respective conductive regions by the switching operation for example by setting the corresponding regions to a floating or high resistance condition. 
     While  FIGS. 4, 5 and 6  have been discussed primarily in the context of an article coupled between two conductive regions, it will be appreciated that many more conductive regions may be present, and articles may be coupled across any pair of these conductive regions. As such, the principles presented above may be applied across any number of conductive regions. In particular, the coupling interface may comprise a controller configured to sequentially select each region, and to measure a respective electrical property of each of the plurality of regions with respect to the selected region. Pairs of conductive regions may be selected for testing in any other order as may be desirable. 
     It will be appreciated that in certain scenarios the difference in the characteristic of the electrical property in the presence of the potential difference with the first polarity with respect to the characteristic of the electrical property in the presence of the potential difference with an opposite polarity may occur instantaneously due to transient effects. For example, mechanical vibrations, for example due to the situation of an arrangement in accordance with the invention in a vehicle or the like, may cause the article  420 ,  520  to maintain only sporadic contact with the conductive regions. In the case where the article is a spurious conductive article, such vibrations may nevertheless lead to a difference in the characteristic of the electrical property in the presence of the potential difference with the first polarity with respect to the characteristic of the electrical property in the presence of the potential difference with an opposite polarity leading the coupling interface to mistakenly identify the article as an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection. Similar effects may arise due to other oscillations or transient effects, for example due to electrical resonances and the like. Accordingly, the coupling interface according to certain variants may oscillate between the first state and the second state a plurality of times, so as to obtain multiple measurements, with a view to excluding such transient conditions. These multiple measurements may be performed with a predetermined timing selected so as to represent a sampling frequency sufficient to distinguish oscillations in a range of likely oscillation frequencies. As such, the respective electrical property may be measured at each oscillation and in a case where the electrical property for any said region exhibits a first predetermined characteristic consistently over the plurality of oscillations, considering the article to be coupled across the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic. 
     The foregoing embodiments provide a convenient mechanism for establishing an electrical connection between the coupling interface and an article identified as an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection coupled across two conductive regions controlled by the coupling interface. 
     In addition to the scenarios A, B, C and D as discussed above, for example with reference to  FIG. 6 , is will be appreciated that other scenarios may be addressed by a coupling interface in accordance with certain embodiments. For example, it may be imagined that a variety of different classes of electrical devices susceptible to electrical connection may be defined, and the coupling interface may be defined not only to distinguish such devices from short and open circuit situations as described above, but also to distinguish devices of one class from another, and furthermore to establish connections in a differential manner on the basis of this determination. One manner in which devices of one such class may differ from devices of other classes may be in terms of power supply requirements, as defined for example in terms of voltage, AC/DC, maximum current, and the like. Accordingly, the coupling interface may be adapted to determine the class of a detected device, and to then supply the corresponding conductive regions with power in a manner corresponding to those requirements. 
     Where such an approach is indicated, a mechanism for the distinguishing of different classes of device will be required. One manner of achieving this may be based on the characteristic behaviours of the device in question. 
     In a first instance, devices may be distinguished simply on the basis of the current they draw, or the voltage drop, for example in the presence of a known resistance as mentioned with reference to  FIG. 3 . Insofar as these values may be characteristic of particular devices, or particular classes of device, the coupling interface may detect the values and identify the device, or class of device accordingly. As such, the coupling interface may be adapted to measure the electrical property for the first conductive region and the second conductive region and to compare the electrical property to one or more reference electrical properties, each reference electrical property corresponding to a specified class of electrical device, and in a case where the electrical property pattern corresponds to a respective said reference electrical property, to consider the article coupled across the first region and second region to be an example of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
       FIG. 7  shows a typical reaction of a cell to entry into a charging state. 
