Patent Publication Number: US-2011071694-A1

Title: System and method for measuring power consumption in a residential or commercial building via a wall socket

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/244,114 filed Sep. 21, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/264,162 filed Nov. 24, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/357,412 filed Jun. 22, 2010; the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Power usage in homes, offices, and other building structures (residences) are generally used throughout a billing period without a consumer or customer knowing how much the power usage bill will be until a bill from a power company is delivered to the consumer. In many cases, the power or electric bill causes the consumer “sticker shock” due to the power usage being more than anticipated. As consumers and businesses have more electronic devices these days (e.g., large screen televisions, computers, etc.), power usage bills have generally increased over the years and become less predictable. 
     It has been shown that providing the consumer with real-time or up-to-date (e.g., daily) power usage and/or billing information of power usage that the consumer ends up having a 10% to 20% lower monthly power usage bill. Over the recent past, attempts to provide such information has included using smart meters, power sensors, power meters, and appliance/plug sensors to collect power usage data and provide the consumer with real-time or up-to-date power usage information. 
     Smart meters are power meters that have “intelligence” built in (e.g., processing system) to be able to collect and communicate power usage data of power used within a residence. Smart meters have been replacing traditional “dumb” power meters that have electromechanic dials, including a large disk, that rotate as power is being consumed. The smart meters enable the power company to read power usage remotely, and may also be used to provide the consumer with real-time or up-to-date power usage information. The smart meters are expensive and require an electrician to install, which further increases the cost. 
     Power sensors are electronic devices that are typically installed at existing traditional power meters, circuit breakers, or fuse boxes. The power sensors are generally installed directly on high-voltage lines that enter or exit the power meter, circuit breaker, or fuse box. Some power sensors use magnetic sensors that sense magnetic fields generated by the power lines. Power sensors can be expensive because of the electrical components used to produce the power sensors, but are also expensive to install due to an electrician having to perform the installation onto high-voltage lines or within a glass cover of the power meter. 
     Meter readers generally utilize optical reading devices that are capable of sensing a stripe on a power meter disk that rotates as the power meter senses power usage. The meter reader counts rotations of the stripe and uses the count to calculate the amount of power used by the consumer. The meter reader may be strapped around the glass of the power meter by the consumer. The meter reader generally costs over $100 and requires a basic level of mechanical skill for a consumer to install. 
     Appliance/plug sensors are devices that are configured to be plugged into a wall socket and have an appliance plugged into the appliance/plug sensor. The appliance/plug sensor is capable of measuring power consumed by the appliance connected thereto and communicate the measured power to a central location, generally local to the appliance/plug sensor (i.e., at the residence). The appliance/plug sensor typically costs about 100. While the appliance/plug sensor requires virtually no skills to install, in order to measure total power consumed in a residence, several thousands of dollars of appliance/plug sensors are required to be purchased so that each appliance may be independently measured. 
     While the above-described techniques for measuring power in a residence are available and useful to allow a consumer to monitor power usage, each has a shortcoming whether it be cost or consumer installation requirements. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To overcome the shortcomings of existing power sensing systems and devices, the principles of the present inventive concept provide for a socket meter capable of measuring resistance and/or complex impedance of devices throughout a residential network or other network and determine total power usage. Residence power lines are generally configured to include two circuits or phases that are separated by capacitance at a fuse box or circuit breaker. The socket meter may generate a high-frequency (HF) signal that is communicated onto a power line connected to the wall socket, where the HF signal may cross over the capacitance at the fuse box or circuit breaker as a result of being a high enough frequency so that impedance of appliances on both power circuits can be measured. The socket meter may use coherent or non-coherent measurement techniques. Alternatively, the socket meter may be configured to use reflectometer techniques, using coherent or non-coherent techniques, to measure complex impedance of the appliances on the circuit. In one embodiment, time domain power usage measurements may be made and those measurements may be compared with a power usage “signature” of different appliances to determine type of appliance, make, and possibly model. 
     In addition to users being able to easily measure power usage, the principles of the present inventive concept provide for a service provider to monitor various parameters of appliances being utilized by a consumer and provide the consumer with information specifically tailored to the residence of the consumer. As described above, complex impedance measurements may be made of appliances connected to electrical outlets in a residence of the consumer by using reflectometer techniques. A real part (resistance) of the complex impedance of an appliance may be monitored over time, which enables the service provider to track the appliance as it becomes less efficient over time. As with the time domain power usage measurements, the service provider may determine a type of appliance being measured, and possibly make and model, based on the complex impedance characteristics of the appliance. And, as the efficiency of the appliance deteriorates as represented by the resistance (real part of complex impedance) increasing, the service provider may generate an ad for the consumer with potential replacement appliances from one or more sellers, thereby anticipating the consumer&#39;s purchasing needs. In one embodiment, the sellers of the potential replacement appliances may be geographically local to the consumer. In addition, the service provider may track rate of resistance increase as power is applied to the appliance and, if the rate of resistance increases too fast, which may be indicative of the appliance becoming dangerously hot, then the service provider may notify the consumer of a potential fire hazard. Still yet, the principles of the present inventive concept may provide for generating a map of the consumer&#39;s residence and illustrating real-time, up-to-date, and non-real-time power usage of the appliances. 
     The service provider may collect aggregate data of the appliances and provide the data to manufacturers of the appliances, industry players, and consumers. In one embodiment, the principles of the present inventive concept may track geothermal conditions as well as wind and solar energy for the location as produced by governmental and non-governmental groups, and, based on power usage data collected from the residence of the consumer, determine whether other power sources (e.g., solar panels or wind turbines) would benefit the consumer. The consumer may be provided with a cost/benefit analysis along with advertisement(s) from service providers of the alternative power sources. 
     One embodiment of a method for measuring power usage within a residence having a plurality of electrical circuits electrically connected to an over-current protection device may include measuring, by a power measurement device electrically connected to one of the electrical circuits by which power loads draw power, an electrical parameter of the electrical circuits. The electrical parameter may be a lumped complex impedance. Alternatively, the electrical parameter may be a complex impedance of individual appliances. The measurement may be of AC voltages that may be utilized to calculate complex impedance. Alternatively, the measurement may be made using a reflectometer technique used to compute complex impedance. A data value representative of power being drawn by the power loads connected to the electrical circuits using the measured electrical parameter may be computed. The data value may be instantaneous power usage based on the measured electrical parameter. An indicia representative of the computed data value representative of the power being drawn on the electrical circuits may be displayed. The display of the indicia may be on a website available for a customer to download and view with a computer or other device that offers internet access. Alternatively, the display may be on a socket meter connected to a socket in a residence that connects to one of multiple power circuits at the residence. The method may include measuring across the phases of a power network via a phase coupler or wireless communication device to transfer readings across the phases so as to enable measurement of lower frequencies (e.g., at or below 1 MHz). The phase coupler may include a high precision impedance converter system having a frequency generator with an analog-to-digital converter, such AD5934 provided by Analog Devices Inc, which includes a 12-Bit, 250 kSPS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as detailed in the AD5934 Data Sheet. Rev. A, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     One embodiment of a device for measuring power usage within a residential or commercial building having a plurality of electrical circuits electrically connected to an over-current protection device may include a first circuit configured to generate an alternating current (AC) measurement signal, a second circuit configured to apply the AC measurement signal onto one of the electrical circuits, and a third circuit configured to measure a plurality of AC voltages in response to said second circuit applying the AC measurement signal onto one of the electrical circuits. A processing unit may be in communication with the third circuit, and configured to calculate an impedance of appliances connected to the electrical circuits. The impedance may be a lumped impedance as calculated by the impedances being connected in parallel with one another. An input/output unit may be in communication with the processing unit, and configured to communicate data generated by the processing unit to a remote location via a communications network. The socket device may have an embedded web server which runs a local web site that stores data that has been measured locally and performs calculations of indices derived from the measurement data which can be distributed in addition to the measured data. This web site can be accessed remotely in various ways. The remote access location may be a server configured to collect and process the generated data on a public web site. 
