Patent Publication Number: US-10318759-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for enforcing data privacy

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/071,209, filed on Mar. 24, 2011, which claims the benefit of the earlier filing date under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/447,206 filed Feb. 28, 2011, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Enforcing Data Privacy,” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Service providers and device manufacturers (e.g., wireless, cellular, etc.) are continually challenged to deliver value and convenience to consumers by, for example, providing compelling network services. One area of interest has been in securing the privacy of device users as they engage with other users or conduct various transactions via a communication network by way of sensor based applications. For example, many devices are equipped with various sensors including cameras, microphones, positioning systems, gyroscopes and the like that enable them to detect the device location and position, acquire images and sound and other contextual data. Hence, when a user of a device executes a navigation tool (e.g., route finder), video conferencing service or other sensor based application, the application relies upon the sensors to obtain the necessary location information, time information, etc. Unfortunately, this data may also reveal personal information about the user that could compromise their privacy or jeopardize their anonymity. 
     SOME EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Therefore, there is a need for an approach to maintaining user privacy information. 
     According to one embodiment, a method comprises determining a request, from one or more applications, for access to local data associated with a device. The method also comprises determining one or more privacy profile objects associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. The method further comprises causing, at least in part, enforcement of the one or more privacy policies for granting the access to the local data. Still further, the method comprises processing and/or facilitating a processing of the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. 
     According to another embodiment, an apparatus comprises at least one processor, and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause, at least in part, the apparatus to determine a request, from one or more applications, for access to local data associated with a device. The apparatus is also caused to determine one or more privacy profile objects associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. The apparatus is further caused to cause, at least in part, enforcement of the one or more privacy policies for granting the access to the local data. Still further the apparatus is also caused to process and/or facilitate a processing of the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. 
     According to another embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium carries one or more sequences of one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause, at least in part, an apparatus to determine a request, from one or more applications, for access to local data associated with a device. The apparatus is also caused to determine one or more privacy profile objects associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. The apparatus is further caused to process and/or facilitate a processing of the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. Still further the apparatus is further caused to process and/or facilitate a processing of the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. 
     According to another embodiment, an apparatus comprises means for determining a request, from one or more applications, for access to local data associated with a device. The apparatus also comprises means for determining one or more privacy profile objects associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. The apparatus further comprises means for processing and/or facilitating a processing of the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. Still further, the apparatus further comprises means for causing, at least in part, enforcement of the one or more privacy policies for granting the access to the local data. 
     In addition, for various example embodiments of the invention, the following is applicable: a method comprising facilitating a processing of and/or processing (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal, the (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal based, at least in part, on (including derived at least in part from) any one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating access to at least one interface configured to allow access to at least one service, the at least one service configured to perform any one or any combination of network or service provider methods (or processes) disclosed in this application. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating creating and/or facilitating modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based, at least in part, on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods or processes disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising creating and/or modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based at least in part on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     In various example embodiments, the methods (or processes) can be accomplished on the service provider side or on the mobile device side or in any shared way between service provider and mobile device with actions being performed on both sides. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is applicable: An apparatus comprising means for performing the method of any of originally filed claims  1 - 10 ,  21 - 30 , and  46 - 48 . 
     Still other aspects, features, and advantages of the invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description, simply by illustrating a number of particular embodiments and implementations, including the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. The invention is also capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details can be modified in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a system capable of maintaining user privacy information, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of the components of privacy platform for maintaining user privacy information, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 3-5  are flowcharts of processes for maintaining user privacy information, according to various embodiments; 
         FIGS. 6A-6E, and 7A-7B  are diagrams of user interfaces utilized in the processes of  FIGS. 3-5 , according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of hardware that can be used to implement an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of a chip set that can be used to implement an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of a mobile terminal (e.g., handset) that can be used to implement an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     Examples of a method, apparatus, and computer program for are disclosed. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. It is apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments of the invention. 
     As used herein, the term application programming interface (API) refers to a particular set of rules and specifications that a calling software application can follow to access and make use of the services and resources provided by the application, device, operating system, etc. Although various embodiments are described with respect to application programming interfaces (APIs), it is contemplated that the approach described herein may be used with other protocols, instruction sets, rule bases, definitions, functions, libraries, object classes, data structures, procedure calls, web services and the like. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a system capable of maintaining user privacy information, according to one embodiment. The system is configured to enable the execution of privacy policies based on the processing of one or more privacy profile objects, including those provided by a trusted external source. As such, the privacy of local data regarding the device or user thereof is maintained. As used herein, a “privacy policy” is a set of rules and/or equations that are employed for governing the execution of a system, including hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. By way of example, a policy may indicate a procedure to be executed by a user device in response to the sharing of information, a regulation to be enacted in response to a request for usage of one or more sensors  117  of the user device, or any other task to be performed based on the determination of some predetermined criteria. 
     In addition, privacy policies may be specific to the application, a group of applications, the service, a group of services, a device, a user, a system, or a combination thereof. As one example, one privacy policy may be specific to one software application, while another privacy policy may be specific to another software application. As another example, a privacy policy may be specific to a group of services that are considered as advertising services. Also, as another example, there may be a privacy policy specific to a device with a GPS device and another privacy policy specific to a device without the GPS device such that the privacy policy may be different depending on the capability of the device. 
     Also, as used herein, “local data” pertains to any information that can be retrieved or acquired by a device regarding the user, the device, or other devices, the environment of the user, the device or of other devices, an activity pertaining to the user, the device, or the other devices, or a combination thereof. For the purpose of example, the local data includes, at least in part, data detected by one or more sensors associated with the user device. The local data may also pertain to data stored at the device that pertains to the user, including user profile information, digital media in a user device, user calendar information, context information of the user, etc. 
     Typically, many portable devices including cell phones, Smartphones and the like are equipped with various sensors including cameras, microphones, positioning systems, gyroscopes and accelerometers for enabling them to detect information pertaining to location, position, movement and speed, as well as acquire images, sound and other contextual data. Device applications and services such as navigation services (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) software), video conferencing services and other sensor based applications rely upon the sensors to obtain the necessary input data (e.g., local data such as location information, position information and speed information) they require to perform application tasks. Typically, the applications access the sensors by way of calling upon them, such as through execution of an API, feature access policy or other means. However, there are drawbacks to such access and control mechanisms, including:
         Typical applications require their own application programming interface (API) where access to these APIs is governed by a platform security framework of the device. While platform security makes an access control decision of whether a specific application gets access to an API or not, the decision is binary and does not account for varying degrees of access. Users are not allowed to change application-specific preferences for regulating such access.   As each service is provided by a different API, there is not currently a central place that would govern the privacy preferences on the device locally. Likewise, third party applications do not have a central place where they can obtain privacy preferences information.   User settings related to privacy are potentially problematic in terms of user experience.       

