Patent Publication Number: US-11019872-B2

Title: Sports helmet having modular components

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/038250, filed on Jun. 17, 2016, which published in English as WO 2016/205757 on Dec. 22, 2016, and which claims priority to U.S. Prov. Pat. App&#39;n No. 62/182,332, entitled “MODULAR SPORTS HELMET,” filed Jun. 19, 2015, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The disclosure relates generally to protective sports helmets, and more particularly to protective sports helmets having attachable modular components that can add or modify aesthetic and functional aspects of the helmet. 
     Description of Related Art 
     A physical impact to the head of a person may cause serious injury or death. To reduce the probability of such consequences, protective gear, such as a helmet, is often used in activities that are associated with an increased level of risk for a head injury. In particular, there are a wide range of non-motorized sports and activities that require or benefit from the use of a helmet. Examples of such activities include, but are not limited to, cycling, mountain biking, skiing, snowboarding, sledding, ice skating, rollerblading, rock climbing, skate boarding, surfing, skydiving, football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and kayaking In general, a helmet is designed to absorb and/or distribute the force of an impact to reduce ill effects on the head of a wearer. 
     SUMMARY 
     Example embodiments described herein have several features, no single one of which is indispensable or solely responsible for their desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of the claims, some of the advantageous features will now be summarized. 
     In a first aspect, an eyewear adapter is provided that includes a brim that is releasably attachable to a helmet and configured to interface with corresponding eyewear in an orientation that permits a wearer of the helmet to see through the eyewear, wherein the eyewear adapter is configured such that, in use, the eyewear adapter enhances the fit or function of the eyewear to provide, in the combination of the helmet and eyewear, one or any combination of more than one functional advantage selected from the group consisting of improved air flow across or through portions of the helmet and eyewear; improved aerodynamics of the helmet; improved sweat control; and improved fit; wherein the one or more than one functional advantage comprises an improvement compared to the use of the helmet and the eyewear without the eyewear adapter. 
     In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim releasably attaches to a base portion of the helmet, the base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, the base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is further configured to releasably attach to the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is further configured to be adjustable to position the eyewear adapter relative to the helmet and the eyewear to account for anatomical variations between different wearers. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear comprises goggles. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim comprises a first portion comprising a rigid material and a second portion attached to the first portion, the second portion comprising a flexible material, wherein, in use, the second portion of the brim is adjacent to a top portion of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to direct air downward toward an inner surface of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to extend outward beyond an outer surface of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to cover one or more openings on a front portion of the helmet. 
     In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to attach the helmet to the eyewear, the brim configured to attach to the corresponding eyewear in an orientation that permits a wearer of the helmet to see through the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the one or any combination of more than one functional advantage consists additionally of improved securing of the eyewear to or on or in the helmet. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim releasably attaches to a base portion of the helmet, the base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, the base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is further configured to be adjustable to position the eyewear relative to the helmet to account for anatomical variations between different wearers. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear comprises goggles. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim comprises a first portion comprising a rigid material and a second portion attached to the first portion, the second portion comprising a flexible material, wherein, in use, the second portion of the brim is adjacent to a top portion of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to direct air downward toward an inner surface of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to extend outward beyond an outer surface of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the brim is configured to cover one or more openings on a front portion of the helmet. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is secured to the helmet to allow the eyewear adapter to be adjusted by sliding the eyewear adapter relative to the base portion. 
     In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter is in contact with the corresponding eyewear along the contour of the eyewear adapter. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eyewear adapter includes additional venting ports configured to provide, in use, venting between the corresponding eyewear and the base portion. 
     In a second aspect, a modular helmet system is provided that includes a base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact, the base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, an eyewear adapter comprising a contour that substantially matches a contour of corresponding eyewear, wherein the eyewear adapter is configured to be secured to the base portion of the helmet system such that, in use, the contour of the eyewear adapter forms a gap of less than or equal to about 0.5 inches from a top portion of the corresponding eyewear. 
     In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to be vertically adjusted relative to the base portion. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is secured to the base portion of the modular helmet system to allow the eyewear adapter to rotate about a pivot point. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is secured to the base portion of the modular helmet system to allow the eyewear adapter to be adjusted by sliding the eyewear adapter relative to the base portion. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter comprising a forward biasing element configured to apply a force away from the base portion toward the corresponding eyewear. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter comprising a rearward biasing element configured to apply a force toward the base portion away from the corresponding eyewear. In some embodiments of the second aspect, a range of motion of the eyewear adapter is configured to be limited so that, in use, the eyewear adapter does not cross a line of sight of a wearer. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is a non-optical component. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is opaque. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is in contact with the corresponding eyewear along the contour of the eyewear adapter. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter includes additional venting ports configured to provide, in use, venting between the corresponding eyewear and the base portion. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter includes a mount for a camera. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to be secured to the base portion of the modular helmet system such that, in use, the eyewear adapter and the corresponding eyewear form a substantially smooth profile. In some embodiments of the second aspect, a curvature of the eyewear adapter is within a tolerance of a curvature of the base portion. In a further embodiment, a curvature of the eyewear adapter is within a tolerance of a curvature of the corresponding eyewear. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to automatically adjust its position in use to maintain the contour of the eyewear adapter less than about 0.5 inches from the top portion of the corresponding eyewear. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to automatically adjust its position in use to maintain the contour of the eyewear adapter in contact with the top portion of the corresponding eyewear. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the corresponding eyewear comprises goggles. 
     In a third aspect, a helmet is provided that includes a base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact, the base portion comprising a shell having one or more module attachment points comprising a mechanical connection and a wired connection; an inner layer coupled to the shell; and an electrical layer coupled to the shell or the inner layer, the electrical layer comprising electrical conductors configured to conduct electrical power to the wired connections of the one or more module attachment points on the shell. Individual wired connections are configured to provide a wired electrical connection with an electrical module attached to the helmet at an attachment point, and the wired connections are at least one of a port and connector. 
     In some embodiments of the third aspect, individual mechanical connections are configured to interface with corresponding mechanical features of an electrical module to secure the electrical module to the base portion. In some embodiments of the third aspect, the base portion further comprises a reinforcement structure. In some embodiments of the third aspect, the reinforcement structure includes the electrical layer such that the electrical conductors form part of the reinforcement structure. In some embodiments of the third aspect, the reinforcement structure is at least partially contained within the inner layer. In some embodiments of the third aspect, included are one or more batteries electrically coupled to the reinforcement structure to provide electrical power to the electrical conductors. In some embodiments of the third aspect, the electrical module comprises at least one of a safety light, forward-facing illumination, GPS, computer processor, a microphone, a speaker, a sensor, eyewear, a camera, or a heads-up display. 
     In a fourth aspect, a helmet is provided that is configured to removably attach to eyewear, the helmet including a base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact, the base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, and an eyewear adapter configured to attach eyewear to the base portion of the helmet within the field of view of the wearer of the eyewear and helmet such that the helmet and the eyewear can be positioned on the wearer&#39;s head at the same time and the user can see through the eyewear. 
     In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to removably attach to partial or complete earstems of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the eyewear adapter is configured to removably attach to orbitals of the eyewear. In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the eyewear adapter comprises a plurality of struts that are each configured to attach to a corresponding earstem of the eyewear. 
     In a fifth aspect, a modular sports helmet is provided having one or more modules releasably attached thereto, the modular sports helmet including a base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, the base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact; a helmet module configured to releasably attach to the base portion, wherein the helmet module is configured such that, in use, the helmet module enhances the fit, aesthetic, or function of the modular sports helmet to provide, in the combination of the modular sports helmet and helmet module, one or any combination of more than one functional advantage selected from the group consisting of improved air flow across or through portions of the modular sports helmet; improved aerodynamics of the helmet; improved sweat control; improved fit; improved integration of eyewear with the modular sports helmet; improved aesthetic appearance; and improved shock absorption, wherein the one or more than one functional advantage comprises an improvement compared to the use of the helmet without the helmet module. 
     In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the one or more modules includes a strap guide, a decorative plate, modules that provide selective venting, shock absorbing layers, or ear pieces. 
     In a sixth aspect, a helmet is provided that includes a base portion comprising a shell and an inner layer coupled to the shell, the base portion configured to absorb or distribute force from an impact; an internal gutter coupled to the base portion and comprising an outer leg, an inner leg shorter than the outer leg, and a channel between the outer leg and the inner leg, the internal gutter configured to direct liquid away from a face of the wearer; a fit system comprising a flexible elongate structure having a portion that is positioned within the internal gutter, the fit system, in use, configured to secure the base portion to a head of a wearer by adjusting the flexible elongate structure; and pull at least a portion of the inner leg of the internal gutter against the head of the wearer. 
     In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the internal gutter comprises a deformable material. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the fit system comprises a reel that is configured to adjust the length of the flexible elongate structure. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the base portion comprises a jog positioned above the internal gutter so that, in use, liquid drips from the jog into the internal gutter. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the internal gutter comprises a deformable structure that forms a channel configured to direct liquid away from a face of the wearer. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the internal gutter is removable from the helmet. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the internal gutter is configured to attach to the inner layer. In a further embodiment, the inner layer comprises a low friction layer configured to translate or rotate with respect to the shell. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Throughout the drawings, reference numbers may be re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate example embodiments described herein and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a flow chart of configuring a sports helmet to be suitable for a number of different activities using modular components. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a sports helmet configured to provide integration of electronic components using modular components. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example electronic system of a sports helmet having modular components. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an eyewear adapter comprising a top portion and a flexible bottom portion, the brim configured to interface with eyewear. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an eyewear adapter comprising a top portion and a flexible bottom portion, the brim configured to attach to eyewear. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an eyewear adapter comprising a rigid or flexible brim that attaches to a helmet, the eyewear adapter configured to be positioned forward of eyewear. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate eyewear adapters comprising a rigid or flexible brim that attaches to a helmet, the eyewear adapter configured to be positioned rearward of eyewear. 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate eyewear adapters that are configured to cover one or more vents on a front portion of a helmet. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a helmet configured to switch between using a full visor and a partial visor with eyewear. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a helmet having a modular attachment with stem tunnels to receive earstems of eyewear. 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate a modular sports helmet having a base portion configured to protect a portion of a user&#39;s head. 
         FIGS. 11C-11J  illustrate coverages for a variety of example base portions relative to reference planes. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example modular helmet having two eyewear adapter modules configured to attach to the modular helmet and to be compatible with two different eyewear. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates another example modular helmet having a base portion and an eyewear adapter module configured to attach to the base portion and to be tailored to eyewear. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates another example of an adjustable eyewear adapter module attached to a base portion of a modular helmet. 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates an example of a modular helmet having a base portion and a rigid eyewear adapter module configured to securely attach to the base portion without the use of tools. 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates an example of a modular helmet having an eyewear adapter module configured to secure eyewear in place without the use of earstems or a strap. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates an example of an eyewear adapter module configured to provide venting for eyewear. 
         FIGS. 17A-17T  illustrate examples of adjustable eyewear adapter modules attached to a base portion of a helmet. 
         FIGS. 18-36  illustrate examples of mechanisms for attaching an eyewear adapter module to a base portion of a helmet. 
         FIGS. 37A-38  illustrate example mechanical modules that can be attached to modular helmet. 
         FIGS. 39A-D  illustrate a helmet having an internal gutter for capturing and directing sweat and other liquids away from a face of a wearer. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Helmets for use in athletic, non-motorized activities are generally designed to protect the wearer&#39;s head by absorbing and/or distributing energy during an impact with a surface, such as the ground. Helmets can include a shell and cushioning made from materials configured to attenuate forces from impact such as an exterior shell of plastic and an inner layer of padding and/or foam, wherein the impact-attenuating materials cover and contact a significant extent of the wearer&#39;s head. Helmets may also include internal reinforcement structures that may be part of the shell and/or inner layer. Such helmets may be unitary in design and/or construction such that the exterior shell and/or inner layer provide continuous coverage (allowing for discontinuities in portions of the exterior shell and/or inner layer for, e.g., ventilation or aesthetic elements) over the area of the wearer&#39;s head that the helmet is designed to protect. 
     It may be desirable, however, to utilize a single helmet for different activities that would benefit from different functional features. It may also be desirable to extend the range of functionality or features a helmet provides depending on the circumstances of use. For example, a helmet may be designed to be complementary with particular eyewear. If the user then changes eyewear, the change may result in an unsatisfactory outcome for the wearer due to incompatibilities between the helmet and eyewear. As another example, a helmet that is designed to keep a wearer warm may be too hot during other times, such as when a skier is ascending a slope. This may cause the user to take the helmet off exposing the user to an increased risk of injury. As another example, a user may desire to utilize certain advances in technology or design into the user&#39;s helmet. Typical helmets may be unable to incorporate such advances, requiring the user to acquire a new helmet. 
     Accordingly, disclosed herein are sports helmets that generally include a base portion and an eyewear adapter. The eyewear adapter is configured to interface with corresponding eyewear to integrate the eyewear into the helmet. The eyewear adapter can be configured to enhance the functionality of the combination of the eyewear and the helmet relative to the functionality of each individually. For example, the eyewear adapter can provide improved air flow through portions of the helmet and/or eyewear to improve cooling of the wearer. For example, the eyewear adapter can provide improved aerodynamic properties to the combination of the helmet and eyewear. For example, the eyewear adapter can provide a mechanical interface for stowing the eyewear out of the field of vision of the wearer. The eyewear adapter can be a brim that attaches to the base portion. The eyewear adapter may also attach or at least be in contact with the eyewear when the eyewear adapter and eyewear are in use with the helmet. 
     Also disclosed herein are sports helmets that include an electrical system and physical and electrical adapters. The physical and electrical adapters can be configured to receive modules or components that physically attach to the helmet and that electrically couple to the electrical system of the helmet. For example, the electrical system of the helmet can be configured to include wires that electrically couple the electrical adapters to each other and/or to a source of electrical power. A user may physically attach a helmet module to the physical adapter, and by so doing, create electrical contact between the helmet module and the electrical system through the corresponding electrical adapter. The attached helmet modules can be configured to receive power through one or more batteries coupled to the electrical system. The attached helmet modules can be configured to transmit electrical signals to each other and/or to a control system of the helmet through the electrical system. 
     In certain embodiments, the base portion is configured to receive one or more modules or panels that physically attach to the base portion to provide additional features to the helmet. In various implementations, the eyewear adapter can be a module that releasably attaches to the base portion. The attachable modules can be configured to provide or enhance mechanical features (e.g., impact protection, ventilation, insulation, aerodynamics, etc.), aesthetic features (e.g., decorations, desired look and feel, etc.), and/or electronic features (e.g., lights, audio, communication, etc.) of the helmet. The attachable modules can be configured to attach to the base portion and/or to each other. Thus, the user can configure the modular helmet to achieve one or more selected, desired, or targeted characteristics. In addition, the user can modify the configuration of the helmet (e.g., by adding, changing, or removing modules) to achieve benefits based on evolving desires of the user and/or changing circumstances. This can allow the helmet to be modified by the wearer to modify the helmet for use in a variety of different activities. 
     As used herein, the term module may refer to any physical component or device that releasably attaches to the helmets described herein. These modules may provide functional features, aesthetic features, or a combination of functional and aesthetic features to the helmet. In stating that the modules releasably attach to the helmet, it is to be understood that the modules are designed for repeated installation and removal from the helmet. In particular, a module is configured so that it generally receives little or no damage during a routine installation or removal. Installation and/or removal may be accomplished using no tools (e.g., using a friction-fit or interference fit interface). Installation and/or removal may be accomplished using common, household tools (e.g., a screwdriver and/or wrench). For example, a wearer can add and remove modules from a helmet using non-specialized tools. Installation and/or removal may be accomplished using a specialized tool that is configured specifically or specially for the module and/or helmet. The specialized tool can be provided with the helmet and/or module and may be keyed to the particular helmet or module. A module may include physical features that are configured to interface with corresponding features on the helmet to provide for attachment. The physical features may be a physical port that allows the module to physically couple to the helmet. A module may include electrical connectors that are configured to electrically couple to corresponding electrical connectors on the helmet to provide for electrical connection between the module and the helmet. In certain implementations, the physical features may be combined with the electrical connectors so that the same port or connection point can provide physical and electrical connection between the module and the helmet. 
     As used herein, the term modularity or modular may refer to the ability of a helmet to receive one or more modules. The modular helmets described herein can be configured to physically and/or electrically couple with a module so that the module extends the capabilities or otherwise alters the helmet in some way. Modularity of the helmet may be used to adapt the helmet for different activities. Modularity of the helmet may be used to extend or enhance the functionality of the helmet. Modularity of the helmet may be used to customize the aesthetic appearance of the helmet. Modules can be designed for a user or consumer to replace modules on the helmet with alternative modules that provide different functionality or aesthetics and/or that provide new generations of features. 
