Patent Publication Number: US-6670271-B1

Title: Growing a dual damascene structure using a copper seed layer and a damascene resist structure

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention generally relates to the fabrication of integrated circuit devices. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for fabricating interconnecting conductive lines and vias in a dual damascene structure. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the semiconductor industry, there is a continuing trend toward higher device densities. To achieve these high densities there have been, and continue to be, efforts toward scaling down (e.g., to submicron levels) device dimensions on semiconductor wafers. In order to accomplish such high device packing density, smaller and smaller features sizes are required. These features sizes include the width and spacing of interconnecting lines, and the spacing and diameter of metal contact vias. 
     High resolution lithographic processes are employed to define patterns for interconnecting lines and vias. In general, lithography refers to processes for pattern transfer between various media. It is a technique used for integrated circuit fabrication in which a silicon slice, the wafer, is coated uniformly with a radiation-sensitive film, the resist. The film is exposed with a radiation source (such as optical light, x-rays, or an electron beam) that irradiates selected areas of the surface through an intervening master template, the mask, forming a particular pattern. The lithographic coating is generally a radiation-sensitive coating suitable for receiving a projected image of the subject pattern. Once the image is projected, it is indelibly formed in the coating. The projected image may be either a negative or a positive image of the subject pattern. Exposure of the coating through the mask causes the image area to become either more or less soluble (depending on the coating) in a particular solvent developer. The more soluble areas are removed in the developing process leaving the less soluble photoresist forming a patterned coating. 
     A typical method of employing lithography to form metal lines and vias is to form the patterned resist coating over a dielectric layer, such as a layer of silicon oxide. An anisotropic etching process can then be employed to remove the dielectric where it is left exposed by the patterned resist coating. Thereby, the resist pattern is transfer to the dielectric layer. The photoresist is then stripped. A blanket coating of metal is applied over the dielectric layer, filling the gaps in the dielectric pattern. The metal layer is then polished or etched until only the portion of the metal within the pattern gaps remains. This is a single damascene process. 
     Where multilevel interconnections are desired, the single damascene process can be repeated. However, an improvement is a dual damascene process where two interconnect layers are formed at once. For example a layer of conductive vias and an overlying layer of conductive wiring can be formed simultaneously. A dual damascene process generally involves fewer steps than two single damascene processes. In addition, the dual damascene process eliminates the interface between the two layers. 
     In a conventional dual damascene process, an insulating layer is coated with a photoresist that is exposed through a first mask to pattern openings corresponding to vias. Anisotropic etching removes the dielectric beneath the patterned openings, thus transferring the via pattern into the dielectric layer. The photoresist is then exposed through a second mask with an image pattern corresponding to conductive lines aligned with the via openings. A second anisotropic etching process removes dielectric in a pattern corresponding to the conductive lines. This second etching process is controlled so that only a portion of the dielectric layer is removed where conductive lines are desired. Thus, trenches are formed in the dielectric which can be filled to form the conductive lines. Dielectric remains to insulate the conductive lines from the underlying substrate except where vias, corresponding to the first mask, are formed entirely through the dielectric layer. 
     A conventional dual damascene process is illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustration of a composite  10  including a dielectric layer  14  formed on a semiconductor substrate  12 . A photoresist layer  16  is formed on the dielectric layer  14 . The photoresist layer  16  is patterned to form first openings  18 . Anisotropic reactive ion etching (RIE) is performed to form vias  20  (FIG. 2) in the dielectric layer  14 . Subsequently, the photoresist  16  is exposed through a second mask to form opening  24  corresponding to conductive lines, as illustrated in FIG.  2 . RIE is again carried out, this time forming trenches  26  in the dielectric layer  14  as illustrated in FIG.  3 . FIG. 3 illustrates the composite  10  after stripping the photoresist  16 . 
