Patent Publication Number: US-2003225640-A1

Title: System and method for monitoring lighting systems

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The present invention generally relates to electrical lighting systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for maintaining the lighting systems and for monitoring energy consumption of the lighting systems.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002] Energy consumption in the United States has grown in alarming proportions. One concern is that indiscriminate use of energy and other resources will leave the environment and those that live in it wanting. That concern has existed at least since the oil crisis of the 1970&#39;s, and since then American consumers and businesses have focused their attention to the current usage and future supply of energy. The government increased its demand for energy efficient systems when, in the late 1980&#39;s and early 1990&#39;s, the Department of Energy and the Public Utility Commission provided a financial incentive for utilities to offer Demand Side Measures (DSM) to their customers. End customers took advantage of DSM in the form of utility funded rebates used to purchase more energy efficient motors, variable frequency drives, lighting systems, and occupancy sensors. Despite the prevalence of DSM programs offered by local utilities, however, not all building managers were aware of the programs, and a small percentage of all buildings participated.  
       [0003] To encourage the nation&#39;s top corporations to upgrade their facility floor space to more energy efficient lighting, the United States Environmental Protection Agency launched the Green Lights initiative in 1991. Even with the Green Lights initiative, by the end of 1996 only a small percentage of pledged space for lighting retrofit had been upgraded with new lighting technologies Further initiatives include the Energy Policy Act (EPACT 1992), the President&#39;s Climate Change Initiative (1993) and an Executive Order on Energy Efficiency in Federal Facilities by the year 2005. Increased market demand for energy efficient lighting products has also been stimulated by performance based contracting programs offered by energy service companies.  
       [0004] Accordingly, there is a need for improved facility lighting systems. The method and systems should provide an incentive for facility owners to use the improved lighting systems. Thus, the method and system of the preferred embodiments may provide for energy monitoring and maintenance of lighting systems at reduced costs to the facility owner.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY  
       [0005] The present invention is defined by the following claims, and nothing in this section should be taken as a limitation on those claims. By way of introduction, the preferred embodiment described below includes a method and system for servicing, monitoring and maintaining lighting systems.  
       [0006] A first aspect is described for charging a fee to an end user where a service company upgrades and services a lighting system of the end user&#39;s facility. To determine the fee, an original power consumption of the facility is determined before the lighting system is retrofitted with at least one power savings device. Thereafter, the lighting system is retrofitted with the at least one power saving device. Then, a new power consumption value is measured. Finally, the fee is charged to the end user, such that the fee is a function of a difference between the original power consumption and the new power consumption.  
       [0007] A second aspect is described for monitoring energy consumption of a lighting system. Power consumption of the lighting system is controlled with a lighting control unit connected with the lighting system. The lighting control unit collects power consumption data and transfers the power consumption data via a data transfer line to a control center. The power consumption data is received at a server located at the control center. The received power consumption data may then be used to calculate the fee charged to the customer.  
       [0008] A third aspect is described for maintaining a lighting system which includes lighting circuitry At least one monitor monitors the lighting circuitry of at least one customer and produces at least one alarm signal as a function of the occurrence of a system fault. A data transfer line transfers the alarm signal to a control center. A server receives the alarm signal at the control center, and at least one operator coordinates service to the lighting circuitry when the alarm signal indicates that a fault exists with the lighting system. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0009] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art with reference to the detailed description and the drawings, of which:  
     [0010]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of exemplary costs to a facility before utilization of the service program;  
     [0011]FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing one preferred embodiment of exemplary costs to a facility after utilization of the service program;  
     [0012]FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing one preferred embodiment of a lighting monitoring system;  
     [0013] FIGS.  4 A- 4 D are detailed wiring schematics showing one preferred embodiment for wiring the lighting monitoring system shown in FIG. 3;  
     [0014]FIG. 5 is a flow chart representing one preferred embodiment on the lighting system service program;  
     [0015] FIGS.  6 A- 6 F show one preferred embodiment of exemplary lighting system audit sheets for use before the lighting system is operated in a power savings mode;  
     [0016] FIGS.  6 G- 6 I show one preferred embodiment of exemplary lighting system audit sheets for use after the lighting system is operated in a power savings mode; and  
     [0017]FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing one preferred embodiment of lighting system maintenance.  
