Patent Publication Number: US-2020295462-A1

Title: Integrated Circuit Package Including Miniature Antenna

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/396,334 filed Apr. 26, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/041,382 filed Jul. 20, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,320,079, on Jun. 11, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/673,164 filed Aug. 9, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,056,691, on Aug. 21, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/733,311 filed Jun. 8, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,761,948, on Sep. 12, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/475,419 filed May 18, 2012, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,077,073, on Jul. 7, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/240,088 filed Sep. 29, 2008, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,203,488, on Jun. 19, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/488,107 filed Jul. 17, 2006, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,463,199, on Dec. 9, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/040,622 filed Jan. 21, 2005, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,372, on Aug. 22, 2006, which is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2002/012427 filed Nov. 7, 2002, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates generally to novel integrated circuit packages that include a new family of miniature antennas in the package. The present invention allows the integration of a full wireless system into a single component. 
     There is a trend in the semiconductor industry towards the so-called System on Chip (SoC) and System on Package (SoP) concepts. This means integrating as many components of an electronic system as possible (processors, memories, logic gates, biasing circuitry, etc.) into a single semiconductor chip (or “die”) (SoC) or at least into a single integrated circuit package (SoP). The full integration of systems or subsystems into a single chip or package provides many advantages in terms of cost, size, weight, consumption, performance and product design complexity. Several electronics components for consumer applications, such as handsets, wireless devices, personal digital assistants (PDA) or personal computers are becoming more and more integrated into SoP/SoC products. 
     The concept of integrating a full wireless system into a SoC/SoP device (FWSoC and FWSoP) is especially attractive owing to the tremendous growth and success of cellular and wireless systems. In particular, there is a new generation of short/medium range wireless applications such as Bluetooth™, Hyperlan, IEEE802.11 and ultra wide band (UWB) systems where the progressive system integration into a single, compact product is becoming a key success factor (see for instance S. Harris and H. Johnston, “Handset industry debate Bluetooth chip options”, WirlessEurope, May 2002). Recently, several vendors (for example www.infineon.com, ww.st.com, www.epson.com www.csr.com) are offering SoC or SoP products for applications that integrate everything into the chip or package, except for the antenna. The reason the antenna is excluded is that its integration into the SoC or SoP is a major engineering challenge in the product development, mainly due to the reduced size of the commercial SoP and SoC packages and the well-known constraints on the performance of miniature antennas. 
     There have been reported several attempts to integrate an antenna inside a semiconductor die or chip, which die or chip also includes an electronic system or radio frequency (RF) front-end (see for example D. Singh, C. Kaliakis, P. Gardner, P. S. Hall, Small H-Shaped Antennas for MMIC Applications, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 48, no. 7, July 2000; D. W. Griffin, A. J. Partfitt, Electromagnetic Design Aspects of Packages for Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit-Based Arrays with Integrated Antenna Elements, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 43, no. 9 September 1995; P. S. Hall, System Applications. The Challenge for Active Integrated Antennas, APS2000 Millennium Conference, April 2002; I. Papapolymerou, R. F. Drayton, L. P. B. Katehi, Micromachined Patch Antennas, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, no. 2 February 1998; J. Zhao, S. Raman, Design of Chip-Scale Patch Antennas for 5-6 GHz Wireless Microsystem, Antennas and Propagation Society, 2001 IEEE International Symp., Volume: 2, 2001; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,373,447). These designs feature two important limitations: first the operating frequency must be large enough to allow a conventional antenna to fit inside the chip; second the antenna performance is poor in terms of gain, mainly due to the losses in the semiconductor material. According to D. Singh, et al., the smallest frequency in which an antenna has been integrated together with an electronic system inside the same was 5.98 GHz. Typical gains that have been achieved with such designs are around −10 dBi. 
     In general, there is a trade-off between antenna performance and miniaturization. The fundamental limits on small antennas were theoretically established by H. Wheeler and L. J. Chu in the middle 1940&#39;s. They stated that a small antenna has a high quality factor (Q) because of the large reactive energy stored in the antenna vicinity compared to the radiated power. Such a high quality factor yields a narrow bandwidth; in fact, the fundamental derived in such theory imposes a maximum bandwidth given a specific size of a small antenna. Related to this phenomenon, it is also known that a small antenna features a large input reactance (either capacitive or inductive) that usually has to be compensated with an external matching/loading circuit or structure. It also means that it is difficult to pack a resonant antenna into a space which is small in terms of the wavelength at resonance. Other characteristics of a small antenna are its small radiating resistance and its low efficiency (see R. C. Hansen, Fundamental Limitations on Antennas, Proc. IEEE, vol. 69, no. 2, February 1981). 
     Some antenna miniaturization techniques rely basically on the antenna geometry to achieve a substantial resonant frequency reduction while keeping efficient radiation. For instance patent WO01/54225 discloses a set of space-filling antenna geometries (SFC) that are suitable for this purpose. Another advantage of such SFC geometries is that in some cases they feature a multiband response. 
     The dimension (D) is a commonly used parameter to mathematically describe the complexity of some convoluted curves. There exist many different mathematical definitions of dimension but in the present document the box-counting dimension (which is well-known to those skilled in advanced mathematics theory) is used to characterize some embodiments (see discussion on the mathematical concept of dimension in for instance W. E. Caswell and J. A. Yorke, Invisible errors in dimension calculations: geometric and systematic effects, Dimensions and Entropies in Chaotic Systems, G. Mayer-Kress edit., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1989, second edition pp. 123-136, and K. Judd, A. I. Mees,  Estimating dimensions with confidence , International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 1,2 (1991) 467-470). 
     It should be apparent that the present invention is substantially different from some prior-art designs called chip-antennas (see for instance H. Tanidokoro, N. Konishi, E. Hirose, Y. Shinohara, H. Arai, N. Goto, 1- Wavelength Loop Type Dielectric Chip Antennas , Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1998, IEEE, vol. 4, 1998; Electromagnetically coupled dielectric chip antenna, Matsushima, H.; Hirose, E.; Shinohara, Y.; Arai, H.; Golo, N. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, Vol. 4, 1998). Those are typically single component antenna products that integrate only the antenna inside a surface-mount device. To achieve the necessary wavelength compression, those antennas are mainly constructed using high permittivity materials such as ceramics. The drawbacks of using such high permittivity materials are that the antenna has a very narrow bandwidth, the material introduces significant losses, and the manufacturing procedure and materials are not compatible with most current chip or package manufacturing techniques; therefore they do not currently include other components or electronics besides the antenna, and they are not suitable for a FWSoC or FWSoP. On the contrary, the present invention relies on the specific novel design of the antenna geometry and its ability to use the materials that are currently being used for integrated circuit package construction, so that the cost is minimized while allowing a smooth integration with the rest of the system. 
     There have been recently disclosed some RF SoP configurations that also include also antennas on the package. Again, most of these designs rely on a conventional microstrip, shorted patch or PIFA antenna that is suitable for large frequencies (and therefore small wavelengths) and feature a reduced gain. In the paper K. Lim, S. Pinel, M. Davis, A. Sutono, C. Lee, D. Heo, A. Obatoynbo, J. Laskar, E. Tantzeris. R. Tummala,  RF - System - On - Package  ( SOP )  for Wireless Communications , IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 3, no. 1, March 2002, a SoP including an RF front-end with an integrated antenna is described. The antenna comprises a microstrip patch backed by a cavity which is made with shorting pins and operates at 5.8 GHz. As mentioned in the paper, it is difficult to extend those designs in the 1-6 GHz frequency range where most current wireless and cellular services are located, mainly due to the size of conventional antennas at such large wavelengths. Another design for an antenna on a package is disclosed in Y. P. Zhang, W. B. Li,  Integration of a Planar Inverted F Antenna on a Cavity - Down Ceramic Ball Grid Array Package , IEEE Symp. on Antennas and Propagation, June 2002. Although the antenna operates at the Bluetooth™ band (2.4 GHz), the IC package is substantially large (15×15 mm) and the antenna performance is poor (gain is below −9 dBi). 