     This is because the users may not be aware of differences between applications (for example, several applications doing the same thing), plug-in architectures between applications (the privacy preferences of a plug-in would actually be preferences for the host applications) and different types of prompts and indications by different, potentially third party applications. 
     Unfortunately, these factors in combination or in part contribute to the fact that services and applications of a user device reliant upon the sensory mechanisms of the system may also reveal personal information about the user that could compromise their privacy or jeopardize their anonymity. 
     To address this problem, a system  100  of  FIG. 1  introduces the capability to maintain and enforce privacy policy settings. According to one embodiment, the system  100  determines to act on a request, from an application  111  or a service, for data associated with a device and/or a user of the device. For example, an application  111  or a service may request to retrieve data maintained in data storage  115  as associated with a device and/or a user of the device, such that this data may be shared with the application or the device. The data may include various types of data including a user profile information, digital media in a user device, user calendar information, context information of the user, etc. Also, the application  111  or service may request to acquire data associated with a device and/or user of the device by way of one or more sensors  117  of the device. Whether acquired from storage  115  or by way of one or more sensors  117 , this data comprises local data. 
     System  100  is also configured to determine and subsequently process one or more privacy policy objects that are associated with the acquired local data, the device, or a combination thereof. As used herein, a “privacy policy object” pertains to any set of instructions, resources, rules or data that is related to, or required for, the enforcement of one or more privacy policies to be executed respective to the requesting application  111  or service. The privacy policy objects are remotely programmable and/or retrievable from a trusted external/third party policy provider  121 . In certain embodiments, the privacy policy objects, referred to at times herein as “objects,” may be computer, machine for software executable interface code, user interface media resources, privacy policy implementation code, or a combination thereof. Hence, an object may be downloaded from the third party policy provider  121 , such as to facilitate execution of the data request by an application  111  or service. In other instances, the objects may be retrieved independent of the requesting application  111 . Once retrieved, the object(s) may then be installed, such that execution of the object(s) in relation to the requesting application affects the behavior of the device. 
     In certain embodiments, objects are downloaded and installed to the user device by the privacy management platform  10 . Responsive to processing or execution of the one or more privacy profile objects, the device is caused to enforce one or more privacy policies for granting the requesting application access to the local data. The system  100  enables various enforcement mechanisms to be employed, based at least in part on the particular object, policy to be enforced, and other factors. This may include causing presentation of an indicator to the user interface, the indicator being representative of the privacy policy object, generating a prompt requesting an approval from a user of the device for a granting of access to the local data, generating an alert regarding the request, applying one or more transformations to the local data so that it is accessed in its transformed state, or denying access to the local data or a portion thereof. 
     The transformation applied to the local data by system  100  may be executed by way of one or more equations or transformation rules, such that the means of presentment of data or acquisition of data is affected. By way of example, the data may be transformed such data is presented according to granularity level for the data, i.e., as based on at least one privacy policy. The granularity level may represent a level of details or a hierarchy of information. Also, the granularity level may be related to specific types of information. The privacy policy may provide a mechanism as to how the granularity level is to be determined—e.g., based on a security level—for affecting how the local data is processed or acquired. In a sample use case, if the information to be revealed is location information of the user device and a policy is enforced for limiting the extent of detail of information presented; a transformation based on granularity level may affect how the location information is revealed. Accessing of the user device&#39;s location information, or executing a location sensor (e.g., GPS sensor) of the device, may depend on the specific privacy profile objects associated with the device, data, etc. For example, granularity levels for a navigation application, a geotagging application and a location-based advertisement application may be high, medium and low, respectively. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the system  100  comprises user equipment (UEs)  101   a - 101   n  (also collectively referred to as UEs or UE  101 ) having connectivity to a privacy management platform  103  via a communication network  105 . The UE  101  and the privacy management platform  103  may also have connectivity to the service platform  107 . The service platform may provide various services to the user device, including information processing services, data retrieval services and the like. By way of example, the service may be in the form of an executable web service or network application, which may be executed independently of or in connection with an application  111  of the UE  101 . The UE  101  may also include a data manager  109  (e.g., respective data managers  109   a - 101   n  of the UEs  101   a - 101   n ) that communicate with the privacy management platform  103  to determine accessibility of the data related to the UE  101  and/or the user of the UE  101 . In certain embodiments, the privacy management platform  103  is further configured to find, retrieve and install objects as provided by a trusted third party or external policy provider to the UE  101  for facilitating policy management. It is noted that in certain instances, the service platform  107  and third party policy provider  121  may be integrated. Also, the privacy management platform  103  may exist independently, or within the UE  101 , or within the service platform  107 . 
     The privacy management platform  103  may be used to manage data upon a request for the data from an application or a service. The application may be a UE application  111  (e.g., UE applications  111   a - 111   n ), which may include various types of software application in the UE  101 . By way of example, if the user device is the UE  101   a , the application that requests for the data may be the UE application  111   a  or an application of another device such as the UE application  111   n  of the UE  101   n . The service that requests for the data may include at least one of the services  113   a - 113   m  in the service platform  107 , which are accessible via the communication network  105 . 
