Patent Publication Number: US-11047499-B2

Title: Valve actuation conversion kit

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/636,665 filed Feb. 28, 2018, and is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/288,280 filed on Feb. 28, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This application relates to valve technology and, more specifically, to valve actuator mechanisms. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Valves often develop leaks as they age. Leaking valves can be annoying, wasteful, and can cause damage in residential settings, but can be far more problematic in industrial applications. Factory lines may need to be shut down to repack or replace valves, resulting in lost production and unnecessary downtime. Leaks can cause environmental damage and safety issues. Steam leaks can scald and even kill workers. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is concerned about pollution resulting from leaky valve stem seals in factories and oil fields. In extreme cases, such as semiconductor manufacturing, even microscopic leaks can be fatal—breathing tanks and hazmat suits are often required to clean up after leaks are detected in semiconductor foundries. 
     Most traditional valves have two moving seals: (1) the “seat” where the flow of material through the valve is allowed, controlled, and shut off, and (2) the “stem seal” that keeps the material from leaking out of the hole for the valve handle. Studies have shown that up to 80 percent of the leaks encountered in real world valves are associated with the stem seals because they tend to entrain dirt and grit which can erode the mating surfaces over time. 
     Traditional valves contain stem seals that often degrade or leak over time. Previous seal-less valves often employed bending or flexing components such as bellows or membranes that can degrade or fatigue and also leak over long periods of use. Additionally, previous generations of magnetically-actuated valves (sometimes referred to herein as magnetic valves) often include internal magnets and/or operated in a linear solenoid type manner making high temperature operation difficult to achieve, and often requiring continuous power to maintain their position. Previous manual override systems for magnetic valves include dynamic seals that may leak even when the valve was being operated magnetically. 
     Some industries, such as the petrochemical industry would be very reluctant to accept magnetic valve actuators without a provision to be able to break free a stuck valve in an emergency situation. With traditional valves, the device employed to “unstick” valves is referred to as a “cheater handle” and it is essentially a spanner or wrench like device that attaches over the regular handle to increase the torque applied to the valve. Increased torque is usually due to a longer cheater handle or a cheater handle that allows greater leverage relative to the original valve handle. Typically, cheater handles are only used to break free a badly corroded or stuck valve that hasn&#39;t been actuated in a long time. Cheater handles are not typically employed in day-to-day operation. 
     Magnetic valves have a set torque limit that cannot be increased by simple measures such as attaching a longer lever or handle. This is normally a design feature because it may be desirable to limit the closing torque available from the magnetic valve coupling to protect the valve seat from over-tightening, but unfortunately the valve may become stuck after having been left in one position for an extended period of time, or when handling sticky or corrosive substances. There are various methods available to deal with this dilemma such as those described by Davis in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,797,521, and 10,151,403, but in instances where these magnetic techniques are insufficient, it may be desirable to employ a traditional mechanical cheater handle such as described in Ruyak&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,262 and 4,372,892. 
     Other manual override mechanisms such as Ruyak&#39;s tend to rely on dynamic seals that are exposed to the outside environment and may degrade over time negating the original advantages of the magnetic valve topology. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods are provided for magnet-actuated valves that can employ a mechanical cheater handle when needed, while still sealing the valve against fluid or gaseous leaks and maintaining completely sealed magnetically-actuated actuation under normal operating conditions. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, a valve assembly is generally described. In some examples, the valve assembly may comprise a valve body defining one or more enclosures. In some other examples, the valve assembly may further comprise a stem disposed in an enclosure. In various other examples, the valve assembly may further comprise a movable valve actuator component disposed in an enclosure and operatively coupled to a first end of the stem. In some examples, the valve assembly may further comprise an internal actuation member having a ferromagnetic portion. In other examples, the internal actuator may contain magnets. In various examples, the internal actuation member may be operatively coupled to a second end of the stem. In some other examples, the valve assembly may further comprise an external actuator operatively coupled to an exterior of the valve body. In some examples, the external actuator may comprise a first magnetic pole section adjacent to the valve body. In some other examples, the external actuator may comprise a second magnetic pole section adjacent to the valve body. 
     In at least some examples, the internal actuation member and the external actuators described herein may be a mechanical mechanism with the external actuator being an external portion of the mechanism (e.g., external to the valve bonnet/valve body) and the internal actuation member being an internal portion of the mechanism (e.g., internal to the valve bonnet/valve body, such as within an enclosure formed by the valve bonnet/valve body). 
     In some embodiments, a continuous mechanical valve stem may support fairly high torques per unit of cross-sectional area. When employing a magnetic coupling as an actuation mechanism, large magnets may be used to generate high forces (e.g., high torques) during actuation. However, such large magnets may be expensive and/or bulky. Accordingly, in some examples, it may be advantageous to use smaller magnets and to rotate the coupling mechanically in the event of a severely stuck valve. 
     Various embodiments described herein comprise an emergency dynamic seal enclosed within the valve and operable to support manual override operation of the valve behind a static, removable plug. Examples of static, removable plugs may include a threaded plug, a cover, an integral portion of the hermetic cover, a soldered and/or brazed cover piece, (e.g., a plug soldered in place) etc. Because of this topology, the emergency manual override seal does not impact the reliability or leak-proof aspect of the valve during normal operation. The emergency manual override seal may be used only during an emergency override condition. Furthermore, after emergency manual operation, a cover piece can be installed or reinstalled such that the dynamic seal does not impact performance of the valve going forward. Additionally, due to the enclosed nature of the manual override seal, the expected lifetime and reliability of the manual override seal and the valve actuator far exceeds exposed seals. 
     Various embodiments described herein differ from what currently exists. Traditional magnetically actuated valves have a finite torque limit on the magnetic coupling that a larger wrench or longer handle cannot overcome. Embodiments allow mechanical override of magnetically actuated valves without relying on an exposed dynamic seal. 
     Other magnetic valve designs have incorporated seals that are employed for emergency override conditions. However, such seals can degrade over time and cause leaks—even if they are never used or are not frequently used due to the seal being exposed to the outside environment during normal operation (see John Oliver&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,351 and Robert Ruyak&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,262 and 4,372,892). 
     Various embodiments described herein overcome these problems by allowing access directly to the mechanical non-magnetically coupled portion of the valve actuator in emergency situations, with minimal leakage, while completely sealing off that access under normal operating conditions. A knock out plug (e.g., a removable plug) may be pressed into place (similar to plugs used in automobile engines to prevent damage resulting from freezing coolant). In other examples, the knock out plug may be generated by scoring the metal of the bonnet around the plug so that, though the plug is an integral piece of the bonnet in such examples, the plug may be removed by force in an emergency to access the mechanical shaft or linkage that is covered by the plug. In some embodiments, a replacement knock-out plug may be installed/re-installed after the valve has been unstuck using the mechanical shaft/linkage covered by the plug. For example, a replacement plug may be pressed into the hole in the bonnet. In other embodiments, there may be threads below the knock-out plug in order to use a traditional threaded plug to reseal the valve after the cheater handle has been used to get the valve unstuck. In still further embodiments, a pipe fitting plug covers the mechanical shaft and seal during normal magnetically-coupled operation, but can be removed for direct mechanical access to the actuator in an emergency (e.g., a stuck valve). Furthermore, a backup seal is sheltered within this port, and hence, although the mechanical shaft normally is not exposed to the outside environment, the backup seal prevents stem leaks during exposure of the mechanical shaft and emergency actuation. Longer mechanical handles and increased torque may be applied to this mechanical linkage to the non-magnetic portion of the actuator. 