     While the conventional dual damascene process is workable, there remains room for improvement. The conventional dual damascene process involves dielectric etching and clean steps that are difficult to engineer; the process contributes significantly to the overall cost of integrated circuit devices; and the dimension of the resulting lines and vias limits the state of the art for integrated circuit devices. Thus, there remains an unmet need for improved processes for forming metal lines and vias. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some of its aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention and is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of the invention nor to delineate its scope. The primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     The present invention involves a method for fabricating interconnecting lines and vias. In a method of the invention, copper is grown from a seed layer to substantially fill openings in a two layer structure wherein the two layers are independently either dielectric or resist layers. According to one aspect of the invention, first and second resist layers are formed into a dual damascene structure. A copper seed layer is provided in the pattern gaps. Copper is grown by plating from the copper seed layer to form copper features that fill the pattern gaps. The resist is stripped, leaving the copper features. The copper features can then be coated with a diffusion barrier layer and a dielectric. Polished can be employed to planarize the dielectric layer and the copper features. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, a first resist is patterned over a substrate and a first dielectric coating is formed over the patterned first resist. Polishing leaves the first dielectric coating in the inverse pattern image. A second resist layer is formed and patterned over the first dielectric coating. The first patterned resist is stripped either before, during, or after patterning the second resist layer. A second dielectric layer is formed over the second patterned resist and polished to leave the second dielectric in the inverse pattern of the second patterned resist. The resists are stripped and copper features are grown from a copper seed layer within gaps of the first and second dielectric coatings. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, a first resist is patterned over a substrate and a first dielectric coating is formed over the patterned resist. Polishing leaves the first dielectric coating in the inverse pattern image. A second resist layer is formed and patterned over the first dielectric coating. The first patterned resist is stripped either before, during, or after patterning the second resist layer. Copper features are grown from a copper seed layer within the gaps of the first dielectric layer and the second patterned resist. The second patterned resist is then stripped and a second dielectric layer is formed over the copper features and the first dielectric layer. Polishing can be employed to planarize the second dielectric layer and the copper features. 
     The invention provides copper lines and vias in a dual damascene structure without the need for a dielectric or metal etching step. Another benefit of the invention is that lines widths can be increased by trimming the first and/or second layer prior to growing the copper features. Other advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings provide certain illustrative examples of the invention. These examples are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention can be employed. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an intermediate stage in a prior art process of for forming a dual damascene structure. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic Illustration after further processing of the structure of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration after further processing of the structure in FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process for forming copper features according to one aspect of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a first patterned resist and a copper seed layer over a semiconductor substrate. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of FIG. 5 after forming a second copper seed layer and coating with a second resist. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of FIG. 6 after patterning the second resist. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates the structure of FIG. 7 after platting with copper. 
     FIG. 9 illustrates the structure of FIG. 8 after polishing. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates the structure of FIG. 9 after stripping the resists. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates the structure of FIG. 10 after coating with a dielectric. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates the structure of FIG. 11 after polishing. 
     FIG. 13 illustrates a copper seed layer formed over first and second patterned resist coatings. 
     FIG. 14 illustrates the structure of FIG. 13 after removing copper seed outside the pattern openings. 
     FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a process for forming copper features according to another aspect of the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 illustrates a first patterned resist and a copper seed layer over a semiconductor substrate. 
     FIG. 17 illustrates the structure of FIG. 16 after coating with a first dielectric layer. 
     FIG. 18 illustrates the structure of FIG. 17 after polishing. 
     FIG. 19 illustrates the structure of FIG. 18 after coating with a second resist layer. 
     FIG. 20 illustrates the structure of FIG. 19 after patterning the second resist layer. 
     FIG. 21 illustrates the structure of FIG. 20 after coating with a second dielectric layer. 
     FIG. 22 illustrates the structure of FIG. 21 after polishing. 
     FIG. 23 illustrates the structure of FIG. 22 after stripping the resists. 
     FIG. 24 illustrates the structure of FIG. 23 after plating with copper. 
     FIG. 25 illustrates the structure of FIG. 24 after polishing. 
     FIG. 26 is a flow chart of a process for forming copper features according to a further aspect of the present invention. 
     FIG. 27 illustrates a structure, like that of FIG. 19, after patterning the second resist. 
     FIG. 28 illustrates the structure of FIG. 27 after plating with copper. 
     FIG. 29 illustrates the structure of FIG. 28 after polishing. 
     FIG. 30 illustrates the structure of FIG. 29 after stripping the second patterned resist 
     FIG. 31 illustrates the structure of FIG. 30 after coating with a second dielectric layer. 
     FIG. 32 illustrates the structure of FIG. 31 after polishing. 
