Patent Publication Number: US-11640562-B1

Title: Counterexample-guided update of a motion planner

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/303,202, entitled “COUNTEREXAMPLE-GUIDED UPDATE OF A MOTION PLANNER” and filed on Jan. 26, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     An autonomous vehicle is capable of sensing and navigating through its surrounding environment with minimal to no human input. To safely navigate the vehicle along a selected path, the vehicle may rely on a motion planning process to generate and execute one or more trajectories through its immediate surroundings. The trajectory of the vehicle may be generated based on the current condition of the vehicle itself and the conditions present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment, which may include mobile objects such as other vehicles and pedestrians as well as immobile objects such as buildings and street poles. For example, the trajectory may be generated to avoid collisions between the vehicle and the objects present in its surrounding environment. Moreover, the trajectory may be generated such that the vehicle operates in accordance with other desirable characteristics such as path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. The motion planning process may further include updating the trajectory of the vehicle and/or generating a new trajectory for the vehicle in response to changes in the condition of the vehicle and its surrounding environment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    is an example environment in which a vehicle including one or more components of an autonomous system can be implemented; 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram of one or more systems of a vehicle including an autonomous system; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram of components of one or more devices and/or one or more systems of  FIGS.  1  and  2   ; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a diagram of certain components of an autonomous system; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a diagram of an implementation of a neural network; 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of an example of a system for generating a trajectory for a vehicle; 
         FIG.  6    is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for training a machine learning model through inverse reinforcement learning (IRL); 
         FIG.  7    depicts a flowchart illustrating an example of a process in which a machine learning model determines the reward for a proposed action; 
         FIG.  8    depicts examples of counterexamples with scenarios for which a trained machine learning model is unable to generate a correct trajectory; 
         FIG.  9    depicts the prior probability distribution of a feature weight vector undergoing successive updates; and 
         FIG.  10    depicts a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for updating a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle. 
     
    
    
     When practical, similar reference numbers denote similar structures, features, or elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure for the purposes of explanation. It will be apparent, however, that the embodiments described by the present disclosure can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are illustrated in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Specific arrangements or orderings of schematic elements, such as those representing systems, devices, modules, instruction blocks, data elements, and/or the like are illustrated in the drawings for ease of description. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the specific ordering or arrangement of the schematic elements in the drawings is not meant to imply that a particular order or sequence of processing, or separation of processes, is required unless explicitly described as such. Further, the inclusion of a schematic element in a drawing is not meant to imply that such element is required in all embodiments or that the features represented by such element may not be included in or combined with other elements in some embodiments unless explicitly described as such. 
     Further, where connecting elements such as solid or dashed lines or arrows are used in the drawings to illustrate a connection, relationship, or association between or among two or more other schematic elements, the absence of any such connecting elements is not meant to imply that no connection, relationship, or association can exist. In other words, some connections, relationships, or associations between elements are not illustrated in the drawings so as not to obscure the disclosure. In addition, for ease of illustration, a single connecting element can be used to represent multiple connections, relationships or associations between elements. For example, where a connecting element represents communication of signals, data, or instructions (e.g., “software instructions”), it should be understood by those skilled in the art that such element can represent one or multiple signal paths (e.g., a bus), as may be needed, to affect the communication. 
     Although the terms first, second, third, and/or the like are used to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. The terms first, second, third, and/or the like are used only to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact without departing from the scope of the described embodiments. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is included for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well and can be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this description specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof 
     As used herein, the terms “communication” and “communicate” refer to at least one of the reception, receipt, transmission, transfer, provision, and/or the like of information (or information represented by, for example, data, signals, messages, instructions, commands, and/or the like). For one unit (e.g., a device, a system, a component of a device or system, combinations thereof, and/or the like) to be in communication with another unit means that the one unit is able to directly or indirectly receive information from and/or send (e.g., transmit) information to the other unit. This may refer to a direct or indirect connection that is wired and/or wireless in nature. Additionally, two units may be in communication with each other even though the information transmitted may be modified, processed, relayed, and/or routed between the first and second unit. For example, a first unit may be in communication with a second unit even though the first unit passively receives information and does not actively transmit information to the second unit. As another example, a first unit may be in communication with a second unit if at least one intermediary unit (e.g., a third unit located between the first unit and the second unit) processes information received from the first unit and transmits the processed information to the second unit. In some embodiments, a message may refer to a network packet (e.g., a data packet and/or the like) that includes data. 
     As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when”, “upon”, “in response to determining,” “in response to detecting,” and/or the like, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining,” “in response to determining,” “upon detecting [the stated condition or event],” “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” and/or the like, depending on the context. Also, as used herein, the terms “has”, “have”, “having”, or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partially on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     General Overview 
     In some aspects and/or embodiments, systems, methods, and computer program products described herein include and/or implement counterexample-guided update of a motion planner for a vehicle (e.g., an autonomous vehicle). The motion planner may include a machine learning model (e.g., a neural network and/or the like) trained to generate, for a variety of scenarios that the vehicle may encounter, a trajectory that avoids a collision between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. In some instances, the machine learning model may be further trained to generate the trajectory such that the vehicle operates in accordance with certain desirable characteristics including, for example, path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. The performance of the trained machine learning model may correspond to a quantity of scenarios for which the machine learning model is able to generate a correct trajectory, such as a trajectory that avoids collisions between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. 
     By virtue of the implementation of systems, methods, and computer program products described herein, techniques for motion planning as well as for training a machine learning model that is used for motion planning are provided. For example, upon training (e.g., inverse reinforcement learning (IRL)), the machine learning model may be capable of generating a correct trajectory for a first scenario but not for a second scenario. Retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario may bias the machine learning model towards the second scenario. As such, instead of retraining the machine learning model, the feature weights (e.g., feature weight vector) of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario may be updated based on the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario. Doing so may optimize the performance of the machine learning model across the first scenario and the second scenario. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , illustrated is example environment  100  in which vehicles that include autonomous systems, as well as vehicles that do not, are operated. As illustrated, environment  100  includes vehicles  102   a - 102   n,  objects  104   a - 104   n,  routes  106   a - 106   n,  area  108 , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) device  110 , network  112 , remote autonomous vehicle (AV) system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and V2I system  118 . Vehicles  102   a - 102   n,  vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) device  110 , network  112 , autonomous vehicle (AV) system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and V2I system  118  interconnect (e.g., establish a connection to communicate and/or the like) via wired connections, wireless connections, or a combination of wired or wireless connections. In some embodiments, objects  104   a - 104   n  interconnect with at least one of vehicles  102   a - 102   n,  vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) device  110 , network  112 , autonomous vehicle (AV) system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and V2I system  118  via wired connections, wireless connections, or a combination of wired or wireless connections. 
     Vehicles  102   a - 102   n  (referred to individually as vehicle  102  and collectively as vehicles  102 ) include at least one device configured to transport goods and/or people. In some embodiments, vehicles  102  are configured to be in communication with V2I device  110 , remote AV system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and/or V2I system  118  via network  112 . In some embodiments, vehicles  102  include cars, buses, trucks, trains, and/or the like. In some embodiments, vehicles  102  are the same as, or similar to, vehicles  200 , described herein (see  FIG.  2   ). In some embodiments, a vehicle  200  of a set of vehicles  200  is associated with an autonomous fleet manager. In some embodiments, vehicles  102  travel along respective routes  106   a - 106   n  (referred to individually as route  106  and collectively as routes  106 ), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more vehicles  102  include an autonomous system (e.g., an autonomous system that is the same as or similar to autonomous system  202 ). 
     Objects  104   a - 104   n  (referred to individually as object  104  and collectively as objects  104 ) include, for example, at least one vehicle, at least one pedestrian, at least one cyclist, at least one structure (e.g., a building, a sign, a fire hydrant, etc.), and/or the like. Each object  104  is stationary (e.g., located at a fixed location for a period of time) or mobile (e.g., having a velocity and associated with at least one trajectory). In some embodiments, objects  104  are associated with corresponding locations in area  108 . 