     One embodiment of method of advertising electrical appliances to potential customers may include monitoring electrical resistance of an electrical appliance over time. A determination that a projected cost for utilizing the electrical appliance over a projected time period based on the monitored electrical resistance will exceed a projected cost for utilizing a replacement electrical appliance over the projected time period may be made and a notice that indicates that a user of the electrical appliance will save money by replacing the electrical appliance with the replacement electrical appliance over the projected time period may be generated. The notice may further include a listing of the replacement electrical appliance available for purchase. The listing may include one or more advertisements. The advertisements may be from local advertisers, such as retailers, that sell electrical appliances. The notice may be communicated to the user, as a potential customer of a more energy efficient appliance which can replace their current appliance which shows inefficient use of energy as compared to aggregate data accumulated at the remote site. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Illustrative embodiments of the present inventive concept are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, which are incorporated by reference herein and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an illustrative multi-phase power circuit network within a residence; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a socket meter connected to a wall socket that is electrically connected to a power circuit of a power circuit network within a residence; 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of an illustrative bus impedance as a function of paralleled poly-phase power lines; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an illustrative linear AC RMS voltmeter circuit; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of an illustrative load impedance circuit schematic; and 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of a real and imaginary complex impedance and voltage vectors used to calculate reactance; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of an illustrative power signal representative of power drawn by appliances connected to power circuits in a residence; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an illustrative socket meter; 
         FIG. 9  is an illustration of an illustrative network system including an illustrative socket meter connected to a power circuit that connects to a breaker panel of a residence; 
         FIG. 10  is a flow chart of an illustrative process for measuring and processing electrical parameters of electrical circuits to determine power usage; 
         FIG. 11A  is a block diagram of an illustrative network illustrating a service provider that is servicing customers at residences; 
         FIG. 11B  is a block diagram of an illustrative set of software modules that may be executed on the processing unit of  FIG. 11A  of the service provider server; 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of an illustrative process for monitoring power usage by measuring resistance of appliances at a residence and communicating a notice to the customer; 
         FIG. 13  is a screen shot of an illustrative browser interface that illustrates an illustrative website that enables a customer of a service provider to submit preferences for the service provider to provide advertisements to the customer; 
         FIG. 14  is a screenshot of an illustrative browser interface that includes an illustrative webpage including power usage information, messages/warnings, and advertisements for a customer to view; and 
         FIG. 15  is a screenshot of an illustrative browser interface that includes an illustrative webpage including power usage information, geothermal availability, messages/warnings, and advertisements for a customer to view. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present inventive concept, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below in order to explain the present inventive concept by referring to the figures. 
     Determining power usage of a residence, which includes commercial and residential premises, is desirable for a variety of reasons by a variety of parties. For example, consumers who pay for energy usage have a desire to track energy usage between bills to avoid “sticker shock” when receiving a power bill from an energy service provider. Consumers who want additional fire prevention services may find the principles of the present inventive concept desirable. Consumers who desire to know if an appliance is becoming inefficient may also have an interest. In addition, service providers that desire to have additional communications with consumers may have an interest. Still yet, advertisers of appliances who desire to reach out to consumers in anticipation of the consumer having to replace an existing appliance due to becoming energy inefficient or broken may have an interest. While the above reasons for the various parties to determine power usage, cost and consumer-friendliness of devices capable of measuring power usage in a residence have been problematic. 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of an illustrative power circuit network  100  used in a residence (e.g., house) to power appliances  102   a - 102   n  (collectively  102 ). The appliances  102  may include a clothes dryer  102   a,  hot water heater  102   b,  electric oven/stove  102   c,  and HVAC unit  102   n.  Other appliances, such as lights  104   a,  hair dryers  104   b,  computers  104   c,  toys  104   d,  televisions  104   e,  and any other electrical devices (collectively  104 ) plugged into the power circuit and are also contemplated for measurement in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. 
     As illustrated, and as understood in the art, the power circuit network  100  includes two phases or circuits  100   a  and  100   b  that extend from an over-current protection device, such as a circuit breaker  106 . As further understood in the art, a service transformer  108  external from a residence delivers a two-phase 240 volt AC power signal to the residence (not illustrated). Between the service transformer  108  and circuit breaker  106 , a service meter  110  is illustrated to be connected to two power lines  112   a  and  112   b  from the service transformer  108 . The service meter  110  measures overall power drawn from the appliances  102 . The service meter  110  is generally a “dumb” service meter that merely measures power usage and has no communication or intelligence capabilities. Smart service meters that have been deployed in recent years have communication ability to report back power usage, but are expensive and have limited capabilities as compared to the principles of the present inventive concept. It should be understood that the availability of a smart meter on a power circuit network at a residence does not preclude the use of a socket meter as described herein or utilization of the principles of the present inventive concept. In fact, certain aspects of the principles of the present inventive concept could be incorporated into a smart meter. 
     Within the circuit breaker  106  is a capacitance C formed by bus bars with each poly-phase line and conductor. As understood in the art, the capacitance isolates the two phases and prevents DC and low frequency signals from passing between the two circuits  100   a  and  100   b.  As a result of the capacitance C, conventional power measurements, such as current measurements using an ammeter, are prevented from being made. 
     As conventional power measurements cannot be made, the principles of the present inventive concept utilize high frequency signals or tones that are capable of passing through the capacitance C and measuring a resistance and/or an equivalent complex impedance of all the appliances on the two circuits  100   a  and  100   b.  The equivalent complex impedance may be used to calculate instantaneous power usage, as further described herein. The high frequency signal may be generated by a socket meter  114  utilizing high frequency (HF) chips that are available for power line communications (PLC). HF chips generally operate between 1 MHz and 30 MHz, which is suitable for the high frequency signal. However, it is generally understood that frequencies about 1 MHz and higher are able to pass through capacitance C and may be used to make the complex impedance measurements with no additional devices needed to measure across the two phases. The present inventive concept measures the total impedance and line voltage to calculate the power usage. The total impedance across both phases can be measured at HF or measured on each phase separately and combined in a central computer. The total impedance can be measured remotely via steady state AC measurements. In an alternative embodiment, rather than measuring an equivalent resistance and/or complex impedance by steady state AC measurements, reflectometer measurement techniques may be utilized to measure impedance characteristics of each appliance on the power line network  100  on an individual basis. The socket meter  114  may be configured to be plugged into a signal socket  116  on one of the power circuits, such as power circuit  100   a,  and measure resistance and/or complex impedance for calculating power usage by the appliances on both circuits  100   a  and  100   b  if the pulses used are modulated to frequencies above 1 MHz. 
     With regard to  FIG. 2 , an illustrative simplified power circuit  200  is illustrated. The power circuit  200  is composed of two circuits  200   a  and  200   b  on different sides of fuse box  202 . Appliances (Apps) A and B are connected to power circuit  200   a  and appliances C and D are connected to power circuit  200   b.  The power circuits  200   a  and  200   b  are electrically separated by capacitance C at DC and low frequencies (below approximately 1 MHz). A socket meter  204  is illustrated to be connected to power socket  206 . The power socket  206  may be a conventional power socket that includes two outlets. The socket meter  204  may be configured with either a two or three prong plug to be inserted into the power socket  206  to connect to power circuit  200   a.    
     The socket meter  204  may be configured to convert to 120V AC power from the power socket  206  into a low voltage, high frequency signal  208 . The low voltage may be 5V, for example. Other voltages may alternatively be utilized. However, to maintain a low production cost, the use of voltages that comply with standard chip sets (e.g., HF chips) may be utilized. Of course, custom circuitry may alternatively be utilized. 
     With regard to  FIG. 3 , an illustration of a representative impedance circuit model  300  of impedances on a power circuit in a residence is illustrated. The impedance circuit model  300  illustrates how lumped impedance Zbus is determined as a function of an impedance of each appliance connected to the power circuit and being electrically connected in parallel with one another. 
       Zbus=Z L1 ∥Z L2 ∥Z L3 ∥Z L4 ∥ZMain   (1)
 
