Patent Publication Number: US-2022215946-A1

Title: Reduced pressure therapy device operation and authorization monitoring

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/766,213, filed Apr. 5, 2018, which is a U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/057211, filed Oct. 23, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/238,501, filed Oct. 7, 2015, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR APPLYING REDUCED PRESSURE THERAPY,” the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatuses for dressing and treating a wound with reduced pressure therapy or topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy. In particular, but without limitation, embodiments disclosed herein relate to negative pressure therapy devices, methods for controlling the operation of TNP systems, and methods of using TNP systems. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Many different types of wound dressings are known for aiding in the healing process of a human or animal. These different types of wound dressings include many different types of materials and layers, for example, gauze, pads, foam pads or multi-layer wound dressings. Topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy, sometimes referred to as vacuum assisted closure, negative pressure wound therapy, or reduced pressure wound therapy, is widely recognized as a beneficial mechanism for improving the healing rate of a wound. Such therapy is applicable to a broad range of wounds such as incisional wounds, open wounds and abdominal wounds or the like. 
     TNP therapy assists in the closure and healing of wounds by reducing tissue oedema, encouraging blood flow, stimulating the formation of granulation tissue, removing excess exudates and may reduce bacterial load and, thus, infection to the wound. Furthermore, TNP therapy permits less outside disturbance of the wound and promotes more rapid healing. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus for processing registration and usage information for a plurality of negative pressure wound therapy devices includes a memory and a computer system including computer hardware. The memory is configured to store account information for a plurality of negative wound pressure therapy devices. The computer system is in communication with the memory. The computer system is configured to: receive a registration request to register a negative wound pressure therapy device of the plurality of negative wound pressure therapy devices to an account in the account information, the account associated with a user; determine, based at least on the registration request, whether the negative wound pressure therapy device is authorized to be registered to the account; in response to determining that the negative wound pressure therapy device is not authorized to be registered to the account, perform a first exception action; in response to determining that the negative wound pressure therapy device is authorized to be registered to the account, register the negative wound pressure therapy device to the account so that data gathered by the computer system about operations of the negative wound pressure therapy device is accessible via the account; receive a usage notification for the negative wound pressure therapy device, the usage notification indicating a location of the negative wound pressure therapy device and an operation performed by the negative wound pressure therapy device; determine, based at least on the usage notification, whether the negative wound pressure therapy device is being operated at an authorized location and whether the operation performed by the negative wound pressure therapy device is an authorized operation; in response to determining that the negative wound pressure therapy device is not operated in the authorized location or that the operation performed by the negative wound pressure therapy device is not the authorized operation, perform a second exception action; and in response to determining that the negative wound pressure therapy device is operated in the authorized location and the operation performed by the negative wound pressure therapy device is the authorized operation, store in the memory an indication of performance of the operation by the negative wound pressure therapy device to the account. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus of the preceding paragraph can include one or more of the following features. The computer system can be configured to receive the registration request from a user system via a computer network, and the registration request can include a first account identifier corresponding to the account and a first device identifier corresponding to the negative wound pressure therapy device. The computer system can be configured to use a look-up table comprising account identifiers and device identifiers to determine whether the negative wound pressure therapy device is authorized to be registered to the account, and the account identifiers can include the first account identifier and the device identifiers can include the first device identifier. The first exception action can include generation and transmission of a notification communication to an owner of the account or an administrator of a group that includes the account, and the notification communication can indicate that the negative wound pressure therapy device was attempted to be registered to the account and that the negative wound pressure therapy device is unauthorized to be registered to the account. The first exception action can include generation and transmission of a command message to the negative wound pressure therapy device, and the command message can instruct the negative wound pressure therapy device not to perform one or more operations. The computer system can be configured to receive the usage indication from the negative wound pressure therapy device via a computer network, and the usage notification can provide the location as a Global Positioning System (GPS) location. The computer system can be configured to use a look-up table comprising device identifiers and location identifiers to determine whether the negative wound pressure therapy device is operated at the authorized location, and the device identifiers can include a first device identifier corresponding to the negative wound pressure therapy device and the location identifiers can include a first location identifier corresponding to the authorized location. The computer system can be configured to use a look-up table comprising device identifiers and operation identifiers to determine whether the operation performed by the negative wound pressure therapy device is the authorized operation, and the device identifiers can include a first device identifier corresponding to the negative wound pressure therapy device and the operation identifiers can include a first operation identifier corresponding to the authorized operation. The second exception action can include generation and transmission of a notification communication to an owner of the account or an administrator of a group that includes the account, and the notification communication can indicate that the negative wound pressure therapy device is operated outside of the authorized location. The second exception action can include generation and transmission of a notification communication to an owner of the account or an administrator of a group that includes the account, and the notification communication can indicate that the negative wound pressure therapy device performed an unauthorized operation. The first exception action can include generation and transmission of a command message to the negative wound pressure therapy device, and the command message can instruct the negative wound pressure therapy device not to perform one or more operations. The first exception action can be the same as the second exception action. 
     In some embodiments, a method of operating the apparatus of any of the preceding two paragraphs is disclosed. 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus for applying negative pressure therapy to a wound is disclosed. The apparatus includes a source of negative pressure and a controller. The source of negative pressure is configured to be fluidically connected to a dressing configured to be placed over a wound. The source of negative pressure is configured to deliver negative pressure wound therapy to the wound. The controller is configured to: control operations of the source of negative pressure; record operation data indicative of the operations performed by the source of negative pressure; record location data corresponding to geographical locations of the source of negative pressure over time; transmit to a remote computer over a communication interface via a computer network at least some of the operation data and at least some of the location data; and vary, based at least on one or more conditions, a timing of at least one of (i) when the controller records the operation data or the location data or (ii) when the controller transmits the at least some of the operation data and the at least some of the location data. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus of the preceding paragraph can include one or more of the following features. The one or more conditions can include one or more of: (i) the controller transitioning from a first mode of operation for the source of negative pressure to a second mode of operation for the source of negative pressure different from the first mode of operation, (ii) the controller connecting to a communications network, (iii) the source of negative pressure or the controller being powered by a mains power source rather than by a battery, (iv) the controller operating in a high power mode rather than a low power mode, (v) a communications network connection being enabled for the controller, (vi) the source of negative pressure or the controller being powered on or powered off, and (vii) data being gathered to the controller as a result of provision of therapy rather than being loaded to the controller from an external connection port of a housing comprising the source of negative pressure and the controller. 