    
    
     TABLE OF ACRONYMS  
     [0018] The following table aids the reader in determining the meaning of the several acronyms used to describe the embodiments:  
                                                  C/T = current transformer.           HID = high intensity discharge.           I/O = input/output.           ISDN = integrated services digital network.           ISP = internet service provider.           Kwh = kilowatt hours.           LCU = lighting control unit.           PC = personal computer.           THD = total harmonic distortion.           UPS = uninterrupted power source.                      
 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     [0019] To preserve the environment by reducing energy consumption, the below described embodiments utilize 1) a lighting monitoring system and method, 2) a service program system and method, and 3) a lighting maintenance system and method for energy consuming facilities. As used herein, facilities include office buildings, warehouse buildings, banks, schools, federal and state buildings, private residences, and others. The three aspects of the preferred embodiments may be used separately or together.  
     [0020] Referring to the drawings, and particularly FIG. 1, a typical lighting system includes at least one ballast  4  and lighting fixture  5 . The lighting fixture  5  includes a lamp  6 , powered from an end user panel  7  which connects with an electric utility  8 . The electric utility  8  uses, for example, an electric utility meter  9  to monitor the end user&#39;s power consumption to determine an amount the end user should be charged.  
     [0021] Referring now to FIG. 2, the lighting system is modified according to the preferred embodiments to include a lighting control unit (LCU)  10 . A preferred LCU is an ULTRAWATT power savings unit as described in commonly owned patents to Walker, U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,036 and Bangerter 5,583,423, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other equipment light produces energy reduction may be used, such as other electronically controlled power reduction devices, transformers, switch based power reducers or dimmer switches. Of course, with dimmer switches, unlike with the ULTRAWATT power savings unit, high lighting quality may not be maintained.  
     [0022] The preferred LCU is utilized to regulate alternating current (AC) power to a wide range of complex capacitive and inductive loads to provide reduction in power consumption and may also provide a leading or lagging power factor. The LCU adjustable for a wide range of loads and may reduce power consumption by 25 percent or more in lighting loads while producing minimal reduction in light output. Alternatively, the LCU implements a predetermined energy reduction. The LCU uses a main switch which is initially turned off slightly in advance of the load current zero crossing. The turn-off time is advanced gradually to reduce power to a target level, and optionally a load phase angle is measured and maintained to control the power savings ratio. This in combination with a capacitor bank or parallel capacitor allows power reduction in a low noise fashion.  
     [0023] The LCU  10  sends signals to a control center  12 , for example, relating to power consumption, via a communication port. These signals allow the control center  12  to diagnose the operation of the lighting system and to monitor power consumption. The modified system may include current transformers (C/T&#39;s)  14  with power monitoring capabilities. An exemplary C/T unit is Model Number Hawkeye  8036  manufactured by Veris Industries (Square D), but other C/Ts may be used. The unit includes three C/T&#39;s, and at least one of the C/T&#39;s contains power monitor circuitry for logging energy data, such as, Amperage, Voltage, power and Kwh. In alternative embodiments, the LCU  10  performs the consumption and/or fault monitoring.  
     [0024] Referring to FIG. 3, another preferred embodiment of the modified lighting system is shown according to the preferred embodiments. The C/T&#39;s  14  preferably connect in daisy chain fashion with an input/output (I/O) card  16 . Preferably, one C/T  14  is utilized for each phase of the electrical system. An exemplary I/O card is manufactured by Veris Industries, but other I/O cards may be used. The I/O card  16  connects with the LCU&#39;s communication port. For example, the communications port is a standard 15-pin connector which is rated for nominal 5 Volt, 10 milliamp dry contact operation. Other communication ports may be used. The I/O card  16  includes a protocol platform so that a device, such as the E-server  18 , may read the signals sent via the communications port of the LCU  10 . Preferably, the protocol platform identifies each LCU  10  with a unique address so that an operator can determine from which LCU  10  a signal originated.  