     In particular,  FIG. 7  shows a plot of the current drawn by the cell as it begins to charge against time. As can be seen, the current rapidly rises from zero to a first peak  701  at time  711 , before falling to a minimum, then rising to a second peak  702  at time  712 , and so on until a stable state  700  is reached, representing a resonant ringing in a step response. This response can be described in terms of various parameters such as times  711  and  712 , current value  700 , the difference between the peak currents  701  and  702  and the stable value  700 , and so on. When an article is coupled across two conductive regions, and these regions are exposed to a potential difference as discussed above, the coupling interface may be adapted to measure the electrical property at a plurality of instants in time for a given combination of conductive regions to obtain a chronological evolution pattern of the electrical property, and to compare the chronological evolution to one or more reference evolution patterns, each reference evolution pattern corresponding to a specified class of electrical device, and in a case where the chronological evolution pattern corresponds to a respective reference evolution pattern, considering the article coupled across the selected region and the region exhibiting the first characteristic to be an example of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     On this basis, whatever mechanism is used to identify a device or class of devices, the coupling interface may then proceed to supply the corresponding conductive regions with power in a manner corresponding to the requirements of the device or class of device. The power requirements may be deduced from the measured values themselves, or by retrieving device class details from memory on the basis of the measured values, and coupling the conductive regions on the basis of the retrieved details. That is to say, the coupling interface may be further adapted to couple the first conductive region to a first voltage and to couple the second conductive region to a second voltage, where the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage correspond to a preferred supply voltage associated with the respective specified class of electrical device. Typically, the coupling interface might be configured to distinguish a device requiring a 5V DC power supply, a 12V DC power supply and a 20V DC power supply, and to connect the respective conductive regions to 5V, 12V, 20V or ground so that each electrode of the or each article is connected, with the correct polarity, to the correct voltage. 
     The response for a particular battery may be tuned by in introduction of additional circuits such as filter circuits, which may partially or fully attenuate the ringing effect, or modify its form. Such circuits may be introduced with specific characteristics as a means to support clearer discrimination between devices. 
     While the foregoing embodiments have been described in the context of two electrodes in contact with the conductive regions, other embodiments may comprise any number of electrodes greater than one. These electrodes may correspond to power connections for example as described above, or may additionally or alternatively comprise data connections. For example, many nomadic devices which may constitute electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling interface may be provided with USB type connections, with +5V and 0V power connections, and two data connections. 
       FIG. 8  represents a variant of the coupling arrangement of  FIG. 2  according to some embodiments of the invention. 
     The coupling arrangement  830  of  FIG. 8  comprises electrodes (i.e. electrical contact areas)  831 ,  832 ,  833 ,  834  that are configured to respectively mate with conductive regions  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114  as presented above. Electrodes  831 ,  832  may correspond to the electrodes  231 ,  232 ;  431 ,  432 ; or  531 ,  532 ; respectively and as such may be used to detect and optionally identify the device or class of device as discussed above. The additional connections  833 ,  834  may be connected to data circuits, or additional power circuits (for example where a device requires multiple power supply voltages). In certain embodiments, each pair of electrode may be detected independently on the basis of the approaches described above, which may imply the provision of a coupling arrangement circuit for example as discussed with reference to  FIG. 4 or 5  for each pair of electrodes. In other cases, since for a given class of device, the relative disposition of all of the electrodes may be predetermined, once a first pair of electrodes has been detected in accordance with the approaches described above, the presence and disposition of the remaining electrodes may be deduced from the device type. For example, where a particular device or class of devices can be identified, for example as described above, the coupling interface may retrieve data specifying the disposition of the remaining electrodes. With reference to the disposition of the conductive regions, it is possible then to determine which conductive regions should be situated in contact with additional electrodes, and couple them on the interface side accordingly. For example, in the case where an additional pair of electrodes  833 ,  834  is provided, and the retrieved data indicates that these are situated in the same plane as the first electrodes  831 ,  832 , on an axis perpendicular to the axis on which the first electrodes  831 ,  832  are situated, the two axes crossing at their respective centres, the electrodes of the second pair both being positioned at a distance from the axis of the first electrodes  831 ,  832  equal to half the distance between the first electrodes  831 ,  832 , it is possible to determine on the basis of the known geometry of the conductive regions that the conductive regions  111  and  113  must fall beneath the electrodes  833  and  834  respectively. In any case, the approaches described above permit the detection of short circuits in relation to data terminals in the same way as for power terminals, and their corresponding management. 