     From the bus impedance, total power being used by the residence may be computed. The total power may be computed by using the real part of Zbus, which is resistance Rbus, and an actual measured voltage across the socket 
     As the actual voltage may not be 120V due to variations of loading and other effects, an actual voltage measurement is made. The calculation of total power includes doubling the measured voltage to account for the two phases or power circuits. As understood in the art, power may be calculated as P=V 2 /R, so in the case of determining total power across the two power circuits in a residence, power is computed by: 
         P total=( V socket) 2   /R   bus    (2)
 
     With regard to  FIG. 4 , an illustrative linear AC voltmeter  400  is illustrated. The AC RMS voltmeter circuit may be used to convert AC voltage into RMS voltage values. It should be understood that the AC voltmeter circuit is illustrative and that alternative AC voltmeter circuits may be utilized. 
     The AC voltmeter  400  includes a high-frequency voltage source  402  that generates a source signal  404  that is input into a positive terminal  406   a  of op amp  406 . A rectifier  408  includes four diodes  410   a    410   b,    410   c,  and  410   d.  Current flows in or out of the output  406   c  of the op amp  406 , through one of the top diodes  410   a  or  410   b,  through meter  412  from right to left, through one of the bottom diodes  410   c  or  410   d,  and up or down through resistor R to match the source signal  404 . Because the meter  412  and resister R are in series, the same current flows across resistor R as the meter  412 , and, as understood in the art, the op amp  406  forces the output voltage at output terminal  406   c  to make the inverting input voltage let input terminal  406   b  to the same as the input voltage (source signal  404 ) on the positive input terminal  406   a.  The current meter  412  may be calibrated to indicate RMS of a sine wave. In addition, the value of resistor R sets the full range of the meter  412 . If a 1 mA meter is used, a 1 volt range is provided. The 100 pF capacitor prevents the op amp  406  to oscillate at high frequencies. However, since the 100 pF capacitor causes accuracy to be lost at high frequencies, this capacitor should be as small as possible while still preventing oscillations. It should be understood that alternative values and configurations may be utilized to provide for the same or equivalent functionality in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. 
     The voltmeter  400  provides for measuring AC RMS voltage in a time domain. The voltmeter  400  may be configured to measure each of the AC voltages, VA, VI, and VZ illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The voltage Vsocket which is nominally 60 cycle per second 120 volt voltage across the outlet is also measure by RMS. In addition to the three voltages VA, VI, and VZ that are monitored by the voltmeter circuit. These voltages are used to calculate the complex impedance, power, and the complex power (i.e., real and reactance power). 
     With regard to  FIG. 5 , a schematic illustrative load impedance circuit  500  is illustrated. The load impedance circuit  500  includes a resistance R at a voltage source and an unknown complex impedance Zx. For RF measurements, the resistance R is typically set to 50 ohms. The unknown complex impedance Zx is composed of a real part (resistance Rx) and an imaginary part (reactance jXx), and is representative of parallel complex impedances as would be positioned on a power circuit, as described in  FIG. 3 . Complex impedance may be measured by having a known resistance and three AC voltage measurements, in this case VA (applied voltage), VI (voltage across known resistor), and VZ (voltage across unknown impedance).  FIG. 6  is an illustration of the real and imaginary complex impedance that may be used to calculate reactance (i.e., capacitance and inductance). Although only magnitudes of the voltages are known, vectors, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , may be represented for use in computing the unknown complex impedance values. The law of cosines may be used to calculate the value of angle θ. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     From the load impedance circuit  500 , the magnitude of the total impedance including R may be calculated as: 
         Za=R*VA/VI    (4)
 
     where VA is the source voltage and VI is the voltage across the resistor R.
 
The sum of R and Rx can be found by:
 
         R+Rx=Za *Cos(θ)   (5)
 
     where θ is illustrated in  FIG. 6 .
 
Rx may then be solved for by:
 
         Rx=Za *Cos(θ)− R    (6)
 
     Considering possible measurement errors, it is possible that Rx could be computed to be negative, even though unlikely in practice. If such a result does occur, then Rx may be set to zero as the impedance is purely reactive. 
     The magnitude of the unknown impedance may be calculated as: 
         Z=R*VZ/VI    (7)
 
     The magnitude of the unknown reactance may be calculated as: 
         Xx =sqrt( Z   2   −Rx   2 )   (8)
 
     Considering possible measurement errors, it is possible that the square root of a negative number may occur. If such a result occurs, then Xx may be set to zero. The unknown reactance may be used for recognition of a type, make, and model (optional) of an appliance and not necessarily for use in calculating power usage. 
     As an example of using the above equation to compute the unknown complex impedance, the unknown complex impedance may include a 30 ohm resistor in series with a 60 ohm reactance, which combine to form a 67 ohm complex impedance. If the measurement resistor R is 50 ohms and the applied voltage VA is 1V RMS, the measured voltage VI is 0.5 Vrms and the measured voltage VZ, is 0.67 Vrms. The cosine of theta computes to be 0.8. The unknown impedance Zx computes to be 67 ohms, where Rx computes to be 30 ohms, and jXx computes to be j60 ohms. The AC voltmeter may be used to measure the applied AC voltage VA and measured AC voltages VI and VZ. Alternatively, peak-to-peak values or true RMS values could used. It should be understood that magnitude and phase measurements are not necessary for each voltage measurement, which would be more complex and expensive. 
     In addition to calculating the total power Ptotal (equation (2)), total hub reactance Zhub may be calculated to be used to compute power usage on the power circuit network, where Zhub is calculated by: 
         Z hub= R hub+ jX hub   (9)
 
