Patent Publication Number: US-2020288569-A1

Title: Circuit Board with Improved Thermal, Moisture Resistance, and Electrical Properties

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
     The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/359,840, entitled “Circuit Board with Improved Thermal, Moisture Resistance, and Electrical Properties”, and filed on Mar. 20, 2019, which relies on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/813,513, entitled “Flexible Circuit Board and Methods of Manufacturing Thereof” and filed on Mar. 4, 2019, for priority. 
     The above-mentioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present specification is related generally to the field of circuit boards. More specifically, the present specification is related to manufacturing a circuit board that uses liquid crystal polymer films as substrate as well as cover layers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Circuit boards, including flexible circuit boards (FCBs), are electronic circuits that are frequently used in a variety of modern electronic devices. A FCB comprises circuit traces and electronic components deposited onto a flexible substrate or laminate. FCBs typically comprise silicon substrates and etched thin metal foils and are so named because of their ability to bend, twist or flex. They have the advantage of being thin, thus saving space, and of being easily moldable to the shape of the electronic device. They are often used to form a connection between two separate circuits. 
     With continued demand for miniaturization and high-density circuit designs, circuit boards and FCBs have become more complex in design and manufacturing process. Also, certain applications require the circuit boards and FCBs to undergo extreme reliability tests such as, but not limited to, sonication, autoclave sterilization and high pH solution exposure. In addition, the circuit boards and FCBs are required to be moisture resistant and demonstrate high weatherability. Conventional circuit board and FCB materials, such as polyimides substrates and polyimide or flexible liquid photoimageable (LPI) solder masks, often fail because they do not have the desired combination of thermal properties, moisture resistivity, and electrical properties. 
     Thus, there is a need for a circuit board structure and a process of manufacturing circuit boards that overcome the shortcomings of conventional materials such as, for example, polyimides. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods, which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, and not limiting in scope. The present application discloses numerous embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a circuit board comprising: a substrate comprising a liquid crystal polymer, a first side and second side opposite said first side, wherein the first side defines a first conducting layer, and wherein the second side defines a second conducting layer; a first cover layer positioned over the first conducting layer, wherein the first cover layer comprises a first bond ply having a first hydrocarbon base sandwiched between a first adhesive layer and a second adhesive layer; and a second cover layer positioned over the second conducting layer, wherein the second cover layer comprises a second bond ply having a second hydrocarbon base sandwiched between a third adhesive layer and a fourth adhesive layer. 
     Optionally, each of the first and second hydrocarbon bases are a polyimide. 
     Optionally, each of the first and second hydrocarbon bases has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 2 mils. 
     Optionally, the first adhesive layer faces the first side and has a thickness that is more than a thickness of the second adhesive layer, and wherein the third adhesive layer faces the second side and has a thickness that is more than a thickness of the fourth adhesive layer. 
     Optionally, each of the first and third adhesive layer has a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils, and wherein each of the second and fourth adhesive layer has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1 mils. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises one or more conductive vias extending through the substrate and the first and second conducting layers. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises a plurality of conductive traces positioned on at least one of the first and second opposing sides. 
     In some embodiments, the present specification also discloses a circuit board comprising: a substrate comprising a liquid crystal polymer, a first side and a second side opposite said first side, wherein the first side defines a first conducting layer, and wherein the second side defines a second conducting layer; a first cover layer positioned over the first conducting layer, wherein the first cover layer comprises a partially cured first adhesive; and a second cover layer positioned over the second conducting layer, wherein the second cover layer comprises a partially cured second adhesive. 
     Optionally, each of the first and second cover layers has a thickness ranging from 1 to 3 mils. Optionally, the first and second cover layers are applied to the respective first and second sides through roll or vacuum lamination. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises one or more conductive vias extending through the substrate and the first and second conducting layers. Optionally, the one or more conductive vias are formed using one of ultraviolet (UV) based laser, carbon dioxide based laser, mechanical drilling depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises a plurality of conductive traces positioned on at least one of the first and second opposing sides. 
     In some embodiments, the present specification also discloses a circuit board comprising: a substrate comprising a liquid crystal polymer, a first side and an opposing second side, wherein the first side defines a first conducting layer, and wherein the second side defines a second conducting layer; a first cover layer positioned over the first conducting layer, wherein the first cover layer comprises a first solder mask; and a second cover layer positioned over the second conducting layer, wherein the second cover layer comprises a second solder mask. 
     Optionally, the first and second solder masks are flexible. 
     Optionally, each of the first and second cover layers has a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils. 
     Optionally, the first and second solder masks are applied on the first and second sides through one of roll coating or screen printing. 
     Optionally, the liquid crystal polymer is at least one of a partially crystalline aromatic polyesters, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol, or a polyester comprising one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols, one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids, one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic dithiols or aromatic dithiophenols, or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines or aromatic diamines. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises one or more conductive vias extending through the substrate and the first and second conducting layers. 
     Optionally, the circuit board further comprises a plurality of conductive traces positioned on at least one of the first and second opposing sides. 
     In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a circuit board comprising: a substrate comprising a first liquid crystal polymer and two opposing sides, wherein the first of the two opposing sides defines a first surface layer and wherein the second of the two opposing sides defines a second surface layer; one or more vias extending through the substrate and two opposing sides, wherein each of the one or more vias comprises conductive material; a plurality of conductive traces positioned on at least one of the two opposing sides; a first adhesive positioned on the first surface layer; a second adhesive positioned on the second surface layer; a first cover layer positioned over the first adhesive on the first surface layer, wherein the first cover layer comprises a second liquid crystal polymer; and a second cover layer positioned over the second adhesive on the second surface layer, wherein the second cover layer comprises a third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer is at least one of a partially crystalline aromatic polyesters, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol, or a polyester comprising one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols, one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids, one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic dithiols or aromatic dithiophenols, or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines or aromatic diamines. 
     Optionally, second liquid crystal polymer is at least one of a partially crystalline aromatic polyesters, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol, or a polyester comprising one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols, one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids, one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic dithiols or aromatic dithiophenols, or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines or aromatic diamines. 