     This may be assumed to be true based on the imposition of known geometries for the layout of the conductive regions and the electrodes such that this is always true. In alternative approaches, in a case where the geometric specification means that for a given location of the first pair of electrodes in a particular pair of conductive regions, the further electrodes may fall in any of a number of possible further conductive regions, additional measurements may be performed on those possible further regions where the further electrodes may be located to determine the existence of such connections. In a case where these further electrodes are provided with coupling adapter circuitry as described above, such measurement can be performed on the basis of the same approach as used for the detection of the first electrodes. In another alternative, a further detectable electrode may be provided to provide a more explicit frame of reference for the deduction of the position of further electrodes. For example in the arrangement of  FIG. 8  a fifth electrode such as a second ground for example may be provided in order to know three of the five regions that are connected and to deduce the position of the electrodes  833  and  834 . Different approaches may be applied on a device class by device class basis, with the relevant rules for additional electrodes being retrieved once the device class is identified on the basis of the properties of the first identified pair of electrodes. 
     If in the case of this example the retrieved information furthermore indicates that the additional electrodes  833 ,  834  correspond to USB Data− and USB Data+ connections respectively, the coupling interface may control switching components to couple these electrodes to respective USB bus channels belonging to the coupling interface. As such, the coupling interface may be further adapted to establish one or more data connections between an information handling system and one or more respective the conductive regions, wherein the respective conductive regions with respect to which data connections are established are selected as having a predetermined spatial relationship to the first conductive region and the second conductive region. The predetermined spatial relationship may be retrieved as a function of the respective specified class of electrical device. 
     As such, the switches  301  of  FIG. 3  might be adapted to comprise additional switching positions corresponding to different power supply values (e.g. different voltages), and/or one or more data bus lines, as required to enable the data connection requirements of supported devices. 
     While as discussed above the coupling interface controls connections to the conductive regions as a separate entity, the coupling interface may also be integrated with the conductive regions in a discrete article. For example, the conductive regions may form part of a table, mat, tablet or the like, and the coupling interface may be integrated in this same article. As such, the coupling interface may comprise the plurality of conductive regions. 
     As discussed above, the coupling interface may manage a large number of conductive regions. Furthermore, any number of conducting articles, some or all of which may be electrical devices susceptible to electrical connection, may be present in electrical contact with different conductive regions. It may be desirable for the coupling interface to manage each conductive region so as to couple it to the proper voltage channel, data bus or otherwise as appropriate to the class of device and the disposition and role of its electrodes. In order to achieve this, the coupling may comprise or have access to a memory, and be adapted to store values in the memory defining for each conductive region a relationship with each other conductive region. 
     Possible such relationships include, for each conductive region with regard to each other conductive region:
         a) in low resistance connection to,   b) providing current to, or   c) receiving current from.       

     This information may be obtained by the detection and deduction processes described above, for example with reference to  FIG. 6 , so that the coupling interface is adapted to determine and store each relation in the memory, and may furthermore be adapted to couple each conductive region to a voltage in accordance with any preceding claim as a function of the stored relationships. 
     It will be appreciated that this data may conveniently be seen as a table. The table below reflects the situation shown in  FIG. 3  by way of example: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Object conductive region 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 311 
                 312 
                 313 
                 314 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Subject 
                 311 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 conductive 
                 312 
                   
                   
                   
                 b 
               
               
                   
                 region 
                 313 
               
               
                   
                   
                 314 
                   
                 c 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example no entry is made for regions that are isolated from the other conductive regions, although such entries might also be envisaged. Where other relationships are managed, for example with data connections or multiple voltage power connections, additional status values may be provided. 
     It will be appreciated that it may well occur that a given conductive region is both in a short circuit condition with respect to one or more further conductive regions, and also either providing current to, or receiving current from a device, for example if one electrode is touching two conductive regions at the same time. In other words, a given cell may be in scenario a) and either scenario b) or c). Where this is the case, all of the shorted conductive regions are set to the same positive supply voltage (e.g. 5V) or negative supply voltage (e.g. 0 v) together. In a case where a short circuit condition exists between two conductive regions which are not required to provide current to or receive current from a device, such regions may be connected to ground or another voltage as required, or coupled to ground or another voltage via a high resistance. 
     The procedures described above for the detection and identification of devices may be repeated cyclically in order to regularly update the table or other stored data representing the relations between the respective conductive regions. A refresh may alternatively or additionally be triggered by one or more of a change in current drawn by all conductive regions, or by some other sensor, such as a optical sensor, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor or any other means capable to determining a change in the number or configuration of devices on the conductive regions. The coupling status of each conductive region may be updated each time the data are refreshed, or when a value is changed, or otherwise. 