     In some embodiments, a method of operating the apparatus of any of the preceding two paragraphs is disclosed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described hereinafter, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a reduced pressure wound therapy system according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate a pump assembly and canister according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an electrical component schematic of a pump assembly according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a system schematic according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C  illustrate graphical user interface screens according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a process for validating the registration and usage of a pump assembly with a remote server according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     Overview 
     Embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods of treating a wound with reduced pressure. As is used herein, reduced or negative pressure levels, such as −X mmHg, represent pressure levels relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure, which can correspond to 760 mmHg (or 1 atm, 29.93 inHg, 101.325 kPa, 14.696 psi, etc.). Accordingly, a negative pressure value of −X mmHg reflects absolute pressure that is X mmHg below 760 mmHg or, in other words, an absolute pressure of (760−X) mmHg. In addition, negative pressure that is “less” or “smaller” than X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is closer to atmospheric pressure (e.g., −40 mmHg is less than −60 mmHg). Negative pressure that is “more” or “greater” than −X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is further from atmospheric pressure (e.g., −80 mmHg is more than −60 mmHg). In some embodiments, local ambient atmospheric pressure is used as a reference point, and such local atmospheric pressure may not necessarily be, for example, 760 mmHg. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure are generally applicable to use in topical negative pressure (TNP) or reduced pressure therapy systems. Briefly, negative pressure wound therapy assists in the closure and healing of many forms of “hard to heal” wounds by reducing tissue oedema, encouraging blood flow and granular tissue formation, and/or removing excess exudate and can reduce bacterial load (and thus infection risk). In addition, the therapy allows for less disturbance of a wound leading to more rapid healing. TNP therapy systems can also assist in the healing of surgically closed wounds by removing fluid. In some embodiments, TNP therapy helps to stabilize the tissue in the apposed position of closure. A further beneficial use of TNP therapy can be found in grafts and flaps where removal of excess fluid is important and close proximity of the graft to tissue is required in order to ensure tissue viability. 
     Negative Pressure System 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a negative or reduced pressure wound treatment (or TNP) system  100  comprising a wound filler  130  placed inside a wound cavity  110 , the wound cavity sealed by a wound cover  120 . The wound filler  130  in combination with the wound cover  120  can be referred to as wound dressing. A single or multi lumen tube or conduit  140  is connected the wound cover  120  with a pump assembly  150  configured to supply reduced pressure. The wound cover  120  can be in fluidic communication with the wound cavity  110 . In any of the system embodiments disclosed herein, as in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the pump assembly can be a canisterless pump assembly (meaning that exudate is collected in the wound dressing or is transferred via tube  140  for collection to another location). However, any of the pump assembly embodiments disclosed herein can be configured to include or support a canister. Additionally, in any of the system embodiments disclosed herein, any of the pump assembly embodiments can be mounted to or supported by the dressing, or adjacent to the dressing. The wound filler  130  can be any suitable type, such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic foam, gauze, inflatable bag, and so on. The wound filler  130  can be conformable to the wound cavity  110  such that it substantially fills the cavity. The wound cover  120  can provide a substantially fluid impermeable seal over the wound cavity  110 . The wound cover  120  can have a top side and a bottom side, and the bottom side adhesively (or in any other suitable manner) seals with wound cavity  110 . The conduit  140  or lumen or any other conduit or lumen disclosed herein can be formed from polyurethane, PVC, nylon, polyethylene, silicone, or any other suitable material. 
     Some embodiments of the wound cover  120  can have a port (not shown) configured to receive an end of the conduit  140 . In other embodiments, the conduit  140  can otherwise pass through and/or under the wound cover  120  to supply reduced pressure to the wound cavity  110  so as to maintain a desired level of reduced pressure in the wound cavity. The conduit  140  can be any suitable article configured to provide at least a substantially sealed fluid flow pathway between the pump assembly  150  and the wound cover  120 , so as to supply the reduced pressure provided by the pump assembly  150  to wound cavity  110 . 
     The wound cover  120  and the wound filler  130  can be provided as a single article or an integrated single unit. In some embodiments, no wound filler is provided and the wound cover by itself may be considered the wound dressing. The wound dressing may then be connected, via the conduit  140 , to a source of negative pressure, such as the pump assembly  150 . The pump assembly  150  can be miniaturized and portable, although larger conventional pumps can also be used. 
     The wound cover  120  can be located over a wound site to be treated. The wound cover  120  can form a substantially sealed cavity or enclosure over the wound site. In some embodiments, the wound cover  120  can be configured to have a film having a high water vapour permeability to enable the evaporation of surplus fluid, and can have a superabsorbing material contained therein to safely absorb wound exudate. It will be appreciated that throughout this specification reference is made to a wound. In this sense it is to be understood that the term wound is to be broadly construed and encompasses open and closed wounds in which skin is torn, cut or punctured or where trauma causes a contusion, or any other surficial or other conditions or imperfections on the skin of a patient or otherwise that benefit from reduced pressure treatment. A wound is thus broadly defined as any damaged region of tissue where fluid may or may not be produced. Examples of such wounds include, but are not limited to, acute wounds, chronic wounds, surgical incisions and other incisions, subacute and dehisced wounds, traumatic wounds, flaps and skin grafts, lacerations, abrasions, contusions, burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, stoma, surgical wounds, trauma and venous ulcers or the like. The components of the TNP system described herein can be particularly suited for incisional wounds that exude a small amount of wound exudate. 
     Some embodiments of the system are designed to operate without the use of an exudate canister. Some embodiments can be configured to support an exudate canister. In some embodiments, configuring the pump assembly  150  and conduit  140  so that the conduit  140  can be quickly and easily removed from the pump assembly  150  can facilitate or improve the process of dressing or pump changes, if necessary. Any of the pump embodiments disclosed herein can be configured to have any suitable connection between the tubing and the pump. 