     The requested data may include context data, user identity data, user profile data, or a combination thereof. The context data may include location information, and the granularity level may determine the detail level, the exactness, or a combination thereof of the location information in the transformed data. Thus, the context data may be acquired via the sensor  117  (e.g., sensors  117   a - 117   n  of UEs  101   a - 101   n ), which may include a location sensor. Further, the UE  101  may be connected to a sensor  117 , which is used to collect various types of sensor data. The sensor may include a location sensor such as a global positioning system (GPS) device, a sound sensor, a speed sensor, a brightness sensor, etc. The UE  101  may also be connected to a data storage medium  115  (e.g., data storage media  115   a - 115   n ) to store various types of data. The sensor data may be stored at the data storage medium  115  after being collected by the sensor  117 . 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  determines an intended use of the data by the application or the service based on the privacy policy settings, objects associated therewith, local data or a combination thereof. For example, if the request for local data is to provide information in relation to an advertisement service (e.g., a cookie or tracking code), the system  100  may provide a low granularity level and provide less detail of the data or even restrict access to the local data. This is because the advertising service may be considered a stranger or an unknown service that the user does not feel comfortable sharing much of their information about; thus policy settings for this service would enforce lower granularity (e.g., local data transformation), restricted access, an error code, a message prompting the user or an indicator. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  may associate the transformed data with the content associated with the application and/or the service. For example, the system  100  may associate the transformed data about a user&#39;s location with an advertising service such that the advertising service may provide the user with advertisements based on the transformed data on the location. Hence, the content would be catered to the level of granularity. As another example, the system  100  may associate the transformed data about a user&#39;s location with a geotagging application, such that the geotagging application may utilize the transformed data to find a tagged location. In addition, one or more indicators may be rendered to the user interface of UE  101  in response to the attempted access of local data by the geotagging application, such as an icon, a sound, haptic feedback, a change in color of an icon, etc. 
     By way of example, the communication network  105  of system  100  includes one or more networks such as a data network (not shown), a wireless network (not shown), a telephony network (not shown), or any combination thereof. It is contemplated that the data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. 
     The UE  101  is any type of mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, or any combination thereof, including the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. It is also contemplated that the UE  101  can support any type of interface to the user (such as “wearable” circuitry, etc.). 
     By way of example, the UE  101 , the privacy management platform  103 , the service platform  107  and third party policy provider communicate with each other and other components of the communication network  105  using well known, new or still developing protocols. In this context, a protocol includes a set of rules defining how the network nodes within the communication network  105  interact with each other based on information sent over the communication links. The protocols are effective at different layers of operation within each node, from generating and receiving physical signals of various types, to selecting a link for transferring those signals, to the format of information indicated by those signals, to identifying which software application executing on a computer system sends or receives the information. The conceptually different layers of protocols for exchanging information over a network are described in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. 
     Communications between the network nodes are typically effected by exchanging discrete packets of data. Each packet typically comprises (1) header information associated with a particular protocol, and (2) payload information that follows the header information and contains information that may be processed independently of that particular protocol. In some protocols, the packet includes (3) trailer information following the payload and indicating the end of the payload information. The header includes information such as the source of the packet, its destination, the length of the payload, and other properties used by the protocol. Often, the data in the payload for the particular protocol includes a header and payload for a different protocol associated with a different, higher layer of the OSI Reference Model. The header for a particular protocol typically indicates a type for the next protocol contained in its payload. The higher layer protocol is said to be encapsulated in the lower layer protocol. The headers included in a packet traversing multiple heterogeneous networks, such as the Internet, typically include a physical (layer 1) header, a data-link (layer 2) header, an internetwork (layer 3) header and a transport (layer 4) header, and various application (layer 5, layer 6 and layer 7) headers as defined by the OSI Reference Model. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of the components of privacy management platform for maintaining user privacy information, according to one embodiment. It is contemplated that the functions of these components may be combined in one or more components or performed by other components of equivalent functionality. In this embodiment, the privacy management platform  103  includes a controller  201 , a communication module  203 , an enforcement module  205 , a data module  207 , an identity management module  209 , a transformation module  211 , a call alert module  213  and a user interface module  215 . The controller  201  oversees tasks performed by the various other modules. In addition, the privacy management platform  103  also accesses privacy policy data, privacy policy object data and local data from databases  115   a - 115   c  respectively. 
     As mentioned, policy data  115   a  indicates specific privacy policy settings and what data is eligible for return in response to a request for local data by a particular application of the device (e.g., an API call). The local database  115   c  may contain various local data, including that acquired by the device or that available for acquisition and storage to the database by way of one or more sensors  113   a - 113   n . In addition, the privacy policy object database  115   b  may store the various objects as acquired via the data module  207  from a third party policy service provider  121 . As mentioned previously, the objects may be associated with specific policies maintained in the policy database  115   a . The data defines various instructions for enabling visual, audible or other indicators to be executed by a device in response to a policy setting. By way of example, the policy execution rules  115  may designate or supply the graphic data, sound data, interface media resources, user interface code (like JavaScript or Qt Meta-Object Language (QML)), or a combination thereof required to implement a specific indicator at the user device. 
     It is noted, therefore, that the policy data  115   a  is associated with requisite data and/or instructions (e.g., privacy policy objects data  115   b ) for affecting operation of the device (playing of a sound, presentment of an icon, etc.), responsive to a request for local data  115   c  by an application. 
     In one embodiment, the call alert module  213  receives notice of a request for local data (e.g., an API call) by a specific application. The application may be an application (e.g., UE application  111 ) in the user device (e.g., UE  101 ) or another device. The service may be any type of service, including social networking services, digital media services, etc. The requested data may include context data, user identity data, user profile data, etc. The requested data may also include media data in the user device. The context data may include location information, sensor data, user calendar data, time, weather, etc. The location information may also be the sensor data that is obtained via a location sensor such as the GPS device. Upon determining a request/call attempt, the call alert module  213  notifies a data module  207  of the request. In certain embodiments, the call alert module  213  is triggered when an application  111  or service attempts to access a sensor  113   a - 113   n  for further determining or generating local data  115   c.    
     The data module  207  retrieves data from the policy database  115   a  to determine a specified privacy setting or action to be taken. In addition, the data module  207  determines one or more privacy policy objects from the object database  115   b  that are to be associated with the local data  115   c . It is noted also that the data module  207  also manages various types of data, as maintained in the various databases  115   a - 115   c , and also is capable of determining elements within a data. Based on the determined privacy action, the data module  207  alerts the enforcement module  205 , which further initiates execution of the various other modules (e.g., communication module  203  or transformation module  211 ) with respect to a request for local data. Initiation of the action associated with the policy data  115   a , policy objects  115   b  or local data  115   c  is performed in connection with an enforcement module  205 . 
     In one embodiment, the communication module  203  manages communication of data among the UE  101 , the privacy management platform  103 , the service platform  107  and the third party policy provider  121 . The communication module  203  also manages communication of signals (e.g., a request, a command) that are communicated among the UE  101 , the privacy management platform  103 , the service platform  107  and third party policy provider  121 . 