     Additionally, in various examples described herein, magnets may be disposed outside the sealed valve enclosure, without any internal permanent magnets. Such a valve architecture may use an impermanent magnetic material (e.g., a ferromagnetic material) as an internal actuation component. Such a magnetic valve actuation architecture may allow higher temperature operation of the valve without risk of demagnetization of any internal magnetic components due to heat. Additionally, such valves may be welded, soldered, and/or brazed in place to provide hermetic sealing, as any external magnets used to actuate such valves may be decoupled from the valve prior to welding, soldering, and/or brazing. 
     In various examples, the magnetically-actuated valves and actuators described herein may offer increased actuation performance, reduced size, and reduced cost relative to traditional mechanical and magnetic valve assemblies. Additionally, in various examples, the various valves and/or actuators described herein may offer emergency access for a mechanical linkage or cheater handle, but may preserve the hermetically sealed valve body during ordinary operation. 
     The valve assembly may further comprise a valve body defining an enclosure, wherein the internal actuator is disposed in the enclosure; and an external actuator coupled to an exterior of the valve body, the external actuator comprising a first magnetic pole section and a second magnetic pole section adjacent to the valve body; wherein, when the first actuator component is aligned with the second actuator component at the first angular displacement, the first magnetic pole section is magnetically coupled to the first actuator component and the second magnetic pole section is magnetically coupled to the free end of the second actuator component, and rotation of the external actuator in the first direction effectuates rotation of the internal actuator in the first direction. The external actuator is not mechanically coupled to either the internal actuator (e.g., the internal actuation member) or the stem. 
     In various embodiments, the internal actuator comprises a ferromagnetic material, a permanent magnet, or an impermanently magnetic material. In some embodiments, the valve assembly further comprises a valve member effective to open and close a fluid flow path of the valve assembly; and a valve stem operatively coupled to the internal actuator and to the valve member. As used herein, the term “fluid” may comprise both liquid and gaseous media. 
     Other approaches, such as employing extremely large magnets to achieve higher torques are expensive, large, potentially have safety implications, and/or are limited in the amount of torque that they can handle. Previous rotary magnetic couplings for valve actuators relied on ever larger magnets, more powerful grades of magnets, and/or internal magnets in order to achieve the necessary torque-handling capability for the valve. Various embodiments described herein offer improvements in magnetic couplings for valve actuators. 
     Systems including one or more powerful high-grade magnets may be cost prohibitive for many applications, and may not offer competitive performance relative to mechanical valves. Additionally, large valve actuators (e.g., actuators including large, powerful magnets) may not fit in legacy applications, and may not be appealing for new designs due to the space they consume. Torque limitations may preclude certain types of valves, or limit the pressures or other conditions that the valves can be used in. 
     In some circumstances, it may be desirable to over-torque a valve actuator. For example, in various industries, such as the petrochemical industry, valves may often become corroded and/or stuck in a particular position, such that a normal amount of torque may be insufficient to actuate the valve. In some instance it may even be necessary for a gate valve to be able to cut foreign material caught inside the valve like a knife. In some cases, “cheater” handles may be used to over-torque the actuation mechanism of stuck valves. 
     As described, magnetic valves may sometimes become stuck in the closed position due to the torque limits inherent in their magnetic couplings, which is a potential problem for many magnetically-actuated valves. Accordingly, in some cases a cheater handle may be used to “break” stuck valves so that the valves may be actuated between a closed and open position (or vice versa). The various methods and actuators described herein may offer improvements over previous attempts to overcome stuck magnetic valves using mechanical cheater handles to act on the valve stem through an exposed portion of the actuator or valve stem. Additionally, various internal mechanisms for valve actuation are described herein, such as lead screw valve stems, traveling nut architectures, worm gear/worm architectures, etc. 
     Various techniques described herein may overcome this problem by allowing temporary access to a mechanical shaft ordinarily completely enclosed within the valve bonnet by a removable plug and/or cover. The mechanical shaft may be separately sealed with a seal that is not exposed to the outside environment during normal valve operation. The mechanical shaft may transmit increased torque to the internal valve mechanism relative to the torque that the magnetic coupling of the magnetically actuated valve is capable of providing. In various examples, an access port may consist of a threaded plug, a knockout port, a compression joint and/or a cover corresponding to a flange on the valve. In various examples, the mechanical shaft and/or access port may be welded, soldered, and/or brazed in place, depending on the design of the valve, the attachment method of other ports, material compatibility, ease of use considerations, valve design, and/or overall pressure handling capability of the valve. The access port may comprise a removable bonnet employed for magnetic actuation of the valve. The removable bonnet may be removed to access the original valve stem. In various examples, the access port may be retrofit to legacy valves, and may be preferable to other port configurations in certain applications. 
     Asymmetric torque magnetic valve actuators such as those described by Davis in U.S. Pat. No. 10,151,403 may help to prevent magnetic valves from becoming stuck, and can be used to limit the closing torque on the valve to the recommended valve seating torque (in order to provide optimal valve seat life), but may not be sufficient for severely stuck valves, especially those that have not been actuated for a considerable period of time (e.g., weeks, months, years, etc.). 
     Stuck valves require maintenance—often with the system shut down, which can reduce reliability and availability of the system. In various examples, cheater handle ports employed on magnetic valve actuators, as described herein, may be used to produce high-reliability magnetic valves, and may significantly reduce or eliminate the problem of valves sticking in open and/or closed positions. In various examples, the internal seal may be the legacy design valve packing. Valve packings may be employed on mechanically-actuated valves to seal between the valve stem and bonnet and hence prevent leaks around the valve stem to the outside environment. In various embodiments valve packing may be used to seal around the area of a shaft and/or stem leading to a cheater handle access port to form an enclosed seal. As such, employing magnetically-actuated valves, such as those described herein, may improve performance by preventing leaks and limiting actuation torque under normal operating conditions, yet the plug or secondary bonnet may be removed and a mechanical handle may be reinstalled in order to revert the valve back to a traditional mechanically-actuated valve, if necessary. 
     In an example embodiment where the internal backup seal is the original gland packing, the magnetic actuation mechanism may be used as a retrofit kit that may be employed on valves that are already installed in a system, and even valves that are currently operating and/or already leaking. Furthermore, by monitoring and controlling the interstitial pressure in the volume enclosed between secondary bonnet and legacy bonnet with a pressure gauge and/or monitoring device (e.g., with a bleed tube or mechanism, such as those employed on block and bleed type valves), the safety of engaging a cheater handle can be greatly improved, and the potential environmental impact of unanticipated leaks may be significantly reduced. 
     Still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which describes embodiments illustrating various examples of the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIG. 1  in the open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-2  in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator removed, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-3  in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-4  in the closed position, including a cheater handle in the access port, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  depicts an assembled cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIG. 6  in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator removed, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIGS. 6-7  in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIGS. 6-8  in a partially open position, including a cheater handle in the access port, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIG. 10  in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator removed, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIGS. 10-11  in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIGS. 10-12  in a partially open position, including a cheater handle in the access port, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including an internal worm gear mechanism, and a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIG. 14 , with the external magnetic actuator removed, including an internal worm gear mechanism, and a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 14-15 , including an internal worm gear mechanism, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 17  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 14-16 , including an internal worm gear mechanism, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, including a cheater handle in the access port, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including an internal traveling nut mechanism, and a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In various examples, stop pins  140   a ,  141   a ,  140   b ,  141   b  may be used to prevent the traveling nut mechanism from over-tightening and becoming stuck in either an open or closed position. 