     The total power Ptotal and total reactance Zhub may be calculated on a regular basis, such as every second, to compute power usage on the power circuit network. 
     While using high frequency signals allows for measuring impedance (i.e., resistance and reactance) of appliances on multiple power circuits, the use of high frequencies introduces additional complexities in the measurement process. Resistance of wires increases with frequency due to “skin” effect. As an example, resistance of wire at 60 Hz may be close to 1 ohm. However, at 1 MHz, the resistance of the wire at 1 MHz may be significantly higher. Additional resistance of the wire is seen at higher frequencies. As the resistance of the appliances being measured may be in the tens of ohms, skin effect of the wire may make measurement difficult. Skin effect, as understood in the art, causes AC current to flow on the outside of wires. Since the inside of the wires are not used for conducting current, when calculating resistance, as much of the middle of the wires may be eliminated. For copper at 70 C, skin depth in mils is calculated as: 
         S= 2837/sqrt( f )   (10)
 
     where f is frequency in Hertz. 
     The decrease in area of the current flow increases the resistance Rhf over that of the DC resistance of the wires. The relationship of the resistance is proportional to the square root of the frequency and a constant value that depends on the type and combination of types of wire used in the premises when the skin depth squared is much less than the radius of the wire used as in the case of most residential wiring operating in the range of 1 to 30 Mhz. Therelationship is given as: 
         Rhf wire= Rdc wire× K wire×sqrt( f )= Khf total×sqrt( f )   (11)
 
     The skin effect resistance problem may be substantially eliminated by performing measurement at two or more different frequencies over the HF frequency range, for example. The two or more measurements are used to form a model of the form: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     In one embodiment, a least squares function may be utilized to determine Rapp and Ktotal. Since the power dissipated by the wires is negligible, only the resistance of the appliance Rapp may be retained for further consideration. The skin effect also reduces inductance of the wire, but only by a few percent, which is generally negligible relative to the actual loads. However, this effect could also be corrected in a similar manner to that used for the resistance in certain cases. 
     The least squares solution for Rx=R 0 +R 1 *sqrt(f) may be generalized to many loads that are modeled as a parallel combination of resistor pairs of Ri+Ri+1 sqrt(f). The resistor pairs may be combined using the parallel rule for resistors to form a nonlinear function of resistors and the measurement frequency. The series of nonlinear equations may be solved using well-known methods, such as nonlinear least squares to find the resistor values for each appliance and each length of wire between the appliances. The resulting information can be used to plot a map of power usage within a residence. 
     The calculations for Rx may be made using linear algebra for each of the frequencies, as provided below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     where R 0  is the dc resistance of the load. By measuring complex impedance over multiple frequencies, the portion of the impedance that changes at different frequencies may be determined to be associated with the wires that form the power circuit and be removed from the power usage calculations. 
     The dc resistance R dc  may be used to calculate the power used by all the appliances of the residence, where 
       power= P =( Vrms  socket) 2   /Rdc    
     Equation (17) may be used for a socket meter that is plugged into a wall socket that is delivering 120 V AC from one of the phases or circuits of the power circuit network within a residence. If, however, the socket meter or other measurement device in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept is plugged into a 240 V AC receptacle, then it is noted that the socket device bridges both phases and can use low frequency signals and the voltage will be nominally 240 volts rms rather the the 120 volts rms encountered on the single phase more common 120 volt rms socket device. 
     The volt amperes reactance may be calculated: 
         Q =( Vrms  socket) 2   /Xx    (16)
 
     where the complex impedance is completed by: 
         Z=R 0 +jXx    
     Xx may be measured at a number of frequencies in the HF band and extrapolated down to 60 Hz by finding Xx as a polynomial function of frequency using a least square function in a manner similar to that used to separate out the skin effect. The polynomial model may be justified based on the series expansion of the actual rational function (ratio of polynomials). Volt-ampere reactive (VARs) while not used in residential energy usage, is used for determining energy costs for some commercial customers. Hence, determining complex impedance and VAR power may be provided by the present inventive concept for commercial customer purposes. 
     As an example of measurements and calculations made using the techniques described above, TABLE I illustrates an illustrative set of measurements and calculations of measured voltages and calculated resistances and complex impedances. 
                     TABLE I                  AC Voltage and Impedance Measurements                                                             f (MHz)   VA   VI   VZ   VA 2     VI 2     VZ 2     Cos   Za   Rx   Z   Xx               1   .411   .294   .117   .168921   .086436   .013689   1   71.29592   20.29592   20.29592   7.91e−7       2   .401   .287   .114   .160801   .082369   .012996   1   71.25784   20.25784   20.25784   6.31e−7       . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .       6   .335   .24   .095   .112225   .0576   .009025   1   71.1875   20.1875   20.1875   0                      FIGS. 3-6  and descriptions related thereto provide for a non-coherent technique for determining lump impedance (i.e., each of the appliances in parallel) for calculating power usage in a residence. As an alternative to using the non-coherent technique described above, the principles of the present inventive concept provide for a coherent method, as well. The coherent method may utilize mixers to down-convert the high frequency signal to baseband signals. Such coherent processing techniques of high frequency signals are known in the art. Coherent processing generally costs more money than non-coherent techniques due to more expensive and additional circuitry. One skilled in the art could readily create a circuit to perform coherent measurements may be used to compute impedance and resistance, as described above. The method described here in detail is one method known in the art to measure complex impedance. There are several other known methods that could be used in the present inventive concept for this purpose such as an auto balancing bridge impedance meter circuit, a resonant Q-Meter, RF I-V (radio frequency current-voltage) impedance measurement circuit, Network Analysis (Reflection Coefficient) or TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) circuits. Any of these techniques can be used to measure complex impedance in the HF frequency range of 1-30 Mhz as used by the present inventive concept.
 