     The communication module  203  may also be configured to generate a prompt of notification to the user regarding the specific privacy policy data  115   a , local data  115   c  or a combination thereof. For example, the communication module  203  may process or facilitate processing of the one or more policy objects  115   b  to cause the UE  101  to generate an on screen message, play an audio cue, display an icon, adapt a color, hue or transparency of information presented to the display of UE  101 , or any other prompt in response to the accessing of a sensor  113   a - 113   n  or local data  115   c . Operating in connection with the enforcement module  205 , the communication module can also be set to deny the release of local data altogether and request an error code be returned by the communication module  203   
     In certain embodiments, the transformation module  211  applies a transformation to the local data such as to decrease the level of accuracy of a location, replacing the data with some other data to preserve privacy, or adjust a granularity of the data. The transformation module  211  determines a transformation function to perform based on a type of the local data  215   c , the associated policy objects  215   b  and the privacy policy settings data  215   a . In one example, the privacy policy may be determined based on sensitivity and primary usage. The sensitivity classification for the privacy policy may determine whether the information should be included in the transformed data. 
     The transformation module  211  may also operate in connection with the communication module  203  to enable adjusting of how data is presented to the display with respect to a transformation, such as to make it less identifiable or associable with the user. This may include adjusting the granularity or level of detail of information. 
     In one embodiment, the data module  207  may associate the transformed data with content associated with the application and/or the service. For example, if the transformed data is related to location information of the user device, then an advertising service that initiates the request to the privacy management platform  103  may provide advertisement content for the location information, such that the advertisement content can be associated with the transformed data. 
     In one embodiment, the identity management module  209  determines and manages various identities including identities of users, identities of applications and application providers/venders as well as identities of the devices (e.g., UE  101 ). As such, the identity management module  209  determines identities of the applications, the services, devices, the users, the system, etc. such that appropriate privacy policy may be used depending on their identities. In addition, the identity management module can also keep tabs on which applications have requested privacy policy data  215   a , and use that information for impacting the user experience. This may include executing, at the device in question, a sound to be played, icon to be generated, etc. per execution of the modules that perform these functions (e.g., communication module  203 ). 
     In one example, the privacy policy may be determined based on sensitivity and primary usage. The sensitivity classification for the privacy policy may determine whether the information should be included in the transformed data. In one example, the sensitivity may have three classifications—secret, private and public. The information under the secret classification may never be accessed or shared by other users and/or devices. The information under the private classification may be accessed only in certain conditions. The information under the public classification may always be accessed. Further, the primary usage may have three classifications—share, customer care, and advertising. The information under the share classification may used for sharing with other users, services, devices etc. The information under the customer care classification may be for customer care. The information under the advertising classification may be used for advertising purposes. The sensitivity classification and/or the primary usage classification may be used for different types of data. 
     As one example, the following tables, table 1 and 2, show four types of the data (media, event, personal, location) for the primary usage classification and the sensitivity classification. As these classifications are a part of the privacy policy, these classifications may be specific to the requesting user or application/service. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primary Usage Classification 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Share 
                 Care 
                 Advertising 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Media 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Event 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Personal 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Location 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensitivity Classification 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Secret 
                 Private 
                 Public 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Media 
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Event 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Personal 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 Location 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 1 indicates that the media data may be shared, may be used for the customer care, and may be used for advertising. Table 1 also indicates that the event data may be used only for sharing, and the personal data may be used only for the customer care and the advertising. Further, Table 1 shows that the location data may be used for sharing and for customer care. In addition, table 2 indicates that the media data may be available to the public, and the personal data is to be remained secret and not to be accessed by others, while the event data and the location data may be accessed by others under certain conditions. The transformation function may enforce either the sensitivity classification or the primary usage classification, or a combination thereof. 
     One example of the transformation function enforcing both the primary usage and the sensitivity may be enforcing a combination of table 1 and table 2 (e.g., table 1 table 2). Then, the media data may be available to the public, and may be used for the sharing, the customer care and advertising. The event data may be used for sharing, and may also be accessed under certain conditions, but not for the customer care or the advertising. The personal data is consider secret, and thus cannot be accessed unless the personal data is used for the customer care or the advertising. The location information may be used for the sharing and the customer care, and may be accessed for certain conditions, but may not be used for the advertising. 
     As another example, the following table, table 3, shows an example where the primary usage classification has more details than the sensitivity classification of table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primary Usage Classification 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Share 
                 Care 
                 Advertising 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Media 
                 No Change 
                 No Change 
                 No Change 
               
               
                   
                 Event 
                 Filter 
                 Block 
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 Personal 
                 Block 
                 Filter 
                 Filter 
               
               
                   
                 Location 
                 No Change 
                 No Change 
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example, according to table 3, when the media and the location are shared, no change is applied to the media data and the location data, whereas the event data is changed before being shared based on a filter function defined for the user or application/service requesting the data. The personal data in this example is blocked from sharing. For a customer care, the media data and the location data may be accessed without any change, but the event data is blocked and the personal data is filtered. Also, for advertising, the media data may be accessed without any change, but the event data and the location data are blocked from the advertising service, and the personal data is filtered. Further, as discussed above, the transformation function may enforce both the primary usage and the sensitivity by enforcing a combination of table 3 and table 2 (e.g., table 3 table 2). 
       FIGS. 3-5  are flowcharts of processes for maintaining user privacy information, according to various embodiments. In one embodiment, the privacy management platform  103  performs the processes and is implemented in, for instance, a chip set including a processor and a memory as shown in  FIG. 9 . For the purpose of illustration, the processes are described with respect to  FIG. 1 . It is noted that the steps of the process may be performed in any suitable order, as well as combined or separated in any suitable manner. 
     In step  301  of process  300 , the privacy management platform  103  determines a request, from one or more applications, for access to local data associated with a device. As mentioned previously, the request may be initiated by an API that calls for access to the local data on behalf of one or more applications of services. It is noted that the request can be intercepted from a request directed to the source of the local data (e.g., a sensor  117  such as a location module). In another step  303 , the privacy management platform  103  determines one or more privacy profile objects associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. Of note, the privacy profile objects may be generated and made available for access by the privacy management platform  103  by way of a third party and/or external policy provider  121 , such as a non-governmental organization, open source data or software supplier or software task force that sets software policy standards and guidelines. 
     Per step  305 , the privacy management platform  103  processes the one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more privacy policies associated with the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. In another step  307 , the privacy management platform  103  causes enforcement of the one or more privacy policies for granting the access to the local data. 