     In some embodiments, the pump assembly  150  can be configured to deliver negative pressure of approximately −80 mmHg, or between about −20 mmHg and −200 mmHg. Note that these pressures are relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure thus, −200 mmHg would be about 560 mmHg in practical terms. The pressure range can be between about −40 mmHg and −150 mmHg. Alternatively a pressure range of up to −75 mmHg, up to −80 mmHg or over −80 mmHg can be used. Also a pressure range of below −75 mmHg can be used. Alternatively a pressure range of over approximately −100 mmHg, or even 150 mmHg, can be supplied by the pump assembly  150 . 
     In some embodiments, the pump assembly  150  is configured to provide continuous or intermittent negative pressure therapy. Continuous therapy can be delivered at above −25 mmHg, −25 mmHg, −40 mmHg, −50 mmHg, −60 mmHg, −70 mmHg, −80 mmHg, −90 mmHg, −100 mmHg, −120 mmHg, −140 mmHg, −160 mmHg, −180 mmHg, −200 mmHg, or below −200 mmHg. Intermittent therapy can be delivered between low and high negative pressure setpoints. Low setpoint can be set at above 0 mmHg, 0 mmHg, −25 mmHg, −40 mmHg, −50 mmHg, −60 mmHg, −70 mmHg, −80 mmHg, −90 mmHg, −100 mmHg, −120 mmHg, −140 mmHg, −160 mmHg, −180 mmHg, or below −180 mmHg. High setpoint can be set at above −25 mmHg, −40 mmHg, −50 mmHg, −60 mmHg, −70 mmHg, −80 mmHg, −90 mmHg, −100 mmHg, −120 mmHg, −140 mmHg, −160 mmHg, −180 mmHg, −200 mmHg, or below −200 mmHg. During intermittent therapy, negative pressure at low setpoint can be delivered for a first time duration, and upon expiration of the first time duration, negative pressure at high setpoint can be delivered for a second time duration. Upon expiration of the second time duration, negative pressure at low setpoint can be delivered. The first and second time durations can be same or different values. The first and second durations can be selected from the following range: less than 2 minutes, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes, 8 minutes, 10 minutes, or greater than 10 minutes. In some embodiments, switching between low and high setpoints and vice versa can be performed according to a step waveform, square waveform, sinusoidal waveform, and the like. 
     In operation, the wound filler  130  is inserted into the wound cavity  110  and wound cover  120  is placed so as to seal the wound cavity  110 . The pump assembly  150  provides a source of a negative pressure to the wound cover  120 , which is transmitted to the wound cavity  110  via the wound filler  130 . Fluid (e.g., wound exudate) is drawn through the conduit  140 , and can be stored in a canister. In some embodiments, fluid is absorbed by the wound filler  130  or one or more absorbent layers (not shown). 
     Wound dressings that may be utilized with the pump assembly and other embodiments of the present application include Renasys-F, Renasys-G, Renasys AB, and Pico Dressings available from Smith &amp; Nephew. Further description of such wound dressings and other components of a negative pressure wound therapy system that may be used with the pump assembly and other embodiments of the present application are found in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2011/0213287, 2011/0282309, 2012/0116334, 2012/0136325, and 2013/0110058, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In other embodiments, other suitable wound dressings can be utilized. 
     Pump Assembly and Canister 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates a front view  200 A of a pump assembly  230 , such as the pump assembly  150 , and canister  220  according to some embodiments. As is illustrated, the pump assembly  230  and the canister  220  are connected, thereby forming a device. The pump assembly  230  comprises one or more indicators, such as visual indicator  202  configured to indicate alarms and visual indicator  204  configured to indicate status of the TNP system. The indicators  202  and  204  can be configured to alert a user, such as patient or medical care provider, to a variety of operating and/or failure conditions of the system, including alerting the user to normal or proper operating conditions, pump failure, power supplied to the pump or power failure, detection of a leak within the wound cover or flow pathway, suction blockage, or any other similar or suitable conditions or combinations thereof. The pump assembly  230  can comprise additional indicators. The pump assembly can use a single indicator or multiple indicators. Any suitable indicator can be used such as visual, audio, tactile indicator, and so on. The indicator  202  can be configured to signal alarm conditions, such as canister full, power low, conduit  140  disconnected, seal broken in the wound seal  120 , and so on. The indicator  202  can be configured to display red flashing light to draw a user&#39;s attention. The indicator  204  can be configured to signal status of the TNP system, such as therapy delivery is ok, leak detected, and so on. The indicator  204  can be configured to display one or more different colors of light, such as green, yellow, etc. For example, green light can be emitted when the TNP system is operating properly and yellow light can be emitted to indicate a warning. 
     The pump assembly  230  comprises a display or screen  206  mounted in a recess  208  formed in a case of the pump assembly. The display  206  can be a touchscreen display. The display  206  can support playback of audiovisual (AV) content, such as instructional videos. As explained below, the display  206  can be configured to render a number of screens or graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for configuring, controlling, and monitoring the operation of the TNP system. The pump assembly  230  comprises a gripping portion  210  formed in the case of the pump assembly. The gripping portion  210  can be configured to assist the user to hold the pump assembly  230 , such as during removal of the canister  220 . The canister  220  can be replaced with another canister, such as when the canister  220  has been filled with fluid. 
     The pump assembly  230  comprises one or more keys or buttons  212  configured to allow the user to operate and monitor the operation of the TNP system. As is illustrated, there buttons  212   a,    212   b,  and  212   c  are included. Button  212   a  can be configured as a power button to turn on/off the pump assembly  230 . Button  212   b  can be configured as a play/pause button for the delivery of negative pressure therapy. For example, pressing the button  212   b  can cause therapy to start, and pressing the button  212   b  afterward can cause therapy to pause or end. Button  212   c  can be configured to lock the display  206  and/or the buttons  212 . For instance, button  212   c  can be pressed so that the user does not unintentionally alter the delivery of the therapy. Button  212   c  can be depressed to unlock the controls. In other embodiments, additional buttons can be used or one or more of the illustrated buttons  212   a,    212   b,  or  212   c  can be omitted. Multiple key presses and/or sequences of key presses can be used to operate the pump assembly  230 . 