    
    
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     FIGS. 4 is a flow chart of a process  50  for forming copper features on a semiconductor substrate according to one aspect of the present invention. The copper features can provide a two layer interconnect such as provided by a dual damascene process. In process  50 , a copper seed layer is formed over the semiconductor substrate. A first patterned resist is formed over the copper seed layer, whereby the copper seed is only exposed within gaps or openings defined by the first patterned resist. A second copper seed layer is provided over the first patterned resist. A second resist is coated over the substrate, including the first patterned resist. The second coating is patterned to reveal the openings in the first patterned resist and a portion of the first patterned resist. Copper is grown by plating from the seed layers where they are exposed within openings defined by the first and second patterned resists. The resists are stripped and the copper features are coated with a dielectric. Polishing can be used to planarize the surface and exposes a portion of the copper features. The process provides the copper features according to the patterns of the first and second patterned resists. The spaces between features are filled with dielectric. The entire process can be carried out without the need for a dielectric or metal etching step. 
     A semiconductor substrate includes a semiconductor, typically silicon. Other examples of semiconductors include GaAs and InP. In addition to a semiconducting material, the semiconductor substrate may include various elements and/or layers; including metal layers, barrier layers, dielectric layers, device structures, active elements and passive elements including silicon gates, word lines, source regions, drain regions, bit lines, bases emitters, collectors, conductive lines, conductive via, etc. 
     Process  50  optionally includes act  52 , which is depositing a first copper seed layer over the semiconductor substrate. A copper seed layer contains copper. The copper can be unalloyed or can be in the form of an alloy with one or more suitable alloying elements, such as Mg, Al, Zn, Zr, Sn, Ni, Pd, Ag, or Au. A seed layer can be deposited by any suitable means, including, for example, sputter deposition or CVD deposition. The thickness and coverage of the copper seed layer depends on the plating process to be employed. For electroplating, the seed layer is generally continuous. For electroless plating, a seed layer less than about 100 Å can be sufficient, and the layer can be composed of islets of metal. 
     Act  54  is coating the semiconductor substrate and the first copper seed layer, where provided, with a first resist. The resist material may be organic or inorganic. The resist may be a photoresist responsive to visible light, ultraviolet light, or x-rays, or the resist may be an electron beam resist or an ion beam resist. A positive or negative tone resist can be used. Examples of resists include novalacs, poly-t-butoxycarbonyloxystyrenes (PBOCOS), poly-methylmethacrylates (PMMA), poly(olephin sulfones)(POS), and poly(methyl isophenyl ketones) (PMIPK). The resist may be chemically amplified. Resists are commercially available from a number of sources, including Shipley Company, Kodak, Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Clariant, JSR Microelectronics, Hunt, Arch Chemical, Aquamer, and Brewer. 
     The first resist may be coated by any suitable means. Spin coating, dip coating, or vapor deposition may be used, depending on the coating material. For example, a 157 nm sensitive photoresist, a 193 nm sensitive photoresist, an I-line, H-line, G-line, E-line, mid UV, deep UV, or extreme UV photoresist may be spin-coated on the semiconductor substrate surface. 
     In one embodiment, the first resist coating is from about 200 Å to about 20,000 Å thick. In another embodiment, the resist coating is from about 500 Å to about 10,000 Å thick. The thickness depends on the desired copper feature size. Depending on the application suitable thicknesses make be in the range from about 1,800 Å to about 4,000 Å; from about 4,500 Å to about 6,000 A; from about 6,500 Å to about 8,000 Å; or from about 8,500 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example. Similar options arc available for the second resist coating. 
     Act  56  is patterning the first resist coating. This involves exposing the first resist to actinic radiation through a patterned mask or reticle and developing the resist with a suitable solvent developer. Patterning the first resist coating creates openings through which the substrate and, where provided, the first copper seed layer are exposed. FIG. 5 illustrates a device  100  having the resulting structure. Device  100  includes substrate  102 , copper seed layer  104 , and patterned resist coating  106 . 
     In addition to conventional patterning, the resist can be trimmed. The density of interconnecting lines is generally limited by the lithographic process. At the limit or resolution, the spacing between lines is approximately equal to the width of the lines. Trimming can increase the widths of the lines by reducing the spacing between lines. Thus, trimming increases line widths and line conductivities while maintaining the maximum line density enabled by a lithographic process. 
     Trimming is generally carried out by etching. Etching can involve a physical process, a chemical process, or combined physical and chemical process. Physical processes can include glow-discharge sputtering or ion beam milling. Physical processes are comparatively non-selective as to the type of material removed. Combined physical and chemical process include reactive ion etching (RIE) and plasma etching. Examples of gases that may be used in reactive ion or plasma etching include oxygen, fluorine compounds, such as carbon tetrafluoride, chlorine compounds, such as Cl 2 , hydrogen, inert gases, and combinations of the foregoing. Chemical processes include wet etching. For example, an acid, a base, or a solvent can be employed, depending on the nature of the resist coating. Acids that may be used include hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or acetic acid. Bases that may be used include hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. Solvents may be polar, such as water, or non-polar, such as xylene or cellusolve, or of intermediate polarity, such as alcohols such as methanol or ethanol. Where a first copper seed layer is provided in process  50 , the etching method is selected to avoid substantially removing the exposed portion of the copper seed layer. 