     In step  401  of process  400  ( FIG. 4 ), the privacy management platform  103  processes one or more privacy profile objects to determine one or more resources related to the enforcement of the one or more privacy policies. By way of example, the one or more resources may include user interface code, user interface media resources, privacy policy implementation code, or a combination thereof. Of noted, the interface code, interface media resource, privacy policy implementation code, etc. may be processed at the device to facilitate enforcement of the one or more privacy policies. 
     In step  403 , the privacy management platform  103  determines to retrieve one or more privacy policy objects from one or more sources independent of the one or more applications, the local data, the device, or a combination thereof. By way of example, the objects may be downloaded and installed without initiation of a request by a calling application or service. Rather, it may be prompted by a user or the device in response to an initial device configuration, network or business security profile establishment, or the like. For the purpose of illustration, this separation is indicated with respect to  FIG. 2 , which depicts interdependent databases  115   a - 115   c  for maintaining various types of data. 
     Per step  405 , the privacy management platform  103  generates at least one indicator of the one or more privacy policy objects, the one or more privacy policies, or a combination thereof. The indicator may include an icon, a sound, haptic feedback, a change in color of an icon, etc. Also, the privacy management platform  103  may be configured to determine at least one source f the local data such that the indicator is generated to represent that source. For example, if the local data source is a location sensor (e.g., GPS sensor), then an icon representative of this source is presented to the device. In another step  407 , the platform  103  also causes presentation of the at least one indicator in a user interface of the device. It is noted that presentation of the at least one indicator is not limited to visual presentation to a display, but also includes the execution of a sound, activation of a light (e.g., flickering), performance of a vibratory movement of the device, or the like. 
     In further embodiments, it is contemplated that the indicator may be caused to be directed to other devices associated with the device running the application or service. For example, the indicator may be caused to be presented to a nearby laptop being operated by the user in the case of the user not readily observing a mobile device from which the request was initiated. 
     In  FIG. 5 , per steps  501 - 507  of process  500 , the privacy management platform  103  determines to perform various actions responsive to the determined object. These may include determining to generate a prompt requesting an approval from a user of the device for the access, wherein the granting of the access is based, at least in part, on the approval (step  501 ); determining to generate an alert regarding the request (step  503 ); determining to apply at least one transformation to the local data, wherein the access is granted to the transformed local data (step  505 ); and causing, at least in part, denial of the access to at least a portion of the local data (step  507 ). It is noted that the local data includes, at least in part, sensor data associated with the device. 
       FIGS. 6A-6G  are diagrams of user interfaces utilized in the processes of  FIGS. 3-5 , according to various embodiments. By way of example, the diagrams pertain to interfaces for enabling a user to select an application or a service to be executed and further, the specific privacy settings associated with said application. With respect to  FIG. 6A , a title section  601  shows that this user interface  600  is for selecting an application or a service. The list  603  shows a list of applications and services that can be selected to set privacy settings. In this case, the Map Application has been selected, as indicated by a gray shade. The OK button  605  may be pressed to proceed with the selection, and the options button  607  may be selected to show various options. 
       FIG. 6B  shows a user interface  610  showing various privacy settings. This user interface  610  may be presented after the selection is made in the user interface  600  of  FIG. 6A . The title section  611  shows that this user interface  610  is for setting privacy settings. The main screen  613  shows various privacy settings with selection buttons such as buttons  615  and  617 . Button  615  is shaded in gray to indicate that the setting corresponding to this button  615  is selected. The OK button  619  may be pressed to proceed with the selection, and the options button  621  may be selected to show various options. 
     It is noted that the list of settings as presented may be one or more default settings or may vary by application. Still further, in certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the privacy settings options may be generated or updated by a trusted third party or external organization (e.g., a privacy non-governmental organization). In this case, the profile settings as shown by way of the interface for execution may be provided to the user device by the external organization as one or more privacy profile objects. The user may download and install these objects for enabling configuring of a specific profile setting (e.g., on a per application basis), thus supporting centralized policy establishment and preventing a user from having to understand specific privacy settings. 
       FIGS. 6C-6E  are diagrams of user interfaces by a requester that requests the user to share location information of the user.  FIG. 6C  shows a user interface  630  for a requester with a low granularity level. The title section  631  shows that the user interface  630  is for a map application. The title section  631  also shows the map application from a state level perspective; thus the map  633  shows states in a zoomed-out map view. The user location indicator  635  shows which state the user is located on the map  633 . The user location indicator  635  also shows the user identifier as USER 121 . A back button  637  goes back to a previous user interface, and the options button  639  may be selected to show various options. For example purposes, it is noted that the user identifier  121  is shown because the user selected to share their personal details via the privacy settings interface of  FIG. 6B . Per data transformation means, the user identifier is also shown in a manner that avoids personal details such as last name, first name, etc; also affecting granularity of the information. 
       FIG. 6D  shows a user interface  650  for a requester with a medium granularity level. The title section  631  shows that the user interface  630  is for a map application. The title section  651  also shows the map application from a city level perspective. Thus, the map  653  shows cities in this medium-zoom map view. The map  653  also has city indicators such as the city indicator  655  for the city Springfield. The user location indicator  637  shows a location and a name of the city where the user is located on the map  653 . The user location indicator  657  also shows the user ID, which is USER 121  given that the user chose to share the user&#39;s personal details as shown in  FIG. 6B . The back button  659  goes back to a previous user interface, and the options button  661  may be selected to show various options. 
     Further,  FIG. 6E  shows a user interface  670  for a requester with a high granularity level. The title section  671  shows that the user interface  670  is for a map application, and also indicates that the map application shows at a street level. Therefore, the map  673  shows streets around the user&#39;s location zoomed-in map view. The map  673  also shows street names, such as the street name  675  for the 9 th  street. The user location indicator  677  shows a location of the user on the map  673 . In this user interface  670 , the user location indicator  677  shows that the user is located at a cross section of Main Street and 9 th  Street. The user location indicator  677  also shows the user ID, which is USER 121 , because the user chose to share the user&#39;s personal details as shown in  FIG. 6B . The back button  679  goes back to a previous user interface, and the options button  681  may be selected to show various options. 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  present a homepage (home screen)  780 / 790  the user device. A title section shows the user interface is for presenting the homepage  781 . The homepage features various application selection buttons labeled APP #1 through APP #6, for enabling the user to initiate one or more applications. The homepage also presents current time and date information  783 . The user may navigate to the homepage  780 / 790  during execution of the navigation tool as demonstrated with respect to  FIGS. 6C-6E . By way of example, per the established privacy settings of  FIG. 6B , the navigation tool may call out travel directions to the user as they engage the homepage  780 . Resultantly, various indicators  785 - 789  are caused to be presented to the screen for indicating which resources of the device are being accessed. The icons are representative of the GPS sensor  785 , speaker system  787  and accelerometer sensor  789 , all of which are activated for acquiring local data. 