     As a particular example of a modular helmet, the modular helmet can be configured to mate with an eyewear adapter module. The eyewear adapter module can be interchangeable with other eyewear adapter modules. This can allow a user to select an appropriate eyewear adapter module for use with particular eyewear. The eyewear adapter modules can also be configured to be positioned or adjusted after being attached to the base portion to account for differences between facial or cranial geometries. For example, particular eyewear may be positioned differently on different users due at least in part to variations in preferences of the users, variations in their faces, etc. A compatible or complementary eyewear adapter module can be configured to be positioned to account for such differences so that the eyewear adapter module and eyewear interface satisfactorily on different users. 
     The base portion of the helmet can be configured to provide protective coverage for the user with the option of extending the functionality and/or protection of the helmet with the addition of a variety of modules. In some embodiments, the helmets include a base portion that satisfies one or more safety standards without the use of any additional modules. 
     The present disclosure generally describes a sports helmet. In certain implementations, the helmet can receive one or more modules or panels to extend or enhance capabilities or features of the helmet. In various implementations, the features and components described herein can be integrated into the helmet without the use of modules. Although some examples described herein are for a helmet for use while cycling, skiing, snowboarding, or participating in other similar sports, it is to be understood that the disclosed sports helmets can be used in conjunction with other athletic activities. For example, the disclosed helmets may be used in non-motorized activities to protect a user&#39;s head from possible impact trauma including, for example and without limitation, mountain biking, sledding, ice skating, rollerblading, rock climbing, skate boarding, surfing, skydiving, football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and kayaking. Accordingly, the disclosed helmets can be used in non-motorized activities where it is desirable or suitable to use a head-protective apparatus that at least partially surrounds the user&#39;s head. 
     Configuration of a Sports Helmet Having Modular Components 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a flow chart of configuring a sports helmet  100  to be suitable for a number of different activities using modular components. The helmet  100  includes a base portion  105  that can be configured to receive one or more modules that alter the functionality and/or aesthetics of the helmet. These modules can be electronics modules  120 , functional add-ons  130 , eyewear integration modules  140 , and/or anatomical adjustment modules  150 . A particular module may fit within one or more of these categories of modules, thus it is to be understood that the described modules are not intended to be mutually exclusive but are used to facilitate description of the cross-functionality of the helmets described herein. 
     The base portion  105  of the helmet  100  can be configured to include one or more layers or components that together provide the core functionality of the helmet. The base portion  105  can include an inner layer (e.g., foam padding), a reinforcement structure, an exterior shell, and/or an electrical system. The inner layer can include, for example, a low friction layer such as a multi-directional impact protection system (MIPS™) provided by MIPS AB at Kalltorpsvagen 2, SE-183 71 Taby Sweden, the low friction layer configured to provide a material that allows for movement of the inner layer relative to the exterior shell to reduce rotational forces on the head of the wearer that may be caused by certain impacts. An example of a low friction layer in a helmet is provided in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0042397, entitled “Helmet,” published Feb. 21, 2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. The base portion  105  of the helmet can be designed for single impact use or multi-impact use. The base portion  105  can include layers that are made of expanded polypropylene (EPP) foam and/or expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam. 
     The base portion  105  can include one or more mechanical attachment points that are configured to couple to the modules described herein. In some embodiments, the mechanical attachment points can also be configured to include electrical contacts to interface electrically with electronics modules  120 . In this way, the same attachment point can provide mechanical and electrical connections for modules. The base portion  105  can include a power source (e.g., a battery). The power source can be configured to provide electrical power to the electrical contacts so that connected modules can be powered by a battery that is in a different location on the helmet. This can aid in reducing the size and weight of the electronics modules  120  configured for use with the helmet  100 . 
     The electronics modules  120  can be configured to provide a variety of electrical capabilities. The electronics modules  120  can be physically and electrically coupled to the base portion through physical and electrical ports on or in the helmet  100 . The electronics modules  120  can receive power through the base portion  105  or may provide their own power. The electronics modules  120  can be configured to communicate with a control system on the helmet  100  or with one another through an electrical system of the helmet  100 . Examples of the electronics modules  120  are described herein with respect to  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     The functional add-ons  130  include modules that alter the functionality of the helmet. Examples of such modules include, for example and without limitation, face masks, strap clips, air vents, ear pads, shock absorbing layers, decorative plates, etc. Further examples are described herein with reference to  FIG. 38 . 
     The eyewear integration modules  140  can be configured to integrate eyewear with the helmet  100 . Eyewear integration modules  140  include features, such as a brim, that can be configured to attach to the base portion  105  and that are configured to interface with the eyewear to improve air flow through portions of the helmet and/or eyewear, to improve aerodynamic properties of the helmet with the eyewear, and/or to provide a targeted aesthetic to the helmet with the eyewear. Examples of eyewear integration modules  140  are described in greater detail herein with respect to  FIGS. 4A-10, and 12-36 . As described herein, the eyewear integration modules  140  can include a brim. The eyewear can be, for example and without limitation, goggles, glasses, sunglasses, visors, eyewear with a single lens (e.g., a unitary lens), eyewear with dual lenses, eyewear with partial orbitals, eyewear without orbitals, eyewear with earstems, eyewear with partial earstems, eyewear without earstems, and the like. 
     The anatomical adjustments  150  include components that alter the fit of the helmet and/or position of the eyewear integration modules  140  or the eyewear. The anatomical adjustments  150  include, for example, a fit system comprising a mechanical reel and lace that adjusts an inner diameter of the helmet to fit onto a wearer. The anatomical adjustments  150  include, for example, eyewear adjustments that adjust the position of the eyewear with respect to the base portion  105  to account for differences in anatomical structure between users. The anatomical adjustments  150  include, for example, eyewear adapter adjustments that adjust the position of the eyewear adapter with respect to the base portion  105  to account for differences in anatomical structure between users. This can be used, for example, to close or reduce a gap between eyewear and the helmet  100 . 
     One or more of the modules described herein can provide air management functionality to the helmet. For example, the functional add-ons  130  and/or eyewear integration  140  can be configured to improve aerodynamics of the helmet  100 . These modules may also be configured to provide venting through portions of the helmet  100  and/or eyewear. These modules may also be configured to block venting through portions of the helmet  100  and/or eyewear. In some embodiments, the modules can be configured to selectively block or allow venting. These modules may also be configured to provide anti-fog capabilities for the eyewear (e.g., by directing air flow between the eyewear and the user). These modules may be configured to provide temperature and/or moisture management. 
     One or more of the modules described herein can provide mechanisms to adjust the fit of the helmet  100 . The modules can provide for different fields of view to the wearer. This may be beneficial where the user desires a wide field of view while participating in certain activities and a narrower field of view while participating in other activities. One or more of the modules described herein can be configured to increase the protection provided by the helmet  100 . 
     Sports Helmet with Integrated Electrical Capabilities 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a sports helmet  200  configured to provide integration of electronic components using modular components. The helmet includes an inner layer  205  with a reinforcement structure  210  within the inner layer. The reinforcement structure  210  forms a conduit in which electrical wires  215  are situated. At various points in the inner layer  205  and reinforcement structure  210 , the electrical wires  215  are electrically coupled to electrical connectors that provide electrical contacts at connection points on the helmet  200 . It is to be understood that although the electrical wires  215  and the reinforcement structure  210  is illustrated as being within the inner layer  205 , they may be located within any layer of the sports helmet such as the exterior shell. In some embodiments, the electrical wires  215  are embedded within the inner layer  205  or the exterior shell without the reinforcement structure  210 . In some embodiments, the electrical wires  215  are within a separate, electrical layer to form the electrical system of the helmet  200 . 
     The reinforcement structure  210  of the helmet  200  includes electrical connections that allow data and power to be transmitted over the electrical wires  215  to different parts of the reinforcement structure  210 . The reinforcement structure  210  is configured to increase the strength of the helmet  200 . In certain implementations, the reinforcement structure  210  is molded into the inner layer  205 . The reinforcement structure  210  can be a structure of flexible linear material. In some embodiments, the reinforcement structure  210  includes a structure of composite material, preferably having unidirectional fiber orientation. In certain embodiments, the reinforcement structure  210  is a hand-laid filament. However, the arrangement of the filament can be produced using other suitable mechanisms, such as an automated lay-up process. In some embodiments, the filament includes Kevlar with an epoxy resin. In various embodiments, the filament can include carbon, fiberglass or a combination of one of these materials. For example, in some embodiments the filament can include Kevlar and carbon. In certain embodiments, the filament can include Kevlar, carbon and fiberglass. Other suitable filament materials can also be used. In some embodiments, the filament has a flexible unidirectional fiber orientation, allowing a frame to be formed by shaping a unitary filament into a desired layout structure. However, the reinforcement frame can include other suitable configurations, such as a rigid or semi-rigid frame. Other examples of reinforcement structures are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,698,750, entitled “Bicycle helmet with reinforcement structure,” issued Apr. 20, 2010, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,069,601, entitled “Head protection system and method,” issued Jul. 4, 2006, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. 
     In some embodiments, the electrical wires  215  form connection points within the helmet  200 . At each connection point, the helmet  200  may include a module or integrated electronic component. For example, the helmet  200  can include a battery, sensors, data processing system, a system controller, data storage, etc. Electrical modules that connect to the electrical system formed by the wires  215  can include, for example and without limitation, a safety light, an illuminating light, a GPS, a processor, a microphone, a speaker, an earphone, a heads-up display, and the like. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example electronic system  300  of a sports helmet having modular components  380 . The electronic system  300  can include a headworn wearable unit, such as the helmet unit  310 , with one or more systems such as a processing system  320 , a signal conversion system  330 , a sensor system  340  (ambient or environmental, motion, biometric, and/or physiological), an input/output (I/O) system  350 , a user interface system  360 , and a power system  370 . The system  300  can also include one or more modular units  380  which can be removably coupled to the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, one or more of the modular units  380  can function as source devices and provide signal sources for the system  300 . In some embodiments, the one or more modular units  380  can be removably coupled to and/or carried by the helmet unit  310 . This can advantageously provide a more compact and combined form factor for the user and reduce the number of detached components. This can be beneficial when the user does not have sufficient storage or carrying space, such as pockets, to hold detached components. 
     Each of the modular units  380  can include one or more systems. For example, the modular units  380  can include one or more systems such as a processing system  381 , a signal conversion system  382 , a sensor system  383 , an input/output (I/O) system  384 , a user interface system  385  and a power system  386 . Processing system  381 , signal conversion system  382 , sensor system  383 , input/output (I/O) system  384 , user interface system  385  and/or power system  386  can include the same or similar components to those discussed in connection with processing system  320 , signal conversion system  330 , sensor system  340 , input/output (I/O) system  350 , user interface system  360 , and/or power system  370 . 
     The modular units  380  can include a forward facing camera, a solar cell, a GPS antenna, GPS, microphone, speaker, battery, data processing system, a sensor, eyewear, and the like. The modular units  380  can acquire data and transmit this data to other modular units  380  either wirelessly or through a wired connection that connects through the helmet unit  310 . 
     In some embodiments, a modular unit  380  can include eyewear with electronics integration similar to the electronics integration described herein with respect to the helmet unit  310 . The helmet unit  310  can be configured to communicate with the eyewear modular unit  380 . 
     In some embodiments, a remote unit  390  can include eyewear with electronics integration similar to the electronics integration described herein with respect to the helmet unit  310 . The helmet unit  310  can be configured to communicate with the eyewear remote unit  390 . 
     Each system can be in communication, wired and/or wirelessly, with one or more other systems. In some embodiments, some or all communications between systems can be two-way communication such that a first system may transmit data to and receive data from a second system. For example, two-way communications may be established between the processing system  320  and the signal conversion system  330 . The processing system  320  may transmit data to a speaker of the signal conversion system  330  and receive data from a microphone of the signal conversion system  330 . In some embodiments, some or all communications between systems can be one-way communications such that a first system may transfer data to a second system whereas the second system does not transfer data to the first system. For example, the user interface system  360  may transmit data to the processing system  320  and the processing system  320  may not transmit data to the user interface system  360 . It should be understood that one or two-way communication can be maintained between any systems described herein. Moreover, it should be understood that, when taken in its entirety, multiple systems can be in communication to each other via other system. For example, the sensor system  340  can be in communication with the signal conversion system  330  via intermediary communications with the processing system  320 . 
     As another example, wired and/or wireless two-way communications may be established between the helmet unit  310  and one or more modular units  380 , such as via input/output systems  350 ,  384 . The helmet unit  310  may transmit data to one or more modular units  380  and receive data from one or more modular units  380 . In some embodiments, some or all communications between the helmet unit  310  and one or more modular units  380  can be one-way communications such that the helmet unit  310  may transfer data to one or more modular units  380  whereas one or more modular units  380  do not transfer data to the helmet unit  310  or vice-versa. It should be understood that one or two-way communication can be maintained between one or more modular units  380  and the helmet unit  110 . For example, two-way communications may exist between helmet unit  310  and a first modular unit  380  whereas one-way communications may exist between helmet unit  310  and a second modular unit  380 . Moreover, it should be understood that, when taken in its entirety, multiple systems can be in communication to each other via other system. For example, a first modular unit  380  can communicate with a second modular unit  380  either directly via an input/output system  384  and/or through the helmet unit  310  as an intermediary via input/output system  350 . 
     The systems can be in communication via a wired connection and/or via a wireless connection as illustrated by the solid connecting lines. One or more systems, such as those for the helmet unit  310  and the modular unit  380 , can receive power from the power system  370  as shown by the dash-dot-dash lines. Of course, one or more systems, such as those for the helmet unit  310  and the modular unit  380 , can receive power from the power system  386  either in addition to that received from the power system  370 , or solely from the power system  386 . Although the systems are shown as communicating to each other through the processing system  320 , it should be understood that the systems may bypass the processing system  320  and communicate directly with each other. 
     In some embodiments, one or more systems of the helmet unit  310  can be integrated into or with a headworn wearable device, such as a helmet. For example, one or more of the components of the systems of the helmet unit  310  can be located on and/or within one or more components of the helmet such as one or more of the exterior shell, reinforcement structure, and/or inner layer. In some embodiments, a plurality of components of the one or more systems can be distributed to different components of the helmet to help distribute volume and/or weight in the helmet, thereby enhancing performance and user comfort when utilizing the helmet with the helmet unit  310 . 
     In some embodiments, the one or more modular units  380  can be positioned such that a majority of the modular unit  380  is positioned outside the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the one or more modular units  380  can be positioned such that a majority of the modular unit  380  is hidden within a component of the helmet, such as one or more of the exterior shell, reinforcement structure, and/or inner layer. 
     The modular unit  380  can be a standalone device which can function without being connected to helmet unit  310  or any other electronic devices. For example, the modular unit  380  can include a processing system  381 , a sensor system  383 , and a power system  386  and can be capable of recording information even while disconnected from another device. When attached to the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380  can provide this data to the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can be a standalone device which provides timing functionality to the helmet unit  310 . When removed from the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380  can beneficially be used as a timing device (e.g., stopwatch, timer) in other settings. For example, such a modular unit  380  can be used at home, attached to another part of one&#39;s person such as a user&#39;s wrist, and/or attached to another structural component such as a bike handle. Moreover, the modular unit  380  can supplement the capabilities of the helmet unit  310  such as by supplementing an existing processing system  320 , sensor system  340 , and/or power system  370  of the helmet unit  310  or, in embodiments of helmet unit  310  without one or more of these systems, wholly adding new functionality to the helmet unit  310 . 
     The modular unit  380  may not be a standalone device. For example, the modular unit  380  may not include a power system  386  to provide power to electronics contained within the modular unit  380 . In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can receive this power via connection to the helmet unit  310  or another electronic device. 
     The helmet unit  310  and/or the modular units  380  can be in communication, wired and/or wirelessly, with a remote unit  390 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the remote unit  390  can include one or more systems such as a processing system  391 , a signal conversion system  392 , a sensor system  393 , an input/output (I/O) system  394 , a user interface system  395 , and a power system  396 . As discussed in further detail below, processing system  391 , signal conversion system  392 , sensor system  393 , input/output (I/O) system  394 , user interface system  395  and/or power system  396  can include the same or similar components to those discussed in connection with processing systems  320 ,  381 , signal conversion systems  330 ,  382 , sensor systems  340 ,  383 , input/output (I/O) systems  350 ,  384 , user interface systems  360 ,  385 , and/or power systems  370 ,  386 . 
     The remote unit  390  can be a standalone device or can be operational only when in communication with the system  300  such as the helmet unit  310  and/or the modular unit  380 . Examples of remote units  390  can include one or more electronic devices such as, but not limited to, standalone devices such as cell phones, smart phones, watches, smart watches, PDAs, tablets, laptops, desktops, game consoles, MP3 players, iPods, cameras, fitness or gym equipment, sensors, and the like. For example, the one or more electronic devices can include, bike computers and other on-board vehicle sensors or systems, activity trackers such as a Fitbit, and other wearable and smart devices such as an Apple iWatch, an Apple iPhone, Android-based phones, and other such devices. 
     In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  and/or one or more of the modular units  380  can receive data from the remote units  390  and present or communicate this data to the user of the system  300 . For example, the helmet unit  310  and/or one or more of the modular units  380  can be used to stream music from a remote unit  390 , such as a smart phone or MP3 player, and present that to the user. In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  and/or one of the modular units  380  can communicate with a remote unit  390 , such as a smart phone or cell phone, such that the user of the communication unit  300  can use the helmet unit  310  and/or one of the modular units  380  for a phone call and/or for sending text messages. In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  and/or one or more of the modular units  380  can communicate with multiple remote units  390 . 