     Optionally, the third liquid crystal polymer is at least one of a partially crystalline aromatic polyesters, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol, or a polyester comprising one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols, one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids, one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic dithiols or aromatic dithiophenols, or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines or aromatic diamines. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer, second liquid crystal polymer, and third liquid crystal polymer are a same liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness in a range of 25 to 75 microns. Optionally, each of the first liquid crystal polymer or second liquid crystal polymer has a thickness in a range of 25 to 75 microns. 
     Optionally, the adhesive covers all of the first surface layer. Optionally, the adhesive covers all of the second surface layer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is less than a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and less than a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer and the thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer is equal to the thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is more than a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and more than a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer and the thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer is equal to the thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is equal to a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and equal to a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer and the thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer is equal to the thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, in each of the one or more vias, the conductive material is configured to interconnect one of the plurality of conductive traces on the first surface layer with another one of the plurality of conductive traces on the second surface layer. 
     The present specification also discloses a circuit board comprising: a liquid crystal polymer substrate defined by a thickness of 25 to 75 microns and including two opposing sides, wherein the first of the two opposing sides defines a first surface layer and wherein the second of the two opposing sides defines a second surface layer; one or more vias extending through the substrate and two opposing sides, wherein each of the one or more vias comprises at least one of conductive material or material plated to one or more walls of each of the one or more vias; a plurality of conductive traces positioned on at least one of the two opposing sides, wherein each of the one or more vias is configured to interconnect one of the plurality of conductive traces on the first surface layer with another one of the plurality of conductive traces on the second surface layer; a first adhesive positioned on the first surface layer, wherein the adhesive covers all of the first surface layer; a second adhesive positioned on the second surface layer, wherein the adhesive covers all of the second surface layer; a first cover layer positioned over the first adhesive on the first surface layer, wherein the first cover layer comprises a second liquid crystal polymer; and a second cover layer positioned over the second adhesive on the second surface layer, wherein the second cover layer comprises a third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, each of the first liquid crystal polymer, the second liquid crystal polymer, and the third liquid crystal polymer is at least one of a partially crystalline aromatic polyesters, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol, or a polyester comprising one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols, one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids, one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids, one or more aromatic dithiols or aromatic dithiophenols, or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines or aromatic diamines. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer, second liquid crystal polymer, and third liquid crystal polymer are a same liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is less than a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and less than a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer and the thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer is equal to the thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is less than a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and less than a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is equal to a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and equal to a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, the first liquid crystal polymer has a thickness that is more than a thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer and more than a thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer and the thickness of the second liquid crystal polymer is equal to the thickness of the third liquid crystal polymer. 
     Optionally, a wide window is laser cut in circuit areas that need to be laser routed for singulation, and carbon and metal residue deposited on walls of said circuit areas due to singulation is cleaned through plasma cleaning. 
     The present specification also discloses a method of manufacturing a circuit board, the method comprising: obtaining a base film comprising a first substrate layer of a first liquid crystal polymer having first and second opposing sides, wherein a first conducting layer is positioned on the first side and a second conducting layer is positioned on the second side; forming at least one via, wherein said at least one via extends through the first substrate layer and the first and second opposing sides, and wherein said at least one via comprises conductive material; coating a conductive bridge over the first substrate layer within the at least one via; electroplating walls of and filling the at least one via with conductive material; forming a plurality of circuit areas on at least one of the first and second conducting layers; obtaining first and second cover layers, wherein the first cover layer comprises a second substrate layer of second liquid crystal polymer and the second cover layer comprises a third substrate layer of third liquid crystal polymer; applying adhesive to a side of each of the first and second cover layers; forming at least one via in the first and second cover layers applied with adhesive; and tacking in place the first and second cover layers with adhesive over the first and second conducting layers, respectively. 
     Optionally, the method further comprises: cutting a wide window in said circuit areas that need to be laser routed for singulation; and cleaning carbon and metal residue deposited on walls of said circuit areas. 
     The aforementioned and other embodiments of the present shall be described in greater depth in the drawings and detailed description provided below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features and advantages of the present specification will be further appreciated, as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a first flexible circuit board (FCB), in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a second flexible circuit board (FCB), in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a third flexible circuit board (FCB), in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a fourth flexible circuit board (FCB), in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a flexible conductor-clad base film, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the conductor-clad base film with at least one formed via, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the conductor-clad base film with a conductive bridge in the at least one via, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the conductor-clad base film of  FIG. 4  with a dry film photoresist applied on the conducting layers of the base film, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the conductor-clad base film of  FIG. 5  with the at least one via filled and/or lined with electrically conductive material, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the conductor-clad base film of  FIG. 6  coated with a light sensitive dry film photoresist for photolithography, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 7B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a circuitized or patterned FCB, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 7C  illustrates a plan view of the circuitized or patterned FCB, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another flexible conductor-clad base film, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of first and second cover layers, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a cross-sectional view of circuitized or patterned FCB of  FIG. 7B  encapsulated on both sides, respectively, by first and second cover layers, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification; 
         FIG. 10  shows a final FCB product for shipping to an end-user for further processing; and, 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart of a plurality of exemplary steps of a method of manufacturing of the FCB of the present specification. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present specification discloses a flexible circuit board (FCB), semi-rigid circuit board, or rigid circuit board fabricated using liquid crystal polymer (LCP) films as substrate material as well as for cover layers of the FCB, semi-rigid, or rigid circuit board. 
     A “via” (vertical interconnect access) is an electrical connection between layers in a flexible electronic circuit that passes through the plane of one or more layers. 