     In  FIG. 7B , when the privacy settings are set to prevent access to local data (such as by the navigation tool), the indicators  785 - 789  are shown to be disabled. This is represented, for example, with an “X” or crossbar being indicated atop respective indicators  785 - 789 . In another embodiment, the device may also present a message or prompt to the homepage interface  790  for presenting an error code  793 . It is noted, by way of example, that the indicators  785 - 789  may be presented in response to an attempt by the user to initiate the navigation tool as represented by application selection button  791 . 
     The exemplary techniques and systems presented herein enable privacy policies to be separately created, downloaded and used on demand, i.e., as policy objects. The policy objects can define the visual, haptic or other indicators to the user, even to the extent of supplying the graphics or user interface code required to generate a specific indication. As another advantage, the application calls the device resource/API but consults the privacy management module to determine if local data may be returned. 
     The processes described herein for maintaining user privacy information may be advantageously implemented via software, hardware, firmware or a combination of software and/or firmware and/or hardware. For example, the processes described herein, may be advantageously implemented via processor(s), Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chip, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc. Such exemplary hardware for performing the described functions is detailed below. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a computer system  800  upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Although computer system  800  is depicted with respect to a particular device or equipment, it is contemplated that other devices or equipment (e.g., network elements, servers, etc.) within  FIG. 8  can deploy the illustrated hardware and components of system  800 . Computer system  800  is programmed (e.g., via computer program code or instructions) to maintain user privacy information as described herein and includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  810  for passing information between other internal and external components of the computer system  800 . Information (also called data) is represented as a physical expression of a measurable phenomenon, typically electric voltages, but including, in other embodiments, such phenomena as magnetic, electromagnetic, pressure, chemical, biological, molecular, atomic, sub-atomic and quantum interactions. For example, north and south magnetic fields, or a zero and non-zero electric voltage, represent two states (0, 1) of a binary digit (bit). Other phenomena can represent digits of a higher base. A superposition of multiple simultaneous quantum states before measurement represents a quantum bit (qubit). A sequence of one or more digits constitutes digital data that is used to represent a number or code for a character. In some embodiments, information called analog data is represented by a near continuum of measurable values within a particular range. Computer system  800 , or a portion thereof, constitutes a means for performing one or more steps of maintaining user privacy information. 
     A bus  810  includes one or more parallel conductors of information so that information is transferred quickly among devices coupled to the bus  810 . One or more processors  802  for processing information are coupled with the bus  810 . 
     A processor (or multiple processors)  802  performs a set of operations on information as specified by computer program code related to maintaining user privacy information. The computer program code is a set of instructions or statements providing instructions for the operation of the processor and/or the computer system to perform specified functions. The code, for example, may be written in a computer programming language that is compiled into a native instruction set of the processor. The code may also be written directly using the native instruction set (e.g., machine language). The set of operations include bringing information in from the bus  810  and placing information on the bus  810 . The set of operations also typically include comparing two or more units of information, shifting positions of units of information, and combining two or more units of information, such as by addition or multiplication or logical operations like OR, exclusive OR (XOR), and AND. Each operation of the set of operations that can be performed by the processor is represented to the processor by information called instructions, such as an operation code of one or more digits. A sequence of operations to be executed by the processor  802 , such as a sequence of operation codes, constitute processor instructions, also called computer system instructions or, simply, computer instructions. Processors may be implemented as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical or quantum components, among others, alone or in combination. 
     Computer system  800  also includes a memory  804  coupled to bus  810 . The memory  804 , such as a random access memory (RAM) or any other dynamic storage device, stores information including processor instructions for maintaining user privacy information. Dynamic memory allows information stored therein to be changed by the computer system  800 . RAM allows a unit of information stored at a location called a memory address to be stored and retrieved independently of information at neighboring addresses. The memory  804  is also used by the processor  802  to store temporary values during execution of processor instructions. The computer system  800  also includes a read only memory (ROM)  806  or any other static storage device coupled to the bus  810  for storing static information, including instructions, that is not changed by the computer system  800 . Some memory is composed of volatile storage that loses the information stored thereon when power is lost. Also coupled to bus  810  is a non-volatile (persistent) storage device  808 , such as a magnetic disk, optical disk or flash card, for storing information, including instructions, that persists even when the computer system  800  is turned off or otherwise loses power. 
     Information, including instructions for maintaining user privacy information, is provided to the bus  810  for use by the processor from an external input device  812 , such as a keyboard containing alphanumeric keys operated by a human user, or a sensor. A sensor detects conditions in its vicinity and transforms those detections into physical expression compatible with the measurable phenomenon used to represent information in computer system  800 . Other external devices coupled to bus  810 , used primarily for interacting with humans, include a display device  814 , such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, a plasma screen, or a printer for presenting text or images, and a pointing device  816 , such as a mouse, a trackball, cursor direction keys, or a motion sensor, for controlling a position of a small cursor image presented on the display  814  and issuing commands associated with graphical elements presented on the display  814 . In some embodiments, for example, in embodiments in which the computer system  800  performs all functions automatically without human input, one or more of external input device  812 , display device  814  and pointing device  816  is omitted. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, special purpose hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)  820 , is coupled to bus  810 . The special purpose hardware is configured to perform operations not performed by processor  802  quickly enough for special purposes. Examples of ASICs include graphics accelerator cards for generating images for display  814 , cryptographic boards for encrypting and decrypting messages sent over a network, speech recognition, and interfaces to special external devices, such as robotic arms and medical scanning equipment that repeatedly perform some complex sequence of operations that are more efficiently implemented in hardware. 