     Use of a modular unit  380  with the helmet unit  310  can advantageously supplement the features and functionality of the helmet unit  310 . This can be particularly beneficial as it can allow a user to upgrade the device over time. In this manner, the usable lifespan of the helmet unit  310  can be expanded thereby reducing waste and reducing total costs to the user who need not replace the helmet unit  310  with a newer version of the helmet unit  310  if newer functionality is desired. Moreover, in circumstances where the desired functionality may change depending on the activity being performed by the user, this system can beneficially allow the user to more effectively configure the system  300  depending on the activity. 
     In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit systems such as a processing system  320  and/or signal conversion system  330 , which might include components which are expensive to manufacture and are quickly antiquated or rendered incompatible with other components by new developments in technology. The user can then purchase one or more modular units  380  to provide one or more of the upgraded, repaired, or missing systems, or to provide improvements or enhancements to the system. For example, in some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit the wireless system  352  and the user can connect one or more modular units  380  to provide an input/output system  350  which includes wireless systems. This can be particularly advantageous as wireless protocols often vary for remote units  390  from different manufacturers and, in some instances, from the same manufacturer. The one or more modular units  380  can provide one or more wireless protocols. In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit the processing system  320 , signal conversion system  330 , the sensor system  340 , and/or the wireless system  352  and the user can connect one or more modular units  380  to provide the missing systems. 
     Moreover, it is contemplated that due to advances in technology, systems on the helmet unit  310  can eventually become antiquated by newer technology. The modular unit  380  can be used to supplement or replace existing systems on the helmet unit  310 . For example, the modular unit  380  can be used to assist in providing faster, more efficient, and/or otherwise enhanced operation of the device by including one or more supplemental components, such as a power system  386  and/or supplement storage of data by including a memory with processing system  381 . This ability to supplement or improve the existing systems of the device can also be beneficial as the user need not be inconvenienced with purchasing an entirely new helmet unit  310  to upgrade certain features and functionality. Rather, the user can purchase modular units  380  to add or upgrade components, features and/or functionality of the system  300 . 
     As should be understood from the discussion of the multiple systems below, it should be appreciated that any of the components can be omitted from one or more of the systems of the helmet unit  310  and/or modular unit  380 . Accordingly, it should be understood that any combination of such components between the helmet unit  310  and/or modular unit  380  can be achieved as desired by the user. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can include systems and/or components which are not present on the helmet unit  310  or vice versa. For example, in some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can include solely a power system  370  and the modular unit  380  can include one or more of a processing system  381 , a signal conversion system  382 , a sensor system  383 , an input/output (I/O) system  384 , and a user interface system  385 . The helmet unit  310  can provide power to the modular unit  380  via a port or connector of the helmet unit  310  similar to those described in connection with I/O system  350  below. In this manner, a user can specifically choose modular units  380  which provide the functionality that the user desires. This can beneficially reduce total costs to the user as the user need not purchase modular units  380  with functionality that the user does not desire. Moreover, selection of specific functionality can further reduce size and/or weight of the system  300 . 
     As another example, in some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can include an I/O system  350  and the modular unit  380  can include an I/O system  384  and one or both of the helmet unit  310  and the modular unit  380  can include a power system. This can beneficially provide for a greater degree of connectivity with other devices. For example, the I/O system  384  can be a more up-to-date wireless protocol capable of communicating with newer devices. In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can include a processing system  320  and power system  370  in addition to the I/O system  350 . In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can include one or more other systems, such as a processing system  381 , a signal conversion system  382 , a sensor system  383 , a user interface system  385 , and/or a power system  386  in addition to the I/O system  350 . In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can provide one or more of the following functionality: additional processing capabilities such as a second microprocessor, image capture (e.g., still camera and/or video camera), audio input devices (e.g., microphones, such as a bone conduction microphone), audio output devices (e.g., in-ear speakers, bone conduction speakers, directional audio speakers, outwardly facing speakers), physiological sensing (e.g., heart rate sensors, blood-oxygen sensors, and the like), environmental sensing (e.g., air temperature sensors, air humidity sensors, air quality sensors, pressure sensors, wind speed sensors which can be used in calculating power, and the like), motions sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscope, and the like), biometric calculations (e.g., skin temperature and air temperature to calculate hydration, biochemical sensors to determine sweat characteristics, EEG sensors), provision of directions (e.g., audio and/or visual indicators such as a turn signal and/or haptic feedback, GPS), additional wireless capabilities (e.g., receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers) which can add new protocols or supplement existing protocols (e.g., a second Bluetooth connection), Wi-Fi, or any other protocol described herein, wind noise reduction (e.g., windscreens, specific housing shapes), enhanced audio (e.g., enhanced speakers), enhanced booms (e.g., built-in power sources such as batteries, different sizes such as smaller sizes designed to better fit women), user interfaces (e.g., touch controls or buttons), power charging (e.g., one or more ports or connectors which allow for charging of the system while still allowing a user to listen to the boom), safety features (e.g., LED lights, radar system which can be rear-facing, peer-to-peer communications), and other functionality. 
     Use of a remote unit  390  with the system  300  can also advantageously enhance the features and functionality of the system  300 . For example, the remote unit  390  can include systems and/or components which are not present on the system  300  or vice versa. Similar to the description in connection with modular unit  380 , the user can purchase one or more remote units  390  to provide additional components, features and/or functionality. As should be understood from the discussion of the multiple systems below, it should be appreciated that any of the components can be omitted from one or more of the systems of the system  300  and/or remote unit  390 . Accordingly, it should be understood that any combination of such components between the system  300  and/or remote unit  390  can be achieved as desired by the user. 
     Although the discussion of the multiple systems is primarily in reference to the helmet unit  310 , it should be understood that such discussion also pertains to systems of the modular unit  380  and the remote unit  390 . For example, it should be understood that any or all of the components discussed in connection with processing system  320 , signal conversion system  330 , sensor system  340 , I/O system  350 , user interface system  360 , and/or power system  370  can also be included instead of or in addition to those described and/or illustrated in processing systems  381 ,  391 , signal conversion systems  382 ,  392 , sensor systems  383 ,  393 , I/O systems  384 ,  394 , user interface systems  385 ,  395 , and/or power systems  386 ,  396 . 
     Processing System 
     The support structure such as helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include a processing system  320  which can be designed to process and/or store data received from one or more of the other systems of the system, such as the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the processing system  320  can include one or more components, such as a processor  322 , a memory  324  and program  326 . The processor  322  can be a microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU) designed to receive data from one or more of the other systems and transmit this processed data to one or more of the other systems. In some embodiments, the processor  322  can be designed to process this data in accordance with an algorithm from program  326 . The functionality of processor  322  and/or any other component of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390  can be modified and/or enhanced by utilizing a different program  326 . The processed data can also be stored in the memory  324  for later use. For example, the data stored in memory  324  can be retrieved at a later time for further processing by the processing system  320  and/or viewing by the user. In some embodiments, the program  326  can be software stored in memory  324  and/or firmware stored in hardware, such as the processor  322  and/or other components of the helmet unit  310 . The program  326  can be updated, modified, fixed, and/or replaced, such as by receiving a new or modified program  326  through the system  300 , and/or by attaching the component in which the program  326  is stored or some other portion of the system to another computing device, either in a wired or wireless manner, to convey new or modified program information into the program  326 , or by replacing the component in which the program  326  is stored with another component containing a different program  326 . 
     Program  326  can include software which can provide one or more different features or user experiences when utilizing the system  300 . For example, such software can include one or more applications which provide one or more features and/or functionality such as, but not limited to, tracking designed to track and store a user&#39;s activity such as number of steps taken, amount of time the user was active, environmental conditions in which the system  300  has been used, and the like. The software can also include one or more features and functionality related to user operation of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 , such as voice command functionality allowing for hands-free operation of the units  310 ,  380 ,  390 . In some embodiments, the software can enable one or more other types of features and functionality such as conversion of text messages to voice messages and vice versa. 
     In some embodiments, the program  326  can include software found on mobile devices such as, but not limited to, cell phones, smart phones, PDAs, and tablets running Android, iOS, and/or Windows operating systems, etc. For example, the helmet unit  310  can include an Android, iOS, and/or Windows operating system to enable compatibility with such software. In some embodiments, program  326  can include software found on other types of electronic devices including, but not limited to, laptops and desktops. Advantageously, in embodiments where such functionality is enabled in the helmet unit  310 , the helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include one or more functions of other stand-alone mobile devices. 
     Although program  326  is illustrated as forming part of the processing system  320 , as noted above program  326  can include firmware which is built into any aspect of the system, such as in the processor  322  and/or any other components of the helmet unit  310 . For example, program  326  can be used to control the operation of components of the helmet unit  310  such as the various components of the signal conversion system  330 , sensor system  340 , I/O system  350 , user interface system  360  and/or the power system  370  or similar systems on the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . For example, the program  326  can be used to control the operation of the wireless system  352  of the I/O system  350  which can include a receiver, transmitter, and/or transceiver designed to communicate with other devices typically within a personal area network distance from the helmet unit  310  using a wireless protocol such as, but not limited to, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart), ANT, ANT+, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, and MMS. The program  326  can also be used to monitor the statuses of the one or more sensors of the system  300 . 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include processing systems  381 ,  392  having components, features and/or functionality similar to that described above in connection with processing system  320 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the processing system  320  such that a user can provide such components with processing systems  381 ,  391 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the processor  322 , memory  324  and/or program  326  allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310  with a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  via a wired connection and/or wirelessly. The helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of processing systems  381 ,  391  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the processing system  320 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can be provided with a power-efficient processor  322  to conserve battery life and a modular unit  380  and/or a remote unit  390  can include a more powerful processor. As another example, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can have a processing system  381 ,  391  designed to decode MP3s or other audio files and can provide such additional features and/or functionality to the helmet unit  310  when connected. Of course, in some embodiments, one or more components of the processing systems  381 ,  391  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     Signal Conversion System 
     The helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include a signal conversion system  330  which can be designed to convert signals from one form to another. The signal conversion system  330  can be designed to convert analog and/or digital electrical signals into signals more readily perceptible by the user of the helmet unit  310  such as audio, visual, and/or tactile signals, etc. The signal conversion system  330  can be designed to convert audio, visual, and tactile signals into analog and/or digital electrical signals for processing by a processing system such as processing system  320 . Accordingly, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the signal conversion system  330  can include one or more of a visual component  332 , an audio component  334  and a tactile component  336 . 
     In some embodiments, the visual component  332  can include a display device which can convert analog and/or digital signals into visual images and display them to the user. This may be accomplished by projecting an image or other data directly on the retina (i.e., retinal projection) and/or by displaying an image on an image plane such as a surface or screen within the wearer&#39;s field of view such as, but not limited to, an LCD screen, an OLED screen, a projector onto a surface such as a prism having an opaque surface, any other display screen, or a combination of such devices. The display device may be driven by any of a wide variety of source materials, either carried on board the helmet unit  310 , or in communication with the eyeglasses from another source, such as the modular unit  380  and/or the remote unit  390 , either via wired communication such as via a wired connection  358  such as a port and/or connector and/or wirelessly such as via the wireless system  352 . 
     In some embodiments, to provide such functionality, the display device can include a variety of components. In some embodiments, the visual component  332  can include an image capture device which can convert visual images into analog and/or digital signals. For example, the image capture device can be a camera which can capture pictures and/or video. One or more visual components  332  can be removably coupled to one or more components of the system  300  to enable selective use of one or more of the visual components  332 . For example, in some embodiments, a user can attach a visual component  332  when needed to receive or transmit visual data, but then remove such visual component  332  when not needed, to reduce the weight and bulk of the eyewear and/or to change the appearance of the eyewear. The removable attachment between the visual component  332  and any other component of the system  300  can be accomplished using any suitable structures or methods, including but not limited to any of the wired or wireless structures or methods described and/or illustrated in this specification. 
     The visual component  332  can be used to provide the user with visualizations of data desired by the user. For example, the visual component  332  can be used to provide the user with a visualization of data received from one or more of the systems such as the sensors of the sensor system  340 . The visual component  332  can provide the user with a visual indicator of parameters being detected and/or measured by the sensors of the sensor system  340  such as, but not limited to, the user&#39;s heart rate, body temperature, velocity, acceleration, pace, distance traveled, power expended, energy expended, ambient temperature, pressure, altitude, body orientation and other such parameters and data. By providing a visual indication of such parameters, the user of the device can track such parameters on an ongoing or continuous or constant basis. Other visual indicators of parameters from other systems can also be shown such as the status of such systems. Other types of data, such as pictures and/or videos, can be displayed using the visual component  332 . Moreover, the visual component  332  can be used as a camera to capture pictures and/or videos which can be advantageous to increase the safety of the user of the device. For example, the camera can be directed behind and/or laterally to provide the user with images of user&#39;s blind spots. 
     In some embodiments, the audio component  334  can include a speaker device which can convert analog and/or digital signals into sound waves and direct them to the user. This may be accomplished by generating pressure waves and directing these pressure waves to the user&#39;s ears, such as via a speaker, and/or by generating vibrations, such as via a bone-conduction speaker. In some embodiments, the audio component  334  can include an audio capture device which can convert sound waves into analog and/or digital signals. For example, the audio capture device can be a microphone. 
     The audio component  334  can be used to provide the user with audible representations of data desired by the user. For example, the audio component  334  can be used to provide the user with an audible representation of data received from one or more of the systems such as the sensors of the sensor system  340 . The audio component  334  can provide the user with intermittent and/or continuous audio updates of parameters being detected and/or measured by the sensors of the sensor system  340  such as, but not limited to, the user&#39;s heart rate, body temperature, velocity, pace, distance traveled, power expended, energy expended, ambient temperature, pressure, altitude and other such parameters and data. Other audio updates of parameters from other systems can be shown such as the status of such systems. Other types of data, such as music, voice calls, can also be audibly presented using the audio component  334 . The audio component  334  can be used as a microphone which can be used in conjunction with operating the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 , voice calls, and similar functions. In some embodiments, the microphone can be used in conjunction with a speaker for purposes of noise cancellation. 
     In some embodiments, the haptic component  336  can include a force or vibration device which can convert analog and/or digital signals into tactile feedback and direct them to the user. This may be accomplished by generating forces or vibrations, such as via one or more of an imbalanced motor, linear actuators, voice coils, piezoelectrics, electrostatics, and/or electroactive polymers, etc. In some embodiments, the haptic component  336  can include a tactile capture device which can convert tactile forces into analog and/or digital signals. For example, the tactile capture device can comprise one or more piezoelectrics, electrostatics, electroactive polymers, any other device as desired, or a combination of any of these devices. 
     The haptic component  336  can be used to provide the user with tactile representations of data desired by the user. For example, the haptic component  336  can be used to provide the user with a tactile representation of data received from one or more of the systems such as the sensors of the sensor system  340 . Accordingly, the haptic component  336  can provide the user with intermittent and/or continuous tactile updates of parameters being detected and/or measured by the sensors of the sensor system  340  such as, but not limited to, the user&#39;s heart rate, body temperature, velocity, pace, distance traveled, power expended, energy expended, ambient temperature, pressure, altitude and other such parameters and data. In some embodiments, the haptic component  336  can vibrate to provide the user with notifications of trigger events. For example, the haptic component  336  can vibrate when an email or text message has been received, when a call is being received, and other types of trigger events. 
     In some embodiments, one or more haptic components  336  can be positioned on multiple components of the helmet unit  310  and/or modular unit  380 . For example, haptic components  336  can be placed on lateral components of the helmet unit  310  and on anterior components of the helmet unit  310 . The different haptic components  136  can be activated separately or together based on the specific trigger event. For example, if an email or text message is received, a lateral haptic component  336  can be activated. If a call is being received, an anterior haptic component  336  can be activated. Separate activation of different haptic components  336  can help the user to more easily identify different trigger events. 