     Patent application EP1126522 describes a particular double S-shaped antenna design that is mounted on a BGA package. Although no precise data is given on the package size in the application, typically, S-shaped slot antennas resonate at a wavelength on the order of twice the unfolded length of the S-shaped pattern. Again, this makes the whole package too large for typical wireless applications where the wavelength is above 120 mm. Also, this design requires a combination with high permittivity materials that, in turn, reduce the antenna bandwidth, increase its cost and decreases the overall antenna efficiency. 
     Regarding the package construction and architecture, there are several standard configurations depending mainly on the application. Some basic architectures are: single-in-line (SIL), dual-in-line (DIL), dual-in-line with surface mount technology DIL-SMT, quad-flat-package (QFP), pin grid array (PGA) and ball grid array (BGA) and small outline packages. Other derivatives are for instance: plastic ball grid array (PBGA), ceramic ball grid array (CBGA), tape ball grid array (TBGA), super ball grid array (SBGA), micro ball grid array DBGA®. Some of these configurations are present in their CSP (Chip Scale Package) versions, wherein the semiconductor chip or die typically fills up to an 85% of the package area. The interconnection of those packages with the semiconductor chip or die can be done with several standard processes and technologies as well, mainly wire-bonding, tape automated bonding and flip-chip. A description of several standard packaging architectures can be found in the websites of several package manufacturers, such as for instance www.amkor.com (see also L. Halbo, P. Ohlckers,  Electronic Components, Packaging and Production , ISBN.:82-992193-2-9). 
     In the last few years, several improvements in packaging technology have appeared mainly due to the development of Multichip Module (MCM) applications (see for instance N. Sherwani, Q. Yu, S. Badida,  Introduction to Multi Chip Modules , John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1995). Those consist of an integrated circuit package that typically contains several chips (i.e., several semiconductor dies) and discrete miniature components (biasing capacitors, resistors, inductors). Depending on the materials and manufacturing technologies, MCM packages are classified in three main categories: laminated (MCM-L), ceramic (MCM-C) and deposited (MCM-D). Some combinations of them are also possible, such as MCM-L/D and other derivations such as Matsushita ALIVH. These MCM packaging techniques cover a wide range of materials for the substrate (for instance E-glass/epoxy, E-glass/polyimide, woven Kevlar/epoxy, s-glass/cyanate ester, quartz/polymide, thermount/HiT a  epoxy, thermount/polyimide, thermount/cyanate ester, PTFE, RT-Duroid 5880, Rogers RO3000® and RO4000®, polyiolefin, alumina, sapphire, quartz glass, Corning glass, beryllium oxide and even intrinsic GaAs and silicon) and manufacturing processes (thick film, thin film, silicon thin film, polymer thin film, LTCC, HTCC). 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates generally to novel integrated circuit packages that include a new family of miniature antennas in the package. Also, the invention relates to several novel ways of arranging the materials and components of the package to include the antenna. The characteristic aspects of the invention are:
         the small size of the antenna, which allows the use of very small packages (such as for instance CSP packages) at typical wireless wavelengths;   the antenna geometry that enables such a miniaturization;   the arrangement of the antenna in the package, and   the compatibility of the antenna design with virtually any state of the art packaging architecture.       

     The integrated circuit package of the present invention generally comprises an antenna in the form of a conducting pattern integrated in the package. One of the characteristic aspects of the invention is the geometry of the conducting pattern. The conducting pattern comprises a curve having at least five sections or segments, at least three of the sections or segments being shorter than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna, each of the five sections or segments forming a pair of angles with each adjacent segment or section, wherein the smaller angle of each of the four pairs of angles between sections or segments is less than 180° (i.e., no pair of sections or segments define a longer straight segment), wherein at least two of the angles are less than 115°, wherein at least two of the angles are not equal, and wherein the curve fits inside a rectangular area the longest edge of which is shorter than one-fifth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. In some embodiments, the curve is arranged such that two of the angles are defined respectively in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions at opposite sides of the curve to minimize the inductive coiling effect. 
     In some embodiments, SFC geometries can be used to shape a portion of the antenna included in the package, as long as the antenna geometry is arranged within the package according to the present invention. Although SFC geometries as described in WO01/54225 provide significant miniaturization capabilities, they have some drawbacks in terms of efficiency and input impedance that need to be corrected by using the special package and antenna geometry arrangements as disclosed in the present invention. In many cases, SFC antenna geometries described in WO01/54225 by themselves do not meet the optimum trade-off between antenna miniaturization and performance because of an excess of a number of segments, because there is a too tight requirement on the size of the segments (some times breaking the antenna geometry in 10 segments reduces the antenna efficiency), and because the angles between segments need to be arranged according to the present invention (at least two angles less than 115°, but it is not always necessary for all of them to be less than 115°) to fit and operate inside the package. 
     For those packages where the size is critical and the required degree of miniaturization is very high, the characteristic curve of the antenna will feature a box-counting dimension larger than 1.17. For a further degree of miniaturization, the curve will be arranged such that its box-counting dimension ranges from 1.5 up to 3. For some embodiments, a curve having a box-counting dimension of about 2 is preferred. 
     The present invention applies to several antenna topologies, both balanced and unbalanced. In particular, monopoles, dipoles, loops, folded and loaded monopoles and dipoles and their slot or aperture equivalents (slot monopoles, slot dipoles, slot loops, folded and loaded slot monopoles and dipoles) are some of the structures that can be arranged according to the present invention. Other structures include shorted and bent monopoles (L monopoles, IFA), multibranch structures, coupled monopoles and dipole antennas and again their aperture equivalents. All of them would include the characteristic pattern built on a component of the integrated circuit package according to the present invention. 
     Another possible antenna configuration is a microstrip or patch antenna, including their shorted versions (shorted patches and planar inverted F or PIFA structures); nevertheless for the planar cases a particular selection of the disclosed geometries should be considered to achieve the required degree of miniaturization. In particular, the characteristic pattern of the invention should include at least a curve with fifteen segments, with at least seven of the segments being shorter than one-twentieth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. The rest of the general conditions that conform the essential geometric aspects of the invention, as described above, apply to the microstrip patch and their shorted versions as well. 
     The present invention is compatible with any of the current integrated and integrated circuit package manufacturing techniques and architectures. For instance, tape bonding or flip-chip techniques could be used instead of wire bonding to interconnect the chip to the package. Also, a wide range of low-loss dielectric materials and single-layer or multi-layer manufacturing techniques such as the typical ones used in MCM-L, MCM-C and MCM-D or D/L techniques (for instance HTCC, LTCC, lamination, thin and thick film processes) can be combined with the newly disclosed antenna geometry and package arrangements to implement the invention. Analogously, the invention is compatible with MCM electronic architectures that include two or more semiconductor chips inside a single package. The MCM packaging architectures are typical for the development of SoP solutions, and for instance other RF passive and active components can be mounted on the package apart from the semiconductor dice. This means that in some embodiments of the invention, the antenna will not be directly connected to the semiconductor die as in the example of  FIG. 1 , but through an RF front-end (including for instance filtering, biasing, mixing and amplifying stages) or other passive elements (transmission lines, baluns, matching networks and so on) mounted on the package. 