     Computer system  800  also includes one or more instances of a communications interface  870  coupled to bus  810 . Communication interface  870  provides a one-way or two-way communication coupling to a variety of external devices that operate with their own processors, such as printers, scanners and external disks. In general the coupling is with a network link  878  that is connected to a local network  880  to which a variety of external devices with their own processors are connected. For example, communication interface  870  may be a parallel port or a serial port or a universal serial bus (USB) port on a personal computer. In some embodiments, communications interface  870  is an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a digital subscriber line (DSL) card or a telephone modem that provides an information communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. In some embodiments, a communication interface  870  is a cable modem that converts signals on bus  810  into signals for a communication connection over a coaxial cable or into optical signals for a communication connection over a fiber optic cable. As another example, communications interface  870  may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, such as Ethernet. Wireless links may also be implemented. For wireless links, the communications interface  870  sends or receives or both sends and receives electrical, acoustic or electromagnetic signals, including infrared and optical signals that carry information streams, such as digital data. For example, in wireless handheld devices, such as mobile telephones like cell phones, the communications interface  870  includes a radio band electromagnetic transmitter and receiver called a radio transceiver. In certain embodiments, the communications interface  870  enables connection to the communication network  105  for maintaining user privacy information. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing information to processor  802 , including instructions for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to computer-readable storage medium (e.g., non-volatile media, volatile media), and transmission media. Non-transitory media, such as non-volatile media, include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device  808 . Volatile media include, for example, dynamic memory  804 . Transmission media include, for example, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic cables, and carrier waves that travel through space without wires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves, including radio, optical and infrared waves. Signals include man-made transient variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization or other physical properties transmitted through the transmission media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any other physical medium with patterns of holes or other optically recognizable indicia, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, an EEPROM, a flash memory, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read. The term computer-readable storage medium is used herein to refer to any computer-readable medium except transmission media. 
     Logic encoded in one or more tangible media includes one or both of processor instructions on a computer-readable storage media and special purpose hardware, such as ASIC  820 . 
     Network link  878  typically provides information communication using transmission media through one or more networks to other devices that use or process the information. For example, network link  878  may provide a connection through local network  880  to a host computer  882  or to equipment  884  operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISP equipment  884  in turn provides data communication services through the public, world-wide packet-switching communication network of networks now commonly referred to as the Internet  890 . 
     A computer called a server host  892  connected to the Internet hosts a process that provides a service in response to information received over the Internet. For example, server host  892  hosts a process that provides information representing video data for presentation at display  814 . It is contemplated that the components of system  800  can be deployed in various configurations within other computer systems, e.g., host  882  and server  892 . 
     At least some embodiments of the invention are related to the use of computer system  800  for implementing some or all of the techniques described herein. According to one embodiment of the invention, those techniques are performed by computer system  800  in response to processor  802  executing one or more sequences of one or more processor instructions contained in memory  804 . Such instructions, also called computer instructions, software and program code, may be read into memory  804  from another computer-readable medium such as storage device  808  or network link  878 . Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in memory  804  causes processor  802  to perform one or more of the method steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hardware, such as ASIC  820 , may be used in place of or in combination with software to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software, unless otherwise explicitly stated herein. 
     The signals transmitted over network link  878  and other networks through communications interface  870 , carry information to and from computer system  800 . Computer system  800  can send and receive information, including program code, through the networks  880 ,  890  among others, through network link  878  and communications interface  870 . In an example using the Internet  890 , a server host  892  transmits program code for a particular application, requested by a message sent from computer  800 , through Internet  890 , ISP equipment  884 , local network  880  and communications interface  870 . The received code may be executed by processor  802  as it is received, or may be stored in memory  804  or in storage device  808  or any other non-volatile storage for later execution, or both. In this manner, computer system  800  may obtain application program code in the form of signals on a carrier wave. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequence of instructions or data or both to processor  802  for execution. For example, instructions and data may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer such as host  882 . The remote computer loads the instructions and data into its dynamic memory and sends the instructions and data over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to the computer system  800  receives the instructions and data on a telephone line and uses an infra-red transmitter to convert the instructions and data to a signal on an infra-red carrier wave serving as the network link  878 . An infrared detector serving as communications interface  870  receives the instructions and data carried in the infrared signal and places information representing the instructions and data onto bus  810 . Bus  810  carries the information to memory  804  from which processor  802  retrieves and executes the instructions using some of the data sent with the instructions. The instructions and data received in memory  804  may optionally be stored on storage device  808 , either before or after execution by the processor  802 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a chip set or chip  900  upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Chip set  900  is programmed to maintain user privacy information as described herein and includes, for instance, the processor and memory components described with respect to  FIG. 8  incorporated in one or more physical packages (e.g., chips). By way of example, a physical package includes an arrangement of one or more materials, components, and/or wires on a structural assembly (e.g., a baseboard) to provide one or more characteristics such as physical strength, conservation of size, and/or limitation of electrical interaction. It is contemplated that in certain embodiments the chip set  900  can be implemented in a single chip. It is further contemplated that in certain embodiments the chip set or chip  900  can be implemented as a single “system on a chip.” It is further contemplated that in certain embodiments a separate ASIC would not be used, for example, and that all relevant functions as disclosed herein would be performed by a processor or processors. Chip set or chip  900 , or a portion thereof, constitutes a means for performing one or more steps of maintaining user privacy information associated with the availability of functions. Chip set or chip  900 , or a portion thereof, constitutes a means for performing one or more steps of maintaining user privacy information. 
     In one embodiment, the chip set or chip  900  includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  901  for passing information among the components of the chip set  900 . A processor  903  has connectivity to the bus  901  to execute instructions and process information stored in, for example, a memory  905 . The processor  903  may include one or more processing cores with each core configured to perform independently. A multi-core processor enables multiprocessing within a single physical package. Examples of a multi-core processor include two, four, eight, or greater numbers of processing cores. Alternatively or in addition, the processor  903  may include one or more microprocessors configured in tandem via the bus  901  to enable independent execution of instructions, pipelining, and multithreading. The processor  903  may also be accompanied with one or more specialized components to perform certain processing functions and tasks such as one or more digital signal processors (DSP)  907 , or one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC)  909 . A DSP  907  typically is configured to process real-world signals (e.g., sound) in real time independently of the processor  903 . Similarly, an ASIC  909  can be configured to performed specialized functions not easily performed by a more general purpose processor. Other specialized components to aid in performing the inventive functions described herein may include one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) (not shown), one or more controllers (not shown), or one or more other special-purpose computer chips. 
     In one embodiment, the chip set or chip  900  includes merely one or more processors and some software and/or firmware supporting and/or relating to and/or for the one or more processors. 