     Routes  106   a - 106   n  (referred to individually as route  106  and collectively as routes  106 ) are each associated with (e.g., prescribe) a sequence of actions (also known as a trajectory) connecting states along which an AV can navigate. Each route  106  starts at an initial state (e.g., a state that corresponds to a first spatiotemporal location, velocity, and/or the like) and a final goal state (e.g., a state that corresponds to a second spatiotemporal location that is different from the first spatiotemporal location) or goal region (e.g. a subspace of acceptable states (e.g., terminal states)). In some embodiments, the first state includes a location at which an individual or individuals are to be picked-up by the AV and the second state or region includes a location or locations at which the individual or individuals picked-up by the AV are to be dropped-off. In some embodiments, routes  106  include a plurality of acceptable state sequences (e.g., a plurality of spatiotemporal location sequences), the plurality of state sequences associated with (e.g., defining) a plurality of trajectories. In an example, routes  106  include only high level actions or imprecise state locations, such as a series of connected roads dictating turning directions at roadway intersections. Additionally, or alternatively, routes  106  may include more precise actions or states such as, for example, specific target lanes or precise locations within the lane areas and targeted speed at those positions. In an example, routes  106  include a plurality of precise state sequences along the at least one high level action sequence with a limited lookahead horizon to reach intermediate goals, where the combination of successive iterations of limited horizon state sequences cumulatively correspond to a plurality of trajectories that collectively form the high level route to terminate at the final goal state or region. 
     Area  108  includes a physical area (e.g., a geographic region) within which vehicles  102  can navigate. In an example, area  108  includes at least one state (e.g., a country, a province, an individual state of a plurality of states included in a country, etc.), at least one portion of a state, at least one city, at least one portion of a city, etc. In some embodiments, area  108  includes at least one named thoroughfare (referred to herein as a “road”) such as a highway, an interstate highway, a parkway, a city street, etc. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples area  108  includes at least one unnamed road such as a driveway, a section of a parking lot, a section of a vacant and/or undeveloped lot, a dirt path, etc. In some embodiments, a road includes at least one lane (e.g., a portion of the road that can be traversed by vehicles  102 ). In an example, a road includes at least one lane associated with (e.g., identified based on) at least one lane marking. 
     Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) device  110  (sometimes referred to as a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2X) device) includes at least one device configured to be in communication with vehicles  102  and/or V2I infrastructure system  118 . In some embodiments, V2I device  110  is configured to be in communication with vehicles  102 , remote AV system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and/or V2I system  118  via network  112 . In some embodiments, V2I device  110  includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, signage, cameras (e.g., two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) cameras), lane markers, streetlights, parking meters, etc. In some embodiments, V2I device  110  is configured to communicate directly with vehicles  102 . Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments V2I device  110  is configured to communicate with vehicles  102 , remote AV system  114 , and/or fleet management system  116  via V2I system  118 . In some embodiments, V2I device  110  is configured to communicate with V2I system  118  via network  112 . 
     Network  112  includes one or more wired and/or wireless networks. In an example, network  112  includes a cellular network (e.g., a long term evolution (LTE) network, a third generation (3G) network, a fourth generation (4G) network, a fifth generation (5G) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, etc.), a public land mobile network (PLMN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network (e.g., the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, the Internet, a fiber optic-based network, a cloud computing network, etc., a combination of some or all of these networks, and/or the like. 
     Remote AV system  114  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with vehicles  102 , V2I device  110 , network  112 , remote AV system  114 , fleet management system  116 , and/or V2I system  118  via network  112 . In an example, remote AV system  114  includes a server, a group of servers, and/or other like devices. In some embodiments, remote AV system  114  is co-located with the fleet management system  116 . In some embodiments, remote AV system  114  is involved in the installation of some or all of the components of a vehicle, including an autonomous system, an autonomous vehicle compute, software implemented by an autonomous vehicle compute, and/or the like. In some embodiments, remote AV system  114  maintains (e.g., updates and/or replaces) such components and/or software during the lifetime of the vehicle. 
     Fleet management system  116  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with vehicles  102 , V2I device  110 , remote AV system  114 , and/or V2I infrastructure system  118 . In an example, fleet management system  116  includes a server, a group of servers, and/or other like devices. In some embodiments, fleet management system  116  is associated with a ridesharing company (e.g., an organization that controls operation of multiple vehicles (e.g., vehicles that include autonomous systems and/or vehicles that do not include autonomous systems) and/or the like). 
     In some embodiments, V2I system  118  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with vehicles  102 , V2I device  110 , remote AV system  114 , and/or fleet management system  116  via network  112 . In some examples, V2I system  118  is configured to be in communication with V2I device  110  via a connection different from network  112 . In some embodiments, V2I system  118  includes a server, a group of servers, and/or other like devices. In some embodiments, V2I system  118  is associated with a municipality or a private institution (e.g., a private institution that maintains V2I device  110  and/or the like). 
     The number and arrangement of elements illustrated in  FIG.  1    are provided as an example. There can be additional elements, fewer elements, different elements, and/or differently arranged elements, than those illustrated in  FIG.  1   . Additionally, or alternatively, at least one element of environment  100  can perform one or more functions described as being performed by at least one different element of  FIG.  1   . Additionally, or alternatively, at least one set of elements of environment  100  can perform one or more functions described as being performed by at least one different set of elements of environment  100 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2   , vehicle  200  includes autonomous system  202 , powertrain control system  204 , steering control system  206 , and brake system  208 . In some embodiments, vehicle  200  is the same as or similar to vehicle  102  (see  FIG.  1   ). In some embodiments, vehicle  102  have autonomous capability (e.g., implement at least one function, feature, device, and/or the like that enable vehicle  200  to be partially or fully operated without human intervention including, without limitation, fully autonomous vehicles (e.g., vehicles that forego reliance on human intervention), highly autonomous vehicles (e.g., vehicles that forego reliance on human intervention in certain situations), and/or the like). For a detailed description of fully autonomous vehicles and highly autonomous vehicles, reference may be made to SAE International&#39;s standard J3016: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, vehicle  200  is associated with an autonomous fleet manager and/or a ridesharing company. 
     Autonomous system  202  includes a sensor suite that includes one or more devices such as cameras  202   a,  LiDAR sensors  202   b,  radar sensors  202   c,  and microphones  202   d.  In some embodiments, autonomous system  202  can include more or fewer devices and/or different devices (e.g., ultrasonic sensors, inertial sensors, GPS receivers (discussed below), odometry sensors that generate data associated with an indication of a distance that vehicle  200  has traveled, and/or the like). In some embodiments, autonomous system  202  uses the one or more devices included in autonomous system  202  to generate data associated with environment  100 , described herein. The data generated by the one or more devices of autonomous system  202  can be used by one or more systems described herein to observe the environment (e.g., environment  100 ) in which vehicle  200  is located. In some embodiments, autonomous system  202  includes communication device  202   e,  autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  and drive-by-wire (DBW) system  202   h.    
     Cameras  202   a  include at least one device configured to be in communication with communication device  202   e,  autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  and/or safety controller  202   g  via a bus (e.g., a bus that is the same as or similar to bus  302  of  FIG.  3   ). Cameras  202   a  include at least one camera (e.g., a digital camera using a light sensor such as a charge-coupled device (CCD), a thermal camera, an infrared (IR) camera, an event camera, and/or the like) to capture images including physical objects (e.g., cars, buses, curbs, people, and/or the like). In some embodiments, camera  202   a  generates camera data as output. In some examples, camera  202   a  generates camera data that includes image data associated with an image. In this example, the image data may specify at least one parameter (e.g., image characteristics such as exposure, brightness, etc., an image timestamp, and/or the like) corresponding to the image. In such an example, the image may be in a format (e.g., RAW, JPEG, PNG, and/or the like). In some embodiments, camera  202   a  includes a plurality of independent cameras configured on (e.g., positioned on) a vehicle to capture images for the purpose of stereopsis (stereo vision). In some examples, camera  202   a  includes a plurality of cameras that generate image data and transmit the image data to autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  and/or a fleet management system (e.g., a fleet management system that is the same as or similar to fleet management system  116  of  FIG.  1   ). In such an example, autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  determines depth to one or more objects in a field of view of at least two cameras of the plurality of cameras based on the image data from the at least two cameras. In some embodiments, cameras  202   a  is configured to capture images of objects within a distance from cameras  202   a  (e.g., up to  100  meters, up to a kilometer, and/or the like). Accordingly, cameras  202   a  include features such as sensors and lenses that are optimized for perceiving objects that are at one or more distances from cameras  202   a.    