         FIG. 19  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIG. 18 , with the external magnetic actuator removed, including an internal traveling nut mechanism, and a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 20  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 18-19 , including an internal traveling nut mechanism, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 18-20 , including an internal traveling nut mechanism, with a cheater handle in the access port, with the external magnetic actuator and cheater port plug removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a traditional mechanically-actuated gate valve in the closed position, prior to modification for magnetic actuation or use of an elongated cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 23  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIG. 22  with the mechanical handle removed, in preparation for being converted to magnetic actuation via a conversion kit, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 24  depicts a disassembled cut-away view of a conversion kit effective to add magnetic actuation to seal a valve, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 25  depicts an assembled cut-away view of a conversion kit effective to add magnetic actuation to seal a valve, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 26  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, with the mechanical handle removed, and the magnetic actuation conversion kit of  FIGS. 24 and 25  installed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 27  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, with the mechanical handle removed, and the magnetic actuation conversion kit of  FIGS. 24 and 25  installed, including a bleed line and pressure gauge, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 28  depicts an assembled isometric view of a valve with a magnetic actuation conversion kit installed and secured using a saddle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 29  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a solid continuous core, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 30  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with a manual secondary seal conversion kit installed in the closed position, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure 
         FIG. 31  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque increasing set of gears, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 32  depicts an assembled isometric cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque-increasing set of worm and gears, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 33  depicts an assembled isometric hidden line view of the gate valve of  FIG. 32  with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque increasing set of worm gears, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 34  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22, 23, 26, and 27  with the magnetic actuation kit removed and the valve sealed against leakage by the original shaft seal, with a mechanical cheater handle in place, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 35  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22, 23, 26, and 27  with both the external magnetic actuator and the bonnet of the magnetic actuation coupling removed, but with the internal actuation mechanism left in place, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 36  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22, 23, 26, 27, and 35  with the external magnetic actuator and the bonnet of the magnetic actuation coupling removed, with a mechanical cheater handle in place, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 37  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22, 23, 26, 27, and 35  with the external magnetic actuator and the bonnet of the magnetic actuation coupling removed, with the original mechanical valve handle in place, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 38  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve in a partially open position, with the mechanical handle removed, and a magnetic actuation conversion kit installed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 39  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ball valve of  FIG. 38  in a partially open position, with the magnetic actuation conversion kit removed and a cheater handle installed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 40  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve, with a magnetic actuation conversion kit that seals on or around or near the legacy gland seal nut in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that illustrate several embodiments of the present disclosure. Still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which describes embodiments illustrating various examples of the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. It is to be understood that drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved systems and methods for actuating magnetic valves using one or more torque or actuation force-enhancing mechanisms as described herein. These embodiments may provide improved performance and overcome various technical challenges presented when using conventional magnetic valves. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     The valve assembly of  FIG. 1  includes a body  102 . Body  102  may be the outer casing of valve assembly and may comprise any desired material depending on the desired application for the particular valve assembly. In various examples, body  102  may comprise various metallic materials such as brass, copper, steel, bronze, gunmetal, alloy steels, non-400 series stainless steels, iron or the like. In some examples, body  102 , or portions of body  102 , may comprise a metal that has a low magnetic permeability. In some examples, the portion of body  102  adjacent to internal actuation member  110  may comprise a metal that has a low magnetic permeability. For example, the metal may comprise aluminum, copper, titanium, and alloys thereof, and may exhibit a relative magnetic permeability (e.g., the ratio of magnetic permeability of a material vs. the magnetic permeability of free space) less than 10. In some embodiments the metal may exhibit a relative magnetic permeability of about 1. In still other examples, body  102  may comprise one or more plastics and/or composite materials. Different materials may be selected for body  102  depending on the desired application for the valve assembly. For example, materials may be selected for body  102  of valve assembly which are resistant to corrosion, heat, moisture, rust, and/or bacterial growth. In various examples, internal actuation member  110  may include internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b . In various examples, at least one of the internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b  may be operatively coupled to stem  104  such that rotation of internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b  causes rotation of stem  104  (and thus actuation of the valve between an opened and a closed position (or vice versa)). 
     In various examples, valve body  102  may be sized and shaped so as to define a first enclosure  203 . In various examples, an internal mechanism (e.g., stem  104 ) may be disposed within the first enclosure  203 . Additionally, a movable valve member may be positioned in the first enclosure  203 . The movable valve member (e.g., valve member  120 ) may be opened and/or closed (e.g., via actuation of the valve) to control fluid flow from port  122  to port  124 , or vice versa. In at least some examples, internal actuation member  110  may be disposed in the first enclosure  203  defined by valve body  102 . However, in some other examples, (e.g.,  FIG. 26 ) the internal actuation member  110  may be disposed in the cavity  205  separate from the first enclosure that includes the valve member  120 . In some examples, internal actuation member  110  may comprise one or more internal actuator components (e.g., internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b , etc.). 
     In some further examples, valve body  102  may be sized and shaped so as to define a cavity  205  with a port  153  (sometimes referred to herein as an “access port  153 ”). A seal may be formed between the first enclosure  203  and the cavity  205 . For example, seal  154  (sometimes referred to as an “internal seal  154 ”) may be an internal seal formed between the first enclosure  203  including valve member  120  and/or internal actuation member  110 , and the cavity  205  including and/or defined by port  153 . The seal may prevent fluid from passing between the first enclosure  203  and the cavity  205  (e.g., fluid flowing between ports  122 ,  124  may be prevented from entering the second enclosure and port  153 ). 
     In various examples, the internal mechanism (e.g., stem  104 ) may comprise a first end disposed in the first enclosure (e.g., the portions of the stem  104  interfacing with valve member  120 ) and a second end disposed in the second enclosure (e.g., shaft  150  disposed within port  153 ). In various examples, the second end may traverse the internal seal  154  (or seal  160  depicted in, for example,  FIG. 26 ) such that a portion of the second end of the internal mechanism (e.g., shaft  150  of stem  104 ) is disposed within port  153 . In various examples, internal seal  154  may comprise an O-ring seal or other gasket. For example, internal seal  154  may be a gasket positioned in or around port  153 . In various examples, internal seal  154  may be Teflon tape (or the like) positioned within port  153 . The removable plug  152  may be operable to seal the port  153  off from an outside environment of the valve assembly. Accordingly, as depicted in  FIG. 1 , when plug  152  is seated within the port  153 , the second enclosure including shaft  150  is sealed from the outside environment of the valve assembly depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
     Body  102  of valve assembly may be formed in such a way as to define an access port  153  that may be sized and shaped so as to be filled by a plug  152 . In  FIG. 1 , plug  152  is depicted as a threaded plug, and hence port  153  may also be threaded. In the example where plug  152  is a threaded plug, plug  152  may be sized and shaped so as to mate with a threaded interior surface of port  153 . Alternatively, plug  152  may be welded, brazed, soldered, and/or press fit in port  153 , and/or may be held against and/or sealed by a gasket or O-Ring type seal in port  153 . In some further examples, plug  152  may be sealed in port  153  using an adhesive or polymer. In various examples, plug  152  may prevent leakage between the inside and outside environment (e.g., between an interior of body  102  and an exterior of body  102 ). In various examples, the interior of body  102  may refer to an internal portion of body  102  that is not exposed to an exterior of valve assembly, at least while plug  152  is seated within port  153 . In various examples, plug  152  may prevent damage to seal  154  due to elements from the outside environment such as sand, dirt, salt, humidity, and/or other contaminants. 
     Plug  152  and/or port  153  may or may not be threaded depending on the particular embodiment. Seal  154  may be completely enclosed within valve body  102  (as depicted in  FIG. 1 ) or may otherwise be disposed in an interior of valve assembly, at least while plug  152  is seated within port  153 . In fact, if seal  154  were to leak when plug  152  is seated in port  153  as shown in  FIG. 1  leakage of the valve to the external environment through seal  154  may still be prevented as plug  152  may prevent any fluid or gas that leaked past seal  154  from escaping. 