     In some embodiments, use of multiple haptic components  336  can be used to assist the user in navigation. For example, a haptic component  336  located to the left of the user&#39;s head can be activated to indicate to the user to turn left, a haptic component  336  located to the right of the user&#39;s head can be activated to indicate to the user to turn right, and a haptic component  336  located to the front of the user&#39;s head can be activated to indicate to the user to continue proceeding forward. Use of haptic components  336  for navigation can be particularly beneficial for users of the helmet unit  310  and/or modular unit  380  who are blind and/or deaf. This can also be particularly beneficial, even for those with full vision and/or hearing capabilities, when use of visual indicators and/or audio indicators may be intrusive or impractical during a particular activity, such as when other visual or audio indicators are already being utilized by a user. In some embodiments, the haptic components  336  can be used to inform a user of objects and/or persons in a user&#39;s blind spot. This can beneficially enhance the safety of the user of the device. As another example, visual indicators could potentially make the user more visible to others as a result of the light output in providing such indicators. Audio indicators can potentially be heard by others. 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include signal conversion systems  382 ,  392  having components, features and/or functionality similar to or the same as any of those described above in connection with signal conversion system  330 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the signal conversion system  330  such that a user can provide such components with signal conversion systems  382 ,  392 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the visual component  332 , audio component  334  and/or haptic component  336  thereby allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310  with a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  via a wired connection and/or wirelessly. In some embodiments, an audio component such as an in-ear, on-ear, near-ear, over-the-ear, and/or an outwardly facing speaker can be provided on a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . For example, the remote unit  390  can have an outwardly facing speaker and serve as an external speaker. The helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of the signal conversion systems  382 ,  392  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the signal conversion system  330 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can be provided with a speaker and a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be provided with a microphone. In some embodiments, one or more components of the signal conversion systems  382 ,  392  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     Sensor System 
     The helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include a sensor system  340  which can be designed to obtain sensory data from the environment (e.g., an ambient or environmental sensor) and/or the user (a biometric and/or physiological sensor). Accordingly, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the sensor system  340  can include a plurality of sensors including, but not limited to, one or more motion sensors  342 , one or more biometric and/or physiological sensors  344 , and one or more ambient or environmental sensors  346 . By utilizing data from the sensor system  340 , the helmet unit  310  can provide beneficial data regarding the user&#39;s condition and/or the surrounding environment. The data received from the sensor system  340 , can be further processed by the processing system  320  to provide the user with general data about the user&#39;s activities, such as number of steps taken and duration of time the user was active. 
     The one or more motion sensors  342  can be designed to detect and/or measure movement or motion. The one or more motion sensors  342  can include any type of sensor which can detect and/or measure such movement or motion including, but not limited to, an accelerometer to detect and/or measure acceleration and a gyroscope to detect and/or measure orientation. Other types of sensors motion sensors  342  can also be used such as, but not limited to, a cadence sensor for measuring the rotational speed of a crank arm of a bicycle, a speed sensor for measuring the speed of a bike, a pedometer for measuring the number of steps taken by a user and similar sensors. It should be understood that some of these sensors may be more advantageously placed, for example, on one or more remote units  390  due to the positioning of such sensors relative to the user. For example, a cadence sensor and/or pedometer may be more advantageously placed proximate a user&#39;s feet. 
     The one or more physiological sensors  344  can be designed to detect and/or measure one or more physiologic parameters of the user. As such, the one or more physiological sensors  344  can include any type of sensor which can detect and/or measure such physiological parameters including, but not limited to, sensors for monitoring cardiovascular parameters such as a heart rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a blood sugar sensor, and a blood-oxygen and/or blood CO2 sensor, sensors for monitoring hydration levels and temperature of a user such as a perspiration sensor, a skin resistivity sensor, a hydration sensor, a dermal moisture sensor, an electrolyte sensor, and a body temperature sensor, and/or any other types of sensors, such as a lactic acid sensor and pO2 sensor. Other types of physiological sensors  344  can be used as desired. It should be understood that some of these sensors may be more advantageously placed, for example, on one or more remote units  390  due to the positioning of such sensors relative to the user. For example, a heart rate sensor may be more advantageously placed in contact with or adjacent a user&#39;s chest. 
     The one or more ambient or environmental sensors  346  can be designed to detect and/or measure parameters of the surrounding environment. As such, the one or more ambient or environmental sensors  346  can include any type of sensor which can detect and/or measure such parameters including, but not limited to, an air temperature sensor, an air humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, an altitude sensor (such as an altimeter), an oxygen sensor, an air quality sensor, a wind speed sensor (such as a pitot tube), a solar irradiance sensor, a proximity sensor such as a sonar device, a magnetometer, and any other sensor which can detect parameters of the surrounding environment. In some embodiments, the ambient or environmental sensor  346  can include a range finder which can detect a distance to an object. 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include sensor systems  383 ,  393  having components, features and/or functionality similar to that described above in connection with sensor system  340 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the sensor system  340  such that a user can provide such components with sensor systems  383 ,  393 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the motion sensor  342 , physiological sensor  344  and/or ambient or environmental sensor  346  thereby allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310  with a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  via a wired connection and/or wirelessly. In some embodiments, a heart rate sensor, gyroscope, accelerometer and/or magnetometer can be provided on a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . Of course, the helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of the sensor systems  383 ,  393  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the sensor system  340 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can be provided with an accelerometer, gyroscope, and a modular unit  380  can be provided with a heart rate sensor and a remote unit  390  can be provided with a cadence sensor. In some embodiments, one or more components of the sensor systems  383 ,  393  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     Input/Output (I/O) System 
     The helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include an I/O system  350  which can interface with one or more modular units  380  and/or one or more remote units  390 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the I/O system  350  can include a wireless system  152  as well as one or more wired connections  358 , such as ports and/or connectors, for removable mechanical and/or electrical coupling with another device such as one or more modular units  380 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380 , and/or the remote unit  390  can each communicate with each other such that the units  310 ,  380 ,  390  can receive communications from and/or send communications to each other. For example, each of the respective input systems of each of the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380 , and/or the remote unit  390  can receive communications from each of the respective output systems of each of the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380 , and/or the remote unit  390 ; and each of the respective output systems of each of the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380 , and/or the remote unit  390  can send communications to each of the respective input systems of each of the helmet unit  310 , the modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 . 
     The wireless system  352  can include one or more receivers  354  to receive wireless signals from another device such as one or more remote units  390  and one or more transmitters  356  to send wireless signals to another device such as one or more remote units  390 . The wireless system  352  can include one or more transceivers which can perform both functions. The one or more receivers  354 , one or more transmitters  356 , and/or one or more transceivers can include one or more antennas. The one or more antennas can be configured to receive one or more electronic signals including, but not limited to, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart), ANT, ANT+, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, MMS, and/or any other type of signal. The one or more antennas can be positioned on any portion of the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the antennas can be positioned along bottom, top, outer, and/or inner surfaces of any portion of the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the antennas can be positioned along interior and/or exterior surfaces of the helmet unit  310 . The one or more antennas can include movable antennas. For example, in some embodiments the movable antenna can be an articulating antenna which is coupled to the helmet unit. 
     The one or more receivers  354  and/or one or more transmitters  356  can be designed to wirelessly communicate with other devices using one or more protocols. For example, the receiver  354  and/or transmitter  356  can include protocols such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart), ANT, ANT+, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, and MMS. The receiver  354  can be designed such that the helmet unit  310  is viewed as an ANT+ master unit when communicating with other ANT+ devices. In some embodiments, the one or more receivers  354  and/or one or more transmitters  356  (or transceivers) can include two or more protocols such that the helmet unit  310  can advantageously be used with a wider variety of devices such as modular units  380  and/or remote units  390 . In some embodiments, the one or more receivers and/or one or more transmitters (or transceivers) can utilize the two or more protocols simultaneously. In some embodiments, the receiver  354  can be designed to receive signals from a global positioning satellite (GPS). As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the wireless system  310  can be designed to wirelessly communicate with the one or more remote units  390 . 
     The one or more wired connections  358 , such as ports and/or connectors, can allow for removable mechanical and/or electrical coupling with other devices such as one or more modular units  380 . The one or more wired connections  358  can be designed to be universally compatible with a variety of devices. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more wired connections  358  can include a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port and/or connector, such as USB 1.0, USB 2.0, USB 3.0, USB 3.1, and including microUSB and type-C ports and/or connectors, an IEEE 1394 (FireWire) port and/or connector, an Ethernet port and/or connector, a Thunderbolt port and/or connector, a Displayport port and/or connector, a DVI port and/or connector, an HDMI port and/or connector, an optical port and/or connector, a coaxial port and/or connector, and/or other ports and/or connectors. In some embodiments, the one or more wired connections  358  can have different mechanical and/or electrical connectors to allow for an even wider range of devices to be used. For example, a first wired connection  358  can be a USB 3.0 port or connector whereas a second wired connection  358  can be a Thunderbolt port or connector. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the one or more wired connections  358  can be designed to mechanically and/or electrically couple with the one or more modular units  380 . The wired connections  358  can be positioned on any portion of the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the wired connections  358  can be positioned along bottom, top, outer, and/or inner surfaces of any portion of the helmet unit  310 . In some embodiments, the wired connections  358  can be positioned along interior and/or exterior surfaces of the helmet unit  310 . 
     The one or more modular units  380  can have different shapes, appearances, features, and/or functionality, but the modular units  380  can include generally the same mechanical and/or electric connectors to wired connections  358  to enable interchangeability. In some embodiments, a vendor can provide a selection (simultaneously or over time) of a plurality of different interchangeable modular units  380  with multiple different shapes, sizes, and/or colors, and/or with different features and/or functionality. In this way, a user can purchase different modular units  380  to customize the user&#39;s system  300 , to upgrade the user&#39;s system  300 , and/or to replace broken or damaged components in the user&#39;s system  300 . In some embodiments where the modular unit  380  includes a universally compatible wired connection, such as a USB connector, the modular unit  380  can be connected to other devices which have a similar connector. For example, the modular unit  380  could be attached to devices such as, but not limited to, a computer, a smartphone, an audio/video player, and a vehicle entertainment system. In some embodiments, each or all of the modular units  380  can be standalone devices which can be removed from the helmet unit  310  and function separately from the helmet unit  310  or any other electronic devices. 
     In some embodiments, the modular units  380  are mounted in close proximity to the helmet unit  310 . The helmet unit  310  and modular unit  380  can be coupled to form a relatively compact, combined unit. This can be particularly advantageous in many situations as this can reduce the burden on the user of the system  300 . By placing both the helmet unit  310  and the modular unit  380  in an eyewear, the user need not be inconvenienced with using such remote devices. 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include I/O systems  384 ,  394  having components, features and/or functionality similar to that described above in connection with I/O system  350 . For example, in some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can include a wireless system having a receiver, transmitter and/or transceiver similar to that discussed in connection with I/O system  350 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the I/O system  350  such that a user can provide such components with I/O systems  384 ,  394 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the wireless system  352  including the receiver  354  and/or transmitter  356 , and/or wired connection  358  thereby allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310  with a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  having one or more of such components. In some embodiments, a port and/or connector can be provided on a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  to allow additional modular units  380  to be attached to the system  300 . The helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of the I/O systems  384 ,  394  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the I/O system  350 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can be provided with a wireless system  352  having Bluetooth and/or ANT+ protocols and the modular unit  380  can be provided with a wireless system having different protocols such as ZigBee or Wi-Fi. In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can be provided with no wireless system  352  and the modular unit  380  can be provided with a wireless system having one or more different protocols. This can be particularly beneficial when wireless protocols are often updated thereby reducing the likelihood that the helmet unit  310  will have an antiquated wireless protocol. In some embodiments, one or more components of the I/O systems  384 ,  394  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     While the input/output system  350  have been generally described as having a wireless system  352  for communication with remote units  390  and one or more wired connections  358  for communication with modular units  380 , in some embodiments communications between the helmet unit  310  and one or more modular units  380  can be via the wireless system  352  and/or wired connections  358  and/or communications between the helmet unit  310  and the remote units  390  can be can be via the wireless system  352  and/or wired connections  358 . In some embodiments, communications between the modular unit  380  and the remote unit  390  can be via wireless systems of input/output systems  384 ,  394 . In some embodiments, communications between the modular unit  380  and the remote unit  390  can be via one or more wireless systems and/or wired connections of the input/output systems  384 ,  394 . 
     User Interface System 
     The helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include a user interface system  360  which can be designed to allow the user to operate the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the user interface system  360  can include one or more actuators  362  and/or one or more sensors  364 . 
     In some embodiments, the one or more actuators  362  can include mechanical switches such as, but not limited to, toggle, rocker, button, and/or rotary switches. One or more actuators  362  can advantageously be used to provide tactile feedback when operating the switch such that the user can easily operate the device without having to view the actuators  362  directly. The actuators  362  can be used to control one or more operating parameters such as the on-off state of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380 , and/or remote unit  390 , audio volume control, and/or video brightness control, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more sensors  364  can include sensors which detect contact such as capacitive and/or resistive sensors. In some embodiments, the capacitive and/or resistive sensors can be designed to detect contact with a user&#39;s finger. For example, the user interface system  360  can include a touch screen having capacitive and/or resistive sensors on which the user can use different gestures to modify parameters of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . Such gestures can include, but are not limited to, a frontward swipe, a rearward swipe, an upward swipe, a downward swipe, one or more taps such as a double or triple tap, pressing the screen for a specific duration of time, a multiple position tap, and any combination of the above. The touch screen can be sized to fit along any portion of the helmet unit  310 . 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include user interface systems  385 ,  395  having components, features and/or functionality similar to that described above in connection with user interface system  360 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the user interface system  360  such that a user can provide such components with user interface systems  385 ,  395 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the actuator  362  and/or sensor  364  thereby allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310 , via a wired connector and/or wirelessly, with a modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  having one or more of such components. This can be beneficial as it can allow a user to select a type of user interface that the user prefers and/or switch the type of user interface. For example, a user may find it advantageous to use a user interface having tactile buttons for certain activities and may find it more advantageous to utilize a user interface having touch capabilities for other activities. Accordingly, the user may wish to swap between a tactile button user interface with a touch user interface based on the specific activity. Of course, the helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of the user interface systems  385 ,  395  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the user interface system  360 . Of course, in some embodiments, one or more components of the user interface systems  385 ,  395  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     Power System 
     The helmet unit  310  of the system  300  can include a power system  370  which can be designed to provide energy to the one or more systems of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the power system  370  can include an energy storage component  372  and/or an energy generation component  374 . 
     The energy storage component  372  can be a device designed to store energy for use with the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . For example, the energy storage component  372  can be a battery device such as primary cell (non-rechargeable) and/or a secondary cell (rechargeable) such as, but not limited to, a Li-ion battery, LiPo battery, NiCad battery, and Ni-MH battery. The battery device can be designed to provide between about 50 mAh to about 500 mAh, about 150 mAh and/or any other energy storage capacity as desired. In some embodiments, the energy storage component  372  can be a capacitor, fuel cell, or other device which can store energy for later use. 
     The energy generation component  374  can be a device designed to generate energy from another source. The energy generation component  374  can be a device designed to convert kinetic energy, solar energy and/or thermal energy to electrical energy for powering the systems of helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . The energy generation component  374  can be a device designed to convert electromagnetic energy to electrical energy. In such an embodiment, the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be wirelessly powered and charged. 
     In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can include power systems  386 ,  396  having components, features and/or functionality similar to that described above in connection with power system  370 . In some embodiments, the helmet unit  310  can omit one or more components of the power system  370  such that a user can provide such components with power systems  386 ,  396 . For example, the helmet unit  310  can omit the energy storage component  372  and/or energy generation component  374  thereby allowing the user to supply one or more of such components by connecting the helmet unit  310  with a modular unit  380  via a wired connection and/or wirelessly. In some embodiments, the modular unit  380  can be provided with an energy storage component such as a battery. The helmet unit  310  can include components which overlap with those of the power systems  386 ,  396  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . This can advantageously supplement and/or enhance the functionality of the power system  370 . For example, the modular unit  380  can include an energy storage component to supplement the energy storage component  372  of the helmet unit  310  thereby increasing the duration of operation of the helmet unit  310 , modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390 . In some embodiments, one or more components of the power systems  386 ,  396  of the modular unit  380  and/or remote unit  390  can be omitted. 