     In one embodiment, trimming increases a line width by at least about 10%. In another embodiment, trimming increases a line width by at least about 25%. In a further embodiment, trimming increases a line width by at least about 50%. 
     Act  58  is an optional step of stabilizing the patterned first resist. Stabilizing can be desirable to mitigate or avoid damage to the first patterned resist during subsequent processing steps. Stabilizing a resist generally involves cross-linking, which can be induced, for example, thermally or with actinic radiation, depending on the type of the resist. 
     Act  60  is another optional step of providing a second copper seed layer. Where the second cooper seed layer adequately covers the substrate exposed by the openings in the first pattern resist coating, act  52 , providing the first copper seed layer, is generally omitted. The second copper seed layer is provided in a manner similar to the first copper seed layer. 
     Act  62  is providing a second resist coating. Where the first patterned resist coating is stabilized, the second resist coating can be of the same type as the first patterned resist coating. Otherwise, a different resist material is used. In any case, the second resist coating is selected such that solvents can be found for applying and patterning the second resist coating while not substantially damaging the first patterned resist coating. Providing the second patterned resist coating results in a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  6 . FIG. 6 illustrates device  100  wherein a second resist coating  110  fills the openings defined by the first patterned resist coating  106  and covers the first patterned resist coating  106 . 
     Act  64  is patterning the second resist coating. Patterning exposes openings in the first resist coating and a portion of the first resist coating, resulting in a structure such as that illustrated in FIG.  7 . Trimming can also be carried out at this stage of the process. A trimming step at this point can increase line widths defined by openings in the first and or second patterned resist coatings. 
     Act  66  is plating with copper. Plating can involve electroless or electroplating. Electroless plating involves controlled autocatalytic deposition by the interaction of the seed layer or deposited copper with a metal salt and a chemical reducing agent that are in solution. Electroplating involves reduction of metal ions in a plating solution by supplying electrons from an external source to an electrode that includes the seed layer and copper deposited thereon. In either case, copper features grow from the exposed portions of the copper seed layers to provide a structure such as illustrated in FIG. 8, which shows device  100  with copper features  112 . 
     Where copper seed layers are not provided in either act  52  or act  56 , a copper seed layer can be deposited over the substrate and the first and second patterned resist coatings prior to plating with copper, resulting in a structure such as that illustrated by FIG. 13, wherein copper seed layer  116  is formed over substrate  102 , first patterned resist  106 , and second patterned resist  112 . Such a copper seed layer is removed from the upper surface of the second patterned resist, whereby the copper seed layer is restricted to openings defined by the first and second patterned resist coatings as illustrated in FIG.  14 . The copper seed layer can be removed from upper surface of the second patterned resist by any suitable means that leaves the copper seed layer within the pattern gaps. For example, a reactive ion etching process can be employed with ions incident at an angle that is sharply oblique with respect to the surface. A polishing process, such as mechanical or chemical mechanical polishing, can also be employed. 
     Act  68  is polishing, which is optional at this stage. As illustrated in FIG. 9, polishing can be employed to planarize the second patterned resist coating and the copper features. To the extent that copper features  112  grew over and outside the second patterned resist coating  110  in act  66 , polishing removes the excess copper to limit the copper features to the pattern defined by the first and second resists. 
     Polishing can be purely mechanical or chemical mechanical. Mechanical polishing involves contact the surface with a polishing pad. Chemical mechanical polishing uses a material, often referred to as a slurry, that does not rapidly dissolve the material being removed, but modifies its chemical bonding sufficiently to facilitate mechanical removal with a polishing pad. 
     Act  70  is stripping the resists. Any suitable stripping agent can be employed. The resulting structure, in which copper features  112  are exposed, is illustrated in FIG. 10. A portion of copper seed layer  104  may remain on substrate  102  after stripping the resist. Particularly where copper seed layer  104  is a continuous layer, it can be desirable to remove this layer. The copper seed layer  104  can be removed by a mild and/or brief wet etching processing, for example. 