     The processor  903  and accompanying components have connectivity to the memory  905  via the bus  901 . The memory  905  includes both dynamic memory (e.g., RAM, magnetic disk, writable optical disk, etc.) and static memory (e.g., ROM, CD-ROM, etc.) for storing executable instructions that when executed perform the inventive steps described herein to maintain user privacy information. The memory  905  also stores the data associated with or generated by the execution of the inventive steps. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram of exemplary components of a mobile terminal (e.g., handset) for communications, which is capable of operating in the system of  FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment. In some embodiments, mobile terminal  1001 , or a portion thereof, constitutes a means for performing one or more steps of maintaining user privacy information. Generally, a radio receiver is often defined in terms of front-end and back-end characteristics. The front-end of the receiver encompasses all of the Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry whereas the back-end encompasses all of the base-band processing circuitry. As used in this application, the term “circuitry” refers to both: (1) hardware-only implementations (such as implementations in only analog and/or digital circuitry), and (2) to combinations of circuitry and software (and/or firmware) (such as, if applicable to the particular context, to a combination of processor(s), including digital signal processor(s), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions). This definition of “circuitry” applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application and if applicable to the particular context, the term “circuitry” would also cover an implementation of merely a processor (or multiple processors) and its (or their) accompanying software/or firmware. The term “circuitry” would also cover if applicable to the particular context, for example, a baseband integrated circuit or applications processor integrated circuit in a mobile phone or a similar integrated circuit in a cellular network device or other network devices. 
     Pertinent internal components of the telephone include a Main Control Unit (MCU)  1003 , a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)  1005 , and a receiver/transmitter unit including a microphone gain control unit and a speaker gain control unit. A main display unit  1007  provides a display to the user in support of various applications and mobile terminal functions that perform or support the steps of maintaining user privacy information. The display  1007  includes display circuitry configured to display at least a portion of a user interface of the mobile terminal (e.g., mobile telephone). Additionally, the display  1007  and display circuitry are configured to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile terminal. An audio function circuitry  1009  includes a microphone  1011  and microphone amplifier that amplifies the speech signal output from the microphone  1011 . The amplified speech signal output from the microphone  1011  is fed to a coder/decoder (CODEC)  1013 . 
     A radio section  1015  amplifies power and converts frequency in order to communicate with a base station, which is included in a mobile communication system, via antenna  1017 . The power amplifier (PA)  1019  and the transmitter/modulation circuitry are operationally responsive to the MCU  1003 , with an output from the PA  1019  coupled to the duplexer  1021  or circulator or antenna switch, as known in the art. The PA  1019  also couples to a battery interface and power control unit  1020 . 
     In use, a user of mobile terminal  1001  speaks into the microphone  1011  and his or her voice along with any detected background noise is converted into an analog voltage. The analog voltage is then converted into a digital signal through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)  1023 . The control unit  1003  routes the digital signal into the DSP  1005  for processing therein, such as speech encoding, channel encoding, encrypting, and interleaving. In one embodiment, the processed voice signals are encoded, by units not separately shown, using a cellular transmission protocol such as enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), satellite, and the like, or any combination thereof. 
     The encoded signals are then routed to an equalizer  1025  for compensation of any frequency-dependent impairments that occur during transmission though the air such as phase and amplitude distortion. After equalizing the bit stream, the modulator  1027  combines the signal with a RF signal generated in the RF interface  1029 . The modulator  1027  generates a sine wave by way of frequency or phase modulation. In order to prepare the signal for transmission, an up-converter  1031  combines the sine wave output from the modulator  1027  with another sine wave generated by a synthesizer  1033  to achieve the desired frequency of transmission. The signal is then sent through a PA  1019  to increase the signal to an appropriate power level. In practical systems, the PA  1019  acts as a variable gain amplifier whose gain is controlled by the DSP  1005  from information received from a network base station. The signal is then filtered within the duplexer  1021  and optionally sent to an antenna coupler  1035  to match impedances to provide maximum power transfer. Finally, the signal is transmitted via antenna  1017  to a local base station. An automatic gain control (AGC) can be supplied to control the gain of the final stages of the receiver. The signals may be forwarded from there to a remote telephone which may be another cellular telephone, any other mobile phone or a land-line connected to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), or other telephony networks. 
     Voice signals transmitted to the mobile terminal  1001  are received via antenna  1017  and immediately amplified by a low noise amplifier (LNA)  1037 . A down-converter  1039  lowers the carrier frequency while the demodulator  1041  strips away the RF leaving only a digital bit stream. The signal then goes through the equalizer  1025  and is processed by the DSP  1005 . A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)  1043  converts the signal and the resulting output is transmitted to the user through the speaker  1045 , all under control of a Main Control Unit (MCU)  1003  which can be implemented as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not shown). 
     The MCU  1003  receives various signals including input signals from the keyboard  1047 . The keyboard  1047  and/or the MCU  1003  in combination with other user input components (e.g., the microphone  1011 ) comprise a user interface circuitry for managing user input. The MCU  1003  runs a user interface software to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile terminal  1001  to maintain user privacy information. The MCU  1003  also delivers a display command and a switch command to the display  1007  and to the speech output switching controller, respectively. Further, the MCU  1003  exchanges information with the DSP  1005  and can access an optionally incorporated SIM card  1049  and a memory  1051 . In addition, the MCU  1003  executes various control functions required of the terminal. The DSP  1005  may, depending upon the implementation, perform any of a variety of conventional digital processing functions on the voice signals. Additionally, DSP  1005  determines the background noise level of the local environment from the signals detected by microphone  1011  and sets the gain of microphone  1011  to a level selected to compensate for the natural tendency of the user of the mobile terminal  1001 . 
     The CODEC  1013  includes the ADC  1023  and DAC  1043 . The memory  1051  stores various data including call incoming tone data and is capable of storing other data including music data received via, e.g., the global Internet. The software module could reside in RAM memory, flash memory, registers, or any other form of writable storage medium known in the art. The memory device  1051  may be, but not limited to, a single memory, CD, DVD, ROM, RAM, EEPROM, optical storage, magnetic disk storage, flash memory storage, or any other non-volatile storage medium capable of storing digital data. 
     An optionally incorporated SIM card  1049  carries, for instance, important information, such as the cellular phone number, the carrier supplying service, subscription details, and security information. The SIM card  1049  serves primarily to identify the mobile terminal  1001  on a radio network. The card  1049  also contains a memory for storing a personal telephone number registry, text messages, and user specific mobile terminal settings. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with a number of embodiments and implementations, the invention is not so limited but covers various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview of the appended claims. Although features of the invention are expressed in certain combinations among the claims, it is contemplated that these features can be arranged in any combination and order.