     In a variant of certain embodiments, one or more coupling interfaces as described herein may be provided with communications interfaces whereby the coupling interfaces may communicate the status of the conductive regions they control. Still further, where the coupling interfaces identify a device, either on the basis of its electrical properties of the device or associated coupling adapter as discussed above, or in a case where the coupling interface supports the establishment of data connections for example as described with reference to  FIG. 8 , or otherwise, for example by means of some additional communication channel such as Wi-Fi™, Near Field Communications channel, Bluetooth™, Visible light communication, infrared etc. Such additional communication channels may be used for the transfer of data to general data handling systems such as local storage or network interfaces for example as discussed with reference to  FIG. 11 or 12 , or may additionally or alternatively support further embodiments of the invention. For example, communications between a connected devices and the coupling interface may be used to authorise or configure a power connection, to communicate predicted charge duration either to or from the device, or charge completion information from the device. Information that might be submitted by a connected device may include an identifier of the device, of a device user, schedule information, current charge level information, charging characteristics information, power consumption information, device capabilities or installed software information, account log in information and the like. Schedule information may be used by the coupling interface to determine the expected available charge time, and to prioritise devices whose connection time is expected to be short. 
     Communicating with a device via such data connections, the coupling interface may communicate the presence of that device, and/or any user, company or other entity associated with that device, or other data shared by the device. By sharing such information, the location of a device or its user for example may be obtained within a space where other location technologies may not function satisfactorily may be determined. Location through the coupling interface may be coupled with one or more of the many approaches available. For example, determining the position of three corners of a rectangular shaped coupling interface in Longitude, Latitude, Altitude format makes it possible to locate very precisely each device coupled with coupling interface. In addition, positioning systems, such as GNSS which do not function indoors or Bluetooth™, with insufficient precision for some applications may be augmented by the availability of such data. In particular, knowing which electrodes are connected may make it possible to determine which one it is. If voltage/current are known for particular electrodes a more precise or reliable determination may be made, which may still further be supported by data provided by the device by other channels. If a device or device class has been identified, additional information for that device or class of devices may be obtained e.g. from a lookup table or database, defining for example its precise geometry. On this basis the geometry and the position of the connected electrodes of the device would be known in relation to the position of the connected electrode or electrodes on the surface. The geometry of the surface and the position of the electrode and the alignment of the mat relative to an absolute positioning coordinate system such as Lat, Long, Alt can then be used to obtain the location of the device to a high degree of precision. This information may then be shared with the device by any convenient communication means such as WIFI, NFC, etc. as discussed above. 
     In a further embodiment, the interface controller may be adapted to determine with respect to a device or class of device as identified in accordance for example with the approach of  FIGS. 3 to 6 , or on the basis of additional data as discussed in the preceding paragraph, whether a detected device is authorised for coupling via the conductive regions, and only proceeding to couple the device to a power supply or data connection in a case where the device is determined to be authorise. This authorisation may be determined with reference to a stored data value for the device or classes of devices, or may be deemed to be authorised for all devices of a particular class. 
       FIG. 9  shows an embodiment in which multiple articles are present on the conductive regions. 
     As described above, the conductive regions may be used to detect and couple devices. By way of example, such devices may include e-cigarettes, smart phones smart watches, any IOT device, portable backup batteries, tablet computers, laptop computers, etc. It will be appreciated that the present invention may be applied equally to any device able to benefit from a physical data or power connection. In particular, it is not limited in scale to small devices such as those shown, but may be extended to vehicles, rack mounted computer or communications equipment, medical devices, etc. 