     The measured complex impedance can then be distinguished from each other or “decomposed” into separate components which represent the individual impedances of the appliances which load the network. The network and individual complex impedances are then converted into the network and individual appliance complex power values for the whole building (e.g., an entire residence&#39;s network) as well as each appliance individually. For example, one appliance or all appliances in a single network may be monitored using the present inventive concept. 
     The principles of the present inventive concept provide for performing impedance measurements which can be made using time domain reflectometer (TDR) techniques. To have a reflectometer pulse pass through capacitance at the breaker circuit, the reflectometer pulse may be multiplied or modulated by a high frequency carrier signal above 1 MHz (e.g., between 1 MHz and 30 MHz). Return or reflected pulses from appliances and discontinuities may be demodulated and measured to determine complex impedances. Alternatively, the impedance can measured on each phase using frequencies below 1 MHz and combined in the processor unit using wireless communications or a phase coupler. As with the lump parameter impedance techniques, the reflectometer techniques may utilize non-coherent and coherent measurement techniques, as understood in the art. Reflectometer measurement techniques have an advantage over lump impedance measurement techniques in that the reflectometer technique measures reflections of the reflectometer signal, which means that skin effect of the wire of the power circuit network does not impact the measurements, thereby eliminating having to take measurements at multiple HF frequencies and post processing to eliminate skin effect wire measurements. While the negative impact of skin effect is avoided by using reflectometer techniques to determine impedance and calculate power usage, reflectometer techniques are more difficult and expensive to implement due to rise time of electronics in order to measure reflected signals that are traveling at approximately half the speed of light. However, if produced in bulk, the costs may be reduced on a per unit basis such that the higher, yet economical costs may be worth the improved measurement accuracy over the lump impedance technique. 
     With regard to  FIG. 7 , a graph of an illustrative power signal  700  representative of power drawn by appliances connected to power circuits in a residence is illustrated. As illustrated, three refrigerator cycles  702   a - 702   c  (collectively  702 ) are illustrated as creating a “square” in the power signal  700  in response to a refrigerator turning on and off. In addition, six heater cycles  704   a - 704   f  (collectively  704 ) in response to a heater turning on and off. Each of the refrigerator and heater cycles  702  and  704  provide a signature for power usage of an associated appliance. It should be understood that the refrigerator and heater cycles  702  and  704  are illustrative and that alternative cycles may be generated depending on appliance, make, and model. In one embodiment, signature signals or curves of cycles of each type, make, and model of appliance may be stored locally on the socket meter or remotely on a server. The stored signature signals may be compared against the measured cycles, thereby enabling determination of the specific type, make, and model of the appliance. As illustrated between times t 3  and t 7 , a refrigerator cycle  702   b  is illustrated to occur along with heater cycles  704   a - 704   c.  When the heater cycles  704   a - 704   c  occur, the amount of power drawn on the power circuits increases, such that the power usage extends from a top level of heater cycle  702   b.  In determining which cycles are occurring to determine what appliances are turning on and off and how much power each is drawing, a matching algorithm that is capable of separating and identifying particular cycles in the power signal  700 . 
     With regard to  FIG. 8 , a block diagram of an illustrative socket meter  800  is illustrated to include a processing unit  802  that executes software  804 . The processing unit may be in communication with an input/output (I/O) unit  806 , memory  808 , tone generator  810 , real time clock  812 , and user interface  814 . The I/O unit  806  may be configured to communicate (i) measurement signals over power lines within a residence and (ii) data communication signals over a communications network, such as a mobile telephone network, Wi-Fi network, the Internet, or any other communications network, as understood in the art. Although not illustrated, it should be understood that the I/O unit  806  may be configured with both analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog circuits to allow for conversion of analog to digital and digital to analog signals, as understood in the art. The memory  808  may be configured to store software and data that is being collected and processed by the socket meter  800 . The memory  808  may further be configured to store signature data of appliances to enable the socket meter  800  to be able to determine what specific appliances are operating on the power circuit in the residence in which the socket meter  800  is operating. Alternatively, data that is collected and communicated to a server may be used in determining what specific appliances are operating on the power network in the residence at the server remote from the socket meter  800 . 
     Tone generator  810  may be configured to generate one or more tones above approximately 1 MHz to enable the tones (i.e., signals) to be communicated over the power lines in the residence and through capacitance at a circuit breaker or fuse box. In one embodiment, the tone generator  810  is configured to be able to generate two or more tones (e.g., 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 6 MHz, etc.) at HF frequencies so that the impedance of power lines in the residence as a result of “skin” effect may be calculated, thereby allowing for measurement of the individual impedances of the appliances on the power circuits to be measured along with estimates of the distance between the appliances and the socket used by the present inventive concept. 
     A real time clock  812  may be configured to operate on the socket meter  800  so that the processing unit  802  may manage dates and times that measurements are made. In one embodiment, the real time clock  812  may be utilized by the processing unit  802  to verify that certain operations (e.g., reporting collected data to a remote server) occur at specific times of the day. Still yet, the processing unit  802  may utilize the real time clock  812  to timestamp dates and times that certain events occur, such as spikes in resistance from an appliance. In one embodiment, the real time clock  812  may be utilized by the processing unit  802  to cause impedance measurements on a periodic basis (e.g., every second). 
     A user interface  814  may include push buttons, dials, touch screens, or any other user interface element that enables a user to control, program, access data, or otherwise interface with the socket meter  800 . User interface  814 , for example, may enable a user to set power usage thresholds that, in the event that a total power usage in the residence exceeds a threshold level, the socket meter  800  may generate a notification in the form of an audible, visible, or message form. For example, in the event that over 100 kW are being utilized at any point in time, the socket meter  800  may be configured to communicate an e-mail or text message to the user for notification purposes. Alternatively, the socket meter  800  may generate an audible sound (e.g. beeping sound) to notify the user that excessive power is being drawn by appliances in the residence. 
     A power source  816  may be configured to power the other components in the socket meter  800 . The power source  816  may be configured to convert 120 volt AC power from a wall socket into which the socket meter  800  is connected into 5 volts DC and AC power for driving the other components in the socket meter  800 , including powering the tone generator  810  that generates tone signals in the form of 5 volt, HF frequency signals (e.g., 2 MHz). The power source  816  may alternatively be a battery that is rechargeable or non-rechargeable, as understood in the art. 
     With regard to  FIG. 9 , an illustration of an illustrative network system  900  including an illustrative socket meter  902  illustrating an internal schematic, and connected to a power circuit  904  that connects to a breaker panel  905  of a residence is illustrated. In one embodiment, the socket meter  902  may be configured to communicate with a home router  906  for communication with a server  908  via the Internet  910  or any other network. The socket meter  902  may alternatively communicate with a mobile telephone communication system for communicating with the server  908 . A personal computer  912  may also be in communication with the home router  906  and configured to display a graphical user interface via a web browser, as understood in the art, configured to receive and display data representative of power utilization at the residence as determined by the socket meter  902  and/or server  908 . 
     The socket meter  902  may include a microcontroller circuit  914  that is configured to control operation of the socket meter  902 . The microcontroller circuit  914  may be configured to communicate with a tone generator  916  that generates tones between approximately 1 MHz and approximately 30 MHz. The microcontroller circuit  914  may control or select the frequency at which the tone generator is operating, thereby enabling the microcontroller circuit  914  to selectively set a frequency of a measurement signal to measure impedance of appliances operating on the power circuit  904 . It should be understood that the power circuit  904  (e.g., power lines in a house) may include multiple circuits or phases that have a capacitance C between the individual circuits. A high frequency filter circuit  918  may be configured to be in parallel with the power circuit  904  to allow high frequencies (e.g., 1 MHz and higher) to be communicated over the power circuit  904  from the socket meter  902  while reducing frequency signals below high frequencies. A resistor  920  may be placed in series with the tone generator  916  and power circuit  904 . 
