Patent Publication Number: US-11654016-B2

Title: Prosthetic capsular devices, systems, and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/128,233, filed Sep. 11, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/789,555, filed Oct. 20, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,111,746, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(c) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/411,129, filed Oct. 21, 2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/421,929, filed Nov. 14, 2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/461,675, filed Feb. 21, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/500,932, filed May 3, 2017, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety under 37 C.F.R. § 1.57. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 C.F.R. § 1.57. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present application relates to prosthetic capsular devices, systems, and methods for insertion into the eye. 
     Description 
     Cataract surgery is one of the most successfully and most frequently performed surgical procedures in the United States. Each year, millions of people achieve a dramatic improvement in their visual function thanks to this procedure. With the increasing proportion of the U.S. population reaching their retirement years, there is expected to be an almost doubling of the demand for cataract surgery over the next twenty years from 3.3 million to over 6 million annually. In response to the increased demand, more ophthalmologists may be trained and certified to perform cataract surgery, and each trained and certified ophthalmologist may perform more cataract surgeries each year. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments described herein relate to prosthetic capsular devices, systems, and methods for insertion into the eye. In some embodiments, a prosthetic capsular device that is configured to be inserted in an eye after removal of a lens comprises a housing structure capable of containing an intraocular device. In certain embodiments, the housing structure comprises an anterior portion, wherein the anterior portion comprises an anterior opening, wherein the anterior opening is capable of allowing at least one of insertion, removal, or replacement of the intraocular device, and wherein the anterior opening is further configured to be coupled to a refractive surface to cover the anterior opening; a posterior portion, wherein the posterior portion comprises a posterior opening wherein the posterior opening is capable of allowing at least one of insertion, removal, or replacement of the intraocular device, and wherein the posterior opening is further configured to be coupled to a refractive surface to cover the posterior opening; and a continuous lateral portion interposed between the anterior portion and the posterior portion, wherein the continuous lateral portion protrudes radially beyond the anterior portion and the posterior portion, wherein the continuous lateral portion fully encloses a lateral side of the housing structure, wherein an internal cavity of the continuous lateral portion forms a groove for containing the intraocular device, wherein the housing structure is symmetrical over a plane at a midpoint of the continuous lateral portion between the anterior portion and the posterior portion. 
     In certain embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device can be capable of holding a refractive surface and at least one additional intraocular device. In certain embodiments, the groove is configured to contain haptics of the intraocular device or a capsular tension ring potentially attached to another intraocular device. In certain embodiments, the intraocular device is at least one of an intraocular lens, intraocular pressure sensor, electronic intraocular pressure sensor, photovoltaic cells, solar cells, battery, computer, antennae, sensor, fixation device, capsular tension ring, electronic device, electronic accommodating intraocular lens, liquid crystal display optic, input/output device, or one or more components thereof. In certain embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device comprises at least one of silicone, hydrogel, collamer, acrylic, or an acrylic derivative. In certain embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device is self-expandable upon insertion in the natural capsular bag. In certain embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device is deformable for insertion in the natural capsular bag. 
     In certain embodiments, the continuous lateral portion comprises a straight-walled portion, a first curved portion, and a second curved portion. In certain embodiments, the straight-walled portion is substantially perpendicular to the anterior opening and the posterior opening. In certain embodiments, the first curved portion extends from the anterior portion, and wherein the second curved portion extends from the posterior portion. In certain embodiments, the intraocular device comprises at least one of a Galilean telescope or microscope. In certain embodiments, the intraocular device comprises an electronic accommodating intraocular lens. 
     In certain embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device further comprises an equiconvex refractive surface, wherein the refractive surface comprises a plurality of tabs for affixing the refractive surface to at least one of the circular anterior opening or the circular posterior opening, and wherein the plurality of tabs protrudes from the refractive surface in alternating posterior and anterior directions. In certain embodiments, the tabs are configured to be affixed to the interior of the device and the exterior of the device in alternating order. In certain embodiments, each of the plurality of tabs comprises an eyelet opening for affixing the tab to the device or to hold suture for scleral fixation. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface is capable of being inserted separately from the housing structure into the natural capsular bag without being attached to the housing structure. 
     In certain embodiments, the refractive surface comprises a refractive power between −35D and +35D. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface is affixed to at least one of the circular anterior opening or the circular posterior opening using a friction fit. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface is affixed to at least one of the circular anterior opening or the circular posterior opening using sutures. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface is usable as a reference point for selection of an intraocular lens for placement in the internal cavity of the continuous lateral portion. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface comprises a refractive power less than −35D. In certain embodiments, the refractive surface comprises a refractive power greater than +35D. 
     The methods summarized above and set forth in further detail below may describe certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, it should be understood that these steps can also include the instruction of those actions by another party. Thus, actions such as “inserting an intraocular lens into a prosthetic capsular device” include “instructing the insertion of an intraocular lens into a prosthetic capsular device.” 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A better understanding of the devices and methods described herein will be appreciated upon reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1 A  is an anterior side perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  1 B  is another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  1 C  is a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  1 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  1 E  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  1 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  along the line  1 F- 1 F of  FIG.  1 E ; 
         FIG.  1 G  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  along the line  1 G- 1 G of  FIG.  1 E ; 
         FIG.  2 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  2 B  is another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A ; 
         FIG.  2 C  is a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A ; 
         FIG.  2 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A ; 
         FIG.  2 E  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A ; 
         FIG.  2 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  along the line  2 F- 2 F of  FIG.  2 E ; 
         FIG.  2 G  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  along the line  2 G- 2 G of  FIG.  2 E ; 
         FIG.  3 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  3 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  3 C  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  3 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A  along the line  3 D- 3 D of  FIG.  3 B ; 
         FIG.  4 A  is an anterior side perspective view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a posterior side perspective view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together; 
         FIG.  4 C  is an anterior plan view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together; 
         FIG.  4 D  is a side plan view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together; 
         FIG.  4 E  is a cross-sectional view along the line  4 E- 4 E of  FIG.  4 C  of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together; 
         FIG.  5 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  5 B  is a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A ; 
         FIG.  5 C  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A ; 
         FIG.  5 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A ; 
         FIG.  5 E  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A  along the line  5 E- 5 E of  FIG.  5 C ; 
         FIG.  5 F  is another side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A ; 
         FIG.  5 G  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A  along the line  5 G- 5 G of  FIG.  5 F ; 
         FIG.  6 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  6 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A ; 
         FIG.  6 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A  along the line  6 C- 6 C of  FIG.  6 B ; 
         FIG.  6 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A  along the line  6 D- 6 D of  FIG.  6 B ; 
         FIG.  7 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  7 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A ; 
         FIG.  7 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A  along the line  7 C- 7 C of  FIG.  7 B ; 
         FIG.  7 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A  along the line  7 D- 7 D of  FIG.  7 B ; 
         FIG.  8 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  8 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A ; 
         FIG.  8 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A  along the line  8 C- 8 C of  FIG.  8 B ; 
         FIG.  8 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A  along the line  8 D- 8 D of  FIG.  8 B ; 
         FIG.  9 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  9 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A ; 
         FIG.  9 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A  along the line  9 C- 9 C of  FIG.  9 B ; 
         FIG.  9 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A  along the line  9 D- 9 D of  FIG.  9 B ; 
         FIG.  10 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  10 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A ; 
         FIG.  10 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A  along the line  10 C- 10 C of  FIG.  10 B ; 
         FIG.  10 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A ; 
         FIG.  11 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  11 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A ; 
         FIG.  11 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  11 C- 11 C of  FIG.  11 B ; 
         FIG.  11 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  11 D- 11 D of  FIG.  11 B ; 
         FIG.  12 A  is another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A ; 
         FIG.  12 B  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 B- 12 B of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  12 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 C- 12 C of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  12 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 D- 12 D of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  12 E  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 E- 12 E of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  12 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 F- 12 F of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  12 G  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 G- 12 G of  FIG.  12 A ; 
         FIG.  13 A  is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein; 
         FIG.  13 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein; 
         FIG.  13 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  13 C- 13 C of  FIG.  13 B ; 
         FIG.  13 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  13 D- 13 D of  FIG.  13 B ; 
         FIG.  14 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  14 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  14 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  14 C- 14 C of  FIG.  14 B ; 
         FIG.  14 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  14 D- 14 D of  FIG.  14 B ; 
         FIG.  15 A  is another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  15 B  is another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  15 C  is another cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  15 C- 15 C of  FIG.  15 B ; 
         FIG.  15 D  is another cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  15 D- 15 D of  FIG.  15 B ; 
         FIG.  16 A  is another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  16 B  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 B- 16 B of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 C- 16 C of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 D- 16 D of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 E  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 E- 16 E of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 F- 16 F of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 G  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 G- 16 G of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  16 H  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 G- 16 G of  FIG.  16 A ; 
         FIG.  17 A  is an anterior side perspective view of an example haptics configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  17 B  is an anterior plan view of the example haptics of  FIG.  17 A ; 
         FIG.  17 C  is a side view of the example haptics of  FIG.  17 A ; 
         FIG.  18 A  is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein; 
         FIG.  18 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein; 
         FIG.  18 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  18 C- 18 C of  FIG.  18 B ; 
         FIG.  18 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  18 D- 18 D of  FIG.  18 B ; 
         FIG.  18 E  is an anterior plan view of a portion of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  19 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  19 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A ; 
         FIG.  19 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 C- 19 C of  FIG.  19 B ; 
         FIG.  19 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 D- 19 D of  FIG.  19 B ; 
         FIG.  19 E  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A ; 
         FIG.  19 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 F- 19 F of  FIG.  19 D ; 
         FIG.  20 A  is an anterior side perspective view of an example optic configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  20 B  is an anterior plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A ; 
         FIG.  20 C  is a side plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A  along a major axis of the anterior plan view illustrated in  FIG.  20 B ; 
         FIG.  20 D  is a side plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A  along a minor axis of the anterior plan view illustrated in  FIG.  20 B ; 
         FIG.  21 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  21 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A ; 
         FIG.  21 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A  along the line  21 C- 21 C of  FIG.  21 B ; 
         FIG.  21 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A  along the line  21 D- 21 D of  FIG.  21 B ; 
         FIG.  22 A  is an anterior side perspective view of an example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  22 B  is an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A ; 
         FIG.  22 C  is a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A ; 
         FIG.  22 D  is another side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A ; 
         FIG.  23 A  is an anterior plan view of an example accommodating optic device configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  23 B  is an anterior plan view of an example accommodating optic system comprising the example accommodating optic device of  FIG.  23 A  used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  23 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example accommodating optic system of  FIG.  23 B  along a short axis of the prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  23 D  is a block diagram depicting an example control process for an accommodating optic system; 
         FIG.  23 E  is a block diagram depicting another example control process for an accommodating optic system; 
         FIG.  24 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  24 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A ; 
         FIG.  24 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 C- 24 C of  FIG.  24 B ; 
         FIG.  24 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 D- 24 D of  FIG.  24 B ; 
         FIG.  24 E  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A ; 
         FIG.  24 F  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 F- 24 F of  FIG.  24 D ; 
         FIG.  25 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  25 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A ; 
         FIG.  25 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A  along the line  25 C- 25 C of  FIG.  25 B ; 
         FIG.  25 D  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A  along the line  25 D- 25 D of  FIG.  25 B ; 
         FIG.  26 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  26 B  is an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A ; 
         FIG.  26 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A  along the line  26 C- 26 C of  FIG.  26 B ; 
         FIG.  26 D  is a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A ; 
         FIG.  27 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  27 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A ; 
         FIG.  27 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  27 A  along the line  27 C- 27 C of  FIG.  27 B ; 
         FIG.  27 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  27 A ; 
         FIG.  28 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  28 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A ; 
         FIG.  28 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A  along the line  28 C- 28 C of  FIG.  28 B ; 
         FIG.  28 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A ; 
         FIG.  29 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  29 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A ; 
         FIG.  29 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A  along the line  29 C- 29 C of  FIG.  29 B ; 
         FIG.  29 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A ; 
         FIG.  30 A  is an anterior plan view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  30 B  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  30 A  along the line  30 B- 30 B of  FIG.  30 A ; 
         FIG.  31 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  31 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A ; 
         FIG.  31 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A  along the line  31 C- 31 C of  FIG.  31 B ; 
         FIG.  31 D  is a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A ; 
         FIG.  32 A  is an anterior side perspective view of another example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  32 B  is an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A ; 
         FIG.  32 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A  along the line  32 C- 32 C of  FIG.  32 B ; 
         FIG.  32 D  is a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A ; 
         FIG.  33 A  is an anterior side perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  33 B  is an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  33 A ; 
         FIG.  33 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  33 A  along the line  33 C- 33 C of  FIG.  33 B ; 
         FIG.  34    is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device; 
         FIG.  35 A  is a side perspective view of an example tubular device; 
         FIG.  35 B  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device; 
         FIG.  35 C  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device; 
         FIG.  35 D  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device; 
         FIG.  35 E  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device; 
         FIG.  36    is an anterior side perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular system comprising an example prosthetic capsular device and an example tubular device; 
         FIG.  37    is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular system of  FIG.  36    in an eye; 
         FIG.  38 A  is an anterior side perspective partially-exploded view of an example prosthetic capsular system comprising an example prosthetic capsular device, an example tubular device, and an example containment structure; 
         FIG.  38 B  is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular system of  FIG.  38 A ; 
         FIG.  39    is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular system in an eye; 
         FIG.  40    is a block diagram depicting an example control process for a prosthetic capsular system comprising a tubular device; 
         FIG.  41    is a block diagram depicting another example control process for a prosthetic capsular system comprising a tubular device; and 
         FIG.  42    is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular system comprising a tubular device in an eye; 
         FIG.  43    is a perspective view of an example AR/VR projection device or system configured to be placed over a nose bridge of a user; 
         FIG.  44    is a perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular device comprising a prism or prism bar; 
         FIG.  45    is a perspective view of an example prism or prism bar configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device and/or AR/VR projection device or system; 
         FIG.  46    is a block diagram depicting an example of a computer hardware system configured to run software for implementing one or more embodiments of a prosthetic capsular device system; 
         FIG.  47    is a block diagram depicting another example of a computer hardware system configured to run software for implementing one or more embodiments of a prosthetic capsular device system; and 
         FIG.  48    is a block diagram depicting another example of a computer hardware system configured to run software for implementing one or more embodiments of a prosthetic capsular device system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In addition to the increase in demand for cataract surgery, technological advances have increased patient expectations for the surgery. The procedure takes a short amount of time to perform, and patients expect quick recovery of visual function. Patients are also asking their ophthalmologist to give them the restoration of more youthful vision without glasses through the use multifocal intraocular lenses, presbyopia correcting lenses, toric lenses, and monovision, to name a few. Despite accurate preoperative measurements and excellent surgical technique, the desired refractive outcome requires a dose of good fortune as there are numerous uncontrolled variables involved. As many as 20-50% of post-operative cataract patients may benefit from glasses or follow-up refractive surgical enhancements to achieve their desired refractive endpoint. One of the main reasons for this high amount of refractive unpredictability is believed to be the final resting position of the lens implant in the eye, mathematically expressed as the effective lens position (ELP), which can be quite variable and unpredictable in the current state of cataract surgery. Recently, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested into developing highly sophisticated femtosecond laser systems that are able to more precisely control the size and shape of the capsulotomy and corneal incisions with the stated goal of lessening the variability of the ELP and thus aiding in better refractive outcomes. Unfortunately, the increased precision of the femtosecond laser systems has not been able to account for the major problem plaguing the variability of the ELP, which is the volumetric difference between the cataract, natural capsular bag, and intraocular lens implant (IOL). 
     Devices and methods that help provide the desired refractive endpoint in cataract surgery are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,900,300, 9,414,907, and 9,358,103, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. All patents, patent applications, and other documents referred to in this application are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example of a prosthetic capsular device  100 .  FIG.  1 B  illustrates another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device  100  for  FIG.  1 A . 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  includes features described with respect to the devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,103, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, or modifications thereof. For example, the device  100  can comprise an anterior side  102 , a posterior side  104 , and one or more sidewalls  106  extending between the anterior side  102  and the posterior side  104 ; a cavity or opening  108  defined by the anterior side  102 , posterior side  104 , and the one or more sidewalls  106 , and the posterior side  104  optionally comprises a refractive surface  110 . As such, the device  100  can be configured to comprise both a refractive surface  110  and a secondary or additional intraocular lens, electronic device, or other intraocular device held within the cavity  108 . 
     At least a portion of the posterior side  104  can comprise a refractive surface, which may, for example, allow a pseudophakic refraction to be performed intraoperatively with a known lens already inside the eye. The refractive surface  110  can comprise a refractive power of about +1 diopter. In other embodiments, the refractive surface  110  may comprise any and all lens powers and designs that are currently known in the art of intraocular lenses, including, but not limited to: spherical, aspheric, wavefront, convex, concave, multifocal (diffractive, refractive, zonal), toric, accommodative, ultraviolet (UV) filtering, diffractive chromatic aberration reducing lenses, light adjustable lenses (ultraviolet light adjustable, femtosecond phase wrapping), and optical powers ranging from any positive diopter value (e.g., including +35 D and above) to any negative diopter value (e.g., including −35 D and below). 
     The refractive surface  110  may advantageously reduce the refractive power of an IOL to be placed in the device  100 . For example, if the device did not include a refractive surface  110  (e.g., comprised a simple or modified ring), then one or more IOL devices would need to provide all of the refractive power, which could increase the volume of the IOL, leading to a larger incision and associated complications. A device  100  comprising a refractive surface  110  implanted in the eye can advantageously allow for a second refractive device or IOL to be coupled with (e.g., placed within, next to, and/or on top of) the refractive surface  110 . The posterior refractive surface  110  can allow the ELP of the eye to be determined along with any residual refractive error. If any further refractive error is discovered, a second refractive device or IOL can be added to the refractive surface  110  (e.g., immediately), which can neutralize the deficit and help ensure that the desired outcome is achieved. The posterior refractive surface  110  can be accurately placed and anchored and/or can inhibit or prevent shifting of lateral and/or posterior-anterior position, rotation, tilt, etc. of the posterior refractive surface  110  that could lead to degradation of vision. 
     Further, in certain embodiments, the device  100  includes one or more additional features. For example, the device  100  can comprise a generally lenticular or lens-like shape as opposed to a box-like design. In other words, the generally shape of the device  100  can be more like the shape of a natural lens. Risks of negative and/or positive dysphotopsia can be reduced due to the generally lenticular shape of the device  100 . Negative dysphotopsia is a common problem in cataract surgery, generally described by patients as a temporal dark crescent in their vision and is believed to occur either due to the optical phenomenon known as total internal reflection or by obstruction of light. This can occur either at the junction of the optic edge and the empty collapsed surrounding capsule forming a relatively planar surface, or due to the capsule overlapping a portion of the optic, most commonly the nasal aspect. In embodiments in which the implantable device  100  comprises an overall lens-like configuration, the capsule can be held open, preventing a relatively planar surface from being formed by fusion of the posterior and anterior capsule. More specifically, when light hits a curvilinear slice of the device  100 , which can be made from silicone for example, it may travel through the curvilinear slice instead of bouncing off and causing a negative shadow as it generally would for flat surfaces. This may be especially true in the horizontal meridian across the 180-degree plane. As such, in some embodiments, the device  100  does not comprise any flat edges or surfaces. In other words, every surface of the device  100  can be curvilinear. Flat optical surfaces can promote total internal reflection, and are not found in the natural human lens or lens capsule in the native state. One goal of some of the embodiments described herein is to reduce negative dysphotopsias by not having any flat optical surfaces. 
     In certain embodiments, one or more sidewalls  106  of the device  100  can extend from only a portion of the posterior  104  and/or anterior sides  102  instead of extending from the whole circumference of the posterior  104  and/or anterior sides  102 . The outer periphery of a sidewall  106  can comprise an arc of a circle. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the device  100  comprises two sidewalls  106 A,  106 B each of which extend from only a portion of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . In other words, certain portions of the anterior side  102  and posterior side  104  are not connected by a sidewall. 
     There can be a number of advantages for having only a portion of the sidewall present instead of having a sidewall encompass the whole circumference of the device  100 . For example, by not having a sidewall at some portions, the area behind the refractive surface  110  can be more accessible. This can be important during surgical implantation of the device  100  to facilitate removal of viscoelastic material from behind the lens or refractive surface  110  immediately or shortly after the device  100  is implanted. In devices in which a sidewall encompasses the whole device  100 , it can be difficult to maneuver between that space of the natural capsule and the sidewall capsular bag to get behind the lens or refractive surface  110  to vacuum out the viscoelastic material. Without having a sidewall present at least along some portions of the posterior side  104 , it can be substantially easier to reach the area behind the lens or refractive surface  110  for removal of viscoelastic material and substantially reduce risks of posterior capsular distension syndrome due to remaining viscoelastic material. 
     In addition, by not having a sidewall present at least along some portions of the posterior side  104 , the overall bulk of the device  100  can be reduced. As such, the device  100  can be compressed to fit into a smaller injector and incision in the eye compared to a device with sidewalls surrounding the whole device. In other words, the device  100  can be folded, rolled, or otherwise compressed over the longitudinal axis of the device, or line  1 G- 1 G of  FIG.  1 E , such that line  1 -F- 1 F of the device  100  is compressed to allow the device  100  to be inserted into a small injector and/or incision in the eye for implantation. For example, in some embodiments, the device  100  can be inserted into the eye through an incision of about 2.2 mm. In other embodiments, the device  100  can be inserted into the eye through an incision of about 1.5 mm, about 1.6 mm, about 1.7 mm, about 1.8 mm, about 1.9 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.1 mm, about 2.2 mm, about 2.3 mm, about 2.4 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2.6 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 2.8 mm, about 2.9 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.1 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.3 mm, about 3.4 mm, about 3.5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Also, the reduced size of the device  100  can allow for use of a larger optic or lens, for example for use on the anterior side  104  and/or for placement within the cavity  108 . More specifically, a larger lens or refractive surface  110  can be used with the device  100  due to the reduced bulk of the device  100  itself by removal of some of the sidewalls. Use of a larger lens or refractive surface  110  can be advantageous to reduce halos and/or glare post-surgery. For example, when the pupil dilates more than 5 mm, such as at night, light that reaches the outer portions of the refractive surface  110  may not be focused. A larger lens or refractive surface  110  can be generally better to address such issues, specifically to prevent nighttime symptoms when the pupil dilates to 6 or 7 mm for example. 
     In some embodiments, substantially the whole device  100 , other than the lens or refractive surface  110  and/or one or more haptics  112 , can comprise silicone and/or a soft silicone polymer. In addition, in certain embodiments, substantially the whole device  100 , other than the lens or refractive surface  110  and/or one or more haptics  112 , can comprise a flexible and/or elastic material. As such, the device  100  can be foldable or collapsible for implantation into the eye through a small incision. Once inserted into the eye, the device  100  can naturally unfold and self-expand into its expanded configuration as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  within the natural capsular bag. In certain embodiments, the device  100  without having sidewalls encompassing the whole device  100  is collapsible to a point where the size of the optic or refractive surface  110  is the rate limiting factor for the incision size for surgical implantation of the device  100 . 
     The device  100  can comprise one or more capsular areas. The one or more capsular areas can be adapted to receive and/or hold a lens or a secondary lens in addition to a refractive surface  110  on the posterior side. By inserting a secondary lens, IOL, or other optical device into the device  100 , a Galilean and/or reverse Galilean telescope can be provided. For example, a portion of the posterior side  104 , a portion of the anterior side  102 , and a portion of the side wall  106 A,  106 B can define a capsular area. In the embodiment shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G , the device  100  comprises two capsular areas. The first capsular area is defined by a portion of the posterior side  104 , a portion of the anterior side  102 , and a portion of the side wall  106 A. Similarly, a second capsular area is defined by another portion of the posterior side  104 , another portion of the anterior side  102 , and another portion of the side wall  106 B. In other embodiments, the device  100  can comprise one, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten separate capsular areas. 
     Similarly, the device  100  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten sidewalls  106 , each of which extend from only a portion of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . In some embodiments, one or more sidewalls  106  of the device  100  can extend from about 120° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . In other embodiments, one or more sidewalls  106  of the device  100  can extend from about 15°, about 30°, about 45°, about 60°, about 75°, about 90°, about 105°, about 135°, about 150°, about 165°, about 180°, about 195°, about 210°, about 225°, about 240°, about 255°, about 270°, about 285°, about 300°, about 315°, about 330°, about 345°, and/or about 360° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . In certain embodiments, one or more sidewalls  106  of the device  100  can extend from a portion of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface within a circumferential range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more sidewalls  106  can comprise a concave shape. For example, an interior surface of the one or more sidewalls  106  and/or interior surface of the refractive surface  110  or posterior side  104  can form a cavity  108 . The cavity can be configured to hold an IOL, for example. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  comprises one or more haptics  112 . The one or more haptics  112  can be made of a rigid or semi-rigid material, such as polyimide, PMMA, polypropylene, and nylon. The one or more haptics  112  can also or alternatively be made of a biocompatible material, such as silicone, silicone polymers, SIBS (poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene)), acrylic, acrylic polymers, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and Gore-Tex. One or more haptics  112  of the device  100  can provide a place for surrounding epithelial cells to grow and latch on to provide support for the device  100  within the natural capsular bag. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the device  100  comprises two haptics  112 , made of polyimide for example. In other embodiments, the device  100  can comprise one, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten haptics  112 . Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the one or more haptics  112  comprise the general shape of an outer periphery of a rectangular or substantially rectangular shape, which can be attached to the anterior side of a sidewall extension. As shown, the one or more haptics  112  can be positioned close and/or generally parallel to the posterior side  102  of the device  100  and do not extend radially outward of the device  100 . This can present advantages during surgical implantation as radially extending haptics can potentially get hung up on the iris and/or anterior portion of the natural capsular bag, which can present complications during surgical implantation. In other embodiments, one or more haptics  112  can comprise a different shape while being positioned close to and/or generally parallel to the posterior side  102  and/or anterior side  104  of the device  100 , such as circular, elliptical, round, square, triangular, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a haptic  112  can be over-molded into the device  100  for maintaining the position of the haptic  112  and not exposing that portion of the haptic  112 . Another portion of the haptic  112  can be exposed to the underside of the anterior natural capsular bag. For example, a peripheral portion of the haptic can be over-molded while the central portion is exposed. The portion of the device  100 , for example made of silicone, underneath the central portion of the haptic  112  can be indented or recessed in some embodiments. As such, fibrotic bands can be formed over time to act as an anchor point and hold the whole device  100  in place, for example if a Yag capsulotomy is to be performed. More specifically, epithelial cells coating the anterior and/or posterior natural capsular bag can replicate and grow into the recessed area of the silicone device  100  underneath the haptic  112  and grow around the haptic  112 . 
     In certain embodiments, one or more haptics  112  of the device  100  can comprise a “monkey bar” type configuration. More specifically, a portion of the device  100 , for example a portion of a sidewall, can be recessed and/or indented. A haptic can extend across the recessed or indented portion. For example, one end of the haptic can be over-molded by silicone or other material of the device  100  at one end of the recessed or indented portion and the other end of the haptic can be over-molded by silicone or other material of the device  100  at the other end of the recessed or indented portion. As such, a haptic, for example made of polyimide, can be formed without radially extending out of the exterior surface of the device  100  while having void space all around the haptic. This can provide strands of exposed haptic or polyimide in some embodiments, while the haptic is stabilized as part of the overall device. Epithelial cells can grow around the haptic and latch on to provide lateral support along the monkey bar-type portion. One or more such haptics can be provided on each side of the device  100  in a symmetric manner. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  comprises a single-molded design. In other words, the whole device  100 , or substantially the whole device  100  other than the lens or refractive surface  110  and/or one or more haptics  112 , can be molded from a single piece of material. For example, in some embodiments, substantially the whole device  100  can be molded of silicone using a silicone compression mold. In certain embodiments, one or more haptics  112 , made of polyimide for example, are placed in the mold before silicone or other material of the device  100  is poured into the mold and compressed. In other embodiments, the device  100  or any portion thereof can be manufactured by 3D laser cutting, two photon lithography, additive manufacturing, 3D printing, compression molding, and/or any combination of the aforementioned manufacturing processes or others. 
       FIG.  1 C  illustrates a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A .  FIG.  1 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A . 