     As shown, three articles  901 ,  902  and  903  are disposed on the surface  900 . The surface  900  comprises a matrix of conductive regions  911 ,  912 ,  913 ,  921 ,  922 ,  923 ,  931 ,  932 ,  933 ,  934 ,  941 ,  942 ,  943 ,  951 ,  952 ,  953 ,  954 ,  961 ,  962 ,  963 ,  971 ,  972  and  973 . As shown, articles  902  and  903  are devices susceptible to electrical connection. Device  902  has a negative power terminal  902   a  and a positive power terminal  902   b . Device  903  has a negative power terminal  903   a  and a positive power terminal  903   b . Whilst article  901  is an article causing a short condition. As discussed above, power requirements may vary from one device to the next. For example, device  902  may require a 3.3V supply, whilst device  903  requires a 5V supply. On the basis of the approach described above with reference for example to  FIG. 6 , and as shown, conductive region  953  has been set to 5V, regions  913 ,  923 ,  933 ,  934 ,  942 ,  943 ,  951 ,  952 ,  954 ,  961 ,  962 ,  963 ,  971 ,  972  and  973  are set by the operation of the interface controller to 0V and conductive regions  911 ,  912 ,  921 ,  922 ,  931 ,  932  and  941  are set to 3.3V. It will be noted that while the electrode  902   b  of device  902  is only in contact with conductive region  932 , region  932  is also in conduct with the conductive article  901 , which is also in contact with conductive regions  911 ,  912 ,  921 ,  922 ,  931  and  941 , so that in accordance with the principles discussed with reference to  FIG. 6  these conductive regions are all set to the same voltage. 
     In certain embodiments, a class of devices susceptible to electrical connection by means of the conductive regions may comprise a source of electrical power, such as a battery or other storage device. Where such a device is coupled by means of the conductive regions, the coupling interface may establish connections with other devices coupled via the conductive regions such that these other devices receive some or all of their power requirements from the device providing electrical power, as well as or instead of the internal connection by the coupling interface to a primary power source as discussed with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     It will be appreciated that many of the procedures implemented by the coupling interface as discussed above may be seen in terms of a series of method steps. 
       FIG. 10  presents steps of a method in accordance with an embodiment. Specifically,  FIG. 10  presents a method of establishing an electrical connection with an electrically conductive article coupled across an arbitrary pair of conductive regions. 
     As shown, the method starts at step  1000  before proceeding to step  1010  at which in a first state a potential difference of a first polarity is established between a first conductive region and a second conductive region. The method then proceeds to step  1020  at which a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is measured. The method then proceeds to step  1030  at which in a second state a potential difference of a second polarity is established between a first conductive region and a second conductive region, the second polarity being opposite the first polarity. The method then proceeds to step  1040  at which a characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region is measured in the second state. The method then determines whether the characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state differs in a predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state at step  1050 , and in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined at step  1050  to differ in the predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, proceeding at step  1060  to consider the article to be coupled between the first conductive regions and the second conductive region and to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device. If it is determined at step  1050  that the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined at step  1050  does not differ in the predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, or otherwise after step  1060 , the method terminates at step  1070 . 
     It will be appreciated that this method may be extended to include any or all of the various additional processes presented with respect to the coupling interface above, in particular with respect to the exclusion of false positives due to oscillation conditions, the coupling of devices to power in response to the determination that an article is present and constitutes an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device, the determination of devices or classes of device, the differentiation of short circuits, open circuits and devices, the storage and/or retrieval of device or device class data, the detection and/or management of multiple devices, the detection and/or management of device with more than two electrodes, location determination and so on. 
     It will furthermore be appreciated that features of the various embodiments of the invention as presented above may be combined in any combination. For example, any two or more of the various additional processes presented with respect to the coupling interface above, in particular with respect to the exclusion of false positives due to oscillation conditions, the coupling of devices to power in response to the determination that an article is present and constitutes an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device, the determination of devices or classes of device, the differentiation of short circuits, open circuits and devices, the storage and/or retrieval of device or device class data, the detection and/or management of multiple devices, the detection and/or management of device with more than two electrodes, location determination etc., may be combined in alternative embodiments. 
     The method of  FIG. 10  may further comprise an initial sequence of steps prior to step  1010  whereby voltage of each conductive region is checked to ensure it is not at 5V or 0V, which would mean that a short circuit exists between the first conductive region and others that are already supplying or receiving current. 