     In an embodiment, camera  202   a  includes at least one camera configured to capture one or more images associated with one or more traffic lights, street signs and/or other physical objects that provide visual navigation information. In some embodiments, camera  202   a  generates traffic light data associated with one or more images. In some examples, camera  202   a  generates TLD data associated with one or more images that include a format (e.g., RAW, JPEG, PNG, and/or the like). In some embodiments, camera  202   a  that generates TLD data differs from other systems described herein incorporating cameras in that camera  202   a  can include one or more cameras with a wide field of view (e.g., a wide-angle lens, a fish-eye lens, a lens having a viewing angle of approximately 120 degrees or more, and/or the like) to generate images about as many physical objects as possible. 
     LiDAR sensors  202   b  include a system configured to transmit light from a light emitter (e.g., a laser transmitter). Light emitted by LiDAR sensors  202   b  include light (e.g., infrared light and/or the like) that is outside of the visible spectrum. In some embodiments, during operation, light emitted by LiDAR sensors  202   b  encounters a physical object (e.g., a vehicle) and is reflected back to LiDAR sensors  202   b.  In some embodiments, the light emitted by LiDAR sensors  202   b  does not penetrate the physical objects that the light encounters. LiDAR sensors  202   b  also include at least one light detector which detects the light that was emitted from the light emitter after the light encounters a physical object. In some embodiments, at least one data processing system associated with LiDAR sensors  202   b  generates an image (e.g., a point cloud, a combined point cloud, and/or the like) representing the objects included in a field of view of LiDAR sensors  202   b.  In some examples, the at least one data processing system associated with LiDAR sensor  202   b  generates an image that represents the boundaries of a physical object, the surfaces (e.g., the topology of the surfaces) of the physical object, and/or the like. In such an example, the image is used to determine the boundaries of physical objects in the field of view of LiDAR sensors  202   b.    
     Radio Detection and Ranging (radar) sensors  202   c  include at least one device configured to be in communication with communication device  202   e,  autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  and/or safety controller  202   g  via a bus (e.g., a bus that is the same as or similar to bus  302  of  FIG.  3   ). Radar sensors  202   c  include a system configured to transmit radio waves (either pulsed or continuously). The radio waves transmitted by radar sensors  202   c  include radio waves that are within a predetermined spectrum. In some embodiments, during operation, radio waves transmitted by radar sensors  202   c  encounter a physical object and are reflected back to radar sensors  202   c.  In some embodiments, the radio waves transmitted by radar sensors  202   c  are not reflected by some objects. In some embodiments, at least one data processing system associated with radar sensors  202   c  generates signals representing the objects included in a field of view of radar sensors  202   c.  For example, the at least one data processing system associated with radar sensor  202   c  generates an image that represents the boundaries of a physical object, the surfaces (e.g., the topology of the surfaces) of the physical object, and/or the like. In some examples, the image is used to determine the boundaries of physical objects in the field of view of radar sensors  202   c.    
     Microphones  202   d  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with communication device  202   e,  autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  and/or safety controller  202   g  via a bus (e.g., a bus that is the same as or similar to bus  302  of  FIG.  3   ). Microphones  202   d  include one or more microphones (e.g., array microphones, external microphones, and/or the like) that capture audio signals and generate data associated with (e.g., representing) the audio signals. In some examples, microphones  202   d  include transducer devices and/or like devices. In some embodiments, one or more systems described herein can receive the data generated by microphones  202   d  and determine a position of an object relative to vehicle  200  (e.g., a distance and/or the like) based on the audio signals associated with the data. 
     Communication device  202   e  include at least one device configured to be in communication with cameras  202   a,  LiDAR sensors  202   b,  radar sensors  202   c,  microphones  202   d,  autonomous vehicle compute  202   f,  safety controller  202   g,  and/or DBW system  202   h.  For example, communication device  202   e  may include a device that is the same as or similar to communication interface  314  of  FIG.  3   . In some embodiments, communication device  202   e  includes a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication device (e.g., a device that enables wireless communication of data between vehicles). 
     Autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  include at least one device configured to be in communication with cameras  202   a,  LiDAR sensors  202   b,  radar sensors  202   c,  microphones  202   d,  communication device  202   e,  safety controller  202   g,  and/or DBW system  202   h.  In some examples, autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  includes a device such as a client device, a mobile device (e.g., a cellular telephone, a tablet, and/or the like) a server (e.g., a computing device including one or more central processing units, graphical processing units, and/or the like), and/or the like. In some embodiments, autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  is the same as or similar to autonomous vehicle compute  400 , described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  is configured to be in communication with an autonomous vehicle system (e.g., an autonomous vehicle system that is the same as or similar to remote AV system  114  of  FIG.  1   ), a fleet management system (e.g., a fleet management system that is the same as or similar to fleet management system  116  of  FIG.  1   ), a V2I device (e.g., a V2I device that is the same as or similar to V2I device  110  of  FIG.  1   ), and/or a V2I system (e.g., a V2I system that is the same as or similar to V2I system  118  of  FIG.  1   ). 
     Safety controller  202   g  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with cameras  202   a,  LiDAR sensors  202   b,  radar sensors  202   c,  microphones  202   d,  communication device  202   e,  autonomous vehicle computer  202   f,  and/or DBW system  202   h.  In some examples, safety controller  202   g  includes one or more controllers (electrical controllers, electromechanical controllers, and/or the like) that are configured to generate and/or transmit control signals to operate one or more devices of vehicle  200  (e.g., powertrain control system  204 , steering control system  206 , brake system  208 , and/or the like). In some embodiments, safety controller  202   g  is configured to generate control signals that take precedence over (e.g., overrides) control signals generated and/or transmitted by autonomous vehicle compute  202   f.    
     DBW system  202   h  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with communication device  202   e  and/or autonomous vehicle compute  202   f.  In some examples, DBW system  202   h  includes one or more controllers (e.g., electrical controllers, electromechanical controllers, and/or the like) that are configured to generate and/or transmit control signals to operate one or more devices of vehicle  200  (e.g., powertrain control system  204 , steering control system  206 , brake system  208 , and/or the like). Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more controllers of DBW system  202   h  are configured to generate and/or transmit control signals to operate at least one different device (e.g., a turn signal, headlights, door locks, windshield wipers, and/or the like) of vehicle  200 . 
     Powertrain control system  204  includes at least one device configured to be in communication with DBW system  202   h.  In some examples, powertrain control system  204  includes at least one controller, actuator, and/or the like. In some embodiments, powertrain control system  204  receives control signals from DBW system  202   h  and powertrain control system  204  causes vehicle  200  to start moving forward, stop moving forward, start moving backward, stop moving backward, accelerate in a direction, decelerate in a direction, perform a left turn, perform a right turn, and/or the like. In an example, powertrain control system  204  causes the energy (e.g., fuel, electricity, and/or the like) provided to a motor of the vehicle to increase, remain the same, or decrease, thereby causing at least one wheel of vehicle  200  to rotate or not rotate. 
     Steering control system  206  includes at least one device configured to rotate one or more wheels of vehicle  200 . In some examples, steering control system  206  includes at least one controller, actuator, and/or the like. In some embodiments, steering control system  206  causes the front two wheels and/or the rear two wheels of vehicle  200  to rotate to the left or right to cause vehicle  200  to turn to the left or right. 
     Brake system  208  includes at least one device configured to actuate one or more brakes to cause vehicle  200  to reduce speed and/or remain stationary. In some examples, brake system  208  includes at least one controller and/or actuator that is configured to cause one or more calipers associated with one or more wheels of vehicle  200  to close on a corresponding rotor of vehicle  200 . Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples brake system  208  includes an automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, a regenerative braking system, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, vehicle  200  includes at least one platform sensor (not explicitly illustrated) that measures or infers properties of a state or a condition of vehicle  200 . In some examples, vehicle  200  includes platform sensors such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a wheel speed sensor, a wheel brake pressure sensor, a wheel torque sensor, an engine torque sensor, a steering angle sensor, and/or the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , illustrated is a schematic diagram of a device  300 . As illustrated, device  300  includes processor  304 , memory  306 , storage component  308 , input interface  310 , output interface  312 , communication interface  314 , and bus  302 . As shown in  FIG.  3   , device  300  includes bus  302 , processor  304 , memory  306 , storage component  308 , input interface  310 , output interface  312 , and communication interface  314 . 