     The device  100  optionally comprises one or more posterior fins  114 . The device  100  shown includes two posterior fins  114 A,  114 B. The posterior fins  114  can be aligned along a diameter of the refractive surface  110 . In some implementations, a plurality of posterior fins  114  (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more fins  124 ) may be circumferentially offset (e.g., by about 180°, by about 120°, by about 90°, by about 72°, by about 60°, and the like). In some implementations, at least some or all of a plurality of posterior fins  114  (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more fins  114 ) may be unaligned. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a line between the two posterior fins  114  forms an angle with a major axis of the device  100 . For example, the angle between a line connecting the posterior fins  114  and a major axis of the device  100  can be about 10°, about 20°, about 30°, about 40°, about 50°, about 60°, about 70°, about 80°, about 90°, about 100°, about 110°, about 120°, about 130°, about 140°, about 150°, about 160°, about 170°, about 180°, and/or within a range between two of the aforementioned values. In certain embodiments, the posterior fins  114  are aligned along a major axis of the device  100 . In other implementations, the posterior fins  114  may be aligned along a minor axis of the device  100 . 
     The posterior fin  114  may comprise the same material as the device  100  or a different material than the device  100 . The posterior fin  114  may help to space a posterior surface of a natural capsular bag from the posterior end  104  of the device  100  radially outward of the refractive surface  110 . Spacing the posterior surface of the natural capsular bag from the posterior end  104  of the device  100  radially outward of the refractive surface  110  may allow fluid to flow radially outward of the refractive surface  110 , which may help to reduce opacification. Spacing the posterior surface of the natural capsular bag from the posterior end  104  of the device  100  radially outward of the refractive surface  110  may reduce the chance of retaining viscoelastic that has some residual trapped fibrin or inflammatory precipitate contained within it. In some embodiments, the posterior fin  114  may extend anterior from the posterior of the device  100  into the cavity of the device  100 . In some embodiments, the posterior fin comprises a roughened or opacified interior and/or exterior surface of the device  100  (e.g., having the same thickness and material as the posterior wall radially outward of the refractive surface  110  but treated to provide an alignment mark). 
     The device  100  can be strategically aligned in an eye with use of the fins  114 . For example, if an eye has astigmatism, a device  100  in which the refractive surface  110  comprises a toric lens can be used to at least partially correct the astigmatism if the device  100  is properly oriented (e.g., with the steep axis of a cornea). In some implementations, at least one of the fins  114  can be different (e.g., different shape, dimensions, etc.) to indicate a top or bottom of the device  100 . In devices allowing any rotational orientation of an IOL inserted therein, a toric IOL can be rotated. Aligning the device  100  for alignment of a toric refractive surface  110  and/or a toric IOL contained in the device  100  can advantageously provide the advantages of limited IOL rotation, reduced volume, and astigmatism correction. For example, the optic haptic junction of a secondary IOL can be aligned or otherwise correlated with one or more fins  114  and allow a surgeon to align the device  100  in an optimal position for a secondary toric IOL to be placed. In some embodiments, the one or more fins  114  extending radially posterior or outward of the posterior of the device  100  can still be visualized from the interior of the refractive surface  110  to facilitate alignment of a secondary IOL or device, for example due to the transparent and/or semi-transparent nature of the posterior of the device  100 . In other embodiments, the one or more fins  114  extend radially anterior or inward of the posterior of the device  100  such that it the fins  114  are viewable for facilitating alignment of a secondary IOL or device. 
       FIG.  1 E  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A .  FIG.  1 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  along the line  1 F- 1 F of  FIG.  1 E .  FIG.  1 G  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  along the line  1 G- 1 G of  FIG.  1 E . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the device  100  comprises a refractive surface  110  with a diameter of about 5.5 mm. In other embodiments, the device  100  can comprise a refractive surface  110  with a diameter of about 5.0 mm. The refractive surface  110  may have a diameter between about 4 mm and about 9 mm (e.g., about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). 
     In such embodiments, the device  100  can be configured to be inserted through a small incision of about 2.2 mm or about 2.4 mm. In certain embodiments, the device  100  can be inserted through an incision between about 1.5 mm and about 3 mm (e.g., about 1.6 mm, about 1.7 mm, about 1.8 mm, about 1.9 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.1 mm, about 2.2 mm, about 2.3 mm, about 2.4 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2.6 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 2.8 mm, about 2.9 mm, about 3.0 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). 
     Further, in the illustrated embodiment, a length of a major axis of the device  100  or a length measured from the outermost end of one sidewall  106 A to the outermost end of another sidewall  106 B along a major axis of the device  100  can be about 10.00 mm. In other embodiments, the length of the major axis of the device  100  can be about 5.00 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 10.00 mm, about 11.00 mm, about 12.00 mm, about 13.00 mm, about 14.00 mm, about 15.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Furthermore, in the illustrated embodiment, a length of a minor axis of the device  100  or a length measured from one end of a sidewall  106  to the other end of the same sidewall  106  along a minor axis of the device  100  can be about 6.57 mm. In other embodiments, the length of a minor axis of the device  100  can be about 4.0 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5.0 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1 G , in some embodiments, a thickness of a haptic  112 , made from polyimide for example, can be about 0.13 mm. In other embodiments, the thickness of the haptic  112  can be about 0.05 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.16 mm, about 0.17 mm, about 0.18 mm, about 0.19 mm, about 0.20 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, a length of the haptic  112  across the cross section formed by line  1 G- 1 G or along a major axis of the device  100  can be about 1.4 mm. In other embodiments, a length of the haptic as seen in a cross section along a major axis of the device  100  can be about 0.05 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.16 mm, about 0.17 mm, about 0.18 mm, about 0.19 mm, about 0.20 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the thickness of silicone or other material of the device  100  can be about 0.2 mm. In certain embodiments, the thickness of silicone or other material of the device  100  can be about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 1.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the thickness of the silicone or other material of the device  100  varies depending on the portion of the device  100 . In other words, some portions of the device  100  can be made of thinner materials while other portions of the device  100  can be made of thicker materials. For example, certain portions of the device that provide support to the anterior portion of the device  100  may be made with thicker materials for added support. 
     In some embodiments, a thickness of silicone or other material of the device  100  molded over the haptic  112  can be about 0.01 mm, about 0.02 mm, about 0.03 mm, about 0.04 mm, about 0.05 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.10 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, the width of an opening of the cavity formed by each end of the two sidewalls  106  can be about 5.82 mm. In some embodiments, the width of the opening of the cavity formed by each end of the two sidewalls can be about 4.0 mm, about 4.2 mm, about 4.4 mm, about 4.6 mm, about 4.8 mm, about 5.0 mm, about 5.2 mm, about 5.4 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.6 mm, about 7.8 mm, about 8.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Also, the height of the cavity as measured from a midpoint of the posterior refractive surface  110  to the top of the sidewall  106  opening can be about 3.21 mm in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the height of the cavity as measured from a midpoint of the posterior refractive surface  110  to the top of the sidewall  106  opening can be about 2.0 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.8 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.8 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.8 mm, 5.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  2 B  illustrates another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A . The prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, in some embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A , except for the configuration of the haptics  202 . All other features of the device  200  or haptics  202 , such as material, flexibility, function, or the like, can be similar to such features of the device  100  or haptics  112  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G . 
     In some embodiments, the device  200  does not comprise haptics with a license plate or rectangular configuration as in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G . Rather, the device  200  can comprise one or more haptics that connect the sidewalls  106  and expand radially to form a generally circular shape. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, one end of a haptic  202 A can be anchored or over-molded on one sidewall  106 A and the other end of the same haptic  202 A can be anchored or over-molded on another sidewall  106 B. Similarly, one end of a second haptic  202 B can be anchored or over-molded on one sidewall  106 A and the other end of the same haptic  202 B can be anchored or over-molded on another sidewall  106 B. The haptic  202  can form a radially outward shape or a substantially outwardly circular shape or loop. The haptic  202  can extend radially outward from a cavity between two or more sidewalls  106 A,  106 B. Such configuration of the haptic  202  can provide for stability of the device  200  within the natural capsular bag. 
       FIG.  2 C  illustrates a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A .  FIG.  2 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A .  FIG.  2 E  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A .  FIG.  2 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  along the line  2 F- 2 F of  FIG.  2 E .  FIG.  2 G  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A  along the line  2 G- 2 G of  FIG.  2 E . 
     As shown in  FIG.  2 E , in some embodiments, an outer or under certain circumstances maximum diameter of the device  200 , for example accounting for extension of the haptics  202 , may be about 10 mm. In certain embodiments, the outer or maximum diameter of the device  200  can be about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2 F , in some embodiments, an outer or under certain circumstances maximum thickness of the device  200 , for example accounting for the thickness of the refractive surface  110 , may be about 3.65 mm. In certain embodiments, the outer or maximum thickness of the device  200  can be about 3.0 mm, about 3.1 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.3 mm, about 3.4 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 3.6 mm, about 3.7 mm, about 3.8 mm, about 3.9 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 4.1 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  3 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A .  FIG.  3 C  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A .  FIG.  3 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A  along the line  3 D- 3 D of  FIG.  3 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A and/or  2 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, in some embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  3 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A and/or  2 A , except for the haptics  112 ,  202  and sidewalls  302 . 
     More specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the device  300  does not comprise any haptics, such as haptics  112 ,  202  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A and  2 A . In other embodiments, the device  300  can comprise one or more haptics  112 ,  202  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A and  2 A . 
     Further, in certain embodiments, one or more sidewalls  302  of the device  300  can extend from only about 90° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . In other words, a single capsular area defined by a portion of the anterior side  102 , a portion of the posterior side  104 , and a sidewall  302 A,  302 B, can cover about 90° of the circumference of the device  300 . 
     The sidewalls  302  can include any and all other features of sidewalls  106  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G . In some embodiments, all of the sidewalls  302 A,  302 B each extend from a substantially equal portion of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 , for example each at about 90°. In other embodiments, some of the sidewalls  302  can extend from different amounts of portions of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . For example, one of a plurality of sidewalls  302  can extend from about 45° while another of the plurality of sidewalls  302  extends from about 90° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . 
     In some embodiments, a single device  300  can be configured to be implanted into the eye with or without a second lens being placed inside the cavity  108 . In certain embodiments, two devices  300  are configured to be coupled together prior to and/or during surgical implantation. More specifically, a first device  300  can be coupled with a second device  300  that is placed upside down to form a lens assembly with itself. In certain patients, this combination of lenses may move relative to one another creating a variable effective power of the lens system, enhancing the range of vision provided. A lens may be placed inside the empty cavity formed by the two devices  300 . 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together.  FIG.  4 B  illustrates a posterior side perspective view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together.  FIG.  4 C  illustrates an anterior plan view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together.  FIG.  4 D  illustrates a side plan view of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together.  FIG.  4 E  illustrates a cross-sectional view along the line  4 E- 4 E of  FIG.  4 C  of two (2) example prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  3 A  coupled together. 
     In some embodiments, one device  300  can be coupled with another device  300  to form a closed cavity  108  inside an assembly  400  the two devices  300 . To do so, one device  300  can coupled with another device  300  that is placed upside down. In certain embodiments, each device  300  can comprise two sidewalls that each extend from roughly 90° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . As such, when coupled together, sidewalls of the two devices  300  can, in combination, form a sidewall that substantially covers all 360°. 
     In certain embodiments, a gap may be present between the end of a sidewall  302  of one device  300  and the refractive surface  110  of a second device  300 . Instead of forming a complete seal, a gap between the two devices  300  when coupled together to form an assembly  400  can be advantageous to allow for fluid to pass to and from the cavity. 
     In some embodiments, this gap between the two devices  300  when coupled to form an assembly  400  (or more specifically, the gap between an end of a sidewall  302  of a first device  300  and the refractive surface  110  of a second device  300  when the first device  300  and second device  300  are coupled together) can be about 0.25 mm. In certain embodiments, this gap can be about 0.05 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.25 mm, about 0.30 mm, about 0.35 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.45 mm, about 0.50 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. The precise thickness of the gap can depend on the shape and/or volume of the natural capsular bag in some embodiments. 
     In certain embodiments, one device  300  is implanted into the eye first, followed by optional implantation and positioning of a refractive lens inside the cavity  108 , and then the second device  300  is implanted into the eye to form a closure of the assembly  400 . In some embodiments, the two devices  300  are coupled together first before implantation into the eye. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  5 B  illustrates a posterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A . The prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 4 A , and like reference numerals include like features. 
     More specifically, in some embodiments, the device  500  can comprise one or more sidewalls  302  which can include some or all of the features of the sidewalls  302  of device  300 . For example, in certain embodiments, one or more sidewalls  302  of the device  500  can extend from only about 90° of the circumference of the posterior side  104  and/or refractive surface  110 . The sidewalls  302  can also include any and all other features of sidewalls  106  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 4 A . 
     Similarly, the device  500  can comprise one or more haptics  502  which can include some or all of the features of the haptics  202  of device  200 . For example, one or more haptics  502  of the device  500  can connect two sidewalls  302 A,  302 B. Moreover, one or both ends of a haptic  502  can be anchored or over-molded on a sidewall  302 A,  302 B of the device  500 . 
       FIG.  5 C  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A .  FIG.  5 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A .  FIG.  5 E  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A  along the line  5 E- 5 E of  FIG.  5 C .  FIG.  5 F  illustrates another side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A .  FIG.  5 G  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  5 A  along the line  5 G- 5 G of  FIG.  5 F . 
     In certain embodiments, only one end of a haptic  502  is anchored or over-molded on a sidewall  302 A,  302 B of the device  500 . For example, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  5 A , one of a haptic  502 A can be over-molded onto a sidewall  302 A, while the other end of the haptic  502 A is not molded or rigidly anchored to the other sidewall  302 B. Likewise, only one end of haptic  502 B can be molded or rigidly anchored to the same sidewall  302 A that haptic  502 A is anchored to, while the other end of the haptic  502 B is not rigidly anchored to the other sidewall  302 B. The other end of the haptic  502 B can be configured to be tucked into the interior of the other sidewall  302 B similar to a safety-pin-like configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the device  500  comprises a ridge  504  on one or more sidewalls  302 A,  302 B for receiving and/or embedding the haptics  502  without rigidly anchoring the haptic  502 . For example, in certain embodiments, only one of two sidewalls  302 B comprises said ridge  504 . The other sidewall  302 A does not comprise a ridge  504  in some embodiments. Within the ridge  504 , the haptics  502 A,  502 B can be free to move along the ridge  504 . For example, the end of a haptic  502  can be allowed to move up and down along the length of the ridge  504  as the exposed portion of the haptic  502  is compressed or allowed to expand. 
     In certain embodiments, a device  500  that comprises a ridge  504  on only one of two sidewalls  302 B can be configured to be injected into the eye in a general direction from the other sidewall  302 A without a ridge towards the sidewall  302 B with the ridge  504 . Insertion into the eye in this general direction will allow the exposed portion of the haptics  502  to compress more closely towards the refractive surface  110  as the ends of the haptics  502  will be allowed to move more into the ridge  504 . 
     Once implanted within the eye, the device  500  can be allowed to unfold naturally. The haptics  502  can be allowed to naturally decompress as well, moving the ends of the haptics  502  more towards the openings of the ridge  504 . Accordingly, the device  500  can comprise radially extending haptics  502  to maintain the shape and/or size of the natural capsular bag without the ends thereof adding complications to the surgical procedure. In some embodiments, when in an expanded or relaxed state, the outermost perimeter or portion of the sidewalls  302 A,  302 B and the haptics  502 A,  502 B can form a perfect or substantially perfect circle with a constant radius or diameter. For example, in some embodiments, an outer or maximum diameter of the device  500 , accounting for the haptics  502 , may be about 10 mm. In certain embodiments, the outer or maximum diameter of the device  500  can be about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, because portions of the haptics  502  can be squeezed and/or hidden during the surgical implantation, the device  500  can be injected in a manner substantially similar to those used for devices without such radially extending haptics, such as the device  100  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . At the same time, because the haptics  502  are allowed to radially expand once the device  500  is implanted, the haptics  502 , made of polyimide for example, can provide sufficient points of attachment for epithelial cells to anchor the device  500 . 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  6 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A .  FIG.  6 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A  along the line  6 C- 6 C of  FIG.  6 B .  FIG.  6 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  6 A  along the line  6 D- 6 D of  FIG.  6 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device  600  of  FIG.  6 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 5 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device  600  of  FIG.  6 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A and  2 A , except for the haptics  112 ,  202  and/or other additional features. 
     More specifically, the device  600  can comprise one or more haptics  602  that extend radially outward from and to a single or same sidewall  106 . For example, one end of a haptic  602  can be over-molded or otherwise be anchored to a portion of one sidewall  106 , and the other end of the same haptic  602  can be over-molded or otherwise be anchored to another portion of the same sidewall  106 , the portion of the haptic  602  in between the two ends forming a loop extending out of the sidewall  106 . Each of the haptics  602  can form a closed loop. As a result, epithelial cells can be promoted to grow around the haptics  602  to substantially affix the device  600  within the eye. 
     In certain embodiments, one or more haptics  602  can be made of Gore-Tex or other soft material, and the rest of the device  600  can be made of silicone. The whole device  600  can be made exclusively of soft material in some embodiments, which can resolve concerns with implanting sharp or rigid materials. Also, cellular ingrowth can be facilitated, for example due to Gore-Tex&#39;s high biocompatibility in some embodiments. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a haptic comprises a single Gore-Tex string or tether, for example extending in a loop-like configuration out of a sidewall. Such Gore-Tex string or tether can provide a natural place for a fibrotic anchor to attach and also prevent the device  600  from slipping. As such, in certain embodiments, the natural capsular bag can be maintained in an open position due to the structural integrity of the device  600  and the Gore-Tex without need of a sharp or rigid material such as polyimide. 
     The device  600  can comprise a major axis, for example from a horizontal outermost portion of one haptic  602 A to a horizontal outermost portion of another haptic  602 B. The distance between horizontal outermost portions of the two haptics  602 A,  602 B can be about 11.15 mm in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the distance between horizontal outermost portions of the two haptics  602 A,  602 B can be about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The device  600  can comprise a minor axis, for example from a vertical outermost portion of one haptic  602 A,  602 B to a vertical outermost portion of the same haptic  602 A,  602 B. The distance between vertical outermost portions of a single haptics  602 A,  602 B can be about 7.95 mm in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the distance between vertical outermost portions of a single haptic  602 A,  602 B can be about 5 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. [0246] The device  600  can also comprise one or more notches  604 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, each capsular area comprises a notch  604 A,  604 B along the interior of each capsular area or sidewall  106 A,  106 B. The notch  604  can comprise one or more recessed areas or slots for insertion of one or more additional devices. For example, in some embodiments, the notch  604  can comprise one or more slots configured for insertion of a secondary IOL, an electronic device, and/or haptics of the secondary IOL electronic device or other secondary device. By providing a slot or recessed area, a secondary device can be inserted into the device  600  at a precise location within the device  600  and be stabilized at that location by preventing movement of the secondary device laterally, anteriorly and/or posteriorly within the device  600 . For example, a secondary IOL can be inserted into the device  600  such that a distance between the secondary IOL and the refractive surface  110  is known and/or predetermined. Accordingly, one can determine an optimal or particular power of a secondary IOL based on the known refractive power of the refractive surface  110  and the known distance between the secondary IOL and the refractive surface  110 . One or more functional aspects of an electronic device to be inserted into the device  600  may also depend on the particular location of the electronic device within the device  600  and/or particular distance from the refractive surface  110 , which can be predetermined and/or controlled utilizing the one or more notches  604 . 
     The device  600  can comprise a plurality of notches or slots  604  on the interior surface of each capsular area or sidewall  106 A,  106 B. Referring to the cross-section view along line  6 D- 6 D as illustrated in  FIG.  6 D  for example, a plurality of vertical notches or slots  604  can be formed generally parallel to one another. In other words, in addition to the vertical notch or slot  604  shown in  FIG.  6 D , one or more additional vertical notches or slots can be provided to the left and/or right of the illustrated notch or slot  604 . This can allow for one or more secondary IOLs, electronic devices, or other devices to be inserted into the device  600  at varying locations or distances from the refractive surface  110 . By doing so, one can control the particular location of insertion of a secondary device in the device  600  by selecting one of the plurality of notches or slots to hold the secondary device. In other words, the secondary device can be adjusted anteriorly and/or posteriorly within the device  600  when being inserted. 
     In some embodiments, a width of a notch or slot  604  can be about 0.142 mm wide. In certain embodiments, the width of a notch or slot  604  can be about 0.05 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.16 mm, about 0.17 mm, about 0.18 mm, about 0.19 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.21 mm, about 0.22 mm, about 0.23 mm, about 0.24 mm, about 0.25 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, a length of a notch or slot  604  can be about 3.77 mm. In certain embodiments, the length of a notch or slot  604  can be about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The sidewalls  106 A,  106 B when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  6 C  can be separated by about 42° in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the angle formed between the sidewalls  106 A,  106 B when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  6 C  can be about 36°, about 37°, about 38°, about 39°, about 40°, about 41°, about 42°, about 43°, about 44°, about 45°, about 46°, about 47°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  7 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A .  FIG.  7 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A  along the line  7 C- 7 C of  FIG.  7 B . FIG.  7 D illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  7 A  along the line  7 D- 7 D of  FIG.  7 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device  700  of  FIG.  7 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 6 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device  700  of  FIG.  7 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIGS.  1 A,  2 A, and  6 A , except for the haptics  112 ,  202 ,  602 . 
     As with device  600  of  FIG.  6 A , the device  700  can comprise one or more haptics  702  that extend radially outward from and to a single or same sidewall  106 . However, unlike the device  600  of  FIG.  6 A , each sidewall  106  of the device  700  can comprise more than one such haptics  702 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, each sidewall  106  or capsular area comprises two haptics  702  in a closed loop configuration. By having more than one haptics extending from each sidewall  106  or capsular area, epithelial cells can attach to the more than one haptics and prevent or substantially prevent the device  700  from sliding into a disadvantageous position, which may be a higher risk for the device  600  of  FIG.  6 A . 
     More specifically, a sidewall  106 A can comprise a first haptic  702 A that extends radially outward from one end of the sidewall  106 A towards a center of the sidewall. The same sidewall  106 A can also comprise a second haptic  702 B that extends radially outward from another end of the sidewall  106 A towards the center of the sidewall. Similarly, a second sidewall  106 B can comprise a third haptic  702 C that extends radially outward from one end of the sidewall  106 B towards a center of the sidewall. The sidewall  106 B can also comprise a fourth haptic  702 D that extends radially outward from another end of the sidewall  106 B towards the center of the sidewall. In other embodiments, a single sidewall  106  can comprise three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten haptics  702 . Any one or more feature of the haptics  702 , such as material, flexibility, rigidity, attachment to the device  700 , or the like, can be similar to the haptics  602  of the device  600  in  FIG.  6 A . 
     When viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  7 B , a distance between a bottom end of one haptic  702 A,  702 D and a top end of another haptic  702 B,  702 C can be about 1 mm. In certain embodiments, the distance between a bottom end of one haptic  702 A,  702 D and a top end of another haptic  702 B,  702 C when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  7 B  can about 0.5 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 1 mm, about 1.1 mm, about 1.2 mm, about 1.3 mm, about 1.4 mm, about 1.5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  8 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  8 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A .  FIG.  8 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A  along the line  8 C- 8 C of  FIG.  8 B .  FIG.  8 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A  along the line  8 D- 8 D of  FIG.  8 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device  800  of  FIG.  8 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 7 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device  800  of  FIG.  8 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  2 A , except for the haptics  202  and shape or configuration of the one or more sidewalls  106 . 
     More specifically, the one or more sidewalls  802  of the device  800  can be larger than those of the device  200  of  FIG.  2 A . For example, the one or more sidewalls  802  can extend vertically upwards and/or downwards when viewed in an anterior side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  8 B . As a result, the curvature of the outer periphery of the one or more sidewalls  802  can be larger than sidewalls  106  of the device  200  of  FIG.  2 A  for example. The general shape of the outer periphery of the device  800  can be substantially circular when viewed from an anterior or posterior plan view, compared to the lenticular shape of some of the other devices described above in relation to  FIG.  1 A  for example. 
     Similar to sidewalls  106 A,  106 B illustrated in other embodiments, the sidewalls  802 A,  802 B, when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  8 C  can be separated by about 41° in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the angle formed between the sidewalls  802 A,  802 B, when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  8 C , can be about 36°, about 37°, about 38°, about 39°, about 40°, about 41°, about 42°, about 43°, about 44°, about 45°, about 46°, about 47°, about 48°, about 49°, about 50°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, a substantially circular outermost periphery of the device  800  can comprise a diameter of about 9.68 mm. In certain embodiments, the outermost periphery of the device  800  can comprise a substantially circular shape with a diameter of about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12 mm, about 12.5 mm, about 13 mm, about 13.5 mm, about 14 mm, about 14.5 mm, about 15 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The device  800  can comprise a thickness between an anterior side  102  and a posterior side  104  of about 3.707 mm when viewed from the side as illustrated in  FIG.  8 D . In certain embodiments, the device  800  can comprise a thickness between an anterior side  102  and a posterior side  104  of about 2.5 mm, about 2.6 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 2.8 mm, about 2.9 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.1 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.3 mm, about 3.4 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 3.6 mm, about 3.7 mm, about 3.8 mm, about 3.9 mm, about 4 mm, about 4.1 mm, about 4.2 mm, about 4.3 mm, about 4.4 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 4.6 mm, about 4.7 mm, about 4.8 mm, about 4.9 mm, about 5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In addition, due to the larger curvature of the one or more sidewalls  802 , the one or more haptics  804  can comprise an arc of a substantially circular configuration from one end to the other end. In contrast, the one or more haptics  202  of the device  200  of  FIG.  2 A  can comprise different curvatures along the haptic  202 . More specifically, the curvature of the haptic  202  can be relatively flat on one or both ends of the haptic  202  located inside or behind a sidewall  106  or capsular area compared to the curvature of the central portion of the haptic  202 . 
     Similar to the device  500  of  FIG.  5 A , the one or more haptics  804  can be over-molded or otherwise anchored to only one sidewall. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, a first end of the haptics  804 A,  804 B can be over-molded or otherwise anchored to one sidewall  802 B. A second end of the haptics  804 A,  804 B can be configured to be tucked into the interior of the other sidewall  802 A without being rigidly anchored to the sidewall  802 A. As such, the second end of the haptics  804 A,  804 B can be inserted freely more or less into the other sidewall  802 A as the exposed central portion of the haptics  804 A,  804 B is compressed or allowed to expand. 
     Also similar to the device  500  of  FIG.  5 A , the device  800  can be configured to be injected into the eye in a general direction from the sidewall  802 B to which the haptics  804  is anchored towards the other sidewall  802 B to which the haptics  804  is configured to be tucked into. Insertion into the eye in this general direction will allow the exposed portion of the haptics  804  to compress more closely towards the refractive surface  110  during insertion. 
     Once implanted within the eye, the device  800  can be allowed to unfold naturally, allowing the haptics  804  to naturally decompress. Because portions of the haptics  804  can be squeezed and/or hidden during the surgical implantation, the device  500  can be injected in a manner substantially similar to those used for devices without such radially extending haptics, such as the device  100  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . At the same time, because the haptics  804  are allowed to radially expand once the device  800  is implanted, the haptics  804 , made of polyimide for example, can provide sufficient points of attachment for epithelial cells to anchor the device  800 . Any one or more other feature of the haptics  804 , such as material, flexibility, rigidity or the like, can be similar to the haptics  602  of the device  600  in  FIG.  6 A . 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  9 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A .  FIG.  9 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A  along the line  9 C- 9 C of  FIG.  9 B .  FIG.  9 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  9 A  along the line  9 D- 9 D of  FIG.  9 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device  900  of  FIG.  9 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 8 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device  900  of  FIG.  9 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  8 A , except for the haptics  804 . More specifically, the haptics  902  of the device  900  can comprise a substantially vertical arm that extends radially inward towards the refractive surface  110  from a midpoint or a portion in between the two ends of the haptics  902  that is exposed. A first end of the vertical arm can be connected to the exposed portion of the haptics  902 , while a second end of the vertical arm can be connected to one or more holes or openings  904 . 