       FIG. 11  shows a variant of the method of  FIG. 10 . As shown,  FIG. 11  integrates the steps of  FIG. 10  in a loop permitting the application of the method to an arbitrary number of conductive regions, and demonstrates additional logic for distinguishing open and short circuit conditions. Specifically, as shown the method starts at step  1000  before proceeding to step  1101  at which a conductive region is selected as a first conductive region, and then proceeds to step  1102  at which a different conductive region is selected as a second conductive region. The method then steps through steps  1010 ,  1020 , as described above, before determining at step  1125  whether the characteristic of the electrical property in the first state as measured at step  1020  is within a predetermined set of values (corresponding to a flow of current, which might be through an interface adapter as described with respect to  FIG. 4 or 5  for example, or alternatively through a short circuit). If it is determined at step  1125  that the electrical property is not within the predetermined set of values, the method proceeds to step  1126  at which it is considered that no article is coupled between the first conductive region and the second conductive region before proceeding to step  1170  as discussed below. It will be appreciated that another explanation for the lack of current flow may be that a coupling adapter as described for example with reference to  FIG. 4 or 5  is present, but coupled across the conductive regions in a reverse biased manner. Where this is the case, while according to the logic of  FIG. 11  the two conductive regions will temporarily be considered erroneously not to be connected in any way, this situation will be resolved when the method iterates to the point where the second conductive region is selected at step  1180  as discussed below as the first conductive region. In view of this scenario, the method may additionally integrate a presumption that in a given cycle the relationship between two conductive regions may be updated from “no article present” to “coupling device present”, but not the converse. 
     If at step  1125  it is determined that the characteristic of the electrical property does fall within the predetermined set of values, the method proceeds to steps  1030  and  1040  as described above, before determining whether the characteristic of the electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state differs in a predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state at step  1150 , and in a case where the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state is determined at step  1150  to differ in the predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state, proceeding at step  1060  to consider the article to be coupled between the first conductive regions and the second conductive region and to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection via the coupling device. If it is determined at step  1150  that the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the first state does not differ in the predetermined manner from the characteristic of an electrical property between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second state the method proceeds at step  1155  to consider an article to be coupled between the first conductive region and the second conductive region, but not to constitute an electrical device susceptible to electrical connection. From step  1155  or step  1060 , the method proceeds to step  1170  at which it is determined whether all conductive regions apart from the current first selected conductive region have been considered as the second conductive region. If it is determined at step  1170  that all conductive regions apart from current first selected conductive region have been considered as the second conductive region, the method proceeds to step  1180  at which a next conductive region is selected as the first conductive region, and a new cycle begins. Otherwise, the method proceeds to step  1190  at which the next second conductive region is selected, and steps  1010 ,  1020 ,  103 ,  1040 ,  1150  and  1060  are repeated that new combination of conductive regions. Thus as described the method of  FIG. 11  will loop iteratively through every combination of conductive regions, before starting again from the beginning. It will be appreciated that additional steps of storing the results of determinations, managing voltages of respective conductive regions between test cycles and so on may easily be added to the sequence. 
     It will be appreciated that a pause may be implemented after each cycle during which the voltages of respective conductive regions may be maintained in a steady state on the basis of the determinations made during the preceding test cycle. Alternatively or additionally, voltages for conductive regions not currently under test may be maintained at the levels determined at their last available determination during the test cycle. 
     Thus according to certain embodiments a charging surface comprising multiple conductive regions can be used to charge an electronic device placed on it the surface so that electrodes on the device engage respective conductive regions of the surface. In order to distinguish such chargeable devices from short circuits and other spurious connections, the devices are required to demonstrate an anti-inversion characteristic, for example implemented with a MOSFET, across at least a pair of these electrodes. The surface can then be controlled so as to establish a text voltage across each pair of conductive regions in sequence, and look for pairs of conductive regions behaving as being coupled by such an anti inverter circuit. Relationships between every pair of conductive regions can be determined and recording, and the voltage level supplied to each conductive region set accordingly. The coupling interface may furthermore operate to identify device classes, and to set supply voltages or establish additional connections on the basis of stored device class information. 
     Many of the preceding embodiments, including in particular those described with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11  may be implemented by hardware and/or software. 
     Software embodiments include but are not limited to applications, firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. The invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or an instruction execution system. Software embodiments include software adapted to implement the steps discussed above with reference to  FIG. 10 or 11 . 
     A computer-usable or computer-readable can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. 
     In some embodiments, the methods and processes described herein may be implemented in whole or part by a user device. These methods and processes may be implemented by computer-application programs or services, an application-programming interface (API), one or more libraries, and/or other computer-program product, or any combination of such entities. 
     The user device may be a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet, a drone, a computer or any other device with processing capability, such as a robot or other connected device, including IoT (Internet Of Things) devices. 
       FIG. 12  shows a generic computing system suitable for implementation of embodiments of the invention. 