     Brim and Eyewear for a Sports Helmet with Modular Components 
       FIGS. 4-8C  illustrate example embodiments of eyewear adapters, such as brims, that are configured to integrate eyewear with a sports helmet. Some embodiments of the eyewear adapters integrate the eyewear with the helmet by attaching to the helmet and interfacing with the eyewear. As used herein, the eyewear adapter is said to interface with the eyewear where the eyewear adapter is in contact with the eyewear, is adjacent to the eyewear, or is in proximity to the eyewear (e.g., a contour of the eyewear adapter is less than or equal 0.5 inches away from a top portion of the eyewear). In some implementations, the eyewear adapter is said to interface with the eyewear where the eyewear adapter is attached to the eyewear. The eyewear adapter is configured such that, in use, the eyewear adapter enhances the fit or function of the eyewear to provide, in the combination of the helmet and eyewear, one or more functional advantages. These functional advantages can include, for example and without limitation, improved air flow across or through portions of the helmet and eyewear, improved aerodynamics of the helmet, improved sweat control, improved fit, or improved securing of the eyewear to or on or in the helmet. These functional advantages represent an improvement compared to the use of the helmet and the eyewear without the eyewear adapter. The brims can also be configured to provide at least two functions including improved aerodynamics and occupying or reducing space between eyewear and the helmet. The brim can be configured to move relative to the helmet and/or relative to the eyewear to provide the ability to match eyewear to the helmet and/or to compensate for anatomical differences between wearers. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an eyewear adapter  400  (e.g., a brim) comprising a top portion  402  and a bottom portion  401 . The top portion  402  of the eyewear adapter  400  can be made of a rigid material. The bottom portion  401  of the eyewear adapter  400  can be made of a flexible material. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  400  includes a channel  403  in the bottom portion to increase flexibility of the bottom portion  401 . The bottom portion  401  of the eyewear adapter  400  can be configured to contact a top portion of eyewear  420 . In certain implementations, the bottom portion  401  of the eyewear adapter  400  can be configured to contact at least a portion of the earstems  425 . The eyewear adapter  400  can be considered to float above or on the eyewear  420  (as opposed to attaching to the eyewear). In this way, the eyewear adapter  400  interfaces with the eyewear  420  to integrate the eyewear with a helmet. The eyewear adapter  400  can be configured to connect to a helmet using pads  404 . The fastener  405  can be used to control the friction between the eyewear adapter  400  and the pad  404 . For example, the fastener  405  can be used to create a relatively high frictional force between the eyewear adapter  400  and the pads  404  so that the brim remains substantially fixed with respect to the pads  404 . In use, this may cause the brim to remain relatively stationary with respect to the helmet. As another example, the fastener  405  can be used to create a relatively low frictional force between the eyewear adapter  400  and the pads  404  so that the brim can move with respect to the pads  404 . In use, this may cause the brim to remain in contact with the eyewear. The fasteners  505  may be any appropriate fastener, such as a screw, clip, clamp, or the like. The flexible material in the bottom portion  401  of the eyewear adapter  400  may advantageously reduce the forces on the nose of the wearer when the brim and/or helmet move downward on the head of the wearer. In some embodiments, the eyewear includes venting holes  422  to pass air through the eyewear  420  to provide temperature management functionality and/or anti-fog functionality by passing air between the wearer and the inner surface of the eyewear  420 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an eyewear adapter  500  that is configured to attach to eyewear  520 . Similar to the eyewear adapter  400  described with reference to  FIG. 4 , the eyewear adapter  500  includes a top portion  502  and a bottom portion  501  and is attached to pads  504  with fastener  505 . The eyewear adapter module  500  attaches to the eyewear  520  at the earstems  525  using attachment clip  506 . In some embodiments, the earstems  525  can be configured to specifically to attach to the eyewear adapter  500 . In some embodiments, the earstems  525  of the eyewear are interchangeable between standard earstems and the earstems  525  configured to attach to the eyewear adapter  500 . 
     In some embodiments, the distal ends of the earstems  525  can be adjusted on the eyewear adapter  500  to adjust the length of the earstem  525 . This can be done to customize the fit for the wearer. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  500  cooperates with the pads  504  to adjust the orientation and/or position of the eyewear  520  to compensate for anatomical differences between wearers. Similar to the eyewear adapter  400  described herein with reference to  FIG. 4 , the fastener  505  can be adjusted to tighten or loosen the coupling between the eyewear adapter  500  and the pads  504  to restrict or allow movement of the eyewear adapter  500  relative to a helmet to which it is attached. Because the eyewear adapter  500  is attached to the eyewear  520 , this results in the eyewear adapter  500  and eyewear  520  either being substantially fixed with respect to the helmet (e.g., when the fasteners  505  are tightened) or being able to move with respect to the helmet (e.g., when the fasteners  505  are loosened). The fasteners  505  may be any appropriate fastener, such as a screw, clip, clamp, or the like. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an eyewear adapter  600  comprising a rigid or flexible brim that attaches to a helmet using fasteners  608 . The fasteners  608  may be any appropriate fastener, such as a screw, clip, clamp, magnets, tongue and groove connection, or the like. The fasteners  608  of the eyewear adapter  600  may be configured to allow the eyewear adapter  600  to move relative to the helmet or may fix the eyewear adapter  600  to the helmet so that there is no relative movement. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  600  is attached to the helmet using rigid or floating side mounts, similar to those described with respect to  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
     The eyewear adapter  600  can be configured to be positioned forward of the eyewear  620  when attached to the helmet. Accordingly, the eyewear adapter  600  can be configured to not contact the eyewear  620  while still closing the gap between the top of the eyewear  620  and the helmet. The eyewear adapter  600  can be configured to push wind away from the wearer. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  600  includes vents for selectively passing air through the eyewear adapter  600 . In certain implementations, the vents may be able to be opened and closed as the wearer desires. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  600  is made of a material that is at least partially transparent to allow the wearer to see through the eyewear adapter  600 . This may be beneficial when the wearer desires to look over the eyewear  620  because then the eyewear adapter  600  would not significantly obstruct the vision of the wearer. 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate eyewear adapters  700   a ,  700   b  that are similar to the eyewear adapter  600  described herein with reference to  FIG. 6 , except that the eyewear adapters  700   a ,  700   b  are configured to sit behind the eyewear  720 . This can advantageously direct wind down the face of the wearer, such as between the eyewear  720  and the wearer&#39;s face. This can increase air flow on the wearer&#39;s face providing temperature management benefits. This may also decrease fogging on the interior surface of the eyewear  720 . Similar to the eyewear adapter  600 , the eyewear adapters  700   a ,  700   b  may be transparent. Also similar to the eyewear adapter  600 , the fasteners  708  of the eyewear adapters  700   a ,  700   b  may be configured to allow the eyewear adapter  700   a ,  700   b  to move relative to the helmet or may fix the eyewear adapter  700   a ,  700   b  to the helmet so that there is no relative movement. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapters  700   a ,  700   b  are attached to the helmet using rigid or floating side mounts, similar to those described with respect to  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
     In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter  700   b  may differ from the eyewear adapter  700   a  in that the eyewear adapter  700   b  may be configured to contact a rear portion of a frame of the eyewear  720 . This can advantageously increase the anti-fogging functionality provided by the eyewear adapter  700   b , for example. 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate eyewear adapters  800   a - 800   c  that are configured to cover one or more vents on a front portion of a helmet. The different coverages provided by the eyewear adapters  800   a - 800   c  can be used to provide different levels of vent coverage and/or aerodynamic benefits. The eyewear adapters  800   a - 800   c  can be configured to include any one or more of the features of the other eyewear adapters described herein with reference to  FIGS. 4-7B . 
       FIGS. 9A-9B  illustrate a helmet  900  configured to switch between using a full visor  910  and a partial visor  902  with eyewear  920 . As illustrated, the partial visor  902  comprises a transparent portion that a wearer may see through. This complements the eyewear  920 , allowing the user to have a large field of view when using eyewear  920 . In some embodiments, the partial visor can include air vents  905  to provide air management through the visor  902 . The partial visor  902  can be removed from the helmet  900  and replaced with a full visor  910 . This allows the wearer to adjust the properties of the helmet  900  based on the intended use of the helmet. 
     Sports Helmet with Modular Attachment Having Stem Tunnels 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a helmet  1000  having a modular attachment  1010  with stem tunnels  1004  to receive earstems  1025  of eyewear  1020 . The helmet  100  can include a brim  1002  and the modular attachment  1010  with the stem tunnels  1004  can provide a way to adjust the earstems relative to the face of the wearer to position the eyewear  1020 . In some embodiments, the stem tunnels  1004  can be configured to provide a frictional force on the earstems  1025  to cause the eyewear to remain substantially fixed in position. 
     Sports Helmet with Modular Components 
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate example modular sports helmets  1100   a ,  1100   b  having a base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b  configured to protect a portion of a user&#39;s head  1102 . The base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b  can be configured to provide different coverage based at least in part on the intended activity, safety regulations or standards, aesthetic considerations, or the like. The base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b  can be configured to receive one or more modules  1110  to extend or enhance the capabilities or features of the helmet  1100   a ,  1100   b . The modules  1110  can be attached or otherwise added to a periphery of the base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b , to an exterior surface of the base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b , to an interior surface of the base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b , or the modules  1110  can be attached to any combination of these parts of the base portion  1105   a ,  1105   b.    
     As an example,  FIG. 12  illustrates an example modular helmet  1200  having a base portion  1205  and two eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  configured to attach to the base portion  1205 , the two eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  tailored for different eyewear  1220   a ,  1220   b . The first eyewear adapter module  1210   a  can be configured to be tailored for the first eyewear  1220   a  and the second eyewear adapter module  1210   b  can be configured to be tailored for the second eyewear  1220   b . This can allow a user to switch between different eyewear without switching helmets. As used herein, an eyewear adapter module can be considered to be tailored for eyewear when the eyewear adapter module, helmet, and eyewear combine to provide a tailored aesthetic appearance, a tailored fit, tailored functionality (e.g., venting), or the like. For example, an eyewear adapter module can be said to be tailored for eyewear when a contour of the eyewear adapter module is complementary to a corresponding contour of the eyewear. For example, an eyewear adapter module can be configured to reduce a gap between a helmet (including the eyewear adapter module) and a top portion of eyewear to less than or equal to about 0.5 inches, to less than or equal to about 0.25 inches, to less than or equal to about 0.125 inches, or the eyewear adapter module can be in contact with the top portion of the eyewear along a majority of the top portion of the eyewear. An eyewear adapter module may also be tailored for eyewear where the eyewear and the eyewear adapter module cooperate to provide enhanced functionality such as ventilation, anti-fogging, aerodynamics, or the like. 
     For example, the eyewear adapter module  1210   a  is tailored for the eyewear  1220   a  based at least in part on the contour  1212   a  of the eyewear  1210   a  matching the contour  1222   a  of the eyewear  1220   a . This can advantageously control the flow of air around the eyewear  1220   a  as well as provide a desirable aesthetic appearance. In certain implementations, a profile of the eyewear adapter module  1210   a  can be tailored to create a substantially seamless transition between the helmet  1200  and a profile of the eyewear  1220   a . For example, a curvature profile of the eyewear adapter module  1210   a  can provide a smooth transition from the curvature profile of the base portion  1205  to the eyewear  1220   a  wherein the eyewear adapter module  1210   a  has a base curvature that is within a tolerance of the eyewear  1220   a  and/or within a tolerance of the base portion  1205 . The curvature profile can be considered along a longitudinal plane (e.g., a plane that vertically divides a head of the wearer into left and right sides), along a transverse plane (e.g., a plane that vertically divides a head of the wearer into front and back sides), a horizontal plane, or any combination of these planes. The curvature can be circular, parabolic, hyperbolic, toroidal, a progressive curve, an accelerated curve, or any other smooth curving surface. The surfaces of the base portion  1205 , eyewear adapter module  1210   a , and/or eyewear  1220   a  may also include flat portions in addition to curved portions. Matching the profiles of the helmet and eyewear can advantageously improve aerodynamics of the helmet  1200  and eyewear  1220  when worn by a user as well as provide a desirable aesthetic appearance. Matching the profiles of the helmet  1200  and the eyewear  1220   a  may also advantageously reduce the risk of injury that may occur when a wearer is sliding down a slope (e.g., after falling down) or moving rapidly through vegetation or other obstacles by reducing edges that may catch on a surface and cause an undesirable torsion on the neck of the wearer. 
     The eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  can be designed to integrate with eyewear so that it can improve air flow, to remove gaps between the eyewear and the helmet for design and functional reasons, and to provide additional functionality to the helmet  1200 . The eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  can be configured to be vertically adjustable (e.g., to reduce or eliminate gaps between the eyewear and the helmet), to include adjustable vents (e.g., to integrate air flow), to reduce or to prevent eyewear bash, to reduce or to prevent undesirable nose pressure, to include an extra-long brim (e.g., for protection from sun and/or precipitation), to include LEDs or lights, to extend over the eyewear, to provide an attachment point on the helmet for eyewear (e.g., when not being worn by the user), to provide a flip-up visor, to provide a mount and/or case for a camera, to provide attachment points for eyewear (e.g., to eliminate the need for earstems or a strap on the eyewear), to provide features on the side of the eyewear adapter module to decrease or to eliminate gaps between the helmet and the sides of the eyewear, to create a secondary eyewear attachment point, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  include electronics configured to provide additional functionality to the user of the helmet  1200 , as described in greater detail herein. For example, the eyewear adapter modules  1210   a ,  1210   b  can include active cooling mechanisms such as, for example and without limitation, fans, pumps, blowers, thermoelectric devices, or the like. 
     The eyewear adapter module may be provided with one or more motion sensors designed to detect and/or measure movement or motion. The one or more motion sensors can include any type of sensor which can detect and/or measure such movement or motion including, but not limited to, an accelerometer to detect and/or measure acceleration and a gyroscope to detect and/or measure orientation. Other types of sensors motion sensors can also be used such as, but not limited to, a cadence sensor for measuring the rotational speed of a crank arm of a bicycle, a speed sensor for measuring the speed of a bike, a pedometer for measuring the number of steps taken by a user and similar sensors. It should be understood that some of these sensors may be more advantageously placed, for example, on different modules due to the positioning of such sensors relative to the user. 
     One or more physiological sensors may be provided to detect and/or measure one or more physiologic parameters of the wearer. As such, the one or more physiological sensors can include any type of sensor which can detect and/or measure such physiological parameters including, but not limited to, sensors for monitoring cardiovascular parameters such as a heart rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a blood sugar sensor, and a blood-oxygen sensor, sensors for monitoring hydration levels and temperature of a user such as a perspiration sensor, an electrolyte sensor, and a body temperature sensor, and/or any other types of sensors, such as a lactic acid sensor. Other types of physiological sensors can be used as desired. It should be understood that some of these sensors may be more advantageously placed, for example, on different modules due to the positioning of such sensors relative to the user. 
     One or more ambient or environmental sensors can be provided in the eyewear adapter module  1210   a ,  1210   b  to detect and/or measure parameters of the surrounding environment. As such, the one or more ambient or environmental sensors can include any type of sensor that can detect and/or measure such parameters including, but not limited to, an air temperature sensor, an air humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, an altitude sensor (such as an altimeter), an oxygen sensor, an air quality sensor, a wind speed sensor (such as a pitot tube), a solar irradiance sensor, a proximity sensor such as a sonar device, a magnetometer, and any other sensor which can detect parameters of the surrounding environment. In some embodiments, the ambient or environmental sensor can include a range finder which can detect a distance to an object. 
     Sensor data may be exported wirelessly to a remote device by way of an input/output system which can include a receiver, transmitter, and/or transceiver designed to communicate with other devices using a wireless protocol such as, but not limited to, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart), ANT, ANT+, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, or MMS. 
     Returning to  FIG. 11A , the helmet  1100   a  can include a base portion  1105   a  configured to mate with one or more modules  1110 . The base portion  1105   a  can include a shell  1107  and cushioning  1109 . Generally, a rigid and relatively thin shell or cap  1107  is made by injection molding (PC, ABS) or by any other appropriate means (for example, by layering of various resin-impregnated layers of fabric). The shell  1107  can be fitted with comfort and/or shock-absorbing elements in an inner layer  1109  of an expanded polystyrene (EPS), foams, fabrics, or the like. It should be understood that the base portion  1105   a  can be a unitary piece made of a uniform material. For example, the base portion  1105   a  does not necessarily include a shell  1107  in combination with cushioning  1109 . 
     The helmet  1100   a  can be configured to provide protection through a combination of the shell  1107 , which can be a hard shell, and the cushioning  1109 , which can be a compressible inner liner or one or more compressible elements configured to absorb and/or distribute impact forces. The shell  1107  can be configured to provide a structural base of the helmet  1100   a . The shell  1107  may be hard and rigid, and its outer surface may be adapted to be painted, resurfaced, or refinished, potentially to accommodate graphic elements. The cushioning  1109  can be configured to line the inside of the shell  1107  or to be placed at a plurality of locations on an interior surface of the shell  1107  to form an impact absorbing layer between the head  1102  of the wearer and the hard surface of the shell  1107 . As illustrated, the shell  1107  forms the exterior surface of the helmet  1100   a , and is contiguous with the cushioning  1109 . However, the shell  1107  need not constitute the outermost layer of the helmet  1100 , but may be located elsewhere to accomplish energy absorption. Similarly, one or more additional layers may be configured to be between the shell  1107  and the cushioning  1109  or one or more additional layers may be configured to be between the cushioning  1109  and the head  1102  of the wearer. 
     In some embodiments, the shell  1107  may be made with materials such as ABS plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or the like. However, the shell  1107  may be made of any number of plastics, energy-absorbing materials, or composite materials. Further, the physical characteristics of the shell  1107 , such as flexibility, hardness, weight, and shape, may be varied to accomplish desired, selected, or targeted performance characteristics. Such variations are to be understood to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The cushioning  1109  can be configured to further absorb and distribute energy caused by an impact with the helmet  1100   a . The cushioning  1109  can be configured to be more energy-absorbent than the shell  1107 . The cushioning  1109  can include foam lining, one or more foam pads, one or more air pads, or any combination thereof. The cushioning  1109  may also include any apparatus or material that effectively absorbs and distributes impact energy and/or that generally cushions the user&#39;s head  1102 . The cushioning  1109  can include foam lining and/or foam pads made of polystyrene foam, vinyl nitrile foam, thermoplastic urethane foam, or the like. The cushioning  1109  can include air pads that include bladders adapted to be filled with air and may be made of vinyl or a similarly flexible plastic material. In certain embodiments, the cushioning  1109  is arranged in a fixed or removable manner inside the shell  1107 , for example by means of adhesives, fasteners, and/or self-gripping straps (e.g., using a hook-and-loop fastening material). 