     The one or more holes or openings  904  can allow a surgical instrument, such as a Sinskey Hook, a Lester Hook or the like, to hook on and engage the device  900 . For example, a surgical instrument can be coupled to one or more holes  904  to adjust the positioning of the device  900  in the eye. This can be advantageous during surgery because of the limited visual field, which can be for example about 5-6 mm. By coupling a surgical instrument to the one or more holes  904 , the positioning of the device  900  can be adjusted so that it is viewable without risking damaging or tearing the capsule. Any other one or more features of the device  900  and/or haptics  902 , such as size, material, flexibility, rigidity, attachment to the device  900  or the like, can be similar to the device  800  and/or haptics  804  of the device  800  in  FIG.  8 A . 
       FIG.  10 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  10 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A .  FIG.  10 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A  along the line  10 C- 10 C of  FIG.  10 B .  FIG.  10 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A . The prosthetic capsular device  1000  of  FIG.  10 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular devices of  FIG.  1 A- 9 A , and like reference numerals include like features. 
     Unlike some of the devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 9 A , the device  1000  can comprise a sidewall  1002  that covers substantially or almost the entire side circumference of the device  1000 . The sidewall  1000  can continuously cover almost the entire side of the device  1000  except for a small opening or gap  1010 . In the illustrated embodiment, the small opening or gap  1010  can comprise a width of about 1.00 mm. In other embodiments, this gap  1010  in the sidewall  1002  can be about 0.50 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 3.00 mm, about 3.50 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 4.50 mm, about 5.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. One or more other features of the sidewall, such as material, flexibility, rigidity, or the like can be similar to those of one or more devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 9 A . In other embodiments, the sidewall  1002  may not comprise a gap  1010 . For example, additional portions of silicone may extend over the gap  1010  in the illustrated embodiment. 
     The device  1000  can comprise a capsular tension ring  1004  coupled to the sidewall. For example, the capsular tension ring  1004  can be over-molded into the sidewall  1002 . The capsular tension ring  1004  can comprise a rigid or semi-rigid material, such as polyimide, PMMA, polypropylene, and/or nylon. The capsular tension ring  1004  can provide rigidity and maintain the structure and/or position of the device  1000  inside the eye after implantation. The capsular tension ring  1004  can generally follow the shape of the circumference of the sidewall  1002  as in the illustrated embodiment. Each end of the capsular tension ring  1004  can extend from each end of the sidewall  1002  where the gap  1010  in the sidewall  1002  is present. Each or one end of the capsular tension ring  1004  can comprise an opening or a hole  1008 , similar to the holes  904  in the device  900  of  FIG.  9 A  and be used in a similar manner to position the device  1000  after implantation in the eye. 
     The device  1000  can comprise one or more recessed areas  1006  along the exterior of the sidewall  1002 . The one or more recessed areas can expose portions of the capsular tension ring  1004 . The exposed portions of the capsular tension ring  1004  can provide areas for epithelial cells to attach to. Accordingly, with the attachment or growth of epithelial cells around the exposed capsular tension ring  1004 , the device  1000  can be substantially fixed and stabilized in a particular position within the eye. The recessed areas  1006  can also be used to suture the device as necessary. In the illustrated embodiment, the device  1000  or exterior sidewall  1002  thereof comprises seven recessed areas  1006 . In other embodiments, the device  1000  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, eight, nine, or ten recessed areas  1006 . The number of recessed areas  1006  in the device  1000  can also be between a range defined two of the aforementioned values. 
     As illustrated in the view of  FIG.  10 B , the length of each recessed area  1006  along the circumference of the sidewall  1002  or the length of each exposed portion  1006  of the capsular tension ring  1004  can be about 1.00 mm. In certain embodiments, the length of each recessed area  1006  along the circumference of the sidewall  1002  or the length of each exposed portion  1006  of the capsular tension ring  1004  can be about 0.50 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 3.00 mm, about 3.50 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 4.50 mm, about 5.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     As illustrated in the view of  FIG.  10 D , the width of each recessed area  1006 , when viewed from a side plan view, can be about 0.49 mm. In certain embodiments, the width of each recessed area  1006 , when viewed from a side plan view, can be about 0.35 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.45 mm, about 0.50 mm, about 0.55 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.65 mm, about 0.70 mm and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The refractive surface  110  can be connected to the sidewall  1002  at only a portion of the sidewall. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the refractive surface  100  comprises a hinge portion  1010  which is connected to the sidewall  1002 . A gap  1012  can exist between all other portions of the refractive surface  110  other than the hinge portion  1010  and the sidewall  1002 . As such, the entire device  1000  can comprise a single piece, rather than a multi-piece assembly. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the device  1000  can be a multi-piece assembly comprising multiple pieces that are coupled together after the initial manufacturing. 
     The sidewall  1002  and the capsular tension ring  1004  can be configured to be twisted without breaking. Also, the sidewall  1002  can be foldable or capable of being rolled into a more compact configuration. The refractive surface  1010  and the hinge portion  1010  can also be foldable or capable of being rolled into a more compact configuration. 
     As discussed above, one advantage of removing portions of the sidewall, for example in the device  100  of  FIG.  1 A , can be to allow the device to be folded or rolled in a more compact configuration for insertion through a small incision during surgery. Even though the device  1000  of  FIG.  10 A  comprises a near continuous sidewall, it can still be configured to be inserted through a small incision, for example no larger than required for insertion of the device  100  of  FIG.  1 A , without removing portions of the sidewall  1002 , due to the structure and method of insertion as described herein. 
     More specifically, instead of squeezing the device  1000  for insertion, the device  1000  or the sidewall  1002  and/or capsular tension ring  1004  of the device  1000  can be inserted into the eye in a rotational fashion segment by segment through a standard injector. For example, the sidewall  1002  can be folded or rolled around the length of the capsular tension ring  1004  into a tube-like configuration. The sidewall  1002  and capsular tension ring  1004  can be optionally twisted or otherwise partially straightened. A portion of the sidewall  1002  and/or capsular tension ring  1004  can be fed into a small incision in the eye, advancing one portion at a time rotationally, for example as each portion is substantially straightened at the point of insertion, allowing the capsular tension ring  1004  to retain its memory and curl around upon insertion. 
     The end of the sidewall  1002  and capsular tension ring  1004  away from the hinge portion  1010  can be inserted first towards the other end where the hinge portion  1010  is attached to. Upon reaching the portion of the sidewall  1002  and capsular tension ring  1004  where the hinge portion  1010  is attached, the refractive surface  110  can be slid into the injector and into the eye in a linear fashion. In other words, the sidewall  1002  and capsular tension ring  1004  can be inserted through a small incision into the eye in a rotational manner first and the lens or refractive surface  110  can be subsequently inserted in a longitudinal manner. 
     Once completely inserted into the eye, the device  1000  can return to its substantially circular configuration. By doing so, the device  1000  can be inserted through a small incision, while maintaining the structural integrity necessary for the device  1000  to remain intact and centered in the eye for a substantial period of time. 
     The device  1000  can be configured to protect the entire capsule and preserve the entire capsular space. More specifically, all or substantially the entire the circular or substantially circular sidewall  1002  or outer circumference of the device  1000  can be configured to contact the natural capsular bag and maintain the general space of the natural capsular bag without collapsing in the vitreous. Also, the device  1000  eliminates any trail in the haptics, with the capsular tension ring  1004  embedded inside the device. The generally circular shape of the device  1000  can also follow the physiological shape of the capsule and preserve the volume of the capsule unlike certain devices that decrease the open volume inside after implantation. Also, the device and/or secondary lens to be placed inside the device  1000  may be freely rotated, which may not be possible with certain devices. 
     The refractive surface  110  can also comprise one or more tabs extending radially outward from the outer circumference of the refractive surface  110 . The one or more tabs can be configured to be placed or tucked underneath the sidewall  1002  after insertion to prevent the refractive surface  110  from being tilted over. The one or more tabs can comprise the same material as the sidewall  1002 , for example silicone. 
     Alternatively, the refractive surface  110  can be circumferentially surrounded by a flange of soft material, such as silicone. The width of the flange can be about 0.25 mm, about 0.50 mm, 0.75 mm, 1.00 mm, or between a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. The outer flange of the refractive surface  110  or some portion thereof can be configured to be tucked underneath the bottom of the sidewall  1002  upon insertion into the eye. 
     Both the refractive surface  110  and the flange can be made of the same material, such as silicone. In other embodiments, the refractive surface  110  can be acrylic while the flange can be made of silicone. Acrylic can provide a higher index of refraction while allowing the refractive surface  110  to be thinner than when made from silicone. Also, the optical properties and power of an acrylic lens or refractive surface  110  can be altered using one or more laser treatments, such as phase wrapping to alter the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the acrylic and causing the lens to either swell and increase in power or shrink and decrease in power. The lens or refractive surface  110  can also be made from any other biocompatible and optically clear materials known in the art. The refractive surface  110  may have a refractive power between −35 D and +35D. 
       FIG.  11 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  11 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A .  FIG.  11 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  11 C- 11 C of  FIG.  11 B .  FIG.  11 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  11 D- 11 D of  FIG.  11 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A- 10 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  6 A , except for the configuration of notches  1104  and/or sidewalls  1106 A,  1106 B. All or some other features of the device  1100 , notches  1104 , and/or sidewalls  1106 A,  1106 B, such as material, flexibility, function, or the like, can be similar to such features described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 10 A . 
     More specifically, the device  1100  can comprise one or more notches  1104  along the interior of each capsular area or sidewall  1106 A,  1106 B, similar to notches  604 . A notch  1104  can comprise one or more recessed areas or slots to facilitate insertion of one or more additional devices, such as a secondary IOL, an electronic device, and/or a haptics thereof. Similar to the notch  604  and device  600  of  FIG.  6 A , a secondary device can be inserted into the device  1100  at a precise location within the device  1100  and be stabilized at that location by insertion of the secondary device or a portion thereof into the notch  1104 . By doing so, a secondary device can be prevented from moving laterally, anteriorly and/or posteriorly within the device  1100 . The notches  1104  can be molded together with the device  1100  at the same time as a single piece assembly. In other embodiments, the notches  1104  can be formed separately from the device  1100  and be subsequently attached to the device  1100 . 
     When viewed in the cross section depicted in  FIG.  11 D , the one or more notches  1104  can comprise a generally elongated shape along the short axis, or the axis parallel to line  11 F- 11 F of  FIG.  11 B . The one or more notches  1104  can be located at a predetermined and/or known distance from the anterior of the device  110 . For example, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  11 C , a distance between a center of the one or more notches  1104  and a top end of the interior anterior or refractive surface  110  can be about 1.23 mm, for example for a 20D lens. This distance can be different depending on the power and/or thickness of the lens or the refractive surface  110 . For example, depending on the power of the lens or refractive surface  110 , this distance can be about 0.50 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.70 mm, about 0.80 mm, about 0.90 mm, about 1.00 mm, about 1.10 mm, about 1.20 mm, about 1.30 mm, about 1.40 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 1.60 mm, about 1.70 mm, about 1.80 mm, about 1.90 mm, about 2.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The particular location of the one or more notches  1104  with respect to the overall device  1100  can also be measured in terms of a distance between the center of the one or more notches  1104  and the split point of the optic  110 . For example, in certain embodiments, the two thirds of the power of the optic  110  can be configured to be placed inside the device  1100  while one third of the power of the optic  110  is located external to the constant in the device  1100  regardless of the power of the lens  110 . In other embodiments, the split point of the optic  110  may be ¼, ¾ or ½, ½. In other words, ¼, ½, or ¾ of the refractive power of the optic  110  can be configured to be located external to the device  1100  while ¾, ½, or ¼ of the refractive power of the optic  110  can be configured to be located internal to the device  1100 . 
     The distance measured from the center of the notches  1104  to a split point of the optic  110 , when viewed in the cross-sectional view illustrated in  FIG.  11 C , can be about 1.38 mm. This distance from the center of the notches  1104  to a split point of the optic  110  can be constant regardless of the power or thickness of the refractive surface  110 . In certain embodiments, this distance can be about 0.50 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.70 mm, about 0.80 mm, about 0.90 mm, about 1.00 mm, about 1.10 mm, about 1.20 mm, about 1.30 mm, about 1.40 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 1.60 mm, about 1.70 mm, about 1.80 mm, about 1.90 mm, about 2.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each of the notches  1104 A,  1104 B can comprise a vertical width of about 0.15 mm when viewed in the direction of  FIG.  11 C . In certain embodiments, each of the notches  1104 A,  1106 B, when viewed in the direction of  FIG.  11 C , can comprise a width of about 0.05 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.16 mm, about 0.17 mm, about 0.18 mm, about 0.19 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.21 mm, about 0.22 mm, about 0.23 mm, about 0.24 mm, about 0.25 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each of the notches  1104  can comprise an angular length of about 60° when measured from the center of the refractive  110  in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  11 B . In certain embodiments, the angular length of each of the notches  1104 , when measured from the center of the refractive  110  in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  11 B , can be about 10°, about 20°, about 30°, about 40°, about 50°, about 60°, about 70°, about 80°, about 90°, about 100°, about 110°, about 120°, about 130°, about 140°, about 150°, about 160°, about 170°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The sidewalls  1106 A,  1106 B, when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  11 C , can be separated by about 25° in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the angle formed between the sidewalls  1106 A,  1106 B, when viewed in the direction illustrated in  FIG.  11 C , can be about 10°, about 15°, about 20°, about 25°, about 30°, about 35°, about 40°, about 45°, about 50°, about 55°, about 60°, about 65°, about 70°, about 75°, about 80°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The device  1100  can be configured to be folded, rolled, or otherwise compressed and injected into the eye through a small incision and/or small injector as device  100  described above in relation to  FIG.  1 A . For example, in some embodiments, the device  1100  can be inserted through an incision of about 2.75 mm or less. In other embodiments, the device  1100  can be inserted into the eye through an incision of about 1.5 mm, about 1.6 mm, about 1.7 mm, about 1.8 mm, about 1.9 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.1 mm, about 2.2 mm, about 2.3 mm, about 2.4 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2.6 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 2.8 mm, about 2.9 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.1 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.3 mm, about 3.4 mm, about 3.5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  12 A  illustrates another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A .  FIG.  12 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 B- 12 B of  FIG.  12 A .  FIG.  12 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 C- 12 C of  FIG.  12 A .  FIG.  12 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 D- 12 D of  FIG.  12 A .  FIG.  12 E  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 E- 12 E of  FIG.  12 A .  FIG.  12 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 F- 12 F of  FIG.  12 A .  FIG.  12 G  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  along the line  12 G- 12 G of  FIG.  12 A . 
     In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 B- 12 B can be about 2.67 mm 2 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 C- 12 C can be about 4.83 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 D- 12 D can be about 4.24 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 E- 12 E can be about 3.65 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 F- 12 F can be about 2.42 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1100  along the line  12 G- 12 G can be about 4.34 mm 2 . As such, the amount of material of the device  1100  may not necessarily depend on the size of the total outermost periphery of a cross section of the device  1100 . 
       FIG.  13 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein. FIG.  13 B illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein.  FIG.  13 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  13 C- 13 C of  FIG.  13 B .  FIG.  13 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  11 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  13 D- 13 D of  FIG.  13 B . The secondary device can comprise acrylic or other haptics that are configured to be inserted into the one or more notches  1104 . 
     In some embodiments, the device  1100  can be configured to be used in conjunction with a secondary device  1302 , such as a secondary IOL, electronic device, and/or other device. The secondary device  1302  can be any device that is configured to take advantage of the notches  1104 . For example, the secondary device  1302  can comprise one or more haptics and/or other features that are configured to be inserted into the notches  1104 . The secondary device  1302  can be inserted into the device  1100  prior to implantation of the device  1100 . Alternatively, the secondary device  1302  can be inserted into the device  1100  after the device  1100  has been implanted into the eye. As illustrated and as discussed above, the secondary device  1302  can be inserted and stabilized at a particular location within the device  1100  by attaching, inserting, or otherwise fixating the secondary device  1302  or a feature thereof into the one or more notches  1104 . 
       FIG.  14 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  14 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A .  FIG.  14 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  14 C- 14 C of  FIG.  14 B .  FIG.  14 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  14 D- 14 D of  FIG.  14 B .  FIG.  15 A  illustrates another anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A .  FIG.  15 B  illustrates another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A .  FIG.  15 C  illustrates another cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  15 C- 15 C of  FIG.  15 B .  FIG.  15 D  illustrates another cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  15 D- 15 D of  FIG.  15 B . 
     The prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A- 11 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In particular, the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  can be similar to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  1 A  and/or  FIG.  11 A , except for the configuration of notches  1404  and/or haptics  1402 . All or some other features of the notches  1404 , such as material, flexibility, function, or the like, can be similar to such features of the notches  604  described above in relation to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  and/or the notches  1104  described above in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . All or some other features of the haptics  1402 , such as material, flexibility, function, or the like, can be similar to such features of the haptics  112  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G  and/or the haptics  1102  described above in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . 
     In particular, the device  1400  can comprise notches  1404  with alternating tabs instead of continuous notches  1104  as described above in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . For example, each of the notches  1404  located on the interior of each capsular area or sidewall  106 A,  106 B can comprise a set of large tabs  1404 B and a set of small tabs  1404 A to provide an anterior ridge and a posterior ridge. The set of small tabs  1404 A can be located further away from the refractive surface  110  compared to the set of large tabs  1404 B as illustrated in  FIG.  14 C . In other words, the set of small tabs  1404 A can be positioned closer to the posterior  102  of the device  1400  than the set of larger tabs  1404 B. The particular location of the set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B in relation to the device  1400  can be similar to the location of notches  1104  of the device  1100  as described above in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . The set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B can prevent movement of a secondary device laterally, anteriorly and/or posteriorly within the device  1400 . The set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B can be molded together with the device  1400  at the same time as a single piece assembly. In other embodiments, the set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B can be formed separately from the device  1400  and be subsequently attached to the device  1400 . 
     The two sets of tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can provide two distinct shelves, such as a posterior ridge and an anterior ridge, for supporting the insertion and positioning of a secondary device or a portion thereof such as haptics of the secondary device. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  14 D , a first shelf or ridge can be formed between a lower end of the set of small tabs  1404 A closer to the posterior  104  of the device and an upper end of the set of large tabs  1404 B closer to the anterior  102  of the device. This first shelf or ridge can be about 0.16 mm in width along a posterior-anterior axis of the device  1400 . This first shelf or ridge can be configured to fit a proline haptic, for example, from a three piece secondary IOL such as a Bausch and Lomb Li61A0. In certain embodiments, this first shelf or ridge can comprise a width of about 0.10 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.16 mm, about 0.17 mm, about 0.18 mm, about 0.19 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.21 mm, about 0.22 mm, about 0.23 mm, about 0.24 mm, about 0.25 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In addition, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  14 D , a second shelf or ridge can be formed between an interior portion of the set of small tabs  1404 A and an interior portion of the set of large tabs  1404 B. This second shelf or ridge can be about 0.50 mm in width along a posterior-anterior axis of the device  1400 . This second shelf or ridge can be configured to fit an acrylic or other haptic of a secondary device for example. In certain embodiments, this second shelf or ridge can comprise a width of about 0.10 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.25 mm, about 0.30 mm, about 0.35 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.45 mm, about 0.50 mm, about 0.55 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.65 mm, about 0.70 mm, about 0.75 mm, about 0.80 mm, about 0.85 mm, about 0.90 mm, about 0.95 mm, about 1.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Notches  1404  with alternating tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can comprise less material compared to continuous notches  1104  as described above in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 D . For example, notches  1404  with alternating tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can require only about 50 percent of the material required for continuous notches  1104 . In certain embodiments, the amount of material necessary to provide notches  1404  with alternating tabs  1404 A,  1404 B, when compared to the amount of material necessary to provide continuous notches  1104 , can be about 10 percent, about 15 percent, about 20 percent, about 25 percent, about 30 percent, about 35 percent, about 40 percent, about 45 percent, about 50 percent, about 55 percent, about 60 percent, about 65 percent, about 70 percent, about 75 percent, about 80 percent, about 85 percent, about 90 percent, about 95 percent, and/or between a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     As such, the device  1400  comprising notches  1404  with alternating tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can comprise less mass and volume compared to the device  1100  comprising continuous notches  1104  while providing the same or similar functionality. When the device  1400  is compressed for insertion, the alternative tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can be configured to fold into a void space between two tabs, thereby decreasing the volume. Accordingly, the device  1400  comprising notches  1404  with alternating tabs  1404 A,  1404 B can be inserted through a smaller injector and incision in the eye compared to the device  1100  comprising continuous notches  1104 . For example, in some embodiments, the device  1400  can be inserted through an incision of about 2.20 mm or less. In certain embodiments, the device  1400  can be inserted into the eye through an incision of about 1.0 mm, about 1.1 mm, about 1.2 mm, about 1.3 mm, about 1.4 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1.6 mm, about 1.7 mm, about 1.8 mm, about 1.9 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.1 mm, about 2.2 mm, about 2.3 mm, about 2.4 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2.6 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 2.8 mm, about 2.9 mm, about 3.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The device  1400  can also comprise one or more haptics  1402 . The one or more haptics  1402  can comprise a general shape similar to the Greek alphabet omega or Ω. All or some other features of the haptics  1402  can be similar to those of the haptics  112  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 G . 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS.  14 A- 14 D , the device  1400  comprises two haptics  1402 A,  1402 B each attached to the exterior surface of each capsular area or side wall  106 A,  106 B. Both ends of the omega-shaped haptic  1402 A,  1402 B can be over-molded or otherwise affixed to the exterior surface of each capsular area or side wall  106 A,  106 B. The central portion of each omega-shaped haptic  1402 A,  1402 B can be surrounded by void space, for example due to a recessed area of the device  1400  underneath the central portion, to facilitate cellular growth as discussed above. 
     In comparison to the haptics  112 A,  112 B of  FIG.  1   , the continuously curved configuration of the haptics  1402 A,  1402 B can reduce kinking and may also better accommodate stretching that may occur when the device  1400  is compressed through an injection cartridge for implantation into the eye. In contrast, haptics  112 A,  112 B with generally straight segments may be more likely to tear away from the body of the lens when stretched. Also, the curved configuration of the haptics  1402 A,  1402 B can allow for the length of the haptics to be longer than that of a generally rectangular haptic  112  while covering a similar or substantially similar amount of space. In other words, a curved haptics of a device, such as the omega-shaped haptics  1402 , can provide redundancy in the material for the haptics. Accordingly, cellular growth may be better facilitated due to the additional length of the haptics  1402 A,  1402 B. 
       FIG.  16 A  illustrates another anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A .  FIG.  16 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 B- 16 B of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 C- 16 C of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 D- 16 D of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 E  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 E- 16 E of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 F- 16 F of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 G  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 G- 16 G of  FIG.  16 A .  FIG.  16 H  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  along the line  16 H- 16 H of  FIG.  16 A . 
     In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 B- 16 B can be about 3.39 mm 2 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 C- 16 C can be about 4.03 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 D- 16 D can be about 4.26 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 E- 16 E can be about 4.10 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 F- 16 F can be about 3.50 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 G- 16 G can be about 2.42 mm 2 . In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the device  1400  along the line  16 H- 16 H can be about 4.43 mm 2 . As such, the amount of material of the device  1400  may not necessarily depend on the size of the total outermost periphery of a cross section of the device  1400 . 
       FIG.  17 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example haptics configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device, such as for example the example prosthetic capsular device  1400  of  FIG.  14 A .  FIG.  17 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example haptics of  FIG.  17 A .  FIG.  17 C  illustrates a side view of the example haptics of  FIG.  17 A . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  17 A- 17 C , the generally omega-shaped haptics  1402  can comprise a continuously curved configuration. A central portion and/or a substantially large portion of the haptics  1402  configured for cellular ingrowth can comprise a curvature in a first general direction. The central portion can extend generally at both ends along a curvature in a second general direction that is flipped or opposite to the first general direction terminating at two ends of the haptics  1402 . The two ends of the haptics  1402  can be configured to be over-molded or otherwise attached to the device  1400  and sealed off. 
     In some embodiments, the haptics  1402  can comprise a thickness of about 0.08 mm when viewed from a side view as illustrated in  FIG.  17 C . In certain embodiments, when viewed from the side, the haptics  1402  can comprise a thickness of about 0.03 mm, about 0.04 mm, about 0.05 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  17 B , the haptics  1402  can comprise a total height of about 2.41 mm when measured from the top of the haptics  1402  to the bottom. In some embodiments, the total height of the haptics  1402  when viewed in an anterior plan view can be about 1.50 mm, about 1.60 mm, about 1.70 mm, about 1.80 mm, about 1.90 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.10 mm, about 2.20 mm, about 2.30 mm, about 2.40 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 2.60 mm, about 2.70 mm, about 2.80 mm, about 2.90 mm, about 3.00 mm, about 3.10 mm, about 3.20 mm, about 3.30 mm, about 3.40 mm, about 3.50 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Further, when viewed in an anterior plan view, the haptics  1402  can comprise a total width of about 1.65 mm. In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view, the total width of the haptics  1402  can be about 1.00 mm, about 1.10 mm, about 1.20 mm, about 1.30 mm, about 1.40 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 1.60 mm, about 1.70 mm, about 1.80 mm, about 1.90 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.10 mm, about 2.20 mm, about 2.30 mm, about 2.40 mm, about 2.50 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In addition, when viewed in an anterior plan view, a vertical distance between the two terminal ends of the haptics  1402  can be about 1.66 mm. In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view, the vertical distance between the terminal ends of the haptics  1402  can be about 1.00 mm, about 1.10 mm, about 1.20 mm, about 1.30 mm, about 1.40 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 1.60 mm, about 1.70 mm, about 1.80 mm, about 1.90 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.10 mm, about 2.20 mm, about 2.30 mm, about 2.40 mm, about 2.50 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Moreover, when viewed in an anterior plan view, a thickness of the haptics  1402  can be about 0.12 mm. In certain embodiments, when viewed from the top or in an anterior plan view, the haptics  1402  can comprise a thickness of about 0.03 mm, about 0.04 mm, about 0.05 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.11 mm, about 0.12 mm, about 0.13 mm, about 0.14 mm, about 0.15 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  18 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein.  FIG.  18 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein.  FIG.  18 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  18 C- 18 C of  FIG.  18 B .  FIG.  18 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A  with a secondary device inserted therein along the line  18 D- 18 D of  FIG.  18 B .  FIG.  18 E  illustrates an anterior plan view of a portion of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  14 A . 
     As previously discussed, the device  1400  can be configured to be used in conjunction with a secondary device  1802 , such as a secondary IOL, electronic device, and/or other device. The secondary device  1802  can be any device that is configured to take advantage of the set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B of the notches  1404 . For example, the secondary device  1802  can comprise one or more haptics and/or other features that are configured to be inserted into one or more ridges or shelves formed by the set of small tabs  1404 A and/or the set of large tabs  1404 B of the notches  1404 . The secondary device  1802  can be inserted into the device  1400  prior to and/or after implantation of the device  1400  in the eye. 
       FIG.  19 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  19 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A .  FIG.  19 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 C- 19 C of  FIG.  19 B .  FIG.  19 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 D- 19 D of  FIG.  19 B .  FIG.  19 E  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A .  FIG.  19 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  along the line  19 F- 19 F of  FIG.  19 D . 
     The prosthetic capsular device  1900  of  FIG.  19 A  includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A and/or  14 A , and like reference numerals include like features. Some or all features of the prosthetic capsular device  1900  can be similar to those of other prosthetic capsular devices disclosed herein. For example, the prosthetic capsular device  1900  can comprise one or more notches  1404  with alternating tabs. Some or all features of the one or more notches  1404 , alternating tabs, and/or functions, characteristics and/or materials thereof can be similar to those discussed above in relation to  FIG.  14 A . In certain embodiments, the one or more alternating tabs  1404  can all comprise the same or similar size and/or shape. 
     The prosthetic capsular device  1900  can comprise a continuous sidewall portion  1902  that encompasses the whole perimeter of the device  1900 . The overall general shape or configuration of the prosthetic capsular device  1900  can be similar to the overall general shape of the prosthetic capsular device  1000  of  FIG.  10 A . However, in contrast to the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  10 A , the sidewall  1902  of the prosthetic capsular device  1900  of  FIG.  19 A  may not comprise a break or void space. 
     By providing a continuous sidewall  1902 , the prosthetic capsular device  1900  can be more effective than certain other embodiments in keeping the natural capsular bag of the eye open upon insertion. That is, because there is no void space along the side wall, the tendency of the prosthetic capsular device  1900  to fold or collapse within the natural capsular bag can be lower than certain other embodiments. However, at the same time, the continuous configuration of the sidewall  1902  can present technical difficulties in inserting the device  1900  through a small incision. 