     Bus  302  includes a component that permits communication among the components of device  300 . In some embodiments, processor  304  is implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. In some examples, processor  304  includes a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), and/or the like), a microphone, a digital signal processor (DSP), and/or any processing component (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or the like) that can be programmed to perform at least one function. Memory  306  includes random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and/or another type of dynamic and/or static storage device (e.g., flash memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, and/or the like) that stores data and/or instructions for use by processor  304 . 
     Storage component  308  stores data and/or software related to the operation and use of device  300 . In some examples, storage component  308  includes a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, and/or the like), a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, a CD-ROM, RAM, PROM, EPROM, FLASH-EPROM, NV-RAM, and/or another type of computer readable medium, along with a corresponding drive. 
     Input interface  310  includes a component that permits device  300  to receive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touchscreen display, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, a microphone, a camera, and/or the like). Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments input interface  310  includes a sensor that senses information (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an actuator, and/or the like). Output interface  312  includes a component that provides output information from device  300  (e.g., a display, a speaker, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and/or the like). 
     In some embodiments, communication interface  314  includes a transceiver-like component (e.g., a transceiver, a separate receiver and transmitter, and/or the like) that permits device  300  to communicate with other devices via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. In some examples, communication interface  314  permits device  300  to receive information from another device and/or provide information to another device. In some examples, communication interface  314  includes an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi® interface, a cellular network interface, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, device  300  performs one or more processes described herein. Device  300  performs these processes based on processor  304  executing software instructions stored by a computer-readable medium, such as memory  305  and/or storage component  308 . A computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium) is defined herein as a non-transitory memory device. A non-transitory memory device includes memory space located inside a single physical storage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storage devices. 
     In some embodiments, software instructions are read into memory  306  and/or storage component  308  from another computer-readable medium or from another device via communication interface  314 . When executed, software instructions stored in memory  306  and/or storage component  308  cause processor  304  to perform one or more processes described herein. Additionally or alternatively, hardwired circuitry is used in place of or in combination with software instructions to perform one or more processes described herein. Thus, embodiments described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software unless explicitly stated otherwise. 
     Memory  306  and/or storage component  308  includes data storage or at least one data structure (e.g., a database and/or the like). Device  300  is capable of receiving information from, storing information in, communicating information to, or searching information stored in the data storage or the at least one data structure in memory  306  or storage component  308 . In some examples, the information includes network data, input data, output data, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, device  300  is configured to execute software instructions that are either stored in memory  306  and/or in the memory of another device (e.g., another device that is the same as or similar to device  300 ). As used herein, the term “module” refers to at least one instruction stored in memory  306  and/or in the memory of another device that, when executed by processor  304  and/or by a processor of another device (e.g., another device that is the same as or similar to device  300 ) cause device  300  (e.g., at least one component of device  300 ) to perform one or more processes described herein. In some embodiments, a module is implemented in software, firmware, hardware, and/or the like. 
     The number and arrangement of components illustrated in  FIG.  3    are provided as an example. In some embodiments, device  300  can include additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those illustrated in  FIG.  3   . Additionally or alternatively, a set of components (e.g., one or more components) of device  300  can perform one or more functions described as being performed by another component or another set of components of device  300 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 A , illustrated is an example block diagram of an autonomous vehicle compute  400  (sometimes referred to as an “AV stack”). As illustrated, autonomous vehicle compute  400  includes perception system  402  (sometimes referred to as a perception module), planning system  404  (sometimes referred to as a planning module), localization system  406  (sometimes referred to as a localization module), control system  408  (sometimes referred to as a control module), and database  410 . In some embodiments, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , control system  408 , and database  410  are included and/or implemented in an autonomous navigation system of a vehicle (e.g., autonomous vehicle compute  202   f  of vehicle  200 ). Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , control system  408 , and database  410  are included in one or more standalone systems (e.g., one or more systems that are the same as or similar to autonomous vehicle compute  400  and/or the like). In some examples, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , control system  408 , and database  410  are included in one or more standalone systems that are located in a vehicle and/or at least one remote system as described herein. In some embodiments, any and/or all of the systems included in autonomous vehicle compute  400  are implemented in software (e.g., in software instructions stored in memory), computer hardware (e.g., by microprocessors, microcontrollers, application-specific integrated circuits [ASICs], Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and/or the like), or combinations of computer software and computer hardware. It will also be understood that, in some embodiments, autonomous vehicle compute  400  is configured to be in communication with a remote system (e.g., an autonomous vehicle system that is the same as or similar to remote AV system  114 , a fleet management system  116  that is the same as or similar to fleet management system  116 , a V2I system that is the same as or similar to V2I system  118 , and/or the like). 
     In some embodiments, perception system  402  receives data associated with at least one physical object (e.g., data that is used by perception system  402  to detect the at least one physical object) in an environment and classifies the at least one physical object. In some examples, perception system  402  receives image data captured by at least one camera (e.g., cameras  202   a ), the image associated with (e.g., representing) one or more physical objects within a field of view of the at least one camera. In such an example, perception system  402  classifies at least one physical object based on one or more groupings of physical objects (e.g., bicycles, vehicles, traffic signs, pedestrians, and/or the like). In some embodiments, perception system  402  transmits data associated with the classification of the physical objects to planning system  404  based on perception system  402  classifying the physical objects. 
     In some embodiments, planning system  404  receives data associated with a destination and generates data associated with at least one route (e.g., routes  106 ) along which a vehicle (e.g., vehicles  102 ) can travel along toward a destination. In some embodiments, planning system  404  periodically or continuously receives data from perception system  402  (e.g., data associated with the classification of physical objects, described above) and planning system  404  updates the at least one trajectory or generates at least one different trajectory based on the data generated by perception system  402 . In some embodiments, planning system  404  receives data associated with an updated position of a vehicle (e.g., vehicles  102 ) from localization system  406  and planning system  404  updates the at least one trajectory or generates at least one different trajectory based on the data generated by localization system  406 . 
     In some embodiments, localization system  406  receives data associated with (e.g., representing) a location of a vehicle (e.g., vehicles  102 ) in an area. In some examples, localization system  406  receives LiDAR data associated with at least one point cloud generated by at least one LiDAR sensor (e.g., LiDAR sensors  202   b ). In certain examples, localization system  406  receives data associated with at least one point cloud from multiple LiDAR sensors and localization system  406  generates a combined point cloud based on each of the point clouds. In these examples, localization system  406  compares the at least one point cloud or the combined point cloud to two-dimensional (2D) and/or a three-dimensional (3D) map of the area stored in database  410 . Localization system  406  then determines the position of the vehicle in the area based on localization system  406  comparing the at least one point cloud or the combined point cloud to the map. In some embodiments, the map includes a combined point cloud of the area generated prior to navigation of the vehicle. In some embodiments, maps include, without limitation, high-precision maps of the roadway geometric properties, maps describing road network connectivity properties, maps describing roadway physical properties (such as traffic speed, traffic volume, the number of vehicular and cyclist traffic lanes, lane width, lane traffic directions, or lane marker types and locations, or combinations thereof), and maps describing the spatial locations of road features such as crosswalks, traffic signs or other travel signals of various types. In some embodiments, the map is generated in real-time based on the data received by the perception system. 