     [0025] The I/O card  16  integrated at least one LCU  10  with an E-server unit  18 . An exemplary E-Server unit  18  is Model Number Series H8800 manufactured by Veris Industries. Other communication devices may be used, such as personal computers, processors, or general servers. The E-Server  18  is an energy information server which contains an onboard converter, a microprocessor and a modem. The E-Server  18  preferably includes software that is configurable so that the E-Server may adapt to different lighting system configurations, but may be hard wired. The E-Server  18  logs energy information, like Kwh usage of the lighting system, and signals, like alarm signals, from the LCU  10 , and automatically transfers this information, for example, via e-mail. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the E-Server can send messages to the control center  12  using other methods such as via a telephone line with a modem, via a T1 line, or by cable.  
     [0026] Optionally, the E-Server  18  connects with a first uninterrupted power source (UPS)  20  for continuous operation in the case of a power failure. The UPS  20  allows operators at the control center  12  to communicate with the E-Server  18  to diagnose alarms during power failure. An internet service provider (ISP)  22  connects with the E-Server  18 . The ISP  22  allows operators at the control center  12  to connect with any LCU  10 . The ISP  22  also allows messages to be sent from the E-Server  18  to the control center  12  from anywhere in a region or globally. A domain name  24  is preferably set-up, for example, ULTRAWATT-LINK.com, to allow the control center  12  to receive the messages from the E-Server  18  and other E-servers.  
     [0027] Optionally, a concentrator  26  connects the ISP  22  with the control center  12  via an integrated services digital network (ISDN) high speed dataline or other data transfer mechanism. The concentrator  26  allows multiple computers to connect with and simultaneously run from a single ISDN line. Other communication configurations may be used such as using multiple dedicated lines and modems, T1 or cable. The ISDN transmits data digitally and preferably provides two simultaneous connections over a single line. In addition, multiple devices may attach to the line in a network fashion. Typically, the ISP  22  provides the concentrator  26  which houses a high speed ISDN Modem expansion card. Preferably, the concentrator  26  connects with a second UPS  28 .  
     [0028] The concentrator  26 , ISP  22 , LCU  10 , C/T  14  or I/O  16  connects with a network server  30  at the control center  12 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the concentrator  26  may also be located away from the control center  12 . The network server  30  facilitates message delivery to a server processor  32 , for example, a personal computer (PC), and transfers logging data between the PCs and an accounting department, described below. The network server  28  preferably connects with an internal backup  34  and a third UPS  36  with a generator  38 , to safeguard against the loss and corruption of received consumption and alarm data.  
     [0029] The server processor  32  is located at the control center  12  and is preferably a dedicated stand alone PC with a live connection to the network server  30 . The server processor  32  automatically sends alarm messages, for example, via e-mail, to at least one customer processor  40   a - 40   c , for example, a PC. Preferably, each end user account, per facility, has a dedicated customer processor  40   a - 40   c  which performs the logging of energy information for service program fee charging purposes, as discussed above, and receiving alarm messages for the lighting system maintenance program, as discussed below. Each customer processor  40   a - 40   c  is network via the network server  30  and connects with dedicated accounting processors  42   a - 42   c , for example, PCs, one for each monitored facility, for ease of transferring logged alarm signals and energy consumption information. The accounting processors  42   a - 42   c  are used to determine charged fees under the service program, as discussed below. Dedicated processors or PCs are used per facility for convenience purposes, but one PC could be used for all facilities.  
     [0030] Preferably, all processors are interconnected by the network and have constant connection to the Internet through ISP  22  for receiving information. In addition, the server processor  32  connects with a redundant server processor  44  and the customer dedicated processors  40   a - 40   c  connect with data backups  46   a - 46   c  and UPSs  48   a - 48   c . Non-redundant or different redundant systems may be used.  