     Accordingly, to address this potential shortcoming, some embodiments of the example prosthetic capsular device  1900  do not comprise a pre-existing posterior surface. Rather, some embodiments of the example prosthetic capsular device  1900  can comprise an empty or void posterior and/or anterior side. As such, the device  1900  can be configured to be coupled with a posterior and/or anterior refractive surface or optic after insertion in the eye. In other words, rather than comprising a single piece assembly that includes both a framework and a posterior refractive surface, the prosthetic capsular device  1900  may comprise a two-piece assembly, in which the framework and posterior refractive surface are provided and/or inserted separately into the natural capsular bag or eye. 
     More specifically, upon implantation, the framework or prosthetic capsular device  1900  can be inserted into the eye first, which can keep the entire natural capsule stinted open. An optic or refractive surface can be subsequently inserted into the eye and be placed or coupled with the framework or prosthetic capsular device  1900 , for example near or at the posterior and/or anterior side of the device. By separating the framework  1900  from the posterior refractive surface, the volume of a single insertion, for example the framework or device  1900 , can be smaller. 
     In addition, because the posterior optic is inserted separately, the posterior optic can be rather easily replaced in the future. At the same time, by placing this optic near or at the posterior end of the prosthetic capsular device  1900 , an additional lens, technology device, and/or other component can be placed in the interior and/or anterior side of the device  1900  as well. 
     An optic can be attached or coupled to the device  1900  in a number of ways. For example, an optic can be sutured to a posterior side or other portion of the device  1900  or can be attached or coupled via a friction fit, chemical adhesive, mechanical locking, and/or a combination of the above. In particular, in some embodiments, the void posterior and/or anterior end or opening of the device  1900  can comprise a lip  1904 . In other words, the posterior or anterior opening or end of the device  1900  can comprise two layers of extended material  1904  that create a groove in between the two layers. This groove formed by the extended material  1904  can extend throughout the posterior and/or anterior opening of the device  1900 , for example to create a circular annulus. Each of the extended material  1904  can comprise one or more triangular fixations configured to maintain a position of the optic. The optic or periphery or portion thereof, such as a tongue portion, can be configured to be inserted into the groove formed by the two layers of extended material  1904 , for example made of silicone. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  19 F , in some embodiments, the posterior and/or anterior opening of the device  1900  can comprise a diameter of about 6.150 mm or 6.250 mm in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the posterior and/or anterior opening of the device  1900  can comprise a diameter of about 5 mm, about 5.1 mm, about 5.2 mm, about 5.3 mm, about 5.4 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 5.9 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.1 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.3 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.7 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 6.9 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.1 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.3 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, the lip portion  1904  surrounding the posterior and/or anterior opening can comprise a certain thickness when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  19 F . As such, the diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening of the device  1900 , excluding the lip portion  1904 , can be about 7.00 mm and/or larger than the posterior and/or anterior opening. In certain embodiments, the diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening of the device  1900 , excluding the lip portion  1904 , can be about 5.5 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 5.9 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.1 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.3 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.7 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 6.9 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.1 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.3 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.1 mm, about 8.2 mm, about 8.3 mm, about 8.4 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.5 mm and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the device  1900  can comprise a plurality of notches  1404  placed circumferentially throughout the interior of the sidewall  1902 . Each or some of the plurality of notches  1404  can comprise an angular width of about 8° when viewed in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  19 B . In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view, each or some of the plurality of notches  1404  can comprise an angular width of about 1°, about 2°, about 3°, about 4°, about 5°, about 6°, about 7°, about 8°, about 9°, about 10°, about 11°, about 12°, about 13°, about 14°, about 15°, about 20°, about 25°, about 30°, about 40°, about 45°, about 60°, about 75°, about 90°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. [0331]  FIG.  20 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example optic configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device, such as the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  19 A  or any other example prosthetic capsular device described herein.  FIG.  20 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A .  FIG.  20 C  illustrates a side plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A  along a major axis of the anterior plan view illustrated in  FIG.  20 B .  FIG.  20 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example optic of  FIG.  20 A  along a minor axis of the anterior plan view illustrated in  FIG.  20 B . 
     In some embodiments, the optic or refractive surface  2000  can comprise a diameter of about 6.00 mm. In certain embodiments, the optic of refractive surface  2000  can comprise a diameter of about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 9.50 mm, about 10.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     An optic or refractive surface  2000  can comprise one or more tongue portions  2002 . The one or more tongue portions  2002  can extend outwardly from the refractive portion of the optic  2000 . The one or more tongue portions  2002  can be configured to be inserted into a groove of a prosthetic capsular device. For example, the one or more tongue portions  2002  can be inserted into the groove formed by the two layers of extended material  1904  in device  1900 . 
     An optic  2000  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tongue portions  2002 . Each of the one or more tongue portions  2002  of an optic  2000  can extend radially from about 20°, about 40°, about 60°, about 80°, about 100°, about 120°, about 140°, about 160°, about 180°, about 200°, about 220°, about 240°, about 260°, about 280°, about 300°, about 320°, about 340°, about 360° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  2000  and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     A tongue portion  2002  of an optic  2000  can comprise one or more eyelets  2004 . The one or more eyelets  2004  can be used to fasten or fixate the optic  2000  in a particular location or configuration within a prosthetic capsular device, such as device  1900 . In some embodiments, each of the eyelets  2004  can comprise a diameter and/or thickness of about 0.25 mm. In certain embodiments, each of the eyelets  2004  can comprise a diameter and/or thickness of about 0.05 mm, about 0.10 mm, about 0.15 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.25 mm, about 0.30 mm, about 0.35 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.45 mm, about 0.50 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  21 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  21 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A .  FIG.  21 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A  along the line  21 C- 21 C of  FIG.  21 B .  FIG.  21 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A  along the line  21 D- 21 D of  FIG.  21 B . 
     The example prosthetic device of  FIG.  21 A  can comprise one or more similar features as the example prosthetic device of  FIG.  19 A . The example prosthetic device of  FIG.  21 A  can be configured to be used in conjunction with a refractive surface or an IOL  2200  as depicted in  FIG.  21 A . For example, an example prosthetic device  2100  can comprise a posterior refractive surface  2200 , similar to one or more other embodiments described herein. The posterior refractive surface  2200  can be configured to be attachable or selectively removable from a prosthetic device  2100 . 
     In some embodiments, the device  2100  can comprise an overall diameter of about 9.650 mm when viewed in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  21 B . In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view, the device  2100  can comprise an overall diameter of about 7.0 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10.0 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11.0 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the device  2100 , from a cross-sectional view along the line  21 D- 21 D as illustrated in  FIG.  21 D , can comprise a thickness of about 3.5 mm excluding the refractive surface  2200 . Depending on the thickness of the refractive surface  2200 , the total thickness of the device  2100  including the refractive surface  2200  can be about 3.980 mm. In certain embodiments, the thickness of the device  2100 , from a cross-sectional view along the line  21 D- 21 D and/or from a side view and including and/or excluding the refractive surface  2200 , can be about 2.5 mm, about 3 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  21 C , in some embodiments, the posterior and/or anterior opening of the device  2100  can comprise a diameter of about 6.250 mm, 6.250 mm, and/or 6.350 mm. In certain embodiments, the posterior and/or anterior opening of the device  2100  can comprise a diameter of about 5 mm, about 5.1 mm, about 5.2 mm, about 5.3 mm, about 5.4 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 5.9 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.1 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.3 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.7 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 6.9 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.1 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.3 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, a lip portion can surround the posterior and/or anterior opening with a certain thickness when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  21 B . The diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening of the device  2100 , excluding the lip portion, can be about 7.00 mm and/or larger than the posterior and/or anterior opening. In certain embodiments, the diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening of the device  2100 , excluding the lip portion can be about 5.5 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 5.9 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.1 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.3 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.7 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 6.9 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.1 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.3 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.1 mm, about 8.2 mm, about 8.3 mm, about 8.4 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the device  2100  can comprise a plurality of notches  1404  placed circumferentially throughout the interior of the sidewall  1902 . Each or some of the plurality of notches  1404  can comprise an angular width of about 8° when viewed in an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  21 B . In certain embodiments, when viewed in an anterior plan view, each or some of the plurality of notches  1404  can comprise an angular width of about 1°, about 2°, about 3°, about 4°, about 5°, about 6°, about 7°, about 8°, about 9°, about 10°, about 11°, about 12°, about 13°, about 14°, about 15°, about 20°, about 25°, about 30°, about 40°, about 45°, about 60°, about 75°, about 90°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  22 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device, such as the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A  or any other example prosthetic capsular device described herein.  FIG.  22 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A .  FIG.  22 C  illustrates a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A .  FIG.  22 D  illustrates another side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  22 A . 
     The example refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  of  FIG.  22 A  can be configured to be used in conjunction with one or more example prosthetic devices disclosed herein. For example, the example refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  of  FIG.  22 A  can be attached to and/or selectively removed from the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  21 A . 
     In some embodiments, the optic or refractive surface  2200  can comprise a diameter of about 6.250 mm. In certain embodiments, the optic of refractive surface  2200  can comprise a diameter of about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 9.50 mm, about 10.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     An example refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can comprise one or more tabs  2206  to facilitate attachment of the refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  to a prosthetic capsular device and/or to fixate the two. For example, in some embodiments, a refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can comprise four tabs  2206 . Each of the tabs  2206  can comprise a curvature when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 D . For example, in certain embodiments, a refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can comprise two upwardly curved tabs  2206 A and two downwardly curved tabs  2206 B. As such, two of the four tabs  2206  can be configured to be placed in the interior of a posterior or anterior end of a prosthetic capsular device and the other two tabs  2206  can be configured to be placed exterior to the posterior or anterior end of the prosthetic capsular device. This way, the refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can be held substantially in place with respect to the posterior end of a prosthetic capsular device. 
     Each of the plurality of tabs  2206  can extend from the refractive surface  2200  at an angle when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 D . For example, in some embodiments, each or some of the plurality of tabs  2206  can initially extend from the refractive surface  2200  at an angle of about 45° in either direction. In certain embodiments, each or some of the plurality of tabs  2206  can initially extend from the refractive surface  2200  at an angle of about +/−10°, about +/−20°, about +/−25°, about +/−30°, about +/−35°, about +/−40°, about +/−45°, about +/−50°, about +/−55°, about +/−60°, about +/−70°, about +/−80°, about +/−90°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2206 , when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 D , can comprise a height of about 0.50 mm. In certain embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2206 , when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 D , can comprise a height of about 0.10 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.30 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.50 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.70 mm, about 0.80 mm, about 0.90 mm, about 1.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the optic  2200  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tabs  2206 . In certain embodiments, each or some of the one or more tabs  2206  can extend radially from about 30° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  2200 . In some embodiments, each of the one or more tabs  2206  of an optic  2000  can extend radially from about 20°, about 40°, about 60°, about 80°, about 100°, about 120°, about 140°, about 160°, about 180°, about 200°, about 220°, about 240°, about 260°, about 280°, about 300°, about 320°, about 340°, about 360° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  2000 , and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2206 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 B , can comprise a width of about 2.0 mm. In certain embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2206 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 B , can comprise a width of about 0.5 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     A refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can comprise two convex portions  2200 A,  2200 B. One of the two convex portions  2200 A can be configured to be placed in the interior of a prosthetic capsular device and the other convex portion  2200 B can be configured to be placed exterior to the prosthetic capsular device upon attachment thereto. In some embodiments, the two convex portions  2200 A,  2200 B can comprise substantially the same shape, area, and/or refractive power. This way, a refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can be configured such that the posterior-anterior configuration thereof does not matter when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device. In other words, the refractive surface or intraocular lens  2200  can be flipped when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device and still obtain substantially the same function. 
     Some embodiments described herein are directed to and/or can be used in conjunction with an accommodating optic system, device, and/or method for controlling the same. An accommodating optic or lens can generally refer to an optic or lens that helps a user view clearly at varying distances. In other words, an accommodating optic or lens can provide varying refractive or optical powers to correct the vision of the user to varying degrees as the visual needs of the user changes. Accommodating optics or lenses can comprise a number of different forms and/or designs. One example is an electronic or electro-accommodating lens, which is also known as an electroactive accommodating lens, electroactive lens, or electroactive intraocular lens. An electroactive accommodating lens, for example, can comprise liquid crystals that are configured to change in configuration according to an electrical signal or input to alter the optical or focal power of the lens. An electroactive accommodating lens can be configured to be implanted into the eye as an intraocular lens (IOL). 
     One common problem that arises in connection with electroactive accommodating IOLs relates to the size and overall configuration of the electroactive accommodating IOL. For example, electroactive accommodating lenses or LCD power-changing lenses generally comprises liquid crystals placed between two wafers of Plexiglas, which is not foldable. At the same time, an IOL generally requires an optic comprising a diameter or width of at least 5 mm in order to provide a lens that functions in most environments, for example to avoid the halo effect and/or mismatch when the pupil is larger than the optic when in darker or other environments. In addition, it is generally advantageous to insert an IOL through a small incision, for example smaller than 3 mm. As such, in order to address and balance such criteria, certain electroactive accommodating IOLs comprise a generally rectangular or elongated bar shape to allow a rigid or semi-rigid electroactive accommodating IOL with a length or width of about 5 mm or larger, or larger than at least 3 mm, to be inserted through a small incision in the eye. This is contrast to most IOLs, which generally comprise a round or circular shape. 
     Certain accommodating optic systems, devices, and methods herein address these shortcomings.  FIG.  23 A  illustrates an anterior plan view of an example accommodating optic device configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  23 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of an example accommodating optic system comprising the example accommodating optic device of  FIG.  23 A  used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  23 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example accommodating optic system of  FIG.  23 B  along a short axis of the prosthetic capsular device. 
     In particular, the example accommodating optic  2300  is configured to be used in conjunction with any of the prosthetic capsular devices described herein. For example, the accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to be placed or inserted inside the prosthetic capsular device  1400 . The accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to be placed anterior to the posterior refractive surface of a prosthetic capsular device, in which the posterior refractive surface can act as a base lens that can be supplemented by the accommodating optic  2300  to effectively change the focal point of a human optical system. 
     The accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to provide varying refractive or optical power in a similar manner as electroactive accommodating optics. A key difference is that the accommodating optic  2300  is configured to be used in conjunction with one or more of the prosthetic capsular devices described herein, which comprises a posterior refractive surface. In other words, because the accommodating optic  2300  is configured to be used in conjunction with a separate refractive surface or lens, the accommodating optic  2300  does not need to comprise an optic with a diameter or width of about 5 mm or larger as in certain electroactive accommodating optics. 
     The accommodating optic  2300  can comprise an optic  2302  that is only about 3 mm or smaller in diameter while being able to mitigate the halo effect or mismatch when the pupil is larger than the optic by use with a separate base lens or posterior refractive surface. As such, the accommodating optic  2300  can comprise a generally round or circular optic  2302  due to the smaller size. In certain embodiments, the optic or refractive portion  2302  of the accommodating optic  2300  can comprise a diameter of about 4.5 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 0.5 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Due to the smaller size, a substantially circular or round accommodating optic  2300  can be inserted through a small incision that is about the same or slightly larger than the diameter of the optics portion  2302 . For example, an accommodating optic  2300  with an optics  2302  diameter of about 3 mm can be inserted through an incision of about 3 mm in the eye. As another example, an accommodating optic  2300  with an optics  2302  diameter of about 1 mm can be inserted through an incision of about 1 mm in the eye. 
     As discussed above, the accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to be placed anterior to the posterior refractive surface of a prosthetic capsular device. In other words, the posterior refractive surface of the prosthetic capsular device can act as a base lens that can be supplemented by the accommodating optic  2300 . The accommodating optic  2300  can be capable of providing a variety of optical or refractive power. For example, the accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to provide an optical or refractive power of about 0 diopters, about 0.25 diopters, about 0.50 diopters, about 0.75 diopters, about 1.00 diopters, about 1.25 diopters, about 1.50 diopters, about 1.75 diopters, about 2.00 diopters, about 2.25 diopters, about 2.50 diopters, about 2.75 diopters, about 3.00 diopters, about 3.25 diopters, about 3.50 diopters, about 3.75 diopters, about 4.00 diopters, about 4.25 diopters, about 4.50 diopters, about 4.75 diopters, about 5.00 diopters, and/or within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The accommodating optic  2300  can also be configured to correct wavefront higher order aberrations and/or correct or induce astigmatism. 
     As an illustrative example, the accommodating optic  2300  can be clear when in its non-powered or resting state so it would have an effective power of 0 diopters. However, based on input for example, the refractive power of the accommodating optic  2300  may be changed from 0 diopters through about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 diopters to provide an accommodated shift. As the accommodating optic  2300  is placed anterior to a posterior refractive surface of base optic, the vision of the user would effectively be corrected according to the power of the accommodating optic  2300 . 
     The refractive or optical power of the accommodating optic  2300  can be changed based on user input in some embodiments. For example, the accommodating optic  2300  can be configured to change or alter its power based on user input received from a smartphone or other electronic device. The user input could be a particular value or range of optical power. The user input can be received through a dial or representation of a dial, in which the user can make a gradual selection from lower power and higher power and vice versa. If the user has two accommodating optics  2300  implanted, one in each eye, the user can control the power of just one or both of the accommodating optics  2300  at once. For instance, a user may control an accommodating optic  2300  of one eye to accommodate for far vision, while the accommodating optic  2300  in the other eye is controlled to accommodate for near vision, creating a monovision effect. 
     In addition, in certain embodiments, the accommodating optic  2300  may comprise or be configured to be used in conjunction with one or more other sensors, eye tracking software, and/or artificial intelligence. For example, one or more sensors or electrodes may detect muscle contracting, pupil retracting, head tilt or position tracking, or the like to control or contribute to automatic controlling the focal power of the accommodating optic  2300 . However, there is a general risk that the one or more sensor may be imperfect and/or a user is not satisfied with the automatically determined power of the accommodating lens  2300 . In such situations, a user may manually override the automated system by controlling the refractive or focal power of the accommodating optic  2300  using a user input device to fine tune the user&#39;s vision. The user input device can be a smartphone, smartwatch, electronic ring, electronic bracelet, or the like or other electronic device capable of communicating with the accommodating optic  2300 , for example through wireless communication. 
     By using the accommodating lens in conjunction with a separate base lens, halo effects can also be mitigated despite the smaller size of the optics portion  2302  of the accommodating lens  2300 . Generally speaking, the size of a human pupil in ambient lighting conditions can be said to be around 3 mm or less. In most functional states, the human pupil will likely be smaller than 3 mm. In dark environments, however, the pupil can become larger than 3 mm. In embodiments in which the optics portion  2302  of an accommodating optic  2300  has a diameter of 3 mm, some unfocused light may come in around the periphery of the optics  2302  of the accommodating optic  2300 . This light will still be focused by the base lens or posterior refractive surface of the prosthetic capsular device. As such, similar to a multi-focal lens, light coming into the central portion through the accommodating lens  2300  will be focused at a different point than light coming in around the accommodating lens  2300  and going through just the posterior refractive surface or base lens. In darker environments, and in situations where the user does not require a near focus, for example while driving at nighttime or watching a concert, the user can tune the refractive power of the accommodating lens to adapt their needs. In other words, a user can easily eliminate halos by turning the accommodating lens  2300  into its resting state, thereby obtaining essentially a single focus distance lens. 
     To attach or otherwise couple the accommodating lens  2300  to a prosthetic capsular device, the accommodating lens  2300  can comprise one or more arm portions  2304  and/or haptics  2306  configured to be attached to the prosthetic capsular device. For example, one or more arm portions  2304  can extend radially outward from an optics portion  2302  of the accommodating lens  2300 . Each of the arm portions  2304  can also comprise one or more haptics  2306  at the end, which can be configured to be inserted or attached to a groove or other locking mechanism or feature of the prosthetic capsular device. 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS.  23 A- 23 C , the accommodating lens  2300  can comprise two arm portions  2304  extending from the optics portion  2302 , wherein each of the two arm portions  2304  comprises a curved anchor-shaped haptics  2306  that is configured to be inserted into a slot or groove located along the interior of the sidewall of a prosthetic capsular device. The optics portion  2302  can be configured to be centrally placed anterior to the posterior refractive surface of the prosthetic capsular device upon fixation of the haptics  2306 . For example, a 3 mm optics portion  2302  can be placed substantially in the center anterior to a posterior 5.5 mm refractive surface. An accommodating lens  2300  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten arm portions  2304 . Each of the arm portions  2304  can extend radially outward from the optics portion  2302 , for example separated from each other by a similar angle. Each of the arm portions  2304  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten haptics  2306 . 
     The length of accommodating lens  2300  along a longitudinal axis can be about 9.5 mm, including a 3 mm diameter of the optics portion  2302  for example. In certain embodiments, the length of the accommodating lens  2300  along a longitudinal axis can be about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 10.0 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11.0 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     One or more other components, such as electronic components can be placed within the haptics. For example, in addition to the optics portion  2302 , the accommodating lens  2300  can also comprise one or more batteries or other power sources, one or more induction coils, one or more capacitors, one or more wireless antennas, wireless receivers, and/or one or more microprocessors. The one or more wireless antennas and/or receivers can be one or more of a radiofrequency antenna, Bluetooth antenna, Wi-Fi antenna, or the like that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a user input device or other electronic device. 
     Once user input or other electronic signal is received by the wireless antenna and/or receiver, a microprocessor or microchip can be configured to receive the input and determine an input/output decision for controlling a state of the LCD optics portion to control the focal power. The determined output can be transmitted to a capacitor that is configured to output an electric charge to appropriately change the refractive index of the optics portion as desired. 
       FIG.  23 D  is a block diagram depicting an example control process for an accommodating optic system. As illustrated in  FIG.  23 D , in some embodiments, the system can be configured to receive one or more inputs at block  2312 . The input can be a user input or an automated input. For example, the input received by the system may be from a user-initiated input through a user access point system. In addition or alternatively, the input received by the system can be from one or more sensors, such as an intraocular sensor and/or external light sensor that automatically determine a desired refractive power for the accommodating lens at a particular time and/or situation. 
     Once the input is received, the system can be configured to further process the input at block  2314 . In certain embodiments, the system can be configured to combine or otherwise process a plurality of inputs, for example an automated input and a user input. In some embodiments, the system can be configured to process a single input, whether a user input or an automated input. 
     Processing one or more inputs by the system can involve one or more processes. In some embodiments, the system can be configured to process one or more inputs to determine whether to initiate one or more additional processes configured to increase and/or decrease the refractive power or other characteristic of an accommodating optic system or device. For example, if an input received by the system comprises data that corresponds to instructions and/or a determined need to increase the refractive power, the system can be configured to initiate one or more processes that are expected to increase the refractive power. Conversely, if an input received by the system comprises data that corresponds to instructions and/or a determined need to decrease the refractive power, the system can be configured to initiate one or more processes that are expected to decrease the refractive power. 
     If an input received by the system comprises data showing that the current refractive power and/or other characteristic of the accommodating optic system or device is optimal or operable, the system can be configured not to initiate any processes to change the refractive power and/or other characteristic of the accommodating optic device or system. 
     Based on such determination, the system can be further configured to generate one or more instruction commands for transmission to one or more electronic device components of the system implanted in the eye at block  2316 . Each electronic device component that received an instruction command can be further configured to perform one or more processes according to the received instruction command. Optionally, in some embodiments, the system can be further configured to determine whether the one or more electronic device components that received an instruction command in fact performed the corresponding one or more processes at block  2318 . If confirmation and/or a current status input are received by the system that the one or more corresponding processes were performed, the process can end at block  2320  in some embodiments. However, if such confirmation and/or a current status input is not received, the system can be configured to repeat one or more processes from blocks  2312  to  2318 . 
     Further, in some embodiments, the system can be configured to repeat one or more processes described in relation to  FIG.  8    periodically, in real-time, or in near real-time. For example, the system can be configured to repeat processes  2312  through  2316  and/or processes  2312  through  2318  periodically, in real-time, or in near real-time. The one or more processes can be repeated every about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 3 seconds, about 4 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 6 seconds, about 7 seconds, about 8 seconds, about 9 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 40 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 5 minutes, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  23 E  is a block diagram depicting another example control process for an accommodating optic system. In some embodiments, an electronic system component of the accommodating lens system, for example a control unit, can receive one or more inputs at block  2324 . The one or more inputs can comprise a user input or data relating to the strain on the eye, external lighting conditions, muscular contractions, or any other data that can be indicative of a need or desire to increase or decrease the refractive power of the accommodating optic system or device. The user input can be achieved by a user through a user access point system, such as a smartphone or other handheld electronic device. Other data can be collected and/or received from one or more intraocular and/or external sensors for use in conjunction with the accommodating optic system. 
     The system component can be configured to further process the received input at block  2326 . The system may determine that the received input corresponds to increasing, decreasing, and/or maintaining the refractive power and/or other characteristic of the accommodating optic system or device. If the system determines that the received input requires or corresponds to changing the state and/or power of the accommodating optic system or device, the system can be configured to generate an instruction command to appropriately change the state and/or power of the accommodating optic system or device at block  2328 A. If the system determines that the received input requires or corresponds to maintain a current state and/or power of the accommodating optic system or device, the system can be configured to generate an instruction command to maintain state and/or power of the accommodating optic system or device at block  2328 B. 
     The system component can be further configured to electronically transmit the generated instruction command to the same or another electronic device component of the accommodating lens or optic system at block  2330 . In some embodiments, the generated instruction command can be transmitted through a wired connection. In certain embodiments, the generated instruction command can be transmitted through a wireless connection. 
     In some embodiments, the system component can be further configured to receive confirmation and/or a current status input from the accommodating optic system at block  2332 . At block  2334 , the accommodating lens or optic system or device can increase, decrease, and/or maintain a refractive power and/or other characteristic of the system based on the system instructions. 
       FIG.  24 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  24 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A .  FIG.  24 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 C- 24 C of  FIG.  24 B .  FIG.  24 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 D- 24 D of  FIG.  24 B .  FIG.  24 E  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A .  FIG.  24 F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  24 A  along the line  24 F- 24 F of  FIG.  24 D . 
     The example prosthetic capsular device  2400  illustrated in  FIG.  24 A  includes some or all of the features of the example prosthetic capsular devices illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 21 A , and like reference numerals include like features. For example, similar to the example prosthetic capsular device  600  of  FIG.  6 A , the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  of  FIG.  24 A  can include one or more ridges  2404 . Also, similar to the example prosthetic capsular device  1000  of  FIG.  10 A , the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  of  FIG.  24 A  can include a single, continuous sidewall  2402 . 
     In particular, the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  can comprise a single continuous sidewall  2402  without any breaks or void spaces. The sidewall  2402  can be made of silicone. The device  2400  can comprise an anterior opening and a posterior opening. A void space or cavity  108  can be formed through the device  2400  connecting the anterior opening and the posterior opening. Accordingly, the device  2400  can comprise a substantially tire or doughnut-like shape or configuration. 
     The device  2400  can be configured such that the anterior side  102  and the posterior side  104  are substantially the same. As such, it may not matter whether the anterior side  102  and the posterior side  104  are flipped. In other words, an anterior half of the device  2400  can substantially be a mirror image of the posterior half of the device  2400 . The device  2400  can be configured to be used in conjunction with one or more refractive surfaces or IOLs. For example, a refractive surface or IOL can be configured to be placed to cover the anterior opening  102  and/or posterior opening  104 . A refractive surface or IOL configured to be affixed to the anterior opening  102  and/or posterior opening  104  can also be symmetrical along the posterior-anterior axis. In other words, in some embodiments, a refractive surface or IOL configured to be affixed to the anterior opening  102  and/or posterior opening  104  can comprise the same power on both sides of the lens or refractive surface. As such, both the refractive surface or IOL and the device  2400  can be fully reversible over a plane that divides the anterior and posterior portions of the device and lens, for example for ease of use during surgery and to decrease risk related to the configuration of the device and/or lens. A refractive surface, IOL, electronic device, and/or other intraocular device can also be placed inside the cavity  108  of the device in between the anterior opening  102  and the posterior opening  104 . 
     Further, the device  2400  can comprise one or more ridges  2404 . The one or more ridges  2404  can be configured to provide mechanical support or otherwise affix an additional IOL, electronic device, or the like to be placed inside the device  2400 . For example, haptics or other anchoring mechanisms of an IOL, electronic device, or the like can be configured to be slid into the one or more ridges  2404 . The one or more ridges  2404  can be located in between the anterior opening  102  and the posterior opening  104 . For example, the one or more ridges  2404  can be located at a substantially midpoint location between the anterior opening  1202  and the posterior opening  104 . 