     “Automated optical inspection” (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of FCB (Flexible Circuit Board) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the FCB under test for both catastrophic failure (example, missing features) and quality defects (example, fillet size or shape or feature skew). 
     A “flexible circuit board” is a circuit board that may be easily manipulated about a flat plane to conform to a desired shape through the application of minimal force. 
     A “semi-rigid circuit board” is a circuit board that may be manipulated about a flat plane to conform to a desired shape through the application of a force greater than the force required to manipulate a flexible circuit board. 
     A “rigid circuit board” is a circuit board with a fixed shape that cannot be manipulated about a flat plane. 
     The present specification is directed towards multiple embodiments. The following disclosure is provided in order to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. Language used in this specification should not be interpreted as a general disavowal of any one specific embodiment or used to limit the claims beyond the meaning of the terms used therein. The general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Also, the terminology and phraseology used is for the purpose of describing exemplary embodiments and should not be considered limiting. Thus, the present invention is to be accorded the widest scope encompassing numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents consistent with the principles and features disclosed. For purpose of clarity, details relating to technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     In the description and claims of the application, each of the words “comprise” “include” and “have”, and forms thereof, are not necessarily limited to members in a list with which the words may be associated. It should be noted herein that any feature or component described in association with a specific embodiment may be used and implemented with any other embodiment unless clearly indicated otherwise. 
     As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” mean “at least one” or “one or more” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     Circuit Board Overview 
     The circuit boards disclosed in the embodiments of the present specification comprise flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid circuit boards and the methods of manufacture disclosed in the embodiments of the present specification can be used to manufacture flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid circuit boards. In some embodiments, flexibility of the circuit board is dependent on the number of layers comprising the circuit board. In some embodiments, for example, for a multilayer circuit board having more than two layers, the final board thickness will increase the rigidity of the board making the board semi-rigid or rigid. While the following figures are described with reference to a flexible circuit board (FCB), they also apply to semi-rigid and rigid circuit boards.  FIG. 1A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a first flexible circuit board  100   a , in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification. In embodiments, the FCB  100   a  comprises a flexible conductor-clad layer or film comprising a dielectric insulating substrate  105 , a first conducting layer  106  positioned on a first side of the substrate  105  and a second conducting layer  107  positioned on a second, opposing side of the substrate  105 . In various embodiments, the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107  comprise a plurality of surface-mounted electronic components that are electrically connected to each other through a plurality of conductive pads or lands, conductive traces, and conductive vias such as via  125 . A conductive via is a hole lined (that is, the via walls are lined or plated) and/or filled with a conductor metal such as, for example, copper. In some embodiments, the conductive via  125  interconnects the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107  of the FCB  100   a . Vias may be through-hole, blind and/or buried vias depending upon the design, interconnection needs and the number of layers (in case of multi-layered circuit boards) of a FCB. Also shown are annular rings  115  representing areas on the pad that surrounds the via  125 . 
     The FCB  100   a  further comprises first and second cover layers  110 ,  111  that are applied and tacked in place over the first and second sides of the substrate  105 , respectively, in order to protect the plurality of conductive pads and traces formed in the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107 . In some embodiments, dielectric adhesive layers or films  112 ,  113  are positioned under the first and second cover layers  110 ,  111 , respectively, to help the layers  110 ,  111  adhere or bond to the plurality of conductive pads and traces on the first and second sides of the substrate  105 . 
     In accordance with some aspects of the present specification, the substrate  105  and the cover layers  110 ,  111  of the FCB  100  are comprised of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) material. This is in contrast to conventional circuit boards that use polyimide films as substrate material and polyimide cover layers or flexible liquid photoimageable (LPI) solder masks. 
     LCPs are compounds made of partially crystalline aromatic polyesters. Non-limiting examples of LCPs which may be used as polymer films in the fabrication of the substrate  105  and cover layers  110 ,  111  include polyesters comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and acetaminophen, and a polyester comprising monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol. 
     More broadly, LCPs which may be used as polymer films in the fabrication of the substrate  105  and cover layers  110 ,  111  include polyesters comprising at least one of the following: one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids; one or more aromatic diols, alicyclic diols and aliphatic diols; one or more aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids; one or more aromatic thiocarboxylic acids; one or more aromatic dithiols and aromatic dithiophenols; and/or one or more aromatic hydroxy hydroxylamines and aromatic diamines. 
     Additional non-limiting examples comprise thermotropic polymer films of commercially available LCP identified by the brand-names VECTRA® (naphthaline based, available from Hoechst Celanese Corporation), and XYDAR® (available from Amoco Performance Products and comprising units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4′-biphenol), as well as other mesogenic group-containing LCPs. Examples of VECTRA® brand of LCPs include VECTRA® A polyester comprising 73 mole % of monomer units derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 27 mole % of monomer units derived from 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid (HNA), VECTRA® E polyester comprising 60 mole % of monomer units derived from HBA, 4 mole % of monomer units derived from HNA, 18 mole % of monomer units derived from terephthalic acid (TA), and 18 mole % of monomer units derived from p,p′-biphenol, VECTRA® C polyester comprising 80 mole % of monomer units derived from HBA and 20 mole % of monomer units derived from HNA and VECTRA® B polyester comprising 60 mole % of monomer units derived from HNA, 20 mole % of monomer units derived from TA, and 20 mole % of monomer units derived from acetaminophen. Still additional example comprises commercially available LCP from Panasonic® identified by the brand-name FELIOS® LCP including R-F705S and R-F705T series, for example. 
     LCP Properties 
     LCPs possess properties that make them particularly suitable for use as the substrate  105  and the first and second cover layers  110 ,  111  of the FCB  100 , compared to conventionally available flex circuit substrates, particularly polyimide films such as KAPTON™ and APICAL™. LCPs are thermoplastic polymers consisting of rigid and flex monomers that are biocompatible, chemically inert, and thermally and mechanically stable with good weatherability. These polymers have a low-moisture uptake such that there is no or very slight hygroscopic expansion and thus no change in electrical properties or dimensions. Compared to polyimides that have a moisture absorption of 2.8%, LCPs have a very low moisture absorption of less than 0.04%. LCPs have a lower dielectric constant of less than 3.0, e.g. around 2.9, compared to polyimides, e.g. around 3.3. Also, the tensile strength of LCPs are in a range of 270 to 500 MPa while that of polyimides are around 128 MPa. Prior art circuit boards that use polyimide films as substrate material and polyimide cover layers or flexible liquid photoimageable (LPI) solder mask are also susceptible to high pH solution exposure. 
     Additionally, LCPs have a relatively high Z-axis coefficient of thermal expansion. They resist stress cracking in the presence of most chemicals at elevated temperatures, including aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons, strong acids, bases, ketones, and other aggressive industrial substances. LCP are characterized by low relative dielectric constants, low dissipation factors and excellent hydrolytic stability in boiling water. Table 1 shows a plurality of generic properties or characteristics of solid LCP: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Solid LCP Properties 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1.38 to 1.95        
               
