Patent Publication Number: US-2013249827-A1

Title: Multi-mode display apparatus and electronic product having the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0029442, filed on Mar. 22, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of disclosure 
     The present disclosure relates generally to a display apparatus and an electronic product having the same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a transparent display apparatus for a door, and an electronic product having the transparent display apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     One form of display is known as a transparent display apparatus, which being transparent allow people to see objects located behind it, as well as display images. The transparent display apparatus can be classified into a non-self-emissive transparent display apparatus which uses a separate light source, e.g., a liquid crystal display, and a self-emissive transparent display apparatus which does not require a separate light source, e.g., an organic electroluminescent display. 
     Ongoing efforts exist to integrate transparent display apparatuses into various other electronic products. For instance, a transparent display apparatus can be integrated into a door of a refrigerator, so that a user can recognize the stored goods inside the refrigerator through the transparent display apparatus, and can also see information displayed by the display. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides a display apparatus capable of maintaining display quality regardless of external impact. 
     The present disclosure provides an electronic product having the display apparatus. 
     Embodiments of the inventive concept provide a display apparatus including a display panel, a controller, and an impact sensor. The impact sensor is connected to an input terminal of the controller to sense an external impact. Once the impact is sensed, the display panel displays a white color for a predetermined time period. 
     Embodiments of the inventive concept provide an electronic product that further includes a body and a door. The body includes an inner space and an opening through which the inner space is exposed. The door is disposed corresponding to the opening, and the door opens and shuts to respectively expose or close off the inner space from the outside. The display apparatus is coupled to the door. 
     According to embodiments, the display apparatus includes a display panel, a controller, and a sensing unit. The sensing unit is connected to an input terminal of the controller to sense a user input. The display panel displays a white color or another predetermined image such as a commercial image while the user input is sensed. 
     According to embodiments, an electronic product further includes a body and a door with the display apparatus. The body includes an inner space and an opening through which the inner space is exposed. The door is disposed corresponding to the opening, and the door opens and shuts to respectively expose or close off the inner space from the outside. The display apparatus is coupled to the door. 
     According to embodiments, an electronic product includes a body, a door, and a display apparatus. The display apparatus includes a display panel, a controller, and a switching device. The display apparatus is operated in a first mode to display a white color once the door opens, and is operated in a second mode to display a conventional image once the door shuts. The signal applied to an input terminal of the switching device determines whether the first mode or the second mode is employed. 
     According to the above, light leakage, which occurs in the display apparatus as a result of external impact, may be prevented. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a timing diagram showing an impact signal and a white enable signal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a timing diagram showing a white enable signal according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 7 ; and 
         FIG. 9  is a timing diagram showing a white enable signal according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms, “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes” and/or “including”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the electronic product  1000  includes a body  100 , a door  200 , and a display apparatus  300 . 
     The electronic product  1000  shown is a refrigerator, but may be any device, such as a refrigerator, a washing machine, a microwave, or an oven. 
     The body  100  includes an inner space ISP, in which beverages or foods are stored, and an opening OP through which the inner space ISP is exposed. 
     The door  200  prepared corresponding to the opening OP opens and shuts to expose or seal the inner space ISP. The door  200  may be hinge-coupled to one side of the body  100 . 
     The display apparatus  300  is equipped within at least a portion of the door  200 . Accordingly, the display apparatus  300  partially performs the function of the door  200 . The display apparatus  300  is operated in a first mode or a second mode, which are different from each other, to display an image. The display apparatus  300  displays a white color (or is otherwise opaque) in the first mode. 
     The display apparatus  300  includes a display panel  310 , a timing controller  320 , a gate driver  330 , a data driver  340 , and an impact sensor  350 . 
     The display panel  310  displays the image. The display panel  310  includes a display area and a non-display area (the boundary between these two areas is not shown) adjacent to at least a portion of the display area. The display area is disposed to correspond to the opening OP. The display panel  310  may be any type of display panel, such as a liquid crystal display panel, an organic light emitting display panel, a plasma display panel, an electrophoresis display panel, an electrowetting display panel, etc. In the present exemplary embodiment, the display panel  310  is a liquid crystal display panel. 