     As such, the device  2400  can comprise three or more planes or positions within the device  2400  for affixing or placing an intraocular device, such as an IOL, electronic device, or the like. For example, a first intraocular device can be placed or affixed at the anterior end or opening  102 , a second intraocular device can be placed or affixed at the posterior end or opening  104 , and a third intraocular device can be placed or affixed at the one or more ridges  2404  and/or in the cavity  108  of the device. In certain embodiments, the device  2400  can be configured to hold more than one intraocular device inside the cavity  108  of the device, for example by providing more than one ridges  2404 . As such, in some embodiments, the device  2400  can be configured to hold three or more IOLs, refractive surfaces, other intraocular devices, and/or combination thereof within a single device  2400 . 
     In some embodiments, the anterior end  102  and/or posterior end  104  can be configured to affix a refractive surface  110 , intraocular lens, or other intraocular device specifically designed for use with the device  2400 . In contrast, the cavity  108  of the device  2400  can be configured to hold any generic and/or third-party designed or manufactured intraocular device and/or IOL. 
     In some embodiments, the device  2400 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  24 B , can comprise a generally circular shape with an outer diameter of about 9.650 mm. In certain embodiments, the device  2400 , when viewed from an anterior plan view, can comprise a substantially circular shape with an outer diameter of about 6.0 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10.0 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11.0 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, the device  2400 , when viewed from a side view, can comprise a thickness, excluding any refractive surface or IOL attached, of about 3.50 mm. In some embodiments, the device  2400 , when viewed from a side view and excluding any refractive surface or IOL, can comprise a thickness of about 0.50 mm, about 1.00 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 3.00 mm, about 3.50 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 4.50 mm, about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the device  2400  can comprise an anterior opening  102  and/or posterior opening, for example to receive a refractive surface or IOL, comprising a diameter of about 6.350 mm. In certain embodiments, the device  2400  can comprise an anterior opening  102  and/or posterior opening, for example to receive a refractive surface or IOL, comprising a diameter of about 3.00 mm, about 3.50 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 4.50 mm, about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more ridges  2404 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  24 B , can comprise an outer diameter of about 9.150 mm and an inner diameter of about 8.60 mm. In certain embodiments, the one or more ridges  2404 , when viewed from an anterior plan view, can comprise an outer diameter and/or inner diameter of about 6.0 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10.0 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11.0 mm, about 11.5 mm, about 12.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. In certain embodiments, the one or more ridges  2404 , when viewed from a side view, can comprise a thickness of about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 1.1 mm, about 1.2 mm, about 1.3 mm, about 1.4 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Similar to the device illustrated in  FIG.  19 A , the device  2400  can also comprise a lip portion  2406  surrounding the posterior and/or anterior opening  102 ,  104  to receive one or more tongue portions, one or more tabs, and/or one or more haptics of a refractive surface or IOL. The lip portion  2406  can comprise a certain thickness when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  24 F . As such, the diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening  102 ,  104  of the device  2400 , excluding the lip portion  2406 , can be about 7.00 mm and/or larger than the posterior and/or anterior opening. In certain embodiments, the diameter of a circular portion formed around the interior circumference of the anterior and/or posterior opening  102 ,  104  of the device  2400 , excluding the lip portion  2406  can be about 5.5 mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, about 5.9 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 6.1 mm, about 6.2 mm, about 6.3 mm, about 6.4 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 6.6 mm, about 6.7 mm, about 6.8 mm, about 6.9 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 7.1 mm, about 7.2 mm, about 7.3 mm, about 7.4 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 8.1 mm, about 8.2 mm, about 8.3 mm, about 8.4 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.5 mm and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  25 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  25 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A .  FIG.  25 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A  along the line  25 C- 25 C of  FIG.  25 B .  FIG.  25 D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A  along the line  25 D- 25 D of  FIG.  25 B . 
     The example prosthetic capsular device  2500  of  FIG.  25 A  includes some or all of the features of the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  illustrated in  FIG.  24 A , and like reference numerals include like features. For example, similar to the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  of  FIG.  24 A , the example prosthetic capsular device  2500  of  FIG.  25 A  can include one or more ridges  2404 , a single continuous sidewall  2402 , a posterior opening or end  104 , and an anterior opening or end  102 . 
     The example prosthetic capsular device  2500  shown in  FIG.  25 A  further comprises a refractive surface or IOL  2600  attached thereto. The refractive surface or IOL  2600  can be attached to the posterior end  104  and/or substantially cover the posterior opening  104 . Similarly, the refractive surface or IOL  2600  can be attached to the anterior end  102  and/or substantially cover the anterior opening  102 . Due to the fact that the device  2600 , when separated from the refractive surface or IOL  2600 , comprises an anterior half that is substantially equal to the posterior half, it may not matter functionally whether the refractive surface or IOL  2600  is attached to the posterior end  104  or the anterior end  102 . In other words, the device  2500  can be said to comprise a posterior refractive surface or an anterior refractive surface. As discussed above in relation to  FIG.  24 A , one or more additional refractive surfaces or IOLs, electronic devices, or other intraocular devices can further be attached to the device, for example at the posterior or anterior end and/or along one or more ridges. 
       FIG.  26 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device, such as the prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A  and/or any other prosthetic capsular device described herein.  FIG.  26 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A .  FIG.  26 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A  along the line  26 C- 26 C of  FIG.  26 B .  FIG.  26 D  is a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  26 A . 
     The refractive surface or IOL  2600  can comprise one or more similar features as those described in relation to the refractive surface  2200  in relation to  FIG.  22 A . The refractive surface or IOL  2600  can be configured to be attached to any one of the example prosthetic capsular devices disclosed herein. In particular, the refractive surface or IOL  2600  can be configured to be attached to the anterior and/or posterior end of the prosthetic capsular devices  2400 ,  2500 . 
     In some embodiments, the optic or refractive surface  2600  can comprise a diameter of about 6.250 mm. In certain embodiments, the optic of refractive surface  2600  can comprise a diameter of about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 9.50 mm, about 10.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The refractive surface or IOL  2600  can comprise an anterior side or end  2602  and a posterior side or end  2604 . In some embodiments, the anterior side  2602  can be substantially equal to the posterior side  2604 , such that the anterior-posterior configuration of the refractive surface of IOL  2600  does not affect the operability or functionalities when affixing to a prosthetic capsular device. In other embodiments, the anterior side  2602  and the posterior side  2604  can have one or more different features, such as thickness, curvature, refractive power, or the like. 
     The refractive surface or intraocular lens  2600  can comprise two convex portions  2600 A,  2600 B. One of the two convex portions  2600 A can be configured to be placed in the interior of a prosthetic capsular device and the other convex portion  2600 B can be configured to be placed exterior to the prosthetic capsular device upon attachment thereto. In some embodiments, the two convex portions  2600 A,  2600 B can comprise substantially the same shape, area, and/or refractive power. This way, a refractive surface or intraocular lens  2600  can be configured such that the posterior-anterior configuration does not matter when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device. In other words, the refractive surface or intraocular lens  2600  can be flipped when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device and still obtain substantially the same function. 
     In some embodiments, the refractive surface or IOL  2600  comprises one or more tabs  2600  to facilitate attachment of the refractive surface or IOL  2600  to a prosthetic capsular device. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in the  FIG.  26 A , the refractive surface or IOL  2600  comprises four tabs  2606 . In other embodiments, a refractive surface or IOL  2600  can comprise one, two, three, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tabs  2606 . 
     Each of the tabs  2606  can comprise a flap that is curved. Each of the tabs  2606  can comprise a flap that is curved in the same direction. Alternatively, some of the tabs  2606  can be curved in one direction and certain other tabs  2606  can be curved in another direction. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, two tabs  2606 A can extend towards the anterior end  2602  curving towards the posterior end  2604 , and the other two tabs  2606 B can extend towards the posterior end  2604  curving towards the anterior end  2602 . In other embodiments, the tabs  2606  can be substantially flat or planar. 
     In attaching a refractive surface or IOL  2600  to a prosthetic capsular device, one or more of the tabs can be configured to be placed through to the anterior end  102  or posterior end  104  of the device. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG.  25 A , two of four tabs  2606  can be placed in the interior of the device  2500 , while the other two tabs  2606  are placed exterior to a posterior end  104  of the device. Similarly, one tab  2606  can be placed in the interior of the device  2500 , while other tabs  2606  are placed exterior to the device. 
     Each of the plurality of tabs  2606  can extend from the refractive surface  2600  at an angle when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  26 D . For example, in some embodiments, each or some of the plurality of tabs  2606  can initially extend from the refractive surface  2600  at an angle of about 45° in either direction. In certain embodiments, each or some of the plurality of tabs  2606  can initially extend from the refractive surface  2600  at an angle of about +/−10°, about +/−20°, about +/−25°, about +/−30°, about +/−35°, about +/−40°, about +/−45°, about +/−50°, about +/−55°, about +/−60°, about +/−70°, about +/−80°, about +/−90°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2606 , when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  26 D , can comprise a height of about 0.50 mm. In certain embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2606 , when viewed from a side plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  22 D , can comprise a height of about 0.10 mm, about 0.20 mm, about 0.30 mm, about 0.40 mm, about 0.50 mm, about 0.60 mm, about 0.70 mm, about 0.80 mm, about 0.90 mm, about 1.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, each or some of the one or more tabs  2606  can extend radially from about 30° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  2600 . In some embodiments, each of the one or more tabs  2606  of an optic  2600  can extend radially from about 20°, about 40°, about 60°, about 80°, about 100°, about 120°, about 140°, about 160°, about 180°, about 200°, about 220°, about 240°, about 260°, about 280°, about 300°, about 320°, about 340°, about 360° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  2600 , and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2606 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  26 B , can comprise a width of about 2.0 mm. In certain embodiments, each or some of the tabs  2606 , when viewed from an anterior plan view as illustrated in  FIG.  26 B , can comprise a width of about 0.5 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The refractive surface or IOL  2600  can comprise equal refractive power on each of the anterior and posterior halves. In other words, the refractive surface or IOL  2600  can be an equi-convex lens. As such, the orientation or direction in which the lens  2600  is inserted into the device can be disregarded as the lens can be reversible and symmetric along the anterior-posterior axis. 
       FIG.  27 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  27 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  25 A .  FIG.  27 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  27 A  along the line  27 C- 27 C of  FIG.  27 B .  FIG.  27 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  27 A . 
       FIG.  28 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  28 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A .  FIG.  28 C  is a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A  along the line  28 C- 28 C of  FIG.  28 B .  FIG.  28 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  28 A . 
     The devices  2700 ,  2800  can include some or all of the features of the example prosthetic capsular device  2400  illustrated in  FIG.  24 A , and like reference numerals include like features. The devices  2700 ,  2800  can be self-expandable to keep the capsule fully open. The devices  2700 ,  2800  can comprise three different planes. For example, a first plane can correspond with the posterior end  104  of the device, where a refractive surface or IOL can be attached. A second plane can correspond with the anterior end  102  of the device, where another refractive surface or IOL can be attached. A third plane can be positioned in between the posterior end and the anterior end, for example along ridges  2704 ,  2804 . 
     The ridges  2704 ,  2804  can be formed by the shape or curvature of the device  2700 ,  2800 . In other words, instead of adding material to form the ridges, material can be removed from the device  2700 ,  2800  to form ridges  2704 ,  2804 . For example, a central portion of the device  2700 ,  2800  when viewed from the view in  FIG.  27 D , can comprise a vertical portion that extends substantially perpendicular to anterior and posterior portions. The thickness of this vertical portion can be controlled to provide a slot or ridge of varying thickness. 
     In some embodiments, a prosthetic capsular device configured to be inserted in a natural capsular bag of an eye after removal of a lens can comprise a housing structure  2700 ,  2800  capable of containing an intraocular device and/or an equiconvex refractive surface. In particular, the housing structure can comprise an anterior portion, wherein the anterior portion comprises a circular anterior opening, wherein the circular anterior opening is capable of allowing at least one of insertion, removal, or replacement of the intraocular device, and wherein the anterior opening is further configured to be coupled to a refractive surface to cover the circular anterior opening; a posterior portion, wherein the posterior portion comprises a circular posterior opening wherein the circular posterior opening is capable of allowing at least one of insertion, removal, or replacement of the intraocular device, and wherein the posterior opening is further configured to be coupled to a refractive surface to cover the circular posterior opening; and a continuous lateral portion interposed between the anterior portion and the posterior portion, wherein the continuous lateral portion protrudes radially beyond the anterior portion and the posterior portion, wherein the continuous lateral portion fully encloses a lateral side of the housing structure, wherein an internal cavity of the continuous lateral portion forms a groove for containing the intraocular device. The continuous lateral portion may not have any openings, for example along the lateral portion of the device in some embodiments. The housing structure  2700 ,  2800  can be symmetrical over a plane at a midpoint of the continuous lateral portion between the anterior portion and the posterior portion. In certain embodiments, the equiconvex refractive surface can comprise a plurality of tabs for affixing the refractive surface to at least one of the circular anterior opening or the circular posterior opening, wherein the plurality of tabs protrudes from the refractive surface in alternating posterior and anterior directions. 
     As discussed above, one or more refractive surfaces, IOLs, lenses, optics, and/or other intraocular devices can be placed in the device  2700 ,  2800  at the posterior opening  104  and/or anterior opening  102 . For example, a surgeon may initially insert a device with a posterior refractive surface into an eye of a patient. Depending on the outcome, the surgeon may insert a secondary IOL on the anterior opening of the device  2700 ,  2800  to obtain better results. In other words, a secondary IOL can be placed on the anterior opening for fine tuning. Moreover, a diametric sensor and/or another IOL can be placed in the interior of the device  2700 ,  2800  as well, for example along the ridges on the third plane. 
     The devices  2700 ,  2800  can be symmetric and/or reversible so that they are the same right side up as upside down along the anterior-posterior axis. This can be advantageous in that the devices  2700 ,  2800  can have a tendency to want to flip around as they are being inserted and a surgeon would not need to worry about the device flipping way or the other. In other words, the anterior half and the posterior half of the device  2700 ,  2800  can be mirror images of each other. The device  2700 ,  2800  can be made of silicone, while a refractive surface or IOL can be made of acrylic, and cut with a lathe such as CNC Lathing for example. It can be advantageous for the device  2700 ,  2800  to be made of a material that can accommodate for stretching without tearing, but also has a sufficiently high durometer rating so that it maintains sufficient rigidity and stiffness inside the eye. For example, Med  6210  silicone can be used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the device  2700 ,  2800  can be substantially clear. In other embodiments, the device  2700 ,  2800  can be made of opaque silicone and/or may comprise different colors, for example to accommodate for dysphotopsias from angles and/or ridges of the device  2700 ,  2800 . A mold for the device  2700 ,  2800  can be sandblasted so that the silicone forming the device  2700 ,  2800  can comprise some texture in certain embodiments. It can be advantageous for the device to comprise a texturized surface to reduce glare and to diffuse light. In other embodiments, the device  2700 ,  2800  can comprise a smooth surface. 
     The refractive surface or IOL of  FIG.  26 A , for example, can be attached to the devices  2700 ,  2800 . For example, a refractive surface or IOL can have four tabs, two of which can be placed in the interior of the device and two of which can be placed exterior to the device to lock the refractive surface or IOL in place. To secure the refractive surface or IOL with respect to the device  2700 ,  2800 , two tabs can be pushed down to the exterior of the device  2700 ,  2800  using an irrigation-aspiration (IA) device tip for example while the other two tabs remain inside the device  2700 ,  2800 . In some embodiments, the tabs of the refractive surface or IOL, as shown in  FIG.  26 A , can be curved. The curvature of the refractive surface or IOL and/or the rigidity of the device  2700 ,  2800  and tabs can substantially keep the lens in place with respect to the device  2700 ,  2800 . 
     The tabs can comprise one or more eyelet openings in some embodiments. The one or more eyelet openings of each tab can be used for dialing or rotating the lens to a specific meridian. In addition, or alternatively, a surgeon may use the one or more eyelet openings to suture the optic to the device as necessary. 
     As discussed above, the device  2700 ,  2800  and a lens for insertion into the device can both be symmetric and reversible along the posterior-anterior axis. Because the lens or refractive surface, for example shown in  FIG.  26 A , can comprise the equal refractive power on the anterior and posterior portions, there is no refractive surprise. Accordingly, the orientation or direction in which the device  2700 ,  2800  and/or lens  2600  is inserted will not matter in some embodiments. A surgeon would not need to flip the device  2700 ,  2800  or lens  2600  over too obtain the correct orientation, as either orientation, whether anterior-posterior or posterior-anterior, will be the same. 
     In some embodiments, the device  2700 ,  2800  can be made in a number of different sizes or scales to accommodate for different patient biometry. For example, there can be a large, medium, and small sized device  2700 ,  2800  (or any other combination of sizes) to accommodate for patients with different sized cataracts. By providing a number of devices  2700 ,  2800  of varying sizes, surgeons can be able to select a particular device and/or optic for insertion in a particular patient. 
     In some embodiments, the devices  2700 ,  2800  can comprise an anterior portion  2750 , a central portion  2760 , and a posterior portion  2770 . The anterior portion  2750  and the central portion  2760  can be mirror images of each other. The central portion  2760  can comprise a midline along which one-half of the central portion  2760  can be a mirror image of the other half of the central portion  2760 . The central portion  2760  can extend radially outward from the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770 . The central portion  2760  can extend from the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  at an angle of substantially 90°, for example to prevent or substantially prevent post-operative capsular opacification (PCO). In certain embodiments, the central portion  2760  can extend from the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  at an angle of about 10°, about 20°, about 30°, about 40°, about 50°, about 60°, about 70°, about 80°, about 90°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The anterior portion  2750  and the posterior portion  2770  can be configured to hold a refractive surface, IOL, or another intraocular device. For example, a refractive surface and/or IOL can be configured to be placed in and/or over the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770 . The central portion  2760  can be configured to hold one or more intraocular devices, such as an IOL, refractive surface, intraocular pressure sensor, electronic device, and/or any other intraocular device, for example by use of one or more grooves. As such, the device  2700 ,  2800  can comprise one or more shelves, for example three or more shelves, to hold intraocular devices. The anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  can be configured to hold an intraocular device(s) specifically designed for use with the device  2700 ,  2800 , for example comprising one or more features that allow fixation of the intraocular device(s) at the posterior portion  2770  and/or anterior portion  2750 . The central portion  2760  can be configured to hold any generic intraocular device, refractive surface, IOL, or the like. 
     As such, as a non-limiting example, the device  2700 ,  2800  can allow implantation of three or more lenses to obtain an optimal refractive power and/or a refractive power that is desired. Also, due to the symmetrical nature and/or configuration of the device  2700 ,  2800  across a horizontal line, a surgeon can easily implant the device  2700 ,  2800  without risk of inserting the device  2700 ,  2800  in the wrong anterior-posterior orientation. Further, the optics or lens to be used in conjunction with the device  2700 ,  2800  can also comprise a symmetrical configuration to allow for ease of implantation as discussed herein. Further, tabs on the lens or IOL can also be fully reversible. 
     As discussed herein, by providing one or more grooves and/or a central portion  2760 , it can be possible to exactly the pinpoint the location of an IOL or other intraocular device to be placed in the central portion  2760  and/or elsewhere in the device  2700 ,  2800 . Further, the device  2700 ,  2800  can also be used in conjunction with drug release devices, which can be placed inside the device  2700 ,  2800  for example, to release drugs within the eye. As previously discussed, the device  2700 ,  2800  can also provide a stable device for housing lenses and easy removal and/or insertion of lenses and/or other intraocular devices. Moreover, by use of lenses with positive and/or negative refractive powers, for example greater than +35D and/or less than −35D, a Galilean and/or reverse Galilean telescope can be provided within the eye by utilizing the space between the lenses within the device  2700 ,  2800 . In other words, by using high powered plus and/or minus lenses, Galilean telescopes and/or microscopes can be created, for example for the purpose of object magnification and/or minimization. As non-limiting examples, such embodiments can have applications for certain conditions, such as macular degeneration and/or other conditions that cause loss of central vision. In certain embodiments, complex optical systems as such can be obtained by utilizing the ability of the device to separate lens optics within the capsule of the device. Such complex optical system can also be further fine-tuned over time by adjusting one or more optics placed inside the device through exchange. 
     In some embodiments, the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  can comprise an outer diameter of about 8 mm and an inner diameter within the device  2700 ,  2800  of about 7.50 mm. The opening(s) of the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  can comprise a diameter of about 6.35 mm. In some embodiments, the central portion  2760  can comprise an outer diameter of about 10.0 mm and an inner diameter within the interior of the device  2700 ,  2800  of about 9.50 mm. In certain embodiments, the outer diameter of the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770 , the inner diameter of the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770  within the device  2700 ,  2800 , the opening(s) of the anterior portion  2750  and/or posterior portion  2770 , the outer diameter of the central portion  2760 , and/or the inner diameter of the central portion  2760  within the interior of the device  2700 ,  2800  can be about 3.00 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 9.50 mm, about 10.00 mm, about 10.50 mm, about 11.00 mm, about 11.50 mm, about 12.00 mm, about 12.50 mm, about 13.00 mm, about 14.00 mm, about 15.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, a thickness of the device  2700 ,  2800  when viewed from a side view and measured from an outer end of the anterior portion  2750  to an outer end of the posterior portion  2770  can be about 3.50 mm. In other embodiments, a thickness of the device  2700 ,  2800 , when viewed from a side view and measured from an outer end of the anterior portion  2750  to an outer end of the posterior portion  2770 , can be about 3.00 mm. In certain embodiments, a thickness of the device  2700 ,  2800 , when viewed from a side view and measured from an outer end of the anterior portion  2750  to an outer end of the posterior portion  2770 , can be about 0.50 mm, about 1.00 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 3.00 mm, about 3.50 mm, about 4.00 mm, about 4.50 mm, about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 10.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, when viewed from a side view, the anterior portion  1750 , central portion  2760 , and/or posterior portion  1770  can comprise an inner thickness, as measured between two internal surfaces of the device  2700 ,  2800 , of about 1.25 mm. In certain embodiments, the anterior portion  1750 , central portion  2760 , and/or posterior portion  1770 , when viewed from a side view, can comprise an inner thickness, as measured between two internal surfaces of the device  2700 ,  2800 , of about 0.25 mm, about 0.50 mm, about 0.75 mm, about 1.00 mm, about 1.25 mm, about 1.50 mm, about 1.75 mm, about 2.00 mm, about 2.25 mm, about 2.50 mm, about 2.75 mm, about 3.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  29 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  29 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A .  FIG.  29 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A  along the line  29 C- 29 C of  FIG.  29 B .  FIG.  29 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  29 A . 
     The device  2900  can include some or all of the features of the example prosthetic capsular devices  2700 ,  2800  illustrated in  FIGS.  27 A and  28 A , and like reference numerals include like features. The device  2900  is shown with an IOL  2901  placed in the interior of the device  2900  and/or a central portion thereof, for example along the ridges therein. As illustrated, one or more haptics of the IOL  2901  can be configured to be placed within the ridge of the device  2900 . 
       FIG.  30 A  illustrates an anterior plan view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  30 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  30 A  along the line  30 B- 30 B of  FIG.  30 A . 
       FIG.  31 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  31 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A .  FIG.  31 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A  along the line  31 C- 31 C of  FIG.  31 B .  FIG.  31 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  31 A . 
     The device  3100  can include some or all of the features of the example prosthetic capsular devices  2700 ,  2800  illustrated in  FIGS.  27 A and  28 A , and like reference numerals include like features. In contrast to the devices  2700 ,  2800 , a central portion of the device  3100  that extends upwards and downwards, when viewed in the orientation of  FIG.  31 D , may not be perpendicular to the posterior portion and/or the anterior portion. Rather, this central portion or the outer surface thereof can be angled, for example at 70 degrees. This can be advantageous for providing additional rigidity and structure to the device; however, this configuration may add to the amount of material to the device. All other features of the device  3100  can be similar to those described in conjunction with devices  2700 ,  2800 . 
       FIG.  32 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example refractive surface or intraocular lens that can be configured to be used in conjunction with a prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  32 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A .  FIG.  32 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A  along the line  32 C- 32 C of  FIG.  32 B .  FIG.  32 D  illustrates a side plan view of the example refractive surface or intraocular lens of  FIG.  32 A . 
       FIG.  32    illustrates an anterior plan view of another example refractive surface or intraocular lens. The refractive surface, IOL, lens, or optic  3200  shown in  FIG.  32    can be configured to be attached to any prosthetic capsular device disclosed herein, such as the devices  2400 ,  2500 ,  2700 ,  2800 ,  3100  illustrated in  FIGS.  24 ,  25 ,  27 ,  28 , and  31    among others. In particular, the refractive surface or IOL  3200  can be configured to be attached to the anterior and/or posterior end of a prosthetic capsular device  2400 ,  2500 ,  2700 ,  2800 ,  3100 . 
     The optic  3200  can include one or more features as the optic  2600  of  FIG.  26 A . For example, in some embodiments, the refractive portion of the optic  3200  can comprise a diameter of about 6.250 mm. In certain embodiments, the refractive portion of the optic  3200  can comprise a diameter of about 5.00 mm, about 5.50 mm, about 6.00 mm, about 6.50 mm, about 7.00 mm, about 7.50 mm, about 8.00 mm, about 8.50 mm, about 9.00 mm, about 9.50 mm, about 10.00 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Similar to the optic  2600 , the refractive surface or IOL  3200  can comprise an anterior side or end  3202  and a posterior side or end  3204 . In some embodiments, the anterior side  3202  can be substantially equal to the posterior side  3204 , such that the anterior-posterior configuration of the refractive surface of IOL  3200  does not affect the operability or functionality when affixing to a prosthetic capsular device. In other embodiments, the anterior side  3202  and the posterior side  3204  can have one or more different features, such as thickness, curvature, refractive power, or the like. 
     The refractive surface or intraocular lens  3200  can comprise two convex portions  3200 A,  3200 B. One of the two convex portions  3200 A can be configured to be placed in the interior of a prosthetic capsular device and the other convex portion  3200 B can be configured to be placed exterior to the prosthetic capsular device upon attachment thereto. In some embodiments, the two convex portions  3200 A,  3200 B can comprise substantially the same shape, area, and/or refractive power. In other words, the optic  3200  can be an equiconvex lens and/or be symmetrical along the anterior-posterior axis. This way, a refractive surface or intraocular lens  3200  can be configured such that the posterior-anterior configuration thereof does not matter when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device. In other words, the refractive surface or intraocular lens  3200  can be flipped when attaching to a prosthetic capsular device and still obtain substantially the same function. 
     In contrast to the optic  2600  of  FIG.  26 A , the optic  3200  can include six tabs  3206  in some embodiments. For example, three of the six tabs  3206 A can be curved towards the posterior end of the lens, and the other three tabs  3206 B can be curved towards the anterior end of the lens. One or more tabs  3206  can facilitate attachment of the refractive surface or IOL  3200  to a prosthetic capsular device. In certain embodiments, a refractive surface or IOL  3200  can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tabs  2606 . 
     Each of the tabs  3206  can comprise a flap that is curved in the same or alternating direction. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, three tabs  3206 B can extend from the anterior side  3202 , and the other three tabs  3606 A can extend from the posterior end  3204 . In other embodiments, the tabs  2606  can be substantially flat or planar. 
     In attaching a refractive surface or IOL  3200  to a prosthetic capsular device, one or more of the tabs can be configured to be placed through the anterior end  102  or posterior end  104  of the device. For example, three of the six tabs  3206  can be placed in the interior of the device, while the other tabs can be placed exterior to the device. 