     In another example, localization system  406  receives Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data generated by a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. In some examples, localization system  406  receives GNSS data associated with the location of the vehicle in the area and localization system  406  determines a latitude and longitude of the vehicle in the area. In such an example, localization system  406  determines the position of the vehicle in the area based on the latitude and longitude of the vehicle. In some embodiments, localization system  406  generates data associated with the position of the vehicle. In some examples, localization system  406  generates data associated with the position of the vehicle based on localization system  406  determining the position of the vehicle. In such an example, the data associated with the position of the vehicle includes data associated with one or more semantic properties corresponding to the position of the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, control system  408  receives data associated with at least one trajectory from planning system  404  and control system  408  controls operation of the vehicle. In some examples, control system  408  receives data associated with at least one trajectory from planning system  404  and control system  408  controls operation of the vehicle by generating and transmitting control signals to cause a powertrain control system (e.g., DBW system  202   h,  powertrain control system  204 , and/or the like), a steering control system (e.g., steering control system  206 ), and/or a brake system (e.g., brake system  208 ) to operate. In an example, where a trajectory includes a left turn, control system  408  transmits a control signal to cause steering control system  206  to adjust a steering angle of vehicle  200 , thereby causing vehicle  200  to turn left. Additionally, or alternatively, control system  408  generates and transmits control signals to cause other devices (e.g., headlights, turn signal, door locks, windshield wipers, and/or the like) of vehicle  200  to change states. 
     In some embodiments, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , and/or control system  408  implement at least one machine learning model (e.g., at least one multilayer perceptron (MLP), at least one convolutional neural network (CNN), at least one recurrent neural network (RNN), at least one autoencoder, at least one transformer, and/or the like). In some examples, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , and/or control system  408  implement at least one machine learning model alone or in combination with one or more of the above-noted systems. In some examples, perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , and/or control system  408  implement at least one machine learning model as part of a pipeline (e.g., a pipeline for identifying one or more objects located in an environment and/or the like). An example of an implementation of a machine learning model is included below with respect to  FIG.  4 B . 
     Database  410  stores data that is transmitted to, received from, and/or updated by perception system  402 , planning system  404 , localization system  406 , and/or control system  408 . In some examples, database  410  includes a storage component (e.g., a storage component that is the same as or similar to storage component  308  of  FIG.  3   ) that stores data and/or software related to the operation and uses at least one system of autonomous vehicle compute  400 . In some embodiments, database  410  stores data associated with 2D and/or 3D maps of at least one area. In some examples, database  410  stores data associated with 2D and/or 3D maps of a portion of a city, multiple portions of multiple cities, multiple cities, a county, a state, a State (e.g., a country), and/or the like). In such an example, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle that is the same as or similar to vehicles  102  and/or vehicle  200 ) can drive along one or more drivable regions (e.g., single-lane roads, multi-lane roads, highways, back roads, off road trails, and/or the like) and cause at least one LiDAR sensor (e.g., a LiDAR sensor that is the same as or similar to LiDAR sensors  202   b ) to generate data associated with an image representing the objects included in a field of view of the at least one LiDAR sensor. 
     In some embodiments, database  410  can be implemented across a plurality of devices. In some examples, database  410  is included in a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle that is the same as or similar to vehicles  102  and/or vehicle  200 ), an autonomous vehicle system (e.g., an autonomous vehicle system that is the same as or similar to remote AV system  114 , a fleet management system (e.g., a fleet management system that is the same as or similar to fleet management system  116  of  FIG.  1   , a V2I system (e.g., a V2I system that is the same as or similar to V2I system  118  of  FIG.  1   ) and/or the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 B , illustrated is a diagram of an implementation of a machine learning model. More specifically, illustrated is a diagram of an implementation of a convolutional neural network (CNN)  420 . For purposes of illustration, the following description of CNN  420  will be with respect to an implementation of CNN  420  by perception system  402 . However, it will be understood that in some examples CNN  420  (e.g., one or more components of CNN  420 ) is implemented by other systems different from, or in addition to, perception system  402  such as planning system  404 , localization system  406 , and/or control system  408 . While CNN  420  includes certain features as described herein, these features are provided for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. 
     CNN  420  includes a plurality of convolution layers including first convolution layer  422 , second convolution layer  424 , and convolution layer  426 . In some embodiments, CNN  420  includes sub-sampling layer  428  (sometimes referred to as a pooling layer). In some embodiments, sub-sampling layer  428  and/or other subsampling layers have a dimension (i.e., an amount of nodes) that is less than a dimension of an upstream system. By virtue of sub-sampling layer  428  having a dimension that is less than a dimension of an upstream layer, CNN  420  consolidates the amount of data associated with the initial input and/or the output of an upstream layer to thereby decrease the amount of computations necessary for CNN  420  to perform downstream convolution operations. Additionally, or alternatively, by virtue of sub-sampling layer  428  being associated with (e.g., configured to perform) at least one subsampling function, CNN  420  consolidates the amount of data associated with the initial input. 
     Perception system  402  performs convolution operations based on perception system  402  providing respective inputs and/or outputs associated with each of first convolution layer  422 , second convolution layer  424 , and convolution layer  426  to generate respective outputs. In some examples, perception system  402  implements CNN  420  based on perception system  402  providing data as input to first convolution layer  422 , second convolution layer  424 , and convolution layer  426 . In such an example, perception system  402  provides the data as input to first convolution layer  422 , second convolution layer  424 , and convolution layer  426  based on perception system  402  receiving data from one or more different systems (e.g., one or more systems of a vehicle that is the same as or similar to vehicle  102 ), a remote AV system that is the same as or similar to remote AV system  114 , a fleet management system that is the same as or similar to fleet management system  116 , a V2I system that is the same as or similar to V2I system  118 , and/or the like). 
     In some embodiments, perception system  402  provides data associated with an input (referred to as an initial input) to first convolution layer  422  and perception system  402  generates data associated with an output using first convolution layer  422 . In some embodiments, perception system  402  provides an output generated by a convolution layer as input to a different convolution layer. For example, perception system  402  provides the output of first convolution layer  422  as input to sub-sampling layer  428 , second convolution layer  424 , and/or convolution layer  426 . In such an example, first convolution layer  422  is referred to as an upstream layer and sub-sampling layer  428 , second convolution layer  424 , and/or convolution layer  426  are referred to as downstream layers. Similarly, in some embodiments perception system  402  provides the output of sub-sampling layer  428  to second convolution layer  424  and/or convolution layer  426  and, in this example, sub-sampling layer  428  would be referred to as an upstream layer and second convolution layer  424  and/or convolution layer  426  would be referred to as downstream layers. 
     In some embodiments, perception system  402  processes the data associated with the input provided to CNN  420  before perception system  402  provides the input to CNN  420 . For example, perception system  402  processes the data associated with the input provided to CNN  420  based on perception system  420  normalizing sensor data (e.g., image data, LiDAR data, radar data, and/or the like). 
     In some embodiments, CNN  420  generates an output based on perception system  420  performing convolution operations associated with each convolution layer. In some examples, CNN  420  generates an output based on perception system  420  performing convolution operations associated with each convolution layer and an initial input. In some embodiments, perception system  402  generates the output and provides the output as fully connected layer  430 . In some examples, perception system  402  provides the output of convolution layer  426  as fully connected layer  430 , where fully connected layer  420  includes data associated with a plurality of feature values referred to as F1, F2 . . . FN. In this example, the output of convolution layer  426  includes data associated with a plurality of output feature values that represent a prediction. 
     In some embodiments, perception system  402  identifies a prediction from among a plurality of predictions based on perception system  402  identifying a feature value that is associated with the highest likelihood of being the correct prediction from among the plurality of predictions. For example, where fully connected layer  430  includes feature values F1, F2, . . . FN, and F1 is the greatest feature value, perception system  402  identifies the prediction associated with F1 as being the correct prediction from among the plurality of predictions. In some embodiments, perception system  402  trains CNN  420  to generate the prediction. In some examples, perception system  402  trains CNN  420  to generate the prediction based on perception system  402  providing training data associated with the prediction to CNN  420 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , illustrated is a block diagram of an example of a system  500  for generating a trajectory for a vehicle, according to some embodiments of the current subject matter. The system  500  can be incorporated into a vehicle (e.g., vehicle  102  shown in  FIG.  1   , vehicle  200  shown in  FIG.  2   , etc.). The system  500  includes one or more health sensors  502 , one or more environment sensors, an AV stack  506 , a system monitor (SysMon)  508 , a motion planner  510 , and a drive-by-wire component  514 . The system  500  can also incorporate a reward function component  522  and a safety rules component  524 , one or both of which can be stored by the vehicle&#39;s systems. 