     In operation, the socket meter  902  is configured to measure three AC voltage levels, including applied voltage produced by the tone generator  916  (VA), voltage across the resistor  920  (VI), and voltage across the unknown impedance on the power circuit  904  (VZ). As previously described with regard to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the magnitude of these three voltages may be utilized to determine both resistance and reactance of the unknown impedance of appliances connected in parallel on the power network  904 . Lines  922 ,  924 , and  926  may be utilized to provide voltage measurements  928 ,  930 ,  932  to the microcontroller circuit  914 . The microcontroller circuit  914  may be configured to process the voltage measurements (i.e., measurements of VA, VI, and VZ) and communicate the voltage measurements via an input/output unit  934 , which may be an IEEE 802.3/802.11 I/O controller, via the home router  906  and to the server  908  for further processing. In addition to the voltages that are collected and communicated, the socket meter  902  may further be configured to communicate other data, such as timestamp, impedance, power usage, or any other information that the socket meter  902  may generate or measure. The memory  936  may be configured to store data that is collected, generated, and/or processed for utilization by the socket meter  902  or communication to the server  908  for processing thereat. In one embodiment, the personal computer  912  may be configured to communicate directly with the socket meter  902  for programming or setting certain parameters, such as notification signals, power level alerts, or any other configuration parameters. Alternatively, a customer may interact with a website provided by the server  908  to set configuration parameters and the server  908  may perform a setup of the socket meter  902  to communicating the configuration parameters to the socket meter  902 . 
     With regard to  FIG. 10 , a flow chart of an illustrative process  1000  for measuring and processing electrical parameters of electrical circuits to determine power usage is illustrated. The process  1000  starts at step  1002 , where a power measurement device electrically connected to a wall socket that is connected to an electrical circuit of multiple electrical circuits in a residence by which power loads draw power may be utilized to measure an electrical parameter of the electrical circuits. In one embodiment, the electrical circuits include electrical wires to which appliances are connected. The electrical parameter may include complex impedance. The complex impedance may be utilized to compute power being drawn by the electrical circuits (i.e., appliances connected to the electrical circuits). As described herein, the multiple electrical circuits may be connected to a circuit breaker and electrically separated by capacitance at the circuit breaker. The power measurement device may be connected to a single power outlet on one of the circuits and measure the electrical parameter as provided the multiple power circuits (e.g., parallel impedance of appliances on two 120 v AC circuits). 
     At step  1004 , a data value representative of power being drawn by the power loads connected to the electrical circuits using the measured electrical parameter may be computed. In computing the data value, measured AC voltages may be utilized to calculate a total complex impedance of complex impedances associated with individual appliances on the electrical circuits. The data value may be a total resistance and/or complex impedance. Alternatively, rather than calculating bulk or total resistance and/or complex impedance, reflectometer measurements may be made and resistance and/or complex impedance may be made on individual appliances. Either coherent or non-coherent measurement techniques may be utilized. 
     A t step  1006 , an indicia representative of the computer data value representative of the power being drawn on the electrical circuits may be displayed. In one embodiment, the indicia may be numbers, such as 82 kW. Alternatively, the indicia may be a graph, chart, or any other indicia capable of representing an amount of power being drawn by appliances on the electrical circuits. It should be understood that multiple indicia representative of multiple data that may be collected and/or computed by the socket meter or server with which the socket may be in communication may be displayed. In one embodiment, the display of the indicia may be on a website accessible by a user via a computing device, text message that may be communicated to a mobile device of a user, e-mail message containing the indicia, or any other form of display, as understood in the art. 
     With regard to  FIG. 11A , a block diagram of an illustrative network  1100  illustrates a representation of a service provider  1102  that is servicing customers at residences  1104   a - 1104   m  (collectively  1104 ). Each of the residences  1104  includes a socket meter  1106   a - 1106   n  (collectively  1106 ) that is connected to a power circuit within respective residences. The socket meters  1106  may be configured to measure resistance and/or complex impedance of appliances that are being powered by power circuits in the residences. As described herein, the socket meters  1106  may be configured to utilize HF frequencies to measure the complex impedances on multiple power circuits using impedance measurement techniques or reflectometer impedance measurement techniques. 
     The service provider  1104  may be a power company, third party, or any other service provider that may provide a service of determining power consumption at a residence and deliver advertisements to customers based on power consumption and performance of appliances as measured by the socket meters  1106 . The service provider  1102  may operate a server  1108 . The server  1108  may have a processing unit  1110  that includes one or more computer processors that executes software (not illustrated) configured to process data received by the socket meters  1106 . The processing unit  1110  may be in communication with a memory  1112  that stores software instructions and data collected and/or processed by the processing unit  1100 . 
     The processing unit  1110  may further be in communication with an input/output unit  1114  and storage unit  1116 . The I/O unit  1114  may be configured to communicate with the socket meters  1106  via a communications network  1118 , such as the Internet. The storage unit  1116  may be configured to store one or more data repositories  1117   a - 1117   n  (collectively  1117 ) that may be configured to store signature data of power usage by specific types, makes, and models of appliances, customer information, advertising information, geothermal information, and any other information in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. For example, the customer information may include a history of data, power usage by customers and appliance performance history data that allows the service provider  1102  to track performance of individual appliances of individual customers so that efficiency of the appliances may be tracked. For example, resistance of a washing machine may be tracked over time so that the service provider  1102  may determine when the resistance, which is indicative of inefficiency, of the washing machine increases to the point that the washing machine should be replaced. In addition, if the resistance increases too much or too much over an initial startup phase, then a determination may be made that the washing machine may be becoming a potential fire hazard and the service provider  1102  may generate a notice or alert to the customer of the situation in addition to providing one or more advertisements to the customer of potential replacement washing machines by local or non-local advertisers. 
     In operation, the socket meter  1106   n  may measure impedance data  1120  of appliances operating on the power circuits of the residence  1104   n  and communicate the measured impedance data  1120  via the network  1118  to the service provider server  1108 . If the socket meter  1106   n  calculates power usage based on the impedance data  1120 , the power usage data may be communicated to the server  1108  with or without the measured impedance data  1120 . The service provider server  1108  may receive the measured impedance data  1120  and process that data to generate processed powered data (e.g., instantaneous power usage, average power usage, wanting total power usage, etc.), notices (e.g., notification that one or more appliances are becoming inefficient or have crossed a threshold level of inefficiency as compared to a new appliance), and advertisements e.g., ads of specific appliances that, as a result of measurements made by the socket meter  1106   n.  The data  1122  may be communicated back to the socket meter  1106   n,  display device within the residence  1104   n,  mobile device of a customer, or webpage of the customer as provided by the server  1108 . The data  1122  may be automatically communicated or pushed to the customer or pulled by the customer from the server  1108 . 
     Advertisers  1124   a - 1124   n  (collectively  1124 ) may interact with the service provider  1102  to provide the service provider with advertising information that may be used to deliver notifications of appliances that are available for purchase by customers that have inefficient or broken appliances. The advertisers  1124  may provide the service provider  1102  with address information (not illustrated) and ad content  1126   a - 1126   n  (collectively  1126 ). In one embodiment, the processing unit  1110  may use customer information, including geographic address or location, and determine advertisers that are local to the customer in need of a new appliance. The server  1108  may generate or include one or more advertisements that include information of the advertisers local to the customer in response to determining that an appliance of the customer is becoming inefficient or that the customer may save a certain amount of money over a certain period of time should he or she replace an existing inefficient appliance based on power pricing, appliance power usage, cost of a new appliance, or any other factor. 
     The principles of the present inventive concept further provide for a geothermal source  1128 , such as the U.S. Government, that collects geothermal data  1130 , such as sun and wind data, on a regional basis to provide the geothermal data  1130  to the service provider server  1108 . the server  1108  may be configured to receive ad content  1126  from advertisers  1124 , which may be the same or different from advertisers of appliances, to determine how installing geothermal power sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, could save a customer money. The determination may be customized based on geographic location of the customer and local suppliers of the geothermal power sources. 
     In addition to the service provider  1102  collecting and processing data for individual customers in residences  1104   a,  the principles of the present inventive concept provide for the service provider  1102  to track data in the aggregate. As the service provider  1102  receives data of specific types, makes, and models of appliances, the service provider  1102  may process that data to produce aggregate data that illustrates a variety of parameters, include average duration of time before an appliance make and model becomes inefficient (e.g., greater than 25% inefficient as compared to being new), actual average power usage of specific appliances, and so on. The resulting aggregate data may be used for both commercial and consumer purposes. For example, a manufacturer may desire to determine how its appliances operate in the “field” over time. A manufacturing industry group may desire to access statistics of its manufacturing members for industry trends or other purposes. Consumers may desire to access this information to identify how certain brands and models perform over time. Insurers or warranty companies may desire this aggregate information to set warranties that will be prices correctly and established for a certain duration of time. The aggregate data may be available for purchase or freely available. 