     In certain embodiments, each or some of the one or more tabs  3206  can extend radially from about 30° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  3200 . In some embodiments, each or some of the one or more tabs  3206  of an optic  3200  can extend radially from about 20°, about 40°, about 60°, about 80°, about 100°, about 120°, about 140°, about 160°, about 180°, about 200°, about 220°, about 240°, about 260°, about 280°, about 300°, about 320°, about 340°, about 360° of the circumference of the refractive portion of the optic  3200 , and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, each or some of the tabs  3206 , when viewed from an anterior plan view can comprise a width of about 2.0 mm. In certain embodiments, each or some of the tabs  3206 , when viewed from an anterior plan view, can comprise a width of about 0.5 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5.0 mm, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Each of the tabs can further comprise one or more eyelet openings  3204 . The one or more eyelets  3204  can be used to fasten or fixate the optic  3200  in a particular location or configuration relative to a prosthetic capsular device. In some embodiments, an angle between the center points of two eyelet openings  3204  can be about 60°. In certain embodiments, an angle between the center points of two eyelet openings  3204  can be about 10°, about 20°, about 30°, about 40°, about 50°, about 60°, about 70°, about 80°, about 90°, about 100°, about 110°, about 120°, about 130°, about 140°, about 150°, about 160°, about 170°, about 180°, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     Tubular Devices, Systems, and Methods 
       FIG.  33 A  illustrates an anterior side perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular device.  FIG.  33 B  illustrates an anterior plan view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  33 A .  FIG.  33 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the example prosthetic capsular device of  FIG.  33 A  along the line  33 C- 33 C of  FIG.  33 B . 
     In some embodiments, the device  3300  includes features described with respect to the devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,103, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, or modifications thereof. For example, the device  3300  can comprise an anterior side  3302 , a posterior side  3304 , and sidewalls  3306  extending between the anterior side  3302  and the posterior side  3304 ; the anterior side  3302  comprises an opening  3308 ; the posterior side  3304  optionally comprises a refractive surface  3310 ; the prosthetic device  3300  comprises a ring structure  3320  (e.g., comprising ring structure portions  3320 A,  3320 B,  3320 C,  3320 D) coupled to a housing structure  3312  comprising the anterior side  3302 , posterior side  3304 , and sidewalls  3306 ; and the ring portions  3320 A,  3320 B,  3320 C,  3320 D comprising aperture sections  3327  comprising openings  3328 , which may also or alternatively be slits. 
     The device  3300  comprises openings  3326 A,  3326 B in the posterior side  3304  of the housing structure  3312 . Each of the openings  3326 A,  3326 B may be the same as the others of the openings  3326 A,  3326 B. At least one of the openings  3326 A,  3326 B may be different than at least one of the other openings  3326 A,  3326 B. The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may inhibit or prevent entrapment of fluid or potentially residual viscoelastic material after implantation of the device  3300 , for example by allowing anterior-posterior fluid flow along with the anterior opening  3308 . 
     The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may be formed during formation of the housing structure  3312  (e.g., as part of a molding process) and/or formed after formation of the housing structure  3312  (e.g., by a laser, chemical, or mechanical removal process). In some implementations, the housing structure  3312  may comprise a different material around the openings  3326 A,  3326 B (e.g., the housing structure  3312  comprising silicone and the opening surrounding material comprising polyimide). In some implementations, the housing structure  3312  may comprise thicker material around the openings  3326 A,  3326 B (e.g., to buttress the openings  3326 A,  3326 B, for example if another device is to be anchored to the openings  3326 A,  3326 B). In some implementations, the housing structure  3312  may comprise thinner material around the openings  3326 A,  3326 B (e.g., for easier removal of material and/or opening formation). 
     The openings  3326 A,  3326 B can allow evacuation of prosthetic capsular device  3300  viscoelastic material from behind the refractive surface  3310  and/or the posterior wall of the housing structure  3312 . The openings  3326 A,  3326 B can provide access to the posterior capsule. For example, if a primary posterior capsulotomy was created (e.g., using a femtosecond laser after implantation of the device  3300 ), the openings  3326 A,  3326 B could allow use of forceps to grab a cut posterior capsulorhexis and remove it from the eye. Openings  3326 A,  3326 B on each side of the refractive surface  3310  may allow the refractive surface  3310  to tilt (e.g., along the major axis if the openings  3326 A,  3326 B are on opposite sides of the major axis), which may allow greater access to an area posterior to the refractive surface  3310 . 
     The openings  3326 A,  3326 B can hold or otherwise interact with a drug eluting device. The openings  3326 A,  3326 B can allow a medicament access to the posterior capsule (e.g., for treatment of retinal and/or uveal diseases). The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may allow a drug contained in the device  3300  to reach a posterior segment of the eye (e.g., vitreous, retina, choroid). The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may allow a slow release anti-VEGF injectable (e.g., ranibizuman (e.g., Lucentis® from Genentech), aflibercept (e.g., Eylea® from Regerneron Pharmacueticals) or anti-VEGF produced from cells (e.g., from Neurotech) contained in the device  3300  to reach a posterior segment of the eye (e.g., vitreous, retina, choroid) for treatment of macular degeneration. 
     The refractive surface  3310  may have a diameter between about 4 mm and about 9 mm (e.g., about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). In some embodiments, the openings  3326 A,  3326 B are spaced from the outer circumference of the refractive surface  3310  by between about 0.2 mm and about 1 mm (e.g., about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 1 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). In some embodiments, the openings  3326 A,  3326 B comprise arcs of a circle having a diameter  3330  between about 4.5 mm and about 9.5 mm (e.g., about 4.5 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 9.5 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). For example, if the refractive surface  3310  has a diameter of 5 mm and the openings  3326 A,  3326 B are spaced from the outer circumference of the refractive surface  3310  by 0.5 mm, the openings  3326 A,  3326 B would have a diameter  3330  of 5.5 mm. 
     The outer or under certain circumstances maximum diameter  3332  of the device  3300 , for example accounting for extension of the ring structure  3320 , may be between about 9 mm and about 12 mm (e.g., about 9 mm, about 9.5 mm, about 10 mm, about 10.3 mm, about 10.5 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). 
     The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may have a thickness or width  3334  between about 0 mm (e.g., being slits as described with to  FIG.  33 F ) and about 0.5 mm (e.g., about 0 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.5 mm, ranges between such values, etc.). In some embodiments, the openings  3326 A,  3326 B are sized such that there is little or no pressure gradient from posterior to anterior, for example during anterior decompression. The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may be small enough in size that there is a low likelihood of vitreous prolapse through the openings  3326 A,  3326 B. 
     In some embodiments, the openings  3326 A,  3326 B comprise arcs of a circle. The openings  3326 A,  3326 B may comprise a circumferential angle between about 30° and about 120° (e.g., about 30°, about 45°, about 60°, about 75°, about 90°, about 105°, about 120°, ranges between such values, etc.). The openings  3326 A,  3326 B are illustrated as being mirror-image circular arc openings, but other shapes are also possible (e.g., polygonal (e.g., rectangular), arcuate (e.g., circular, ellipsoid, oval), slits, combinations thereof, and the like). The openings  3326 A,  3326 B are illustrated as being on opposite sides of the major axis, but openings can also or alternatively be on opposite sides of the minor axis, on one side of an axis, crossing one or more axes, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the device  3300  comprises a bulge  3316 . In some embodiments, the bulge  3316  extends radially outward of the sidewalls  3306  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS.  33 A and  33 B ). In some embodiments, the bulge  3316  extends radially inward of the sidewalls  3306 . In some embodiments, the bulge  3316  extends radially inward and radially outward of the sidewalls  3306 . The device  3300  includes a bulge  3316  on each end portion. In some embodiments, the bulge  3316  can be limited to portions around ring structure portion anchors. The housing structure  3312  may comprise the bulge  3316  (e.g., the bulge  3316  being integral with the housing structure  3312 ). In some implementations, the ring structure  3320  is placed in a mold and the housing structure  3312  is over-molded around the ring structure  3320 . The bulge  3316  may be coupled to the housing structure  3312 . The bulge  3316  may comprise the same material as the housing structure  3312  or a different material than the housing structure  3312 . The bulge  3316  may allow the anchors to be substantially radially aligned with, radially outward of, or radially inward of the sidewalls  3306 . The bulge  3316  may provide extra material in which the ring structure  3320  may anchor, for example maintaining a wall thickness (e.g., about 0.2 mm) on one or both sides of the ring structure  3320  with or without the use of a primer. The bulge  3316  may allow the material of the housing structure  3312  to surround (e.g., completely surround) the anchoring portions of the ring structure portion  3320 , which can avoid an area of weakness and/or discontinuity of the housing structure  3312 . The device  3300  includes bulges  3316  that extend along the entire edge portions of the housing structure  3312 , even beyond the termination of the anchor portions. In some implementations, the device includes bulges  3316  that extend slightly beyond the termination of the anchor portions. 
     The device  3300  optionally comprises a posterior fin  3324 . The device  3300  shown includes two posterior fins  3324 . The posterior fins  3324  are aligned along a diameter of the refractive surface  3310  and in line with the major axis of the prosthetic device  3300 . In some implementations, a plurality of posterior fins  3324  (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more fins  3324 ) may be circumferentially offset (e.g., by about 180°, by about 120°, by about 90°, by about 72°, by about 60°, and the like). In some implementations, at least some or all of a plurality of posterior fins  3324  (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more fins  3324 ) may be unaligned. The posterior fins  3324  are aligned along a major axis of the device  3300 . In some implementations, the posterior fins  3324  may be aligned along a minor axis of the device  3300 . In some implementations, the posterior fins  3324  may be unaligned along an axis of the device  3300  (e.g., at an angle with respect to the major axis and/or the minor axis). The housing structure  3312  may comprise the posterior fin  3324  (e.g., the posterior fin  3324  being integral with the housing structure  3312 ). The posterior fin  3324  may be coupled to the housing structure  3312 . The posterior fin  3324  may comprise the same material as the housing structure  3312  or a different material than the housing structure  3312 . The posterior fin  3324  may help to space a posterior surface of a natural capsular bag from the posterior end  3304  of the housing structure  3312  radially outward of the refractive surface  3310 . Spacing the posterior surface of the natural capsular bag from the posterior end  3304  of the housing structure  3312  radially outward of the refractive surface  3310  may allow fluid flow radially outward of the refractive surface  3310 , which may help to reduce opacification. Spacing the posterior surface of the natural capsular bag from the posterior end  3304  of the housing structure  3312  radially outward of the refractive surface  3310  may reduce the chance of retaining viscoelastic that has some residual trapped fibrin or inflammatory precipitate contained within it. In some embodiments, the posterior fin  3324  may extend anterior from the posterior of the housing structure  3312  into the cavity of the housing structure  3312 . In some embodiments, the posterior fin comprises a roughened or opacified interior and/or exterior surface of the housing structure  3312  (e.g., having the same thickness and material as the posterior wall radially outward of the refractive surface  3310  but treated to provide an alignment mark). 
     In embodiments in which the fins  3324  are aligned with the major axis of the device  3300 , the device  3300  can be strategically aligned in an eye. For example, if an eye has astigmatism, a device  3300  in which the refractive surface  3310  comprises a toric lens can be used to at least partially correct the astigmatism if the device  3300  is properly oriented (e.g., with the steep axis of a cornea). In some implementations, at least one of the fins  3324  can be different (e.g., different shape, dimensions, etc.) to indicate a top or bottom of the device  3300 . In devices allowing any rotational orientation of an IOL inserted therein, a toric IOL can be rotated. The device  3300  includes truncated sides, reducing volume and in some cases advantageously limiting rotation of an IOL inserted therein. Aligning the device  3300  for alignment of a toric refractive surface  3310  and/or a toric IOL contained in the device  3300  can advantageously provide the advantages of limited IOL rotation, reduced volume, and astigmatism correction. 
       FIG.  34    illustrates an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device  3400 . The device  3400  includes some or all of the features of the device  3300 , and like reference numerals include like features. The device  3400  additionally comprises a first side aperture  3330 A and a second side aperture  3330 B. The side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B are configured to couple a tubular device to the housing structure  3312  of the capsular device  3400 . 
     In some embodiments, the device  3400  may comprise a single side aperture  3330 . In some embodiments, the device  3400  may comprise more than two side apertures  3330 . The side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B are shown on flat sides of the housing structure  3312 , although other locations (e.g., including towards ends of flat sides, on arcuate sidewalls, on the anterior side  3302 , on the posterior side  3304 , and combinations thereof) are also possible. The side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B are show as through-holes. In some embodiments, the side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B may also or alternatively comprise slits. 
     Any of the devices and systems described herein, such as the devices and systems shown in  FIGS.  1 A,  2 A,  3 A,  4 A,  5 A,  6 A,  7 A,  8 A,  9 A,  10 A,  11 A,  12 A,  13 A,  14 A,  15 A,  16 A,  18 A,  19 A,  21 A,  23 B,  24 A ,  25 A,  27 A,  28 A,  29 A,  31 A,  33 A, and modifications and combinations thereof can comprise a side aperture configured to be coupled to a tubular device like side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B. In addition, any of the devices and systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,103, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be modified in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, the devices and systems shown in  FIGS.  2 ,  4 H,  6 ,  8 ,  9 A,  10 A,  11 A,  11 D,  12 A,  13 ,  14 ,  16 ,  17 ,  18 ,  19 ,  20 ,  21 ,  22 A,  22 B,  23 ,  24   ,  25 ,  26 ,  27 ,  28 ,  29 ,  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  35 ,  36 ,  37 A,  38 A,  39 ,  40 ,  41 ,  42 ,  43 A,  43 E,  57 A,  58 A,  58 E,  58 F,  58 G,  58 H,  58 I,  58 J,  58 K,  58 L,  59 A,  61 A,  61 D,  62 A,  63 A,  64 A,  65 A,  66 A,  67 A,  68 A,  69 A,  70 A,  72 A,  73 A,  74 B,  74 C,  74 D,  74 E,  75 A,  75 E,  76 A,  76 B,  76 C,  76 D,  76 E,  76 F,  77 C,  77 D,  77 I, and modifications and combinations thereof could comprise a side aperture configured to be coupled to a tubular device like the side apertures  230 A,  230 B. Modifications to other prosthetic capsular devices or systems in accordance are also possible. 
       FIG.  35 A  is a side perspective view of an example tubular device  3500 . The tubular device  3500  is configured to be coupled to a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400 . The tubular device  3500  provides a fluid flow pathway from inside the cavity  3306  of the device  3400  to a second location. In some embodiments, the second location is through the pars plana and on top of the sclera, which can be beneath the Tenon&#39;s capsule and conjunctiva. 
     The tubular device  3500  comprises a tubular portion  3532 . The tubular portion  3532  has a generally cylindrical shape that is flexible enough to bend and rigid enough to resist collapsing and kinking. The tubular portion  3532  can be made of a biologically compatible material including but not limited to silicone, silicone polymers, SIBS (poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene)), acrylic, acrylic polymers, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and Gore-Tex. 
     The tubular portion  3532  at least partially defines a lumen  3536  configured to allow fluid flow. The lumen  3536  and/or tubular portion  3532  may have an internal diameter between about 30 and about 100 microns. In certain embodiments, the lumen  3536  and/or tubular portion  3532  may have an internal diameter between about 1 micron and about 200 microns. The lumen  3536  and/or tubular portion  3532  may also have a length between 3 mm and 10 mm. In certain embodiments, the lumen  3536  and/or tubular portion  3532  may have a length between about 1 mm and about 20 mm. The lumen  3536  and/or tubular portion  3532  may also be longer with the ability for the implanting surgeon to trim the length to the appropriate size for a given patient. 
     In some embodiments, the tubular device  3500  is a “dumb” or passive tubular device in that the lumen  3536  is not restricted and can allow fluid flow therethrough at all times. The tubular portion  3532  can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end. The inflow end can be located at or near the device  3400  to allow inflow of fluid from inside the device  3400  or the eye. The outflow end can be located at or near the second location to allow outflow of fluid to the second location. 
     The tubular device  3500  is also illustrated as comprising an optional flange  3534 . The optional flange  3534  can have a generally cylindrical shape with a diameter larger than the diameter of the tubular portion  3532 . The flange  3534  can be configured to be inserted into a side aperture  3330  to couple the tubular device  3500  to a housing structure  3312  of a capsular device  3400 . The circumference of the flange  3534  can be substantially the same or slightly smaller than the circumference of a side aperture  3330  of a housing structure  3312 . 
     In some embodiments, the flange  3534  is made of the same material as the tubular portion  3532 . In certain embodiments, however the flange  3534  may also or alternatively be made of a combination of biocompatible materials including but not limited to silicone, silicone polymers, SIBS (poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene)), acrylic, acrylic polymers, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and Gore-Tex. A diameter of the flange  3534  can be between approximately 1 mm and 3 mm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the flange  3534  can be between about 0.1 mm and about 10 mm. 
     The flange  3534  can be configured to be substantially anchored in place in a side aperture  3330  by friction or chemical glue to substantially fixate the tubular device  3500 . In some embodiments, the flange  3534  can comprise a deformable material that can be compressed to fit the flange  3534  in a side aperture  3330 . Once fit inside a side aperture  3330 , the flange can expand to substantially anchor the flange  3534  in place inside the side aperture  3330 . 
     In certain embodiments, the circumference of the flange  3534  can be larger than the circumference of a side aperture  3330  of a housing structure  312 . As such, only the tubular portion  3532  can be configured to be inserted into a side aperture  3330 , while the flange  3534  remains inside the cavity of the housing structure  3312 . A flange  3534  with a circumference that is larger than a circumference of a side aperture  3330  can substantially prevent the tubular device  3500  from being pushed out of the side aperture  3330  in a general direction away from the cavity of the housing structure  3312 . The larger circumference of the flange  3534  can provide a stopping mechanism to prevent the tubular device  3500  from falling out of the side aperture  3330  with a smaller circumference. 
       FIG.  35 B  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device  3502 . Similar to the tubular device  3500  illustrated in  FIG.  35 A , the tubular device  3502  is configured to be coupled to a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400 . The tubular device  3502  includes some or all of the features of the tubular device  3500 , and like reference numerals include like features. The tubular device  3502  can be similar to the tubular device  3500  except for the flange  3538  and fluid control  3540 . 
     In some embodiments, the shape of the flange  3538  can comprise a trapezoidal cylinder shape. For example, the flange  3538  can comprise a top surface and a bottom surface, in which the top surface, and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, is larger than the bottom surface, and/or a diameter or circumference thereof. In other embodiments, the top surface, and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, can be smaller than the bottom surface and/or a diameter or circumference thereof. Both the top and bottom surfaces, and/or diameters or circumferences thereof, can be larger than the tubular portion  3532  and/or a diameter or circumference thereof. 
     The flange  3538  can be configured to be inserted into a side aperture  3330  to couple the tubular device  3500  to a housing structure  3312  of a capsular device  3400 . The side aperture  3330 , and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, can be larger than a bottom surface of the flange  3538 , and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, and smaller than a top surface of the flange  3538  and/or a diameter or circumference thereof. Similarly, in other embodiments, a side aperture  3330  can be smaller than a bottom surface of the flange  3538 , and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, and larger than a top surface of the flange  3538  and/or a diameter or circumference thereof. In some embodiments, the size of a side aperture  3330 , and/or a diameter or circumference thereof, can be substantially equal to an average of a top surface and a bottom surface of the flange  3538 , and/or diameters or circumferences thereof. 
     In embodiments in which the top surface of the flange  3538  is larger than the bottom surface of the flange  3538 , the tubular device  3502  can be configured to be inserted into a side aperture  3330  starting with the bottom surface of the flange  3538  towards the top surface. As the tubular device  3502  is being inserted into a side aperture  3330 , the flange  3538  may become stuck in the side aperture  3330  at a point between the bottom surface and the top surface of the flange  3538 , for example where the diameter or circumference of the side aperture  3330  is substantially equal to that of the flange  3538 . Accordingly, the tubular device  3502  can be substantially anchored or fixated in place in a side aperture  3330  by friction and/or mechanical fitting. 
     In some embodiments, the tubular device  3502  is a “smart” tubular device comprising a fluid control  3540 . The fluid control  3540  can be configured to alter the lumen  3536  between an open configuration and a restricted configuration to allow or disallow fluid flow therethrough. In addition or alternatively, the fluid control  3540  can be configured to alter between a configuration that actively facilitates fluid flow through the lumen  3536  and a configuration that does not. 
     More specifically, the fluid control  3540  can be a valve that is configured to open or close to allow or disallow fluid flow through the lumen  3536 . The valve can be located anywhere along the lumen  3536 . For example, the valve can be located at or near an inflow end of the lumen  3536 , at or near an outflow end of the lumen  3536 , in between the inflow end and outflow end of the lumen  3536 , or a substantially midpoint of the lumen  3536  between the inflow end and outflow end thereof. 
     The valve can be configured to be open and close based on an intraocular pressure setting. For example, if the intraocular pressure is too high or is above a predetermined level, the valve can be configured to open to allow fluid flow from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye to decrease the intraocular pressure. Conversely, if the intraocular pressure is too low or is below a predetermined level, the valve can be configured to close to prevent fluid flow. In some embodiments, one or more intraocular pressure sensors of the device  3400  and/or tubular device  3500  can be configured to detect the intraocular pressure and electronically transmit the detected pressure to a processor configured to open and/or close the valve. 
     In some embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 20 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 10 mmHg, 11 mmHg, 12 mmHg, 13 mmHg, 14 mmHg, 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, about 21 mmHg, about 22 mmHg, about 23 mmHg, about 24 mmHg, about 25 mmHg, about 26 mmHg, about 27 mmHg, about 28 mmHg, about 29 mmHg, about 30 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
     In some embodiments, the valve can be configured to close when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 6 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 1 mmHg, about 2 mmHg, about 3 mmHg, about 4 mmHg, about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. [0473] The fluid control  3540  can also or alternatively be a pump or micro pump. The pump or micro pump can be located at or near an inflow end of the lumen  3536 , at or near an outflow end of the lumen  3536 , in between the inflow end and outflow end of the lumen  3536 , or a substantially midpoint of the lumen  3536  between the inflow end and outflow end thereof. The pump or micro pump can be configured to actively force fluid from inside of the eye to the outside of the eye. For example, if the intraocular pressure is too high or is above a predetermined level, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively force fluid to flow from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye to decrease the intraocular pressure. Conversely, if the intraocular pressure is too low or is below a predetermined level, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop. In some embodiments, one or more intraocular pressure sensors of the device  3400  and/or tubular device  3500  can be configured to detect the intraocular pressure and electronically transmit the detected pressure to a processor configured to turn the pump or micro pump on or off. 
     In some embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively facilitate fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 20 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively facilitate fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 10 mmHg, 11 mmHg, 12 mmHg, 13 mmHg, 14 mmHg, 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, about 21 mmHg, about 22 mmHg, about 23 mmHg, about 24 mmHg, about 25 mmHg, about 26 mmHg, about 27 mmHg, about 28 mmHg, about 29 mmHg, about 30 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
     In some embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop facilitating fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 6 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop facilitating fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 1 mmHg, about 2 mmHg, about 3 mmHg, about 4 mmHg, about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
       FIG.  35 C  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device  3504 . Similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502  illustrated in  FIGS.  35 A and  35 B , the tubular device  3504  is configured to be coupled to a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400 . The tubular device  3504  includes some or all of the features of the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 , and like reference numerals include like features. The tubular device  3504  can be similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502  except for the tubular portion  3540 , through holes  3544 , and tab or plate  3546 . 
     In some embodiments, the tubular portion  3540  and/or lumen  3536  is tapered towards the outflow end, for example to prevent conjunctival erosion. The tubular device  3504  can also comprise one or more tabs or plates  3544 . The one or more tabs  3544  can be coupled to an outflow end of the tubular portion  3532 . The one or more tabs  3544  can be configured to prevent encapsulation of the outflow end of the tubular portion  3532 , for example in the pars plana. In some embodiments, the tubular device  3504  can comprise only one tab  3544 . In certain embodiments, the tubular device  3504  can comprise two tabs  3544  in a substantially flat or planar configuration, in which an angle between the two tabs  3544  is about 180°. In other embodiments, the tubular device  3504  can comprise three tabs  3544 , in which an angle between any two of the three tabs can be about 120°. In certain embodiments, the tubular device  3504  can comprise four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tabs, in which the angle between any two tabs can be substantially equal or different. 
     The one or more tabs  3544  may comprise one or more eyelets  3548 . For example, one tab  3544  can comprise one, two, three, four, or five eyelets  3548 . In some embodiments, each tab  3544  can comprise one eyelet  3548 . The eyelet  3548  can be configured to fixate the outflow end of the tubular portion  3532 . For example, the eyelet  3548  can be configured to fixate the outflow end of a sub-conjunctival tube to the sclera. The one or more eyelets  3548  can allow for sutures for fixating the outflow end of the tubular portion  3532 . 
     The flange  3542  can comprise one or more through holes  3544 . For example, the flange  3542  can comprise one, two, three, four, or five through holes  3544 . The one or more through holes  3544  can be configured to fixate the inflow end of the tubular device  3504 . For example, one or more screws, nuts, sutures, or the like can be inserted through the one or more through holes  3544  to fixate the tubular device  3504  to the housing structure  3312 . 
       FIG.  35 D  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device  3506 . Similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504  illustrated in  FIGS.  35 A,  35 B, and  35 C , the tubular device  3506  is configured to be coupled to a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400 . The tubular device  3506  includes some or all of the features of the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504 , and like reference numerals include like features. The tubular device  3506  can be similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504  except for comprising a plurality of flanges  3534 ,  3538 . 
     In some embodiments, the tubular device  3506  comprises a plurality of flanges  3534 ,  3538 . For example, the tubular device  3506  can comprise two, three, four, or five flanges. In some embodiments, the plurality of flanges can have the same or substantially same shape. In other embodiments, one or more of the plurality of flanges can have a different shape. 
     In the depicted embodiment, the tubular device  3506  comprises a first flange  3534  and a second flange  3538 . The first flange  3534  can be similar to the flange described above in connection with  FIG.  35 A . The second flange  3538  can be similar to the flange described above in connection with  FIG.  35 B . 
     The tubular device  3506  can be inserted through a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400  in a general direction starting with the second flange  3538  towards the first flange  3534 . The first flange  3534 , the second flange  3538 , and/or both can be made of a deformable or compressible material. For example, as the tubular device  3506  is being inserted through a side aperture  3330 , the second flange  3538  can be configured to be compressed. The tapered configuration or trapezoidal cylinder shape of the second flange  3538  can allow the second flange  3538  to be inserted completely through the side aperture  3330 . The first flange  3354 , however, can be configured not to be inserted through the side aperture  3330  due its cylindrical shape and/or non-compressible material. Accordingly, the periphery of the side aperture  3330  can be configured to be located between the first flange  3534  and the second flange  3538  when the tubular device  3536  is coupled to the housing structure  3312 , thereby preventing the tubular device  3506  from moving in either direction. 
       FIG.  35 E  is a side perspective view of another example tubular device  3508 . Similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504 ,  3506  illustrated in  FIGS.  35 A,  35 B,  35 C, and  35 D , the tubular device  3508  is configured to be coupled to a side aperture  3330  of the device  3400 . The tubular device  3508  includes some or all of the features of the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504 , and  3506 , and like reference numerals include like features. The tubular device  3508  can be similar to the tubular devices  3500 ,  3502 ,  3504 ,  3506  except that the tubular device  3508  does not comprise a flange and that the tubular device  3508  comprises one or more tabs  3546   a ,  3546   b  at each end of the tubular device  3508 . 
     In some embodiments, the tubular device  3508  does not comprise a flange. Instead, the tubular device  3508  can comprise one or more other structures for fixating the tubular device  3508  with respect to the housing structure  3312  and/or eye. For example, the tubular device  3508  can comprise one or more tabs or plates  3546   a ,  3546   b.    
     In the depicted embodiment, the tubular device  3508  comprises one tab or plate  3546   a ,  3546   b  at each end of the tubular portion  3536 . In other words, the inflow end of the tubular portion can comprise a tab or plate  3546   a , and the outflow end of the tubular portion can comprise a tab or plate  3546   b . In certain embodiments, the inflow end and/or outflow end of the tubular portion can each comprise one, two, three, four, or five tabs or plates. 
     Each tab or plate  3546   a ,  3546   b  can comprise one or more eyelets  3548 . For example, one tab can comprise one, two, three, four, or five eyelets  3548 . In the depicted embodiment, each tab  3546   a ,  3546   b  comprises one eyelet  3548 . The eyelet  3548  can be configured to fixate the inflow end and/or outflow end of the tubular portion  3532 . For example, one or more screws, nuts, sutures, or the like can be inserted through an eyelet  3548  of a tab  3546   a  located at or near the inflow end to fixate the inflow end to the housing structure  3312 , side aperture  3330 , and/or natural capsular bag. Similarly, one or more screws, nuts, sutures, or the like can be inserted through an eyelet  3548  of a tab  3546   b  located at or near the outflow end to fixate the outflow end to the second location, such as the sub-Tenon&#39;s space. 