     The motion planner  510  may include a machine learning model  512  (such as those discussed in connection with  FIGS.  4 B-D  above) trained to generate a trajectory that includes a sequence of actions (ACT 1, ACT 2, . . . ACT N)  520 . The trajectory (e.g., the sequence of actions  520  can be stored as a set of instructions that can be used by the vehicle during drive time to execute a particular maneuver. The machine learning model  512  may be trained to generate a trajectory that is consistent with the vehicle&#39;s current scenario, which may include a variety of conditions monitored by the vehicle&#39;s systems. For example, the vehicle&#39;s current scenario may include the pose (e.g., position, orientation, and/or the like) of the vehicle and that of the objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Additionally, or alternatively, the vehicle&#39;s current scenario may also include the vehicle&#39;s state and/or health such as, for example, heading, driving speed, tire inflation pressure, oil level, transmission fluid temperature, and/or the like. The conditions associated with the vehicle&#39;s current scenario may serve as inputs to the machine learning model  512 , which may be trained to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle given its current scenario. For instance, the correct trajectory for the vehicle may be a sequence of actions  520  that avoids collision between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. In some instances, the correct trajectory for the vehicle may further enable the vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics such as path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
     The machine learning model  512  may be trained through reinforcement learning in which the machine learning model  512  is trained to learn a policy that maximizes the cumulative value of the reward function  522 . One example of reinforcement learning is inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) in which the machine learning model  512  is trained to learn the reward function  522  based on demonstrations of an expert policy (e.g., one or more simulations) that includes the correct trajectories for the vehicle encountering a variety of scenarios. During training, the machine learning model  512  may be rewarded, in accordance with the reward function  522 , for generating a correct trajectory (e.g., a sequence of actions  520 ) for the vehicle given the vehicle&#39;s current scenario. For example, the machine learning model  512  may be rewarded for generating a trajectory that avoids collision between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Additionally, or alternatively, the machine learning model  512  may be rewarded for generating a trajectory that enables the vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics such as path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , the vehicle may include health sensors  502  and environment sensors  504  for measuring and/or monitoring various conditions at or around the vehicle. For example, the vehicle&#39;s health sensors  502  may monitor various parameters associated with the vehicle&#39;s state and/or health. Examples of state parameters may include heading, driving speed, and/or the like. Examples of health parameters may include tire inflation pressure, oil level, transmission fluid temperature, etc. In some embodiments, the vehicle include separate sensors for measuring and/or monitoring its state and health. The health sensors  502  provide data corresponding to one or more parameters of the vehicle&#39;s current state and/or health to the AV stack  506 , at  501 , and system monitor  508 , at  503 . 
     The vehicle&#39;s environment sensors (e.g., camera, LIDAR, SONAR, etc.)  504  may monitor various conditions present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Such conditions may parameters of other objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment such as the speed, position, and/or orientation of one or more vehicles, pedestrians, and/or the like. As shown in  FIG.  5   , the environment sensors  504  may supply data corresponding to one or more parameters of the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment to the system monitor  508 , at  505 . 
     In some embodiments, the AV stack  506  controls the vehicle during operation. Additionally, the AV stack  506  may provide various trajectories (e.g., stop in lane, pull over, etc.) to the motion planner  510 , at  509 , and provide one or more signals (including signals associated with execution of a selected MRM)  507  to the drive by wire component  514 . The drive by wire component  514  may use these signals to operate the vehicle. 
     The system monitor  508  receives vehicle and environment data  503 ,  505  from the sensors  502 ,  504 , respectively. It then processes the data and supplies to the motion planner  510 , and in particular, to the machine learning model  512 , at  511 , the processed data. The machine learning model  512  uses data  509 ,  511 , as received from the AV stack  506  and system monitor  508 , respectively to generate a trajectory, including the sequence of actions  520 , for the vehicle. Once the trajectory has been determined by the machine learning mode  512 , the motion planner  510  may transmit one or more signals  513  indicative of the trajectory to the drive by wire component  514 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more trajectories for the vehicle (e.g., sequences of actions  520 ) can be pre-loaded/pre-stored by the system  500 . Moreover, the motion planner  510  can, such as, during training of the machine learning model  512 , generate and store additional trajectories and/or refine the pre-loaded/pre-stored trajectories as well as refine generated trajectories upon receiving further sensor data and/or any other information associated with the vehicle&#39;s health, environment, etc. In addition to the provided sensor data and/or pre-loaded/pre-stored trajectories, the machine learning model  512  can be trained to implement one or more safety rules  524  and reward values provided by the reward function  522 . Reward values are generated based on the data  523  (e.g., vehicle&#39;s conditions, conditions present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment, and/or the like) supplied to the reward function  522  from the system monitor  508 , any trajectories that may have been generated (or selected), as well as safety rules  524 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  6 - 10   , illustrated are diagrams of an implementation of a process for counterexample-guided update of a motion planner (e.g., the motion planner  510 ) configured to generate one or more trajectories, which are executed to navigate a vehicle (e.g., an autonomous vehicle such as vehicles  102   a - 102   n,  vehicles  200 , and/or the like) along a selected path. For example, the motion planner may generate, at successive time intervals, trajectories for the vehicle that are consistent with the conditions present during each time interval. Accordingly, the motion planner may generate, based on the conditions present at a first time t 1 , a first trajectory for the vehicle before updating the first trajectory or generating a second trajectory for the vehicle based on the conditions that are present at a second time t 2 . The conditions that may be present at the first time t 1  and the second time t 2  may include the pose (e.g., position, orientation, and/or the like) of the vehicle and that of each object present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. 
     The motion planner may include a machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) trained to generate, for a variety of scenarios that the vehicle may encounter, a trajectory that includes a sequence of actions (sometimes referred to as maneuvers) for navigating the vehicle along a selected path. As described above, the correct trajectory for a scenario may be a trajectory that avoids a collision between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Moreover, in some instances, the correct trajectory for a scenario may further enable the vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics including, for example, path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
     The machine learning model may be trained through reinforcement learning in which the machine learning model is trained to learn a policy that maximizes the cumulative value of a reward function R. Examples of reinforcement learning techniques include inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), associative reinforcement learning, deep reinforcement learning, safe reinforcement learning, and partially supervised reinforcement learning (PSRL). A policy in the context of motion planning may indicate the probability of the machine learning model selecting a particular action (e.g., from a set of possible actions) given the current scenario (or state) of the vehicle. The current scenario of the vehicle may include the pose (e.g., position, orientation, and/or the like) of the vehicle and that of each object present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. While each action may be associated with an immediate reward, the machine learning model may be trained to select an action that maximizes the cumulative reward of the entire sequence of actions forming the trajectory that is generated by the machine learning model. This trajectory may be associated with a maximum reward by avoiding a collision between the vehicle and the objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Alternatively and/or additionally, the trajectory may be associated with a maximum reward by enabling enable vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics including, for example, path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
       FIG.  6    depicts a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for training the machine learning model through inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). In instances where the machine learning model is subjected to inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), the training of the machine learning model may include learning a reward function R that is consistent with an expert policy. For example,  FIG.  6    shows that the machine learning model may be trained to learn the reward function R based on demonstrations of the expert policy, which may include the correct trajectories for the vehicle encountering a variety of scenarios. As such, the machine learning model may apply the learned reward function R when generating, for an input including a current scenario of the vehicle, an output including a trajectory for the vehicle. For instance, to generate the trajectory of the vehicle, the machine learning model may sample a set of possible actions for the vehicle and apply the learned reward function R to determine the reward associated with each action. 