     [0031] Referring now to FIGS.  4 A- 4 D, exemplary detailed wiring schematics are shown for differing lighting monitoring systems. Other electrical systems may use the method and systems of the preferred embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4A, a 277/480 Volt system is shown. A lighting load  50 , such as HID fluorescent and incandescent, of the lighting system and electrical panel  52  are shown connected with the LCU  10 , the I/O  16 , the C/T&#39;s  14  and the E-Server  18 . The LCU  10  connects in series with the load  50 . One C/T  14  is used per phase for each load  50 . The C/Ts  14  preferably snap fit around a line  54  from the lighting load  50 . As discussed above, the C/T  14  connects with the I/O  16  which connects with C/Ts from other panels and the E-server  18  is a daisy wheel configuration. The I/O  16  connects to the E-server  18  through a socket connector, for example, a RS-45 connector. To obtain the 120 Volts or other voltages necessary to power the E-server  18  or other component, a transformer  56  is used. Other power sources may be provided. Referring to FIG. 4B, an exemplary wiring diagram is shown for a 120/277 Volt system. Referring to FIG. 4C, a wiring diagram is shown for a 208 Volt system. Referring to FIG. 4D, a wiring diagram is shown for a 240 Volt system. Other wiring arrangements are possible for each system or other voltage systems.  
     [0032] Turning now to the service program of the preferred embodiments, one or more of the above-described monitoring systems or another system are used to provide power reduction and/or energy charge savings. The LCU  10  is preferably provided by at least one member of an alliance of service providers. The service providers also preferably include an Engineering Firm/Project Manager, Construction Manager/Contractor, a wholesale fixture company, and/or a lighting service company. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that that the alliance may be any combination of these providers and may include other types of providers as well. Since the LCU  10  provides for power reduction and thus costs savings to facilities, the LCU  10  is preferably used with the service program to attract potential customers, for example, owners or managers of facilities with lighting systems, i.e., end users.  
     [0033] The service providers use at least three basic avenues to introduce the service program to potential customers. First, the service providers market the alliance to potential customers. Through the years, alliance members have developed a customer base to sell products and services. Alliance members have numerous accounts that are dealt with on a regular basis and existing contracts with these customers. To introduce the service program to potential customers, marketing personnel of the alliance members are preferably trained to identify potential customers and present the service program to such customers. Second, the alliance preferably has an internal marketing force to introduce the service program to potential customers. The potential customers are selected as a result of leads generated by support groups that the alliance has developed or other leads. The support groups preferably have strong contacts at the highest levels of major corporations to reduce the time normally required to determine and reach the correct upper management personal at the highest levels of the potential customer&#39;s corporate structure. Third, as projects are completed, the alliance preferably requests testimonials from satisfied customers to explain their satisfaction with the results of the service program for their particular facilities. These testimonials may be in the form of videos, letters of recommendation and verbal recommendations.  
     [0034] Thereafter, potential customers are preferably reviewed to determine whether the customer&#39;s financial position is solid and to determine whether the customer&#39;s facilities fall within the guidelines of the service program. Alliance personnel pre-qualify the potential customer by gathering general information about the potential customer&#39;s facilities. For example, hours of operation, kilowatt hours (Kwh) rates, and existing lighting system component information is obtained. Preferably, a questionnaire provides general information about the existing lighting systems in all or a subset of the customer&#39;s facilities.  
     [0035] Gathered information also includes whether operating hours vary in different areas of the facility. The audit reflects the operating hours by area and whether or not the area has air conditioning. If lights are switched on/off, the switching method is verified. Switching methods include energy management system, time clock, photocell, and occupancy sensors. If some fixtures are switched by wall switches, the average hours of operation for these fixtures is noted. These fixtures may be excluded from the base program and may be included under separate negotiations with the customer. Alternatively, such fixtures are included in the program The type and number of fixtures and lamps, their wattage and voltage, and the type of reflectors, if any are identified. Broken and discolored lenses are noted, as is the type of bell of the fixture. The approximate age of ballasts is also recorded for use during the design phase of the project. Any obvious code violations are noted, and new lighting control equipment is considered for any lighting circuits to achieve additional energy savings.  