     The above description relates the main aspects of the invention that contribute to the antenna miniaturization and its efficient integration on an integrated circuit package. It should be noted that not every folded structure would provide the desired degree of antenna miniaturization; packing a large length of wire or conducting material in any arrangement will not provide always an efficient behavior of the antenna, due to coupling between segments and bends, and due to an inefficient use of the available space. The present invention provides the necessary degree of compactness to achieve the desired degree of integration of the antenna into the integrated circuit package. 
     Of course, depending on the application (for instance cellular GSM, DCS or PCS, Bluetooth™, WLAN, IEEE802.11a, IEEE802.11b, Hyperlan, Hyperlan2, UMTS, AMPS, WCDMA, DECT, UWB, CDMA-800, PDC-800, PDC-1500, KPCS, wireless chip interconnection, GPS, etc.), the requirements on the antenna in terms of bandwidth, impedance, efficiency, size and packaging density will be different. For every application there will be a trade-off on several of those parameters, and those trade-offs can always be met according to the essence and spirit of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including an antenna formed from a conducting pattern having seven segments, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a dipole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a slot or aperture antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a slot or aperture antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a multibranch antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a loop antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 7A  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a coupled dipole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 7B  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including an active monopole antenna and a parasitic monopole antenna, according to the present invention, both monopoles coupled through a close proximity region. 
         FIG. 8A  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including an inverted F antenna (IFA), according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 8B  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including an antenna curve that defines at least a portion of the perimeter of an area. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  show an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a solid conducting pattern combined with a curve, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 10A-10N  show examples of prior art space-filling curves suitable for use in the integrated circuit packages of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D  show embodiments of integrated circuit packages including monopole antennas in the form of a Hilbert curve, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 12A-12E  show embodiments of integrated circuit packages including dipole antennas, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13A-13C  show embodiments of integrated circuit packages including loop and slot antennas, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 14A  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a slot monopole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 14B  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a slot dipole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a monopole antenna and a grounding plane or ground counterpoise, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 16A-16E  show conventional package architectures suitable for use in the integrated circuit packages of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  shows an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including an antenna having non-linear segments, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 18A and 18B  show a perspective view (above  18 A) and a top plan view (below  18 B) of an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a multibranch monopole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 19A and 19B  show a perspective view (above  19 A) and a top plan view (below  19 B) of an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a monopole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  show a perspective view (above  20 A) and a top plan view (below  20 B) of an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a monopole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 21A and 21B  show a perspective view (above  21 A) and a top plan view (below  21 B) of an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a L-shaped monopole antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  shows a top plan view of an embodiment of an integrated circuit package including a slot antenna, according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 23A and 23B  show examples of how the box-counting dimension is calculated, according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention relates to an integrated circuit package comprising at least one substrate, each substrate including at least one layer, at least one semiconductor die, at least one terminal, and an antenna located in the integrated circuit package, but not on the at least one semiconductor die. The antenna comprises a conducting pattern, at least a portion of which includes a curve, and the curve comprises at least five segments, each of the at least five segments forming an angle with each adjacent segment in the curve, at least three of the segments being shorter than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. Each angle between adjacent segments is less than 180° and at least two of the angles between adjacent sections are less than 115°, and wherein at least two of the angles are not equal. The curve fits inside a rectangular area, the longest side of the rectangular area being shorter than one-fifth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. 
     One of the advantages of the package arrangements of the present invention is that they allow a high package density including the antenna. In some embodiments such as for instance those shown in  FIGS. 19A-19B and 21A-21B , the antenna can be fitted in a rectangular area, the longest edge of which is shorter than one-twentieth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. In some cases such as the one shown in  FIGS. 21A-21B , the arrangement of the package in terms of layout, antenna and chip arrangement allows the whole package to be smaller than one-twentieth of the free-space operating wavelength. 
     One aspect of the present invention is the box-counting dimension of the curve that forms at least a portion of the antenna. For a given geometry lying on a surface, the box-counting dimension is computed in the following way: first a grid with boxes of size L 1  is placed over the geometry, such that the grid completely covers the geometry, and the number of boxes N 1  that include at least a point of the geometry are counted; secondly a grid with boxes of size L 2  (L 2  being smaller than L 1 ) is also placed over the geometry, such that the grid completely covers the geometry, and the number of boxes N 2  that include at least a point of the geometry are counted again. The box-counting dimension D is then computed as: 
     
       
         
           
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     In terms of the present invention, the box-counting dimension is computed by placing the first and second grids inside the minimum rectangular area enclosing the curve of the antenna and applying the above algorithm. 
     The first grid should be chosen such that the rectangular area is meshed in an array of at least 5×5 boxes or cells, and the second grid is chosen such that L 2 =1/2 L and such that the second grid includes at least 10×10 boxes. By the minimum rectangular area it will be understood such area wherein there is not an entire row or column on the perimeter of the grid that does not contain any piece of the curve. Thus, some of the embodiments of the present invention will feature a box-counting dimension larger than 1.17, and in those applications where the required degree of miniaturization is higher, the designs will feature a box-counting dimension ranging from 1.5 up to 3, inclusive. For some embodiments, a curve having a box-counting dimension of about 2 is preferred. For very small antennas, that fit for example in a rectangle of maximum size equal to one-twentieth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna, the box-counting dimension will be necessarily computed with a finer grid. In those cases, the first grid will be taken as a mesh of 10×10 equal cells, while the second grid will be taken as a mesh of 20×20 equal cells, and then D is computed according to the equation above. In the case of small packages with of planar designs, i.e., designs where the antenna is arranged in a single layer on a package substrate, it is preferred that the dimension of the curve included in the antenna geometry have a value close to D=2. 
     In general, for a given resonant frequency of the antenna, the larger the box-counting dimension the higher the degree of miniaturization that will be achieved by the antenna. One way of enhancing the miniaturization capabilities of the antenna according to the present invention is to arrange the several segments of the curve of the antenna pattern in such a way that the curve intersects at least one point of at least 14 boxes of the first grid with 5×5 boxes or cells enclosing the curve. Also, in other embodiments where a high degree of miniaturization is required, the curve crosses at least one of the boxes twice within the 5×5 grid, that is, the curve includes two non-adjacent portions inside at least one of the cells or boxes of the grid. 
     An example of how the box-counting dimension is computed according to the present invention is shown in  FIGS. 23A and 23B . An example of a curve  2300  according to the present invention is placed under a 5×5 grid  2301  and under a 10×10 grid  2302 . As seen in the graph, the curve  2300  touches N 1 =25 boxes in grid  2301  while it touches N 2 =78 boxes in grid  2302 . In this case the size of the boxes in grid  2301  is twice the size of the boxes in  2302 . By applying the equation above it is found that the box-counting dimension of curve  2302  is, according to the present invention, equal to D=1.6415. This example also meets some other characteristic aspects of some preferred embodiments within the present invention. The curve  2300  crosses more than 14 of the 25 boxes in grid  2301 , and also the curve crosses at least one box twice, that is, at least one box contains two non adjacent segments of the curve. In fact,  2300  is an example where such a double crossing occurs in 13 boxes out of the 25 in  2301 . 
     The package arrangements in which the antenna is built on a single layer of a package substrate are very convenient in terms of cost because a single mask can be used for processing the antenna pattern on such a layer. In some embodiments (such as for instance those shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5, 18A-18B, 19A-19B, 20A-20B, and 21A-21B ) the antenna is arranged in a single layer and fed in one tip of the curve, such that no conductor crossing over the curve is required. Although not required, a further simplification and cost reduction is achieved by means of those embodiments in the present invention wherein the antenna and the chip are mounted on the same layer of a package substrate. 