     With regard to  FIG. 1113 , a block diagram of an illustrative set of software modules  1150  that may be executed on the processing unit  1110  ( FIG. 11A ) of the service provider server  1108 . The software modules  1150  may be configured to enable the server  1108  to manage and process power usage data, such as appliance impedance data, collected by a socket meter. The software modules  1150  may further be configured to generate and communicate messages to a customer based on a variety of factors, such as geographic distance between the customer and advertiser of an appliance. For instance, the software modules  1150  may selectively organize and display ads to the consumer based on proximity to the consumer to enable the consumer to patronize a seller that is geographically local to the consumer. In this manner, an ad from a seller that is geographically local to the consumer may be listed before an ad from a seller that is not geographically local to the consumer. 
     A manage socket meter data module  1152  may be configured to manage data that is collected and/or generated by socket meters at residences of customers. The module  1152  may be configured to received and store the data so that other modules may process the data and so that the service provider may access the “raw” data at a later point in time for historical and other purposes. 
     A generate power usage data module  1154  may be configured to generate power usage data based on data received from socket meters. The module  1154  may, for example, compute instantaneous power usage, average power usage, cumulative power usage during a billing cycle, or any other power usage metrics of which the customer, service provider, advertisers, manufacturers, industry, or any other party may be interested. 
     A manage customer information module  1156  may be configured to store customer information. The customer information may include name, address, geographic coordinates, demographic, or any other information associated with the customer. Geographic coordinates may be used to determine distance from the customer that advertisers are geographically located so that relevant advertisements for replacement or other appliances may be sent to the customer. 
     A manage advertiser information module  1158  may be configured to manage information associated with advertisers. The information may include physical address information, contact information, website information, geographic coordinate information, and any other information. In addition, the module  1158  may be configured to manage advertisements of appliances associated with advertisers. In one embodiment, the advertisements may include appliances information, current pricing of the appliances, electrical performance of the appliances, physical configuration of the applications, and so forth. The information associated with the appliances, such as pricing, may be used in determining whether the appliance would save the customer money in replacing an inefficient appliance. In one embodiment, rather than advertising appliances, the advertiser may be an advertiser of geothermal devices that use replenishable sources of energy, such as solar. 
     A manage appliances signatures module  1160  may be configured to manage power usage signatures of types, makes, and models of appliances. In managing the power usage signatures, the module  1160  may be configured to store the signatures in a data repository, such as a database, in an organized manner. For example, the data repository may be configured to store the signatures by appliance type, appliance make (manufacturer), appliance model, or any other configuration. The signatures may be used for identifying the type of appliance that is drawing power. A signature may be a waveform. Alternatively, the signature may be data representative of complex impedance. 
     A determine appliances module  1162  may be configured to specifically identify appliance type, make, and/or model. The identification of the specific appliances that are being measured at a residence may use a variety of pattern matching or comparison techniques. For example, the same, analogous, or modified comparison techniques may be used to determine appliances as used in speech recognition. In one embodiment, pattern matching to power usage signatures may be utilized. Alternatively and/or additionally, complex impedance matching may be performed. It should be understood that a variety of identification techniques may be utilized in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. As an alternative to automatically identify appliances using power usage signature matching, the customer may provide a list of appliances at the customer&#39;s residence and the determine appliances module  1162  may simply look-up the signature. 
     A determine appliance problem module  1164  may be configured to determine an appliance problem with appliances on the power circuit network at a residence of the customer by comparing specification operating parameters as defined by a signature or other specifications, as understood in the art. The module  1164  may be configured to determine a number of parameters, including operating performance, inefficiency, potential fire hazard, and other problems. In response to determining that a problem exists, the module  1164  may update a data repository or notify another module directly to cause a notification, alert, or alarm to be generated to notify the customer. 
     A determine geothermal savings module  1166  may be configured to access geothermal information accessible by the server  1108  that provides for geothermal information in a geographic area in which a customer resides. The module  1166 , based on an amount of energy used to heat or cool the residence of the customer, may determine how much money the customer could save by installing a geothermal energy production device, such as solar panels. The cost savings may include cost of the geothermal energy production device, installation costs, and cost savings. In addition, the cost of electricity being paid by the customer may be factored into the calculations. 
     A compute geographic relationships module  1168  may be configured to compute a distance between a customer and advertisers of appliances. If the customer desires to receive advertisements from local advertisers, then a distance from the customer&#39;s residence to a store of the advertiser may be computed to determine whether the advertiser is local. The module  1168  may itself perform the distance calculation or the module  1168  may invoke a distance calculation system (e.g., MapQuest® mapping system) remotely located from the server  1108 . 
     A compute cost savings module  1170  may be configured to use power usage information of an appliance and determine whether the customer would save money over time (e.g., 1 year) by replacing the appliance with an energy efficient appliance. In determining the cost savings, the module  1170  may use the current energy pricing (e.g., $0.12/kWh) and compare to actual power usage of the appliance with specifications of the new appliance. 
     A select advertisements module  1172  may be configured to select particular advertisement(s) to present to a customer depending on whether the customer can save money over a certain time period (e.g., 3 years) by replacing an existing energy inefficient appliance. In addition, if it is determined that an existing appliance is becoming a fire hazard, an advertisement from an advertiser may be selected and sent to the customer. In one embodiment, the advertisements may be local to the customer. The advertisements may be of appliances that are the same or equivalent makes and models to the appliance that is energy inefficient. A variety of factors may be used, including using the customer&#39;s profile, to select how many and which advertisements are to be sent. The module  1172  may select repair advertisements if it is deemed that the appliance, such as a washing machine, could be fixed or adjusted to correct for energy inefficiency. 
     A generate/communicate message module  1174  may be utilized to generate and communicate messages. In one embodiment, the messages may include advertisements. The messages may provide for real-time, up-to-date, or current monthly total power usage. The messages may further include information about specific appliances, such as “Your refrigerator is now 30% below original energy usage efficiency.” The messages may also include alerts, such as “There is a potential fire hazard with your air conditioner.” The messages may be posted to a website or a widget for the customer, communicated over a communications network (e.g., email, text message), mailed, placed over a telephone line, or any other means for communicating information to the customer. In another embodiment, a mobile device application may be used to enable the customer to receive or request up-to-date power usage or other information in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. 
     It should be understood that the modules  1150  are illustrative and that alternative and/or additional modules may be utilized in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. Still yet, the modules  1150  may be combined or segmented into distinct modules to provide for functionality as described herein. 
     With regard to  FIG. 12 , a flow diagram of an illustrative process  1200  for monitoring power usage by measuring resistance of appliances at a residence and communicating a notice to the customer is illustrated. The process  1200  starts at step  1202 , where electrical resistance of an electrical appliance may be monitored over time. The electrical resistance may be a real part of a complex impedance measured of an appliance. In one embodiment, the measurement may be performed using bulk impedance measurements, either coherent or non-coherent, or reflectometer techniques, either coherent or non-coherent, to measure individual appliances on the power circuit network as understood in the art. The measurements may be made utilizing HF frequencies, as previously described herein. As step  1204 , projected costs of current or existing and alternative appliances may be determined. The projected costs may be based on current power usage by each of the appliances based on resistance of the appliances. The determination of the projected cost may be projected out one or more years to determine how much more energy an existing, inefficient appliance will use over a new appliance. In one embodiment, the new appliance may be the same make and model. However, it should be understood that the principles of the present inventive concept provide for determining a difference in energy usage over time of an existing appliance being utilized by a customer versus a new, efficient appliance. 