     The pump assembly  230  includes one or more latch recesses  222  formed in the cover. In the illustrated embodiment, two latch recesses  222  can be formed on the sides of the pump assembly  230 . The latch recesses  222  can be configured to allow attachment and detachment of the canister  220  using one or more canister latches  221 . The pump assembly  230  comprises an air outlet  224  for allowing air removed from the wound cavity  110  to escape. Air entering the pump assembly  230  can be passed through one or more suitable filters, such as antibacterial filters. This can maintain reusability of the pump assembly  230 . The pump assembly  230  includes one or more strap mounts  226  for connecting a carry strap to the pump assembly  230  or for attaching a cradle. In the illustrated embodiment, two strap mounts  226  can be formed on the sides of the pump assembly  230 . In some embodiments, various of these features are omitted and/or various additional features are added to the pump assembly  230 . 
     The canister  220  is configured to hold fluid (e.g., exudate) removed from the wound cavity  110 . The canister  220  includes one or more latches  221  for attaching the canister to the pump assembly  230 . In the illustrated embodiment, the canister  220  comprises two latches  221  on the sides of the canister. The exterior of the canister  220  can formed from frosted plastic so that the canister is substantially opaque and the contents of the canister and substantially hidden from plain view. The canister  220  comprises a gripping portion  214  formed in a case of the canister. The gripping portion  214  can be configured to allow the user to hold the pump assembly  220 , such as during removal of the canister from the apparatus  230 . The canister  220  includes a substantially transparent window  216 , which can also include graduations of volume. For example, the illustrated 300 mL canister  220  includes graduations of 50 mL, 100 mL, 150 mL, 200 mL, 250 mL, and 300 mL. Other embodiments of the canister can hold different volume of fluid and can include different graduation scale. For example, the canister can be an 800 mL canister. The canister  220  comprises a tubing channel  218  for connecting to the conduit  140 . In some embodiments, various of these features, such as the gripping portion  214 , are omitted and/or various additional features are added to the canister  220 . Any of the disclosed canisters may include or may omit a solidifier. 
       FIG. 2B  illustrates a rear view  200 B of the pump assembly  230  and canister  220  according to some embodiments. The pump assembly  230  comprises a speaker port  232  for producing sound. The pump assembly  230  includes a filter access door  234  for accessing and replacing one or more filters, such as antibacterial filters. The pump assembly  230  comprises a gripping portion  236  formed in the case of the pump assembly  230 . The gripping portion  236  can be configured to allow the user to hold the pump assembly  230 , such as during removal of the canister  220 . The pump assembly  230  includes one or more covers  238  configured to as screw covers and/or feet or protectors for placing the pump assembly  230  on a surface. The covers  230  can be formed out of rubber, silicone, or any other suitable material. The pump assembly  230  comprises a power jack  239  for charging and recharging an internal battery of the pump assembly. The power jack  239  can be a direct current (DC) jack. In some embodiments, the pump assembly  230  can comprise a disposable power source, such as batteries, so that no power jack is needed. 
     The canister  220  includes one or more feet  244  for placing the canister on a surface. The feet  244  can be formed out of rubber, silicone, or any other suitable material and can be angled at a suitable angle so that the canister  220  remains stable when placed on the surface. The canister  220  comprises a tube mount relief  246  configured to allow one or more tubes to exit to the front of the device. The canister  220  includes a stand or kickstand  248  for supporting the canister when it is placed on a surface. As explained below, the kickstand  248  can pivot between an opened and closed position. In closed position, the kickstand  248  can be latched to the canister  220 . In some embodiments, the kickstand  248  can be made out of opaque material, such as plastic. In other embodiments, the kickstand  248  can be made out of transparent material. The kickstand  248  includes a gripping portion  242  formed in the kickstand. The gripping portion  242  can be configured to allow the user to place the kickstand  248  in the closed position. The kickstand  248  comprises a hole  249  to allow the user to place the kickstand in the open position. The hole  249  can be sized to allow the user to extend the kickstand using a finger. 
       FIG. 2C  illustrates a view  200 C of the pump assembly  230  separated from the canister  220  according to some embodiments. The pump assembly  230  includes a vacuum attachment, connector, or inlet  252  through which a vacuum pump communicates negative pressure to the canister  220 . The pump assembly aspirates fluid, such as gas, from the wound via the inlet  252 . The pump assembly  230  comprises a USB access door  256  configured to allow access to one or more USB ports. In some embodiments, the USB access door is omitted and USB ports are accessed through the door  234 . The pump assembly  230  can include additional access doors configured to allow access to additional serial, parallel, and/or hybrid data transfer interfaces, such as SD, Compact Disc (CD), DVD, FireWire, Thunderbolt, PCI Express, and the like. In other embodiments, one or more of these additional ports are accessed through the door  234 . 
     Additional description of the pump assembly  230  is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/210,062, filed on Mar. 13, 2014 and titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR APPLYING REDUCED PRESSURE THERAPY,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Electronics and Software 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an electrical component schematic  300  of a pump assembly, such as the pump assembly  150 , according to some embodiments. Electrical components can operate to accept user input, provide output to the user, operate the pump assembly and the TNP system, provide network connectivity, and so on. Electrical components can be mounted on one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs). As is illustrated, the pump assembly can include multiple processors. It may be advantageous to utilize multiple processors in order to allocate or assign various tasks to different processors. A first processor can be responsible for user activity and a second processor can be responsible for controlling the pump. This way, the activity of controlling the pump, which may necessitate a higher level of responsiveness (corresponding to higher risk level), can be offloaded to a dedicated processor and, thereby, will not be interrupted by user interface tasks, which may take longer to complete because of interactions with the user. 
     The pump assembly can comprise a user interface processor or controller  310  configured to operate one or more components for accepting user input and providing output to the user, such as the display  206 , buttons  212 , etc. Input to the pump assembly and output from the pump assembly can controlled by an input/output (I/O) module  320 . For example, the I/O module can receive data from one or more ports, such as serial, parallel, hybrid ports, and the like. The processor  310  also receives data from and provides data to one or more expansion modules  360 , such as one or more USB ports, SD ports, Compact Disc (CD) drives, DVD drives, FireWire ports, Thunderbolt ports, PCI Express ports, and the like. The processor  310 , along with other controllers or processors, stores data in one or more memory modules  350 , which can be internal and/or external to the processor  310 . Any suitable type of memory can be used, including volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as RAM, ROM, magnetic memory, solid-state memory, Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the processor  310  can be a general purpose controller, such as a low-power processor. In other embodiments, the processor  310  can be an application specific processor. The processor  310  can be configured as a “central” processor in the electronic architecture of the pump assembly, and the processor  310  can coordinate the activity of other processors, such as a pump control processor  370 , communications processor  330 , and one or more additional processors  380  (e.g., processor for controlling the display  206 , processor for controlling the buttons  212 , etc.). The processor  310  can run a suitable operating system, such as a Linux, Windows CE, VxWorks, etc. 