     It is noted that, according to the present invention, the antenna structure is not limited to a planar structure, because the package can include several portions or parts of the antenna in multiple layers or components of the package. The layers can be optionally interconnected by means of several vias and via holes. A preferred arrangement in several embodiments comprises repeating a similar antenna pattern on two or more layers within at least one of the package substrates, and interconnect such similar conducting patterns for the antenna at one or more points. Typically a preferred point for interconnecting such similar layers will be the feeding point. This way the current splits symmetrically on every layer so that the ohmic resistance of the overall antenna is lower and the antenna is more efficient. A simple, low-cost version of such an arrangement comprises a package including a single substrate, the substrate including a conducting antenna pattern at both sides, the patterns being connected by at least one via. 
     In other embodiments, two or more conducting patterns for the antenna structure are located on two or more layers of the package substrate, but those patterns are different. At least one of the patterns includes the curve of the present invention with at least five segments, while the conducting pattern or patterns in the other layer or layers are used to modify the antenna impedance and impedance bandwidth, the antenna resonant frequency, the radiation pattern, or a combination of those antenna parameters at the same time. 
     Other embodiments where the antenna structure is split on several parallel layers consists on an active-parasitic arrangement. That is, the package includes a plurality of dielectric layers within one or more substrates of the package, wherein the package includes at least a first conducting pattern for the antenna in a first of the layers, the first conducting pattern on the first layer being coupled or connected to the semiconductor die. Such a first conducting pattern that is fed by the die is the active element of the antenna arrangement. In this arrangement, the package includes at least a second conducting pattern on at least a second layer of any of the substrates, the second conducting pattern being capacitively or inductively coupled to the first conducting pattern of the antenna, the second conducting pattern acting as a parasitic element for the antenna. As an example, the antennas on the package embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1-6, 11A-15 and 17-22  could become the active antenna in such an active-parasitic antenna arrangement, wherein at least an additional antenna pattern on a parallel layer on the same or other substrate would act as the parasitic element or elements of the antenna structure. The effect of such parasitic elements is primarily an increase in the bandwidth and efficiency of the antenna, together with a finer tuning of the input impedance to match the output of the output amplifier connected to the antenna. 
     An active-parasitic arrangement can be done in such a way that any of the package embodiments in the present invention is coupled to an external antenna by means of inductive or capacitive coupling or a combination of both. This way the antenna set inside the package becomes the active antenna and the external antenna becomes a parasitic antenna for the active antenna inside the package. 
     In the case of non-planar, multi-layer or volumetric structures for the antenna pattern within the package, the box-counting algorithm can be computed by means of a three-dimensional grid, using parallelepiped cells instead of rectangular and meshes with 5×5×5 cells and 10×10×10 or 20×20×20 cells respectively. In those cases, such a curve can take a dimension larger than two and in some cases, up to three. 
       FIG. 1  shows one embodiment according to the present invention. The package layout is arranged such that the die  103  is displaced with respect to the center of the substrate  102  to allocate the antenna  100  in the area  101 . According to the present invention, the maximum side length of rectangular area  101  is the longest operating wavelength for the antenna divided by five. This particular embodiment includes a monopole antenna with a single radiating arm  100 . The arm is formed by five or more segments (seven segments  111  through  117  in this particular example) with at least two angles such as  121  and  122  being less than 115°. Although not required, it is preferred that at least two of the angles that are less than 180° degrees are defined in the clock-wise and counter clock-wise directions at the opposite sides of the curve (right side for  121 , left for  122 ). The antenna curve  100  is fed through a connection  105  to a pad on the semiconductor die, such a connection including, but not limited to, a wire bond. Other wire bonds, or similar connections, can be used to connect the die with the external circuitry by means of the pins  107 . As is well known in the art, because a monopole antenna is an unbalanced, asymmetrical structure, it requires that one of the two RF terminals of the die  103  be connected to an external ground plane by means of at least one of the terminals  107 . Also, in this particular embodiment, area  101  must be free of any conductor material below or above the antenna pattern  100 , at least in 50% of the surface above or below area  101 . In similar embodiments, the only metal that is placed below or above the antenna pattern are the conductors (such as for instance wire bonds or metal strips) interconnecting the die and the package terminals. This condition is also preferred for the printed circuit board or PCB hosting the FWSoC module. 
     A similar embodiment such as the one including a monopole in  FIG. 1 , could include a folded monopole instead. For arranging the antenna within the package as a folded monopole, the free-end of the monopole will be connected by means of a conductor to a grounding terminal of the package. 
       FIG. 2  shows another embodiment of the present invention where the package  2  includes a dipole antenna  200  according to the present invention. Such a dipole antenna has two radiating arms  201  and  202  and is fed by a differential input/output terminal  105 , which is provided by a couple of close conductors such as for instance two wire bonds. Other suitable feeding means could include two conducting strips placed on the same layer as the antenna, the two strips reaching directly or by means of a via hole, the solder balls of a flip-chip, or the pad connection region of a flip-chip connected by means of tape automatic bonding (TAB). The substrate  102  can be a single layer or a multilayer one, but in any case it leaves a clearance with no conducting material on at least a 50% of the area  101  where the antenna is enclosed, in any of the layers above or below the layer on which the antenna is lying. 
       FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the present invention that includes a slot or aperture antenna in the package  3 . The slot comprises a gap or slit  300  which is formed on a conducting pattern  303  placed on at least one of the layers of the package substrate, the pattern covering at least a 50% of the layer surface where the antenna is lying on. In the present example the conducting pattern covers the whole footprint of the package (except for the slot, of course, defining the antenna), although this is not required. Optionally, this conducting pattern  303  can be grounded to an external ground on the printed circuit board to which the package is mounted, by means of one or more terminals of the package like  107 . To feed the slot antenna, two conducting terminals  301  and  302  are connected for instance by means of two wire bonds  105  to the die  103 . Another possible way of feeding such an antenna comprises placing two conductor strips patterned on a parallel layer to the antenna layer, and connecting the two strips to a couple of points at each side of the slot by means of a via. In any case, each of the two conducting terminals  301  and  302  will be placed at opposite sides of the curve forming the slot. An alternative non-symmetrical, unbalanced feeding scheme for the antenna comprises a microstrip transmission line crossing over or below the slot. Such a microstrip transmission line can be formed so that the conducting pattern including the slot is the ground plane for the microstrip line, while the other part of the transmission line is the conducting strip lying on a parallel layer above or below the conducting pattern. 
     Another example of a slot embodiment is disclosed in  FIG. 4 . In this particular case, the slot  400  intersects the perimeter of the conducting pattern where the slot is located at one point  401 . In other words the slot is not completely surrounded by conducting materials as in the case of the package depicted in  FIG. 3 . As in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the slot is fed at the two opposite sides of the curve by means of two terminal conductors  405  and  406 . In some applications, the slot embodiment is preferred over the monopole or dipole arrangements shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  because radiation efficiency is quite higher (current flows all over the pattern and not necessarily only along the curve). Also, the impedance can be controlled by moving the feeding terminals  405  and  406  to different points along the antenna perimeter. 