               
                   
                 Elasticity modulus (E) 
                 8530 to 17200 MPa 
               
               
                   
                 Tensile strength (σ t ) 
                 52.8 to 185 MPa     
               
               
                   
                 Tensile Elongation (%) 
                 0.26 to 6.2        
               
               
                   
                 Notched Izod Impact 
                 21.0 to 82.5 kJ/m 2   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     These unique properties of LCP make it suitable for applications (such as, for example, medical applications) where the FCB  100   a  must undergo extreme reliability tests such as, but not limited to, sonication, autoclave sterilization and high pH solution (such as, for example, potassium hydroxide) exposure. In some embodiments, materials other than LCP, but having the similar properties as LCP, as described throughout this specification, are used for the circuit board. 
     ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENTS 
       FIGS. 1B, 1C and 1D  illustrate respective cross-sectional views of second, third and fourth flexible circuit boards  100   b ,  100   c ,  100   d , in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification. Referring now to  FIGS. 1B, 1C and 1D , the FCBs  100   b ,  100   c ,  100   d  comprise a flexible conductor-clad layer or film comprising the dielectric insulating substrate  105 , a first conducting layer  106  positioned on a first side of the substrate  105  and a second conducting layer  107  positioned on a second, opposing side of the substrate  105 . In various embodiments, the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107  comprise a plurality of surface-mounted electronic components that are electrically connected to each other through a plurality of conductive pads or lands, conductive traces, and/or conductive vias such as via  125 . Also shown are annular rings  115  representing areas on the pad that surround via  125 . 
     The FCBs  100   b ,  100   c ,  100   d  further comprise first and second cover layers  110 ,  111  that are applied and tacked in place over the first and second sides of the substrate  105 , respectively, in order to protect the plurality of conductive pads and traces formed in the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107 . 
     In accordance with some aspects of the present specification, while the substrate  105  is of LCP material the cover layers  110 ,  111  are of a material or material composite other than LCP but exhibiting chemical resistance (to both acids and bases) and low moisture absorption properties substantially similar to LCP. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1B , in some embodiments, the cover layers  110 ,  111  comprise bond ply having a hydrocarbon base  120  sandwiched between first and second adhesive layers or films  125 ,  130 . In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon base  120  comprises a polyimide material. The typical values for the dielectric constant and dissipation factor are 3.4 and 0.02, respectively. Table 2 below shows properties of typical polyimide films as used in the present specification. 
                     TABLE 2               Polyimide Film Properties                                                Specific Gravity   1.5 to 1.65           Thermal Conductivity(W/m · K)   0.12           Tensile strength (σ t )        139-230 MPa           Impact Strength(ft · lb)   0.51-0.58               Tensile Elongation (%)   72 to 82           Moisture absorption (%),   2.8            24 hr H2O dip           Dk/Df   3.1/0.002           Dilectric Strength (KV/mil)   5.2-7.7K           Chemical resistance,   MEK, IPA, Toluene, HCL,           10 min at 23 C. (passed)   NaOH, Methylene chloride                        
Table 3 below shows properties of typical adhesives as used in the present specification.
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Adhesive Properties 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Peel strength(Kgm/Cm) 
                 1.5-1.8 
               
               
                   
                 Glass Transition Temp(Tg), C. 
                 100-120 
               
               
                   
                 Decomposition Temp(Td), C. 
                 &gt;350 
               
               
                   
                 Tensile strength (σ t ) 
                 &gt;35 MPa 
               
               
                   
                 Modulus (GPa) 
                    &gt;1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Tensile Elongation (%) 
                 35-42 
               
               
                   