     Plating, and other actions aside from trimming that take place prior to stripping the resists, are carried out with appropriate consideration for the chemical and physical stability of the resists. For example, the resists are generally not exposed to temperatures in excess of about 250° C. Preferably, the resists are not exposed to temperatures in excess of about 200° C. Electroless plating can affect resists that are low in chemical stability, therefore, relatively chemically inert resists are desirable during electroless plating. Optionally, the chemical stability of the resists can be increased prior to electroless plating, by cross-linking for example. 
     After stripping the resists, the copper features are optionally coated with a diffusion barrier material. A diffusion barrier can be desirable to prevent copper from diffusing into a dielectric subsequently formed adjacent the copper. Suitable diffusion barrier materials include tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium (Ti), titanium tungsten (TiW), and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ). The copper features can be coated with the diffusion barrier material by any suitable method, CVD), for example. 
     Act  72  is coating the semiconductor substrate and copper features with a dielectric. FIG. 11 illustrates the resulting structure, in which a dielectric  114  covers the copper feature  112 . Examples of dielectrics include silicon nitride, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), BPTEOS, flouronated silicate glass (FSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), PSG, silicon dioxide, and silicon oxynitride. The dielectric may be coated by any suitable process. Depending on the dielectric, suitable processes include CVD, plasma enhance CVD, and spin coating. 
     Act  74  is polishing. As illustrated in FIG. 12, polishing removes a portion of the dielectric  114 , exposes a portion of the copper features  112 , and planarizes the copper features  112  and the dielectric  114 . 
     FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a process  150  according to another aspect of the present invention. In process  150 , the copper features are grown by plating from a copper seed layer within openings defined by first and second dielectric layers. There are several options for providing the copper seed layer, as in process  50 . Polishing planarizes the second dielectric layer and the copper features. As with process  50 , process  150  can be carried out without the need for a dielectric or metal etching step. 
     Process  150  begins with act  152 , which is an optional act of providing a first copper seed layer. Act  154  is coating the substrate, and the first copper seed layer, where present, with a first resist coating. Act  156  is patterning the first resist coating. This action is similar to action  56  of process  50  except that the pattern employed in act  156  is approximately the inverse of the pattern that employed in action  56  of process  50 . Thus, act  156  provides a structure such as that illustrated in FIG. 16, wherein device  200  includes substrate  202 , first copper seed layer  204 , and first patterned resist  206 . 
     Particularly where first copper seed layer  204  forms a continuous layer, it can be desirable to remove the exposed portions of first copper seed layer  204  at this time. Removal can be accomplished by wet etching, for example. 
     Act  158  is coating the substrate and the first patterned resist with a first dielectric layer. Act  158  results in a structure such as illustrated in FIG. 17, wherein first dielectric layer  208  covers first patterned resist coating  206  and substrate  202 . 
     Act  160  is polishing. Polishing planarizes the first dielectric layer and the first patterned resist layer to produce a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  18 . After polishing, the first dielectric layer forms a pattern that is approximately the inverse of the pattern formed by the first resist coating. 
     Act  162 , which is optional, is forming a second copper seed layer over the first dielectric layer. Optionally, the first patterned resist is stripped first, in which case the second copper seed layer can coat the openings previously occupied by the first patterned resist and consequently, act  152 , forming the first copper seed layer, can potentially be omitted. 
     Act  164  is coating with a second resist resulting in a structure such as illustrated in FIG. 19, wherein second copper seed layer  210  and second resist layer  212  cover first patterned resist coating  206  and first dielectric layer  208 . In contract to process  50 , the stability of the first patterned resist is generally not a major concern when selecting a material for the second resist in process  150 . Thus, any suitable resist can generally be used for the second resist layer, including a resist that is identical to that used in the first resist layer. Optionally, the first resist layer is stripped prior to applying the second resist layer, in which case the second resist layer occupies the space previously occupied by the first patterned resist. 
     Act  166  is patterning the second resist layer to produce a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  20 . The exposed portion of second copper seed layer  210  is optionally removed at this time by wet etching. In contrast to process  50 , the pattern of the second resist in process  150  generally covers the pattern of the first resist. Thus, it is not difficult to avoid damaging the first patterned resist while applying and patterning the second resist layer in process  150 . 
     Act  168  is providing a second dielectric coating. The second dielectric coating covers the second patterned resist and the exposed portion of the first dielectric coating. FIG. 21 provides an example of the resulting structure. In FIG. 21, second dielectric layer  214  covers second patterned resist coating  212  and first dielectric layer  208 . 
     Act  170  is polishing. Polishing planarizes the second patterned resist and the second dielectric layer to produce a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  22 . After polishing, the resist layers occupy space wherein copper features are desired and the first and second dielectric layers form a dual damascene structure. 
     Act  172  is stripping the second patterned resist, and the first patterned resist if it has not been previously stripped. Stripping exposes portions of any copper seed layers previously formed and produces a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  23 . Optionally, the dielectric layers can be trimmed at this point to increase line widths. Also, a copper seed layer can be provided at this time within the openings in the dielectric layers. Such a copper seed layer is coated over the second dielectric layer and exposed portions of the first dielectric layer and the substrate. Copper seed on top of the second dielectric coating is removed to restrict the copper seed layer to the openings defined by the dielectric layers. 
     Act  174  is plating to form copper features within the openings defined by the first and second dielectric layers. An example of the resulting structure is illustrated in FIG. 24, wherein copper feature  216  fill and overflow openings in first dielectric layer  208  and second dielectric layer  214 . 
     Act  176  is an optional step of polishing. Polishing an be used to planarize the copper features and the second dielectric layer. An example of the resulting structure is illustrated in FIG.  25 . 
     FIG. 26 is a flow chart for a process  250  according to another aspect of the present invention. In process  250 , the copper features are grown by plating from a copper seed layer within openings defined by a first dielectric layer and an overlying patterned resist layer. There are several options for providing the copper seed layer, as in process  50 . Once the copper features are formed, the overlying resist is stripped and the copper features are coated with a second dieletric layer. Polishing planarizes the second dielectric layer and the copper features. As with process  50 , process  250  can be carried out without the need for a dielectric or metal etching step. 
     Process  250  includes act  252 , optionally providing a first copper seed layer, act  254 , providing a first resist coating act  256 , patterning the first resist coating, act  258 , providing a first dielectric coating, act  260 , polishing to planarize the first dielectric coating and the first resist coating, act  262 , optionally providing a second copper seed layer, and act  264 , providing a second patterned resist coating. These acts are generally the same as acts  152 ,  154 ,  156 ,  158 ,  160 ,  162 ,  164  of process  150  and produce a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  19 . 
     Act  266  is patterning the second resist coating. Patterning is conducted by a similar method to that employed in act  166  of process  150 , but a pattern that is approximately the inverse of the pattern that would be employed in process  150  is used in process  250 . Thus act  266  provides a structure such as that illustrated with device  300  in FIG.  27 . Device  300  includes substrate  302 , first copper seed layer  304 , dielectric layer  308 , second copper seed layer  310 , and patterned second resist layer  312 . Before, during, or after patterning the second resist coating, the first resist coating is stripped. The first patterned resist can be treated prior to forming the second resist coating to facilitate stripping. For example, a positive tone first patterned resist can be given a blanket exposure to actinic radiation. 
     Act  268  is plating to grow copper features from the copper seed layer. Optionally, the first dielectric layer and or the second patterned resist can be trimmed prior to plating to increase line widths. Where, a copper seed layer was not previously provided, one can be provided prior to plating. Such a copper seed layer is coated over the second patterned resist and exposed portions of the first dielectric layer and the substrate. Copper seed layer on top of the second patterned resist is removed to restrict the copper seed layer to the openings defined by the second patterned resist and the first dielectric layer. Plating causes copper feature to grow within these openings and results in a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  28 . In FIG. 28, copper features  314  fill and overflow openings defined by first dielectric layer  308  and second patterned resist  312 . 
     Act  270  is optionally polishing to planarize the copper features and the second patterned resist. FIG. 29 illustrates an example of the resulting structure when act  314  is employed. Act  272  is stripping the second patterned resist and results in a structure such as illustrated in FIG.  30 . The exposed portion of second copper seed layer  310  over first dielectric layer  308  is optionally removed at this time by wet etching. The exposed portions of the copper feature are optionally coated with a diffusion barrier layer forming material prior to further processing. 
     Act  274  is applying a second dielectric coating. An example of the resulting structure is illustrated in FIG. 31, wherein second dielectric layer  316  coats first dielectric layer  308  and copper features  314 . 
     Act  278  is polishing, which is optional. Polishing exposes a portion of copper features  314  and planarizes the second dielectric layer and the copper features. FIG. 32 illustrates the resulting structure. 
     Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain preferred embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understanding this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (assemblies, devices, circuits, etc.), the terms (including any reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application