     Valve assembly may include an internal mechanism, such as stem  104 . Stem  104  may transmit motion from a handle, actuator, and/or other controlling device to a movable valve member  120 . For example, in a ball valve (e.g., a valve in which valve member  120  is a ball, as depicted in  FIGS. 10-13 ), stem  104  may be operatively coupled to the ball such that rotating the stem  104  using a handle or other actuator of the valve may, in turn, rotate the ball between an open position and a closed position to control a flow of fluid through the valve. Various types of valves along with their corresponding actuation mechanisms and valve members (sometimes referred to as “discs”) may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In a few examples, gate valves, ball valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, plug valves, poppet valves, needle valves, and/or spool valves may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure depending on the desired valve type. 
     External magnets  106   a ,  106   b  may be disposed on a first portion of the base portion of external actuator  130 . A first magnetic pole section of external magnet  106   a  may be disposed adjacent to a first location of the base portion of external actuator  130 . Similarly, a second magnetic pole section (the north pole of external magnet  106   b ) of external magnet  106   b  may be disposed adjacent to a second location of the annular base portion of external actuator  130 . 
     Internal actuation member  110  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of internal actuation member  110  may rotate stem  104 , which may, in turn, actuate movement of valve member  120  between an open position and a closed position in the seat of the valve. As depicted in  FIG. 1 , internal actuation member  110  may be enclosed within valve body  102  such that internal actuation member  110  is not exposed to the exterior of body  102  of valve assembly. Valve body  102  may define an enclosure. In various examples, internal actuation member  110 , stem  104 , seal  154 , and/or valve member  120  may be disposed within the enclosure. In various examples plug  152  may define a portion of the enclosure. For example, in  FIG. 1 , when plug  152  is seated in port  153  (as shown), plug  152  and portions of body  102  may prevent leakage through seal  154  between the interior and exterior of valve assembly (e.g., in scenarios in which seal  154  has developed a leak). 
     Internal actuation member  110  may comprise a material having a high magnetic permeability such that magnetic flux flows from an external magnet (such as, for example, external magnets  106   a ,  106   b ) through internal actuation member  110  and returns to either the same external magnet or a different external magnet. In some examples, internal actuation member  110  may comprise one or more ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt and/or alloys thereof. In another example, internal actuation member  110  may comprise 400 series stainless steel. Although internal actuation member  110  may comprise one or more materials having high magnetic permeability, in various examples, ferromagnetic actuation member may not be a permanent magnet and may not necessarily include permanent magnets. Internal actuation member  110  and/or materials of internal actuation member  110  may be temporarily magnetized while internal actuation member  110  is exposed to magnetic fields of magnetic pole sections of external magnets  106   a ,  106   b.    
     In some examples, internal actuation member  110  may be non-radially symmetric. For example, internal actuation member  110  may comprise an elongate member with a first end aligned with a first magnetic pole section of external magnet  106   a  and a second end aligned with a second magnetic pole section of external magnet  106   b , in a preferred orientation. Additionally, in some examples, internal actuation member  110  may comprise a material of high magnetic permeability, such as iron or 400 series stainless steel, embedded within a material of low magnetic permeability, such as ceramic. In some examples, the embedded material may form a path within the ceramic material such that magnetic flux flows along the path when a magnetic field interacts with internal actuation member  110 . 
     In some examples, external actuator  130  may comprise a handle, lever, or other actuation mechanism effective to rotate external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  around body  102 . In various examples, motors may be used to turn the handle and/or control actuation of external actuator  130 . Generally, when the handle is not being turned or otherwise actuated, the internal actuation member  110  maintains its current position and thus the valve member  120  remains in its current state. Although external actuator  130  is depicted in  FIG. 1  as being above the valve body  102 , in some examples, external actuator  130  may be in-plane with external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  or underneath external magnets  106   a ,  106   b . In some examples, external actuator  130  may comprise a ferromagnetic material to form a return flow path for magnetic flux flowing from external magnet  106   a , through internal actuation member  110 , to external magnet  106   b , and through ferromagnetic external actuator  130  to return to external magnet  106   a . It should be appreciated that in various other examples, magnetic flux may flow from external magnet  106   b , through internal actuation member  110 , to external magnet  106   a , and through ferromagnetic external actuator  130  to return to external magnet  106   b.    
     Magnetic flux from external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  may be effective to orient internal actuation member  110  in a preferred orientation with respect to the magnetic pole sections of external magnets  106   a ,  106   b.    
     In still other examples described in further detail below, external magnet  106   a  may include a north pole section and south pole section. In such an example, magnetic flux may flow from the north pole section of external magnet  106   a , through a flux path in internal actuation member  110 , and return from internal actuation member  110  to the south pole section of external magnet  106   a . Similarly, in another example, external magnet  106   b  may include a north pole section and south pole section. In such an example, magnetic flux may flow from the north pole section of external magnet  106   b , through a flux path in internal actuation member  110 , and return from internal actuation member  110  to the south pole section of external magnet  106   b.    
     External magnets  106   a  and  106   b  may comprise, for example, permanent magnets such as Neodymium Iron Boron magnets, Samarium Cobalt magnets, Alnico magnets, Ceramic and/or Ferrite magnets. Examples of different Neodymium magnets may include N42, N52, and N42SH grade Neodymium magnets. Different magnets may exhibit different magnetic field strengths (in terms of Gauss and/or Teslas) and different pull forces. As such, different magnets may produce different amounts of torque in internal actuation member  110  when the magnets are rotated around body  102  of valve assembly. In some examples, external magnets  106   a  and/or  106   b  may comprise combinations of different permanent magnets. Additionally, in some examples, external magnets  106   a  and/or  106   b  may comprise electromagnets. In an example, a typical Neodymium N42 magnet might have dimensions of 1″×2″×½″. 
     External magnets  106   a  and/or  106   b  may exhibit different Curie temperatures depending on the particular types of magnets used. A Curie temperature is the temperature at or above which a magnet becomes demagnetized. After the temperature of a magnet drops below the Curie temperature, the magnet may no longer behave as it did prior to reaching the Curie temperature, or temperatures above the Curie temperature. In the examples described in the present disclosure, magnets are included in the external portions of the various valves, but may not be included within body  102 . Such a configuration may be advantageous if the valves are welded, soldered, and/or brazed during installation and/or repair. If the valves are to be subjected to temperatures above the Curie temperature for the particular external magnets, the external magnets may be removed prior to heating the valve in order to avoid demagnetizing the external magnets. The external magnets may thereafter be reattached after the valve has returned to the rated operating temperature range for the particular external magnets used with the valve. The valve may thereafter be actuated using the various techniques described in the present disclosure. In some examples, body  102  of valve assembly and/or the external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  may be heat-shielded using insulating materials to prevent hot material passing through the valves (e.g., steam or other hot liquids) from demagnetizing the external magnets  106   a ,  106   b . In some other examples, valves in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more heat sinks (such as radiators and/or fins) to dissipate heat caused by hot material passing through the valves in order to prevent demagnetization of external magnets  106   a ,  106   b.    
     Because internal actuation member  110  is not a permanent magnet, internal actuation member  110  may be heated without losing its ferromagnetic properties. Additionally, by sealing stem  104  within body  102  of valve assembly, a stem seal is avoided. A stem seal is an interface through which a stem passes between the interior of a valve and the exterior of the valve. Dirt and/or other contaminants can be introduced at the stem seal and can cause a leak in the stem seal. As such, for many applications it may be advantageous to seal the stem within the body of the valve assembly, as described herein. 