                 Dk/Df 
                 4.0/0.05-0.07    
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In accordance with aspects of the present specification, use of the first and second adhesive layers  125 ,  130 , on either side of the hydrocarbon base  120 , protects the hydrocarbon base  120  from absorbing moisture and consequently failing environmental reliability tests. In embodiments, the second adhesive layer  130  functions as a coating to protect the hydrocarbon base  120  from absorbing moisture, particularly, in case of the hydrocarbon base  120  being of polyimide that has high moisture absorption. In some embodiments, the first and second adhesive layers  125 ,  130  are flexible epoxies that have moisture absorption of less than 1.5% compared to high moisture absorption of polyimide. 
     In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer  125  (positioned under the first and second cover layers  110 ,  111  and facing the first and second sides  106 ,  107  of the substrate  105 ) is thicker compared to the second adhesive layer  130 . The first adhesive layer  125  is thicker so that is satisfactorily encapsulates the circuitry or conductive traces, formed in the first and second conducting layers  106 ,  107 , without any voids in between. In some embodiments, for conductive traces of thickness ranging from 0.8 to 1 mil the first adhesive layer  125  has a thickness ranging from 1 to 1.5 mils. Openings, such as the via  125 , in the bond ply cover layers  110 ,  111  are achieved by using an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. 
     In embodiments, the first and second adhesive layers of films  125 ,  130  are of materials such as, but not limited to, epoxy, flexibilized epoxy, flex cynate ester, or modified LCP adhesive. Persons of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that adhesives formulators create specific adhesive properties, such as low moisture absorption, by blending and crosslinking two materials together. In an embodiment, specific adhesive properties may be created by blending and crosslinking a first material, for example, an epoxy which possesses at least one first unique property such as, but not limited to, low moisture absorption with a second material such as, for example, LCP or cyanate ester which possess at least one second unique property so that the resultant final blended product has properties transitioning somewhere between the individual properties of the epoxy and LCP. Such blended and specifically formulated LCP adhesives are referred to as modified LCP adhesives. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon base  120  of polyimide has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 2 mils, the first adhesive layer  125  has a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils while the second adhesive layer  130  has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1 mils. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1C , in some embodiments, the cover layers  110 ,  111  comprise partially cured adhesive or B-staged adhesive that are typically applied using a release film. The adhesive of the cover layers  110 ,  111  is partially cured since the adhesive needs to flow (during vacuum, heat and pressure application processes) in between the conductive traces as well as bond to both the conductive traces and the first and second opposing sides of the substrate  105 . In embodiments, full curing happens during a lamination process. In some embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  110 ,  111  have a thickness ranging from 1 to 3 mils. In various embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  110 ,  111  are applied on the first and second sides  106 ,  107  through methods such as, but not limited to, roll lamination and vacuum lamination. 
     In embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  110 ,  111  exhibit chemical resistance (to both acids and bases) and low moisture absorption properties substantially similar to LCP. In various embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  110 ,  111  are of a flexible material such as, but not limited to, epoxy/cyanate ester, epoxy/polyimide, and modified acrylic. In embodiments, openings, such as the via  125 , in the adhesive cover layers  110 ,  111  are achieved by using an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1D , in some embodiments, the cover layers  110 ,  111  comprise flexible solder mask exhibiting chemical resistance (to both acids and bases) and low moisture absorption properties substantially similar to LCP. In embodiments, the solder mask material has low moisture absorption (&lt;1.5%), good electrical properties (D k /D f : 3.9/0.02), good thermal stability (solder shock, lead free profile per IPC standards), is resistant to acids (Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid as per IPC), is resistant to bases (Sodium Hydroxide as per IPC), and is resistant to solvents (Isopropyl Alcohol, Acetone, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methoxy Propyl Acetate (PMA) as per IPC). Example solder mask materials are epoxies that, in some embodiments, may be blended with other materials and inorganic fillers such as, but not limited to, talc and SiO 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the flexible solder mask based cover layers  110 ,  111  have a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils. In various embodiments, the flexible solder mask based cover layers  110 ,  111  are applied on the first and second sides  106 ,  107  through methods such as, but not limited to, roll coating and screen printing. 
     Manufacturing Steps 
       FIG. 2  through  FIG. 9  depicts cross-sectional views of exemplary manufacturing steps of a FCB of the present specification. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a flexible conductor-clad base film  220 , in accordance with embodiments of the present specification. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the starting material of the FCB (such as the FCB  100  of  FIG. 1 ) is the flexible conductor-clad base film  220  comprising a LCP substrate layer  205  having a first side  208   a  and a second side  208   b . The LCP substrate layer  205  has a first conducting layer  206  laminated to the first side  208   a  and a second conducting layer  207  laminated to the second side  208   b  of the LCP substrate layer  205  thereby resulting in the flexible base film  220 . 
     In some embodiments, the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207  comprise metal foils such as, for example, copper foil, aluminum foil, copper-beryllium alloy, or a metal filled conductive polymer. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible base film  220  is a substantially rectangular strip of a predetermined length to support fabrication, thereon, of at least one FCB. In some embodiments, the flexible base film  220  is received in the form of a roll or sheet and cut to size in order to fabricate at least one FCB thereon. In some embodiments, the flexible base film  220  has the first conducting layer  206  of thickness 18 micron, the LCP substrate layer  205  of thickness 25 micron and the second conducting layer  207  of thickness 18 micron. In various embodiments, a thickness of the LCP substrate layer  205  may range from 25 micron to 75 micron. 
     In one embodiment, the starting material of the FCB is a Panasonic R-F705S series of copper-clad LCP wherein the first copper layer  206  is of thickness 0.7 mils, the LCP substrate layer  205  is of thickness 1 mil and the second copper layer  207  is of thickness 0.7 mils wherein 1 mil is 1/1000 inch. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the base film  220  with at least one formed opening, hole or via, in accordance with some embodiments. Referring now to  FIG. 3 , at least one opening, hole or via  225  is formed in the base film  220  by an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or by any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. In an embodiment, for exemplary illustrative purposes, the via  225  is shown as a single through-hole. However, in alternate embodiments a plurality of through-hole, blind and/or buried vias may be formed depending upon the desired design and surface mount of the FCB. In various embodiments, one or more openings or holes, formed in the FCB, comprise at least one of the following types: a) tooling holes formed outside of formed circuit areas for positioning the base film  220  during subsequent processing. The sequence of FCB fabrication steps requires close alignment from one process to the next, and the tooling holes are used with locating pins at each step to achieve accurate registration/alignment; b) insertion holes for inserting electronic component leads therein; and c) via holes, such as the at least one via  225 , that are later electroplated and used as conducting paths between the conducting layers of the FCB. 