     The base portion  1105   a  can include depressions or apertures in the shell  1107  and/or the cushioning  1109 . Such apertures and depressions may decrease the weight of the base portion  1105   a , enhance performance, provide elements of aesthetic design, provide air flow to the user&#39;s head  1102 , enhance aerodynamic properties of the helmet  1100   a , or may be adapted or provide other functions. For example, one or more vents can be provided on the base portion  1105   a  for cooling and/or removal of moist air. As another example, a base portion  1105   a  may be comprised of multiple depressions to increase aesthetic quality and provide a distinct visual appeal. 
     In some embodiments, the helmet  1100   a  may further include other features such as chin straps for securing the helmet to the wearer, passive and/or active vents in the base portion  1105   a , a retention system for securing eyewear to the helmet  1100   a , a contoured front opening for receiving eyewear, additional layers on or in the base portion  1105   a  for insulation and/or comfort, or the like. These features may be provided by one or more modules  1110 . For example, features may be added to the helmet  1100   a  or existing features of the helmet  1100   a  can be enhanced with the addition of modules  1110 , such as rear panels, ear pieces, visors, vents, earstem guides, goggle strap guides, or the like, that are releasably attached to the base portion  1105   a . In certain implementations, the modules  1110  can provide additional areas of energy absorption, thereby potentially decreasing the incidence of injury. In some implementations, the modules  1110  can provide aesthetic and functional advantages such as an improved interface between the base portion  1105   a  and eyewear. In certain implementations, the modules  1110  can provide electronic capabilities such as LED lights, speakers, accelerometers, environmental sensors, physiological sensors, GPS, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, modules  1110  can be configured to be compatible with a particular base portion  1105   a . For example, the modules  1110  can have a similar aesthetic as a compatible base portion  1105   a . As another example, the modules  1110  can have a similar structure as a compatible base portion  1105   a , having a similar shell  1107  and cushioning  1109  construction. As another example, the modules  1110  can include electrical connections configured to receive power from and/or to communicate with electronics in the base portion  1105   a.    
     The modules  1110  can be releasably attached to the base portion  1105   a  of the helmet  1100   a  or to one another to accomplish any of several functions. A module  1110  may be releasably attached to the shell  1107 , the cushioning  1109 , or a combination of both using any suitable attachment mechanism. Suitable attachment mechanisms can be adapted to hold a module  1110  securely in place on the shell  1107 , but to intentionally release the module  1110  with application of sufficient force or the use of an appropriate tool, and thereafter, to optionally receive the same or different module  1110 , again holding it in place. The modules  1110  can be configured to break away, for example, under certain circumstances that correspond to a potential impact experienced by the wearer. For example, a ski helmet  1100   a  can include modules  1110  that are configured to break away when the wearer falls down and slides down a slope to reduce potential injuries. The modules  1110  can be attached using fasteners, adhesives, or other attachment mechanisms that are designed to fail or detach under certain sheer or impact forces. Attachment mechanisms can also include channel supports adapted to attach a module  1110  to the base portion  1105   a  or to another module  1110 . The channel support members may be semi-rigid and adapted to interlock with one another upon application of sufficient force. The channel support members are further adapted to release upon subsequent applications of sufficient force. In other embodiments, attachment mechanisms can include a slide-locking mechanism, a hook and slot mechanism, a magnetic mechanism, an adhesive, or the like. It will be appreciated that, although an exhaustive list is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various attachment mechanisms may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the attachment mechanisms can be designed to detach under targeted or selected conditions to reduce the potential of injury to the wearer. In some embodiments, the modules  1110  are configured to be compatible with a particular helmet configuration. In certain embodiments, the modules  1110  can be configured to be compatible with a range of helmet configurations. 
     The helmet  1100   a  thus described provides a number of advantages. For example, modules  1110  may be optionally removed and replaced after severe impacts, permanent deformation, or ordinary wear and tear. Modules  1110  may be optionally added, removed, or replaced to extend the capabilities of the helmet  1100   a , such as by adding new electronic capabilities that were previously unavailable to the user. Modules  1110  may be changed to alter the aesthetic and functional qualities of the helmet  1100   a . This may be done to satisfy the user&#39;s desire for change or to enhance the interface between the helmet  1100   a  and other pieces of equipment, such as eyewear. This modular design may improve cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement. 
     Another advantage provided by the disclosed modular helmets includes the ability to break a helmet down into smaller pieces, making it easier and more space-efficient to pack the helmet. This can be beneficial, for example, when travelling or when packing the helmet from one location to another during a ski or snowboard session. 
     Advantageously, the modules  1110  can include interchangeable pieces that allow a user to swap one piece that provides particular features for another similar piece that provides one or more different features. For example, the user can replace an eyewear adapter module with a long brim with an eyewear adapter module with a shorter brim when lighting or precipitation conditions change. 
     As disclosed herein, components of the helmet  1100   a  (e.g., the shell  1107 , the cushioning  1109 , modules  1110 ) may be made of various materials and composites, including polycarbonate plastic, ABS plastic, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metals, ceramics, polystyrene foam, expanded polypropylene, vinyl nitrile foam, rubber, TPE, and thermoplastic urethane foam. Additionally, various materials may be combined to obtain attractive or desirable characteristics of existing (or as yet unknown) plastics, energy-absorbing materials, and composite materials, and may be incorporated into the helmet  1100   a . Although an exhaustive list of materials is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various conventional plastics, rubbers, and energy-absorbing materials may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 11A and 11B , the base portions  1105   a ,  1105   b  can be configured to provide differing coverage for a wearer&#39;s head  1102 . For example, the base portion  1105   a  can cover a top portion of the wearer&#39;s head while leaving the area around the ear uncovered. Similarly, the base portion  1105   b  can cover the top portion of the wearer&#39;s head in addition to the area around the ear. The differing coverage can be based at least in part on the intended activity, safety regulations, aesthetics, and the like. 
       FIGS. 11C-11J  illustrate coverage provided by various example embodiments of base portions  1105 . The coverage provided by the base portions  1105  can conform to standards such as European Standard EN 1077:2007 Class A or Class B, ASTM F2040, SMF RS-98 or SMF S-98, or the like. In some embodiments, the base portion  1105  alone does not provide coverage that conforms to standards such as European Standard EN 1077:2007 Class A or Class B, ASTM F2040, SMF RS-98 or SMF S-98, or the like. In such embodiments, modules can be added to the base portion  1105  to provide coverage greater than or equal to the coverages specified in those standards. 
     Examples of the coverage provided by base portions  1105  will now be described with reference to geometries of selected standard headforms. For purposes of some of these examples, the geometry of the selected headforms is according to the definitions for the ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘E’, T, ‘M’, and ‘O’ headforms described in International Standards Organization (ISO) Draft Standard ISO DIS 6220-1983. However, coverage can be described relative to any other standard headform or other non-standard headforms. As illustrated in  FIGS. 11C-11J , coverage is generally described relative to a basic plane that corresponds to the anatomical plane that includes the auditory meatuses and the inferior orbital rims. The longitudinal or midsagittal plane is perpendicular to the basic plane and is the plane of symmetry dividing the right half of the headform from the left. The transverse or coronal plane is perpendicular to both the longitudinal and basic planes. It corresponds to the anatomical plane that contains the two auditory meatuses and divides the front from the rear portions of the head. The reference plane is parallel to the basic plane and lies above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 24 mm, 26 mm, 27.5 mm, 29 mm and 30 mm for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. 
     For ease of description, additional planes can be defined. The S 0  plane is parallel to the basic plane and lies above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 46.8 mm, 50 mm, 53 mm, 55.2 mm and 57.2 mm for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. The S 3  plane is parallel to the S 0  plane and the basic plane and lies between them at a distance of 26.1 mm, 28.2 mm, 30 mm, 31.5 mm and 32.2 mm below the S 0  plane for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. The S 4  plane is also parallel to the S 0  plane and lies below it a distance of 52.2 mm, 56.4 mm, 60 mm, 63 mm and 64.5 mm for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. The rear plane divides the rear third of the head from the front two thirds. It is parallel to the coronal plane and lies at a given distance behind the point where the reference plane and longitudinal planes intersect with the front surface of the headform. The distance from this point, hereafter called the reference point, is determined by the size of the headform: 128.6 mm, 139 mm, 148.4 mm, 155.8 mm and 161.5 mm for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. The fore plane is also parallel to the coronal plane. It lies behind the reference point at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 39 mm, 42.2 mm, 45.2 mm, 47.4 mm and 49.2 mm for the ‘A’ through ‘O’ headforms respectively. 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11C , a base portion  1105  includes the entire region above the S 0  plane and forward of the fore plane, the entire region above the S 3  plane and between the fore and rear planes, and the entire region above the S 4  plane and behind the rear plane. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11D , the base portion  1105  includes the entire region above a line 50 mm above the basic plane and forward of the fore plane, the entire region above a line 25 mm above the basic plane and between the fore and rear planes, and the entire region above the basic plane and behind the rear plane (where the measurements are provided for the T head form). In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11E , the base portion  1105  includes the entire region above a plane about 42 mm above the basic plane and behind a plane about 30 mm in front of the coronal plane, and the entire region above a plane that starts at about 30 mm in front of the coronal plane and about 42 mm above the basic plane and ascends to the reference point at a point about 62 mm above the basic plane. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11F , the base portion  1105  includes the entire region above a plane that starts at about 42 mm above the basic plane at the rear of the head form and extends to a point about 16 mm below the basic plane at a point that is about 26 mm behind the coronal plane, the entire region above the plane extending from about 26 mm behind the coronal plane to about 26 mm in front of the coronal plane and about 16 mm below the basic plane, the entire region above a plane starting at about 26 mm in front of the coronal plane and about 16 mm below the basic plane and extending to a point about 30 mm in front of the coronal plane and about 42 mm above the basic plane, and the entire region above a plane that starts at about 30 mm in front of the coronal plane and about 42 mm above the basic plane and ascends to the reference point at a point about 62 mm above the basic plane. 
       FIGS. 11G-11J  illustrate other non-limiting examples of coverage provided by the base portion  1105 . In some embodiments, the base portion  1105  can cover a region behind the coronal plane, in front of the coronal plane, or covering regions both in front of and behind the coronal plane. The base portion  1105  need not be symmetrical about the coronal plane, the midsagittal plane, or any other reference plane. In some embodiments, the base portion  1105  can cover at least the region above the S 0  plane and behind the fore plane, behind the coronal plane, in front of the coronal plane, and/or in front of the rear plane. In certain embodiments, the base portion  1105  can cover at least the entire region behind at least one of the fore plane, the coronal plane, or the rear plane and at least 100 mm above the reference plane, at least 75 mm above the reference plane, at least 50 mm above the reference plane, at least 25 mm above the reference plane, or above the reference plane. In certain embodiments, the base portion  1105  can cover regions as described relative to vertical planes, such as and without limitation, behind the fore plane, behind the coronal plane, behind the rear plane, in front of the fore plane, in front of the coronal plane, in front of the rear plane, between the coronal plane and the fore plane, between the rear plane and the coronal plane, or between the rear and fore planes. In certain embodiments, the base portion  1105  can cover regions as described relative to horizontal planes in combination with vertical planes, such as and without limitation, above the S 0  plane, above the reference plane, above the S 3  plane, above the basic plane, above the S 4  plane wherein each of the horizontal reference plane coverages can be combined with any of the vertical plane coverages described herein to form a particular, targeted, or desired coverage for the base portion  1105 . 
     Example Helmet with an Adjustable Eyewear Adapter Module 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an example helmet  1300  having a base portion  1305  and an eyewear adapter module  1310  configured to attach to the base portion  1305  and to be tailored to eyewear  320 , such as goggles, sunglasses, glasses, or other such eyewear. The eyewear adapter module  1310  is further configured to be adjustable after being attached to the base portion  1305 . For example, the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be configured to be adjusted by sliding the eyewear adapter module  1310  down from the base portion  1305  towards the eyewear  1320 . This advantageously allows the eyewear adapter module  1310  to interface more closely with the eyewear  1320 . 
     Due at least in part to differences between users&#39; heads and faces, the same eyewear would be positioned differently on the face of each user. The eyewear may be higher or lower on the head, for example. In addition, the positioning of a helmet on a head of the wearer will differ between different wearers. In some instances, a gap  1304  between the helmet  1300  and the eyewear  1320  can be at least about 0.25 inches and/or less than or equal to about 2 inches, at least about 0.5 inches and/or less than or equal to about 1.5 inches, or at least about 0.75 inches and/or less than or equal to about 1 inch. Even with the eyewear adapter module  1310 , the gap  1304  may still persist for some users. Accordingly, even though the eyewear adapter module  1310  is tailored to the eyewear  1320 , there may still be an undesirably large gap or space  1304  between the eyewear adapter module  1310  and the base portion  1305  of the helmet  1300  when worn by some users. The adjustable eyewear adapter module  1310  allows the user to adjust the position of the eyewear adapter module  1310  so that it can be positioned adjacent to the eyewear  1320 . For example, the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be adjusted to reduce the gap  1304  between a bottom portion  1312  of the eyewear adapter module  1310  and a majority of a top portion  1322  of the eyewear  1320  to be less than or equal to about 0.5 inches, to be less than or equal to about 0.25 inches, to be less than or equal to about 0.125 inches, or to be in contact with one another. 
     As described herein, the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be positioned so that an interface between the eyewear adapter module  1310  and the eyewear  1320  provides one or more advantages. For example, a bottom portion  1312  of the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be adjusted until it contacts a majority of a top portion  1322  of the eyewear  1320 . The bottom portion  1312  of the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be a surface of the eyewear adapter module  1310 . The eyewear adapter module  1310  can be plastic, metal, rubber, TPE, foam, a combination of these or some other materials that are displaceable, compressible, and/or deflectable. In particular, the bottom surface  1312  can be displaceable, compressible, and/or deflectable to facilitate contact between a majority of the bottom surface  1312  and a majority of the top surface  1322  of the eyewear  1320 . The bottom surface  1312  can include securing mechanisms such as adhesives, loop-and-hook material, snaps, magnets, or the like so that the eyewear adapter module  1310  remains substantially attached to the eyewear  1320  during use. The top portion  1322  of the eyewear  1320  can similarly be a rigid edge or surface of the eyewear  1320  or it can include foam, rubber, plastic, TPE, or the like as well. The eyewear  120  can be configured to include securing mechanisms such as adhesives, hook-and-loop material, snaps, magnets, or the like that are compatible with the eyewear adapter module  1310  to help secure the eyewear adapter module  1310  in position against the eyewear  1320 . 
     In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter module  1310  includes a locking mechanism that secures the eyewear adapter module  1310  substantially in place relative to the base portion  1305 . For example, a friction-based locking device can be engaged to increase the friction between the eyewear adapter module  1310  and the base portion  1305  so that it becomes more difficult to move the eyewear adapter module  1310 . As another example, a ratchet locking device can be engaged to lock the eyewear adapter module  1310  in place. As another example, a locking device can be used to limit movement of the eyewear adapter module  1310  to a certain point (e.g., in the upward or downward direction), allowing a limited range of movement of the eyewear adapter module  1310  when the locking device is engaged. In certain embodiments, the eyewear adapter module  1310  can be adjusted, locked, and unlocked without the use of tools (e.g., by hand). 
       FIG. 14  illustrates another example of an adjustable eyewear adapter module  1410  attached to a base portion  1405  of a helmet  1400 . The adjustable eyewear adapter module  1410  can slide down to engage with eyewear  1420  to close a gap between the eyewear  1420  and the base portion  1405 . This sliding eyewear adapter module  1410  can be configured to adjust to multiple eyewear sizes and heights, allowing for a more generic eyewear adapter module  1410  that is not necessarily tailored to particular eyewear, but can be generic to more general eyewear designs. In addition, foam, rubber, TPE or other similar displaceable, compressible, and/or deflectable material can be included on the eyewear adapter module  1410  so that the material can contact the eyewear  1420  and close gaps between the eyewear adapter module  1410  and the eyewear  1420  that may arise due at least in part to differing surface contours. 
       FIG. 15A  illustrates an example of a helmet  1500   a  having a base portion  1505   a  and an eyewear adapter module  1510   a  configured to securely attach to the base portion  1505   a  without the use of tools. The eyewear adapter module  1510   a  can be configured to snap into the base portion  1505   a  through corresponding mechanical features on the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  and the base portion  1505   a . For example, the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  can have hooks  1511  on the sides of the module that are configured to snap securely into corresponding divots or apertures  1501  on the base portion  1505   a . In addition, the top of the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  can include a lip feature  1513  configured to seat into a channel or other similar feature on the base portion  1505   a . To attach the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  to the base portion  1505   a , a user can seat the lip feature  1513  into the channel on the base portion  1505   a  and then rotate the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  until the hooks  1511  snap into the apertures  1501  on the base portion  1505   a . To remove the eyewear adapter module  1510   a , force can be applied to the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  to rotate the sides of the module up and away from the base portion  1505   a.    