     Valve assembly may include ports  122  and  124 . Although in the example depicted in  FIG. 1 , two ports are shown, more ports may be used depending on the particular valve. Ports  122  and  124  may be inlet and/or outlet ports. Additionally, in some examples, ports  122  and  124  may be interchangeable as inlet ports and outlet ports depending on the way valve assembly is installed in a system. 
       FIG. 2  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIG. 1  in the open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle (not shown in  FIG. 2 ), in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 2  that have been described previously with reference to  FIG. 1  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 3  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-2  in the closed position, with the external actuator  130  removed, including a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle (not shown in  FIG. 3 ), in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The external actuator  130  ( FIG. 2 ) may be removed in order to expose a portion of plug  152  so that plug  152  may be removed from port  153 . Alternatively, in some other embodiments of the invention, the external actuator  130  may be left in place while the port  153  is accessed. Those components in  FIG. 3  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 4  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-3  in the closed position, with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 4  the plug  152  has been removed from port  153  to expose shaft  150 . In various examples, a cheater handle may be coupled to shaft  150  in order to actuate the valve mechanically using the cheater handle, as described in further detail below. With plug  152  removed, seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and through the open port  153 . Those components in  FIG. 4  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-3  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 5  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve of  FIGS. 1-4  in the closed position, including a cheater handle  151  in the access port, with the external actuator  130  (not shown in  FIG. 5 ) and the plug  152  (not shown in  FIG. 5 ) removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 5  cheater handle  151  is coupled to (e.g., mated to) shaft  150 . In various examples, cheater handle  151  may comprise a mechanical lever. Cheater handle  151  may further comprise an interfacing portion that is sized and shaped so as to interface with a portion of shaft  150 . 
     Seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and out port  153 . Shaft  150  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of shaft  150  (e.g., via cheater handle  151 ) may rotate stem  104  and may actuate the valve between the open and closed positions. The lever portion of cheater handle  151  may allow for greater torque to be applied to shaft  150  and thereby to stem  104  relative to magnetic actuation via external actuator  130 . Accordingly, cheater handle  151  may be used to “over-torque” the valve in order to “unstick” the valve if the valve has become stuck in a particular position (e.g., open, closed, or an intermediate position). Those components in  FIG. 5  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-4  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 6  depicts an assembled cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 6  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-5  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. In the magnet-actuated butterfly valve depicted in  FIG. 6 , the valve member  120  may be a plate  1020  configured to rotate between an open and a shut configuration with the rotation of stem  104 . Stem  104  may, in turn, be coupled to and rotate with internal actuation member  110 . As previously discussed, internal actuation member  110  may rotate due to torque caused by rotation of external magnets  106   a ,  106   b . In  FIG. 6 , plug  152  is seated in port  153 , thereby precluding access to shaft  150  and preventing leakage from the interior of the valve to the exterior of the valve even in the event that seal  154  fails. 
       FIG. 7  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIG. 6  in a partially open position, with the external actuator  130  ( FIG. 6 ) removed, including a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 7  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-6  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. The external actuator  130  may be removed in preparation for removing plug  152  from port  153  in order to expose shaft  150 . Alternatively, in some other embodiments, the external actuator  130  may be left in place while the port  153  is accessed. 
       FIG. 8  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIGS. 6-7  in a partially open position, with the external actuator  130  (not shown in  FIG. 8 ) and plug  152  (not shown in  FIG. 8 ) removed, showing an open access port  153  for a cheater handle (not shown in  FIG. 8 ), in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 8  the plug  152  has been removed from port  153  to expose shaft  150 . In various examples, a cheater handle may be coupled to shaft  150  in order to actuate the valve mechanically using a cheater handle. With plug  152  removed, seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and through the open port  153 . Those components in  FIG. 8  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-7  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 9  depicts an assembled cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated butterfly valve of  FIGS. 6-8  in a partially open position, including a cheater handle  151  in the access port  153 , with the external actuator  130  (not shown in  FIG. 9 ) and plug  152  (not shown in  FIG. 9 ) removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 9  cheater handle  151  is coupled to (e.g., mated to) shaft  150 . Seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and out port  153 . Shaft  150  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of shaft  150  (e.g., via cheater handle  151 ) may rotate stem  104  and may actuate the valve between the open and closed positions. The lever portion of cheater handle  151  may allow for greater torque to be applied to shaft  150  and thereby to stem  104  relative to magnetic actuation via external actuator  130 . Accordingly, cheater handle  151  may be used to “over-torque” the valve in order to “unstick” the valve if the valve has become stuck in a particular position (e.g., open, closed, or an intermediate position). Those components in  FIG. 9  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-8  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 10  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve in a partially open position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a sealed access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Those components in  FIG. 10  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-9  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. In the magnet-actuated ball valve depicted in  FIG. 10 , the valve member  120  may be a ball  920  configured to rotate between an open and a shut configuration with rotation of the stem  104 . As previously discussed, an internal valve member may rotate due to torque caused by rotation of external actuator  130  and magnets included therein. The valve of  FIG. 10  comprises an internal mechanism that is geared down by a worm gear and a corresponding worm to allow higher rotation speeds and lower torque at the magnetic actuator (e.g., the magnetic coupling between external actuator  130  and internal actuation member  110 ) while increasing the torque using the worm gear mechanism to produce an increased torque to rotate the ball valve member. 
     Various valve types, such as ball valves and/or butterfly valves, may require higher torque to actuate relative to other types of valves, such as gate valves. In some examples, a worm gear mechanism may be used to impart higher torque to actuation. As depicted in  FIG. 10 , an actuation mechanism of a valve may include a worm gear  1150 . In the ball valve depicted in  FIG. 10 , the worm gear is part of an internal gear mechanism within body  102  of the ball valve. Turning worm gear  1150  may actuate the ball  920  between an open and a closed position. 
       FIG. 11  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIG. 10  in a partially open position, with the external actuator  130  removed, including a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle (not shown in  FIG. 11 ), in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The external actuator  130  may be removed in order to expose a portion of plug  152  so that plug  152  may be removed from port  153 . Alternatively, in some other embodiments of the invention, the external actuator  130  may be left in place while the port  153  is accessed. Those components in  FIG. 11  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-10  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 12  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIGS. 10-11  in a partially open position, with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, showing an open access port for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 12  the plug  152  has been removed from port  153  to expose shaft  150 . In various examples, a cheater handle may be coupled to shaft  150  in order to actuate the valve mechanically using the cheater handle. With plug  152  removed, seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and through the open port  153 . Those components in  FIG. 12  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-11  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 13  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated worm gear driven ball valve of  FIGS. 10-12  in a partially open position, including a cheater handle  151  in the access port  153 , with the external actuator  130  (not shown in  FIG. 13 ) and the plug  152  (not shown in  FIG. 13 ) removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 13  cheater handle  151  is coupled to (e.g., mated to) shaft  150  (not visible in  FIG. 13 ). Seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and out port  153 . Shaft  150  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of shaft  150  (e.g., via cheater handle  151 ) may rotate stem  104  and may actuate the valve between the open and closed positions. The lever portion of cheater handle  151  may allow for greater torque to be applied to shaft  150  and thereby to stem  104  relative to magnetic actuation via external actuator  130 . Accordingly, cheater handle  151  may be used to “over-torque” the valve in order to “unstick” the valve if the valve has become stuck in a particular position (e.g., open, closed, or an intermediate position). Those components in  FIG. 13  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-12  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 14  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve, with the external actuator  130  in place, including an internal worm gear mechanism, and a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 14  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-13  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     Various valve types, such as ball valves and/or butterfly valves, may require higher torque to actuate relative to other types of valves, such as gate valves. In some examples, a worm gear mechanism may be used to impart higher torque to actuation. As depicted in  FIG. 14 , an actuation mechanism of a valve may include a stem  1104  with a helical ridge (sometimes referred to as a “worm”) effective to turn a worm gear  1150 . The worm gear  1150  may produce an increased torque when rotated relative to rotation of stem  1104  alone. In the ball valve depicted in  FIG. 14 , the worm gear is part of an internal gear mechanism within body  102  of the ball valve. Turning worm gear  1150  may actuate the valve member between an open and a closed position. 