     A shown in  FIG. 12 , a system includes a logic device  1201  and a storage device  1202 . The system may optionally include a display subsystem  1202 , input/output subsystem  1203 , communication subsystem  1220 , and/or other components not shown. 
     Logic device  1201  includes one or more physical devices configured to execute instructions. For example, the logic device  1201  may be configured to execute instructions that are part of one or more applications, services, programs, routines, libraries, objects, components, data structures, or other logical constructs. Such instructions may be implemented to perform a task, implement a data type, transform the state of one or more components, achieve a technical effect, or otherwise arrive at a desired result. 
     The logic device  1201  may include one or more processors configured to execute software instructions. Additionally or alternatively, the logic device may include one or more hardware or firmware logic devices configured to execute hardware or firmware instructions. Processors of the logic device may be single-core or multi-core, and the instructions executed thereon may be configured for sequential, parallel, and/or distributed processing. Individual components of the logic device  1201  optionally may be distributed among two or more separate devices, which may be remotely located and/or configured for coordinated processing. Aspects of the logic device  1201  may be virtualized and executed by remotely accessible, networked computing devices configured in a cloud-computing configuration. 
     Storage device  1202  includes one or more physical devices configured to hold instructions executable by the logic device to implement the methods and processes described herein. When such methods and processes are implemented, the state of storage  1202  device may be transformed—e.g., to hold different data. 
     Storage device  1202  may include removable and/or built-in devices. Storage device may be locally or remotely stored (in a cloud for instance). Storage device  1202  may comprise one or more types of storage device including optical memory (e.g., CD, DVD, HD-DVD, Blu-Ray Disc, etc.), semiconductor memory (e.g., FLASH, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc.), and/or magnetic memory (e.g., hard-disk drive, floppy-disk drive, tape drive, MRAM, etc.), among others. Storage device may include volatile, non-volatile, dynamic, static, read/write, read-only, random-access, sequential-access, location-addressable, file-addressable, and/or content-addressable devices. 
     In certain arrangements, the system may comprise an interface  1203  adapted to support communications between the Logic device  1201  and further system components. For example, additional system components may comprise removable and/or built-in extended storage devices. Extended storage devices may comprise one or more types of storage device including optical memory  1232  (e.g., CD, DVD, HD-DVD, Blu-Ray Disc, etc.), semiconductor memory  1233  (e.g., RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH etc.), and/or magnetic memory  1231  (e.g., hard-disk drive, floppy-disk drive, tape drive, MRAM, etc.), among others. Such extended storage device may include volatile, non-volatile, dynamic, static, read/write, read-only, random-access, sequential-access, location-addressable, file-addressable, and/or content-addressable devices. 
     It will be appreciated that storage device includes one or more physical devices, and excludes propagating signals per se. However, aspects of the instructions described herein alternatively may be propagated by a communication medium (e.g., an electromagnetic signal, an optical signal, etc.), as opposed to being stored on a storage device. 
     Aspects of logic device  1201  and storage device  1202  may be integrated together into one or more hardware-logic components. Such hardware-logic components may include field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), program- and application-specific integrated circuits (PASIC/ASICs), program- and application-specific standard products (PSSP/ASSPs), system-on-a-chip (SOC), and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), for example. 
     The term “program” may be used to describe an aspect of computing system implemented to perform a particular function. In some cases, a program may be instantiated via logic device executing machine-readable instructions held by storage device  1202 . It will be understood that different modules may be instantiated from the same application, service, code block, object, library, routine, API, function, etc. Likewise, the same program may be instantiated by different applications, services, code blocks, objects, routines, APIs, functions, etc. The term “program” may encompass individual or groups of executable files, data files, libraries, drivers, scripts, database records, etc. 
     In particular, the system of  FIG. 12  may be used to implement embodiments of the invention. 
     For example a program implementing the steps described with respect to  FIG. 10 or 10 , or the algorithms presented above may be stored in storage device  1202  and executed by logic device  1201 . The functions of the unit  303  may similarly be implemented by a program performing the required functions, in communication with additional dedicated hardware units as necessary. 
     As shown, the conductive regions are provided as a peripheral device  1280 . This device may comprise simply the conductive regions themselves, with switching, power supply and as necessary data interfacing provided by the I/O interface, or the switching and or other functions may be implemented in the conductive region device under control of the computing device. 