     The pump control processor  370  can be configured to control the operation of a negative pressure pump  390 . The pump  390  can be a suitable pump, such as a diaphragm pump, peristaltic pump, rotary pump, rotary vane pump, scroll pump, screw pump, liquid ring pump, diaphragm pump operated by a piezoelectric transducer, voice coil pump, and the like. The pump can include one or more valves, such as inlet and outlet (or exhaust) valves. The valves can be configured to open and close to enable the pump to aspirate fluid from the wound cavity  110 . The pump control processor  370  can measure pressure in a fluid flow path, using data received from one or more pressure sensors, calculate the rate of fluid flow, and control the pump. The pump control processor  370  can control a pump motor so that a desired level of negative pressure is achieved in the wound cavity  110 . The desired level of negative pressure can be pressure set or selected by the user. In various embodiments, the pump control processor  370  controls the pump (e.g., pump motor) using pulse-width modulation (PWM). A control signal for driving the pump can be a 0-100% duty cycle PWM signal. The pump control processor  370  can perform flow rate calculations and detect various conditions in a flow path. The pump control processor  370  can communicate information to the processor  310 . The pump control processor  370  can include internal memory and/or can utilize memory  350 . The pump control processor  370  can be a low-power processor. In some embodiments, processor  310  is configured to control the pump  390 , and pump control processor  370  is not used. 
     A communications processor  330  can be configured to provide wired and/or wireless connectivity. The communications processor  330  can utilize one or more antennas  340  for sending and receiving data. The communications processor  330  can provide one or more of the following types of connections: Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, cellular connectivity (e.g., 2G, 3G, LTE, 4G), WiFi connectivity, Internet connectivity, and the like. Connectivity can be used for various activities, such as pump assembly location tracking, asset tracking, compliance monitoring, remote selection, uploading of logs, alarms, and other operational data, and adjustment of therapy settings, upgrading of software and/or firmware, and the like. The communications processor  330  can provide dual GPS/cellular functionality. Cellular functionality can, for example, be 3G functionality. In such cases, if the GPS module is not able to establish satellite connection due to various factors including atmospheric conditions, building or terrain interference, satellite geometry, and so on, the device location can be determined using the 3G network connection, such as by using cell identification, triangulation, forward link timing, and the like. The pump assembly can include a SIM card, and SIM-based positional information can be obtained. 
     The communications processor  330  can communicate information to the processor  310 . The communications processor  330  can include internal memory and/or can utilize memory  350 . The communications processor  330  can be a low-power processor. 
     In some embodiments, the pump assembly can track and store various data, such as one or more of positioning data, therapy parameters, logs, device data, and so on. The pump assembly can track and log therapy and other operational data. Data can be stored, for example, in the memory  350 . The frequency or triggering of tracking or storing the various data can moreover vary depending on one or more conditions. For example, the various data (e.g., positioning data for a pump assembly) can be tracked or stored periodically, such as once per day, hour, or minute, or with more or less frequency. As another example, the various data (e.g., positioning data for a pump assembly) can be tracked or stored when the pump assembly changes its mode of operation (e.g., initiates or stops providing therapy), connects to a communications network (e.g., 3G or WiFi network) using the communications processor  330 , and the like. Such frequency or triggering control can, in certain embodiments, advantageously enable protection of the privacy of users of the pump assembly such that limited information about the use or possession of the pump assembly are tracked or stored. 
     In some embodiments, using the connectivity provided by the communications processor  330 , the device can upload any of the data stored, maintained, and/or tracked by the pump assembly. For example, the following information can be uploaded to a remote computer or server: activity log(s), which includes therapy delivery information, such as therapy duration, alarm log(s), which includes alarm type and time of occurrence; error log, which includes internal error information, transmission errors, and the like; therapy duration information, which can be computed hourly, daily, and the like; total therapy time, which includes therapy duration from first applying a particular therapy program or programs; lifetime therapy information; device information, such as the serial number, software version, battery level, etc.; device location information; patient information; and so on. The device can also download various operational data, such as therapy selection and parameters, firmware and software patches and upgrades, and the like. The pump assembly can provide Internet browsing functionality using one or more browser programs, mail programs, application software (e.g., apps), etc. 
     In some embodiments, the communications processor  330  can use the antenna  340  to communicate a location of the pump assembly, such as a location of a housing of the pump assembly, to other devices in the proximity (for example, within 10, 20, or 50 meters and the like) of the pump assembly. The communications processor  330  can perform one-way or two-way communication with the other devices depending on the implementation. The communications transmitted by the communications processor  330  can include identifying information to uniquely identify the pump assembly relative to one or more other pump assemblies also in the proximity of the pump assembly. For example, identifying information can include a serial number or a value derived from the serial number. The signal strength of the transmitted communications by the communications processor  330  can be controlled (for example, maintained at a constant or substantially constant level) to enable another device to determine a distance to the pump assembly, such as a distance between the device and the pump assembly. 