     One of the advantages of using slot antennas according to the present invention is that the antenna can be built over a different substrate or layer than the die. The layer or substrate including the slot antenna can be fed by means of for instance one or more vias, via holes, vertical conductors or posts from the substrate or layer including the die. In such an arrangement, the surface covered by the conducting pattern where the slot is printed can be maximized, reaching for instance an area larger than an 80% of the overall footprint of the antenna package. An example of a package architecture including the arrangement could be based on a similar package to item  45  in  FIG. 16E . The slot antenna can be for instance mounted in one of the layers  1612 , while the die  1601  is lying on a multilayer substrate  1611 . Although  FIG. 16E  describes a wire-bonding technique for the die, in many applications a flip-chip is preferred. The advantage of a flip-chip is that the connections are facing down substrate  1611 , such that the top side of the die facing the upper substrates (such as  1612 ) where the slot antenna is mounted can include a conducting surface that shields and protects the die from the fields within the antenna. 
       FIG. 5  shows a multibranch antenna structure on a package  5 , where several curves, with not necessarily the same lengths, intersect each other at some points. In particular, the antenna  500  includes three arms  501 ,  502 ,  503 , each of them being in the form of a curve according to the present invention. In this particular example the antenna takes the form of a monopole as in  FIG. 1 , with a single feeding port connected to the die by means of connection  105  and one or more connections within terminals  107  connected to an external ground plane. By adjusting the number and length of the antenna arms the frequency response of the antenna can be tailored. In general, for a wide-band behavior, the length from the tips of the arms to the feeding point of the antenna will be similar. For a multiband response with no overlapping between frequency bands, the length of each arm is associated mainly with the center frequency of a particular band within the antenna response. Such a multibranch arrangement is also compatible with, but not limited to, a dipole, an inverted F antenna, or a slot antenna. 
       FIG. 6  discloses a package  6  including a loop antenna  600  according to the present invention. In this case, the curve defines the perimeter of a loop, with two points of the loop providing the differential input terminal that is connected to the die by means of  105 . Again, for an improved performance of the system, the package will be typically arranged such that the layers above or below the layer on which the antenna  600  is located will leave a clearance with no metallization or conducting material in at least a 50% of orthogonally projected area  101  on any of the layers above or below. Analogously, the package might be operated such that the PCB where the package or module is located leaves such a clearance on any layer including a metallization. 
     Package  7  in  FIG. 7A  includes coupled dipole antenna  700  with two arms  701  and  702  which are coupled together by means of a close proximity region  704 . According to the present invention, the minimum distance between conductors in  704  should be less than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna.  FIG. 7B  discloses another embodiment where the package  75  includes an active monopole  751  and a parasitic monopole  752 , the parasitic monopole being grounded to an external ground plane or ground counterpoise by means of at least one of the terminals of the package such as for instance  753 . Also, the package will include at least another terminal within the set of terminals  107  to externally ground one of the RF voltage references of die  103 . Two conducting parts of the antenna such as the active monopole  751  and the parasitic one  752  are coupled by means of a close proximity region  754  such that the minimum distance between conductors in  704  should be less than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. 
       FIG. 8A  discloses a package  8  including an inverted F antenna (IFA). Similar to the previous disclosed embodiments, the die  103  is displaced from the center of the package  102  to leave an area  101  where the conducting pattern of the antenna is located. In the same way as in the previous embodiments, this pattern can be located in the layer of the package that supports the die or chip  103 , or, in the case of a multilayer substrate, can be located in any of the parallel layers of the substrate  102 . In case the antenna is located in a different layer than the die, it can always be connected to the proper terminal  105  of the chip by means of a via hole crossing one or multiple layers. In this embodiment, the antenna  800  is grounded at one of its tips by means of at least one of the terminals  107  of the package, such as for instance  803 . Also, the antenna is fed at one intermediate point of the antenna curve by means of a connection  105  such as for instance a wire bond or a conducting strip reaching a solder ball on a flip-chip. 
       FIG. 8B  shows another embodiment of the present invention. In this case, package  85  includes an antenna curve  851  that defines at least a portion of the perimeter of an area  850 , the area being filled by a conducting material. A point within area  850 , such as for instance a point in region  852 , is chosen as the feeding point and is connected by means of a conductor to the die  103 . Such a conducting pattern can be used in many different ways. It can constitute a monopole and in this case the RF ground reference of chip  103  will be connected to an external conducting ground by means of at least one of the terminals  107  of the package. For a monopole configuration it is required that, above and below the layer on which the antenna is located, any projection of area  101  enclosing the conducting antenna pattern on any of the layers of the package or on any of the layers of an external substrate where the package is mounted leaves a clearance with no metallization at least on 50% of the projected area  101 . When more than 50% of the area below  101  is filled with a conducting material, the antenna becomes a microstrip or patch antenna according to the present invention, the conducting material being the ground for the microstrip or patch antenna. The antenna also becomes a planar inverted F antenna (PIFA), if additionally, at least one short to ground is placed at any point within the conducting antenna pattern. In the case of either a microstrip or patch arrangement, or in the PIFA case, the ground covering more than 50% or the area underneath the antenna is preferred. Such a ground can be included in any of the layers of a substrate  102  supporting the antenna and/or the chip  103 , or alternatively it can be included in the external substrate or PCB supporting the package. 
     In the case of any microstrip or patch arrangement (including a PIFA arrangement), the characteristic pattern of the invention should include a curve with at least fifteen segments, with at least seven of them being shorter than one-twentieth of the free-space operating wavelength of the antenna, according to the present invention. This is necessary to achieve the desired degree of miniaturization that allows the integration of the antenna in a small area. The rest of the general conditions that conform the essential geometric aspects of the invention, as described above, apply to the microstrip patch and their shorted versions as well. 
     The geometry of the antenna in the present invention is not limited to being completely shaped by the characteristic curve of at least five segments. The curve needs only to define a portion or an aspect of the geometry, such as for instance a portion of the conducting strip or wire in case of a wire antenna such as a monopole or a dipole or an IFA, a portion of the slit in case of a slot or aperture antenna, a portion of the antenna perimeter in case of a patch antenna. For instance  FIGS. 9A and 9B  generally describe two examples 9 and 10 of packages including two antenna arrangements within the package, where a solid conducting pattern  910  and  911  is combined with the curves  920  and  921 , but wherein the curves  920  and  921  do not define the entire antenna shape. 
       FIGS. 10A through 10N  are examples of prior art space filling curves for antenna designs. Other types of multiband antennas that also feature a reduced size are multilevel antennas disclosed in WO01/22528. 
       FIGS. 11A through 11D  show four examples of preferred embodiments of the invention. All four package examples  26  through  29  include a monopole antenna according to the present invention. In package  26  in  FIG. 11A , the die  103  is displaced from the center of the package to leave space for including the antenna pattern  1100 . In this particular example, the antenna pattern  1100  is defined by a space-filling Hilbert curve  14 . The die  103  has one connection to the antenna pattern by means of a conductor  1104 , while the second RF terminal is connected to at least one of the terminals of the package such as for instance  1101  by means of a conductor  1102 . 
     Another monopole antenna arrangement is shown in package  27  in  FIG. 11B . One of the main differences between package  26  in  FIG. 11A  and package  27  in  FIG. 11B  is that the antenna pattern  1120  in  FIG. 11B  is arranged along the longer side of the package so that the overall antenna length is maximized inside the package. This results in an increased radiation resistance, bandwidth and efficiency for the antenna. For this purpose, the SFC curve  14  has been modified to provide the characteristic elongated shape  1120 . Although the antenna pattern in this embodiment has been shown with a particular example of SFC such as  14 , an analogous embodiment maximizing the antenna length could be arranged by using any of the general curves according to the present invention. 