       FIG. 15  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIG. 14 , with the external actuator  130  removed, including an internal worm gear mechanism, and a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 15  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-14  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. The external actuator  130  ( FIG. 14 ) may be removed in order to expose a portion of plug  152  so that plug  152  may be removed from port  153 . Alternatively, in some other embodiments of the invention, the external actuator  130  may be left in place while the port  153  is accessed. 
       FIG. 16  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 14-15 , including an internal worm gear mechanism, with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, showing an open access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 16  the plug  152  has been removed from port  153  to expose shaft  150 . In various examples, a cheater handle may be coupled to shaft  150  in order to actuate the valve mechanically using the cheater handle, as described in further detail below. With plug  152  removed, seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and through the open port  153 . Those components in  FIG. 16  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-15  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 17  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 14-16 , including an internal worm gear mechanism, with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, including a cheater handle  151  in the access port, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 17  cheater handle  151  is coupled to (e.g., mated to) shaft  150 . Seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and out port  153 . Shaft  150  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of shaft  150  (e.g., via cheater handle  151 ) may rotate stem  104  and may actuate the valve between the open and closed positions. The lever portion of cheater handle  151  may allow for greater torque to be applied to shaft  150  and thereby to stem  104  relative to magnetic actuation via external actuator  130 . Accordingly, cheater handle  151  may be used to “over-torque”the valve in order to “unstick” the valve if the valve has become stuck in a particular position (e.g., open, closed, or an intermediate position). Those components in  FIG. 17  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-16  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 18  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve, with the external actuator  130  in place, including an internal traveling nut mechanism, and a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 18  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-17  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     In various valve types that require more torque to operate, a traveling nut architecture internal mechanism may be used to increase the torque provided by the magnetic actuation mechanism (e.g., the magnetic coupling between external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  and internal actuation member  110 ) described herein. The actuation mechanism of a valve may include a stem  1204  with a helical ridge mated to a traveling nut  1250 . As internal actuation member  110  rotates, traveling nut  1250  may move up (or down, depending on the direction of rotation) stem  1204 . Upwards and downwards movement of traveling nut  1250  may, in turn, rotate a lever  1252 . The lever  1252  may produce an increased torque when rotated relative to rotation of stem  1204  alone. Turning lever  1252  may actuate the valve member between an open and a closed position. 
       FIG. 19  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIG. 18 , with the external actuator  130  (not shown in  FIG. 19 ) removed, including an internal traveling nut mechanism, and a sealed access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In various examples, higher rotation speeds and lower torque may be used to actuate the magnetic actuator of the valve architecture depicted in  FIG. 19 , while the internal traveling nut mechanism may increase the torque to rotate the ball valve member. Those components in  FIG. 19  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-18  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. The external actuator  130  ( FIG. 18 ) may be removed in order to expose a portion of plug  152  so that plug  152  may be removed from port  153 . Alternatively, in some other embodiments of the invention, the external actuator  130  may be left in place while the port  153  is accessed. 
       FIG. 20  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 18-19 , including an internal traveling nut mechanism, with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, showing an open access port  153  for a cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 20  the plug  152  has been removed from port  153  to expose shaft  150 . In various examples, a cheater handle may be coupled to shaft  150  in order to actuate the valve mechanically using the cheater handle, as described in further detail below. With plug  152  removed, seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and through the open port  153 . Those components in  FIG. 20  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-19  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 21  depicts an assembled cut-away view as seen from the top of the valve (along the axis of rotation of the valve element) of the ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve of  FIGS. 18-20 , including an internal traveling nut mechanism, with a cheater handle  151  in the access port  153 , with the external actuator  130  and plug  152  removed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 21 , cheater handle  151  is coupled to (e.g., mechanically mated to) shaft  150 . Seal  154  prevents fluid or gas from escaping from the valve around shaft  150  and out port  153 . Shaft  150  may be mechanically coupled to stem  104 . Accordingly, rotation of shaft  150  (e.g., via cheater handle  151 ) may rotate stem  104  and may actuate the valve between the open and closed positions. The lever portion of cheater handle  151  may allow for greater torque to be applied to shaft  150  and thereby to stem  104  relative to magnetic actuation via external actuator  130 . Accordingly, cheater handle  151  may be used to “over-torque” the valve in order to “unstick” the valve if the valve has become stuck in a particular position (e.g., open, closed, or an intermediate position). Those components in  FIG. 21  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-20  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     In some embodiments of this invention, the enclosed backup seal (e.g., seal  154  of  FIG. 1 ) may comprise traditional gland packing and/or a traditional shaft seal such as those used on a traditional mechanical valve. Furthermore, the magnetic actuator mechanism (e.g., external magnets  106   a ,  106   b  of external actuator  130  and internal actuation member  110 ) and sealed valve bonnet may fit over the legacy valve bonnet and shaft seal, and may be removed again in event that the valve becomes stuck. In such examples, a cheater handle that is effective to be employed with the traditional mechanical valve may be attached to the legacy valve design after removal of the retrofit magnetic actuator bonnet.  FIGS. 22-31  illustrate this principle. 
     Furthermore, the concept of using the legacy valve bonnet and gland seal as the backup enclosure when employing a cheater handle (or alternatively using all or a portion of the magnetic actuation mechanism or the external aspects of the magnetic actuation mechanism as an access port for a cheater handle) enables a retro-fit kit type model of adding a magnetic actuation mechanism to a traditional mechanically-actuated valve, and may be beneficial and useful even in instances where cheater handles are not employed or permitted. 
       FIG. 22  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a traditional mechanically-actuated gate valve in the closed position. In the gate valve depicted in  FIG. 22 , a mechanical handle component  129  is used to actuate the valve. Turning mechanical handle component  129  is operable to turn stem  104  to open and close the valve. The gate valve depicted in  FIG. 22  uses a seal  160  (e.g., a gland packing), providing a dynamic seal between valve stem  104  and the legacy valve bonnet  103 , prior to modification for magnetic actuation or use of an elongated cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 22  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-21  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 23  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIG. 22  with the mechanical handle component  129  removed, in preparation for being converted to magnetic actuation, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 23  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-22  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 24  depicts a disassembled cut-away view of a conversion kit (e.g., a retrofit kit) that may be used to add magnetic actuation to seal a standard existing valve, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. External actuator  130  comprising external magnets  106   a  and/or  106   b  comprise the external portions of the magnetic actuation mechanism described above. Bonnet component  105  is a second bonnet that would typically have low magnetic susceptibility/permeability. Seal component  170  is a static seal either attached to component  105  by an adhesive, embedded in a groove, and/or placed between bonnet component  105  and valve bonnet  103  in order to seal bonnet component  105  to an existing valve (e.g., to the body and/or the bonnet of the existing valve). For example, bonnet component  105  may be secured to the body  102  of a legacy valve. In some embodiments, the legacy valve body  102  or its bonnet may have to be smoothed, sanded, and/or machined to better prevent leaks around this seal. In some embodiments shown in later figures, such as  FIGS. 32 and 34 , it may be most advantageous to place seal component  170  closer to the valve stem/gland nut such that the area that seal component  170  is affixed to is smaller and the physical forces from any internal pressure are lowered due to the area that the pressure acts being smaller. Internal actuation member  110  (including internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b ) are sealed inside an interior of bonnet component  105  by Seal  170 . Internal actuator components  110   a  and  110   b , or in some embodiments, a single internal actuation member  110  are the internal portion(s) of the magnetic actuator, as previously described. Attachment component(s)  180  are attachment features such as U-Bolts used to hold the magnetic actuation kit to the legacy valve body or bonnet as depicted below in  FIGS. 25, 26 . In various examples, attachment component(s)  180  may comprise a first end and a second end that are bolted and/or otherwise attached to bonnet component  105 . In the example where the attachment component(s)  180  are U-bolts, a portion of the attachment component(s)  180  extending between the first end and the second end may be secured to a portion of the legacy valve in order to secure the bonnet component  105  of the conversion kit to the valve body  102  of the legacy valve (as shown in  FIG. 26 ). For example, U-bolts may “loop” under the body of the legacy valve in order to secure the bonnet component  105  to the legacy valve. Those components in  FIG. 24  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-23  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     The external actuator  130  of the conversion kit may be operatively coupled to the bonnet component  105 . Additionally, the internal actuation member  110  may be operatively coupled to a portion of the stem of the legacy valve that is disposed inside the cavity (e.g., cavity  205  of  FIG. 26 ) that is formed by securing the bonnet component  105  to the body of the legacy valve. 