     At step  1206 , a notice of cost savings for an alternative appliance may be generated. The notice of cost savings may include a cost savings over time (e.g., three years), where the cost savings may be at or above a certain threshold level based on a customer&#39;s desire for receiving a notice before the notice is to be sent. At step  1208 , the notice may be communicated to the user. The notice may be in the form of posting on a webpage or sending an electronic message to the customer. Still yet, the notice may be in the form of a telephone call that presents a synthesized or actual person&#39;s voice to the customer to notify the customer of the potential cost savings should the customer replace the inefficient appliance with an efficient appliance. 
     With regard to  FIG. 13 , a screen shot of an illustrative browser interface  1300  illustrates an illustrative website  1302  that enables a customer of a service provider to submit preferences for the service provider to provide advertisements to the customer in response to determining that an appliance may need to be repaired based on becoming inefficient or newer appliances may save the customer money over time due to being more efficient in using less power. The website  1302  may include a desired manufacturers price range section  1304  in which a customer may select desired manufacturer(s) and price range of specific appliances (e.g., washer/dryer, refrigerator, etc.). The manufacturers may be brand name manufacturers and the price ranges may be low cost appliances up to expensive appliances within each appliance type. A kitchen appliance style preference section  1306  allows a customer to select kitchen appliance style, including color and finish. A preferred retailer section  1308  allows a customer to select preferred retailer(s) from which the customer desires to receive advertisements in the event that the service provider determines that an appliance of the customer is inefficient or other appliances may allow the customer to save money through power usage savings. 
     An advertisements preferences section  1310  may enable a customer to select advertisement options, which may include local retailers, national retailers, Internet retailers, retailers that are within 10 miles of his or her residence, within 25 miles of his or residence, within 50 miles of his or her residence, lowest priced appliance, three options only of an appliance for replacement, only advertisements that meet the preferences selected by the customer. A notification preference section  1312  may allow a customer to select notification options, where the notification options or preferences may include inefficiency or cost savings options. In one embodiment, the cost savings may be on an annual basis. Alternatively, the cost savings may be on a multi-year basis. Still yet, the cost savings may be computed based on replacement cost of the appliance plus power usage costs for using the newer appliance. For example, if an existing appliance is to cost $1200 over the next three years of power usage and a new appliance costs $500 and the customer will only use $500 of energy based on the new appliance being more energy efficient, the cost savings will be $200 over the next three years. The notification preferences may also include notification devices to which the notices and/or alerts are to be communicated to the customer. 
     It should be understood that the website  1302  is illustrative in that each of the sections and selectable options within the sections may be different than those illustrated herein. It should further be understood that alternative options and preferences may be provided to the customer for selection of how the customer is to be notified what content is to be delivered to the customer in the notifications, power usage data that is to be computed and reported, or any other information in accordance with the principles of the present inventive concept. 
     With regard to  FIG. 14 , a screenshot of an illustrative browser interface  1400  is illustrated to include an illustrative webpage including power usage information, messages/warnings, and advertisements for a customer to view. The webpage  1402  may include a power usage section  1404  that displays current monthly power usage, current monthly power bill, and average daily power usage. Other power usage data may be provided to the customer. A top three power consumption appliances section  1406  may present the top three power consumption appliances in a residence of the customer. For example, as illustrated, a refrigerator has currently consumed 327 kWh during the month, air conditioner has consumed 272 kWh during the month, and oven has consumed 89 kWh during the month. By providing the top three power consumption appliances, the customer may become sensitive to efficiency of these appliances or usage of optional appliances (e.g., hair dryers). A messages/warnings section  1408  may provide a message of inefficiency or otherwise to a customer. For example, in the event that an air conditioner is becoming inefficient, a message may be displayed that the air conditioner is a certain percentage of efficiency below its original specs. 
     An advertisements section  1410  may be configured to display advertisements from advertisers that sell appliances that are becoming inefficient or can provide cost savings for the customer over a certain time period. As illustrated, three advertisements are provided from local, national, and/or Internet sellers of air conditioners. In addition, the advertisements may list prices of a new air conditioner that may be the same make and model or different make and model than that currently owned by the customer and estimated cost savings over a certain time period (e.g., three years). The advertisements may be selectable to enable a user to automatically be linked to the advertiser&#39;s website to view the specific air conditioner available for sale and purchase the air conditioner from the advertiser either via the website and/or provide contact information for the advertiser to enable the customer to determine location of the advertiser for visiting the retail store of the advertiser. 
     With regard to  FIG. 15 , a screenshot of an illustrative browser interface  1500  is illustrated to include an illustrative webpage including power usage information, geothermal availability, messages/warnings, and advertisements for a customer to view. The webpage  1502  may include a power usage section  1504  that displays current monthly power usage, current monthly power bill, and average daily power usage. Other power usage data may be provided to the customer. A geothermal availability section  1506  may present the customer with power and cost savings if geothermal devices are installed at the residence of the customer. For example, if solar collection were installed, 574 kW could be collected and a cost savings of $45.34 is estimated to occur. A messages/warnings section  1508  may provide a message of inefficiency or otherwise to a customer. 
     An advertisements section  1510  may be configured to display advertisements from advertisers that sell appliances that are becoming inefficient or can provide cost savings for the customer over a certain time period. As illustrated, three advertisements are illustrated from local advertisers. It should be understood that advertisements from national and/or Internet sellers of solar panels may be provided, as well, depending on customer preferences. In addition, the advertisements may list prices of new solar panels may be provided. In addition, estimated cost savings of the solar panels may be illustrated. It should be understood that alternative geothermal devices that can help a customer save money may also be available for presenting advertisements to a customer. The advertisements may be selectable to enable a user to automatically be linked to the advertiser&#39;s website to view the specific solar panels available for sale and purchase the solar panel from the advertiser either via the website or enable the customer to determine location of the advertiser for visiting the retail store of the advertiser. Various embodiments of the present inventive concept can be embodied as computer readable codes on a computer readable recording medium. The computer readable recording medium may include any data storage device suitable to store data that can be read by a computer system. A non-exhaustive list of possible examples of computer readable recording mediums include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), CD-ROMS, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical storage devices, and carrier waves, such as data transmission via the Internet. The computer readable recording medium may also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distribution fashion. Various embodiments of the present inventive concept may also be embodied in hardware, software or in a combination of hardware and software. For example, the processing unit  802 , memory  808 , user interface  814 , and browser interface  1300 ,  1400 ,  1500 , and/or functions thereof may be embodied in software, in hardware or in a combination thereof. In various embodiments, the processing unit  802 , memory  808 , user interface  814 , and browser interface  1300 ,  1400 ,  1500  and/or functions thereof may be embodied as computer readable codes on a computer readable recording medium to perform tasks such as file and/or data transmission and/or reception operations, such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 8-12 . Further, the processing unit  802 , memory  808 , user interface  814 , and browser interface  1300 ,  1400 ,  1500  and/or functions thereof may be embodied as computer readable codes on a computer readable recording medium to perform tasks such as displaying and/or printing operations, such as the data displaying and printing operations illustrated in  FIGS. 13-15 . 
     The previous detailed description is of a small number of embodiments for implementing the invention and is not intended to be limiting in scope. One of skill in this art will immediately envisage the methods and variations used to implement this invention in other areas than those described in detail. 
     Having now described the features, discoveries and principles of the present inventive concept, the manner in which the present inventive concept is constructed and used, the characteristics of the construction, and advantageous, new and useful results obtained; the new and useful structures, devices, elements, arrangements, parts and combinations, are set forth in the appended claims. 
     It is to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the present inventive concept herein described, and all statements of the scope of the present inventive concept which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.