       FIG.  36    is an anterior side perspective view of an example prosthetic capsular device system  3600  including the device  3400  of  FIG.  34 A  and the tubular device  3500  of  FIG.  35 A . As illustrated, the tubular device  3500  is coupled to the device  3400  through a side aperture  3330 B of the device  3400 . More specifically, a flange  3534  of the tubular device  3500  can be fixated in the side aperture  3330 B, providing a first opening of the tubular portion  3532  to be in fluid connection with inside of the device  3400  and providing a second opening of the tubular portion  3532  in a second location. 
       FIG.  37    is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device system of  FIG.  36    in an eye. As illustrated, a flange  3534  of the tubular device  3500  can be fixated in the side aperture  3330 B, providing a first opening of the tubular portion  3532  to be in fluid connection with inside of the device  3400 . The tubular portion  3532  can be configured to extend away from the device  3400  implanted in the natural capsular bag of the eye. The tubular portion  3532  can extend through a puncture in a sidewall of the natural capsular bag  3700  and inserted through the pars plana. As such, a second opening or end of the tubular portion  3532  can be located in the sub-Tenon&#39;s space, for example 2-4 mm posterior to the limbus, but without reaching the conjunctiva  3702 . Through the first and second openings, fluid can be configured to flow from inside of the device  3400  to the sub-Tenon&#39;s space through the lumen  3536 . 
     After cataract surgery and implantation of the prosthetic device into the natural capsular bag, a fornix based limbal conjunctival peritomy can be performed in the quadrant that was planned to receive the tubular device  3500 . The Tenon&#39;s capsule can be dissected from the sclera, and limited cautery can be performed for hemostasis. Mitomycin at variable concentrations can be placed on the sclera, for example using soaked sponges for a variable amount of time (ranging from 10 seconds to a five minutes), and can then copiously be washed away using balanced salt solution (BSS). A pars plana sclerostomy can be created with a sharp device such as a myringovitreoretinal (MVR) blade. In some cases, a trochar can be inserted through the sclera. 
     Other sclerostomies can be made through the conjunctiva in other quadrants for light and/or BSS infusion. Typically, a limited pars plana vitrectomy can be performed to clear vitreous away from the sclerostomy site, preventing retinal traction during the surgical intervention. In some cases, a vitrectomy would not need to be performed. A sharp instrument, possibly an MVR type blade, with the tubular device  3500  loaded overtop and downshaft can be inserted through the sclerostomy, and can sharply incise the natural capsule, docking with the prosthetic device. Using grasping forceps, the end of the tubular device  3500  can be held in place inside the prosthetic device, while the sharp instrument can be removed using a modified Seldinger technique. The internal end of the tubular portion can be seated within the prosthetic device  3400 , and the external end of the tubular portion can be trimmed and/or fixated to the sclera using a suture (such as an 8-0 vicryl) or glue (such as Tisseel). The Tennon&#39;s capsule and conjunctive can be sutured back to the limbus using suture (such as 8-0 vicryl) or glue (such as Tisseel). 
       FIG.  38 A  is an anterior side perspective partially-exploded view of an example prosthetic capsular device system  3800  including the device  3400  of  FIG.  34 A , the tubular device  3500  of  FIG.  35 A , and a containment structure  3802 .  FIG.  38 B  is an anterior side perspective view of the example prosthetic capsular device system  3800  of  FIG.  38 A . 
     The containment structure  3802  can be configured to be coupled or attached to the device  3400 . In some embodiments, the containment structure  3802  can comprise a foldable or otherwise deformable structure that can be inserted through an opening and into the interior of the device  3400 . For example, the containment structure  3802  or a portion thereof can comprise a foldable or collapsible wire structure that allows for easy insertion of the containment structure  3802  through an opening of the device  3400 . Once inserted, the containment structure  3802  can expand into an expanded state. The expanded state of the containment structure  3802  can be configured to fixate or anchor the containment structure  3802  within the interior of the device  3400 . For example, a wire frame of the containment structure  3802  can be expanded in some embodiments to a configuration that substantially matches the shape of the interior of the device  3400 . In certain embodiments, the containment structure  3802  in its expanded state can comprise two substantially straight portions and two arcuate portions to match the shape of the interior of the device  3400 . The containment structure  3802  can be made of a semi-rigid material, such as PMMA, polyimide, polypropylene, and nylon. The containment structure can also or alternatively be made of a biocompatible material, such as silicone, silicone polymers, SIBS (poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene)), acrylic, acrylic polymers, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and Gore-Tex. 
     The containment structure  3802  can comprise one or more fluid controls  3804 . The one or more fluid controls  3804  can be located on one or more sides of the containment structure  3802 . The one or more fluid controls  3804  can be configured to be coupled to the tubular device  3500  once the containment structure  3802  is coupled to the device  3400 . For example, a fluid control  3804  of the containment structure  3804  can be located on the containment structure  3804  such that it covers a side aperture  3330 A,  3330 B of the device  3400 , which can be coupled to a tubular device  3500 , when the containment structure  3804  is installed. The number of fluid controls  3804  located on a containment structure  3804  can be equal to the number of side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B and/or number of tubular devices  3500  coupled to the device  3400 . For example, if one tubular device  3500  is coupled to the device  3400 , the containment structure  3802  can comprise one fluid control  3802 . If device  3400  is coupled to two tubular devices  3500 , for example to each of two side apertures  3330 A,  3330 B, a containment structure  3802  with two fluid controls  3804  can be implanted. 
     By providing a fluid control  3804  for the system  3800  through implantation of the containment structure  3802 , fluid flow through the tubular device  3500  can be controlled even if the tubular device  3500  itself is a “dumb” or passive tubular device in that the lumen  3536  is not restricted and can allow fluid flow therethrough at all times. 
     The fluid control  3804  can be a valve that is configured to open or close to allow or disallow fluid flow through the tubular device  3500 . The valve can be configured to be open and close based on an intraocular pressure setting. For example, if the intraocular pressure is too high or is above a predetermined level, the valve can be configured to open to allow fluid flow from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye to decrease the intraocular pressure. Conversely, if the intraocular pressure is too low or is below a predetermined level, the valve can be configured to close to prevent fluid flow. The fluid control  3804  can also comprise an intraocular pressure sensor configured to detect the intraocular pressure and electronically transmit the detected pressure to a processor configured to open or close the valve. 
     In some embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 20 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 10 mmHg, 11 mmHg, 12 mmHg, 13 mmHg, 14 mmHg, 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, about 21 mmHg, about 22 mmHg, about 23 mmHg, about 24 mmHg, about 25 mmHg, about 26 mmHg, about 27 mmHg, about 28 mmHg, about 29 mmHg, about 30 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
     In some embodiments, the valve can be configured to close when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 6 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the valve can be configured to open when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 1 mmHg, about 2 mmHg, about 3 mmHg, about 4 mmHg, about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
     The fluid control  3804  can also or alternatively be a pump or micro pump. The pump or micro pump can be configured to actively force fluid from inside of the eye to the outside of the eye. For example, if the intraocular pressure is too high or is above a predetermined level, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively force fluid to flow from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye to decrease the intraocular pressure. Conversely, if the intraocular pressure is too low or is below a predetermined level, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop. The fluid control  3804  can also comprise an intraocular pressure sensor configured to detect the intraocular pressure and electronically transmit the detected pressure to a processor configured to turn the pump or micro pump on or off. 
     In some embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively facilitate fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 20 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to actively facilitate fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or above about 10 mmHg, 11 mmHg, 12 mmHg, 13 mmHg, 14 mmHg, 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, about 21 mmHg, about 22 mmHg, about 23 mmHg, about 24 mmHg, about 25 mmHg, about 26 mmHg, about 27 mmHg, about 28 mmHg, about 29 mmHg, about 30 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
     In some embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop facilitating fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 6 mmHg. In certain embodiments, the pump or micro pump can be configured to stop facilitating fluid removal when the intraocular physiologic pressure is at or below about 1 mmHg, about 2 mmHg, about 3 mmHg, about 4 mmHg, about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, and/or within a range defined by two of the above-identified values. 
       FIG.  39    is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device system in an eye. The prosthetic capsular device system illustrated in  FIG.  39    includes some or all of the features of the prosthetic capsular device system illustrated in  FIG.  37   , and like reference numerals include like features. The prosthetic capsular device system of  FIG.  39    can be similar to that of  FIG.  37    except for including a control unit  3902 , an intraocular pressure sensor  3904 , and a fluid control  3540 . 
     In some embodiments, the prosthetic capsular device system can comprise a control unit  3902 . The control unit  3902  can be configured to receive one or more inputs and control a fluid control  3540 . The system can also comprise one or more intraocular pressure sensors  3904  configured to detect the intraocular pressure. The one or more intraocular pressure sensors  3904  can be built into the housing structure  3312  and/or a containment structure  3802  coupled to the housing structure  3312 . 
     The one or more intraocular pressure sensors  3904  can be configured to detect and electronically transmit the detected intraocular pressure to the control unit  3902  repeatedly, periodically, and/or in real-time or near real-time. For example, the one or more intraocular pressure sensors  3904  can be configured to detect and/or transmit the detected intraocular pressure to the control unit  3902  every about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 3 seconds, about 4 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 6 seconds, about 7 seconds, about 8 seconds, about 9 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 40 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 5 minutes, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     The intraocular pressure detected by the one or more sensors  3904  can be electronically transmitted to the control  3902  through a wired connection  3906  and/or a wireless connection. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more pressure sensors  3904  can comprise a wireless transceiver configured to wirelessly transmit detected pressure data to the control unit  3902 . Similarly, the control unit  3902  can comprise a wireless receiver configured to receive detected pressure data from the pressure sensor  3904 . 
     The control unit  3902  can also or alternatively be configured to receive a user input, for example through wireless communication. In some embodiments, the user can input instructions to remove fluid from the eye, for example through a user input device such as a smartphone or other user access point system. Not to be limited to theory, glaucoma, a condition that causes loss of vision over time, can be treated by lowering eye pressure. As such, in some embodiments, patients suffering from glaucoma may control and/or lower intraocular pressure to prevent vision loss from glaucoma by inputting instructions to a user access point system to facilitate removal of fluid from the eye. The control unit  3902  can also or alternatively be configured to receive input from one or more other physiological sensors, for example through wireless communication. 
     Based on the received user input and/or detected intraocular pressure data, the control unit  3902  can be configured to instruct a fluid control  3540  to allow, disallow, actively facilitate, and/or not actively facilitate removal of fluid through the tubular device  3500 . For example, if the intraocular pressure is above or at a predetermined level and/or the control unit  3902  receives corresponding user input, the control unit can be configured to instruct the fluid control  3540  to allow and/or actively facilitate fluid removal. Conversely, if the intraocular pressure is below or at a predetermined level and/or the control unit  3902  does not receive corresponding user input, the control unit can be configured to instruct the fluid control  3540  to disallow and/or not to actively facilitate fluid removal. 
     The control unit  3902  can be configured to electronically transmit instructions to allow and/or disallow fluid removal to the fluid control  3540  through a wired connection  3908  and/or a wireless connection. For example, in some embodiments, the control unit  3902  can comprise a wireless transceiver configured to transmit instructions to the fluid control  3540 . Similarly, the fluid control  3540  can comprise a wireless receiver configured to receive instructions from the control unit  3902 . The fluid control  3540  can be a valve and/or pump or micro-pump as described above. 
       FIG.  40    is a block diagram depicting an example control process for a prosthetic capsular device system. As illustrated in  FIG.  40   , in some embodiments, the system can be configured to receive one or more inputs at block  4004 . The input can be a user input or an automated input. For example, the input received by the system may be from a user-initiated input through a user access point system. In addition or alternatively, the input received by the system can be from one or more sensors, such as an intraocular pressure sensor configured to detect the intraocular pressure and/or other physiological sensors. 
     Once the input is received, the system can be configured to further process the input at block  4004 . In certain embodiments, the system can be configured to combine or otherwise process a plurality of inputs, for example an automated input and a user input. In some embodiments, the system can be configured to process a single input, whether a user input or an automated input. 
     Processing one or more inputs by the system can involve one or more processes at block  4006 . In some embodiments, the system can be configured to process one or more inputs to determine whether to initiate one or more additional processes configured to lower intraocular pressure. For example, if an input received by the system comprises data that corresponds to intraocular pressure at or above a predetermined level, the system can be configured to initiate one or more additional processes configured to remove fluid from the eye, thereby lowering the intraocular pressure. Similarly, in an input received by the system comprises a user input corresponding to removal of fluid from the eye and/or lowering intraocular pressure, the system can be configured to initiate one or more additional processes configured to remove fluid from the eye, thereby lowering the intraocular pressure. 
     Conversely, if an input received by the system comprises data that corresponds to intraocular pressure at or below a predetermined level, the system can be configured not to initiate any additional processes and/or stop one or more currently operating processes that are configured to remove fluid from the eye and/or lower intraocular pressure. Similarly, in an input received by the system comprises a user input corresponding to stopping removal of fluid from the eye and/or lowering intraocular pressure, the system can be configured to stop one or more currently operating processes that are configured to remove fluid from the eye and/or lower intraocular pressure. 
     The system can be further configured to generate one or more instruction commands for transmission to one or more electronic device components of the system implanted in the eye at block  4008 . If the system determined that one or more processes to lower intraocular pressure should be initiated based on the processed input(s), the system can be further configured to generate one or more specific instruction commands and transmit the same to one or more electronic device components implanted in the eye. In such circumstances, the system can be configured to generate and transmit instructions to an electronically controlled pump or micro pump to initiate and/or increase the rate of fluid removal from the eye through the tubular device. In addition or alternatively, in such circumstances, the system can be configured to generate and transmit instructions to an electronically controlled valve to open and/or widen an opening of the valve to increase the rate of fluid removal from the eye through the tubular device. 
     Conversely, if the system determined that one or more processes to lower intraocular pressure should not be initiated or that one or more currently operating processes to lower intraocular pressure should be stopped based on the processed input(s), the system can also be further configured to generate one or more specific instruction commands and transmit the same to one or more electronic device components implanted in the eye. In such circumstances, the system can be configured to generate and transmit instructions to an electronically controlled pump or micro pump to stop and/or decrease the rate of fluid removal from the eye through the tubular device. In addition or alternatively, in such circumstances, the system can be configured to generate and transmit instructions to an electronically controlled valve to close and/or narrow an opening of the valve to decrease the rate of fluid removal from the eye through the tubular device. 
     Each electronic device component that received an instruction command can be further configured to perform one or more processes according to the received instruction command. Optionally, in some embodiments, the system can be further configured to determine whether the one or more electronic device components that received an instruction command in fact performed the corresponding one or more processes at block  4010 . If confirmation and/or a current status input is received by the system that the one or more corresponding processes were performed, the process can end at block  4012  in some embodiments. However, if such confirmation and/or a current status input is not received, the system can be configured to repeat one or more processes from blocks  4004  to block  4010 . 
     Further, in some embodiments, the system can be configured to repeat one or more processes described in relation to  FIG.  40    periodically, in real-time, or in near real-time. For example, the system can be configured to repeat processes  4004  through  4008  and/or processes  4004  through  4010  periodically, in real-time, or in near real-time. The one or more processes can be repeated every about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 3 seconds, about 4 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 6 seconds, about 7 seconds, about 8 seconds, about 9 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 40 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 5 minutes, and/or within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
       FIG.  41    is a block diagram depicting another example control process for a prosthetic capsular device system. In some embodiments, an electronic device in the capsular device, for example a control unit, can receive one or more inputs at block  4104 . The one or more inputs can comprise a user input or data relating to intraocular pressure (IOP). The user input can be achieved by a user through a user access point system, such as a smartphone or other handheld electronic device. The IOP-related data can be detected and/or received from one or more pressure sensors implanted in the eye. 
     The electronic device in the capsular device can be configured to further determine the received input at block  4106 . The electronic device may determine that the received input corresponds to lowering the IOP and/or removal of fluid from the eye. For example, the received input may be a user input indicating discomfort in the eye or other input corresponding to lowering the IOP and/or removal of fluid from the eye. The received input may also be IOP data that is at or above a certain level. 
     Conversely, the electronic device in the capsular device may determine that the received input corresponds to maintaining the IOP and/or preventing or stopping removal of fluid from the eye. For example, the received input may be a user input indicating alleviation of discomfort in the eye or other input corresponding to maintaining current IOP and/or preventing or stopping removal of fluid from the eye. The received input may also be IOP data that is at or below a certain level. 
     If the electronic device in the capsular device determines that the received input corresponds to lowering the IOP and/or removal of fluid from the eye, the electronic device can be further configured to generate an instruction command to cause fluid flow through a tubular device at block  4108   a . Conversely, if the electronic device in the capsular device determines that the received input corresponds to maintaining the IOP and/or preventing or stopping removal of fluid from the eye, the electronic device can be further configured to generate an instruction command to prevent and/or stop fluid flow through a tubular device at block  4108   b.    
     The electronic device in the capsular device can be further configured to electronically transmit the generated instruction command to an electronic device component of the tubular device at block  4110 . In some embodiments, the generated instruction command can be transmitted through a wire connection between the electronic device in the capsular device and the electronic device in the tubular device. In certain embodiments, the generated instruction command can be transmitted through a wireless connection between a wireless transceiver of the electronic device in the capsular device and a wireless transceiver and/or receiver of the electronic device in the tubular device. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device in the capsular device can be further configured to receive confirmation and/or a current status input from an electronic device of the tubular device at block  4112 . At block  4114 , the electronic device of the tubular device can further be configured to initiate a change in the state of the tubular device in accordance with the instruction. For example, the electronic device of the tubular device can cause a valve to open or close and/or cause a pump to cause or prevent fluid flow from inside of the eye to a second location. 
       FIG.  42    is an anterior side perspective view of another example prosthetic capsular device system in an eye. As illustrated in  FIG.  42   , a prosthetic capsular device  4200  can be implanted in the eye. The prosthetic capsular device  4200  can comprise a housing structure  4202  and one or more rings or haptics  4204 . The one or more rings or haptics  4204  can be configured to be in contact with the natural capsular bag  3710  of the eye. 
     The prosthetic capsular device  4200  can further comprise an aperture  4206  that is configured to allow fluid connection between the interior and exterior of the housing structure  4202 . A tubular device can be coupled to the aperture  4206 . More specifically, a tubular portion  3532  of the tubular device can be configured to provide fluid connection between the interior of the housing structure  4202  and a second location. For example, a first opening of the tubular portion  3532  can be connected to the interior of the housing structure  4202  to provide the fluid connection. A second opening of the tubular portion  3532  can be located at the second location. The tubular portion  3532  can be configured to extend away from the device  4200  implanted in the natural capsular bag of the eye  3710 . 
     In some embodiments, a first puncture or incision  3712  can be made in a sidewall of the natural capsular bag  3712  of the eye and the tubular portion  3532  can be inserted through the first puncture  3712 . A second puncture or incision  3704  can also be made in the sclera  3700  of the eye. The tubular portion  3532  can further be inserted through the second puncture or incision  3704 . By inserting the tubular portion through the first puncture or incision  3712  and the second puncture or incision  3704 , the second opening of the tubular portion  3532  can be located in the sub-Tenon&#39;s space, thereby allowing fluid connection between inside of the housing structure  4202  of the device  4200  implanted in the eye and the sub-Tenon&#39;s space. For example, the second opening of the tubular portion  3532  can be located 2-4 mm posterior to the limbus, but without reaching the conjunctiva. As such, fluid from inside of the eye can enter through the first opening of the tubular portion  3532  inside the housing structure  4202 , flow through the tubular portion  3532 , and exit through the second opening of the tubular portion  3532  and into the Sub-Tenon&#39;s space. 
     AR/VR Systems, Methods, and Devices 
     With the development of technology, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices are able to provide users with AR and VR. For example, AR devices can provide a user with a multitude of information, such as for example directions, locations of particular areas of interest, data, instructions, messages, entertainment, images, videos, content, and the like, based on the current location of the user and the visual range of the user. Some AR devices are in the form of glasses that allow a user to view directions, locations of convenience stores, restaurants, gas stations, or the like, as imposed on the user&#39;s normal visual field. Some other uses of AR devices may include providing a head-up display (HUD) of any information, such as directions, GPS, email, notes, presentations, video, graphics, text messages, or the like. 
     However, one shortcoming of existing technologies is that the AR must be viewed through or from a device or display means located between the eyes of the user and the location of interest. In certain existing AR devices, information or other graphics are projected onto or otherwise displayed on an intermediary display which must be positioned between the user&#39;s eyes and the location or object that the user is viewing. For example, some AR devices display the AR images on glasses or goggles to be worn by the user. Similarly, for certain AR devices, a user may be required to hold and view a smartphone or other device in order to view the information or other graphics. Otherwise, the AR information and/or graphics must be projected directly onto the macula of the user, but this would generally require a projector to be positioned generally within the central visual field of the user in order for the device to directly project the image onto the retina of the user to provide a clear image. Existing VR devices share similar shortcomings. In either case, the user&#39;s visual field is occluded or blocked, either partially or entirely, in one way or another by such AR or VR devices. 
     Such technical limitations lie in the fact that some device must be located directly within a central portion of the visual field of a user in order for that device to display or project an image that is clearly viewable by the user. A projector or other source of display must generally be located within the central visual field of the user, which will necessarily occlude the user&#39;s visual field. As a result, many technical or design limitations exist for AR and VR devices and certain safety concerns may arise as well from obstructing the user&#39;s visual field. As such, it can be advantageous for a user to be able to view AR and/or VR without the use of a device that occludes or obstructs the user&#39;s direct visual field. Accordingly, some embodiments of the devices, systems, and methods described herein are configured to provide AR and/or VR to a user without occluding or obstructing the direct or central visual field of the user. 
     In some embodiments, the information or other graphics to be projected or displayed must be viewable by the user without occluding or obstructing the user&#39;s direct visual field. In other words, in some embodiments, the projector that projects the information or other graphics, whether in AR or VR, is not located generally along the direct line of vision of the user. Rather, the projector can be located elsewhere, for example near the peripheral visual field of the user. However, if the projector is not located along the user&#39;s direct line of vision and is located near the user&#39;s peripheral view, the projected information will likely reach the peripheral retina and not the macula of the user. As a result, the user may not be able to view a clear image. 
     To remedy such technical problem, some embodiments of the devices, methods, and systems disclosed herein comprise one or more prisms or prism bars that are configured to be implanted within the user&#39;s eye(s). The implanted one or more prisms or prism bars can be strategically located within the user&#39;s eye(s) to bend or redirect information or other graphics projected from a peripherally located projector or projector or other display means that is not located at a substantially central position within the user&#39;s visual field. The bended or redirected information or other graphics can then reach the macula of the user after traveling through the one or prisms or prism bars. By doing so, a clear image of augmented or virtual information, text, graphics, or other display can be viewable by a user without the need of a device being placed along the direct line of sight of the user or at a central location within the user&#39;s visual field. 
     Any of the devices and systems described herein, such as the devices and systems shown in  FIGS.  1 A,  2 A,  3 A,  4 A,  5 A,  6 A,  7 A,  8 A,  9 A,  10 A,  11 A,  12 A,  13 A,  14 A ,  15 A,  16 A,  18 A,  19 A,  21 A,  23 B,  24 A,  25 A,  27 A,  28 A,  29 A,  31 A,  33 A, and modifications and combinations thereof can be configured to hold one or more prisms for use in conjunction with an AR/VR system, device, or method as described herein. In addition, any of the devices and systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,103, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be modified in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, the devices and systems shown in  FIGS.  2 ,  4 H,  6 ,  8 ,  9 A,  10 A,  11 A,  11 D,  12 A,  13 ,  14 ,  16 ,  17 ,  18 ,  19 ,  20 ,  21 ,  22 A,  22 B,  23 ,  24   ,  25 ,  26 ,  27 ,  28 ,  29 ,  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  35 ,  36 ,  37 A,  38 A,  39 ,  40 ,  41 ,  42 ,  43 A,  43 E,  57 A,  58 A,  58 E,  58 F,  58 G,  58 H,  58 I,  58 J,  58 K,  58 L,  59 A,  61 A,  61 D,  62 A,  63 A,  64 A,  65 A,  66 A,  67 A,  68 A,  69 A,  70 A,  72 A,  73 A,  74 B,  74 C,  74 D,  74 E,  75 A,  75 E,  76 A,  76 B,  76 C,  76 D,  76 E,  76 F,  77 C,  77 D,  77 I, and modifications and combinations thereof can be configured to hold one or more prisms for use in conjunction with an AR/VR system, device, or method as described herein. Modifications to other prosthetic capsular devices or systems in accordance are also possible. 
     In some embodiments, the system comprises one projection device located or placed near the peripheral vision field of the user and one prism device or prism bar implanted inside the user&#39;s eye. The implanted prism device or prism bar can effectively bend or redirect light or image projected by the projection device onto the macula of the user to provide a clear display without occluding the central visual field of the user. In certain embodiments, the system comprises one or more projection devices and/or one or more prism devices or prism bars. For example, the system can comprise one or more prism devices or prism bars implanted within both eyes of the user and one or more projection devices configured to project light or images through the one or more prism devices or prism bars onto the macula of both eyes of the user. In such embodiments, the system can be configured impose certain light and/or images bilaterally in both eyes to create three-dimensional effects viewable by the user. 
     System/Device Components 
     In some embodiments, the system or devices disclosed herein can comprise one or more projection devices and one or more prisms or prism bars. The one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be implanted into the user&#39;s eye(s). The one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed not along the direct line of sight of the user or a central portion of the user&#39;s visual field. Rather, the one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed at a location near or along the peripheral visual field of the user. 
     The one or more projection devices can comprise a device housing. The device housing can be configured to comprise one or more electronic and/or computer components for processing the information or other graphics to be displayed to the user and for projecting such information or other graphics into the user&#39;s eye and through the one or more prisms or prism bars to cause the information or other graphics to reach the macula or substantially near the macula of the user. 
     In some embodiments, the device housing can comprise one or more different materials. For example, the device housing or a portion thereof can be made of wire, plastic, deformable rubber, deformable foam, silicone, silicone elastomers, polymers, polypropylene, Styrofoam, acrylics, heat deformable laminates, thermoplastics, one or more corrugated forms of plastic, polyimide, propylene, shape memory alloys (SMA), or the like. It can be advantageous for the device housing to comprise moldable and/or flexible material in some embodiments. For example, moldable and/or flexible materials can allow the device housing to be adapted and placed along curved or movable surfaces, such as over the user&#39;s nose bridge, cheekbones, eyebrows, forehead, or the like. Moldable and/or flexible materials can also be advantageous for placing the device housing on or at locations that can differ in shape or configuration among different users. In certain embodiments, the device housing or a portion thereof can comprise a material that provides thermal and/or electrical insulation. In some embodiments, the device housing can comprise one or more flexible circuits. 
     In certain embodiments, the device housing or a portion thereof can comprise a rigid material. For example, the device housing can comprise a rigid plastic, metal, alloy, wood, polymers, acrylics, resins, polysiloxane, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or the like. In some embodiments, the device housing or a portion thereof can comprise one or more materials that are oxygen-permeable, rigid gas permeable, and/or chemically inert. Such rigid material can be advantageous for embodiments in which the device housing is configured to be placed on or at locations that allow for the device housing to generally retain its configuration. For example, in embodiments where the device housing is to be placed on peripheral areas of glasses, such as on the stems of a pair of glasses, the device housing can comprise a rigid material. 
     In certain embodiments, the device housing can comprise one or more components of the system. For example, the system can comprise one or more projectors, cameras, power sources or battery sources, CPUs, communication modules, sensors, gyroscopes, GPS modules, accelerometers, or the like. The one or more projectors can be a DLP type projector, LED type projector, LCD type projector, laser projector and/or any other type of projector. The one or more projectors can comprise a light source, wherein the light source can be an LED or standard lamp. The power source or battery source can comprise a stretchable battery for flexible circuits. The system can also comprise one or more computer components as described herein. The system can also be configured to communicate with one or more computer components of other computer systems to implement one or more embodiments. In some embodiments, the device housing comprises a subset of the components of the system. In certain embodiments, a subset of the components of the system can be located elsewhere, for example as part of another device or as a standalone device, such as a smartphone, computer, laptop computer, personal electronic device, or the like. 
       FIG.  43    illustrates an embodiment in which the projection device  4300  comprises one or more battery power sources  4308 , CPUs  4304 , communication modules  4306  such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth receivers, cameras  4302 , and/or AR projectors  4310 . 