       FIG. 25  depicts an assembled cut-away view of a conversion kit that is used to add magnetic actuation to seal a standard valve, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 25  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-24  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity.  FIG. 25  depicts an assembled example of the components described above in reference to  FIG. 24 . The assembly depicted in  FIG. 25  may be retrofit onto a legacy valve (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 26 ) in order to impart magnetic actuation to a traditional mechanically-actuated valve. 
       FIG. 26  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, based on the valve depicted in  FIG. 22  with the mechanical handle removed, and the magnetic actuation conversion kit shown in  FIG. 24-25  installed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Attachment components  180  (e.g., U-Bolts, a saddle, cradle, and/or other appropriate fasteners) secure the magnetic actuator&#39;s bonnet component  105  onto valve body  102  or legacy valve bonnet  103  firmly enough to compress seal component  170 , thereby preventing any leakage to the exterior of the valve, even in the event that shaft seal  160  leaks or fails. In various examples, attachment component(s)  180  may comprise a first end and a second end ( 2604 ) that are bolted and/or otherwise attached to bonnet component  105 . In the example where the attachment component(s)  180  are U-bolts, a portion  2602  of the attachment component(s)  180  extending between the first end and the second end may be secured to a portion of the legacy valve in order to secure the bonnet component  105  of the conversion kit to the valve body  102  of the legacy valve (as shown in  FIG. 26 ). For example, U-bolts may “loop” under the body of the legacy valve in order to secure the bonnet component  105  to the legacy valve. 
     In various examples, bonnet component  105  may be sealed onto valve body  102  or legacy valve bonnet  103  using seal component  170  up to the full rated pressure of the valve. By sealing stem  104  and shaft seal  160  (e.g., a stem seal, gasket, and/or gland packing) completely within the conversion kit&#39;s bonnet component  105 , any leaks of fluid or gas that make it past shaft seal  160  are contained by bonnet component  105  and seal component  170  preventing those leaks that make it past shaft seal  160  from emerging to the outer environment. However, in the event that the valve becomes stuck, all or part of the magnetic actuation conversion kit may be removed in order to install a mechanical cheater handle (not shown in  FIG. 26 ). In various examples, when bonnet component  105  is sealed onto legacy valve bonnet  103  (or valve body  102 ), bonnet component  105  may itself be considered the port to the cavity  205 . Similarly, bonnet component  105  may be considered the plug that seals off the cavity  205 . In the example depicted in  FIG. 26 , cavity  205  may be defined by bonnet component  105  sealed onto (or otherwise coupled to) legacy valve bonnet  103  (and/or valve body  102 ) via seal component  170 . An exposed portion of the stem  104  of the legacy valve may be disposed within cavity  205  when the bonnet component  105  is coupled to the legacy valve bonnet  103 . Internal actuation member  110  may be coupled to the portion of the stem  104  that is disposed in cavity  205  in order to impart magnetic actuation to the legacy valve. In various examples, the bonnet component  105  may be coupled to the valve body  102  or legacy valve bonnet  103  such that the bonnet component  105  fits over the legacy valve bonnet  103 . Bonnet component  105  (and the actuation conversion kit, generally) may be coupled to the existing valve even during operation of the existing valve, thereby minimizing and/or eliminating interruption in use and/or system downtime. 
     Internal actuation member  110  (and/or internal actuation components  110   a ,  110   b ) may be operatively coupled to the stem  104  in any suitable manner. In various examples, bonnet component  105  may have low magnetic susceptibility, allowing this conversion kit to be employed even with iron, carbon steel, and/or other magnetically-permeable valve bodies that may otherwise preclude the use of a magnetic actuation mechanism. Those components in  FIG. 26  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-25  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 27  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated gate valve in the closed position, based on the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22-23  and  FIG. 26  with the mechanical handle component  129  removed, and the magnetic actuation conversion kit pictured in  FIG. 24  and  FIG. 25  installed, and a bleed line component  190  and a pressure gauge component  191  installed. Seal component  170  may allow access to a portion the original mechanical shaft that is sealed with the valve&#39;s original shaft seal  160 , which now serves as a backup seal when a cheater handle is in use, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the interstitial pressure in the volume enclosed between bonnet component  105  and legacy valve bonnet  103  and sealed by seal component  170  can be monitored with gauge component  191  and controlled with bleed line component  190 , such as those used on block and bleed valves. Furthermore, this optional bleed line could be employed to reduce the interstitial pressure prior to removing/opening bonnet component  105  (e.g., to install a cheater handle, perform maintenance, or for any other reason). Accordingly, the embodiment depicted and described in reference to  FIG. 27  offers increased flexibility and safety features for certain applications. Those components in  FIG. 27  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-26  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 28  depicts an assembled isometric view of a valve with a magnetic actuation conversion kit installed and secured by a saddle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Various components of  FIG. 27  that have been previously described may not be described again herein for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     In  FIG. 28 , the ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit is installed and held in place by a saddle  181  (sometimes referred to as a “cradle”). The saddle  181  may comprise metal sized and shaped so as to securely fit around at least a portion of the legacy valve onto which the ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit is to be installed. The saddle  181  tightly secures the retrofit kit against the existing valve bonnet. In some examples, the saddle  181  may be more secure and may deform or stretch to a lesser degree than U-Bolts while securing the ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit to the existing valve bonnet, especially in higher pressure applications. The bolts  182  may be shorter than the U-Bolts shown in previous figures (e.g.,  FIGS. 26 and 27 ) and hence may stretch less for a given holding force. Furthermore, the saddle may be secured using additional bolts  182  (6 bolts depicted in  FIG. 28 ) in order to support higher forces, especially relative to two double-ended U-Bolts. Items  183  may be nuts securing bolts  182 . Item  128  may be a fitting to hold mechanical handle component  129  on external actuator  130 . Casing  131  may enclose magnets  106  and the lower portion of back iron external actuator  130 . 
       FIG. 29  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a solid continuous core as the internal actuation member  110 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 29 , internal actuation member  110  is a solid continuous ferromagnetic core, which may be advantageous in retrofit kit applications because no stop pins are installed inside the valve in a retrofit kit application, and hence asymmetric actuation may not be desirable, or could even lead to a stuck open condition, depending on the design of the valve that the retrofit kit is placed on. 