     The eyewear adapter module  1510   a  can be configured to be tailored to the eyewear  1520   a  and the helmet  1500   a . To accommodate different users, a range of sizes of eyewear adapter module  1510   a  can be created for a particular helmet  1500   a  and eyewear  1520   a  combination. This can allow different users to use the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  with the particular helmet  1500   a  and eyewear  1520   a  combination even where the fit of each would differ for different users. For example, a user may buy a helmet  1500   a  and eyewear  1520   a  and then try on a number of different eyewear adapter modules  1510   a  to find the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  that provides the best fit, look, and/or feel. This may advantageously allow a user to use a suitable eyewear adapter module  1510   a  without having to adjust the position of the eyewear adapter module  1510   a . This may advantageously allow the eyewear adapter module  1510   a  to be non-adjustable or to have a limited range of adjustments available, potentially reducing costs and complexity associated with manufacturing the eyewear adapter module  1510   a . Thus, the user can select an appropriate eyewear adapter module  1510   a  to maintain a desirable relationship between the helmet  1500   a  and the eyewear  1520   a  (e.g., by reducing or eliminating a gap between them) without adjusting a position of the eyewear adapter module  1510   a.    
       FIG. 15B  illustrates an example of a modular helmet  1500   b  having an eyewear adapter module  1510   b  configured to secure eyewear  1520   b  in place without the use of a strap or earstems on the eyewear. For example, the earstems (or parts of the earstems) or straps can be removed from the eyewear  1520   b . The eyewear  1520   b  can be attached to the eyewear adapter module  1510   b  through any suitable attachment means. The combined eyewear adapter module  1510   b  and eyewear  1520   b  can then be attached to the base portion  1505   b . This can advantageously provide a pleasing aesthetic, reduce eyewear slippage during use, and allow a wearer to only adjust the combined eyewear adapter module and eyewear rather than each independently. 
     Alternatively, the illustrated eyewear adapter module  1510   b  can be used with eyewear  1520   b  with earstems or straps. For example, the eyewear adapter module  1510   b  can be configured to attach to the eyewear  1520   b  wherein the combined eyewear adapter module  1510   b  and eyewear  1520   b  can be worn with the helmet  1500   b  using the eyewear earstems or strap to secure the combined adapter  1510   b  and eyewear  1520   b  on the head of the wearer rather than attaching the eyewear adapter module  1510   b  to the base portion  1505   b . This can advantageously reduce the forces imposed on the bridge of the nose of the wearer that may arise from a fixed brim on a helmet as well as ensure that the eyewear adapter module and eyewear are close to one another during use, reducing tendencies for eyewear and a helmet to separate during use due to helmet posterior creep. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates an example of an eyewear adapter module  1610  configured to provide venting for eyewear  1620  as used with a helmet  1600 . The eyewear adapter module  1610  can be tailored for use with the eyewear  1620  to provide venting for the eyewear through the use of apertures  1616  in the eyewear adapter module  1610 . The apertures  1616  can be configured to provide desirable or tailored air flow to reduce condensation or fogging in the eyewear  1620 . The apertures  1616  can be configured to provide air flow to provide cooling for the wearer. For example, the apertures  1616  can be configured to generate a Venturi flow that generates a flow of air in the eyewear  1620  to assist in the removal of damp, warm air. Accordingly, the eyewear adapter module  1610  can be tailored for use with the eyewear  1620  to reduce or eliminate gaps between the eyewear  1620  and the helmet  1600  as well as provide tailored functionality for the helmet and eyewear combination, such as venting. 
     The eyewear adapter module  1610  can be configured to secure to an external surface of the base portion  1605 , covering a substantial fraction of the base portion  1605 . The eyewear adapter module  1610  can be configured to rotate around a pivot point to rotate into position relative to the eyewear  1620 . Thus, the movement and positioning of the eyewear adapter module  1610  can be similar to a face shield of other helmets, except that the eyewear adapter module  1610  is configured to be a non-optical component and/or the eyewear adapter module  1610  is configured to not cross a line of sight of the wearer. 
       FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate examples of adjusting mechanisms for an eyewear adapter module  1710   a ,  1710   b  attached to a base portion  1705  of a helmet  1700 . As illustrated in  FIG. 17A , the eyewear adapter module  1710   a  can be attached to the base portion  1705  at least at a pivot point  1717 . The eyewear adapter module  1710   a  can thus be configured to pivot around the pivot point to allow a position of the module to be adjusted. This can be used to adjust a position of the eyewear adapter module  1710   a  to reduce or eliminate a gap between the helmet and eyewear (not shown). The range of motion of the eyewear adapter module  1710   a  can be limited so that the eyewear adapter module  1710   a  does not cross a line of sight of the wearer in use. The eyewear adapter module  1710   a  can be configured to be a non-optical component. For example, the eyewear adapter module  1710   a  can be opaque. 
       FIG. 17B  illustrates the eyewear adapter module  1710   b  that can be attached to the base portion  1705  and adjusted by translating the eyewear adapter module  1710   b . Translation of the eyewear adapter module  1710   b  can be along a substantially straight line, along a curve, and/or along a curve that substantially matches a curve of the base portion  1705 . In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter module  1710   b  is deformable and can be slid into position. The eyewear adapter module  1710   b  can have a limited range of motion similar to the range of motion of the eyewear adapter module  1710   a . Similarly, the eyewear adapter module  1710   b  can be a non-optical component like some embodiments of the eyewear adapter module  1710   a.    
       FIG. 17C  illustrates a helmet  1700  having a base portion  1705  and an eyewear adapter module  1710   c . The eyewear adapter module  1710   c  includes biasing elements  1711   c  configured to preferentially position the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  in a particular position. For example, a forward biasing element can be used to preferentially position the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  downward from the base portion  1705 , towards eyewear. In such a configuration, the wearer can put the eyewear on and the biasing elements  1711   c  can apply a downward force on the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  to position the module  1710   c  against the eyewear. This can be done to maintain contact between the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  and the eyewear during use and/or to facilitate positioning of the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  when putting on the eyewear. For example, during use the helmet  1700  may tend to slide backward on the wearer and the biasing elements  1711   c  can adjust a position of the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  to maintain contact or a small gap between the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  and the eyewear. In some embodiments, the force of the forward biasing element  1711   c  is sufficiently small so as to not impart pressure onto the eyewear that is noticeable or uncomfortable for the wearer. In certain embodiments, the force of the forward biasing element  1711   c  is configured to allow movement of the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  during use with no significant pressure imparted onto the eyewear. In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  includes a locking mechanism that can lock the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  in place after being positioned by the wearer, wherein the locking mechanism can resist the forces of the biasing elements  1711   c  to maintain the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  in place during use. This can advantageously reduce downward pressure on the eyewear that may be uncomfortable for the user. In some embodiments, a backward biasing element  1711   c  can be used to preferentially position the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  towards the base portion  1705 . When the user puts on eyewear, the user can then apply force to slide the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  downward to a desirable position (e.g., in contact with the eyewear). A locking mechanism may then be engaged to secure the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  in place. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism may be engaged and released without the use of tools (e.g., using one hand). In some embodiments, the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  is advanceable through a range of positions. For example, the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  can include a ratchet mechanism that allows a user to adjust a position of the eyewear adapter module  1710   c  and to lock the module in place. 
       FIG. 17D  illustrates another example embodiment of the helmet  1700  with biasing elements  1711   d , similar to the example helmet described with reference to  FIG. 17C . In addition to the biasing elements, the eyewear  1720  and/or the eyewear adapter module  1710   d  can be configured to include elements that provide an attractive force toward one another or a material that resists movement of the eyewear  1720  and adapter  1710   d  apart. For example, magnets can be placed on the eyewear  1720   d  and/or the adapter  1710   d  to generate an attractive force between them. Similarly, an adhesive, straps, latches, hook-and-loop material, or other similar material can be applied on one or both of the eyewear  1720   d  and adapter  1710   d  to secure each to the other. This can advantageously allow the adapter  1710   d  and eyewear  1720  to move during use while remaining close to one another. This may also advantageously reduce pressures on the wearer&#39;s nose that may arise from the combination of the eyewear  1720  and helmet  1700  sliding forward. 
       FIG. 17E  illustrates an eyewear adapter module with a bridge portion  1714   e  and a brim portion  1716   e . The bridge portion  1714   e  can be a soft, pliable, or displaceable material such as silicone, rubber, or the like while the brim portion  1716   e  can be a hard material such as plastic, metal, or the like. Alternatively, the brim portion  1716   e  can be a soft, pliable, or displaceable material such as silicone, rubber, or the like while the bridge portion  1714   e  can be a hard material such as plastic, metal, or the like. By combining rigid or hard materials and displaceable or soft materials in the eyewear adapter module  1710   e , the module can be configured to automatically adjust to movement of the base portion  1705 , eyewear, or a combination of both while maintaining a targeted or desired separation between the adapter  1710   e  and the eyewear. This advantageously reduces the necessity of manually adjusting the eyewear and/or module  1710   e  to maintain the desired or targeted spacing between the eyewear and the helmet  1700 . 
       FIG. 17F  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   f  that is configured to be able to be unlocked and locked by respectively pulling the module  1710   f  outward or pressing the module  1710   f  inward. When unlocked, the eyewear adapter module  1710   f  can be rotated, slid, or otherwise moved relative to the base portion  1705 . When locked, the eyewear adapter module  1710   f  can resist movement, staying substantially stationary relative to the base portion  1705 . This advantageously provides the ability to adjust the module  1710   f  to account for movement of the eyewear, helmet  1700 , different users, different circumstances, or the like. This can also advantageously allow a wearer adjust the module  1710   f  and lock it in place so that the adjustment can remain fixed during multiple uses. 
       FIG. 17G  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   g  with telescoping components so that the components can adjust to the position of the eyewear. In some embodiments, the base portion  1705  includes telescoping components to adjust how the base portion  1705  fits on the wearer&#39;s head. This can also allow a user to adjust the relative positions of the eyewear and adapter module  1710   g . In some embodiments, the telescoping components can be biased downward to apply a small but persistent pressure on the eyewear. In some embodiments, gravity is used to bias the telescoping components of the module  1710   g  downward. This can advantageously reduce the pressure on the nose of the wearer and discomfort associated with this pressure. 
       FIG. 17H  illustrates a base portion that includes an adjuster knob  1708  that moves the eyewear adapter module  1710   h . The adjuster knob  1708  can be configured to lock in place or have sufficient friction so that after the eyewear adapter module  1710   h  is moved into position, the adapter remains substantially fixed in place. 
       FIG. 17I  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   i  that includes a plurality of leaves and gears that cause the leaves to rotate to provide a configurable contour for the module  1710   i . The leaves can be rotated using accessible knobs or other elements. The leaves may be allowed to rotate freely, with sufficient friction to resist movement caused by small forces. In some embodiments, the gears provide sufficient friction to resist movement of the leaves that is not deliberate or caused by the wearer (e.g., it reduces or eliminates movement caused by incidental forces or accelerations). 
       FIG. 17J  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   j  comprising a plurality of teeth attached to biasing elements. The teeth can be biased downward so that when the wearer puts on eyewear the teeth adjust to substantially match the contour of the eyewear. 
       FIG. 17K  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   k  comprising an inflatable pouch that can be used to adjust the eyewear adapter module  1710   k . For example, increasing air pressure in the inflatable pouch pushes a brim or curtain of the eyewear adapter module  1710   k  down to be near or contact eyewear. 
       FIG. 17L  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  17101  comprising low-density foam. The low-density foam can be configured to compress when eyewear is worn so that the eyewear adapter module  1710   k  maintains contact with the eyewear during use. 
       FIG. 17M  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   m  having multiple joints that allow for automatic adjustment of the eyewear adapter module  1710   m . The joints can flex or allow other such movement to allow a brim or other portion of the eyewear adapter module  1710   m  to move during use and/or to be adjusted by a user. 
       FIG. 17N  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   n  having an over-center latch system  1709   n  (e.g., a ski boot style latch system) with an over-center latch and an over-center latch receiver. The base portion  1705  includes an adjustment mechanism  1708   n  that includes teeth that mate with teeth on an adjustment mechanism  1711   n  of the eyewear adapter module  1710   n . The teeth can be used to adjust a position of the eyewear adapter module  1710   n  relative to the base portion  1705 . The latch system  1709   n  can be used to secure the eyewear adapter module  1710   n  in place. This advantageously allows a user to finely position the eyewear adapter module  1710   n  and lock the eyewear adapter module  1710   n  in place. 
       FIG. 17O  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   o  having an adjustment mechanism  17110  comprising, for example, a dial and a set screw. The dial causes adjustment of the set screw. The eyewear adapter module  1710   o  moves in response to changes in position of the set screw. This advantageously allows a user to finely position the eyewear adapter module  1710   n.    
       FIG. 7P  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   p  that is adjustable using pinch pads  1711   p  for movement of the eyewear adapter module  1710   p  within resistance slide channels  1708   p . For example, the user can pinch the pinch pads  1711   p  by squeezing the bottom of the eyewear and the top of the pinch pads  1711   p . In response, the eyewear adapter module  1710   p  can slide downward within the resistance slider channels  1708   p  until a desirable or targeted position is achieved. This can advantageously allow a simple method for adjustment of the eyewear adapter module  1710   p  without the use of tools. This adjustment mechanism may also advantageously be easily manipulated while using gloves. 
       FIG. 17Q  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   q  similar to the eyewear adapter module  1710   o  described with reference to  FIG. 17O . The eyewear adapter module  1710   q  is configured to move in response to manipulation of adjustment mechanism  1708   q  on the base portion  1705  (e.g., adjustment of a set screw with a knob). In addition, one or more of the eyewear adapter module  1710   q  and the eyewear can include magnets  1711   q ,  1721   q  to bias the eyewear adapter module  1710   q  and the eyewear toward one another and/or to resist separation. Similarly, other attachment methods can be used to resist separation of the eyewear and the eyewear adapter module  1710   q , as described elsewhere herein. 
       FIG. 17R  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   r  having reverse polarity magnets to create a floating eyewear adapter module  1710   r . This can advantageously allow the eyewear adapter module  1710   r  to preferentially rest against a top of eyewear. The magnets  1711   r  can be attached to the eyewear adapter module  1710   r  and/or the base portion  1705 . 
       FIG. 17S  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  1710   s  that is adjustable by interaction of a lip portion  1711   s  of the eyewear adapter module  1710   s  with teeth of an adjustment mechanism  1708   s  on the base portion  1705 . The adjustment mechanism  1708   s  includes a plurality of teeth into which the lip portion  1711   s  can seat to substantially secure the eyewear adapter module  1710   s  in place. To adjust the position of the eyewear adapter module  1710   s , the eyewear adapter module  1710  can be rotated away from the base portion  1705  while applying upward or downward force. To secure the eyewear adapter module  1710   s  into a selected position, the eyewear adapter module  1710   s  is rotated back toward the base portion  1705  so that the lip portion  1711   s  seats within the teeth of the adjustment mechanism  1708   s.    
       FIG. 17T  illustrates an eyewear adapter module  710   t  having a brim or overhang portion  1711  configured to be positioned in front of the eyewear  1720 . In some embodiments, the overhang portion  1711  is configured to not contact the eyewear  1720 . In some embodiments, the overhang portion  1711  is made of a displaceable material so that it can contact the eyewear  1720  without causing a relatively large force on the eyewear  1720 . This can advantageously allow for a pleasing aesthetic appearance and provide little or no visible gap between the eyewear adapter module  1710   t  and the eyewear  1720 . 