     In  FIG. 11C , package  28  contains another example of a monopole, where a maximum use of the available substrate surface is combined with a maximum length for the antenna pattern. The curve is split into two parts  1130  and  1132 , both parts being connected by means of a conducting segment  1131 . This arrangement is optimized by placing the die  103  as close as possible to one of the corners of the package. In this embodiment, the rectangular area that encloses the antenna pattern also encloses the die or chip  103 . It is clear from this embodiment that it is not necessary in the present invention for the antenna and the die to be mounted in separate, non-overlapping rectangular areas. 
     Although package  29  in  FIG. 11D  looks similar to package  28  in  FIG. 11C , in fact it includes a different architecture for the antenna in the package. The antenna arrangement in  FIG. 11D  is a multibranch monopole, with a first arm  1140  and a second arm  1141 , the arms being connected by means of the conducting segment  1142 . Arm  1140  has one of its tips connected to the die  103 , while the other tip is left free with no connection. For such an embodiment, the efficiency of the antenna is improved when the length and shape of the arm  1141  is the same as the portion of the arm  1140  that goes from the connection to segment  1142  to the free tip of the arm. This is because the current intensity on the antenna is split on two equal arms, such that the ohmic resistance is divided by two, at least in the section of the antenna that covers from segment  1142  to the tips of the two arms of the antenna. It should be noted that the area that encloses the antenna is maximized with respect to the available area on the package; this provides an increased bandwidth and efficiency to the antenna behavior as well. 
     It can be seen that antenna curve in  FIG. 11A or 11B  features a box-counting dimension larger than 1.5; in particular the dimension of this curve is between 1.9 and 2.1. It can be seen as well that if rectangle  101  is covered by a grid of 5×5 equal boxes, then the curve will cross more than 14 of the 25 boxes (about a 75% of the boxes would be crossed). 
     Also, it can be seen that at least one of the boxes would be crossed at least twice by the curve defining the antenna pattern. Such characteristic aspects for the antenna arrangement (a high box-counting dimension, a maximum surface usage, combined with a large number of small segments being connected to shape a very long curve) is especially suitable when a higher degree of miniaturization is required; for instance when the longest side of the rectangular area  101  is to be shorter than one-twentieth of the longest free-space operating wavelength. 
       FIGS. 12A through 12E  show several package embodiments including dipole antennas. In  FIG. 12B , package  31 , the two equal arms of the dipole  1221  and  1222  are shaped according to a curve of the present invention, and are fed by a pair of conductors  1220 . Another dipole arrangement is shown in  FIG. 12A , included on package  30 . In this case, each of the arms are placed at opposite sides of the chip such that the overall antenna size from the free tip of one arm to the other free tip of the other arm is maximized. This provides an improved radiation resistance, bandwidth and efficiency. This can be further improved by arranging the dipole as shown in package  32  in  FIG. 12C , which is a multibranch dipole. There, every arm of the dipole is split into two curves  1230  and  1231  in the first arm and  1232  and  1233  in the second arm such as the current intensity is divided by two, and the overall loss resistance is halved. The two branches of each arm are connected by means of the conducting segment  1234  and  1235 , respectively. In such an arrangement the dipole length is maximized together with the transversal size of the dipole such that the overall bandwidth and efficiency of the antenna is maximized. 
     In  FIGS. 12D and 12E , packages  33  and  34  can be used when the antenna is desired to operate in a folded dipole mode. In package  33 , the dipole enclosed in area  1241  is equal to the dipole enclosed in area  1242 , except in that the one in  1242  is fed at its center by means of a pair of conductors connected to the chip or die. Both dipoles are connected at the tips, as generally done in a folded dipole arrangement. Another possible arrangement of the two dipoles defining the folded dipole structure is shown  FIG. 12E  in areas  1251  and  1252  of package  34 . The advantage of a folded dipole structure is that the input impedance of the dipole is increased with respect to a non-folded structure, and also the bandwidth of the antenna is improved. 
     It can be seen that the antenna geometries on packages  33  and  34  in  FIGS. 12D and 12E  form a closed loop, and therefore can define a loop antenna as well. Those structures can operate as folded dipoles or as loop antennas depending on the operating frequency and excited mode. This means that the antenna can also be operated as a multimode antenna, which can be used for instance to integrate in the same package two different communication or wireless services operating at two different frequency bands. 
     Other examples of loop antennas for an integrated circuit package according to the present invention are described in  FIGS. 13A-C . In  FIG. 13A , package  35  includes a conductive curve  1301  constructed by means of several Hilbert-like sections around the semiconductor die  103 . The loop is fed by means of a differential input/output port formed by a pair of conductors  1302 . Again, such an arrangement maximizes both the perimeter and the area covered by the loop. The box-counting dimension of this curve is between 1.9 and 2, providing a high package density for operation at very low frequencies. This is another example of an embodiment where the die is placed inside the rectangular area enclosing the conducting pattern of the antenna. To protect the chip from the intense magnetic field flowing inside the loop, the chip can include a conductive layer shielding at least one of its surfaces. For this purpose, a flip-chip arrangement would be preferred. 
     Package  36  in  FIG. 13B  is the dual version of the package  35  shown in  FIG. 13A , where the loop takes the form of a slot on a conducting pattern in any of the substrate layers supporting the die. The same advantages in terms of package density and maximum usage of the available surface are obtained in this case. The feeding scheme of such a loop is also differential, with one conductor  1311  connected to the conducting region inside the loop, while a second conductor  1312  is placed at the opposite side of the curve, on the outer conducting area. As shown in  FIG. 13C , the two conductors  1321  and  1322  do not need to be close together on the same side of the die, they can be for instance at opposite sides. Depending on the relative position of the two conductors, the impedance will change, which is useful for tuning the antenna to match the required output impedance of the output RF amplifier inside the die. 
     Package  38  in  FIG. 14A  is the dual version of the monopole in  FIG. 11B . It shares the same advantages in terms of maximizing efficiency and radiation resistance due to maximum use of available length. In fact, it can be seen as a combination of package  27  in  FIG. 11B  and package  4  in  FIG. 4 . Like package  4  in  FIG. 4 , the antenna is a slot, and that the slot intersects the perimeter of the conducting pattern including the slot at one point. Other combinations are possible, such as for instance including the two tips of the slot inside the conductive pattern supporting the slot, as in  FIG. 3 , or having both ends intersecting the perimeter of the pattern as shown in package  39  in  FIG. 14B . 
       FIG. 15  displays a package including a monopole antenna  1501 . In this example, a part of the grounding plane or ground counterpoise  1502  is placed on the same layer as the antenna, in such a way that it does not overlap the rectangular area  1505  in which the monopole arm  1501  is enclosed. The antenna is fed through one conductor  1503 . In this particular embodiment, it is shown how the tip of the monopole  1504  can be put close to the ground plane  1502 . This would provide some capacitive loading to the antenna that contributes to the overall antenna miniaturization. 
       FIGS. 16A-16E  describe, without any limiting purposes, several examples of conventional package architectures (items  41 ,  42 ,  43 ,  44 ,  45 ) for integrated circuits. All of them share some common part arrangements. In most of the cases a semiconductor die or chip  1601 ,  1606  is attached to a substrate or laminate  1610 , which is one of the most important parts of the package. Such a substrate or laminate acts as a mechanical support for the semiconductor die or chip, contributes to the heat removal from the chip, and provides several terminals  1603 ,  1604  to electrically connect the chip with the outside world. The chip and the package can be interconnected in many ways. A most common way is by means of wire bonds  1602 , although other techniques such as for instance, tape bonding or flip-chip technologies are possible. The package is usually enclosed in a plastic mold or encapsulated  1615  to protect the chip and the interconnections with the terminals. 