       FIG.  7    depicts a flowchart illustrating an example of a process in which the machine learning model determines the reward for a proposed action f. As shown in  FIG.  7   , the scenario of the vehicle and the action f may be associated with one or more features. Examples of features include collision with other tracks, distance to goal, vehicle lateral acceleration, vehicle speed, heading alignment, proximity to route centerline, and trajectory coupling. Some features may be learned features extracted by the machine learning model (e.g., the “backbone” or feature extraction network of the machine learning model) while other features may be handcrafted features extracted by a separate algorithm. Through training such as inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), the machine learning model may learn, for each feature, a feature weight corresponding to how important the feature is in determining the next action in the trajectory of the vehicle. For example, vehicle lateral acceleration may be associated with a first feature weight that is higher than a second feature weight of heading alignment but lower than a third feature weight associated with proximity to route centerline. Accordingly, in the example shown in  FIG.  7   , the trained machine learning model may apply, to the features of the scenario and the proposed action f, the learned feature weights to determine a reward for the proposed action f. The machine learning model may further generate a trajectory for the vehicle to include (or exclude) the proposed action f based on the reward associated with the proposed action f. 
     As described above, the performance of the trained machine learning model may correspond to a quantity of scenarios for which the machine learning model is able to generate a correct trajectory, which may be a trajectory that avoids collisions between the vehicle and one or more objects in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. For example, the machine learning model may be trained until the machine learning model is able to generate correct trajectories for the scenarios included in a validation set. Nevertheless, the trained machine learning model may remain incapable of generating a correct trajectory for certain scenarios known as counterexamples.  FIG.  8    depicts examples of counterexamples with scenarios for which the trained machine learning model is unable to generate a correct trajectory. For instance, Counterexample A in  FIG.  8    includes a scenario for which the trained machine learning model generates a trajectory that causes an avoidable collision between the vehicle and one or more objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Meanwhile, Counterexample B in  FIG.  8    includes a scenario in which a collision could occur due to reasonable perturbations (or changes) in the trajectory of the vehicle and/or that of the objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. 
     Merely retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for one or more counterexamples, such as Counterexample A and/or Counterexample B, may bias the machine learning model towards the counterexamples. For example, the trained machine learning model may be capable of generating a correct trajectory for a first scenario but not for a second scenario. Retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario may bias the machine learning model towards the second scenario such that the retrained machine learning model may be capable of generating a correct trajectory for the second scenario but not for the first scenario. As such, in some example embodiments, instead of retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario, the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario may be updated based on the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario. For instance, a first feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario may be updated based on a second feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario. Furthermore, the machine learning model may be updated to apply the updated feature weight vector such that the machine learning model is able to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario while maintaining its ability to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario. 
     In some embodiments, the trained machine learning model undergoes multiple iterations of updates, each of which updating the trained machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the scenario of a counterexample. For example, the first feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario may be updated based on the second feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario before being updated based on a third feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for a third scenario. The machine learning model applying the updated feature weight vector may be able to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario, the second scenario, and the third scenario. 
     To further illustrate, Equation (1) below expresses the feature function (Φ) of a trajectory using the learned reward function parameters w and ϕ, with w denoting the feature weights applied by the machine learning model, u sys  denoting features associated with the vehicle, and μ env  denoting features associated with the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment.
 
Φ( x   0   , u   sys   , u   env )= w   T ϕ( x   0   , u   sys   , u   env )   (1)
 
     In some embodiments, the feature weights of the machine learning model are updated through statistical inference. For example, the probability distribution of the first feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario may be updated through Bayesian inference based on the second feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario and the third feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the third scenario. A Bayesian inference based update of the feature weights w is expressed in Equation (2) below. As shown in  FIG.  9   , the prior probability distribution associated with the first feature weight vector, such as a Gaussian distribution and/or the like, may undergo successive updates based on the second feature weight vector and the third feature weight vector. The resulting posterior probability may correspond to the probability distribution of a fourth feature weight vector that the machine learning model may apply to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario, the second scenario, and the third scenario. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     As described above, statistical inference, such as Bayesian inference, may be performed to determine the probability distribution of the feature weights that enables the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario, the second scenario, and the third scenario. Equation (3) below expresses a Bayesian inference to determine the posterior probability P(w|c i ) that w is the set of feature weights (e.g., the feature weight vector) that enables the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario, the second scenario, and the third scenario. According to Equation (3), the posterior probability P(w|c i ) may be computed based on the probability P(w) of w being the optimal feature weights feature weights for the machine learning model, the probability P(c i ) of observing a scenario c i  for which the machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory, and the probability P(c i |w) of observing the scenario c i  given the feature weights w. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     As described above, upon training the machine learning model to generate correct trajectories for the scenarios included in a validation set, the machine learning model may be undergo multiple iterations of updates, each of which updating the trained machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the scenario of a counterexample. In some embodiments, the probability that the trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for a scenario determines whether the scenario is selected for updating the trained machine learning model. Additionally, or alternatively, the probability of the trained machine learning model failing to generate a correct trajectory for the scenario may determine the priority of updating the trained machine learning model based on that scenario. For example, in some instances, the trained machine learning model may be updated based on a first scenario before a second scenario based on the trained machine learning model having a higher probability of failing to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario than the second scenario. Alternatively, the trained machine learning model may be updated based on the first scenario but not the second scenario if the probability of the trained machine learning model failing to generate a correct trajectory for the first scenario satisfies a threshold but the probability of the trained machine learning model failing to generate a correct trajectory for the second scenario does not. 
     In some embodiments, the counterexamples that are used to update the trained machine learning model are selected through sampling a set of possible counterexamples. For examples, one or more counterexamples may be selected through application of importance sampling (IS), rejection sampling, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Metropolis-Hastings, Gibbs sampling, slice sampling, and/or exact sampling. For example, given a selection of counterexamples X∈X, a safety measure ƒ: X→ , and an initial distribution    0  on X, importance sampling may return a counterexample with a probability of failure p γ = (ƒ(x)≤γ) with a measure of safety corresponding to ƒ(x) ≤γ. 
     A naïve Monte Carlo sampling approach may generate counterexamples with a probability of failure p γ  expressed by Equation (4) below. However, a naive Monte Carlo sampling approach may be associated with a high variance, as the output random variables from a naive Monte Carlo sampling approach exhibit limited precision. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     Importance sampling is a variance reduction technique that emphasizes more “important” values of random input variables by sampling these important values more frequently. Equation (5) expresses the probability of failure p γ  associated with the counterexamples generated by importance sampling. The emphasize on important values may be achieved by selecting an optimal importance sampling distribution, such as the one expressed in Equation (6), that is biased towards the important values. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     Referring now to  FIG.  10   , which depicts a flowchart illustrating an example of a process  1000  for updating a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle (e.g., an autonomous vehicle). In some embodiments, one or more of the operations described with respect to process  1000  are performed (e.g., completely, partially, and/or the like) by motion planner  510 . Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments one or more steps described with respect to process  1000  are performed (e.g., completely, partially, and/or the like) by another device or group of devices separate from or including motion planner  510 . 
     At  1002 , a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights may be generated by training a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle. For example, a machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) may be trained through reinforcement learning in which the machine learning model is trained to learn a policy that maximizes the cumulative value of a reward function R. Examples of reinforcement learning techniques include inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), associative reinforcement learning, deep reinforcement learning, safe reinforcement learning, and partially supervised reinforcement learning (PSRL). A policy in the context of motion planning may indicate the probability of the machine learning model selecting a particular action (e.g., from a set of possible actions) given the current scenario (or state) of the vehicle, which may include the pose (e.g., position, orientation, and/or the like) of the vehicle and that of each object present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. The machine learning model may be trained to generate a trajectory, or a sequence of actions, having a maximum cumulative reward, for example, by avoiding a collision between the vehicle and the objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. Alternatively and/or additionally, the trajectory associated with a maximum reward may enable vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics including, for example, path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
     At  1004 , a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights may be generated by training the machine learning model based on a counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model is unable to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle. As described above, even when the machine learning model is trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios included in a validation set, the trained machine learning model may nevertheless fail to generate a correct trajectory for certain scenarios known as counterexamples. Merely retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the counterexamples, such as Counterexample A and/or Counterexample B shown in  FIG.  8   , may bias the machine learning model towards the counterexamples. Thus, instead of retraining the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for each counterexample, the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios in the validation set may be updated based on the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for each counterexample. For example, in addition to being trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios in the validation set, the machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) may also be trained to generate a correct trajectory for a counterexample. The training generates separate trained machine learning models, one with a set of feature weights (e.g., a first feature vector) corresponding to the scenarios in the validation set and the others with a set of feature weights corresponding to each counterexample. 