     In some embodiments, the communications processor  330  can communicate with other devices in the proximity of the pump assembly so that the communications processor  330  can itself determine a distance from the pump assembly to the other devices. The communications processor  330 , in such embodiments, can track and store the distance from the pump assembly to the other devices or indications of change in the distance over time, and the communications processor  330  can later provide this information to the other devices. For instance, the communications processor  330  can determine a duration of time during which the pump assembly has been removed from a coverage area of a device and subsequently report this time to the device upon being returned to the coverage area. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a system schematic  400  according to some embodiments. A pump assembly  420 , such as the pump assembly  150 , includes a user interface processor firmware and/or software  422 , which can be executed by the user interface processor  310 , pump control processor firmware and/or software  424 , which can be executed by the pump control processor  370 , communications processor firmware and/or software  426 , which can be executed by the communications processor  330 , and additional processor(s) firmware and/or software  428 , which can be executed by one or more additional processors  380 . The pump assembly  420  can be connected to a user computer  410 , which can be a laptop, desktop, tablet, smartphone, and the like. A wired or wireless connection can be utilized to connect the computer  410  to the pump assembly  420 . For example, a USB connection can be used. The connection between the computer  410  and the pump assembly  420  can be used for various activities, such as pump assembly location tracking, asset tracking, compliance monitoring, selection, uploading of logs, alarms, and other operational data, and adjustment of therapy settings, upgrading of software and/or firmware, and the like. The pump assembly  420  and computer  410  can communicate with a remote computer or server  440  via the cloud  430 . As is used herein, the term “cloud” and the like, in addition to having its ordinary meaning, can refer to the Internet. The remote computer  440  can include a data storage module  442  and a web interface  444  for accessing the remote computer  440 . The remote computer  440  includes a processor  446 , such as one or more CPUs. In some embodiments, the remote computer  440  includes multiple computers. 
     The connection between the computer  410  and pump assembly  420  can be utilized to perform one or more of the following: initialization and programming of the pump assembly  420 , firmware and/or software upgrades, maintenance and troubleshooting, selecting and adjusting therapy parameters, and the like. In some embodiments, the computer  410  can execute an application program for communicating the pump assembly  420 . 
     The pump assembly  420  can upload various data to the remote computer (or multiple remote computers)  440  via the cloud  430 . As explained above, upload data can include activity log(s), alarm log(s), therapy duration information, total therapy time, lifetime therapy information, device information, device location information, patient information, etc. In addition, the pump assembly  420  can receive and process commands received from the cloud  430 . 
     In some embodiments, the frequency or triggering of uploading various data by the pump assembly can moreover vary depending on one or more conditions. In one example, the various data can be uploaded with a frequency that depends on whether an external power source is connected to the pump assembly (e.g., the various data can be uploaded more frequently when connected to line or mains power than when not connected to mains power) and/or certain power settings for the pump assembly (e.g., the various data can be uploaded less frequently when power settings indicate a lower power mode of operation for the pump assembly). For instance, the pump assembly can upload positioning data (i) once per hour when the pump assembly is connected to mains power and when a backlight of the touchscreen is on indicating a higher power mode of operation for the pump assembly and (ii) once per two hours when the pump assembly is not connected to mains power (e.g., pump assembly is running off battery power) or when the backlight of the touchscreen is off indicating a lower power mode of operation for the pump assembly. In another example, the various data may be uploaded when a communications network connection is enabled for the pump assembly or when the pump assembly is connected to a communications network, but not when communications network connection is disabled or when the pump assembly is not connected to the communications network. In yet another example, the powering on or off of the pump assembly can trigger the transmission of the various data, potentially with a delay in some implementations (e.g., data transmission can be triggered ten minutes after power on of a pump assembly if more than one hour has elapsed since a last power off of the pump assembly). In a further example, when data is loaded to the pump assembly (e.g., via the I/O module  320 , expansion module  360 , etc.) rather than collected by the pump assembly (e.g., as a result of the provision of therapy by the pump assembly), the transmission of the various data, such as the data loaded to the pump assembly, can be triggered. 
     In some embodiments, the computer  410  can be used to create an account with the remote computer  440  and register one or more pump assemblies to the account. The computer  410  can then, for example, be used to login to the account to access saved therapy data for the one or more registered pump assemblies, access operation instructions for the one or more registered pump assemblies, enable or control certain functionality of the one or more registered pump assemblies, and the like. The registration process can additionally enable possession or usage of the one or more registered pump assemblies to be attributed to an account owner so that any restrictions on use (e.g., use limited to specific entities, within geographic areas, or under certain contractual terms) for the one or more pump assemblies may be tracked or enforced. 
     Operation of the Pump Assembly 
     In some embodiments, the pump assembly  230  can be operated using a touchscreen interface displayed on the screen  206 . Various graphical user interface (GUI) screens present information on systems settings and operations, among other things. The touchscreen interface can be actuated or operated by a finger (or a stylus or another suitable device). Tapping a touchscreen cam result in making a selection. To scroll, a user can touchscreen and hold and drag to view the selections. Additional or alternative ways to operate the touchscreen interface can be implemented, such as multiple finger swipes for scrolling, multiple finger pinch for zooming, and the like. 
       FIGS. 5A-5C  illustrate graphical user interface screens according to some embodiments. The GUI screens can be displayed on the screen  206 , which can be configured as a touchscreen interface. Information displayed on the screens can be generated based on input received from the user. The GUI screens can be utilized for initializing the device, selecting and adjusting therapy settings, monitoring device operation, uploading data to the network (e.g., cloud), and the like. The illustrated GUI screens can be generated directly by an operating system running on the processor  310  and/or by a graphical user interface layer or component running on the operating system. For instance, the screens can be developed using Qt framework available from Digia. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a therapy settings screen  500 A according to some embodiments. The therapy settings screen  500 A can be displayed after the pump assembly has been initialized (e.g., screen  500 A can function as a home screen). The therapy settings screen  500 A includes a status bar  502  that comprises icons indicating operational parameters of the device. Animated icon  503  is a therapy delivery indicator. When therapy is not being delivered, icon  503  can be static and displayed in a color, such as gray. When therapy is being delivered, icon  503  can turn a different color, such as orange, and becomes animated, such as, rotates, pulsates, become filled with color, etc. Other status bar icons include a volume indicator and a battery indicator, and may include additional icons, such as wireless connectivity. The therapy settings screen  500 A includes date/time and information. The therapy settings screen  500 A includes a menu  510  that comprises menu items  512  for accessing device settings,  514  for accessing logs,  516  for accessing help, and  518  for returning to the therapy settings screen (or home screen) from other screens. The pump assembly can be configured so that after a period of inactivity, such as not receiving input from the user, therapy settings screen  500 A (or home screen) is displayed. Additional or alternative controls, indicators, messages, icons, and the like can be used. 