     [0036] Gathered information is then used to run a computer model, for example, to determine the financial feasibility of the project for the alliance, i.e., the margin of profit. The higher the Kwh costs, for example, greater than seven cents, and the longer the operating hours, the greater the potential for profit. In addition, particular applications, for example warehouses, distribution centers, retail, and industrial buildings have a greater potential for using high wattage lamps than residential buildings, and thus have the potential for higher energy consumption. After reviewing the feasibility of the project, including possible fixture retrofitting or replacement, the alliance either accepts or rejects the project.  
     [0037] Once the project is accepted, the alliance introduces the service program to the customer and the customer receives a copy of all agreement. According to the preferred embodiments, the service program directly generates at least one stream of revenue for the service providers, i.e., the alliance. The revenue is based on cost avoidance funds as determined by costs to the facility both before and after the facility is upgraded. The facility is typically upgraded with, for example, the LCU, energy efficient lamps and lighting fixtures, new ballasts, energy meters, and/or communications hardware and software. The service providers typically install the LCU and upgrade the facilities lighting system at no cost. Additional changes may be provided. Thereafter, the service providers gain a stream of revenue in at least one or two ways described below. The upgrades provide for more energy efficient facilities which in turn reduces facility energy costs and is better for the environment.  
     [0038] A first source of revenue comprises a fee based on savings in energy costs. Referring FIG. 5, to determine a fee charged by the service provider, the electric utility cost for the original lighting system is determined to create a baseline figure (block  70 ). For example, the original power consumption may be determined using the book value of the existing fixtures, as determined within the industry. Thereafter, the lighting system is retrofitted with at least one power savings device (block  72 ) and optionally other electrical equipment. After the power savings device is installed, new power consumption data is measured (block  74 ). Finally, a fee is charged as a function of the difference between the power consumption of the original lighting system and the power consumption for the new lighting system (block  76 ). Preferably, the service provider maintains the lighting system at no, or a reduced, cost to the end user.  
     [0039] More particularly, the cost for the original lighting system is preferably determined from the Kwh usage of the original system as measured by the service provider and physically verified by the end user. Referring again to FIG. 1, exemplary lighting system costs are shown for an original lighting system, i.e., prior to operation in the power savings mode. As an example, electric utility costs are one dollar and end user maintenance costs total twenty cents; ten cents for ballast maintenance, two cents for light fixture maintenance, and eight cents for spot re-lamp.  
     [0040] Also referring to FIGS.  6 A- 6 I, exemplary sheets are shown for collecting information relating to total cost figures that are determined before and after the lighting system is operating in the power savings mode. The described sheets are for example purposes only and other sheet formats may be used. Referring to FIG. 6A, an exemplary first sheet contains general information about the end user including the address of the end user&#39;s facility. Preferably, the audit is performed by an alliance member such as the Engineering Firm/Project Manager and/or Construction Manager/Contractor personnel. Referring to FIGS.  6 B- 6 D, measurements are taken before the LCU or other power reduction equipment are installed. Using a meter, measurements are made for main panel feeders and all neutrals. All total harmonic distortion (THD) readings are taken from the Amp scale of the meter. Preferably, to allow for burn in time, new fluorescent lamps are operated for a minimum of one hour and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps are operated for a minimum of seventy two hours prior to recording any power measurements. Referring to FIGS. 6C and 6D, measurements are taken of the circuits before and after the circuits are retrofitted.  
     [0041] Referring to FIGS. 6E and 6F, measurements are taken after the LCU is installed and the LCU is operating in the power savings mode off. Operation in this bypass mode allows the fixtures to stabilize, preferably for fifteen to thirty minutes, and the neutral lines are verified to meet code. Referring to FIGS.  6 G- 6 I, the LCU is switched to the savings mode and the fixtures are allowed to stabilize for about fifteen to thirty minutes. Thereafter, lighting circuit measurements are recorded at the panel for the circuits connected to the LCU units.  
     [0042] Light level recordings are also performed before the retrofit and LCU units are installed and after the retrofit is completed and the LCU units are installed to allow for a light level comparison. Light level readings are preferably performed using the same light meter and at the same points in the facility. Also, the readings preferably occur without interference from outside light. Pictures may be taken of the areas where the light level readings are taken. The light level before and after the lighting system is operating in the power savings mode is preferably within a certain percentage as negotiated by the end user and the service provider.  