     While shown as a peripheral device, the coupling interface may also be physically integrated with the surface comprising the plurality of conductive regions. 
     It will be appreciated that a “service”, as used herein, is an application program executable across multiple user sessions. A service may be available to one or more system components, programs, and/or other services. In some implementations, a service may run on one or more server-computing devices. 
     When included, display subsystem  1211  may be used to present a visual representation of data held by a storage device. This visual representation may take the form of a graphical user interface (GUI). As the herein described methods and processes change the data held by the storage device  1202 , and thus transform the state of the storage device  1202 , the state of display subsystem  1211  may likewise be transformed to visually represent changes in the underlying data. Display subsystem  1211  may include one or more display devices utilizing virtually any type of technology for example as discussed above. Such display devices may be combined with logic device and/or storage device in a shared enclosure, or such display devices may be peripheral display devices. An audio output such as speaker  1214  may also be provided. 
     When included, input subsystem may comprise or interface with one or more user-input devices such as a keyboard  1212 , mouse  1213 , touch screen  1211 , or game controller (not shown). In some embodiments, the input subsystem may comprise or interface with selected natural user input (NUI) componentry. Such componentry may be integrated or peripheral, and the transduction and/or processing of input actions may be handled on- or off-board. Example NUI componentry may include a microphone  1215  for speech and/or voice recognition; an infrared, colour, stereoscopic, and/or depth camera  1216  for machine vision and/or gesture recognition; a head tracker, eye tracker, accelerometer, and/or gyroscope for motion detection and/or intent recognition; as well as electric-field sensing componentry for assessing brain activity. The Input/output interface  1203  may similarly interface with a loudspeaker  1214 , vibromotor  1240  or any other transducer device as may occur to the skilled person. For example, the system may interface with a printer  1217 . 
     When included, communication subsystem  1220  may be configured to communicatively couple computing system with one or more other computing devices. For example, communication module of communicatively couple computing device to remote service hosted for example on a remote server  1276  via a network of any size including for example a personal area network, local area network, wide area network, or internet. Communication subsystem may include wired and/or wireless communication devices compatible with one or more different communication protocols. As non-limiting examples, the communication subsystem may be configured for communication via a wireless telephone network  1274 , or a wired or wireless local- or wide-area network. In some embodiments, the communication subsystem may allow computing system to send and/or receive messages to and/or from other devices via a network such as Internet  1275 . The communications subsystem may additionally support short range inductive communications with passive or active devices (NFC, RFID, UHF, etc). In certain variants of the embodiments described above, the traffic data may be received via the telephone network  1274  or internet  1275 . These various communications means may be used to communicate with connected devices as discussed above, for example by dedicated or generic transmission protocols, including for example SMS transmissions. 
     The system of  FIG. 12  is intended to reflect a broad range of different types of information handling system. It will be appreciated that many of the subsystems and features described with respect to  FIG. 8  are not required for implementation of the invention, but are included to reflect possible systems in accordance with the present invention. It will be appreciated that system architectures vary widely, and the relationship between the different subsystems of  FIG. 8  is merely schematic, and is likely to vary in terms of layout and the distribution of roles in systems. It will be appreciated that, in practice, systems are likely to incorporate different subsets of the various features and subsystems described with respect to  FIG. 8 . 
       FIG. 13  shows a surface device adaptable to constitute an embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the device incorporates elements  1201 ,  1202 ,  1203 ,  1220 , optional near field communications interface  1221 , speaker  1214 , and conductive regions  1280  as described above. 
     As described above, the conductive regions may be used to detect and couple devices. By way of example,  FIG. 13  shows a selection of possible such devices. In particular, as shown, the  FIG. 12  shows an e-cigarette  1320   a , a smart phone  1320   b  and a smart watch  1320   c . It will be appreciated that the present invention may be applied equally to any device able to benefit from a physical data or power connection. In particular, it is not limited in scale to small devices such as those shown, but may be extended to vehicles, rack mounted computer or communications equipment, medical devices, etc. 
     It will be understood that the configurations and/or approaches described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The specific routines or methods described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies. As such, various acts illustrated and/or described may be performed in the sequence illustrated and/or described, in other sequences, in parallel, or omitted. Likewise, the order of the above-described processes may be changed. 
     The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various processes, systems and configurations, and other features, functions, acts, and/or properties disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof.