Patent Publication Number: US-2021194740-A1

Title: Channel access related enhancements to new radio unlicensed (nr-u)

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/975,959, which was filed Feb. 13, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/989,069, which was filed Mar. 13, 2020; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/006,423, which was filed Apr. 7, 2020; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments relate generally to the technical field of wireless communications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Each year, the number of mobile devices connected to wireless networks significantly increases. In order to keep up with the demand in mobile data traffic, necessary changes have to be made to system requirements to be able to meet these demands. Three critical areas that need to be enhanced in order to deliver this increase in traffic are larger bandwidth, lower latency, and higher data rates. 
     One of the major limiting factors in wireless innovation is the availability in spectrum. To mitigate this, the unlicensed spectrum has been an area of interest to expand the availability of Long Term Enhancement (LTE). In this context, one of the major enhancements for LTE in 3GPP Release 13 has been to enable its operation in the unlicensed spectrum via Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), which expands the system bandwidth by utilizing the flexible carrier aggregation (CA) framework introduced by the LTE-Advanced system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an example process that may be performed by a user equipment (UE), in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of an example process that may be performed by an access node (AN), such as a next generation Node B (gNB), in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of another example process that may be performed by a UE, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of another example process that may be performed by an AN, such as a gNB, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     Various embodiments herein provide techniques for wireless communication on New Radio unlicensed (NR-U) spectrum. For example, embodiments include techniques for a new listen-before-talk type and associated measurement window. Additionally, embodiments include techniques for determination of a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for an uplink transmission, such as a configured grant transmission or a dynamically scheduled transmission. The techniques may be implemented in a user equipment (UE) and/or an access node (AN), such as UE  102  and/or AN  108  of  FIG. 1 , and/or UE  202  and/or AN  204  of  FIG. 2 , discussed further below. 
     Now that the main building blocks for the framework of New Radio (NR) have been established, a natural enhancement is to allow it to also operate on unlicensed spectrum. The work to introduce shared/unlicensed spectrum in 5G NR has already been kicked off, and a new work item (WI) on “NR-Based Access to Unlicensed Spectrum” was approved in TSG RAN Meeting #82. One objective of this new WI:
         Physical layer aspects including [RANI]:   Frame structure including single and multiple DL to UL and UL to DL switching points within a shared COT with associated identified LBT requirements (TR 38.889 Section 7.2.1.3.1).   UL data channel including extension of PUSCH to support PRB-based frequency block-interlaced transmission; support of multiple PUSCH(s) starting positions in one or multiple slot(s) depending on the LBT outcome with the understanding that the ending position is indicated by the UL grant; design not requiring the UE to change a granted TBS for a PUSCH transmission depending on the LBT outcome. The necessary PUSCH enhancements based on CP-OFDM. Applicability of sub-PRB frequency block-interlaced transmission for 60kHz to be decided by RAN 1.   Physical layer procedure(s) including [RANI, RAN2]:   For LBE, channel access mechanism in line with agreements from the NR-U study item (TR 38.889, Section 7.2.1.3.1). Specification work to be performed by RANI.   HARQ operation: NR HARQ feedback mechanisms are the baseline for NR-U operation with extensions in line with agreements during the study phase (NR-U TR section 7.2.1.3.3), including immediate transmission of HARQ A/N for the corresponding data in the same shared COT as well as transmission of HARQ A/N in a subsequent COT. Potentially support mechanisms to provide multiple and/or supplemental time and/or frequency domain transmission opportunities. (RANI)   Scheduling multiple TTIs for PUSCH in-line with agreements from the study phase (TR 38.889, Section 7.2.1.3.3). (RAN1)   Configured Grant operation: NR Type-1 and Type-2 configured grant mechanisms are the baseline for NR-U operation with modifications in line with agreements during the study phase (NR-U TR section 7.2.1.3.4). (RAN1)   Data multiplexing aspects (for both UL and DL) considering LBT and channel access priorities. (RAN1/RAN2)       

     One of the challenges in this case is that this system must maintain fair coexistence with other incumbent technologies, and in order to do so depending on the particular band in which it might operate some restriction might be taken into account when designing this system. For instance, if operating in the 5GHz band, a listen before talk (LBT) procedure needs to be performed to acquire the medium before a transmission can occur. In FBE operation, where the absence of any other technology sharing a channel can be guaranteed on a long-term basis (e.g. by level of regulation), a new type of 25us CAT2 LBT can be performed. This new 25us LBT type in which a single 9us measurement window is performed is defined in this disclosure. In addition, for CWS adjustment in the configured grant case, there could be a mixture of TB based and CBG-based in a reference duration. Such mixture case is also addressed in this disclosure. 
     In a NR system operating on unlicensed spectrum, since a transmission is conditional to the success of the LBT procedure in FBE, reducing the complexity of such procedure is necessary. 
     In accordance with various embodiments herein, a mechanism in which one 9 microsecond slot is measured within a 25 microsecond interval is defined. One possible definition is to define a new channel access procedure , such as Type 2D, in 3GPP TS 37.213:
         If a UE is indicated to perform Type 2D UL channel access procedures, the UE uses Type 2D UL channel access procedures for a UL transmission. The UE may transmit the transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing interval T short_ul =25 us. T short_ul  consists of a duration T f =16 us immediately followed by one slot sensing slot. The channel is considered to be idle for T short_ul  if the sensing slot of T short_ul  is sensed to be idle.       

     A similar definition could be made for the eNB/gNB. In this case the following definition is proposed: 
     An eNB/gNB may transmit a DL transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing interval T short_dl =25 us. T short_dl  consists of a duration T f =16 us immediately followed by one sensing slot. The channel is considered to be idle for T short_dl  if the sensing slot sensed to be idle. 
     With this change, the channel access type &amp; CP extension tables for DCI 0_0 and DCI format 1_0 should depend on the value of ChannelAccessMode-r16. 
     If (ChannelAccessMode-r16=dynamic), the table becomes 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 C2* symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Since DCI 0_0 and 1_0 information is received after SIB1, which indicates whether the system is configured in FBE or LBE more, it may be possible to reduce the 2 bit mapping table to a single bit for the case when (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic), 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If 2 bits are needed for this for the case when (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic), another embodiment is 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 C2* symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Note that another embodiment is one in which the bit fields are changed. For example, the following table is a valid set. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 C2* symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.4 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic), another embodiment is 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic), another embodiment is 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bit field  
                   
                   
               
               
                 mapped 
                 Channel 
                   
               
               
                 to index 
                 Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 C2* symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 defined in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Similarly, Table 7.3.1.1.2-35 in 38.212, which are the allowed entries for DCI 0_1, could be conditioned on whether (ChannelAccessMode-r16=dynamic) or (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semi static). When ChannelAccessMode-r16=dynamic, the table becomes 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
                 CAPC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     When ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic, the table becomes 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
                 CAPC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An alternate embodiment is where the two tables are combined. For example, for DCI 0 1, we could have 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7.3.1.1.2-35 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Allowed entries for DCI format 0_1, configured by high layer 
               
               
                 parameter ULDCI-trigerred-UL-ChannelAccess-CPext-CAPC-List-r16 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
                 CAPC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2* symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2* symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2* symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2* symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 16 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us 
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length- 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                 25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For DCI 1_1, a new table (see Table 7.3.1.2.2-6 in 38.212) could be needed as well. If (ChannelAccessMode-r16=dynamic), the table becomes 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
               
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For DCI 1_1, if (ChannelAccessMode-r16=semistatic), the following table is proposed 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
               
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                 4 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An alternate solution is to combine the tables as shown below 
     Allowed Entries for DCI Format 1_1, Configured by High Layer Parameter DLDCI-trigerred-UL-ChannelAccess-CPext-CAPC-List-r16 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                   
                   
               
               
                 index 
                 Channel Access Type 
                 CP extension 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  0 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Type2C-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Type2B-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.3 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Type2A-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C2*symbol length-16 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Type1-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.1 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C1*symbol length-25 us 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Type2D-ULChannelAccess defined in 
                 C3*symbol length-25 us-TA 
               
               
                   
                 [subclause 4.2.1.2.4 in 37.213] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It was agreed that for the CP extension prior to at least a dynamically scheduled PUSCH transmission, the CP extension is located in the symbol(s) immediately preceding the PUSCH allocation indicated by SLIV. The supported durations for CP extension at the UE are:
         0 (e.g. no CP extension)   C1*symbol length—25 us   C2*symbol length—16 us—TA   C3*symbol length—25 us—TA   C1=1 for 15 and 30 kHz SCS, C1=2 for 60 kHz SCS       

     The variables C2 and C3 can be configured by RRC. The minimum and maximum values of C2 and C3 depend on both TA and subcarrier spacing values. 
     If TA is small, C2 could be equal to 1 for 60 kHz SCS. In addition, for large TA values (e.g. 2.003125 ms=3846*16*64*Tc, where Tc=1/(480e3*4096)), C2 max values can be as large as 29/29/29 for 15/30/60 kHz SCS. Similarly, C3 max values can be as large as 29/29/30 for 15/30/60 kHz SCS. In summary, in one embodiment, the supported range for C2 is
         1, 2, . . . , 29 for 15, 30 kHz, and 60 kHz SCS       

     In one embodiment, the supported range for C3 is
         1, 2, . . . , 29 for 15 and 30 kHz SCS, and   2, 3, . . . , 30 for 60 kHz SCS.       

     In addition, the equation needs to consider both long and normal CP duration. Every 7/14/28 symbols, a long CP extension is applied for 15/30/60 kHz SCS. Taking this into account, one embodiment is shown in Table 5.3.1-X below. Table 5.3.1-X may replace Table 5.3.1-1 in 3GPP TS 38.211, Section 5.3.1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5.3.1-X 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 The cyclic extension T ext . 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Index 
                 μ = 0 
                 μ = 1 
                 μ = 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 T symb,l   μ  − 25 · 10 −6   
                 T symb,l   μ  − 25 · 10 −6   
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             2 
                           
                            
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 sym 
                                  
                                 b 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 mod 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       - 
                                       k 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     
                                       7 
                                       · 
                                       
                                         2 
                                         μ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             μ 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           25 
                           · 
                           
                             10 
                             
                               - 
                               6 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               C 
                               2 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 sym 
                                  
                                 b 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 mod 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       - 
                                       k 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     
                                       7 
                                       · 
                                       
                                         2 
                                         μ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             μ 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           16 
                           · 
                           
                             10 
                             
                               - 
                               6 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           T 
                           
                             T 
                              
                             A 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               C 
                               2 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 sym 
                                  
                                 b 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 mod 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       - 
                                       k 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     
                                       7 
                                       · 
                                       
                                         2 
                                         μ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             μ 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           16 
                           · 
                           
                             10 
                             
                               - 
                               6 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           T 
                           
                             T 
                              
                             A 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               C 
                               2 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 sym 
                                  
                                 b 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 mod 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       - 
                                       k 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     
                                       7 
                                       · 
                                       
                                         2 
                                         μ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             μ 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           16 
                           · 
                           
                             10 
                             
                               - 
                               6 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           T 
                           
                             T 
                              
                             A 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               C 
                               3 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 sym 
                                  
                                 b 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 mod 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       l 
                                       - 
                                       k 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     
                                       7 
                                       · 
                                       
                                         2 
                                         μ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             μ 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           25 
                           · 
                           
                             10 
                             
                               - 
                               6 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           T 
                           
                             T 
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     For contention-based random access or in absence of higher-layer configuration, a UE is unaware of the exact CP extension T′ ext  to apply, which is calculated as in previous embodiments, given that it does not have any information from the network related to the value of C2 or C3 to use. In one embodiment, a UE uses the largest integer value of C i , where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb,0   μ . In another embodiment, a UE uses the smallest integer value of C i ,where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb,0   μ . In one embodiment, a UE uses the largest integer value of C i , where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb, (−Ci)mod 7·2     μ     μ  or in alternative T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−C)mod 7·2     μ     μ . 
     If a UE is scheduled N PDSCHs with CBG and M PDSCHs with TB based transmissions in the reference duration, it has been agreed that the UE will reset the CWS if at least one of the following is met:
         1) 10% of the HARQ feedbacks (out of M) related to CBGs falling in the reference burst are ACKed;   2) At least a TB (out of N) falling in the reference burst is found to be ACK.       

     In the case of CBG based transmissions, the feedback is provided per TB in the configured grant case(CG-DFI in DCI 0_1). This means that feedback information at the CBG granularity is not available. In this case, even if 10% of the CBG related HARQ feedbacks were Acked, this information is not available. The only recourse to resetting the CWS is to have an Ack in the TB. To get around this, one embodiment is to allow for CBGTI to be included in the case of CG-DFI in DCI 0_1. Another embodiment is to disallow CBG transmissions in configured grant case. 
     In the non configured grant case, if M and N are comparable in value, the current rules may be appropriate. If M is much greater than N or M is much less than N, further optimizations may be required. A couple of solutions are possible here: 
     In one embodiment, the denominator in case 1) becomes N+MX, where X is the average number of CBG in a TB. In another embodiment, the denominator in case 1) becomes M+N. In another embodiment, for TB metric, which is case 2), we look for an Ack out of M+N TBs. If CBGTI data is available, the conversion to TB metric would be by “AND”ing the values of the CBGTI (a CBGTI set to 0 is assumed to be an Ack) so that a TB Ack is represented as “0” or by looking at the NDI (New Data Indicator) field and checking that it&#39;s toggled. 
     For the configured grant design, it was agreed that a UE applies a starting time offset at the beginning of a transmission burst with CG resources and applies a CP extension starting from the first symbol that is located right before the configured resources. Given that a symbol length may vary depending on the SCS and whether the symbol may be the first or not within a slot, then in one embodiment the CP extension may be evaluated according to the following equation: 
         T   ext =Σ k=1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset  
 
     where N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2 respectively, while T offset  may assume as an example the following set of values:
         {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70}   {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, Σk= 1   N T symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ }   {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 0S1 @ 15 KHz}       

     Systems and Implementations 
       FIGS. 1-3  illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a network 100 in accordance with various embodiments. The network  100  may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like. 
     The network  100  may include a UE  102 , which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN  104  via an over-the-air connection. The UE  102  may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the network  100  may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may additionally communicate with an AP  106  via an over-the-air connection. The AP  106  may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN  104 . The connection between the UE  102  and the AP  106  may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  106  could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , RAN  104 , and AP  106  may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE  102  being configured by the RAN  104  to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources. 
     The RAN  104  may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN  108 . AN  108  may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE  102  by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1 protocols. In this manner, the AN  108  may enable data/voice connectivity between CN  120  and the UE  102 . In some embodiments, the AN  108  may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN  108  be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN  108  may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In embodiments in which the RAN  104  includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN  104  is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN  104  is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc. 
     The ANs of the RAN  104  may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE  102  with an air interface for network access. The UE  102  may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN  104 . For example, the UE  102  and RAN  104  may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE  102  to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc. 
     The RAN  104  may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. 
     In V2X scenarios the UE  102  or AN  108  may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  104  may be an LTE RAN  110  with eNBs, for example, eNB  112 . The LTE RAN  110  may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  104  may be an NG-RAN  114  with gNBs, for example, gNB  116 , or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB  118 . The gNB  116  may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB  116  may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB  118  may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB  116  and the ng-eNB  118  may connect with each other over an Xn interface. 
     In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN  114  and a UPF  148  (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN 114  and an AMF  144  (e.g., N2 interface). 
     The NG-RAN  114  may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH. 
     In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE  102  can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE  102 , the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE  102  with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE  102  and in some cases at the gNB  116 . A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load. 
     The RAN  104  is communicatively coupled to CN  120  that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE  102 ). The components of the CN  120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN  120  onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  120  may be an LTE CN  122 , which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN  122  may include MME  124 , SGW  126 , SGSN  128 , HSS  130 , PGW  132 , and PCRF  134  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN  122  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The MME  124  may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE  102  to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc. 
     The SGW  126  may terminate an Si interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN  122 . The SGW  126  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter- 3 GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The SGSN  128  may track a location of the UE  102  and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN  128  may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME  124 ; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S 3  reference point between the MME  124  and the SGSN  128  may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter- 3 GPP access network mobility in idle/active states. 
     The HSS  130  may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The HSS  130  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An Sha reference point between the HSS  130  and the MME  124  may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN  120 . 
     The PGW  132  may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN)  136  that may include an application/content server  138 . The PGW  132  may route data packets between the LTE CN  122  and the data network  136 . The PGW  132  may be coupled with the SGW  126  by an S 5  reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW  132  may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW  132  and the data network  1   36  may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW  132  may be coupled with a PCRF  134  via a Gx reference point. 
     The PCRF  134  is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN  122 . The PCRF  134  may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server  138  to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF  132  may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  120  may be a 5GC  140 . The 5GC  140  may include an AUSF  142 , AMF  144 , SMF  146 , UPF  148 , NSSF  150 , NEF  152 , NRF  154 , PCF  156 , UDM  158 , and AF  160  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC  140  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The AUSF  142  may store data for authentication of UE  102  and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF  142  may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC  140  over reference points as shown, the AUSF  142  may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. 
     The AMF  144  may allow other functions of the 5GC  140  to communicate with the UE  102  and the RAN  104  and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE  102 . The AMF  144  may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE  102 ), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF  144  may provide transport for SM messages between the UE  102  and the SMF  146 , and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF  144  may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE  102  and an SMSF. AMF  144  may interact with the AUSF  142  and the UE  102  to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF  144  may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN  104  and the AMF  144 ; and the AMF  144  may be a termination point of NAS (N 1 ) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF  144  may also support NAS signaling with the UE  102  over an N3 IWF interface. 
     The SMF  146  may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF  148  and AN  108 ); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF  148  to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF  144  over N2 to AN  108 ; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE  102  and the data network  136 . 
     The UPF  148  may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network  136 , and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF  148  may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF  148  may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. 
     The NSSF  150  may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE  102 . The NSSF  150  may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF  150  may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE  102 , or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF  154 . The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE  102  may be triggered by the AMF  144  with which the UE  102  is registered by interacting with the NSSF  150 , which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF  150  may interact with the AMF  144  via an N 22  reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N 31  reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF  150  may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. 
     The NEF  152  may securely expose services and capabilities provided by  3 GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF  160 ), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF  152  may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF  152  may also translate information exchanged with the AF  160  and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF  152  may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF  152  may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF  152  as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF  152  to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF  152  may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. 
     The NRF  154  may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF  154  also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF  154  may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. 
     The PCF  156  may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF  156  may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM  158 . In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF  156  exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. 
     The UDM  158  may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE  102 . For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N 8  reference point between the UDM  158  and the AMF  144 . The UDM  158  may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM  158  and the PCF  156 , and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs  102 ) for the NEF  152 . The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR  221  to allow the UDM  158 , PCF  156 , and NEF  152  to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM  158  may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. 
     The AF  160  may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. 
     In some embodiments, the 5GC  140  may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE  102  is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC  140  may select a UPF  148  close to the UE  102  and execute traffic steering from the UPF  148  to data network  136  via the N 6  interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF  160 . In this way, the AF  160  may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF  160  is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF  160  to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF  160  may exhibit an Naf service-based interface. 
     The data network  136  may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server  138 . 
       FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a wireless network  200  in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network  200  may include a UE  202  in wireless communication with an AN  204 . The UE  202  and AN  204  may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein. 
     The UE  202  may be communicatively coupled with the AN  204  via connection  206 . The connection  206  is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub- 6 GHz frequencies. 
     The UE  202  may include a host platform  208  coupled with a modem platform  210 . The host platform  208  may include application processing circuitry  212 , which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry  214  of the modem platform  210 . The application processing circuitry  212  may run various applications for the UE  202  that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry  212  may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations 
     The protocol processing circuitry  214  may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection  206 . The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry  214  may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations. 
     The modem platform  210  may further include digital baseband circuitry  216  that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry  214  in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions. 
     The modem platform  210  may further include transmit circuitry  218 , receive circuitry  220 , RF circuitry  222 , and RF front end (RFFE)  224 , which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels  226 . Briefly, the transmit circuitry  218  may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry  220  may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry  222  may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE  224  may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry  218 , receive circuitry  220 , RF circuitry  222 , RFFE  224 , and antenna panels  226  (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry  214  may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components. 
     A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels  226 , RFFE  224 , RF circuitry  222 , receive circuitry  220 , digital baseband circuitry  216 , and protocol processing circuitry  214 . In some embodiments, the antenna panels  226  may receive a transmission from the AN  204  by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels  226 . 
     A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry  214 , digital baseband circuitry  216 , transmit circuitry  218 , RF circuitry  222 , RFFE  224 , and antenna panels  226 . In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE  204  may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels  226 . 
     Similar to the UE  202 , the AN  204  may include a host platform  228  coupled with a modem platform  230 . The host platform  228  may include application processing circuitry  232  coupled with protocol processing circuitry  234  of the modem platform  230 . The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry  236 , transmit circuitry  238 , receive circuitry  240 , RF circuitry  242 , RFFE circuitry  244 , and antenna panels  246 . The components of the AN  204  may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE  202 . In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN  208  may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG. 3  shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  300  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  310 , one or more memory/storage devices  320 , and one or more communication resources  330 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  340  or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  302  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  300 . 
     The processors  310  may include, for example, a processor  312  and a processor  314 . The processors  310  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  320  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  320  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  330  may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  304  or one or more databases  306  or other network elements via a network  308 . For example, the communication resources  330  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  350  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  310  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  350  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  310  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  320 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  350  may be transferred to the hardware resources  300  from any combination of the peripheral devices  304  or the databases  306 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  310 , the memory/storage devices  320 , the peripheral devices  304 , and the databases  306  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
     Example Procedures 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of  FIGS. 1-3 , or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process  400  is depicted in  FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, the process  400  may be performed by a UE (e.g., UE  102  and/or  202 ) or a portion thereof. 
     For example, the process  400  may include, at  402 , receiving a configured grant for an uplink transmission. 
     At  404 , the process  400  may further include determining a starting time offset and a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the uplink transmission, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
         T   ext =Σ k=1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset ,
 
     wherein T ext  is the CP extension, Toffset is the starting time offset, and N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2, respectively. The value μ may correspond to the subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the configured grant/PUSCH. For example, in some embodiments, μ is 0 for SCS of 15 kHz, μ is 1 for SCS of 30 kHz, and μ is 2 for SCS of 60 kHz. 
     At  406 , the process  400  may further include encoding the uplink transmission based on the determined CP extension. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates another process  500  in accordance with various embodiments. In some embodiments, the process  500  may be performed by an Access Node (e.g., AN  108  and/or  204 ) or a portion thereof. For example, the process  500  may include, at  502 , configuring a user equipment (UE) with a configured grant for an uplink transmission. 
     At  504 , the process  500  may further include determining a starting time offset and a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the uplink transmission, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
         T   ext =Σ k=1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset ,
 
     wherein T ext  is the CP extension, T offset  is the starting time offset, and N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2, respectively. The value μ may correspond to the subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the configured grant/PUSCH. For example, in some embodiments, μ is 0 for SCS of 15 kHz, μ is 1 for SCS of 30 kHz, and μ is 2 for SCS of 60 kHz. 
     At  506 , the process  500  may further include receiving the uplink transmission based on the determined CP extension. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates another process  600  in accordance with various embodiments. The process  600  may be performed by a UE (e.g., UE  102  and/or  202 ) or a portion thereof. 
     At  602 , the process  600  may include receiving a downlink control information (DCI) to schedule transmission of an uplink signal. 
     At  604 , the process  600  may further include determining a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the transmission of the uplink signal based on an index and a value, μ, that corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of the uplink signal, wherein the CP extension is determined according to Table 5.3.1-X (provided above). 
     At  606 , the process  600  may further include encoding the uplink signal for transmission based on the determined CP extension. The uplink signal may be, for example, a PUSCH, an SRS, and/or a PUCCH. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates another process  700  in accordance with various embodiments. In some embodiments, the process  700  may be performed by an Access Node (e.g., AN  108  and/or  204 ) or a portion thereof. 
     At  702 , the process  700  may include encoding a downlink control information (DCI) for transmission to a user equipment (UE) to schedule transmission of an uplink signal. 
     At  704 , the process  700  may further include determining a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the transmission of the uplink signal based on an index and a value, μ, that corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of the uplink signal, wherein the CP extension is determined according to Table 5.3.1-X (provided above). 
     At  706 , the process  700  may further include receiving the uplink signal for transmission based on the determined CP extension. The uplink signal may be, for example, a PUSCH, an SRS, and/or a PUCCH. 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 may include a new definition for 25us CAT2 LBT for both UE and gNB. 
     l Example 2 may include channel Access Type and CP extension in DCI 0_0 and DCI 1_0 for FBE operation. 
     Example 3 may include channel Access Type and CP extension in DCI 1_1 and DCI 0_1 for FBE operation. 
     Example 4 may include min and max values for C2 and C3, which are CP extension values that take TA into account for 16 us and 25 us, respectively. 
     Example 5 may include CWS adjustment enhancements for DFI based feedback in configured grant. 
     Example 6 may include CWS adjustment enhancements for non-DFI based feedback in configured grant. 
     Example 7 may include a method comprising: 
     sensing for a signal on a channel of unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and 
     transmitting or causing to transmit on the channel based on the determination. 
     Example 8 may include the method of example 7 or some other example herein, wherein the sensing slot is at an end of the sensing interval. 
     Example 9 may include the method of example 7-8 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving a downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indicator to indicate a channel access mode and a cyclic prefix extension for use to access the channel. 
     Example 10 may include the method of example 9 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C3 *symbol length—25 us—TA, where TA is a timing advance. 
     Example 11 may include the method of example 10 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a value of C3. 
     Example 12 may include the method of example 10-11 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 1 to 29. 
     Example 13 may include the method of example 12 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 15 kHz or 30 kHz. 
     Example 14 may include the method of example 10-11 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 2 to 30. 
     Example 15 may include the method of example 14 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 60 kHz. 
     Example 16 may include the method of example 9 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C1*symbol length—25 us. 
     Example 17 may include the method of example 16 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving an RRC message to configure a value of C1. 
     Example 18 may include the method of example 9-17 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0_0 or 1_0. 
     Example 19 may include the method of example 9-17 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0_1. 
     Example 20 may include the method of example 7-19 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a portion thereof. 
     Example 21 may include a method comprising: 
     sensing for a signal on a channel of unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and transmitting or causing to transmit a downlink signal to a user equipment (UE) on the channel based on the determination. 
     Example 22 may include the method of example 21 or some other example herein, wherein the sensing slot is at an end of the sensing interval. 
     Example 23 may include the method of example 21-22 or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting or causing transmission of a downlink control information (DCI) to the UE, wherein the DCI includes an indicator to indicate a channel access mode and a cyclic prefix extension for use to access the channel. 
     Example 24 may include the method of example 23 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C3*symbol length—25 us—TA, where TA is a timing advance. 
     Example 25 may include the method of example 24 or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting or causing transmission of a radio resource control (RRC) message to the UE to configure a value of C3. 
     Example 26 may include the method of example 24-25 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 1 to 29. 
     Example 27 may include the method of example 26 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 15 kHz or 30 kHz. 
     Example 28 may include the method of example 24-25 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 2 to 30. 
     Example 29 may include the method of example 28 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 60 kHz. 
     Example 30 may include the method of example 23 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C1*symbol length—25 us. 
     Example 31 may include the method of example 30 or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting or causing transmission of an RRC message to configure a value of C1. 
     Example 32 may include the method of example 23-31 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0 0 or 1 0. 
     Example 33 may include the method of example 23-31 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0 1. 
     Example 34 may include the method of example 21-33 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a gNB or an eNB or a portion thereof. 
     Example 35 may include a method comprising: 
     sensing for activity on a channel of unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and 
     transmitting or causing to transmit a signal on the channel based on the determination. 
     Example 36 may include the method of example 35, wherein the signal is an uplink signal. 
     Example 37 may include the method of example 35-36 or some other example herein, wherein the sensing slot is at an end of the sensing interval. 
     Example 38 may include the method of example 35-37 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving a downlink control information (DCI) to the UE, wherein the DCI includes an indicator to indicate a channel access mode and a cyclic prefix extension for use to access the channel. 
     Example 39 may include the method of example 38 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C3*symbol length—25 us—TA, where TA is a timing advance. 
     Example 40 may include the method of example 38 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a value of C3. 
     Example 41 may include the method of example 39-40 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 1 to 29. 
     Example 42 may include the method of example 41 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 15 kHz or 30 kHz. 
     Example 43 may include the method of example 39-40 or some other example herein, wherein the value of C3 is an integer from 2 to 30. 
     Example 44 may include the method of example 43 or some other example herein, wherein a subcarrier spacing of the channel is 60 kHz. 
     Example 45 may include the method of example 38 or some other example herein, wherein the cyclic prefix extension is C1*symbol length—25 us. 
     Example 46 may include the method of example 45 or some other example herein, further comprising receiving an RRC message to configure a value of Cl. 
     Example 47 may include the method of example 38-46 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0_0 or 1_0. 
     Example 48 may include the method of example 38-46 or some other example herein, wherein the DCI has a DCI format 0_1. 
     Example 49 may include the method of example 35-48 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a portion thereof. 
     Example 50 may include a method comprising: 
     determining a starting time offset and a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for a beginning of a transmission burst with CG resources; 
     transmitting or causing transmission of the transmission burst based on the starting time offset and CP extension, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
         T   ext =Σ k=1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset  
 
     wherein T ext  is the CP extension, T offset  is the starting time offset, and N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2 respectively. 
     Example 51 may include the method of example 50 or some other example herein, wherein T offset  includes one or more of the following sets of values:
         {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70}   {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, Σ k=1   N T symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ }   {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, OS1 @ 15 KHz}.       

     Example 52 may include the method of example 50-51 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a gNB or a portion thereof. 
     Example 53 may include a method comprising: 
     determining a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for a transmission on unlicensed spectrum, wherein the CP extension, T′ ext , is determined as a largest integer value of C i ,where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb, 0   μ . 
     transmitting, causing transmission of, receiving, or causing receipt of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 54 may include the method of example 53 or some other example herein, wherein the determined CP extension is for contention-based random access or in absence of higher-layer configuration. 
     Example 55 may include the method of example 53-54 or some other example herein, further comprising: 
     sensing for a signal on a channel of the unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and 
     transmitting or causing transmission of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 56 may include the method of example 53-55 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a gNB or a portion thereof. 
     Example 57 may include a method comprising: 
     determining a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for a transmission on unlicensed spectrum, wherein the CP extension, T′ ext , is determined as a smallest integer value of C i , where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb, 0   μ . 
     transmitting, causing transmission of, receiving, or causing receipt of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 58 may include the method of example 57 or some other example herein, wherein the determined CP extension is for contention-based random access or in absence of higher-layer configuration. 
     Example 59 may include the method of example 57-58 or some other example herein, further comprising: 
     sensing for a signal on a channel of the unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and 
     transmitting or causing transmission of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 60 may include the method of example 57-59 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a gNB or a portion thereof. 
     Example 61 may include a method comprising: 
     determining a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for a transmission on unlicensed spectrum, wherein the CP extension, T′ ext , is determined as a largest integer value of C i , where i∈{2,3}, that fulfills the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−Ci)mod 7·2     μ     μ  or T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−Ci)mod 7·2     μ     μ ; 
     transmitting, causing transmission of, receiving, or causing receipt of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 62 may include the method of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the determined CP extension is for contention-based random access or in absence of higher-layer configuration. 
     Example 63 may include the method of example 61-62 or some other example herein, wherein the CP extension is determined as the largest integer value of Ci ,where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: 0≤T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−Ci)mod 7·2     μ     μ . 
     Example 64 may include the method of example 61-62 or some other example herein, wherein the CP extension is determined as the largest integer value of C i , where i∈{2,3}, that fulfils the following equation: T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−Ci)mod 7·2     μ     μ . 
     Example 65 may include the method of example 61-64 or some other example herein, further comprising: 
     sensing for a signal on a channel of the unlicensed spectrum for a sensing slot of 9 microseconds within a sensing interval of 25 microseconds; 
     determining, based on the sensing, that the channel is idle; and 
     transmitting or causing transmission of the transmission based on the CP extension. 
     Example 66 may include the method of example 61-65 or some other example herein, wherein the method is performed by a UE or a gNB or a portion thereof. 
     Example X1 may include one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media (NTCRM) having instructions, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors cause a user equipment to: receive a configured grant for an uplink transmission; determine a starting time offset and a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the uplink transmission, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
         T   ext =Σ k=1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset  
 
     wherein T ext  is the CP extension, Toffset is the starting time offset, l is a first symbol allocated for the uplink transmission, and N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2, respectively; and 
     encode the uplink transmission based on the CP extension; 
     Example X2 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X1, wherein μ corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of the uplink transmission. 
     Example X3 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to cause the UE to determine a value of the starting time offset based on an index. 
     Example X4 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X3, wherein the value of the starting time offset is determined from among a set of values that includes: 16, 25, 34, 43, 52, and 61 microseconds. 
     Example X5 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X4, wherein the set of values further includes Σ k=1   N T symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ  microseconds. 
     Example X6 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X1, wherein the uplink transmission is a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission. 
     Example X7 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X1, wherein the configured grant is for unlicensed spectrum. 
     Example X8 may include one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media (NTCRM) having instructions, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors cause a next generation Node B (gNB) to: configure a user equipment (UE) with a configured grant for an uplink transmission; determine a starting time offset and a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the uplink transmission, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
         T   ext =Σk= 1   N   T   symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ   −T   offset  
 
     wherein T ext  is the CP extension, T offset  is the starting time offset, l is a first symbol allocated for the uplink transmission, and N=1/2/4 for μ=0/1/2, respectively; and receive the uplink transmission from the UE based on the CP extension. 
     Example X9 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X8, wherein μ corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of the uplink transmission. 
     Example X10 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X8, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to cause the gNB to determine a value of the starting time offset based on an index. 
     Example X11 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X10, wherein the value of the starting time offset is determined from among a set of values that includes: 16, 25, 34, 43, 52, and 61 microseconds. 
     Example X12 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X11, wherein the set of values further includes Σ k=1   N T symb,(l−k)mod 7·2     μ     μ  microseconds. 
     Example X13 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X8, wherein the uplink transmission is a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission. 
     Example X14 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X8, wherein the configured grant is for unlicensed spectrum. 
     Example X15 may include one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media (NTCRM) having instructions, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors case a user equipment (UE) to: receive a downlink control information (DCI) to schedule transmission of an uplink signal; determine a cyclic prefix (CP) extension for the transmission of the uplink signal based on an index and a value, μ, that corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of the uplink signal, wherein the CP extension is determined according to: 
                                         Index   μ = 0   μ = 1   μ = 2                  0   —   —   —               1   T symb,l   μ  − 25 · 10 −6     T symb,l   μ  − 25 · 10 −6                 ∑     k   =   1     2          T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     25   ·     10     -   6                             2               ∑     k   =   1       C   2            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     16   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                           ∑     k   =   1       C   2            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     16   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                           ∑     k   =   1       C   2            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     16   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                           3               ∑     k   =   1       C   3            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     25   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                           ∑     k   =   1       C   3            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     25   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                           ∑     k   =   1       C   3            T       sym      b     ,     mod        (       l   -   k     ,     7   ·     2   μ         )         μ       -     25   ·     10     -   6         -     T     T      A                                
wherein:
 
     C2 and C3 are numerical values; 
     l is a first symbol allocated for the uplink signal; and 
     T TA  is a timing advance; and 
     encode the uplink signal for transmission based on the determined CP extension. 
     Example X16 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X15, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to cause the UE to receive a radio resource control (RRC) message to indicate the values of C2 and C3. 
     Example X17 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X15, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to cause the UE to determine the value of C2 or C3 as a largest integer that fulfills T′ ext &lt;T symb, (l−1 )mod 7·2     μ     μ . 
     Example X18 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X17, wherein the value of C2 or C3 is determined as the largest integer that fulfills T′ ext  &lt;T symb, (l−1 )mod 7·2     μ     μ  for contention-based random access or if values of C2 and C3 are not configured for the UE. 
     Example X19 may include the one or more NTCRM of Example X15, wherein the uplink signal is a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), a sounding reference signal (SRS), or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). 
     Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions thereof 
     Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-66, X1-X19, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     Abbreviations 
     Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 v16.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 3GPPThird Generation 
                 ASN.1 Abstract Syntax 
                 Certification 
               
               
                 Partnership Project 
                 Notation One 
                 Authority 
               
               
                 4G Fourth Generation 
                 AUSF Authentication 
                 CAPEX CAPital 
               
               
                 5G Fifth Generation 
                 Server Function 
                 EXpenditure 
               
               
                 5GC 5G Core network 
                 AWGN Additive 
                 CBRA Contention Based 
               
               
                 ACK Acknowledgement 
                 White Gaussian 
                 Random Access 
               
               
                 AF Application 
                 Noise 
                 CC Component Carrier, 
               
               
                 Function 
                 BAP Backhaul 
                 Country Code, 
               
               
                 AM Acknowledged 
                 Adaptation Protocol 
                 Cryptographic 
               
               
                 Mode 
                 BCH Broadcast Channel 
                 Checksum 
               
               
                 AMBRAggregate 
                 BER Bit Error Ratio 
                 CCA Clear Channel 
               
               
                 Maximum Bit Rate 
                 BFD Beam Failure 
                 Assessment 
               
               
                 AMF Access and 
                 Detection 
                 CCE Control Channel 
               
               
                 Mobility 
                 BLER Block Error Rate 
                 Element 
               
               
                 Management 
                 BPSK Binary Phase Shift 
                 CCCH Common Control 
               
               
                 Function 
                 Keying 
                 Channel 
               
               
                 AN Access Network 
                 BRAS Broadband Remote 
                 CE Coverage 
               
               
                 ANR Automatic 
                 Access Server 
                 Enhancement 
               
               
                 Neighbour Relation 
                 BSS Business Support 
                 CDM Content Delivery 
               
               
                 AP Application 
                 System 
                 Network 
               
               
                 Protocol, Antenna 
                 BS Base Station 
                 CDMA Code- 
               
               
                 Port, Access Point 
                 BSR Buffer Status 
                 Division Multiple 
               
               
                 API Application 
                 Report 
                 Access 
               
               
                 Programming Interface 
                 BW Bandwidth 
                 CFRA Contention Free 
               
               
                 APN Access Point Name 
                 BWP Bandwidth Part 
                 Random Access 
               
               
                 ARP Allocation and 
                 C-RNTI Cell Radio 
                 CG Cell Group 
               
               
                 Retention Priority 
                 Network Temporary 
                 CI Cell Identity 
               
               
                 ARQ Automatic Repeat 
                 Identity 
                 CID Cell-ID (e.g., 
               
               
                 Request 
                 CA Carrier 
                 positioning method) 
               
               
                 AS Access Stratum 
                 Aggregation, 
                 CIM Common 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information Model 
               
               
                 CIR Carrier to 
                 CPU CSI processing 
                 CSI-RSRQ CSI 
               
               
                 Interference Ratio 
                 unit, Central Processing 
                 reference signal 
               
               
                 CK Cipher Key 
                 Unit 
                 received quality 
               
               
                 CM Connection 
                 C/R 
                 CSI-SINR CSI signal- 
               
               
                 Management, Conditional 
                 Command/Response 
                 to-noise and interference 
               
               
                 Mandatory 
                 field bit 
                 ratio 
               
               
                 CMAS Commercial 
                 CRAN Cloud Radio 
                 CSMA Carrier Sense 
               
               
                 Mobile Alert Service 
                 Access Network, 
                 Multiple Access 
               
               
                 CMD Command 
                 Cloud RAN 
                 CSMA/CA CSMA with 
               
               
                 CMS Cloud Management 
                 CRB Common Resource 
                 collision avoidance 
               
               
                 System 
                 Block 
                 CSS Common Search 
               
               
                 CO Conditional 
                 CRC Cyclic Redundancy 
                 Space, Cell-specific 
               
               
                 Optional 
                 Check 
                 Search Space 
               
               
                 CoMP Coordinated Multi- 
                 CRI Channel-State 
                 CTS Clear-to-Send 
               
               
                 Point 
                 Information Resource 
                 CW Codeword 
               
               
                 CORESET Control 
                 Indicator, CSI-RS  
                 CWS Contention 
               
               
                 Resource Set 
                 Resource Indicator 
                 Window Size 
               
               
                 COTS Commercial Off- 
                 C-RNTI Cell RNTI 
                 D2D Device-to-Device 
               
               
                 The-Shelf 
                 CS Circuit Switched 
                 DC Dual Connectivity, 
               
               
                 CP Control Plane, 
                 CSAR Cloud Service 
                 Direct Current 
               
               
                 Cyclic Prefix, Connection 
                 Archive 
                 DCI Downlink Control 
               
               
                 Point 
                 CSI Channel-State 
                 Information 
               
               
                 CPD Connection Point 
                 Information 
                 DF Deployment 
               
               
                 Descriptor 
                 CSI-IM CSI 
                 Flavour 
               
               
                 CPE Customer Premise 
                 Interference 
                 DL Downlink 
               
               
                 Equipment 
                 Measurement 
                 DMTF Distributed 
               
               
                 CPICHCommon Pilot 
                 CSI-RS CSI 
                 Management Task Force 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 Reference Signal 
                 DPDK Data Plane 
               
               
                 CQI Channel Quality 
                 CSI-RSRP CSI 
                 Development Kit 
               
               
                 Indicator 
                 reference signal 
                   
               
               
                   
                 received power 
                   
               
               
                 DM-RS, DMRS 
                 Management 
                 EREG enhanced REG, 
               
               
                 Demodulation 
                 Function 
                 enhanced resource 
               
               
                 Reference Signal 
                 EGPRS Enhanced 
                 element groups 
               
               
                 DN Data network 
                 GPRS 
                 ETSI European 
               
               
                 DRB Data Radio Bearer 
                 EIR Equipment Identity 
                 Telecommunications 
               
               
                 DRS Discovery 
                 Register 
                 Standards Institute 
               
               
                 Reference Signal 
                 eLAA enhanced Licensed 
                 ETWS Earthquake and 
               
               
                 DRX Discontinuous 
                 Assisted Access, 
                 Tsunami Warning 
               
               
                 Reception 
                 enhanced LAA 
                 System 
               
               
                 DSL Domain Specific 
                 EM Element Manager 
                 eUICC embedded UICC, 
               
               
                 Language. Digital 
                 eMBB Enhanced Mobile 
                 embedded Universal 
               
               
                 Subscriber Line 
                 Broadband 
                 Integrated Circuit Card 
               
               
                 DSLAM DSL Access 
                 EMS Element 
                 E-UTRA Evolved 
               
               
                 Multiplexer 
                 Management System 
                 UTRA 
               
               
                 DwPTS Downlink 
                 eNB evolved NodeB, E- 
                 E-UTRAN Evolved 
               
               
                 Pilot Time Slot 
                 UTRAN Node B 
                 UTRAN 
               
               
                 E-LAN Ethernet 
                 EN-DC E-UTRA- 
                 EV2X Enhanced V2X 
               
               
                 Local Area Network 
                 NR Dual 
                 F1AP F1 Application 
               
               
                 E2E End-to-End 
                 Connectivity 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 ECCA extended clear 
                 EPC Evolved Packet 
                 F1-C F1 Control plane 
               
               
                 channel assessment, 
                 Core 
                 interface 
               
               
                 extended CCA 
                 EPDCCH enhanced 
                 F1-U F1 User plane 
               
               
                 ECCE Enhanced Control 
                 PDCCH, enhanced 
                 interface 
               
               
                 Channel Element, 
                 Physical Downlink 
                 FACCH Fast 
               
               
                 Enhanced CCE 
                 Control Cannel 
                 Associated Control 
               
               
                 ED Energy Detection 
                 EPRE Energy per 
                 CHannel 
               
               
                 EDGE Enhanced Datarates 
                 resource element 
                 FACCH/F Fast 
               
               
                 for GSM Evolution 
                 EPS Evolved Packet 
                 Associated Control 
               
               
                 (GSM Evolution) 
                 System 
                 Channel/Full rate 
               
               
                 EGMF Exposure 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Governance 
                   
                   
               
               
                 FACCH/H Fast 
                 FN Frame Number 
                 GNSS Global Navigation 
               
               
                 Associated Control 
                 FPGA Field- 
                 Satellite System 
               
               
                 Channel/Half rate 
                 Programmable Gate 
                 GPRS General Packet 
               
               
                 FACH Forward Access 
                 Array 
                 Radio Service 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 FR Frequency Range 
                 GSM Global System for 
               
               
                 FAUSCH Fast Uplink 
                 G-RNTI GERAN 
                 Mobile 
               
               
                 Signalling Channel 
                 Radio Network 
                 Communications, 
               
               
                 FB Functional Block 
                 Temporary Identity 
                 Groupe Spécial 
               
               
                 FBI Feedback 
                 GERAN 
                 Mobile 
               
               
                 Information 
                 GSM EDGE RAN, 
                 GTP GPRS Tunneling 
               
               
                 FCC Federal 
                 GSM EDGE Radio 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 Communications 
                 Access Network 
                 GTP-UGPRS Tunnelling 
               
               
                 Commission 
                 GGSN Gateway GPRS 
                 Protocol for User 
               
               
                 FCCH Frequency 
                 Support Node 
                 Plane 
               
               
                 Correction CHannel 
                 GLONASS 
                 GTS Go To Sleep Signal 
               
               
                 FDD Frequency Division 
                 GLObal’naya 
                 (related to WUS) 
               
               
                 Duplex 
                 NAvigatsionnaya 
                 GUMMEI Globally 
               
               
                 FDM Frequency Division 
                 Sputnikovaya 
                 Unique MME Identifier 
               
               
                 Multiplex 
                 Sistema (Engl.: 
                 GUTI Globally Unique 
               
               
                 FDMAFrequency Division 
                 Global Navigation 
                 Temporary UE Identity 
               
               
                 Multiple Access 
                 Satellite System) 
                 HARQ Hybrid ARQ, 
               
               
                 FE Front End 
                 gNB Next Generation 
                 Hybrid Automatic 
               
               
                 FEC Forward Error 
                 NodeB 
                 Repeat Request 
               
               
                 Correction 
                 gNB-CU gNB- 
                 HANDO Handover 
               
               
                 FFS For Further Study 
                 centralized unit, Next 
                 HFN HyperFrame 
               
               
                 FFT Fast Fourier 
                 Generation NodeB 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Transformation 
                 centralized unit 
                 HHO Hard Handover 
               
               
                 feLAA further enhanced 
                 gNB-DU gNB- 
                 HLR Home Location 
               
               
                 Licensed Assisted 
                 distributed unit, Next 
                 Register 
               
               
                 Access, further 
                 Generation NodeB 
                 HN Home Network 
               
               
                 enhanced LAA 
                 distributed unit 
                 HO Handover 
               
               
                 HPLMN Home 
                 IDFT Inverse Discrete 
                 IMPU IP Multimedia 
               
               
                 Public Land Mobile 
                 Fourier Transform 
                 PUblic identity 
               
               
                 Network 
                 IE Information 
                 IMS IP Multimedia 
               
               
                 HSDPA High Speed 
                 element 
                 Subsystem 
               
               
                 Downlink Packet 
                 IBE In-Band Emission 
                 IMSI International 
               
               
                 Access 
                   
                 Mobile Subscriber 
               
               
                 HSN Hopping Sequence 
                 IEEE Institute of 
                 Identity 
               
               
                 Number 
                 Electrical and Electronics 
                 IoT Internet of Things 
               
               
                 HSPA High Speed Packet 
                 Engineers 
                 IP Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 Access 
                 IEI Information 
                 Ipsec IP Security, 
               
               
                 HSS Home Subscriber 
                 Element Identifier 
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 Server 
                 IEIDL Information 
                 Security 
               
               
                 HSUPA High Speed 
                 Element Identifier 
                 IP-CAN IP- 
               
               
                 Uplink Packet Access 
                 Data Length 
                 Connectivity Access 
               
               
                 HTTP Hyper Text 
                 IETF Internet 
                 Network 
               
               
                 Transfer Protocol 
                 Engineering Task 
                 IP-M IP Multicast 
               
               
                 HTTPS Hyper Text 
                 Force 
                 IPv4 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 Transfer Protocol 
                 IF Infrastructure 
                 Version 4 
               
               
                 Secure (https is 
                 IM Interference 
                 IPv6 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 http/1.1 over SSL, 
                 Measurement, 
                 Version 6 
               
               
                 i.e. port 443) 
                 Intermodulation, IP 
                 IR Infrared 
               
               
                 I-Block Information 
                 Multimedia 
                 IS In Sync 
               
               
                 Block 
                 IMC IMS Credentials 
                 IRP Integration 
               
               
                 ICCID Integrated Circuit 
                 IMEI International 
                 Reference Point 
               
               
                 Card Identification 
                 Mobile Equipment 
                 ISDN Integrated Services 
               
               
                 IAB Integrated Access 
                 Identity 
                 Digital Network 
               
               
                 and Backhaul 
                 IMGI International 
                 ISIM IM Services 
               
               
                 ICIC Inter-Cell 
                 mobile group identity 
                 Identity Module 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 IMPI IP Multimedia 
                 ISO International 
               
               
                 Coordination 
                 Private Identity 
                 Organisation for 
               
               
                 ID Identity, identifier 
                   
                 Standardisation 
               
               
                 ISP Internet Service 
                 L2 Layer 2 (data link 
                 LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio 
               
               
                 Provider 
                 layer) 
                 Level Integration with 
               
               
                 IWF Interworking- 
                 L3 Layer 3 (network 
                 IPsec Tunnel 
               
               
                 Function 
                 layer) 
                 LTE Long Term 
               
               
                 I-WLAN 
                 LAA Licensed Assisted 
                 Evolution 
               
               
                 Interworking 
                 Access 
                 M2M Machine-to- 
               
               
                 WLAN 
                 LAN Local Area 
                 Machine 
               
               
                 Constraint length of 
                 Network 
                 MAC Medium Access 
               
               
                 the convolutional code, 
                 LBT Listen Before Talk 
                 Control (protocol 
               
               
                 USIM Individual key 
                 LCM LifeCycle 
                 layering context) 
               
               
                 kB Kilobyte (1000 
                 Management 
                 MAC Message 
               
               
                 bytes) 
                 LCR Low Chip Rate 
                 authentication code 
               
               
                 kbps kilo-bits per second 
                 LCS Location Services 
                 (security/encryption 
               
               
                 Kc Ciphering key 
                 LCID Logical 
                 context) 
               
               
                 Ki Individual 
                 Channel ID 
                 MAC-A MAC used 
               
               
                 subscriber 
                 LI Layer Indicator 
                 for authentication and 
               
               
                 authentication key 
                 LLC Logical Link 
                 key agreement (TSG T 
               
               
                 KPI Key Performance 
                 Control, Low Layer 
                 WG3 context) 
               
               
                 Indicator 
                 Compatibility 
                 MAC-IMAC used 
               
               
                 KQI Key Quality 
                 LPLMN Local 
                 for data integrity of 
               
               
                 Indicator 
                 PLMN 
                 signalling messages 
               
               
                 KSI Key Set Identifier 
                 LPP LTE Positioning 
                 (TSGT WG3 context) 
               
               
                 ksps kilo-symbols per 
                 Protocol 
                 MANO 
               
               
                 second 
                 LSB Least Significant 
                 Management and 
               
               
                 KVM Kernel Virtual 
                 Bit 
                 Orchestration 
               
               
                 Machine 
                 LTE Long Term 
                 MBMS Multimedia 
               
               
                 L1 Layer 1 (physical 
                 Evolution 
                 Broadcast and Multicast 
               
               
                 layer) 
                 LWA LTE-WLAN 
                 Service 
               
               
                 Ll-RSRP Layer 1 
                 aggregation 
                 MBSFN Multimedia 
               
               
                 reference signal 
                   
                 Broadcast multicast 
               
               
                 received power 
                   
                   
               
               
                 service Single Frequency 
                 MM Mobility 
                 MSC Mobile Switching 
               
               
                 Network 
                 Management 
                 Centre 
               
               
                 MCC Mobile Country 
                 MME Mobility 
                 MSI Minimum System 
               
               
                 Code 
                 Management Entity 
                 Information, MCH 
               
               
                 MCG Master Cell Group 
                 MN Master Node 
                 Scheduling 
               
               
                 MCOT Maximum Channel 
                 MnS Management 
                 Information 
               
               
                 Occupancy Time 
                 Service 
                 MSID Mobile Station 
               
               
                 MCS Modulation and 
                 MO Measurement 
                 Identifier 
               
               
                 coding scheme 
                 Object, Mobile 
                 MSIN Mobile Station 
               
               
                 MDAFManagement Data 
                 Originated 
                 Identification 
               
               
                 Analytics Function 
                 MPBCH MTC 
                 Number 
               
               
                 MDAS Management Data 
                 Physical Broadcast 
                 MSISDN Mobile 
               
               
                 Analytics Service 
                 CHannel 
                 Subscriber ISDN 
               
               
                 MDT Minimization of 
                 MPDCCH MTC 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Drive Tests 
                 Physical Downlink 
                 MT Mobile Terminated, 
               
               
                 ME Mobile Equipment 
                 Control CHannel 
                 Mobile Termination 
               
               
                 MeNB master eNB 
                 MPDSCH MTC 
                 MTC Machine-Type 
               
               
                 MER Message Error 
                 Physical Downlink 
                 Communications 
               
               
                 Ratio 
                 Shared CHannel 
                 mMTCmassive MTC, 
               
               
                 MGL Measurement Gap 
                 MPRACH MTC 
                 massive Machine- 
               
               
                 Length 
                 Physical Random 
                 Type Communications 
               
               
                 MGRP Measurement Gap 
                 Access CHannel 
                 MU-MIMO Multi User 
               
               
                 Repetition Period 
                 MPUSCH MTC 
                 MIMO 
               
               
                 MIB Master Information 
                 Physical Uplink Shared 
                 MWUS MTC wake- 
               
               
                 Block, Management 
                 Channel 
                 up signal, MTC 
               
               
                 Information Base 
                 MPLS MultiProtocol 
                 WUS 
               
               
                 MIMO Multiple Input 
                 Label Switching 
                 NACK Negative 
               
               
                 Multiple Output 
                 MS Mobile Station 
                 Acknowledgement 
               
               
                 MLC Mobile Location 
                 MSB Most Significant 
                 NAI Network Access 
               
               
                 Centre 
                 Bit 
                 Identifier 
               
               
                 NAS Non-Access 
                 NMS Network 
                 NRF NF Repository 
               
               
                 Stratum, Non-Access 
                 Management System 
                 Function 
               
               
                 Stratum layer 
                 N-PoP Network Point of 
                 NRS Narrowband 
               
               
                 NCT Network 
                 Presence 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                 Connectivity Topology 
                 NMIB, N-MIB 
                 NS Network Service 
               
               
                 NC-JT Non- 
                 Narrowband MIB 
                 NSA Non-Standalone 
               
               
                 Coherent Joint 
                 NPBCH Narrowband 
                 operation mode 
               
               
                 Transmission 
                 Physical Broadcast 
                 NSD Network Service 
               
               
                 NEC Network Capability 
                 CHannel 
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                 Exposure 
                 NPDCCH Narrowband 
                 NSR Network Service 
               
               
                 NE-DC NR-E- 
                 Physical Downlink 
                 Record 
               
               
                 UTRA Dual 
                 Control CHannel 
                 NSSAINetwork Slice 
               
               
                 Connectivity 
                 NPDSCH Narrowband 
                 Selection Assistance 
               
               
                 NEF Network Exposure 
                 Physical Downlink 
                 Information 
               
               
                 Function 
                 Shared CHannel 
                 S-NNSAI Single- 
               
               
                 NF Network Function 
                 NPRACH Narrowband 
                 NSSAI 
               
               
                 NFP Network 
                 Physical Random 
                 NSSF Network Slice 
               
               
                 Forwarding Path 
                 Access CHannel 
                 Selection Function 
               
               
                 NFPD Network 
                 NPUSCH Narrowband 
                 NW Network 
               
               
                 Forwarding Path 
                 Physical Uplink 
                 NWUSNarrowband 
               
               
                 Descriptor 
                 Shared CHannel 
                 wake-up signal, Narrowband 
               
               
                 NFV Network Functions 
                 NPSS Narrowband 
                 WUS 
               
               
                 Virtualization 
                 Primary 
                 NZP Non-Zero Power 
               
               
                 NFVI NFV Infrastructure 
                 Synchronization 
                 O&amp;M Operation and 
               
               
                 NFVO NFV Orchestrator 
                 Signal 
                 Maintenance 
               
               
                 NG Next Generation, 
                 NSSS Narrowband 
                 ODU2 Optical channel 
               
               
                 Next Gen 
                 Secondary 
                 Data Unit-type 2 
               
               
                 NGEN-DC NG-RAN 
                 Synchronization 
                 OFDM Orthogonal 
               
               
                 E-UTRA-NR Dual 
                 Signal 
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                 Connectivity 
                 NR New Radio, 
                 Multiplexing 
               
               
                 NM Network Manager 
                 Neighbour Relation 
                   
               
               
                 OFDMA Orthogonal 
                 PCF Policy Control 
                 PLMN Public Land Mobile 
               
               
                 Frequency Division 
                 Function 
                 Network 
               
               
                 Multiple Access 
                 PCRF Policy Control and 
                 PIN Personal 
               
               
                 OOB Out-of-band 
                 Charging Rules 
                 Identification Number 
               
               
                 OOS Out of Sync 
                 Function 
                 PM Performance 
               
               
                 OPEX OPerating EXpense 
                 PDCP Packet Data 
                 Measurement 
               
               
                 OSI Other System 
                 Convergence Protocol, 
                 PMI Precoding Matrix 
               
               
                 Information 
                 Packet Data 
                 Indicator 
               
               
                 OSS Operations Support 
                 Convergence 
                 PNF Physical Network 
               
               
                 System 
                 Protocol layer 
                 Function 
               
               
                 OTA over-the-air 
                 PDCCH Physical 
                 PNFD Physical Network 
               
               
                 PAPR Peak-to-Average 
                 Downlink Control 
                 Function Descriptor 
               
               
                 Power Ratio 
                 Channel 
                 PNFR Physical Network 
               
               
                 PAR Peak to Average 
                 PDCP Packet Data 
                 Function Record 
               
               
                 Ratio 
                 Convergence Protocol 
                 POC PTT over Cellular 
               
               
                 PBCH Physical Broadcast 
                 PDN Packet Data 
                 PP, PTP Point-to- 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 Network, Public Data 
                 Point 
               
               
                 PC Power Control, 
                 Network 
                 PPP Point-to-Point 
               
               
                 Personal Computer 
                 PDSCH Physical 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 PCC Primary 
                 Downlink Shared 
                 PRACH Physical 
               
               
                 Component Carrier, 
                 Channel 
                 RACH 
               
               
                 Primary CC 
                 PDU Protocol Data Unit 
                 PRB Physical resource 
               
               
                 PCell Primary Cell 
                 PEI Permanent 
                 block 
               
               
                 PCI Physical Cell ID, 
                 Equipment Identifiers 
                 PRG Physical resource 
               
               
                 Physical Cell 
                 PFD Packet Flow 
                 block group 
               
               
                 Identity 
                 Description 
                 ProSe Proximity Services, 
               
               
                 PCEF Policy and 
                 P-GW PDN Gateway 
                 Proximity-Based 
               
               
                 Charging 
                 PHICH Physical 
                 Service 
               
               
                 Enforcement 
                 hybrid-ARQ indicator 
                 PRS Positioning 
               
               
                 Function 
                 channel 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 PHY Physical layer 
                   
               
               
                 PRR Packet Reception 
                 PUSCH Physical 
                 RAR Random Access 
               
               
                 Radio 
                 Uplink Shared 
                 Response 
               
               
                 PS Packet Services 
                 Channel 
                 RAT Radio Access 
               
               
                 PSBCH Physical 
                 QAM Quadrature 
                 Technology 
               
               
                 Sidelink Broadcast 
                 Amplitude Modulation 
                 RAU Routing Area 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 QCI QoS class of 
                 Update 
               
               
                 PSDCH Physical 
                 identifier 
                 RB Resource block, 
               
               
                 Sidelink Downlink 
                 QCL Quasi co-location 
                 Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 Channel  
                 QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS 
                 RBG Resource block 
               
               
                 PSCCH Physical 
                 Flow Identifier 
                 group 
               
               
                 Sidelink Control 
                 QoS Quality of Service 
                 REG Resource Element 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 QPSK Quadrature 
                 Group 
               
               
                 PSFCH Physical 
                 (Quaternary) Phase Shift 
                 Rel Release 
               
               
                 Sidelink Feedback 
                 Keying 
                 REQ REQuest 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 QZSS Quasi-Zenith 
                 RF Radio Frequency 
               
               
                 PSSCH Physical 
                 Satellite System 
                 RI Rank Indicator 
               
               
                 Sidelink Shared 
                 RA-RNTI Random 
                 RIV Resource indicator 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 Access RNTI 
                 value 
               
               
                 PSCell Primary SCell 
                 RAB Radio Access 
                 RL Radio Link 
               
               
                 PSS Primary 
                 Bearer, Random 
                 RLC Radio Link 
               
               
                 Synchronization 
                 Access Burst 
                 Control, Radio Link 
               
               
                 Signal 
                 RACH Random Access 
                 Control layer 
               
               
                 PSTN Public Switched 
                 Channel 
                 RLC AM RLC 
               
               
                 Telephone Network 
                 RADIUS Remote 
                 Acknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 PT-RS Phase-tracking 
                 Authentication Dial In 
                 RLC UM RLC 
               
               
                 reference signal 
                 User Service 
                 Unacknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 PTT Push-to-Talk 
                 RAN Radio Access 
                 RLF Radio Link Failure 
               
               
                 PUCCH Physical 
                 Network 
                 RLM Radio Link 
               
               
                 Uplink Control 
                 RAND RANDom number 
                 Monitoring 
               
               
                 Channel 
                 (used for 
                 RLM-RS Reference 
               
               
                   
                 authentication) 
                 Signal for RLM 
               
               
                 RM Registration 
                 RT Real Time Protocol 
                 SCell Secondary Cell 
               
               
                 Management 
                 RTS Ready-To-Send 
                 SC-FDMA Single 
               
               
                 RMC Reference 
                 RTT Round Trip Time 
                 Carrier Frequency 
               
               
                 Measurement Channel 
                 Rx Reception, 
                 Division Multiple 
               
               
                 RMSI Remaining MSI, 
                 Receiving, Receiver 
                 Access 
               
               
                 Remaining Minimum 
                 S1AP S1 Application 
                 SCG Secondary Cell 
               
               
                 System Information 
                 Protocol 
                 Group 
               
               
                 RN Relay Node 
                 S1-MME S1 for the 
                 SCM Security Context 
               
               
                 RNC Radio Network 
                 control plane 
                 Management 
               
               
                 Controller 
                 S1-U S1 for the user 
                 SCS Subcarrier Spacing 
               
               
                 RNL Radio Network 
                 plane 
                 SCTP Stream Control 
               
               
                 Layer 
                 S-GW Serving Gateway 
                 Transmission 
               
               
                 RNTI Radio Network 
                 S-RNTI SRNC 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 Temporary Identifier 
                 Radio Network 
                 SDAP Service Data 
               
               
                 ROHC RObust Header 
                 Temporary Identity 
                 Adaptation Protocol, 
               
               
                 Compression 
                 S-TMSI SAE 
                 Service Data Adaptation 
               
               
                 RRC Radio Resource 
                 Temporary Mobile 
                 Protocol layer 
               
               
                 Control, Radio 
                 Station Identifier 
                 SDL Supplementary 
               
               
                 Resource Control layer 
                 SA Standalone 
                 Downlink 
               
               
                 RRM Radio Resource 
                 operation mode 
                 SDNF Structured Data 
               
               
                 Management 
                 SAE System 
                 Storage Network 
               
               
                 RS Reference Signal 
                 Architecture Evolution 
                 Function 
               
               
                 RSRP Reference Signal 
                 SAP Service Access 
                 SDP Session Description 
               
               
                 Received Power 
                 Point 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 RSRQ Reference Signal 
                 SAPD Service Access 
                 SDSF Structured Data 
               
               
                 Received Quality 
                 Point Descriptor 
                 Storage Function 
               
               
                 RSSI Received Signal 
                 SAPI Service Access 
                 SDU Service Data Unit 
               
               
                 Strength Indicator 
                 Point Identifier 
                 SEAF Security Anchor 
               
               
                 RSU Road Side Unit 
                 SCC Secondary 
                 Function 
               
               
                 RSTD Reference Signal 
                 Component Carrier, 
                 SeNB secondary eNB 
               
               
                 Time difference 
                 Secondary CC 
                   
               
               
                 SEPP Security Edge 
                 SMF Session 
                 SS-RSRP 
               
               
                 Protection Proxy 
                 Management Function 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                 SFI Slot format 
                 SMS Short Message 
                 Signal based Reference 
               
               
                 indication 
                 Service 
                 Signal Received 
               
               
                 SFTD Space-Frequency 
                 SMSF SMS Function 
                 Power 
               
               
                 Time Diversity, SFN and 
                 SMTC SSB-based 
                 SS-RSRQ 
               
               
                 frame timing difference 
                 Measurement Timing 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                 SFN System Frame 
                 Configuration 
                 Signal based Reference 
               
               
                 Number or 
                 SN Secondary Node, 
                 Signal Received 
               
               
                 Single Frequency 
                 Sequence Number 
                 Quality 
               
               
                 Network 
                 SoC System on Chip 
                 SS-SINR 
               
               
                 SgNB Secondary gNB 
                 SON Self-Organizing 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                 SGSN Serving GPRS 
                 Network 
                 Signal based Signal to 
               
               
                 Support Node 
                 SpCell Special Cell 
                 Noise and Interference 
               
               
                 S-GW Serving Gateway 
                 SP-CSI-RNTISemi- 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 SI System Information 
                 Persistent CSI RNTI 
                 SSS Secondary 
               
               
                 SI-RNTI System 
                 SPS Semi-Persistent 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                 Information RNTI 
                 Scheduling 
                 Signal 
               
               
                 SIB System Information 
                 SQN Sequence number 
                 SSSG Search Space Set 
               
               
                 Block 
                 SR Scheduling Request 
                 Group 
               
               
                 SIM Subscriber Identity 
                 SRB Signalling Radio 
                 SSSIF Search Space Set 
               
               
                 Module 
                 Bearer 
                 Indicator 
               
               
                 SIP Session Initiated 
                 SRS Sounding 
                 SST Slice/Service Types 
               
               
                 Protocol 
                 Reference Signal 
                 SU-MIMO Single User 
               
               
                 SiP System in Package 
                 SS Synchronization 
                 MIMO 
               
               
                 SL Sidelink 
                 Signal 
                 SUL Supplementary 
               
               
                 SLA Service Level 
                 SSB SS Block 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                 Agreement 
                 SSBRI SSB Resource 
                 TA Timing Advance, 
               
               
                 SM Session 
                 Indicator 
                 Tracking Area 
               
               
                 Management 
                 SSC Session and Service 
                 TAC Tracking Area 
               
               
                   
                 Continuity 
                 Code 
               
               
                 TAG Timing Advance 
                 TPMI Transmitted 
                 UDP User Datagram 
               
               
                 Group 
                 Precoding Matrix 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                 TAU Tracking Area 
                 Indicator 
                 UDR Unified Data 
               
               
                 Update 
                 TR Technical Report 
                 Repository 
               
               
                 TB Transport Block 
                 TRP, TRxP 
                 UDSF Unstructured Data 
               
               
                 TBS Transport Block 
                 Transmission 
                 Storage Network 
               
               
                 Size 
                 Reception Point 
                 Function 
               
               
                 TBD To Be Defined 
                 TRS Tracking Reference 
                 UICC Universal 
               
               
                 TCI Transmission 
                 Signal 
                 Integrated Circuit Card 
               
               
                 Configuration Indicator 
                 TRx Transceiver 
                 UL Uplink 
               
               
                 TCP Transmission 
                 TS Technical 
                 UM Unacknowledged 
               
               
                 Communication 
                 Specifications, 
                 Mode 
               
               
                 Protocol 
                 Technical Standard 
                 UML Unified Modelling 
               
               
                 TDD Time Division 
                 TTI Transmission Time 
                 Language 
               
               
                 Duplex 
                 Interval 
                 UMTS Universal Mobile 
               
               
                 TDM Time Division 
                 Tx Transmission, 
                 Telecommunications 
               
               
                 Multiplexing 
                 Transmitting, 
                 System 
               
               
                 TDMATime Division 
                 Transmitter 
                 UP User Plane 
               
               
                 Multiple Access 
                 U-RNTI UTRAN 
                 UPF User Plane 
               
               
                 TE Terminal 
                 Radio Network 
                 Function 
               
               
                 Equipment 
                 Temporary Identity 
                 URI Uniform Resource 
               
               
                 TEID Tunnel End Point 
                 UART Universal 
                 Identifier 
               
               
                 Identifier 
                 Asynchronous 
                 URL Uniform Resource 
               
               
                 TFT Traffic Flow 
                 Receiver and 
                 Locator 
               
               
                 Template 
                 Transmitter 
                 URLLC Ultra- 
               
               
                 TMSI Temporary Mobile 
                 UCI Uplink Control 
                 Reliable and Low 
               
               
                 Subscriber Identity 
                 Information 
                 Latency 
               
               
                 TNL Transport Network 
                 UE User Equipment 
                 USB Universal Serial 
               
               
                 Layer 
                 UDM Unified Data 
                 Bus 
               
               
                 TPC Transmit Power 
                 Management 
                 USIM Universal 
               
               
                 Control 
                   
                 Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                 USS UE-specific search 
                 VLAN Virtual LAN, 
                 VRB Virtual Resource 
               
               
                 space 
                 Virtual Local Area 
                 Block 
               
               
                 UTRA UMTS Terrestrial 
                 Network 
                 WiMAX Worldwide 
               
               
                 Radio Access 
                 VM Virtual Machine 
                 Interoperability for 
               
               
                 UTRAN Universal 
                 VNF Virtualized 
                 Microwave Access 
               
               
                 Terrestrial Radio 
                 Network Function 
                 WLANWireless Local 
               
               
                 Access Network 
                 VNFFG VNF 
                 Area Network 
               
               
                 UwPTS Uplink Pilot 
                 Forwarding Graph 
                 WMAN Wireless 
               
               
                 Time Slot 
                 VNFFGD VNF 
                 Metropolitan Area 
               
               
                 V2I Vehicle-to- 
                 Forwarding Graph 
                 Network 
               
               
                 Infrastruction 
                 Descriptor 
                 WPAN Wireless Personal 
               
               
                 V2P Vehicle-to- 
                 VNFM VNF Manager 
                 Area Network 
               
               
                 Pedestrian 
                 VoIP Voice-over-IP, 
                 X2-C X2-Control plane 
               
               
                 V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle 
                 Voice-over- Internet 
                 X2-U X2-User plane 
               
               
                 V2X Vehicle-to- 
                 Protocol 
                 XML eXtensible Markup 
               
               
                 everything 
                 VPLMN Visited 
                 Language 
               
               
                 VIM Virtualized 
                 Public Land Mobile 
                 XRES EXpected user 
               
               
                 Infrastructure Manager 
                 Network 
                 RESponse 
               
               
                 VL Virtual Link, 
                 VPN Virtual Private 
                 XOR eXclusive OR 
               
               
                   
                 Network 
                 ZC Zadoff-Chu 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ZP Zero Power 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Terminology 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” 
     The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. 
     The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like. 
     The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. 
     The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. 
     The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. 
     The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. 
     The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. 
     The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. 
     The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. 
     The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/. 
     The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.