     [0043] Referring again to FIG. 2, exemplary costs to the facility after utilization of the service program are shown according to a preferred embodiment. The fee is charged to the end user, such that the fee is a function of a difference between the original power consumption and the new power consumption. For example, the fee from the end user to the service company is forty cents where the original electric utility cost was one dollar (see FIG. 1) and the new electric utility cost is sixty cents. Notice that the end user has received an upgraded system with no out of pocket expenses and saves twenty cents on maintenance costs (see FIG. 1) where maintenance is provided without cost.  
     [0044] Alternatively, the fee is the difference between the original power consumption and the new power consumption multiplied by actual hours of operation, multiplied by a power rate, and multiplied by an air conditioning reduction factor. The hours of operation, the power rate and the air conditioning reduction factor may be determined through negotiation. Other calculations may be used to suit the specific requirements of the end user and the service provider, such as a fee comprising only a portion of the reduction.  
     [0045] Preferably, the direct fee is charged with a periodic billing cycle, for example, every 28 days, to allow for the same number of Saturdays and Sundays in each cycle. Instead of charging a fixed fee, the fee is preferably determined at the end of each billing cycle according to actual power consumption, the data of which is logged according to the method and system described above, for that billing period. Thus, the end user pays a fee as a function of the power savings for that particular billing period. The fee is determined automatically at the control center based on information communicated from the end user&#39;s facility. Alternatively, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a fixed fee may be used. Accordingly, careful monitoring and maintenance of the power consumption is accomplished to insure that the power saving devices continue to function properly. If power consumption increases, the service provider may dispatch maintenance personnel, and collective measures are automatically taken, as described with regard to the lighting system maintenance described below.  
     [0046] The service program of the preferred embodiments may also generate an indirect stream of revenue in the form of additional products and services from the service provider. Funds normally spent on lighting costs may be redirected into equipment and services from the service providers business. In turn, the service provider&#39;s gross sales are increased.  
     [0047] Referring now to lighting system maintenance as shown in FIG. 7, as stated above, the E-Server  18  sends alarm signals  56  from the LCU  10  or C/T  14  located at one or more facilities  58  to the control center  12 . The information may also be communicated to other control centers of other locations. Each control center  12  may be operated by one or more of engineering, maintenance and billing companies. The alarm signals  56  are preferable sent with power consumption data  60 , discussed above, via a communications device such as the Internet  22 . The power consumption data  60  is logged in an energy data archive  62  and the alarm signals  56  are logged in a fault data archive  64 , preferably located at the control center  12 . The alarm signals may be in the form of different color lights located on the LCU  10  that preferably correspond to the operating status of the LCU  10  and include, for example, 1) the LCU is in bypass mode, i.e., not energy savings mode, 2) the LCU is not functioning, i.e., a hard fault exists in the unit, and 3) the LCU is operating in power savings mode. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other alarm signals may be used, such as signals indicating an uncharacteristic change in consumption (e.g., reduction or increase indicating fixture, lamp or ballast malfunction).  
     [0048] At the control center  12 , an operator diagnoses the alarm signals to determine if there is a fault. Alternatively, a computer program is run to analyze the alarm signals and display a message corresponding to the fault. If there is a fault, service personnel  66  are automatically dispatched to facility with information regarding, for example, the date and time the fault occurred, the facility&#39;s location, the LCU  10  that sent the fault data, the location and type of the lamp and ballast, tile panel location and circuit number, and/or the fixture height. Additionally, in the case of the alarm, the operator may immediately call the end user to diagnose the kW, Amperage, and any other signals to determine whether or not service personnel should be dispatched. Alternative to waiting, preferably the operator informs the end user that the service provider is aware of the alarm. Other coordinating activities or a sub-set of the above-described coordinating activities may be performed.  
     [0049] It is to be understood that changes and modifications to the embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and are contemplated. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.