     The display panel  310  includes a plurality of gate lines G 1  to Gk applied with a gate signal and a plurality of data lines D 1  to Dm applied with a data voltage. The gate lines G 1  to Gk are insulated from the data lines D 1  to Dm while crossing the data lines D 1  to Dm. The display panel  310  includes a plurality of pixel areas arranged in a matrix layout, and pixels are arranged in the pixel areas, respectively.  FIG. 2  shows an equivalent circuit of one pixel PXL. The pixel PXL includes a thin film transistor  11 , a liquid crystal capacitor  12 , and a storage capacitor  13 . 
     Although not shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the thin film transistor  11  includes a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode. The structure, composition, and operation of thin film transistors are known. The gate electrode is connected to a first gate line G 1  of the gate lines G 1  to Gk, the source electrode is connected to a first data line D 1  of the data lines D 1  to Dm, and the drain electrode is connected to the liquid crystal capacitor  12  and the storage capacitor  13 . The liquid crystal capacitor  12  and the storage capacitor  13  are connected to the drain electrode in parallel. 
     In addition, the display panel  310  includes a first display substrate, a second display substrate facing the first display substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first display substrate and the second display substrate. 
     The gate lines G 1  to Gk, the data lines D 1  to Dm, the thin film transistor  11 , and a pixel electrode (not shown), which serves as a first electrode of the liquid crystal capacitor  12 , are disposed on the first display substrate. The thin film transistor  11  applies the data voltage to the pixel electrode in response to the gate signal. 
     A common electrode (not shown), which serves as a second electrode of the liquid crystal capacitor  12 , is disposed on the second display substrate, and a reference voltage is applied to the common electrode for image display. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode to serve as a dielectric substance. The liquid crystal capacitor  12  is charged with a voltage corresponding to an electric potential difference between the data voltage and the reference voltage. 
     The display panel  310  displays a white color in the first mode. 
     The impact sensor  350  senses an external impact and generates an impact signal crs upon detecting such an impact, and the impact sensor  350  applies the impact signal crs to the timing controller  320 . In addition, an output terminal of the impact sensor  350  is connected to an input terminal of the timing controller  320 . The impact sensor  350  may be any impact sensor, such as one or more accelerometers, transducers, strain gauges, or the like. The display apparatus  300  may receive such an impact when, for example, the door  200  opens or shuts. In this case, the impact sensor  350  senses the external impact and generates the impact signal crs as a result, and the impact sensor  350  applies the impact signal crs to the timing controller  320 . When the impact signal crs is output from the impact sensor  350 , the display apparatus  300  is operated in the first mode for a predetermined time period. The display apparatus  300  is operated in the second mode while no impact signal crs is output from the impact sensor  350 . 
     The timing controller  320  receives an image data data, a control signal cont, and the impact signal crs. The control signal cont includes a horizontal synchronization signal, a vertical synchronization signal, a main clock signal, and a data enable signal. 
     The timing controller  320  applies a data control signal cont 1 , such as an output start signal, a horizontal start signal, a horizontal clock signal, a polarity inverting signal, etc., to the data driver  340  and applies a gate control signal cont 2 , such as a vertical start signal, a vertical clock signal, a vertical clock bar signal, etc., to the gate driver  330 . 
     The timing controller  320  generates a white enable signal (not shown) having a high level during a predetermined time period and a low level during a remaining time period, where the white enable signal is generated in response to the impact signal crs. The white enable signal (not shown) is used to control a time during which the display apparatus  300  is operated in the first mode and a time period during which the display apparatus  300  is operated in the second mode. 
     In the first mode, the timing controller  320  reads out a white data (not shown), which corresponds to the white color, from a memory installed therein in response to the impact signal crs. Then, the timing controller  320  converts a data format of the white data (not shown) to a data format appropriate to an interface between the data driver  340  and the timing controller  320 , and provides the data driver  340  with the converted white data w-data. The impact signal crs may be used to control an output start timing of the white data w-data. The timing controller  320  outputs the white data w-data during the high period of the white enable signal. 