     The therapy settings screen  500 A includes negative pressure up and down controls  522  and  524 . Up and down controls  522  and  524  can be configured to adjust the negative pressure setpoint by a suitable step size, such as ±5 mmHg. As is indicated by label  526 , the current therapy selection is −80 mmHg (or 80 mmHg below atmospheric pressure). The therapy settings screen  500 A includes continuous/intermittent therapy selection  530 . Continuous therapy selection screen can be accessed via control  532  and intermittent therapy selection screen can be accessed via control  534 . As is illustrated, the current therapy setting is to continuously deliver negative pressure at −80 mmHg. As is indicated by message  528 , therapy delivery can be initiated by pressing a button, such as button  212   b  on the pump assembly  230 . The therapy settings screen  500 A includes Y-connector selection  535  for treating multiple wounds, such as two, three, etc. wounds, with one pump assembly  230 . Control  536  selects treatment of a single wound, and control  538  selects treatment of more than one wound by the pump assembly. As is indicated by the label “Y-CONNECT OFF,” the current selection is to treat a single wound. Additional or alternative controls, indicators, messages, icons, and the like can be used. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates settings screen  500 B according to some embodiments. The settings screen  500 B can be accessed by selecting menu item  512  (e.g., from screen  500 A). As is illustrated, settings screen  500 B includes a menu  560  for adjusting various operational parameters of the pump assembly  230 , including alarm volume setting, compression setting  562 , user mode setting (e.g., clinician or patient), language setting, time zone setting, flow meter  564 , restore presets (e.g., factory presets), and device information. Attempting to set the user mode as clinician mode may prompt the user to enter a password or satisfy any other suitable security check. Operating the pump assembly in clinician mode can provide unrestricted access to all features and settings, whereas operating the pump assembly in patient mode can prevent inadvertent changes to therapy settings by preventing access to one or more features and settings, such as therapy settings, compression settings, and the like. Alternative or additional menu items can be displayed. The illustrated menu  560  is an expanded version of the menu showing all menu items. In use, menu  560  may only partially fit on the screen, and the menu items can be accessed via the scroll bar  561  or via any other suitable alternative or additional controls. Additional or alternative controls, indicators, messages, icons, and the like can be used. 
       FIG. 5C  illustrates alarms and troubleshooting screen  500 C according to some embodiments. The screen  500 C can be accessed by selecting the menu item  516  for accessing help (see  FIG. 5B ) and selecting alarms menu item from the help screen (not shown). As is illustrated, screen  500 C includes a menu  588  with menu items for various alarm and troubleshooting categories, including over vacuum, high vacuum, blockage, canister flow, high flow/leak, and low or insufficient vacuum (as explained below) as well as technical failure (e.g., unrecoverable error), battery (e.g., low battery, critical low battery, battery failed), and inactivity (e.g., pump assembly is powered on an has been left without user interaction for longer than a certain period of time, such as 15 minutes). Alternative or additional menu items can be displayed. Accessing a particular menu item can bring up a screen with step-by-step instructions to assist in resolving the corresponding alarm. The instructions can include a combination of text, audio, video, etc. The illustrated menu  588  is an expanded version of the menu showing all menu items. In use, menu  588  may only partially fit on the screen, and menu items can be accessed via the scroll bar  587  or via any other suitable alternative or additional controls. Additional or alternative controls, indicators, messages, icons, and the like can be used. 
     Pump Assembly Registration and Usage Validation 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a process  600  for validating the registration and usage of a pump assembly, such as the pump assembly  150 , with a remote server according to some embodiments. The process  600  can be executed, for example, by the remote computer  440 . Advantageously, the process  600  can, in certain embodiments, enable the remote computer  440  to determine or track unauthorized registration and uses of a pump assembly and take appropriate actions (e.g., automatically generating a notification message or adjusting operation of the pump assembly). Although the process  600  is described as being performed for one pump assembly for convenience, the process  600  can be performed for tens, hundreds, thousands, or more pump assemblies. 
     The process  600  begins at block  602  when a registration request is received for a pump assembly, such as the pump assembly  150 , to register the pump assembly to an account. The registration request can be received from a computer, such as the computer  410  or the pump assembly, such as the pump assembly  420 , via a communications network, such as the cloud  430 . The registration request can indicate to register the pump assembly with an account so that the pump assembly becomes associated with the account in the future. The account can be a user account or entity account in account information managed by the remote computer  440  and through which a patient, caregiver, or another individual or entity can access information gathered by the remote computer  440  related to the registered pump assembly (e.g., activity log(s), alarm log(s), therapy duration information, total therapy time, or lifetime therapy information for the registered pump assembly). One account can be registered with one or more different pump assemblies (e.g., a fleet), and one pump assembly can be registered to one or more different accounts. 
     At block  604 , the process  600  can determine whether the pump assembly is authorized to be registered to the account. In one example, the process  600  can use a data structure (e.g., a look-up table) including account identifiers and device identifiers to determine whether an account identifier for the account and a device identifier for the pump assembly indicate that the pump assembly is authorized to be registered to the account. Other approaches for determining whether the pump assembly is authorized to be registered to the account can be used in other implementations. Pump assembly may not be authorized to be registered when it is determined that the user or entity associated with the account is not permitted to administer or be associated with the pump assembly. In response to determining that the pump assembly is unauthorized to be registered to the account, the process  600  moves to block  606 . 
     At block  606 , the process  600  performs an exception action for the pump assembly or account. The exception action can, in one example, include generating and sending a notification communication (e.g., an email, SMS, etc.) to an owner of the account or an administrator of a group (e.g., accounts within a geographic area) that includes the account informing of the exception. The notification communication can inform a receipt about the unauthorized registration attempt and/or provide suggested actions for resolving issues associated with the unauthorized registration (e.g., offering information about what steps may be taken so that the pump assembly may be successfully registered). In another example, the exception action can include preventing registration of the pump assembly to the account and/or enabling the registration to remain in effect for a limited duration (e.g., one week). In yet other examples, the exception action can include one or more of the following: (i) generating and sending a command message to the pump assembly limiting the operation capabilities for the pump assembly (e.g., disabling certain components or features, shortening the useful life, altering modes of operation, or changing data gathering approaches), (ii) generating and sending a command message to the pump assembly causing the pump assembly to provide its location (e.g., GPS location including longitude and latitude coordinates) more frequently to the remote computer  440 , (iii) generating and sending a command message to the pump assembly causing the pump assembly to display a notification on the screen that the pump assembly is not properly registered (e.g., the notification may be display periodically or consistently until the pump assembly may be successfully registered), (iv) initiating the installation of revised operating or calibration software on the pump assembly, or (v) generating and sending a command message to the pump assembly causing the power of the pump assembly to cycle off and on. After block  606 , the process  600  ends. 