     Once the at least one opening, hole or via  225  is formed in the base film  220  the via is cleaned or de-smeared using plasma cleaning to remove unwanted residue or by-products left behind by laser or mechanical drilling of the at least one via  225 . 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that direct electroplating of the at least one via  225  is not possible since the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207  are separated by the dielectric LCP substrate layer  205 . In order to allow electroplating, a conductive region or bridge is first coated over the LCP substrate layer  205  within the at least one via  225 . In embodiments, the conductive bridge is created by shadow plating or electroless copper plating. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one via  225  is subjected to electroless copper plating where the base film  220  is immersed in a series of baths that include a catalyst (usually palladium) followed by an alkaline, chelated solution of copper. Copper is thereby chemically bonded to all surfaces that are immersed. This chemically bonded coating is rather thin, but it allows electrical current to flow across the dielectric  205 , which enables electroplating. As a result of electroless plating, the at least one via  225  has a coating of copper that is both electrically and mechanically robust. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the at least one via  225  is subjected to shadow plating wherein the base film  220  is immersed in a solution with conductive carbon or graphite particles. The carbon or graphite adheres to the entire surface, creating a thin layer  430 . A micro-etch is then performed that removes the carbon or graphite from the conducting layers  206 ,  207 , within the at least one via  225 , so that only the dielectric LCP areas (within at least one via  225 ) remain coated with the thin layer or conductive bridge  430  of carbon or graphite. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , once the conductive bridge is created by shadow plating or electroless copper plating, a light sensitive dry film photoresist  505  is applied on the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207 . The photoresist  505  is exposed to light and developed in the area of the at least one via  225  while the rest of the conducting layers  206 ,  207  remain covered with the dry film photoresist  505 . Thus, the photoresist  505  remains in the regions that need to be protected from a subsequent electroplating process (in  FIG. 6 ) while the region of the at least one via  225  is kept open or devoid of the photoresist  505  for electroplating (in  FIG. 6 ). 
     Now, referring to  FIG. 6 , walls of the at least one via  225  are lined or electroplated with a metal or other electrically conductive material  611  and/or the at least one via  225  is filled with the metal or other electrically conductive material  610  such as copper or silver paste. In some embodiments, annular rings  605 , corresponding to entry and exit of the at least one via  225 , are also electroplated with the metal  610 . As known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, an annular ring is an area on a pad that surrounds entry and exit of a through-hole via. In some embodiments, to fill the at least one via  225 , metal  610  is grown through electroplating to overflow the filled at least one via  225  and on to the surfaces of the conducting layers  206 ,  207 . 
     The overflowed metal is then etched back to smoothen the surfaces of the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207 . The photoresist  505  (of  FIG. 5 ) is also stripped. In some embodiments, the at least one via  225  is filled with a solder paste or other conductive material is deposited or printed to fill the at least one via  225 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7A , designated areas on the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207  of the base film  220  (see  FIG. 2 ) are circuitized or patterned through a process of photolithography. In photolithography, the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207  to be patterned are first coated with a light sensitive dry film photoresist  705 . To transfer an image to the resist, an optical mask or photomask is used to control which portions of the dry resist sheet are exposed to light and which are not. The photomask is created using commercially available CAD software resulting in a Gerber file defining the mask pattern needed for photomask generation. 
     Next the photoresist  705  is exposed to light through the patterned photomask thereby transferring the mask pattern. The photoresist  705  is sensitive to exposure to short wavelength light such as ultraviolet light. After exposing the photoresist  705 , the resist is developed causing the photoresist  705  to be washed away in some regions and retained in others as defined by the portions of the photoresist  705  exposed to light and those in the shadow of the photomask. After developing the photoresist  705 , organic photoresist layer mimics the pattern of the photomask through which it was exposed. The portions  710  that are protected by the photoresist  705  and the portions  715  that are exposed to etching depend on whether a positive or a negative photoresist is employed. Because the photoresist  705  comprises an organic compound, it is relatively insensitive to exposure to acids, especially after hard baking. As shown in  FIG. 7A , the dry film photoresist  705  tents the at least one via  225  so as to protect the metal in the annular ring  605 , the metal  611  on the walls of the at least one via  225  and the metal  610  filled in the at least one via  225  from being etched away. 
     The metal, in portions  715 , is then etched in acid and thereafter the photoresist  705  is stripped and the mask is also removed. As shown in  FIGS. 7B and 7C , the photolithographic process generates desired conductive trace patterns  720  and pads  725  in the first and second conducting layers  206 ,  207  ( FIG. 7A ). The metal in the annular ring  605  and the metal  610  in the at least one via  225  (as well as the metal  611  in the walls of the at least one via  225 ) remains protected (from etching) due to photoresist tenting. Thereafter, automated optical inspection (AOI) of the FCB  700  is carried out to detect defects, if any. Subsequently, the quality checked and approved FCB  700  is baked at a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined period of time to remove any moisture. In some embodiments, the FCB  700  is baked at a temperature of about 180° F. for about 130 minutes. 
     In accordance with aspects of the present specification, the first and second sides  208   a ,  208   b  of the FCB  700  are respectively encapsulated by cover layers or films to protect the formed conductive trace patterns  720  and pads  725  against oxidation and mechanical stress or wear. Referring now to  FIG. 8A , in some embodiments, in order to fabricate the cover layers a roll or sheet of flexible conductor-clad base film  820  is taken. The base film  820  comprises a LCP substrate layer  805  sandwiched between first and second conducting layers  806 ,  807 . In some embodiments, the flexible conductor-clad base film  820  is similar to the base film  220  of  FIG. 2  in terms of the thickness of the LCP substrate layer  805  and that of the first and second conducting layers  806 ,  807 . In some embodiments, the LCP substrate layer  805  has a thickness of 50 micron while each of the first and second conducting layers  806 ,  807  has a thickness of 18 micron. The first and second conducting layers  806 ,  807  are stripped from both sides of the LCP substrate layer  805 . 
     In alternate embodiments, a roll or sheet of stand-alone LCP substrate layer  805  (of a thickness of, say, 50 micron) is taken (instead of the conductor-clad base film  820 ) thereby obviating the need to strip the conducting layers. In one embodiment, the stand-alone LCP substrate layer  805  is a Panasonic R-F705S series LCP of a thickness of 2 mils. 