     In the second mode, the timing controller  320  converts a data format of the image data data into a data format appropriate to the interface between the timing controller  340  and the timing controller  320 , and applies the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340  during the low period of the white enable signal. 
     The gate driver  330  is electrically connected to the gate lines G 1  to Gk disposed on the display panel  310  to apply the gate signal to the gate lines G 1  to Gk. In detail, the gate driver  330  generates the gate signal used to drive the gate lines G 1  to Gk on the basis of the gate control signal cont 2  provided from the timing controller  320 , and sequentially outputs the gate signal to the gate lines G 1  to Gk in units of at least one line. 
     In the first mode, the data driver  340  converts the white data w-data to a white voltage in response to the data control signal cont 1  from the timing controller  320 , and applies the white voltage to the data lines D 1  to Dm. 
     In the second mode, the data driver  340  converts the image data data 1  to a data voltage in response to the data control signal cont 1  from the timing controller  320 , and applies the data voltage to the data lines D 1  to Dm. 
     The electronic product  1000  may further include a light source  400  to provide light to the inner space ISP and the display apparatus  300 . The light source  400  serves not only as an indoor light of the refrigerator but also as a backlight for the display apparatus  300 . In this example, since the liquid crystal display panel is a non-self-emissive type panel, the light source  400  is included and configured to function as a backlight. However, in the case that the display panel  310  is an organic light emitting display panel some other self-emissive type display, the light source  400  may be omitted. 
     The light source  400  may be configured to include a light emitting diode (LED) or a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). 
     At least a portion of the display apparatus  300  is transparent or semi-transparent. In detail, at least the display area (not shown) of the display panel  310  is transparent or semi-transparent. Accordingly, the user may recognize the stored goods accommodated in the inner space ISP through the display apparatus  300  even when the door  200  is shut. 
     Hereinafter, the operation of the display apparatus  300  in the first mode and the second mode will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
       FIG. 3  is a timing diagram showing the impact signal crs and the white enable signal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     In  FIG. 3 , the display apparatus  300  receives an impact at a first time point t 1 . Before the time point t 1 , the timing controller  320  converts the image data data and provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . The white enable signal wnb is low, and the display apparatus  300  is operated in the second mode so as to display a conventional image. 
     Then, when the impact occurs at the first time point t 1 , the impact sensor  350  senses the external impact and generates the impact signal crs, and the impact signal crs is applied to the timing controller  320 . The timing controller  320  generates white enable signal wnb having a high period d 2  from the first time point t 1  to the second time point t 2  on receiving the impact signal crs. The high period d 2  may be a predetermined time period in the timing controller  320 . The timing controller  320  provides the converted white data w-data to the data driver  340  during the high period d 2  of the white enable signal wnb. The high period d 2  may be set to be longer than the pulse width d 1 . In this case, the display apparatus  300  is operated in the first mode to display the white color. 
     After the second time point t 2 , the white enable signal wnb goes low, and the timing controller  320  provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . In this case, the display apparatus  300  is operated in the second mode to display the conventional image. 
     In a conventional electronic product, when the display apparatus is impacted such as by shutting the door, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the display panel is twisted. Consequently, light incident into the display panel leaks out through the panel, and the user perceives the light, resulting in an undesired visual effect. 
     In the case of the electronic product according to the present exemplary embodiment, the display apparatus  300  may display the white color during a predetermined time period after the impact. Thus, although the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules in the display panel  310  is twisted and light leaks out, the user perceives the white color, but does not perceive light leakage. The light leakage occurring in the electronic product by the external impact may thus be reduced or eliminated. In addition, since the white color has a relatively high transmittance when compared with the other colors, the user may still perceive the stored goods in the inner space ISP of the electronic product  1000  while the display apparatus  300  displays the white color. Hereinafter, an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 4 to 6 . 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 4 . The electronic product  1100  has the same configuration and function as the electronic product  1000  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , except that a ground portion gnd and a switching device swt are added to the electronic product  1100  and the electronic product  1100  does not include the impact sensor. Accordingly, the differences between the electronic product  1000  and the electronic product  1100  will be largely what is described below. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the electronic product  1100  includes a body  101 , a door  201 , and a display apparatus  301 . 