     In some embodiments, the system or projection device  4300  can comprise one or more cameras  4302 . The one or more cameras  4302  can be configured to scan and/or view the surroundings of a user. For example, one or more cameras  4302  can be configured to view objects and/or points of reference generally viewable by the user and within the visual field of the user. In certain embodiments, the one or more cameras  4302  can be moved to point in different directions as desired by the user. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more cameras  4302  can comprise and/or be configured to be moved by one or more motors or actuators to be pointed in different directions in response to an input by a user via a user device. In other embodiments, the one or more cameras  4302  can be moved by mechanical input by a user, such as by physically altering the direction in which the one or more cameras  4302  is pointing. 
     The objects, locations, and/or points of reference captured by the one or more cameras  4302  can be identified by the one or more CPUs  4304 . The one or more CPUs  4304  can be configured to process the objects, locations, and/or points of reference or portion(s) thereof captured by the one or more cameras  4302 . In some embodiments, the one or more CPUs  4304  can be configured to process additional information provided by one or more other electronic and/or computer components described herein. 
     In certain embodiments, the system or projection device  4300  can comprise one or more GPS modules. The one or more GPS modules can be configured to detect the current location of the user in substantially real-time, near real-time and/or periodically. In some embodiments, the system or projection device  4300  can comprise one or more gyroscopes and/or accelerometers. The one or more gyroscopes and/or accelerometers can be configured to detect the current positioning of a user in substantially real-time, near real-time, and/or periodically. 
     In some embodiments, information or data collected by the one or more cameras  4302 , GPS modules, gyroscopes, and/or accelerometers can be combined by the system  4300  to enhance accuracy. For example, in certain embodiments, one or more CPUs  4304  of the system or projection device  4300  can be configured to receive and/or combine the information or data collected by the one or more cameras  4302 , GPS modules, gyroscopes, and/or accelerometers to determine and/or provide more accurate data to be displayed and/or imposed onto the user&#39;s visual field. 
     In certain embodiments, the system or projection device  4300  can comprise one or more communication modules  4306 . For example, the one or more communication modules  4306  can comprise Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC, or other receivers and/or transceivers for electronic communication. In some embodiments, the information or data collected by the one or more cameras  4302 , GPS modules, gyroscopes, and/or accelerometers can be electronically communicated to the one or more CPUs  4304  by the one or more communication means  4306 . For example, in embodiments where the GPS module is not within the projection device  4300  but is located as part of a separate device, such a smartphone, the location detected by the GPS module can be electronically received by a communication module  4306  of the projection device  4300 . In turn, the location information can be transmitted to a CPU module  4304  within the projection device  4300 . 
     Based on the information or data collected by the one or more cameras  4302 , GPS modules, gyroscopes, and/or accelerometers, the system, projection device,  4300  and/or CPU module  4304  can be configured to determine the particular information or graphics to be displayed to the user. Once determined, data relating to the determined information or graphics can be transmitted to the one or more projectors  4310 , which can then project such into the user&#39;s eye(s). 
     In some embodiments, the system and/or device  4300  can comprise one or more infrared light sources, radar/sonar transceivers, and/or one or more cameras for night vision. By use of one or more infrared light sources and/or radar/sonar transceivers, the system  4300  can be configured to process a more robust environmental mapping system, for example in combination with the information gathered from the one or more cameras  4302 . For instance, the system  4300  can be configured to map areas and generate a three-dimensional AR of the physical surroundings, even in total darkness, by use of one or more infrared light sources, radar/sonar transceivers, and/or one or more cameras for night vision. 
     More specifically, in some embodiments, the radar and/or sonar transceivers can be configured to transmit signals of various frequencies and/or receive signals in response. The response signals can then be transmitted to a CPU, which could then process the data to generate a map. The generated map can be overlaid with GPS, gyroscope, and/or accelerometer data, in certain embodiments, to produce a more robust map. In some embodiments, the generated map can be overlaid without GPS data when used in an unknown indoor or outdoor environment. 
     One or more systems and/or devices described herein can also be used to measure and/or estimate distances, identify moving and/or non-moving objects, such as other people, animals, cars, or the like, map obstacles, and/or assist with covert operations in total or near darkness. In certain embodiments, one or more systems and/or devices described herein can be configured to be used to assist with aiming a weapon at a target. For example, some embodiments are configured to determine an estimated and/or exact trajectory, type and position of the weapon, type of weapon ammunition, and/or distance to and speed of an object of target and relay one or more such information to be viewable by a user. 
     Positioning 
     In some embodiments, the system can comprise one or more non-occluding projection devices and one or more prisms or prism bars. The particular location or positioning of the one or more projection devices and one or more prisms or prism bars, as well as their locations relative to one another, can be important to provide a clear image or projection viewable by a user while ensuring that the one or more projection devices themselves do not occlude the direct or central visual field of the user. As such, the user can be allowed to maintain his or her entire visual field, even while utilizing one or more AR or VR devices, methods, or systems disclosed herein. 
     In certain embodiments, one or more projection devices can be located near or along the peripheral field of vision of the user and not along the user&#39;s general direct line of vision or near the central portion of the user&#39;s visual field. For example, in certain embodiments, the one or more projection devices can be configured to be located or placed near or on the user&#39;s nose, nose bridge, cheekbone, forehead, eyebrows, lips or the like. 
     In certain embodiments, the system can comprise one or more projection devices located near or along the nasal periphery of the user&#39;s visual field. For example, one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed or located on the nose and/or one or both sides of a user&#39;s nose. Similarly, one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed over a user&#39;s nose or nose bridge. In such embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be placed vertically within a user&#39;s eye. For example, in embodiments in which one or more projection devices are configured to be placed on the user&#39;s nose or generally along the nasal periphery of the user&#39;s visual field, one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be placed temporally in a vertical manner within one or both eyes of the user. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars can be placed vertically at the right end within the user&#39;s right eye and/or vertically at the left end within the user&#39;s left eye. 
       FIG.  43    illustrates an embodiment in which a projection device  4300  is configured to be placed over the nose bridge of a user. As depicted in  FIG.  43   , in some embodiments, the projection device  4300  comprises two projectors  4310  or AR projectors that are configured to project light or image(s) to the eye(s) of a user from a nasal location. 
     In other embodiments, the system can comprise one or more projection devices located near or generally within the temporal periphery of the user&#39;s visual field. For example, one or more projection devices can be configured to placed or located temporally. One or more projection devices can be configured to be placed near or generally near the user&#39;s temporal field of vision, such as on one or more legs of a pair of standard or specially produced glasses. In such embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be placed nasally in a vertical manner within a user&#39;s eye(s). In certain embodiments, the system can comprise one or more prisms or prism bars located vertically at the left end within the user&#39;s right eye and/or one or more prisms or prism bars located vertically at the right end within the user&#39;s left eye. 
     In some embodiments, the system can comprise one or more projection devices located near or generally along the lower periphery of the user&#39;s field of vision. For example, one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed near or generally near the user&#39;s lower field of vision, such as on or generally near the user&#39;s cheekbone and/or along the bottom of the frame of glasses. In such embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be placed horizontally within a user&#39;s eye(s). In certain embodiments, the system can comprise one or more prisms or prism bars located horizontally at or near the top end within the user&#39;s eye(s). 
     In certain embodiments, the system can comprise one or more projection devices located near or generally along the upper periphery of the user&#39;s field of vision. In other words, one or more projection devices can be configured to placed or located generally above a user&#39;s eye(s). For example, one or more projection devices can be configured to be placed near or generally near the user&#39;s upper peripheral field of vision, such as on or generally near the user&#39;s eyebrow(s) or forehead or along the top of the frame of glasses. In such embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be placed horizontally within a user&#39;s eye(s) at or near the bottom end within the user&#39;s eye(s). 
     However, in some embodiments, an issue of double vision may arise. The probabilities and/or risks related to double vision may be higher in certain embodiments than others, such as due to the relative location or placement of the one or more projection devices and one or more prisms or prism bars. For example, in embodiments in which the one or more projection devices are to be placed on or near the temporal periphery of a user&#39;s field of vision, the one or more prisms or prism bars can generally be placed inside the user&#39;s eye(s) in a vertical configuration near the nasal end. In such case, when the one or more projection devices are not projecting any light and/or the one or more projection devices are not installed, for example onto the stem(s) of a pair of glasses, the prism or prism bar may still bend natural light entering from the temporal periphery of the user&#39;s visual field. Such light can then reach the macula after exiting through the one or more prisms or prism bars and produce a double vision effect to the user. Similar effects or risks relating to double vision can also be present or more attenuated in embodiments in which the one or more projection devices are to be placed near or at the top or bottom of the periphery of the user&#39;s visual field. 
     In contrast, embodiments in which the one or more projection devices are to be placed nasally or near or at the nasal periphery of the user&#39;s field of vision, such risks relating to double vision may be mitigated. More specifically, in such embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars can generally be located or placed in a vertical configuration near or at the temporal end(s) within the user&#39;s eye(s). The one or more prisms located in such manner may substantially only bend light that is entered from the nasal periphery of the user&#39;s field of vision. In such case, however, the user&#39;s nose can effectively block most or a substantial amount of the user&#39;s nasal periphery view. Accordingly, the probability or risk arising from double vision may be mitigated. 
     Movement of Projection Device(s) and/or Prism(s) 
     As described herein, in some embodiments, the projection device(s) and prism(s) or prism bar(s) can be strategically placed in locations relative to one another in order to effectively redirect light and/or an image projected by the projector(s) onto the macula or near the macula of the user. By doing so, the system can be configured to provide an overlay of information to a user&#39;s vision without requiring a projection device to occlude the user&#39;s visual field. However, in certain situations, it may not be desirable for the light and/or image projected by the one or more projection devices to end up at or substantially at the center of the user&#39;s macula. Also, in some situations, the angle of the projected light and/or image may be altered unexpectedly, for example due to movement of the user and/or movement of the projection device or a portion thereof relative to the location of the one or more prisms or prism bars. In such circumstances, the projected image and/or light may not be redirected or bent in an ideal angle through the one or prisms or prism bars and may not be clearly viewable by the user. As such, it can be advantageous for the one or more projection devices and/or one or more prisms or prism bars and/or angles thereof to be movable or altered as desired by the user. 
     As such, in some embodiments, the particular location(s) and/or angle(s) the one or more prisms or prism bars and/or one or more projection devices can be manipulated by the user. In certain embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars and/or one or more projection devices comprise a motor and/or actuator. The motor and/or actuator can be configured to alter the location(s) and/or angle(s) of the one or more prisms or prism bars and/or the one or more projection devices as desired by the user. As such, the motor and/or actuator can allow the user to change the location of the imposed image or light within the user&#39;s visual field and/or allow the user to alter the definition of the projected image or light viewable by the user. 
     In certain embodiments, the motor and/or actuator for moving the one or more prisms or prism bars and/or one or more projection devices can be configured to be manipulated electronically by a user, for example by inputting certain instructions into a user device. In some embodiments, the angle and/or location of the one or more prisms or prism bars and/or one or more projection devices can be altered mechanically by the user, for example via a manual slider. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more projection devices and/or one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to alter its location and/or angle automatically relative to one another. In other words, the one or more projection devices and/or one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to automatically track the location, angle, or other configuration of the other and/or location, angle, or other configuration of itself relative to the other and alter its location, angle, or other configuration accordingly. 
     Prism/Prism Bar(s) 
     In some embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be implanted into a user&#39;s eye(s). For example, in certain embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be implanted directly into the natural capsular bag of a user&#39;s eye(s). In some embodiments, one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be implanted into the capsular bag of a user&#39;s eye indirectly, for example by being placed inside an implant housing structure or device. The implant housing structure or device can be configured to be implanted into a user&#39;s capsular bag and substantially hold the one or more prisms or prism bars in place. The implant housing structure can provide stability to the placement of the one or more prisms. In some embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars can be configured to be implanted into a user&#39;s eyes after the implant housing structure or device is first implanted. 
       FIG.  44    depicts an embodiment of an implantable housing  4402  configured to be implanted into the eye of a user with a prism or prism bar  4400  placed inside the implantable housing  4402 . As illustrated, a prism bar  4400  can be configured to be placed vertically within an implantable device housing  4402 , which itself is configured to be implanted into the capsular bag of a user. Light or images projected by one or more projectors can be bent or redirected by the prism or prism bar  4400  inside the implantable housing  4402  to reach the retina or macula of the user. 
     In some embodiments, the prism and/or prism bar  4400  itself is foldable for implanting the prism and/or prism bar  4400  into the eye(s) of a user. In certain embodiments, the prism and/or prism bar  4400  is rigid. The prism and/or prism bar  4400  can comprise one or more haptics or closed loops. For example, the one or more haptics or closed loops can be self-expanding or otherwise configured to expand once the prism and/or prism bar  4400  is implanted into the natural capsular bag to anchor and/or hold the prism and/or prism bar  4400  in place within the capsular bag. The one or more haptics or closed loops can be foldable. 
     In certain embodiments, the prism and/or prism bar  4400  is configured to be injected into the eye(s) of a user through an injector. The injector can comprise one or more similar aspects of a standard intraocular lens injector. In some embodiments, the prosthetic device or implantable housing  4402  comprises one or more openings. For example, the prosthetic device or implantable housing  4402  can comprise an opening on a sidewall of the prosthetic device or implantable housing  4402 . In some embodiments, the prism and/or prism bar  4400  can be configured to be injected into the opening of the prosthetic device or implantable housing  4402 . The size and/or configuration of an opening of the prosthetic device or implantable housing  4402  and the size and/or configuration of the prism or prism bar  4400  can be substantially the same as to hold or anchor the prism or prism bar  4400  in place without the need for a haptic. In other words, in certain embodiments, a prism or prism bar  4400  can be configured to be inserted or slid into an opening on a sidewall of the prosthetic device  4402 , extending into the recess of the natural capsular bag. 
     In some embodiments, a prism and/or prism bar  4400  do not comprise any haptics or closed loops. For example, the prism or prism bar  4400  can be configured to be inserted into an opening of a prosthetic device  4402 , which is configured to anchor or hold the prism or prism bar  4400  in place. In certain embodiments, the prism or prism bar  4400  can be self-expanding and/or self-retaining, either by use of a haptic system or by fitting into an opening. 
     The one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can be a Fresnel prism or a regular prism. It can be advantageous for the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  to comprise a Fresnel prism to save space within the user&#39;s eye or implant device. In some embodiments, one or more Fresnel prisms can be used in conjunction with one or more regular prisms. In some embodiments, one or more prisms  4400  can be stacked before and/or after implanting into the eye(s) of a user. For example, one or more prisms  4400  can be stacked to form a prism bar or other configuration. In certain embodiments, one or more prisms  4400  can be configured to be binocular, monocular, or both. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can be configured to bend or redirect the projected image by about 10°, about 20°, about 30°, about 40°, about 50°, about 60°, about 70°, about 80°, about 90°, about 100°, about 110°, about 120°, about 130°, about 140°, about 150°, about 160°, and/or about 170°. In certain embodiments, the one or more prisms  4400  can be configured to bend or redirect the projected image by an angle within a range defined by two of the angles identified above. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more prisms  4400  can comprise a general configuration of a bar, cube, rectangle, square, or the like. In some embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can comprise a width of about 1 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 5 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 7 mm, about 7.5 mm, about 8 mm, about 8.5 mm, about 9 mm, about 9.5 mm, and/or about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the width of the one or more prisms  4400  can be within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can comprise a length of about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, and/or about 30 mm. In certain embodiments, the length of the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can be within a range defined by two of the aforementioned values. 
     In certain embodiments, the particular size and/or shape of one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  to be implanted into the eye(s) of a user can vary. For example, the particular size and/or shape of one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  to be implanted into the eye of a user can depend on the particulars of the user&#39;s eyes, such as the size of the user&#39;s natural capsular bag, size of an implantable housing  4402 , and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the projected image from the one or more projectors can be configured to enter one of the hypotenuse sides of the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  and exit through the other hypotenuse side of the prism or prism bar  4400 .  FIG.  45    depicts an embodiment of a prism or prism bar  4400  configured to be implanted into the eye of a user. As illustrated in  FIG.  45   , in certain embodiments, a self-retained prism lens or bar implant  4400  is configured to receive an image(s) or light projected from a projector and bends or redirects the image or light onto the retina of a user. 
     Prism Performance Characteristics 
     As discussed above, with one or more prisms  4400  being implanted inside a user&#39;s capsular bag, the user may in some situations encounter double vision when the one or more projectors is not projected an image into the prism  4400 . For example, even if the one or more projectors is not currently generating and projecting an image, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  may still function to bend or redirect light entering into the prism or prism bar  4400 . As a result, the user may encounter double vision to various degrees depending on the location or placement of the one or more prisms  4400 . As such, it can be advantageous to provide a way for the one or prisms or prism bars  4400  not to bend or redirect light when one or more projectors is not in operation. 
     Accordingly, in some embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can comprise a particular color and/or coating configured to allow only particular light to enter through the prism or prism bars  4400  and be bended or redirected onto the macula of the user. In other words, in certain embodiments, the one or more prisms or prism bars  4400  can be configured to allow only light generated by the one or more projection devices to enter into the prism  4400  and/or be redirected onto the macula of the user. For example, the angle, color, opacity, polarity, certain photo gray characteristics of the one or more prisms  4400  can be utilized to prevent the one or more prisms from bending or redirecting light when the one or more projection devices are not projecting an image or light. 
     Safety Features 
     Some safety concerns may be present if the projection device continuously projects light onto the macula of the user at damaging levels. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the one or more projection devices does not continuously project light, but projects light at a flicker rate to protect against continuously damaging the retina. For example, the flicker rate can be about 10 Hz, about 20 Hz, about 30 Hz, about 40 Hz, about 50 Hz, about 60 Hz, about 70 Hz, about 80 Hz, about 90 Hz, about 100 Hz, about 110 Hz, about 120 Hz, and/or within a range defined by two or more aforementioned rates. Although the projected light or image is at a particular flicker rate, this may not be perceptible by the user. 
     In certain embodiments, the flicker rate can be selectable by a user. In some embodiments, the brightness of the projected light or image can be selected by the user. For example, in certain embodiments, the projection device and/or other user device can comprise a flicker rate, dimmer switch, timer, and/or on/off switch that allows the user the control the manner and/or amount of time in which the light and/or image is projected by the projection device(s). 
     Projected Image 
     In some embodiments, the projected light or image can be imposed onto the visual field of the user to generate AR or VR effects. In certain embodiments, the projected image or light can be a single color or light. In some embodiments, the type of image and/or color to be projected into the prism or prism bar can be user-selectable. For example, the user can in some embodiments select the mode or particular light or image to be projected via a user input device. The CPU can be configured process and electronically transmit the user selection to the one or more projectors. In certain embodiments, the user input device can be a separate device, handheld or otherwise. The selection made by a user can be communicated via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or other means of communication via a communications means that is receivable by the projection device(s). 
     In certain embodiments, the projection device can be configured to project a single color, light, or other image to be portrayed and visible on the user retina via the one or more prisms. For example, in some embodiments, the projection device can be configured to project a single color of light within the visible spectrum or any other color. In certain embodiments, the projector can be configured to project a striped pattern, checkered pattern, concentric circles, and/or any other shape. In other configurations, the projector may be configured to project images such as pictures, text, diagrams, or any other graphical display of data. 
     The projected image or color can be portrayed onto the user&#39;s iris and be viewable by a third person. For example, if a particular color is projected onto the user&#39;s iris directly, the projected color may be viewable by others and have a cosmetic effect. As such, in certain embodiments, the user can be able to change the color of his or her irises to be viewable by others, for example for cosmetic purposes. 
     Medical Signals 
     In some embodiments, the system can be configured to detect the medical or health status of a user and display such on the user&#39;s eyes. For example, in certain embodiments, the system can comprise one or more sensors and/or be configured to communicate with one or more sensors that detect the medical, health, and/or distress status of a user. Some sensors can include intraocular pressure sensors, drug delivery sensors, SpO2 sensors, heart rate monitors, blood pressure monitors, glucose sensors, blood alcohol concentration sensors, temperature sensors (thermometers), or the like. In some embodiments, one or more sensors can be embedded into a contact lens(es) to be worn by the user and configured to detect glucose levels or the like. 
     In certain embodiments, the medical or health status of a user can be detected by one or more sensors and be transmitted electronically to the CPU of the projection device. For example, the communications module of the projection device can receive detected medical or health status signals and transmit such to the CPU. 
     In certain embodiments, the CPU can be configured to process the detected health or medical status of the user and assign one or more colors or other visual signals. For example, a mapping table or process can assign a color red if the medical or health status of a user is within a particular predetermined range that corresponds to a serious health risk of the user. Similarly, a yellow or orange color can be assigned if the medical or health status of a user is within a particular predetermined range that corresponds to an intermediate status. If the health or medical status of the user is within a predetermined range that corresponds to a normal state, no color can be assigned. 
     The assigned color or other visual signal can be projected by one or more projectors onto the retina or macula of a user via one or more implanted prisms. As a result, the assigned color or other visual signal can be recognizable by a third party immediately by viewing the eye(s) of the user. From the particular color or other visual signal that is projected onto and viewable from the eye(s) of the user, a medical personnel or other person may be able to easily and immediately assess the health or medical status of the user. For example, the system can be configured to make the user&#39;s eye(s) appear red when the temperature of the user is above a predetermined level or when the user is overheated. Similarly, the system can be configured to make the user&#39;s eye(s) appear blue when the user is showing low blood oxygen concentration. The system can also be configured to make the user&#39;s eye(s) appear yellow when the user&#39;s blood sugar levels are above a predetermined level. 
     Computer System 
     In some embodiments, the systems, processes, and methods described herein are implemented using a computing system, such as the ones illustrated in  FIGS.  46 ,  47 , and  48   . The computing systems illustrated in  FIGS.  46 ,  47 , and  48    include certain similar features, and like reference numerals include like features. 
     Each of the example computer systems  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  are in communication with one or more computing systems  4620  and/or one or more data sources  4622  via one or more networks  4618 . While  FIGS.  46 - 48    illustrate embodiments of computing systems  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802 , it is recognized that the functionality provided for in the components and modules of a computer system may be combined into fewer components and modules, or further separated into additional components and modules. 
     The computer system  4602  includes a tubular device control module  4614  that carries out one or more functions, methods, acts, and/or processes described herein relating to tubular devices, systems, and methods, for example described in connection with  FIGS.  33 A- 42   . The computer system  4702  includes an accommodating lens control module  4714  that carries out one or more functions, methods, acts, and/or processes described herein relating to accommodating lens devices, systems, and methods, for example described in connection with  FIGS.  23 A- 23 E . The computer system  4802  includes an AR/VR control module  4814  that carries out one or more functions, methods, acts, and/or processes described herein relating to AR/VR devices, systems, and methods, for example described in connection with  FIGS.  43 - 45   . Each of the tubular device control module  4614 , accommodating lens control module  4714 , and AR/VR control module  4814  is executed on a computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  by a central processing unit  4610  discussed further below. 
     In general the word “module,” as used herein, refers to logic embodied in hardware or firmware or to a collection of software instructions, having entry and exit points. Modules are written in a program language, such as JAVA, C or C++, or the like. Software modules may be compiled or linked into an executable program, installed in a dynamic link library, or may be written in an interpreted language such as BASIC, PERL, LUA, or Python. Software modules may be called from other modules or from themselves, and/or may be invoked in response to detected events or interruptions. Modules implemented in hardware include connected logic units such as gates and flip-flops, and/or may include programmable units, such as programmable gate arrays or processors. 
     Generally, the modules described herein refer to logical modules that may be combined with other modules or divided into sub-modules despite their physical organization or storage. The modules are executed by one or more computing systems, and may be stored on or within any suitable computer readable medium, or implemented in-whole or in-part within special designed hardware or firmware. Not all calculations, analysis, and/or optimization require the use of computer systems, though any of the above-described methods, calculations, processes, or analyses may be facilitated through the use of computers. Further, in some embodiments, process blocks described herein may be altered, rearranged, combined, and/or omitted. 
     Each of the computer systems  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  include one or more processing units (CPU)  4606 , which may include a microprocessor. Each of the computer systems  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  further include a physical memory  4610 , such as random access memory (RAM) for temporary storage of information, a read only memory (ROM) for permanent storage of information, and a mass storage device  4604 , such as a backing store, hard drive, rotating magnetic disks, solid state disks (SSD), flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM), 3D XPoint memory, diskette, or optical media storage device. Alternatively, the mass storage device may be implemented in an array of servers. Typically, the components of a computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  are connected to the computer using a standards based bus system. The bus system can be implemented using various protocols, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Micro Channel, SCSI, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) and Extended ISA (EISA) architectures. 
     A computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  can include one or more input/output (I/O) devices and interfaces  4612 , such as a keyboard, mouse, touch pad, and printer. The I/O devices and interfaces  4612  can include one or more display devices, such as a monitor, that allows the visual presentation of data to a user. More particularly, a display device provides for the presentation of GUIs as application software data, and multi-media presentations, for example. The I/O devices and interfaces  4612  can also provide a communications interface to various external devices. A computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  may include one or more multi-media devices  4608 , such as speakers, video cards, graphics accelerators, and microphones, for example. 
     A computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  may run on a variety of computing devices, such as a server, a Windows server, a Structure Query Language server, a Unix Server, a personal computer, a laptop computer, and so forth. A computing system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  is generally controlled and coordinated by an operating system software, such as z/OS, Windows, Linux, UNIX, BSD, SunOS, Solaris, MacOS, or other compatible operating systems, including proprietary operating systems. Operating systems control and schedule computer processes for execution, perform memory management, provide file system, networking, and I/O services, and provide a user interface, such as a graphical user interface (GUI), among other things. 
     Each of the computer systems  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  is coupled to a network  4618 , such as a LAN, WAN, or the Internet via a communication link  4616  (wired, wireless, or a combination thereof). Network  4618  communicates with various computing devices and/or other electronic devices. Network  4618  is communicating with one or more computing systems  4620  and one or more data sources  4622 . Each of the tubular device control module  4614 , accommodating lens control module  4714 , and AR/VR control module  4814  may access or may be accessed by computing systems  4620  and/or data sources  4622  through a web-enabled user access point. Connections may be a direct physical connection, a virtual connection, and other connection type. The web-enabled user access point may include a browser module that uses text, graphics, audio, video, and other media to present data and to allow interaction with data via the network  4618 . 
     The output module may be implemented as a combination of an all-points addressable display such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, or other types and/or combinations of displays. The output module may be implemented to communicate with input devices  4612  and they also include software with the appropriate interfaces which allow a user to access data through the use of stylized screen elements, such as menus, windows, dialogue boxes, tool bars, and controls (for example, radio buttons, check boxes, sliding scales, and so forth). Furthermore, the output module may communicate with a set of input and output devices to receive signals from the user. 
     A computing system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  may include one or more internal and/or external data sources (for example, data sources  4622 ). In some embodiments, one or more of the data repositories and the data sources described above may be implemented using a relational database, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, CodeBase, and Microsoft® SQL Server as well as other types of databases such as a flat-file database, an entity relationship database, and object-oriented database, and/or a record-based database. 
     A computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  may also access one or more databases  4622 . The databases  4622  may be stored in a database or data repository. A computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802  may access the one or more databases  4622  through a network  4618  or may directly access the database or data repository through I/O devices and interfaces  4612 . The data repository storing the one or more databases  4622  may reside within a computer system  4602 ,  4702 ,  4802 . 
     Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while several variations of the embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention. It should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with, or substituted for, one another in order to form varying modes of the embodiments of the disclosed invention. Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular embodiments described above. 
     Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The headings used herein are for the convenience of the reader only and are not meant to limit the scope of the inventions or claims. 
     Further, while the methods and devices described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but, to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the various implementations described and the appended claims. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with an implementation or embodiment can be used in all other implementations or embodiments set forth herein. Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein may include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, the methods can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “inserting an intraocular lens into a prosthetic capsular device” include “instructing the insertion of an intraocular lens into a prosthetic capsular device.” The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between,” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as “about” or “approximately” include the recited numbers and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as accurate as reasonably possible under the circumstances, for example ±5%, ±10%, ±15%, etc.). For example, “about 3.5 mm” includes “3.5 mm.” Phrases preceded by a term such as “substantially” include the recited phrase and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as much as reasonably possible under the circumstances). For example, “substantially constant” includes “constant.” Unless stated otherwise, all measurements are at standard conditions including temperature and pressure.