     Item  41  in  FIG. 16A  is an example of a package architecture where the terminals are pin connections. Such pin connections are common in DIL, DIL-SMT, QFP and PGA packages. Usually such pins surround the perimeter of the package and are connected to the chip directly by means of wire bonds or by conducting strips on top of the package substrate. In some cases, a metal frame includes both terminals and conducting strips that are connect (usually by thermocompression) through wire bonds to the chip. In the case of a PGA package, the terminals are not only arranged around the perimeter of the package but in a 2D grid array underneath the package. This is typically employed when a high terminal count for both the chip and the package are required. 
     Items  42 ,  43 ,  44  and  45  in  FIGS. 16B-E  show several examples of BGA packages, wherein the pin terminals are replaced by solder balls  1604 . Such an interconnection technique is also characteristic in flip-chip architectures (see items  43  and  44 ), wherein the chip is connected to the package by an analogous scheme. In a flip-chip arrangement, the chip is mounted upside-down, with connections facing down the packages substrate or laminate. In such an arrangement, the interconnection is done by means of a grid of conducting balls or bumps  1605 . 
     The market pressure for reducing the size and cost of integrated circuit packages has resulted in a set of new architectures to increase the functionality of the chips while reducing the footprint of the package. Item  44  in  FIG. 16D  shows a chip-scale package (CSP), wherein the package is shrunk to almost match the reduced footprint of the chip. 
     Other means of increasing the package density include the use of multilayer structures within one or several substrates in the package. Item  45  in  FIG. 16E  is an example of a package architecture where a plurality of dielectric layers  1611  are attached to each other to form the substrate that supports the chip. Every layer on the substrate can support several metallizations and conducting strips to interconnect the chip  1601  with terminals  1604 , or to other chips or electrical components (such as for instance resistors, capacitors, inductors, filters, mixers, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) mounted on the substrate. Such metallizations on the layers can be interconnected by means of vias and via holes  1614 . Additionally, other laminates or substrates  1612  can be included above or below the chip to support additional components or chips. Again, such additional substrates can be interconnected with other substrates by means of vias and via holes. 
     Although the segments that make up the curve forming the antenna of the present invention are shown as being linear in the Figures, the present invention is not limited to curves formed only from linear segments. One or more of the segments making up the antenna curve of the present invention may be non-linear, up to and including all of the segments of the antenna curve. For example, as shown in  FIG. 17 , curve  1702  includes several non-linear segments. When the antenna curve of the present invention includes at least one non-linear segment, the shortest distance between any point on the curve having the at least one non-linear segment and an identical curve formed entirely of linear segments is less than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. This is true no matter how many non-linear segments are in the curve. As depicted in  FIG. 17 , curve  1701  (shown in dashed lines) represents an all-linear curve that is identical in shape to curve  1702 , which has non-linear segments. The shortest distance between any point on curve  1702  and curve  1701  is less than one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna. 
     Additional examples of how the package can be arranged according to the present invention are shown in  FIGS. 18A through 21B .  FIGS. 18A and 18B  show a multibranch monopole arrangement, with two identical arms  1801  and  1802  which are symmetrically arranged on the two halves of the package substrate. The die  1805  is displaced from the center of the substrate  1803  of the package but it is located near the center point of one of the substrate edges. This allows the two arms to symmetrically grow from the segment  1807 . The area covered by the antenna is maximized, while keeping a maximum length of the two curves to allow efficient antenna size compression. In particular, a grid of 5×5 cells over the package would include a portion of the curve in about at least an 80% of the cells. The box-counting dimension of the curve is close to 2. 
     The embodiment in  FIG. 18A  shows a semiconductor die  1805  which includes at least two RF connections  1804  and  1806  for the antenna. Connection  1806  is made at the input of the double-branch structure, while connection  1804  is connected to one of the terminals  1808  of the package by, for instance, a via hole on substrate  1803  and a conducting strip in a second layer of the substrate  1803  that connects the via hole with at least one of the terminals  1808 . Terminal  1808  would be connected to an external ground-plane, such as for instance a conducting layer on a printed circuit board or PCB. Although wire bonds are shown as an example in  FIGS. 18A-18B , it will be clear to one skilled in the art that other interconnection arrangements (such as for instance flip-chip or TAB) could be used as well to interconnect the chip  1803  with the terminals on the package  1808 . 
     An embodiment with an antenna arrangement such as that shown in  FIGS. 18A and 18B , could be used for instance to package an antenna operating at 2 GHz in a package smaller than 10×10 mm (that is a package with a size smaller than one-fifteenth of the free-space operating wavelength of the antenna). This is not considering the potential extra reduction in size obtainable by combining such an antenna design with a high dielectric constant substrate for  1803 . This means that conventional, low-cost package materials such as polyimide compounds could be used instead of using a higher-cost, higher permittivity dielectric material. On the other hand, some extra miniaturization of the antenna and the package can be achieved if the package is made of a high permittivity material, at the expense of some extra losses (less efficiency) and some narrowing of the electrical bandwidth. Applications for such an embodiment could be for instance a FWSoC for Bluetooth™, for WLAN IEEE802.11 or for UMTS/3G-WCDMA. 
       FIGS. 19A and 19B  show another example of embodiment according to the present invention. The package includes a monopole antenna, the monopole antenna including a single radiating arm, the arm being fed at one point. The die provides one connection to the antenna and one connection to an external ground. In this case the package is arranged in a rectangular geometry, providing approximately one half of the package for the antenna and the other half for the die. For maximum size compression, a box-counting dimension of about 2 is desired for the antenna curve. This arrangement would allow, for instance, a FWSoC systems operating around 2 GHz (including, but not limited to, FWSoC for Bluetooth™, for WLAN IEEE802.11 or for UMTS/3G-WCDMA) to be packaged in a module smaller than 10×5 mm. In this case as well, the minimum rectangle enclosing the antenna has the longest side smaller than the corresponding longest free-space operating wavelength divided by 30. 
     For very small packages, such as for instance, a squared package of a size around one-thirtieth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna, other embodiments provide efficient solutions according to the present invention. In  FIGS. 21A and 21B  for example, the chip or die is arranged near a corner of the package, such that an ‘L’ shaped area is left free on the package substrate for the conductive pattern of the antenna. In such an arrangement, a monopole defined by a single radiating arm, the arm taking the shape of a curve  2102  according to the present invention is used. It is preferred that a first tip  2101  of the curve is near the edge of the package at one end one the L-shaped area, while the free tip  2100  of the monopole is left at the other end of the area. A box-counting dimension of about 2 is preferred for achieving such a high package density. 
     For some slightly larger packages (for instance a square package of side length around one-tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength of the antenna), it is preferred that the antenna pattern includes a smaller number of segments, yet fills as much as possible the available space. A package including a monopole antenna with such characteristics is shown in  FIGS. 20A and 20B . In this embodiment, the monopole includes two equal radiating arms  2000  and  2001  that are interconnected by a point which in turn is used to feed the antenna by means of a conductor  2002 . As in other monopole configurations, second conductor is used to connect the second RF output or ground reference for the chip to an external ground reference. A wirebond is connected to a via hole  2003 . The via hole  2003  connects the wirebond to a strip that runs on another layer until it reaches at least one of the terminals of package that will be connected to an external ground. 