     At  1006 , a third plurality of feature weights may be determined by updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights. As described above, the feature weights of the machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios in the validation set may be updated based on the feature weights of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for each counterexample. In some embodiments, the feature weights of the machine learning model are updated through statistical inference. For example, the probability distribution of the feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios in the validation set may be updated through Bayesian inference based on one or more feature weight vectors, each of which being associated with the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for a counterexample. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG.  9   , the prior probability distribution associated with the feature weight vector of the machine learning model trained to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios in the validation set may undergo successive updates based on the feature weight vector associated with each counterexample. The resulting posterior probability may correspond to the probability distribution of a feature weight vector that the machine learning model may apply to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios included in the validation set as well as the scenarios represented by the counterexamples. 
     At  1008 , the machine learning model may be updated to apply the third plurality of feature weights to generate a trajectory for the vehicle. For example, the machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) may be updated to apply the updated feature weight vector, which enables the machine learning model to generate a correct trajectory for the scenarios included in the validation set as well as the scenarios represented by the counterexamples. 
     At  1010 , a trajectory for the vehicle may be generated by applying the updated machine learning model. In some embodiments, the machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) applies the updated feature weights in order to generate a trajectory for the vehicle that is consistent with the vehicle&#39;s current scenario. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , the machine learning model (e.g., the machine learning model  512 ) may be a part of a motion planner (e.g., the motion planner  510 ), which provides the trajectory generated by the machine learning model to the drive by wire component  514  for execution. The vehicle (e.g., the drive by wire component) may execute the sequence of actions (e.g., the sequence of actions  520 ) included in the trajectory in order to navigate along a selected path while avoiding collision with other objects present in the vehicle&#39;s surrounding environment. The trajectory generated by the machine learning model may also enable the vehicle to operate in accordance with certain desirable characteristics including, for example, path length, ride quality, required travel time, observance of traffic rules, adherence to driving practices, and/or the like. 
     According to some non-limiting embodiments or examples, provided is a system, comprising: at least one data processor and at least one memory storing instructions. The executing of the instructions by the at least one data processor causes the at least data processor to at least: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     According to some non-limiting embodiments or examples, provided is a method, comprising: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     According to some non-limiting embodiments or examples, provided is at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     According to some non-limiting embodiments or examples, provided is a method, comprising: applying, using at least one data processor, a machine learning model trained to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training of the machine learning model includes generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights, training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights, determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights, and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     Further non-limiting aspects or embodiments are set forth in the following numbered clauses: 
     Clause 1: A method comprising: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, further comprising: training, using the at least one processor and based on a second counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate the correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a third trained machine learning model having a fourth plurality of feature weights; and determining, using the at least one processor, the third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the fourth plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 3: The method of any of Clauses 1 to 2, wherein the updating of the first plurality of feature weights includes updating a probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of the feature weights. 
     Clause 4: The method of Clause 3, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights comprises a Gaussian distribution. 
     Clause 5: The method of any of Clauses 3 to 4, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights is updated by performing a statistical inference based on the second plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 6: The method of Clause 5, wherein the statistical inference comprises a Bayesian inference. 
     Clause 7: The method of any of Clauses 1 to 6, wherein the machine learning model comprises a neural network. 
     Clause 8: The method of any of Clauses 1 to 7, wherein the machine learning model is trained through inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). 
     Clause 9: The method of any of Clauses 1 to 8, further comprising: selecting, using the at least one processor, a scenario including the vehicle and one or more objects present in an environment of the vehicle, the scenario being selected based on a probability of the first trained machine learning model failing to generate the correct trajectory for the scenario; and generating, using the at least one processor and based on the scenario, the first counterexample. 
     Clause 10: The method of Clause 9, wherein the scenario is selected from a plurality of scenarios by performing one or more of importance sampling, rejection sampling, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Metropolis-Hastings, Gibbs sampling, slice sampling, or exact sampling. 
     Clause 11: A system, comprising: at least one data processor and at least one memory storing instructions. The executing of the instructions by the at least one data processor causes the at least data processor to at least: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 12: The system of Clause 11, wherein the operations further comprise: training, using the at least one processor and based on a second counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate the correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a third trained machine learning model having a fourth plurality of feature weights; and determining, using the at least one processor, the third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the fourth plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 13: The system of any of Clauses 11 to 12, wherein the updating of the first plurality of feature weights includes updating a probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of the feature weights. 
     Clause 14: The system of Clause 13, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights comprises a Gaussian distribution. 
     Clause 15: The system of any of Clauses 13 to 14, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights is updated by performing a statistical inference based on the second plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 16: The system of Clause 15, wherein the statistical inference comprises a Bayesian inference. 
     Clause 17: The system of any of Clauses 11 to 16, wherein the machine learning model comprises a neural network. 
     Clause 18: The system of any of Clauses 11 to 17, wherein the machine learning model is trained through inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). 
     Clause 19: The system of any of Clauses 11 to 18, wherein the operations further comprise: selecting, using the at least one processor, a scenario including the vehicle and one or more objects present in an environment of the vehicle, the scenario being selected based on a probability of the first trained machine learning model failing to generate the correct trajectory for the scenario; and generating, using the at least one processor and based on the scenario, the first counterexample. 
     Clause 20: The system of Clause 19, wherein the scenario is selected from a plurality of scenarios by performing one or more of importance sampling, rejection sampling, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Metropolis-Hastings, Gibbs sampling, slice sampling, or exact sampling. 
     Clause 21: A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: training, using at least one processor, a machine learning model to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights; training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights; determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights; and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 22: A method, comprising: applying, using at least one data processor, a machine learning model trained to generate a trajectory for a vehicle, the training of the machine learning model includes generating a first trained machine learning model having a first plurality of feature weights, training, using the at least one processor and based on a first counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate a correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a second trained machine learning model having a second plurality of feature weights, determining, using the at least one processor, a third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of feature weights, and updating, using the at least one processor, the machine learning model to generate the trajectory of the vehicle by applying the third plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 23: The method of Clause 22, wherein the training of the machine learning model further includes training, using the at least one processor and based on a second counterexample for which the first trained machine learning model fails to generate the correct trajectory for the vehicle, the machine learning model to generate the correct trajectory, the training generating a third trained machine learning model having a fourth plurality of feature weights, and determining, using the at least one processor, the third plurality of feature weights by at least updating the first plurality of feature weights based on the fourth plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 24: The method of any of Clauses 22 to 23, wherein the updating of the first plurality of feature weights includes updating a probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights based on the second plurality of the feature weights. 
     Clause 25: The method of Clause 24, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights comprises a Gaussian distribution. 
     Clause 26: The method of any of Clauses 24 to 25, wherein the probability distribution of the first plurality of feature weights is updated by performing a statistical inference based on the second plurality of feature weights. 
     Clause 27: The method of Clause 26, wherein the statistical inference comprises a Bayesian inference. 
     Clause 28: The method of any of Clauses 22 to 27, wherein the machine learning model comprises a neural network. 
     Clause 29: The method of any of Clauses 22 to 28, wherein the machine learning model is trained through inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). 
     Clause 30: The method of any of Clauses 22 to 29, further comprising: selecting, using the at least one processor, a scenario including the vehicle and one or more objects present in an environment of the vehicle, the scenario being selected based on a probability of the first trained machine learning model failing to generate the correct trajectory for the scenario; and generating, using the at least one processor and based on the scenario, the first counterexample. 
     In the foregoing description, aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure have been described with reference to numerous specific details that can vary from implementation to implementation. Accordingly, the description and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention, and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the invention, is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue from this application, in the specific form in which such claims issue, including any subsequent correction. Any definitions expressly set forth herein for terms contained in such claims shall govern the meaning of such terms as used in the claims. In addition, when we use the term “further comprising,” in the foregoing description or following claims, what follows this phrase can be an additional step or entity, or a sub-step/sub-entity of a previously-recited step or entity.