     Attachment Mechanisms for Securing an Eyewear Adapter Module to a Helmet 
       FIGS. 18-34  provide examples of mechanisms for attaching an eyewear adapter module to a base portion of a helmet. It is to be understood that the mechanisms described herein for attaching eyewear adapter modules to a base portion of a helmet apply to other modules described herein that can be attached to the base portion. In addition, similar attachment mechanisms can be used to attach modules to one another. For example and without limitation, attachment or securing mechanisms can include connectors and/or mating connectors such as a detent, ball and socket, a key and slot, zippers, sliderless zippers, or any other suitable connecting feature or mechanism. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates an example base portion  1805  of a helmet  1800 , the base portion including a shell  1807 . An eyewear adapter module  1810  can be attached to the base portion  1805  through features  1811  that extend from the back of the eyewear adapter module  1810  and that mate with receptacles  1808  on the shell  1807 . The features  1811  can be deformable and/or the receptacles  1808  can be deformable. The receptacles  1808  can be shaped like a keyhole to allow the features  1811  to pass through the narrow portion of the keyhole and be secured within the larger portion of the keyhole. This can allow for a secure attachment that can be installed and removed with the application of force in the appropriate direction. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates an example base portion  1905  of a helmet  1900  wherein the base portion includes a shell  1907  and foam  1909 . The shell  1907  and/or foam  1909  can include material on a surface  1908  of the base portion  1905 , the material configured to provide semi-permanent or releasable attachment materials such as adhesives or hook-and-loop fastener material. A corresponding eyewear adapter module  1910  can then be secured in place against the helmet  1900  using the attachment materials (e.g., adhesives or hook-and-loop material), by abutting a surface  1911  of the eyewear adapter module  1910  against the surface  1908 . A suitable downward force can be used to disengage the surfaces  1908 ,  1911  for removal of the eyewear adapter module  1910 . 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a helmet  2000  having a base portion  2005  with a shell  2007  and foam  2009 , the shell  2007  having a molded edge  2008 . An eyewear adapter module  2010  includes a lip  2011  configured to mate with the molded edge  2008  of the shell  2007 . The eyewear adapter module  2010  can be attached by sliding the eyewear adapter module  2010  up so that the lip  2011  overlaps the molded edge  2008  and a back wall  2013  of the eyewear adapter module  2010  is seated between the foam  2009  and the shell  2007 . Similarly, applying a suitable downward force can disengage the eyewear adapter module lip  2011  from the molded edge  2008 , allowing for removal of the eyewear adapter module  2010 . 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a helmet  2100  having a roll and hook fastening mechanism on the base portion  2105  to attach an eyewear adapter module  2110 . The base portion  2105  includes a roll  2108  configured to extend from the base portion  2105  so that a corresponding hook  2111  on the eyewear adapter module  2110  can latch onto the roll  2108 . The roll  2108  can be located on corresponding sides of the base portion  2105  so that when the hooks  2111  of the eyewear adapter module  2110  are attached to the rolls  2108  of the base portion  2105 , the eyewear adapter module  2110  can rotate down. The eyewear adapter module  2110  can be configured to be secured in place with a snap or latch  2106  on the base portion  2105 . For example, when the eyewear adapter module  2110  rotates down to a particular point relative to the base portion  2105 , the snap  2106  engages with a surface of the eyewear adapter module  2110  to secure it in place. Similarly, rotating the eyewear adapter module  2110  up with suitable force can disengage the snap  2106 , allowing for removal of the eyewear adapter module  2110 . 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a helmet  2200  having a base portion  2205  with a track  2208  configured to receive an eyewear adapter module  2210 . An edge of the eyewear adapter module  2210  can be seated within the track  2208  to secure the eyewear adapter module  2210  in place. To remove the eyewear adapter module  2210 , the eyewear adapter module  2210  can be pulled from the base portion  2205  until the eyewear adapter module  2210  is released from the track  2208 . 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a helmet  2300  with a twist lock mechanism for securing an eyewear adapter module  2300  to a base portion  2305 . The base portion  2305  can include a knob  2306  having a latch  2308  for receiving a corresponding latch  2311  on the eyewear adapter module  2310 . The eyewear adapter module  2310  can be flexible to allow for the eyewear adapter module latches  2311  to be seated onto the base portion latches  2308 . Once attached, the knob  2306  can be rotated to advance and lock the eyewear adapter module  2310  into place. Similarly, rotating the knob  2306  in the other direction can be used to disengage and remove the eyewear adapter module  2310 . 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a helmet  2400  having a base portion  2405  with buckle hooks  2408  for attaching an eyewear adapter module  2410  having buckles  2411 . This mechanism is similar to buckles on ski boots. For example, the eyewear adapter module  2410  can be placed in position and the buckles  2411  can be seated into a suitable buckle hook  2408  on the base portion  2405 . The buckles  2411  can be rotated to secure the eyewear adapter module  2410  into place pulling the eyewear adapter module  2410  against the base portion  2405 . Undoing the buckles  2411  by rotating them in the opposite direction will remove the pressure between the eyewear adapter module  2410  and the base portion  2405 , allowing for removal of the eyewear adapter module. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a helmet  2500  comprising a base portion  2505  with a plurality of holes  2508 . An eyewear adapter module  2510  can include pliable material  2511  to secure the eyewear adapter module  2510  against the base portion  2505  by tying or otherwise securing the pliable material through the holes  2508 . For example, the pliable material  2511  can include zip ties or laces that can be used to secure the eyewear adapter module  2510  to the base portion  2505 . 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a helmet  2600  having a base portion  2605  with a plurality of dove-tail protrusions  2608  on a front surface. An eyewear adapter module  2610  can include complementary dove-tail recessions  2611  that mate with the dove-tail protrusions  2608 . By applying suitable force upward, the dove-tail protrusions  2608  can be seated within the dove-tail recessions  2611  and secure the eyewear adapter module  2610  in place. In some implementations, the fit between the protrusions and receptacles is such that friction secures the eyewear adapter module  2610  in place. In certain implementations, an additional locking mechanism can be used to secure the eyewear adapter module  2610  in place. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates an attachment mechanism configured to secure an eyewear adapter module  2710  to a base portion  2705  of a helmet  2700 . The base portion  2705  can include an anchor point  2732  configured to secure one end of a wire  2734 . The wire  2734  can be configured to be weaved or interleaved between support points  2708  on the base portion  2705  and protrusions  2711  on the eyewear adapter module  2710 . When the wire  2734  is pulled, the force causes the eyewear adapter module  2710  to be forced adjacent to the base portion  2705 , securing the eyewear adapter module  2710  in place. To remove, the wire  2734  can be loosened, allowing the eyewear adapter module  2710  to be removed from the base portion  2705 . For example, a knob can be used to engage the wire  2734  and turning the knob can pull the wire  2734  to tighten the wire  2734 . To loosen, the knob can be pulled to disengage the wire  2734 . 
       FIG. 28  illustrates a helmet  2800  having a base portion  2805  with a dove-tail recession  2808  molded into an edge of the base portion  2805 . An eyewear adapter module  2810  can include a complementary dove-tail protrusion  2811  that mates with the dove-tail recession  2808 . The dove-tail recession  2808  can run along a lower surface of the base portion  2805 , above the eyes of a wearer. By applying suitable force, the dove-tail protrusion  2811  can be fed into the dove-tail recession  2808 . The eyewear adapter module  2810  can be secured in place by sliding the flexible eyewear adapter module  2810  around until fully seated on the base portion  2805 . In some implementations, the fit between the protrusions and receptacles is such that friction secures the eyewear adapter module  2810  in place. In certain implementations, an additional locking mechanism can be used to secure the eyewear adapter module  2810  in place. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a helmet  2900  having a base portion  2905  with a plurality of apertures  2908  configured to receive a plurality of corresponding protrusions  2911  of an eyewear adapter module  2910 . The eyewear adapter module  2910  can additionally include a bottom lip  2913  configured to mate with a bottom surface of the base portion  2905 . By placing the bottom lip  2913  so that it mates with the bottom surface of the base portion  2905 , the eyewear adapter module  2910  can then be rotated upwards to seat the protrusions  2911  within corresponding apertures  2908 . The configuration of the protrusions  2911 , apertures  2908 , and bottom lip  2913  can be such that the eyewear adapter module  2910  is secured in place when the protrusions are seated within the apertures  2908 . Removal of the eyewear adapter module  2910  can be accomplished through suitable force applied to rotate the eyewear adapter module  2910  downward. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a helmet  3000  having a base portion  3005  with a recession  3008  molded into an edge of the base portion  3005 . An eyewear adapter module  3010  can include a complementary protrusion  3011  that mates with the recession  3008 . The eyewear adapter module  3010  can be installed by seating the protrusion  3011  within the recession  3008 . The eyewear adapter module  3010  can be locked into place using a suitable fastener  3006 , such as a quarter-turn fastener (e.g., a DZUS® fastener). The eyewear adapter module  3010  can include a suitable aperture  3013  configured to allow the fastener  3006  to rotate into and out of a secured, fastened position. Removal of the eyewear adapter module  3010  can be accomplished by removing or loosening the fastener. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a helmet  3100  having a base portion  3105  with a plurality of plug areas  3108 . An eyewear adapter module  3110  can be configured to be attached to the base portion by inserting a portion of the eyewear adapter module  3110  into the plug areas  3108  and inserting a plurality of plugs  3106  through corresponding plug areas  3108  and through corresponding holes  3111  in the eyewear adapter module  3110 . The plugs  3106  can be inserted from the interior of the helmet  3100  towards the exterior, or from the exterior of the helmet  3100  towards the interior. Removal of the eyewear adapter module  3110  can be accomplished by removing the plurality of plugs  3106 . 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a helmet  3200  having a base portion  3205  configured to receive an eyewear adapter module  3210 . The base portion  3205  and eyewear adapter module  3210  include corresponding mechanical features at the front of the helmet  3200  that allow the eyewear adapter module  3010  and the base portion to interlock. The eyewear adapter module  3210  includes a lip  3211  configured to be compatible with a lip  3208  on the base portion  3205 . The eyewear adapter module  3210  can be rotated to engage the eyewear adapter module lip  3211  and the base portion lip  3208 . In addition, securing attachments  3213  on the eyewear adapter module  3210  can rotate into and through corresponding securing apertures in the base portion  3205 . The securing attachments  3213  can be configured to deform when sliding through the securing apertures and return to their size after being pushed through the apertures to secure the eyewear adapter module  3210  in place. To remove the eyewear adapter module  3210 , the eyewear adapter module  3210  can be rotated up and away from the base portion  3205  while putting inward pressure in the securing attachments  3213  to allow them to deform for passage through the securing apertures. 
       FIG. 33  illustrates a helmet  3300  having a plurality of rotating fasteners  3308  with hooks  3306  on a base portion  3305 . An eyewear adapter module  3310  includes a plurality of corresponding latches  3311  configured to receive the hooks  3306 . When the hooks  3306  are engaged on the latches  3311 , the rotating fasteners  3308  can be rotated to close the gap between the eyewear adapter module  3310  and the base portion  3305  and to secure the eyewear adapter module  3310  to the base portion  3305 . Removal of the eyewear adapter module  3310  can be accomplished by rotating the rotating fasteners in the opposite direction and disengaging the hooks  3306  and the latches  3311 . 
       FIG. 34  illustrates a helmet  3400  having a base portion  3405  with a plurality of holes  3408 . An eyewear adapter module  3410  can include a plurality of Christmas tree fasteners  3411  aligned with the plurality of holes  3408  when installed. The fasteners  3411  can be installed in corresponding receptacles  3413  on the eyewear adapter module  3410 . To install the eyewear adapter module  3410 , the eyewear adapter module  3410  is advanced toward the base portion  3405  until the fasteners  3411  pass through the corresponding holes  3408  to secure the eyewear adapter module  3410  in place. Suitable force pulling the eyewear adapter module  3410  away from the base portion  3405  can be applied for removal. 
       FIG. 35  illustrates a helmet  3500  having clip receptacles  3508  on the base portion  3505  to receive complementary clips  3511  on eyewear adapter module  3510 . The eyewear adapter module  3510  can be flexible to allow it to be opened and closed for installation and removal. The clips  3511  can be c-clips that allow easy installation and removal in concert with the receptacles  3508 .  FIG. 36  illustrates a helmet  3600  having hook attachments  3608  on the base portion  3605  to receive hooks  3611  on an eyewear adapter module  3610 . The eyewear adapter module  3610  can be made of a flexible material to allow compression. The hooks  3611  can be configured to attach on the inside of the base portion  3605  in multiple positions. Both the eyewear adapter module  3510  and the eyewear adapter module  3610  can be configured to be removed and installed in a variety of positions, allowing the user to adjust the position of the eyewear adapter module  3510 ,  3610 . 
     Example Mechanical Modules for a Helmet with Modular Components 
       FIGS. 37A-38  illustrate mechanical modules that can be attached to helmets with modular components.  FIGS. 37A-B  illustrates interchangeable features that can be added to a helmet  3700   a ,  3700   b . For example, an eyewear adapter module  3710   a  and a goggle strap rear guide module  3710   b  can be attached to the base portion  3705  to form the helmet  3700   a . As another example, an eyewear adapter module  3710   c  and a goggle strap slot module  3710   d  can be added to the base portion  3705  to form helmet  3700   b . In certain implementations, the goggle strap slot module  3710   d  can be hinged to allow rotation between one or more positions, snapped onto the base portion  3705 , and/or can be configured to break away under suitable pressure. Other modules can include air venting modules  3710   e , where the air venting modules  3710   e  are interchangeable to accommodate different conditions. Other ornamental or functional elements can also be added to the modular helmet such as, for example and without limitation, ear pads, vents, rear portions, eyewear attachment points or anchors, camera mounts, lights, or the like. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates additional examples of modular components that can be added to a modular helmet  3800 . For example, foam supports  3810  can be added and/or removed from a helmet  3800 . A rear portion  3820   a  and/or side portion  3820   b  can be added to the helmet  3800  and made to pivot on the helmet  3800  to provide a variety of venting options. Different ear pieces  3830   a - c  can be added and/or removed. In some embodiments, the ear piece  3830   b  can cover a front portion of the helmet  3800  to provide aerodynamic benefits, venting benefits, and/or aesthetic qualities. A strap guide or clip  3840  can be added using a modular approach, as well. In addition, different layers can be added or removed, such as a shock layer  3850 . 
     Sports Helmet with Internal Gutter 
       FIGS. 39A-D  illustrate a helmet  3900  having an internal gutter  3915  for capturing and directing sweat or water or any other liquids away from a face of a wearer. The helmet  3900  includes an outer shell  3905  and an inner layer  3910 , which may include a low friction layer (e.g., a MIPS™ layer). The internal gutter  3915  is configured to form an inwardly curved shape with a descending or sloped wall and a catch region where one or more liquids can be channeled, directed, and/or captured. For example, as illustrated, some embodiments of the internal gutter  3915  can comprise a J shape in cross section with a first predominantly or generally vertical side  3916  in contact or adjacent to the inner layer  3910 , and a second predominantly or generally vertical leg  3917  configured to be in contact with or adjacent to the wearer&#39;s head with a channel  3918  between the first leg  3916  and the second leg  3917 . In some embodiments, as illustrated, the first leg  3916  can be longer than the second leg  3917 . 
     The helmet  3900  can include a fit system comprising a mechanical reel  3922  that changes the length of a lace  3921 . Any suitable fit system may be used including a reel and lace system, a ratchet system, a non-cable system that uses flexible pieces to tighten an internal headband, and the like. Examples of reel-based closure systems are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,954,204, entitled “Reel Based Closure System,” issued Jun. 7, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The lace  3921  includes a portion  3923  that lies within the channel  3918  of the internal gutter  3915 . When the mechanical reel  3922  cinches the lace  3921 , it applies an inward force that causes the shorter or inner leg  3917  of the internal gutter  3915  to remain in contact with the head of the wearer while also causing the channel of the internal gutter  3915  to remain open to receive and to direct liquid (e.g., sweat) away from the wearer&#39;s face. In some embodiments, the outer or first leg  3916  is attached to the inner layer  3910  and/or the shell  3905  so that when the force is applied on the second leg  3917 , the channel remains open due at least in part to the first leg  3916  being attached to the helmet  3900 . In some embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  is attached to the inner layer  3905 . In some embodiments, the internal gutter is attached to a MIPS layer, if provided. For example, in some embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  can be configured to include flexible hooks  3914  extending from the first leg  3916  or other mechanical fasteners and the inner layer  3905  can be configured to include corresponding openings  3907  or corresponding engagement portions in the inner layer  3905 , where the hooks  3914  can be inserted (not shown as inserted) through the openings  3907  to connect the internal gutter  3915  to the inner layer  3905 . In some embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  can be attached to the portion  923  of the lace  921  using features  3919 . In some embodiments, a periphery  3908  of the inner layer  3905  sits within the channel  3918  of the internal gutter  3915 . This can aid in keeping the channel  3918  open. In certain embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  may be a modular feature that can be added and removed from a helmet system. In some embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  is integrated with the helmet  3900 , the shell  3910 , and/or the inner layer  3905 . 
     The internal gutter  3915  can be made of any suitable material that is flexible and impermeable, such as silicone. The material can be configured to conform to a surface, such as a forehead of a wearer, and may create a seal against the forehead of the wearer. The internal gutter  3915  can be configured to direct the liquid to different parts of the wearer&#39;s head. For example, the internal gutter  3915  can direct liquid behind the ears of the wearer, in front of the ears, just behind the eyes of the wearer, or at the back of the head of the wearer. 
     The shell  3905  or inner layer  3910  can include one or more features that enhance sweat collection in the internal gutter  3915 . For example, the shell  3905  and/or inner layer  3910  can include a jog  3906  above the internal gutter  3915 . As liquid flows down the interior of the shell  3905  and/or inner layer  3910 , it drops from the jog  3906  into the internal gutter  3915 . Similarly, the inner layer  3910  can include features that facilitate sweat collection in the internal gutter  3915 . For example, the inner layer can include openings  3911  that allow sweat to drip into the gutter and/or break out moisture in the helmet  3900  so that it collects in the internal gutter  3915 . 
     In some embodiments, the internal gutter  3915  can be configured to allow movement between the shell  3905  and the inner layer  3910 . The internal gutter  3915  can be configured to be spaced from the jog  3906  to allow the shell  3905  to move relative to the inner layer  3910  without impeding the movement up to the distance between the jog  3906  and the first leg  3916  of the internal gutter  3915 . 
     Terminology 
     Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without other input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. 
     Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present. 
     While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features as applied to various embodiments, it can be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the devices or algorithms illustrated can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. Any structure, feature, step, or process disclosed herein in one embodiment can be used separately or combined with or used instead of any other structure, feature, step, or process disclosed in any other embodiment. Also, no structure, feature, step, or processes disclosed herein is essential or indispensable; any may be omitted in some embodiments. The scope of certain embodiments disclosed herein is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.