     The body  101  further includes the ground portion gnd connected to a ground. The ground portion gnd is separated from the display apparatus  301  when the door  201  opens, and makes contact with at least a portion of the display apparatus  301  when the door  201  shuts. 
     The electronic product  1100  further includes the switching device swt connected to an input terminal of the timing controller  321 . 
     The switching device swt includes an output terminal ots, an input terminal ins, and a switch tt. The output terminal ots is connected to the input terminal of the timing controller  321 . 
     The input terminal ins is connected to the ground portion gnd or a white terminal wp. The white terminal wp receives a switching signal sgn, which is used to control the output timing of the white data (not shown), from a source external to the timing controller  321 . When the input terminal ins is connected to the white terminal wp, the timing controller  321  receives the switching signal sgn. In this case, the display apparatus  301  is operated in the first mode so as to display the white color. 
     When the input terminal ins is instead connected to the ground portion gnd, the input terminal ins is grounded and the switching signal sgn is not applied to the timing controller  321 . Thus, the display apparatus  301  is operated in the second mode, so that a conventional image is displayed on the display apparatus  301 . 
     The timing controller  321  generates the white enable signal (not shown) in response to the switching signal sgn. The white enable signal (not shown) is high while the input terminal ins is connected to the white terminal wp, and is low while the input terminal ins is not connected to the white terminal wp. The white enable signal (not shown) is used to control a time during which the display apparatus  301  is operated in the first mode and a time period during which the display apparatus  301  is operated in the second mode. 
     The door  201  may serve as the switch tt. In detail, the input terminal ins is electrically connected to the white terminal wp when the door  201  opens. When the door  201  shuts, the input terminal ins is electrically connected to the ground portion gnd. Thus, the node to which the input terminal ins is connected is decided according to whether the door  201  is open or shut. 
     Hereinafter, the operation of the display apparatus  301  in the first mode and the second mode will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
       FIG. 6  is a timing diagram showing a white enable signal according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     In  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the door  201  is shut prior to a third time point t 3 , opens during a time period d 3  from the third time point t 3  to a fourth time point t 4 , and shuts again after the fourth time point t 4 . 
     Prior to the third time point t 3 , the input terminal ins is connected to the ground portion gnd so as to be grounded. The timing controller  321  converts the image data data to the converted image data data 1 , and provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . The white enable signal wnb  1  is low during this time. In this case, the display apparatus  301  is operated in the second mode to display a conventional image. 
     When the input terminal ins is connected to the white terminal wp after the third time point t 3 , the timing controller  321  receives the switching signal sgn. The timing controller  321  generates a high white enable signal wnb 1  from the third time point t 3  to the fourth time point t 4  in response to the switching signal sgn. The high period d 3  corresponds to the time period during which the timing controller  321  receives the switching signal sgn. The timing controller  321  provides the converted white data w-data to the data driver  340  during the high period d 3  of the white enable signal wnb 1 . In this case, the display apparatus  301  is operated in the first mode to display the white color. 
     After the fourth time point t 4 , the white enable signal wnb 1  goes low again, and the timing controller  321  provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . In this case, the display apparatus  301  is operated in the second mode to display the conventional image once more. 
     Hereinafter, an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 7 to 9 . 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view showing an electronic product according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating the electronic product shown in  FIG. 7 . The electronic product  1200  has the same configuration and function as the electronic product  1000  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , except that a knob  500  and a sensing unit  600  are added to the electronic product  1200 , and the electronic product  1200  does not include the impact sensor. Accordingly, the differences between the electronic product  1000  and the electronic product  1200  will be largely what is described below. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the electronic product  1200  includes a body  102 , a door  202 , and a display apparatus  302 . 