     Now, as shown in  FIG. 8B , first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  are obtained by cutting to size the roll or sheet of LCP substrate layer  805 . Thereafter, first and second laminate adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  are rolled, respectively, on one side  832   a ,  832   b  respectively of the corresponding cover layers  805   a , and  805   b . In some embodiments, each of the adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  has a predefined thickness. In some embodiments, each of the adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 4 mils (that is, approximately 12 to 100 μm). In some embodiments, the adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  may be applied as a sheet, a spray, a gel, or a paste. While the adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  are shown as separate layers, in some embodiments, the adhesive layers may be impregnated into the sides  832   a ,  832   b  of the corresponding cover layers  805   a , and  805   b . In embodiments, the layers  830   a ,  830   b  comprise bonding adhesives such as, but not limited to, an epoxy, an insulating potting compound, acrylic adhesives, or polyimide adhesives. In embodiments, the adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  can have good electrical properties similar to the LCP cover layers  805   a ,  805   b . The dielectric constant (D k ) of LCP is less than 3.0, or about 2.9, while the dissipation factor (D f ) is less than 0.0025, or about 0.002 at 10 GHz. The adhesive layers  830   a ,  830   b  with similar electrical properties enhance the performance of the FCB. In one embodiment, each of the layers  830   a ,  830   b  is a Taiflex BT20 epoxy adhesive film of 0.8 mils thickness. 
     Subsequently, at least one via opening  825   a  is laser formed through the first cover layer  805   a  and adhesive layer  830   a  while at least one via opening  825   b  is laser formed through the second cover layer  805   b  and adhesive layer  830   b . In the current embodiment, the formation of the vias  825   a ,  825   b  corresponds to the entrance and exit sides of the at least one (through-hole) via  225  of the FCB  700  ( FIGS. 7B, 7C ). However, it should be appreciated that, in various embodiments, the formation of one or more vias in the cover layers is based upon the design of the FCB to be covered or encapsulated. 
     In an alternate embodiment, the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  comprise bond ply having a hydrocarbon base sandwiched between first and second adhesive layers or films. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon base is of polyimide. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer (positioned under the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  and facing the first and second sides  208   a ,  208   b  of the substrate  205 ) is thicker compared to the second adhesive layer. Openings, such as the via  225 , in the bond ply cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  are done by an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or by any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. 
     In embodiments, the first and second adhesive layers or films are of materials such as, but not limited to, epoxy, flexibilized epoxy, flex cynate ester, and modified acrylic, or modified LCP adhesive. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon base of polyimide has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 2 mils, the first adhesive layer  125  has a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils while the second adhesive layer  130  has a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1 mils. 
     In another alternate embodiment, the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  comprise partially cured adhesive or B-staged adhesive that are typically via a release film. In some embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  have a thickness ranging from 1 to 3 mils. In various embodiments, the B-staged adhesive cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  are applied on the first and second sides  208   a ,  208   b  through methods such as, but not limited to, roll lamination and vacuum lamination. In embodiments, openings, such as the via  225 , in the adhesive cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  are achieved by using an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. 
     In yet another alternate embodiment, the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  comprise flexible solder mask exhibiting chemical resistance (to both acids and bases) and low moisture absorption properties substantially similar to LCP. In some embodiments, the flexible solder mask based cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  have a thickness ranging from 1 to 2 mils. In various embodiments, the flexible solder mask based cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  are applied on the first and second sides  208   a ,  208   b  through methods such as, but not limited to, roll coating and screen printing. 
     Continuing with the embodiment of the LCP based first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  of  FIG. 8B , as shown in  FIG. 9 , the first cover layer  805   a  with the adhesive layer  830   a  is aligned over the first side  208   a  of the FCB  700  of  FIG. 7B  (using alignment targets positioned on the first side  208   a  of the FCB  700  and the first cover layer  805   a ) and tacked in place using heat. Thereafter, the second cover layer  805   b  with the adhesive layer  830   b  is aligned over the second side  208   b  of the FCB  700  of  FIG. 7B  (using alignment targets positioned on the second side  208   b  of the FCB  700  and the second cover layer  805   b ) and tacked in place using heat. In some embodiments, alignment is accomplished by using fiducials or a method of pin alignment is utilized. Finally, the FCB  700  encapsulated with the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  is vacuum laminated in a hydraulic press. In some embodiments, the lamination is done at a pressure of 250 psi, temperature of about 360° F. and for a duration ranging from 1 hour to 2.5 hours. 
     In some embodiments, the exposed conducting or metal surfaces, of the FCB  700  encapsulated with the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b , are treated with an ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) surface finishing or plating process. The gold plated over copper, in the ENIG process, is used to prevent the Cu from being oxidized. In alternate embodiments, other surface finishing or plating processes may be applied such as, but not limited to, HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling), lead free solder, tin, OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative) that involves coating bare copper with a coating that prevents the copper from oxidizing, ENEPIG (Electroless Nickel, Palladium and Gold) and silver. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the FCB encapsulated with the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  may have certain conducting or metal surfaces  906 ,  907  exposed to enable an end-user to attach necessary components at the exposed surfaces. For example, the end-user may attach surface mountable components such as, for example, resistors, capacitors, BGA package, or any pin connector through a plated through hole. In embodiments, the exposed conducting or metal surfaces  906 ,  907  may be pads (circular, square, rectangular) or plated through-holes, such as the via  225 , with annular ring. 
     Thereafter, electrical testing of the FCB  700  encapsulated with the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  is conducted. In some embodiments, the electrical testing is a continuity check for shorts and opens. In some embodiments, a continuity test was conducted using a resistance of up to 10 K ohm, and isolation test was conducted using a resistance of up to 25 M ohm. Voltages used comprises voltages of up to 1Kv, with typical a voltage of 100 V. In embodiments, where fabrication of a plurality of FCBs is done on a single panel, each of the plurality of FCBs is laser routed for singulation. The FCBs are subjected to final inspection and testing. 