     On the other hand, in response to determining that the pump assembly is authorized to be registered to the account, the process  600  moves to block  608 , and the pump assembly is registered to the account. After registration, the owner of the account may login to the account to access the information gathered by the remote computer  440  related to the pump assembly, such as information communicated (e.g., uploaded) by the pump assembly. 
     At block  610 , the process  600  receives a pump assembly usage notification. The pump assembly usage notification can be a communication (e.g., data upload) indicating that the pump assembly has been turned on or that one or more other operations have been performed by the pump assembly. The pump assembly usage notification can be communicated by the pump assembly or a computer, such as the computer  410 , via a communications network, such as the cloud  430 . The pump assembly usage notification can include an indication of a location of the pump assembly (e.g., a current location of the pump assembly or a location of the pump assembly when the pump assembly was turned on), as well as how, when, or for what duration the pump assembly is or was used. The indication of the location can include information such as a GPS location of the pump assembly. 
     At block  612 , the process  600  determines whether the pump assembly is in an authorized location. The process  600  can, for instance, compare the indication of the location from the pump assembly usage notification with a permitted zone of usage for the pump assembly, such as a zone defined by terms associated with administration of the pump assembly and stored in a memory (e.g., a memory of the remote computer  440 ). This can be performed using a data structure (e.g., a look-up table) including device identifiers and location identifiers to determine whether a device identifier for the pump assembly and a location identifier for the location indicate that the pump assembly is or was in an authorized location. Other approaches for determining whether the pump assembly is in an authorized location can be used in other implementations. 
     In response to determining that the pump assembly is in an unauthorized location, the process  600  moves to block  606  and performs an exception action, such as described herein, for the pump assembly or account. For example, the exception action can include generating and sending a notification communication (e.g., an email, SMS, etc.) to an owner of an account or an administrator of a group (e.g., accounts within a geographic area) to which the pump assembly is registered or associated. The notification communication can inform a receipt about the unauthorized location for the pump assembly and/or provide suggested actions for resolving issues associated with the unauthorized location (e.g., offering information about where the pump assembly is authorized to be used or what steps may be taken so that the location in which the pump assembly may be used can be adjusted or expanded to cover the unauthorized location). 
     On the other hand, in response to determining that the pump assembly is in an authorized location, the process  600  moves to block  614 . At block  614 , the process  600  determines whether a usage of the pump assembly is authorized. The process  600 , for instance, can compare the indication of how, when, or for what duration the pump assembly is or was used with an authorized usage for the pump assembly, such as a usage defined by the terms associated with usage of the pump assembly and stored in a memory (e.g., a memory of the remote computer  440 ). This can be performed using a data structure (e.g., a look-up table) including device identifiers and operation identifiers to determine whether a device identifier for the pump assembly and an operation identifier for an operation performed by the pump assembly indicate that the pump assembly is or was used in a permitted manner. Other approaches for determining whether the usage of the pump assembly is authorized can be utilized in other implementations. 
     In response to determining that the usage of the pump assembly is unauthorized, the process  600  moves to block  606  and performs an exception action, such as described herein, for the pump assembly or account. For example, the exception action can include generating and sending a notification communication (e.g., an email, SMS, etc.) to an owner of an account or an administrator of a group (e.g., accounts within a geographic area) to which the pump assembly is registered or associated. The notification communication can inform a receipt about the unauthorized usage for the pump assembly and/or provide suggested actions for resolving issues associated with the unauthorized usage (e.g., offering information about how the pump assembly may be properly used or what steps may be taken so that the pump assembly usage abilities for the pump assembly may be adjusted or expanded to cover the unauthorized usage). On the other hand, in response to determining that the usage of the pump assembly is authorized, the process  600  moves to block  616 . 
     At block  616 , the process  600  stores an indication of the authorized usage of the assembly to the account to which the pump assembly is registered. The process  600  can, for example, store to a memory (e.g., a memory of the remote computer  440 ) the indication of a duration of the authorized usage of the pump assembly in association with the account so that the duration of the authorized usage is later available for access via the account. 
     In some embodiments, the process  600  can be used or modified to track arrival of one or more pump assemblies at one or more particular locations, such as one or more hospitals, care facilities, and the like. For example, at block  610 , the indication of the location for a pump assembly can be received and, based at least on the indication of the location, arrival of the pump assembly can be tracked. In various embodiments, the process  600  can be used or modified to track misplaced or lost pump assemblies. For example, the indication of the location for a pump assembly received at block  610  can be used to determine the location of a misplaced pump assembly. 
     Other Variations 
     Any value of a threshold, limit, duration, etc. provided herein is not intended to be absolute and, thereby, can be approximate. In addition, any threshold, limit, duration, etc. provided herein can be fixed or varied either automatically or by a user. Furthermore, as is used herein relative terminology such as exceeds, greater than, less than, etc. in relation to a reference value is intended to also encompass being equal to the reference value. For example, exceeding a reference value that is positive can encompass being equal to or greater than the reference value. In addition, as is used herein relative terminology such as exceeds, greater than, less than, etc. in relation to a reference value is intended to also encompass an inverse of the disclosed relationship, such as below, less than, greater than, etc. in relations to the reference value. 
     Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed. 
     While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. For example, the actual steps and/or order of steps taken in the disclosed processes may differ from those shown in the figure. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. For instance, the various components illustrated in the figures may be implemented as software and/or firmware on a processor, controller, ASIC, FPGA, and/or dedicated hardware. Hardware components, such as processors, ASICs, FPGAs, and the like, can include logic circuitry. Furthermore, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     User interface screens illustrated and described herein can include additional and/or alternative components. These components can include menus, lists, buttons, text boxes, labels, radio buttons, scroll bars, sliders, checkboxes, combo boxes, status bars, dialog boxes, windows, and the like. User interface screens can include additional and/or alternative information. Components can be arranged, grouped, displayed in any suitable order. 
     Although the present disclosure includes certain embodiments, examples and applications, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein, and may be defined by claims as presented herein or as presented in the future.