     The door  202  may further include a knob or handle  500 . The knob  500  may have various shapes as long as the door  202  easily opens and shuts by the user. In  FIG. 7 , the knob  500  is protruded from, i.e. extends outward from, a surface of the door  202 . 
     The display apparatus  302  may further include the sensing unit  600 . The sensing unit  600  senses an input from the user. The sensing unit  600  is disposed on the knob  500 , but it should not be considered as limited thereto or thereby. The sensing unit  600  may be configured to include various input devices, such as a touch sensor, an input button, etc. Accordingly, the sensing unit  600  may sense the user&#39;s input without being limited to the input method of the user. In the present exemplary embodiment, the sensing unit  600  is disposed at a center of the knob  500  (though it may be disposed at any other suitable location in, on, or around the knob/handle  500 ) and includes the touch sensor as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     In addition, an output terminal of the sensing unit  600  is connected to an input terminal of the timing controller  322 . When the user touches the sensing unit  600 , the sensing unit  600  detects this touch and generates a sensing signal sen in response. The sensing signal sen is applied to the timing controller  322 . The sensing unit  600  may output the sensing signal sen during a time period in which the user&#39;s input is sensed, i.e. while the user is touching the knob  500 . When the sensed signal sen is output from the sensing unit  600 , the display apparatus  302  is operated in the first mode, and the display apparatus  302  is operated in the second mode when the sensed signal sen is not output from the sensing unit  600 . Thus, the display apparatus  302  operates in the first mode while the user touches the knob  500 , and operates in the second mode otherwise. 
     The timing controller  322  generates the white enable signal (not shown) on the basis of the sensed signal sen. The white enable signal (not shown) is high while the timing controller  322  receives the sensing signal sen, and is low while the timing controller  322  does not receive the sensing signal sen. The white enable signal (not shown) is used to control a time during which the display apparatus  302  is operated in the first mode and a time period during which the display apparatus  302  is operated in the second mode. 
     Hereinafter, the operation of the display apparatus  302  in the first mode or the second mode will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
       FIG. 9  is a timing diagram showing a white enable signal wnb 2  according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     In  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the user does not touch the sensing unit  600  before a fifth time point T 5 , touches the sensing unit  600  during a time period from the fifth time point t 5  to a sixth time point t 6 , and does not touch the sensing unit  600  after the sixth time point t 6 . 
     Before the fifth time point t 5 , the timing controller  322  converts the image data data and provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . The white enable signal wnb 2  is low. In this case, the display apparatus  302  is operated in the second mode to display a conventional image. 
     After the fifth time point t 5 , the sensing unit  600  senses the user&#39;s input, e.g. touch, and generates the sensed signal sen. The sensed signal sen is applied to the timing controller  322 . The timing controller  322  generates the white enable signal wnb 2  having a high level d 4  during the time period from the fifth time point t 5  to the sixth time point t 6  in response to the sensed signal sen. The high period d 4  corresponds to a time period during which the timing controller  322  receives the sensed signal sen. The timing controller  322  provides the converted white data w-data to the data driver  340  during the high period d 4  of the white enable signal wnb 2 . In this case, the display apparatus  302  is operated in the first mode to display the white color. 
     After the sixth time point t 6 , the white enable signal wnb 2  goes low and the timing controller  322  provides the converted image data data 1  to the data driver  340 . In this case, the display apparatus  302  is operated in the second mode to display a conventional image. 
     Incorporated into the electronic product  1200 , the display apparatus  302  displays a white color from the time point at which the user&#39;s input is sensed. Accordingly, the display apparatus  302  displays the white color prior to a time point at which the impact is applied to the display apparatus  30  so as to prevent the occurrence of light leakage, which is caused by the opening and shutting of the door  202 . In addition, the user stops displaying the image, such as commercials, on the display apparatus by touching the sensing unit  600 , and then the user recognizes the stored goods in the electronic product. 
     Although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is understood that the present invention should not be limited to these exemplary embodiments but various changes and modifications can be made by one ordinary skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the present invention as hereinafter claimed.