     Laser routing of the circuits to singulate them carbonizes the LCP material that re-deposits on the cut walls/edges. Also, in cases or designs where conducting metal traces need to be cut-through during singulation, decomposed particles from the cut metal (such as copper, for example) traces re-deposit on the walls or edges. If the walls are not cleaned well, these particles (of carbon and metal) exhibit conductive properties and, during test, result in high resistance values or shores. A method of effectively removing the carbon and metal residues from the walls/edges involves designing and laser cutting a wider window in the critical areas (that need to be laser routed). This wider window allows better access so that a subsequent plasma cleaning step (consisting of plasmas of gases such as, for example, tetrafluoromethane, oxygen or argon) may be performed to effectively clean the carbon/metal residues from the walls/edges. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the FCB  700  encapsulated with the first and second cover layers  805   a ,  805   b  is subjected to at least one or more of the following tests: a) sonication wash with a base, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), b) autowash, c) autoclave sterilization and d) voltage leakage test. In some embodiments, harnesses are assembled into the FCB  700  for subjecting to disinfecting and sterilization wash cycles. In some embodiments, the disinfecting and sterilization is as follows: a) disinfecting for 10 to 80 minutes, preferably about 40 minutes, using a base solution, such as potassium hydroxide having pH of 11, and/or b) sterilization using steam for 5 to 30 minutes, preferably for 18 minutes (137 degrees Celsius steam autoclave). Thereafter, the rear housing is rotated which rolls (that is, moves) a service loop radius is moved (around 0.25 inch radius) in between each disinfecting and sterilization cycle. The test is continued until failure. During testing, the electrical harness surpassed the mechanicals and the cleaning cycles were exceeded. 
       FIG. 10  shows a finished or final FCB product  1000  for shipping to an end-user for further processing. The FCB product  1000  is flex cable with two contact pins solder on one end. 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart of a plurality of exemplary steps of a method of manufacturing of the FCB  100   a  of  FIG. 1A  of the present specification. At step  1102 , a first flexible base film is received in the form of a roll or sheet and cut to size in order to fabricate at least one FCB thereon. In some embodiments, the first flexible base film comprises a substrate layer having first and second opposing sides. The first side has a first conducting or surface layer laminated thereon and the second side has a second conducting or surface layer laminated thereon. In some embodiments, the substrate layer (of the first base film) is of a first liquid crystal polymer. 
     At step  1104 , one or more openings, holes or vias are formed in the first base film by an ultraviolet (UV) based laser, a carbon dioxide based laser, or by any other known methods, such as, but not limited to, mechanical drilling, depth-controlled laser drilling or punching. In some embodiments, the one or more vias extend through the substrate layer and the first and second opposing sides. In some embodiments, the one or more vias extend through the substrate layer and the first and second conducting or surface layers. In various embodiments, one or more through-hole, blind and/or buried vias may be formed depending upon the desired design and surface mount of the FCB. 
     At step  1106 , the one or more openings, holes or vias are cleaned or de-smeared using plasma cleaning to remove unwanted residue or by-products left behind by laser or mechanical drilling. At step  1108 , a conductive film, region or bridge is coated over the substrate layer, within the one or more vias, by shadow plating or electroless copper plating. Thereafter, at step  1110 , a light sensitive dry film photoresist is applied on the first and second conducting or surface layers and the photoresist is exposed to light and developed in the area of the one or more vias while the rest of the first and second conducting or surface layers remain covered with the dry film photoresist. 
     Now, at step  1112 , walls of each of the one of more vias are lined or electroplated with a metal or other electrically conductive material and/or each of the one or more vias are filled with the metal or other electrically conductive material such as copper or silver paste. In some embodiments, annular rings, corresponding to entry and exit of each of the one or more vias, are also electroplated with the metal or other electrically conductive material. In some embodiments, to fill each of the one of more vias, metal is grown through electroplating to overflow each of the filled one of more vias and on to the surfaces of the first and second conducting or surface layers. 
     The overflowed metal is then etched back to smoothen the surfaces of the first and second conducting layers. The photoresist is also stripped. In some embodiments, each of the one of more vias is filled with a solder paste or other conductive material is deposited or printed to fill each of the one of more vias. 
     Next, at step  1114 , designated areas on one or both of the first and second conducting or surface layers are circuitized or patterned through photolithography to form patterned circuit areas of conductive traces/patterns. Thus, as a result of the process of photolithography, a plurality of conductive traces are formed or positioned on at least one of the first and second opposing sides of the LCP substrate layer or on at least one of the first and second conducting or surface layers of the base film. Thereafter, automated optical inspection (AOI) of the FCB is carried out to detect defects, if any. Subsequently, the quality checked and approved FCB is baked at a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined period of time to remove any moisture. 
     Now, at step  1116 , a roll or sheet of a second flexible base film is taken. In some embodiments, the second base film comprises a substrate layer sandwiched between first and second opposing conducting or surface layers. The first and second conducting layers are stripped from both sides of the substrate layer. In some embodiments, a roll or sheet of stand-alone substrate layer is taken thereby obviating the need to strip the conducting layers. Then, at step  1118 , the roll or sheet of the substrate layer (from step  1116 ) is cut to size to obtain first and second cover layers. In some embodiments, the substrate layer (of the first base film) is of a second liquid crystal polymer. In alternate embodiments, the first cover layer is obtained from a roll or sheet of substrate layer comprising a second liquid crystal polymer while the second cover layer is obtained from another roll or sheet of substrate layer comprising a third liquid crystal polymer. In other words, the first cover layer is obtained from a roll or sheet of second substrate layer while the second cover layer is obtained from another roll or sheet of third substrate layer. 
     Thereafter, at step  1120 , in some embodiments, first and second laminate adhesive layers are rolled or positioned, respectively, on one side of each of the first and second cover layers. In embodiments, the adhesive layers may be applied as a sheet, a spray, a gel, or a paste. Subsequently, at step  1122 , one or more via openings are laser formed through the first and second cover layers (as well as through the corresponding first and second adhesive layers) corresponding to the entrance and exit sides of the one or more (through-hole) vias of the FCB. Then, at step  1124 , the first cover layer with the first adhesive layer is aligned and positioned over the first conducting or surface layer of the first flexible base film and tacked in place using heat. Subsequently, the second cover layer with the second adhesive layer is aligned and positioned over the second conducting or surface layer of the first flexible base film and tacked in place using heat. 
     At step  1126 , the FCB encapsulated with the first and second cover layers is vacuum laminated in a hydraulic press and then baked in an oven for a final cure. In some embodiments, at step  1128 , certain exposed conducting or metal surfaces of the FCB, encapsulated with the first and second cover layers, are treated with a surface finishing or plating process, such as ENIG, or undergo singulation. Thereafter, electrical testing of the FCB encapsulated with the first and second cover layers is conducted. In accordance with some embodiments, the FCB encapsulated with the first and second cover layers is subjected to at least one or more of the following tests: a) sonication wash with a base, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), b) autowash, c) autoclave sterilization and d) voltage leakage test. 
     The above examples are merely illustrative of the many applications of the system and method of present specification. Although only a few embodiments of the present specification have been described herein, it should be understood that the present specification might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the specification. Therefore, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the specification may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.