     An alternative embodiment for a package according to the present invention is shown in  FIG. 22 . Here the antenna is a slot  2200  on a conducting pattern  2204 , the pattern completely covering a layer of package substrate except for the slot. Optionally, some via holes are used to interconnect other layers above or below the conducting pattern. Preferably, the conducting pattern  2204  is connected to one or several of the package interconnections to allow the connection of the pattern to an external ground. In this embodiment, slot  2200  has one of the tips  2201  intersecting the external perimeter of the conducting pattern  2204 . The other tip  2202  is completely surrounded by the pattern  2204 . Again the antenna is fed by a pair of conductors, such as for instance a couple of wire bonds, each of the conductors being connected at some point at each of the sides of the slot. Also, a high box-counting dimension (of about 2) is required to achieve such a high package density, and the curve preferably is chosen to cross at least 75% of the boxes within the smallest 5×5 grid that covers the antenna. 
     Those skilled in the art will notice that, although for the sake of clarification most of the previous embodiments are described in the Figures in a wire bond configuration, those embodiments are compatible with other chip interconnection techniques, such as for instance flip-chip or tape bonding techniques. Also, the present invention allows several ways for interconnecting the chip and the terminal or terminals of the package. One possible way according to the present invention comprises arranging several conducting strips on at least a different layer than the conducting antenna pattern. To minimize the coupling between the strips and the interconnections between the chip and the package terminals, it is preferred when possible to arrange such strips such that every crossing of the strips over or below any segment of the antenna structure is made in a perpendicular direction. In those packages where the terminals form a two-dimensional array of terminals (such as for instance in those packages within the families of ball grid arrays, and pin grid arrays), the present invention discloses an advantageous way of arranging the antenna curve and the package terminals such a minimum interference occurs. Such an arrangement consisting of choosing an antenna geometry wherein the curve includes a number of segments according to the present invention, wherein those segments form a 90° angle with adjacent segments at least at the region on top of the array of terminals, the antenna geometry being chosen so that the antenna curve follows a path along a rectangular mesh where the lines of the mesh are equidistant from the terminal pins or balls. Non-limiting examples of curves that allow such arrangement are curves based on Hilbert, Peano, SZ and ZZ geometries. It becomes clear that other curves including 90° bends such as those in  FIG. 11A-D ,  12 A-E,  13 A-C,  14 A-B,  15 ,  18 A-B,  19 A-B,  20 A-B,  21 A-B, or  22  could be used for that purpose as well. 
     Although the previous embodiments show a direct feeding of the antennas from the chip, other feeding schemes are allowed within the present invention. For instance, other passive or active components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, filters, resonators, transmission lines, baluns, mixers, diplexers, amplifiers or other RF networks could be placed between the antenna and the chip. This can be enabled through many different packaging architectures and techniques such as for instance any of the multi-chip module techniques such as MCM-L, MCM-C, MCM-D or MCM-D/L. 
     One particular way of connecting the antennas of the previous embodiments with the chip or intermediate RF networks is by means of capacitive coupling. Capacitive coupling is provided by two conductors placed in close proximity but not in direct contact, the conductors being ohmically connected to the antenna and to the chip or intermediate RF network, respectively. For instance, the two conductors can consist of two pads on a substrate of the package, the pads being either coplanar or lying one on top of the other on separate layers of the substrate. In other embodiments, such a coupling can be provided by a pad on the chip and a pad on the substrate connected to the antenna pattern. 
     Another possible feeding scheme for the antenna is by means of inductive coupling, wherein a loop of current connected to the chip is coupled to a loop within the antenna conducting pattern. Both loops, the one connected to the chip and the one in the antenna, can be lying on the same layer of the substrate, or alternatively they can be aligned one on top of one another on separate layers either within the same substrate or in different substrates within the same package, to maximize coupling between both loops. 
     It should be clear that the chip and antenna arrangements shown in the Figures, and others within the spirit of the present invention, can be arranged in several kinds of package topologies. For instance, many of the DIL topologies shown can be exchanged with SIL, QFP, PGA and BGA packages. In general, there is no limitation for any of the antenna designs shown in the present invention for combination with any kind of standard package topologies: single-in-line (SIL), dual-in-line (DIL), DIL-SMT, quad-flat-package (QFP), pin grid array (PGA), ball grid array (BGA) and its derivatives PBGA, CBGA, TBGA, SBGA, DBGA. 
     Another possible way of arranging the conducting pattern of the antenna is building it in or upon the plastic mold encapsulating the whole package. The pattern can be for instance connected to the chip by means of a capacitive or inductive coupling to a conducting element on one of the package substrates, the conducting element comprising for instance a radiating arm of the antenna, or a reactive loop or pad of the substrate connected to the die or to an RF component or network connected to the die. The conducting pattern of the antenna can be built on such a plastic mold by several means, such as for instance a two-shot injection process, a co-injection process, an insert molding process or an MID process. 
     Although a multiband antenna such as for instance a multibranch antenna can be used within the package when several services or operating frequency bands are to be integrated in the same system, it is clear that other options within the present invention include arranging two or more antennas within the same package. For instance, those two or more antennas according to the present invention can be arranged in the same substrate layer, in different layers within the same substrate, in different substrates or even in the substrate and in the plastic casing of the package. One possible arrangement for a two antenna package includes two similar antennas wherein each one is fed independently, and wherein one conducting pattern is rotated 90° with respect to the other antenna pattern. This provides an effective means for integrating a polarization diversity communication system inside a single package. 
     The packaging techniques including an RF antenna according to the present invention provide an effective means of compressing the size of a wireless system such that it becomes feasible to integrate such a system in a small package. For instance, the present invention enables packaging a system operating within the 0.5 to 5.5 GHz frequency band in an area smaller than 10×10 mm. For instance, a package such as that shown in  FIGS. 21A-21B  can integrate a full wireless system operating at the ISM 2.4 GHz band in an area smaller than 16 mm 2 , without requiring the use of expensive high permittivity materials. This opens the scope for many new applications for systems such as for instance Bluetooth™, IEEE802.11a, IEEE802.11b, Hyperlan, Hyperlan2, UMTS, GSM900, GSM1800, PCS1900, AMPS, WCDMA, DECT, and GPS. 
     Any of the antenna designs arranged according to the present invention can be integrated also inside the semiconductor die. Although this possibility increases the cost of the system, it can be convenient at higher frequencies where the whole system is to be integrated inside the chip (SoC). Also, the same designs inside the package could be used as a single antenna component without the chip. 
     The package arrangements of the present invention can find application also in many other different environments. This way, one or several antennas inside the package can be used to power the chip by coupling the electromagnetic energy captured by the antenna to the biasing circuitry of the chip. This becomes advantageous for those packages that are to be used in very low-consumption devices or where they only need to react to an external electromagnetic signal interrogating the system inside the package, such as it is the case in radio frequency identification systems (RFID). 
     Other possible uses of the package beside communication or wireless systems are sensors. In some embodiments the package integrates a sensor or sensing system besides the chip and the antenna. In other cases the antenna itself is used a sensing device for some type of electromagnetic signal or physical magnitude. When this is combined with a remote feeding scheme as described above, such packages can become suitable for low-cost applications where the sensor is to be located in remote areas with a difficult access. This includes sensors inside human bodies or animals, sensor inside cars, sensors inside tires or chemical containers, sensors for dangerous environments such as flammable or explosive gases, or liquids. Some of the physical properties that could be sensed in those arrangements include, but are not limited to: temperature, pressure, tension, traction, acceleration, vibration, distance, speed, rotation, light intensity, electromagnetic field intensity, chemical concentration of a chemical component inside a material, electromagnetic or acoustic doppler shift or motion. 
     Is to be understood that even though various embodiments and advantages of the present invention have been described in the foregoing description, the above disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in details, yet remaining within the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is to be limited only by the appended claims.