       FIG. 30  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with a manual secondary seal conversion kit installed in the closed position, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure 
     Seal  162  may be a secondary mechanical gland seal effective to seal the cavity formed by securing the bonnet component  105  to the body of the legacy valve from the external environment. The seal  162  may prevent the valve from leaking to the external environment if the original mechanical gland seal  160  leaks. The valve depicted in  FIG. 30  may be a non-magnetically actuated valve. 
       FIG. 31  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque increasing set of gears  165 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The set of gears  165  may be effective to increase the amount of torque transmitted to valve member  120  relative to an amount of torque applied to external actuator  130 . 
       FIG. 32  depicts an assembled isometric cut-away view of a gate valve with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque-increasing set of worm stem  1104  and worm gears  1150 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The worm stem  1104  and worm gear  1150  may be effective to increase the amount of torque transmitted to valve member  120  relative to an amount of torque applied to external actuator  130 . 
       FIG. 33  depicts an assembled isometric hidden line view of the gate valve of  FIG. 32  with ferromagnetic actuation conversion kit installed in the closed position, with the external magnetic actuator in place, including a torque increasing set of worm gears, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 34  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22-23  and  FIGS. 26-27  with the entire magnetic actuation conversion kit removed and the valve sealed against leakage by the shaft seal  160 . As depicted in  FIG. 34 , the magnetic actuation conversion kit may be removed in order to employ a cheater handle  151  (e.g., to “unstick” a stuck valve). Alternatively, in some other embodiments of the invention, the internal magnetic actuator comprised of internal actuator components  110   a ,  110   b  might be left in place while the cheater handle is used as depicted in  FIG. 35  and  FIG. 36 . Those components in  FIG. 34  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-33  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 35  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in both  FIGS. 22-23  and  FIGS. 26-27  with both the external actuator  130  and the bonnet component  105  of the magnetic actuation conversion kit removed, but with the internal actuation components  110   a  and  110   b  left in place. In embodiments where a single internal actuation member  110  is used, the single internal actuation member  110  may be left in place. As shown, the valve remains sealed against leakage by the shaft seal  160 . In various examples, a mechanical cheater handle may be employed, as depicted in  FIG. 36 . Those components in  FIG. 35  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-34  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 36  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22-23 ,  FIGS. 26-27 , and  FIG. 35  with both the external actuator  130  and the bonnet component  105  of the magnetic actuation conversion kit removed, but with the internal actuation components  110   a  and  110   b  left in place. As shown, the valve remains sealed against leakage by the shaft seal  160 . In  FIG. 36  a cheater handle  151  is coupled to the exposed portion of the shaft (e.g., the exposed portion of stem  104 ). Those components in  FIG. 36  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-35  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 37  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the valve depicted in  FIGS. 22-23 ,  FIG. 26 , and  FIG. 40  with both the external actuator  130  and the bonnet component  105  of the magnetic actuation conversion kit removed, but with the internal actuation components  110   a  and  110   b  left in place. As shown, the valve remains sealed against leakage by the shaft seal  160 . In  FIG. 37 , the original handle component  129  has been reinstalled, and may be used as a mechanical failsafe handle or light duty cheater handle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 37  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-36  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 38  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a ferromagnetic magnet-actuated ball valve in a partially open position, with the mechanical handle removed, and a magnetic actuation conversion kit appropriate for ball valves installed. A seal component  170  allows access to a portion of the original mechanical stem  104  that is sealed by the valve&#39;s shaft seal  160 , which now serves as a backup seal when the cheater handle not yet installed is in use, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Attachment components  180  such as Bolts, U-Bolts, and/or machine screws secures the magnetic actuator&#39;s bonnet component  105  to valve body  102  enough to compress seal component  170 , thereby preventing any leaks that make it past shaft seal  160  up to the full rated pressure of the valve. In some embodiments, this pressure may be monitored directly with a gauge or remotely with a small bleed line, such as those used on block and bleed type valves, similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 27 . Furthermore, this optional bleed line could be employed to control the pressure and reduce it prior to opening bonnet component  105  (e.g., to install a cheater handle or to perform valve maintenance). Accordingly, the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 38  may offer increased flexibility and better safety features for certain applications. 
     By sealing stem  104  and shaft seal  160  (e.g., a stem seal, gasket, and/or gland packing) completely within the conversion kit&#39;s bonnet component  105 , any leaks of fluid or gas that make it past shaft seal  160  are contained by bonnet component  105  and seal component  170  preventing those leaks that make it past shaft seal  160  from emerging to the outer environment. However, in the event that the valve becomes stuck, all or part of the magnetic actuation conversion kit may be removed in order to install a mechanical cheater handle. 
     Internal actuation member  110  (and/or internal actuation components  110   a ,  110   b ) may be operatively coupled to the stem  104  in any suitable manner. In various examples, bonnet component  105  may have low magnetic susceptibility, allowing this conversion kit to be employed even with iron, carbon steel, and/or other magnetically-permeable valve bodies that may otherwise preclude the use of a magnetic actuation mechanism. Attachment components  180  such as bolts, U-Bolts, and/or machine screws secure bonnet component  105  to valve body  102  or to legacy valve bonnet  103 . Those components in  FIG. 38  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-37  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 39  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of the ball valve of  FIG. 38  in a partially open position, with the magnetic actuation conversion kit removed and a cheater handle  151  installed. The valve&#39;s shaft seal  160 , may now serves as a backup seal while the cheater handle is in use, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Those components in  FIG. 39  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-38  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
       FIG. 40  depicts an assembled side cut-away view of a gate valve, with a magnetic actuation conversion kit that seals on, around, and/or near the legacy gland seal nut, and/or closer to the shaft on legacy valve bonnet  103 . Such an embodiment may be advantageous in various applications (e.g., depending on the shape of valve bonnet and/or the installation of the valve) or if the application is relatively high pressure, as a smaller interface area may be better for structural integrity as the area that the seal component  170  affixes to may be smaller, and the physical forces from any internal pressure are lowered because the area that the pressure acts on is smaller. Those components in  FIG. 40  that have been described previously with reference to  FIGS. 1-39  may not be described again for purposes of clarity and brevity. 
     Various devices and techniques related to magnetically-actuated valves are generally described. In some examples, magnetically-actuated valves may include mechanisms to provide access for a mechanical linkage in the event that the magnetic coupling is unable to break loose a stuck valve. 
     Advantages of this approach include that the torque is limited during normal operation so as not to damage the valve by overtightening for example, the cost is lower by not having to build the magnetic coupling to transmit extreme torque levels needed to overcome severe stuck valve conditions, and safety and reliability are improved by being able to address these severe conditions without removing the valve from service or compromising the pressure seal. 
     Among other potential benefits, magnetic valves constructed in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may alleviate the problem of requiring expensive, bulky and/or very high temperature magnets for conditions that would only occur quite rarely in practice. Additionally, as described herein, cheater handles may be employed to provide the increased torque sometimes necessary to break loose a stuck valve without requiring more powerful, larger, and more expensive magnets. Additionally, as described herein, the cheater handle may be employed without interruption of valve operability and while maintaining a seal between the interior and exterior of the valve body. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments and illustrative figures, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments or figures described. 
     The particulars shown herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of various embodiments of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings and/or examples making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. 
     As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “a” and “an” are taken to mean “one,” “at least one” or “one or more.” Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms used herein shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. 
     Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural and singular number, respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” and “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of the application. 
     The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. While specific embodiments and examples for the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Such modifications may include, but are not limited to, changes in the dimensions and/or the materials shown in the disclosed embodiments. 
     Specific elements of any embodiments can be combined or substituted for elements in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described in the context of these embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the disclosure. 
     Therefore, it should be understood that the invention can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. It should be understood that the invention can be practiced with modification and alteration and that the invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.